¶ Here begynneth the boke of husbandry / and fyrst wherby husbande men do lyue .

THe most generall lyuynge that husbandes can haue / is by plowynge & sowynge of theyr cornes / & rerynge or bredynge of theyre catell / and not the one withoute the other . Than is the ploughe the most necessaryest instrument the an husbande can occupye / wherfore it is conuenyent to be knowen how a plow shold be made .

¶ Dyuers maners of plowes .

THere be plowes of dyuers makynges in dyuers contrees / and lykewyse there be plowes of yren of dyuers facyons . And that is because there be many maner of groundes and soyle . Some whyte clay / some reed clay / som grauell / som chylturne / som sande / some meane erthe / some meddled with marle / and in many places hethe grounde / and one ploughe wyll not serue in al places . wherfore it is necessary to haue dyuers maner of plowes . In Sommerset shyre aboute zelcestre / the sharbeame that in many places is called the ploughe hed / is foure or fyue fote longe / and it is brode & thyn . And that is bycause the lande is very toughe / & wolde soke the plough into the erthe yf the sharbeame were not longe / brode / and thynne . In Kente they haue other maner plowes / some god with wheles / as they do in many other places / and som wyll turne the sheldbrede at euery landes ende / and plowe all one waye . In Buckyngham shyre are plowes made of another maner / & also other maner of ploughe yrens / the whiche me semeth generally good and lykely to serue in many places / & specyally yf the plough beame & sharbeame were foure ynches lenger betwene the shethe & the plough tayle / that the sheldbrede myght com more a slope / for those plowes gyue out to sodeynly / & therfore they be the worse to draw & for no cause els . In Leceytre shyre / Lankesshyre / yorkeshyre / Lyncoln / Norfolke / Cambrige shyre / & many other countreys / the plowes be of dyuers makynges / the which were to longe a processe to declare how &c. But how so euer they be made / yf they be well tempered & go well / they may be the better suffred .

¶ To knowe the names of all the partes of the plow .

MEn that be no husbandes may fortune to rede this boke / that knoweth not which is the plow beame / the share beame / the ploughe shethe / the plow tayle / the stylte / the reste / the shelde breede / the fenbrede / the roughe staues / the plough fote / the plough eare or coke / the share / the culture / & the plough mall / Perauenture I do gyue them these names here / as is vsed in my contrey / & yet in other contreys they haue other names / wherforey● shal know that the plough beame is the longe tree aboue / the whiche is a lytell bent / the share beame is the tree vnderneth / whervpon the share is set / the plough sheth is a thyn pece of drye wode made of oke / that is set fast in a mortays in the ploughe beame / & also into the sharbeme / the whyche is the key and the chefe bande of all the ploughe . The plough tayle is that the husbande holdeth in his hande and the hynder ende of the ploughe beame is put in a longe slyt made in the same tayle & nat set fast / but it maye ryse vp & go downe / & is pynned behynde / & the same plough tayl is set fast in a morteis in the hynder ende of the sharbeame . The plough stylt is on the ryght syde of the ploughe / where vpon the rest is set / the rest is a lyttel pece of wodpynned fast vpon the nether ende of the stylte / and to the sharbeame in the ferther ende . The sheldebred is a brode pece of wode fast pynned to the ryght syde of the shethe in the farther ende and to the vtter syde of the stylte in the hynder ende . The fen brede is a thyn borde / pynned or nayled most comynly to the lyft syde of the shethe in the farther ende / and to the ploughe ende in the hynder ende . And the sayde sheldebrede wolde com ouer the sayd shethe & fenbrede an ynche / and to come paste the myddes of the share / made with a sharpe edge / to receyue & turne the erthe whan the culture hathe cut it / There be two roughe staues in euery plough in the hynder ende / set a slope bytwene the plough tayle and the stylte / to holde out and kepe the ploughe abrode in the hynder ende / and the one lenger than the other . The ploughe fote is a lytell pece of wode with a croked ende set before in a morteys in the ploughe beame / set faste with wedges to dryue vp and downe / and it is as a staye to order of what depenes the ploughe shall goo . The ploughe care is made of thre pyeces of yron / nayled ●aste v● to the ryght syde of the ploughe beame . And pore men haue a croked pece of wode pynned fast to the plough beame . The share is a pece of yron sharpe before and brode behynde / a fote longe / made with a socket to be set on the ferther ende of the share beame / the culture is a bende pece of yren set in a morteys in the myddes of the plough beame / fastened with wedges on euery syde / and the backe therof is halfe an ynche thycke & more / and thre ynches brode / & made ●ene before to cut the erthe clene / and it must be well steeled / & that shall cause the easyer draughte / and the yrens to last moche longer . The ploughe mall is a pece of harde wode / with a pynne put thrughe sette in the ploughe beame / in an augurs bore .

¶ The temprynge of plowes .

NOw the plowes be made of dyuerse maners / it is necessary for an husbande to knowe howe these plowes sholde be tempered ▪ to plowe and turne clene / & to make no rest balkes . A rest balke is where the plough byteth at the poynt of the culture & share / and cutteth nat the grounde clene to the forowe that was plowed last before / but leueth a lytel rydge standynge bytwene / the which dothe brede thystyls and other wedes . All these maner of plowes sholde haue all lyke one maner of temperynge in the yrens . How be it a man may temper for one thynge in two or thre places as for depnes . The fote is one / the settynge of the culture of a depnes is an other / & the thyrde is at the ploughe tayle / where be two wedges that be called slot● wedges / the one is the slote aboue the beame / an other in the sayde slote vnder the ploughe beame / and other whyle he wyll set bothe aboue or bothe vndernethe / but alway let hym take good hede & kepe one generall rule of the hynder ende of the sharebeame do alwaye touch the erth / that it may kyll a worde / or els it goth not truly . The temperynge to go brode & narow is in the settynge of the culture & with the dryuynge of his syde wedges / fore wedge / & he le wedge / which wolde be made of drye wode / & also the settyng on of his share helpeth well / & is a connynge poynt of husbandrye / & mendeth and payreth moche plowyng / but it is so narow a poynt to know that it is harde to make a man to vnderstande it by wrytynge without he were at the operacyon therof to teche men the practyue / for it must leane moche into the forowe / and the poynt may not stande to moche vp nor downe / nor to moche in to the lande nor into the forow . How beit the settyng of the culture helpeth moche . Some plowes haue a bende of yren tryanglewyse set there as the plough eare shold be that hathe thre nyckes on the farther syde . And yf he wyll haue his ploughe to goo a narowe forowe / as a sede forow sholde be / than be setteth his fote teame in the nycke next to the plough beame / and yf he wyll go a mean brede / he settyth it in the mydle nycke that is best for sturrynge / and yf he wold go a brode forow / he sertyth it in the vttermoste nycke / that is best for falowynge . The which is a good way to kepe the brede and sone tempered / but it serueth not the depnes . And som men haue in stede of the ploughe fote a pece of yron set vp ryght in the farther ende of the plough beame / ▪ and they call it a coke / made with two or thre nyckes and that serueth for depnes . The ploughes that goo with wheles haue a streyght beame / & may be tempered in the yron as the other be for the brede / but theyr moost specyall temper is at the bolster / where as the ploughe beame lyeth / & that serueth both for depenes and for brede . And they be good on euen ground that lyeth lyghte / but me semeth they be ferre more costlye than the other plowes . And thoughe these plowes be well tempred for one maner of grounde / that temper wyll not serue in an other maner of grounde / but it must rest in the dyscressyon of the husbande to knowe whan it gothe well .

¶ The necessary thynges that belongeth to a plowe / carte / & wayne .

BUt or he begynne to plowe he muste haue his plough & his ploughe yren / his oxen or horses / and the gete that belongeth to theym / that is to saye / bowes / yokes / landes / stilkynges / wrethyng temes . And or he shall lode his corne he must haue a wayne / a copyoke / a payre of sleues / a wayne rope / & a pytchforke . This wayne is made of dyuers peces that wyll haue great reparacion / that is to say / the wheles / and those be made of nathes / spokes / felyes / and doubles / and they muste be well ●ettered with wode or yren / & yf they be yren bounde they are moche the better / and thoughe they be the derer at fyrste / yet at lengthe they be better chepe / for a payre of wheles yren bound wyll were . vii . or . viii . payre of other wheles / and they goo rounde and lyght after oxen or horses to draw . How be it on mareys grounde & softe ground the other wheles be better / bycause they be broder on the soule / & wyll not go so depe , They must haue an axyltre clout with viii . wayncloutes of yren .ii. lynpynes of yren in the axyltre endes .ii. axyll pynnes of yren / or els of tough hard wode . The body of the wayne of oke / the staues / the nether rathes / the ouer rathes / the crosse somer / the keys & pykstaues . And yf he go with a horse plow / than must he haue his horses / or mares / or both his hombers or collers / holmes whyted / tresses / swyngleters and togewith . Also a cart made of asshe / because it is light and lyke stuffe to it as is to a wayne / and also a cart sadell / bacbandes & bely bandes / and a cart ladder be hynde / whan he shall cary eyther corne or kyddes / or such other . And in many contreys theyr waynes haue carte ladders both behynde & before . Also an husband must haue an axe / a hachet / a hedgyngbyll / a pyn augur / a rest augur / a flayle / a spade / and a shouell .

And howe be it that I gyue theym these names as is most comonly vsed in my contrey / I know they haue other names in other contreys / but herby a man may parceyue many thynges belongynge to husbandry to theyr greate costes & charges / for the mayntenaunce & vpholdynge of the same . And many mo thynges are belongynge to husbandes than these as ye shall well perceyue or I make an ende of this treatyse . And yf a yonge husbande sholde bye all these thynges / it wold be to costly to hym / wherfore it is necessary for hym / to lerne to make his yokes / oxe bowes / stoles / and all maner of ploughe gere .

¶ whether is better a plough of horses or a ploughe of Oxen.

IT is to be knowen whether is better a plough of horses or a ploughe of oxen / and therin me semeth ought to be made a distincyon . For in some places an oxe plough is better than a horse ploughe / and in some places a horse plough is better / that is to say in euery place where as the husbande hathe seuerall pastures to put his oxen in whan they come fro theyr warke / there is the oxe ploughe the better . For an ore may not endure his warke to laboure all day / & than to be put to the comyns or before the herdman / & than to be set in a folde al nyght without meate / and go to his labour in the mornyng . But & he be put in a good pasture all nyght / he wyll labour moche of all the daye dayly . And oxen wyll plowe in tough clay and vpon hylly grounde / where horses wyll stande styll : And where as is no seuerall pastures / there the horse plowe is better / for the horses may be teddered or tyed vpon ●●ys / balkes or hades / where as oxen may not be kept and it is not vsyd to tedder them / but in fewe places . And horses wyll go faster than oxen on euen ground or lyght grounde / and quycker in caryages / but they be ferre more costly to kepe in wynter / for they must haue be the heye and corne to eat / and strawe for lytter / they must be well shodde on all four fete / and the gere that they shall drawe with is more costely than for the oxen / and shorter whyle it wyll last . And the oxen wyll eat but strawe and a lytell hey / the which is not halfe the coste that horses must haue / and they haue no shoes as horses haue . And yf ony sorance come to the horses / waxe olde / brysed or blynde / than he is lytell worth . And yf ony sorance come to an oxe / waxe olde / brysed or blynde / for two shyllynges he may be fedde / & than he is mannes meet / and as good or better than euer he was . And the horse whan he dyeth is but carien . And therfore me semeth all thynges consydred the plough of oxen is moche more profytable than the plough of horses .

¶ The dylygence & the attendaunce that a husbande sholde gyue to his warke / in maner of an other prologue / and the specyall grounde of all this treatyse .

THou husbande y● entendest to gete thy lyuynge by husbandry / take hede to the sayenge of the wyse Phylosopher / the wiche saith . Adhibe curam / tene mensuram / et eris diues . That is to say / take hede to thy charge / kepe measure / and thou shalt be ryche And now to speke of the fyrste artycle of these .iij. s . Adhibe curam . He that wyll take vpon hym to do ony thynge and be slouthfull / recheles / and not diligent to execute nor performe that thynge that he taketh vpon hym / he shall neuer thryue by his occupacyon . And to the same entent sayth our lorde in his gospell by a parable . Nemo mittens manum suam ad aratrum respiciens retro / aptus est regnum dei . The spyrytuall construccyon of this texte . I remyt it to the doctours of diuynite / and to the greate clerkes / but to reduce and brynge the same texte to my purpose . I take it thus . There is no man puttyng his hande to the plough lo ▪ kynge bakward / is worthy to haue that thynge that he ought to haue . For yf he go to the ploughe and loke bakward / he seeth not whether the plough go in ryge or rayne / make a balke or go ouerthwart . And yf it so do / there wyll be lytel corne . And so yf a man attende not his husbandry / but go to sporte or play / tauerne or alehouse / or slepynge at home / and suche other ydle warkes / he is not than worthy to haue any corne / & therfore . Fac ꝙ venisti . Do that thou comest for / and thou shalt fynde that thou sekest for .

¶ How a man sholde plowe all maner of landes all tymes of the yere .

NOw these plowes be made and tempered / it is to be knowen how a man sholde plowe all tymes of the yere . In the begynnynge of the yere after the feste of the Epyphany it is tyme for a husbande to go to the plowe . And yf thou haue any leys to falowe or to sowe otes vpon / fyrst plow them that the grasse and the mosse may rote / and plow them a depe square forowe . And in all maner of plowynges se that thy eye / thy hande / & thy fote may agre / & be alway redy one to serue an other / & to turne vp moche molde and to lay it flat that it rere nat on edge . For yf it rere on edge the grasse and mosse wyll not rote . And yf thou sow it with wynter corne / as whete or rye / as moche corne as toucheth the mosse wyll be drowned / the mosse dothe kepe suche wete in it selfe . And in som contreys yf a man plowe depe / he shall passe the good grounde and haue but lytell corne / but that contrey is nat for men to kepe husbandrye vpon / but for to rere & brede catell or shepe / for els they must go beat theyr landes with mattockes / as they do in many places of Corne wayle / and in some places of Deuenshyre .

¶ To plowe for pese and beanes .

HOw to plowe for pese & beanes were necessary to knowe : Fyrst thou muste remembre whychs is moste cleye grounde / and that plowe fyrst / and let it lye a good space or thou sowe it / bycause the frost / the rayne / the wynde / & the sonne maye cause it to breke small / to make moche molde / and to rygge it . And to plowe a square forowe / the brede / and the depnes all one / and to laye it close to his felowe . For the more forowes the more corne / for a generall rule of all maner of cornes . And that may be proued at the comyng vp of all maner of corne to stande at the landes ende and loke towarde the other ende . And than may ye se how the corne groweth .

¶ How to sowe bothe pese and beanes .

THou shalt sowe thy pese vpon the cley grounde and thy beanes vpon the barley grounde / for they wolde haue ranker grounde than pese . Howe be it some husbandes holde opynyon / that bygge and styffe grounde / as cleye / wolde be sowen with bygge ware / as beanes / but me thynke the contrary / for & a drye somer come / his beanes wyll be shorte . And yf the grounde be good / put the more beanes to the pees and the better shall they yelde / whan they be thresshed . And yf it be very ranke grounde as is moche at euery towne syde / where catell doth resorte / plowe not that lande tyll ye wyll sowe it / for & ye do there wyll come vp kedlokes and other wedes . And than sowe it with beanes / for and ye sowe pees the kedlokes wyll hurte them / & whan ye se seasonable tyme sowe bothe pees and benes / so that they be sowen in the begynnynge of Marche . How shall ye know seasonable tyme / go vpon the lande that is plowed / and yf it synge or crye or make ony noyse vnder thy fete / than it is to wete to sowe / and yf it make no noyse and wyll beare thy horses / than sowe in the name of god / but how to sowe ▪ Put thy pees in to thy hopper and cast a brode thonge o● ledder or of garthe webbe of an elne longe / fasten it to ●othe endes of the hopper / and put it ouer thy heed lyke a leysshe . And stande in the myddes of the lande where the sacke lyeth / the whiche is moost conuenyent for fyllynge of thy hopper / and set thy lyfte fote before and take an handfull of pees . And whan thou takest vp thy ryght fote / than cast thy pees fro the all abrode / and whan thy lyfte fote ryseth take an other handfull / and whan thy ryght fote ryseth than cast them fro the. And so at euery two paces thou shalte ●owe an handfull of pees / and so se that the fote & the hande agree / & than ye shall sowe euyn . And in your castynge ye must open as well your fyngers as your han●e ● and the hyer and the farther that ye cast your corne / the better shall it sprede / excepte it be a greate wynde . And yf the lande be very good and wyll breke small in the plowynge / it is better to sowe after the ploughe than tary ony lenger .

¶ Sede of dyscressyon .

THere is a sede that is called dyscressyon / & yf a husbande haue of that sede and myngle it amonge his other cornes / they wyll growe moche the better / for that sede wyll tell hym howe many castes of corne euery lande ought to haue . And a yonge husbande / and may fortune som olde husbande haue nat suffycyent of that sede / and he that lacketh let hym borowe of his neygheboures that haue . And his neyghboures be vnkynde yf they wyll nat lende this yonge husbande part of this sede . For this sede of dyscrecyon hath a wonders property / for the more that it is taken of or lent of / the more it is . And therfore me semeth it sholde be more spyrytuall than temporall / wherin is a great dyuersyte / for a temporall thynge the more it is deuyded the lesse it is / and a spyrytuall thynge the more it is deuyded the more it is . Uerbi gratia . For ensample . I put case a wyfe brynge a lofe of breed to the chyrche to make holy brede / whan it is cut in many small peces and holy brede made therof / there may be so many men / women / & chyldren in the chyrch / that by that tyme that the preste hathe delt to euery one of them a lytell pece / there shall neuer a crum be lefte in the hamper . And a spūall thyng as a P● n● or prayer that any man can say / let hym teche it to . xx . a. C. or to a. M. yet is the prayer neuer the lesse but moche more . And so / this sede of dyscressyon is but wysdome and ●eason / and he that hathe wysdome / reason / and dyscressyon may teche it and enforme other men as he is bounde to do / wherin he shall haue thanke of god / & he dothe but as god hath commaunded hym by his gospell ( Quod grat● accepistis ) gratis date ▪ That thyng that ye toke frely / gyue it frely agayne / and yet shall ye haue neuer the lesse .

¶ How all maner corne sholde be sowen .

BUt yet me thynketh it is necessarye to declare how all maner of corne shold be sowen / & how moche vpon an acre moost comonly / and fyrst of pese and benes . An acre of grounde by the statute / that is to saye . xvi . fote and a halfe to the perche or pole / four perches to an acre in brede / and. xl . perches to an acre in length / may be metely well sowen with two London bussshels of pees / the which is but two strykes in other places . And yf there be the fourthe parte beanes than wyl it haue half a London busshell more / & yf it ●ehalfe benes it wyll haue thre London busshels / & yf it be all benes / it wyll haue foure London busshels fully / and that is halfe a quarter . Bycause the benes be greate and growe vp streyght / and do not sprede and go abrode as pese do . An acre of good beanes is worth an acre and a halfe of good pees / bycause there wyll be more busshels . And the best property that belongeth to a good husbande / is to sowe all maner of corne thycke ynoughe / and specyally benes and barley for comynly they be sowen vpon ranke grounde / and good grounde wyll haue the burthen of corne or of wede . And as moche plowynge and harowynge hath an acre of grounde and sowe therevpon but one busshell / as and he sowed foure busshels . And vndouted one busshell may not gyue so moche corne agayne as the foure busshels / though the thre busshelles that he sowed more be alowed and set apart . And one busshell and an halfe of whyte pees or grene pease / wyll sow as moche grounde as two busshels of gray pese / & that is bycause they be so small the husband nedeth not to take so great an handefull . In some contreys they begynne to sowe pese sone after Christmas / & in some places they sowe bothe pese & beanes vnder forow / and those of reason must be sowen betyme . But for the moste generalyte to begyn sone after Candelmasse is good season / so that they be sowen or the begynnynge of Marche or sone vpon . And specyally let them be sowen in the old of the mone . For th opynyon of olde husbandes is / that they shold the better codde and the soner be rype . But I speke not of hasty pese● for they be sowen before Chrystmas .

¶ To sowe barley .

EUery good husbande hathe his barley falowe well donged and lyenge rygged all the depe & ●olde of wynter / the whyche ryggynge maketh the lande to be drye / and the dongynge maketh it to be melowe and ranke , And yf a drye season com before Candelmasse or sone after / it wold be cast downe and water forowed betwene the landes / that the wete rest not in the rayne / and in the begynnynge of Marche rygge it vp agayne / and to sowe in euery acre fyue London busshelles / or foure at the leest / & some yeres it may so fortune that there cometh no seasonable wether before Marche to plowe his barleye erthe . And as sone as he hathe sowen his pees and beanes / than let hym cast his barly erthe / & shortly after to rygge it agayne so that it be sowen before Apryll . And yf the yere tyme be past / than sowe it vpon the castynge . ¶ It is to be noted that there be thre maner of barleys / that is to say / sprot barley / longe eare / & bere barley / that some men call bygge . Sprot barley hathe a flat eare moste comonly / thre quarters of an inche brode / & thre ynches longe / and the cornes be very great and whyte / and it is the best barley / Longe eare hath a flat eare halfe an ynche brode / & foure ynches & more of lenght . But the corne is not so great nor so whyte / & soner it wyll turne & grow to the otes . Bere barley or bygge wolde be sowen vpon lyght & drye grounde / & hathe an eare thre ynches of lengthe or more / set foure square lyke pecke whete / small cornes & lytell floure / and that is the worst barley / and foure London busshels are suffycyent for an acre . And in some contreys they do nat sowe theyr barley tyll Maye / & that is most comynly vpon grauell or sandy grounde . But that barley generally is neuer so good as that that is sowen in Marche . For yf it be very drye wether after it be sowen / that corne that lyeth aboue lyeth drye & hath no moysture and that that lyeth vnderneth cometh vp / and whan rayne cometh than sprytteth that that lyeth aboue / & often tymes it is grene whan the other is rype / and whan it is thresshed there is moche lyght corne .

¶ To sowe otes .

ANd in Marche it is tyme to sowe otes & specyally vpon lyght grounde & drye / howe be it they wyll grow on weter grounde than any corne els for wete grounde is good for no maner of corne / and thre London busshels wyll sow an acre . And it is to be knowen that there be thre maner of otes / that is to saye / rede otes / blacke otes / & roughe otes . Rede otes are the best otes / and whan they be thresshed they be yelow in the busshell / & very good to make otemele of . Black otes are as great as they be / but they haue nat so moche floure in them / for they haue a thycker huske and also they be nat so good to make otemele of .

The rough otes be the worst otes / and it quyteth nat the cost to sowe them / they be very lyght & haue longe tayles / wherby they wyll hange eche one to other . All these maner otes weare the grounde very sore / and maketh it to be quyche . ¶ A yonge husbande ought to take hede howe thycke he soweth all maner of corne two or thre yeres / & to se how it cometh vp , & whether it be thycke ynoughe or nat / and yf it be thyn / sowe thycker the nexte yere / & yf it be well / holde his hande there other yeres / and yf it be to thyn / let hym remember hym selfe whether it be for the vnsesonablenes of the wether / or fere of thyn sowynge . And so his wysdome and dyscressyon must dyscerne it .

¶ To harow all maner of cornes .

NOw these landes be plowed & the cornes sowen it is conuenient that they be well harowed / or els crowes / douues / and other byrdes wyll eate and beare away the cornes . It is vsed in many contreys husbandes to haue an oxe harowe / the which is made of syxe small pyeces of tymbre called harowe bulles made eyther of asshe or oke / they be two yardes longe and as moche as the small of a mannes legge / & haue shotes of woode put thrughe them lyke lathes / and in euery bull are syxe sharpe peces of yren / called harow tyndes / set som what a slope forwarde / & the formoste slote muste be bygger than the other / bycause the fote teame shal be fastened to the same with a shakell or a with to drawe by . This harowe is good to breake the greate clottes / and to make moche molde / and than the horse harowes to come after to make the clottes smaller / and to lay the grounde euen . ¶ It is a great labour and payne to the oxen to go to harow / for they were better to go to the plowe two dayes than to harowe one daye . It is an olde saynge / the oxe is neuer wo / tyll he to the harow go . And it is bycause it gothe by wytches / and nat alway after one draught . The horse harow is made of fyne bulles / and passe not an elle of length / and not so moche as the other / but they be lyke sloted & tynded . And whan the corne is well couered / than it is harowed ynoughe . There be horse harowes that haue tyndes of wode / and those be vsed moche aboute Ryppon & suche other places where be many bulder stones / for these stones wolde weare the yren to sone / & those tyndes be mooste comonly made of the grounde ende of a yonge asshe / and they be more than a fote longe in the begynnyng / & stande as moche aboue the harowe as benethe . And as they weare or breke they dryue them downe lower / & they wolde be made longe before or they be occupyed that they may be drye / for than they shall endure & last moche better & stycke the faster . The horses that shall drawe these harowes must be well kepte & shodde or els they wyll sone be tyred / and sore bete / that they may not draw . They must haue hombers or collers / holmes withed about theyr neckes / tresses to draw by / and a swyngletre to holde the tresses abrode / and a togewith to be betwene the swyngleter & the harow . And yf the barley grounde wyll nat breke with harowes but be clotty it wolde be beaten with malles / & not streyght down for than they bete the corne into the erthe . And yf they bete the clot on the syde it wyll the better breke . And the clot wyll lye lyghte that the corne may lyghtly come vp . And they vse to role theyr barley ground after a shoure of rayne / to make the grounde euen to mowe .