The glory of England, or A true description of many excellent prerogatiues and remarkeable blessings, whereby she triumpheth ouer all the nations of the world vvith a iustifiable comparison betweene the eminent kingdomes of the earth, and herselfe: plainely manifesting the defects of them all in regard of her sufficiencie and fulnesse of happinesse. By T.G.

THE GLORY OF ENGLAND , OR A TRVE DESCRIPTION of many excellent prerogatiues and remarkeable blessings , whereby She Triumpheth ouer all the Nations of the World :

With a iustifiable comparison betweene the eminent Kingdomes of the Earth , and Herselfe ; plainely manifesting the defects of them all in regard of her sufficiencie and fulnesse of happinesse .

SENECA . Quicquid patimur , mortale : Quicquid facimus , venit ab alto .

By T. G.

LONDON Printed by EDWARD GRIFFIN for TH: NORTON and are to be sold at his shop in Pauls-Church-yard at the signe of the Kings-head . 1618.

TO THE WORTHILY ENOBLED , THE HIGH AND MOST HONOVRABLE MARQVIS OF BVCKINGHAM , WITH ALL HIS OTHER WELL DESERUING TITLES , and attributes .

Right Honourable ,

AS the diuine Maiestie proportioned all his attributes and works to some speciall end and purpose , redacting the world out of a confused Chaos for the vse of man to a beautifull vniformity ; raising man out of a heape of dust to glorifie his Creator : sending his only Son to redeeme vs from the curse of the law , an expiation for our rebellious transgressions , and proposing his Mercy and Iustice with equall distribution as the mastring curbs of all humane endeauours : with such like . So should we erect the frame of our actions vpon the foundation of preuailing effects , and not attempt any thing without a speciall limitation . For euen little children , that sport in the aire at randome can say , they meant to exercise themselues , or in emulation to shoot higher then their fellowes . This inciteth me ( right Honorable ) to anticipate their calumniation , or derision , that shall startle me with these questions , why I presumed like a seeled doue to flie at randome with such disguises , and amongst all others firmed my selfe on the sun-shining beautie of your house . I answere both with the same truth and plainesse , that detruded me betweene the streights of censuring imperfections : Besides the manifest reasons inserted in the Title and Preface , An honest fame , and peraduenture orderly profit to maintaine a poore liberty of life , and keepe vertue vnspotted from the filthinesse of corruption , were the markes of my aime . But concerning your Honour , an earnest desire to prostrate my endeauours before you , and a meere presaging confidence , that with vndefiled vowes you will charily preserue the loue of our Countrey , impulsed this insinuation , and extended the Argument thus farre ; that as it hath pleased his Maiesty to ouermantle you with fauour , and support you with greatnesse ( wherein Princes make their vertues truly eminent , and worthily exalted ) so you will remember , that the good seruant augmented his tallent ; and he liues not at all , who liues onely to himselfe . Therefore Great Lord let me I pray you behold you like a faire moouing Planet in a sufficient Orbe , from whose influence can proceede nothing but sweete presages , and if there be any thing in these triuiall discourses , that may boast of your acceptation , and noble construction , make me the prouder , because I come so simply naked without palpable flattery , or cunning displaying your Fame and merit . Besides , howeuer I am so great a stranger , that not so much as the sound of my name hath passed by your eares , so low a shrubbe , that I stand at a stay , and keepe my owne greennes , and so ruinous a wall , that euen bosome friends haue started away for feare of falling vpon them : I must be yet contented , and hope , you will not search me so narrowly as vpon the discouerie of my imperfections to pretend my contempt , nor dismisse me vilipended , when all the world hath proclaimed your worth . In which assurance I thus cast my selfe into the open mouth of the Monster of the world , Opinion : and presume to be preserued by the Antidote of your Patronage from any dangerous infection , or Lethal ruine .

Your Honors humble obseruant ,

TH: GAINSFORD .

The Preface . Nec Adulatori . Nec Detractori .

ALthough there is no end of writing books ( as saies the Preacher ) and the vexation of our very soules ariseth from the desire of knowledge , especially when we steppe a little into vaine-glory , the last thing laide away of the wisest men : yet either custome , or some particular purposes doe still traduce many in this kinde , who otherwise walked with sufficient reputation , and like the foole in the Prouerbes might haue beene counted wise , if they had held their peace . So that it cannot chuse , but I must incurre the like imputation , yea peraduenture ridiculous contempt ; when I haue nothing to say , but for the glory of my Countrey , and seeme to maintaine a Position , which few Englishmen deny , and that I doe herein no more , then the Swizer or Sauoian , who preferreth his snowy hils , before the beauty All nations loue their owne Countrey best . of Lombardy , and rageth in his disceptation , if you either vilipend his barren Mountaines and dangerous passages , or preferre any other glorious nation before him . But againe , when I striue to mount a little higher , and tune out this harmony to a reach of excellency , and prerogatiue ouer all kingdomes , and people in such things , wherein God doth blesse any Nation , you now would a little procrastinate my iourney , and cannot but suppose me ouer-liberall and ouer-partiall in my iudgement , especially , if 1. either you are a stranger : 2. Or haue beene a Traueller : 3. Or looke no further , then on the bescarred and deformed face of antiquity as Authours haue wounded the same : 4. Or liue discontented through particular greeuances in your Countrey : 5. Or are wilfull and irregular by the impostures of superstition : 6. Or affrighted at the power and greatnesse of other Princes : 7. Or transported with a poore opinion of our wealth : 8. Or to conclude , are meerely ignorant , and vnderstand no more , then is conferred vpon you by relation of others : wherein you must needes resemble certaine empty trunkes in Court remoues , who onely fill vp a place : but vnderstand not , wherefore , nor by whom they are imploied : yet because I would also satisfie these , and corroborate my Hypothesis with probable reason , I will lead them by the hand into the faire fields of this discouerie , and neuer desist , vntill they are conduced to safe harbour , and there Eccho out the truth in security ; though it seeme a Panegyricall applause , and carry a phantasticall burthen of flattery . Onely the methode I would vse is somewhat intricate , and the desire I haue to shunne confusion , will make a greater confusion like a true and modest Louer , who fearing to disclose her affection by her lookes , doth in that restraint make the next looke more passionate .

But to the purpose . If you be a stranger , which you 1 Strangers . may be either by ignorance , or nation : then peraduenture you looke no further , then what you see , or know , and not vnderstanding the honourable secret of our Countrey , suppose nothing comparable to the ostentous brauery of some few stones , and dead things of those Cities , wherein you are reziant : but TACITVS , and other famous Authors can tell you , that Cities are not glorious with emptie houses , and lime and stone compacted for show , and subiect to ruine and breuiary demolition ; but in the wisedome , wealth , and resplendant eminence of noble Citizens , and well ordered men : so that no man , vnacquainted with the secrets of a Kingdome , can comparatiuely subiect it either to vilipending , or insufficiency .

If you are a Traueller ? Then carried away with present shadowes , or transported with a cursory vanity of some 2 Traueller . stately edifices , braue Curtezans , entertainement of strangers ( recommended by some speciall Councellour of State ) strong castles , new ramparts , conuenient harbours , well furnished Arsenalls , some prety gallies , and hearkening after euery report to please the Hearing , or rauished with some comicke sight to moue admiration , you go no further , then present contentment , nor will once remember , what a mother you haue of your owne , and how a legitimate childe ought to be louing , dutifull , and aduised . 3 B●…ereader :

If you search for no better secrets , then what absolute Authors haue locked vp in their storehouses , who many times filled their papers with extraneall reports , and when they were possessed with a nouelty exciting astonishment , they then enlarged the same , setting downe euery thing as authenticall , which onely carried the show of probability by some enforcing circumstances , howeuer it sauoured of detraction , and calumny : Thus I confesse haue many written of BRITANY , as of a strange and barbarous nation , naked people , painted , enraged , liuing vpon roots and herbes , eating raw flesh , and remote from the brauery of populous Cities , and courtly pa●…aces : whereby a continued impression is so made , and lest to posteritie , that in many places they suppose the same still . Wherein I cannot compare them better , then to some poore Farmer , who liuing in an old cottage , thatcht , and deformed , is compelled at last to go into another Countrey , as dispossessed by some wealthy Lawyer , or Citizen , and so relateth to his new acquaintance , what a pittifull house hee came from , and how miserable hee left the same , little knowing , how delicately , yea stately it is reedified , and holdeth vp such a contrary face of Maiesty , that if he were to returne , and view it againe , he could not imagine it the same , nor that any policy of man , or worldly meanes had contriued the alteration .

If you liue discontented at home , then out of a sullen and dogged humour you spare not any accusation of your 4 ●…me-bred discontents countrey , whether for deficiency of blessings , or gouernment ; but hearken after euery report of strangers , and are contented to be cosoned with the deceit of forraine relations , and so from a wilfull neglect of our worthines , wilt neither beleeue the maiesty of our honour , the magnificense of our structures , the variety of our happinesse , the decency of our Cities , the exaltation of officers , the beauty of women , the glory of conuersation , and all other particulars tending to an absolute demonstration of our worth : but dost vnkindly weigh it downe with comparison , saying there are some slender commendable things amongst vs , but farre inferiour to other nations .

If you are superstitious , or would seeme affectionate to religion , then vnder a pious show of deuotion , you absolutely 5 Patisis . condemne all other things , and sweare they are vnualuable to the pacification of the conscience , and setling the soule to peace , and vnderstanding the way to saluation ; and so without either desire , or endeauours to entertaine a further truth , you not onely deny those allegations which may diuert you from falshood , but are an aduersarie to all commemorations of temporall matters , which may giue you light to conduct you to the acquaintance of ENGLANDS merit , and high exalted desert .

If you are terrified with the strength and warlike preparation of forraine Princes , because you heare of well fortified 6 〈◊〉 places , armies on foote , treasure amassed , shippes rigged , Countries subiugated , garisons dispersed , Princes affied , and the Pope blessing them . Then peraduenture you may suppose , that we cannot propulse such aduersaries , nor haue sufficient meanes to rebate the insolencie of so high exalted Monarchs ; because you are either faithlesse in heart , traiterous in loialty , simple in apprehen●…ion , of ouer-reached by cunning inferences of others , and so remaine confounded at some common wants amongst vs , disabling all things , which may tend to strengthen the hopes and loue to your owne Countrey .

If you are desirous of wealth , and corrupted with the 7 〈◊〉〈◊〉 filthinesse of lucre , then it may be hearing of the infinite treasures of the GRAN SIGNIEVR , the Venetian riches , the many millions comming out of India into Spaine , so many crownes of the sunne coined in France , and the annuall entradoes of diuers Countries , and Principates , and troubled at home with strange rumours of penuries and wants , with exportation of our gold and coine into forraine parts , and some forcible convulsions of priuate men to enrich themselues : you are amazed , and cannot be setled with any opinion of our sufficiency , and will scarce be helped with better information . uide possessions by way of contribution to their children ; reward their seruants , and endeauour to bee neere the Prince ? would you dispute of ciuill conuersation , of a Land that floweth with milke and hony , of eating vnder thy owne vineyard , of receiuing the temporall blessings of encrease , of solemnities at feasts , of burials and mournings for the dead , of martiall exequies , of triumphant marriages , and priuate reioycings , of honest and friendly visitations , of mutuall commerces , of powerfull presents ? of detaining vs within the limits of naturall obseruation , as quod tibi fieri non vis , alteri ne feceris , and in truth of all fundamentall principles of gouernment in the hands of the Scriptures is lifted vp a mirror to looke into without specke , staine , base composure , or counterfeit foile .

Would you haue directions for maintaining a magistracie , for adapting you to reciprocall duties of releeuing the poore , succouring the fatherlesse and widowes , suppressing the proud , restraining the offensiue , imparting of fauours , acknowledging of friendlinesse , with such like ? would you be thankefull when your cuppe doth ouerflow , reposed when necessities knocke at the doore , patient when aduersitie deiecteth , moderate when prosperity ●…lateth , free from repining at the glory of thine aduersary , sparing insulting ouer the misery of inferiours , and remember , who is the distributer of all good gifts , like the Master of a Comedy , who sorteth out his Sceanes according to the inclination of his schollers , making a poore mans childe to personate a Prince , and the sonne of a lord to acte a meaner part ? In the Scriptures shineth the light of such vnderstanding , and liueth the soule , and life of the truest wisedome .

In a word , would you know the duty to God and man , the hope of saluation , the mysterie of religi●…n , the establishments of faith , the preeminence of truth , and 〈◊〉 sanctified calling of all Gods seruants ; from the Scriptures ariseth the fountaine and swelling spring flowing into riuers , yea seas of abundance , which in some are of bitter tast , but inward sweetnesse ; in others pleasant in the mouth , but wo●…mewood in the belly : so that if from thence proceede all lawes , statutes , and ordinances touching the supreame godhead , the spirits vnder his throne , the nature of things visible and inuisible , the power of Deuils , the glory of the firmament , the diuision of the earth , the bonds and limits of the sea , the secrets of hell , and the terrors of the last dissolution : what neede wee more , or go any further for a marking stone to colour any kingdome with , whereby it may be known to come neere and enioy most of those blessings , wherewith God hath sealed and ratified the glory of Countries , then out of the storehouse of the Scriptures .

To this purpose I dare be bold to aduance our England Engl●…nd comm●…h 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 into the highest chaire , as if she were to triumph for some notorious victory ; and that I may bring vp my forces together to a close encounter , and connect my reasons with probability , I will discouer at large , what I haue learned out of industrious Authors , obserued by my owne indeauours : . knowne as oculatus testis in most countries of Europe , and since determined in a combat of comparisons , not that I meane to rippe vp the bowels of antiquity , and call in question so many thousand volumes , which haue consumed as many thousand yeeres in discouery of originals , and as it were tormented Time with strange discourses : so that if you should take off the vaile , wherewith diuers Authors haue ouermantled both Countries , Kingdomes , and Cities , you would stand amased at their deformed shapes , and remaine confounded to veiw now their disparity . I will therefore leaue all maligne circumstances of my quiet , and shew you with what countenance they looke vp to heauen at this instant , and in what manner they seeme proud of their establishment , whereby 〈◊〉 that are willing to be impartiall , shall be the better en●…ed to yeeld vp a verdict of truth against all adulterate sophistication .

Yet must I adde with all this lesson of morality , that in 〈◊〉 kingdome , where vnderstanding hath pleasured the people with 〈◊〉 of ciuility ( as for barbarous nat●…s 〈◊〉〈◊〉 onely make vse of their names ) a a Sol vitae est 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 : c c Antidotus vitae patientia : 〈◊〉〈◊〉 : ᶜ Vita vitae conscientia : ᶜ & glo●…●…ntia . For with wealth your entertainement 〈◊〉 ●…ght w●…th Princes ; attonement made with Tyrants ; 〈◊〉 ●…ed amongst strangers ; adoration a●… 〈◊〉 , and such as know not ciuilitie will stand 〈◊〉 at thy ●…rauery , and florishing : By wealth are of●…●…gated , imperfections remitted , scandals re●… 〈◊〉 pardoned , follies excused , and the frowns 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ●…ed . For wealth , beauty yeeldeth to a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ●…es are in opposition , enforced 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , men transported to exorbitant 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 for strange vndecencies , and all 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ●…ounded with contraries . But this is a pas●… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 part of my worke , or meaning ; 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 for feare of longing after that 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , a●…l as the Dutchman , who on●… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Now to conclude : The whole 〈◊〉〈◊〉 into two seuerall Bookes :

In the first , you shall ha●… a 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Countries of the world , by way 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 plana●…on , as they are no●… 〈◊〉

In the 〈◊〉 , as Drapers doe 〈◊〉 clot●… 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 whereby the 〈◊〉 and prerog●… of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 made appar●… .

〈◊〉〈◊〉 3. Discite nunc miseri , . Quid sumus , aut Quis datus , aut m●…ae quam m●… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Quis modus arge●…o ? U●…le num●…us hab●… Quantum elarg●… Iussit , & humana qua

THE CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOKE . THe Empire of Tartaria . Fol. 1 The Monarchy of China . 10 The Monarchy of India . 14 The Empire of Persia. 19 The Empire of the Turkes . 27 The story of the Ottomans , together with their conquests . 31 The Empire of Aethiopia . 39 The Empire of Russia . 44 The story of the Goths and Lombards comming into Italy and Spaine . 53 The Empire of Germany . 56 The history of Coleine . 64 The glory of the Spanyard . 69 The Description of Italy , as in times past . 78 Italy described at this time . 83 The story of Sauoy . 93 The story of Millaine . 100 The description of France . 111 The description of the Low-Countries , 123 The Monarchy of Great Britaine . 142 The description of Ireland . 144 THE CONTENTS OF THE SECOND BOOKE . THe Maiesty of Salomon , and happinesse of Canaan ; a full and absolute example for all Nations . 155 Countries compared to Canaan , and Salomons glorious happinesse ; and first of all the Tartars . 162 China compared , and her deficiency manifested . 166 India compared , and her defects manifested . 170 Persia compared , with her insufficiency . 174 Turkie compared , and her imperfections layd open . 177 The lamentable death of the principall Viceer , when Sultan Achmat came first to the crowne . 181 The famous history of Mustapha . 185 The story of a Renegado Bashaw . 188 The indirect proceedings of Turkes against Christians , contrary to all religion or morality . 191 Their manner of aduancement , and diuersity of customes , farre from our example and orderly prosperitie . 198 Russia compared . 210 Aethiopia compared . 213 Germany compared . 217 Italy compared . 221 Spaine compared . 230 France compared , with a discouery of her defects . 236 England compared , with the probable reasons , why shee is neerer the example of Canaans happines , than any other nation . 242 Wherin the happinesse of England is both perspicuous and commendable . 251 Forraine Cities compared to London , with the defects of either made apparent , and our sufficiency manifested . 256 Diuers particulars wherein England excelleth other kingdoms , and first in religion . 270 Certaine particulars concerning the Greeke Church . 282 Certaine particulars concerning the Latine Church . 289 Another excellency of England , exposing the noble worth of hier Princes beyond other nations . 294 Another excellency of England , casteth vp an account of her an●…quity in one vnited Monarchy before other nations . 299 Another excellency of England , consisteth in the happy life of our Countrey man and common people . 3●…4 Another excellency of England consisteth in the goodnesse of our nauy and shipping . 309 Another excedency of England consisteth in the number , riches , en●…uors , and extraordinary worth of our Marchant . 316 Another excellency of England may bee drawne from this obseruation , that wee haue had more glorious persons , and famous Kings and Princes to visit our countrey , then any other nation . 320 The Conclusion . 330

THE GLORIE OF ENGLAND .

The First BOOKE : TOPOGRAFICALLY describing the Countries of the World , with some historicall amplification .

CHAP. I. The Empire of TARTARIA .

ACcording to the vaine , popular , and indeed ridiculous error of opinion , The fir●… Monar●… of the 〈◊〉 as it is now made ●…rious . the world hath inuested nine seuerall Monarchs with his glory , and from strange disproportions giuen them prerogatiues to command all the Nations of the earth , interdicting any petty Prince to come neere them by way of competition or comparison . First then the Empire of Tartaria laid prostrate vnder the throne of the great Cham called Dominus dominantium , and Rex regum , spreadeth it selfe with so large embracings , that it extendeth from the northren Obba , or if you will Tanais , which falleth into the great Euxinum , euen to the easterne sea ; sometimes surnamed the Atlanticke , whose vast lappe is almost filled with a fry of Ilands , all Idolaters , and most of them enemies to strangers , but especially Christians .

It begirteth those Countries formerly called , and many times still collaterally named , Scithia , Sarmatia , Albania , Ieccomangall , Sumongoll , Mercat , Metrit , the vast deserts of Lop , Tangut , Cathaia , and Mangia , so that shouldring all the Northren shore of the Caspian , it runneth along without controll by the high looking walles of China , and is TAVRVS hath many names . ouershaded by those formidable mountaines Riphei , Hyperborei , Imaus , and Caucasus , all incorporated into the glorious Character of Taurus , of whom Pliny lib , 5. 27. writeth almost a whole booke , shewing that the varietie of Nations vnder this great Empire , gaue sundry names vnto the vast body of this high-looking , and high-spreading heape of earth and stones : as in the first footing you haue heard before : afterward in his larger body he is called Egidis , Paropamisus , Circius , Chambudes , Pharphariades , Cho●…as , Oreges , Orates Niphates , Taurus , in his glorious ●…ozen head , and snowy crowne Caucasus , in his stretching armes Sarpedon , Coracesius , Cragus , and Taurus againe , with diuers others , and some more significantly . But if you would know how it shouldreth all other titles vnder 〈◊〉 , and looketh vp to heauen with the swelling eyes of Tartaria , raised vp by the supportation of three principall Commaunders : you must be contented to beleeue some thing which is written to this purpose ; or at least be reposed to aske no further questions , but know , that from Russia to the North-east sea , all the Countries and people are now called Tartars : But we will enlarge it a litle .

The Story of BARKA and ALLAV .

IF you suppose Herodatus an Author meriting the fame , and good opinion disposed toward him : in his fourth booke you shall finde him ouermantling Scithia from the denomination of Scythe the sonne of Hercules , with his brethren Gelo , and Agathirsis , and by a woman with much adoe beleeued to be halfe a snake : but it may be the allusion from the cruell condition of the people extracted Amazones . from this linage , gaue way to the fiction . For after Agathirsis had taught the Inhabitants the vse of bow and arrowes , they became so expert in shooting , that from hunting and killing of beasts , they set vpon men and strangers , yea at last grew barbarous toward one another : so that the admirable report of the Amasons a principall Nation amongst them , is now esteemed a matter of probabilitie , who remembring their vowes to Diana , and customes of their Herculian Progenitors , accustomed to cut off their right pappes for the better dexterity of this military exercise , and so their famous exploits made all the Countrey reuerence the Goddesse for their sakes , in whose memory they performed actions beyond credit , and for whose reuerence Thoas beganne an Holocaust of strangers , as by the story of Iphigenia Agamemnons daughter may appeare : so that they continued in glorious estimation , till Tomyr is conquered Cyrus , and taught all mighty Monarchs and Tyrants this lesson , that the punishment of sinnes is a iudgement from heauen , and when they are in the greatest burning heat of ambitious tumors ; some ●…lender cloude of reuenge shall ouer-shade their glories , and poure downe showers of deuastation on their heads , as you may read in the Scriptures , and other probable Authors of diuers great Princes brought to ruine ; yea slaine by the priuate hands of women , which also happened to these insulting Dames themselues , who grew so proude by reason they supposed the Goddesse Diana to protect them , or that some supernaturall influence made their prosperitie immoueable , that they not onely conspired against their Husbands , but had the name of man in a kinde of hate , and vilipending , except for necessitie of procreation : wherein yet as diuers Authors haue endeuoured to strengthen our credulitie , they tied them to certaine conditions of commorance amongst them , vntill they were conceiued , and then compulsing them to returne : so that at the time of their deliuery the ●…aemales were reserued , and the males killed ; or if you will beleeue so much for ciuilities sake , sent to their fathers ; wherupon when time was weary of such degenerating inconueniences , and that some secret whisperers had incited the people to remember the glory of the first Creator , or the Goddesse , Nature , in mans resemblance , the better sort conspired against the women , and by degrees ware them out of the Countrey with many slaughters , teaching the obstinate the vicissitude of things , and admitting the submissiue vnder the warmth of louing embraces , by which occasion the men at last preuailed ; and in time this vast Countrey was proud to be the life infuser into many valiant sonnes : such as Scitha with his mother Araxa , who conquered Armenia , and Scithes who married his mother in law Opaea , and performed actions beyond credit : such as Othoman , Barka , Allau , Tamberlaine and others , whose noble exploits made Fame flie about the world to divulge how glorious valour and vertue was in some worthy spirits ouer others . But amongst many hundreds , none obtained so much at the hands of history and report , as Barka and Allau both named Emperors at one time . For when many battailes had filled the fieldes with the carkasses of as many thousands , the people weary of such slaughters , and they themselues amazed at the crueltie , it was concluded betweene them to diuide the Empire , hauing indeed a world of ground to satisfie ten Emperors : but some Authors are willing to maintaine , that they scorned such partition , and so in a noble combat decided the controuersie themselues , till the Controuler of men and kingdomes made Barka triumphant , who in the next lustrum of his gouernment had by the beautifull Tartara a sonne for his mothers sake named the Author of Peace , and proclaimed besides Barka Tartarus : so that when he leauing three sonnes behinde him , gaue them also leaue to diuide the Empire . The people were proude of their new name of Tartarians , and their Princes distinguished Tartarians a new name . with Tartar Chrim , Tartar Mercat , and Tartar Cham : who many times standeth for all the rest , & drowneth the murmuring sound of inferiours with the full name of the great Emperor , and Lord of Lords . For although the Tartar Chrim would faine challenge affinitie with the Turke , expecting if the line of Othoman should faile the greatest share of the worlds magnificence : yet without question it is but a couert presumption , and the fanaticall hopes of some imposturing prediction : Otherwise hee dare not but acknowledge the Emperor Cham for his supreame ; and is affrighted , when he heares of any complaints to his preiudice : As for his further enlarging his credit , because Tamberlaine was extracted from him , who conquered Persia , Asia minor , and Baiazet , it will stand him in litle stead to startle from his first obedience , as I said before , and helpe him as litle to intrude into Turkie . for all he diuulgeth , that the sonnes of Tamberlaine brought with them the daughters of the Persian Sophy , and Othoman familie into Tartary , from whence he is now lineally descended . But some will haue it thus , that Barka in remembrance of the horrible confusion of the warres , named his sonne Tartarus , as a very deciphering of Hell , and that the people should be euer after affrighted at dissensions by recording the mischiefe formerly acted . But to proceede :

From Scithia to the prouince of Tangut they liue in troopes called Hordas , and remoue from place to place according to the temperature of the season , plenty of feeding , and conueniencie of accommodating one another : nor before the yeere of Redemption 1212 ( as I said ) did we in Europe heare of the name of a Tartar : but Scithians , Sarmatians , Albanians , and such like , who were all idolaters , worshipping their gods in trees , hanging vp their dead on nether boughes , and by way of auguring diuining their happines or damnation , which custome is still reteined amongst the barbarous sort in the remotest places . They are generally men of square stature , broad faces , hollow eyes , thin beards , owgly countenances , and tye vp their haire to the crowne of their heads in rolles , like a Snailes shell ; to which you may adde swarthnes of complexion , not that the Sunne kisseth them with that feruencie , but the aire and their sluttish customes corrupts both their blood and bodies : yet hath nature preuailed ouer these outward inconueniences in the distribution of valour , swiftness of footmanship , vigilancie , and patience to endure the many encombrances of trauell , hunger , and want of sleepe . They loue Horses , and from that loue accustome themselues to a sauage drinking of their blood , practising a cunning theft herein , which being vnpunishable , occasioneth many prety changes , both in keeping their owne , and purloyning from others , as if some ciuill Artist had instructed them with the Lacedemonian toleration Theft lawfull , and vnlawfull . in this kinde , for the better animating one another in the spoyling their enemies : yet for all this , by reason they liue in tents , and haue small defences for their furniture and goods , theft of petty things is seuerely punished amongst them , as also adulterie , or if you will lying with another mans wife , which is most odious vnto them , because they are tyed to the trusting of one another , as I said within dores , and no man is debarred any entercourse : it were therefore a double treachery to deceiue the trust reposed , and either purloyne the goods which lye open , or abuse the women which admit you so friendly . They are gouerned in their trauels and remouings by the starres , and obseruing the North pole settle according to her influence : They liue free from couetousnes , and are thus farre happy , that the strange corruptions of wealth , especially gold and siluer breed no disorders amongst them : yet haue they a kinde of trafficke , and by way of exchange continue mutuall commerces , louing presents , and can be contented to be flattered euen in their barbarisme : and herein I thinke all the Easterne people are delighted , from a receiued tradition of our Patriarkes . But howsoeuer , I can assure you Tartar Chrim himselfe , who is the most likeliest to be spoken with of all others , as being the neerest , will not admit of any Christian without a gratuitie , and present worthy of his fauour .

You must now step a litle forward toward the East , and with the Sunnes rising see their glory arise : For Tangut is a wealthy Prouince , affording many things befitting Europes magnificence , especially Rheubarb , a simple of R●…barb . that prerogatiue , as if the whole world were beholding for this distribution , and had a sauing health by vertue of the same . In Cathaia amongst many others , the great Citie of Cambala will excite admiration , if you measure a quadrant of 30 mile about , and ouer-looke at euery corner a Tower 40 furlongs in circuit , erected for a Seralia or Arsenall , wherein the Emperors munition , armour , and prouision for war are secured : but he himself is sequestred to the priuacie of another stately Pallace , and is a strange Meteor amongst them seldome seene , but for some portentous accident . In Mangia as Queene of the rest , is the Citie of Quinzai , hauing a circumference of a 100 mile , by reason a great Lake of 30 mile diuideth the streets into channels , ouer which are numbred 1260 bridges , some opening the arches so high and wide , that a good ship vnder saile hath a passage of ease , but things a farre off are quickly reported ; yet hardly beleeued , and sometimes ouer-beleeued vpon easie report , as you may perceiue by the trauels of Sr Iohn Mandeuile , the writings of Munster , and the constant asseueration of moderne Pilgrims , who all tell of so many monstrous shapes of men in these parts , that our ciuill people are affrighted at the hearing , and many times come flocking to see such Trauellers , as haue escaped the dangerous passages , and sauage immanitie . For my owne part I would perswade you , that the world is a stage of variety and wonders , whereon are placed more strange things of truth , then the wit and policie of man can invent to seeme fabulous : but as at a stage the spectators onely are a few in number to the infinite multitudes for the time excluded ; so in the exploration of Countries not one amongst ten thousand either take the paines , or haue the iudgement to looke into the wonders of the world , and therefore I would be loth to exclude all enlargements of histories from the closet of truth : yet concerning those fabulous reports of Pigmies and Cranes , of men with long eares , one eye , one foote , and such like , the Iudicious take vp the bookes to read , as if they would excite laughter ; and I dare be bold to maintaine , there are no such men or people in the world : but all Gods images are miraculous in this distinction of voice , reason , and an erected countenance , with a proportion of shape , and what is not thus established , is meerely a monster , or a beast . But because I am sure , whether true or false , there is nothing amongst them worthy respect , or challenging any prerogatiue of happinesse , or imitation , I will leaue them to their vast territories , and desist from amasing you with the almost incredible particulars of those places , especially Cathaia , and Mangia .

CHAP. II. The Monarchy of CHINA .

ON the second step of the earths Throne is the Country of CHINA mounted , and diuided into eight seuerall Kingdomes , ouer whom one principall Monarch controuleth by those high and illustrious titles of MVNDI DOMINUS , and COELI FILIVS , as if indeed their challenge to all natures immunities were a matter of consequence , & their boasting of many things before Adam true and canonicall . The principall Citie is now called Faquin neighbouring Tartary , out of which the Emperor neuer issueth , but in time of warre , which is as it were an exercise amongst them , and challengeth the attendance of euery nation , as if an hereditarie duty challenged the sonne to the fathers obedience , & one succession receiued of another , what belonged to the setling their estates by attending their principall Commanders . For as you haue read in England , that from the Twede betweene 〈◊〉 , Westmerland , and Scotland , euen to the Irish Seas , there was a wall of a 100 mile long , called Picts 〈◊〉 are at certaine spaces fortified with watch-towers , 〈◊〉〈◊〉 hollow trunckes placed within the curtaines , receiued aduertisements one of another ; so that 〈◊〉 a moment upon any alarum , excursion , or attempt , w●… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Picts , and turbulent Scots did 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ●…ountry was vp in armes , and the ordi●…e 〈◊〉 of their militarie discipline put in pract●… 〈◊〉 ●…as in 〈◊〉 Country from the Atlanticke sea to mount Taurus betweene the Tartarians , and there 〈◊〉 8000 furlongs in length is a wall raised ●…ke a strong 〈◊〉 fication , and at euery miles end a ●…mpart or 〈◊〉 wherein is continuall garrison . But when the 〈◊〉 disposeth himselfe to any field encounter of setled ●…attaile , he seldome marcheth vnder an Armie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 foote , and 200000 horse , and as seldome mee●… 〈◊〉 uersarie without effusion of much bloud , and 〈◊〉 many thousands , ouer whom their friends seeme 〈◊〉 ioyce , whether they haue their dead carkasses , 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a statua , as if some glorious blessing were imparte●… 〈◊〉 happy a thing they suppose it to die for their Count●… and obey their Emperor : of which I am not 〈◊〉 considering that sacred truth hath inlarged the ●…error 〈◊〉 that battaile vnto vs , which was fought betweene 〈◊〉 and Ierusalem , wherein 500000 felt the smart of 〈◊〉 and tyranous dissention : And of another , wherein Zeres Emperor of Mores & Aethiopians brought 〈◊〉 paire of hands to pull downe the walls of 〈◊〉 and not the God of Iacob remembred his promise to 〈◊〉 and pushed them downe to the pit of destruction .

The great Citie of Manquin was once Capitall of ●…e Kingdome , in which now onely shineth a g●…●…een more , insculped with the present Emperors name , and neuer vnveiled , but at Festiuals : at which ●…me the reuerence appropriate to his owne person exciteth the ●…ike ●…tion . The Gouernors of Countries , and 〈◊〉 of Iustice are called ●…utant , whose 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 looketh the punishment of theeues , who 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 chiefly abound , so are they most seuerely 〈◊〉〈◊〉 commonly beaten to death with a 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ●…gers broad , and one thicke : it is made of ●…ewes 〈◊〉 wet in water to supple the same the sooner : so that the executioner daring not moderate his strength , at euery blow draweth bloud , vntill all their ioynts and sinewes are broken to peeces : and in this sort doth tyrannie boast of the slaughter of 3 or 4000 euery yeere , besides such as the prisons deuoure , being sent thither halfe maimed , and formerly tormented .

Amongst them there are few Christians admitted , for feare of discouering the secrets and wealth of their countrey : so cautelous and subtill they are in vnderstanding themselues and strangers , as for their commerces and vttering the commodities of the countryes , it is done in the Ilands , or with certaine Brokers Indians , who traffique reciprocally betweene Christians and them , receiuing ready golde and siluer for all , as scorning any thing which other nations can conferre , or transport vnto them : nor is this done without a kinde of iealousie both toward the Indians and Christians ; yea , sometimes a trecherous policy to cut all their throats whom they can ouermaster , as Sr. Ed. Michelborn could haue testified , and many other English , surprized by disloyalty of such as haue thronged them on ship-boord , or wearied comming on shore amongst the Ilands of Moluccae and Philippinae either for water , or to view the countrey : yet haue some Portugals intruded themselues , and certaine Iesuites by way of insinuation got liberty of entercourse , from whom it should seem they haue learned to blesse themselues with the signe of the crosse , against the assaults & temptations of the Dinell , whom they much adore in these parts , & for feare of mischeefe , pacifie with sacrifice and presents , which makes mee remember a reasonable honest man of my acquaintance , who hauing two suspicious friends of contrary demeanours , and demanded why hee obserued one before another ; answered thus politikely : that the one was honest of inclination , and would doe him good for vertues sake , or at least no hurt : but the other was more pestilent and dangerous , and therefore must be diuerted by flattery and insinuation from the ill he might prosecute , or intend against him .

The better sort ( notwithstanding these affrightings of the Diuell ) apprehend , that all things , both supernall and infernall , depend vpon the protection of a greater Influence , whom by the name of Sunne , Moone , and Stars they adore , allowing a duplicity of Priests , the one in a white habit , as sequestred with shauen crownes , like our cloistred Friers : the other in blacke with shag-haire and formidable aspect , going at randome , and frequenting more often their temples , which are very sumptuous and rich , both in cities and countries : these Priests are confederate with certaine women called witches , who doe make trauellers beleeue , they can sell them winde to saile from Iland to Iland , and bring them to certaine wagons for their land iourneyes ouer barren and sandy places , which shall haue sailes , & be driuen to and fro with great swiftnesse : wherein as I will not betray my vnderstanding to any vaine and idle credulity , considering that God is the onely commander of his creatures : so must I yeeld to this probability , that by reason of the infinite number of Ilands , and the countrey lying open to the sea , the winde is euery way more forcible then in other places , and by reason of mountanous blustrings , and pressing the aire into straights , seemeth to fight one with another , and at one time to blow with sundry diuisions .

Concerning other particulars of their wiues and concubines , of their wealth and iewels , of their odours and perfumes , of their wines & syrups , there is no offending chaste eares with their incredible customes : so vilde and filthy is their idolatry , so obscene and shamelesse their liues , so ridiculous their incantations , so exorbitant their presenting of virgins to be deflowred of Idols , so abominable their exorcismes , and so odious their sencelesse profanation , with lamentable obstinacy not to be diuerted : I will therefore leaue them to the supreame Iudge , and returne to England with this caution , that the foole hath sayd in his heart there is no God , and I hope wee attend these discoueries with feare or contempt .

CHAP. III. The Monarchy of INDIA .

THE third part of the worlds glory is enclosed within the store-houses of rich and The third Empire of the world . opulent India , a countrey not onely inuested with magnificence , but arrogating a preheminence ouer other nations , both for spaciousnesse of ground , and all such blessings , wherewith the diuine prouidence hath made the ●…oyes of men exceed . For the two great riuers of Indus and Ganges water the same , and diuided into many thousand brookes , like the children of a blessed mother , and plentifull house-keeper , bring glad tidings to the family 〈◊〉 extraordinary allowances : and thus it insulteth for two summers , temperature of aire , duplicity of encrease , and that we are aduenturers for such things as she vilipendeth : not yet admitted to vnderstand the one halfe of her secrets , The men and women doe now imitate a noble pomp as not encountred abroad , nisi ma●…na comitante ●…terua , vsing many odours in their bathes and washing ; nor are they without oyles and perfumes , iewels , pearles , and other ornaments , not onely befitting the bu●…nesse in hand , but to please one another in matters of incontinency : yet haue they many wiues , who striue with all ●…cting demeanour to bee best beloued of their 〈◊〉 But you haue diuers bookes of this subiect , both an●… and moderne , as Herodotus , Pliny , and other Cosmographers , who thus relate the matter : that since the conquest of Bacchus , whom by another name they call ●…oer Pa●…r they haue settled in their countrey with magnificent eq●… page 5000. principall cities , aduancing a fashion ●…le gouernment to equall the best Common-wealths , onely they adored Bacchus for a God , and Hercules for a giant : they neuer intruded into any other princes territories , but haue defended their owne from all innouation of strangers , as Q. Curtius relateth , adding withall a delicate commentary of their famous exploits and noble greatnesse , euen against the Conquerour of the world , in the time of the He●…e Porus , who with great maiesty , valour , and armies of Elephants would haue maintained their freedome and glory : but that Fortune and Successe had condescended to the conditions of ratifying Alexanders prosperity . And although the many Princes haue sometimes repined one against another , and for superiorities sake , shewed the ●…ety of their owne glories and mightinesse : yet 〈◊〉 still combined in the prop●…ing of for●… 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 appeasing priuate encombrances , not reaching 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ciuill deciding , and hating iniustice and co●… 〈◊〉 much as may bee . They loue and reuerence their Kings , ( amongst whom the great Mogull , hauing vs in some estimation before other Princes of Europe , and with whom we haue a kinde of correspondency , as by reciprocall letters may appeare , is principall and of greatest reputation ) making holy-day when hee shaueth his head , and attending his chariot with pompous brauery , spredding the way where he must passe , with costly ornaments and delicate perfumes . For hee is carried in great pomp on the shoulders of men , adorned with purple , golde , and precious stones , the chaire hanging with orient pearle , and all thing so ordered , as if the best of our ceremonies should adde an honor to Maiesty . His Guards for his person are many and the best of his souldiers , who suffer no neerer approaches to his stately throne , then hee himselfe shall command , which is publikely knowen by the disrobing of his head of common ornaments , and inuesting himselfe with a magnificent Diadem , then are Embassadors admitted , and diuers lawes enacted for the good of the people .

Another booke will discouer , that when hee disposeth himselfe to pleasure , his concubines are sent for to be partakers of the hunting , and then in open view the beasts are killed , being chased before hand into certaine straight enclosures for the purpose : but if he determine a longer progresse , their chariots are drawne with Elephants , and their Diuers authours write of India , and would include China as one Countrey honourable Queenes left at home : but the wantons are enstructed to make proud incontinency swell with variety , not accustoming their wiues to be partaker of such lasciuious changes , but reseruing them for necessity of children , or moderation of contentment : when he determineth to sleepe , or peraduenture is ouerloded with wine , that he must resettle his spirits and senses with rest and ease , the loueliest dames bring him to bed , singing a song of inuocation to the God of silence , and the night .

Another will relate , how worthily their honest matrons liue after they haue had children , how euer they yeelde their chastities at the first to their louers for the price of an Elephant , which yet neuer exciteth any exprobation against them . In some places , when a virgin desireth marriage , her parents bring her to publike view amongst a number of young men , where shee electeth whom shee fancieth . In their mutuall commerces they hate vsury , disclaime iniustice , denie indentures of couenant , contracts of writing , and haue many seeming excellencies of loue , confidence , and trusting one another : onely they are impatient of wrong , and thinke it a glory to take reuenge , but will not offer the occasion .

Another will tell you , that they once esteemed two sorts of wisemen , by the names of Samaraei and Brachamanes , both which were charactered for Gymnosophists : but the Samaraei for their precisenesse were better esteemed of the Kings ; for liuing more moderate then the rest , as eating neither fish nor flesh , it added to their reputation , that the peace of their Kingdomes was established by their orizons , and the prosperity of the countrey confirmed through their holinesse .

Another will demonstrate , how St. Thomas conuerted them to Christianity , how euer with the Syrians in Samaria , they haue since intermingled horrible idolatry , and vntill the Portugals came amongst them , would scarse reforme the most grossest abuses .

Another will enlarge the conquest of their countrey by the Portugals and Spanyard , with a full description of all things , which may shew you the perfect portraiture of their kingdomes , courts , common-wealth , riches , pleasures , ciuill administration , and mightinesse : yet ( as I take it ) so farre from a conquest , as wee were ouer France , when we had only Callis in Picardy , or Turwin and Tornay , which cost more the re-edifying , then all the country about it was worth . Heere you shall also finde how they haue striued with the Aegyptians for antiquity and cunning , how many Ilands are subiected vnto them , amongst whom Summatra , in times past called Taprobana , mustreth the power of eight Kings . Iapan affoordeth our English a harbour ; and at Bantam they receiue the commodities of China from the Indian Marchants , who are only admitted to commerce amongst them : and diuers others , as are therein variated with many particulars .

To conclude no one Countrey comes neere it for greatnesse , India now intermingled with Christians . which without other addition lifteth vp her title alone , as challenging all the territories betweene China and Persia ; yea in times past China it selfe , almost 1200. English mile , and amongst many Kings , hee is principall , that obtaineth by force or popularity . But of late they haue ouer-exalted the high Priest called Voo , who in spirituall matters ( as I may say ) hath absolute power and authority , and vpon whose blessing or cursing dependeth the expectation of future happinesse . Yet hath this idolatrous superstition acknowledgement of a God , whom they inuest with a triple crowne , not yeelding any reason for the same , but that he commandeth Heauen , Earth , and Hell . The Iesuites haue taught them to baptize infants in some places , and to fast , wherein they are now tedious obseruants ( as barbarous people are best maintainers of customes and ceremonies ) and they vse the signe of the crosse , but it is where they are enforced by the Spanish garisons , otherwise , what I spake before of China : for all their silkes , clothes of gold , delicate beds , houses of canes , Serpents , Elephants , precious stones , minerals , pearles , perfumes , drugs , spice , sweet wood , barkes of trees , shels , nuts , and other things of estimation , I may with a Christinn-like sorrow amplifie , concerning their turpitude and morosity . As for their cities , euery one would affoord a story , and I am vnwilling to runne into the errour of fiction or miracle , considering your best Cosmographers haue onely extended the relations of others , and besides the variety of contradicting one another , would now be amazed to see so bewtifull a face of many countries , which they left most glorious , so deformed : and so vnpleasant a countenance , as they imagined , so illustrious and exalted .

And thus much for that part of Asia , who are all Idolaters , barbarous , inhumane , treacherous , haters of strangers , and so remote from the happinesse I would relie vpon , as my ioy exceedeth for not being a natiue amongst them .

CHAP. IV. The Empire of PERSIA .

ON the fourth principall palace of the worlds maiesty , attendeth the expectation of the Persian , 4. The fourth part of the worlds honour . who though he cannot boast of 128. regions , as in the time of Hahashuerosh : of intruding into Greece , and subiecting the Ilands of the Hellespont , as in those confused Anarchies of Corinth , Athens , and Lacedemon : of re-edifying of Babylon , and swelling with prosperity and glorious armies , as when Darius and Alexander the great made slaughter proud to haue the fields furnished with gold , pearle , and treasure : of a since regathered and compacted mightinesse , when the Roman Crassus was subiected to the calamity of an vnfortunate ouerthrow : and of a strained originall from Perseus , who aduanced that magnificent structure of Persepolis amongst them , and made the people proud of their denomination , because he was the sonne of Iupiter , and they the off-spring of the supreame God : yet doth hee still command many regions of Asia , with reputation of a principall Monarch . For the Kingdomes of Saca , with the magnificent exployts of Tolmilanda , that glorious Queene , the Virago of her time , and mirrour of her Sex : the regions of Bactriana , Sogdiana , and many other nations compassing the East and South of the Caspian , lie still prostrate vnder the feet of this Empire : but because I finde the best authours diffused in the●… discouery , and neuer conferred but with certaine Armenians , who had trauelled into those parts , by whom I only vnderstood of much tyranny amongst them , and that their greatest exercise was rapine and murthering of passengers , with other mischeeuous practises , both on the confines of Media and India , without forme of gouernment , or controll of superiours , as flying into the mountaines , and securing themselues in the dangerous passages , in despight of any forces to be raised against them : so that they still remaine vnsubiected and vnpunished , more then a generall acknowledgemet of title and willingnesse , to make the Persian the arbiter of such controuersies as are raised amongst them . I desist from further dismantling their sauagenesse , as a liuing misery , without either forme , or order of discipline .

I might also be affrighted from poorer relations , in regard the locuplent history of Turkie , especially Chron●… Turcarum in Latine , the Tartarian Tamberlaine , and valiant Scanderbegg of EVROPE , or if you will George Castriot of Epirus with some others , haue spread abroad , an open carpet of pandecticall ampliation , concerning the conquest of these places and people , by another name Parthians , including Media , sollemnizing the ostentation of Samerchanda , and making Tauris with other Cities of Persia the seates of his reziance , wherein this Tamberlaine proceeded so farre , that after the victory ouer Baiazet , he put a Tyara The 〈◊〉 Tyara . on his head in imitation of the auncient Cydaris , and Persian former renoune . I will therefore be the more sparing either in exprobating them that esteemed him at the first a theeuish robber , a base shepheard , or at the best a barbarous Scithian : or exasperating the displeasure of credible Authors , who haue confounded one another with disparitie of opinions , concerning the alteration of these people euen in our moderne times ; especially since the Emperors of Constantinople neuer looked backe on the terrors of their vengeance , nor forward on the preuentions of their dissolution : yet because I must now keepe a proportion in my discourses , I will gently lead you a neerer way to the knowledge of such occurrences , as my poore endeauours haue obtained .

About the yeere of our redemption 1360. after many . mischeeuous practises , and intestine broiles amongst the Mahumetans , or Saracens , now Persians , Turkes , and Moores a worthy Conqueror amongst them , and especially Prince named Sophy , aduanced his head ouer the rest , and obteining the Towne of Abdenelis attempted likewise the principalitie ouer all those factions , that stroue to aduance the honour of Mahomet , and gaue way to the strong receipt of his imposturing Alcaron . This Sophy from the bloud and consanguinity of Alis Muamedes in the right of his wife Musa , Cusinus challenged the Empire , and lifted vp the armes of a mightie power to ouer-awe the turbulent spirits almost left breathlesse by a long and tedious dissention , ( for at that time the Calipha of Babylon was extirped , and new authority with new names , obscured the first originall of the Persian greatnesse , and quickly altered both the Princes and people , teaching them other customes euen in ciuill and mutuall conuersation , with the well entertained religion . ) But Hosenus the sonne of Alis stomaching his Vnkle Sophies proceedings , as hauing twelue sonnes of sufficient hope , like a Hieroglyphicall resemblance of a sheaue of arrowes bound together in one quiuer , proclaimed his right to the Persian Cidaris , and well conceiued opinion of his interpretation of the Alcaron , at such time as the Turke , assisted by the Tartars , aduanced a standard of opposition , publishing , that whosoeuer affected their enlarging of these religious secrets should weare a Tiara on his head of purple with a Tulliuant : wherupon both Turkes , and Persians in infinite numbers bandied seuerall parties , vntill at last great armies tooke vpon them the deciding of these controuersies , and by many auxiliary forces both of the Northren regions , and all the Arabians , filled the fields of Asia with tormenting The Persians a●…e . quarrels : where by the way you must consider , that both Persians , Turkes , and Medes , with Arabians aunciently called Saracens , doe in a manner adorne their bodies and heads all alike , and may be thus worthy distinguishment and obseruation , First in the Tyara , which is a round ornament of the head , in the Turkes , more formally called a Turban : in the others not so curious , but either interwinded like a rowll ; or in some places plighted , at in Munster in Ireland . Secondly a Cidaris , which some will haue a hat , or cappe of veluet , or cloth of gold , on which they wreathed their Tiara , or linnen scarffes . Thirdly , a little swelling crowne some foure or fiue inches higher , then the wreath , or Turban called by them a Tulliuant , and cannot be resembled better , then to your younger You 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Merchants wiues of LONDON in their hat-cappes . Fourthly , long coates or gownes with halfe-wide sleeues : yet vnderneath they haue a shorter , girt to them more closely . Fiftly , a large girdle either of net-worke silke , or other curions needleworke , hanging downe as low , as the skirt of the inward coate . Sixtly , a Stola , or robe of Honour particoulored of dellicate stuffe , or veluet . Seuenthly , a Semiter , of a reasonable bredth and bending like a bow , or as much as the sheath will giue ease for entertainement . And last of all fine coulored shooes plated with iron , and turning vp at the toe with a peake .

After many conflicts Hosenus the immediate Heire of Alis preuailed against his Vnkle Sophy , and set the crowne on his owne head with remembrance yet of the others glory so farre , that he was proclaimed Hosenus Sophy 〈◊〉 in the next generation the sanctity of Guines the sonne of Hosenus continued with such applause , that the 〈◊〉 were reputed Heretikes , and suffered that contume●…s diuision , as now the Papist and Puritane in EV●… but so the fortune of Guines Sophy preuailed , that 〈◊〉 laine himselfe tooke armes in his defence , and as a principall Sectarie of Mahomet made the colourable suppreding of Heretikes ( for so doe Turkes , and Persians reciprocally vpbraid one another ) the stimulatory cause 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all Asia minor , vntill the Emperor Baiazet with 〈◊〉 Turkes fell vnder the stroakes of his warlike hand : Next vnto him succeeded Secaider , as obstinate as his father , and as successefull in enlarging their Mahomets blasphemies , of whom I will say no more , seeing they acknowledge one God , one Prophet , and circumcision , differing onely as I said in the antiquity of their Rabby , and idle nicety , for which they haue set in combustion the Countries of the East , and with violent entercourses diuided the spoiles of Asia . For this Secaider attempted the conquest of Georgia and Mengrelia on the West of the Caspian , who being Christians according to the superstition of the Greeke Church , submitted to certaine conditions , as tolleration of religion , paying tribute , and disclaiming to assist the Turke against them : whereby they obtained a kinde of peace and protraction , vntill againe the Persians declined in their fortunes , and could not preuent the forwardnesse of the O●…oman glory : yet euer since there hath beene an intermixture and admittance on all sides , especially in the interims of their truce ; and when counterchangeable Embasies haue passed betweene them . Besides , from an absolute tradition of the East , which that lasciuious Mahomet inserted , as a tolleration and princely prerogatiue from Ahasuerosh instance , or if you please Salomons Concubines , all the beautifullest Virgins are taken vp between Persian and Turke , euen perforce out of the laps of Christian mothers , and sequestred with purifying oyle , and ●…e fare for the Emperors pleasure : witnesse SIR 〈◊〉 SH●…S LADY , who was a Christian Georgian either liuing with some kinred in the freedome of religion , or taken out of the Seralio ( wherein he was exceedingly fauoured ) before shee was graced with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 presence ; otherwise , it is death to marry a Christian , or a Persian to bee married to a Christian .

Thus you see how the name of Sophy began , and was added to the Emperours titles , as the Abimelech●… to P●…e Pharaoh and P●…olomeus to Aegypt : yea , within our memorie , the Soldan called Cairo new Babylon , and Caesar was , and is an attribute to all Emperours , since Iulius and Augustus . But no sooner had the distinction of these people , Persians , Turkes and Moores , from an interpretation of their law , limited the seuerall subiects within certaine bounds of strict allegeance : but time and curiosity corrupted all their manners , and neither Herodatus ▪ 〈◊〉 nor Pliny , liuing now amongst them , would suppose them the same nations , for whom they tooke such paines in their descriptions : so that who viewes them now , must not looke vpon their riches and glory , otherwise the●…●…pon mighty conquerours , and magnificent people ●…yet because there are some differences amongst them , according to a breuiary obseruation , wherein my time was employed , and that as the Iewes repined at the Samaritans , the ●…ritans at the Galilaeans : so heer is the same discrepancy ●…ut extending to particulars of better consequence 〈◊〉 ●…e thought good to publish these vses . The Persian is 〈◊〉 minded , liberall , sociable , and farre from affect●…on . The Turke is dogged , proud , sparing , and contemp●… , ●…s not knowing either consanguinity , neighbor-hood , or any thing but the name of a ●…aue . The Persian 〈◊〉 noble-men , loueth such as we call hawke-●…ee , from 〈◊〉〈◊〉 commendation of Cyrus , weareth his vpper ●…p w●…●…g and turning mustachoes , boasteth of his 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in propagato sanguine , is glorious in app●… 〈◊〉 ●…ous , enclining to peace , and de●…rous of ple●… 〈◊〉 they giue life vnto by solemnizing of feasts , whereat their noble wiues may meet , except when they are heated to lasciuiousnesse , then are they sent away , and concubines inuited to make wantonnesse the fuller , to which they come by degrees , beginning with a modest shamefastnesse , but more bold , at last set open all the doores of petulant and luxurious variety : nor are they ashamed to produce instances of Darius banquetting in Susa 180. dayes , with all his Princes : of Baltashars solemnities , when the cups of of gold were filled , and the beds of iuory spred : of Alexanders the Conqueror , imitating the Persian brauery , and reiecting the barren and shuffling customes of the Grecians , and diuers others , whose inuentions and customes are remembred to set on flame the already burning fire of their voluptuousnesse . The Turke contemneth such formality in condition : yet is more curious in apparrell ; for his Turban is delicately plighted , and when it raines , hath a hood to couer it , his vpper gowne is cleane brusht , his mustacho carefully preserued , his beard the grace of his countenance , and many other delicacies maintained , while hee is resident in corrupted cities , seeming more solid , tyrannous , warlike , and knoweth nothing but obedience , as coniured to raise vp all the trophees of his endeauours to the glory of Othoman : yea , in his matters of incontinency , he runneth also a strange race , with a more impudent violence then the Persian , as if the Satyre were exemplined : Dum vitant stulti vitia , in contraria currunt : and both from that horrible corruption of the Grecians , haue admitted the defiling of males , and the better sort do both geld and keepe Eunuchs , and other to the same purpose . The Persian loueth learning , painting , exercises , and many generous qualities . The Turke scorneth any language but his owne , supposing him a right Politician , who speaketh or learneth his , careth for no quality , but riding , shooting , and playing at chesse , contemneth many superfluous customes of Europe , and hath in derision , yea in malicious contempt all the ceremonies of the Westerne Churches , by reason of their images , and foolish prophaning of God through idolatry . Thus then from India to Arabia East & West , and from the Caspian to the Persian Gulph ( where the great Euphrates emptieth his streams , and vnder whose shores is that famous Ormus scited , where they fish for pearle , and trauell six weekes together , from Damascus and Cairo to the same , with 6. or 700 , cammels and asses in a company , to carry their prouision , for feare of the theeues of Arabia ) preuaileth this Emperour , possessing withall diuers cities on this side Ganges , as intermingled with the Portugals : so that in India at this instant you haue many ports and harbours of fortification lying intricately diuiuided betweene Turkes , Persians , Spanyards , and the Indians themselues .

CHAP. V. The Empire of TVRKS .

THE fift and absolutely the greatest share The fift par●… of the 〈◊〉 glory . of the worlds honour for goodnes of ground , as indeed throwing into his lap the spoiles of Asia , Europe , and Africke , hath bedecked the Emperor of Turks with such ornaments , that we now call him the Gran Signeur , and he vnderstandeth himselfe thus farre , that for wealth , territories , and command of souldiers , all other Princes come short of him , and are terrified , when he is at peace with the Persian , and vniteth his Armie against the ill-agreeing Princes of Christendome : But if you please , you shall thus expose the contention to your owne arbitrament .

For countries : He possesseth Asia minor , now Natolia Countries . or Anatolia , of the Greeke word signifying East , with all the Regions within the Propontis , and Hellespont , and such places as in times past made the Crownes of Kings to shine with gold and pearle , aduancing their chaires to the establishment of the highest Maiestie , as Phrigia , Galatia , Bithinia , Pontus , Lidia , Caria , Paphlagonia , Licia , Magnesia , Capadocia , and Comagena : then neere the Caspian now Hircanian Sea , Georgia , Mengrelia , Armenia , all Christians of the Greeke Church : To which if you adde the Empire of Trebisond , you shall then finde him the great controller of the blacke Sea : For although Russia , Bogdonia , Muldauia , and some Polanders keepe the north and west shores ; yet is it as a man , which hath notice of a theeues comming to rob him , and dareth not slacke his guards , lest hee be surprized vnawares . Next doth the pride of his greatnes send you into Assiria , Siria , Palestina , Mesopotamia , Iudea , some torne away peeces of Persia , especially the oppulent Townes of Tauris and Babylon , the three Arabia's , and the red Sea . Thirdly , if you will walke into Affricke , he can inuite you to the pleasures and plenty of Aegipt , the fertilitie of Nilus , and all the shores of the middle land Sea , as farre as the confederation of Morocco , Barbary , and Fess : Nor desisteth he so , but in the fourth place from the top of Alexandria hee biddeth you looke as farre Northward as you can , and all the Ilands in the arches , except Candy , and some few circumspecting the couchent lyon of Venice , acknowledge him for soueraigne Lord , and King . Fiftly , the fields of Greece lye walle , and are ashamed to lift vp their deformed countenances , and worne-out necks with the yron coller of seruitude and bondage , considering that in times past Thracia , Macedonia , Thessalia , Epyrus , and Pelopenesus set both Philosophers and Poets on worke to sing out encomions of their delightsome magnificence , and pleasures of loue ; all which is now forgotten , as if the swet of a brow were wiped away with a cloth . Last of all , his Bashawes will bring you to Buda & Belgrade , and affright you with a relation of Hungaries troubles , assuring you , that it knoweth not her first parents , but calleth the Turke a conqueror in many things . Yea the Princes of Poland , Transiluania , Sclauonia , and others , with whom he hath contracted a pacification , are yet vncertaine of his dammings in , and haue a fearefull care , lest he should breake downe his enclosures , and like an invndation indeed burst vpon them vnawares .

His principall Cities are Trebisond , Amasia , Babylon : or if you will but the ruines of confusion : Tauris gotten Cities . from Persia : Mecha famous for the historie and buriall of Mahomet : Gran Cairo in times past Memphis , of late new Babylon , exposing the ostentous workes of the Pyramides : but now you can wonder at nothing , but heat , dust , sluttishnes , and the mortalitie of a 100000 in a yeare , when the pestilence rageth amongst them : Alexandria boasting of her Founder , and that shee is the porter to let you enter the dores of Nilus : Algier lifting vp the head of a strong Castle , and daring to publish , how the Emperor Charles the fift lost his Nauie before her : and Tunis the Port of old Carthage , and now refuge of all the English Pirates : Shall I come backe againe and tell you of Ierusalem , Tyrus , and Sidon ? alas , they are but names , and all the plagues denounced by the Prophets haue broken their bones in sunder , and bruised them like a rod of iron : Aleppo , which would faine be old Antioch , yea dare from the mouth of some Authors publish , the antiquities of Niniuie : The seuen Churches of Asia renowned for former election , and former desolation according to the prophesie of the Euangelist for the remouing of the candlesticke : Rhodes mourning for the pulling in peeces the Colossus of brasse , which named the whole Iland Collocenses , and loaded 700 Cammels after he departed from the siege : Nicosia , Paphos , and Famagosta , all Cities of Ciprus , and almost fretted a peeces to thinke , that the Venetians lost them so carelesly , and vnfortunately : The few Cities left of Europe : the poore harbours of Asia minor : the port townes of the Ilands : the two castles of the Hellespont , reducing to your memorie the misfortunes of Hero and Leander , whom the townes of Cestos and Abidos bewailed , & the principall place of all his reziance Constantinople , called Stanbole , or the Beautifull ; and extraordinarily graced with the denomination and conueniencie of the sacra porta .

His riches consist in commanding the lands , bodies , Riches . and liues of all his subiects : For first his owne nation called the Musselman laboureth in all businesse to increase his treasurie , and pay him an yeerely entrado : the countryman is a drudge , and tilleth the ground to maintaine his officers , who distribute to the people , as he appointeth : the Christians maintaine his Sansacks , and Timatriots ; and all his Ianisaries and souldiers being the sonnes of Christians are payed , and haue their salary from his Exchequer and treasurie : the Merchant bringeth him gold from all the world , and filleth his Harbours with such commodities , as the earth affordeth , and the Iew supplieth his wants in such a manner , that he neither lacketh pearles , diamonds , and pretious stones , nor any thing which the earth affords to fringe the skirts of Maiestie with extraordinary pompe and brauery . But if you will aske me in what manner Fortune attended thus to apparell , and set him on the stage of such magnificence , as neuer Emperor , or Monarch could dreame on before ; with all their tyrannous inventions besides ? I will thus redact some occurrences of former times to helpe your memory .

The storie of the OTHOMANS .

ABout the yeere of Grace 1300. to our greater disgrace , His Conquests . did Othomanus the sonne of Lichis step before other families , as if he were adopted the darling of successe , and in his fathers behalfe obteined iurisdiction ouer Bithinia , Cappadocia , and most part of Pontus . His successor Orchanes conquered the great Citie of Prusia , and made it the Citie of his Kingdome , and seat of his inheritance : but in the 22 yeare of his progresse he was killed by the Tartars , and left his sonne Amurah to succeed both in his honor and familie ; who perceiuing the dissention of the Greekes , and diuision of the Empire against the remainder of the Romans , spent not the aduantage which he tooke at the same , without a great satisfaction . For with the water that draue the mill he drowned it , and inuited as a guest to this banquet of combats became master of the feast ; or rather resembled the viper , which destroyed the mother that brought it forth : so he admitted as auxiliary for another , at last made a conquest for himselfe , of Gallipolis , Chersonesus , Peloponesus , Philipopolis , Hadrinopolis , Seruia , Bulgaria , and Misia : But after 23. yeares convulsion of the Graecian glory , and his owne shouldring into the throng of magnificent renowne , he was stabd with a dagger , and so gaue way to his sonne Baiazet to fill the chaire of his imperiousnes : He began well , attaining Phocis , Macedonia , and most part of Thracia , had not fortune kept him a litle from insulting , and tript vp his heeles euen in the race of his triumph : For with the losse of 200000 Turkes against that valiant Tamberlaine , he also lost his freedome , and how he died , our stages haue instructed Mechanicall men : Yet did Calepinus his sonne in the meane while take vp the colours of defiance , and forbearing the reuenges of Asia , wrecked his anger on Sigismond of Europe , and determined to ouerrunne the other territories of Hungary , and the Empire ; but prosperitie was not so attendant . For ere six yeeres had enlarged the branches of this strange spreading tree , the axe was put to the roote , and as in Daniels vision , Nabuchadnezar fell to the earth : but his stump sprung againe , and Mahomet his sonne in imitation of his fathers progresse , set forward his owne iourney , winning Walachia , Sclauonia , all the borders of the Ionian sea , and made Andrianopolis the store-house of his honour , wherein for 14 yeere he heaped vp such ornaments of Mars and Bellona , that he terrified the Emperor of Germanie , and all the confederate Princes of Italy . Presently followed Amurath the second , and filled vp his inventory with Epirus , Aetolia , Achaia , Boeotia , Attica , and Thessalonica : then subject to the Venetians , now Salenica , and the gulph of Napoli , running vp by a corner of Nigropont , in times past Eubaea . Next him Mahomet the second ouerthrew the schooles of Athens , and on a fatall day , a day of punishment and terror , a day of iudgement and vnanswerable accounts , the 29 of May 1452. brought such a reckning before Constantinople , that shee forfeited her libertie , and was compelled to pay the amercement , nor had shee time with the politicke steward to alter the bills of the debters , whereby he prouided against future wants : But when Corinth , Lemnos , Meteline , Capha a towne belonging to the iurisdiction of Genoa , and many other Ilands vnderstood of her araignement , and perceiuing there was no contesting with this seuere iudge of assise , they tooke a course of prostitution , and yeelded both homage and fealtie ; to which they were the rather induced , because Trebisond first led the way of expectation for mercy , and gaue him leaue to continue in pompe , and glorious estimation 32 yeeres . After him Baiazet the second obtained Naupact , Methon , and Diriachum from the Venetians ; then went he to make a contract with fortune for the most part of Dalmatia , and thought to haue bargained for Austria : but it should seeme the conditions were very intricate , and something interposed it selfe . For an enuious hand poisned his body , as ambition had done his minde , which was imputed to his sonne Zelimus , who most vnnaturally made him away with excuse of Alexanders emulation against his father Philip , when he told him his enterprises were so great , that he would leaue him litle to doe : yet it fell out to them both otherwise . For Alexander set forward the conquest of Asia : and Zelimus of Affricke , vniting Cairo , Aegipt , Alexandria , and Damascus to the Empire . But now you must looke vpon the wanton of fortune , euen Solyman the magnificent , who stepped backe againe into Europe , and reached at Belgrade , Buda , and Strigonium , with so forcible a strength , that he pulld them from the sides of a louing mother , and left the rest of Hungarie mourning at the cruelty : yet desisted he not so . For he vanquished Rhodes , pulling the Colossus and wonder of the world in peeces ; to which he added the deuastation of the fiue Churches , and Iula : but comming to Zigethis was there arrested with an imperious ●…one firma from the commander of Kings , and so died . But his sonne Zelimus the second , liued , and raigned , vntill Ciprus fell from the Venetians 1570. like a stone pull'd from a ruinous wall : yet being loose before , it did not much endanger the foundation . For presently followed the battell of Lepanto , wherein these Italian confederates played the worke-men indeed , and a little restored both their reputation and losses . Thus was Amurah the third left the great Lord of Lords , ouerlooking the most part of Europe , the West of Asia , and the North of Africke , but more proud of the old Sinan , Bashaw , and the Cigalas : the one his Admirall at sea , the other Viceer of his army : then the conquest of any one Kingdome , because through their industry the honour of the Empire flourished , and yet he might follow his pleasures . But being a corpalent man , he presumed so farre , that luxury & incontinency ouergorg'd him in the feeding . For , Nihil violen●…um ●…erpetuum , and so his lamp was extinguished , leauing 〈◊〉 sonne ●…tanus Achmat the first of his name , and fouretee●… 〈◊〉 from Othoman , not aboue sixteene yeeres olde , to ●…ge the horses of this Phaetonticall charriot .

This Emperor is seldome seene abroad , vnlesse hee be 〈◊〉 ●…ted to some Bashawes Seralio , or appoint to hawke according to the time of the yeere : but I impu●… this sequestration to his sicknesse , of the small pox , w●… which he was greeuously the yeere before perplexed 〈◊〉 when hee taketh his pleasure in this kinde , to ans●… 〈◊〉 proportion of attendance , you shall haue 300. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 4000. horse in the field together , with whose 〈◊〉 they spring the game . For wanting Spaniels , the ground besides being hot & stony , they sildome come to 〈◊〉 , but quickely kill whatsoeuer is put vp , by reason 〈◊〉 multitude , both of haukes and and officers : to this they adde the musike of certaine halfe drums on horse-backe , and so for all our ridiculous prouerb of hunting hares with tabers , they pastime themselues in all their sports , which I was an eye witnes of , about the first of September 160●… and beheld the great Turke in the fields of Greece , a gallant young-man of nineteene yeeres olde , somewhat fat and and well fauoured : yet did the pock-holes a little ecclipse the sweetnesse of his aspect : his countenance was sterne and maiesticall , and his apparrell a plaine crimsen satten gowne . He wore no gloues , nor suffered any to doe so in his presence , which likewise all their women obserue , especially the Sultanesses , whom when the Lady G●…ouer was admitted to visit , they caused her to put her gloues aside : On his thumb he had a horne ring , as all other Turks haue , keeping one order for their shooting , as an artificiall deuice to draw their strong sinewed bowes , without which a treble enforcement cannot preuaile . His Semiter was rich , and boasted of a Christian worke-man in Dama●…s , and in a delicate Turban , he had a hanging feather of diamonds , valued at 40000. pound sterling , his company was not aboue 2000. horse , most of them Capogies and Chiauses , in veluet gownes and rich saddles●… should 〈◊〉 he went not farre , because 200. Gimoglans carried his repast on foot , in certaine delicate baskets couered ouer with rich handkerchifs : after he was past , I was admitted into his gally , in which he came from his Caska , a delicate banquetting-house without his Seralio , close by the sea side to Porta del Fiume , where hee tooke horse : it was a roome of great riches , yet small capacity , set all ouer with inlayed worke of mother of pearle , rubies , opals , emeralds , and had the mettall beaten into thin plates layd countercompony , which with the borders answered one another in gracefull proportion ; within this Cabinet , as I may say , no man comes but himselfe , nor on horse-backe were any neere him by 60. foot , except such as ran by him in their proper places , or durst aduenture to deliuer petition vnto him , which certaine Russians did , complaining on the borderers of Bogdonia , and daily excursions of the Rouers and Pirates of the blacke sea .

Amongst other entertainements , the Ambassadour Sr. Thomas Glouer had seuerall times inuited the Bashaw of Tunis , the Polish and Persian Ambassadours , from whom I receiued an extraordinary description of all the well-deseruing vertues of our noble Queene Elizabeth , as if that Maiesty alone had made all the East to wonder , who before were neuer mooued with any businesses of Europe , and with whom I went to Scideret a towne in Asia , iust ouer the sea , against the City , in whose fields about Iuly before , the great army of 200000. Turkes and Tartars were mustered : by the way in the midst of the sea standeth a watch-tower , as the guard of the passage into the blacke sea , which in truth is a riuer of great pleasure for twenty miles to the blacke tower , and Pompey's piller , adorned on each side of the banke with delicate houses , wherein both Turkes and Greekes pastime themselues in their haruest and vintages , and sometimes retire in the raging of a plague , yet was I in the great City , when there died 80000. in fiue months : but of all other things suppose themselues graced , when the Gran Signieur will vouchsafe to visit them , and extend his pleasure amongst them : this tower is well guarded and erected , in such a fashion , that wee may dispute therof , if an Iland ? how so small ? and not washed in peeces with the violence of some tempest ; if none ? how was twenty fathom deepe raised to a foundation : within two mile more particularly called the vines of Pera , the Greekes for seuen or eight daies resort in famelies to their gardens , and solemnize their vintages with musike and dancing , and although the countrey seemeth stony and hot : yet vnder the skirt of the hils are mantling meddowes running in stripes , yeelding hay and pasture for their greater cattle . Beyond Constantinople Northward , are the Iewes licensed to bury their dead , and according to the greatnesse of the family and person , set vp tents of watchet and crimsen satten , and obserue a commendable order of mourning & lamentation in their exequies . The riuer runneth into the sea by the vines of Pera : so that Galata neither standeth in Asia , nor is an Iland , but resembleth a spurre of fortification , and is ioyned to the Continent of Thrace with an Istmus : some fiueteene miles from the City , those stately aquae ductus , of which there be sixteene in seuerall places , which feede the cesternes of Constantinople , giue notice what men and money can doe . For being the workes of pleasure and ostentation , they are raised to a leuell from hill to hill , and the water comming from open springs , is as it were sent to be better secured within passages of stone , mounted vpon arches 200. foot high , and a thousand in length , from whence it posteth with gladnesse to a delicate aboad of cesternes and fountaines , which by diuers pipes vnder ground pay a continual tribute to the conduits of the great Citie .

The townes and villages of the countrey are disordered , and the people line ●…luttishly on roots , fruit , garlicke , onions , gourds , and such like . For they sildome eat any flesh , and if any good thing fall to their share , as melions , pomegranets , almonds , grapes , figs , and other delicates , they raise what profit they can : yea , as beastly as it is , they send their butter and cheese to Stanbole , which with a loathsome shew openeth the Cow-hides it is put in , and next the filthy haire glutteth a strangers stomach without tasting at all . They cart and plow with Buffoloes : yet haue oxen , whom they feede to supply the markets and court , as being proportioned out of their Sansacks end Timatriots to a weekely number . About the end of Nouember was a comet seene in the West , neere the Constellation of Andromeda , and the plague continued without feare or repining , to which was added a lasting fire of seuen dayes , consuming almost 4000. houses , and shaking the wals of diuers Bashawes houses : the losse lighting vpon the already broken backes of the Iewes , and some Grecians , and the repining dispersed amongst the Turkes themselues , who casting vp an vntoward catalogue of many accidents , and summoning altogether with diuers reuolts , but especially the rebels of Armenia , and the distasting humours of the S●…uano of Asia , or if you will , the Bashaw of Aleppo , dared to whisper many things against the dignity of the Empire . So that at this very instant , the expectation of a change may embolden vs all , if Christendome will acknowledge that there is one in heauen , who disposeth of earthly kingdomes , and the Princes could admit of some principall Iosua to conduct his brethren . For without controuersie , this swelling Monarch is now at the highest marke , and must haue a cadence according to the reuolution of time and gouernments .

CHAP. VI. The Empire of AETHIOPIA .

THe sixt part of the worlds Honour spreadeth The 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 W●… 〈◊〉 ●…me abroad the roiall mantel of Aethiopia , or if you will Abisse vnder the command of Prester Iehan , to whom at this houre are so many Nations and Cities obedient , that for my owne part I want names to decipher them ; and concerning the Nauill of Africke , few Europians I am sure haue seene the secret , or searched how the compacted sinues are vnited yet was Meroe once the principall Citie , and many famous things are recited by the Scriptures , Pliny and Ptolemy in the description thereof : as that in Hebrew it was called Chus for the blacknesse of the people , dwelling betweene the two tropickes , or else of Chus the sonne of Cham the sonne of Noe ; or Aetheria , afterward Atlantia ; and last of all Aethiopia of Aethiope the sonne of Vulcane ▪ that they are now diuided into Arothertae , Atha●…uii , Daraticae , Hesperij , and Perorsi ; that Diodorus and Volacoran●… haue maintained , how the originall of all Creatures first beganne in this Countrey , and would extend Paradice to this place , when GOD caused Adam to name them : but these Philosophers not vnderstanding the truth , inuented what they listed to please themselues , as you may perceiue by Homers fictions : that they were the best obseruers of religious secrets , and ceremonies ; and boasted of true deuotion to their gods for the example of all Nations : That they were very warlike , and obedient to their EMPEROR in all things , and so populous , that the Emperor seldome went without a 1000000. into the field : That they were sold to all the Nations of the world for slaues , and seemed contented with such seruitude , as being glad to go out of their owne Countries : That they were wont to plight their haire in knots , and winde it with intricate diuisions : That the great and high mountaines of the Moone ouerlooketh their territories , and vnburtheneth Nilus from her wombe , sending it abroad , as farre , as the middle-land sea 1500. mile , like a timely birth to the comfort of his mother , and with ioy to all good kinsfolk , & neighbours : That the nature of the Riuer Niger fluuius is so strange , that as ashamed of his imperfections , and abrupt breakings out vnder sandy hills , it hideth his head 60. mile together , and then bursteth out with horrible and impetuous violence : That whole Countries haue beene ouerwhelmed with sand , when the hills make a noyse , and the Sun hath enflamed his heate , and anger against them , departing in that fury , that in breaking the sides of Mountaines the aire and winde maketh a rupture , and so the drie ground first parched presently crumbleth to pouder , and is quickly tossed with forcible blasts : That the Kingdomes of Damutego and Manuongo as farre as Caput bonaespei , with all the shore , Cities , and harbours , are numbred parcell of this Empire , and expose many stories and plentifull relations : That infinite Ilands full of drugges , mineralls , gold , pretious stones , pearle , spice , &c. are the handmaides of this Mistris , especially the great Iland of Saint Laurence in times past called Madagascar , which now compareth with Britaine for magnitude , as containing 600. mile in length , but say what deuises can , ours is the greatest Iland of the world . Many other particulars are inserted by Authors with addition of their manners , and customes : but because all absolute things are worne out of date , and that it would vex a Traueller to read one thing , and finde another , I will trouble antiquitie no longer , but content my selfe with some probabilities , and the best receiued opinions of this Monarchy .

You must then vnderstand , that those limited Garisons of Aegipt vnder the Turke , are here very strong to keepe backe the excursions of the Aethiopians , who from Nilus The conuersion of the Aethiopians . to the South-sea make one Countrey , and are all reputed Christians , boasting of their conuersion from Candauce the Queene in the Actes of the Apostles , whom by another name they call Iudith , and so afterward submitted to the obedience of one principall , to whom they afforded the significant title of Preste Iehan , not that he is a Byshop or Priest , as some superstitiously conceiue , but that those Prester Iehan no Priest . words signifie in the Aethiopian tongue Great PRINCE , or EMPEROR . Amongst them are many Monasteries both of men and women , but strictly prohibiting any entercourse betweene them , or wanton show of prophanation : their fasts are 50. daies with bread and water , and some slender fruit , as for fish they haue litle store , or lesse skill to take them , or make vse of them by way of sustenance : they are so carefull in the obseruation of their customes concerning this religious fasting and prayers , that they will sleepe no longer , then they hold their heads ouer water , that the nodding downe may giue them warning to be more vigilant : their bells are of stone for the most part ; their Priests marry , and celebrate the masse , allowing in their procession , crosses , censors , tapers , and lampes : the retired monkes maintaine their haire ; the common Priests shaue , and both are b●…refoote , especially in the Church , wherein no man enters with prophanation ; but putteth off his sandalls and laieth them apart , as the Turkes doe , who are very carefull in such deuout obseruations , adding withall a ceremonious washing , taken from the Iewish purifying , as in his proper place shall appeare . The Sabbaoths and Eues are festiuals and celebrated accordingly ; circumcision is added to their baptisme both in men and women , vnto which they are not admitted , vntill 40. daies , and then the three persons of the Trinity haue a reuerent exaltation , and the Eucharist is administred by custome at the same time according to the credit of the Greeke Church , which they resolutely confirme to haue priority before the Latine : their names are all significant , and the religion ariseth from a certaine booke , which they confidently maintaine was approued by the Synode of the Apostles , congregated at Ierusalem . The very common people haue plurality of wiues , according to their sufficient ability to support their estates , and content their desires , suffering diuorses either for naturall imperfections , or iust causes of incontinencie : but such men and women thus scandalized are debarred intermedling with spirituall matters ; some say not admitted into the Church at all . Their Nobility are in great estimation , and according to actions correspondent to their professed vertue preserue the wealth , and credit of their Auncestors . Their greatest Cities are few in number , but such as stand by the sea shore are of good strength and eminence with stupendous Castels and workes of antiquity . The common heape of houses are poore , sluttish , all on the ground open , without chimnies , and sutable to the dispersed manner of their villages . In all the Empire is no money , but pure gold : salt and pepper are excellent marchandize through Africke : but here so richly valued , that slaues are redeemed with them : but the commodities of the Countrey soone and easily exchanged , it affordeth many thing ▪ as you haue heard , especially Eliphants , Tyger Linkes , Taxos , Apes , Lions , and Harts against an absolute opinion , that there was no Venison in Africke ; but Beares , Cunnies , Corduels , and Cuckowes are not seene amongst them . The custome of their huntings , raising their armies , order of diet , with ciuet and muske , washing and no●…ting with precious balmes and perfumes , feasting , burials , and superstitions , would fill seuerall relations , either to pacifie ignorance , or strengthen their knowledge who are entred a little into the Schoole of experience : but because there is nothing amongst them fit for our example , I will make my iourney as cursory as I can , and study for no commorance , but where there is possibility of thriuing . Their Cabalisticall Arts , and secrets from certaine wise men named Gymnosophists with the Indians , called also or some the Easterne Aethiopia , would make as tedious disputation , especially when I must name the Trogiodite , Garamaulis , Atlantides , Libera interior , Synega , the further plaines of Monte nigro , and some others , and cannot tell you , whether they be Idolaters , or no ; onely I can assure you they allow of the immortality of the soule , on which they are besotted so diabolically , that they will murther themselues vpon small enforcement , either to honor their lords , dye with their husbands , preuent the discommodities of old age , helpe their friends , or pleasure their best beloued after their barberous credulity : But because I would faine bring you into Europe , where my hope and purpose is to finde the happinesse of a kingdome , according to the reciprocall duties betweene Prince and Subiect , I will leaue these people to be reiected with Esau. For sure there is a Iacob , whom old Isaacke hath better blessed

CHAP. VII . The Empire of RVSSIA .

TIll now the world hath opened her The seuenth share of the worlds 〈◊〉 . largest embraces , seeming to giue Honour and Maiesty a breathing time for feare of smoothering with heate , and fulsomnesse of aire : but here shee will hugge it close with a contrary kindnes , and keepe it warme , for doubt of catching of cold ; otherwise this great Dukedome of Muscouia , or if you please Empire of Russia will shut vp renowne in the dangerous passages of the frozen sea , or pinch her bloud with congealed Isicles , and snowy frosts . For all the Countrey is byting , sharpe , and in some places dangerous to the passengers , especially in winter , which here lasteth long : besides , it is full of woods , and desert places Northward , and they as full of wild beasts , noysome and vnsauory in their liues ; but profitable and full of contentment after they be kild . For Beares , Martins , Sables , blacke-foxes , Ermines , and some others fill the magnificent Courts of Europe with furres . Notwithstanding toward Poland there is great difference both of ground and aire , and in obseruing certaine customes against the intemperatenesse of the weather , there is reasonable suppliment of Natures allowance either concerning food or rayment . It boasteth of foure great Riuers , Olba , Volga , Duina , and Tanaies , sometimes taken one for another , and many times confounded , as if Olba and Tanaies were all one , sending foorth many brookes , like so many seruants of a thriuing Husbandman , and House-keeper , who are orderly imployed about their busines for the credit and prosperity of the family . The Emperors progenie hath giuen way to diuers Histories , and is now so increased in wealth , mightinesse , estimation , command ouer his Subiects , and such other tumors of Maiestie ; that many stratagems , and politicall deuices haue taught one another trickes to bring the proudest Monarch on his knees : whereby sometimes his will and imperiousnesse vpon the least iealosie of competition , or incroaching on the Diadem , hath beene mixed with a kinde of tyrannie , and the Subiects obedience resembled to slauish prostitution : so that in his chiefest and best ordered Townes of Nouagrade and Mosko , many strange and fearefull executions haue beene practised , and the Subiect enforced to wilfull murthering one another to satisfie the Emperors pleasure : as for his warres either forraine or domestique , how euer his many Countries , ostentous numbers of people , and seeming resolutions of the Souldiers , would giue an affrighting shadow from some portentous body ▪ yet is he glad of auxiliary forces , and according to politike obseruations of such confused multitudes , must haue many men and few souldiers , as peraduenture wee our selues haue made some proofe of late amongst them , when a few resolute and well ordred English , euen in the fields of Nouagrade contracted their owne conditions , in despight of that threatning Armie , which both Poles and Muscouites rallied against them .

But let vs returne to the best flourishes of his peace : whether it be a natiue pride , or ouer-growne custome with corrupted time , he is questionles a proud and stately Prince , and once nailed an Embassadors hat to his head , because he either abated him of that reuerence appropriate to so great a maiestie ; or contested with him ouer peremptorily in behalfe of his master : but St Thomas Smith was entertained with a contrary satisfaction and welcom , how euer our merchants were terrified , when the Abbey of St Nicholay should haue beene surprised by certaine English , who I am perswaded would haue done it indeede , if the proiect had not beene discouered , and peraduenture interdicted by supreame authoritie . If you would aske me any questions of Mosko the Metropolitane of the Empire ; I will spend my topography from vnseemely flattering , and assure you , it is compared to Gran Ca●…o for spatiousnes of ground , multitude of houses , and vncomelinesse of streets : so that as the one is patible of sun●…e , corruption , and infectious aire ; the other is not free from bea●…linesse , smoake , and vnwholesome smells : but because there be many vnacceptable relations , sauou●…ng indeed of Trauellers ouer-reachings , and impossibilities , or at least absurdities , I will desist from bringing you into any such by-waies of misdoubt , and lead you thus into the plainer fields of knowledge and demonstration .

They follow for the most part the rites and ceremonie●… of the Greeke Church , and superstitiously maintaine many idle traditions and ridiculous ceremonies : The Priests haue wiues , teach the adoration of images , fast , and compell to confession , which the common people suppose most necessary , especially for the Nobles and Gentry , in regard of their sensuall libertie in sinne , and voluptuous prostitution to all manner of filthinesse , like those which were reprehended by the Prophet for sitting downe to eat and drinke , and rising vp to play . Their chiefest prayers consist on the faith of this breefe ; Iesu thou sonne of God haue mercy vpon me : as for the Lords prayer they haue in small vse or forme , because the Scriptures are prohibited them , and not suffred to be published ; yea the Priests themselues scarse haue the New Testament amongst them . At seuen yeere olde they are terrified with actuall sinnes , and so minister yong children the sacrament , mingling bread and wine together . The Festiuals they doe rather abuse , then celebrate , gurmondizing with that excesse , that it ouer-passeth the limits of neighbourhood , or friendly conuersation . The common people attend their labour , and are indeed the tired seruants of wearisomnes , rather comming neere the tediousnes of slauery , then the honest necessitie of husbandry . They are all incredulous of Purgatorie ; yet as the Greekes commit many absurdities for their dead , they howle about their graues , and repaire with seuerall songs to the places of buriall ; and this is customarie in 〈◊〉 euen amongst our selues , especially in Gallowa●… , where all the summer long the yonger women bedecke the g●…ues w●… flowers , euery familie in their seuerall Chappels , an 〈◊〉 satterday at night solemnize a kinde of mourning and ●…efunctory prayers : No man giueth himselfe holy water , but attendeth the Priest ; they haue many wiues , allow of diuorcement , and yet runne into the deceitfull by-waies of filthinesse and incontinency : so that as they count it no adultery , except Dauid lye with Bathsheba , when Vrias is liuing : so it is a dangerous matter to transgresse the law of wedlocke , and the woman is terribly ouer-watcht , and suspitiously restrained from walking abroad , wherein the condition of their reputed honest women is more miserable than in Italy , and a wife or a maide looseth all reputation , if shee goe at random , or sit by the high way , as Thamar did to deceiue Iuda .

The people are naturally cunning and dangerous : yet as I said subiect to seruitude , and very slaues to the Emperor : their apparell is a long coat without plighting , almost after the manner of Hungarie , but indeed all the East generally yeeld no other : they weare coloured bootes comming no higher then their knees , the soles plated with yron ; the better sort haue them gilded , painted , and embrodered : the women weare such too , and like the Turkes are not seene abroad bare-faced : all sorts loue iustice , or at least the shew of it . For they punish petty thefts , how euer great robberies and manslaughters , yea after due examination , passe without capitall execution , which makes me remember the answer of Cleonidas the Pirate to Alexander Alexander and Cleonidas . the Great , when he sharply reprehended him for the basenes of his life , and intimated besides the common scandall of a rouer , the mischiefes depending , as hindring the Merchant from filling the harbours , and resorting to the Cities , whereby the Kings customes were inlarged , and the Common-wealth enriched : T is true O King saith he , because I rob with one or two ships , I am condemned for a rouer : but thou that runnest ouer the Hellespont , and fillest great seas with thy Nauies art saluted a mighty Monarch , and reuerenced more for the feare of thy reuenge , then beloued by the extention of thy bounty or liberalitie .

Their coine is both gold and siluer without forme , as stamped long and vnfashionable : their furres fill all the world with merchandize , making vs not onely warme , but proud in Europe : yea such is the estimation of Ermines , Sables , and blacke Fox from a receiued opinion of Priamus King of Troy , whose mantle to the greatest shew of ostentation and magnificence , was lined with Ermines , that in the secrets of Armory ( except the Prince ) all persons are limited , what and how to weare them : and amongst themselues , though the Emperor & Nobles haue gownes of cloth of gold and siluer , tread vpon Persian and Turky carpets , and are indeed adorned with great wealth both in iewels and marks of maiestie ; yet hath their head attires of blacke fox the preeminence , wherein he thinketh himselfe more honored , than in an imperiall crowne after the manner of auntient Kings : Their great Cities are very thin , and villages lye scattered with low houses , spatious on the ground , with stones ; and the territories which now he challengeth , extendeth almost 1200 English mile : their woods foster plenty of beasts , which in an extreame winter will come downe to their houses , and endanger both cattle and people : their horse are reasonable good & many , by whom they maintaine the strength of their Armies , and practising them in hunting haue them the more seruiceable in the warres : But I purpose no further discoueries , and therefore attend the businesse proposed , which is onely to giue you a superficiall view of these countries , that when we come to compare England vnto them , we may finde them the sooner , and be able to iudge the better .

Thus liueth and raigneth this North-east Monarch , with reputation of one of the greatest sharers in the aduenture of the worlds happines : As for the other Kingdomes of Norway , Sweden , Goteland , & Denmarke , with the prouinces of Bothnia , Finmarck , Lapland , Finland , and such Northren regions . like , they are onely called Reges simplices , because they liue and take care of their particular Scepters , without ambitious intrusion into anothers possession to make it their owne hereditary . For though sometime Sweden , and Norway is vnited : sometimes Denmarke triumphing , and sometimes as it were disioynted : yet hapneth it by seuerall factions amongst themselues and to reuenge iniuries for the present , and may resemble a throng and presse of people in a yard , who one while driue to that corner , another while shoue to this , and suddenly stand at a stay , as wearied with the shouldring . For as Princes are exasperated to displeasure by their owne conceiued opinions of a wrong and indignity : so doe they prosecute reuenges from a wrathfull indignation , and many times draw whole Armies into the field to stop further outrages , and shew the aduersarie , there is no end , but blood and death , yea the countries deuastation without an honorable agreement , or satisfaction : and thus haue these people vpon no other colour but wilfulnes weakned one another with counterchangeable preuailings : But yet I doe not see , that the Russian Emperor taketh aduantage of their disagreements , onely at this instant by reason of former troubles about the succession , and well-grounded suspition of the King of Polands warlike humors , he standeth on his guard , and for some priuate respects hath bin auxiliary to the King of Swedea , to which belong so many particulars , that a whole history might fill your eares with pleasure and instances of worthy prosecution , which I desist from , for swelling the booke too bigg with so poore a breath of common and knowne relations , and will onely goe forward with some slender descriptions , as the country now lieth vnder fortunes controule .

Norway is famous vpon the etymologie of the word , Norway . as it were the North-way , and yeeldeth plenty of fish , called stockfish , which is taken in the greatest frost for lasting , and is a reasonable good country for feeding cattle , the increase of a dairy , and many other excellent blessings for the nourishment of life .

Swedia inviteth you to a Towne in imitation of Swedia . Venice called Stokeholme , as if shee boasted onely of this place , considering the rest of her villages resemble the scattered troopes of a retired Armie : yet must you not ouer-passe the famous Castle of Calmar , which is proprietory to Goteland , and so depending on Sweden , as the principall Port , Citie , and fortification of these parts , and aduanceth her reputation of strength in such a manner , that excellent enginers , and iudicious Trauellers haue ranked it next the Castle of Millaine .

Denmarke , and his tributes are knowne to euery body , Denmarke . with the shipping and customes of the Sont , where at one time you shall haue 5000 saile brought to the barre of payment , and defraying the Kings charges : Their feasts and drinking customes , wherein you must not challenge their liberall promises , nor take hold of cursory speeches vpon an hereafter remembrance , least his displeasure suppose you ouer-politicke for his plainenes , yet dangerous humors in his rages : Their maintayning of Gentry , though fearefull for affording titles of honour by opening the enclosures of desires to affect greatnes and popularitie , so that you haue no ambitious titles amongst them : Their feminine scorne of mechanicall men , trades , or professors of Arte : insomuch though a man bee neuer so excellent a scholler , or Musician , yet will not the Ladies of their countrey admit of their society , nor entertaine their wiues with befitting complement , but with a primordiall contempt of ill musico , scholastico , pedante , or such like , countermand their intrusion : Their ouer-looking of passengers into the East Countries , and many other things , are matters of some notice : But amongst other points of Heraldry , the blason of the coates of these countries displaieth the profitable distribution of masts , firre , deale , pitch , tarre , rosen , cables , ropes , hempe , flax , and such like : To which I must needes adde , how from this Continent former times detruded those Nations of Vandalls , Gothes , Lombards , Getes , and other famous people , who not onely blotted out the scandall of their banishment with more memorable actions , but made a plenary satisfaction to their endeuours with the glorious diadems of Italy and Spaine .

The storie of the GOTHS and LOMBARDS comming into Italy and Spaine .

IN the time of Sennio King of Goteland about the yeere How the Goths came into Italy . 400. ( For Norway and Denmarke were but then characters of a new print ) there hapned a confusion of blessednesse amongst these Nations . For considering , how hee was a Prince not onely of great setlednes and gouernment , but of peace and prosperity , his subiects likewise participated with the felicitie , and liued so long , and in such increase , that I must resemble them to certaine fish in the sea , amongst whom the great ones deuoure the small ; yet not so fast , as they could preuent the sodaine approch of a strange famine , whereby the King and principall Counsellors of the State were as it were brought to behold the comming forward of their misery , in regard that many thousands must perish for lacke of foode , and such as had wherewithall to supply their wants , in danger of spoyling , by the indigent multitude tyed to tyrannous necessitie : wherevpon to preuent the worst , as they supposed , and from the law of nature of two euills to chuse the least , and of nations to rectifie the crooked lines of threatning destruction on them : it was concluded to disburden the Realme of all old , impotent , poore , and vnnecessary people , and when the manner was likewise demanded , the inventors were not ashamed to publish , that they must be tied backe to backe and throwne into the sea : with the iollity of which deuise euery man departed home , and the King himselfe , as glad , that his subiects were generally appeased , seemed proud to be the reporter of the iudgement : But when the Queene vnderstood the cruelty of that doome , and from the tendernes of her sex began to compassionate the guiltles soules , she was not onely amazed to see such an error seduce the wisdome of Gouernors ; but stepped a litle more forward , and in debating the matter , brought them to a hansommer path of preuention , which was by exile to expose them to the fortune of the world , and keep the conscience cleare from shedding innocent bloud , which no doubt in time would once lye heauy vpon the most obdurate heart .

Here reason and honest pitie wanne the field of former wilfulnes and resolution , and the Queene was not onely proclaimed the mother of charity , but applauded for her wisdome , and high exalted vertue : so they allowed her directions , and without further disputing the matter , shipped forth 300000 soules , who dispersed themselues ouer the North-east of Europe , filling those countries , which now are called Muldauia , Bogdonia , the borderers of the blacke sea , and Russia with new names and nations , such as were afterward distinguished by Samatae , Gothae , Longa-bardi , Hunni , Vandali , Getae , Swedi , and diuers others , who raised their fortunes out of industry , and made their able bodies the ministers of a great prosperitie : For when the Emperors of Constantinople groned vnder the burthen of diuision and dissention with the Princes of the West , and had no other way to pacifie the indignation , but by drawing maine Armies into the field ; they were also compelled to entertaine these strong and barbarous people , as presidiary , and depending on their military salary : But they quickly instructed in the discipline of Armes , and as quickly furnished for any imployment , did as quickly perceiue the weakned estate of both parties , and so vnderstanding their owne strength with tumultuous innouation kept the best countries of Italy to their owne vse , making the Graecian Emperors beleeue , it was in their behalfe , and for the renowne of the Empire ; but when it came to the casting vp the account , they denied the debt , and by force of armes sent the Graecian auditors home vnsatisfied , and so fell againe and againe on the weakned forces of Europe , and at last possessed the diadems both of Lombardy and Spaine .

I could heere adde the Ilands of Freesland , and Iseland , famous for fishing , and the wonders of mount Heda , sutable to Gibello or Aetna in Sicilia , of both which some haue submitted to a fabulous credulity concerning a locall place of Hell , about the center of the earth , and that the Diuels goe in and out at these monstrous Crateres some 4000. miles vnder sea and land : but because it soundeth both ridiculous euen to superstitious eares , and blasphemous to religious hearts , I ouerpasse it with slightnesse : besides , in regard that I am not emulous of any glory , wealth , or eminent magnificence appertaining to these northerne kingdomes , I desist from further enlarging them , or telling them any stranger newes , onely I must needes say , their shipping is commendable , and the remembrance of our conquest in those times glorious : so that as we serued France , and are contented with titles : they haue serued vs , and still quarter the arms of our countrey with their Danish triumphs .

CHAP. VIII . The Empire of GERMANY .

THE eighth prize out of this great lottery of The eighth part of the worlds brauery . the world , is proclaimed for the Emperor of Germany & king of the Romans , to which the house of Austria is ( as it should seeme , or at least would bee ) enfeoffed . For at this houre , the sonnes of the olde Arch-Duke haue thus raised the throne of imperiousnesse : Rodulphus Emperour , yet famous for nothing but peaceable desires , and a priuate sequestration scarce affecting the defence of his owne territories , much lesse the expatiating of any military proiect against the enemy of Christendome . Matthias after much repining and a great expectation , King of Hungary , out of which hee hopeth ( if occasion serue ) to step into his brothers chaire , and command Europe , or at lest so much as the Pope and King of Spaine can support him in . Maximilian , Arch-Duke of Austria , and powerfull enough in being commander of Vienna , from whence the Turks with 200000. souldiers was valiantly repulsed . Albertus , first Arch-Bishop of Toledo , then Cardinall , next dispensed with , and married to the Infanta of Spaine his cozen german , and last of all Arch-Duke of Burgundy , and Commander of the Low-Countries , or at least so many as are brought so low , that hee standeth like a Colossus ouer them : and Ernestus called the Cardinall of Austria , but whether filius naturalis , or no , I dispute not on ; so that if the father were now aliue , to see this bundle of arrowes so well , so strong , and so gloriously bound together , he would flatter himselfe with an opinion , that the Emperials either would not , or durst not startle from their resolutions of corroborating the Diadem in his familie . But although the Germanes haue thus raised vp the principall tree , wherein the double neckt Eagle doth build her airy : yet is it farre from any royall florishing , or Monarchall supremacy . For neither is it hereditary , nor after inauguration can he commaund , as other Kings , or like the briefe of Samuels Oratory to the rebellious Israelites , shew the reciprocall duties betweene Prince and Subiect : but by no meanes is he powerfull enough to ouerthrow the priuiledges of the Empire , because the Princes be so many , so mighty , so beloued , that they attend in Court at pleasute , raise their forces at pleasure , contest with the Emperor in many cases at pleasure , and supply his wants and demands for impositions at pleasure . The Townes againe are so strong , so priuiledged , so populous , that out of obstinate finding fault with taxes and imperious restraints , they many times oppose against their principall lords , and in hostile manner exclude them from the benefit of commaunding , like royall Princes indeed , witnesse the many contentions of Colleine with the Noble men and Byshops , and at last with the Byshop and the people , the power of the DVKE of Saxony in maintaining of LVTHER against both Pope and Emperor : the repining of diuers Cities , and Princes , when the Lantsgraue of Hesse was imprisoned vnder Charles the 5. The last contention betweene the Duke of Brunswicke and the Citie , and the generall cause of the Protestants protected in euery place inuita fortuna , yea against Ecclesiasticall curses and temporall menaces .

Of all Europe it is the greatest Countrey with the best and richest store of Cities , Townes , Castels , and religious Germany the greatest Countrey of Europe . places , in that decorum , and order ( for in a manner view one Towne and view all ) as if there were a vniuersall consent to raise our admiration from their vniformity : To which is added a secret of Nature , that the people generally for honesty of conuersation , probity of manners , assurance of loyaltie , and confidence of disposition ( setting apart their imperfect customes of drinking ) exceede our beliefe , as being vnoffensiue , conuersable , maintainers of their honours , and families , wherein they step so farre , as if true Gentry were incorporate with them , and had his principall mansion in Germany . And although they repine at any strangers intrusion , and will not suffer new Nations to bring in new customes , no not artificers ; and seeme withall fantastique in apparrell , and gaudy with deuises : yet doe they hate formalitie of Courtiers , and of all other things beware of that horrible deceit of vaparous Germanes haters of deceit . promises , common protestations , open embraces , palpable flattery , and hypocriticall bindings of obseruation from inferiours : when the heart is corrupted , yea ready to leape into his Masters mouth , and tell him , that he lies , when it heares him sweare , what he neuer meant : thus can they with Lucan exclaime : Exeat aula Qui vult esse pius , virtus & summa potestas non coeunt . and thus doe they endeauour themselues in all honest courses to liue of themselues , which questionlesse proceedes from some worthy caution concerning their miserie , who eate meate vnder the repining eyes of another , and herein no doubt they lay a great imputation on many English , whose profession of libertie by base and seruile attendancy is ouerthrowne : or if they seeme glorious in casting off the yoake of obedience ; yet are they besmeered Errors of Courtiers . with the frothy corruptions of verball & vaine-glorious Courtiers , who haue with the viciousnesse of time so abused this profession of moralitie , that an honest and vnsubiected heart is afraid to come neere them . For although Liberalitie and Charity haue equall properties to the opening , if it were possible , the gates of heauen : although the fauour of Kings must be purchased by duty and obsequiousnesse , and although the maiestie of a Court must not be depressed by admitting euery man at pleasure : yet hath the errors of life so traduced worthy men for swelling too bigge with wealth and aduancement , that their power and authoritie growes tedious , and the depending on another is a very excruciation of minde , which made the Poet exclaime against the protraction of good deedes with Gratia ab officio , quod mora tardat , abest : which made the Italians murmure with Dono molto aspettato è venduto è non donato : which made Berzelay say vnto the King , I am old I will go a litle way ouer Iordan , but returne to my owne house , liue with my people , and be buried in the sepulchre of my fathers . In these things are the Germans worthy of all commendation : yet me thinkes wanting an hereditarie succession of Princes , and hauing an Emperor sometimes by partiality of election , sometimes by factious strength , and sometimes by the absolute commaund of the Pope , they should a little abate their ostentation concerning his MAIESTIE , or their owne glory . As for their formall custome of denominating all the sons of Arch-Dukes Dukes , Earles , & Barons , according to their fathers titles , and paternall honours , it keepes corespondencie with the name of Caesar amongst them , and the Italians hold it so ridiculous , that in their facetiae , as we terme it , they ieast it thus : The Earles of Germany ; the Dons of Spaine ; the Monsiers of France ; the Byshoppes of Italy ; the Knights of Naples ; the Lardes of Scotland ; the Hidalgos of Portugall ; the Noblemen of Hungary ; and the younger brethren of England make a very poore company .

But if you are curious indeed , and would search in natures storehouse for the furniture , that Germany holds , or know in what manner she distributeth her blessings , you shall finde corne , vines , riuers of fish , fruite , hot waters , bathes , minerals , mines of all sorts , and very good cattle . If ambition transport you to view the palace of Honour , they can bring you into well fortified Cities , wherein you shall haue munition , armor , and the very Burgers trained with martiall discipline : they can cary you into the fields of Bellona , and delight you with a beautifull sight of 20000. horse diuided into seuerall batalions and squadrons with cornets , penons , and sufficient equipage : they can conduct you into the very walkes of Princelines , and show stately palaces , pleasant hunting and hawking , turniaments , iusts , riding horses , and other exercises befitting a Gentleman . If you descend to more moderate expectations , you shall then haue notice , how most men eate vnder their owne vines , how the Citizen liueth in quiet , how the women are blessed in their children , how faults are pardoned , scandals remooued , and euery man appeares like a faire shining Planet in his owne Orbe without disturbance .

On the north from Callis to Dantske in Prussia lieth part of the seuenteene Prouinces , and Pomerania : On the East Brandenburg and Silesia , I might haue named Hungarie , and Transiluania : to the South as farre as the Alpes , Austria , Bauaria , Sweuia , and Heluetia : on the West ●…ranconia , Hessia , and Munsterland : as a core in the midst Westphalia , Saxonia , Brunswicke , Thuringia , Misina , the well compacted kingdome of Bohemia , circumcepted with ●…gra , Silua , and Morauia , with many other diuisions of Principats , Dukedomes , Lordships , and Clergie men , that to number them would be more tedious , then satisfactorie ; consider Munster their owne Countrey-man h●…th . described them at full , and taken so much paines there●…n , as if he studied nothing more , then to set out the honour and dignitie of the Nation , wherein hee was borne . Amongst these are seuen Princes sequestred to a speciall lifting vp the Emperor into his throne : the three Byshops of Colleine , Ments , or as some will haue it ●…agunse , and Treuers : the three Seculars , Duke of Saxony , Marqu●… , of Brandenburge , and Count Pallatine of the Rhene ; the binding voice is allowed the King of Bohemia , who was once so absolute , that he triumphed in the three●…old City of Prage with repining , when the Emperor challenged either submission or prostitution : but now the Pope and Austria haue subuerted such immunities , and vnder the danger of fulmination , and Church discipline terrifie them all from contradicting their wilfulnes .

The Cities of this spacious Countrey are many , and haue as many descriptions from seuerall Authors , whom if you finde contrary to one another , you must mod●… your anger , and remember how diuers 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with sicke bodies , that although they li●… with 〈◊〉 of learned men , yet shall not any , two agree , 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 causes , nor the remedie of the disease , le●… 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnderstand the same neuer so well : So fareth it 〈◊〉 quarians and Chronographers , they shew you such faces , as they themselues beheld , or wrote as priuate affection and information induced , and so the next age enlarged her talent ; and the last opposeth against the former . But if you will be contented with my manner of Cosmography , and vnderstand , that my meaning in this cursory iourney is to runne onely away with Titles , you shall then finde vpon the Rhene a riuer comming out of Heluetia , and 800. mile together , gathering many confederates of springs and brookes to shew himselfe well accompanied at the Court of the maine Ocean : Constance , Basill famous in her originall vpon the Serpent found in her foundation ; Strasborough beautifull in her name , and for her high steeple , Spires , Ments , Hidelburge the Court of the Palatine , Franckfurt glorious in her Marts , Coblents and Coleine ; these be principall Cities , either supporting the chaires of Byshops , or maintaining their owne freedomes with royall iurisdiction , or submitting to the controule of some worthy Prince ; as for other Townes , which are both walled , and fortified they are infinite , and would fill vp too much roome to ioyne them here together . Vpon Danubius the greatest riuer of Europe , as running 1500. mile betweene the bankes of many Countries , and changeth his name into ●…er , when he commeth into the pride of Greece , and poureth himselfe , with troupes of attendance into the lap of the black-sea : you haue Vlmms , Auspurg , or if you will Augu●…ta proud of her title and fortification ; Ingelstade boasting of the birth of Emperors ; Regenspurg , Paslaw , Vienna , Presburg , and Keimar ; vpon Weserslood , that run●…eth through Brunswicke and Westphalia , Brennen , and Ca●… ; vpon the riuer Alba , which posteth out of Bohemia , as it were with glad tidings through the midst of many flourishing Countries into the German sea ; Prag●… , Dresda , East Wittenberg , Brandenberg , Hanborough and Stode ; vpon Odera , whose head almost meeteth with the Wexell of Poland ; Neisa , Breslaw , Crossen , East Fran●…furt , and Stetin ; this riuer running toward Brandenburg through Silesia watreth a great part of Pomerania , within the heart of this Continent , whose veines are yet filled , and life as it were refreshed with the moderate flowing and swelling goodnesse of diuers armes , hanging as it were by the maine bodies of these riuers , and may resemble kinde messages , or entercourses strengthning the amity of vnsetled families , are scituated Norremberg the greatest of the Countrey , Wirteberg , Erfurt , Brunswick , Iger , Gorlitz , and so many other , that France and Italy both must a litle yeeld . For if a difference may tend to make a place the better , questionlesse Germany hath the preeminence ; yet because it resembleth a Capitoll of so many Princes , rather then a Parliament house , where the Subiect how great soeuer , acknowledgeth his Monarch ; we will allow him Emperor , as I haue said , for good manners sake ; but questionlesse standing at the deuotion of his imperials , and Cities ; it diminisheth his glory , and obscureth the shining of his three Crownes ; witnes the busines of Colleine it selfe , which amongst many others of the same kind , is so subiected to the authority of the Byshop , that the name of Emperor hath sounded harshly to their obedience , and both people and Clergie haue still opposed against all secular Princes : the story is briefly thus .

The History of COLLEINE .

COlleine is a famous Towne , and one principall of the Vbij before CHRIST , which questionlesse the Romanes made great account of as a receptacle for their garrisons , when they had warre against the Swedians , who ●…nged then all ouer Germany , especially in Saxonia . In the time of Iulius Caesar there was a wodden bridge made ouer the R●…ene for the better transporting his armie , which was after transhap't into stone , but the miracle proceeded from the power of money , and industry of man ; but because many murthers , rapes , and robberies were committed on the same , Bruno the Byshoppe by the Emperor O●…os commaundement ruined , and quite subuerted it : so it should seeme it was then called Vbiopolis , vntill a commutation into Colonia Agrippina of Marcus Agrippa sonne in law to Augustus Caesar , who reedified and beautified the same ; yet Tacitus extracteth the title from a daughter of Augustus borne here , and leaueth it as a place of great consequence vnder the iurisdiction of many worthy Commaunders ; but it should seeme , they entertained Christianity betimes , and quickly cast away the authoritie of the Romanes : For thus they record it . About the yeere 70. Maternus the Disciple of Saint Peter conuerted the Vbij , who admitted their spirituall saluation with such gladnesse , that they likewise determined the preseruation of their liberty and bodies , and so proiected to be free of themselues , had not afterward diuers Emperors , setled the Duke of Saxony , and Earles of the Em●… 〈◊〉 established greatness both ouer Citie and Coun●… , vntill againe the Pope wrested the supremacie ouer the European Princes , and confirmed the Archbishops in the ostentation of a Count Palatine , and absolute power of the gouernment of all , which yet the secular Noble men not onely repined at , but sought by noble courses to preuent ; and at last , when no deuise could make gentill the hard wound pullies of the Clergies ambition , they were resolute to effectuate it by force of armes , so that many contentions arose betweene the Byshoppe , Nobles , and Citizens , which ended not without effusion of blood , and ouerthrow of whole armies drawne into the field by particeans , whereby the Citie it selfe felt the smart of warlike scourges , and saw her walles and houses puld on heapes of rubbish , according to the nature of rage and fury the end of tumultuous vprors . But at last Colleine is reedified , and in despight of all frets and fumes , either of Saxony , the Palatine of the Empire , or confederates of the Princes , acknowledgeth the Archbishop for supreame Gouernour , and he still ouermantleth it with a superstitious protection , so that the people are kept vnder with his blessing and cursing accordingly .

It now bendeth like a bow , as you see our great Citie from Surreies side : the key before the wall is a place of great pleasure ; the ports and ramparts worth the obseruing , the Palace stately and magnificent , the houses beautifull and comely , the streets sweet , spatious , and well ordered , the Inhabitants ciuill , sociable , and superstitious . For amongst the Churches they are of opinion , that the three Kings haue a memorable monument , concerning the birth of our Sauiour , when they were commaunded to returne another way home , but comming hether it was the fortune and glory of this place , not onely to be their refuge from the fury of Herod in their life ; but a receptacle for their bodies after death ; but how the truth would proue all this ridiculous , it were pity to dispute . Howsoeuer , as I haue said , the Citie and territories now swell with the pride of exemption from the Emperors iurisdiction , and in the same race runne many other famous Townes , whereby you may see the disioynted gouernment of Germany , and the poore authority the Emperors haue ouer the Electors , and imperiall Cities .

For although Charles the 5. had the fortune to imprison the Lantsgraue of Hesse , and by the seruice of the Duke of Burbone to possesse the Castle of Saint Angelo , and punish the Pope with a terror of vsurpation , euen ouer his spirituall authoritie ; yet was it a sudden greatnesse , and like the blaze of a bauin , lasted but a while . For the German Princes quickly repined , and the next Pope as quickly ratified his owne conditions , so that the Emperors since haue no more to doe in Italy , then a Pilgrimme , who is admitted to see the wonders of our Lady at Loretto . But if How Germany is neighbored . you would know , how Germany is neighboured , and beloued of strangers , I answer as if my friend should aske me my opinion concerning anothers loue : the heart is vnsearchable , we onely can discouer the outward countenance , and formall protestations : thus is it with Topographicall descriptions , wee can say these and these be the Countries and people , but whether enuious , ambitious , reuengefull , traiterous , cowardly , or such like , it must be referred to actions and time . Toward the North lies Pomerania , Prussia , Lithuania , Silesia , Podolia , and Poland ; but Poland now stands for all , within these 300. yeeres a factious Dukedome , limited within her owne territories , now a well compacted kingdome of many Countries ; yet wilfully resolute to haue no hereditary Prince amongst them , whereby the supreame authority is subiect to the suffrages of men , and a manner of Oligarchy of Nobles limiteth the King in his royaltie , and maketh his establishment but a slauish brauery . The Countrey from her plaines , as spreading it selfe abroad without mountaines , or hills , addeth to the Etymologie of the word , and hath only the great Citie of Cracow vpon the Vistula meriting discourse , but litle commendation , or wonder . Toward the East lieth the noble Kingdome of Hungary ; I call it noble , because whole volumes might be writ in relating her troubles ; externall with her enemy of Christendome ; internall with a confused dissention : For sometimes the glory of the Kingdome elateth them ; sometimes priuate reuenges diuideth them ; sometimes the Clergie doth tyrannize ouer them ; and sometimes the generall cause exciteth compassion : then adioyneth what in times past you called Illiria now Transiluania and Sclauonia . Toward the South , but you must first see , what snow lieth vpon the Alpes all along the bankes of the Adriaticke sea , now Gulpho Venetiano , are spred abroad the Prouinces of Friaull in times past forum Iulij , Histria , Croatia , Dacia , Dalmatia , as farre as Ragusa once Epidaurus , all full of prety Townes , the shores beautified with Ilands , and the sea beating on diuers rockes seruing yet for many vses , as the Venetians can tell , who are the Commaunders of these people , and places for the most part . Toward the West , what wee now nicke-name the Wallons , Loraine with the memorable Towne of Mets , and in a prety corner Heluetia , containing the 13. Cantons of Switzerland euen amongst the Alpes , which remaine with freedome of both religions in despight of Pope and other turbulent Princes , and can shew Bazill , Bern , and Zuricke as fine and delicate Townes , as any in the pride of Italy ; but withall you must vnderstand , that both the Emperour , France , and Spaine haue diuers times attempted the subiection of these people , especially Geneua , which belongeth to Sauoy : yet failed , as the Romans did with the Parthians concluding a corroboration of friendshippe rather then a publication of their shame to be propulsed , which appeared in the time of Charles the fift , who was mightily incensed Fooles may giue good counsell . against them , had not the blunt reprehension of a foole diuerted him . For when diuers fiery spirits had brought fuell to set on flame these guiltlesse people , and that hee determined to ouerrunne them as it were with one speedinesse . I , I , saith the foole , you all conclude well for going into the Countrey , but vnacquainted with the terrible passages of the Alpes , you litle consider the difficultie of comming out againe . Vpon which pithy and compendious obiurgation , a new debatement of matters set vp another loome of retraction .

CHAP. IX . The glory of the SPANIARD .

THE ninth proportion of the earths happinesse The ninth part of the earths glory . hath so confirmed the King of Spaine in a large inheritance , that hee now lifteth vp a head of maiestie with an imperiall countenance and extraordinary titles : But if I must conduct you into the enclosures of vnderstanding , how this comes about , I am affraid I shall torment former times with vaine repetitions , and confused originals ; yea indeede abuse your patience with tedious and friuolous discourses , considering so many excellent histories haue explained the difficulties of these people , and the moderne commentary is a true and delicate glasse to behold her forme and beauty in : Otherwise I could fill your lap with these abstracts , and make vp a kinde of reckning with pleasure and contentment from a modest ampliation . That Hercules with his large and warlike embracements clasped this country about , infusing such vertue , as his father Ioue innated in him , whereby his actions tended to reformation of abuses , & purging the Kingdom of such monsters , as had both terrified them with their huge bodies , and made them miserable with the confusion of rapes , murthers , and cruell oppression : so that Hesperus , Gerion , and Cacus mighty giants were subdued , and the country calmed of all stormy blasts of rudenes , and confused barbarisme : That after such heroicke proceedings he stood like a Colossus ouer the streights , naming the great mountaines of Abila and Calpe his pillers with this inscription of Non plus vltra , howeuer afterward it was Non 〈◊〉 vl●… . P●…s 〈◊〉 . the fortunate brauery of Charles the Emperor vpon the discouery of the West Indies to write Plus vltra , quite obliterating Non ; as if his new glory had better consequence : That hee erected a Temple in the Iland of Gades now Cales , and as it were enfeoffed the seas and streights with his surname : That from the burnt ashes of Tyrus after Dido was forewarned to abandon Phoenicia by the ghost of her husband Sichaeus , like the Phaenix sprung vp a many Phoenixes , who possessed the shores of Africke , and built an airy in Gades : that is , the banished and discomfited people of Tyrus erected Carthage , Gades , and many other townes in Africke , and Spaine : That presently followed the dissention betweene the Gaditanes , and Turditanes ; betweene the Celtibrians and Iberians , setled nations in Spaine , to the deciding of whose controuersies Marrhable and Haldruball were called out of Carthage , which both made a conquest of Spaine , and proiected to clip the feathers of the Roman Aegle , who now began to spread her wings ouer the best inhabited fields of the world : That from this emulation , Rome stood on a better guard , and accounted these Africans a barbarous people in respect of themselues , as foretold from the prophesie of Daniel , and the Sibills of her strange establishment , as Queene of the world , and at last shared the plenty of Spaine : for impatient of any aduenturers in that voyage , the Carthaginians were expelled , and the royall standard of Italy aduanced : That time ouer-wearied with the insulting of perpetuitie , at last incited the strange nations of Gothes , Vandalls , and Lombards to labour in the worke of the god of alteration , who pull'd this country from all Emperors and Kings , and made a fearefull diuision of the same , keeping themselues warme in Spaine , when all other countries failed : That long after Count Iulian began a new worke , as if he could haue powred downe vengeance on the author of his discontents . For after Rodrigo had rauished his daughter , hee called in the Mores a race of Mahumetans into Spaine to be reuenged on the King , by whose assistance he not onely banished the Gothes , and other people into Castile , but kill'd the King , vsurped the country , altred the gouernment , and so plaied their parts in Granado , Valentia , and Andolozia , as if they were created of purpose to shew some wonder of heauen , when dissolution of Kingdomes , and punishment of offences is determined : so that they quickly made their owne conditions , and bound the countrey euer since to the ratifying of them , infecting the best families of Spaine with paganisme , whereby our moderne Kings weeding them out by litle and litle , haue also attempted to purge their Churches of such filthines , and when they could not preuaile by precept , and authority of reason , they erected the office of Inquisition , to discouer who were addicted to the adoration of Mahomet , Inquis●… . and durst contest against the blessednes of saluation in IESVS CHRIST , whereupon the Mores haue raised many innouations in the countrey , & euen the last yeere to 1609. the number of a million fraighted their hearts with treason , and a burning desire to set on flame the wondrous compacted peace of Spaine .

Here is yet no great cause of amazement : For thus were the children of Israel persecuted by the Aegiptians , affrighted with the Philistims , maligned by the Edomites subiected and made slaues to Babylon , tormented and threatned by Syrians and Graecians , and at last not onely subdued , but subuerted by the Romans , who of all other , put the axe to the tree , and at one stroke laid the same on the ground , leauing the holy Citie desolate as a widow , cast out as an orphan , despised as a vagabond , and punished worse than a traiterous rebell , vntill the Mahumetans by way of curtesie ridd her of her paine at once , and vtterly trampled her to peeces : so that now to see the people dispersed without a law , common-wealth , or King : to view the countrey like a barren wildernes : to behold nothing but rapes and robberies , where so many promises had bin made from heauen , where such riches and maiestie flourished , where such mightines and state increased , and where all prosperity triumphed , would leniat an adamantine heart , and raise a crying voice from commiseration , with Heu cadit in quenquam tantum scelus ? tanta iniquitas ? And thus much for example concerning the seuerall alterations of Spaines gouernment , now to the rest of his ostentation .

The whole countrey retaineth still the antient diuision of Baeticam , Lusitaniam and Tarraconensem , and the memory of eight seuerall Kingdomes , 1. Gallicia , to which Asturia and Cantabria are connected : 2. Nauarra , the proper Eight kingdomes in Spaine . inheritance of the house of Burbon in France . 3. Castiles , a coople boasting both of antiquitie and excellency . 4. Lusitania , tother day Portugall , but now incorporated with the rest into the house of Austria . 5. Leon extinguished long since by the greater light of Arrogon . 6. Arrogon , laying claime to Naples and Ierusalem , and so enlarging the King of Spaines titles . 7. Valencia , mourning for her corruption in religion : and 8. Granado , to which Andolozia or the countrey of Vandalls , with the former Iland of Gades are vnited . Amongst these Portugall did once boast of the conquest of India , Aethiopia , Persia , and many other places , especially Taprabona , or the Iland of Saint Lawrence , betweene whom and Great Britaine ( as I haue said before ) at this instant of all the Ilands in the world is comparison for circuit , and spatiousnes of ground . But shall we let them goe on with these vaine-glorious titles of conquest and victory , when they are yet but poore possessors of some harbours and townes by the sea shore , and stand on their guard with more terror to lose , than euer they entertained comfort in getting them . I , I , let them alone a gods name : For quarrels arise from contradiction ; and there is no disputing with men resolued in the vaine promises of worldly deceit ; nor must you be incredulous , when a Portugall shall report , that these exploits were carried in the current of successe without the helpe of Spaine at all , as though there was euer a distinction , or rather separation betweene themselues , and a Castilian ; yea they proceeded further , as if there were an Antipathy in nature : For they vsed to spit at the naming a Spaniard , like simple people in England after the Deuill was pronounced . But to the rest : if you would truely vnderstand the cause of his pride and former elation of countenance , you must then take notice , that he detaineth all these Kingdoms within his owne Continent , as a commanding Monarch , and after many convulsions begged at fortunes hands the ratification of the Royalty , stiling himselfe withall King of Naples , Sicilia , and Hierusalem : the two former gouerning by Viceroies , the latter claiming by inheritance , as vnwilling to lose himsele , or forget the glory of his auncestors , wherein he pleadeth imitation : For the Emperor writeth King of the Romans , not once visiting of Italy : the Denmarke King of England , England of France , and France of Nauarre : then are the Ilands of Sardinia , Corsica , Maiorca , and Minorca entred his booke of accounts ; to which if you adde the noble Duchie of Millane , into whose demeanor Count Fuentes looketh with prying eies for his behalfe , & that the state of Genoa dependeth on his protection , you will say ambition set him well on worke , and as well rewarded him for his daies labour . As for the Low Countries , he would faine shew them as feathers belonging to his broken wings , and taketh the house of Burgundie for his owne , hoping that the Pope , which can canonize a Saint , will make the daughter of Spaine a Queene , especially of her owne inheritance .

Thus liueth and ruleth he in Europe : but all this were rather burthensome vnto him , considering the barren hills and sandy plaines of his countrey , if you looke not one way into the shores of Affricke , and another way ouer the bottomles Ocean , and so examine the cause of his boasting indeede , which is his store-houses of golden mines , his conquest of many nations , his reducing them America conquered . to Christianity , and his triumph in the fruition of possessed tranquillitie : For America is almost his owne , resembling a Peninsule , and ioyned in the midst with an Istmus . If you begin at the streights of Magellane , they will tell you , that Magellanus a Spaniard first explored the passage : If you aske , what was done a litle before , an answer is ready , that Americus Vesputius gaue name to this new world , and Christophorus Columbus of Genoa about a 130 yeeres since , searched her entrailes , discouered her maladies , and applied a Cataplasme to her most dangerous wounds , which was irreligion and barbarous idolatry : For although he found vnlookt-for glorious Cities , and well compacted gouernments , yet was he faine by strong hand to ouerthrow their idols , and punish their obstinacy with cruelty . The south shore , or if you please the Continent on the left hand 10000 miles long called Psitacorum regio , is questionles inhabited , though vndiscouered , and not fully descried . The other Continent beyond the line inuites you to the view of strange nations , whom we confound with the generall horror of Cannibals , as men or rather monsters feeding on humane flesh , Giants : the land of Patagons , and Amazons , as supposed to flie hither , when the Kings of Europe repined to see women the equall sharers of honour amongst them : But for my owne part , I rather suppose it the error of ignorant Cosmographers , who when they cannot , or dare not certainly deliniate a countrey , then will they fill vp a place with monsters and formidable creatures both men & women : Thus haue they done with the interior parts of Africke , and the remote countries of Mangia , and the inhabitants of Taunis , when God knowes all these places with the rest are possessed by men , and of orderly proportion , yea such men , that though they be idolaters , beleeue the immortality of the soule , and care not to dye in hope of a better life : therefore let the iudicious be perswaded , that what hath not voice and reason , is a beast or monster . From hence neerer the line or more northward looking from the streights of Magellane , you come into the golden kingdomes of Peru , Brazill , and Caribana , and may be pleased with the streames of two mighty riuers De la Plata , and Maragnon , which by computation maketh a winding of 5000 mile , and haue their shores stored with Cities and inhabitants , of whom and which so many idle things are reported , that though I am not incredulous , as knowing , what barbarous nations can afford ; yet doe I disclaime vnnecessary discourses , because I haue further busines in hand , and of better consequence . A litle more remote toward the West , beginneth the Istmus circumspected with the territories of Mexico , Cusco , and Themistian , with many other Cities of such wealth and mightines , that the people were slaine by thousands , or rather millions , ere they could sauour other obedience , than idolatrous and sauage liberty : On the other side toward the North looketh vp to heauen the new fashioned Ilands of Cuba , Hispaniola , S. Iohns , and many others : the further side of the land is as it were fringed with the countries of Virginia , Terra Florida , Noua Francia , Norrembega , and the fishing land ; I call it fringed , because as yet we haue onely entred vpon the skirts of the same , not daring further exploration , and indeed not knowing what to doe with the rest , much desiring the discouery of the north-west passage into India , and resolued there is a way , if successe would lead vs by the hand to preuent the tediousnes and the charge of going about by the south Cape .

Here you see is great cause of triumph : For of all these he either challengeth the principality and confederation , or ouer-looketh with such ielous eyes , that they dare not start from his obedience ; and would not so many kingdomes , so many nations , and such power elate any Prince to assume extraordinary titles ? But ( as I said ) all this were vaporous smoake , and the frothy breath of opinion , if his treasuries at home were not yeerely supplied from the tribute of the Esterne & Westerne mines abroad , whereby he presumeth to yeeld more reason of his ostentation , than Salomon himselfe . For though Salomon did fetch gold from Ophir , and that the pride of Ierusalem swelled with plenty , when gold filled euery mans purse , and siluer was as common as stones : yet he made it a iourney of three yeeres , and had no other cunning , no The true Philosophers stone . other wisdome , no other Philosophers stone , than the industry of Merchants , and confederation of the Kings of Tyrus and Sidon : But the King of Spaine can make a yeerely returne , or at least once in 16 moneths , as vnderstanding himselfe thus farre , that his Cities of Toledo , Madrid , Valiodolid , Leon , Barcelona , Saragossa , Valentia , Cartagena , Malaga , Corduba , Seuilla , Lisbone , Baione , and the rest , cannot maintaine their glories without them : That the monastery and stately Palace of the Scurial could neither invite you to her magnificent structures , nor supply necessities of life with prouision : That the Garisons of Millane , Naples , Sicilia , the townes of Africke , the inheritance of Burgundy , his owne Castles and frontiers townes , with diuers other remote in many Prouinces , would quickly decay , and haue oftentimes mutined for want of money , and their ordinary entertainment : That the Ports and Harbours would be empty of shipping , yea the ships themselues vnbuilt and vnfurnished : that the countrey commodities might be vnuttered : his souldiers disappointed : his kingdomes many times famished , and his glory vtterly eclipsed , if there wanted but one returne of his treasure , or that any disastrous encounter defeated or disappointed his Nauy . And thus much for the seuerall principall Monarchs of the world , as at this howre they looke vp to heauen with ouer-liberall titles , and haue blowed opinion bigg with some seeming reasons , and yet in comparison of true roialtie and happinesse , absolute partiality .

CHAP. X. The description of ITALY , as in times past .

WHereas you partly heard , that the house of Austria obtaining the Empire euen Italy diuided . with the Popes grudging , did also intrude it selfe into the pleasant fields of Italy , whereby the King of Spaine would haue his head empaled indeed with one of the Imperiall Diademmes of the world : we will steppe thether , and see with what fashion her countenance is made cheerefull , and how her curtesie is prepared to entertaine vs . I will therefore desist from any former ampliation of absolute beginnings , least I should wrong the labours of ther men , and speake indeede their owne words more imperfectly , onely I must somewhat abstrusely and abstractly to helpe your memory with some things , that sauour of antiquity , and shall assist your comparatiue bringing them face to face in these moderne times . Vnderstand then , that it was the first Countrey inhabited of Europe by Ianus , or Iaphet the sonne of Noe , whose history giueth life to many strange and fabulous relations : How presently followed the possession of many Nations , whose loue to the Countrey changed her name into Oenotria , Ausonia , Hesperia , Saturnia , Italia ; and some others of lesse consequence , some significantly according to the goodnes of the place , some metonimically either pars pro toto , or totum pro parte ; some ironically for idle actions , or Poeticall fictions , and some iudicially according to the vertue of the Inhabitants , excellency of the soile , or honour of the first explorator , or Redacter to gouernment , and thus it was suddenly diuided into Prouinces , as Liguria , Hetruria , Vmbria , Countries . Latium , Campania foelix , Lucania , Brutia or Magna graecia , Salentitij or Salentini , Appuleia Peucetia , Appuleia Daunia , Samnites , Pisenum , Aemilia or Galsia transalpina , now Lombardy ; and forum Iulij or Friaul , now Venetorum regio ; Some say 15. Blondus 18. and Leander 19. parts . Cities .

How Rome became the metropolitane Citie of Italy , Rome . and Queene of the world , so that the Emperors amplified the same with magnificent structures and monuments , and in diuiding , or rather translating their seates to Constantinople left all to the Exarchat of Rauenna , and vsurpation of Byshoppes ; who by a higher stile at last made themselues Popes , and with the cuppe of abomination , like the whore in the Apocalips , poisoned the westerne Kingdomes .

How the Venetians beganne their Citie and State , and Venice . about anno 700. constituted a DVKE , boasting indeede that they were the poore remainder of the Roman Nobility , as it were sequestred into certaine remote Ilands , which the Goths respected not , nor Lombards regarded : yet hath Time you see raised a glorious flame from the poore dispersed imbers , almost extinguished , either from heate , or light .

How Millane was incorporated to a principalitie : First built by the Frence , after subuerted by the Vandalls , then Millane . reedified , next made a Duchy ; fiftly , strengthned with the band of Sforza ; sixtly , possessed by the French againe , and now by the Spaniard .

How Genoa boasteth of her antiquitie from Ianus , and Genoa . about 1237. constituted a DVKE like vnto Venice , but daring not to trust her owne foundation entertained the noble assistance of the Spanish castells .

How Turine or Taurinum was an Academy , the chiefe Turine . Citie of Piemont , and now giueth so much aire to Sauoy , that he breatheth with one of the noblest Dukedomes of the world .

How Papia or Pauy in times past Ticinum by reason of Pauy . the riuer , that runnes round about it , was vnited to the Duchy of Millane by Iohannes Galeazius the first Duke .

How Padoa boasteth of her neighbourhood to the riuer Padus , her Vniuersitie , Antenors foundation , fertillity Padoa . of ground , strong ramparts , and repineth at her subiection to Venice .

How Cremona is very auncient , and flourished with orderly strength and prosperity , vntill it was burnt in the Cremona . warres betweene Vitellius and Otho .

How Verona is pleased with the common enterpretation Verona . of her name quasi vera vna , with the orderly accesse of Italians nobles , with the ruines of her Amphitheater so goodly a structure , that I dare be bold to say , it would containe 80000. people to behold the spectacles , presented to the Inhabitants for triumphs of Emperors , and famous Consuls , and being once free was subiected to the Venetians about anno . 1405.

How Mantua was first a Marquisate , but by the marriage of the onely daughter of Montisferate raised to a Duchy Mantua . by the Emperor , and thrust warme vnder the mantell of Gonzaga by the Pope .

How Mirandula was fortified , besieged by the Emperor Mirandula . and Pope , assisted onely by the French , and at last vnited to the principate of Parma .

How Ferrara was first subiect to the Byshoppe of Rauenna , then vnder the family of Est , made a Marquisate ; Ferrara . lastly , a Dukedome , and now vsurped by the Pope , as part of Saint Peters patrimonie .

How Parma boasteth of antiquitie , suffered many concussions , Parma . fell into the blessing of the Clergy , and with the Coronet of a Duke was presented to Alexander Fernesius .

How Bononia was once ruled by an Exarchate , as a place Bononia . of greatnesse , and important conueniency for the gouernment of the Countrey : after giuen to the Church by King Pepin , and Carolus magnus , and hath now a famous Vniuersitie .

How Rauenna boasteth of antiquitie , was the principall Rauenna . seate of the Vicegerents , for the Emperors of Constantinople , and after surrendred into the Popes hands by the name of Romandiolas territories .

How Vrbine was famous for courtshippe , and made a Urbine . Dukedome 1476. by Pope Sixtus in the family of Fredericus Vbaldinensis , who were once citizens of Florence , but for their vertue raised to this honour , so that the family extinguished , it is returned to the possession of the Pope againe .

How Ancona is an old walled Towne and port in the Ancona . Adriaticke sea , now Gulpho Venetiano , is knowne by her white cliffe , inuiteth you to come on land , and see the wonders of our Lady at Loretto ; and obeyeth the Pope in his temporall iurisdiction .

How Florence suffered many alterations , increased in wealth , buildings , state , populousnesse , was honored in Florence . the house of Medices , and aduanced her fame with the best through the valour and well-deseruing of that valiant Cosimo , by the stile of Magnus Dux Hetruriae , and hath since boasted of two Queenes of France from her daughters , who haue filled the Courts of all the Princes in Europe with strange reports . How Pisa was once Mistresse of Maiorca , Pisa. had an Acedemy , was sold to the Florentines , by the Vicount Iohannes Galeasius , and bought of the Emperour Charles , 1369. by Petrus Gambacurta , for 12000. peeces of gold . How Leuca was made a Seignory , and had L●…uca . many Gouernours , but at last obtained their freedome by donation of a Cardinall , who distributed for the same 25000. Checkinos . How Sienna boasteth of the birth of S●…a . Aeneas Siluius , called Pope Pius , of the Vniuersity of Physicians , is delicately scited , was tossed , or rather tormented in the factions of the Guelphs and Gibellines , submitted to the Spanyard , then to the French , next to the Cardinall M●…ndoza , and at last 1558. yeelded to the Duke of Florence . How Naples encreased in glory , and raised her Naples . dignity next to Lombardy , of all the Principats of Italy , to a Kingdome , suffred many alterations , had Princes of seuerall families , filled the world with the occurrences of her troubles ; and at last , by example of Sicilia , prostituted it selfe to Spaines insulting . Of all which to discourse at large were another Gordion : and with the Preacher a man may cry out , all things are so hard to be knowen , that no creature can expresse them , the eye is not satisfied with sight , the eare not filled with hearing , the thing that hath beene , commeth to passe againe , and there is no new thing vnder the Sunne : and therefore I will desist from further tormenting my selfe or you , because many worthy authors are opposite to one another , in vnfolding the secrets of antiquity , and hee which striueth to please all readers with satisfaction , must transforme himselfe into all shapes , especially with Ianus looke two contrary waies , and study the arts both of detracting and flattery : yet there is but one truth , if a man did liue in such a blessed age , that he might maintaine the same with worthy boldnesse , speaking what he thinkes , thinking what he knowes , and knowing nothing , but honest certainties : wherein not to be corrupted , is a glory exceeding report , and a worke of wonder indeed : therefore as neere as I can , I will reiect all impossible reports and authorities , and tie my selfe to probabilities and truth , or at least so much , as is either receiued for currant in iustifiable relations : or my poore experience dare warrant from mine owne endeauours : and so I will shew you with what face Italy lookes vp to heauen at this houre , and may with Heraclitus weepe for the vanities and miseries of the earth : yet is cheerefull , and thus like a strumpet is knowne by the pride of her eyes .

CHAP. XI . ITALY described at this time .

FIrst , towards the East lies the Kingdome of Naples , within whose enclosures are The estate of Italy in t●…is modern age . Naples . detained the countries of Calabria , Brutia , and Apulia , now Abruzzo Puglia , and separated by the chāmpaine of Romandiola , and the large Appenini , which bee mountaines rising by Ancona , and running forward to the great gulph , that thrusteth it selfe between Rocca Imper●…all and Gallipolis . It hath many townes , but few cities : onely Brindisi , Ottonto , Barletto and Naples are of some account : the Countrey is rich in vines , oyle , and silke-wormes , the people are dangerous , superstitious , and the Villano liues beastly : the Gentle men are maintainers of liberty and pleasure , scoffers at their owne religion , and as great blasphemers as the Greekes of Cyprus , insomuch that I haue heard them in their rages cry out , Iddio Beco : Puttana del Di : and sweare by the absurd oath of potta del Cielo , as in their commedy called Ruffiana , and published in print , may appeare : yet is their adoration of her so superstitious , that the Sauiour of the world is accounted her inferiour , her attributes make heauen amazed , and her altars smoke with incense and prophanation . And what is this : but to cause the Prophets to exclaime against the sacrifices of the Queene of Heauen ? and what is this , but with Ahaz to make images for Baalim , and burne children in the valley of Hinnon , after the abhomination of the heathen ? and what is this ? but to build high altars with Manasses , and like a Sorcerer , to regard the crying of birds , to vse enchauntments , & giue way to the imposturing art of witchcraft . As for true religion , oh God! thou laughest them to scorne , as they haue the truth in derision , which makes me remember , what is reported in these parts of that worthy Sr. Philip Sidney , who conuersing with a Neapolitane Count , and brought to one of their Churches , wherein he was loth to enter at that time , was yet vnwilling altogether to distaste him , but interiected some excuses : but the Count vnderstanding him well enough , bad him tarrie a while , and so went into his formall deuotion , but quickly returning , embraced him with an oath , by his Santa Donna , that he would renounce all the religion of the world ; yea , his part of Paradice , before hee would trouble againe the conscience of so well deseruing a Gentle-man and companion . They liue in great pomp for outward shew , and make the City , both rich and stately , because they are not permitted to be resident in the Countrey , but keepe heere continuall entercourse , howeuer they groane vnder the Vice-Royes controll , and the ouerwatchings of two strong castles , which keepe both towne and harbour in awe : and although the Spanish pride , and sometimes cruelty , is exercised amongst them , as abating their natiue glory : yet doth it little abridge them of moderne pleasures and customary wantonnesse : so that if the Prophets in times past exclaimed against Tyrus and Sidon , threatned Damascus and Syria , prophesied the desolation of Aegypt and Aethiopia , lamented Iuda and Samaria , and mourned for Babylon and Assyria , they might now cry out against Italy and Naples , which as in times past was called Parthenope , of the Syrens haunting these shores , of the dangers of Scilla and Caribdis , and for the notorious transhaping men into monsters by Circes , allegorically alluding to the voluptuous sinnes , and abusiue pleasures of this City and Countrey : so still may it retaine the comparison , and men bee terrified with the same dangers . For if any place in the world keepes wickednesse warme , with glorious flames and stretcht-out sensuallity to the length and bredth : heere men are not only drunke with iniquity ; but commit fornication with Idols ; yea , are mad with the rage of impiety .

The next is Romagnia , or Romandiola , called S. Peters Rome . patrimony ; a great countrey vnder the Pope , in which are reckned the two Dukedomes of Ferrara and Vrbine , of late daies fallen into the power of the Conclaue of Cardinals , for want of lawfull succession ; or else by reason of their weaknes , who peraduenture haue right , but are not able to contest with so irregular an aduersary , which makes them step a litle aside for feare of being trampled to peeces indeed . The chiefe Cities are Rome , Loretto , Rimano , Bologna , Ferrara , Vrbine , Perugia , Viterbium , Spoletto , Ancona , and Rauenna , all places of account , well fortified , adorned with palaces , replenished with inhabitants , and resort of Gentills both natiues and trauellers , and supplied with all manner of prouision both for necessitie and wantonnes . But Rome is the seat of the Pope , and keepeth the Priests to the duties of the Sanctuary : For the Colledge of Cardinals suffer no man to depresse the glory of the Church , and proclaimes him an heretike , that intermedleth with the ordinances of the great Bishop ; so that according to their seuerall degrees religious persons liue in great st●…te , keepe Curtezans , trauell in Carosses with six moiles sumptuously trapped , though but a quarter of a mile to the Conclaue , solemnize feasts and banquets , make onely show of some ridiculous ceremonies , and are in truth of slender deuotion in spirituall secrets , but foolish superstition in absurd apparitions : so that if I were an Atheist , and a man vnconscionable to suppose , that there were not a day of account to be made with the commander of all actions , I had rather liue a religious man in Rome , than be a Nobleman of Naples , who ( as I said a litle before ) of all men liuing wash their hands in carelesnes , and like Pollicrates the tyrant haue nothing to trouble them , but that nothing hath troubled them concerning worldly encombrances ; so that with the Prophet I may well cry out , the Priests are gone astray by the meanes of strong drinke , and are ouercome with wine , they faile in prophesying , and stumble in iudgement , their tables are full of vomit and filthines , and no place is cleane : yea the vision of the Prophet is come vnto them , as the words of a booke which is sealed vp , which men deliuer to one that is learned , saying , read thou , and he replies , I cannot , for it is sealed ; then it is deliuered to an ignorant with read thou , but his answer is , I am not learned : so that with the Apostle I may say , that Antichrist shall sit in the Temple of the Lord ; and in the latter daies shall be the doctrine of deuils , forbidding to marry , and eat meat , which God hath sanctified : so that with the Euangelist I may lawfully tell you of the Vision of the beast , which rose out of the sea , hauing 7 heads and 10 hornes , and that he opened his mouth vnto blasphemy , resembled to the woman araied in purple and rose colour , decked with gold , pretious stones , and pearle , and holding a cup of gold in her hand full of abomination and filthines . The Citie yet is swelling bigger and bigger , though nothing comparable to the ostentation of former times : For Historiographers haue confirmed it for greatnes , riches , magnificence , Nobilitie , and famous illustrations the admiration of the world , as contayning 20 English mile in circuit , and shewing a countenance of brauery , and princely structures : But now it onely boasteth of some few ancient buildings , the ruines of the Amphitheater , certaine Obelisci , the swiftnes of Tiber , new erected Palaces of Cardinals , the Castle of St Angelo olim moles Adriani , the Popes owne Palace , and the Church of S. Peter , threatning to exceed with his high erected Cuba and wondrous crosse Iles , our London Cathedrall , which is the vastest heape of stones vnder the sunne : the aire is most pestilent , and vnwholesome , so that S●… haue died in a yeere by infection , and the vninhabited places afford such damps and mists , that many times they effectuate suffocations , but are alwaies dangerous and patible of no remedy , but extraordinary fires .

The third part of Italy affordeth an honorable title to the Duke of Florence , who is stiled Magnus Dux Hetruriae , Florence . and registreth in his booke of renowne for principall Cities Florence , Pisa , Sienna , and Legorne a strong new hauen towne on the sea shore almost ouer against Corsica . The Citie it selfe is one of the stateliest and richest in Italy , the riuer Arnus runneth in the midst , playing the wanton vnder the arches of three delicate stone bridges : the Dona is a delicate and curious Church : the state-house , Dukes palace , and treasurie , with other Arsenals , and store-houses are to be made account of , as glorious spectacles , and worthy structures ; but whereas you shall finde a booke of the wonders of the Citie , when you come to the substance from the shadow , it will proue either ridiculous , or not answering expectation . The Duke himselfe studieth nothing but wealth , for which he liueth both sparingly and basely , not caring by what meanes his yeerely entrado is augmented , taking the indirect profit of common Innes : He is of the family of Medices , and his subiects ( if I may so terme them , which doe what they list ) are fine speakers , but buggerers , and blasphemers .

The fourth roome of Italies palace is opened for the delicate state of Leuca , a Signiory and Citie of that riches , Leuca . and estimation , that in comparing it to so much ground againe , you shall easily finde the difference : For being not 20 mile square , yet can they muster 3000 horse , and 15000 foote : they make much silke , and are well conditioned Merchants : their chiefest Podesta or officer is called Confaloniero , changed euery two moneths : his councell are of the chiefest Citizens , altred euery six moneths ; they liue altogether for the time in one Palace : they haue had many Gouernors , but at the last the Cardinall ( as you heard ) purchased their manumition , and they as apprehensiue are resolued to maintaine their priuiledges .

The fift share is taken out of Italies lap by the Venetians , who boast of great antiquity , haue a Duke during life , Venice . chosen by the balls of the full Councell , who is at this instant a Donatus , and are proud of their great possessions , but might haue gloried , if they had not lost their first footing . Within the land they keepe close Forum Iulij or Friaull , with the territories of a large countrey round about Venice it selfe , which is called the impossible within the impossible , scited in the sea , and diuided into such channels , that you goe both by water and land to their houses , which indeed are hansomely contriued , and belonging to the Noblemen worthy the reputation of Palaces ; yet are the streets so narrow , that they endure neither horse nor cart , neither doth their Gentlemen weare sword or cloake ; nor is any fresh water , or good aire belonging to the same , more then what is brought them , or they reserue in pargetted cesternes , as in Zeland and Holland when it raineth . Padoa is their Vniuersitie , and a large towne , famous for Titus Liuius and Peter Auenons birth , who made the bathes vnder the mountaines some fiue mile beyond , where the vipers are taken ; it retaineth a goodly monument of a Hall , keeps Antenors toombe in the streets , and dare tell you , that S. Lukes sepulchre is in the Church called the Santo : Palma is a fine towne , and strong in fortification : Verona a famous Citie , whither the Noblemen resort , who much stomach the Venetian gouernment : Vizenza is a delicate Academie , and hath a stately & yet hansome theater : Crema a frontier towne , and well guarded : Vdine comely and conuenient enough after the Italian manner , and superstitious alike . Treuiso hath a faire Piazzo , and sheweth some wanton Curtezans : and Brescia , where the language is corrupt ; for belike they haue beat out the finenes with hammering their armours . On the other side of the Adriaticke sea , they command the pleasant shores of Histria , Dacia , and Dalmatia almost as farre as Ragusa : a litle further in their owne Gulph , and amongst the musters of the Greeke Ilands , they protect Cephalonia , once Ithaca , or the countrey of Vlisses . Corfu , where the strong Castle is accounted a principall peece of workmanship : Xante , an Iland famous for the vallies yeelding 4000 tunne of Corans euery yeere : Zerigo , and many other Ilands , in euery one of which they haue for Gouernour one Prouisor , and two Conciliarij as assistant : they had also many other fortunes , but tempus edax rerum , and the Turkes greatnes hath almost broken the chaine of their prosperitie abroad in peeces : For they haue lost Rhodes , Ciprus , and some other commands ; yet doe they keepe Candy in the Mediterranean sea , whose Gouernour is priuiledged with the title of DVKE , and hath potestatem vitae & necis .

Modena is the sixt step of Italies glory , and an hereditary Dukedome , full of riches and fashionable Gentry , Modena . newly allied to Mantua , and reasonable well fortified against his dangerous neighbour in Millane : The country is very pleasant , and conducteth you to those plentifull water-pooles , called Lago de Garda , and Lago de Como ; the first vnder the Venetian , the next belonging to the Cardinall of Trento , and both very neere 50 Italian mile in length , and 30 in bredth .

On the seuenth degree of honors chaire , as he is mounted Mantua . in Italy , is Mantua placed , a new Dukedome of an old Marquisate , in the name of Gonzaga : He liueth in better fashion of Courtship than the other Princes , with a guard of Switzers ; the Citie is large , boasteth of Virgils birth , the delicate streames of Po , ouer which for all the swiftnes and bredth , a gallery bridge transporteth both coach , cart , and horse , and vnder which are preserued many courtly barges both for magnificent showes , pleasure of the water in summer time , and necessitie of the inhabitants at all times .

The eight prize of Italies lottery is proclaimed for the Parma . Dukedome of Parma , connited to the house of Farnesius a Spaniard , and signorising ouer Macentia and Mirandula , not onely holdeth vp a stately countenance of three magnificent Cities , famous for many alterations , proud of well contriued ramparts , boasting of hansome women , and exposing an extraordinary profit from the vent of seuerall country merchandice ; but openeth the plentifull fields of increase , and giueth cause of wonder for many temporary blessings .

The ninth proportion of this countries happinesse is distributed to the Duchie of Millan●… , a principality in times Millano . past of such eminence , that like a faire shining planet in a conspicuous orbe , it once had a prerogatiue of title and goodnes ouer other Dukedomes : and how euer the King of Spaine hath charged Count Fuentes to ouer-looke the Citie and countrey , and Don Diego de Piemontel to superuise the Castle and Garison ; yet is the brauery of the place very litle abated , nor doth the Nobleman shrinke vnder the burthen , but carrieth his load lightly , how euer his inward grones are breathed , and lifteth vp a face of cheerefulnes , as if he dranke wine , and fed on oyle indeed according to the properties of either .

On the tenth rondell of Italies ladder is Genoa mounted , a rich , proud , and sumptuous state ; yet much perplexed Genoa . for their perfidious dealing with the French , and now depending on Spanish protection ; hath a Duke by their constitution , and placed or displaced according to the mightinesse of factions , or fauour of the Clergy : The Citie hath many buildings of eminent sumptuousnes , and is not so filed in the rankes of reputation , but that they iest it thus with the aire birdlesse , the sea fishles , the mountaines woodles , the men respectles , and the women graceles .

On the eleuenth seate of this Countries Councell-chamber hath residence the Prouince of Trent , famous Trent . for a Generall Councell , and lieth warme vnder the Alpes neighbouring Germany : you may passe to it through the famous lakes of Lombardy , De guarda , and De Como , from whence arise those swelling springs , that fill the streaming riuer of Padus , and strengthen the Citie like an Iland , except it be toward the West , where yet you shall behold a reasonable fortification , and a well murited wall with ramparts and rauelings : It is subiect to a Cardinall , who like a Count Palatine taketh all iurisdiction vpon him , and with the two mastring coorbes of the world praemium , and poena , gouerneth the sterne of this principalitie .

The twelfth place to make the iury the fuller , is assigned to Piemont , the flourishingst part of Sauoy , as opening the Piemont . gates of his chiefest palace , and Citie Turine , where a Citadell of Spanish Garisons taketh account of all passengers , which come ouer the Alps ; it sendeth the riuer of Po through the countrey as farre as Ferrara into the Venetian Gulph ; and hauing many Knights of Malta within her walles is ready for their succour , which way soeuer it chance , and they againe for hers , as reciprocally depending vpon one another , and howeuer they are all ielous of the Spaniard , they yet dare not breath it aloud ; but sure I am when I passed through Italy , and that the Cardinals Aldabrandino and Caesario came with a treaty to haue the Prince of Piemont and his brother vnder the King of Spaines protection , the Secretary was imprisoned by the Councell of State for vrging the matter in the King of Spaines behalfe : so that there is probable suspition , that the Sauoijen and Spaniard will not continue long friends for all their alliance : it receiueth the customes of Merchants trauelling ouer the Alpes , and maintaineth the office of Dacij , and could be contented to haue either Millane or Naples annexed to his Coronet . But if you will haue Sauoy flie with her owne wings , you must hearken a litle after some antiquitie .

CHAP. XII . The storie of SAVOY .

THE countrey of Sauoy is all mountanous euen from the fields and champaine of Sa●…y descr●…d . Lions to Mount Sinese , the onely passage of the Alpes into Italy : It is called Sinese , quasi nunquam sine niue , neuer without snow , and is indeed a dangerous , tedious , and cold trauell euen in the midst of summer : but Sauoy hath many other hills , as Aguabelle , and Agabellette , and is euery way full of strange and vneuen iournies , so that it shall not be amisse to deriue our discourse from the etymologie of the word , which may serue to confront ignorance , and enrich vs with the knowledge of things , which is no great burthen , but rather a happines , according to the Poet , Foelix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas : You must then vnderstand , that this strange and vnsauoury nation , by reason of the streight and narrow waies to trauell in , was euer subiect to theeues , and being slenderly inhabited had not sufficiency to protect either themselues or passengers from the confused rages of men addicted to spoiles and murthers : wherevpon it continued in the name and scandall of Maluoy , the ill or mischeeuous way , vntill a worthy aduenturer of the countrey attempted a reformation , and shew'd these disordred people the strength of a more powerfull arme , preuailing so farre , that by his industry and fortune , these enormities were not onely purged , but the first causers remoued , I meane the robbers and theeues were either slaughtred outright , or publikely executed for a terrifying example , and as a reward to his vertues , the end of his labours had a quadruplicitie of blessings : First , the Emperor made him a DVKE , gaue him part of Italy called now Piemont , as if it would speake for it selfe , that it is a countrey at the foote of the mountaine , and inuested him with iura regalia , not to be accountable to any Prince for his actions within his owne territories . Secondly , the countrey it selfe changed her title from Maluoy into Sauoy , quasi salua via . Thirdly , these incredible mountaines erected houses , entertained husbandmen , and cattle , and builded Chappels , where a man would imagine an impossibilitie of footing . Last of all , it was stored with forts and castles , in such a defensiue manner , that some of them at this day rancke themselues in the highest forme of bulwarkes and and ramparts . But I must not thus passe ouer their accounts , nor vilipend their glory . For they boast of antiquity of Kings , as that Hanibal found Brunco disseised of his inheritance by his yonger brother , and so rectified that discord . That Bitultus or Bituitus , another King , was taken prisoner by Q. Fabius Maximus , some 50. yeeres after Hanibals passage into Italy . And that Cotius raigned in the time of Augustus the Emperour , so that till the Goths and Vandals dissolued all gouernments of the West , these countries remained firme in their former renowne , as part of Gallia Cisalpina : but afterward mischeefe was added to mischeefe , till it was concluded otherwise by time and worthy endeauours , as you haue heard : whereupon Chambery was the cheefest towne on this side the Alps , scituated in a delicate rich valley , full of Gentle-mens houses , on the other side of the mountaine Agabella , ouer which the traueller spendeth commonly fiue or six hours : it hath a handsome castle now manned with Spanyards , in the behalfe of the Duke , the City is orderly ditcht and fortified , & by the fauor of a pretty riuer , hath commodity of a reasonable water , otherwise it is snowy through the countrey , and the people are Strumosae , as in Switzerland . The suburbs are not fully recouered of her ruines , which they were subiect vnto in the yeere 1600. when the King of France , as stomaching the cunning violence of the Duke of Sauoy's detention , of the Marquisat of Salust , came to Grenoble by the marches , and after good surueigh besieged Chambery , lodging in the suburbs , and commanded Villeroy to parley with Iacob and the President Rochet , about the surrendring the towne and castle , whom at last the people compelled to a composition , as finding it impossible to resist the French forces : thus within three dayes was the towne , and within six the castle surrendred , and Le Buise a Gentle-man of Daulphine left for Gouernour : but the successe of these actions was not comparable to the fortune of attaining mount Melian , and St. Katherines fort , two of the strongest holds that euer I saw . For mount Melian is Mount Melian . seated on the top of an high and rocky mountaine , the ditch bankes very steepe , and the defences consist of fiue great bastions flanked in most warlike manner , to which is but one passage , and that from the towne . The King ( according to the condition of men ) transported onely with outward shewes , sayd it was impregnable , but vnderstanding himselfe afterward a little better , commanded to besiege it : so the Marquis Rosny , great master of the artillery , drew vp seuen canons by the force of armes , and strength of men , and two batteries were made by De Bourdes , Lieutenant Generall of the artillery , against the bastions of Maiuosin and Bouillars , besides an old Tower , which had beene shaken by Francis the first .

The Fort was commanded by the Earle of Brindis , who had all prouision for his defence , and like one of Dauids Worthies , prooued an honourable Seruitor , had not the Duke failed , and brake his word , leauing him to such a fortune , as extremities accustome . For hee held it out foure months , after many thousand shot of fortie canons , whose voyces sounded out nothing , but terrour ; and effects made way vnto feare and mistrust : and accordingly , seeing the French had too good footing to bee remooued , a composition was condescended vnto , and the castle surrendred .

The towne of Aguabelle is scituated at the foot of a great rocke , as if it lay asleepe in the lap of security . By it Aguabelle . runnes the riuer of Arck , it was surprized by the good endeauours of the Signeurs of Crequy and Morges , not giuing them of the castle any leasure to burne it . At the same time was Conflans commanding the passage of Tarentaies and Carboniers , with all the straights of Morien in the Kings hands : but if you would know what pleased him indeed , it was the braue surprizall of St. Katherines Fort , a gift as if fortune should open her lap , and bid him with cheerefulnesse be his owne caruer . For it is scited on a high hill within six mile of Geneua , and not onely ouerlookes the Countrey , but raiseth her rocky sides in such a manner , as if it cared neither for battery , nor bullet , but would return them backe againe , as you see a man spit against the winde to his owne defiling .

Concerning Geneua , by the water it seems impregnable , Geneua . as washed with the pleasant billowes of the lake Lemanus , and yet made vnaccessable , by reason of certaine marishes , ouer which neither horse nor cart can trauell : by the land it hath all the helps of art & nature , yet not without danger of treason and stratagems : but that I am perswaded God hath reserued it , as little Zoar was a city of refuge , when all the cities of Sodome and Gomorrha were on a blaze round about it . So Sauoy , the King of Spaine , the Pope , and her owne treasons were all disappoynted , and it still remaines in the freedome of ablessed protection , boasting of nothing more , then her 300. yeeres continuance in an vniformity of religion , and that it retaineth the true method of the Primatiue Church . But to St. Katherines Fort againe . It consisteth of fiue bastions , which are not walled but ditcht . well furnished with artillery , and had 600. men to defend it , who yet were in seuerall distractions , when they perceiued the confidence of the Kings army , not to take all that paines without further satisfaction ; so they submitted to the clemency of Count Soysons , after the King was departed , to goe meet the Queene at Lyons , and thus were these impregnable places made the tennis-ball of fortune , and left vs this obseruation , that men , money , and endeauours , will ouercome all disasters , and make the very mountaines yeeld to heroike resolutions . This is that Fort , which was excepted in the composition between Sauoy and France . This is that Fort , that was to keepe the Countrey in obedience . This is that Fort , whose gouernment being denied to Duke Byron , startled his resolutions , and plunged him in the irrecouerable gulph of discontented treasons . The towne of Moriana is beautified with a Colledge , Monastery , and Churches , and tooke the first name , either because the people are swartish & blacke ; or the earth ( like some places of Aethiopia ) resembleth clots of pitch , and so indeede their swine are of the same colour . A little further lies Bramont , a city of that antiquity , that Caesar filleth some part of his Commentaries with her relations . The passages to all these places are somewhat fearefull to strangers . For to ride vnder , and behold such mighty mountaines and rockes , to see the snow dissolue and runne downe with that impetuous force , making such anfractus and ruptures , that diuers hundred mils are turned with the same , to heare the terrible noyse of the channell , whose foundation is huge stones disseuered from the hils : to see the pine trees stand vnder like a carpet , ready to receiue the falling of the snow , is a thing both of admiration and pleasure . But for mine owne part , it startled me not at all , in regard I had marched ouer some mountaines and places in Ireland ; especially Pen men mawre in Pen men mawre in Wales . Wales , which for the length of the passage , is the fearefullest that euer I saw , because the stony rocke hangeth ouer so many hundred fathome high , and the sea lieth vnder as great a depth : so that a quarter of a mile together , the way is not eight foot broad , and ( as it were ) patch vp in the broken places , with furrs and bauin , to keepe both horse and man from slipping . Besides , after a great frost you shall haue an hundred load of stones fall at once from the rocke into the sea , and almost batter the fence in peeces , which in the fearefull report , and sudden viewing by a new commer , must needs be troublesome , and indeed surmounteth any place of Sauoy , or the Alps.

Thus much for Sauoy , whose eldest sonne is now called Prince of Piemont , hauing his court a part from the Dukes palace , with a small guard of Switzers , and liueth in reasonable eminence , knowing his father to bee an absolute Prince , himselfe a nephew to Spaine , & neerly allied to the house of Austria . As for the Dukes iealousie of the power of the Clergy , and the Spanish encroachments , I am resolued ( like a smoothering fire ) it will one day burst foorth into flames of despight , and did he not rather feare France , as a neere neighbour , and more dangerous aduersary , he would peraduenture attempt further into Italy , in despight of Spaines ouer-watching . But because it is a thanklesse labour to gleane the fields of other folkes haruest , and that you haue whole volumes of the Spanish , French , Low-Countries , Hungary , Venice , Portugall , and Turkish affaires , I will entermeddle no further : onely I must speake a little concerning Millane , and so leaue Italy betweene the straights of her owne pleasures at home , and suspicion of forraine intrusion abroad .

CHAP. XIII . The Story of MILLANE .

ABout the yeere 1492. the Realme of Naples reuolting , Rhene Duke of Loraine The occurrences of Millane . was sent for by the Pope to be inuested King , which was the first motiue for the French to be admitted into the attractiue delights of Italy . For when many hands had ( as it were ) torn a peeces the peace of this Countrey , it seemed a charitable and meritorious worke to contriue an establishment , and redacting it to vniformity , which the Controller of Kingdomes at that time , I meane the Pope , determined by this course , had not the very next yeere his minde receiued a further perturbation . For this Pope was a Spanyard , by the name of Roderick Borgia , or Alexander the sixt , whom the Venetians , and Duke of Millane beeing an vsurper at that time , established in the Papacy , because they might bee assisted from him in all their demands . Whereupon the Duke , by the name of Lodwick Sforza , and an vnkle , surprizeth the Cittadle of Millane , insinuated into the loue of the principall nobility , and confederated with many Princes of Italy , to corroborate his new gotten greatnesse . All this yet hindred not the next iourney of Charles the eighth , King of France , who now pretending a very right to Naples and Sicilia , with much adoe was incited to passe the Alps , and take his pleasure in these plenteous fields , in which , that his walkes might be the more smooth , hee condescended to certaine articles with this Vsurper Lodwick , much about the time that Iohn the true Duke of Millane died , leauing behinde him one son and daughter , in whose minority Lodwick , as hee had before wrested the gouernment , now assumeth the title , had not his forwardnesse beene somewhat intercepted by this French visitation , whereupon he perswaded the Venetians , who of themselues were suspicious enough , when they saw the French Kings glorious entrance into Florence , to some interposition , and so both Millane and Venice grew iealous of King Charles his proceedings , which yet could not bee so cunningly trauersed , but hee was made acquainted with their vnconstancy , and held his peace till a fitter opportunity . For now he was to make his pompous entrance into Rome , where the wals both of the City , and the Castle St. Angelo fell downe miraculously before him . By which occasion , as if the sword of Iehu should kill the Priests of Baal , is prognosticated , that by the hand of France , the enormities of the Church , and the monstrous abuses of the Clergy , should be winnowed and throughly fanned : but it should seeme there was a tricke of preuention put vpon him , and the name of an Emperour taught him another way to acknowledge the Popes fauour . For 1495. about the 12. of May he enters Naples in an Imperiall habit , as Emperor of Constantinople , by the Popes grant and confirmation : but he had not possessed it fiue months , before there was a generall reuolt concluded against him , as at the same instant Millane had done with Lodwick : whereupon the King somewhat fearefull of an Italian receipt , or other strange surprizals , returnes the next yeere home againe , with purpose to renew the warre , and reintegrate his former losses : but the Cardinall of St. Malo hindred it at that instant , had not the Princes of Italy , perceiuing how the Venctian and Millenois triumphed for the departure of the French , incensed the King againe to punish them both 1497. which was also interceded against by his brother the Duke of Orleance , who disclaimed in his owne name or person to disturb the peace of Millane : yet had not sufficient authority to diuert the Kings designes , and so the warres of Italy were renewed .

Now is Lodwick perplexed indeede , and compelled to prostrate himselfe before the Couchant Lyon of Venice , and lower then the same vseth so his submission , that the noble beast enclineth to succour him : yet in such a manner , as Israel assisted Iuda against Assyria , being fearefull of extirpation her selfe ; but as soon as the publike enemy was departed , the emulation at one anothers greatnesse drew whole armies into the field : so playd Simeon , Eleazer and Ichoconon with the Romans , when their ciuill mutinies barracadoed the streets with heaps of slaughtered carkasses , and filled the channels with the spilt-out bloud of murthered men . For Millane is now iealous of Florence , Florence of Millane , both of Venice , Venice of both , and all three of the French : yet Charles goes on , and leauing garrison almost ouer all Italy , returnes home againe : but at his castle of Amboyse dies of an Apoplexy , 1498. after hee had vnfortunately strucke his head against a low doore , going to see a set at tennis . Lewis the 12. then succeeded , and not onely claimed the Dutchy of Millane , iure millitari , but takes vpon him the stile by right of succession , and a property of inheritance , as resolued to maintaine , what his father had gotten , and so gloriously purchased , to which he is adiuted by all the supportation , wherein Pope Alexander could animate him , who to raise vp his bastard sonne Caesar Borgia to a Princely throne in Italie , ioyneth with King Lewis in his enterprizes , and so contriueth the matter , that Millane mutinies against Lodwick Sforza , and submits vnto the French with Cremona and Genes.

All this while is Lewis at Lyons : but who will not run to The 〈◊〉 in poss●…ssion of Millane . carry so great a King glad tydings ; so that he is quickly aduertized of the fortunate proceedings of his army , and as quickly trauels ouer the Alps , beating the way of Mount Sinese , entring Millane in triumph , and left for Gouernour , Philip Lord of Rauestine , and Baptista Fregose his Lieutenant . The castle was yet protected with the guard of 3000. men , and committed to the loyalty of Bernardine of Corte borne in Pauia , who by his good beginning gaue life to their opinion , which supposed it impregnable , and not to be taken by force . But what men cannot in the Lyons , they compasse with the Foxes skin , and thus farre deride both the strength of souldiers , and pride of fortifications , that where the minde may be corrupted vpon any tearmes of disloyalty , neither wals , ramparts , nor manhood , can preuent the power and deceit of bribery . This appeared in the disposition or Bernardine , and Philip of Fresques ; whom the cunning of Triuulce , and the disbursing 20000. crownes , quickly diuerted from their first resolutions , and made a breach in the Citadle without mine or battery .

Thus was the French possessed of this Duchy without competition , or diffidence , and Lewis the 12 made his royall entry accordingly . But marke the vicissitude of all things , Millane reuolts againe , and Sforza recouers all as easily , as he lost it , in which busines the Swisses proued very disloyall to the French , and the lookers on were amazed to behold fortune proud of inconstancy , so that this vse may be raised thereby : How euer men satisfie ambition for the time , yet are they certaine of nothing vnder the sunne . Againe , when by indirect courses designes are concluded , they must stand the better on their guard , and prepare their patience when any alteration startleth resolution : thus fared it with Millane againe . For as you see a glooing heat in Aprill changed on the sodaine to bitter blasts and cloudy tempests , so was Sforzas iollity reuersed , himselfe surprized , taken and caried prisoner to Lions , where denied the benefit of a princely execution , and resolued nothing can be so acceptable to a man in misery , as a noble death , worthy the name of a Romane , hee dies at once , whether for griefe , or great heart , it matters not : yet doth the King of France pardon Millane , and at last keeps all in quiet . But the warres of Naples are renewed 1501. and the kingdome is diuided betweene France and Aragon , so that great alteration happens in Italy , and within two yeeres there is a generall ouerthrow of the French with the taking of the Castle at Naples by the Spaniard : yet is not Beniamin discomfited , but calleth his brethren together , and with more setled courages reintegrate their estates , and so the French make head againe , attending the good hower of a better prosperity .

About this time in August died Pope Alexander the sixt of poyson , which he had prepared for the Cardinals : but his taster by mistaking the flagons tooke away both his life , and the pride of his expectation concerning Caesar Borgias glory , or his further desires to set the fuell of Italy on a blaze : After him to stint the strife of many Nations expecting the Papacie , old Francis Piccolamini Cardinall of Sienna was chosen Pope , by the name of Pius the third , in memory of Pius the second his Vnkle , who made him Cardinall : but a yong man must prepare himselfe to dye , and an old man cannot liue long : so he continues scarce a moneth , leauing his roome , and the glory of all Rome to the Cardinall of S. Pierre , who was made Pope by the name of Iulius the second 1504. in which yeere Naples wrested her head out of the French coller , and seemed more glad to be supported by Arragon : nor was this sufficient , but vpon a supposition to extinguish the light of the lamps of France in Italy , a new league 1511. was corroborated by the vnstedfast Italians against the French , which when the King perceiued , and that he coniectured , how his barke must bee driuen to dangerous streits by the vncertaine windes of alteration , he transported his Court and Councell from Florence to Millane , and from Millane to Lions , determining to weary them with tedious iournies and attendance , so is Italy perplexed , and the Nobles repine without remedy ; till at last the Emperor Maximilian spreadeth the wings of the Aegle , and clocketh the Princes of Italy vnder her sides : whereupon with the help of the Spaniard called the holy league , warre is made against Lewis , and the Duchy of Millane recouered againe to the vse of Maximilian Sforza grand-childe to Lodwick , who was inuested Duke by the Cardinall of Sion about the end of December , yet by the Swizzes assistance , and loyalty , the Castles of Millane and Cremona hold still for the French ; and the imbers are not so extinguished , but fire appeares , and yeeldeth this comfort , that if they moderately proceed , a greater heat and more quickning light may be made .

In the midst of which convulsions of Italy , Pope Iulius dies , and Iohn Cardinall of Medices succeeded him by the title of Leo the 10. whereby a second truce was ratified betweene Lewis of France , and the King of Arragon : so that Lewis made great benefit of this interim and cessation , confederating with the Venetians , by whose assistance he brought a royall Armie into the Duchy of Millane : but the Pope hauing sent 40000 ducats amongst the Switzers , quickly weighed downe their former stedfastnes , and so when Millane and Cremona was stored with them , they were corrupted to be traitors to their first masters , and accordingly against all expectation , with an odious reuolt encountred the French in as cheerefull a manner , as euer before they had entertained the crownes of the sunne against the Italians : so that ere the yeere went about , the Castles of Millane and Cremona returne to the obedience of the Duke , and King Lewis held nothing in Italy but the lanterne of Genes , which afterward the Genouais razed to the ground , both to preuent the occasion of future tyranizing ouer them , and to manifest their inveterate malice against the flower-de-luce , though it glistered neuer so gloriously in an azure field . Now dyes Lewis 1514. but corruptio vnius generatio alterius : For Francis the first suruiues , and renewes the warres of Italy , passing the Alpes the yeere following , and surpassing considering his Royall Armie into the Duchy of Millane against the Emperor , Arrogonians , Sforza : and the Switzers contract a league , and aduance a strength to shoulder the new French King from any firmenes , nay if it may be footing in Italy ; but like a Cedar of Libanus he standeth vpright , enduring the shaking of these tempestuous stormes , and so proceedeth to a warlike tryall , whereby the 13 of September in a gallant encounter at Marignan , he preuaileth 1515. against the Switzers , besiegeth the new Duke Maximilian Sforza in Millane , and coadiuted by the Duke of Burbon wrested this composition , that Maximilian shall bee the Kings pentioner in France , and the Switzers to depart with bagg and baggage .

Thus are the French once againe welcommed into the pleasures of Lombardy , and Francis the first is Lord of this vnquiet Duchy , which now is detained with a seeming securitie , because the Pope applauded the successe , and according to the superstition of those times , and policie of temporizing , blessed the royall standard of Valoies . But about the 20 of Iune 1519. the Emperor Maximilian paies his tribute of life to the first enlarger of breath , and Charles of Austria , competitor with the King of France , is preferred by the name of Carolus Quintus , inheritor of Spaine , with so many titles besides , that the Harolds were troubled in the proclaiming them , and the stile was tedious to be divulged . Betweene these two great Princes so many grudges increased , and stimulatory causes of enmitie appeared , that at last open defiances proclaimed an vnappeased warre , and the trumpets of Bellona ecchoed nothing but disturbance in the fields of Europe , especially after the Pope declares himselfe against France , and by way of prophesie fore-telleth the ruine of the French gouernment in Italy , adding withall some ominous signes of calamitie to ensue , and casting vp an vntoward reckning in this manner : That on S. Peters day at sunne-set , a lightning fell on the great tower of the Castle of Millane , and ouerthrew 6 fathomes of the curtaine on either side , consumed 250000 weight of powder , 1200 fire-pots , salt for 5 yeeres , and buried in the rubbish Richbowrg Captaine of the Castle , with 300 Gentlemen of account : vpon which aduantage the 23 of Nouember the Marquis of Pescarra with his Spanish bands , the Marquis The Spaniard taketh part with Millane against the French . of Mantua , the Cardinall of Medices , and all the Emperors and Popes confederates come to Millane , and once againe recouer it , sacking the Towne which continued 15 daies , in which time the Pope dying , a new Pope called Adrian the sixt , who was Cardinall of S. Sixtus , was elected , and admitted Sforza into Millane , had not the French the yeere following attempted to recouer their losses , besieged Millane againe , tooke Nouarra , and presumed to establish themselues more strongly , which questionles they had done , but that the Venetians forsaking them , made the matter somewhat difficult , and left the Army staggering , like a tree almost tormented with the cruelty of many strokes , and waueth in the winde ready to fall with the next violence . At last the fatall stroke is giuen indeede , mischeeues throng on one another so hastily , that the French 1522 are expelled Italy , so farre from hoping to augment their glories , that they are in despaire to recouer their owne , formerly possessed . For presently the Castle of Millane yeelded to the conqueror , the garrison was quickly dispersed , or rather consumed with sicknesse , the Spaniard insulted , the Italians trembled , and in a word all the French particeans were eaten out with hunger , diseases , and mutinies .

Thus was Francis Sforza invested in the Duchy of Millane , and a generall league betweene the Millanoies , Emperor , and Venetians concluded : but for all this successe of the confederates ( with the addition of the Duke of Burbons reuolt to the Emperor ) the French Armie continues in Italy , and the Admirall with new forces breatheth out new malice against Millane , besieging the towne , battering the Citadle , and trampling their best fields to durt : in which times Pope Adrian dyes , and Iulius Cardinall of Medices is chosen by the name of Clement the 7. who to insinuate with the Emperor beginneth a strange worke , and by the way of conniuencie permitteth him to vsurpe Millane for himselfe , whereupon all the Princes of Italy The Spaniard by the Popes flattery looketh after Millane for himself●… . are terrified indeed , and not only repine against the Popes proceeding , but goe the plaine way to worke seeking by force of armes to propulse the Spaniard , wherein the better to preuaile 1524 , the French are recalled againe , and by the glorious titles of Protectors of Millane , the Marquis of Salust and Tremouile admitted for the French : But at the last the 25 of February , the fatall battaile of Pauy determined all controuersies , and the Emperor triumphed in the captiuitie of the King of France , which occasioned a very dissolution of the French gouernment in Italy , as inforced to disclaime their interest both in the kingdome of Naples , and Duchy of Millane .

Notwithstanding Francis Sforza is in no securitie of his estate , as suspecting the Emperors demand of 1200000 ducats for his expences , and that he intended a plaine vsurpation of the whole Duchie , whereupon disabled by force to suppresse him , he flies to the succour of his wits , and tampers with the Marquis of Pescara for the inuesture of the royall mantle of Naples , vpon condition to endeuour the spanish expulsion out of Millane ; which designe and proiect the Pope and other Princes not onely allow , but as principall agents are imployed in the negotiation : but the Emperor Charles is incensed , and taking notice of these treasons , as he now entitleth them , raised vp the dust , that made Sforza blinde , and thus punisheth him , as chiefe delinquent . On the 24 of Iuly 1526. he brings his Armie to the siege of Millane , and with Caesars speedinesse of Veni , vidi , vici , circumspecteth the Citie , obtaineth the conquest , and settles the Duke of Burbon in the Duchy : nor is his anger so moderated , but seeing the father of charitie durst transgresse his owne principles , he marcheth to Rome , and sacketh it , expulsing the Pope , not in admonitory manner , or after the discipline of the Church to excommunicate him ad coertionem ; but with violence and terror to torment him ad ruinam , teaching him a new lesson of obseruing Emperors and Kings , and as farre as time had discouered to his conscience , shewing apparant signes of disanulling his authoritie in temporall affaires : nor desisteth he so , but vnderstanding of new releefe from the French and Lansguents , he hurrieth about with a full resolution to make due end of all . Thus endured this Duchy all the plagues depending on a miserable warre , till at last 1530. the children of France are released , and a peace ratified betweene the Emperor and the French King , who in the articles of agreement surrendred his claime to all these territories in Italy , and the Emperor is proud , hee hath so easie a passage into the countrey , which although seemed much distasting to the Princes , and was as thornes in the sides of the Clergy , as appeared The Spaniard absolute ly possesseth Millane . amongst the Cardinals , when they were enforced to ratifie the same : yet was the Emperor carelesse of their displeasure , and proceeded in what iourney he listed in despight of the Papacie ; onely with a colourable show of commiseration , he restored Sforza to the Duchy of Millane , but kept the Castles of Cremona , and it in his hands : so that presently after his death , it was incorporated to the crowne of Spaine , and hath euer since looked with the eyes of ielousie and repining vpon all their Gouernors .

CHAP. XIV . The description of FRANCE .

THE flourishing kingdom of France euer The Topography of France . since that Charles the great did as it were spread the wings of the Cherubins ouer sanctum sanctorum , and ratified the glory of the Pope of Rome by expelling the Gothes and Vandalls out of Italy , was knowne by the characters of the Christian King , and eldest sonne of the mother Church . But long before it suffred a diuision into Cisalpinam and Transalpinam : Transalpinam againe into Celticam , Belgicam , and Acquitanicam : whereby the best parts of Lombardy , the low Countries , and all on this side the Rhene westward marched vnder the standard of France , and was proud to be registred in the booke of her accounts : so that whatsoeuer hath bin since disioynted from this French frame , may be resembled vnto children pull'd out of the armes of a louing mother . But I will quietly bring you into her own roomes , whereby you shall partly behold the beauty and workmanship of her building : onely by the way I must a litle touch the Etymologie of the word , and tell you , that 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Greeke signifieth milke , and so the people Galli of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . from their complexion , and resemblance to whitenes , were called Galli or Galati . For other particulars , you haue Caesars commentaries , and well compacted histories , which haue tossed and tumbled the lodgings , yea the very beds of her chambers , and our owne acquaintance hath ouer-lookt her choicest closets . It was once the nurse of valour , and afforded her vberant paps in those daies to such men , as trampled ouer the fields of Greece , robbed Apollos Temple at Delphos , fetcht away the spoiles of Asia , and by the assistance of Brennus an Englishman performed actions of wonderment , and applause . It was afterward the pride of Roman Consuls , and the greatest ambition thought it selfe sufficiently recompenced with her gouernment , when Rome had yet lessned her roome to make it prouinciall .

Presently followed the diuision of the Empire , and all the gouernment almost of Europe was rent asunder with the furie of very strange and sauage Nations , whose confused Chaos of barbarisme the brauery and goodnes of this countrey redacted to vniformity . A litle while after diuers families by being maiores palatij became masters of the Kingdome , wherein some by suppression , some by merit , some iure militari , and some by right of inheritance lifted vp the crowne and maiesticall head of this country : Straight-way the Eagle of Rome was sicke , and from France recouered health , how euer afterward it sought for further cure from the Germanes . Then followed the Law Salick amongst them , with absolute interdicting the Crowne of this glorious Monarchy to fall to the distass : whereupon the three famous houses of Valois , Burbon , & Loraine entailed the same , and made as it were a feofment of perpetuity , wherein this Diadem still keepeth her residence , and is dunged , watred , and liketh her manuring : so that whatsoeuer hath bin long since diuided amongst , many Princes , looking vpon one another with the eyes of emulation , and ambitious desires to become greatest in the same , is now at length vnited vnder one Monarchy , and title of France : so that howsoeuer some will haue Loraine absolute of it selfe , and no subiect : some stomach , that Burgoine is revolted : some repine , that Daulphine was vnited by donation : some confound Gascoigne and Guienne , abolishing quite the name of Acquitane : some remember , that Normandy was English : some presume of Britany , as a Principate of her owne : some make Sauoy afraid , when Geneua calls the King of France patron and protector ; and some by diuision and subdiuision would extenuate her greatnes : yet is now all France , and the worthy Princes are resolued to keep correspondency with strangers , but suffer no new intrusion , nor any forreine claimes to preuaile at their marble table : I will therefore desist from any further vnwinding the yarne of strange bottomes , but spread a moderne cloth , and giue you some slender taste of her present dainties , whereby you shall not depart away altogether vnsatisfied .

To begin euen vnder the mountaines Pirenei , which Gascoine & Guienne . diuide Spaine from France : the first part is called Gasconia , including Guienne and Acquitane , Dukedomes once appropriate to the heire of England , before the inuesture of the Principat of Wales . The chiefest Cities are Burdeaux and Tholouse , washed with the plenteous waters of the Garonn , a riuer not onely spreading her many armes abroad to send plenty all ouer the fields ; but powring out her greater streames into the sea , welcommeth store of ships into her ports and harbours , sending them backe againe into many countries of Europe with glad tidings of an abundant vintage . Burdeaux is watrishly scited , by reason the riuer , and springs raiseth many marshes here about ; yet is it wholesome , and the heat of the climate can endure the moistnes of the aire ; the Citie is ancient , and boasteth of an Vniuersitie , but more properly of the great concourse of Merchants : It is beautified with many monuments , especially the Pallace , wherein King Richard the second , the sonne of the blacke Prince was borne ; and another without the Towne , a worke euer since the Emperor Galienus , and then supposed a glorious Amphitheater . The towne of Tholouse is more proud of antiquitie , and telleth of time before Troies devastation : yea remembreth since Deborah Iudge of Israel was famous for her wisdome and gouernment . It hath now a well disciplined schoole , a court of Parliament , populous streets , and reasonable buildings , but indeed they seeme very ancient , and for some speciall structures may carry the credit of magnificence . The other townes are many and very good , except countrey villages , which are as rude as in other places , and the Pesant liueth like a drudge , not daring scarse drinke of the wine of his owne garden , lest he should not raise such profit , as would answer the proportion of his rent . But herein our English Merchant hath somewhat ouer-reached them : For they hire the gardens themselues , and make the best vse of them , not trusting their labourers and husbandmen to handle the presses , but as they be hired by the day , or great .

The second part is called Poictoy , a countrey so great , and plentifull , that there are numbred 1200 parishes , and Poictoy . three Bishopricks , & faine would haue you reckon these principall walled townes within her diuision of inferior and superior : The bishopricks are Poictiers , Leucòne , and Mailezay : The superior townes Roch sur yon , or if you will Rochell , one of the strongest townes in Europe , and the rather because it hath not trusted her walls and ramparts , which are yet stupendous , and magnificent , but the Lord of hostes , and his true religion , which hath alwaies raised their spirits to an extraordinary confidence of mercy , and preuailing against any Antichristian attempt : Talmont , Meroil , Vouuant , Meruant , Bresfure , Lodun , Fountenay le Conte : The inferior , or townes of the lower diuision , Noiart , Partenay , Touars , Moncontoul , Herenault , Meribeau , Chastelleraut , and others of like eminence , amongst whom Poictiers is reckned the most populous of all France next to Paris , it is watred with the ouer-flowings of Clanius , a riuer filling the Loire , and sending it the faster into the sea : it boasteth of some antiquities , a Theater called the Sandes ; a palace of the Emperor Galienus ; an Aquaeduct , to which belong certaine fountaines , vulgarly called arceux de parigne , and other memories from famous Romans , who were here euer resident : To talke of their Churches , prisons , walls , ports , ramparts , arsenals , towers , riuers , bridges , and such like , it were superfluous considering they are not subiects either of admiration , or delicacie , but euen common or ordinary buildings .

The third part is Aniou , though a litle Prouince , yet very Aniou . fruitfull , and affordeth such excellent vines , that the common prouerbe crieth out , the wine of Aniou . For the stately riuer of Loire comming from Orleance posteth a pace with the glad tidings of a plentifull country , and excellent husbandry in their gardens : The mountaines yeeld a red stone and parget called ardoises ; the vallies plenty of grasse , the riuers fish , and the barrennest place pasture for cattle : The chiefe Citie is Angiers on the banke of the Meduan , not far from the Loire ; yet is it ioyned by a bridge of stone to another on the other side , and so you may conclude , that two townes make one Citie : Here you haue also ruines of Theaters , vulgarly Brohan , and an Academy enlarged , or rather founded by Lodwick the second 1389 : the other townes are Samurs , Belforce , Bange , and such like , of whose particulars my purpose is not to make relation .

The fourth part is Britania , in times past Armorica : It boasteth for sending ouer such inhabitants into our countrey , Br●…taigne . as not onely taught them a language , but peopled and possessed the same : Wee againe are resolued , that though France was first inhabited , yet from the greater Britaine the lesse receiued denomination , and by entercourse of people , affinitie , mariage , and politike confederation , both countries learned one anothers language . For being called Armorica , it at last condiscended to be entitled litle Britaine , retaining a long time an absolute Duke of her owne , and diuiding her territories into low and high Britaine : in both which are numbred nine Bishopricks , Carnouaile , S. Paul , Treguires , Doll , Rheines , S. Malo , Nants , Vannes , and Brein , amongst whom Doll hath the precedency , though Renes and Nants be the chiefest and greatest Cities : It is three parts exposed to the sea , and hath many strong ports , especially Brest , famous for sundry warlike exploits , and the last intrusion of the Spanish leaguers .

The fift part is Normandy , diuided into the countries of Constantine , Bessin , Maine , and Auge , in which as principall Normandy . Cities are recorded Roan , Pontoise , Alenson , Argenni , Caen , Baieux , and some few others : The people boast of their endeuors in spinning linnen cloth , excellent wits , and able bodies for the warres : But of all other things , they would exceede ( especially the Gentlemen ) for mansuetude , courtship , and affabilitie in attending the affaires of peace , and quietnes .

The sixt part challengeth the title of the I le of France , a countrey so named , because it is in a manner environed I le of France with excellent riuers , which make the ground so fertile , that for number of Townes , Gentlemens houses , places of pleasure , conueniencie of prouision , and other particulars tending to brauery and profit , it excelleth all the countrey : But her chiefest pride ariseth from the possession of Paris on the riuer Sequana , or the Sein , the mistris of all Cities ; and Orleans on the Loire famous for many remarkable actions , betweene whom almost 40 English mile is one cawsey of stone , or otherwise there were no trauelling , especially in winter : For all the ground is so fat and clammy , that Paris it selfe is called Lutetia of luto , or the durtinesse of the soile .

The seuenth part belongeth to Bourges , or Berry , a countrey Berry . boasting of many delicate things ; but the Citie is quite out of patience , if you either forget her monuments , or contradict her first founder to be Ogiges , the grand-childe of Noe : It is enclosed with the countries of Touraine , Burbon , and Niuernois , and on the riuer of Loire washing cleane the fields with his strange ouer-flowings are erected Cosme , Le Charity , the Citie of Neuers with her long bridge , Molins , and many other townes , some of hansome eminence , and some of lesse consequence .

The eight part is attributed to Limosin or Lemania , Limosin . contayning the County of Auernge , and yeeldeth such plenty of fenns and marishes , that the fatnes of the soile is both bettered and augmented thereby , howeuer the aire seemeth not so wholesome , and the Cities & Townes are fuller of inhabitants , by reason of natures suppliment in all things , and the easines wherewith good husbandry dispatcheth her busines : yet are they neither great , nor extraordinarily beautified : no not Limoges , Clermont , Beurgard , Monferau , and Goudade , which are the principall .

The ninth lot of France her renowne , is taken out of fortunes lap for Languedock , reaching to the sea as farre as Languedock Montpelier and Arles ; on the other side Westward , Car●…ossen and Narbon : yet doe some ioyne Languedock to Prouence , and call all these sea-coasts , with the territories adiacent , by the title of Gallia Narbonensis .

The tenth principall roome of this French palace , is Prouence . beautified with the Parliament roabes of the seuerall countries of Prouence , Daulphine and Orange . For they account Arles , a towne compassed with the streames of Rhodanus , rather in Prouence then Languedock , because it standeth ( as it were ) at the mouth of the riuer , to watch how the sea and the fresh water meets : as for Narbon , they esteeme it the pride of the riuer Araxis , and boast of the great lake for her denomination accordingly . Heere abouts were those excellent bathes contriued , spoken of so much in the Roman Commentaries : and Marius celebrated his triumphs for conquering the Cimbrians , who came thus farre in those dayes , from that countrey which we now call Denmarck , to re●…st the Romans . To Daulphine they added a gracious allowance of the famous and ancient city of Lyons , whom the 〈◊〉 diuideth , and whose wals are so ambitious , that they ●…mb vp to the top of very rockes : the riuer playes the wanton about the towne , and runs a pace to Valence & Vienna , neuer leauing vntill he thrust himselfe into the Mediterranean sea , hard by Marselles , a city and port of great consequence : but is so separated from the riuer , as if it were affrayd of his swiftnesse . But Lyons hath yet more cause of insulting , in regard that all this part of France was called Gallia Lugdunensis , from her owne name Lugdunum and diuers monuments of water-workes , bridges , towers , and temples , were magnificent in Caesars time . The prouince of Daulphine was giuen to the eldest sonne of France , with no other intent , but to name himselfe accordingly , by which occasion all Europe knowes what the Daulphine means . To Orange is a town so named appropriate , & Grenoble with Auignion , are coniured within this circle . For although euer since the Pope made it his seat , & established heere a Conclaue for the Cardinals , it hath since rema●…ed firme to the Roman Clergy : yet is it sited in this prouince , and called France her naturall mother : some reckon heerein the three Bishoprickes of Carpentoract , Lissa and Vaurias , with many other townes , allowing vs to call it the Principate of Orange , and will haue vs take notice , that the house of Nassau , which challengeth the glory of the Low-Countries , as by the worthy life of the last Prince of Orange ( whose younger sonnes are still so famous for the Belgick warres ) may appeare : was extracted from hence , and glorieth in her denomination accordingly . For mine owne part , I haue thus bound them together within the girdle of Prouence , and could finde in my heart to make Geneua with her great lake and plaines vnder the mountaines , a daughter of France , although she hath vrgently denied her first mother . Besides , howeuer the Rhosne or Rhodanus commeth a pace out of Burgundy ; it was once knowen by the name of Araris , and telleth a true tale of an hundred seuerall townes dispersed on his streames , and supported by his bankes .

The eleuenth booke of this noble countrey , openeth 〈◊〉 . the leaues of knowledge for Burgundy , which was once a Kingdome , as absolute as the King of France himselfe ; and is still a Dukedome and County graced with such royalties , that by their owne prerogatiues they haue brought armies into the field , and proclaimed the absolute freedomes of their gouernment : yea , in the latter times of contestation with France , they held the dignity of a Parliament : kept a full palace sequestred : and instituted the noble order of knighthood called the golden Fleece : some would annex the Dutchy of Barr vnto it , which I thinke more properly belongs to Loraine , and many Earledomes of estimation . The petty riuers receiue augmentation from the springs of her fields , and the swift Araris is sent into the sea from her mountaines . Her cheefest cities are Digion and Austune , maintaining regall tribunals , exposing ostentous edifices , boasting of great antiquity , setting out the brauery of diuers monuments and palaces , and supporting the necessities of many people . The townes of the Dukedome would bee called Latornelle , Rochpot , Chalons , Verdune , Seure , Argilly , Sausieu , and such like . The townes of the County please the inhabitants with the titles of Iussy , Gray , Dole , Besanson , Quingay , Salins , Arboies , Paligny , Bouteuant , Noseroy , Vennes , Chastillion , and diuers others : none of which , but either boasteth of one excellency or other ; some for making salt , some for fulling cloth , some for spinning linnen , some for mines and minerals , some for excellent pastures , some for vines , some for cattle , and all for good building , plenty of Gentle-men , and concourse of people .

The twelfth doore of this Countries enclosure , is vnlocked Loraine . for Loraine , howeuer the Duke repineth that he is not a King with his ancestors , and still protesteth he wil be as absolute within his own territories as an Emperor : nay , sometimes addeth the French King himselfe . For louing both alike , he will bee auxiliary to either , and sometimes enemie to both , as being such a Prince , who aduanceth and diminisheth at his pleasure the Marquisate of Ponce , the Earledoms of Vademont , Verdune , Blamont , Demanche , Marchen , and diuers other coronets , with the immunities of sundry Baronies ; all depending vpon his praemium & poena . The townes of this countrey are Metts , famous for the Emperours siege , and many warlike fortifications , Nancy , Voige , Chaligy , Vaudmont , Dompair , Rosiers , Rumbelluillier , and such like worthy description : but as I sayd in the beginning , I intend not to extenuate the endeauours of other men , either in their trauels or commentaries , nor tell any abrupt tales , when such and so many famous Authors and Cosmographers speake so orderly and plainely . Therefore I referre you thither for more ample discourses , especially concerning such cities as I haue ouerpassed , and yet flourish at this hower in seuerall countries ; it shall only suffice me to name the countries and principall places , that I may prepare you the better to attend my comparison , when I shall set out England to the sale with her ornaments of commendation indeed .

The thirteenth roome of the palace of France her Honour , is appropriate to Callis and Boloigne , maintaining the Boloigne . sea-shores ouer against Kent , and the sweet breathing mouth of the Thames in England : but in such emulation being so neere , that either they complaine to be thus long disioynted from her gouernment , or seeme offended that we euer possessed them , and could keepe them no longer : much of this countrey once belonged to Artoys , and was diuided betweene the Emperour and France , by way of composition . But if you would know , wherin and wherof it boasteth indeed , it is for two famous Dukes of the same , or if you will , but Earles ; who by their valours and heroik endeauours , obtained the noble Diadems of the world : the one was Godfrey , inuested King of Ierusalem , and made like another Agamemnon , Captaine Generall of the Christian army against the Saracens . The other was Stephen , sonne of Duke Williams daughter of Normandy , raised to the dignity of England , and maintaining the possession against Maud the Empresse and her sonne , during his life .

The last part of this glorious Kingdome may include Vermond and Picardy , whose principall townes are Guise , Picardy . La Fere , Han , St. Quintine , Tornay , Chatel , Abeuile , Amiens , Auxi , Peron , and such like , washed with the streames of the Some and Scaldis , whose rivulets make the fields plentifull in corne and grasse , although the inhabitants are not industrious in planting of vine-yards , which I rather impute to the indisposition of the soile , then their negligence .

Thus you see with what a glistring crowne the head of France is impaled in the chaire of Maiesty , and may visit the palace of honour with more and better attendance of Princes , Dukes , Earles , and Gentle-men , then any absolute Monarch of the world : yet because it hath some defects in meere matters of state , according to the true prosperity of a countrey : and that diuers deficiencies chance somewhat disgraciously vnto her , like staines and spots to pure linnen , I cannot yeeld her the pride of happinesse : because you shall see in my next book of comparison , wherin her fulnesse of glory is ecclipsed , and how wee our selues enioy many prerogatiues before her .

CHAP. XV. The Description of the Low-Countries .

BEyond all , euen to the sea , which made a sea of their fields and townes , lie the seuenteene The glory of the s●…uenteene Prouinces , as moderne times esteem them . Prouinces , called the Low-Countries , or Germania inferior . For alas , the name and title of Gallia Belgica is long since extinguished , although ( as I sayd ) all the Countries on this side the Rhene toward France , were reputed as France . Of these I must vse a little ampliation , because I cannot chuse but wonder , how any Prince would neglect such a benefit , as the peaceable possession of these places , which for goodnesse , greatnesse and wealth vnited with the loue of the inhabitants , might haue exceeded Spaine it selfe , as by their reuenewes , multitude of people , cities , shipping , traffique with all nations , and home-bred commodities , may appeare . They are called Ditiones inferior is Germaniae , diuided into Dukedomes , Counties , and Lordships , and knowen by these Characters : The Dukedomes , Brabant , Limburck , Luzenburg , and Gelderland . The Counties , Flanders , Artoys , Henault , Holland , Zeland , Namurs , and Zutphen , which is but one principall towne , and some small territories adiacent . The Marquisate of the Empire . The Lordships , Freesland : for you must take notice , that East Freesland belongeth to a Prince of her owne , and euer disclaimed to bee subiect either to Emperour or King , and so holdeth vp a head of liberty accordingly , Mechlin , Vtrech , Trans-Ysell , and Groining .

In these are numbred 228. great townes , murited with wals , ramparts , ditches , warlike ports , bridges , and fortifications . Besides , their guards are continuall , either of their owne Burgers , or Souldiers lying in garison , according to the proximity of the enemy , importance of the place , necessity of affaires , or inconueniences of the time . The villages or dorps are 6300. beautified with embattelled Churches of many seuerall fashions , frequented with entercourses of people , adorned with handsome markets , and priuiledged by ancient immunities , faires , solemne festiuals , and neighbourly meetings ; besides granges , castles , religious houses , towres , and Yonkers mannor-places . The aire seemeth moyst , especially of Holland and Zeland , with the sea-coasts of Brabant and Flanders ; yet not preiudiciall to the health of the inhabitants : for in the champaine of Brabant men liue an hundred yeeres . The Countrey is euery where visited with nauigable riuers , nor come they empty handed , but affoord delicate water and excellent fish : but what talke I of fish ? when the large Ocean is so nigh , out of whose store-house a man may take , without being called in question , or repining . It is beautified with many woods , affoording timber to build withall , and the pleasure of hunting . It is smally , or not at all mountainous , except about Namurs , Luzenburg or Henault , It is fruitfull of corne , grasse and herbs , fit for pasture for cattle , and medicine for health : yet in some places of Brabant and Gelderland full of heath , which notwithstanding is not so barren , but cattle are fatted with the same , and their flesh hath an extraordinary sweet taste : It is free from those creatures , which are either noysome , or dangerous to man , and wanteth none of those blessings , wherewith the God of all blessing marketh a Countrey : but a noble Prince , vnity of religion , and a quiet gouernment .

The Countrey of Limburck hath many names , and is a Limburck . prouince full of villages , it containeth part of the Dukedome of Boloigne , the Marquisate of Franckmount , the Earledome of Haspengo and Lootes , with many other Baronies . There are brought into the lists 24. great townes , amongst whom we begin inprimis with Leege , situated on the Mase , as hauing a Bishops See , a delicate castle , & many well-ordred edifices : the dorps are reckned 1700. besides Abbayes and religious houses : toward the North adioyning to Brabant , it flourisheth in corne & hath some vines . Toward the South , neighbouring France and Lutzenburg : it is more barren , as intermingled with hils and woods , the remainder of that great forrest of Ardenia , of which so many fabulous accidents are recorded . It containeth diuers mines of marble and cole , and in such goodnesse of euerything , that a prouerb raiseth it selfe , to haue bread better then bread , fire hotter then fire , and iron harder then iron .

The Dukedome of Lutzenburg is for the most part mountainous and full of wood , in the rest well tilled , and Lutzenburg where they haue stocked vp the trees , excellent ground : what neighboureth France conserueth both their language and customes , the rest speake Dutch. The names of the Prouince and principall City haue one sound , but it is ill diuided , part on a hollow by the riuer Essa , part on a rocky mountaine : so that it proposeth no great vniformity : but yet yeeldeth a gracefull obiect , and in retaining the authority of a Parliament , hath a preheminence of many greater and prouder townes . The next is Arlunum , quasi ara Lunae , as supposed , that they heere worshipped the Moone . The rest are sutable , some for strength , as Thion on the Mosell ; some for commodity , as Baston , the mart of the Countrey , and adiacent to the forrest ; and some for contentment and orderly conueniency , as 26. others .

The countrey of Henault is sutable to the rest , and marcheth with the same equipage of plenty and pleasure : the Henault . cheefe cities are Mons and Valenciens . To Mons is attributed the precedency , for antiquity , strength and riches : yet is it almost neere the center of the Land , and on a little riuer called Trulla , whose visitation makes the common people wealthy and industrious , especially in weauing of a stuffe called Sayes , which heere exceede all the townes of the Low-Countries . Valenciens is better sited on the riuer Scaldis , and is very spacious , well walled , and full of ancient buildings , the Citizens are great trades-men , and gaine much by the making of fustians , the rest are brought into the account with the number of 22. Amongst whom Binchium might haue showne you a goodly palace , erected by Mary , sister to Charles the fift , and beautified with gardens of pleasure to these vses . To beguile idle houres , to countenance a solitary retiring from the great encombrances of the world , to quicken meditation with a corresponcency of time and place , and to inuite the body to a better aire , then commonly populous cities affoord , it was yet destroyed , some would faine say defaced , by Henry the second , King of France , in those times of desolation , when intestine mutinies could not be appeased without effusion of bloud , and the rage of Princes exasperated one another to sore reuenges . Heere is also the ancient towne of Ba●…aies , which flourished in the time of Constantine the Emperour . The rest are Charlimont , Manburg , and Philips towne , wherein the first founders , or rather re-edifiers , made strong defences against the eruptions of the French , and were resolued to diuide the house of Burgundie for euer from the Flower-de-luce . Many other townes with the villages might be spoken of ; but because there are few memorable things in them , I passe all ouer with such a slightnes , as is required in a man , that maketh haste out of an idle iourney , till he come to his place of rest , and better consequence .

The countrey of Artois did once absolutely belong to the Flower-de-luce , as by the antiquitie and scituation Artois . may appeare : But afterward in the contract 1529 , it was patible of diuision , when the Emperor and the French King were weighed in the ballance of successe to set forward the renowne of eithers preuailing ; so that when France was found too light , in regard that the false hand of fortune turned the scale on tother side , twelue pretty townes fell from the King , as stones pull'd from a ruinous wall , leauing the whole Prouince in hazard of falling too , had not the other part of the countrey succor'd it selfe vnder the supportation of Picardy , and now telleth vs of good corne , many riuers , much wood , and reporteth of the raining wooll by the testimonie of Saint Hierome , and others , who set it in the account of wonders .

The Prouince of Namurs is plentifull of all things , that Namurs . belongeth to the vse of man , as if the horne of Achelous were not onely reserued here for a monument , but distributed abundance by reason of the vertue following the possession : it hath many iron and cole mines , of whose nature and condition this is obserued , that whereas other coales are extinguished with water , and enflamed with oyle ; these are set on fire with water , and rebated in their heat with oyle . It hath onely fowre walled Townes , who dare thus lift vp their heads aboue water to keepe the bodies from sinking . 1. Namurs , scituated on the two riuers Mosa and Scambra vnited by a well compacted bridge of stone , retayning a Bishops sea , and keeping the solemnitie of a Parliament . 2. Bouinum on the banke of Mosa , much defaced by the warres , being of late a rich , stately , and populous Citie . 3. The third is Charlemont , one of the strongest Castles in Europe , mounted on a high looking rocke , whose foundation is washed by the riuer Gillet , and from the Emperor retaineth both glory and denomination . 4. The last is Vallencuria , whose etimology doth almost expresse it selfe : For here are all ciuill causes determined , and the villages of the Prouince bring their controuersies to be decided .

The Dukedome of Brabant challengeth a more plentifull description : For it hath 26 walled townes , and at Brabant . least 700 villages well inhabited , industrious people , and proud of their glory in retaining the presence of the Enfanta , and the Court of State in Brussels , where , by reason of the pleasure and conveniencie of many delicate fountaines , diuers well ordred pallaces invite you to behold euen obiects of magnificence , and the Noblemen boast , how they are better accommodated here , than in other parts of the countrey . Antwerp is scited on the riuer Scaldis , and so glorious for goodly buildings , famous marts , a beautifull Statehouse , delicate Churches , an Exchange for Merchants , an house for Englishmen , a wonderfull Cittadle , an admirable harbour , and such like illustrations , that not long since it stroue for the Coronet of Europe , and to be the Queene of Townes . Louaine is very populous , and graced with an Vniuersitie , which the Duke of Brabant , Iohn the 4. erected . Mechline hath her estimation from the assembly of States , and deciding of controuersies . Busumduce , a towne of note for a publike schoole , and the peoples meeting to solemnize triumphs . Tiena , neighbouring the riuer Geta , from whence the cheese hath a particular estimation . Leuua , famous for drinke brewed there . Niuella , proud of a monasterie only of noble women . Arscot by the riuer Demera , in times past a Marquisate , but by the Emperor Charles aduanced to a Duchy . Berghen-op-zoome , named so for the kisses of the riuer that saluteth it , and famous for the auncient Marte , and frequentation of Merchants ; yet since Antwerp flourished vtterly decaied . Megen , a place of contentment , glorying in the passages of the riuer , playing the wanton with her shores , and running vp and downe , as if it brought glad tidings of prosperitie . Breda , a towne of delicacie ; yet may you in respect of her building adde the Epithet of magnificent . Steneberg vpon the sea , which once had wealth enough to invite Merchants to a banquet of commercing . Lira , a place so sufficiently pleasant , that diuers Noblemen haue retired thither , as repining against the troubles , which debarred them from more oftner entercourses . Vileuord raiseth her fame from the strength of a well scituated Castle , and the feare of a soule-terrifying prison . Gembloures can shew you a Lord Abbot , as free and imperious , as a Count Palatine in his iurisdiction . Iudoigna boasteth of her nursery of Princes , and that the wholesomnes of her aire inuiteth them to an abode of wantonnes and contentment . Hannutum maintaineth the credit and estimation of an Earledome , and addeth withall the blessing of a most fertile countrey . Landen lifteth vp the head of age in such a manner , that shee warranteth her selfe the first , though not the best of Townes . Halen is notorious for the warres and many deuastations by battery of the Canon , and breaches made in her walls and bulwarks . D●…ist , a towne washed on both sides by the fluent riuer of Demeta , it is of great receit , and famous for wollen cloth , and the profit arising from thence , as if it were powred by the hand of plenty into the laps of the inhabitants . Sichnum proud of the kisses of the same streame . Herentalls full of clothiers , and of such inhabitants , who boast of of their labour and handyworke . Endoue vpon the riuer ●…ommela , which watreth the fields of the champaine , and maketh very seeming barren ground exuberant : and Hellmount raising her walls vpon a hill , and is both ouerlooked , and defended by the fortification of a well munited Cittadle .

The country of Flanders is nobly diuided into three parts , Teutonicam , Gallicam , Imperatoriam , and plentifully 〈◊〉 . watred with three principall riuers , Scaldis , Lisa , and Tenera ; affording this reason for Imperatoria , that it neuer acknowledged any superior , but their owne Earles , and therefore had also the attribute of proprietory : For as the Dukedome of Millane boasted with a superiority before other Dukes ; so the Earledome of Flanders had the prerogatiue of other Counties , in regard that with Kings the Earles stile had this emphasis , Comes Flandriae Dei gratia ; yet were they afterward subiect to France , and numbred amongst the 12 Peeres . It retaineth the estimation , and aduanceth the walls of 28 Cities , plowing the fields of 1200 villages , whose enclosures yeeld plenty of grasse toward the West , and bringeth forth strong oxen for tillage , and horses for seruice , as you may see by their beautifull mares , of whom we make such good triall , and vse in our Carosses . The blessings of milke and hony fill their cups euen to ouer-flowing , and the abundance of wheat might once haue told them , that it was no miracle , when Isaac sowed in the land of Abimelech , and receiued a 100 for one , because they haue reaped , and found after haruest 60 for one . The people are gentle , and the women streight and comely : their husbandry is graced with the sale of linnen cloth , and their Semsters boast of bone-lace , and delicate needle-workes : but concerning the Townes the principall are thus the subiect of relation . Gaunt hath a wall of 9 mile circumference , but possessing much waste ground is not very populous , nor filled with houses , although three riuers are at strife for her partition , and making 20 Ilands of her territories , challenge one another for lifting vp most land aboue water : but in truth the inhabitants in her behalfe complaine of the misery of many sieges , and that her fortunes haue bin as it were tossed to and fro with extremities : For shee hath tried the seuerall dispositions of French , English , Dutch , and Spanish , boasting of nothing so much , as the famous birth of Iohn Duke of Lancaster , sonne of Edward the third , and in the right of his wife King of Castile ; and that memorable retreat , wherein Generall Norris with a few resolute English confronted the whole Armie of the Prince of Parma . Bruges for delicacie of buildings , sweetnes of streets , frequentation of merchants , and strength of walles did once surpasse all the townes of the Low Countries , and still boasteth , that howeuer her reputation is somewhat diminished , she was yet the occasion of the credit and glory of Flanders . Ypers raised her wealth from the endeuours & industry of Clothiers , vntill the English with the help of those of Gaunt destroying their great suburbs , ouerthrew likewise their trafficke , & brought more ruder hands to pull their loomes & mills a peeces , then laboured in their first building , and raised them vp : the rest with the villages , castles , houses , Churches , bridges , and such like structures of admiration , are worthy of further enlargement : but the booke fills already too fast , and I purpose another thing , then to patch vp thus an ill fauoured cloth out of the shreds of other mens Cosmography , who tell you of Turwin and Tornay , and those noble endeuours of Hen. 8. when the King of France claimed Artois and Flanders , as well as Picardy .

The Prouince of Gelderland is altogether champaine , yet intermingled with woods , and stored with euery Gelderland . thing to satiate our desire , especially if wee looke after plenty of corne , and pasture , which both stuffeth full their garners , and fatteth their cattle , insomuch that they bring them leane in great heards from the furthest part of Denmarke , to receiue here , as it were a more seemely forme . It is visited with the three riuers of Rhene , Mase , and Whale : it hath 22 walled townes , attended on by the care and diligent seruice of 300 villages , amongst whom Numegam is metropolis , and indeed boasteth not onely of antiquitie , but the royaltie of a King , had not time worne out the shining brightnes of his Crowne , or some boistrous hand pull'd the scepter out of his arme , and shouldred him quite aside from his Throne ; or else it was as the Kings of Cities in Mesopotamia , Reges à regendo , when nine of them made battaile together , and the preuailers spoiled Lot , and tooke him prisoner .

Herein is also contained the country and Earledome of Zutphen . Zutphen , and the delicate Iland of the Betto , how euer Holland would challenge her of disobedience , if shee should call another mother . For Goricum , Worchum , and many other townes are reputed hers , onely Arnham on the other banke of the Rhene , with the sweet fields of the Vellwe , will still belong vnto Gelderland , and could tell you of a sconce builded ouer against it : of another on the banke of Icell : of another before Numegen , where that valiant German Sir Martin Skinck lost his life , and was tossed from graue to graue , vntill a military ceremonie laid him in an honorable place of rest : and of another at the point of the Iland , diuiding the riuer into the Rhene and Whale , which saies you can scarce shew such another , and is proud of nothing more , than her founder , and title : For it is called still Skinck sconce , and could affright you with the relation of many strange designes , and changes of military seruice , as if the Armies chose these parts of the country to play at base in , and as it were dance a mattachene in armour . For I my selfe knew the leaguer one yeere in Gelderward , within two mile of Eltam ; another yeere at Bommel ; a third at Berck ; a fourth in Cleueland , &c. It flourished vnder Otho the third Earle of Gelderland , who walled in Ruremond , Arnham , Harderwick , Bomell , Gooch , and Waggenhen , and so held the title of a Countie vntill Rheinaldus the second , whom for his valour , iustice , piety , and other vertues the Emperor Lodwick lifted vp to the dignitie of a Duke in the presence of the Kings of England , France , and the Princes Electors 1339.

Zeland is a new name , and not read of in ancient histories , as if a man should say , a countrey compounded both Zeland . of land and sea : For it is euery where distinguished with Ilands , which are environed with water , and knowne by 15 seuerall names , against whom the sea hath much preuailed , and not long since with violent invndations swallowed 300 of their inhabited townes ; so that now you may saile by the steeples of Churches , and not knowing the reason , wonder to what purpose the Towres were so erected . There remaine now three principall , which are preserued against the rage of the Ocean with exceeding cost , and powerfull industry , namely Walcheren , Schouen , and South-Beueland : and foure inferior , Diuelant , Tolen , North-Beuelant , and Woolfersdike ; which are graced with the prerogatiues of eight walled townes , whereof six continue their Estates Deputies for the whole County . Midelborough , Flushing , Camphere , and Armenden , which hath no voice , although it cry out neuer so loud , that it standeth with the rest in Walcheren . In Schouen , Sirexee , and Bucers hauen , which hath likewise no voice . In South-Beueland which is the greatest and fertilest Iland , the towne of Tergowse ; and in the land of Tolen , the towne of Tertolen , and Martins dike , which hath also no voice . These Ilands are preserued by the downes , which be certaine bankes of sand cast vp with the tides , and where there are no sands , as toward the south , the dikes are raised by the industry of man , and proportioned with equall height to the rest ; all so rammed with mats & casses of fagots 6 or 7 foote long , that it not only performeth the effect of their securitie , but seemeth an artificiall gracefulnes , and being so neere England is worthy the ouer-viewing . In times past the Marquis of La Vere , and Flushing were onely at the Generall Councels of the countrey , now the places are supplied with Deputies , and new times haue giuen way vnto new orders : For these inheritances and titles are incorporated in Prince MAVRICE of NASSAV , and the Abbot of St Martins in the towne of Midlebourgh , which at this instant is the Court of Zeland : As for the Prince , he is the seruitor of the States , and can doe nothing absolute of himselfe without their direction : And for the Abbot , his name is extinguished with his superstition , and the reformation of religion hath also reformed his very title and authoritie : so that the Estates make the Democratia a princely gouernment , and assume to themselues the power of life , death , controuling , punishing , rewarding , and resolute ordering all their affaires , except in cases of necessitie , wherein there is no disputing , nor interiecting any cause of imputation either of negligence , or improuidence : For so great Princes either diminish or augment their illustrious royaltie , and Monarks whose pride at the first swelled ouer the banks of preuailing , haue in one age bin left bare on the sands of an ebbing fortune . The cheefest trade of the inhabitants is nauigation , fishing , and making salt : yet within the land they imploy themselues to tillage , and feeding of cattle . The people doe so multiply and increase , that they are compelled to inlarge their Townes , as well for their owne inhabitants , as frequentation of strangers , who since the troubles of Antwerpe resort hither extraordinarily ; but if I should adde the brauery of fortifications , I should do them no wrong , nay I might augment their glory : For Flushing is one of the strongest Townes of Europe ; and Midleborough so ramparted and guarded , that a very militarie renowne is attributed vnto them , and the Burgers themselues deserue well of all good reports .

The prouince of Holland is ( as it were ) a Peninsule , circumuironed Holland , with water . For the sea , the Rhene , and the meeting riuers , open their doores in such a manner , that you may goe ( as it were ) round about the house , except in one corner toward Gelderland . and although it containeth not in circuit aboue two hundred English mile : yet lifteth vp the wals , ramparts , and warlike ports of thirty townes of such receipt , wealth and shipping , that the pride of Tyrus and Sidon , exclaimed vpon by so many Prophets , had not greater occasion of raging and oftentation , howeuer they are yet blessed with moderation , and restraint of distempered actions . The villages or dorps are foure hundred , amongst whom the stately county of the Hague aduanceth her counteuance equall to a great city : for their court retaineth some shew of princilnesse , and the old palace maketh demonstration of those noble customes and hospitality , which the ancient Earles in their former power maintained ; yet because it is vnwalled , neighbouring a pretty parke of fallow Deere , and inuiteth you to better retired places , then the townes of hurliburly and continuall commerces accustome , it is reputed a Dorp , and seemeth much contented with her situation so remote from the forraine enemy of the State . Harlem with her spaciousnesse is founded most delicately ; for as soone as you are entred , the pleasure of a pretty wood inuiteth your abode , where the Citizen in the dayes of pastime make their honest conuersation , the strengthning of one anothers friendship . Besides , for bulwarkes , harbours , shipping , capacity , entercourse , and noble meetings , it challenged the precedency of all the towns of Holland , & howeuer Amsterdam hath got the start for riches , marchants , and nauigation ; yet hath Harlem a greater wall , and better compacted buildings . Dort or Dordrech some 150. yeeres since was made an Iland by the inundation of the sea , which with vngentle violence ( at that time ) washed away whole fields of firme ground , and like a barren vnsatiate wombe , filled her paunch with aboue 200. villages : It is a beautifull long towne , and graced with the staple of Rhenish wine , corne and timber , brought in great , strange and long boats called Punts , which neuer goe backe againe , but serue in these riuers as a receptacle of diuers families , and many people who haue no other dwelling then on shipboord , & if you demand how they liue the voyage ended , & maintain their estates when the first businesse is determined . They spin , fish , follow the league with prouision , carry corne and turffe from towne to towne , and are employed for the vse of bridges , to transferre whole armies ouer riuers ; but to tell you that some of them are 160. foot long , and haue three or foure diuisions or houses in one boat , would raise a suspicion , and peraduenture make you smile at the fiction , but admire the truth . Delft is so named of a ditch , cut out betweene it and the Hague , and is a sweet and pleasant towne , although the inhabitants are emploied for the most part about brewing , and spinning of wooll . Leyden boasteth of her antiquity , as deriuing her originall from the Legions of the Roman souldiers heere resident , when the custome of warre , and the coldnesse of winter did enforce them to garison , and orderly sequestration : it is now an Vniuersity , beautified with walkes of pleasure and magnificence : yet cannot wash away the imputation of many trayterous reuolts and vnconstant resolutions against the gouernment of the States . Gouda is a populous towne vpon the riuer Isell ; yet could tell you of another of her owne name , that runneth into the Ocean , as if it made haste to tell you , from whence it came . Amsterdam , besides the sea is visited by the gentle riuer Tia : yet seemeth sory that she cannot be affoorded the sweetnesse of her waters , and is so contriued as the channels of Venice , which direct you by boat from house to house : for shipping , it is one of the most famous harbours in the world , and hath such entercourse of Marchants and Saylors , that I haue numbred 1000. ships of all sorts to goe out at one tide : for buildings it equals the best , and for orderly watches and fortifications the Burgers haue a blessed vniformity and glorious reputation . Enchusen vpon the banke of the sea called the Zuidersea , is famous for the building of ships , which are heere yeerely built and orderly rigged . Horne hath the same foundation , and in May bringeth together such a faire of butter and cheese , and in such incredible manner , that almost all countries haue suppliment from thence . Alcmar likewise maintaineth the dairy , and encloseth such fields , that a very few acres of ground raise a good farme . Purmerndum boasteth of her first estimation , by reason of the palace and delicate castle , which belonged to Count Egmond , was within her wals . Edam hath great store of shipping , and such kine , that few oxen are larger : besides , heere is sowed so much hemp , that most of the netting , which either Holland or Zeland vse is heere made . Sconhouen is a delicate towne and place of pleasure : for indeed it is an attribute , or significant name from the attracting delight of their gardens , and hath a staple for Salmons . Rotterdam a great city full of shipping , yet rather boasteth of the birth of Erasmus . Brill is a towne of defence , and was once causionary to England , in regard of great summes disbursed for the States , but now of late , by the Kings Maiesty , resigned into the hands of the States . Thus for strength , fertility , wealth , and plenty of shipping , Holland exceedeth any countrey in the world , challenging no more circuit of ground , as may be ghessed by the yeere 1587. when there was 600. ships arrested in the Sont by the King of Denmark , and in 1588. it is well knowen , that in very short warning they supplyed vs with an hundred men of warre , as for Cales voyage , the third part of that Nauie was theirs : but if you looke further , in the West and East-Indies , in the hauens of Barbary and Affrick , in the Arches , and Constantinople , in the Gulph of Venice , and almost all the frequented places of the world , the Hollander aduentures , and is now a glorious Marchant and Mariner . To conclude , Holland , Zeland , and Freesland , smile in the possession of 2500. good ships , from 150. tun to 700. and although they haue no timber , or at least very little growing for this purpose , yet doe they yeerely set vpright 5. or 600. of one sort or other .

Of all in the States diuision , the City and Lordship of Vtrech . Vtrech is principall , as retaining an ancient Bishops See , and shewing the ruines of a castle , erected to suppresse the insolency of the inhabitants , who in a pride of their owne greatnesse , made a continuall sport of rebellion , it is now vtterly defaced , and the loyalties of their harts seeme more firme , then the workes of mens hands , assuring vs that so noble a citie and populous territories would yeeld a very ambitious Prince reasonable satisfaction , if it might bee commanded by the authority of a Monarch , and had the vnity of a well-ordered Common-wealth and Kingdome .

The Countrey of Freesland would require an ample discouery Freesland . to extract her originall , and relate her stories : so would Cleeueland , the land of Luke Munsterland , and some others reputed Neuters , that is , neither maintaining the Spanyard in his military inuasion , nor supporting the States in their iustifiable defences . But I refer you to their own & manyother commentaries , & content myself with a cursory trauell , and what I can catch hold of by running touches . It is diuided into two parts by the riuer Amisia , which commeth downe by Embden : East Freesland challenging a particular preheminence and iurisdiction , as I sayd , by it selfe : and West Freesland suffering this partition , Ostergo , Groining . Westergo , Transilana , Drenta , Tuenta , the seuen woods and Lordship of Groining , a beautifull towne and famous for that siege , wherein were 80000. in the field on both sides 1594. when Prince Maurice obtained it for the States , being before ouer-awed 1580. by the Duke of Parma . As it hath more cattle and pasture then other prouinces : so more villages , & the inhabitants are more warlike , insomuch , that commonly there is a Regiment or two of Frizons in the army , when amongst the foot-companies there is scarse two hundred Dutch-men besides : yet haue they many troops of horse , and are distinguished by diuers characters , although they speake all one language , either high or Low-Dutch , as Resties , Lansguents , Frizons , Switzers , High-Germans , Dutch , and Free-booters , or Boot-halers .

I haue insisted the longer on the discourse of these Prouinces , The Low-Countries is lost by the Spanyard . because you may see the errours of selfe will and ill counsell , euen in the gouernment of mighty Monarchs , as I sayd before . For the conquest of the West Indies , the onely greatnesse of Spaine , was not , nor is so glorious to his ostentation , as the losse of the Low-Countries ( when hee might with peace & mansuetude haue opened the arms of a louing father ouer them ) greeuous to his remembrance , and a very wound to his policy . Because if these countries were vnited , and altred from their Aristocratia or Democratia , chuse you whether , to the vniformity of a Monarchie , affoording to Caesar what belongeth to Caesar , raising their nobility , aduancing the well-deseruers , encreasing their estates , disciplining their able men to the seruice of the warres , and from the imitation of other countries endeauouring to raise their owne glories , it would surmount all the reuenues of Spaine , which for extent of ground measureth six times as much ; nay , if I added the West Indies , computatis computandis , I might be beleeued after some reasonable disceptation . For say a stirring spirit desired glory and pompous attendancy . From hence might bee obtained infinite treasure , settled content , high magnificence , multitude of subiects , commerces of marchants , store of shipping , stately horses , louing people , and the glory of A generall commendation . nature , beauty it selfe : so that if the Arch-Dukes fortune could raise him to such a height , if at first he honoured the Enfanta , with vshering her bare-headed into Bruxels , hee might then prostrate himselfe before her throne indeed , as one of the greatest Princes of the world . For although his hopes did depend vpon other supportation , and in her owne language he cries Kala , as peraduenture determining a composition with his brother Mathias , if the peacefull Rodolphus were once discharged of his debt to nature , whereby she might be Empresse of Germany : yet cannot a meere titular dignity come neere so great a contentment , as to haue the fruition of such a kingdome , and natiue felicity . But if delicate life and quiet establishment of temporall happinesse were propounded , amongst these is honesty of contracts , probity of manners , truth of word , preuention of wants , fulnesse of wealth , delicacy of apparrell , neatnesse of furniture , vniformity of building , magnificence of structures , plenty of viands , sumptuousnesse of feasts , liberty of conuersation , and what else enflameth our desires to helpe our deficiencie : yea the very behauiour of the women enforceth admiration . For being tall , beautifull , actiue , and familiar , they are yet free from those peenish humors of ielousie , lightnes , & pride , which make vs weary one of another : Besides all their words , & actions tend to simplicitie , and modest plainenes , retaining with all this suppliment of wants , making of cloth , and knitting of lace and dainty works : But when I consider their mutuall entercourses , their skill in buying and selling , their frequenting of the shops , their going from place to place without so much as suspition of incontinencie , and their loue to their husbands and children euen in the ouerflowings of naturall imperfections , or if you will diseases of the Nation ; I stand amased , and sweare , that vertue cannot be poore , and an honest minde will not be seduced for any worldly respects to the slauish corruption of las●…iuiousnes , or dishonestie .

CHAP. XVI . The Monarchy of Great Britaine .

THE last of all Countries , and as many England . thinke the least , but such a least , as if a pretty sparke of a pure Diamond should triumph ouer a border of soft topasses , is the kingdome of ENGLAND ; now proclaimed vnder the royall standard of Great Britaine , France , and Ireland , stile enough , if the desire of man know what is enough . But alas , ●…nisi ab orbe Britanni : wherein I thinke nature and glory plaied the silken Artist or Artificer , chuse you whether , who in sorting out his commodities laies the principall aside for a friend , or his owne vse : so did our first mother deale with this ILAND , allowing it a double portion of blessings before the other countries of the world for her owne honour . But at this time you shall not heare mee stammer out my words , considering Mr Cambden hath spoken so well and distinctly , as if a Lawyers cunning had not onely inlarged some excellent matter , but doubly graced the same with good deliuerie , and pleasing elocution : Besides , I must in the second booke vntie her bound-vp fardell , and come to more neerer particulars , and therefore there shall be now no further disputing of the same : yet Ireland hath made me amased to see such an impossibilitie to reduce her , which mee thinks cannot proceed from any innated hatred against vs particularly ( though it be an vnsauoury truth ) because in affecting Spaine and France shee disclaimeth their formalitie , and would faine besprinkle the beautifull faces of ciuilitie , gouernment , formes of Cities , courtlines , maiestie , and state , with the vntoward termes and abuses of policie , restraint of libertie , couetousnes , flattery , pride , and licentiousnes : therefore I will bee the bolder to speake a word or two of her vnkindnes .

CHAP. XVII . The description of IRELAND .

THE country and kingdome of IRELAND is generally for naturall aire , and commoditie Ireland . of blessings , sufficient to satisfie a couetous , or curious appetite : but withall diuided into such fastnes of mountaine , bogg , and wood , that it hath emboldned the inhabitants to presume on hereditary securirie , as if disobedience had a protection . For the mountaines denie any cariages , but by great industry and strength of men ( so haue we drawne the Cannon ouer the deepest boggs , & stoniest hils ) and the passages are euery way dangerous , both for vnfirmenes of ground , & the lurking rebell , who will plash downe whole trees ouer the paces , and so intricately winde them , or lay them , that they shall be a strong barracado , and then lurke in ambush amongst the standing wood , playing vpon all commers , as they intend to goe along . On the bogg they likewise presume with a naked celeritie to come as neere our foote and horse , as is possible , and then flie off againe , knowing we cannot , or indeed dare not follow them : and thus they serue vs in the narrow entrances into their glins , and stony paths , or if you will dangerous quagmires of their mountaines , where a 100 shot shall rebate the hasty approch of 500 ; and a few muskets ( if they durst carry any ) well placed , will stagger a pretty Armie , not acquainted with the terror , or vnpreuenting the mischeefe .

The Prouince of LEMSTER is more orderly than Lemster . the rest , as being reasonable well inhabited , and hauing some forme of a Common-wealth ; so that I finde no mislike either for delight , or profit , but that the want of wood abridgeth their computation of happinesse ; yet questionles was the principall cause of our reducing them to ciuilitie , and the place wherein we first setled many English families . Some vnite , and some diuide the kingdome of Meth from Lemster , and make it a Prouince of it selfe , containing East-Meth , West-Meth , and Longford , wherein O Roorck is resident , supposing himselfe the greatest Gentleman in the world ; yea contesting many times with Oneal , how euer with much adoe he afforded him precedencie : The countrey is very fruitfull and pleasant , not so mountanous , but ill inhabited : For the warres , and their owne bestialitie , haue not onely made a separation of all good order , but euen terrified both beast and fowle from commorance amongst them in many places .

The Prouince of MVNSTER hath some Townes well Munster . aduanced by the sea coasts , and many excellent harbours , wherein Ireland may boast ouer all the countries of Europe : The grounds adiacent are very fertile , and in many places afford cause of ostentation ; but more inward they are very barren and mountanous , full of boggs , wood , and other remote places , whose fastnes hath incited the people to ouer-great presumption : yet because of the spatiousnes with men desiring good order , it might be reduced and reformed , as enioying plentifull and sweet riuers , full of fish , and some of sufficient depth to transport reasonable boates into the land .

The Prouince of CONACH is diuided from the rest by a Conach . goodly riuer called the Shanon , being as I take it the greatest of any Iland in the world : For it fetcheth a course of 200 mile , and filleth his channell along the shores of Longford , Meths , Ormond , Limrick , and Kerry , yet serueth them in no great stead : For their shipping commeth no further , than Limrick , where it is fiue mile broad fresh water , and 60 mile from the maine sea , from thence small cotts , as they tearme their boates , carry their wood , turff , fish , and other commodities : but for fish , as Salmon , Breame , Pike , and diuers other sorts , I shall not be beleeued to relate the numbers , and hugenes , by such as are enemies to obseruation , or the beleefe of the blessings of other countries . Within 20 mile of Limrick , as I take it , a litle beyond , the praecinct of Caher-Castle a strange rock hath taken her lodging euen crosse the riuer , and filleth the roome in such a manner , that almost the nauigation is hindred thereby : but what cannot men and money doe ? and why should not these idle people be industriously imployed to remoue the same , & so free the passage to Athlone : As for an obiection of impossiblitie ; the iudgement of men hath yeelded to suruey , and many examples haue confirmed the effects of more laborious attempts . The south part , namely Tomond , ( for by reason of the riuers interposing it selfe I see no reason why it should be disiointed from Conach ) with Galloway and Clenricard is very stonie , full of marble , alablaster , and iett , and hath better order both for number and good building in their Castles , than other parts of Ireland : The north from Athlone to the Abbey of Aboile , and so beyond the Curlewes as farre as Slego , is of excellent temperature and goodnesse : These Curlewes are mountaines full of dangerous passages , especially when the Kern take a stomach and a pride to enter into action , as they terme their rebellion and tumultuary insurrections . On the other side the County of Maio consorteth with the pleasingest place in the Kingdome , by whose beaten banks lye those famous Ilands of life , of whom a ridiculous tale is fathered , that nothing dies in them , so that when the inhabitants grow old , they are caried else where , which custome they haue of late superstitiously obserued both in these Ilands of Aran , and some other adioyning of the same condition , as they suppose .

The Prouince of VLSTER , and called the North is Ulster . very large , and withall mountanous , full of great Loughs of fresh water , except Lough Cone , which ebbeth and floweth , as the Sea shouldreth aside the streites at Strangford , and with that violence at the ebb , that a ship vnder saile with a reasonable gale of winde cannot enter against the tide . These lakes nature hath appointed in steed of riuers , and stored with fish , especially Trowt , and Pike , of such strange proportion , that if I should tell you of a Trowt taken vp in Tyrone 46 inches long , and presented to the L : Montioy , then Deputie : you would demand , whether I was oculatus testis , and I answer , I eat my part of it , and as I take it both my L : Dauers , and Sir William Goodolphin were at the table , and worthy Sir Iosias Bodley hath the portraiture depicted in plano . Here are no Townes , or at least very few , but diuers Castles dispersed , and the inhabitants remoue their cabbins , as their cattle change pasture , somewhat like the Tartarians , except in times of warre , and troubles , then doe they retire vnder the couett of Castles , and order their houses wonde with rods , and couered with turffs , as well as they can , bringing their cattle euen within their houses , lying altogether in one roome both to preuent robberies of Kern , and spoile by Wolues . Amongst these euery country is subiect to the Law Tanist , which is , he which is best able to maintaine the reputation of their familie , is the great O , and commander .

Through the Kingdome generally the winter is neither so cold , nor the summer so hot as in England , by reason whereof Haruest is very late , and in the North wheat will not quickly ripen , nor haue they acornes once in a dozen yeere : their principall corne is oates , which are commonly burnt out of the straw , and then trod from the husks with mens feete ; of this they make their bread in cakes , being first grownd by calliots and drudges very naked , and beastly sitting on the ground , with the mill like our mustard quernes betweene their legs , and then vpon broad yron presses they bake the meale when it is kneaded ; which custome the best obserue in Munster with their cheefest corne . The continuall showers and mists make the countrey more dangerous to our Nation , debarring the absolute assurance of wholesome aire , and the consequent health : seldome any frost continues , or snow lieth long , but on the mountaines , in which are great store of Deere both red & fallow . The abundance of Wolues compels them to house their cattle in the bawnes of their Castles , where all the winter nights they stand vp to the bellies in durt : another reason is , to preuent theeues , and false-harted brethren , who haue spies abroad , & will come 30 mile out of one Prouince into another to practise a cunning robbery . The people are generally haters of bondage , and beyond measure proud : so that the yonger brothers , and bastards , who are as deare as the other , scorne all endeuours , but liberty and warre . The Gentlewomen stomach , and in truth vilipend others , who get their liuing by trade , merchandice , or mechanically : yet are diuers Grauers in gold and siluer , called plaine tinkers , who make their challices , harpes , buttons for their sleeues , crucifixes , and such like , in estimation amongst them . Their Noblemen , or Lords called Dynastas , are knowne by O and Mac , and euery familie hath such as minister iustice to the people , famoused by the title of Breahans , and yet the exactions ouer their tenants by way of cuttings , and other terrible impositions , haue caused diuers rebellions and insurrections amongst themselues , which when the State hath attempted to reforme , then haue they stood on their guard , and taken indirect occasions to condemne our vsurpation , whereby their odious and hatefull repinings , like a menstruous cloth , haue made their disobedience loathsome , and brought vpon them such miseries , as a calamitous warre and angry Prince inflicteth turbulent people withall . These families haue also such , as by way of historie elate them to exorbitant actions , ioyning withall the abuse of Poetry , and deceit of Physicke , knowne by the name of Bardes , on whom depend certaine harpers , rymers , and Priests , which liue in a kinred , the father instructing the sonne , or brother , and he his cosin , or friend . The name of Galliglas is in a manner extinct , but of Kern in great reputation , as seruing them in their reuolts , and prouing sufficient souldiers , but excellent for skirmish . They haue strong and able bodies , proud hearts , pestilent wits , liberall of life , subiect to incontinency , amorous , wherein their women are extraordinarily pleased , patient to endure , louers of musicke , and hospitalitie , constant to their maintainers , whether men or women , implacable in their hatred , light of beleefe , couetous of glory , impatient of reproch , or contumelie ; not thinking it yet any disgrace to receiue a nickname at their christning , as Con Oneale banco , because hee was lame . Besides , they are all extreamely superstitious , as indeed barbarous people are best obseruers of ceremonies , and when any of them enters into religion , it is admirable with what austeritie they reforme themselues : Their children are nursed abroad , and their foster-fathers and foster-mothers are as deare to them , as their owne kinred : They vse incantations and spells , wearing girdles of womens haire , and locks of their louers ; they suppose idlenes a glory of nature , and by their sluttish , or rather sauage customes striue to scorne ( as they say ) our superfluitie : They are ready vpon any inforcement by the imposturing Art of their Bardes to innovation , as enuying our first conquest , and stomaching they were neuer able to expell vs : They are desperate in reuenge , and their Kerne thinke no man dead , vntill his head be off : They suppose theft no great offence , as imitating the Lacedemonians ; for they pray to prosper in their attempts : but these be commonly the bastards of Priests , who proue notorious villaines , and the daughters either begg or become strumpets , or if you will , beggerly strumpets . They commonly intermix othes with their speeches , as by the Trinitie , God , his Saints , St Patrick , St Briget , faith , and troth , the Temple , your hand , O Neales hand , and such like . Their mariages are strange ; for they are made sometimes I haue knowne of them deliuered in the morning & march along with vs the same d●… . so conditionally , that vpon a slight occasion the man taketh another wife , the wife another husband : They are easily deliuered of their children , and if they haue any by diuers men , at their deaths they resigne them to the right father ; the new maried and conceiued with childe giueth the Barde her best clothes : They haue soft and excellent skins and hands : but the small of their leggs hangeth in a manner ouer their brogs : Their apparrell is a mantle to sleepe in , and that on the ground on some rushes or flags : a thicke gathered smocke with wide sleeues graced with bracelets and crucifixes about their necks : They weare linnen rowles about their heads of diuers fashions : in Vlster carelesly wonde about : in Conach like Bishops miters , a very stately attire , and once prohibited by Statute : in Munster resembling a thicke Chesshire cheese . Their smocks are saffrond against vermine ; for they weare them three moneths together ; but to be lowsie is hereditarie with the best of them , and no disgrace . Both men and women not long since accustomed a sauage manner of dyet , which was raw flesh , drinking the blood , now they seeth it , and quaff vp the liquor , and then take Vsquebath : not hauing flesh they feede on Watercresses , Shamrocks , and Bonniclaboch , which is milke strangely put into a tub a sowring , till it be clodded , and curded together : when the Cow wiil not let her milke downe they blow her behinde very strangely , and sometimes thrust vp their armes to their elbowes , speaking words of gentlenes and intreaty by way of bemoning . The men weare trowses , mantle , and a cap of steele ; they are curious about their horses tending to witchcraft ; they haue no saddles , but strange fashioned pads , their horses are for the most part vnshod behinde : they vse axes , staues , broad swords , and darts : In Terconnell the haire of their head growes so long and curled , that they goe bare-headed , and are called Glibs , the women Glibbins . These and many other doe the meere Irish obserue with resolution and our wonderment not to be diuerted , as if the Poet should finde fault with Quo semel est imbuta recens seruabit odorem Testa diu . And thus much for Topography , or superficiall view of the Kingdomes of the world .

LIBRI PRIMI FINIS .

EVRIP : ORESTES . Io , Io , lachrimosae mortalium gentes , laboriosae , Videtis quàm praeter spem parca adveniat . Aliae alijs atque alijs permutantur Clades diuturnitate temporis : Mortalium namque vniuersum instabile est aeuum .

ENGLANDS GLORY : THE SECOND BOOKE .

Wherein by way of comparison you shall see , with what prerogatiues shee maketh her progresse to the house of perfection before other NATIONS .

Imprinted at London by Edward Griffin . 1618.

that euery man may step into a Millaners shop , and prune himselfe in another bodies glasse : euery Reader take a booke of maps , and very neere deliniate as much ; and euery eye gase on the outside of a Pallace to praise or dispraise according to the transportation of humors : I will conduct you somewhat further into more inward roomes , or at least wise such , as my fortune or friendship admitted me into : For you must vnderstand , that as indeed in the Pallaces of Kings , the priuy chamber , bed-chamber , galleries of state , gardens of sequestration , and walkes of priuacie are debarred common intruders , yea sometimes denied to men of good eminence : so in the vnderstanding matters of state , conditions of kingdomes , secrets of common wealths , vses of trauell , and such like , euery man hath not the gift , & capacitie to yeeld you reason , or satisfaction : You shall therefore haue no more vaine-glorious promises of me , than a plaine demonstration of my owne endeuors , oportunity , and obseruations , concluding with that excellent Seneca : Quicquid patimur mortale : Quicquid facimus venit ab alto . And because my first purpose and intent promised to approue that of all the former recited countries , England had the prerogatiue , & enioyeth most of those blessings wherewith God euer marked any kingdome : in this booke I would faine perswade you to the same , and by reason or comparison bring you the sooner to distinction , & knowledg , wherby you shall be the abler to conclude with iudgment , & confidence in the truth : I must therfore giue you an instance of a time , cuntry , & King , which had a prerogatiue in happines ouer all nations either before , or since , & then contract our sophistry thus : that that kingdome , which commeth neerest to the example , shall haue the precedency .

The raigne of Salomon , and country of Canaan , euen the best part of terrestiall paradice shall be the lanterne to light vs out of this contention . For although Ahashuerosh preuailed from India to Aethiopia ouer 127 Prouinces , and made a feast in the Pallace of Sushan to all his Princes , and subiects , which lasted 180 daies vnder a hanging of white , greene , and blew cloth , the beds of gold and siluer , vpon a pauement of porphyrie , marble , and alablaster , the drinking vessels of gold with change after change ; and the Queene Vashti likewise kept the same correspondency with the women in the royall house of the King : Although Nabuchadnezar by lifting vp his eyes toward the Pallace of Babylon , elated also his heart with vaine ostentation , because he not onely had triumphed ouer Israel , tooke Iehoiachim King of Iuda prisoner , sacked Ierusalem , and caried the Princes of the Tribes into captiuitie , but might now establish the glory of the Chaldean Monarchy , and celebrate his magnificent feasts in the great Citie : Although Beltashar banqueted with the vessels of gold , wherein his Princes , his wiues , and concubines dranke before a 1000 , and with magnificent brauery was aduanced on a throne to command their prostitution , when he had cause of imperiousnes : Although another Nabuchadnezar was invested in Nineuie , and after the conquest of Arphaxad and his Cities , returned to that great Towne , & Pallace with a wondrous multitude , celebrating a feast 120 daies , & with insulting iollity appointed Holophernes to conduct 120000 foot , & 12000 horse , with all the glory of an Emperors armie against Siria and Iudea : Although Alexander the Macedonian preuailed against the forces of Asia , conquered Darius King of Medes and Persians , and compelled the tributary nations of the East to a slauish prostitution , rewarding his endeauours with an assumpted reputation of a god-head , & all the effects of wanton peace and magnificence , when hee returned to Babylon to celebrate the triumphs of his victories . Although Antiochus surnamed the Great , established his Kingdome from India to Aethiopia , and satisfied his ambition with the spoyles of Iuda , Ierusalem , and Aegypt , whereby he exposed a wonder of honourable court-ship , and illustrious gouernment . And although Octauius , for his happy successe in all his actions , was surnamed Augustus , and had those Halcion dayes , as an Emperour of peace , wherein abundance , state , and prosperity played the wantons with one another . Yet questionlesse must all instances of Emperours , Kings , maiesty and gouernment , giue place to the time and royalty of Salomon , whose prosperity ouerflowed like a swelling riuer , and filled euery empty place with fulnesse , gladnesse , and encrease : so that if you will examine me vpon interrogatories , I thus put in mine answer , and according to the true vse of an affidauit , affirme nothing but truth and plainenesse .

Then was Salomon in his royalty , when the Temple was built , the Priesthood confirmed , the Prophets set at Salomons royalty . liberty , and the Saints of God were had in estimation : when he erected a brazen scaffold in the midst of the court , fiue cubits long , fiue broad , and three in height , on which hee stood , and kneeled before all the congregation of Israel , when hee offered a sacrifice of 22000. bullockes , and 120000. sheepe , making a feast of seuen dayes , and all Israel with him : when he serued God truely , and permitted Nathan the Prophet , Ahiah the Silonite , and Ieddo the Seer , to pronounce the iudgements of God against the reprobate and obstinate , and divulge his mercy toward the penitent , and true conuertist . Then was Salomon in his royalty , when hee made a porch of fifty cubits long , and thirty broad , in which hee sat to determine the controuersies of his Kingdome , whereby all sorts had accesse to the throne of Iustice , and very harlots leuiated in their greeuances . Then was Salomon in his royalty , when his owne palace was finished after thirteene yeeres labours of 160000. worke-men , to which he brought his wife , euen Pharaohs daughter : when hee was aduanced on a throne of iuory and gold , and caused a seat to bee placed for the Kings mother , & rose to meet her , setling her on his right hand : when his throne had six steps , and twelue Lyons of gold , when all his drinking vessels were of gold , and siluer was nothing esteemed : when hee made two hundred targets , and three hundred shields of gold , a throne of precious stone , and couered the Ibony with the best gold : when his prouision for one day was 30. measures of fine floure , and 60. of meale , 10. fat oxen , and 20. out of the pastures , 100. sheepe , besides harts , buckes , bugles , and fat foule . Then was Salomon in his royalty , when he asked wisdom at the hands of God , and distributed equity to all his people , when hee spake 3000. prouerbs , and 1000. songs , when he related the nature of trees , plants , beasts , fowle , fishes , and creeping things , when he appoynted the Officers of his houshold , and Commanders ouer Prouinces , first 3300. then 300. lastly 250. as Princes and principall ouer the other , when the Queene of Sheba came to prooue him with hard questions , and brought him odours , golde , and precious stones : when she saw his wisdome , the house he had built , the prouision of his table , the sitting of his seruants , the ordering of his ministers , and their apparrell , his drinking-vessels , and burnt offerings , when there came of all people to heare his wisdome , when hee excelled all the Kings of the earth in riches , and administration of equity , when hee blessed the people , and praised God in publike , giuing the Priests and Prophets liberty to maintaine the cause of the Lord of hosts , and not permitting the corruption of the world to transferre them beyond the limits of true deuotion , and religious piety , and when he so ouer-looked & ouer-awed all Officers of the Kingdome , that neither the mighty made their greatnesse a bar to descend to the practise of charitable actions , nor the better sort tooke ill example by the higher to practise vnbefitting policy , or oppressions of the poore : nor the inferiour had cause of clamorous repinings , or tumultuary insurrections against the gouernment , abusing the people .

Then was Salomon in his royalty , when he had built cities of store , cities of chariots , cities for horse-men neere Ierusalem , when hee went in person to Hamah Zobah , and ouercame it , and re-edified Bethoran the vpper , and Bethoran the nether , cities defenced with walls , gates , and bars : when he built the cities of store in forraine parts , and walled in all places expugned and depopulated by the wars of Saul and his father , or if you will , the house of Beniamin and Iuda , contending for the Diadem . When hee had 40000. stalls of horses for his chariots , 12000. horse-men for his guard , and fortified diuers places of garison , maintaining martiall discipline , and by example of Dauids Princely rewarding men of merit , not permitting the vertue of well-deseruers to mourne for want of acceptation . Then was Salomon in his royalty , when he built a nauy of ships by the red sea , when King Hiram sent him mariners , and they were entertained for their experience , industry , and knowledge : when they went to Ophir , and brought from thence 400. tallents of gold , when hee ioyned the nauy of Tharsus with the nauy of Hiram , which once in three yeeres brought gold , siluer , iuory , apes , and peacocks , when he had horses out of Aegypt , and fine linnen , which the Kings Marchants receiued at a price , when he went to the red sea to view his nauy , when he mustred his chariots and horse-men , marching with his armies like an Emperour indeede , and making his peaceable progresses like a magnificent Prince . Then was Salomon in his royalty , when the King of Tyrus contracted a league with him , when the Aegyptians and Moores sent him presents , and all the neighbouring Princes combined amity , and were ( as it were ) either emulous of his greatnesse , or proud of his friendship . Then was Salomon in his royalty , when the cities of his Kingdome were populous , opulent , and full of delight , when Iuda and Israel dwelt without feare , euery man vnder his vine and figg-tree , when they were many as the sand of the sea , eating , drinking , and making merry , when the people reioyced in mutuall entercourses , liuing with reciprocall obseruations , no man repining , no man malicious , no man iealous , no man elated , no man oppressing , no man insulting , no man ambitious , no man an Vsurer , or traduced for such raging sinnes , as commonly are supported in all gouernments by Princes fauours , conniuency of Magistrates , power of authoritie , corruption of officers , and wilfulnesse of offenders : not that the times were so cleere , and free from abuses , as if men were Angels on earth , without errours or imperfections : but that they liued in a more modest fearefulnesse for offending God , then in these presumptuous times , and durst embolden one another to make a pastime of iniquity , and vex the honest neighbour with a violent prosecution of wickednesse : otherwise in all ages , times , and nations , as you endure at natures hands frosts , thunders , tempests , vnseasonable weather , barren yeeres , and raging invndations ; her hereditary defects : so must you tolerate the vaine-glory and prodigality of Courtiers , the couetousnes of Magistrates , the legall dissembling of Citizens , the cunning of Artificers , the idlenesse of Gentle-men , the stubbornnesse of Pesants , the contumacy of Souldiers , and such like offences , as inconueniences of life , and somtimes nationall vices , or customary sinnes . And thus much for example .

CHAP. II. Countries compared to Canaan , and Salomons glorious happinesse , and first of all the Tartars .

NOw must wee take out our other clothes to The dominion of the great Cham compared . the light , & by laying them together , iudge of their finenesse , or at least , how neerely they can match our example : and although to this purpose wee neede not once name the countries of prophanation , or fill our discourses with the vnsauoury particulars of such beastly , filthy , and abominable gouernment : so farre from the method of true maiesty , and established blessednesse , as their workes of mens hands , I meane their Idols , from the omnipotency of the Creatour , or blasphemous ignorance from the translucent light of inestimable truth : yet will I not bee so partiall , or preiudicate , to cast them off without reason , or sufficient cause of disparity . To beginne therefore with those vast and huge territories of the great Emperor Cham , now including infinite nations vnder the name of Tartarians . Vntill you come to Tangut and Mangia , all the North & Western parts are stil rude & vnciuill , without fashionable cities , or any formall handsomnesse , and liue in a manner as barbarously as the ancient Scythians , who to their frozen climate and distempered aire , added as frozen harts to morality and charitable workes ; nay in truth , liued in all inhumane bestiality , vnder the couert of valour , and being a fierce nation to strangers , and in battell against their enemies : so that , what with their vast desarts , remote countries from Europes concourses , and want of such things , which we either desire , or stand in neede of : they are sildome visited by strangers but for curiosity , and as sildome entertaine such as come amongst them with affability and orderly welcome . Besides , according to that absolute principle , that barbarous people are best obseruers of ceremonies & customs , they wil neither reform any thing which is amisse , nor conform themselues to the decencies of our Christian cities ; nay , in a manner either out of scorne or hate , their next neighbors the Turks are distasting vnto them , & after a strange fashion of derision they mock at their formality , although ( as I sayd in my first book ) the Tartar Chrim challengeth a kinde of affinity with the race of Ottoman , and euer since Tamberlaine conquered Persia and Baiazet , haue entermingled some of their women amongst them , wherby they keep correspondency and confederation , so that when the Turke hath occasion to supply his running army , either against Persia or Christendome , they send him 100000. at a time : but so rude , naked , vnprouided , and vndisciplined , that I speake confidently , and out of some experience , a hundred well trained and ordered souldiers will beat a thousand of them , especially if they can be first staggered with any vnacquainted sight , or strength ; I meane our battalions of pikes , strong squadrons of horse , firme standings of muskets , and martiall cheerefulnesse from trumpets and drums : for they are presumptuous of nothing , but their bowes and arrowes , swiftnesse of horse-manship in pursuits , and running after preyes or spoiles , and clamorous noyse of horse , and miserable out-cries : so that at one word , neither in warre or peace , they cannot be graced with one word of our example , or Salomons happinesse . As for Tangut and Mangia , the very cause of his pride and elated titles , if there can be any pride in bestiality , or shew of magnificence in a Princes sequestration from his people ; they are mighty prouinces indeed , and extend to the circling about 1500. English mile of ground , haue many and great cities , and that part toward China , is walled 800. mile , for feare of excursions of the common aduersary : but neither is their gouernment tending to the true vse of iustice in generall , nor their conuersation admitting of happy and sociable meetings in particular : for hee that is most mighty ouerswaies the weaker , and he that is most friendly , will cut your throat vpon the least susption or cause of reuenge : as for their best fortified cities , their temples , wals , store-houses , and Emperors , or Gouenors palace , are structures to be looked vpon , and onely worthy of commendation : but the rest of the houses low , vnfashionable , builded most of turffe and canes , which they buy from India and China , and in winter full of smoke and stincke , as in other remooueable cabbins or tents of the Tartars : so that except the Emperour himselfe , and his customes , which are rather tyrannous , then princely , there is nothing amongst them worthy imitation of ruder people . For such marchandies as passe reciprocally betweene them and the Chinesses , or those of Iapan ( except Rheubarb , which commonly commeth 〈◊〉 neerer way into Europe through the Caspian sea , and so into Armenia ) are euer in hazard to be lost , by the most powerfullest fraud , either of the buyer or seller : so that sometimes you shall haue 20000. marchants of Iapan , China , and the other Ilands , stayd at a time in Quinzay , Camb●…lu , and Tangut , whereupon the vnkindnesse bursts out into open hostility , and to be reuenged of one another , armies of 200000. and more of a side , fill their fields with terror and death , to which if you adde the aduantagious lying in wait on the wall raised vnder mount Taurus betweene them , vpon sudden excursions of the inhabitants , or breaches in the time of inuasion , it will adde a feare and terror to your attention , from the report of so many sauage slaughters , and wilfull command of the Emperours , for whose sake whole families will not care to die , nay , striue to shew their duty in this kinde : yet there is one thing most commendable amongst them , that except the warre is ( at it were ) publikely proclaimed betweene their Emperors , the people of themselues liue peaceably from offending one another , and dare not touch a stone on either side of the wall , with a cunning purpose to weaken the same . Amongst other things , their strife about their Emperours titles is so ridiculous ( for Cham will be called Dominus Dominantium , and he of China , Filius Coeli , as in my first book may appeare ) that the least derogation is breach of the peace , and a small comparison casteth vp the dust of contention in both their eyes . For although China be not so big as Tartary by two parts , yet being better inhabited and adorned with Townes , and Cities , it presumeth for competition of glory , and dare aduenture to maintaine their honorable bestialitie , and idolatrous wretchednes both waies with force of armes . To conclude , if you come to gouernment , loue , dyet , conuersation , hansom apparell , attendancie , friendship , honest meetings , peaceable trafficke , and all such things , whereby the temporall blessings of God are manifested to men , that looke no further , nor enioy the happines to search for happines more deeply , there is not any thing otherwise , than the pride and state of their Emperor , some herbes and drugs for physicke , their northern race of horses , and certaine skins & furres , which couer their houses , and keepe their bodies warme , worthy the looking after , or indeed fit to come neere the borders of the kingdome of true felicitie .

CHAP. III. CHINA compared , and her deficiency manifested .

BEfore I proceede any further in the China farre short of Salomons happinesse . description of these remote countries , I must by way of Apologie excuse my pouertie in knowledge and breuity in bringing either par-'ticular , or substantiall matter before the barre of examination . For first I dare not meddle with ancient Authors , because times haue altred all things , and there is a kinde of vicissitude of gouernment and kingdomes attending the highest prouidence : nor will I once read ouer moderne writers , lest I be tempted to a cunning theft , and can but shew you indeed the countenances of other men , so that if the first were now to view their owne handy-works , and either saw , how warres , or antiquitie had ouer-mantled those delicate , strong , and magnificent Cities and countries , with deuastation , misery , and wretched affliction , which they had so much commended , and laboured by great arte and industry to delineate , or decipher : Or could consider how peace and ingenious endeuours had manured , and made exuberant euen barren soiles , & vnfashionable grounds , had clothed naked men with royall ornaments ; had inlarged poore Townes and Cities to stately , and princely structures ; had taught despised people to march arme in arme with honorable renowne , and glorious victories , with infinite such like , they would questionles stand amased to see now such a change and alteration , or confounded to suppose themselues vnhappy for not liuing in this happines , and these times of peace and plenty , yea such peace and plenty , as if they had learned an arte of gracefulnes , and cunning of adornation : like a curious and expert Ieweller , who though a diamond be a diamond , and stone of inestimable valew , yet can by his skill adde a brauery and extraordinary lustre to the same . As for the newer sort of Historiographers , first for my selfe , they shall haue no such aduantage ouer mee , as to challenge mee for felony in stealing any wealth or riches from them , or exprobrate me of ingratitude for being beholding vnto them , and not acknowledging the same : Next concerning themselues , I wonder they are not ashamed to fill vp their leaues with the lines of falshood , and maruell they are so litle acquainted with honest trauellers , that may tell them the truth , or at least instruct them in an arte of seeming probabilitie ; as for example : in plaine honestie I wonder , how Munster that learned man , and famous Chronologer , could be so deceiued or abused to talke of Pigmeies , of men with long eares , and one foote , and such like ? I could name many others , as Sir Iohn Mandeuill , the description of India , diuers pamphlets of voyages , and peraduenture histories of acceptation , in which not onely absurdities passe for current , but vntruths and impossibilities carry the sway of licence , and approbation . Therefore ( as I said ) for my owne part , I disclaime them all , and either tye my selfe to my poore endeuours , or aduenture on such passages of ciuill authoritie , as come neere probabilitie and religion : onely in this I will play the truant with others , that as in vnknowne countries they fill vp the Map with gyants , beasts , monsters , and some strange battailes : and in writing of Chronicles they passe ouer the liues of their first Princes with only names , and peraduenture suppositions , because they would say some thing : so in these , or of these remote Nations , I will onely tell you what I haue seen my self in some cursory trauels , or learned of others , with whom by an Interpreter I haue of purpose entertained communication : As when I was in Turky I saw the Armie of the Tartars mustred by the fields of Scideret , and had the priuiledge of a Ianizarie to protect me from wrong , and be my interpreter for such things , as my wit and memory incited me to make vse of . At my L : Embassadors againe I presumed on a conference with the Persian Embassador , and as farre as my memory and vnderstanding was capable of instruction , made benefit of some relations : and going to sea to Alexandria there were both Indians , Iewes , Arabians , and Armenians aboord , from whom I catched what I could , supplying my desire of nouelties with their discourses : of whom concerning the purpose in hand , I learnt , that China was a great and oppulent countrey in continuall warres with the Tartars , ielous one of another , and an enemy in the highest degree to all strangers , yea so farre from hospitalitie , and pious inclination to entertainment and commiseration , that they studie to circumuent their passengers , and come aboord with hypocriticall desire of satisfaction in nouelties , and then at aduantage either surprize the ships , or endanger the weaker company by ouer-mastring them , as many of our English both at the Philippines , and landing in Iapan haue had cause of testification : nor amongst themselues is there any such appearance of happines , or plenty . For though they boast of mines and many pretious stones , yet doe they vent no commodities or merchandice , but for ready money , and we are faine to carry siluer into India , from whence we receiue such things , as curious stuffe , and trifling toyes , as they are disposed to vtter . But if you come neerer them , and to our purpose indeed , as by the Indians discourses may be collected ; they are ielous , malitious , want prouision , take little rest , are in tumultuous vprores , terrified with theeues , for all there is nothing so seuerely punished , dare not displease their Emperor , who is in a manner adored amongst them , liue on rootes , and kernels of nuts , and troubled with serpents , and many venemous wormes , distempred with strange tempests , and windes , terrified with apparitions and illuding visions , kill their old men , if they liue too long , make no conscience of selling their virgins for money , and filthy pr●…stitutions , are carelesse of any orders , and glory in nothing but going to warres with the Tartars , and keeping all Nations out of their countrey . Besides , they are diuers times subiect to famine of bread , and liue vpon herbes and fruit , nor doe they conuerse one with another with cheerefull meetings , but are enuious , if any grow richer than themselues : as for the country-man , his only maintenance consists in keeping a few Bees , silke wormes , filling his gardens with gowrdes and rootes , and making a kinde of drinke of berries , and the fruit of certaine trees preserued for the same purpose : but in all things so short of our example of happinesse , as he would be of reaching heauen with a stretched-out arme , that goeth of purpose to the top of the Alpes with supposition of attaining his purpose , because the mountaine seemeth so exalted aboue the inferior ground .

CHAP. IV. INDIA compared , and her defects manifested .

ALthough ( as I said before ) concerning India commeth short of a happy countrey . these idolatrous countries , I might with Iehu cast out the Priests of Baal , breake downe the altars , and ouerthrow the idols of the heathen , and so neede not once name them for want of true religion , and acknowledging the mysterie of saluation : yet will I ouerpasse that principall point , and come to their Citie walls and plenteous fields with neerer approches of confutation : nor shall their two summers , double increase of fruit , plentifull riuers , temperature of aire , strange wolly and tailed sheepe , great fowle , and vnheard of wormes , with rindes of trees , silkes , pretious stones , canes , and many other trifling marchandice , which they receiue for the most part by commutation out of China , terrifie me from my assertions , considering , if God send temporall blessings , and they are either not wrought vpon with comfort , and orderly profit ; or abused in their vse and seruice , it were better for a kingdome not to enioy the same at all . If then in India , and the many countries and kingdomes marching vnder the flourishing colours of her prosperitie , be as many filthy customes of incontinency , that they prostitute their daughters for money , and are contented to sell their chastitie for reward , nay in sundry places to bring their virgins before beastly idols , and cause them to fill their wombe with the priapus of the same , whereat , if so be the tender maide seemeth terrified , or ashamed , the mother shall stand behinde , and thrust her most violently forward : with diuers other lamentable customes tending to abomination : how can it come neere our example , when adultery was punished with death in Israel , and there was not a whore to be found ( especially by toleration ) amongst the daughters of Iuda ? If then in India the Kings and Princes swell against one another with tyranous ambition and reuenges , raising violent hostilitie against their neighbours and confederates , and practising horrible cruelty in their slaughters and victories : how can it come neere our example , when Salomon was denominated the Prince of peace , and confirmed a league of amitie and confederation with all adioyning Princes ? If then in India the Kings and Princes suppose it a glory to bee sequestred from their people , to terrifie them with cruell lookes and imperious controuling , not to be seene abroad , but in times of feares and terrors , to deny them orderly accesse for their complaints and greeuances , and to liue , as commanding obedience by tyranny , rather than loue : How can it come neere our example , when Salomon made a porch before his Pallace to determine the controuersies of his people in person ; offred sacrifice in publike vpon an Altar , and for seuen daies feasted all commers with cheerefulnes ; admitted the harlots to plead before him ; and aduanced his mother on a throne by his right side in the open view of the congregation , and proclaimed free audience and accesse for all commers , that had cause of complaint , and oppression ? If then in India theft and intrusion by strong hand be common matters , and howeuer there is great punishment inflicted on offenders in this kinde , as also in China , yet do they liue in continuall feare one of another , and the rich are hard-hearted against the poore , not onely suffering them to sterue without releefe , but in a manner hastning their deaths by authoritie , if either they grow aged , or impotent , and haue not of their owne to releeue their necessities : How can it come neere our example , when in Israel there was neither vagabond , or begger , no man durst remoue the marke in his neighbours field , no man oppressed his brother with vsury , and euen contrary families were entertained with mutuall entercourses ; yea when nature came to challenge her due , and sent her harbinger death to demand the same , they brought the body to the graue in peace , and solemnized the exequies with a fashionable ceremonie ? If then in India there is a maine want both of flesh , fish , and other prouision for the sustenance of man , especially to feede any multitude , or satisfie the meaner sort of people , who know not , what orderly feasting , and neighbourly meetings meane : How can it come neere our example , when Salomon spent 30 oxen , with infinite other acates euery day , and the people met in abundance , eating and drinking euery man vnder his vine & fig tree , and sent presents and gifts to one another with mutuall conuersation & reciprocall loue : If then in India neither are the Cities hansomly contriued , nor well furnished with houses , want ciuill gouernment , and administration of iustice , if the country villages are rude , and disordered , liuing in suspition of one another for spoile and robbery , if they faile in all comelines and morall fashioning themselues to hansomnes , and good order : How can it come neere our example , where Salomon reedified the Cities of store , the Cities of fortification , the Cities of refuge , the Cities of pleasure , when Salomon had his orderly officers of visitation , and gaue commandment to ouer-looke the manifold disturbances of the kingdome , and redresse the same with a strong hand against the mighty & insolent , and with a supporting arme for the poore and afflicted ? If then in India they care not to visit other countries , sell their people for slaues , make marchandice of one another , barbarously scorne to gratifie other Princes , and will in no sort practise the exploration of remote countries : How can it come neere our example , when Salomon built a Nauie at the red sea , had another to ioyne with Hiram , and sent abroad for gold and other prouision into forreine nations ; when he liued in peace and amitie with Pharaoh , contracted a mariage with his daughter , and maintained all the honorable customes to inlarge the glory and happines of a kingdom ? And so in diuers other particulars .

senting from Salomons prosperity and happinesse . So that to conclude in a word , neither are they to defend their owne glories , which so spred abroad former estimation , not to come neere our comparison in this her moderne di●…unction . For in their wants they are almost vnwilling to make triall of any fortune , considering they haue had such disastrous euents , as both the Turkes haue mightily encroached and preuailed against them . The Arabians with diuers roads and ouer-watchings haue dilacerated their gouernment , and the other countries adiacent to the Caspian sea stood at defiance with them : so that they not onely liue in continuall feare of further mischeefe , but are compelled to maintaine frontire garisons , to preuent finall ouerthrow and extirpation , and this they doe with extraordinary charge on all sides , and want indeed the martiall brauery , and forcible possibility of their former armies . In their best peace ( which is now still poysoned with the dregs of mischeeuous insurrections ) they are deficient in orderly traphique of marchants , in well-rigged nauies for exploration of other countries , or maintaining confederacy with remoter Princes : in pleasant and secure passages and wayes to trauell in : in cities or townes of entertainment , to lodge and repose the wearied company : in prouision of the countrey to sustaine nature , according to the blessing exposed in that kinde : in the countrey-mans honest vocation , who is heere worse then a miserable slaue : in the honourable liberty of women and conuersable meetings , who are heere debarred friendly entercourses , except wantons and strumpets , whom they inuite against festiuals , to lengthen out their pleasure , and lasciuious delight in voluptuousnesse : all which with diuers other , as there are diuers others to bee brought to the triall , if wee should dispute the matter more forcibly , come so farre short of our example , that they are rather meer contraries , and by reason of opposition , vtterly to bee excluded from any fulnesse of reputation , or true example of a Kingdomes prosperity .

CHAP. VI. TVRKY compared , and her imperfections layd open .

ALthough the Grand Signeur is the onely The Ma●…umetans are no way neere our example absolute Prince in the world , as hauing the liues , lands , and wealth of his subiects liable to his wilfulnesse , and imperious controling of whom hee please ; yet commeth hee farre short of a Kingdomes happinesse , religious administration , or generall blessings of a countrey , especially our example , where Salomon established his Princes and Nobles in propagato sanguine , where the Israelites pitched euery man vnder the tents of their fathers houses , and armes of their family , where Israel eat and dranke in mirth , and all sorts were ouer-shaded with their vine-yards and figg-trees in quiet , where the marchant trauelled in peace , and grew rich without repining , where many marchants were entertained from forraine countries , and well-commed with noble hospitality , where neither witch , begger , whore , or vsurer were permitted , and where plenty opened her lap , affoording equall distribution to all commers , who were either marked with merit , labour , vertue , or valour , and because you shall haue pleasure in a little variety , we will thus search the wounds of this gouernment , and discouer those defects , which must needes exempt her from exemplary happinesse , how euer she may swell with a big swolne face of territories and conquests , and first concerning the cruelty and tyrannous slaughters amongst themselues .

To begin with the fundamentall firmnesse of their gouernment The cruell gouernment of the Turks amongst themselues . and greatnesse , and the cheefe cause of expatiating the Empire : it consisteth all in aduancing of slaues , and cutting off any one , whether brother , sonne , and sometimes the fathers , who are either a barre in the pleasant walke of their soueraignty , or giue the least cause of suspition through competition or popularity . As for the name of slaue ; the greatest Viceer must acknowledge it , as the infallible position of establishment , a law ratefied by Mahomet , confirmed by custome , and strengthned through the obedience of all his vassals , as you may collect by that famous history of Mustapha , the principall Bashaw vnder Mustapha's story about Hyrena . Mahomet the first , who when hee saw the great Emperour effeminately ouercome with the loue of Hyrena the faire Greeke , and that there was suspition of ill successe in the warres , by this retardance and ouer-passionate satisfaction of pleasure , he aduentured to reclaime him from such neglect of his army , and tooke vpon him by some formall aduice , to diuert him from vilipending the Otthoman glory ; but how he proceeded , with what prostitution , with how many tearmes of slaue , and miserable wretch , and how vnlookt for hee escaped with life , after hee lay groueling on the ground , as resolued to die , our common stages can relate , and the story hath pregnant authority from many famous authours , who all conclude , that how euer he remembred himselfe , and with a sterne repining at Mustapha's audaciousnesse , with much a doe pardoned him from cruell execution : yet the beautifull Grecian shrunke vnder the stroak of a sauage hand , & ●…e the next day ( after a glorious shewing her with admiration to the whole armie ) strucke off her head , and most barbarously , as he inferred , to satisfie the army , deliuered him and them from further suspition of his effeminatenesse : in which fury he approached Adrinopolis , & neuer desisted till he had laid it prostrate before him . But if you would be acquainted with the true condition of their tyranny & imperiousnes , then looke vpon the new admission of their Emperours , into the sublime chaire of Maiesty , and you shall heare him commanding all his brethren to bee strangled before him , except one ; reserued , if the time allow it , for propagation of children , who likewise vpon the Turkes suppliment that way , shall miscarry by one meanes or other : yea , sometimes it happens , that when the aged father , or eldest brother is contented to admit of his sonne or yonger to the coparcinary of administration , or if you will , absolute power in the Empire , by reason of impotency , age , lunacy , or other naturall defects , they are most inhumanly rewarded with death , as Zelimus poysoned his father Baiazet , and the sonnes of Soliman the Magnificent shouldred one another into the pit of destruction .

Concerning the subiect ; nobility they neuer suffer in continuall discents , nor permit any man to grow rich , mighty , or popular , otherwise then may stand with the pleasure of the Emperour , which is apparant by the destruction of many worthie Bashawes and Seruitours , who ( when the Doctors of the Law haue concluded the matter by priuate conference ) are commonly carried by a

confessing that Mordecai had not bin rewarded ; but secret politicians supplied the roome , intimating still and still matter against him , which kindled the fire of the Emperors ielousie to such a blaze , that nothing but his personall appearance could quench the same .

When the Viceer perceiued the danger of such ouer-watchings , and began to be acquainted with too many princely messages , he absented himselfe a while , and with dilatory excuses laid as it were open his suspition of the Emperors ielousie against him , whereupon followed an obstinate deniall of comming , lest the affaires of the kingdomes might be intermitted ; and when that serued not the turne , he determined to stand on his guard , till at last the Gran Signeur was aduised not to regard him at all : whereupon the Mufti was called to councell , which is their principall Churchman , who together with diuers Doctors of their law resolued , that he was too dangerous to liue , and yet policie must be vsed in cutting him off : When the foundation of this building was laid , letters were contriued from the Prince vnto him deceitfully importing thus much : That he had great cause to be thankfull to the great Prophet Mahomet for his indulgent care ouer the house of Ottoman , euen in these suspitious times to prouide , that a man of such courage , wisdom , and magnanimity gouerned the sterne of the ship of his affaires , & like a discreet pilot knew how to conduce the barke of the Common-wealth to safe harbour . He accordingly assumeth the glory to himselfe , with full resolution , that either the yong Prince durst not finde fault , or nothing was fault-worthy , like Aesops asse , who supposed , that the Lyon would be terrified with his braying . For at last he came to the Emperors presence into the Seralio , who was taught to entertaine him with a politicall acceptation , which lasted a while , and with the continuance of 14 daies seemed to wipe out the print of former vnkindnes : But when the day of his fatall destruction approched , ( after the yong Prince had bin a hawking , and meeting with certaine inhabitants of Bogdonia , and the borders of Russia , who made petition vnto Him for diuers redresses , gaue them a kinde of audience ) hee was sodenly sent for to a priuate conference , which he verily supposed , according to some speciall inferences , tended to that purpose : nor did he once rebate the glory of his former iollity , but went at least with 300 Ianisaries , and his other officers toward the gates of the Seralio , where by the way the Haga or Captaine of the Ianisaries met him to tell him , how the Prince was retired to a Caska by the sea side , and he must goe through the garden , and enclosure of Roe-bucks vnto him , which he performed accordingly , and neuer seemed once staggering in his resolutions , till he came to the yron gate , and saw his company prohibited to enter , and the gate fast barred , as soone as he was admitted .

Here he must needs passe through a guard of Capogies , who demanded his Semiter , which he furiously denied , and with increase of rage and choller railed vpon them all . But they being too well instructed to forbeare any such opprobrious speeches , spared a reply of words , and tooke an opportunitie to ouer-master him with the company , who most cruelly cut him all to peeces : yet some would raise the Emperors ielousie from a suspition of loue to his mother , who taking a fitting opportunitie , as was imagined , came with him to admonish her sonne from his pederastria , or accompanying with boyes , but belike they performed it with vnseasonable wisdome ; for in his furie he spurned her away , and bad him remember , he was but a slaue . Some report that the first motiue of the Emperors displeasure was occasioned by reason of his buildings , which ouer-looking some priuate walkes in the Seralio , was both irkesome to the maiestie of the Prince , and a dore to let in his euerlasting hate , to which there wanted not the seuerall suggestions of many flatterers , and temporizers . But let his death , and the cause be what it will , there is no gaine-saying their wilfulnes , nor moderating their rage and tyrannie , witnes his fathers killing of his elder brother , a Prince of great expectation : but comming one day ( though he did it with reuerence and teares in his eyes ) to put him in remembrance of the Ottoman glory , and inlarging the Empire , which euery Prince had done sauing himselfe , the admonition was so vnsauoury , or the ielousie of his vertues so forcible , that he beat him to death with his owne hands , to the amase of all the Ianisaries and soldiers : insomuch that the grandmother , a woman of excellent parts , who is yet liuing , had like to haue perished in the hurly-burly . To which may be added , this yong Princes dislike of one of his Concubines , whom he shot to death in his gardens . I could here insert many other stories of their cruelty , and tyrannous supplanting one another , murthering Bashawes , destroying Princes , and letting loose the streames of all rage , wilfullnes , and distemperature : but you will say I gleane but out of anothers haruest , and time is too pretious to spend it in idle relations , I will therefore leaue you to the originall , and only for the strangenes make a breuiate of Mustapha's tragedy , who was so cruelly murthered by an intemperate Prince , intoxicatedby the cunning of a malitious strumpet .

The famous historie of MVSTAPHA .

SVltanus Soliman surnamed the Magnificent , amongst The lamentable tragedy of Mustapha . many others had one beautifull Concubine called Rozza , or Roxalana , but more properly Hazathia , on whom he so doted in his later times , that all amarous dalliance with the rest was neglected for her sake , as if pleasure and delight attended her , though shee were but his slaue . Thus he so followed the humors of this wanton woman , that at last the noble Prince Mustapha his eldest sonne was prohibited his presence , and his former children slightly regarded , in respect of hers : which when shee had fully apprehended , and politikely entertained , the next businesse was to make vse of the same , yea such vse , as cunning fauourites , and newly aduanced officers contriue , who suspecting some sudden alteration , and perceiuing the Prince cannot last long , care not by what meanes they enrich themselues , and many times runne in the race of indirect courses to establish their hopes .

Wherevpon shee wonde vp her wilfulnes on the pestilent bottome of Rustan Bashawes ambition , who had maried her daughter , and hauing likewise corrupted the principall Mufti to second her enterprise , they all combined a league of amitie , and proiected to cast the Empire on her owne sonnes : which was no sooner ratified , and confirmed betweene them , but on a sudden shee became very deuout , and being rich with the fauours and presents bestowed vpon her , proposed a meritorious worke for her soules health by erecting some religious monument or Mosque , which was intercepted by the high Priest , as discouering the invaliditie of the same , because shee was yet a slaue , and therefore laboured in a busines , whose merit and effects must tend to the good of another . This caused such a dissimiled pensiuenes , that Soliman himselfe was in a manner exanimated to behold the darling of the world in such a confusion and heauines : shee againe well lessond how to act her part , filled the scene with teares of disconsolation , related all occurrences from the beginning , and finely vrged , how her godly zeale had certaine obstacles , which must be remoued , ere her former alacrity could gaine the field of this sullen meditation and vntoward sadnes : whereupon the Doctors and Interpreters of the Alcaron were sent for , and commanded to deliuer the truth without praeuarication , who thus animated , discouered the secret most plainely , and with impudent asseuerations concluded , that she had iust cause to complaine , & insist on the meanes to procure her redress , which made such impression into the ouer-worne heart , and easily-perswaded disposition of the Emperor , that he presently manumitted hir , & by sound of trumpet proclaimed her freedome , and so cheered her , that he might the better reioyce in her company . But when shee had thus raised her selfe vpright vpon the honorable steps of liberty , shee stood vpon higher termes , and was not ashamed to assure him there was another lesson to be taken out , than now to dally with her as his slaue : for being free it was against the law of Mahomet to be commanded as a strumpet , and therefore , how euer he could dispence with religion , and ouer-awe the same , shee would not , nor durst betray her soule , as a delinquent in such impiety : yet she prostrated her life before him , and was ready to yeeld her necke to the blocke , if so it pleased him to inforce it . Here againe were the Doctors summoned , who maintained her cause , and with exceeding admiration at her piety and zeale fell humbled on the ground before him , with request not to cast her headlong to destruction , and damne her soule for euer , which so enflamed him , as Nititur inuetitum , that without looking aduisedly on the pretended mischiefe , and searching too narrowly in the closet of her deuises , in a foolish passion he solemnely married her .

This is that she long expected , and raising her thoughts with her fortunes , after much variety and infinite passages Looke the Commentary , and Lettere de principe in Italian . in the Common-wealth , she now studied nothing but the aduancement of her family ; which could not be done vntil the worthy Prince Mustapha his eldest sonne by a former wife was thrust into a slaughter house , she quickly brought him into the danger of suspition ( for euen good Princes are iealous in points of soueraignty ) and cunningly inferred , that she affected not his popular loue , his great concurses , his strengthning of Amasia , his entertaining of Embass : from Tartary , his taking vp such beautifull virgins out of Georgia and Mengrelia , with diuers other probabilities , that he determined a present enlarging of his greatnesse : which was as quickly apprehended ; as politickely vrged , and nothing could satisfie the Emperor , but the present sending for Mustapha , who although he was forewarned of the mischiefe , and aduised to stand on his guard with full resolution , that the army was firme vnto him : yet remembring it was his father commaunded , and how obedience was a duty befitting a sonne ; but principally laying a firme foundation on a cleare conscience , and an vncorrupt heart , he came to Constantinople , but was welcomed as Husbandmen doe their cattle into pleasant fields for to make them the more fit for the Butcher . Thus followed the tragedy of this noble and worthy Prince made the tennis ball of Fortune , the misery of a doting iealous man , the florishes of an impudent cunning woman , the vanity of an ambitious idle Bashaw , and the hypocrisie of a deceitfull imposturing Priest . For the Father strangled his sonne the iewell of the Empire , and perished after the action with vntimely griefe . The villanous woman raised her sonnes to the dignitie ; but they quickly supplanted one another , which tumbled her into the pit of destruction . The Bashaw shrunke vnder the pressure of confusion : the Priest was disappointed and strangled ; and the whole gouernment tossed with the tempestuous billowes of distruction .

The Story of a Rennegado Bashaw .

IN the raigne of Amurath the third this mans father there was a certaine Rennegado Dutchman aduanced to the dignitie of a Bashaw ; for so they call Christians , who abiure their religion at mans estate , and are circumcised according to the Law of Mahomet . Where by the way you must consider of that mischieuous position not to dispute of either law , gouernment , or ceremonies of their religion , but absolutely allow of the great Prophet , and the Alcaron as infallible verity , wherein the Romane Byshoppes tread the same measures , and interdict any man from calling their actions in question , not suffering vs to read the Canon of Gods law , nor once dispute in matters of faith , but to confirme the power of the Church as of sufficiency to direct vs in the way of truth : a most diuellish , and repugnant conclusion against God and his word , who commaundes vs to search the Scriptures , and try the spirits . But to our Story . This Bashaw liuing in great pompe to the outward show , seemed yet much excruciated in minde with meditation on the latter iudgement , and the sauing of his soule , whereupon he communed with one of his principall slaues to the same purpose , admitting all freedome of speech , and animating him so farre to deliuer his opinion , that at last hee attempted his patience in this sort . Sir you know , or at leastwise should know , that God at the first did chuse vnto himselfe a people called the Iewes , giuing them a law , priesthood , and Prince named The doctrin of the Deruices or mendicant Priests of Turkie . Moses , who questionlesse is the Mediator still in heauen for honest Iewes imploring his assistance on earth ; but when this wretched people despised the blessings of so great a God , falling to idolatry , and other horrible abuses , they were cast out of fauour , and vanished like smoake , or if you will , resembled , water spilt on the ground neuer to be gathered vp againe . Then did God select another nation called Christians , and admitted of their worthy acknowledgement of Iesus Christ , whom they suppose God and man , and borne of a Virgin , and in whom still the good Christian beleeueth ; this caused their increase of wealth , maiesty , and greatnesse , till at last growing wanton with prosperitie , they tooke the same or worse courses with the Iewes , and by degrees became flat Apostates , so that God was weary of them likewise , & gaue a third nation power to thrust them from their firmenesse , and disiointed their established foundation of religion , and happinesse : which was acted by the hands of Turkes , who succeeded them , and had likewise their Prophet Mahomet to instruct and direct them to loue the great God of heauen more religiously than the others , from whose supportation the maiesty you now behold , spreadeth the wings of glory ouer the imperiall Citties both of Iewes , and Christians , namely , Ierusalem and Constantinople : nay , if you looke into Asia , we haue Tauris and Babilon ; and in Egipt possesse Cairo or Memphis , and Alexandria : so that no doubt we shall multiply blessing vpon blessing , if wee continue confident toward him , and his elected Prophet ; otherwise some strange and barbarous nation shall expell and extirpate vs , as we haue vsurped ouer others . Thus then you see with what successe these three religions haue bin caried in the current of estimation both with God and man ; namely the Iewes , who haue Moses to make intercession for them : The Christians , who haue IESVS their Mediator ; and Mahumetans , who depend vpon the merits and exaltation of Mahomet . But for you , that are of no religion , nay , haue denied the faith , wherein you were borne and baptised , there is sure no redemption , but the Deuill himselfe to fetch you away . Which answere was so distasting , although as you heard , it went vnder safe conduct , that the tyrannous Lord not onely commaunded him to be broken on a wheele to shiuers , but inflicted many Christian slaues in his house with the like punishment , and thus much for their crueltie amongst themselues : now you shall see their behauiour toward Strangers .

CHAP. VII . The indirect proceedings of Turkes against Christians contrary to all religion or morality .

WHen Mr BARTON was Agent for the English in Constantinople , as he passed along to This was in the time of Amurath the third . the Viceers vpon occasion of busines , the great Empresse this mans Grandmother , ( For Amurath the third his father was but a young man , when he died ) came of purpose to see him , formerly moued with a commendatory report of his virtues and personage by diuers iudicious Turkes . Whereupon she promised her fancy some satisfaction , which not to be performed without a formall looking vpon him , she was somewhat appeased , that this occasion was ministred ; but finding it farre short of a fulnesse , another interueiw was contriued , and the Scene acted in the house of a Iewe , to whose wife she came disguised to bargaine for certaine pearle , after which in the affaires of the Merchants she countenanced him extraordinarily , and had at last priuate conference with him , giuing so way vnto their opinion , that supposed the secret passages of kindenesse betweene them , which was no sooner published , and entertained amongst the Bashawes for current , but shortly after he died , not without suspition of poison , and our English affaires had vntoward alteration , as the hanging of our Consull at Alexandria , the imprisoning of diuers in the blacke Tower , a place neere Pompeis pillar at the mouth of the euxine sea , especially Arnald and Stranguish , who lay there long for their ransome ; the terrible insulting ouer slaues committing all to their gallies without respect of persons ; the denying of our former right in the admitting of Merchants into the sacra Porta vnder the bandiers of England , and giuing the precedency to France ; the raising of customes , the office being farmed by the Iewes ; the abusing of Trauellers and other of our Countrey men by Ianisaries , and Mechanicks of Stanbole : the customary calling vs Christians dogges , not daring once to returne an vnsauory answere ; with diuers such like exorbitant abuses .

In the time of Master Henry Lisso the Prouinces of Bogdonia and Moldauia were at strife about the establishment Prince of Moldauia . of a Gouernour ; but at last condescended to an vsurper , which caused the banishment and flight of the true Princes , whereby they were compelled to seeke for succour vnder English protection at Constantinople , being Protestants , or at least willing to admit of our reformation ; but whether feare , or corruption preuailed , he was to the great indignity of our Nation not onely discouered , but taken away perforce euen out of our Embassadors house , and very disorderly committed to the seuen Towers prisoner , from whence by the helpe of Signior Gasparo Gratiano a man for speciall vses entertained amongst the English , whose brother and sister were both taken and admitted amongst the Turkes , being formerly Christians of Transiluania , or Austria ; he escaped : but some disastrous fortune returned him backe againe into the hands of apprehenders , who with a more powerfull restraint sent him to the castells ; from whence once againe through the fauour of a Turkish woman he got his liberty , and escaped into Poland ; but there hee taried not long , both in regard of their iealosie of him to discouer their proceedings , and his suspition of them for some treacherie against his life , or at least his liberty , and so he passed to the Emperour , where finding small reliefe , hee came through France into ENGLAND , and there saw the difference between other Nations concerning the entertaining of strangers . For he was not onely admitted with correspondency to his estate , but had letters of credit to the Gran Signeur for his reestablishment , with sufficient inducement to our merchants to lend him 10000. duckets , vpon the least hope of his better successe . In his absence his mother with great expence and gifts elaboured his restitution , but greater summes as it should seeme weighed downe the other scale of his respect , or the fortune of happier men preuailed against him . For after she had spent 20000. duckets , tasted the misery of contempt , importuned my Lord Embassador , I meane Sir Thomas Glouer , in the busines , and saw the affliction of Petitioners fed with dilatory excuses , she very impatiently attended the good hower of her sonnes returne , and was terrified to experience with what extremities men deiected must wrastle , especially when he came indeed , and was not onely repulsed in his suite , but entertained with scorne and contempt . Where is now the Turkish ostentation of supporting the innocent , and distributing of iustice to all sorts of people ?

When Soliman Catanea was Bashaw of Algier , Master Christopher Willoughby a Gentleman and Merchant of Mr Christopher Willoughby . LONDON had his shippe and goods seazed on most iniuriously to the valew of 50000. duckets , whereof many complaints were made , and diuers letters from the Councell of ENGLAND in his behalfe ; but still distasting answers were returned , procrastinating the matter , and affording much suspition of not preuailing in his recouery : whereupon he went another way to worke , and made the principall Viceer acquainted with the same , betweene whom and Catanea he vnderstood was a little grudging : so that when he had promised him 5000. pieces of gold , and laide open his grieuances , that they seemed vnanswerable , he was remooued from his gouernment , and by a missiue commission cited to Constantinople . But it should seeme all this was but forme ; for in Zio the counsell of his friends diuerted his appearance , and the power of his presents reconciled the Viceer , who contrary ●…o expectation sent him to Tunis as Gouernour , not onely neglecting his former promises and prosecution of the busines , but in a manner deriding their importunity , who complained against a Turkish Bashaw . Master Willoughby euery way vnsatisfied made it a new suite , and with letters both from King and Councell came himselfe to Constantinople , and there sollicited the cause , preuailing so farre by Sir Thomas Glouers meanes , that the Bashaw was at last mansuold , and condemned to pay the money , or loose his head : But this was still the ordinary manner of satisfaction , when Christians demaund iustice against Turkes ; for the Gentleman was onely protracted with good words , but in a manner despaired of further preuailing , and so hee remained euery way discontented .

The Vineyard a shippe of London , where of Harris was Master , hauing Turkes and Turkish goods abord , 1605. The Vinyard taken by the Maltasses . was surprized by the Maltasses , which although it fell to the losse and displeasure of our Merchants , yet bred it great vnkindnesse euen in Constantinople by forcible inducements , how the shippe was rather betraied by the treachery of the English , then surprised by inequality of fight , so that the Emperour as young as he was , ( for hee was then scarce fully 16. ) commaunded in a fury to set fire on all our shippes in harbour , and threatned the Merchant with further inflictings , not once admitting either of excuse or iustification , whereupon that night ( for all the Viceers and Mufties opposition ) one of them was burnt indeed , whether by chance or of purpose , I may not dispute , such is the tyrannie of their gouernment , and misery of men vnder their subiection .

Edward Conach a Merchant resident at Aleppo , when Edward Conach . Master Paul Pindar was Consull ioyned with a Frenchman in a bargaine of galles to the valew of 12000. dollers , which they bought of a Moore : the money was no sooner paide , and the commodity ready to be housed , but a certaine Turke perswaded the Moore , that he was cousoned in the weight , who still replied to the contrary , confessing himselfe much satisfied , and a great gainer in the traphique ; but at last ouer-ruled by the suggestion , and villanous instigation , they made it a matter of complaint before the Bashaw , who with an apprehensiue anger entertained the same , as glad of any occasion to quarrell with a Christian , especially a Merchant , from whom money might be extorted ; whereupon he sent for the officer , that weighed the galles , and so vrged the matter against him , that whether right , or wrong , hee was broken on a wheele all to pieces , and after many wordes of reproach calling vs dogges , and deceitfull wretches , the Consull had a terrible commaund to put in execution the like exemplary iustice on the Merchants . But hee perceiuing a trecherous conueiance of the busines , procrastinated the Sessions , had not the Ianisaries and common Turkes exclaimed against our retardance , and vrged , that seeing the Officer suffred death there should be either a commutation of liues , or full restitution , which in the end cost 10000. dollers , 6000. for the French , and 4000. for the English , a summe that stopped the mouth of fury , and brought the Tigre at last to more lenity .

About the 20. of October 1607. the Viceer , that came The Viceer of Arabia . from Arabia , and had beene resident before in Gran Cairo presented the Emperour and rest of the Bashawes with many rich iewels , by which occasion the opinion of his inestimable wealth filled very quickly the dangerous eares of Repiners , and diuers murmured against him , as if hee grew too mighty for a subiect ; nay , there wanted not malicious instruments to sound out the harsh discord of his ouerthrow by traducing him for many sinister actions in his gouernments ; for ambitious insinuating into vulgar respect ; for attempting to winne the Ianisaries by vaine-glorious expences ; for releasing of slaues , in whom another man had a propriety ; for repining at the former Viceers supplantation ; for complaining on the Emperours vicious louing of boyes , with such like : all which added but fewell to the fire , which at last consumed him . For within two daies hee was found dead , some said of the plague , some that he was strangled , some poysoned , and some that he entertained two vnwelcome guests griefe and discontent : Howsoeuer , his goods , treasure , children , houses , and all belonging vnto him , were seazed vpon to the Gran Signeurs vse , which confirmed their opinion , that supposed him murthered for his wealth .

The shippe of the Iohn Baptist being in Zio about the beginning of Nouember the same yeare , was searched by Turkes for the Cooke , vpon a supposition , that hee was confederate with a French slaue about his escape ; but he denying the accusation was imprisoned , had his hands almost flead , and suffered great torment to enforce a confession . At last meere hunger compelled the Offender to discouer himselfe , and most voluntarily to lay the guilt vpon his owne shoulders , whereby the Englishman was after great suite discharged , otherwise no doubt he had felt the effect of Turkish iustice .

In the yeere 1605. amongst other Trauellers , and searchers for nouelties out of curiosity , a French Gentleman presumed to tell the artillery , and canons before the Tapinaw , as they lay by the sea shore , which was taken for so great an offence , that he had a 100. blowes giuen him on the feete according to the manner of such reuenges , and not dismissed without great intercession of the Embassadour . These and many other instances of their tyrannous gouernment would fill whole volumes , and make easie collections the discouerers of their incongruity betweene Salomons magnificense , peace , plenty , administration , wisedome , affabilitie , vprightnesse , and good orders ; and their pride , contentions , wants , confusions , diuellish policy , tyrannie , wrested constructions , and wilfulnesse : so farre from the example of happines , and methode of a well setled Common-wealth , that I will absolutely disclaime the naming of any true goodnesse amongst them , not that I touch the maine point of religion in denying the Godhead of Christ , an argument of sufficiency to debarre him from worldly and terrestriall happinesse , but that many heathenish reasons of firmely setled kingdomes disalow his vsurpation , and strangely compacted tyranny tending to nothing , but wilfulnesse in themselues , and slauery ouer others , all proceeding from his challenges militari iure , and that the Disposer of Kingdomes would humble vs from any ostentation of a perpetuity on earth .

CHAP. VIII . Their manner of aduancement , and diuersitie of customes farre from our example , and orderly prosperitie .

OVr former allegations haue maintained , The Turkish gouernment deficient in exemplary goodnesse , or happines . that the Turkish Empire is corroborated by the absolute will of the Prince , and wretched duty of the subiect ; for he pulleth downe and aduanceth whom he pleaseth , and without sense or reason debarreth any man from pleading in his owne behalfe , or contesting with authoritie , if so be , he will not haue it so ; otherwise , there is a certaine shadow of vprightnesse amongst them ; an approaching to honor by degrees , and spreading the faire colours of some good customes , though farre short of our example : all which in in this Chapter shall be for diuers reasons enlarged . You must then consider , that euery second or third yeare his Officers range ouer all his kingdomes , and territories for slaues , Moores , and Eunuchs , but especially for the beautifullest and handsommest children they can finde , being all the sonnes and daughters of Christians , who accordingly are brought into his seuerall Seralios by 20. and 30000. at a time , and there from their infancy instructed in the Law of Mahomet , circumcised , and disposed of without knowledge of parents , friends , or countrey , except some Eunuch or Keeper out of meere commiseration discouer the same ; so that all his Concubines , Wiues , Officers , and souldiers are the off-springs of Christians depending immediately on the Princes Exchequer , and pensions , not acknowledging other God , other law , other religion , other King , other Benefactor , or other life ( except in the story of George Castriot , who rebelled against him , after he knew his father was a Christian , and King of Epirus , which we may briefly runne ouer thus . When Amurath the 2. had conquered Epirus , with many other places of Seruia , Bulgaria , and Albania , he tooke prisoners The story of Scanderbeg , and why he was so called . with him to Adrinopolis the King , and fiue of his sonnes , whom he tormented most barbarously vpon some distasting reply of the old Prince by putting out their eyes , and at last strangling them , except the youngest named George , whom he so fancied in his infancie , that he presently circumcised him , instructed him in the Law of Mahomet , and kept him secure in his owne pallace , vntill a mighty Champion of Persia made a challenge to fight with any Turke for the honour of both Empires hand to hand , starknaked , and with single Semiters : wherein as the motiue might be honourable enough , so the manner seemed ridiculous ; yet so formidable , that for three daies together he insulted round about the Court without a daring answerer , or any man who durst take the matter in hand ; at last this George Castriot out of some diuine inspiration , and generous spirit , stepped foorth in the presence of the Emperour , not fully 18. yeere old , and without procrastinating the matter , stripped himselfe before them , and made them as much amazed at the beautifulnes●… , and comelinesse of his person , as greatnesse of courage , and shaking his sharp and glistring curtelax triumphantly ouer his head , approached the Persian , who by this time was prepared to the encounter , and in lesse then one quarter of an houres trauersing the ground , closed with him , wrastled with him , stradled ouer him like a Colossus , after hee had layd him on his backe , and strucke off his head : for which hee was presently embraced in his sweat by the great Emperour , inuested with a robe of honour , proclaimed by the sound of a trumpet Scanderbeg , quasi Alexander Magnus , and aduanced to the dignity of Generall of the army : Therfore I wonder at their ignorance , or slender enformation , which haue published in print , that it was a name of scorne and derision ; when we neuer read of so famous an action , and so high a recompence , wherein hee proceeded more and more , with loue of the army and regard of the Prince , till indeed an Eunuch , rauished with his worthinesse , discouered what he was , and opened at large his fathers story vnto him , whereat hee startled , as it were confounded , and neuer desisted , till he had perswaded the army to reuolt , and so obtained his Kingdome , making war against the Turke seuenteene yeere together , as in the larger stories may appeare . But to the businesse in hand .

The naturall Turke they call Muscellman , and he seldom comes to preferment : but liues as a trades-man in cities , The degrees of the Turks husbandman in the countrey , or mariner at sea : yet , for the most part , are all your gally-slaues Christians , and ouerlooked by the cruell eyes of hard-hearted masters , the rest cast vp their account in this manner . At the beginning they are called Gimoglanes , or Azamoglanes , resembling 1 poore hospitall-boyes , doing all manner of drudgery , both in court & the houses of Bashawes , and are known by a plaine habit and strange hat on their head , which is a felt like a suger-loafe , of a maiden-haire colour .

The second degree is of Ianizaries , whose Haga or Captaine is a most honourable , though dangerous place . Of 2 these be two sorts : of the court , limited in their numbers ; and at large without restraint , as alwaies mustred for chiefe souldiers in the army : yea , as ( a man may say ) the principall beame of the whole Empires frame . For from their suffrages and obedience , the Gran Signeur is confirmed : from their repinings , disorders are multiplied : from their partiality , a sonne deposeth a father : and from their mutinies confusion riseth , and like a swelling sea casteth downe the bankes of all gouernment .

The third sort are Capogies , employed as porters of gates , purseuants on errands , attenders on the Viceers , as 3 they sit at meat in their great Dowana's , which be open hals trauersed , as occasion shall serue with Persian hangings , and sometimes trusted with secret murthers , and such like dangerous businesse .

The fourth place is appropriate to the Spahyes , who are inferiour horse-men , with high fethers in their strange fashioned 4 hats , somewhat more glorious then the Ianizaries , their arming , as also the Ianizary , keepes some correspondency with the Persian . On foot , either bow and arrowes , and a semiter , or hargabush and a semiter : on horse-backe the very same , with addition of a shield made of sinewes , or the barke of an Indian tree , cast behinde at their backs , with addition of a pollax , hatchet , or iron mace , which are made like scepters : but , for the most part , none presumes to weare them vnder the degree of a Chiaus , who haue them in the city of siluer for shew , and of steele for execution .

The fift roome is supplyed by the Chiaus , a degree of 5 honourable eminence and may ranke with our Barons . For they ride in veluet gownes , siluer-plated saddles , costly stirrups , and rich turbanes : with these I may almost equall the Captaines of castles , forts , frontire townes , bands of foot , cornets of horse , and such like Commanders , known by the name of Haga's . Heere also , though hee seeme to step a little higher , may be seated the Cady , who is a Iudge or Magistrate ouer criminall causes , ouer whom there is one principall called Cadeleskier , as our Lord cheefe Iustice , in some places they haue also Sub-Bashawes according to his Sansacks , Trimatriots , or countrey diuisions , either for maintaining his armies , or prouision ouer his cities . Then may you name with a little better reputation the Treasurer called Testerdy , ouerseer of customes , which is an office farmed by the Iewes , his Chancellor , Doctours of the Law , and such like .

On the sixt step ofhonour is the Bashaw lifted vp , who is a principall Viceroy , or at least hath beene , ouer Kingdomes 6 and Countries , such as Arabia , Aegypt , Tauris , Tunis , and diuers others , both in Asia , Affricke , and Europe , and Beg , in Turkish is great or honourable . according to the dignity and maiesty of the place called Beglerbeg : these are euery three yeeres mansuold , that is to say , remooued . For as they be subiect to strange ouerseers , so they are not permitted to grow rich , and indeed seeme iealous of their liues and estates , if any extraordinary fortune or greatnesse be imposed vpon them , except the Bashaw of Aleppo , who either is so permitted to haue , or maketh his place hereditary , daring sometimes to doe actions befitting an absolute Prince .

The last and greatest place of account is a Viceer , who commonly exceede not fiue in number , besides the Generall 7 of the army , who is principall , these bee they that gouerne the Empire , and to whose trust all matters depending in controuersie are committed . But you must consider , that times haue altred their first strictnesse , when in the inchoation of goodnesse they resolued on a perseuerance & stedfastnesse . For amongst the best of them , abuse hath bespotted that faire promising countenance , and ouer-vailed that beauty , which shewed true Iustice , punished extortion , and made adultery one of their haynousest offences , with fowle deformity , and new fashions of impiety . And thus much for their persons . Now to their customes , and generall conditions .

The Turkes , by the law of their Alcaron , should drinke nothing but water , or water mixed with honey , which they The manners of Turks , and their gouernment . call sherbert : yet the better sort haue certaine Iuliups , which be syrups of roses , violets , and such like , of which a spoonfull or two will season a pinte of water , and is not onely pleasant in taste , but powerfull enough in operation : they shaue all their head , sauing one tuft on the crowne , superstitiously imagining to bee pull'd vp to heauen thereby : they maintaine their beards with great formality and cost , and haue them in such reputation , that they sweare by them : they sildome doe any thing in vaine , or speake an idle world , but in a substantiall grauity passe the time , euen at their pleasure and sports : they sit crosse-legg'd , and so commonly eat on the ground , or higher bench : they hate prophanation , and will not suffer Christ to be ill spoken of . Their religion generally carries a reuerent shew , but no substantiall commendation , as allowing God Omnipotent , a father , inuincible , and creator of the world , and Iesus Christ as the Prophet of his time , as Moses had beene before , but haue opinion that Mahomet was sent to them , as the last Mediator , with promise ofreturne to consummate their eternity after 1000 yeeres , which time is almost expired , whereupon hee enrolled a booke called his Alcaron , in which he bound together , both lawes touching religion , and precepts for ciuill administration , with prohibition of disputing on their probability , and warrantize of the flourishingest Common-wealth vnder the sunne , vpon their obseruation ; coniuring them to a strict obedience , if euer they hoped to thriue in glory and terrestriall maiesty , and attaine the blessednesse of an immortall Kingdome , and a trebled felicity in the world to come : wherein hee imitated Lycurgus , who compelled the Lacedemonians , and bound them by oath to the resolute keeping his instructions , vntill his returne , which they ratefied by a solemne vow , whereupon coniecturing the subsequent good , hee banished himselfe for euer ; or , as some suppose , threw himselfe from a cliffe of Olympus . The like wee reade of Empedocles , but with greater suspition of ambition , as indeede affecting a god-head , who cast himselfe into the Crateres of Aetna , after hee had combined the Sicilians to the iudicious allowance of his decrees .

They loue their Churches , reuerence the Priests , make account of Naturals , dumb men , and Lunaticks , and must Their religion . not enter into their Mosques , either with their shooes on , or fowle hands , or any vnreuerent gesture . Amongst these the order of Deruices or Turners are of greatest account , as men liuing a contemplatiue life , and no way transported with mundane affaires . They celebrate diuers religious dayes , especially Friday , and haue many ceremonies of preaching , musike & solemne silence : concluding their seruice with a strange turning about , encreased by degrees from a slow stillnes to a violent circular whirling , pa●…ible of foure seuerall diuisions , lasting in all an houre , according to the modulent sound of certaine instruments , which haue a primordiall solemnity , and so by little and little encrease to a swiftnesse , in which time they with strange gestures looke vp to heauen , and when they haue done thus a quarter of an houre , all in a sweat they fall groueling to the ground , and haue certaine garments cast ouer them , to preuent taking of colde ; then after a while they beginne againe , and so foure times together : the looking vp hath relation to extraordinary visions , and that they are rauished with high inspiration , forgetting the world , and all affaires in the same : the prostitution on the ground would acknowledge the vilenesse of mans creation , and their humility to consider of the same : they obserue the ceremonie of praying for the dead , bewailing their losse , and bemoaning ouer the graues ; they repaire to their Mosques or Temples foure times a day , and on Friday fiue : and they haue a solemne fast and a solemne feast , called Ramdam and Byrame , much about our Alhallow-tide , at which time their Mosques , and the turrets , are solemnely furnished with burning lamps night and day , fiue weekes together : with diuers other particulars , much like the absurd ceremonies , both of Greeke and Romish Churches , consisting all in forme and outward adoration , as you shall heare anone .

They circumcise the men , & in Arabia cut their women , they sell all things by weight , write Bias , like the ancient Arabians and Chaldeans , read backward as the Iewes , and obserue many other customes of Moses Law . For their women are sildome or neuer seene abroad , except the meaner sort , who yet couer head and face ( sauing their very eyes : what rich apparrell soeuer shee weares , the outward garment is a long cloth gowne with wide sleeues , breeches , boots , or rather buskins , and an ill-fashioned tire on their heads : their hands are without gloues , their nailes and eye-browes painted , which they learnt of the Greekes , and all outward appearance most vncomely ; but within doores they are more stately , and with a comely presence entertaine those which are to be admitted . Their marriages are somewhat strange ; for they neuer see their wiues , vntill they lie with them , vnlesse it bee such as are able to buy slaues , and keepe many concubines ; and then expect no dowry , either of land or money , but vtensells and presents of apparrell , which are carried in delicate baskets on boyes heads , singing of songs in the street before the Bride , vntill shee come to her place of aboad . In which negotiation are elder women employed , and dare not but tell the truth , vntill the matter be fully determined . Thus are also their incontinences satisfied by entercourses of Pandars , yet for aduantage they haue brothels and stewes ; yea , the very Balnea's serue for meeting places .

Thus could I runne ouer a large field of discourses : but my purpose is onely by demonstration to bring the defects The comparison layd together . of this Empire in question , for all their ostentation of glory , and proud boasting of magnificent gouernment , yet so farre short of our example and comparison , as they are from iudgement and loue of religion , who extoll it for the greatest , best , and richest Kingdome of the world . Salomon led the Vantguard of royalty , and like a noble minded Land-Lord , let happinesse to farme amongst all his Tennants rent free . The Turke is so farre from augmenting the peace and plenty of his subiects , that as soone as any of them is but entring into the field of thriuing and contentment , he puls them backe , and thrusts them doggedly into the dungeon of penury and wants . Salomon was an honourable King , and sat on a throne to decide the controuersies of his people . The Turke is an absolute Tyrant , and neither commeth amongst them , but for glorious magnificence , nor admitteth any to approach neere him , but for pleasure and wantonnesse . Salomon had Princes ouer the Tribes , and the sonnes of Lords enioyed their fathers immunities . The Turke hath none of eminence , but himselfe , and the name of slaue obscureth all light of posterity . Salomon kept an order in his cities and townes , whether they were places of harbour , traffique , and fortification ; or for concourse , sacrifice , and reposednesse . The Turke alloweth none , or very few , with Decorum and glory of Citizens . In the dayes of Salomon , the Country-man liued at peace vnder his vine , and the Israelites without number eat , dranke , and made merry . Amongst the Turkes nothing but feare and terrour is threatned , like a tempestuous storme hanging ouer the heads of the Inhabitants . For the cities lie deuasted , the townes depopulated , and confusion is powred out in full measure amongst them ; yea , spred like a menstruous cloth , to make modesty and true gouernment ashamed , so that if you returne to the ouerlooking the gallant fields of Greece , which in times past was a subiect for Philosophers and Poets to write vpon , except some few , namely Constantinople , Gratianopolis , Andrinople , Philipopolis , Gallipolis , Salenica , and such like , and heere and there a pretty towne in an Iland , the rest are vnwalled , the people vnarmed , their goods taken by force , their daughters reserued for incontinency , and the whole Countrey a true patterne of misery , insomuch that the Inhabitants being Christians , in a manner creepe into their houses at a little doore through a wall , otherwise shall a Turke come and make a stable of his hall , rauish his daughter , abuse his wife , and consume him like a lingring disease , which washeth away the flesh , and leaueth nothing but skinne and bone : besides , he dare not manure the ground to grow rich , lest an intruder reap his haruest , and make his endeauours fruitlesse : so that though this great Emperour be so mighty in people , spacious in territories , opulent in wealth , and glorious in imperiousnesse : yet receiueth hee not the fift commodity of his countries , by reason the fields are vnplowed , the vineyards vndressed , the medowes vnstored with cattle , and the very trees vnpruned , all which were plentifully supplied and compassed about with the embracings of husbandry in the time of Salomons peace . Nay , such is the misery of corrupted times , that whereas the Turkes haue been euer a true and religious people toward their Prophet , obseruing the lawes of his Alcaron very strictly : in these dayes they are all transported with prosperity , and seduced with filthy and abhominable wickednesse . For they endure both sloth and idlenesse , augment their desires of incontinency , maintaine the extremities of gluttony , and will bee drunke , against their owne prohibitions and naturall enclination .

I haue insisted the longer on these Turkish particulars , because of all the Empires of Asia , and Kingdomes of Affrick , it affoordeth matter of discourse , and mine owne commorance amongst them warrants the truth of what is published , whereby you may thus conclude , after a summary collection , that their Common-wealth may rather bee termed a coniuration of tyrannies , then method or forme of good gouernment : their Emperours masters of a slaughter-house , then fathers of the countrey : and their Gouernours such as the Iudges of Israel , when euery man did what was best in their owne eies , then Iosua or Samuel , who washed their hands in innocency , either from doing wrong themselues , or winking at others vnder them , witnesse the stories you haue heard , and thousands other vnrepeated . But if this will not yet exclude them out of our palace of happinesse , nor diuert their conceits , which are onely carried away with nouelties , why then let vs extract these fearefull particulars amongst them . First , that fundamentall 1 poynt of establishment , by murthering all their brethren . Next their ambitious supplanting their fathers 2 and elder brothers , and rather then they would bee disappoynted in their proiected drifts , thrusting them into a slaughter-house . Thirdly , the policy and cunning of their Concubines , who haue destroyed very worthy Princes for 3 degenerating persons . Fourthly , the raging cruelty and iealousie against Bashawes , neither permitting the lawfull 4 discent of the sonne , nor continuing long a constant opinion toward the well-deseruing father ( for euen the worthy Cigala's themselues , had much a doe to keepe their credit without murmuring , and repining of others . Fiftly , against the maine position of preseruing Iustice , their corrupting 5 by bribes and presents , euen to the peruerting of manifest causes , especially against Christians . Sixtly , the miserable estate of the country-man , and poore communalty , 6 who are in as ill condition as their asses , fit for nothing but to haue heauy burthens layd vpon them . And last of all , their confusion of diet , both for the time and 7 plenty , wherein nothing is gracious or acceptable , nor any thing worthy the name of a happy countrey , or wealthy people . Now to the rest .

CHAP. IX . RVSSIA compared .

ABout the 25. of our famous Queene ELIZABETH Albertus Alasco Vaiuod The de●…cts of Russia . of Siradia in Poland , came ouer as Embassadour from the King of Poland , and amongst other particulars concerning the estate of his owne Countrey discouered many secrets of Muscouia , or Russia chuse you whether ; since when ( as before our Merchants had begunne a traphique amongst them ) both Embassadours haue come to vs from them , and we haue sent many Agents and gratuities to confirme a peace and entercourse ; wherein more especially then in any other Sir Thomas Smith preuailed with honourable welcome and dispatch ; so that besides the continuall trauell of our Merchants , and endeauours of many Gentlemen addicted to curiosity , we haue a kinde of publike authority , and certainty of collections to warrant our discourse , and make manifest the imperfect customes of this great Empire , so contrary to our example and patterne of happinesse , that whereas we looke out for a yoake-fellow with Salomon to draw along the chariot of magnificense and terrestriall prosperity , he cannot come neere the dashings of the wheeles , nor must presume of any thing more then the commaunding of his subiects as slaues , which is tyrannie ; and the keeping the better sort of women honest by sequestring them from wandring abroad , which is misery and wretchednesse . First concerning religion , the maine point and foundation of all goodnesse , in the daies of Salomon they knew not what a groue meant ; a strange altar was odious vnto them , and vntill his later falling away from God , which was reuenged with the falling away of 10. Tribes from his sonne , there was no mention made of idolatry , and the very sound was a harsh kinde of discord . In Muscouia they are both ignorantly superstitious , and ambitiously affected to superiority : for although in that poore knowledge they haue , they euer depended vpon the authority of the Greeke Church , as by their Saints may appeare , which be Saint George , Demetrius , and Nicholay , to whom is consecrated one of the richest Abbies of the world : yet haue they presumed in the assumpting the same to themselues , boasting of a bargaine by commutation , wherein the Patriarch of Constantinople was contented to resigne to the Metropolitane of Mosco all his authority , and supremacy for a great summe of 1588. gold . But see the iust iudgement of God , as he returned into Greece , he was robbed of the same , and most treacherously murthered . Thus yet doe they presume of the glory of the Church amongst them , and in Russia thinke it sufficient to cry out IESV thou sonne of God : as for the Scriptures , in some places they haue the Greeke Testament onely , and heare of the Bible a farre off . For preaching or interpreting , they know not what it meanes ; and the common people beleeue any thing their Priests tell them , allowing of nothing but some ridiculous ceremonies , strange fasts , and idle feasts . Concerning their Princes , oh how farre are they from the reciprocall duties between themselues and subiects , and those excellent prescriptions which Samuel prescribed to Saul , and Salomon practised to his eternall honour . For such hath beene the confused and disordred intrusion of these Emperours , that they haue without care of posterity , conscience , or the Common-wealth shouldred one another from their thrones by treasons , murthers , deuises , and publique hostility . For euer since that old Iuan Vasellowich grew odious to his subiects , horrible stratagemmes haue succeeded , and euen Poland like a neighbour hath feared the burning of his owne house , when the next hath beene on a blaze ; especially in the vsurpation of Borris Pheordiwich , who to aspire to the dignity made away Demetrius the second sonne to Vasellowich , and so from other monstrous effects of policy obtained the Diadem , wherein at the first by his bounty and worthy promising demeanor , he in a manner blotted out the print of his former vniust proceedings , and taught them as it were away to forget the wrongs done to their lawfull Princes , till at last growing odious to the subiect , a new search was made , and a further hurliburly about another Emperor confounded all estates , and for many yeeres hath turmoiled the Countrey round about . Concerning the gouernment , there is onely some forme of iustice , & punishing of adultery ; but so far from Salomons magnificense , Salomons pallace , Salomons prouision , Salomons nauy , Salomons Nobles , Salomons tranquillity and peace , and Salomons worthines in euery thing , that I am ashamed to name them for Christians . For the common people , though they lie not with other mens wiues , yet they change their owne as often as they list , and howeuer the better sorte mainetaine many wiues , yet doe they practise nothing more then gurmondize and incontinency , with Strumpets and Concubines , whom they resorte vnto in certaine stoues or hot houses , as the hotter Countries haue Balnea's and washing places . Concerning their Citties ? in a word both their Citties and townes are subiect to such bestialitie and confusion , that they seeme rather so many smoakie cotages , and Irish cabbines , then hansome dwellings , or conuenient places of aboad ; and in Mosco it selfe for all her populousnesse , and large extension of ground , there is not any thing worthy the admiration or imitation , more then the markets of furres , and some rich ornaments of the skinnes of beasts ; as for the Citizens , or Countreymen , I rather resemble them to some scattered troupes of a discomfited army , then men orderly disposed to the managing affaires either for mutuall commerce , or noble trade of Merchants . And thus could I runne ouer all other particulars , but that I shall ouer-runne my owne discourse , considering there is nothing but a meere disparity betweene them and our example .

CHAP. X. AETHIOPIA compared .

AS the distempered climate of cold and vnseasonable weather seemed a barre of The de●…cts of Aethiopia . separation betweene Muscouia and hansome Prosperity , or true happinesse of a kingdome ; so is orderly plenty , and necessary prouision affrighted to come neere Aethiopia , least the scorching heate , and burning sunne should consume the same , and not only turne their corne into cinders , but stifle their cattle for want of water , sending them braying , as the Hart to the riuers vp and downe after refreshing springs . For although Aegipt hath bin counted the garner of corne , and that the watrey Nilus hath dispersed her rivulets ouer many Countries , yea comming out of Aethiopia hath taken along sundry swelling fountaines to accompany her into the Mediterranean sea ; so that diuers Historiographers haue numbred 6000. Citties on the bankes of the same , and boasted of the glory of their Emperors , and mightinesse of their armies : yet ( not once speaking of the barrennesse of the rest ) could any of these places take vpon them any glorious exaltation of a well compacted Common-wealth , or terrestriall happinesse of a Nation . For you may read , that when it flourished in the height of prosperity ( as when there was a generall famine in many Countries ) there was corne in Aegipt , Saba the Queene of Aethiopia came to visit Salomon in his roialty , and went away with admiration , when she saw the difference betweene her owne Countrey , and the blessednesse of Iudea , so that the particular relation of the Court , and gouernment , was occasioned from this Empresses willingnes to be instructed , and desire to gratifie the King for his extraordinary magnificense , and administration of the Common-wealth : whereby I am not incredulous of their information , that report , how that many times the Parents sell their children to Merchants for corne , and at all times send the people to the market for slaues , which are bought vp at easie rates , and dispersed ouer the world : nor will I much contradict their opinion , that haue fashioned their Common-wealth out of an vnfashionable gouernment without law , terrour of disobedience , ciuill institution , orderly precepts , and sociable louing of one another . For since they marched vnder the colours of Christianity , it hath not beene much better , and except it be such as are borne vnder the same Climate , no man of a temperate Countrey can liue amongst them . Their manners and customes I haue partly described , and could here adde , that howeuer they boast of their antiquity , as being the first Countrey inhabited by Chus the sonne of Cham , which in the Hebrew tongue signifieth blacke , and that afterward they changed their name from the sonne of Vulcane : I cannot finde either any setled gouernment , or state worthy the imitation ; or noble enterprises befitting a story , or slender praise . Howeuer they are commended for the first acknowledging a diuine power , and entertaining a religious Priesthood , and manner of celebration of sacrifices ; I cannot see , that there now remaines any thing amongst them , but idle customes , and corrupted abuses , beleeuing the incarnation of Christ onely , without a better progression to sanctifying graces ; and neuer disputing further then a barren obseruation of ridiculous ceremonies . Howeuer they haue some scattered Cities , and nobilitie in estimation , as the Captaines of their Souldiers , and Leaders of their armies , I cannot finde either orderly preseruation of families , or louing entertaining of one another , but rather thefts , rapines , murthers , and spoyling of themselues , and passengers . Howeuer their Countries are very spatious , and haue a great quantity of ground with variety of people ; yet is the barrennesse , and vnfrequented Citties a barre to their estimation ; and as we say a little good is worth a great deale of badde ; and one corner of Canaan equalled tenne times as much ground for prouision , and plenty of riches . As for their tying their haire in knots , their odoures , perfumes , sweet wood , spices , Elliphants teeth , almugge trees , and such like ; alas , there is neither milke , nor honey , neither good prouision for backe or belly , neither comlinesse of rayments for ornament , or necessity , ; neither order for glory , or good neighbour-hood ; neither prouision for hansomnes , or magnificense . To conclude in a word , it wanteth many things , wherein barbarous Nations ( after their account ) come neerer prosperitie , and retaineth nothing , which either happy kingdomes stand in neede of , or desire by way of imitation . As for such blessings , wherewith God hath stored their Countries , and they haue corrupted the Merchants of Europe ; I answere in one word for all , both for China , India , and themselues , that they resemble poyson throwne into a wholesome potion , which of it selfe had beene a The merchandize from India and Aethiopia superfluous things and such as we neede not . preseruatiue , but now is a dangerous receipt , and not fit for euery one to drinke : or else they are like sluttish maskes , which couer more beautifull faces , and debarre one another from pleasing themselues with their owne natiue comelinesse . But say , that both iewels , pretious stones , perfumes , spices , mineralls , mettall , and other glorious riches are befitting the Maiesty of Princes , the honor of pallaces , the ornaments of Kings , and the benefit of Countries ; I hope wee haue them in more abundance then themselues , and like the Seruant that proued better workeman than his Master , make more commodious vse of them , then any Countrey in the world : so that our Merchant is a noble aduenturer , and our Cities rather store-houses of blessings , then shops of wares : and as for LONDON it selfe , I protest , I rather wonder at it for her excelling prerogatiues , then commend it for a thriuing Emporium .

CHAP. XI . GERMANY compared .

SHall wee come neerer home , and The imperfect condition of Germany . with prying eyes ( like the Censors of Rome ouer offenders ) looke into the Empire of Germany : or if you will , the countrey it selfe , as it might make a glorious Kingdome indeed . You know how I haue already stept into her enclosures , and opened the very gates of her secrets . The Princes are too absolute , and he himselfe not able to raigne , as Ahasuerosh did , from India to Aethiopia , ouer 127. Prouinces : nor doth the Queene of Saba , come to heare his wisdome , or view the ordering of his palace , the attendance of his Nobles , the sitting of his seruants , the prouision of his tables , and the charity of his deuotion : nor doth the Kings of Arabia send him presents , the Kings of Aegypt wiues , and all the confederate Princes admire his magnificence , nor Hiram of Tyrus contract a league , or the nauy of Tharsus ioyne with his , to fetch gold from Ophir : nor will the Marchant bring him horses and fine linnen from remote places , or supply his wants according to the prerogatiue of Kings , or glorious abundance of opulent countries : nor are the cities ordred by the appoyntment of his ministers , nor can he send his charriots to this place , nor horse-men to that , nor his army whither he list , nor fill the streets of Ierusalem , when hee would solemnize a Passouer . For heere the cheefest townes liue in freedome , and the Burgers boast of their wealth and policy , in manumitting themselues , and ( as it were ) sealing the honour of cheefe commanding ; yea , sometimes contesting with the Emperor himselfe on their owne gates . As for the countrey commodities and prouision tending either to necessity or pleasure ; alas , the commutation consisteth in enriching particular persons , and smally to the augmentation of the Emperours Maiesty , wherein all the tracts of auarice , corrupt mixtures , ouer-reaching one another , and putting off either refuse things , or paltry trifles , as the Italians call them Baggatini : are trod amongst them , and euen beaten smooth with continuall entercourse . So that their marts and faires are so many boothes of drunkards , and instead of ships at sea , fill the fields with waggons of such strange creatures , who make their bellies as great deuouring gulphs as the sea , so that their eating and carowsing is farre from the moderation of mirth , which the Israelites accustomed , or the Persian banquet , where none were compelled : but letting that passe , as an imperfection proprietory to the countrey and nation . I can traduce them further , for mangling the blessings of God bestowed vpon them , by the cuttings and hackings of many grosse sinnes , as vsury , rebellion , contumacy , prophanation , swearing , drunkennesse , murthers , and such like : but especially for vilipending the high commission of the Almighty in two principall matters . The one , in murmuring and repining at strangers , not suffering any to haue any commorance , or dwelling amongst them . For how euer in some of the cheefest townes there is a glorious shew and formall entertaining of Marchants and passengers , who come stored with crownes to powre them into the laps of Inn-keepers , and houses of wantonnesse : yet will they neither releeue the wants of indigent beggers , nor permit Gentle-man or Artificer to dwell amongst them , or be entertained as a free Denizon , being a stranger of another countrey , except in some sparing cases , and times of necessity , wherein a bribe or great Princes commendatory letters preuaile , by way of entreaty and insinuation . The second is , their grossenesse and simplicity in refusing the right of Kings , and succession of their Emperours , debarring so the best of gouernments , which is the Monarchy , from ruling ouer them , and whereas they may alledge , that the suffrages of men are vncorrupt , and a Prince so chosen shall be the worthier , in regard his vertues must be eminent , whereas the father may leaue a son compounded of so many vices , which ouerruling his vertues , shall make him odious : or otherwise he may prooue simple , tyrannous , dishonest , or irregular . First , it is meerly erroneous , because we are not to contest with the disposer of Kingdomes about his Vice-Gerents , in regard , that sometimes as a fatherly correction hee permitteth a defectiue Prince , rather then folding vp a sorer mantle of vengeance , to spred it abroad to their more greeuous punishment . Next they haue failed in this also amongst themselues : for many of their Emperours thus elected , haue prooued doltish , lasciuious , cowardly , and rather manglers of the Empire , then prouident stewards to augment the wealth and reputation of the same : nay , the best of their Caesars haue beene affrighted at the fulmination of a tyrannous Pope , and seduced with the imposturing cunning of deceiuing Priests , and a corrupted religion , nor could they goe with the wise King to view his nauies , visit his cities , fortifie the townes , erect store-houses , or come neere the six steps of golde on Salomons throne , which was most apparant , euen the other day , in one of their glorious Princes , from whom the house of Austria hath taken such firme rooting , that it hopes to spred so largely , and so high , that no daring hand shall presume to lop a bough , or breake off a principall stem . I meane Charles the fift , who for all his seeming corroborated mightinesse , quickly lost the loue of the Princes , and for want of ceremonies maintaining the glory of a King , was euen scorned of Pesants . The story is breefly thus . Vpon the report of the losse of his gallies at Argier , he had a purpose to re-enforce his nauy , The Emperor Charles the fift , despised for his meane habit . and as the Poet sayes , saepe premente Deo , fert Deus alter opem , to hope , that as one misfortune had ouerclowded the faire shining sunne of his glory : another happy winde would ouer-blow the threatning storme , and make a serene element , which caused him to come into Italy , for his better and speedier passage , either at Ligorn or Genoa : but entring into Millane , a leane olde man in a blacke cape cloake , the people thronging to see a glorious Emperour , or at least some magnificent shew and pompous ceremonie : they were so daunted to be thus frustrated , and in a manner scorned to bee so disesteemed , that they neither gaue him a Viue le Roy , nor scarse opened a window to looke toward him : nay more , when hee set forward for Spaine , indeede there scarse went a voluntary Gentle-man with him , and the very Waggoners put their thumbs betweene their fingers , in contempt of his troopes , which is as disgracious a thing in Italy , both amongst themselues , and against strangers , as either the lie in France , or Beco to the Gentle-man of Venice , whereat hee tooke such a conceit , that he neuer returned into Italy or Germany againe , howeuer some would impute it vnto his greefe , for not preuailing against the Mahumetans : or deuotion , as desiring to giue ouer the world , and not be entangled any further with disaduantagious encombrances . And thus you see , why Germany cannot match our example , especially as the Eagle flies now , with broken wings and bruized sides

CHAP. XII . ITALY compared .

SHall wee venture ouer the Alps , and the gulph of Venice into Italy , and The mangled prosperity of Italy . search either the Appenine hils , the fields of Campania , the garden of the world called Lombardy , the territories of Rome , or attractiue Naples , for an instance of greatnesse and happinesse , which may come neere the example . I must not now dispute , what it was in the flourishing times of Augustus and other Emperors , sweetning contentment with the delicates of riches and pleasure , till God sent strange and cruell Physicians to purge them for their surfetting in gormandize and wantonnesse , I meane the Goths and Vandalls : nor will take vpon mee to presage what it might be , if some diuine power would gather her plights together , and make it one handsome and magnificent garment for a sole soueraigne : but shew her , as she is now loose , vnlaced , and hath her ornaments dilacerated , and euen rent from her sides and shoulders . Alas , it is far worse with them , then it was with the Israelites in the time of the Iudges , when euery man did what hee listed , and hauing no King ( as if they had beene embracers of the Tanist law in Ireland ) ranne like sheep without a shepheard , and through the presumption of their owne forces , wrested the enheritance from the true heires . But more properly I may resemble them to the Anarchies of Greece , who through emulation at one anothers greatnesse and credit in the world , kept true prosperity indeed from a noble race and happy thriuing amongst them . For as in ciuill warres , while diuers factions fight one by one , all are in the end subdued ; whereas if they did vnite themselues with a stubborne holding together , they might peraduenture hazard and propulse the greatest strength , and raised forces against them . So in the plenties of peace and flourishes of happinesse , the best portion diuided into many parts will quickly bee spent , and a flowing riuer hath not that brauery , when it is cut out into small brookes , as in his owne streame running in a deep and fashionable channell . Againe , as in noble families , when the mannour houses , capitall messuages , and populous Lordships descend to one immediate heire , the dignity & honour of the same , is more and more vpheld , whereas if they were diuided amongst many sonnes , the glory would soone bee extinguished , and strength of the first firmnesse rebated . So fareth it with Italy , the very blessings affoorded by nature are disioynted , and the diuiding it into Principates , hath also deuided her fortunes , and former credit of rauishing beauty . For in one corner rules the Spanyard , at another end encrocheth the Sauoyan , on this side the Venetian keepeth all in awe , on that the Hetrurian Duke maintaineth a iurisdiction , heere the Church with the contraries of blessing and cursing locketh vp St. Peters Patrimony , as the Pope himselfe in the castle of St. Angelo , there many petty Princes are iealous of forraine trecheries , and howeuer they doe maligne the common enemy , yet can they not agree amongst themselues , but repine with an emulous hate against one another .

But would I could vnite them together , and set vp the wals of Rome , placing her seuen hils in such an order , that the city might boast of twenty mile compasse , and the gouernment lift vp a head , as in Daniels visions . Or that I might in a yeere of Iubile settle you vnder the wings of the Angell on the top of the palace , and shew you the Consistory of Cardinals , the triumphs of a Popes inauguration , his stately carrying on mens shoulders , his triple crowne , and such like ostentous and pompous ceremonies with all the glorious celebrations of the other Princes , either at their owne elections , or entertainment of forraine Ambassadours , yet would all this come farre short of our example . For the very prouision of Salomons palace would exhaust the countrey , consume the commodities , and like a barren ground drinking vp the raine , deuoure the plenty of the land , and pull in peeces their best compacted husbandry , of which wee haue had many instances in former times , when Italy suffered diuers famines and want of corne : so that if Aegypt had not beene a store-house and garner of graine to let in a supplyment , as it were an vnlookt for way , the people had perished for lacke of food , and the countrey beene wasted for want of husband-men and tillage . Againe , say they could drinke in vessels of golde ( wherein yet I finde them very sparing ) and that they determined to expose the glory of some ambitious triumph . Wherewith should their cups ouerflow , considering their wines are not only small , but in such a penury and scarcity , that if the women and children were not not prohibited , or at least from the customes of modesty did not limit themselues , a stranger should either drinke water or nothing , and had not wherewithall to satisfie their thirst . As for the Villano , he is glad of any water , and quencheth his heat from the muddy channells , which fall from the mountaines of snow , and are cleansed with much adoe by the swift courses of Eridanus , which sendeth her streames into the Adriatick sea , and makes a confederacy with other riuers for the same purpose , though the places require stranger titles . Many other defects haue , and must bespot this countries face , and debarre it from boasting of that happinesse , I would propose vnto you . For though the Inne-keepers daughter goe in a sattin gowne , and that the brauery of their women is amplified from their attire , as if the burs had golden kernels , and euery corner were full of silke-wormes ; yet doe they neither eat good meat , feed cleanely , nor meet together with friendly neighbor-hood , or inuitation . As for ciuill gouernment and administration of Iustice , euery Prouince hath a seuerall method , and the pride of one anothers liberty and power to defend a delinquent flying to them for succour , raiseth a presumption of strange committing offences , and perpetrating horrible thefts , rapes and murthers : so that whether they by bandited , or no ; when reuenge or wicked instigation hath set any man on worke , the Neapolitan flies vnto Rome , the Roman to Florence , the Florentine to Venice , the Venetian to Mantua , and so in all the rest . And for the more peaceable Inhabitants , they sildome reioyce vnder a vnity , and very sparingly admit of any customes , tending to the smoothnesse of loue and true contentment : so that in a manner all the defects , which deforme the naturall beauty of Kingdomes , may be heere lookt vpon with pitifull eyes , and much lamented with passionate heart greefe . As for those ostentous heapes of stone , which transport the slight credulity of the ignorant , to beleeue that it surpasseth for cities , buildings , and outward magnificence , any countrey in Europe , when you come to examine particulars , you shall finde it onely , as we deceiue our children , in sugring ouer a little course bread , made in the forme of delicate manchet on the outside . For what saies Tacitus , cities are the men ; gouernment , feeding ; and obedience of people , subiect to formall orders and handsome ceremonies , and not houses or palaces made of lime and stone , vnfurnished of dwellers , voyd of hospitality , and iealous euen of one anothers best enclinations , when they are furnished at the best . So that besides all naturall imperfections : In Italy there is neither roome in the house for thy seruants , nor litter for the cammels , especially out of their frequented high road wayes , as Rebecca promised the steward of Abrahams family : neither can you fetch the well-fed veale from the droues to entertain the man of God with the Patriark , dresse fine venison with Esau for olde Isaak , nor kill the fat calfe with the good father , that welcomed home his penitent sonne , which makes me remember a merry reason , by one of the same countrey , who being demanded why the muttons , calues , and other cattle , were so few , small , and leane ; replyed very soberly , because the Italians deuoured the grasse in sallets , and robbed the pastures to deceiue the poore cattle : but in truth the sunne kisseth the ground with that feruency , and the fields are so matted with drynesse , that for the most part the medowes are vnbefitting to satisfie much store of cattle , nor can feede oxen to any purpose . In another place , a Curtezan questioned with about the conditions of men in her faculty , or if you will , concerning matters of incontinency , touching the Italian ( for all the worlds opinion of his forwardnesse in that kinde ) she answered with a tush , Il Italiano pisciar molto . Nor , if I would flatter them according to the ridiculous soothing of Princes : could I of late dayes exemplefie any of their glorious exployts abroad , or famous attempts at home , more then ruining one another , and making of forts and fortifications , which sometimes prooued like Perillus bull to the inuentor , many times emboldned disobedience to relie on a wrong security , and at all times raised vp greater distrust and fowle suspitions , euen in their best cities and gouernments , as you see , how Naples and Millane is curbed , & the braue liberty of the Gentle-men , strangely fettered from the terror of Citadels , of which the Spanyard himselfe is yet transferred with an imaginary conceit , that souldiers may be corrupted , and no place is so impregnable : but th endeauours and policy of men can subiect to the fortune of alteration .

But let vs search a little into their best flourishing fields , for all Naples hath a story of it selfe , and boasteth of famous Diuers particulars concerning Italies glory & disreputation . Kings , and certaine Queenes the Viragoes of their time and Mirrors of Europe . For all the Romans haue had the aduancing of Trophes to the honour of the moderne Columni , Caesarij , and many worthy families from the Guelphi Gibellini , diuers from Florence , Ferrara , Vrbine , and some others . For all the Venetians expose to open view the Statues of Gatto Malato at the Santo in Padoa , of Bartholomeo Coloneo a Venetian Generall at Saint Iohn and Paul in their Citty ; the memorable battaile of Lepanto against the Turke ; the donation of the kingdome of Cyprus by the Queene , who was once a Deuotresse in their Monasteries ; the attempt against Millane , and expelling both French and Spaniard in those daies ; the entertaining of Francis the third King of France , and Poland , in despight of forraine threatnings , searches , pursuite , and the Popes displeasure ; and the last ouerdaring contesting with the Pope in matters appertaining to their State and gouernment . For all Florence swelled vp to this height of riches , and brauery , from the plentifull spring of a noble Medices , and famous actions of a politicke man . For all an heroike Gonzaga aduaunced his Marquisate to a Duchy , as a worthy recompence of his warlike endeauours . For all the Dukedome of Millane was incorporated into the house of Sforza a deuised name for his valour and martiall proceedings ; with diuers others of this kinde : yet alas you see , what is now become of Naples , and the noble man repines at his lost liberty , nor can he be satisfied , for all he may flutter in a golden cage , and ride through the streetes in a veluet Carosse ; yet you see that Rome hath beene sacked , and almost trampled vnder feete euen of late daies , insomuch , that when the Duke of Burbon entred for Charles the 5. no worthy Roman durst shew his head , and the other principates of Italy were afraid of pulling downe such a house , whose dust must needes fall into their eyes , and smoakie rubbish stifle their breath ; yet you see , how pittifully Ferrara and Vrbine haue lost their reputation of courtshippe , and offred their coronets on the altar of a Clergie mans vsurpation : yet you see , how Florence liues now , and for all the stile of Magnus dux Hertruriae , thinketh of nothing but amassing of treasure from mechanicke drudgery , and corrupted auarice : yet you see , that Rhodes is lost , and the miraculous Colossus beaten to pouder , that diuers discomfitures haue made Venice sweate in the midst of her cold bathe the sea ; that Cyprus was pul'd from her sides by violence , when but a little more strength and prouidence would haue kept it secure , and so warme , that no boisterous arme of Turkes should haue vncouered her to the catching of cold ; that they haue beene since inforced to contriue a treatice of pacification with the Gran Signeur , and in truth beene subiect to many indignities , which a man would not imagine so rich and politicke a gouernment could endure : but alas the Duke is but an vnsignificant voice . For the sword is caried before the Gran Concilij , who take order , that he neither liue profusely in his expences , nor haue any daring confidence to practise any thing preiudiciall to their gouernment : yet you see , Mantua is now at quiet , and dare not entermeddle with any warlike troubles , or martiall affaires , except he haue the cunning to discouer the aduantage of a preuailing party , and the fortune to ranke himselfe in the strongest squadrons : yet you see , how Millane mournes like a captiue , and for all her 300. Carosses , and 500. foot-cloths , dare not lift vp a countenance sutable to their hearts , nor a hand to pull the ramparts of the Citadle to the ground , when their wishes would faine see all throwne into the sea . And so in diuers others of this kinde .

As for the generall reputation of Italy , which it hath gotten by Marchants , it is abused in the metonimia . For their silkes and veluets , their marchandize and wares , that all Europe and Turky welcome them into their harbours and ports , but with such errours , ouersights , and peraduenture difficulties , that they neither make vse of nauigation out of their middle sea and Arches : nor haue any good Saylours and Souldiers amongst them : nor will aduenture as worthy men indeede for their countries honor , nor can performe any voyage with true iudgement and expedition . For the least affrighting newes of a Pirat , shall detaine them three months in harbour , and an vnexpected storme driue them into euery Port and Iland . Thus haue I my selfe beene witnesse , that an English-man hath left two great Italian ships in the towne of Xant , for feare of Ward , supposed to houer about Sapientia an Iland adioyning , being bound for Scanderon , and sayled to Cyprus , vnladed , dispatched , and returned backe againe , ere they were on their iourney . Nay , thus haue I knowne them foureteene weekes betweene Constantinople and Venice , which an English-man with a prosperous wind hath dispatched in fourteene dayes , although I imagine it 1700. English mile , and in lesse then six weekes almost with any winde . So that Venice it selfe boasting of the brauery of three hundred gallies , eight or ten galleasses , and thirty ships for marchants , neither hath sufficient men to man twenty , nor can without time and great expences fill vp the roome of that inuentory without Greekes , who are their cheefest Saylors , and condemned slaues , whom they spare from a death at the gallowes , which must needs release them from worldly troubles , to a liuing misery in the gallies , wherein to breath in continuall horrour is worse then twenty deaths indeed . Thus could I tire you with distasting particulars against the reputation of Italy : but I meane not to ouerlooke them with any maleuolent aspect , or disparage them , to bring my speeches within compasse of defamation : but onely keep my example in practise , and conclude , that it wanteth many things ( with Germany ) to make it proportionable with Salomons greatnesse , and Canaans goodnesse .

CHAP. XIII . SPAINE compared .

SHall wee then goe into Spaine , where Spaine wanteth many things to come neere our example . the Grandes of the Kings court haue golden keyes of his chamber , and are priuiledged by patent , to stand with couered heads before his Maiesty : where the Exchequer is full of golde from India , and the Treasurers bring in account of 100000. souldiers in garison and actiue employment , yeerely payd and orderly supplyed : where the Noble-man insulteth for his Gothish bloud , and will prooue a true Castilian , more ancient in gentry then the race of Othoman , and euery one , though he be but a maker of Chappinoes , weares his rapier point-blancke , as you call it , looking as high ( though not altogether so big ) after an oliue an a little ruske , as a Germane , that eats and drinks more at a meale , then a Spanyard doth in a weeke : where so many Kingdomes are vnited , as you see the seuen starres in the firmament make a more perspicuous shew then single planets in their sequestred spheres : where they can without boasting , I will not say vaine-glory , relate diuers histories of voyages at sea , discoueries of Countries , plantation of Colonies , conquest of both Indies , vsurpation of many Principates , running armies , and diuers other glorious exploits : howeuer the rest of Europe haue resembled them to prying and raging wolues ouer silly sheepe , either with a couetous minde of intrusion , or tyrannous desire of deuouring . Shall wee I say goe thither , and looke out a match for our example ; me thinks I am answered of euery man that weares a light hat , great ruffe , and full paire of hose . If Spaine doe not equall him , who can doe it ? I am not yet prepared for such a satisfaction , but will presume to shut Spaine out of dores , from entring into the priuy chamber of one example , for all his India supply , the only tumor of his greatnes , which did not Apollo pardon the fault , would prooue but the wish of Midas , who with his golden fortunes wanted the vse of natures benefits , and could neither eat nor drinke without choaking . But to particulars .

If Spaine be the richest Kingdome of Europe , and that some of them boasted , when time was , in ouerlooking the beautifullest worke in the world , I meane the Chappel at Westminster , that their King was able to make such another of siluer : where is Salomons golde amongst them , or Ierusalems plenty ? when siluer had no better reputation then stones , and euery man in Iudea was rich indeed , without abusing others , or others repining against them : where is their care to store the countrey , which questionlesse money would doe , from other exuberant prouinces , though nature had denyed them orderly prouision ? How came the Malec●…ntents in Flanders and Brabant , to threaten the principall cities for want of their salary ? who incited the Garisons of Antwerp , Gaunt , and euen Brussels it selfe , with diuers other townes , to mutinie ? who distasted sundry times the whole armies vpon their marches and employments ? who aduised the Treasurers to be so slacke in discharging of Liberanca's and other souldierlike pensions ? who doth euery yeere thrust the Garisons into penury and scarsity , insomuch that not onely in the Low-Countries , but euen in his gouernment of Millane , Naples , and Sicilia , the souldier wanteth , and many times is compelled to remit one halfe , to purse vp the other : Is not all this either for want of treasure ( the opinion whereof hath made his pride swell vncontrollable ) or orderly distribution ? the spring from whence the fluent plenty of Salomon had encrease . Be not therefore affrighted at this monster opinion , nor seduced with the vanity of report . For put the best Hispaniolized English man to the skirmish of vnderstanding the truth , and the wealth of Spaine shall prooue but false fires , if you be so neere to discouer their disbursements , and infinite occasions to dispend their treasure : but if you should aduenture to lay their peeces to the light with Salomons cloth , by way of comparison , good God , how course , how cockeld , how short , how shrinking , how faulty , and indeed ridiculous would all appeare ? And thus much for their wealth . Now to the rest .

What hath Spaine worthy commendation , much lesse any prerogatiue of happinesse ? why , Canaan flowed with milke and honey , yeelding such blessings of encrease , that the King not onely had his great store of prouision without repining : but Israel , as the sand of the sea , eat , dranke , and made merry , and can this bee done in Spaine ? The burnt hills and desart places will quickly answer the argument ; the country-man hides his garlike and onions , as ashamed of his diet ; the Citizen powders his fish , and buyes cheese of the Dutch-man ; the Gentle-man is limited what he shall eat , and how much hee may carry home to his family ; the Court hath much adoe to be supplyed , and many concussions are practized from the Kings prerogatiue , to furnish the offices with reasonable allowance , and the whole Kingdome is sometimes affrayd to want bread ; whereupon certaine agents are employed , euen in remote countries , to bring in both corne and victuall , tempting both them and our selues with golde and ready payment of money : for which purpose onely is a prouiso in their acts of Parliament , concerning exportation of coyne , of which in truth though they haue great cause to boast , yet are they tied to so many inconueniencies for other wants , that in their best cities is neither good fare , nor good lodging , nor any thing worthy the name of a blessing . As for their silly praising of sallets , fruits , and herbs : I remember Sr. Roger Williams answer to an idle Spanyard , boasting of his countries citrons , orenges , oliues , and such like : I , but ( sayd he ) in England we haue dainty veale , and well fed capons to eat with this sawce , and many delicate dishes worthy the name of sustenance indeede . For God made the beasts of the earth to liue on the grasse and fruits of the same ; but man to liue vpon them , and command all . So that Adams wisdome gaue them titles , and his superioriry prescribed subiection : but how ? for mans vse , mans delight , mans necessity , mans conuersation , mans triumph . Thus doth oyle make a cheerfull countenance , wine a gladsome heart , bread a strong body , and flesh a fulnesse of bloud : thus was Salomons palace and tables furnished , and Dauid praised God for infinite blessings : thus were odours and incense prouided , and the loue of brethren compared to the deaw and balsome of Hermon , or the costly oyntment on Arons vestures : thus in Peters vision he might kill and eat , and the Sauiour of the world liued amongst Publicans , feasted at marriages , and allowed of honest conuersation : and thus had Canaan neighbourly meetings , banquets of triumphs , and times of publike and priuate celebrations . But in Spaine no such matter ; they neither dare , nor can bid you welcome . For farre worse then in Italy , idle iealousie , filthy malice , feare of expences , arrogant menaces , wicked suspition , and such like , will debarre you from the pleasure of inuitation , from the freedome of entercourses , and cannot sauour the noble liberty of mutuall amity . Canaan had the temple furnished as God commanded , the Priest obedient to the King , the Prophets in estimation , and the feasts of the Leuiticall Law orderly celebrated . Spaine is polluted with Paganisme , and inuented that cruell office of Inquisition to punish the Moores , or such as adhered to their superstition , is ouerawed by the Cleargy , and is so terrified with the thundring voyce of excommunication , that he durst not but put his owne sonne to death , to please the Pope . Canaan was a receptacle for strangers , loued princely solemnities , and could not endure neither begger , nor whore of their owne nation . Spaine hates all men , or at least vilipends them in respect of themselues , commits them to fire and sword , that exclaime against their stewes and prophanation , and cannot order many solemne festiuals , except at a Kings inauguration , a Princes marriage , or a Cardinals iollity : where yet an Italian inuention shall fill a table with painted trenchers and dishes of China : but a hungry belly may cry for meat , and not be satisfied .

Canaan had cities of refuge , cities of store , cities of strength , cities for horses , and the Kings magnificence , to all which the high-waies were conuenient , and men passed to and fro without danger , or want . In Spaine you must haue a Guide , yea sometimes a guard , and are so farre from expecting reliefe after your daies endurance , that if you haue not a borracho before your saddle , and commodious prouision on an Asse or Moile hired for the same purpose , you may go supperlesse to bedde , and peraduenture haue no other bedde , but a Stramezza , or some stinking tike filled with sedge , and shalings of hempe . Canaan Beautifull wom●…n . had beautifull women ; Abraham and Isaack were afraid of their wiues , least the Abimileckes might be enamored on their beauty : Dina was full of fauour , and her rauishment reuenged in bloud . Iacob serued 14. yeares for his wiues , and Rahel was a woman of great comelinesse : Ruth no doubt pleased Boaz , and the times afforded delicate creatures , Bersabe , Abigaile , and Abisack are commended for their beauty : Thamar was at first pleasing to Ammon , and her loue molested the young Prince : Ester and Iudith were Mirrors of their time , the one pleased the Monarch of the world , the other ouercame with a double victory the great Captaine of Assiria : Susanna's beauty enflamed the Iudges , and the dotards fell into the pit of burning wantonnesse : Herodias was so attractiue , that shee might haue commaunded halfe a kingdome : the Queene Berenice allured Titus , and he neglected his greatest affaires for her sake , and so in thousand other relations , besides the generall applause afforded the meaner sort , whereby the very heathen confessed the happinesse of Iudea in this kinde , and added blessing to blessing , when they vnderstood their worth , vertue , and commendation . But Spaiue must mourne for strange disparity this way , and either lament that the whore of Babylon hath poysoned her Countries with the dregges of abomination , or complaine , that the women are painted like the images of the groues , and sit in the high-way , as Thamar when shee went to deceiue Iuda . For if they be honest , they are for the most part vnpleasing , and swartisb : if Curtezans , dangerous and impudent : so that for these and many other insufficiencies I dare be bold to say , that as yet Salomon must sit vnparralel'd , and Spaine can in no sort come neere the Countrey of Canaan , as it was in the time of his prosperity , and administration .

CHAP. XIV . FRAVNCE compared with a discouery of her defects .

BVt what thinke you of France ? saies As the blessings of France are abused , it cannot equall our comparison . some iudicious Traueller , is not your iourny now almost at an end , and will not your searches be satisfied with the goodliest Kingdome of the world ? The answere shall not be a peremptory contradiction , nor derogate from the merit of the least worth , or vertue : yet are they traduced for many defects , and I beleeue will fall vnder our example ; howsoeuer , I am sure , it dares not abide the touch in the triall . For setting the wisedome of Salomon aside , whereof Fraunce could seldome make ostentation , the Queene of Saba commended the obedience of the Princes , the sitting of his seruants , the ordering of the palace , the furnishing of the tables , the prouision for the houshold , and the glory of his throne : not so much for outward maiesty of the structure , and princely magnificense in his attendants , as the aduised care ouer his subiects , and impartiall determining of controuersies . In Fraunce the Princes contest with the King , the Clergie affront the Princes , the Gentrey murmure against the Clergie , the Pages mocke the Gentlemen , the Citizens complaine of the Pages , and all sorts of people are proud of nothing , but slouenlines familiarity , and disorder ; so that with much adoe the Mechanicall man stands bare to the King ; and the Nobles sit at meate , as Carriers in an hostery without any reuerence , with vnmannerly noise , with impudent snatching the dishes from the table by the Seruitors , and confused trouble of commers and goers : whereby a vild custome hauing got the vpper hand , the maiesty of the Court and Kingdome is much depressed , which otherwise redacted to an vniformity might indeede augment the glory of Europe .

The Kingdome of IVDEA and gouernment of CANAAN , as soone as euer obedience had set in a foote amongst them , admired the wisedome of their women , as well as admitted the policy of the men ; and in no sort debarred the daughters , neither from the princely throne , nor fathers inheritances , when the sonnes were extinct , and the line failed in the males , which all men know , whose consciences are opened with the key of vnderstanding Gods truth . For the daughters of Zelophaad came before Iosua , and had their portion with the rest of the Tribes : But in Fraunce the Law salicke debarreth the woman from her lawfull inheritance , out of a wilfull position , that the Flower-deluce may not go to the distaffe , The law salicke in France against the law of ●…od and nations . which I wonder at the rather , because we haue such forcible instances both in Scripture , and many other worthy Nations to the contrary . For to enlarge our protasis a litle : In the swelling fulnesse of the greatest and longest lasting Monarchy of the world , I meane the Assyrians , S●…iramis raigned sole Empresse aboue 20. yeares . When the Persians beganne to shrinke in their estimation , the Kingdomes of Saca , Sogdiana , and Bactriana were subiect to Tamira , and Tolmilanda two famous Queenes . The barbarous Scithians admitted of Tomiris for their Soueraigne , and how she conquered Cyrus , a worthy Historiographer hath enlarged . In Canaan Debora iudged Israell , and Athalia was Queene of Ierusalem . When Salomon had aduanced both the Temple and Palace , Saba came as Empresse of Aethiopia vnto him , and in the time of the Apostles Candauce gouerned the same Countrey . When Caesar presaged his owne fortunes Cleopatra was sole Queene of Egipt : and some write that Dido ouer-ruled Carthage and Africke . In Bohemia euen of late daies Libussa and Velasca obtained the Diadem , and when they supposed themselues seated in firmenesse , they gathered a company of Ladies , and vpon a light credulity , that the story of the Amazons was to be beleeued , would haue erected such a foolish Common-wealth . Amongst our selues before the conquest we had a Gueudoline Queene of Brittaine , a Cordelia Vaodicea , and some other ; and since two Daughters of HENRY the 8. Amongst whom ELIZABETH was such a Prince , that forrane report hath established her for the Miracle of all ages , howeuer some of our selues haue beene too sparing in her admiration , and enlarging her greatnesse . In Italy we remember two Queenes of Naples , who haue done such actions in the world , that they will be remembred in despight of obliuion . In Hungary the history of diuers Queenes hath startled euen men of resolution to be ashamed of their pusillanimity , and incited diuers heroike persons to worthy imitation . I might name the Queene of Cyprus taken out of the Monastery at Venice , and so inuested with the Diadem , which at last she laid prostrate before the feete of the Senate , and they protected the same , till a stronger arme wrested it out of their tuition . Whereby I cannot but wonder , that neither example , nor precept can preuaile with them , considering in all kingdomes , with all sexes , and at all times such inhibitions to debarre the right of kingdomes from the true and indubitate successors did not passe without the scandall of intrusion , tyrannie , and wrong . Besides , according to the Satyre , Dum vitant stulti vitia in contraria currunt . from an inconuenience ( as they suppose ) they haue fallen into a mischiefe , and if I would vse it by way of personating , whereas in submitting to diuine appointment in such cases , they might please both God and man , in ouer-ruling the truth , they haue made their preposterous dealing ridiculous to all the world . For howeuer they deny their owne naturall daughters this prerogatiue , by a contrary fashion they admit of stranger women to bee more imperious ouer them : as by the two late Queene mother Regents , and both Italians of the house of Medices , is made apparant by lamentable experience : what the one contriued , and how like a firebrand she had like to haue set all Fraunce on a blase ; the History is pregnant , and the Legend of the Cardinall of Loraine composed by that true hearted Frenchman Francis de Lisle a man of honour , is most apparant ; & how the other is suspected is now no newes : But to the rest .

Salomon made diuers nauies , went in person to view his shippes , had great custome from his Merchants , loued and maintained good Marriners and pilots , contracted leagues with forraine Princes , making the confirmation of them honourable , and performed all good offices , that tended to the expatiating his glory . France wanteth shipping , is carelesse of nauigation , raiseth few Saylors , seldome attempteth voiages , or discoueries , and hath many times incurred the imputation of perfidious breach of faith , vnder that diabolicall position , fides non est conseruanda cum Haereticis : as also that iesuiticall doctrine of equiuocation : witnesse their horrible massacres , the imprisoning the Princes of the bloud , their tragicall warre , the inhumane murther of the Admirall , the Guisian pride , and the terror Francis the third was put into , when he was put into the Lovure . Salomon had that good order and obedience in his townes and cities , that he knew his cities of store , his cities of traphique , his cities of fortification , his cities of refuge , and his cities of composition . But in France both cities and townes with their inhabitants , and Merchants are vnfashionable , sluttish , dangerous , rebellious , and the people neither of wealth , nor eminence : In Paris they dare talke of a Kings wantonnesse , entermeddle with tractates of Parliament , and State , call any Prince Hugonet , that onely saies the Nostre Dame is but a darke melancholly Church , and iustifie very monstrous and abusiue actions : Besides , to tell of their inconstant and refractary dispositions , would be too tedious , and sooner discouer their loathsome treasons , then preuent the customary , and mischeeuous practises of the people .

The peace of Salomon caused plenty , and that spred it selfe ouer all Israel like a shady tree , which as a double shelter kept backe the cold of winter , and tempered the burning heate of summer : so that it is apparant with the Kings magnificense at Court , the husbandmans peace and wealth in the Countrey was enlarged , whereupon most of them were Berzalites and would go no further , then ouer Iordan with Dauid , but rerurne to their owne houshold , sit vnder their owne figg-trees , and bee gathered together into the graues of their ancestours . But France knowes not now what to say : For the Court is a meere mapp of confusion , and exposeth many actions more ridiculous then worthy imitation : as for the Countrey-man , hee is called a Pesant , disparaged in his drudgery and seruile toylsomnesse , liueth poore and beastly , is treacherous at aduantage , and yet afrayd of his owne shadow , and cannot free the vineyards from theeues and destroyers : yea , all the countrey swarmeth with rogues and vagabonds , whose desperate wants driue them to perpetrate many horrible murthers , although for the most part the Prouosts of euery diuision are very diligent . The wisdome of Salomon setled his cities , that strangers were admitted at all times , except in frontire townes , which peraduenture were guarded in the night , according to martiall discipline , prouided that the passages were easie and secure , admitted of all complainants , and leuiated their greeuances , aduanced himselfe on a golden throne to entertaine matters of Iustice , allowed of the Prophets , who yet out of zeale cryed out against the abuses of the Temple and Palace , and commanded the subiect , first to remember his duty to God ; then his obedience to the Prince ; and last of all , his loue to his neighbour : and this hee performed by admonitory preceps to enstruct the ignorant , and princely indignation to punish the obstinate . France referreth all to Parliaments and Presidents , excludeth the reformed Churches out of the walls of the cities , hath the name of Prophet in derision , suffered the Iesuites to murther two famous Princes , permitteth them still a Sanctuary , and from worldly policy excludeth true religion out of doores . In France the passages are toylesome and disordered , dangerous for extraordinary robberies , and vnder officers shuffle vp diuers times most notorious abuses . To conclude , in France many particulars choak the breath of happinesse , from giuing life to a glorious Kingdome indeede , if the reciprocall duties betweene Prince and subiect were but easily extended : so that with these defects I cannot chuse but exempt her from sitting on any hand of Salomons throne . Whither shall wee then goe to match our example ? or at least to come so neere , that a ciuill censurer will neither flatter nor detract : you know my first purpose , and I now determine to lead you into the sweet and orderly fields of England .

CHAP. XV. ENGLAND compared , with the probable reasons , why she is neerer the example of CANAANS happinesse , then any other nation .

WIthout preface or circumloquution , you shall finde the Kingdome of England in The glory of England both abroad and at home . geographicall dimension equall to the country of Canaan , and the people praysing of God , in regard of their great and extraordinary blessings . For begin where you will , wee shall come so neere the comparison , as a close order in ranging a battalion . Concerning the generall view of the same , did you euer heare or read of any so well diuided into shires and hundreds , with Lords , Lieutenants , Sheriffs , Iustices , and other inferiour officers : insomuch , that it hath layd an imposition on the endeauours of a principall scholler , and hee ( according to the secret of satisfaction ) hath most worthily vnclasped the records of antiquity , and with such sufficient ampliation , that our aduersaries haue beene silent in excepting against it . But to my first purpose : I say , that to match all the particulars , wherwith I haue stored Salomons magnificence and the countries prosperity , there is not at this houre any Kingdome in the world , so ready , apt , or worthy to take him by the hand , to pace out the measures of true glory and happinesse , as the Kingdome of England .

Concerning our glory abroad , what worthy voyages haue we made ? I hope no people or nation euer equalled vs , witnesse Sr. Iohn Mandeuill into India by land ; Stafford ouer Europe , much about the same time ; Ienkinson , Willoughby , Borogh , and many others into Russia and Muscouia ; Forbisher and Hawkins to discouer the northerne passages : the Fenners , Ralph Lane , Iohn Clarke , and diuers into America ; another voyage , where of Sr. Walter Raleigh was the proposer ; our setling in Virginia ; our traffique to the West Indies , Brasill , Peru , Caribana , and Guiana ; Captaine Drake round about the world , twice or thrice ; Thomas Candish the like , our trauels to the East Indies , or Philippines ; the Earle of Cumberlands worthy voyages , & amongst others , that to Santo Port-Ricco ; the Portugall voyage ; Cales voyage ; the Iland voyage , and sundry others ; as in Master Hackluits booke about this subiect only . Besides moderne trauellers , both of Noble-men & Gentle-men , although euery man is not a free Denizon of prosperities Kingdom , nor can boast of natures bounty in the gifts of vnderstanding , or fortunes liberality in disposing her treasures . If you would see how our marchants are bestowed , look into all the Ports of the world , you shall find them setled , & our shipping in harbour ? If you could view all the countries of the earth , where men dare or can come , we are nobly dispersed , & I beleeue might be pull'd out of the center of the same , if such a passage did euer excite man to explore for secrets , marchandize , or wealth . If you were admitted into the remotest palaces of Emperours & Kings ; yea Tartary it selfe , English-men would salute you , and speak your owne language : and if you haue a purpose to affright idlenesse with any enterprize in the world , especially to make them beleeue , that the hand of profit will fill their laps with plenty , English-men dare set endeauours on their best feet , and can tell how to tumble all blockes and hindrances aside , which may either terrefie them from such enterprizes , or detaine them from the glory of the actions : only heere lies a secret of traducing them , that a supposition of the wants of others , or feare of cumbersomnesse , when they meet with an indigent countrey-man abroad , hath debarred free conuersation , and doth make the mutuall supplying the necessity of strangers , a harsh-kinde of welcome ; yea , an absolute leauing them to misery , if they haue not bills of exchange or letters of credit , to ouerbeare mischances .

But our glory abroad is truely expatiated , when you shall know how helpefull wee haue beene to other nations , both with purse and forces ; yea , contrary to the opinion of the world , concerning our penury , opened the enclosures of riches , and hononrably supplyed the defects of other Kingdomes . Wee haue made peace betweene Denmark and Sweden , and pacified those troubles long agoe . We haue releeued the Estates of Holland with men , money , and munition , vnderpropping them , as if a man should vndershore a ruinous wall , vntill the foundation were repaired . We haue assisted the Protestant Princes of of France in their first ciuill warres , and beene auxiliary to many noble houses of Germany , we setled the last King in his greatnesse , and lifted him vp to that honour , that none of his Predecessours had their crownes shining with such a lustre . We playd the Physician with Geneua , and administred her such an antidote , that no aconite of Pope or Sauoy could envenom her to death , or contriue her destruction . We brought the distressed Prince Antonio to knock at the gates of Lisbone , and had he not found a fatall vicissitude of times and occasions ; yea , the minds of inconstant men corrupted with by-respects , and priuate following the stronger side , we might questionlesse haue preuailed in the proiect , and vpon the least filling the sailes of our expectation with the winde of home assistance , brought recouery to receiue the fulnesse of life . Wee haue made Spaine weary of the warres , and at last desire a peace , which I would be loth to resemble to still waters , wherein are the deepest gulphs and most dangerous places to aduenture . We returned the Polish Ambassadour , with admiration at our Princes greatnesse and magnanimity . We haue setled the good opinion of the Muscouite . Wee haue emboldned the Venetians in their last dissentions against the Pope . Wee haue accorded the Arch-Duke , who not onely admitteth vs into entertainment , but giueth way vnto such , as yet maintaine the cause of the contrary . We haue welcomed the Prince of Moldauia , and as farre as policy or charity could goe , brought him along into the faire fields of expectation to regaine his enheritance . We haue lately ouerlooked the fields of Sweden and Russia ; yea , thought it befitting to send a martiall supply into Denmarck , and howeuer the Polander repine , must in the end ( I beleeue ) determine those controuersies . To conclude , ( though it shall be no cause of ostentation ) wee haue prospered in so many glorious thriuings , that the Spanyard in his prophanation hath sworne IESVS CHRIST to become a Lutheran , and railed on report , for filling the world with the sound of so many memorable actions .

Concerning our glory at home , lay abroad our example The glory of England at home . and spare not , and marke the emptiest place , which we will not fill vp with comparison . First , the best manner of gouernment from Gods own mouth , which is monarchal ; and philosophicall principles , which is a King ; and morall enstructions , which is a distributer of Iustice ; and peoples desires , which is an honourable preseruer of Common-wealths : all vnited in one person , from a continuall descent of princely ancestours , gaining the loue and obedience of many nations , by excelling induments of nature , as wisdom , learning , iudgment , peaceable desires , honorable liberality , magnanimity , & such like . And did it please him to add some glorious repairing , or rather magnificent quadrant , to his palace at White-hall , being the principall place of entertainement , and the eye to ouerlooke such a city , as is not in the world , it would come neere our example indeede . For the Kings house in Ierusalem was thirteene yeere a building , and no one thing addes more honour to a nation , then regardable edifices , and eminent workes of Maiesty , being the very fruit of peace , and ( as it were ) the birth-right of prosperity , whether it bring forth sumptuous structures or adorning monuments . And ( if it were not a pride & elation of hart to number the people , looke how many nations and languages are vnder subiection : namely English , Scottish , Irish , Welch , Cornish , Ments , Ilanders both Hebrides and Orchades , & the French of Gersy and Iersy : so that if the honour of a King consisteth in the multitude of his subiects , what Prince hath more , and such variety ? If you looke on his palaces , where are so many , and so good , belonging to any Kingdome in the world ? If you will behold his court ; I hope for state , good order , expences , entertainment , and continuall attendancy , other places come farre short ? If you will view his shipping and nauies , I am sure you passe away with astonishment , when you are enstructed in the secrets of their seruice and strength ? If you will behold his armours and munition , they exceede report , and the Arsenalls of other countries haue neither such equipage nor sufficiency ; but when you shall finde euery Noble-man and Gentle-mans house so well furnished , euery Hall and Company so well prouided , euery Shire so willing to continue their preparation , euery Master so cheerefull in storing himselfe , and euery man so ready to giue eare to any martiall summons , and prepare with ioy to attend the seruice ; you must needs returne , not louing vs with feare and trembling , but affecting vs with triumph and well wishes , for our preuailing against the proudest aduersary ? If you will number vs at sea , I know there is not so many good Mariners and Saylours in Europe , excepting the Low Countries . If you will muster vs at land , who can shew such companies of foot ? such troopes of horse ? so many worthy seruitours ? and so well appoynted ? Insomuch that I know diuers Gentle-men of England , who can conduct 3000. men into the field ( in their King and Countries name ) of their owne tenants , seruants , and friends . If you will examine our Nobility , I confesse they doe not boast of factious greatnesse , as in France , & the Princes of Germany : but their number , noble disposition , & willingnes to be obedient , may passe in the best items of Fames account . If you would see our Councellors , prepare a reuerence , and settle your estimation toward them for their orderly life , probity of manners , integrity in deciding controuersies , & affability in admitting suters : & though you come from the Grandes of Spaine , the Principalities of Italy , the Electors of Germany , the Dukes of France , & the States of other Countries , yea , the ostentous pomp of Cardinals : yet bee not too preiudicate , nor transported with selfe-conceited wilfulnes ; for you shall see as great brauery , retinue , & obseruation amongst vs , as any subiects in the world dare challenge or put in practise , for outward glorious ostentation : nay more , the order of our Garter , and the ceremonies of enstalling , are continued with that triumph and maiesty , that no one celebration of petty Princes dare lift vp a countenance of such iollity & regardable honor . And if you will behold the other Courtiers , they are generally so many , so handsome , so seruiceable , & of their own retinues so well prouided , that I protest they so farre exceede other places , both for gracefull shewes and sufficient estates , that I wonder , how such a corner of the world should haue such a generall confluence of all happinesse and courtship , as if a raised winde should beat the swelling sea of prosperity to one shore .

But if you will be rauished indeede , or transported with the loue of the world , come and behold the beauty of our Ladies , and the disposing them at a night of solemnity , to which if you adde the generall contentment , which our English women affoord generally , without sophisticate and adulterate additions , either to comelinesse or fauour , there is no man can hold his peace , but proclaime our preeminence . Againe , if you would see Iustice proud of her entertainment , and how shee presents both praemium and poena to the seuerall attendants on her throne of equity ; looke into our Starre-chamber , and view the Sunne in most perspicuous splendour , without so much as the least clowdy respect of persons . If you will enter our Gentle-mens houses , I hope , there is no such cupbords of plate , beds of of veluet and embroidery , hangings of tapistry , variety of roomes , duty of seruants , order of house-keeping , store of pastime , and all that man can desire in any countrey in the world . If you will search our cities and townes , what they want in outward deceit of formality ( and yet I cannot so extenuate our buildings ) is supplyed in sweetnesse and delicacy , and within doore surpasseth the best of them for wealth and furniture . As for expences , I am sure some Citizens of London are at more annuall charge of diet , then the Dukes of Venice , Florence , or Genoa , for their own palaces . If you will examine our marchants , howeuer some great Foulker or agent for a whole Kingdome , in Genoa , Antwerp , Brussels , or other citties may surpasse vs for vsury , venting commodities , or supposition of wealth : yet I am sure , there died not two such in one yeere , out of one towne in the world , as Spencer and Sutton . As for the rest , they surpasse for curious fare , statelinesse , following their pleasures , handsome education , comely entertainment , and orderly contribution , Besides , they liue at home in ease , purchase land with security , bring vp their children in daintinesse , maintaine their families in obedience , and cannot be matched by any forraine opposition . Would you be acquainted with the Trades-man , Artezan , and others of mannuall occupation , looke how hee liues , looke how he fares , looke where he dwels , looke what he weares , looke whether he goes to buy his meat , to such markets and shambles , that the very sight astonisheth all strangers , and once made acquainted with their variety and goodnesse , they are amazed at our blessings , and wonder , how so much prouision can bee orderly deuoured . Would you be refreshed with the pleasant countrey aire ; our Yeoman and Husbandman liueth in such delight and sweetnesse of situation , that you may repine at his health and prosperity : but if you consider in what comelinesse and decency , in what peace & tranquility , in what neatnes and hospitality , in what wealth and good condition ; you will fall to praising of God , for imparting his blessings to our nation , and wishing the like to your owne deficient countrey in this kinde : For beleeue it ( as you shall heare heereafter ) whether he be Purchaser or Farmer , our enemies haue repined at our prerogatiues in this kinde , and our friends embtaced our noble customes with desire of imitation . I could adde many things to the ampliation of our glory , as our hauens and harbours , especially in Ireland , our riuers , high wayes , secure trauelling , vniuersities , castles , bathes , mines , and honorable orders of watchings , trainings , and musters : but I referre them to their due places , when I shall prooue our excellency and transcending prerogatiues beyond other nations . And thus much for our glory .

CHAP. XVI . Wherein the happinesse of ENGLAND is both perspicuous and commendable .

COncerning the happinesse of a nation , what The happinesse of our countrey . Kingdome hath more commodities within it selfe , wanteth lesse , or is better furnished from forraine parts ? so that whether for profits sake , the strangers of other countries make sale of their best things , or that there is a secret in transportation , or that custome or cunning hath taught our marchants , euen curiosity it selfe , in selecting the choycest things , I know not , but am sure our England is the shop of the world , and London the Magazin of natures dainties . But to particulars ; if it bee a blessing for euery man to eat vnder his owne roofe , to sit with the pleasure of conuersation in his orchard or garden , to enioy the fruits of the earth with plenty , to liue in neighbourly gratuities : and in a manner our doores open all night , to haue many children , seruants , and store of cattle , to purchase great estates , marry our daughters beyond expectation , and strengthen one another in worthy families and preuailing affinity : looke amongst vs , and tell mee where is the like ? If it be a blessing not to be suppressed with superiours , not to haue the Common-wealth rent in peeces with tyrannie , not to see others enioy the fruits of our labours , not to be tormented with intrusion , vsurpation , or malicions lookes of ouer-couetous Land-Lords : looke amongst vs , and demand who can complaine , or at least , who is so wronged , but hee may haue satifaction or redresse . If it be a blessing to enioy the preaching of the Gospell , to be free from corrupting and absurd ceremonies , to reioyce in the liberty of vpright consciences , to continue in a true , perfect , and established religion ( as heereaster shall be more amply explained ) to abound with reuerend learned men , to haue liberall accesse , and dispute of our faith with moderate perswading and disswading , and to haue all controuersies tried vpon the touch-stone of Gods truth ; come and heare vs , and tell me wherein you are vnsatisfied . If it bee a blessing to haue sociable conuersation , and yet with honourable respect to continue the freedome of neighbourly meetings , exempted from this intolerable yoake of iealousie and suspition , to loue one another with those comfortable conditions of charity , to feast without scandall , to entertaine without repining , and to be merry without lasciuiousnesse ? Examine the disposition of vs all generally , and setting mens imperfections aside , which follow life , as the shadow the sunne , and tell me where is lesse offence in so great fulnesse offelicity . If it be a blessing to make the best vse of natures blessings , to be rather helpfull , then indigent of others help , to be at peace with all the Kingdomes of the world , to haue confining Princes gratefie vs by Embasie , to haue the greatest Monarchs allied , or desiring our alliance , to welcome all comers with a noble and correspondent inuitation , and to thriue euery day more & more in the propagation of our worth , Take vp the example , put vs to the triall , and see whether I speake vaine-gloriously . To conclude with the best of all blessings , if it be a blessing to liue in expectation of a royall succession , to bee confident of hopefull Princes , to haue adioyning countries study our obseruation , to see our owne country and people flourish with all abundance , and to suspect nothing but the corruptions of greatnesse , through wantonnesse and ease : looke vpon vs ; pensill out our defects , if you can , and let not emulation , which sometimes dependeth on vertuous deserts and desires , bee turned into enuy , or so attended on by malice , that you will not yet confesse our neernesse in matching our example , when I am sure no Kingdome is so beautified with vnstainable colours .

But you will say , for all this , we neither fetch gold from Ophir , nor are our cities and buildings of any sufficiency , to hold out against a military expugnation , nor satisfie the high looking eyes of magnificence . To the first , I answer directly , we may if we list , either fetch treasure where it is , or bee the cause , that it shall bee brought vs euen to the doores of our Exchequer in peace . For I am sure , we haue not onely ships and men , but such hands and spirits , as with Dauids Worthies , can pull the speares out of the hands of the Philistims , and with Sampsons riddle take meat out of the eater , and sweetnesse from the strong , and who shall hinder vs ? I hope not Spaine , if there were such occasion , nor the gallies of the middle-land sea , nor the confederate Princes of Italy , nor the Turkish Carmisans or gallies , nor the fortifications of China , nor any one worldly Monarch . But see the conditions of true worthinesse ; valour and a noble spirit dare doe no wrong , and our excellent King ( out of true addictions to vprightnesse ) hath rolled vp all ensignes of defiance , and therefore will not infringe the honourable couenants of his compacted peace , nor giue example to his sonne , to stirre the poole of Silo , vntill the Angell descend for the good of the people .

Concerning our buildings and cities : first for the gloriousnesse and brauery of them ; I answer , Ars non habet inimicum nisi ignorantem , and men are too preiudicate , that either condemne vs for want of knowledge ; or effeminate , that vilipend vs for defect of formality ; because of mine owne knowledge , I dare say , generally there are not so many beautifull Churches , handsome castles , glorious palaces , sweet townes , stately houses , and of great capacity , and delicate structures , within the circular dimension of so much ground in the world : so that if our Gentle-men ( admitting the custome of liuing in cities , as they doe in most parts of Europe ) would compact all the edefices and conuenient houses of a shire within a wall , or that we were sited in a continent , like the through-fares of France , Germany , or Italy , we might questionlesse haue more glorious , great , and populous cities , then any one kingdome vnder heauen . Secondly , for the strength ; what care wee for extraordinarie fortifications amongst our selues , the onely darings of presumption , and inducements to vnnaturall treasons , when times and worthy gouernment so curbs the ambitious subiect from any dangerous attempt , that they are so farre from affrighting the Prince , or one another , with factious hostility , that they can quickely vnite themselues for the common good : as for the feare of forraine enemies , and inuasion of any enraged foe , wee haue the sea for our walls , the shores as strong as brasse , and such a nauy for our defence , that I protest my heart leaps for ioy , when I see the channell so plentifully stored , the Kings harbours so magnificently filled , and know that all the hauens of the world entertaine vs for one respect or another . But say , we doe not this way put the ambitious man in any hope ofthriuing in fowle pretension offormidable actions against the peace of our State : or the quiet man in any feare , that well fortified places may be surprized by treasons , and maintained by power , to the disturbance of the whole Realme , and animating forraine Princes to expect such coadiutement by corrupted and abused men . I am sure we come neerer our example ( some frontire townes or speciall landing places excepted ) both for hospitality and the generall blessings of the kingdome , reciprocally imparted to poore and rich . And for our other townes and villages , such as they are , considering the vse and necessity of trauell , surmount by farre the Hosteries and deformed villages of other nations , and am sure , if you let loose the Queen of cities , as you terme Paris ; the Sacra Porta ; or the beautifull , as Constantinople ; the impossible within the impossible , as Venice ; the happy and fashionable , as Augusta ; the populous , as Norremberg ; the great , as Millane ; the delicate , as Florence ; the Gentle , as Naples ; the spatious , as Cracow , Mosco , Cayro , and tripartite Prage : not one of them all ( as for infinite other towns , they are not once to be named to this purpose ) can looke so bigg , or angerly vpon our LONDON : but shee can affront them with a matching countenance ; yea , ouermatch them in many seuerall exercises and excellencies , wherein for your better instruction we will dispute a little .

CHAP. XVII . Forraine cities compared to LONDON , with the defects of either made apparant , and our sufficiency manifested .

IF I beginne not at first with too sullen or London and Paris com●… . concise a question ; more then the new gallery of the Lovure , and the suburbs of St. Germanes , as it is now re-edified , what one thing is worthy obseruation or wonder within Paris : as for London , but that you will say my particular loue transporteth mee , it hath many specialities of note , eminence , and amazement ; & for greatnes it selfe , I may well maintain , that if London and the places adioyning were circummunited in such an orbicular manner , it would equall Paris for all the riuers winding about , and the fiue bridges sorting to an vniformity of streets : and as wee now behold it , the crosse of London is euery way longer then you can make in Paris , or any citie of Europe : but because peraduenture you will not vnderstand what I meane by this word crosse , it shall bee thus explained , that from St. Georges in Southwarke to Shoreditch South and North ; and from Westminster to St. Katherines or Ratcliff , West and East , is a crosse of streets , meeting at Leaden-Hall , euery way longer , with broad spaciousnesse , handsome monuments , illustrious gates , comely buildings , and admirable markets , then any you can make in Paris , or euer saw in other city , yea Constantinople it selfe . Concerning multitude of people , if you take London meerely as a place composed of Marchants , Citizens , and Trades-men , the world neuer had such another : If you conioyne the suburbs , Southwarke , Westminster , St. Katherines , and such like , it exceeds Paris euen for Inhabitants , or if you will come to vs in a terme time , according to our custome of resorting together , I hope you may bee encountred either with hands or swords , as for Paris , you know the better halfe , euen of the indwellers , are Gentle-men , Schollers , Lawyers , and belonging to the Cleargy : the Marchant liuing obscurely , the Trades-man penuriously , the Crafts-man in drudgery , and altogether insolent and rebellious vpon the least distasting , vnaccustomed impositions , or but affrighted with the alteration of ridiculous ceremonies . But let vs search our comparison a little further : insteed of a beastly towne and dirty streets , you haue in London those that be faire , beautifull , and cleanely kept : insteed of foggy mists and clowds : ill aire , flat situation , miry springs , and a kinde of staining clay , you haue in London a sunne-shining and serene element for the most part , a wholesome dwelling , stately ascension , and delicate prospect : insteed of a shallow , narrow , and sometimes dangerous riuer , bringing onely barges and boats with wood , coale , turff , and such countrey prouision : you haue at London a riuer flowing twenty foot , and full of stately ships , that flie to vs with marchandize from all the ports of the world , the sight yeelding astonishment , and the vse perpetuall comfort : so that setting the vnconstant reuolutions of worldly felicity aside , who shall oppose against our nauy , and if wee would descend to inferiour roomes , the riuer westward matcheth Paris euery way , and supplieth the city with all commodities , and at easier rates : In steed of ill fauoured woodden bridges , many times endangered with tempests and frosts , you haue in London such a bridge , that without ampliation of particulars , is the admirablest monument , and fir●… erected structure in that kinde of the Vniuerse , whether you respect the foundation , with the continuall charge and orderly endeauours to keepe the arches substantiall , or examine the vpper buildings , being so many , and so beautifull houses , that it is a pleasure to beholde them , and a fulnesse of contentment to vnderstand their vses conferred vpon them . Insteed of an olde Bastill and ill-beseeming Arsenall , thrust as it were into an outcast corner of the City , you haue in London a building of the greatest antiquity and maiesticall forme , seruing to most vses of any Citadle or Magazin that euer you saw . For the Tower containeth a Kings palace , a Kings prison , a Kings armoury , a Kings mint , a Kings ward-robe , a Kings artilery , and many other worthy offices : so that the Inhabitants within the walls haue a Church , and are a sufficient parish . Insteed ofan obscure Louure , newly graced with an extraordinary gallery , the onely palace of the King neere Paris . In London his Maiesty hath many houses , parkes , and places of repose , and in the countries dispersed such a number of state , receipt , and commodity , that I protest I am driuen to amaze , knowing the defects of other places , nor doe I heere stretch my discourse on the tenter-hookes of partiality , or seeme to pull it by the by-strings of selfe-conceit or opinion : but plainely denotate what all true hearted English-men can auerre , that to the crowne of our Kingdome are annexed more castles , honors , forrests , parkes , houses of State , and conueniency to retire vnto , from the encombrances of the hurliburly of cities , then any Emperor or King in Europe can challenge proprio iure . Insteed of an old ruinous palace , as they terme their house of Parliament , Hall of Iustice , concourse of Lawyers , or meetings of certaine Trades-men or Milleners , like an Exchange , and as it were promiscuè , confounding all together : we haue in London such a Circo for Marchants , with an vpper quadrant of shops , as must needs subiect it to forraine enuy , in regard of the delicacy of the building , and statelinesse in the contriuing . We haue in London a second building for the ease of the Court , profit of the Artizan , and glory of the city , which for any thing my outward sence may iudge of , can equall the proudest structure of their proudest townes , though you should name St. Marks Piazza in Venice , for so much building . We haue in London a Guild Hall for a State-house , and Westminster for generall causes of the Kingdome ; two such roomes , that without further dispute , maketh strangers demand vnanswerable questions , and gently brought to the vnderstanding particulars , lift vp their hands to heauen and exclaime , O happy England ! ô happy people ! ô happy London ! and yet I must confesse , that the hall at Padoa , and great counsell-chamber in Venice , be roomes of worthy note , and sufficient contentment . We haue in London diuers palaces for resort of Lawyers & their Clients , & other offices appropriate , all workes rather of ostentation to our selues , then imitation to others . Insteed of narrow dirty streets , neither gracefull to themselues , nor beautified with any ornament , wee haue spacious , large and comely streets , exposing diuers workes of peace , charitie , and estimation . Insteed of obscure Churches , we haue first the goodliest heap of stones in the world , namely Pauls ; next the curiousest fabricke in Europe , namely Westminster chapple , and generally all our Churches exceede for beauty , handsomnesse , and magnificent building , as framed of hard stone and marble , and exposed with a firme and glorious spectacle , as for the Dona of Florence , St. Marcks in Venice , St. Marcks in Millane , the Noterdame at Paris , and some others in Germany ( the steeple onely at Strasborough except , which is denominated Beautifull , for the height and handsomnesse ) they are either buildings of bricke , or conceited structures like a fantasticall bird-cage of a little inlayd or mosaijcke worke , worthy of applause from such as respect new dainties , and not to bee ouerpassed for curious pictures and paintings : where yet by the way you must obserue , that in those daies of superstition , and particulars of ostentation , concerning rich hangings , imageries , statues , altar-cloths , roods , reliques , plate , pictures , and ornaments , other Churches and monasteries of Europe come farre short of our glory and Popish brauery . Insteed of Gentle-men on dirty foot-clothes , and women in the miry streets : the one with an idle Lacquey or two ; the other with no company of respect : wee haue fashionable attendancy , handsome and comely going , either in Carosse , Coatch , or on horsebacke , and our Ladies and women of reputation , sildome abroad without an honourable retinue . Insteed of a confusion of all sorts of people together , without discouery of qualitie or persons , as Citizens , Lawyers , Schollers , Gentlemen , religious Priests , and Mechanickes , that you can scarse know the one from the other , nor the master from the man . In London the Citizen liues in the best order with very few houses of Gentle-men interposed , and in our suburbs , the Nobility haue so many and stately dwellings , that one side of the riuer may compare with the Gran Canale of Venice . But if you examine their receipt and capacity , Venice and all the cities of Europe must submit to the truth . Nay ' in London and the places adioyning , you haue a thousand seuerall houses , wherein I will lodge a thousand seuerall men with conueniency : match vs now if you can . Insteed of a poore Prouost and disorderly company of Marchants and Trades-men , we haue a Podesta or Maior , that keepeth a Princely house , wee haue graue Senatours , comely Citizens , seuerall Halls , and authorized Corporations , all gouerned by religious Magistracy , and made famous by triumphant solemnities : so that our best Gentry are delighted with the spectacle , and strangers admire the brauery .

To conclude , if you looke on and in our London truly , as it is composed of men following trades & occupations , there is not such a city , such a gouernment , such a method of conuersation , such a vnity of good fellowship , such a glasse to see vnity and beauty in , such a treasury of wealth , such a store-house of all terrestriall blessings vnder the sunne . If you will view it without at all times , and yet consider the customes of keeping our country houses , you will say there are not so manie Gentle-men in anie place , nor gathered together to better purpose , nor can the varietie of Paris bring you into the walks of such pleasure , with so little charge and offence , as London . For with vs our riding of horses , musique , learning of all Arts and Sciences , dancing , fencing , seeing of commedies or interludes , banquets , masques , mummeries , turnaiments , shewes , lotteries , feasts , ordinarie meetings , and all the particulars of mans inuention to satiate delight , are easie expences , and a little iudgement with experience , will manage a very meane estate to wade through the current of pleasure , although it runne to voluptuousnesse . But if you come to our Court , I hope you finde not such another for stately attendants , dutifull seruice , plentie of fare , resort of Nobles , comelinesse of Ladies , gallantrie of Gentles , concourse of people , princely pastimes , noble entertainment , and all things befitting the Maiestie of a King , or glorie of a nation : so that I may say for London , as the King of France answered the Emperors tedious titles with France , France , France , and nothing but France : so crie I London , London , London , and nothing but London , to their proudest and all their cities . And thus much for Paris : now to Constantinople .

What I haue said of Paris by way of comparison , concerning Constantinople described , and compared with London the gouernment and orderly managing the affaires of a citie , I may well conclude against Constantinople : but because this imperiall place looketh with a more maiesticall countenance then other cities , and lifteth vp ( as it were ) a daring head against all contradiction , for her superioritie : I must needes pensill out the line of her praises at some length , and tell you truely , wherein her worthinesse consisteth , and yet may deceiue opinion without true iudgement . Constantinople , otherwise called Stanbole , the Beautifull , hath a handsome and formall triangle of a wall , the first part whereof reacheth from the seuen towers ( which is a place for suppliment of a prison , a treasurie , and ward-robe ) vnto the Seralio , some three English mile . The second from the Seralio to Porta del Fieume , a little more and both toward the sea , which runneth one way betweene Asia and Europe into the Euxinum , and another way to encounter a pretty fresh water riuer , beyond the North of Pera. And the third ouerlooketh the fields of Thracia , with a greater compasse and strength , because it is a double wall , and openeth three or foure gates , as Andrinople , Gratianople , the Tower gate , &c. into the countrey , which flourished when Pausanias was contented with the title of Duke and Captaine of the Spartanes , and built this wonderfull towne by the name of Bizantium , in honour of his father Bize , who was Admirall of the Grecian Nauy , when Thebes , and other cities stroue for superiority . The wal is orderly beautified with square towers of hard stone , whose equall distance makes a reasonable shew , but that it resembles a painted Curtezan of outward good becomming , yet within full of corruption and danger . For concerning the streets , citizens , houses , or order of a well compacted Common-wealth , it retaineth nothing comming neere our London , or happinesse . The situation is yet a stately ascent from the sea , as if it had a pride to mocke at the swelling of any tempest : and embolden the Marchant with the security of the Sacra Porta , being indeede the goodliest habour in the world , twenty fathom deep close to the shores of two cities . Thus it containeth ten English mile in circumference , hauing no suburbs , and shewing much waste ground in the vnfrequented places toward the land , especially where the Bashawes houses are sequestred from the hurliburly of the Trades-man .

The Seralio is the palace of the Gran Signeur , yet is a Why Seralio name appropriate to diuers sequestred places , wherein his women are detained , and hath questionlesse the deriuation from our Latin word Sera , or locked vp : it is a receptacle for diuers thousands , enclosing as much ground , as St. Iames parke . For the courts are very large , with seuerall guards of Ianizaries , according to the necessity of the times , or neernesse to the Emperours person . The gardens spacious , with embattelled walls , stored with artillery , the gates most of them iron , kept by Capogies : the buildings are many and stately , bearing in their front certaine Dowana's or open hals , which haue trauesses of Persian stuffe , and are roomes of great receipt , wherein the officers of the palace sit in open view at their feasts and diet . The banquetting-houses , wherein his concubines and boyes are aparted from the court hurliburly , expose diuers manner of structures , and seeme indeede seuerall palaces , amongst whom there is one called a Caska without the wall of the Seralio close to the sea-side where hee accustometh to take his gally , of the delicatest and richest presence , that euer I beheld : for it is a quadrant of seuen arches on a side cloyster wise , like the Rialto walke in Venice , in the midst riseth a core of three or foure roomes with chimnies , whose mantell trees are of siluer , the windowes curiously glazed , & besides protected with an iron grate all guilt ouer most gloriously : the whole frame so set with opals , rubies , emeralds , burnisht with golde , painted with flowers , and graced with inlayed worke of porphery , marble , iet , iasper , and delicate stones , that I am perswaded there is not such a bird cage in the world . Vnder the walls are stables for sea horses called Hippopotami , which is a monstrous beast taken in Nilus , Elephants , Tygres , and Dolphines : sometimes they haue Crocadiles and Rhinoceros : within are Roe-buckes , white Partridges , and Turtles , the bird of Arabia , and many beasts and fowles of Affrica and India . The walkes are shaded with Cypres , Cedars , Turpentine , and trees which wee onely know by their names , amongst which , such as affoord sustenance , are called figs , almonds , oliues , pomegranets , limons , orenges , and such like : but it should seeme , they are heere as it were enforced , and kept in order with extraordinary diligence : for the sunne kisseth them not with that freuency , as may make them large , or ripen in their proper kindes .

The city is very populous toward the harbour , the Besesteine , Bashawes houses , Mosques , conduits , tombs and monuments , open as it were a store-house of magnificent workes : yet when I read , that Constantine vnplumed Rome , and as it were robbed all the world , making this place accessary to the theft , and cannot finde the particulars in mine inuentory , I maruell who hath either dared to purloine them , or presumed to ruinate and deface them . For the cheefest structures and monuments are now the great Seralio , the lesser Seralio's , the seuen towres , the double wall , diuers Bashawes houses , before some of which are spacious quadrants graced with antiquities , recording the ancient manner of turnaiments , when the Greekes flourished : the Mosques or Temples , amongst whom the Sophia , Solimana and Amorata , are indeed heaps of ostentation and fabricks of great delight , the place called Iobs tombe , sequestred for the buriall of the Emperours children , who are commonly all strangled on the day of his elder sonnes inauguration by Mutes , and then enclosed in coffins of Cypres , and so receiued by the Mufti into chapples consecrated for that purpose ; the Patriarcks house ; certaine Balnea's ; Aquae ductus ; Constantines palace ; and the Towers on the wall . To these you may adde the Besesteine , a place like our Exchange , for varietie of marchandize , market of virgins , selling of slaues , and the vaults vnder ground fenced with iron gates to secure their treasure , which especially belongeth to the Iewes , who farme the office of Dacij or customes , and are ( as it were ) the Turkes receiuers , so that these places must needes bee strongly guarded , both to preuent the furie of the Ianizaries , who are very irregular in their tumults , and the extremity of fire and earth-quakes , to whose violence the Citie is many times subiect .

The next diuision is of Galata , a city ouer against it diuided onely by sea , no broader heere then our Tamisis , of great antiquity , walled about , and retaining a particular name and renowne , for holding out a yeere and better , after Constantinople was surprized : it standeth likewise vp a hill , and equals it both for beastlinesse , confusion , and vncomely streets and houses : heere liue many Greekes , and the Francks , as they terme the Papists ( of what nation soeuer ) haue a Church by permission ; the Curtezan likewise liueth at some liberty ; yet is it death for any Christian to lie with a Turkish woman or Iew.

The third part of this great city comprehendeth the vine of Pera , which is a huge suburbs , compassing Galata round about , a place of quiet dwelling , good aire , and pleasant gardens : yet in regard the many thousand tombs of Turkes ( for you must know , that neither Turke , Iew , nor Christian , interre any corps in their Mosques or city , except they build a chapple of purpose , or haue the priuiledge of the Franck Church ) fill vp a great quantity of ground , with disordered , confused noysome , and fearefull graues . On the one side toward the north-east , you haue an Arsenall for gallies , a little beyond , a handsome Seralio , & somwhat further a pretty fresh water riuer , as if they lay in sequence , by whose banks are certaine houses erected of purpose , for the pleasure & reposednes of speciall Bashawes . On the other side toward the south-west , the office of artilery called Tapinaw , inuiteth you to the view of such ordnance and munition , that for number , greatnesse , and vse , surmount any one city of Europe : you haue likewise another Seralio , and in these suburbs are resident the English , French , and Venetian Ambassadours : as for the Persian , Emperours of Germany , and Polacks , they liued in the great city , and sometimes visited one another , as either necessitie of businesse , or pleasure of inuitation affoorded .

The last quarter of this diuision affoordeth the obiect of a towne in Asia called Scideron , or Scideret , betweene which and Constantinople , the sea runneth 20. English mile in length , and onely two in bredth , as farre as Pompey's pillar and the blacke Tower , resembling a lace fringed with spangles and purles : for the Bashawes and Chawses houses , so stand on both sides , as if they were made to answer a proportion of handsomnesse : but when time and a daies trauell hath taken away the pleasure of this spectacle , then fall you into a larger gulph , once called Euxinum mare , now the blacke sea , extending a thousand mile , as farre as Trebisond : on the farther shore of the continent now called Russia , is shouldred vp close Maeotis Palus ; into which the great riuer of Tanais sendeth his streames , as if a messenger of glad tydings and businesse should hasten to discharge his duty . Thus I confesse , if on the towers of the Amorata , or battlements of the Sophia , you beheld all at once , as it were one vnited body , it would equall , if not surpasse London , for spaciousnesse of grounds , some monuments , and diuers palaces and houses : but yet come no way neere my satisfaction , as being defectiue in many things , which I supposed to excell in it , & deficient in all things , wherin a happy countrey supplieth the wants of her enhabitants . For heere is neither good lodging , proportionable fare , free recourse , gracious entertainment , true religion , secure abiding , allowable pleasure , orderly gouernment , or any thing wherein a noble city is made glorious indeed : nor is it so populous as report hath busied vs , but famarialum , and it may be , the plague hauing consumed 80000. and the army of 200000. deducted , diminished somewhat the glory , & left the rest of the people to enioy more freedome . And thus much for Constantinople . Now a word or two for Venice .

Venice I confesse is both rare in situation , and wonderfull for gouernment , as cementing together diuers Ilands with Venice described , and compared with London small bridges , and not trusting their liberty either into the the hands of one Prince , or iudgement of inferiour persons . Thus hath the Duke but a binding voyce , and the sword is carried before the Senate : thus is nothing done without the consent of the Nobility , who are very neere 1500. in number , and the trades-man is in no sort admitted amongst them , till either he purchase the freedome , or deserue it by some heroicke imployment ; therefore they doe them wrong , that call the Venetians marchants . For though some of them haue a traffique at sea : yet doe the better sort of the Nobility scorne to trade for profit , and those which are aduenturers , are either newly raised houses , or licensed by the state for speciall purposes : but howsoeuer , hee leaues the managing of affaires to inferiours , and the drudging ( as we say ) for money , either to the Iew as an Vsurer ; or to common banke for the good of the city ; or to the Shop-keeper , for the entertaining the concourse of people , sitting at home in ease , and going abroad for some variety of delight , as the true Gentle-men of Naples and Millane accustome , who suppose nothing worthy , which sauours of curbing liberty , and tying them to seruile attendance . But yet in all this , so farre short of our London , as a dumb painted statua of a liuing substance . For neither are the Noble-men permitted the eminency of other natious , nor patible of such degrees , as our greatnesse looketh vpon one another withall : nor can the Marchant equall the twentieth part of our comparison for number : nor in that which they boast of , which is wealth , can they generally match our Londoners : as for the Trades-man and Shop-keepers , as I sayd before , neither for order , gouernment , libertie of meeting , diet , purchasing of land , delicate furniture , and all the particulars whereby a city is made famous , worthy , or wealthy : onely some few houses haue a handsome shew of comelinesse , and ( according to the custome of their stone-buildings ) seeme pretty piles for the receipt of a small company . But where are their fiue hundred ships at sea ; when all Venice hath not aboue thirty marchant men , and ten galleasses ; onely they boast of three hundred gallies , according to the custome of Nauall encounters in the Leuant ? where are their voyages and setled aboad in all the harbours in the world ? where are their large and braue streets , antique monuments , when their city is scarse eight hundred yeere old , glorious gates , magnificent structures to lodge Princes and all their retinue , houses of entertainment for trauellers and strangers , such as our Tauernes and Inns ? where are their conduits and good waters ? where are their fields and pleasant walkes ? where are their exercises and heroike pastimes ? where are their triumphant shewes and magnificent spectacles , with infinite other particulars , wherein they must yeeld , if London had no other Commander then the Maior and Senatours ? after this manner could I runne into Affrick , and fetch Cayro ; into Russia , for Mosko ; into Poland , for Craccow ; into Germany , for Augusta , or Norremberg ; into Bohemia , for Prage ; into Austria , for Vienna ; into Spaine , for Leon , or Madrid ; into Portugall , for Lisbone ; and so in all the rest : but if they were brought before the barre of comparison , they might bee quickly arraigned of presumption for contending with our London in any of those things , wherein a city looketh vp with a iustifiable countenance , to shew her comelinesse , beauty , glory , brauery or antiquity . But see what it is to embolden a forward man ; I am not yet satisfied , vntill I tell you diuers stranger things , and so open the enclosures of knowledge , that you shall enfeoff her with many excellencies , wherin our England is truely imparadized before all nations .

CHAP. XVIII . Diuers particulars wherein ENGLAND excelleth other Kingdomes , and first in RELIGION .

WE will begin with the blessing of all blessings , Common places against idolatry : yea the vaine erecting of images . and as the Logicians say , Causa sine qua non , which is RELIGION , or the true worshipping of God , and to bee found amongst vs , or no where in the world : For I hope without further disputing , as I haue spoken else where , wee will exclude euen out of our thoughts , heathenish prophanation , and the filthinesse of idolatry , against which the sharpest arrowes of Gods quiuer are darted , and the Prophets sound out his iudgement , as terribly , as the Angels the trumpets to summon the inhabitants of the earth against the day of doome . But because the Deuill before the generall dissolution must appeare like an Angell of light , and hath taught vs cunning to deceiue our owne soules with false interpretations of scripture , with the impostures of aequiuocation , with adding and diminishing to and from the booke of life , to which most formidable curses are belonging , with quite extinguishing the second commandement , & other dangerous pollutions infecting the Churches of Europe : I thought it not amisse both to discouer the enormities of the 1. Greeke , and 2. Latine superstition , and muster together some pretty forces out of Gods campe against the 3. pride of the Popish Cl●…rgy : 4. the worlds vilipending the true Saints of God : 5. and that deceiuable worshipping of images vnder a couert praying to the Saints , vpon a supposition of being our Mediators in heauen : of all which in order , and first against idolatry .

When Rahel stole her fathers idols , there was much adoe in the search , and Laban would faine haue pickt a quarrell with Iacob : but God foreseeing the wretchednes of his minde , preuented the mischiefe , and laughed mans invention to scorne , euen before the Law was established : But presently so soone as the LORD had prescribed them , what to relie vpon , euen twise in one chapter the gods of siluer and gold were forbidden , and a sentence pronounced , that hee which offred vnto any gods saue vnto the LORD should be slaine : wherevpon by a diuine inspiration , Iacob reformed his houshold by putting away the idols , termed in scripture , clensing , purging , and pleasing of God . If you come forward to Moses gouernment : neuer any temptation traduced him for impatience , being the meekest man on earth , as at the making the golden calfe in Horeb , and the folly of Aaron , which brought 3000 men to destruction : but looke a little further , and all fellowship with Idolaters is forbidden ; and whereas the wickednes of mans inuention had so farre enlarged it selfe , as to terrifie one another with the mischiefe wrought by Deuils , imposturing them yet withall by a cunning art of pacification in offering sacrifices , and vowes to that purpose , God interdicted the same , and Moses flatly prohibited such abomination : yea in the 20 of Leuiticus it was absolute death to offer their children vnto Molech , meaning any kinde of idoll : nay more , such was the ielousie of Gods honor from the beginning , that it was losse of life to blaspheme the name of the liuing , mighty , and onely true God .

In the 26 of Leuiticus idolatry is forbidden againe , and the very making of images reputed an vnanswerable sinne ; and because the policie of man should be quite defeated , the eternall prouidence is contented to yeeld reasons for the same in the 4 of Deuteronomie 15 : yea such sufficient reasons , that we may conclude them positiue lawes to all Nations . First in the third verse , to preuent Reasons why we should not commit ●…iolatry . their destruction , lest they might vtterly perish , as they did , because of Baal Peor . Secondly , because it was wisdome and vnderstanding , wherein the naturall man delighted , to keepe the ordinance of God , vers. 6. Thirdly , because the Lord had done more for them in their deliuerances , than for other Nations , v. 7. Fourthly , because the lawes of God were better , more vpright , and had a fuller iustice in them than the lawes of other Nations , v. 8. Fiftly , because they saw no image in that day , wherein the Lord spake vnto them in Horeb , and out of the fire , v. 15. Sixthly , because we must not worship either sunne , or moone , and starres , which are most glorious ; therefore much lesse the inferior creatures , much lesse idols and images the worke of mens hands : Argumentum à fortiori , or à maiore ad minus , v. 19. Seuenthly , because God was angry with Moses for speaking in their behalfe , when they had worshipped the golden calfe in Horeb , and punished him for their sakes , with debarring him from entring into the land of Canaan , v. 21. Eightly , and last of all , because they might be blessed in performing the will of God , whom they knew to be the onely true God , v. 35. Wherevpon when the Iewes were to take possession of the land of the Gentiles , although it might be intended , that there could not be wrought an vtter extirpation at the first ; yet did the spirit of God couenant with them , that they should not be at atonement with their abominations , but destroy their idols vtterly : yea a litle further , the very places where the idols were to be erected are to be abandoned , as if he should then say , I will be worshipped , as I command , and not as mans fancy deludeth , wherevpon followed that great curse against the inticers , and seducers to idolatry , and the Magistrates had a strict commandement to preuent the planting of groues and trees , the very nurses of heathenish invention , and to hinder the occasions of solitarie sequestration , whereby were practised Diabolicall arts , Pithonisticall incantations , Cabalisticall secrets , Hieroglyphicall representations , imposturing deuises , and all dangerous sacrifices belonging to the formall perfecting the same .

This that is alleaged might be sufficient to vnderstanding men to affright them from affecting either idoll , image , or church-painting : But I will goe a litle further , and wade in the foord of this swelling streame , which from the springs of the Prophets ouerflow the fields of all countries : but how ? euen by shouldring aside the proud cast-vp-banks of opposition , and threatning Gods vengeance against such as dare perpetrate such ●…llicit actions . So that if I store this discourse with some collected abstracts , intimating nothing from enuy , or malice against the greatnes and wealth of other Kingdomes , which are Idolaters , I hope we shall thereby auoide in our selues the least sauouring of those monstrous customes of India , China , or other dangerous Kingdomes , and adulterate excuses The foolish excuse of Idolaters . of misled Christians , who thus farre agree with the grossest idolaters , that their images are but representations of more excellent spirits , and no man is so senselesse to kneele to , or adore the dumbe and dead things , but onely to resuscitate our stupide memories , either of God , or his Saints , in regard the nature of man is so slender of it selfe , and the condition of the Diety so gentle to giue way to any thing , which may further the adoration of his glory , and the confirmation of our saluation : in both which how grosse and palpably they abuse the great and wise God , and deceiue ignorant and simple men , shall here appeare .

In the 17. of Deuteronomie there is as it were a solemne quest of enquiry against the peruerters of true religion in this kinde , and the conclusion tendeth to the punishment of stoning to death ; and because we should haue no starting hole or tricke to deceiue our selues , God is contented in the 28 to establish to his people a contract of blessing , and cursing , all tending to discouer the vses and reasons of either : following it so farre , that he plainely nameth idolatry , or if you will , erecting of images , for any cause to exasperate his displeasure , that plagues , punishment , and vtter extirpation must follow : to which end and purpose Iosua's exhortation for the worshipping the onely , true , and wise God , and after his owne onely , true , and wise way , was so enlarged , commended , and applauded after his so many and great victories , and established quietnes . How neere to vtter destruction , and desolation , were the Israelites in the time of the IVDGES , when the Angell rebuked the people for liuing wickedly in the sight of the Lord , and seruing Baalam , wherevpon followed a casting them away by God , and the hands of Midian fettred them in chaines seuen yeere : nor could the Princes of Iuda deliuer them , although Gedeon began well , and set vp preuailing on his strongest legs , to stand vpright for their behoofe . But what followed ? He and all his house fell into the pit of destruction : and wherefore ? for making an ephod , wherein hee presumed yet to doe well ; but it was the step and staire of idolatry , and that the cause of a following vengeance ; then if you looke into Micahs story , you shall finde that euery man did what was good in his owne eyes , whereby ensued murthers , rapes , robberies , and such like intolerable enormities , all hauing their current from this spring , that his mother made him images of siluer , and he consented to the wicked worke . If you ouerlooke the story of Sampson , howeuer hee lost his strength , and was inflicted with a seuere punishment , of being bereaued of his sight , and disgracefull captiuity ; yet you saw , as the Eagle casts her bill to renew her youth , for the punishment of Idolaters , God raised vp another wall of fortification , and when his vigour was restored , he pulled downe the prophane temple vpon the heads of two thousand soules : when the Philistins brought the arke of God into the house of Dagon , the Idoll fell downe before it , and the men of Ashdod were plagued for abusing the same . Did not Salomon reioyce in all worldly felicity , and was not the mantle of pleasure and happinesse spred before him ? vntill he fell to idolatry , then did his priuate enemies cast it out of sight , and God diuided ten Tribes from his sonne , which was a strange disparity , considering his father built the Temple , consecrated the same , and blessed the people . Wherein was God so offended with Ieroboam , that he made him the capitall authour of the sins of Israel ? but by reason of his golden calues , the punishment whereof was thus farre extended ; His sonne died , his hand was dried vp with leprosie , the seduced Prophet was killed by a Lyon , and the same Abiah that made him King , confirmed the extirpation of his family , and for all his wife went to delude him , yet she heard the iudgement of terrour , which she could not preuent . In the story of Ahab , what was the cause of so many troubles in Israel , tyranny in the Common-wealth , murthering of Gods Prophets , vsurpation of other mens inheritances , wickednesse of Iezabel , witchcrafts , whoredomes , and in the end a generall defection from his obedience , and coniuration against his house , was it not idolatry ? wherupon followed the slaughter of the King , the casting the Queene out of a window , the killing of Baals Prophets , first by Eliah , then by Iehu , and an vtter confusion in Iuda and Israel .

Wherein was Iehoiada so acceptable to God , as when he destroyed the altars of Baal , and layd his images on a heape ? looke amongst all the Kings of Iuda , or Israel ; and whereas you finde some of them murthered , some of them deposed , some of them taken away in the pride of their yeeres , some of them lepers , and some of them carried into captiuity : it was all by reason of idolatry , & transfounding the adoration of the onely true God , with the infectious leprosie of mens traditions : thus Azariah of Iuda became a Leper , Zacharia of Israel was slaine by Shallum , Shallum by Menahen , and Menahen purchased his peace of Assyria by money . The wicked idolatry of Ahas , and that horrible consecration of his sonne in fire , was a motiue of trouble and desolation to all Ierusalem . Hosea King of Israel was ensnared , and he and his realme caught in the net of Assyrian policy , by reason of their confidence in Idols , & that euery one worshipped the God of his nation , contrary to Moses Law ; but what ensued ? curses , plagues , vtter desolatenesse , adumbration of the sunne-shine of heauenly fauours , and when they presumed of well-doing , in making a hotchpotch of religion in Samaria , the Lyons of the forrest came into the city , and deuoured both Priests and people .

When Manasses restored idolatry , giuing life to filthy prophanation , which viper-like abused the curtesie of him which warmed her , and stung him to death . I will bring ( sayes God ) an euill vpon Iuda and Ierusalem , that who heareth of it , both his eares shall tingle , & I will stretch ouer Ierusalem the line of Samaria , and the plummet of the house of Ahab , and I will wipe Ierusalem , as a man wipeth a dish , and turne it vpside downe : so Ammon was slaine by his seruants , and the poyson of idolatry that had choaked the people of God with the dreggs of abomination , made Iuda so vlcerous and deformed , that God would not know his owne handyworke , but suffered them to be led into captiuity , and brought into the schoole of tyrannous correction .

Looke ouer all the prophesie of Esay , where the desolation of Ierusalem is denounced , where the Medes and Persians shall destroy Babel , where Moab must looke for an ouerthrow , where Damascus and Ephraim must come to ruine , where the Aegyptians must be dislocated by the Assyrians , where Aethiopia , Idumea , and Arabia must grone vnder affliction , where Tyrus must feele the yoke of subiection , and all superbous Monarchies come to ruine : and you shall finde that idolatry is the cause , and principall motiue of Gods wrath against them . nor desisteth he so , but exemplifieth at large , how the full cup of Gods vengeance floweth ouer for following the traditions of men : nay more , certaine curses are exaggerated against such , as either adhere to mans assistance , or are seduced with worldly vanity , and in the 41. chapter , you shall finde an ironicall derision of the Inhabitants of the Ilands , for making of images , and such like bestiall traducements , especially for extenuating the power of God , by introducing the inuentions of man , and mingling worldly deuices with true religion , concluding in the 43. that there is no God but one , nor any worshipping of him , but in spirit and holinesse of life .

Looke into the prophesie of Ieremy , and all his Lamentations , and you shall find , why the Iewes were destroyed , why compared to a disobedient woman to her husband , why reprehended for crying out the temple , the temple , and relying vpon the outward ceremonies , why exprobrated for following strange Gods , after the custome of their fathers , why threatned with such plagues , as sauoured of bitternesse & poysoning their outward prosperity , cheefly for idolatry , as more especially 22. Then followeth the word of God , like the voice of a cryer in the wildernesse , against Aegypt , the Philistins , Moabites , Ammonites , Idumea , Damascus , Kedar , and Elam , all in one chapter : nor is it a bare angrie vehemencie ; but illustred with many excellent comparisons , not desisting till he leaue Babylon flat on the ground , yeelding reasons for her desolation , because the nations of the world were made drunke with the carowses out of that golden cup , which shee represented out of the Lords hand , and all to shew the vanitie and wickednesse of idolaters .

Ezekiels visions were most against Israel , and his mouth opened the fearefull indignation of the Lord against Ierusalem , because their altars were erected to strange Gods , and that they made images of the sunne , to pollute their soules worse then the carrion of a dunghill : then proceedeth he against them with personating names , calling Samaria and Ierusalem , Aholah and Ohalibah : the end onely to discouer their idolatry , and intimating Gods wrath for their notorious wandring from the true path of knowledge , insomuch that from the parable of a seething pot , Iuda's destruction is threatned : yet for all this , God will not condescend to any treatise of pacification , vntil all the nations round about , namely Edom , Moab , Aegypt , Chaldea , Tyrus , Sidon , Gog , and Magog , taste the bitternesse of the same fruit , corrupted and made irksome by the same transgressions .

Was not the adoration of Nebuchadnezzars statua of golde , a strange and notable worke of God against Idolaters ? and the history of the Kings humiliation , an instance of terrour and reuenge against the pride and ambition of man ? was not ●…altashars tragedy and example of admiration ? and would a man desire a better warning to auoyde the punishment of idolatry , and blaspheming the true God ? did not Daniels miraculous deliuery from the Lyons strike the Heathen with amazement ? and brought confusion amongst the imaginary vanities : so that Darius himselfe disclaimed the worship of the sunne and fire , according to the ancient manner of the Persians , and proclaimed exaltation of the eternall Deity indeede .

Doth not Hosea threaten the people , because of idolatry , and makes Ierusalem worse then an harlot , telling of the swift comming of their enemies , by the comparison of an Eagle , resembling the Iewes to an empty vineyard , an heart diuided in twaine , and concluding , that her sorrowes shall be like the trauell of a woman in childe-bearing , because of their going a whoring after false Gods , or if you will , counterfet Idols , and colourable images , being no other , nor other waies vsed , then now the Church of Rome accustometh , Romish Idols . by preuaricating true religion , by calling them the bookes of the Laity , by excusing them with an honourable remembrance of the Saints deceased , by corrupting them with filthy painting , and the art of the craftsman , and by a diabolicall erecting them , as if they had life and motion .

Doth not Amos ( as if a man should runne a race for a reward ) passe from one countrey , city , and person to another , with prophesies and threatnings against Moab , Iuda , Israel , the Gouernours of Samaria , and the Princes of the Tribes , adding withall the famine of the word of God , for their abusing true religion , and teaching and practizing a doctrine which God neuer prescribed , nor had any thought correspondent .

Was not Michahs voice raised higher and higher against Iuda and Israel , onely for idolatrie ? and did not Zephaniah tremble at the disobedience of the Iewes ? foretelling their destruction , by reason of their corruption and abomination of Idols . Looke Zechariah cleane ouer , and where the Iewes are affrighted with the exclamation of wants , famin , and ouerthrowes , his warrant proceedeth from this occasion , that the altars of incense smoake vp a pace , but stinke before the throne of God , sending their vapours backe againe , to choake the Inhabitants of the earth . All Malachies complaints are against the Priests and Seducers of the people , who not onely were wicked themselues , but permitted the rest to be polluted with idolatry . There is scarse one chapter in the booke of wisdome , which doth not pensill out the grosse and palpable running a whoring after the ridiculous adoration of images . To conclude , our Sauiour , the Euangelists and Apostles preach , that the true worshipping of God consisteth in spirituall deuotion , not wordly or carnall circumstances , and inueigh against nothing more then mens traditions , the obseruing the outward letter , the adhering to ceremonies , and with Martha leauing the most needefull thing to bee encombred with worldly vanities and beastly corruptions , to which if you adde that excellent reuelation , it is a plaine discouery of Antechrist , and how the westerne Churches should be infected with the contagious diseases of trumperies , idolatry , and diuellish interpretation of Scriptures , I durst say a Iewish contradiction of the truth , and Apostate falling from the maine building of Gods Church . And thus much for Idolatry in generall .

CHAP. XIX . Certaine particulars concerning the Greeke CHVRCH .

SOme define religion , and indeede most truely , thus : Religio est vera Wherein the Greeke Church is farre from true religion . cultura Dei , and then I referre you to Monsier de Plessis discourse , wherein he proueth with sufficiencie , that all the customes of the world concerning diuine adoration come short of Christianity : but if you will conuert it thus : Religio est cultura veri Dei , then may you both diuide , subdiuide , and diuide againe , allowing of three Religions ; the Iewes , Christians , and Mahumetans , all maintaining the omnipotency of God , and pretending obedience toward the high Creator of all things . But because we hope for our established saluation in the merits and mercies of Iesus Christ , and know , that the excellency of the Trinity is described in the old Testament , when God said , Let vs make man , when the great King saw the image of one like the sonne of man in the furnace , when Iob knew that his Redeemer liued , & when the mysterie of the Trinitie is reuealed in many places : let vs leaue the vanitie of the Heathen with their obstinacie , the abomination of Idolaters with their grosse abuses , the antiquity of the Iewes with their stiffneckednesse , the innouation of the Mahumetans with their errors and impossibilities , and be onely proud of our liuery of Christians . But now we must subdiuide againe , and say , that amongst Christians there is a tripartite separation . For the Greeke Church runneth one way with the title of East : the Latine Church rangeth another way with the denomination of West : and the reformed Church spreadeth a modest glory with the liberty of Protestants .

Concerning the Greeke Church I will be bold to tell you , that I haue heard some of their Protopapans and Archimandritans maintaine their greatnesse , precedency , and truenesse of Religion before the Latine , and thus they assume the defence . For greatnesse it containeth most parts of Armenia , Georgia , Mengrelia neere the Caspian , many places in Natolia , or Asia minor , the Countries of The greatnesse of the Creeke Church . Aethiopia in Affricke , which may equall them of the West Indies , of whom the Pope doth now boast so much : In Europe all Grecia : many great Ilands ( except such as are diuerted Papists , incurring the scandall of Heretickes ) Muscouia or Russia : some parts of Poland , Lithuania , Bogdonia , and the shores of the Euxinum , much more ground , then the Pope can challenge , where he is the most offensiue Vsurper .

For Precedency it claimeth likewise the prerogatiue , both waies : First , by priority , in regard they were first The precedency of the Greeke Church . Christians , and the Apostles planted Churches amongst them , before either Paul preached at Rome , or Linus was appointed Byshoppe . Secondly , by authority , as by translation of the Empire , from whence Rome challengeth hers : For when there was no such ambition thought vpon Iohn Patriarch of Constantinople , vsurped the title of vniuersall Byshoppe , and practised the supremacy ouer all other Churchmen , by reason the Emperour Constantine had so enobled and enabled the great Citie , where hee would haue the Byshoppe to be principall in regard of the maiesty of his person and the brauery of the place , and therefore not onely graced him with the elated title of Patriarch , but inuested him with many roialties , and pallaces , and temporall iurisdictions , to which the Byshoppe of Rome did then intercede , interposing a negatiue euen against the very title , disprouing it as Antichristian , and Gregory surnamed the Great . traduced Iohn the Patriarch , as a wicked and malicious man for practising such ostentation : nor desisted he so , but writ whole volumes of letters tending to a manner of defamation : some entreating him to disclaime such elation of heart : some disalowing the presumption , as exorbitant in a Byshoppe , who should rather imitate the humilitie of Christ : some thundring the cursed prediction of Antichrist by such apostacy , and all of them disswading the true Ministers of Gods word from poysoning their preciously redeemed soules with the venome of pride , and vaine-glory : then followed the fearefull history of Nauclerus a strong papisticall writer , on whom they lay the imputation of a fable : But he saies plainely , that that very instant , in which Constantine the great enfeoffed the Nauclerus . Church with temporary lands , and sumptuous edifices , the heauens seemed to frowne , the aire was thickned with a cloude , the earth troubled with a tempest , and after great thunder and lightning , a voice was heard ; now is poyson throwne into the pure streame of Gods truth . Vpon this the matter was a while respited with a grant only of sitting downe first at generall Councells , naming in Commissions , and the binding voice in equality of censuring ; all which , if they were priuiledges , enlarged first the precedency of the Patriarch of Constantinople .

Afterward , when the sinnes of the Empire , like a fluent streame ouer-spread the bankes of his enclosures , and that God determined the vtter subuersion of all : two wicked men contriued the most lamentable desolation , both of the gouernment of the Empire , & religion of the Church , which were Phocas and Bonifacius ; the one conspiring thus with the other against God and Angells , against heauen and earth , against men and Deuills , that to establish Phocas in the Empire of Constantinople , he would be contented , that Bonifacius of Rome should be consecrated with the title of Vniuersall Byshoppe ; whereupon Phocas by the murther of his Master Mauritius and other inhumane treacheries was inuested Lord of the Easterne Monarchy , and Bonifacius by the cousoning his Predecessor Siluester , and other religious practises obtained the papacy : insomuch that Platina and diuers of their owne writers ( amongst other pasquills and satiricall inuections ) exclaime , that he came in like a fox , raigned as a lyon , and died like a dogge : so that all premises considered , if there be a necessitie in any such precedency , the Roman Byshoppes be but vsurpers . For Constantinople had it at generall Councells , and was permitted all the fauour of titles , which the Church , and most Christian Emperour collated at that time .

Concerning the truth , it is well knowne , that Peter of whom they boast so much was Byshoppe of Antioch The verity of the Greek Church . 20. yeares , and those of Asia the first reputed Christians in the world ; so that euen from Scripture it selfe and Pauls perigrination , many plentifull collections enlarge his history and life with warrantable knowledge of what we must trust vnto . As for his visiting of Rome , howeuer Eusebius adhereth to some formall discoueries , and other Authors produce instances of his owne death and daughters Martyrdome vnder Nero , it is both fanaticall , imaginary , and vnwarrantable by Scripture : nay I will say more , neither by collected circumstances , probable coniectures , or authenticall Authors is there any inducement to beleeue it : But say he did visit Rome , and conferred with Paul , what sense , reason , or honesty can allow the translation of his owne Byshopricke out of Asia into Europe , an intrusion into another mans iurisdiction . For Paul was constituted to be the light of the Gentiles , and lost his head at Rome in iustifying his innocency : how then could Peter be condemned of so functory a negligence , that being appointed to the dispersed Iewes of Asia , hee would vilipend them , and intrude himselfe into the gouernment of the Gentiles of Italy : so then considering Antioch and the 7. Churches spoken of in the Apocalips , were the first receiuers of the Gospell , from whence the Greekes in Europe were the next embracers of the truth , who can oppose against her residence and conseruation rather , where it was first published , then in Italy , and the remoter places of Europe , whereas yet some of their Countries are not quite purged from Paganisme .

Thus doe they dispute , and with stomachous ardency enueigh against the pompous and ostentous glory of the latine Church , putting them to silence , as our Sauiour did the Pharisies , when hee questioned their opinion of Iohns baptisme , & exprobrated them for aduancing the Hidra's head of confusion through enormous ceremonies , and mens traditions , wherein they saw the inconueniences before their faces , that they were not onely patible of alteration , but would grow in time to a Congeries and mountaine of deformitie , as men & deuises did augment them : notwithstanding time being weary of stabilitie , and the Deuill affraid of impeachment in his kingdome , hath scattered many corruptions in the fields of Gods farmes , which haue ouergrowne the seedes of verity in these parts , that it now resembleth the corne sowne amongst tares , which choaked the growth of the best seede , and came vp with such a violent ouerspreading , that at haruest there was little benefit to the owner . For all the Greeke Churches are very small , full of idle painting , lampes , candles , tapers , and such like : their seruice and language Greeke , and when they write or print it is a reasonable good Character , though farre from the atticke Dialect : and yet I will be bold to say , a good Scholler of our grammer instruction , shall scarce vnderstand the phrase of their common speakers , no more then a southerne man , one borne farre north , or in Scotland . Their Monasteries are poore , vnhansome , and farre from the state of the Romish Church ; and surely if in any thing they imitate the Apostles , it is in their scorne of worldly pompe , carelesnesse , wants , and sometimes austerity of life , although naturally they are the merriest and most iouiall men in the world : their chiefe Abbots are called Archimandritans , but all in generall submit to the Episcopo of the Dioces , who weareth coloured apparell of silke with a crosse ouer his hat , which is low crown'd , broad brimmed , and tied vnder his beard with long strings , hee carrieth a crosier in his hand , but it hath a plaine crosse ; they call him also Protopapan the first Father of the congregation ( from whence the Byshoppe of Rome assumeth his Papa , or if you will the name of Pope ) acknowledging the Patriarch of Constantinople at this very instant for supreame , and absolutely contesting against the Popes tyrannicall vsurpation : yea such is their hate to the Latins , I will not name their corruptions and Church , that they had rather liue in slauery and bondage vnder the Turke , then either implore the aide of Italians for their restitution , or submit to that strange ambition of that Cleargy-man , as some of them ironically tearme the Pope . They obserue foure lents in a yeere , eat flesh on Saturdaies , but on Fridaies and all the lent , with other prohibited times , they neither eat flesh , fish , butter , cheese , or any meat , but like the Christians of Aethiopia , are abstinent beyond reason , the ordinary desire of man , or any prescription of Scripture , or example of the Primatiue Church . They baptize with water and oyle , deny purgatory , neuer cut their haire , adore no pictures , nor images out of the Scriptures , and yet are superstitious in diuers festiuals , as St. Nicholay about sea matters , and Celestinus ; St. Demetrius , a feast about the 25. of October , called their drunken feast ; and St. George , who as our Ladies Knight hath obtained sufficient reputation . Their marriages , dancings , festiuals and burials , haue the seuerall passages of many and strange ceremonies : but because whole volumes are written against their erroneous superstition , I referre you to such commentaries , concluding ; that although they are some way more tolerable then the Romish abuses , yet are their best garments so plighted with errours , and layd vp vnhandsomely with wrinckles , that when you come to vnfold them , you either exclaime against the negligence of the seruant , or carelesnesse of the Master : who should be a better ouerseer . And thus much touching the Greeke Church . Now a little concerning the Latin .

CHAP. XX. Certaine particulars concerning the Latin Church .

THere are so many bookes and disputations concerning the enormities of papisticall religion , that little children can in a manner The corruptions and abuses of the Romish Church . retort an argument , and cite you common places of Scripture , against their absurdities and idle traditions . I will therefore referre you to the larger dilations of matters of faith , and fundamentall points of saluation : and concerning the strength of their props , which now vphold their supremacie and monarchall iurisdiction ; in a few leaues of Sr. Edwin Sands his worthy discourse , you shall see them turned vpside downe , as if an arme of Heccate were put into the throat to pull the entrailes outward , and shew you the strange diseases both of heart and lungs : or else examine the paraphrase of the Reuelation , and you shall heare distinctly prooued the seat of Antechrist , the pride of the whore of Babylon , the persecution of the Saints , and the enormities of this Hosean strumpet , that hath broken the bands of her first wedlocke , and bedashed her selfe with lusts loathsome charriot . For mine owne part therefore , I will leaue that common way of inuection , or mustring vp the forces of argument out of the maine battell of Gods word , and breefly summe vp the accounts of her condemnation in this manner . 1. First , concerning their gouernment , it is meere politicall , as allowing all positions of tyranny , reuenge , disloyalty , licenciousnesse , wealth , and liberty , and wherein Euripides , Demosthenes , Isocrates , Tully , Salust , Perseus , Horace , Sigonius , Lipsius , Machiauell , or any other absolute or moderne writer opened a school-house doore of diuellish deuices and distasting principles , to modest and orderly gouernments : they haue culled out the same to serue their owne turnes , and with the Iesuites , repute all others simple , that cannot labour in the worke of alteration of Kingdomes , and setting Princes at variance to corroborate their owne greatnesse . 2. Concerning religion , it is meerely ridiculous , and a dart out of the quiuer of mans inuention ; yea , so Diabolicall and Turkish , that it interdicteth the searching of Scriptures , disputing of matters of faith , or any opposition of their superstitious decrees , councels , and consistorian statutes . 3. Concerning society and conuersation , it is meerely mundane , voluptuous , and sauouring nothing but delightsome liberty : so that if there were not a God to bee prayed vnto and beleeued in , a heauen to bee expected , a saluation to be hoped after , and an account to bee made vpon a dreadfull summons indeed , I had rather be a Cardinall of Rome , then a Noble-man of Naples , who of all the Gentles in the world spred the largest cloth of vanities and voluptuousnesse . 4. And lastly , concerning their seeming vowes to obedience , chastity and pouerty ; it is like Ianus face looking two wayes , and with the Lapwigg crying farthest from her nest : for they sauour not one word of truth in the same , as you shal see in the next chapter . So that I will onely relate vnto you three seuerall stories of three seuerall sects , in which the absurdities of the Latin Church most plainely appeare .

In Rome amongst diuers others there liued a certaine The story of a conuerted Iew. Iew , who had many controuersies with Christian Friers about both their religions , alledging for himselfe preuailing arguments against their idolatry , or worshipping of images , wherein they would faine distinguish with the differences of 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , &c. praying to Saints , prophaning of the Saboth , incontinency of life , and burning candles in the day time , as it were in scorne of the glorious light of the sunne , all which though they were vnanswerable , yet the Frier pleading the calling of the Gentiles , the destruction of the temple , the disanulling of Iewish ceremonies , the birth and comming of Christ , as a prefixed time of another religion , the authority of the same , and the orders of the Church , preuailed so farre with the other , that he enclined a little to bee a Proselite , which the Frier reioyced to heare , triumphing exceedingly at the good successe of his oratory : nay soft ( quoth the Iew ) it is not thy perswasion hath coapted me to this course , but a certaine impression , that some great and good God is protectour of this place , or the prayers of an holy Patriarch ( as Abraham disputed with Iehoua about the sauing of Sodom and Gomorrha ) are acceptable to heauen in the behalfe of some vnknowne good men ; otherwise the sinnes of Rome are so many , the liues of Priests so corrupt , the wickednesse of men so abominable , the villany of politicks so mischeeuous , and all things so discrepant to true religion and honesty , that I haue wondred a thousand times , how the whole countrey , especially the city , hath beene protected and supported from sinking to hell .

At another time , a sober Turke liuing in Rome , and wearied with the riot of their Carneuall or Shroue-tide , at his The story of a Turck concerning his opinion of Rome . returne to Constantinople , being demanded his opinion of the Christians , answerered , that they had some tolerable customes , eat good meat , weare good clothes , or rather spoyled much stuffe with fantasticke slashing and cutting it , and liued in good townes ; but they were madd twice a yeere : For at one time they ranne like Diuels in a play vp and downe the streets with squibs of fire , making a noyse both on horse-backe , and on foot , keeping a coyle with Curtezans and Bawds , sporting with scurrulous and vnmanly gambols , and performing actions of strange vndecencies , which indeed is their time of Carneuall , a time of such sluttishnesse , vnrulinesse , and venerious riot in all the cities of Italy , that in Venice one Iceppo Marcello hath written an inuectiue against it . Shortly after they went howling in the streets like dogges , mourning with lamentable gestures , and whipping themselues vntill the bloud came , and this was on good Friday , when the Penetenciaries are couered ouer with a cassocke of canuasse , except two holes to looke out at , and all to belash themselues , vntill the blood runne downe their shoulders , whereby great Princes are so impostured , that contrary to a maine position of Scripture , against such voluntary humiliation and ridiculous inflictings , they haue entertained the penance , and vndertaken the stripes , witnesse Charles the 5. who left his rod of cords , as a iewell of his tresury to King Philip. Duke Ioieuse , called father Angelo ; who returned to his orders , which was a bare-foot , or Mendicant Capuchin Frier , as soone as the league was dissolued , and many other both men and women of noble families , who enioyned penance by their ghostly fathers , either by punishing their bodies , vnsauoury pilgrimages , fasts , abstinence , or such like endurances , are very zealous in the execution , and vpon confidence of some meritorious act , condiscend to dangerous and laborious miseries , yea , terrours abhorring to nature . Now to my olde woman .

It is well knowne , that in the last dayes of Queen Mary , The story of the olde woman at Strasborogh those dayes of firy triall , our roods and images in England were so palpably abused , and diuellishly stored with deuices , that the Priests had diuers trickes to moue either eies , heads , or hands , yea to make them speake with variety of voyces , and palpable gesture , as if the Idols of Molech and Chemosh were to entertaine the presents of the people , and Bell had life indeede to deuoure the Kings allowance : which course is continued still in many places of Europe , insomuch that a while agoe in the Froe Church at Strasborogh , when certaine olde deuout women came to worship our Lady , the knauish Priests caused the childe to salute them in her armes , and ( as it were ) courteoufly to thanke them for making such account of his mother , which they not onely wondred at , but seemed in a manner offended , that the sonne should bee so bolde in the presence of our Lady : whereupon one more zealously angry then the rest , cryed out aloud ; Peace I pray you young Gentle-man , I haue nothing to doe with you , let me heare what my good Ladie your mother sayes ; and so when shee had no further reply , went away discontented .

Of this sort in our owne Kingdome of Ireland , in the beginning of his Maiesties raigne , when the townes were Irish deuotion . commanded to frequent the Churches , I was my selfe an eare-witnesse of many strange grudgings and murmurations , amongst which I yet encountred with this facete and indifferent deuotion ; while two neighbours of Dublin were disputing about Church-matters , the one an indifferent Protestant , the other a superstitious Papist , and yet so seeming cunning , that she durst dispute between the Popes supremacy and the Kings authority , with a willing minde to satisfie either ; her neighbour thus aduised , to goe to Church a Gods name , and for the Popes sake to say Pater noster , for the Kings Our Father , let God take which hee will : and so it was merrily concluded , and the woman went accordingly to her deuotion . And thus much concerning the Latine Church . The parelell of which with ours would sufficiently shew our happinesse : And this you may see at large deliuered in the workes of many learned Diuines of our Country , to whom I referre you .

CHAP. XXI . Another excellencie of ENGLAND , exposing the noble worth of her Princes beyond other Nations .

WE will not be so vnciuill , as to awake the The Kings of England haue exceeded for many memorable vertues and actions other Princes . drowsie eyes of antiquitie , or call in question things done so long agoe , that either by-opinion , or the deceit of mens inventions haue bin falsified against all reason and vnderstanding ; but quietly maintaine the glory of our moderne Kings , and plainely vphold this position , that we haue had more famous and illustrious Princes since the Conquest , than any gouernment of the earth .

If you begin with William of Normandy , his actions and warlike exploits are memorable , his trauels and laborious industry extraordinary , his wisdome in the sedation of the tumults and factions amongst vs wonderfull , his magnanimitie in setling his Court and Palace admirable , and his successe in all designes vnmatchable .

Howeuer William Rufus was so beholding to peace and prosperitie , that he tempred his warlike spirit from affecting either forreine or domesticke dissention ; yet did he consecrate many famous workes to the memory of his quietnes , and out of a swelling of princely greatnes , thought Westminster Hall ( the wonder of the world for a roome in a house ) too litle for so great a Maiestie .

Robert of Normandy went in person to Ierusalem , and for his Heroicke successe and exploits might haue bin rewarded with the Diadem , howeuer he was diuerted to returne home againe into the fields of peace .

Henry the first was setled in the loue of his people , tamed the French , pacified Normandy , looked after Ireland , terrified his foes , corroborated his friends , loued learning , and was a Maecenas of all worthy conditions either in himselfe , or others ; and howeuer the ielousie of soueraigne points intercepted the amitie of the brethren , yet was his worth many waies expatiated , and diuers particulars of estimation extracted from his gouernment .

Henry the second obtained the dominion of Ireland , brought to happy period many conflicts in France , stopped the breath of gaping hostilitie in England , lashed the sides of his vnruly children with stripes of discomfiture , and liued in great honor and estimation : insomuch , that he neuer exacted imposition of his people , nor wanted in his warres , yet left a treasure of aboue 200000 pound in ready coine , besides iewels , and plate , which was much in those daies .

What thinke you of Richard the first ? Were not his voyages , conquests , titles , and surname of Cuer de Lyon for his valour , and exceeding courage , markes of true honor ? Would not his life make a memorable story ? Shall not his actions be registred in the court of eternitie ? Did he not proue a worthy champion of renowme ? Ciprus was wonne , Acon conquered , Ierusalem established , the confederate Princes ielous of his glory , and all the countrey full of his memory : so that considering his tedious iourneyes , the perill of his person , the successe of his actions , and the noble end of his atchieuements , let the proudest of the Othoman race be compared and spare not .

The troubles of King Iohn , the Barons warres , the plantation and buildings in Ireland , the discouerie of the Clergies corruption , the calling in of Lewis , the dismissing the French backe againe , and the turbulency of those times may ranke themselues with the fame of very proud Monarks .

Henry the third subdued the Welchmen , made sundry voiages into France , had many conflicts with his owne Barons , set forward a notable expedition to Hierusalem , shewed diuers effects of an heroicke and magnanimous spirit , raigned gloriously 56 yeeres , and in the interims of his peace brought many ostentous buildings to perfection .

Edward the first went diuers times into Scotland , disposed of that Crowne , as he thought good , subiected them to England ; conquered the Welchmen , appeased them with a Prince of his owne sonne borne in Carnaruan ; setled his estate , and ended a famous life with a glorious death , to which when renowne and victorie was added , the applause rang through the world .

Edward the third , and the blacke Prince haue engrossed the fame and renowne of the vniuersall earth , and many memorable actions are aduanced vp as trophees of their vnimitable glory ; so that they may march to the palace of maiestie with the proudest Emperors . For what worthy atchieuements so euer haue bin perpetuated in England , Wales , Scotland , Almaigne , and Flanders , in their owne persons they haue brought to passe , as if they had bin borne to shew some wonder of nature , and exposed as rare examples to succeeding times . And for his other sonnes , step into the proudest house of Austria , and tell me who can match them ? Iohn of Gaunt went twise into Spaine , and conquered Castile in the right of his wife . Lionell Duke of Clarence passed the Alpes into Italy , maried the daughter of Millane , reuelled in those parts with extraordinary cost , pompe , and attendants , and wrought both a reuerence and loue toward his person from forreine people . Edmond of Langley Duke of Yorke was so wise and reposed , that the gouernment of England kept it selfe warme vnder the ouer-spreading of his embraces . Thomas of Woodstocke Duke of Glocester was so true a louer of his country , and champion of honor , that he contested with Maiestie for degenerating from her owne properties , and durst tell his nephew King , wherein he wandred from his paternall renowne .

Henry the fourth , when he was but Earle of Hertford , went into Africke , bare his father company into Spaine , and obtained the diadem through popular loue , and respect of the people .

And although King Richard the second , was an vnfortunate Prince , yet did he surpasse both auncestors and successors for brauery in apparell , costly expences , sumptuous fare , glorious courtship , noble company , princely reuels , and magnificent estimation : For all the while Queene Anne of Bohemia liued , the fame of England was dispersed ouer the world , and the King had 8 or 10000 continually in his Court , whereby his pompe and port surpassed other Princes .

But would you wonder indeed ? Then looke into the 9 yeeres of Henry the fift , and you shall see such a vnitie of vertues , consent of graces , entertainment of valour , perfection of industry , militarie brauery , and fulnes of generous designes , that his very enemies gaue way to the report of his worthy life ; and France in his death was left as a comfortles widow , or desolate orphan .

I might recite the fame of Edward the fourth , for reuenging his fathers death , many conflicts before and after he was King , his voiages into France , his distastings against Burgundy , his troubles at home , and other princely dispositions .

I could also bring into your good opinion the valour of Henry the seuenth , his miraculous deliuery , his noble establishment , his buildings and sumptuous monuments , his riches and wealth , his wisdome and politicke contriuing of affaires , the stately disposing of his Palace , and many other remarkable actions , but I am affraid , that I am too weakly furnished to enter into the lists with iudicious censurers , nor shall be able to wrastle with opinion and seuere examination , which will rather condemne me for slight extenuation in the attempt , than entertaine the discourse , as a befitting subiect , or adapted explication of princelines .

Henry the eight wan Turwin and Turnay , entertained the Emperor Maximilian , welcommed Charles the fift , compounded at his pleasure with France , made voiage after voiage , conquered Bulloigne , had almost obtained the Empire , was maiesticall in all things , and died as it were in the armes of kingly reputation .

Queene Elizabeth deserues a whole story of her life , maiestie , and gouernment : For the very Heathen and Mahumetans , the Persians and Idolaters , the Aethiopians and Muscouite doe name her with reuerence .

CHAP. XXII . An other excellencie of ENGLAND casting vp an account of her antiquitie in one vnited Monarchy before other Nations .

AS no country in Europe did euer aduance England the auntientest vnited kingdome of Europe . vp so many excellent parts together toward the building the frame of perfection : so is it apparant in nothing more liuely , than in Englands antiquitie in one vnited Monarchy , without either claime or competition of forreiners , vsurpation of intruders , attempt of hostile invaders , and desire of alteration amongst our selues : whereas yet all the Kingdomes of the world , especially within the reach of European knowledge , within 400 yeeres haue had other titles , bin subiect to strange disparitie of gouernment and religion , and confronted many times with such Princes , or fearefull subiects within their territories , as haue made them ielous of soueraigne points , yea the very losse of their cheefest crownes and dignities . If you search the wounds of the Persian and Turkish gouernment , as they seeme now to be healed , you shall finde them badly cured , and indeed festred so dangerously , that they must bee better ouer-viewed , or their inward putrefaction will on a sudden poyson the very entrailes : For they haue bin tossed and tumbled with many alterations , and euer since Tamberlaine descended out of Scithia amongst them , suffred diuers concussions both in gouernment and religions , so that howeuer the Persian is more noble , yet he hath permitted a mixture of many barbarous people to the great disturbance of his former glory : As for the Turke hee is meerely new to vs , and a formidable intruder into such territories , as he gripeth with a strong arme ; so that what you now behold amongst these Mahumetans is onely vpheld by tyrannie , a band of no greater strength , then power , forces , and reward can tye together , wherein if any faile the gouernment is quickly let loose , and the subiect at liberty taketh hold of euery innovation : and although by tumbling and tossing like to heaps of snow rowled vp and downe , they haue growne greater and greater , while the frosty coldnes of our Christian Princes gaue them leaue to harden , whereby they are increased to that stupendous heape you now see : yet when a thaw comes , and that rota fortunae is in Gyro , it shall and will be subiect to diminution , especially when the glorious sunne of successe shineth out the consent of our Kings to expulse them at least out of Europe , if not from the vsurpation of the better parts of Asia .

The Kingdome of Hungary , though but lately established , and knowne by a different royalty from the Empires either of Greece , or Germany ; yet as you see a prey seased on by a hawke , or other tormenting vulture , pull'd in peeces , and cruelly rent a sunder : hath suffered many dilacerations , and besides the capitall enemy of Christendome her proppes sawed a sunder by some barbarous hands amongst themselues . The Kingdome of Poland is not 300. yeere old : For it retained in times past , but the prerogatiue of a Dukes coronet , and was euer in contention with Lithuania and the adioyning Princes , vntill the Pope vndertooke the appeasing of those troubles , and added the grace of a roiall inuesture to Sigismundus , surnamed the great , who at last vnited both Pomerania , Prussia , and Lithuania ; yet is not so established , but the Election of the Peeres diminisheth the prerogatiue of the King , and new Princes ; new lawes , new confederacy , new gouernment , haue let confusion , and alteration loose vpon the Countrey .

The Emperour , Princes , Electors , and principalities in Germany are almost of the same nature and condition , but that many liberties of Cities haue beene bought out with mony and diuers franchises purchased to redeeme themselues from the tyrannie of wanton lords : so that in particular many families haue beene chopped and changed , honourable houses transmuted , and new names and titles haue as it were thrust the old out of doores : and in generall , what with the French , Germanes , and the house of Austria , there hath not a thought passed for hereditary succession , but all things haue beene subiect to instabilitie , and are still hurried in the current of preuailing , as either the Pope , Electorum placitus , or militareius filling the sailes full of winde , giueth them leaue to driue the barke of the gouernment forward . The Princes of Italy in worse estate , then they . For except the Venetians , some of their Dukedomes , as Ferrara and Vrbin are fallen to the Papacy : some of their Kingdomes , as Naples and Sicilia possessed by the Spaniard , with Millane and Genoa : and the rest suspitiously standing on a guard of circumspection , least they should betray one another to the stronger side : and whereas the Venetians doe boast of 700. yeares continuance , I am sure they neuer flourished , but by the dissentions of the rest , and in their first inchoation , these Ilands were but receptacles for banished men : yea compared to cauernus for simple beasts to shroude in , whom the others of prey and rapine did not looke after . For the Gothes and Lombards , that infested Italy , made no more account of them , then we did of the stragglers in the mountaines of Walles , or fastnesse in Ireland ; but they haue beene better coadiuted , and taken successe by the hand to pace out the measures of prosperity , as you now see their glory , riches , and augmentation . The Kingdome of Spaine is so new , that the other day there was a King of Portugali , as absolute as himselfe ; a King of Arragon of sufficiency to contest with Castile ; a King of Granado & Valencia within memory subiect to Paganisme , and maintaining the new sect of Mahomet ; a King of Nauarre as fearefull to him , as the rest ; and sundry other abridgments tending to the diminution of Maiesty : howeuer at this instant he is blowne bigge with the winde of superfluity and greatnesse . The Kingdome of France but a while ago compacted . For Burgundy challengeth a roialty , and had afterward a Duke maintaining his owne priuiledges . The Earle of Flanders writ Comes Deigratia : Normandy was another mans : Brittaine in a Dukes possession : Gascoine , Guien , and Acquitane our owne : Daulphin and Prouince incorporated by gift , and Rhene Duke of Loraine inuested with the Toialties of Naples : and thus could I runne ouer all the rest , if either they were of eminence sutable to the glory of these recited , or consequence to store vs with obseruations and example : only England for aboue 600. yeares ( I might recken from Edgar ) but that you will answer some 400. yeeres since the Prince of WALLES was onely an Homager , and SCOTLAND in continuall opposition , had fedde vpon the plenty of a flourishing Monarchy , and beene fatted with the well fedde dainties of an exuberant Countrie , diplaying the colours of her owne roialty in such a glorious manner , that shee hath not onely spread her fame with an vncontroulable hand , but brought the glory of other Nations vnder the adumbration of her canopy : so that if I should adde her seuerall conquests of Ireland , Walles , Scotland , France , Cyprus , Ierusalem , and Castile it selfe , it would torment vs with remembrance of our losses , or augment our iealosie for hassarding our honour by negligence , and corrupted peace , which was once so worthily established by the proppes and supportation of merit , and vertue .

CHAP. XXIV . Another excellency of ENGLAND consisteth in the happy life of our Countrey-man and common people .

IF you looke on our example you shall finde , that the chiefest part of The Husbandmen are happier in England then in other nations . Salomons glory extended it selfe from the abundance of his people , when euery man did eate vnder his owne Vine , or fig-tree , when Israell were many as the sand of the sea , making merry one with an other ; when the Husbandman plowed in peace and reaped in content ; and when the wrongs of the common sort were as well streightned by the line of Iustice , as the oppressions of the mighty reformed by the hand of authoritie . In which prerogatiues I dare be bold to say , that ENGLAND excells all other nations , as the light of the Sunne inferiour Planets : For in some places they are absolute slaues : in some places denied the comfort of their owne endeauours : in some places not capable of purchases : in some places not permitted to marry aboue their degree , and elsewhere not suffered to enioy the freedome of life , or benefit of nature : as for an instance . In Turkie hee is with the rest a most poore and vnfortunate slaue ; for whether Mustleman or Christian , he dare not manure his ground to the best profit of his endeauours , liuing so poorely with such sluttish and drudging company , that I haue pittied his fortune , and commiserated his distresse . In Hungary and those parts they resemble carrion to bee preied vpon by rauens , who not only feed themselues , till their gorges be full , but call for others to consume that which is left : thus liuing vnder the Turke he hath nothing of his owne , and in the Christian gouernment all is taken from him , either to furnish the warres , or maintaine the tribute . In Italy they are a little better , as long as they be able to pay their rents , and husband their grounds ; yet doe they seldome liue of their owne , or execute any thing befitting the freedome of conuersation : Besides in many places they are so terrified with the troublesome incursions of the Banditi , who euen make a prey of their wealth and cattle , that although they know of their robberies and murthers , yet dare they neither detect them , nor deny to entertaine or releeue them . These be men proscribed Banditi . by the Law , and banished from their owne Inheritances for some hainous mulct or other , and flying into a stranger Princes iurisdiction liue by rapine and ouer-mastering of Passengers , as they doe in Arabia , and most parts of Turkie , remote from the great City , especially in Epyrus , where both Theeues and Rouers shelter themselues within the Mountaines Assassini , but seldome performe any robberie without murther : whereupon as we say figuratiuely , all inhumane and monstrous delinquents in this kinde are called assassini . But to our Italian Countrey-man againe : After the pride of Italy ( especially the women ) they will be a little gaudy in the same apparell their mothers bestow vpon them , or their amorosos send as a gratuity , and thus I confesse I haue seene an Inne-keepers daughter go to Church in a coloured damaske gowne with Spanish sleeues laide on with gold lace , and come home to dresse our dinners : the men are very industrious according to the goodnesse of ground , as hauing in one selfe-same field ( though it be but an acre of Land ) both corne , vines , and fruite trees , and in his gardens about his house rootes , sallets , Bees , and silke-wormes , boasting how the Romans maintained their Colonies from the Countrey-man , and supported the Farmer as a nursing father for Souldiers : nay they can remember the Law Agraria , when the Gracchi lost their liues about an equall distribution of the Roman territories , and the maintaining the immunities of the free Italians : but they sigh to recount , how it was abrogated , and euer after they were suppressed in their insolencies , as kept from outward pompe , and pleasures of frequented cities .

He is now called Villano ( from whose character we haue 〈◊〉 . a contemptible tenure of land in England called villenage ) seruing to no other vse , but to enrich his Lord , feeding himselfe vpon garlike and onions , and is acquainted with no good thing but superstition , a few gawdy clothes , and the incontinent life of curtezans .

In Spaine it is farre worse , and the Contadini are numbred amongst the reproches of their gouernment , and almost Contadino . esteemed as the asses , which bring their cabages , melons , & suchlike to the market . For he neither dare atempt to cheapen any thing appropriate to the vse of Gentle-men , as flesh , fish , wheat , and excellent fruit , nor must hee ( though he haue of his owne ) but furnish the market with the best , feeding himselfe with the worst and vildest stuffe . Besides , as the errour of Italy , or if you will horrible abuse , if the mother haue a comely daughter , shee is contented for money , with her prostitution , and many times is her Bawd , if she can happen of a good Chapman , nor desisteth she so , but in one house you shall sometimes haue the mother a drudge , & 3. or 4. daughters mercenary strumpets .

All France ouer the pesant is not onely beastly within doores but churlish of condition , sauouring nothing but Pesant . his labour either in setting forward his husbandry , or dressing his vines : yet how ? with base and seruile behauiour , with poore and miserable expences , with obscene and filthy lodging , with iealous and malicious welcome , with licentious and ill becomming liberty of speech against both Court and Common-wealth .

In Germany the Boore is somewhat better , for he eateth good meate sometimes , though vildly dressed , will bee Boore . drunke and merry , must be alwaies imployed , and alwaies a hungry or desirous of drinke , euen when he is able to drinke no more , and can apparell himselfe hansomely to go to Church either on sunday or holliday : but they are dangerous in their tumults , and rages , and not to bee trusted in their reconciliation after a wrong .

In Ireland he is called Churle , and if we nick-name him in England we terme him Clowne : He liues in great drudgery , Churle . not so much for his labour , as his watches . For hee is compelled to guard his poore Cattle , as well as he can , both from Theeues and wolues : insomuch , that although he haue but one poore Cabine his cow and hogge lies with him in the same . But if he boast of larger increases , he is then compelled to bring them all night into some bawne of a castle , or vnder the loop-holes of some raft , or fortification : For the Kerne watch all aduantages in times of peace , and thinke their thefts iustifiable in defiances of warre .

But looke vpon vs truely , as we liue indeede , and you shall finde our Yeoman of England a title of estimation Yeoman . in regard of his wealth , antiquitie , and maintenance of his familie in a continued discent : so that in times past hee would not alter his title of rich Yeoman for any vaine-glorious attribute of beggerly Gentlemen : you shall now see them dwell in braue houses , Mannors , Lordships , and Parkes to the annuall vallew of a thousand poundes , hauing sometimes their sonnes Knighted , their daughters well bestowed , their other children so disperced , that Lawyers , Citizens , and Marchants are raised through our Kingdome from sonnes , and kinred of Countreymen : nay , you shall behold them inuited to courtly promotion , and knowing that the breath of Kings aduanceth or deiecteth can attend the good houre , and begge all such graces , as a Princes fauour distributeth to the subiect : yet haue I read of a King in England , who importuned by a Yeoman to be made a Gentleman , answered , hee could enoble him with knighthood , or the title of a Baron ; but not confirme him a Gentleman ; because true gentry had another manner of lustre from the raies of vertue , and honour in a continuall discent of Auncestors , illuminated from the sunne of worthy actions , either in military profession , or administration of ciuill gouernment But thus liueth our Countreyman , by what name or title soeuer : onely we were wont to interpose this difference betweene Yeoman , & Francklin or Farmer , that the Yeoman was a Trarcklin or Former . landed man , either Freeholder or coppieholder : the Farmer onely hired another mans land , paying a fine or rent , and so growing rich had the denomination of the other , and did not in times past murmure , though you called him Good-husband , or expert Plow-man : yet call him what ●…man you will , he is in some Countries able to lodge you richly , set a peece of plate on the cupbord , fiue or six dishes of meate on the Table , sweete and fine linning on your bed , cheerefully to welcome you , and is so cunning besides , that he can tell his Lawyer a formall tale , and complaine to the Iustice , if a farre better man doe him wrong : and in this who can come neere vs ?

CHAP. XXV . Another excellencie of ENGLAND , consisteth in the goodnes of our Nauy and shipping .

I Hope I shall now passe without contradiction , No nation euer came neere vs for so many and good ships . especially when I bring you forward to our ports , harbours , and riuers , shewing you the glory of our shipping , whether you esteeme them , as the Kings , and onely purposed for magnificence , state , and occasion of warre ; or the Marchants for exploration of countries , plantation of Colonies , bringing in of commodities , enriching of our Kingdoms , and yet withall defending our selues : or both together for noble actions , memorable voyages , extraordinary encounters , and ceremonious brauery , wherein wee haue bin so priuiledged , that from the memorable fame of Edward the third , to this instant , we neuer met enemy , but preuailed vpon equall termes , yea great odds , and when we had misfortunes , it was as Sampsons death amongst the Philistims , who pulld downe the Temple on their heads , and slew more at that instant than in his former enterprises ; witnes many nauall battailes , wherein what losse soeuer we susteined , the aduersarie had double and treble : euen when about the fourth yeere of Hen: 8. the Nauies of England and France met at Britaines Bay , and we lost the Regent of England , wherein Sir Thomas Kneuet was Captaine with 700 men ; yet did they endure the wreck of many ships , especially the French Carick , called then the wonder of Europe , in which Sir Piers Morgan with a 1100 men perished : as also when Sir Richard Greenueild within our memory miscaried by a meere disastrous chance , although I might honestly excuse it by ouer-great aduantage of both ships and gallies ; yet as they themselues haue confessed , they had no great cause to boast , or let any vaine-glorious insulting runne at random . But how wee haue preuailed indeed , let these few instances suffice .

About the 14 of Edw: 3. the King gathered a Nauy of 200 saile against the French , who in those daies were coadiuted with Flanders , as a Peere of France , wherein though he was mightily ouer-matched with numbers , yet preuailed he in execution , and had so triumphant a victorie , that their owne account numbred 30000 men slaine , 200 ships surprized , and taken , and the rest put to an ignominious flight . The 20 yeere hee went into Normandy , dismantled her Townes , spoiled Cane , and as a messenger of reuenge brought fire into the Harbours vntill the ships were consumed and set on a blase . Anno 24 he encountred the power of Spaine , and vnplumed their fethers of ostentation by taking 28 great ships , and making the rest vnseruiceable . Anno 33 he sailed into Picardy , and so preuailed , that the sea yeelded him safe passage , and all Burgundy safe conduct . Anno 41 with a memorable victory both at sea and land did the blacke Prince resettle Peter of Spaine , and in despight of all the sea forces , or other warlike opposition passed and repassed at pleasure . In the time of Rich: 2. about the 10 yeere the Duke of Lancaster sailed into Spaine , but how glorious that victory was on our side , and how surmounting our Nauie before theirs , the wonderfull successe attested , and their owne inventories record the losse with lamentable Items . The next yeere following Richard Earle of Arundell , and Thomas Earle of Notingham encountred at sea with an infinite number of Flemmings ; but victory is in the hands of God , and multitudes of men faile in their ostentation : For in that maritime contention were taken a 100 ships and better , the successe filling our Cities with commodities , and our mouthes with praises and thanksgiuing . In the 5 of Henr : 4 when the French came to the I le of Wight , and assailed Dartmouth with a great Nauy , the rusticall people preuailed against them , and manning out but the fisher-boats of the country , with certaine Pinaces attending the seruice , tooke 16 of their best ships , and compulsed the rest to be the messengers of their owne obloquy . The 3. of Hen: 5. was a yeere of triumph , and a 1000 saile of ships filled the narrow seas , cleared the passage into Normandy , amased all men , who had notice of our brauery , and reioyced the rest of Europe with Encomians of our successe , which followed presently in France . In the 15 of Edw: 4. it pleased the King to passe ouer to the aide of the Duke of Burgundy , but howeuer his inconstancie proued vnsauory to vs at land , it matters not : I am sure the seas gaue vs way , nor durst their Nauy presume to intercept vs . In the 5. of Hen: 8. the former encounter , which I named at Britaines bay was a day of terror , and we tooke , burnt , and spoiled as many , as we mustred out of harbour . The next yeere threatning Turwin and Turnay our Nauy carying all afore it like a swelling riuer , beating downe the slender banks , there scarce appeared an opposite : for the former losses were so great , that they halted downe-right in their recouery , and France once lamed in her shipping , cannot euery yeere bring a new Nauy into the channell with good equipage , or aduantage . The 14 yeere the Earle of Surrey was Admirall , and not onely preuailed in all encounters at sea , but by vertue of our shipping conquered diuers townes both in Britaine and Picardy . The 15. the Duke of Suffolke was sent into France with an army of 30000 , who passed the seas , yea the water of Some without battaile , and so terrified the French with all their coadiutors at that time ( for you must vnderstand in those repining and murmuring daies against our glory , France , Spaine , the Low-Countries , and Scotland were either confederate , or entertained for wages : so that almost all the mercenary shipping of Europe attended on the payment of the crownes of the sunne ) that they thought it the best part of their securitie to absent themselues . The yeere 35. Sir Iohn Dudley Vicount Lisle high Admirall of England , with a Nauy of 200 saile , passed the seas into Scotland , in despight of all the power the confederates could raise , and not onely performed actions beyond expectation , but taught them the true knowledge of English shipping and mariners . The next yeere the French Nauy came into Sussex ; but vpon very short warning were dissipated , and in a sudden encounter felt the smart of presumption . Presently as in diuers aduantages of such petty roades and excursions ; they landed at Portsmouth , and the I le of Wight , but with what successe or satisfaction , I cannot compare it better than to a bowle of water spilt , irrecouerably to be gathered vp againe : For they neuer durst aduenture , when our ships looked bigg vpon them , but vnderstanding of their imployment abroad , and sequestration farre off , then hurried they suddenly vpon vs ; yet I hope neither found vs vnprouided , nor returned backe againe with true cause of insulting . In the 3. of Edw: 6. the French Kings gallies and Caricks invaded Gernsey and Iersey : but with what face fortune looked vpon them , the losse of a 1000 men , with the spoile of their greatest ships and gallies suddenly discouered . Why may I not name here our iourney to Newhauen in the 4. of Queene Elizabeth , when through the power of our Nauy , at which both French and Spaniards began to repine , the Earle of Warwicke made the seas wanton with iollity , and affrighted the land with those small troopes of old souldiers from the Garison at Barwick , vnited to others raised from the willing musters of our country : and although some enuious hand would stop the mouth of report from ecchoing our applause at this time , yet I am sure Count Ringraue and his armie felt the smart of affliction , and the sorrow of many defeatures , and dare auouch , that the seas lay open vnto vs in despight of opposition , or any encounter our enemies durst or could prepare to invite vs to . In the 18. yeere was Forbishers first voyage , and by reason that this glorious Queene had as it were tied the obseruation of all Nations to her actions and gouernment , a peace being generally contracted , diuers presumptuous persons tooke aduantage of the same , and filled the narrow seas with rouers and pirats , who ranne vp and downe without controll , like vntamed colts , scorning all enclosures and bounds ' , vntill Captaine Holstock with 4. good ships and two pinaces was appointed the reformer of these abuses , who presently brought into the schoole of correction 200 rouers , 8 Flushingers , diuers Barks and Pinaces , and pacified the outragiousnes of these petty thefts . The 19. Forbishers second voyage . The 20. Forbishers third voyage , with many other of famous memory , amongst whom Hawkins , Drake , Candish , and such worthy sea-men ( preuailing in all their explorations ) as they attempted great matters , deserue as great commendation . About the 23. that famous busines of Desmonds rebellion breathed insolencie into those people , by reason the Pope and Spaniard had fortified themselues in Smirwick in Ireland , and with a sufficient number of ships blocked vp the hauen , vntill certaine of her Maiesties Nauie , and the Deputies forces at land ( being then the forward Lord Grey ) behaued themselues with such good order and successe , that all the passages of victory to vs , and miserable discomfiture to them were set open , and we triumphed with a plenary satisfaction to our endeuours . In the 24. Monsieur returned into the Low-countries to bee invested with the Duchy of Brabant : but when he beheld our glorious fleete , and iudiciously looked vpon their strength and brauery , he burst out into a passionate applause , and sware , that howeuer men were enemies to our peace , they were enemies to truth , if they did not acknowledge it without comparison . The yeere following Captaine Borough with one ship , and a small Barke went to sea against Rouers , and although the Councell at that time suspected vs ouer-weake to withstand an vnited desperatenes ; yet the fight continued against 7 or 8 , and all men can witnes our memorable successe in that encounter . The triumphs of 88 are of such renowne , and worthy celebration , that the world still remembers our illustrious Nauy , and admirable victory : but this secret was not fully reuealed , that wee were not prouided , nor throughly furnished : so that as true hearts praied for vs , the great God of heauen fought for vs . The yeere following the Portingall voiage , and ( as it were set on degrees ) Cales voiage , the Iland voiage , Sir Richard Leusons noble exploits , and his place since supplied by Sir William Mounson , haue set forward our reputation to runne the race of vnresistable preuailing , and hold vp our glorious countenances in despight of any confronting looke , or repining eyes . Nor doe I heare reckon vp our Merchant Aduenturers , and the sundry times encountring with greater and more aduantagious forces : witnes the Marchant Royall in those times , when Iohn King was Master , which alone encountred with 3 ships , and 10 gallies , and came off with such iollity , as they fretted to be so disappointed , and we triumphed to welcome home so well deseruing a man . Since when , although those of Malta , Florence , the confederates of the Arches , and many desperate Pirats , haue conspired against our traphique , and made our iourney into the Leuant somewhat dangerous : yet we haue still gone forward , and could not bee pull'd backe by any wrenching arme whatsoeuer : especially in those daies of tryall , when we stood on our guard , and made our warlike preparation a very paire of tarriers to the Spaniard . For in those daies the Conuoy for his westerne treasure was so toilesome , troublesome , chargeable , and dangerous vnto him , that one million defraied but the charges of another , and by that time it came to distribution , there was a strange account cast vp of losses , and defatigable expences . Thus had our hopes still life , and our spirits grew stronger and stronger with honorable expectation , and noble impl●…t : And now it hath pleased his Maiestie to shut vp the brazen dores of contention , and we haue reason to sound out his excellent Motto of Beati pacifici .

CHAP. XXVI . An other excellencie of ENGLAND consisteth in the number , riches , endeuours , and extraordinary worth of our Marchant .

IN the ouer-looking as it were the map of the worlds busines , I must needes The Marchant of England surpasseth all other Nations . confesse , that neuer Monarchy was established , or inlarged , but by the power of the sword : yet alas , when I consider the inconveniences impending , the affrightings of people , the demolition of Cities , the deuastation of Countries , the slaughters of Armies , the rapes , murthers , and terrors of the world in the best conquests and victorie ; I cannot but lament the condition of man , that doth extract his glory from tyrannie and curses , from confusion and turmoyle , from blood and death . For thus doe wee boast of our auncestors , and the very women doe esteeme no man noble or worthy , that cannot relate the victories of his forefathers , and dare not himselfe set furie on worke to the killing of his enemie , nay to the murthering of his Competitor , whether for loue , or displeasure . But if you will truly consider the admirable composition of Commonwealths , and extraordinary glorie of Kingdomes , it consisteth in sedation of troubles , and in the enriching of priuate men : yea euen Salomons greatnesse was raised to a stupendous mountaine of amasement , from the effects of a well compacted peace ; in which his Temple was built , his Pallaces were finished , his Cities disposed of , his Souldiers maintained , and his glory spred abroad with sufficient fulnesse : For horses were brought him out of Arabia , fine linnen from Aegipt , perfumes and odours from Aethiopia , spices from India , precious stones from the Ilands , gold from Ophir , beasts and strange fowle from Affricke , and many other things both for exornation and pleasure from the remotest parts of the earth . But how ? by the industry of Merchants , and worthy endeauours of men disposed to honour their Countrey , and aduance themselues : As for corruptions of life , couetousnesse , vaine-glory , ambition , pride , emulation , cunning , and infinite of this kinde , they are not to be named by way of Character , or personating any particular condition of man whatsoeuer . For from a Prince to a Peasant no body liues , but may be traduced in the selfe same kinde , that you would lay imputation on the shoulders of the Merchant : therefore I will absolutely conclude , that the true Merchant-aduenturer , as he is one way the supporter of politicall States by commerce , conuersation , and bringing in of wealth , so is he another way the Atlas of honour and magnificent maiesty by his customes , filling the store-houses of a Court , supplying the wants of a pallace , pleasing the desires of nouelty , cooling the heates of pride , and satiating the vanitie of wishes ; nay if you would

and the Ilands , explored Virginia , Norrembega , Guiana , and other coasts , and made a trade with these Indians for diuers commodities ; so that from one place or other of our Countrey , we haue not so few as a 1000. sailes of shippes abroad : nor so small a number as a 100000. persons disperced vnder this acceptable title of Marchant . For so I must tell you , that except you aduise with your selfe for this denomination in many places of the world the excuse of curiositie will not serue your turne : For you shall be taken for a Spie , and a dangerous Hypocrite , such is the iealousie of Kingdomes toward wanton Trauellers , and the necessitie of entertainment for well imploied men . And thus much for some speciall excellencies wherein England excelleth all other Nations .

CHAP. XXVII . Another excellency of ENGLAND may be drawne from this obseruation , that we haue had more glorious persons , and famous Kings , and Princes to visit our Countrey , then any other Nation , &c.

AMongst other spreading boughes of prerogatiues drawing sappe from the tree of Englands glory , I may not leaue out this obseruation , that wee haue had since the Conquest more seuerall magnificent entertainments of forraine Princes , and voluntary progresses of famous Kings , and Emperors ; some for pleasant iournies , others for necessary imploiment , then any Nation of Europe : not that I meane to trouble you with vaine or tedious repetitions of Embassadors , Legats , Cardinalls , or other ordinary Liegers , as is customarie in all Princes Courts , and concurses of State ; but meerely of extraordinary solemnities , and occasion of resplendant showes , triumphs , and festiuall inuitations to delight and contentment .

No sooner had the Normane setled his Conquests , and established his sonne William Rufus in the throne of greatnesse , as well appeared by his ambitious desires to fill all Europe with the report of his exaltation ; especially after his returne out of Normandy , and that he found fault with the smalnesse of Westminster-hall , being yet the remarkeablest roome for State , greatnesse , and capacity in the world . But Malcolme King of Scots , and the two Princes of Wales came to doe homage vnto him about the third yeere of his raigne ; yea Robert Duke of Normandy with many Princes of France acknowledged his eminent glory , and maiesticall Kingdome ; although the said Robert was his elder Brother , and made way to his peace and amitie . This likewise continued toward Henry the first , and for addition , the Kings his adioyned neighbours assumed nothing to themselues , but what stood with the good liking of the King of ENGLAND , for which purpose they many times came in person to gratifie him : To which if you vnite the aduantagious marriage of Henry Emperour of Rome to his daughter , I hope it may passe for a reasonable beginning , and giue life to after hopes for the augmentation of our credits , and exaltation of our prerogatiues .

Anno 1184. about the 31. of Henry 2. Heraclius Patriarch of Hierusalem came into our Countrey to desire aide against the Turke . 1201. and the 3. of King Iohn at a solemne entertainement in Lincolne , William King of Scots and diuers of his Nobles did homage vnto him in person , to which if you adde his marrying of Lady IANE his bastard daughter to Leuelin Prince of Wales , who was in those times a turbulent and ambitious man , you may easily iudge , what reputation our Countrey had got in the world , when the Pope was more affrighted at the starting aside of little ENGLAND , then if whole Spaine had at that time falne quite away , from his supportation , or if you will Antichristian vsurpation .

Anno 1224. about the 8. yeere of the raigne of Henry 3. Iohn de Brennes King of Hierusalem came into England for aide and assistance against the Saracens , and from that vnimitable example of Richard 1. called in those times the flower of chiualry , that wunne Cyprus and Acon in person , well hoped to finde the other branches of that kingly off-spring full of the sappe of the same roialtie ; but when I remember , how the chiefest Potentates of Europe came to elect Richard Earle of Cornwall his brother Emperour , and King of the Romans , I am more then satisfied for maintaining this vnanswerable position of our excellency in this kinde .

If you ouerlooke the life of Edward 1. you shall finde it a very mappe of honour , and be able to tell the world , that besides many forraine Potentates , the Prince of Wales and his brother Dauid reioiced in his acceptation of them ; and Iohn Baliol King of Scots was glad to be named and established by him : But come a little forward , and at the naming of Edward the 3. me thinkes all English hearts should leape for ioy . For 1334. Edward Baliol King of Scots did him homage ; the Prince of Wales was glad to A glory worthy all obseruation . kisse his hands ; and the Electors of Germany 1348. inuited him to the chaire of the Empire : nay such was our royaltie that Henry Pichard Vintner and Maior of London feasted EDW. of England ; IOHN King of France ; the King of Cyprus comming to see our worthinesse ; DAVID King of Scots ; EDW. Prince of Wales , Duke of Aquitane , Guien , and Cornwall , all in one day : Besides at diuers triumphes and Iusts these forraine Princes were led as it were by the hand of amasement to magnifie , and extoll the heroicke spirits of our nation . Againe in the 38. yeere of the King ; the French King , the King of Cyprus , and the King of Scots , came all into England , and made pleasure proude , that it had good occasion to welcome them . Besides , 1367. Peter King of Spaine was disseised by his bastard brother Henry , but comming into England made such impression in the compassionate soule of EDW. the blacke Prince , that he assisted him in person , and re-established him in his kingdome .

Shall I remember you of that glorious celebration of Himmeneus triumphs , when Duke Tussus and many Princes of Boheme and Hungary brought that magnificent Lady ANNE daughter to the King of Bohemia , and married her to King RICHARD the 2. of England , during whose life such was the royaltie of our Court and State , that in the 8. yeare the King of Armenia came into England for coadiutement against the Turkes . In the 12. yeare the Earle of Saint Paul and many Princes out of France and other Countries came to a Iusts in Smithfield , and made a iust estimation of our vnualuable glory . In the 16. yeare the greatest Lords of Scotland came to our triumphes in England , and checked their owne presumption for confronting vs with a supposition of equality . In the 20. yeare the Dukes of Burbon and Barre brought ouer Isabell of Fraunce to be a Queene in England , and glad was that Prince of Europe , that had beene an eye-witnesse of our glory : yea that magnificent workemanshippe concerning the exornation of the Hall of his Pallace , now Westminster ( and by community and disparaged alteration vnregarded ) was as it were a magnes to draw ouer the seas thousands of people , and hundreds of Princes , and Noble lords to looke vpon the wonder of the world .

In the 4. yeare of HENRY 4. King of England the Emperour of Constantinople came of purpose as the Queene of Sheba to Salomon , to set report on the touchstone of truth , and see whether custome had enlarged our fame or no , and here he was entertained with all the sumptuous and attractiue showes , and delights , that Arte and expences could deuise to satiate the minde of man : But when Dame IANE Dutches of Britaine came ouer to marry our King HENRY , I hope our enemies will imagine , her traine and Attendants to bee much augmented with the company of many forraine Princes and Potentates : And if you steppe forward to the 8. yeare of his raigne the Earle of Marre , and the great lords of Scotland came to solace themselues , and made their triumphes both at Tilt and Turney acceptable to the beholders . The like was performed the 10. yeare , when the Seneschall of Hennault with all those Princes reputed the Court of England a very Schoole of chiualry , and put in practise accordingly all the braueries of marshall discipline . But when the Lady LVCIA the Dukes sister of Millane came to marry EDMVND Earle of Kent , both citie and pallace was so furnished with strangers , and the concurses of people so well ordered , that inferiours were amased at so extraordinary attraction , and the better sort gaue a plaudite to our glory .

If you ouer-looke the time of Henr : 5. surnamed the Champion of Honor , though it was lamentable for the breuitie , yet was it vnmatchable for the royalty . For after his coronation he was scarse three yeeres in his own Kingdome , and yet in the third of his raigne he welcommed the Emperor of Almaine and King of Rome , and presently after graced the daughter of France and all her retinue , with many forreine Princes , who would not returne , till they saw their Lady Katherine Queene of England . To which if you adde the entertainment of the Duke of Holland , and many Princes of those countries , especially Freesland , you cannot chuse but make vp a plentifull breuiary of Heroicke Maiesty , and worthy princelines .

About the yeere of Grace 1502. and the 17. yeere of the raigne of Henry 7. the expectable Prince Arthur maried Katherin daughter to Ferdinando King of Spaine , and his eldest sister Margaret was affianced vnto Iames King of Scots , at whose inaugu●…tion the concurse of strangers , and amongst them of the choisest Princes was so great , that all other adioyning Kings as much magnified our royalty , as feared our power , insomuch that the very report of our Kingdomes brauery draue Philip King of Castile , and his wife into England .

About the end of August 1546. Flawd high Admirall of France was so royally entertained in England , that the King lying at Hampton-Court , the Prince of Wales met him comming to haue audience with a 1000 horse , whereof 500 were in one liuery , the coates of veluet halfe embrodered with gold , and one sleeue of cloth of gold : let other Princes acknowledge this magnificence . Holinshed saith 2000 horse .

In the beginning of Henry the 8. Lewis the 12. of France maried Mary the Kings yongest sister : and 1520 the great Emperor Charles the 5. came into England to visit his Aunt , and within two yeere after made a second returne to view London , and bee acquainted with our country , from whose example Christiern King of Denmarke , and his wife about the 15 yeere arriued in England , and was welcommed to the pleasures of our country , and variety of our pastimes . The Prince of Salerne , and diuers of Naples about the 30. &c.

Shall I name you King Philips mariage with Queene Mary ? I hope then I must trouble you with a tedious solemnitie , and tell you , that many strangers knew not the way home againe into their owne countries a long time ; and if the peace of their soules as they vainely imagined , might haue bin added to the delight of their bodies , the happines of England had bin the subiect of their tongues , and the obiect of their eyes . In the second yeere of her raigne Ecmondine a Prince of Germany , and other Embassadors were sent from the Emperor . In the third yeere Emmanuel Prince of Piemont , with other Lords came into England , and the next moneth the Prince of Orange landed at London .

But let mee passe forward to the mirror of all times Queene Elizabeth : how proud was the Prince of Sweden , that he was graced in England with so glorious entertainment at the beginning of her raigne . Not long after 1565 Christopher Prince and Marquesse of Baden came of purpose to haue his childe borne amongst vs , and reioyce in the fortune of such a godmother . About the 11. yeere of her raigne anno 1568 Mary Queene of Scots , though shee was surprized in her flight to France , and defeated in her maine proiects ; yet for a long time misliked not her imprisonment , and was glad to confesse the prerogatiues of her natiue soile and country . In the 14. yeere Francis Duke of Memorancy , and Betrawde de Saligniers Knights of the order of St Michael , came both into England , with other great Princes to gratulate her Maiestie , and acknowledge her worthines . In the 21. of her raigne 1578. Cassimirus Count Palatine , and Duke of Bauaria was entertained the better , because he came of purpose to admire her Maiestie , and commend her country . Not long after 1581. Francis Burbon Prince Daulphine of Auergne , Arthur Cass Marshall of France , with Lusignian and others came to make way to Monsieurs admission , who accordingly anno 24 , as Duke of Aniou , the French Kings brother , and next heire to the flower-de-luce , was welcommed beyond expectation , and entertained with such sumptuous showes , and variety of delight , that they know not , how to put it ouer with true noblenes , considering the disparity betweene their customes and ours . About the yeere 1583. Albertus Alasco free Baron of Lasco Vaiuode , or Palatine of Siradia in Poland , was an eye witnes of our many prerogatiues , such as we may terme Court brauery , Cities excellency , countries happines , vniformitie of our Vniuersities , strength of our Nauies , and glorious contentation in all estates .

Anno 1596. The Duke of Bolloigne came into England , and in 1600. extraordinary Embassadors from Barbary and Russia , who although from a stubborne bestialitie seemed to vilipend the managing of many affaires by outward forme ; yet were driuen to applaude our generall happines , and confesse with admiration , that no Kingdome was so disposed for reciprocall duties betweene Prince and subiect . Yea 1601. that vndaunted souldier Duke Birone , who seldome gased at any meteor , or setled planet out of his owne sphere , came ouer amongst vs with 300 attendants , and returned with this resolution , that the Queene and Court of England vnder such a Queene , was the true mirror of maiestie , and map of magnificence , had not some of them misliked the broken and vnsauoury structures of Whitehall , which indeede if it might hold vp a head of outward vniformitie and statelines , as it doth when it list of inward maiestie , and greatnes , I know not then who could compare with vs any way : except the gallery of Paris , being the worke of 60 yeeres expences , and pride of many seuerall Princes ; and the Turkes Seralio in Constantinople , a vast aedifice for many purposes , and receptacle for 20000 people , which one way or other are lodged in and about it . For in truth within the walls and iron gates it containeth as much roome or more , than all S. Iames parke , and Whitehall together .

When our King Iames was established to the admiration of all the states of Europe ; Monsieur Rosne from France ; Don Iohn de Tassis from Spaine ; and many other extraordinary Princes from all the Courts of Christendome , came ouer to gratifie his happines : but 1604 Don Iohn de Velasco , Constable of Castile was as an extraordinary Prince extraordinarily entertained : to which if you vnite the glorious welcome and admission of Prince Vlrick Duke of Holstaide : as also of George Lodwick Lantgraue of Lutenburgh sent from the Emperor Rodulph , you may well expose their entertainment against the greatest magnificence of other countries . Anno 1606 Don Iohn de Mendoza Marquisse of S. Germaine was sent ouer to his Maiestie ; and presently the King of Denmarke came to visit his sister . The next yeere 1607. Prince Ienuile second sonne to the Duke of Guise sported amongst vs , and much applauded our Court and customes . Then in 1608. followed the welcome of Christianus Prince of Henault ; and presently after the admission of many great personages , besides the Leigers Embassadors of diuers Nations . To which if you vnite the second comming in of the King of Denmarke ; the Duke of Bolloignes welcome , and many others about the seuerall treatises of our Princely mariages , with the Lady Elizabeths solemnities , when Prince Fredericke Count Palatine came in person to take her to his wife , I make no doubt concerning the purpose in hand , you will all confesse that England hath not bin a litle graced , and the rowle of our excellencies hath one Item beyond other countries for remarkable persons comming amongst vs either for pleasure , or state-imployment : which the rather hath place of wonder , because wee are seated in the sea , and so farre remote from the maine commerces of the world : so that whosoeuer comes to vs , must looke for no through-fare , nor Cities of strength , as in many places ; but bee content to sit amongst vs with amasement , that euery man eats vnder his vine with plenty , peace , and such acates , as great Kingdomes want for all their treasure , and popish fasting daies .

CHAP. XXVIII . THE CONCLVSION .

I Could further marke your tallies with many memorable priuacies , wherein we ouer-passe other Nations : but they be things so well knowne already to iudicious and vnderstanding men , that I must needes be ielous of my selfe for entring so slenderly armed into the lists of so great a contention , and against such aduersaries , who will either out of curtesie smile at my folly , or prouder experience deride my ignorance , or peremptory wilfulnes scorne my tenuity : but I will anticipate all censorious exceptions with a plaine confession of Scribimus indocti , doctique poemata passim . Yet notwithstanding seeing I haue plaied the truant already , I will imitate the cunning and stubborne schoole-boy , who perceiuing an impossibilitie to auoide the punishment for his offence , gaue a longer content to his pleasure , and taried out the last houre with supposition , that all could end but with one chiding : so considering I haue racked your patiences thus farre , I will questionles determine my first purpose after my owne fashion , and vndergoe your pitty , or vilipending for all together .

Know then , that our Vniuersities for state , maiestie , good order , number of schollers , and iudicious learning , surpasse all countries of Europe ; and if in Cambridge you looke on Kings Colledge chappell , the sumptuous quadrant of Trinitie , and the delicate compacting of our new Colledges , you cannot but imagine , we had a hope in the structures to contriue some thing for admiration . If in Oxford you consider the Diuinitie schooles , the foundations of Christs Church , Sir Thomas Bodleis library , and other things of account , you must needs conclude , that we striued to exalt our Nation for such rarities . Our bathes , high waies , and securitie to trauell in are not to be ouer passed . Our Inns , or as they call them Hosteries , with other places of entertainment , yeeld a plenary satisfaction to our trauels , and open the embracings of extraordinary welcome , insomuch that our wearied bodies are folded in the armes of quietnes and rest , and our troubled spirits setled in reposednes and content . In our hospitalitie we goe beyond all other Nations , and many worthy mens houses exceede scattered villages both for diuers buildings , and numbers of people else where : Our diet is abundant , and the best of the cattle , and for the blessings of increase bids you welcome to the fat of the earth , Abrahams cake , Abrahams calfe , Esaus venison , Labans good cheere , the louing fathers fat kid , and all of that sort . Our seruants are hansome and honest in comparison of others : our ciuilitie and attendance extraordinary , nor is the Gentleman to be dallied with by inferior groomes , nor any man to be abused , if he stand on the true leggs of obseruation . Our lawes are seuere toward capitall crimes , and if offences bedurty vs , wee are not yet impudently to mount on a stage to be seene ; nor be so ignorant , but we can hide our selues , till we be cleaner , or make a composition with mercy and pacification , if the busines bee not darkned indeede with loathsomnes : and euery thing amongst vs with a fashionable hansomnesse ouerswaieth nicer exception .

Thus I hope you will first pardon me for vaine-glory or affectation , considering I speake for my country , and then yeeld vnto the truth , which at last must preuaile , considering I haue confirmed her excellencies and prerogatiues : Nor haue I taken this taske vpon me out of supposition , that England would haue lost her reputation , if I had not traduced my selfe in these triuiall Tractates : but meerely I protest to affront some humorists , who as irresolute or ignorant thinke too slightly of our worth , and in my owne hearing haue presumed to match petty Princes with vs , against whom I dare maintaine , that if there were such occasion , the Voluntaries and idle disposed of our Country would goe in such troopes , and in such a manner , that we need neither pay customes for silkes out of Florence , Genoa , Leuca , or some other of their principall states of Italy ; nor haue our store-houses empty of the marchandice of India or China . As for the gold of Ophir , though many thinke , ancient mines may be exhausted : oh that they might try their fortune , I beleeue we should not need proclamations against exportation of our coine . But better is better : I haue commended the peace of Salomon , as one of the cheefest parts of blessednes , which the birth of our Sauiour ratified , and the comming in of our King exampled : and let it continue a Gods name with the spreading of the Cherbins ouer sanctum sanctorum , and the shadow of the Almighty couer vs , vntill we come to the port indeed of all comfort , happines , and securitie .

FINIS .

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