The questyonary of cyrurgyens with the formulary of lytell Guydo in cyrurgie, with the spectacles of cyrurgyens newly added, with the fourth boke of the Terapentyke [sic], or methode curatyfe of Claude Galyen prynce of physyciens, with a synguler treaty of the cure of vlceres, newely enprynted at London, by me Robert wyer, and be for to sell in Poules Churcheyarde, at the sygne of Judyth. Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum. Chirurgia magna. English. Selections Guy, de Chauliac, ca. 1300-1368. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A02340 of text S105904 in the English Short Title Catalog (STC 12468). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 354 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 124 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2018 A02340 STC 12468 ESTC S105904 99841629 99841629 6227 2240903027

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Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A02340) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 6227) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 47:04) The questyonary of cyrurgyens with the formulary of lytell Guydo in cyrurgie, with the spectacles of cyrurgyens newly added, with the fourth boke of the Terapentyke [sic], or methode curatyfe of Claude Galyen prynce of physyciens, with a synguler treaty of the cure of vlceres, newely enprynted at London, by me Robert wyer, and be for to sell in Poules Churcheyarde, at the sygne of Judyth. Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum. Chirurgia magna. English. Selections Guy, de Chauliac, ca. 1300-1368. Galen. De methodo medendi. Book 4. English. Copland, Robert, fl. 1508-1547. [240] p. : ill. Printed by Robert Wyer for Henry Dabbe and Rycharde Banckes, [London : 1542] A translation of "Chirurgia magna" by Guy de Chauliac, and book 4 of "De methodo medendi" by Galen. Colophon reads: .. Newly translated out of the Frensshe (at the instigacion and costes of the ryght honest parsone Henry Dabbe stacyoner [et] byblyopolyst in Paules churche yarde) by Robert Coplande of the same faculte, within the moste famous [et] opulent marchaunt cyte of London, the. xii. day of Nouembre, the yere of our Lorde. 1.5.41. .. Imprynted by me Robert wyer, for Henry Dabbe, [et] Rycharde Banckes. .. Publication date from STC. Signatures: A-Y⁴; ² A-H⁴. Reproduction of the original in the British Library. eng Surgery -- Early works to 1800. Medicine, Medieval. eebo The questyonary of cyrurgyens, with the formulary of lytell Guydo in cyrurgie, with the spectacles of cyrurgyens newly added, with the fourth boke of Guy, de Chauliac 1542 242 71213 1086 0 0 0 0 0 152.5 F The rate of 152.5 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the F category of texts with 100 or more defects per 10,000 words. 2000-00 Assigned for keying and markup 2001-11 Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2002-02 Sampled and proofread 2002-02 Text and markup reviewed and edited 2002-03 Batch review (QC) and XML conversion

The questyonary of Cyrurgyens , with the formulary of lytell Guydo in Cyrurgie , with the spectacles of Cyrurgyens newly added , with the fourth Boke of the Terapentyke , or Methode curatyfe of Claude Galyen prynce of Physyciens , with a Synguler treaty of the cure of vlceres , newely Enprynted at London , by me Robert wyer , And be for to sell in Poules Churcheyarde , at the sygne of Iudyth . Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum .

Iudyth .

Robert Copland the translatour herof to the Reders .

GEntyll reders in consyderacion that euery scyence , arte , and faculte that are speculate & practysed by Phylosophers , nat onely ought to be shewed and taught vnto suche as be present with them in theyr dayes , but also for a perpetuall benefyte to be set forth by wrytynges vulgarily in euery tongue , for the more eredines and erudycyon of all yonge and pregnaunt practycyens , as fayne wolde attayne to the perfytenes of euery suche scyence , arte , and faculte . And nat withstandynge that there be ryght many and sondry sortes , aswell of very good and scyentyke bokes , as of ryght expert men within this Realme in the scyentycall arte of Cyrurgery . Neuertheles this lytell questyonary & formulary with the other bokes added therto haue ben often requyred and soughte for , to be had in englysshe ( aswell of me as of other ) by dyuers and many persones of the sayde scyence . In consyderacyon aforesayd , and that it is commodyous , vtyle , behouefull , and benefycyall to the common welth of the sayde scyence and arte . A certayne yonge gentyll man enured in the sayd scyence haue a boke of the same in frenche moued the ryght honest persone Henry Dabbe bybliopolyst & stacyoner to haue it translated in to englysshe . At whose instigacyon meanynge the help of God ( though moste rudely ) with the symplenes of a good wyllyng herte I haue enterprysed to do it in folowynge dyrectly my copy . For I knowlege myne enernyte in pronouncyng the englysshe of the names and termes naturally expressed in the sayde boke , aswel in greke , latyne , & other , whiche myne aucthour hath nat reduced in to frenche , which names and termes I commyt to the dyscrecyon , emendacyon , and grauyte of t●em that haue the perfytenesse of the sayde scyence and facultie . For as Phylyatros sayeth , many termes and names that are symply spoken in one language and scyence is harde to be spoken in an other , except they be expressed , and what they signyfye . wherfore curteys and gentyll reders take this in worth , and desyst myne ygnoraunce in the same with your scyentycall beneuolence , and clere fronysate intellygence . And Iesus preserue you . Amen .

Hereafter foloweth the questyonary of Cyrurgyens . The Demaunde or questyon .

WHat is Cyrurgery ? The responce or answere . Cyrurgery is scyence that teacheth the maner and qualyte to worke / principally in knyttynge / in cuttyng / and exercysyng other workes of the hande . In healynge of man , as moche as it is possyble . And here scyence is put for kynde . And albeit that Cyrurgery is of it selfe proprely by arte and no scyence / yet for the bonde and affynytie that arte and scyence haue eche with other / somtyme vnproprely that which is arte is called scyence / and that which is scyence is called arte . It is otherwyse sayde ( and better ) that Cyrurgery is in two maners . One is that sheweth onely so that by it we can do nothynge as touchynge the operacion / and that proprely is called scyence / as we say in physycke that there be .vi. maners of symple appostumes / that is to wyt .iiij. humeralles / one aignous / & the other ventous . The other maner of cyrurgery is vsaunce / that is to saye / that it teacheth to vse / that he that knoweth it maye helpe hym selfe therwith as many tymes and as often as he wyll as touchyng Cyrurgycall operacions / so that by it he is gouerned and ruled whan he wyll vse it / as by the Cyrurgery that he hath in his vnderstandynge / that teacheth hym that in all hote appostumes he oughte to put and laye to it repercutyues / saufe vnto them that ben in the sumuytones / and to such as be venymous / This Cyrurgery or arte that thou haste in thyne vnderstandynge / teacheth the to worke & vse manually in medecynes / and is proprely called arte and nat scyence . And in the ende of thy dyffynicion besyde the particulers that are put for differences that are set vnto that whiche is possyble / for it is nat possyble to all Cyrurgyens to heale all theym that are dyseased and sore . Demaunde . In what case oughte a Cyrurgyen to vse very cure ? And in what cases is he permytted to vse onely palliatiue cures . Answere . In all cases ought he to vse very cure / excepte in thre cases / where as alonely he is permitted the cure palliatyue . The fyrste is whan the disease of them selfes are vncurable as lazary . The seconde for the inobedyence of the pacient to suffre the paynes that he ought / bycause his myght can nat suffre it / as is the Canker in a pertyculer membre . The thyrde / yf by the cure of such a disease there foloweth a greater inconuenyent / as in to euyll inueterate sores / or in to olde emeroides / yf there be nat alway lefte an yssue there as any daunger is / for drede to fall in to ydropsy or manyake / as Ipocras sayth in his Aphorysmes . Demaunde . Wherof is named Cyrurgery ? Answere . It is so named of chyr / that is a hande / and of Gow / that is operacion / for it is a scyence that teacheth to worke by hande that is manually . Demaunde . What is the subiect of cyrurgery ? Answere . The subiecte of Cyrurgery is the body of man that is diseased & sore able to be healed , for it is therabout that the Cyrurgyen worketh . Demaunde . what is th effecte of Cyrurgery ? Answere . Th effect therof is to take away the dysease of mannes body / and to kepe it in healthe as moche as it is possyble .

Demaunde . In howe many kyndes or partyes is Cyrurgery deuysed ? Answere . Iohānyce sayeth that generally it is deuysed in two , that is to wyt to worke in soft membres / as in the flesshe . And to worke in the harde membres as the bones . And partyculerly Cyrurgery is deuyded in .v. That is to wit to worke in woundes / in appostumes / in sores / and in restoracyons / and in other thynges belongynge to handy operacyon . Demaunde . What dyuers operacions exerciseth the Cyrurgyen ? Answere . In thre dyuers operacions . That is to wyt dysolue the thynge contynued / knyt the thynge seperated / and put out the superflue thynge . To dyssolue the thynge contynued is by incysynge / cuttynge / or scaturysyng . To reioyne the seperate as in consolydynge the woundes and redusynge the lyppes . And to put out the superflue thinges , as in curyng appostumes to clense them and put away the coores . Demaunde . Howe many and what yrens ought a Cyrurgyen to bere in his case with hym ? Answere . He oughte to haue .v. as Cysers / Nyppers / Launcettes / Rasoures / and Nedelles . Demaunde . Howe many and what oyntementꝭ commonly oughte the Cyrurgyen bere with hym ? Answere .v. That is to wyt / an oyntement Basylycon for to rype / Apostolorum to clense / Aureum to encrease flesshe . And the whyte oyntement for to drye and bynde . And de Althea for to sowple .

Demaunde . Of howe many thyngꝭ / and what thynges the Cyrurgyen taketh his entencions for to heale sore folkes ? Answere . That after Galyen in his terapentyc they ben taken of thre thynges . That is of thynges agaynst nature / of naturall thynges / and of vnnaturall thynges / and also of theyr annexes . And fyrste he taketh this indycacyon of thynges agaynst nature / that is to wyt to the knowledge of the malady in his nature after Galyen in the seconde of his terapentic . And than come vnto the naturalles / and after to the vnnaturalles and theyr annexes . And so after his indycacyons taken he ought to procede to the healyng of the pacyent in all that may lye in hym possyble . And let the Cyrurgyen note that it is sayde / in all that may lye possyble in hym / bycause it is nat alway possyble . And with what thynges , and howe . For as galyen sayth towarde the ende of his thyrde boke / and in the seauenth of his sayd terapentyc / ●f the intencyons curatyues ben fewe / and accordynge / the cure is easye to the Cyrurgyen as in a symple wounde . But where there is many consy●eracyons whiche in it selfe are contrary / as in a holowe wounde and apostumate and nyghe to a noble membre , the Cyrurgyen ought to consydre .iij. thynges . The fyrste is , yf there be two contrary diseases , wherof the cure of the one letteth the other ( whiche is moste doubtfull and daungerous yf it remayne ) in suche case he ought to begyn his cure at the moste daungerous / & where there is moste peryll in the remaynynge of it / and oftentymes more sooner in the accydentes that happeneth in a sore / then in the sore selfe . As whan a great flux of blode ouercommeth in any wounde or any sore fretynge that hath corroded any vayne / in suche case often he must leaue the healynge of the sore for to entende to the flux of blode that is so great . Lykewyse yf in a sore were any synew that was pricked wherof foloweth crampe / there must he begyn at the pryckyng of the synew for daunger of the spasna , which is moste peryllous . The seconde thyng that the Cyrurgyen oughte to consydre is / yf one of the sayde dyseases be nat the cause of the other , and nouryssheth nat the other . In suche case he ought to begyn at the cure of it that is the syller and nouryssher of the other . For tyll that that which is the causer of the other be totally extyrped the healynge can nat be . Demaunde . Howe many consideracions ought the Cyrurgyen to haue touchynge his fourme and generall maner to worke manually ? Answere . After Arnolde de villa noua , he ought to haue .iiij. The fyrst is he ought to consydre what operacyon it is that he ought to do to mannes body . And it is knowen by the dyuysyon of the operacyons of Cyrurgery aforesayde / that is to knyt the thynge deuyded . The seconde consyderacyon is / that he ought to consydre wherfore he worketh . And this is knowen by the general intencyon of Cyrurgery , that commaundeth to do the operacions vnto the body of man profitably with confydence or surenes . The thyrde consyderacyon is / that he oughte to consydre yf suche operacyon be necessary & conuenable to be done to mannes body . And this he knoweth whan it can nat be healed otherwyse . And the fourth consyderacyon is / that the Cyrurgyen ought to knowe howe to bestowe his remedyes to the body of man . In these consyderacyons the Cyrurgyen oughte to take hede in doynge all thynges that he ought to do / as touchynge this operacyon / aswel before the workyng as after . The whiche .iiij. consyderacyons thou mayest haue and perceyue by suche an example . Yf thou wylt draw water fro the belies of ydropikes by manuall operacyon . Fyrste thou ought to consydre that the operacion which thou wylt do is to drawe out the said water . Secondely thou ought to consydre wherfore thou doest it / for it is for to ●eale / or at the least way to gyue ease . Thyrdly why ther such operacyon be necessary / nedeful / or possy●●e . And thou ought to wyt that it is necessary at ●●ast wayes yf thou wylt heale an ydropyke of the ●dropesy confermed / and thou knowest that it is ●●defull and possyble yf the myght of the pacyent ●e strong / for yf it be weke be wel ware for to do it . And fourthly thou ought to consydre the maner to do it , which is such . Fyrst lye thy pacient vpryght , and than with a rasour cut the skynne of his bely vnder the nauel vnto the voyde places that are betwene the cyphac and the myrac . And also thou ought to make incision on the left syde yf the disease come of the ryght syde . Contrarywyse make the incysion on the ryght syde yf it come fro the left , and than put a lytell quyll or rede in to the hole , wherwith thou shalt drawe out of that water after the strength of the pacient . And whan thou wylt drawe no more / take away the quyll and let the skynne of the belye go that wyll close the hole that no more water come out . And whan thou wylt drawe any more do as thou dyd before . Demaunde . Howe many and what condycyons ought a Cyrurgyen to haue ? Answere , iiij , The fyrste is that he ought to be lerned and a clarke / & nat onely in the pryncyples & begynnynge of Cyrurgery / but lykewyse in Phisyke , and asmoche in theoryke as pra●tyke● For in theoryke he oughte to knowe the naturall thynges and vnnaturalles / and agaynst nature , Fyrste he ought to knowe the vnnaturall thyngꝭ / and chyefly the nathomy / for without it nothinge can be done surely in Cyrurgery / as it appereth afterwarde more playnely . Also he ought to knowe the complexyon of his pacient / for after the dyuersyte of the nature of the bodyes ought the medycyns be diuersified as Galyen declareth all alonge in his terapentyke agaynst Thesilus . And by lyke reason oughte he for to knowe the strength . Secondly he ought to knowe the vnnaturall thyngꝭ , that is the meate / the drynke . &c. for they are cause of all helth when they be vsed as they ought to be . And also they be causes of all maladies when they are euyl vsed . Thyrdly he ought to knowledge the thingꝭ agaynst nature , which are .iij. The disease , the causes , and the accydentes of the disease . Fyrst he ought to knowe the dysease . Secondly the cause therof / for yf he healed otherwyse ( it shuld nat be of a sayntes dysease / as good olde women saye ) it shuld be but case of aduenture . Thyrdly he ought to knowe the accydentes that chaunce to come in dyseases / for often tymes it preuaryeth the same selfe cure of the dyseases / as Galyen declareth in the begynnynge of the boke that he sent to Glauton his dyscyple . As I sayd before he ought for to ●●owe the vnnaturall thynges / and to mynystre theym as they ought / that are meate / drynke . &c. Also by this ye shall vnderstande that the Cyrurgyen ought to knowe howe to mynistre medicyns ●●●atyues / whiche are one of the instrumentes of ●●●syke as of Cyrurgery / without the which the ●●●ence of Cyrurgery can nat be complete . And this 〈◊〉 ought to knowe as touchyng the practice . Thus 〈◊〉 appereth the veryfycacyon of the fyrste con●●●●yon that a Cyrurgyen ought to haue / for he ●●ght to be lettred & learned . And this condycyon ●●●●areth Galyen in the fyrste boke of the Tera●●●●yke agaynst Thesyllō , where he sayth at this ●●ynte . Yf Physycyens had nothynge to do with Astronomye / Geometrye / Logyke / Grammer / nor with other good doctrynes / the Cobbelers / Corryers of lether / Carpenters / Smythes , and suche maner of people wold leue theyr craftes & renne to Physyke , & become Physicyens . The seconde condycyon that a Cyrurgyen shuld haue / is to be experte / and ought to haue sen other maisters worke . And this wytnesseth Auenzoar when he sayde thus . It behoueth that euery Physycyen fyrste knowe / and than to haue vse and experience . The thyrde condycyon that a Cyrurgyen ought to haue / is that he oughte nat to be a foole / vnwytty / nor of rude vnderstandynge . But as Haly sayth in the thyrde boke de regni / he oughte to be a man of good memory / of good iudgement / of good dylygence / of a clere syght / hole of mynde / and of his membres , with sclender fyngers / & a stedfast hande without shakynge . The fourth condycyon is that a Cyrurgyen shulde haue / is that he ought to be well manered / bolde / and sure in thynges that be nat to feare . And doubtfull , & fearefull in peryllous thynges . And ought to eschew all desperate cures / and ought to be gentyll to his pacientes , wel wyllyng to his company / wyly in pronostykynge / chaste / sobre / meke / and mercyfull / nat anaricious / nor extorcyoner for money . but after the capacyte of the pacyent / and the faculte receyued / competent and moderate rewarde . Demaunde . Howe many & what condycyons ought the pacyent to haue that wyl be healed by the arte of Cyrurgery ? Answere . That he ought to haue .iij. condycyons . The fyrst that he oughte to be obedyent to his Cyrurgyen / as the seruaunt towarde his mayster / as Galyen declareth in the fyrst of his Terapentyke . The seconde condycyon of the pacyent / is that he ought to haue trust in his cyrurgyen / for he heleth moste in whom he trusteth moste / as Galyen sayeth in the fyrste boke of Pronostykes . And the thyde condycyon is / that he take pacyence in hym selfe / for pacyence is it that ouercommeth . Demaunde . Howe many and what condycions ought the assystentes and seruauntes or mynysters of the pacyent haue ? Answere . As Galyen sayth in the ende of the fyrste comment of the afforysmes . The condycyons of the company / mynysters and seruauntes of them that are diseased ought to be suche as pleaseth the pacyent / so that they ought to haue agreable seruauntes put to them , beynge trewe , louyng , peasyble , gentyll , and dyscrete .

Here begynneth the seconde treaty / wherin is moued and assoyled certayne questyons and dyffyculties touchynge the Nathomy .
Demaunde .

WHyther the scyence of the Nathomye be necessarye and nedefull to the Cyrurgyen or nat / & by howe many & what maners ? Answere . Yee● The scyence of the Nathomy is nedefull and necessarye to the Cyrurgyen / as it appereth by two reasons . The fyrste Galyen putteth in the .vj. boke of his Terapentyke , and is suche , for the Cyrurgyens that be ygnoraunt in the Nathomy may arre in many maners in theyr incysyon of synewes and theyr knyttynges , the whiche yf they knewe the nature of euery membre , their settynge and colligacion that they haue in all the body , and with euery onely membre partyculer / yf it dyd happen that they were hurt they shuld knowe yf the synewes were cut or nat . And by this same reason they shuld nat arre in theyr incisions . And this reason is confyrmed by an example that Henry de Maundeuille putteth / sayeng that the same maner that a blynde man worketh in hewynge of a log , so doth a cyrurgyen that knoweth nat the nathomy . For lyke as a blynde man that heweth on a log knoweth nat howe moch he shuld hew therof , nor howe , & therfore commonly he arreth hewynge more or lesse than he ought to do . Lykewyse so doth the Cyrurgyen that worketh in mannes body without the Nathomy . Also the sayde Henry approueth that the Cyrurgyen ought of necessyte to knowe the Nathomy , for euery workeman is bounde to knowe the subiect of his worke in whiche he worketh , or els he shulde arre in workynge . Tha● lykewyse yf it so be that the subiecte of the Cyrurgyen be the body of menkynde , it must be of necessyte that the Cyrurgyen do knowe the body of mankynde in it selfe / and in the partyes therof , so tha● it is necessary for a Cyrurgyen to knowe the Nathomy . And this is for the fyrste parte of the questyon . The seconde parte where is demaunded to howe many and what thynges the scyence of Nathomy is necessary to the Cyrurgyen . That is to wyte howe many proffytes and vtylities be of the scyence of Nathomy ? The answere . The scyence of the Nathomy is necessarye and nedefull to the Cyrurgyen for .iiij. vtylyties . The fyrste and the greatest is for the meruayle of the great power of God the creator of men , that so hath made theym to his lykenes & forme . The seconde is for to haue the knowlege of the membres that may be dyseased . The thyrde for bycause to haue knowledge to tell the disposicions to come of the membres . The fourth is for to heale the dyseases that come to the membres . Demaunde . What is Anathomye , and wherof is it deryuate ? Answere . Anathomy is the ryght determynacyon and dyuysyon of euery partyculer membre of the body of mankynde . And is deryuate of Ana , that is to saye ( nyght ) that is to say ( dyuysyon . ) Thus Anathomy is called nyght dyuysyon of membres done for certayne knowleges . Demaunde . In howe many & whiche maners ought ●he scyence of Anathomy be taught ? Answere . In ●wo maners . That is to wyte by way of doctryne as by bokes wryten therof . In seyng and redynge that which hath ben wryten by auncyent doctours / and by experyence / in deuysynge and Anathomysynge the deade corpses . As dyd Mundy and Bo●oyne , and as lykewyse dyd maister Bertruce , that whan he had a deade body by beheadyng or other wyse / he layde hym on a benche in makynge .iiij. partycyons . In the fyrste he deuyded the nutratyf membres , for they be dysposed to putrefaccyon . And in the seconde the spyrytuall membres . And in the thyrde the anymall membres . And in the fourth the extremyties . And vpon euery membre ought to be sought .ix. thynges . That is to wyt the posycyon / the complexyon , the substaunce , the quantyte , the nombre , the fygure , the operacyon , the vtilite , and what dyseases may come therunto . Demaunde . What is the body humayne ? Answere . It is one hole togyther decorate with reason / composed of many and dyuers membres . Demaunde . what is membre ? Answere . Dyuers auctours haue gyuen dyuers diffinicions . G. in the fyrste boke of the vtylyte of the partycles sayeth it is a body that is nat holly seperate , nor holly conioynt to another . And also in the fyrst boke of his canon he defyneth it in plurell , and sayth thus , that membres ben bodyes that are engendred of the fyrste cōmyction of humours . Demaunde . Howe many maners of membres are founde ? Answere . Two . That is to wyt , symple membres called consemblables , and membres compost . The simple membres ben they that may nat be deuided into another kynde , but what partie thou takest of them it bereth alway the name and the dyffynycyon of his hole . As the bone / for what parte thou takest of the bone be it more or lesse euer it beareth the name and diffinicion of the bone , for euery parte of a bone in bone / and euery parte of a synew in synew . The compost membres contraryly be they that maye be deuyded in other kyndes , for no parte of them seperated bereth nat away the name of all . As the hande , the legge , the heade . Demaunde . Howe many symple membres ben there ? Answere . There be .xi. That is to wyte the bones , grystles , or cartilages , the synewes , the vaynes , the anteres , the pannicules , the s●rynges . The cordes , the skynne , the flesshe , the grece or fat , the heare , and the nayles . The whiche althoughe that verytably they be nat membres / neuertheles in asmoche as they haue vtylyte in the body of man kynde , & haue regeneracyon as the membres , they be called membres , thoughe it be vnproprely .

Demaunde . Yf all the membres may regenerate after theyr perdicion , & knytte agayne after theyr dislocaciō● Answere . For to declare that behoueth two thynges to be noted . Fyrste that the symple membres be of two maners . Some be sanguyne membres of whom the generacion is of sanguyne mater , as the flesshe and the grece . And the other membres be spermatyke membres so named / bycause they haue theyr breding and begynnynge of sparmatyke mater . Secondly it is to be noted that there be two maners of regeneracyon . One is very regeneracion , whiche is very reformacion of the membre in the same selfe substaunce , forme , qualyte , and quantite , and other such accidentes proprely as it was afore the corrupcion and alteracion . And the other is regeneracyon nat very / but lyke therto as nyghe as may be . And lykewyse there is .ij. maners of consolydacyon / one is trewe , that is when both the partes of the thynge that is dyssolued by seperatynge / and reassembled and knyt without any maner of apperynge of the dyssolucyon afore / and without any meanes . And the other is vntrue consolydacyon / and lyke to the other as nyghe as can be done , by meanes of the poore that the Physycyons call Porus sarcoydes . These thynges ●●derstande & noted / I saye fyrste that all sanguyne membres may regenerate and knyt by very regeneracion and consolidacion , for contynually there engendreth blode ynoughe within the body for to regenerate the substaunce of the sanguyne membre lost , & for to reconsolidate and knyt it agayne . I say secondly that no membres sparmatyf after the losse of theyr substaunce maye nat regenerate bicause that their mater is attribuate to them at the very begynnynge of theyr creacyon , and after that neuer engendre agayne . And also for theyr so lidite , & bicause they are weke of here & moysture . And for these causes and reasons they do nat reconsolydate with trewe reconsolydacyon after the desolucion of their seperatyng , but nature strengthynge alwayes possyble thyngꝭ the best that she may / wyl nat leue them thus dyssolute , reioyneth and knytteth them the best that she may / and engendreth a flesshe ( for to holde the dissolued parties ) that is called porus sarcoydes . Demaunde . Be all the membres consemblables of one complexyon . Answere ? No / for some be hote & moyste / and the other colde & moyst / and other colde & dry . And of the hote & drye there is none / for amonge all membres cōsēblables , ther is none more hote & dry than the skynne that is temperate . And it is nat onely temperate amonge the membres of mankynde / but also amonge all the substaunces of thyngꝭ that may engendre and corrupte / as Galyen sayeth in his fyrste boke of complexyons / & the last Chapytre . The membres hote & moyste be the membres that are sanguyne / as the flesshe / the spyrytes / and the naturall humydities / as wylleth Auerroys in the ●● . of collyges . The membres colde and moyste are the flewme , fat / or the grece , and the maroughes . The membres colde and drye are all the other membres after theyr degrees / as the bones / the cartylages / the strynges or cordes / the lygumentes , the ●●newes / the vaynes / arteres / & pannycules . And here is the mayne see / where as it behoueth ney●her Physycyen nor Cyrurgyen to sayle , for a phy●●eyen and Cyrurgyen ought for to knowe the com●●●xion of the membres / as natural Phylosophers . Demaunde . Which are the membres compostes / and wherfore are they called organykes & instrumentalles ? Answere . The membres compostes be mēores that are composed of the symple and consemblable membres . And therfore they be called therogenes / that is to say of dyuers natures / and may be deuyded in dyuers kyndes / that is to wyte in to membres consemblables / and theyr partyes bereth nat away the dyffinycion and reason of the hole . As to the seconde questyon that asketh why they be called organykes & ins●rumentalles ? The answere is , bycause they are ins●rumentes of the soule / as by the handes / the fete / the lyuer / the face , and the semblables . Demaunde . Howe be the organyke membres ordeyned and composed . Answere . Some of these membres be pryncypalles / and the other nat pryncypalles . Demaunde . Howe many vnpryncypal membres be there ? and howe many vnpryncypal . Answe●e . There be . ii●● . pryncypalles / that is to wyte the herte / the lyuer / the brayne / & the genytalles / all the other be called vnpryncypalles . Demaunde . Of what complexyon is the herte ? Answere . The herte is hote bycause it is lyke the very brennynge hote ouen of all the body / fro whens commeth the heat to all the body . And albeit that Philosopher haue wylled to say that it is temperate bycause it is pryncyple / and that it gyueth begynnynge of lyfe . Neuerthelesse the herte is drye in his complexyon bycause of his composycyon / for it is composed of strynges & pannycles / and of harde and styf flesshe . Demaunde . Of what complexyon is the lyuer ? Answere . It is hote and moyste . For the mos●e parte of the thynges that it is composed is flesshely / blody / & therwith ben transmysed dyuers pypes or arteres .

Demaunde . Of what complexyon is the brayne ? Answere . It is colde and moyste , bycause it hath a marowy substaunce . Neuerthelesse it differeth fro the maroughe / bycause the brayne is a sparmatyke membre / & the marough is a sanguyne membre . And therby it is colde in comparyson of other membres / and that nat symply / for all membres be naturally hote . Demaunde . Of what complexyon are the kydneys and the mylt ? Answere . The kydneys be hote & moyste / howebeit the kydneys be nat so hote as the mylt , bicause of the grosse blode that is in the mylt , lyke as the mylt is nat so hote as the lyuer . Demaunde . Of what complexyon is the longes ? Answere . Hote and moyste . It is hote bycause that heat is sent to it from the herte as Galyen sayeth in the fourth boke of the vtylite of the particles / & is moyste / but nat so moyste as the greas / for it melteth nat at the fyre as the greas doth .

Demaundes vpon the Anathomy of the skynne or the lether .

DEmaunde . What is the skynne . Answere . It is a couerynge of the body of mankynde / ●at is composed & context and wonen with thre●s and vaynes / with synewes and arteres / for to ●●●●nde the body & gyue it felynge . Demaunde . 〈◊〉 many maners of skynnes or lether are there ? ●●swere . Two , one is extrynsyke or outforth , and ●●at is proprely called lether . The other is intryn ●●ke / and that is proprely called pannycle rym or skynne as be those of the heade that couer the brayne and the skull / & they that couer the bowelles of the body .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the greas .

DEmaunde . What is the grease ? Answere . It is a thyng in the humayne body / that is as oyle that chauffeth and humecteth the body . Demaunde . Howe many maners of greas be there ? Answere . Two . The one is without forth nere to the skynne / & that proprely is called adeps or fatnes . And the other is inwarde & nyghe to the bely / & proprely is called auxunge or fat grease .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the flesshe .

Demaunde . Howe many maners of flesshe are founde ? Answere . Thre . One is very flesshe and propre / and it is founde but in a lytell quantite , & one in two places of the body of mankynde . That is on the heed of the yerde / and betwene the tethe . The other is glandulouster , odenose , or cruddy and kyrnele , as is the flesshe of the ballockes / of the dugges and the flesshe of the emuntores . The other is flesshe musculous or lacertous that is harde as bawme styffe or knotty . And this is founde in great quantyte , and ouer all the body where as is any manyfest moeuynges .

Demaunde vpon the muscles and lacertes .

Demaunde . Be the muscles symple membres● Answere . yea , as touchynge the sensyble iugement / Howbeit of very trouth they are membres composed of synewes / of lyens / strynges / thredes● and flesshe that fulfylleth them / & of the pānycule that couereth them . Demaunde . Wherin agreeth and differ the muscles and lacertes ? Answere . It is all one thynge / which after dyuers consyderacyons hath ben called muscle and lacerte / for it is called muscle for his resemblaunce of a mouse / that in latyn hyght mus . And it is called lacerte ●ycause it hath thy forme of a Lyzard / for lyke as those two beestes are byg in the middle and sclender towarde the tayle / so is the muscle or lacerte . ●Demaunde . What is the maner & howe do the muscles and lacertes procede in the body of mankynde . Answere . After that the muscles is composed as is aforesaid / from it discendeth rounde strynges and cordes that commeth nygh to the ioyntes / the which when they be nygh the ioyntes they do ●●●de abrode and enlarge / and reyse the ioynt all ●●out with the pannycle that couereth the bones . ●●d whan they are passed the ioynt / they do waxe ●●unde agayne / and retourne into cordes & with ●he flesshe make another muscle . And of this mus●●● procedeth and ryseth another rounde corde and ●●●●ges that byndeth the ioynt all about & moe●●●●●● . And so ceaseth nat to ꝓcede tyll they come 〈◊〉 ●he extreme and ferthest partycles of the body . 〈◊〉 thus alway the muscle procedeth the ioynture . ●●d as the synewes that procede of the noddle ta●●th forme of muscle at the necke and at the brest , and than commeth to the ioynt of the shulder . And ●ecōmeth rounde strynges and spredynge flat in comprysynge all the ioynt / and do plante them in the bone of the ioynte and moeueth it . And whan they come fro the ioynt of the sholdre a two or thre fyngre brede they waxe rounde in cordewyse . And with the flesshe and strynge that commeth from the heade to the bone of the shouldre is made muscle vpon the myddes of the bone of the ioynture / fro whiche commeth a corde that thre fyngre brede fro the elbow enlargeth and compriseth all the elbow and moeueth the lytell arme . And thre fyngers be ponde it waxeth rounde & retourneth in to a corde . The whiche with the strynge that commeth fro the necke and with the flesshe make a muscle vpon the sayde lytell arme / of the whiche muscle is made a corde / and thre fyngers fro the ioynte of the lytell hande it spredeth and compriseth all the ioynture of the sayde hande / than it twisteth rounde agayne and entreth the muscle of the myddes of the hande / of the which commeth cordes that moue the fyngers , by the which thynges it appereth that the woundes that are made about thre fyngers of the ioyntes be peryllous , for the synewy cordes be made bare of the flesshe and apparentes . Of the whiche all onely pryckynge is cause of spasme or crampe / and of deth as Galyen sayth in the thyrde boke de regny , and in the seconde of his terapentyc / which is to be noted of the Cyrurgyen .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the synewes .

DEmaunde . What is synew . Answere . It is a symple membre created to gyue felynge and mouyng to the membres deputed to nature . Demaunde . For howe many distributary intencyons were they created ? Answere . After Galyen in the fourth boke of the vtylyte of the partycules in the last Chapytre , they were created for thre intencions . One is to gyue felyng to the organykes sensytyfes . The seconde to gyue moeuynge to the motyfe or styrynge membres . And thyrdly to gyue knowlege to all the other membres of the thinges that hurte them . And it is notably sayd to the sensytyfe or felyng membres . For in the cartilages or grystles , nor in bones , nor glaudylous or cruddy ●lesshe the synewes be nat penetrate but in the teth / as Galyen sayth in the boke aforesayd . Demaū●●● Fro whens bredeth the synewes ? Answere . All the synewes of the body brede and come out of the ●●ayne by it selfe / or of the noddle that is his vy●●●● , betwene the which some brede of the foreparte 〈◊〉 the brayne / and they be softer and more propre ● g●ue felyng than mouyng . And the other come 〈◊〉 and brede of the hyndre parte of the noddle / 〈◊〉 descende fro the brayne / and these be har●●●● more propre to gyue mouyng than felynge . ●●emaunde . Yf the felynge & moeuynge by one ●●●●ynew alone or by many ? Answere . After Ga●●●n in the fyrste boke of the interyours / somtyme they are borne by one synewe alone , and somtyme by many . Demaunde . Howe many parell or lyke synewes be there that without meane spryng and brede of the brayne . And howe many pareyle or lyke synewes commeth fro it by meane of the noddle ? Answere . Fro the brayne immediatly springeth .vij. pereylles . And .xxx. pareylles come fro it by meane of the nuke that brede behynde by the ende of the lossarn / as Haly Abas sayeth in his boke de Regaly dispositione , in the seconde sermon of the fore party .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the strynges ●r lyens .

DEmaunde . Of what nature ben the lyens or strynges / and wherof brede they ? Answere . They be of the nature of synewes / howebeit they brede of the bones . Demaunde . Howe many maners of lyens or stryngis be there ? Answere . Two . Some bindeth the bones inwarde . And the other byndeth the ioyntes outwarde / as Galyen sayeth in the .xii. boke of the vtilite of the partycles in the fyrste Chapytre , of cowplynge of bones / that they are comprysed about with stronge braunched stryngis .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the cordes .

DEmaunde . Of what nature are the corbes ? Answere . The strynges ben almoste as all of one nature / for both be of the nature of synewes / but yet the cordes more than the stryngis . For lyke as the strynges be meane amonge the cordes and the bones / so be the cordes meane among the strynges & the synewes . Demaunde . Wherof brede the cordes / and whens take they felynge and mouynge . Answere . They brede of the muscles / and take felynge and mouynge of the synewes / wherby the membres are moued . Demaunde . Wherfore is it that whan the cordes withoutforth are cut the membre leseth bowynge / and whan they withinforth are cut the membre leseth the stretching . Answere . Albeit the cordes be rounde whan they yssue of the muscle , yet do they sprede whan they ●ome to the ioynt / and they are lyens or strynges that are set rounde aboute the sayde ioynt / as the cordes about the membre / so that they withinforth ●●awe the membre / & they withoutforth do stretche it . And whan the one draweth the other loseth . And 〈◊〉 whan they are cutte outwarde the bowynge is 〈◊〉 . And whan they are cutte inwarde the stret●●ynge is loste .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy vpon the vaynes and arteres .

Demaunde . What is a vayne ? Answere . It is the place of the blode of nourysshyng . De●●●● . What is artere . Answere . It is the pla●● the spyrytuall blode . Demaunde . Wherin ●●ag●e and differ the vaynes fro the arteres . An●●●● . They do agre in that they be of consembla●● dystryoucyon throughe all the body / that is in ●●rynge of blode . And they dyffer in two thynges . The fyrste appereth by theyr dyffynycyons aforesayd / that is that the vaynes bereth the nourysshyng blode / and the arteres the spyrytuall blode . The seconde dyfference betwene theym is taken of the place of their breding . For the veynes brede of the lyuer , and the arteres of the hert as Galyen sayth in the .xvij. boke of the partycles . Demaunde : Do they separe in any wyse one from the other in the body of mankynde / so that the veynes may be without the arteres , and the arteres without the veynes . Answere . In some places the veynes do separe from the arteres . And the arteres be founde without veynes . As it is manyfest both in the armes / and in rethe mirable , howbeit no vayne is founde without artere . Demaunde . What is the maner of procedyng of the veynes & arteres through the body ? Answere . Whan they go forth of the place of theyr breding , they renne forkewyse in two partyes / the one vpwarde and the other downewarde / and yet of them euery partye braunchet● and procedeth vnto the last and extreme partyes of the body for to nourysshe and gyue lyfe to all th● membres thereof .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the bones .

DEmaunde . Wherfore are the bones made ? Answere . Bycause they shulde be the foundacyon of all the body & susteynynge therof . And therfore they are made harde and strong the better to here the burthen of all the other . Howebeit some of the bones are made for the defence of the inwarde membres / as the bones of the heed , the brest bone , and the backe bone . Demaunde . Howe many in nombre are all the bones in a body of mankynde● Answere . Auycen sayeth that there is . CC.xlviij . saufe the bone that is called ( os laude ) wherto the tongue is founded . The whiche bones thou mayst consyder and se by the fygure here before wryten / and of whiche partyculer mencyon shal be made , and declared in this present treaty . Demaunde Howe ben the dyuersytyes amonge the bones of the body of mankynde ? Answere . They be deuersyfyed in dyuers maners / for some bycause of the ioyntes are full of maroughes / & the other nat . Some are streyght / & other croked . Some are lytell / and ●ome byg . And all bones are bygger at the endes ●han in the myddes by reason of the ioyntes . And ●ome are enbossed for to entre , and other haue va●nytees that receyueth . And some haue both the one and the other . And other haue neyther one nor the other . And of them that haue enbossyngꝭ and ●a●uytees , some haue them clauelares lyke keyes 〈◊〉 the teth / And other ben sacratyles or sawe wyse , as the skull of the heade . And other knotty in eche ●●de as v●na in the thyghe . Other be foueable or ●olow as the faucylles or forke bones . Other ha●e both sortes as the fyngers . And they that haue ●eyther one nor other ben ioyned solidatiuely , and they that haue the enbossynges and vacuacyons be they that make the ioyntes / of whom commeth dyfloracyon and other separacyons .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the cartylages or grystles .

Demaunde . What is cartylage ? Answere . It is a substaunce as it were of the kynde of bones , but it is softer or sowpler than the bone is . Demaunde . Wherfore were the cartylages made ? Answere . For two reasons . One to fulfyll the lacke of the bone / as in the palpebres or eye lyddes / the nosethyrlles , and eares . The seconde to make the better coniunction of the bones with the parties next them , as in thorax and parties of the loynes / bycause that the softe substaunce , ( as the flesshe and other partyes ) be nat hurte by the mouynge of the bones whiche are harde .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the nayles .

DEmaunde . Wherfore are the nayles made of the vtter partes of the body ? Answere . The better to take holde .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the heares .

Demaunde . Wherfore were the heares made● Answere . For two reasons / that is to wyte / to encrease beaute and to purge .

Here endeth the fyrste partycle of the seconde treaty . And begynneth the seconde ptycle / where as is moued & ass●ysed certayne questions and difficultees vpon the Anathomy of the membres composed . Demaunde .

WHat is the skull or scawpe of the heade ? Answere . It is that parte of the heade that is full of heare / wherin the anymal membres are conteyned . Demaunde . Upon the seuen thynges that a good Anathomypost ought to consydre on euery membre which are in the skull or scawpe of the heed . Answere . Fyrst his helpyng appereth by diffinicion abouesayd . The posycyon therof is on the hyghest place of the body . The col●ygaunce is notorious / for it hath collygaunce with the face and the necke , and of it commeth all the partyes of the face / & the muscles mouyng the heade be planted in the necke / whiche are of .ij. maners . Some be proprely lacertes that brede nyghe the ●●res / tyll they come to the furcules or forkes of 〈◊〉 brest . The other be commyn in the necke & heed / which shall be sayde whan we speke of the necke . The quantyte is more in man than in any other beaste / as the brayne is more in man than in any ●ther beast . The forme therof is rounde compry●ate lyghtly fro one parte to another . And it be●oueth that the parte before & behynde be bony / ●s Galyen sayeth in the seconde de regni . And the ●ther cause of this forme sayth Galien in the .viij. ●oke of the vtilite of the partycles / bycause that it maye be the lesse passyble . The substaunce is bony and full of maroughe as appereth by experyence . The complexyon is colde by meanes of the partyes that it is composed of be colde . Demaunde . Of howe many and what partyes is the scawpe of the heade composed . Answere . After Auycen in the . ii● . boke of his canon and .j. Chapytre it is composed of .x. partyes . That is to wyte .v. conteynyng and v. sondry . The contenaūtes that be without , fyrst ben the heares / than the lether or skynne / & than the flesshe musculous / than the great pannycle , and than the brayne panne skulle or crane . And the sondry ensuyng withinforth ben the dura mater and the pio mater / and than rethe myrable / and than the substaunce of the brayne , & than the bone that is the foundacyon of the brayne / & than the rotes of the synewes that brede of the brayne / whiche shall be spoken of by ordre . Demaunde . Of what substaunce is the great pannacle that is called Per●eranium / and wherof bredeth it / and with what partyes hath it collygaunce ? Answere . Fyrste it is a neruous or synewy substaunce . Secondly it is bred of the dura mater . And thyrdly it hath collygaunce with the sayd dura mater / and is bounde with it / by strynges / synewes / & veynes that go in and out by the commyssures or seames of the brayne panne or skull . Demaunde . Is the brayne panne of one bone or of many / and for what reason ? Answere . It is of many , for it is of .vij. that ioyne togyder / and is so ordeyned bycause that yf anoyaunce come to one that it shulde nat come to another / and is conioynte with the commyssures called sarratylles seames endented as tethe of a sawe to th yntent that the fumosytees or vapours maye haue yssue fro the brayne . Demaunde . Which are the .vij. that the heade is composed of ? Answere . The fyrst bone of the fore parte is called Coronall / that dureth and compryseth fro the myddes of the orbytauntes vnto the commyssure that trauerseth the Crane or skull . And in it is the holes of the eyes & the collatores of the nosethyrlles . The which col●atores be departed by the addyng of bones in ma●er of a crest of a henne / within the whiche is fast●ed the cartylages or grystles that deuydeth the ●osethyrlles . Howbeit it is to wyte that somtyme ●he coronall is deuyded by a commyssure in the myddes of the browe / whiche moste often is founde in women , The seconde bone of the heade in the hyn●●e parte is called Occipitall / and is enclosed by a ●ōmyssure thwartly in maner of a greke lettre cal●● Lampda / and is harde / and ful of perced holes 〈◊〉 by the whiche descendeth the nuke of the ●●ayne throughe the myddes of the spondylles or ●●dge bones tyll vnto the ende of the backe , The ●●yrde & fourth bone of the heade ben in the myd●e of the sydes therof / & therfore they hyghe pery●●sles / and be deuyded by a commyssure after the ●ength of the noddle of the heade / and by two commyssures be led vnto the bones of the eares / and are square , The , v , and the , vj. be the bones that are called Petrous / for they are harde as a ●tone , Also they be called Scamous or scale / for they be conioynte in maner of the scales of a fysshe with the sayd parietalles which are the holes of the eares , and the instrumentis mamylares of the emūctures . And be braunched as lyke the bones called peryetalles with the commyssure ( called Lampda ) vnto the bones of the temples . The .vij. bone is the bone bafylare / that is lyke a wedge that closeth & susteyneth all the sayd bones ouer the rofe / & this bone is perced and hath great spongeosyte to purge the grosse superfluytees and is of a grosse substaunce . And these .vij. bones abouesayd are pryncypalles . Howbeit besyde these sayde bones there are yet other small bones lesse pryncypalles that are made for certayne helpes , as is the bone of the crete that deuyde the nosethyrlles within the coronall / and the equall bones that are in the face . And the clauall bones that are the bones of the eares wherunto are fastened the muscles and cordes that couer the Iawes . Demaunde . Howe ought the partyes inwarde of the heade be well seen and knowen at the eye ? Answere . Ye ought to deuyde the skull with a sawe after the roundenesse . Demaunde . What is the dura mater and pie mater ? Answere . They be two pannycles ful of vaynes and arterꝭ / wherof one is of the partye of the heade / and the other of the party of the brayne / that wrappeth and couereth all the substaunce of the brayne . Demaunde . From whens commeth the nourysshynge in to the brayne ? Answere . It commeth fro the soft moder by vaynes and arteres that commeth by the holes of the inwarde bones / and outwarde by the commyssures of the superyour bones . Demaunde . Where is the substaunce of the brayne sytuate / and of what shape , and of what substaunce and colour is it of ? Answere . Fyrste it is situate vnder the fote of hard moder / and is rounde in shape / & whyte of colour . Demaunde . By what reason are the membres organykes / sensytyues / and dyuers other double . Answere . Bycause that yf one of them suffred the other shuld nat suffre . Demaunde . Howe many ●●lies hath the brayne after his length / and howe ●any partes in eche ventrycle / & howe many and what vertues taketh theyr orygine in eche party ? Answere . Fyrste the brayne in length hath thre ven 〈◊〉 / that is to wyte / the ventrycle afore / that 〈◊〉 / & that in the myddes / and the anteriour a●d meane / eche is deuyded in .ii. parties . In eche 〈◊〉 one vertue taketh his origyne . In the fyrs●e 〈◊〉 of the ventricle before is put the common blode . 〈◊〉 seconde the vertue of ymagynacyon . In the 〈◊〉 ventry●le is put the cogitatyfe and racyo●●● . And in the hynder ventrycle is put the vertue 〈◊〉 or memoratyfe . Demaunde . Whi●● of these thre ventrycles are the byggest ? An●were . The formoste is the byggest ? The myddle ●ost the least , & the hyndermost is meane . Demaunde . Hath the blode of the other ventrycle any wayes ? Answere . Yes , wherthorow all the spirites passe . Demaunde . In whiche of the ventrycles is the wyt of smellynge founded ? Answere . In the formost ventrycle where the addyng mamyllares are / it is founded . Demaunde . Howe many cowples of sensityfe synewes come fro the brayne / and fro whiche parte ? Answere . From the anteryour parte commeth .vij. payre of synewes sensytyfes whiche go to the eyes / to the eares / to the stomacke / and other membres . Demaunde . In whiche ventrycle of the brayne ben the places called lacune / vernus / fornus / & ancafernis / & the glaudynous flesshe that fulfylleth them ? Responce . They be in the meane ventrycle . Demaunde . Where is rethe mirable set , & wherof is it composed ? Answere . It is set vnder the pannycles / and is onely composed of arteres that commeth fro the hert . Demaunde . Where is the vital spirite made anymall & how ? Answer . It is made of the sayd arteres that rethe myrable is composed by the labour of the complexyon of the brayne ? Demaunde . Is the nuche any party of the brayne ? Answere . It semeth to be a party therof , and therfore the sygnes and accidentes are as they of the brayne / as Galyen sayeth in the .xi. boke of the vtylyte of the partycles . Demaunde . Wherof bredeth the maroughe of the nuche , and howe ? Answere . It bredeth of the hynder parte of the brayne / wrapped with two pannycles as the brayne . Demaunde . Howe procedeth the maroughe of the nuche / & what synewes brede of it ? Answere . It descendeth by the spondyles vnto the ende of the backe / & of it bredeth motyfe synewes . Demaunde . What dyseases maye come to the scalpe of the heade ? Answere . There maye come woundes / appostumes / & yll complexyons . Demaunde . What woundes of the scalpe of the heed be moste peryllous ? Answere . To penetrate all the skulle / but more the touchynge the rymmes / but moste of all that toucheth the substaunce medulare . Demaunde . Wherfore is it that the operacyons Cyrurgycalles that are done about the commyssures be suspecte ? Answere . For feare lest the dura mater fall nat on the pie mater / & that it compryme the brayne . Demaunde . Howe ought the incy●●ons of the heed be made ? Answere . They ought ●●●e made accordynge as the heares do procede / 〈◊〉 so procedeth the muscles .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the face / and partyes therof .

Demaunde . Whiche are the partyes of the face / wherof it is composed ? Answere . The ●●owes / the iyes / the nosethyrlles / the eares / the ●●mples / the chekes / the Iawe bone / with the teth . Demaunde . Wherof is the forheade comsed ? Answere . One of the skynne & musculous flesshe / ●or the bone vnderneth is of the coronall . Demaunde . Howe is the forme of the browes made ? Answere , Of the bone that is vnder the browe , for ●he spongeosite of the seconde table of the sayd bone is reysed alonge as yf it were double / and that maketh the forme of the browes . Demaunde , wherfore are the browes made , Answere . They are made for the more beaute / and to saue the eyes / & therfore the eyes are armed with them , Demaunde , Howe ought incysyons be made in those partyes ? Answere . They ought to be made after the length of the body / for so procedeth the nuche , and nat after the rugnesse . Demaunde . Wherfore are the eyes made / & where are they set ? Answere . They are made to be instrumentes of the syght / and are set within the bone arbytall that is a party of the coronall / & the bones of the temples . Demaunde . Wherfore are the synewes obtykes perced ? Answere . For to be the waye of the spyryte vysyble . Demaunde . What is the maner that procedeth the obtyke synewes from theyr bredynge vnto the eyes ? Answere . It is thus / for fyrste they procede from both the sydes / one here and another there . And whan they are within the skull they come and ioyne together / and than deuyde them eche from the partye that it is brede / & procede nat thwart eche ouer other crosse wyse from the ryght syde to the left syde / nor fro the left syde to the ryght syde , as some haue wened . Demaunde . Of howe many vestures or tunycles ben the eyes composed ? Answere . Of .vij. The fyrste without is called coniunctiua / that is thycke and whyte . And it compasseth all the eye / except that that appereth of that that is called cornea / and it is bred of the pannycle that couereth the skull that compasseth all the eye / suppose that in it self is but thre / yet for the dyuersyte of colours that taketh aboute the myddes of the eye that is called yris , it is sayd that there is .vj. wher of the other thre ben of the partye of the brayne / the other thre be of the partye withoutforth . The fyrste bredeth of dura mater / and in the inwarde party it is called slirotiqua / and in the outwarde cornea . The seconde bredeth of pia mater / and of the inwarde party it is called Secundina / and of the outward party it hyght vnca . The thyrde bredeth of the synew abtyke / and of the inwarde party is called rethina / and of the outwarde parte on the humour Crystallyn it hyght Aranea . Demaunde . Of howe many humours is the eye composed ? Answere Of .iiij. The fyrste that is set in the myddes of the eye is called humour crystallyn / by cause it is of colour of Crystall in forme of a hayle done / wherin pryneypally is founded the syghte . After this humour so nyghe the brayne is the giasy ●umour that susteyneth & compryseth all the hyn 〈◊〉 party of the humour crystallyne . And both these ●●mours ben wrapped with pannycle oblyke . The ●hyrde humour that is on the fore party is called the humour Albugineus . And this humour is be●wene the sayde weithe or tunycle called Rethina ●●hat which bredeth of pia mater . The fourth hu●our putteth Galyen in the boke of the vt●lytes of ye●●rtycles & laste chapitre that is called the humours ●●●era lu●ida in the region of the blacke of the eye and it is all spyrytuall . Demaunde . Wherof is the eye composed besyde the partyes aforesayd ? Answere . Ouer and besyde these foresayd thynges the eye is composed of mouynge synewes / descendyng fro the seconde equalyte of synewes commyng downe fro the brayne / and the syxe muscles that moue them / and fro the vaynes and arteres / and the spongeous flesshe that fulfyl the places about the lachrymall / & the palpebres neyghbours cartylagynouses with heares determyned closynge the superyour partyes with a muscle / & openynge with two transuersall muscles . Demaunde . Of howe many substaunces is the nose , and howe many & what partycles hath euery substaunce ? Answere . It is of thre substaunces / that is to wyt of substaunce flesshely / bony / and cartilagynous , The flesshely substaunce hath the skynne and two muscles aboute the hynder parte . The bony substaunce hath two trianguler bones wherwith the brydge is reysed vp / and the foundacyons do ioyne on the one parte by the myddes of the length of the nose , and on the other after the dayes . The subcartylagynous is dowble / one outwarde that maketh the typ of the nose / and the other inwarde deuydeth the nosethyrlles . The nosethyrlles ben two gutters ascendyng vnto the bone of the collatory where as are applicate the addicions mamylares of the brayne where as smell is & descendyng vnto the palays nygh lanulle / by the whiche chanels is drawen the fumous vaporacyon to the said places . And the ayre is brethed & respyred to the longes / and the brayne is purged of superfluytees . Demaunde . Of what substaunce / forme / and what place / and for what cause were the eares made ? Answere . Fyrste they are made of cartylagynous substaunce . Secondly they are holowe of forme . Thyrdly they are set on the petrous bones . And fourthly they be ordeyned to the herynge .

Demaunde . Fro whens commeth the herynge to the eares ? Answere . It commeth by the streyt holes of the bones petrous by meane of a synewe that commeth to the eares that bredeth of the .v. equalyte of synewes of the brayne . Demaunde . Wherof serueth the glaudinous flesshe that is vnder the ●ares ? Answere . That they may be clensers of the brayne . Demaunde . Wherof ferueth certayne vaynes that parnygh by that place ? Answere . After Lanfrankes in tencyon / bycause they cary the ●ater sparmatyke to the ballockes . And therfore yf ●hey be cut a man is neuer apte to generacyon . Neuerthelesse Galyen holdeth the contrary / as ●●●ycen recyteth in the treatye of the lygnage . ●Demaunde . Wherof serue the temples / the che●●● / and the Iawes ? Answere . They be parties of 〈◊〉 sydes of the face . Demaunde . Wherof are ●he chekes / the temples / and the Iawes compo●●● Answere . Of the musculous flesshe with veynes / ●●teres / and bones . Demaunde . Howe muscles ●re there in the sayd parties / and fro whens come ●hey ? Answere . Fyrste there is .vij. muscles that moue the lyppes / & the chekes / whiche after Auycen commeth from the forcule of the lower partyes . After Haly there is also .xij. that moue the nether Iawes / of the whiche some openeth it that come fro the place of the party of the eares . And the other close it that descende from aboue in passynge vnder the bayle of the bones of the temples / & those are called tymporalles / and are ryght noble and very sensyble / & therfore theyr hurt is very peryllous / by the reason wherof nature hath wrought wysely for to saue them / & hath ordeyned the bought of the temples bones / and the other muscles are made for to grynde and chawe / and those procede of the balle of the chekes . And to all these muscles commeth sinewes fro the thyrde pareyle of synewes of the brayne . Demaunde . Commeth there any veynes or arteres with the sayd muscles ? Answere . Yea , chyefly about the temples , and the corners o● the eyes / and the lyppes . Demaunde . Howe many bones is there in the partyes abouesayde ? Answere . There is many . For fyrst there is .ix. bones of the chekes as Galyen sayth / thoughe there appere but two that are ioyned vnder the nose . And than is there two parell that are called the bones of the temples / the whiche in makynge a party of the orbytall / or emynent pomall that is rounde bryght apples of the chekes compassyng the chekes● producynge an addycyon rounde aboute the addycyon of the bone petrous , and maketh the bought vnder the whiche be conserued and kepe the muscles of the temples . Than is there the nether Iawe bones wherof Auycen sayth that the nether Iawe is composed of two bones / whiche be narowe vnder the chynne / & there are knit by an onely ioynt , and in the top of euery of the other extremytees / in cuttynge is a bowed sarrature which is composed with an addycion very subtylly made and bred there . The bones that come there are fastened with strynges . Demaunde . Of howe many partyes is the mouth composed ? Answere . Of .v. partycles . The lyppes / the tethe / the tongue / the roofe / and ●ncl● . Demaunde . Fro whens commeth it that the ●●the haue felyng seyng that bones fele nat ? An●●●●e . Albeit that the tethe be of bony substaunce , ●●●●rthelesse a●ter Galyen in the .xvj. boke of the 〈◊〉 of par●●●●●●●ey fele by reason of certayne ●●●●wes desce●● 〈◊〉 ●ro the thyrde pareyle of the ●●●ewes of the bra●●●●●at haue there theyr rotes . Demaunde . Howe many tethe ought euery persone to haue ? Answere . Some haue mo / and some 〈◊〉 . In some is sounde . xxxij.xvj . in euery Iawe . ●nd in other is founde but .xviij. That is to wyt / 〈◊〉 donales / two quadruples .viij. molares / and 〈◊〉 cassalles . And theyr rootes are fyxed within ●he Iawes / of the which some hath but one / and 〈◊〉 other two / and some thre / and other foure .

●Demaunde . What is the tongue ? Answere . It 〈◊〉 a partycle / flesshely / softe / and spongyous com●osed of many synewes / strynges / veynes / and ar●●●es for the taste / pryncypally ordeyned to speke / and vtyle to gouerne the meat in the mouth . Demaunde . Whens commeth the moeuynge to the tongue / and the vertue of taste ? Answere . It commeth fro the veynes tastynge and moeuynge that commeth fro the .iiij. and .v. pareyle of the synewes of the brayne . Demaunde . Howe many muscles commeth to the tongue / and fro whens come they ? Answere . There commeth .ix. that brede of the addycyon called sagitall of the bone named Lapheoides . Demaunde . Wherof serueth the glaudynous flesshes that are vnder the tongue ? Answere . They be ordeyned for the mortyfyeng of the tongue , for in the sayd flesshes is two oryfices wherby the spatele yssueth . And vpon the sayd flesshes the tongue is sytuate as vpon a molle hyll . Demaunde . Wherof serueth the encla & the amygdales / and faulses / and where are they sette ? Answere . Fyrste they serue to prepare the breth / & are set behynde the tongue towarde the palays . Demaunde . What is the palays Answere . It is the hyghest place or rofe of the mouth . Demaunde . Wher with is the palays of the mouth couered with his partyes ? Answere . With a pannycle that bredeth out of the insyde of the stomacke .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the necke / & partyes of the backe .

Demaunde . Wherfore is the necke made ? Answere . It is chyefly made for the loue of the Trachea arteryall / and other party●ulles / mountynge and descendynge by it . Demaunde . Howe many partyes is there that constytueth and composeth the necke ? Answere . Fyue , The skynne / the flesshe / the muscles / the strynges / and the bones . Demaunde . What partyes are conteyned in the necke Answere . Foure , Trachea / Arterea / Ysophagus called Meri . The wesaunt / the gull / and the throte . And also there is the synewes / the veynes / the arteres / and porcyon of the maroughe of the backe . Demaunde . Howe may the necke be wel ●euyded to se the Anathomy parfytely ? Answere . It ought to be deuided after the length and at the ●●●e parte . And there shall appere Trachea arte●●● that is the waye of the breth in procedynge by ●●●●sion to the longes / goyng fro it to the throte 〈◊〉 gulle or en●la . Demaunde . Wherof is ●●●●●hea arter●a composed ? Answere . Of dyuers 〈◊〉 cartylag●nous / that are nat parfytely of ●●●●●rty of Meri / wherin they are conioyned or●●●●tly with a p●●y strong & lyght . Demaunde . ●●at is the M●ri / 〈◊〉 is it s●● ? Answere . 〈◊〉 Meri otherw●s● 〈…〉 hagus / is the way 〈◊〉 mete / & this 〈…〉 of the throte 〈◊〉 thyrieth the m●●●●● vnto y● 〈◊〉 ●●omacke . ●●emaunde . Wherof is the Me●● composed ? 〈◊〉 . It is composed of two webbes wonen 〈◊〉 ●h●●des● Demaunde . With what membre 〈◊〉 the me●i collygaūce● Answere . Fyrste it hath ●●●●gaūce with the skynne o● the mouth bycause 〈◊〉 his webbe withinforth is conteyned with the ●●yd pellicule . Secondly it hath collygaunce with ●he bely by his outwarde pellycle that is flesshely / whiche is conteyned with the pellycles of the bely . Demaunde . Where is the wesaunt set ? Answere . Upon the two wayes of the partyes of the mouthe . Demaunde , What is the wesaunt ? Answere . It is a cartylagynous grystled partycle created and fourmed for to be iustrument of the voyce / and the keye of Trachea arteria in the tyme of transgluttynge / by meane of an addycion called lingue forme / that is one of his partyes , Demaunde , Wherof is the wesaunt composed ? Answere . Of the grystles , About the sayde wesaunt is planted , ix , muscles mouynge all the holle of eche party / in mountynge and descendyng , & makyng the other moeuementes / as Galyen clerely sheweth in his boke of the voyce / & of clere moeuementes . Demaunde , What veynes and arteres be they that passeth by the partyes of the necke / that are to be noted at the Anathomy of the necke ? Answere , They be the greate veynes & arteres that are led by the furculles in styenge vpwarde the sydes of the necke to the superyour partyes / whiche be called Guy degi / and popleticis / depe & suberall , Thyneysyon of the whiche be very peryllous , The Cyrurgyen ought to be ryght well ware , Demaunde , What is rydge ? Answere , Spondyle is a bone ( that constytueth the backe ) bored in the myddes / wherby the nuche passeth / and hath in the rybbes that the synewes do yssue many addycyons mountynge and descendynge outwardly makynge the chyne of the backe , Demaunde , What is the backe ? Answere , The backe is lyke the kele of a shyp conteynyng fro the hyndre parte of the heed vnto the necke composed of dyuers spondyles successyuely to defende the nawpe , Demaunde , Howe many spondyles are there in al the backe . Answere . There is in all and by all .xxx. The which to declare it is to be noted that as Galyen sayth in the .xij. & .xiij. boke o● the ●tylyte of the partycles that in the backe is fo●●e great parties / that is the necke / the shol●●●s / the r●ynes / and the bone that some call ( the holy bone ) & some the brode bone or sholdre blade . And in the necke be .vij. spondyles . And in the shol●●●s or backe there is .xij.. In the raynes .iiij. then 〈◊〉 and by all there be .xxiij. very spondyles . And ●●s●de these there be .iiij. in the holy bone / and .iij. 〈◊〉 ●he rumpe / which be nat very spondyles , but sy ●●●●tudynarres , & as vycares . For the thre fyrste 〈◊〉 longe and byg / and haue none addycyons nor ●●●es in the rybbes / but before they be moch gry●●ied / specyally the last / and brede sklenderwyse as 〈◊〉 . Thus the some in all and by all as well of 〈◊〉 as nat very there be .xxx. spondyles . De●●●●de . Howe many payres of synewes yssue of 〈◊〉 ●oddle / and in summe of all the brayne ? Answere . ●h●●e bre●eth of the noddle .xxx. payres of synewes 〈◊〉 there bredeth a payre of sinewes on euery spon 〈◊〉 . And besyde all them there bredeth a synewe ●●●●out felow by the ende of lostary . And thus on 〈◊〉 party of the noddle there bredeth .xxx. payres 〈◊〉 synewes and one alone . And on the fore partye ●redeth .vij. payre of synewes / and thus in some in all and by al bredeth of the brayne .xxxviij. payres of synewes . Demaunde . What be the loynes / and wherof were they ? Answere . The loynes are musculous flesshes lyeng in the sydes of the spondyles of the backe that serue as hacoytes of the synewes . Demaunde . Wherof serueth a thycke pannycle as that which is vpon the skul and on the other bones that are on the spondyles ? Answere . They be to bynde the spondyles togyther . Demaunde . Howe many maners of flesshe are founde in the body of mankynde ? Answere . Thre , the flesshe of the loynes proprely called cerniees , lyenge next to the spondyles as it is sayde . And the musculous flesshes of which is made the tenauntes moeuyng the heade and the necke / whiche are .xx. in nombre as Galyen sayth / and in the flesshe that fulfyll the empty places . Demaunde . Howe many stryngis be there that holdeth the heed with the necke and the sholders ? Answere . There be dyuers , Fyrst the fore parte where as be two byg ones that descendeth fro vnder the eares vnto the furcule , And in the hynder parte there is yet other greater that bindeth it to the spondiles of the backe & the sydes . There be other that descende to the sholdres in such dysposycyon that the tenaunt muscles and the strynges ben aboute the necke that maketh the heade bowe and the necke , & to lyft vp and tourne aboute , for without them it is nat possyble to make artyculacyon or mouyng , Demaunde . What dyseases may the necke suffre ? Answere . Dyuers , as wel in it selfe as in conteyned places , as woundes , dislocacyons out of ioynt and appostumes / which in it be all peryllous , Demaunde . Howe ought incysyons be made in the necke ? Answere . All alonge / for so goeth his partyes .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the sholdres / & the great handes ,

IT is fyrste to be noted that a sholdre / homoplate / & the humere is all one , Demaunde . Wherfore be the handes made ? Answere . To take and defende the organes / and for that cause man is garnysshed with handes in steade of weapons , Demaunde . Wherof ben composed the sholdres and the handes ? Answere . They are made of skynne 〈◊〉 flesshe / of veynes / of arteres / of synewes , of mus●●es / of cordes / of strynges / of pannicles / of gristles , and bones , Demaunde . Whens commeth the mus●●es and cordes that moue the armes / and howe are they sytuate ? Answere . They descende fro the 〈◊〉 / and passe by the brest / and compryse and be ●●●●peth all the ioynt of the bone called vlna / or of 〈◊〉 addycyon / & are planted therin , Demaunde . 〈◊〉 whens commeth the synewes that moue the ●●oldres and the armes ? Answere . Fro the noddle 〈◊〉 passe thorough the necke , Demaunde . From ●●e●s commeth theyr veynes & arteres ? Answere . ●hey are sent fro the arme , Demaunde . Howe ●any bones are in the sholdre ? Answere . Two , the ●one sholdre blade / and the bone furculare , The bone spatulare yssueth fro the party of the backe / and is lyke a pal / for it is large and thynne fro the backe parte / with an apparence holden by the myddes , A●d at the party of the ioynte it is somwhat longe and rounde in maner of a helue / with thre addycyons in the ende , The fyrste in the myddes that receyueth the ende of vlna in a socket , The seconde in the heyght is croked , and sharpe in maner of a rauens byll , And the thyrde is on the lefte syde outward more croked lyke an anker . The bone furculare commeth from the partye of the brest / and is rounde and styfe in the holownes of the superyour party of the brest bone / & hath two braunches / one goeth to one sholdre / & another to another sholdre / and byndeth & closeth these two addycyons called Rostralles bycause the said myddle socket holde the ende of vlna more styfly in the ioynte , Demaunde . Be the addicions abouesayd other bones than the bone of the sholdre ? Answere . No , after Lanfranke and Henry / but are substancyall party of it / as it appereth by experyence . And also Galyen in the .xiij. boke of the vtilite of partycles the seconde and twelfe chapytre / where he sayeth that the homoplate towcheth the extremytees of the sholdres , and ioyneth and couereth togyder in maner of a coueryng / which is garde of all theyr artyculacyon as touchynge the sholdre / & ought to defende the vpper ende of the arme that it go nat out of his place . Demaunde . What collygaunce hath the bone furculare ? Answere . It hath thre great collygaunces that goeth from the ende of the sholdre vnto vlna / & rounde about is bounde and strayned with great tenauntes that brede of the great muscles that commeth from the brest , & of the sholdre plante in the bone that styreth it / of the whiche some do stretche vpwarde and the other downward , and the other two conuerse all about it . Demaunde . In what partye of the sholdre is it where as is assygned the memory of the hert ? Answere . It is assygned in the partye that is vnder the ioynt that is vnder the arme pytte that is fylled with glaudynous flesshe Demaunde . In how many parties is the arme deuysed that is called the great hande ? Answere . After Galyen in the seconde boke of the vtylyte of partycles & seconde chapytre it is deuyded in thre great partyes . One is called vlna / the other lytel arme , and the thyrde the surall hande . Demaunde . In howe many and what particles is the great hande composed ? Answere . Of suche partycles as the other / that is of skynne , of flesshe , of arteres , and veynes . Demaunde . Howe many and what veynes is founde apperyng in the arme ? Answere . Dyuers / the which● after the braunches that they make / and the ●●tending by the arme are diuersified , for although ●hat they in makynge of braunches they come vn●●r the arme pyttes / yet agaynwarde they ramy●● in to two partyes . One parte goeth on the out 〈◊〉 of the arme / and the other on the insyde . That 〈◊〉 the outsyde yet brauncheth more / and maketh ● braunche ouer the sholdre in to the heade . And ●he other descendeth and maketh two braunches / of the whiche one is deuyded on the outsyde of the arme in dyuers partes / and is called the corde of the arme / b●t the other parte descendeth to the parte of the arme / & appereth in the folde of the elbow / and there is called Cephalyca / and fro that place descendeth in to the hande / and appereth betwene the thombe and the fore fynger / and there it is called cephalica occularis . And that party that was deuyded vnder the arme pyttꝭ that goeth in to the inwarde party in descending appereth within the bought of the elbowe / and is called Basylyc . And fro that place descendeth in to the hande and appereth betwene the myddle fynger and his neyghbour / and hygh Saluatell . And of these two sayd veynes that are in the bought of the elbow is made a braunche that appereth in the myddes of those ij . & is called Mediana . And dyuers other veynes are founde in the arme / that for theyr smalnes the Cyrurgyen hath lytell a do with them . Demaunde . Howe many notable synewes come in to the arme / and wherby , and wherof brede they ? Answere . By the spondyles of the necke descendeth in to eche arme foure notable synewes that brede of the noddle / one aboue , and another beneth , one behynde , and another before .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the great hande .

DEmaunde , Howe many bones are in the fyrste parte of the great hande that is named vlna or adiutor / & howe it is fygured ? Answere , There is but one alone full of maroughe / and is rounde of fygure at both endes , for at the vpper ende it is rounde as one onely entrynge in to the socket or pyt of the sholdre / & at the nether ende the roundnes is double in the myddes in forme of a poully . And in the inwarde parte is a lytell apparence / and in the outwarde parte backewarde is a concauyte wherin is receyued the ende of the addicyon lyke a beke of a rauen , in to the byggest socket , what tyme that the arme is reysed / in suche maner that the sayde roundelles entre in to the holownesse of the sockettis , And whan the arme is stretched & bowed it commeth and maketh the ioynt of the elbowe ,

Demaunde . Howe many bones is in the lytell 〈◊〉 / and howe be they figured ? Answere . There ●e two and hyght focylles / that is to wyt the byg●●st that is in the arme / and is greater and lon●er than the other for the addycyon that it hath / that resembleth a beke / and it goeth towarde the 〈◊〉 fynger , In makynge outwarde an enbossed ●●peraunce in maner of a wedge , The lesser goth ●●warde / and goeth fro the bought of the elbowe 〈◊〉 the hande towarde the thombe / lyke as it 〈◊〉 ●oyne to it , And in both the endes of the same ●●●●yttes receyuynge the roundnesses , Towarde ●●●●owe ben receyued the roundnesses graduales 〈◊〉 adiutory with the addycyon that is lyke a 〈◊〉 of the sayde elbowe , And towarde the hande 〈◊〉 roundnesses of the bones of the hande / & they 〈◊〉 both bygger towarde the endes bycause of the ●oynture / and sklender towarde the myddes / and longer the synewes and the muscles , Demaunde . Howe many coniunction of bone be in the hande / and howe many bones in euery coniunction / and howe they are figured & formed ? Answere . There be thre coniunctions of bone in the hande . In the fyrste coniunction be thre / and in the seconde coniunction foure . And of this nombre Auycen gyueth his reason / bycause that the fyrste coniunction toucheth the focyll bones / as holdynge all to one bone / and therfore there maye nat so many holde . In the seconde coniunction there be foure , bycause there myghte be no mo for the space of thre in the fyrste coniunction towarde the focyll bones . And the bones of these two coniunctions be short , and these two coniunctions of bones be called the recepte of the hande . In the thyrde coniunction be foure bones longer than the other . And that coniunction is called the brest of the hande or pecten . Howbeit Auycen putteth to these thre coniunction of bones one bone mo / which is added to the two fyrste coniunctions of the recept / and was create for to defende the synew of the brest of the hande . And this dyuysion of bones may be seen in the fygure that was fygured afore . Demaunde . Howe many fyngers is there in the hande , and howe many bones in euery fynger ? Answere . There be .v. fyngers / & in euery fynger thre bones . And thus in all the fyngers is but .xv. bones . By the whiche thynges aforesayde it may be knowen that in all the great is but .xxix. bones . That is .xv. in the fyngers .xj. in the lytell hande .ij. in the arme / and one in the adiutor . Demaunde . Which bones out of ioynt of the abouesayd membres ben most easyest to set in agayne / & whiche be most dyffycyle ? Answere . The moste difficyle is the ioynt of the elbow / and the easyest is the sholdre ioynte / & the meane is that of the hande .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the brest .

DEmaunde . What is the brest ? Answere , It is the arke of the spyrytual membres . Demaunde . Of howe many partes is the Thorax and brest composed ? Answere . Of two , for some be conteyned / and the other conteynynge . Demaunde . Howe many partes of conteynynges , and of conteyned ben there in the brest / & what be they ? Answere . Fyrste there be foure conteynyngꝭ / the skyn , the flesshe musculous , the pappes , and the bones . And in the partyes conteyned there be .viij. That are the hert , the longes , the pannycles , the stryngis , the veynes , the arteres , the Mery of Ysophagus . Demaunde . Wherof be the pappes composed / and with what membres haue they collygaunce ? Answere . They be composed of whyte glaudenous flesshe , and with veynes , arteres , & synewes . Ther●●re haue they collygaunce with the herte , the lyuer , ●nd the brayne , and with the genytall membres .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the muscles of the brest .

DEmaunde . Howe many muscles be there in the brest ? Answere , After Auycen there be . lxxxx . of which some are commune at the necke / other at the sholdres / other at the mydryfe / other at the rybbes / other at the backe / & proprely other ar at the brest . Demaunde , In howe many and what maners ben the bones of the brest deuyded ? Answere . In thre maners / some be in the fore parte / other in the hyndre parte , & the other at the sydes . Demaunde . Howe many bones be in the fore parte of the brest ? Answere . Seuen , after as there be .vij. rybbes that ioyne to them / of whiche that vpwarde is nyghe the throte , that is receyued in the fote of the bone of the furcule aforesaid / & that belowe in the furcule is an addycyon cartylagynous called Ency forme . Demaunde , Howe many bones are in the partye behynde the brest . Answere .xj. that are spondyles wherby the nuche passeth / wherof bredeth .xij. payres of synewes , bryngynge felynge and moeuynge to the muscles aforesayd . Demaunde . Howe many bones be on eche syde of the brest ? Answere . There be .xij. that haue .xij. rybbes coniunct to the .xij. spondyles aboue sayde . Of the whiche .xij. rybbes there be .vij. very , and .v. false or lyengly , for they be nat complete as the other be aforesayde .

Questyons vpon the partyes conteyned within the brest .

DEmaunde . Howe is the herte situate within the brest ? Answere . Bycause that the hert is the begynnyng of lyfe / and is within the body as kynge and lorde of all the other membres / of whom all the other membres do take influence . And for that cause it is set in the myddes of the brest / nat declynynge to one parte more than to another , as Galyen sayth in his .vj. boke of the vtylyte of partycles . And this is certaynly vnderstande , for from the nether parte it is enclyned a lytell towarde the left syde / to gyue place to the lyuer that is on the ryght syde aboue the herte . And as to the vpper parte it declyneth somwhat towarde the ryght syde for to gyue rowme to the arteres . Demaunde . Of what shape is the herte ? Answere . It is of the lykenes of a pyne apple / for the narowe parte is towardes the nether partyes of the body . And the larger parte where as the rootes are holdeth to the vpwarde partes . Demaunde . Of what substaunce is the hert ? Answere . It is of a harde substaunce / and lacertous . Demaunde . Howe many celles is there in the hert ? Answere . Thre , that is the ryght and the left betwene the sayd bentrycles is a pyt wherin the nourysshynge blode commynge fro the lyuer is dygered and made spyrytuall / that is sent by the arteres to all the body / and chyefly to all the pryncypall membres / as to the brayne / where by dygestyon is take another ●ature , & is made anymall . And in the lyuer wher in it is made naturall . And to the ballocke where it is made genytall / and to all the other membres cause lyfe . And by the ryght ventrycle / the braunche of the veyne mountynge that bereth the blode fro the lyuer vpwarde and yssueth of it selfe , of the whiche veyne the one parte called veyne arteryall goth to nourysshe the lunges . And the rest in mountynge maketh sondry braunches vnto the hynder partyes / as is abouesayd . And fro the left ventrycle of the herte yssueth the veyne called pulsatyle / fro the which one parte goth to the lunges that there is called Arterea venalis that bereth the capenous vapours fro the lunges and introduceth the ayre for to coole the herte . And the other parte maketh braunches vpwarde and downwarde / as is abouesayd of the other veynes . And ouer the thre oryfyces of the sayde thre ventrycles there be thre pellycles that open and close the entrynge of the blode and of the spyryte in conuenable tyme . Demaunde . Howe many eares hath the hert , and howe are they set / and wherfore serue they ? Answere . The hert hath two eares , on eche syde one set vpon the sayde laterall ventrycles that serue for to let the ayre in and out that is appareylled for it fro the lunges . Demaunde . Wherof serueth a cartilaginous bone that is in the herte ? Answere . It is to stay and strength it . Demaunde . Wherof is the substaunce of the coueryng of the herte ? Answere . It is called precordi●●m , & is of a skynny substaunce / wherto descendeth synewes as vnto other inwarde intraylles . Demaunde . With what membre hath the hert collygaunce ? Answere . With all membres and specyally with the lunges , wherwith it is bounde . And with the mediastinum wherwith it is steyed and strengthed . Demaunde . May the herte sustayne dysease longe ? Answere . No , for his great dygnyte .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the lunges .

DEmaunde . Of what substaunce is the lunges● Answere . Of a softe substaunce , clere , spongeous , and whyte . Demaunde . Howe many maner of vesselles be conioyned by the substaunce of the lunges ? Answere . Thre , that is the braunche of the vayne arteryall that bredeth ( as it is sayde ) of the ryght ventrycle of the hert . And the braunche of the vayne pulsatyle that commeth fro the left syde . And the braunches of Trachea arteria that bereth the ayre to the herte . Demaunde . Howe ben these thre maners of vesselles set within the lunges ? Answere . They be deuyded ouer all the substaunce by small ones and lesse , vnto a very small quantite . Demaunde . Howe many lobbes hath the lunges ? Answere .v. Thre in the ryght party / and two in the lefte . Demaunde . Howe many pā●tycles be there in the brest ? Answere . Thre . The fyrste couereth inwarde all the ribbes , and that is called pleura . The seconde hyght Mediastu●um/●nd that deuydeth all the brest in the ryght party and left . And the thyrde is called the mydryfe that ●●nydeth all the spyritual membres from the nutry ●yfes / and is composed of pleura , & of the cyphac , and of the pannycle that hyght Cordorus / that is of synewes sent to it from the spondyles , and the flesshely partyes chyefly next the rybbes , that proprely is a muscle , the operacyon wherof serueth to put out superfluytees , as Galyen sayth .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the bely / and partyes therof .

IT is to be noted vpon these thynges that folowe , that the bely may be taken for two thynges . Fyrste for the stomacke . Secondly for the regyon of all nutrytyfe membres / and so it is taken here . Demaunde . What is the holle posycyon of the bely ? Answere . It is vndre the region of the spyrytuall membres / so that the superyour parte that is at the entryng called p̄cordyal / & towarde the forcule , & the partye that is called stomacle , a thre fyngers nygh the nauyl downwarde / and the party vmbelycall synual is fro the nauyll downwarde / and the ypocondres be in the syde vnder the rybbes . And the parties called yliac are ouer the haunches . Demaunde , To se the Anathomy very well in the partyes of the bely , as well the conteynynges as the contynued / howe ought the Cyrurgyen to open it ? Answere . He ought to open it alonge and ouerthwart / this way and that / that he may the lyghtlyer se the partyes afore ( that be the Myrac and Cyphac ) as behynde / where as are the .v. spondyles of the kydnees , and the flesshe ouer them .

Demaunde . Of howe many and what & howe many partes is the myrac composed . Answere . It is composed of .iiij. partes . Of the skynne , of the grease , of the flesshy pannycle , and of the muscles , of whom yssueth the cordes . Demaunde . What is Cyphac ? Answere . It is a pannycle onely that is added to the Myrac . Demaunde . Howe many and what be the partyes conteyned in the bely ? Answere .vij. Fyrste the ars gut , secondly the guttes , thyrdly the stomacke , than the lyuer , than the mylt , and the kydnees . Demaunde . Wherfore are the muscles of the bely fourmed ? Answere . For two reasons . The fyrste is to strength it . The seconde to expell the superfluytees of the membres . Demaunde . Howe many muscles be in the bely ? Answere . After Galyen in the .iiij. boke of the vtylyte of partycles / and in the .vij. of his Terapentycke ●here be , viij , That are two all alonge commyng fro the boucler of the stomacke vnto the share bone / and two ouerthwart the backe , and entrelace by the myddes of the belye , And , iiij , from the angles transuersalles / of the which two brede in the rybbes of the ryght syde , and go to the left syde , and of the hakle bones , and of the share / & the other two of the lefte syde , & go to the ryght syde of the sayd ●ones / in crossynge by the myddle of the bely .

Demaunde . What is ●he perytoneon / and wher●f is it dyryuate ? of what substaunce is it / & wher●●re serueth it ? Answere . It is sytuate vnder the ●ayde muscles , and it so named of Pery / that is to ●●y rounde aboute , and of Tonnes / that is to say ●ntestynon / for it goeth rounde aboute the nutry●yfe partyes / & is a lytell pannycle , synewy , subtyll , and harde / and serueth to kepe that the muscles compryse nat the naturall membres / and it maye be enlarged , and comprymate in maner of other membres / and that it be nat lyghtly broken / and that the thynges conteyned in it yssue nat / as it happeneth to them that are greued therwith / and it is proprely called Cyphac . Demaunde . What woundes of t●e bely are moste peryllous and moste dyfficyle to heale , eyther they of the myddes of the bely / or they in the sydes ? Answere . They in the myddes of the bely / bycause the partyes there ben more treatable / & the bowelles there come sooner out , than by other places , Demaunde . What is Epypleon / and wherof is it composed ? Answere . It is a pannycle that couereth and wrappeth the stomacke aboute / and is named of epi / that is to say ouer all or aboute , or pleon , that is to appere , for it pereth ouer all the stomacke / and is composed of two tunycles , the one thycke , and the other thynne , layde one on another , & of dyuers arteres , veynes , and synewes , and great quantyte of fat / and is called ars gut . Demaunde . Wherof bredeth the pypleon / & wherfore serueth it ? Answere , It bredeth of the partyes that be vnder the backe / and of the Cyphac , & it is ordeyned for to rechaufe the partyes nexte therto , as Galyen sayeth in the fourth boke of the vtylyte of partycles & , xiij , chapytre . Demaunde . May the pypleon holde longe whan it is hurte without great alteracyon / and howe ought it to be dressed ? Answere , No , but it is lyghtly altered & chaunged for the fatnesse , and ought to be bounde and nat cut for feare of flux of blode , Demaunde . Of howe many skynnes or tunycles are the bowels composed / and wherfore serue they ? Answere They be composed of two tunycles / and serue fyrste to make dygestyon / and to brynge the Chilus to the lyuer by meanes of the veynes mescraykes / & to put out the fylthy superfluytees . Demaunde . How many guttis be there . Answere . Syxe / althoughe that they be ioyned togyther / yet haue they dyuers offyces / & dyuers shapes / wherby they are deuyded . Of the whiche syxe guttes thre be sklendre & thre byg . The fyrste of the thre sklendre is named Portanarium / or Duodenum . The seconde is called Ieiunium . And the thyrde is called Subtile . Of the thre byg / the fyrste hyght Esac / the seconde Colon / & the thyrde is the ars gut called Longaon , or the streyght gut . Demaunde . Be the sayd guttes garnysshed with muscles ? Answere . Yes / for the gouernynge of the superfluytees that they receyue & put out . Demaunde , What is the maner to make incysion for to knowe , dyscerne , and se well euery gutte by the Anathomy ? Answere . Fyrste it behoueth to begyn ●t the ars gut / that is called longaum or rectum / and bycause that the fylthy mater shall nat let the / ●ynde it at the vpper ende , and let it be two endes , and be cut in the myddes of the lygature / and let the nether parte be left / & procede in dyscaruynge almoste vnto yleon / where as the gut begynneth that hyght Collon , which is byg with lytel celles / wherin the fecall mater taketh forme / and is two fadom longe , or there aboute / & declyneth moche towarde the left kydney / & in mountyng towarde the mylt / & reuolueth of the party commyng towarde the ryght syde of the stomacke , vnder the pannycle of the lyuer , where receyueth a porcyon of the humour coloryke / which moueth it to put out the superfluytees , and in the rancluyng it descendeth to the ryght kydney at the hyndre ende of the haunche there as begynneth the gutte called one eye , or the bag / for it semeth that it hath but one eye / although it haue two after the very trouthe . One wherat the fylthy mater / and another that it goeth out / but bycause that they be very nere it semeth that it hath but one / and this gut is very shorte / for it is but of a handfull longe . And bycause of the nyghnesse of the haunches / and bycause it is nat well bounde it descendeth sooner in to the ballocke coddes , whan a man is greued or broken than any other gutte / and of this gut is bred the sklendre gut that hyght Ylion / the which Ylion is well .vij. or .viij fadoms longe / & it hath many reuolucyons in all the backe . After this is the gut that hyght Ieiunium , bycause it is alwayes emptye for the greate multytude of messerayke veynes that be aboute it contynually suckynge it / & for the colour that is sene betwene it and Portanarium that incyteth it contynually to expell that that is in it . And to this gut is conteyned the gut called Duodeum / whiche is so called bycause it is .xij. fyngers of lengthe / after the whiche foloweth the gut called Portanarium , so called by his offyce , for it is the nether gate of the stomacke , as Mery is the vpper gate . Demaunde . Wherfore is it that the woundes made in the small guttes neuer heale , & yet those of the great guttes heale somtyme ? Answere , Bycause that the small guttes be full of pannycles / & the great guttes are ful of flesshe . Demaunde . Howe may the Mezentereon be knowen by Anathomy ? Answere . To se the Mezentereon very well thou ought to bynde the guttes towarde the gut Portanarium and cut in maner as the longaon is / and than put all the guttes out . Demaunde , Wherof is Mezentereon composed , and howe is it set ? Answere . Fyrste it is composed of veynes messeraykes innumerable braunched fro the veyne of the lyuer called Portanaria / and is couered & garnysht before with pannycles and strynges that conioyne the bowelles with the backe / and with glandynous grease / and is commonly called seame / which whan it is out ye may clerely se the Anathomy of the stomacke . Demaunde . What is the stomacke . Answere . It is the organ of the fyrste digestion engendreth the chyl●●s . Demaunde . What is the place of the stomacke within the body ? Answere . After Galyen in the .iiij. boke of the vtylyte of partycles and fyrste chapytre . The place of the stomacke is in the myddes of the body / bycause it is the common almoner almes dealer and preparer to all the membres of the body / natwithstandynge that the superyour party therof somwhat enclyneth vnto the left syde towarde the .xij. spondyles where as the dyafragma endeth / and the lower parte declyneth to the ryght . Demaunde . What membres haue be made for to serue the stomacke ? Answere . The fyrste is the mouthe / for in lykewyse as the veynes Mezeryalles be preparatyues of the seconde dygestyon that is done in the lyuer / lykewyse is the mouthe of the stomacke . For as Auycen sayth / the chawyng acquyreth some digestion . Afterwarde serueth the Mery and ysophagus of the vpwarde partyes in bryngynge the meate in to the stomacke . And of the nether partyes serueth the guttes , & the veynes Mezeraycalles to put forth the noyfull thynges / and dystrybute the profytable thynges dygested and chylozed in it . Demaunde . Wherof serueth the stomacke ? Answere . Proprely it serueth to dygest by his heate of his owne carnosyte in the botome therof , as Auycen sayeth , and by the heates goten of the next partyes / for it hath the lyuer on the ryght syde that warmeth / and the mylt on the left syde that trauerseth it with his grease & wayes / wherby it sendeth the humour melencolyke to the stomacke for to prouoke it appetyte . And aboue i● is the hert with the arteres that causeth lyfe / and the brayne that sendeth it a braunche of synewes from the vpwarde partyes gyuynge to it felynge . Also from the partye of the backe / and the veynes called kyllis , and adorthy , and dyuers other strynges descendynge fro it / wherby it is bounde with the spondyles of the reynes . Demaunde . With howe many skynnes is the stomacke couered ? Answere . With two , one is flesshy that is outwarde , and the other is synewy that is inwarde . Demaunde . Of what villes is the stomacke composed . Answere , Of longytudynalles to drawe in & transuersalles to reteyne / & latitudinalles to put forth . Demaunde . Of what shape is the stomacke ? Answere . It is rounde endlong in maner of concorde suche wyse curbed that his entrynges be hygher than his body / bycause the yssue of the thynges that it conteyneth be made inducly . Demaunde . Of what quantyte is the stomacke ? Answere . It is manyfest / for commonly it holdeth .ij. or .iij. pyntes . Demaunde . What is the lyuer ? Answere . It is the organe of the seconde dygestion / engendrynge blode . Demaunde . Howe or where is the lyuer set in the body of mankynde ? and of what fygure is it ? Answere . Fyrste it is set vndre the bought of the rybbes / & is of fygure as of the moone / curbed towarde the rybbes / and is holowe towarde the stomacke with .v. lappes or pānulles in maner of handes comprysynge the stomacke . Demaunde . whens commeth the felynge to the lyuer ? Answere . It commeth by a pannycle that couereth it / to which commeth a synewe for his felynge . Demaunde . With what membres hath the lyuer collygaunce ? Answere , Fyrste with the dyafragma by his pannycle that couereth it which byndeth it to the diafragma with strong strynges . And also it hath colligaūce with the backe , with the stomacke , with the guttes , with the hert , and all the other membres . Demaunde . Of what substaunce is the lyuer . Answere . It is the substaunce of flesshe / and red as quayl●ed blode , entrelaced all about with veynes and arteres . Demaunde . Wherof serueth a great veyne that commeth out of the holownes of the lyuer called Portanaria ? Answere . It is bycause that all the succosyte that chyllus draweth by his braunches it transmytteth and dystrybuteth by all the lyuer / for that veyne is deuyded Mezeraycalles innumerable that are planted in the stomacke and in the bowelles for to drawe & bere away the said succosite fro the lyuer . Demaunde . Of what party of the lyuer yssueth a great veyne and holow called killis / and wherof serueth it ? Answere , It yssueth out of the bosse of the lyuer / and serueth to dystrybute all the blode that is engendred within the lyuer ouer all the body / for that veyne yssueth out of the lyuer , and maketh braunches vpwarde & downwarde through all the body / wherby it dealeth the sayde blode to euery membre to fede it . Demaunde . What are the medycynes that oughte to be applyed on the lyuer ? Answere . That for the substaunce seldom dyssoluable lyghtly it oughte to haue medycyne somwhat styptyke . Demaunde . What is the galle ? Answere . It is a bag or bladder pānyculous set in the holownes of the lyuer aboute the meane pānulle for to receyue the coleryke superfluyte . Demaunde . Howe is testis fellis composed ? Answere . It hath two entrynges or neckes betwene whiche is a dystaunce , wherof one is on the ryght syde that adresseth towarde the myddes of the lyuer to receyue the colere . The other is at the botome of the stomacke / & in the bowelles to sende them colere for the vtylytees aforesayde . Demaunde . Of what quantyte is the galle ? Answere . It conteyneth peraduenture a glasse full / or the mountenaunce of a fyoyle . Demaunde . What dyseases suffreth it commonly ? and howe be they knowen ? Answere . It suffreth opylacyons aswell in the necke propre , as in the necke commune . And the dysease knowen whan the stoppynge is in the necke commune / bycause that the colere may nat yssue out of the lyuer / nor the blode may nat clense but abydeth with the blode and maketh the vryne yelow , & all the body . And it is knowen whan it is in the necke propre bycause that the helpynges do fayle , that it was wonte to haue / & euen accydent foloweth as Ga●●en sayth in the .vij. boke of the dysease & the accydent , and in the .v. of the interiours . Demaunde . What is the mylte ? Answere . It is the receyuer of melancolyke superfluite engendred in the lyuer . Demaunde . What is the situacion of the mylt in the body of mankynde ? Answere . It is of the left syde embracyng trauersly the stomacke . Demaunde . Of what substaunce is the mylt ? Answere . It is of soft substaunce & spongyous , blacker then the lyuer . Demaunde . Of what shape is the mylt ? Answere . Of a longe fygure in maner of foure corners . Demaunde . With what membres hath the mylt collygaunce ? Answere . It is bounde by his pannycle with the rybbes / and of his bosse and concauyte it hath collygacyon with the stomacke , and with the ars gut . Demaunde . Wherin serueth the mylt in the body of mankynde ? Answere . It serueth by these two wayes / for by one way it draweth the superfluyte melancolyke of the lyuer . And by the other waye it sendeth it to the oryfyce of the stomacke , for the causes abouesayde . Demaunde . What maner dysease doth the mylt suffre ? Answere , It doth suffre opylacyons bycause that his ma●er is grosse / wherby the sayde opylacyons folowe other inconuenyentes / for whan it fayleth to clense the lyuer of the sayd superfluytees the body is faynt and yll coloured . And whan it fayleth to transuyt the stomacke / nat sendynge that it ought to do / the appetyte wasteth or is taken away .

Demaunde . What solucyons of contynuyte be moste peryllous in them of the lyuer , or them of the mylt / and whiche of both suffreth strongest medycynes ? Answere . The solucyons of contynuyte be more daungerous in the lyuer than in the mylt ? and the mylt suffreth stronger medycyns then the lyuer / & purgeth chyefly by the bely . Demaunde , What thynges are the kydnees / & howe many are in the body of man / and of what substaunce are they ? Answere . They are partycles ordeyned to clense the blode of haynous superfluytees / and there be two of them on euery syde one , and are of the substaunce of harde flesshe . Demaunde . Of what shape are they ? Answere . They are long of shape as an egge comprymate / and haue in them concauytees / wheri●●hey receyue that whiche is drawen by them / and eche of them haue .ij. holes wherby they drawe the aquosyte of the veyne called kyllis / and by the other sende the sayd aquosite called pysse to the bladder . Demaunde . What membres commeth to the kydnees / and with what membres haue they collygaunce ? Answere . There commeth to them veynes , arteres , & synewes , wherof theyr pannycle is made / and theyr fat is lyke talowe / & haue collygaunce with the backe . Demaunde , Wheron are the kydnees sytuate ? Answere . They are situate vpon the tumbes , wheron they be as on a coytte . Demaunde . What veynes passe betwene the kydnees ouer the spondyles . Answere . There passe the veyne adorty / descendynge to the nether membres / from the whiche very ●ere it yssueth the membres sparmatykes . Demaunde . What dyseases may the kydnees suffre ? Answere . They do suffre many dyseases / and specyally they suffre opylacyons and stones that are harde to heale .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the haunches bones .

Demaunde . How many bones ar in the huckles ? Answere . After the veryte there is but one / howbeit after dyuers partyes of it there are thre . The fyrste is called the halowed sacred / or that there be thre or four spondyles on the party of the backe / and on that syde it is very byg / and towarde the lower ende / that is to say th● foundement it commeth in lessenynge / and there is i●●artilaginous / & this bone hath a hole before wherby passeth the synewes and nat by the syde as do other spondyles of the backe . The two other be two great bones / one on eche syde that be coniuncte with this great spondyle of the holowe bone behynde and before in makynge the pectynall bone , & these two bones are large on the yliake partyes / & on the party of the share they be narowe in maner of braunche / and ioyneth to the share before / and therfore are they called the share bones . And in the myddes of these bones of the backe partye there be two concauytees called exides or boxes / wherin are receyued the endes o● the bones of the thyghes , called vertebres , & there are called the thygh bones . And all the sayd bones therby nyghe the parties of the foundement echone hath a great hole wherby descendeth synewes , m●scles , veynes , and arteres , that be broughte from aboue downwarde . Demaunde . What is the bladder / of what substaunce / and of what shape / of what quantyte / & howe it is sytuate ? Answere . It is a receyuer of aygnous superfluytees of the kydnees / and it is pānyculous and stronge / for it is composed of pannycles / and is rounde of shape / the bygnes for to holde a pynte , & is sytuate vnder the share . Demaunde . Wherby receyueth the bladder the superfluite vrynal of the kydnees , and wherby is it put out ? Answere . Fyrste it receyueth the superfluyte vrynall by two longe wayes that descende fro the kydnees that entre by the sydes of the bladder dyagnōnelly by two angles / that whiche wayes are called the pores vritides , and by a carnous necke / with muscles closynge and openynge in bowyng and ouerpassynge to the yerde in men . And in women without reflyxyon vnto two fyngers within the necke of the matryce / wherby she putteth forth that vrynall aquosite . Demaunde . To what diseases is the bladder disposed ? Answere . It is dysposed to opylacyons / aswell by stones as by graueylous vryne / that it receyueth of the kydnees . Demaunde . Howe are medycynes applyed to the bladder ? Answere . By cyrurgery . Demaunde . Where oughte incysyon to be made for the stone in the bladder ? Answere . At the necke without the ●eame perignous . Demaunde . What are the sparmatyke vesselles ? Answere . They are certayne veynes that brede nere the kydnees / and nygh the veyne kyllis and adorthi berynge the blode to the genytal membres , aswel in man as woman wherin by the last generacion it is made sparme or sede of mankynde nature . Demaunde . Howe many maners of sparmatyke vesselles be there ? Answere . Two / for some bryngeth the mater sparmatyke ●n / and some putteth it out . They that brynge it ●e braunches of veynes and arteres that brede of ●he veyne kyllis and adorthi . And they that put it out be they that mounte nere to the necke of the bladder / and putteth the sparme out of the hole of the yerde , and with them is the synew suspensory and sensyfe that descendeth to the genytalles . Demaunde . Howe be the vessels sparmatyke situate ? Answere . They are set thus for towarde the grynde aboute the Myrac and Cyphac is a hole wherby descendeth from aboue the thre bodyes aforesayd , that is the veyne and artere that bryngeth / & the synewe sensytyfe that is harde to the necke of the bladder at the rote of the yerde , and the hole of the yerde / wherby mounteth the mater sparmatyke for to go out . And thus may be seen that yf the hole towarde grynde be out of measure large / the bodyes superyours as the zyrbus , or guttes may descende in the loceon , and swell the purs of the ballockes as yf one were broken , and often maketh brustenesse where as maye descende moyste mater that wyll make a hermen .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the pyntyll .

DEmaunde . What is the yerde / and wherof is it composed ? Answere . It is the yerde vyryll / that is the cultyner and labourer of the felde of mankynde / and is the way of the vryne / and is composed of skynne , of muscles , of stryngis , of veynes , and arteres , of synewes , and of ryght great bandes . Demaunde , Where is the dysposicion of the yerde . Answere . It is planted vpon the backe of the share . Demaunde . Fro whens are sent the skynne , the stryngis , the veynes , arteres , flesshe , and the synewes ? Answere . Fyrste the stringes are sent fro the bone satron / and the partyes nexte it . The veynes , the arteres , the flesshe , the synewes , & the skynne are sent to it from the superyour partyes . Demaunde . Howe many pryncypal wayes hath the yerde ? and what dyuersyte of names taketh it in sondry partyes therof ? Answere , It hath two wayes / that is of the sperme , & of the vryne / and the ende of the yerde hyght balanum . The bowell hyght mitra / and the heade hyght prepuce . Demaunde . Of what quantite ought the yerde of man to be ? Answere . Commonly of .viij. or .ix. ynches / howebeit to be plyfyke with any woman it ought to be proporcyoned at the necke of her matryce .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the losseum .

Demaunde . Wherof bredeth the losseum / and wherof taketh it name . Answere . It bredeth 〈◊〉 Syphac & Myrac / theyr partyes passynge and hangyng outwarde of it vpon the backe of the share at the begynnynge of it . It is called the Dymdyme and there it doubleth / and fro the lower partye it is called Loceum / and is the coddes of the geny●alles . Demaunde . What are the ballockes ? Answere . They are the pryncypall organs of the generacyon of mankynde / for in them the mater spermatyke is made parfyte & sure . Demaunde . Fro whens commeth the sperme to the ballockes ? Answere . From all the body / and specyally fro the pryncypall membres for the bredynge of theyr vesse●les , as of the herte , the lyuer , and the kydneys . And for the cause of delectacyon the brayne hath commutacyon therin , for the synewes that descende fro the brayne to the ballockes . Thus of all the body it taketh nature / nat by quantyte but by vygour . Demaunde . What is the matryce / and in what place is it set ? Answere . The matryce is the felde of generacyon of mankynde , & organ susceptyfe of gendrynge mater / and is set betwene the bladder and the longaon . Demaunde . Of what substaunce is the matryce ? Answere . Of a pānyculous substaunce . Demaunde . Of howe many skynnes or tunicles is the matryce composed ? Answere . It is composed of two skynnes / of whiche the inwarde is ful of sharpe veynes / with the endes of which veynes be conteyned with the pannycles Lembryon / and are deuyded in two parties pryncypalles after the nombre of the dugges / & thoughe there appere but these two chaumbres in the matryce / yet after Mundyne there are .vij. smal chaumbres in the matryce , thre in eche of the two chaumbres / and one in the myddes / and the outwarde tunycle neruous . Nat as Auycen sayeth that it is create of synewes commynge fro the brayne / but as in substaunce is consemblable neruous , for it is whyte , and pryuate of menstruall blode , & is stretchynge as the synewes / for it streyneth and loseth as nedes requyreth . It commeth but very lytell of synewes wherby it feleth / & this outwarde tunycle is all playne , and is nat deuyded . Demaunde . Of what shape is the matryce ? Answere . It is the shape of the instrument of generacyon of men / for it is proporcionly made to the yerde and coddes of mannes genytours , excepte that it is reuersed , and is holowe within for to receyue mannes yerde in the tyme of copylacyon / for the necke of the matryce is lyke a mannes yerde / and the matryce with in is lyke coddes or purce of the genytalles of men . And as men haue two ballockes or stones that passe and appere outwarde / so haue women inwarde / except that they be bygger in the man than in the woman . And in men they are longwyse & rounde / and in women they be rounde and flat , and are set on both the sydes of the matryce eche on a syde . And euen so as the vesselles spermatykes ben in the myddes of the ballockes outwarde / so be they inwarde in women . Demaunde . With what membres hath the matryce collygaunce ? Answere . Theyr collygaunce pryncypally is with brestes by the veynes of mylke , & menstrualles , for the which thynges nouryces haue nat well theyr menstruous floures . Demaunde . Of what quantite is the matryce / and the necke of it ? Answere . The matryce commeth almoste fro the nauyll vnto the vtter parte of the cont , in comprysynge the necke and all the body of the matryce . Howbeit the necke of the matryce ought for to be naturally of .x. or .xj. fyngers brede / & after as the woman hath to meddle with man flesshely lytell or moche / it waxeth longe or shorteneth . And also it waxeth longe or short after as the man that medleth with her hath his yerde shorte or longe .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the ars gut / whiche was lefte afore the better to se the Anathomy of the other nutratyfe membres .

DEmaunde , What is the Longaon / of what length is it / and where is it set ? Answere . It is the ars gut that is a palme or handefull longe almoste to the kydneys / and is set ryght ouer the foundement on the backe and tayle . Demaunde . Howe many muscles be in the ars gut / and wher to serue they it ? Answere . There be two that open and close it whan it nedeth . Demaunde . Howe many veynes commeth to the gut nygh to the foundement ? Answere . Fyue braunches of veynes named Emorroides or Emorroidalles . Demaunde . With what membres hath the ars gut collygaunce ? Answere . With the bladder , and therfore whan one of them suffreth so doth the other . Demaunde . What is the pigneum ? Answere . Pigneum in Arabyke is to saye the ars hole . And it is the place betwene the ars & the yerde / whiche is a seame that foloweth the coddes / and the stocke of the yerde . Demaunde . What are the gryndes ? Answere . They are the clensynge places of the lyuer / & are of Glaudynous flesshe ordeyned to the bought of the thyghes . Demaunde . What are the buttockes ? Answere . They are grosse musculous flesshe ordeyned ouer the bones of the thyghes , and hukcles wherfro descendeth muscles , cordes , and strynges , mouyng the thyghes , and the great legge with the hukcles .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the great fote .

Demaunde . Where begynneth the great fote / and howe f●rre it lasteth / and in howe many partes the great fote is deuyded ? Answere . The great fote lasteth fro the ioynt of the hukcle called 〈◊〉 , vnto the ferdest parte of the toes / and is deuyded as the great hande in thre parties . The fyrste is called the thyghe / the other the legge / and the last the lytell fote . Demaunde . Wherof is the great fote composed ? Answere . At the great hande , with ●●ynne , flesshe , veynes , arteres , muscles , stryn●es , grys●les , and bones .

Questyons vpon the veynes of the great fote .

DEmaunde . Fro whens commeth the veynes to the great fote / & howe do they dyuyde them 〈◊〉 the great fote ? Answere . After that the veynes 〈◊〉 makynge braunches , at theyr begynnynge ben ●●scended to the last spondyle & there are dyuyded 〈◊〉 two partyes / one on the ryght / another on the ●●ft / eche of them lykewyse ar diuided in two braū●h●s / fro thens one goeth to the outwarde parte / and the other to the inwarde in makynge braunches descendynge by the legges to the ankles and fete . Demaunde . Howe many and what veynes ben let blode commonly in the great fote ? Answere . There be .iiij. the sopheynes that are vpon the ancle inwarde towarde the he le / and the scyatyke vnder the ancle outwarde / and the popletyke that is vnder the kne / and the arenal that is betwene the lytell too and his nexte felowe . Demaunde . Wherof bredeth the synewes that commeth to the great leg / and where passe they ? Answere . They brede of the laste spondyles of the kydneys / of the holy bone , and the moste parte of them pas by the hole of the thyghe bone / and make muscles in the bought of the ●ne / so that they descendynge from the hukcles & cleue to the bone of the thyghe with the cordes mouynge the ioynte maketh the great brawne that are on the thygh that styreth the kne and the leg , and the calfe ouer the leg mouyng the fote and ancle / & the muscles of the fete mouynge the toes / after the fourme and maner as is before sayd of the hande . Demaunde , Howe goeth the longe and byg strynges / where ende they , & wher● appere they moste ? Answere . They descende by all the leg / and appere greatly in the greyndes & vnder the knees , and vnder the hele , and on the ioyntes of the toes , and the sole of the fote is all full / and there they ende .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the great fote .

Demaunde . Howe many bones are in the thygh and of what shape be they ? Answere . There is but one bone / and that is ful of maroughe , and is rounde in one party / and the roundnesse therof vpwarde hyght Uertebrum that declyneth inwarde , and is receyued in the pyt of the hukcle bone / and is somwhat bossed outwarde / but in the inward party towarde the kne are two roundnesses whiche ben receyued & wrapped in two concauytees that are in the focylle of the leg . And ouer it one rounde bone aboue that is called the knop of the kne .

Demaunde . Howe many bones are in the kne / and howe be they named ? Answere . There be two that be called the morteys bones / wherof the greatest is on the insyde parte / wherof is made the sharpenynge and conioynynge of the leg / and goeth fro the kne vnto the fote makynge the ancle inwarde . The lesser pyt bone is in the vtter parte / descendyng vnder the kne a lytell / and is smoth vnto the fote ioynynge there with the other pyt bone ma●ynge the outwarde ancle . Demaunde . Of what shape are that two focyl bones ? Answere , The grea●est hath two pyttes towarde the kne whiche re●eyue the rounde endes of the thyghe bone / for the ●●sser commeth nat vnto the ioynt / but is smothe as 〈◊〉 is sayd / and lyeth nygh vnder the kne / and ther●ore it is called arcus . And towarde the fote in the ●●ynynge with the bygger bone both they make 〈◊〉 holowe pyt or morteys wherin the fyrste bone of the fote is receyued . Demaunde . Howe many coniunctions or assemblyng of bones are in the lytell fote / and howe many bones are in euery coniunction ? Answere . There be thre . In the fyrste coniunction be thre bones assembled in one roundnesse . The fyrste hyght Caab in Arabyc , in Greke Astra gallus , & is in maner as that nut of a crosbow rounde on eche syde . In the vpper roundnes therof is affyrmed the holownesse of the pyt or morteys bones , and there the fote is moued , and the nether roundnes is affyrmed to the concauyte of the manyculare bone / and after that forwith toward the bone called Nanyculer / that is a synew concaued on eche syde . In the fyrste concaue is receyued the roundnes of Cohas aforesayd . In the seconde concaue is receyued the seconde coniunction of the bones of the fete / and vnder them is the bone of the hele , of the whiche all the fote is stedyed / and yssueth towarde the hyndre parte for the strynges that are fyxed in it . Demaunde . Howe many bones is there in the seconde coniunction / & howe are they fygured ? Answere . There be foure that be short ynough / one of them is called grandmos●n / that is on the vtter parte towarde the lytell too . And these bones be rounde towarde the nanyculare / & holowe towarde the thyrde coniunction . Demaunde . Howe many bones are in the thyrde coniunction of the lytell fote ? Answere . Fyue longe ynough that coresponde & receyue the toes . Demaunde . Howe many toes is there in eche fote , and how many bones is in euery too ? Answere . There be fyue toes / in euery too thre bones / excepte the great too that hath but twayne . Thus in nombre there be .xxvi. bones in the fote . And in all the great fote or great leg there be .xxx. Demaunde . Whiche of the said ioyntes is moste easy to set agayne , and whiche is moste dyffycyll ? Answere . That of the lytell fote is moste dyffycyll / & that of the kne is more / and the scyatyke is meane .

Here endeth the seconde treaty of this present questyonary .
Here begynneth the thyrde treaty of this present questyonary / where as are moued and soylled dyuers questyons and dyfycultees in the maner of byndynge / wyndynge / or rollynge / to sewe / to make boylsters / lynte / and tentes .
Questyons vpon the maner of rollynge or byndynge . Demaunde .

HOwe many maners of lygatūres or rollynges ben there / and howe ought they to be made / and wherto eche of them bryngeth togyder ? Answere , There ben thre maners . One is incarnatyue / and it competeth to newe woundes , and fractures , and is done thus . The wounde is bounde at both endes vnto the myddes / in begynnynge fro the party opposite to the hurt place / in ledynge one ende towarde the vpper parte of the membre / & the other towarde the nether in takynge the partyes or aboute them tyll it be seen what is best to be done , in streynyng more vpon the hurt place than on the parties aboute it . Neuerthelesse howebeit hede must be taken to strayne to harde or to loose / but the tyme to bynde is whan the pacyent may well suffre it . And the fore ende of the sayde rolle oughte to be sewed . And yf nede be there ought to take dyuers rolles wounde by one selfe maner of wyndyng . The lyppes of the wounde are ioyned one to the other / and so the appost●macion is deffended / and some put to double clothes / and strayne them and sewe them on the place . Other maner of byndynge is called expulsinc / and it proprely agreeth to depe woundes , for to expell and put out the mater from the botome / and to deffende that other matters come nat in the place , & this is done with a rolle folded at the heed begynnynge at the nether parte of the membre in streynyng moste there . And fro thens in vnwrappynge towarde the vpper parte . The thyrde lygature is called the lygature holdyng the medycyns and it competeth as vnto the membres where as straynynge can nat be made nor other ligature , as at the necke , the bely , and in al apos●umes , and dolorous dystrybucyons . And this is done with rolles of one chyef or dyuers chyefs , or armes , begynnynge vpon the hurt place in byndynge to the contrary of the sayde place . Demaunde . What ought the maner of byndyng to be ? Answere . They ought to be softly and without payne . And yf the bondes or rolles cleue fast / let theym be moysted onely with wyne tyll they be losed . Demaunde . Wherof ought the rolles to be made ? Answere . After Galyen they ought for to be made of boleyn cloth , olde , soft , smoth , and clene . Demaunde . Of what quantite of length and brede ought the bondes to be ? Answere . They ought to be longe and large / commonly they that bynde the sholdres ought to be of syxe fyngers brede / those for the thyghes fy●e / those for the leg foure / they for the arme thre / and those for the fyngers one / and the length to b● after the necessyte of wyndynge . And this sayth Galyen in the fourth boke of his Terapentyke , that th● partycule vlcerate may nat well be bounde wt●ut to haue lerned the indycacyon of the formyng of the membre .

Questyons vpon the Anathomy of seamynge or stytchynge .

DEmaunde , Howe many and what maners are there of seames ? Answere . Thre / that is ●●eame incarnatyfe / and it agreeth to all woun●es whose lyppes be ferre a sonder , yf they may be ●pproched and made egall / and whiche lygature ●●ely suffyseth nat / and haue no straunge thyngꝭ ●etwene the lyppes / & that be new or renewed by ●caryfycacyon / in takynge the skynne awaye . The other seame sowyng hyght restrayntyfe of blode / and is done with the nedle in entrynge & foldynge as skynnes be sewed . And this is done whan for the great effusyon of blode the other seames can nat be made . The thyrde is called the seame conseruatyfe / and it is done as the other be / but it is nat so narowe / for it is nat made but for to mayntayne the lyppes tyll the wounde be closed . Demaunde . In howe many maners is the incarnatyfe seame made ? Answere . In .v. maners . The fyrste is makynge the fyrste stytche in the myddle of the wounde / and the other in meane space of eche syde● and goynge also betwene let two stytches be lefte the space of a fynger brede ouerthwart / and also ye ought to haue a quyll with a hole in the syde wherwith the other syde of the lyppe shal be steyed / bycause it shall nat swerue / and bycause that whan the nedle is passed thorowe it may be sen at the hole in the quyl . And whan the nedle is passed to drawe it & the threde in steyenge the lyppe that it folowe nat the threde . And fyrste knyt it with two reuolucions . Secondly with one , & than cut the threde fer fro the kno● . Secondly the seame incarnatyfe is made with nedles or with steale of fethers ledde in with the nedle in to woundes that be great & depe that haue lyppes wyde seperate in puttyng threded nedles in to theym as nede is / in wrappynge them with threde as ye wolde fasten a nedle with threde on your bosome or pouche lid , and to abyde there vnto the consolidacyon of the wounde . Thyrdly a seame incarnatyfe is made with egal the mylles made of towe well wrythen & sklenderly , as strawes the length of a fynger / or of the steale of a fether / whiche appertayne to the places whan we wyll that the seame remayne longe tyme . And it is done whan threded nedles are put in to it by both the lyppes . Than is the nedle retourned by the same hole tyll that there remayne a pyt / wher i● is put one of the endes of the wedge / and than the tayles of the thredes are streyned and bounde on the other ende of the wedge / and there cut of the endes of the thredes / and let the wedge lye vnto the parfyte consolidacion . Fourthly a seame incarnatyfe is made with hokes / and they ought to be small mete for the membre , curbed on eche syde , in fastnynge it in to one lyppe / and than brought to the other . And in the same let the hokes be fastned lyke as the shere men do in hokyng theyr clothes . fyfthly an incarnatyfe seame is made with cloth , and is made in places wherin we wolde that no ●●catryce shulde appere , as in the face / & it is made o● two peaces thre tryangled / and of the bygnesse of the quantite of the membre . And anoynte them with oyntementes myscatyues and conglutyna●●ues , made of the powdre of dragons blode , of en●●nse , mastyke , sarcacole , and steynge meale of the ●●yll , encorporate with whyte of an egge , and that ●●ery peace be layde in euery syde of the wounde ●●ter an ynche of dystaunce / and whan they be drye ●ewe them subtylly / and the lyppes wyl reioyne to ●ydre . Demaunde . What nedles ought they to be for to make these incarnatyfe semes ? Answere . They ought to be euen and smoth , and thre edged at the poynte / and at the eye they ought to be holow / bicause the threde shal nat let it to passe easely . Dema●nde . In what woundes accordeth the seames conseruatyues ? Answere . They conioyne in wyde woundes ( where as the flesshe is lost ) for to approche the lyppes , wherin it behoueth to draw some thynge out / bycause they may the sooner be consolydate . Demaunde . Whan is it tyme to take away the seames / and how ought they to be taken away ? Answere . The tyme to do them away is whan they haue done theyr operacyon . And the maner to take theym of , is to put the tayle of the proue vnder the fyst / & to cut the threde of the sayd tayle of the proue / and in puttynge the flat of the proue aboue the lyppe wherby the threde is drawen out , for drede of dyuydynge the wounde .

Questyons vpon the maner to make and to applycate the bolsters .

Demaunde . What is the maner to make bolsters ? Answere . Auncyently they were made of fethers sewed betwene two whyte clothes / and therfore are they called plumeceaulx or pylowes of fethers in frenche . And bycause that they behoued to often to be renewed & remoued / which was ouer anoyous / it is founde to make them of towe or flax of hemp wel boucked and clensed / and somtyme with wol or cotton / and somtyme is put soft and thynne clowtes in two or thre foldes or mo / as it nedeth . Demaunde . Wherfore serueth the bolsters ? Answere . To stay and conpryme the places dissolued / and confort the natural heate of the membre vnioynte / and to deffende the greues of the lygatures . Demaunde . Howe ought the bolsters to be applicate ? Answere . Somtyme they be layde to drye / somtyme they ought to be moysted or bathed in gleyr of egges , in wyne , or in oyle , as the dysposycyon requyreth . And they be of thre sortes , some be thre square , which ( Auycen sayth ) serue to brede flesshe / and ought to be layde on eche syde of the wounde / and the other on the wounde in ioynynge them togyder / and some are rounde that are layde drye on the other to kepe the naturall heate , and to rype the rottennes / & other be square , and they are layde to deffende the hurtynge of the lygatures .

Questyons vpon the maner to applycate lyntes and tentes .

Demaunde . In how many & what case ought to be vsed lyntes & tentes ? Answere . In .viij. cases . Fyrste is yf so be that the woundes that we wyll enlarge , clense , or drawe out any thynge fro ●he botome / as in depe woundes that haue nede to be serched for the lycour that assembleth in the botome of the spaciosite . Secondly they be vsed in ●olowe woundes / wherin we oughte to engendre flesshe . Thyrdly in woundes altered of ayre , which ought to be clensed . Fourthly in woundes brused . Fyfthly in appostumes . Syxtly in woundes that must be wrought about the bones . Seuenthly in bytynges . And last in woundes vlceres . And all other woundes without tentes and moches ought to be vnderstande to be consolydate . Demaunde . Wherfore be tentes and lyntes made ? Answere . Some be for to clense the woundes / and they be made of softe tendre , as of seare olde lynen cloth / other are made to kepe the lyppes of woundes open and they ben made of very clene towe / or of fyne clowtes , or cotton , or of quyll of bras or syluer holowe , as to the nosethyrlles for to haue ayre , or in depe woundes that the rottennes reclose nat but come out . Other are made to enlarge the oryfyces of the woundes / & they be made of sponges harde wrythen or of Gencyan rotes .

Thus endeth the thyrde treaty of this present questyonary .
Here begynneth the fourth treaty of this present questyonary / in conteynynge .iiij. partycles . In the fyrste partycle is moued & solued certayne questyons and dyffycultees vpon the maner of bledynge .
Demaunde .

WHat is bledyng or blode lettynge ? Answere . Dyuers Auctours haue gyuen dyuers diffynycions of bledynge . Arnolde of the newe towne in his boke of partyculer operacyon that bledynge is incysyon of veynes / by the whiche incysyon the blode euacueth and the humours that renne in the veynes with the blode . And Auycen in his fyrste fen , of the fyrste boke of his canon sayth / that bledynge is an vnyuersall euacuacyon of emptyeng the multitude of humours . And in the thyrde boke of the sayde canon he hath dyffyned that it connue euacuacyon of humours . And Galyen vpon the syxth artycle of the affoe of Ypocras vpon this canon . Quecunque flōmia . &c. sayth that it is the comyn helpe of pluresy . Demaunde . What euacuacion is moste surest & least daungerous / eyther the lettynge blode or the medycyne laxatyfe ? Answere . After Galyen in his lytell boke that he made of blode lettynge / that lettyng of blode is the least daungerous / for it is restraynt whan we wyll , and nat the medycyne / for after that it is ones taken it wyll do the operacyon . Demaunde . For howe many intencions be the bledyngꝭ made ? Answere . For .vj. The fyrste is for ●o purge / and of this intencyon sayeth Galyen in the thyrde of his Terapentycke that euacuacyon for the obiect regardeth all onely the replexion . The ●econde intencyon that bledynge is made is for to dyuerte , and this intencion putteth Galyen in the ●econde boke of blode lettynge / it is somtyme an●yspatyc / that is to say dyuersyue / and this declareth Galyen in the fyfth boke of his Terapentycke / as the flux of blode at the nose of the ryght nosethrylle , is restraynte by the bledynge of the ryght arme . And whan the lefte nosethrylle bledeth the blode lettynge of the lefte arme restrayneth it / for the diuersion of the blode that for the blode lettynge taketh another way / and tourneth in to other places than at the nose . And this lykewyse sheweth vs Ypocras in the fyfth partycle of his affor / where he sayth that yf the hynder parte of the heade dyd ake / that the souerayne remedy is to make the ryght veyne of the foreheade be opened / and nat onely for the euacuacyon that is made by the bledynge , but lykewyse for the antispase and diuersion . The thyrde intencyon wherfore bledyng is made is for to attray as Galyen declareth in the boke aboue-sayde of blode lettynge . Yf we wyll cause the menstrues of women to come we cause the sophynes of the fete to be opened / nyghe to the tyme that they shulde come / or els we apply to them ventoses with scaryfycacyons in the nether partyes . The fourth intencyon wherfore lettynge of blode is made is for to alter / as sayth Galyen in the fourth boke of his Terapentycke / and vpon the fyrste artycle of the affor / that blode lettynge vnto Lipothomie / that is to say vnto fayllynge of the hert , sodaynly coleth all the body / and restrayneth the feuer as yf it hadde slayne it . The fyfthe intencyon is for to preserue / and this intencyon declareth Galyen in the said boke of blode lettynge , and on the syxte of affor , vpon this affor / that to who soeuer the blode lettynge is good & conuenable where as he sayeth that many dyspose to periplemonie and spyttynge of blode , to quynsees , to epylence , and appoplexy were preserued of the said inconuenyentes / by lettynge of blode at the sprynge tyme . The syxte intencyon is for to lyghten nature / as Galyen declareth in the eleuenth boke of his Terapentycke the xv . chapytre , towarde the myddes of the said chapytre / sayeng that it is than better to cut the veyne , nat onely for the feuers synocalles / but also in all the other that ar of rotten humours / and to them that haue aege and suffysaunt strength therto . For nature dyspensed ouer all the body is lyghtned bycause that the thynge that greued it is taken away / as a great burden lessened and made lyght . The rest it dygereth that the oughte to be dygered / and dyuyde that that ought to be dyuyded / and retourne to kyndly operacyons . Demaunde . What be they that may well bere the lettynge of blode ? Answere . To this questyon Galyen in the boke aboue sayd of blode lettyng sayth that it is they that are robust and stronge / and that haue byg and large veynes / and that be nat to leane , to whyte , & ten●er . And contraryly the other may scantly suffre it for they haue but lytell blode / and theyr flesshe is ●argely enaporable . Demaunde . What folke ●uffreth nat blode lettynges ? Answere . It is they ●hat are of contrary dysposycyons to the dysposycyons aforesayde / as whytely coloured and leane folkes , or ouer fat and weyke , that haue streyt veynes and tendre folke / & specyally lytell chyldren afore . xv . yeres / and olde folke after .lxx. yeares / yf it be nat by great nede and with great cautele / and he that be nat wont to be letten blode , and they that haue weyke stomackes / and haue flux of the bely dyatryc / and people gullyng , fraungyng , and dronkerdes , & women with chylde , chyefly in the fyrste and last monethes / as vnto .iiij. monethes / and after .vij. monethes vnto the ende / and women hauynge theyr floures , and Rasis in his fourth boke of his Almansor putteth to them that haue fasted and suffred hunger . The fleumatykes , & them that and wont to diseases of colde maladyes . And those that dwelleth in very colde regyons , or vehement hote . Demaunde . Howe many and what veynes are to be let blode in the body of mankynde ? Answere . As Haly sayeth in the nynth sermon of the seconde parte of his boke / de regali dispositione / there be xxxiij . Of the whiche there be .xij. amyd the armes / that is to wyte two medyans , two cephalykes , two basilykes , two affelleres , two cubytalles , and two seynalles . And in the heade there be .xiij. That is two behynde the eares , two in the angles of the eyes , two organykes , two on the sunne of the heade , one on the foreheade , one on the hyndre parte of the heade , one on the nose , and two vnder the tongue . And there be .viij. in the fete , two on the knees , two sopheynes , two scyatykes , and two at the ancles . Howebeit Albucrosus putteth in all but .xxv. That is to wyt .xv. in the heade .v. in the armes , and .v. in the legges . Demaunde . Is it lefull and conuenable to let blode on the arteres ? Answere . Yea , howbeit it is very doubtfull / and yet may ye let blode at the arteres of the temples and behynde the eares . Demaunde . Howe ought the arteres to be opened ? Answere . It is better to cut them thorowe then otherwyse . Demaunde . In howe many maners ought the veynes to be opened ? Answere . After thre maners , that is to wyt the common veynes be cut in length , the partycules ouerthwart / and are cut thorowe and be canterysed . Demaunde . In what quantyte ought the blode to purge by the blode lettyng ? Answere , It is nat possyble to measure the blode lettynges by certayne rule / for all medycynall euacuacyons ven coniecturatyues as Galyen sayeth in his foresayd boke , and in his seconde boke of his Terapentyke . Howebeit Arnolde of de villa noua the newe towne after the doctryne of Ypocras measureth ●t by coniecturacyon / sayeng that in blode lettynge is nat to be consydered the quanty of the blode all onely / but also must be consydered the tyme , the regyon , the aege , and the dysease . Demaunde . Which of the sayd consyderacions that ought to be had to measure the quantyte of the bledyng be moste necessarye / and that ought syngulerly to be ●●nsydered ? Answere . There be two amonge the other / that is the strength of the malady , and the vertue / for yf the malady be great and the necessyte and the vertue be stronge , a greate bledynge ought to be made for one tyme . And yf the vertue be weyke and the necessyte greate / it ought nat to be done so moche at one tyme / but ought for to b● withdrawen & taken away at two or thre tymes / after as the vertue may suffre at once . And this to do oughte to be consydered the poulce / and whan it is seen that it alyeneth to vnequalyte / and that it minissheth the veyne ought to be stopped . Thus lykewyse ought to be consydered the colour / for yf it chaunge to better disposicion & colour / it ought to be stopped . As it appereth by Galyen in the fyfthe boke of sharpe dyseases . And the great bledyng after Galyen and Auycen is of two pounde / and the least of halfe a pounde / & the meane of one pounde . Demaunde . At what houre / and at what tyme oughte the bledynge to be made ? Answere . At all tymes necessarye and constraynte . The tyme constraynte is the tyme whan the bledynge ought to be made / and can nat be in any wyse taryed / with out more daunger wherunto ought nat totally to be regarded in thynges that shulde hyndre or let it / yf the lettynge were nat so greate ( as sayeth Bernard of Gordon ) that there myght ensue greater inconuenyence . In suche case it may be correcte & tourned to some other euacuacyon / as in a chylde that hath a feuer synocall in stede of lettyng blode to be boxed . Howebeit that Auynzar let his sone blede that was but thre yeres olde , & healed hym . Auerois recounteth in the seuenth boke of his collyget , in speakynge of this tyme , and this houre , at all tymes , and at all houres , as well by nyght as day , and ought to let blode without any delay . The tyme chosen is the tyme conuenable to do it / after the instaunce of the bodyes aboue / and the dysposycyons belowe / as to the dysposynge of the bodyes . That is to wyt that the mone haue good lyght / as of . vii.ix . or .xi. dayes in encreasyng , or of xvii . xix . or .xxi. in wanynge / and neyther be in coniunction nor opposycyon / & that she be in a good place , and good sygne / & fre of all yll sygnes . And mayster Arnolde de villa noua sayeth in his affor . That to let blode is best aboute the myddes of the thyrde quadre / bycause that than be but lytell condensed , no renmatizanted . And the salernytans do chuse the bledynge at dyuers houres / after that at dyuers houres the humours haue theyr cours . Neuertheles it is to be noted as touchynge these thynges that are sayde / that there where as the two influences may nat both togyder ouercome . The Phisycyen or Cyrurgyen ought sonest to stey at that that is best knowen vnto hym / that is to the influence here beneth / whiche is effecte of the dysposycyon aboue . Demaunde . Howe many and what condycyons oughte the workeman to haue that wyll dyspose hym to let blode ? Answere . He ●ught to haue foure condycyons . Fyrste he ought to be yonge , vertuous and stronge / so that he be ●at caduke nor shakynge of his handes . The se●onde is that he ought to be of good sight , that he maye well dyscerne the veynes on the places where they be . The thyrde is that he ought to be accustomed for to do it . The fourthe that he ought to be furnysshed of bendes and cotton / and red powdre / bycause that he may ouerceas●e morogie yf it hap to come . Demaunde . What ought to be the maner to set blode ? Answere . Fyrste he ought to rub the place well all about that he wyll let blode / and than he ought to take a lyst or a gyrdel wherwith he must bynde the membre hygher than the place where he wyll make the openynge . And than he ought well to holde the place where the veynes is that he wyll open / and seke it with the ende of his fynger / and than open it softely / and pearce it nat thorowe / but ought to reyse somwhat the poynte of the launcet vpwarde for feare to hurt the artere or the synewe / and his euacuacyon thus suffycyently done , to take awaye the gyrdell that it was bounde with / and dylygently close the wounde with a lytell cotton and bende it . Demaunde . Howe ought he to be gouerned that wyll be letten blode before he do blede / and after that he hath bled . Answere . To the fyrste demaunde I say or he be letten blode / yf he double that the blode be grosse / or in colde wether as in wynter / he ought to walke a lytell and trauayle / or be bayned the day afore / specyally yf he shulde blede at any lytell veyne of the handes or fete . And yf the veynes as yet appere nat wel , a day before he must haue a plaster of leueyne And yf he doubte of his strengthe that he were to weyke / or he blede gyue hym a ●o●te with wyne / & than procede and make hym blede ●yttynge yf he be stronge . Yf he be weyke let hym ●yt in his bedde somwhat reysed . To the seconde d●maunde howe he ought to be gouerned whan actually he is let blode . Fyrste yf he haue rynges or stones that haue specyall vertues for to staunche that he leaue them of . And than whan the opening is made gyue hym a staffe in his hande / and that he remoue his fyngers and coughe / and that he be a lytel stryken on the hande and sholdres . And yf the wether be colde / or that ye doubt that the blode be to grosse , or that ye make fecōdacyon / ye must make an openynge longe ynoughe . And in wether / and opposyte dysposycyon ye must make it lesser / and yf the vertue be weyke ye must haue colde water all redy for to rubbe hym . And make hym other thynges that are accustomed to be made for faylyng of the hert , yf his herte do faynte . As to the thyrde questyon , howe he ought to be gouerned after the bledynge / I say that yf for the bledynge he chaufe , ye must gyue hym some of a pomgarnade to eate with a lytell colde water , by the counceyll of Galyen / and yf he be nat chauffed gyue sauge leues wet in wyne . And then lye hym vpryght vpon a bedde decly●yng somwhat on the syde that he hath blede on / and close the dore and the wyndowes / so that by ouer moche light his eyen be nat troubled . And an houre after , ( nat before ) let hym ●ate temperatly & nat gredyly / & let his meate be of good substaunce and qualyte / and that it eugendre good blode and rectify the yl yf any be , and let his drynke be more than his meate / but nat so moche as he is wonte . And yf he be accustomed to slepe .ij. or .iij. houres / after let hym slepe a lytell . Howebeit Auycen forbyddeth holly the slepynge soone after lettynge of blode / for the confraction that than after ensue in the membres / & that the pacyent take good hede that his veyne open nat agayne / and he ought to kepe this rule thre dayes after . Demaunde . Is the Cyrurgyen bounde to haue the knowledge of the blode that is drawen ? Answere . No , but the beholdynge of the said blode belongeth to Physycyens . Neuerthelesse for to comforte hym that hath bled / & to reioyce hym he oughte to loke on it , and tell hym that his bledynge was good / for the blode that is drawen was good / and that is better that is remayned , and yf it be yll it was a good bleding for hym . Demaunde . If the Cyrurgyen wolde haue the knowledge of the blode that he hath drawen by the blode lettynge / howe shall he dyscerne the good from the bad ? Answere . For the good is it that is his substaunce is neyther to thycke nor to thynne , and that is frangyble / and in his coloure is redde . In odoure pure , and in sauour swete and amyable / and the yll blode is it that is deuoyde of the sayde condicyons , as the coleryke that is to thynne and yelowe and bytter / and is sharp in smell . And the melancolyke blode is thycke and blacke , or yellowysshe drawynge to dymine● & aygre in sauour . And the blode stewmatyke is thycke and gleymy / and whyte in colour , and swete in ●auour / and the blode where as is moche water betokeneth that the pacyent was a good drynker / or that his reynes be feble and weyke . And that that is graueyllous , and of coloure and substaunce of asshes / betokeneth that he is a lazar / & the blode blacke and asshy is yll , & betokeneth corrupcyon of humours / and dysposycyon to feuers and appostumes / and euyl pustule & blaynes . And that which is thycke / and the skynne ouer stronge , so that scantly it wyll breke / sygnyfyeth disposycyon to opilacions . And the blode that hath the coloure of greas and blode , sygnyfyeth coldnesse , or ouer great heate and adustyon . Of the which thou shalt knowe the dyfference by the behauyng of the body . And the blode that can nat congele , signifyeth that he is waxen colde and ●nnatural . And that that congeleth in competent tyme , as in halfe an houre , sygnyfyeth that he is naturall . And of all these maners and sygnyfycacyons it is very good for the Cyrurgyen to cal the Dhysycyens bycause of parfyte knowledge .

Here endeth the fyrste partycule of this treatyse .
And here begynneth the seconde partycule wherin is moued and assoyled certayne questyons and dyffycultees vpon the maner of ventosynge or boxynge . Demaunde .

WHat is ventosyng . Answere . It is the puttynge of boxes vpon any membre for to expuls the mater betwene the sky●ne and the flesshe . Demaunde , What are ventoses ? Answere . Uentose is an instrument made in maner of a boxe with a streyt necke and a wyde bely . Demaunde . Wher of ought ventoses to be made ? Answere . After Albucrasis they be made of thre thynges . Some of hornes , some of glasse , and some of brasse . Demaunde . Howe many fourmes is there for to vse ventoses / and what is theyr effectes ? Answere . Some be with garsynge / and other without scaryfycacyon . Those that be done without scaryfycacyon draweth the mater out felyng , and the other contraryly . Demaunde . What dyfference is betwene euacuacions done by blode lettynge , by ventosynge , and by snayles blode sowkers ? Answere . The moste dyfference is of blode lettynge / for it draweth the blode deper than the boxynge or the snayles / and the snayles deper than the ventoses / whiche proprely draweth but betwene the skynne and the flesshe . And therfore Auycen sayeth that they purge more the thynne blode than the thycke / and more the vpperest than the nether . Demaunde . For howe many and for what intencyons are ventoses appli●ate with gar●●ng vpon a mans body ? Answere . For .xij. intencyons . Some generall , and some partyculer . The generall is made to clense sensybly / and haue the place of a blode lettynge / whan blode lettynge dare nat be done for dyners thynges that letteth blode lettyng , as in a chylde of .xiiij. yere olde , & in aged folke aboue .lxx. yeres . And for this cause Auycen calleth ventoses curates of the veynes . The .vij. intencyons wherby the sayde ventoses is applyed , is taken of the places that they be sette to . The fyrste is to purge the mater of the heade , and the partyes therof / and therfore they are applyed in the nawpe of the necke , and kepeth the place of the cephalyke bledynge . And therfore they be good for the dyseases of the eyes , to the infections of the face , and stynkynge of the mouth . The seconde intencyon is for to clense the spyrytual maters / and therfore they must be applied betwene the shuldres / & kepeth the meane for blode ●ettynge of the medyan / and therfore they be con●etent to the dyseases of asma , palsye , & spettynge of blode . The thyrde intencion is to empty the mater that is conteyned in the nutrytyfe membres / and therfore shulde they be applyed to the raynes and to the loynes / and there they take the place of ●asilica / & therfore they auayle to the opylacyons ●●ostumes , and dolour of the lyuer of the reynes , and scabbes of all the body . The fourth intencion is that it is applied in the myddes of the arme , for the ache & paynes of the parties therof . The fyfth intencyon is for that it is applyed in the myddes of the thyghes and the legges nygh to the ancles , and applyed there is in the stede of the blode lettynge of the sophynes / and therfore they prouoke the floures to women / and causeth them to pysse , and easeth the paynes of the matryce and the bladder , and cōfereth to the gowte of the fete & euyll sores . Demaunde . For howe many / and for what intencyons the ventoses applyed without scarificacyon ? Answere . But for one generall intencyon / and for .xi. partyculers . The intencyon general is for to drawe , and the particulers do vary after the places that they be applyed to . The fyrste place is vpon the ypocondres to reduce & dyuert the blode of the nosethrylles after Galyen in the fyfth of his Terapentyke sayenge that whan the ryght nosethryll doth blede , for to staunche it the ventose must be applyed vpon the lyuer / and whan one bledeth at the left nosethryll it must be applyed on the mylt . The seconde place where they be applyed is vnder the brestes for to staunche and dyuerte the floures of women , as Ypocras sayth in the fyfth of his affo , and as Galyen declareth in the begynnynge . The thyrde place where they ought to be applyed is on the interyour parte of the heade for to reyse the euela / & to staunche the rewme . For to drawe the depe mater outwarde as Galyen declareth in the xiij . boke of his Terapentycke / and for that cause they be often applyed vpon the appostumes that be in the clensyng places / the which Auycen hyddeth to be drawen out as moche as maye be . Lykewyse they be applyed for the same cause vpon the thyghes / for to prouoke floures in women . And also nyghe to the appostumes of the ioyntes / to withdrawe & deffende that the sayde appostumes do nat brede / and to put ferof the humours fro the sayde ioyntes . The fourth place to apply them is vpon the bredyng of synewes , in palsy , for to heat them as Auycen sayeth in the thyrde boke of his Canon in the Chaptour of palsy . And Galyen in the thyrde boke of the interyours , where as he proueth agaynst Archygenes that the brayne is pryncyple and begynnynge of the vertue anymall . The fyfth place to apply ventoses is vpon the bely in colyke passyon , for to resolue and vnuapen the ventosire , and cease the payne . The .vj. place is vpon the matryce , and vpon the bowelles for to reduce and withdrawe them to theyr places , as Auycen sayth in his thyrde canon . The .vij. place is vpon the rybbes & lyke bones for to reduce and retourne them in to theyr places , whan they are broken or dysioynted . The. viij . place is vpon the wayes and poores wherby the vryne passeth from the reynes to the bladder / as Auycen sayth in the thyrde boke of his Canon . The .ix. place is vpon the eares & gappes of depen woundes , for to drawe out the fylth or other noyaunce yf there were any . The .x. place is vpon the necke for to enlarge the wayes of the breth and of the meate . The .xj. place to apply ventoses is vpon venymous bytyngꝭ and blaynes to drawe out the thycke venym . Demaunde . Howe ought they to gouerned that must be ventosed before & after it ? Answere . To the fyrste answereth Galyen in the thyrde boke of the cretyke dayes , and the same proueth Albumazer in his great introductory that the chosen dayes for to applye ventoses is whan the moone is ful & nat in the wane . For as the moone encreaseth in lyghte / lykewyse encreaseth the humours within the body / and as it waneth so descreaseth the humours & withdrawe them inwarde . And therwith it ought to be an australl day / that is to say hote and moyste / and the ventoses ought to be plyed fro two of the clocke vnto thre . And after the intencyons of doctours / fyrste the place ought to be bathed and fomented ( whiche shulde be ventosed ) with warme water yf the blode be thycke / but yf it be thynne it is nat nede at all , for it shuld be daunger of to moche resolucyon / and that the strength shuld weyken . And it is to note / that neuer scaryfieng ought to be made but fyrst ye must put to the ventose drye , bycause the blode must be drawen or it be voyded . As to the seconde question it is to be noted as is afore spoken that there be two maners of ventoses . Some be of horne / and some of glas . They of horne are applied in suckynge . They of glas with towe put in to the ventose / and fyre in the twoe and layde on the flesshe / than the fyre quencheth where the ventose taketh . Or after Albucrasis / take a lytell candell of waxe and gyue it a lytel stey belowe that it may holde ryght vpon the flesshe , and lyght it , than set on the ventose , and the candell wyll quenche and the ventose take holde . And the Cyrurgyen oughte with his handes to rubbe all aboute the place to moue the blode to it . As to the thyrde questyon after that ye haue applyed and set to the said ventose by two or thre tymes yf it be nede whan it is taken away ye ought to make certayne scaryfycacyons very depe with the rasour / and than wype and drye the blody place / and than ones agayne set to the ventose as ye dyd before / and kepe it on halfe an houre tyll it be halfe full of blode , and then take it away and ●ype the place , and set it on agayne , and holde it there more or lesse tyll ye haue suffycyently halfe a ●ounde of blode , or to a pounde , after the tenour ●f the strength the quantyte of the replexyon . And 〈◊〉 after the fyrste apposycyon after the scaryfyca●●on yf it blede nat wel rub the place with the mouth ●f the ventose , or gyue it small fyllyps with your 〈◊〉 / and garse it a newe that it may blede well / and whan it hath ben ventosed wype and drye the 〈◊〉 / and than anoynte it with oyle of Roses or ●●her oyntement to mytygate the smert / and go●●rne the pacyent as is aforesayde of them to be ●●ten blode . Demaunde . Shal they be set vpon ●restes of women or other softe place ? Answere . ●ay , for daunger that it do nat entre to depe in quantyte , & may nat be had agayne . Demaunde , Yf the ventoses wyl nat hold whan they be set on , what ought the Cyrurgyen do to make them faste ? Answere . He must bath and foment the place all about with warme water in such wyse & so longe that the eyre entre nat . Demaunde . Is it nedefull for to contynue & kepe them longe ? Answere . No , specyally aboute the pryncipal membres that are the mynes of strength / for behynde the necke they hurte the mynde / and behynde the shuldres they anoy the herte / & in the ryght ypocondre they noye the lyuer .

Thus endeth the seconde partycule of this treatyse .
Here begynneth the thyrde partycule of this treatyse / where as be moued and assoyled some dyffycultees & questyons vpon the maner to apply blode souckers or horse leches . Demaunde .

WHerfore are horse leaches applyed ? Answere . For to vnderstande the solucyon of this questyon is to be noted what horse leches be . They ar wel knowen to be certayne lytell blacke wormes lyke to Myce tayles and haue small yelowe streykes on theyr backes somwhat brownysshe vnder the bely / and to the question they are put and applyed to drawe or soucke as is beforesaid . Demaunde . Whiche are the blode suckers that ought to be chosen / and which are holsome / and whiche are daungerous and oughte nat to be applyed in any wyse ? Answere . They that be good are founde in clere waters / and they that be of a lothsome coloure with great heades , and that be rotten , and founde in noughty waters be daungerous , euyll , and venymous . Demaunde . To what bodyes and to what membres ought they to be applyed ? Answere . They ought onely to be applyed in bo●●es voyde of replexyon / for in cacechymyke bo●●es and replete they ought neuer to be applicate as touchynge the places and membres that they ●ughte to be put to / they are applyed but onely to ●uche places as ventoses can nat be set , as to sy●ewes , in the lyppes , gummes , & in places drye and ●●ar●e of flesshe , as the fyngers and ioyntes . And ●hedery● wylleth that somtyme they be set vpon ●●ostumes of the clensynge places , whiche are of ●●ffycyle ●uracyon and maturacyon / & some wyll ●aue them set on emoroydes for to open them .

●Demaunde . In howe many maladyes are blode ●●●kers good ? Answere . Auycen sayeth that they be ●ood to scabbes , to emoroydes , and to apostumes of the clensynge places as it is sayd . Demaunde . Howe shulde blode suckers be applyed ? Answere . They ought nat to be applied whan they are new taken / but kept in fresshe clere water all a day tyll they haue purged of all that was in theyr belyes . And than rub the place that ye wyll put theym to tyll it do wexe r●ddy / and wasshe it or anoynte it with a lytell blode , or garse it with a rasoure that some blode yssue / & than put them to with a rede or your handes / and put them in two or thre places as nede shall be . And whan they haue wel sucked and drawen tyll they be full , they wyll fall of by them selfe / or els put a lytell vyneygre on theyr heades , or whyte salte , or aloes , or seperate theym with a horse heare or a fyne threde . Demaunde . Howe shall the place be ordred after that they are fallen of ? Answere . Rub and wasshe it with salt and vyneygre . Demaunde . Yf after th extraction and fall of the worme there folowe emororgie or to great flux of blode , what ought the Cyrurgyen to do ? Answere . To staunche it with a playster of Bolarmynyke galles , balastye , & other that staunche blode . Demaunde . Howe ought he to be ruled that hath ben blode sucked after that they ar fallen of ? Answere . He ought to be ordred as they that be let blode , as it is wrytten in the fyrste partycle of this treatyse / and he ought to take tryacle for doubte of ventosytees that blode suckers do brede .

Thus endeth the thyrde partycle of this present treatyse .
Here foloweth the fourthe partycle / where as be moued and soyled other dyffycultees touchyng the maner of canterisynge or searynge . Demaunde .

WHat is canterysacyon ? Answere , It is an operacyon made with fyre artyfycyally in the body of man for certayne vtylytees . Demaunde . Howe many maners of Canteres be there ? Answere . Two maners Some are actualles and they appere sodeynly in ●ffecte , as they that are made with instrumentes of ●etall , and brennynge / or with the rote of Arysto●ogie , or of Affodylles that are sore herte , or with water , or with sethyng oyle layde to the place , cō●yngly & nat at aduenture . Other are potencyall whose operations are nat so sensible nor so soday●● , but appereth afterward as they that be made ●●th brenning or ruptycke medecines . And there is 〈◊〉 maners of theym . Some are of stronge op●●●ssyon , and maketh scarres as lyme & sope and ●●●●ardus . Some other thyrleth more lyghtly 〈◊〉 make no scarres , but blysters as canterides , ●●●mule , and pantalupina . Demaunde . Whiche ●anteres are the surest , the actualles , or the poten●yalles ? Answere , The actualles , bycause the action of fyre is moste simple . And also it hurteth lesse the nexte partyes , and pryncypall membres than the action of rupture / for it is greatly suspecte to the pryncipall membres / and therfore it ought nat to be applyed , but yf case be that the pacyente were faynte herted and durst nat abyde the fyre / and in case that ye wolde apply canteres lastly and for to purge / for in suche case the rupture for the payne that it maketh and for the byg scar that it leueth , and in weykynge of the place is cause of bygger flux of blode . Demaunde . Which is moste profytable to make actual canteres with golde or with yren ? Answere . In pryncypall and tendre membres , as the eyes it is better to do it with golde than with yren . Howbeit in other membres it is more behoue full to do it with yron as sayth Albu . For the fyre may be better estemed in the yren than in the golde or in syluer bicause of theyr colours , but yf it were a goldsmyth that is wonte therto . Demaunde . Yf actuall canteres be necessarye , and to whome , and wherwith ? Answere , Fyrste they be necessary to conserue helth and to heale diseases , and kepeth the rowme of profytable purgynges , as blode let tynges , and clensynge by medycyns laxatyues , in suche that may nat suffre them . And the rest that remayneth after the purgynges it correcteth in great and stronge dyseases , where as it is wonte to be gyuen . Secondly they be necessary and conuenable to be gyuen in all dysposycyons of maladyes / and specyall in materyal maladyes , saufe in suche as are hote and drye / wherin they do many euylles / and that it is true that they be profytable in the other fyrste dysposycyons , and colde dysposycyons and moyste , in as moche as it contraryeth them holly . Thyrdly in hote and moyste dysposycyons in which suppose that holly they do nat contrary , neuerthelesse they contrary accydentally / in as moche as it voydeth the cause of the maladye . Howebeit it is to be noted that suppose a cantere be a profitable remedy & very conuenable , yet it is nat nowe adayes so moche in vse as it was wont to be for the abusers of the arte and that exercysed it , the whiche indyfferently and in all dysposy●ions , that is to wyt in replection or otherwyse apply them . And it is euyll done / & many euylles foloweth therby . And therfore good Cyrurgyen beware ryght well , that in a persone ful of humours good or bad neuer to apply Cantere without precedent purgacion . Demaunde . For howe many and what vtylytees are canteres made and ordey●ed ? Answere . For .vj. vtylytees . The fyrste to com●orte the membres , for they chanfe and drye the membres that were dulled with colde and humy●●te . And therfore Galyen sayeth of the auctoryte 〈◊〉 Ypocras , that the drye thynge is nerest the hole ●hynge / and the moyste thynge ferdest of . The se●●ude vtylite is to withstande & deffende the mem●re from corruption . And therfore Auycen in his fourth boke commaundeth them to be done rounde aboute the estionoenes sores spredyng or compassynge , and to corrupte bones . The thyrde vtylyte that Auycen putteth is to resolue the coarted maters in any membre / and therfore byddeth Albucrasis and Haly abbas that they be applied to the paynes of the ioyntes , & great doloure of the heade . The fourthe vtylyte is to staunche the blode , as Auycen putteth , and Galyen in the fyfth of Terapenty● / bycause they make scarre . The fyfth vtylyte is purging olde fluxes as the eyes , & of all the body , & this vtilite putteth Arnolde of villenensis . And for that cause be the cetons & canteres done ( behynde the necke , ) and in the fontenelles of the lacertes where as one is deuyded from the other ) vnder the sayd lacertes a two or thre fyngers fro the ioyntes . The syxth vtylyte that Galyen putteth is to entrebreake , and intercyde the matter . And for that cause are the veynes of the temples canterysed / bycause that the mater renne nat in to the eyen / and in ruptures that the bowelles shall nat descende , and in the cyrcuyt and next places to wycked sores . And of this vtylyte Arnolde of vylle . maketh an afforysme / where he sayeth that the rennynge can nat be diuerted nor yssue kyndly / & that his abiden may be competently clensed by canteres . The .vij. vtylite is for to drawe out the superfluytees . This vtylite the common vsage approueth by operacyon of apostumes by canteres , and by cuttynge of kyrnelles , & extyrpacyon of flesshe quycke or deade . Demaunde . Which are the places and partycle of actual canteres ? Answere . After men of this tyme there be .viij. The fyrste is applyed to the ●oppe of the heade wherto the mayster fynger may reche begynnynge a spanne fro nyghe to the rote of the nose stretching vpwarde / & the doctours wyll that there ought to be applied a rounde cantere with an oliuare for to resolue the brayne and dyuert the rewpose maters in the subiecte places by lowe / and some depe them to the bone / & other rase & make bare the fyrste table of the scul . Howebeit Alb. approueth it nat / and the sayde canteres applyed to the sayd places auayleth to ydlenes , fallynge euyll , paynes of the heade , and to rennynge of the eyes , to ptysyke , and to all rewmes . The seconde place to applye canteres oughte to be in the flesshe of the heade behynde in the noddle . And they ought lykewyse to be applyed rounde with an olyuare / and auayleth for to heate and conforte the heade in palsy , in tremblynge of lymbes , crampe , and to pale lazery . The thyrde place to apply can●eres is on the eye lyddes to correcte them & reyse ●hem / and is done with a cantere mytilyn in stede ●f pytche , for to close the holes or places of the drawen ●eares , to let theym growe agayne / and ought to 〈◊〉 actuall , that is in maner of a nedle . Lykewyse ●●ey be applyed to the lachrymalles to consume the ●●perflue flesshe / and is done with a small actuall ●●ntelayre nygh to the nose , for the fystula , & with 〈◊〉 quyll . Lykewyse to the temples with a cantelayre to close the veynes , to staunche the rewme that falleth ouer the eyes . And it is applyed to the nose with an actuall throughe a quyl or rede for to consume the stynke . The fourth place is for to apply theym within the vnulle for to cut it with a sharpe cantere throughe a quyl . The fyfth place is the necke where as cetons are applied with tonges cetoned or with a nedle cetonned behynde the necke in the pyt / and they are applied to departe the humours that renne to the eyes / as Lanfrancke sayeth . And other say that they haue sen by experience that r●unde canteres applyed to the sayde places & lefte longe open heale the madnes , and the fransy , & furyous . And Galyen in the .xiij. of his Terapentye sayeth , that a ventose made on the noddle is good helpe for rewmes that descende ouer the eyes / and for the moste helpe so dyd Guydon . The syxth place is in the fore parte of the necke vnder the chynne ( by the counceyll of some maysters ) for to clense the mater of gout rose / & other infections of the face and mouth / and they wyl that there be applyed a cantere with cetons . The seauenth place is on the homoplate vnder the fontelles of the armes thre fyngers fro the ioyntes , where as manyfestly is deuyded the lacert from the lacert with a cantere and rounde clauall with heade and plate perced . And in the sayde place is applyed inwardly the canteres for remedyes of the face , & fore parte of the necke . And applyed in the sayde place outwardly on the arme , is for dyseases of the heed , and hynder parte of the necke . The .viij. place to applye canteres is on the partyes of the brest or thorax vnder the furcules with a rounde cantere or cetons for dysease called asma , or shortnesse of brethe , and dysease of the lungpype . And lykewyse they be applyed vnder the arme holes for the paynes of the sholdres and to clense and appale the lepry / and lykewyse for the dysease of epimace , or apostumes of the rybbes is openynge made with a knyfe ansall to drawe out the rottennes / howbeit it is daungerous of the fystule or of death for the weykenes of the herte / by cause of the ayre that thyrlleth in at the openynge as Albucrasis sayeth . The .ix. place is on the fore parte of the bely on the stomacke with rounde canteres , or canteres with cetons , that kepeth it better open , for the dyseases of the stomacke , or on the lyuer , or on the mylte , for the dyseases of the sayde membres . And vnder the nauyll for the water of ydropesy . And Albucrasis and Haly do them with claualles , dowble or treble . The .x. place is in the flankes for the rupture , and in the coddes for swellynge of the coddes , and flankes , with ceton / and on the share for the bladder . The .xj. place is behynde on the reynes / and is made with a rounde or clauall cantere . The .xij. place is on the fonty●elles vnder the knee .iij. fyngers brede , there as the ●●●ert is dyuyded fro the lacert / and is made with ●ounde claualles with place for the purgacyon of ●●l the body / and the dyseases of the legges . De●aunde . Which are the general vtylytees of can●eres potencyalles ? Answere . Potencyall canteres are profytable / and serue to suche thynges as the actualles do , saufe that they conforte nat as the actualles , but they weyken the membres / & therfore be they more appropried to empty and deriue the humours , open apostumes , and restrayne flux of blode than the actualles . Demaunde . Which are the partyculer , and profitable places of potencyal canteres ? Answere . Fyrste as touchyng theyr partyculer vtylytees , they are taken of the places where as they are applyed / and the places where as they are applyed ben suche / for the brennynge potencyalles ought to be applied in f●esshely places , bycause of theyr de●e drawynge / and deper than the actuall brennynges . Howebeit they be more greuous in noble membres . And the blysters potencyall canteres be applyed vpon places betwene flesshe and fell , as vnder the chynne , behynde on the necke , in the face , on the ancles , and on the handes , for it holdeth but humours that are betwene the skynne and the flesshe , as it appereth by experyence . Demaunde . Whiche and howe many be there of actuall canteres , wherto they be vsed , and what shapes haue they ? Answere . Dyuers auctours haue vsed and dyscryued the forme or shape of certayne . Wyllyam of Salicet discriueth .vj. or .viij. Lanfranc .x. Henry of Mundeuyll .vij. Howbeit of all common canteres Guydon dyscryueth but .vj. whose names & formes foloweth . The fyrste is called Cultelere ( of C●ustean ) that is a knyfe , and it is of two maners / one is called Dorsall bycause it hath a backe & cutteth but on the one syde / and the other is Ansall bycause it is made in maner of a swerde cuttynge on both sydes . And with this Cultelere be the superfluous flesshes cut , and apostumes are opened , and the sores vlceres rectified . Of the which Culteres the shapes or fourmes are suche as be here fygured .

The seconde cantere is named Oliuare bicause it resembleth a kyrnell of Olyue , as sayeth Haly abbas in his .ix. boke de ragali dispositione in the seconde party , and chapy●er of doctions of the heade , and nat lyke to Olyue leafe as wened Lanfrancke , Salicet , and Henry . Also his operacyon declareth it , the shape is thus .

The thyrde Cantere is called Dacteler bycause it is in semblaunce of a Date stone / and it is bygger than is the Olyuare / and the fourme is suche .

The fourth is named punctuall , which hath the poynte sclendre and rounde / & it is of two maners . One is made with a rest or platte , bycause it shall nat ●erce thorowe the skynne / and with this there be ●anteres to the dyseases called knottes in the fontenelles / and in the armes and legges . The other is playne & longe in maner of a beme of the sonne / whiche is applyed with a quylle / The fourmes of them are suche .

The quyll .
The fyfthe is called a cantere subtile wherwith the Cetons are applyed with small tonges brode and perced . And this is lyghter and more durable .

The pl●●● .
The fourme of the seconde is suche / that the punctualles bycause the name of punctualles do fall often , & haue nede of byndynge more tydeous than these be / the fourme is suche .

The tonges .
The .vj. is called Cyrculare / whiche hath .v. adiutours to make .v. canteres ad nodulum with plate perced of .v. holes after this fourme folowynge .

Demaunde . Howe and in what maner ought the canteres be applyed ? Answere . They ought to be applyed in the fourme as foloweth . That is , fyrste the place must be sought where that they shall be applied , and wype it wel and drie it , than blysse it , after take your platyne or quyl and apply them all colde / but ye must nat let them ●ye long / and than gyue the canteres to the worke man that shall applye them all hote and very flamynge , so that the pacyent se them nat . And let them be applyed vpon the sayde places in reuoluynge them contynually from one place to another that they cleue nat to the flesshe , tyl the rednes begone . And they muste be harder pressed vpon the bones ●han on the synewes , and more lyghtly / and let it 〈◊〉 done as oft as nede shall be . Demaunde . In what tyme , and in what hour ought the canteres ●o be applyed ? Answere . After Galyen in the thyrde ●nd thyrtene boke of his terapentyke , at all tymes ●nd at all houres as necessyte requyreth / so that ●he body be clene and nat full of humours . Demaunde . Howe longe ought they to be kepte open after the canterysyng ? Answere . After the doctryne of Rog. & of those maysters by the space of .xl. dayes or more , by the space of thre monethes / for that is the laste terme of apostumes as Ypocras sayth in the .vj. partycle of his afforysmes / and seconde of the pronostyces . And the cause is , for the vertue confortatyfe entreth by the canteres by the foresayde tyme is euaporate , and the place weyked / and also there abydeth replexyon of euyll humours by the sayde openynge . Demaunde . Howe ought the place to be kept open after the canterysynge ? Answere . They must be kepte open with tentes or knottes of waxe , or with water in the whiche is steped and dyssolued the vertue of Euforbie , or scamony , or colloquintida , or of elebora , after the kynde of the humour that shall be purged , or with a pease , or a nut made of the wood of yuy , or of Gentian / and ouer it lay a cole leafe , or an yuy leafe / & ouer that a lynnen cloth thre dowble , and a platyne of brasse or laton , or of syluer bounde theron , and be remoued twyse or thryse a day . Demaunde . How must they be ordred that shal be canterysed ? Answere . Thus. Fyrste or they be canterysed they must be conforted , and to them declare the vtylytees and goodnes that canteres wyll do to them / and yf it be nede to make to holde hym fast , and to bynde hym well . And after that they be canterised ye must apply on the sayd places oyle of Roses ( with whyte of an egge well beaten togyder and well in corporate ) by the space of foure dayes . And than apply vpon it a maturatife made with butter wel wasshed and vnsalted / and a lytell wheate floure , or with some other vnctuous thynge and swete without salte vnto the scar be fallen / and than to be dressed & healed as vlceres be / saufe onely that yf ye wyl kepe them open for to purge the humours and the vaporous fumes , or that the place had ben opened longe aforehande . For whiche thynge it shulde nat be sure to close it without that it were ●uacuate by another place , for it shuld be daunger that the humours that were wonte to renne in the sayde membre shulde remayne within / and that peraduenture it wold deryuate to other membres and do more harme than was before . Demaunde . Is it of necessyte that after it is closed to open it agayne , yf it be lefull to open it in the same place ? Answere . Yes , or in another membre nere to it , or to the next place , as Arnolde of newe towne sayth in his parabolles . Demaunde . Yf they that be canterised with potenciall canteres may be ordred as they be canterysed with actualles ? Answere . Yes saufe that they shal nat be bounde . And also those that blyster make no scarre , whiche must be well applyed , correct , and reprymate of theyr malyces . And after that the blysters be reysed perce theym with cysours or a nedle , and lay a coleworte leafe theron / and couer it with lynnen , and ordre it as ye lyst . And bycause that they be nat blystred nor make no scar thus they fall within .vij. dayes .

Thus endeth this present questyonary made in the honour of almyghty god / & profyte of yonge studyentes in Cyrurgery / wyllyng to apply their study in the same arte .
The maner to examyne lazares / & to approue lepry mesel●y / after the myndes of Doctours .

AS Galyen wytnesseth it is greate iniury be it done to man or woman to departe & put away theym that be nat infecte with lepry , nor touched with meselry , & nat beynge lazares . And also it is greate daunger to supporte , haunte , or be with suche as are stryken or dyseased therwith / for it is a contagyous and daungerous malady . And therfore they that ought to iudge and approue them shulde ryght dylygently beholde theym & considre the vnyuoke sygnes and equyuokes also . And nat for one onely token gyue theyr sentences / but by many conuenaunces / and specyally vnyuokes . Fyrste than whan that the approuers come or cal them dyseased to theyr presence for to examyne them , they ought to conforte them with holsome wordes , and tel them that the sayd dysease is penaunce salutary for the saluacion of theyr soules , and byd them to take it pacyently . And that they feare nat to saye the trouth / for yf they were founde lazares it shuld be theyr purgatory in this worlde . For albeit that they were refused of the worlde / yet they were and be chosen of God . &c. And than cause them to swere to say the trouth / and enquyre of them suche thynges as foloweth . Secondly the examyners ought to enquyre of theym by the prymatyfe causes of lepry . And fyrste enquyre of them yf there were any of his lygnage that he knewe to be lazares / and specyally theyr faders or moders / for by any other of theyr kynred they ought nat to be lazares / but yf it were by some constellacion that influed equally vpon a kynred / and specyally on them that dwelt togyder , and haue one selfe maner of lyuynge / as we se oftentymes by the tyme of pestylence , yf any of a kynred be stryken or enfect / that also many other as bretherne , and cosyns , or other parentes soone after are stryken , & yet or they haue be borne . For as Auycen sayeth in his seconde treatyse the fyrste son of the fourth of his Canon in the fyrste chapyter of rottennes . The fyrste cause of rottennes is meates / and the nourysshynge that is of euyl qualytees . And for that cause yf a chylde be nourysshed of a woman corrupte and infecte in her humours ought also to be infect . And nat all onely yf the mother be a lepresse / but let vs beholde also that for the sayd cause by experyence that they beyng conceyu●d in the tyme that the woman hath her floures / ●nd that she be nat clene that scantly the chylde ●●apeth lepry , or to be scalled , or tached with suche ●●fecte dyseases / or that he bere some tache vpon ●ym . Also yf the father were fecte and in the mater wherof he is composed . For as Galyen sayeth in the fyrste partycle of the efforysmes of Ypocras vpon this canon Et qui crescunt . The thynges that are dyssolued of an other thynge necessaryly extendeth of the nature of the thyng wherof they ar dissolued . Than ought ye to enquyre yf he hath had the company of any lepresse woman . And yf any lazare had medled with her afore hym and lately / bycause of the infect mater and contagyous fylth that she hadde receyued of hym . It is to be noted that a woman is nat so daungerous to be a lepresse to habyte with a lazare , as it shulde be a man to habyte with a lazarous woman , or with one that hath habited newly with a lazare . For all infections remayne in the matryce of the woman , vnto the tyme that they be pourged by theyr floures & clensed / whiche a man can nat do , bycause he hath no receptacle where to holde the sayd īmundycytees . Than ye oughte to enquyre of hym yf he hath had the quartayne feuers / and howe longe syth ? For howbeit ( sayth Auycen in his fyrste fen of the fyrste boke of his Canon ) the feuer quartayne delyuereth a man of euyl melancolyke diseases / and wyte yf he hath nat had the emorroydes , and syth whan ? Lyke reason / the emorroydes kepeth that he fall nat in to inconuenyence . Than enquyre hym of his dreames / & yf his dremes be nat terryble / and that he seeth blacke thynges , and deuyls / suche dreames betoken the melancolyke humour to haue domynyon wherby he is so enclyned . And wyt of hym how he is wont to lyue / as yf he hath vsed meates with stronge spyce and in great quantyte , and strong wyues , or garlyke , lekes , onyons , and colewortes , olde chese , gotes flesshe , of beares , of foxes , of mesyl swyne , or salt meates , and of vnclene fysshe all at one table , & yf he haue continued therwith . And also of all maner herbes , and such meates as brenne the blode , and holly consumeth it . Than aske yf he hath had great solycytudes , & chargeable thoughtes that hath dried hym made hym melancolyke . Than ye oughte to beholde and consydre in your selfe of what complexyon he is , aswel naturall as accydentall , for suppose that lepry be a colde disease by incineracion of humours , yet Auycen sayth , the moste auncyent cause of lepry is the euyl complexyon of the lyuer that is so hote and drye that it brenneth the blode & melancolyeth it . After that the pacient hath ben examyned vpon the fyrste causes that dyspose a persone to be a lazare / he oughte to be examyned and approued by the sygnes of lepry aswel equyuocalles as vnyuocalles / and are the sygnes that conueneth onely in this dysease / and the equyuocal sygnes conueneth them in dyuers maladyes . Of the vnyuocall sygnes . Fyrste than in procedynge as it is sayde to the knowlege of the vnyuocal sygnes , in folowing the doctryne of Ypocras in the fyrste boke of the pro●ostikes sayeng . Primo enim egri faciem ꝑnotabis . Fyrste thou shalt note the sygnes apperynge in the face for they are the truest / for all the sygnes vnyuocalles are holden there bicause that in the face amonge al other membres of the persone is no greater nombre of spyrytes bicause of the .v. organes of knowlege that is there . That are the hearyng , speakynge , seyng , smellyng , & felynge / & also it is the barest of flesshe / & therfore it is soonest altered of all the other membres / & at this cause Gordon preserued a man at Mountpyllier .x. yeres to be cast out , agaynst the intencyon of all other doctours there , because the tokens appered nat in the face , & yet it dyd ouer all the other membres . Fyrste than begynne at the heyght of the heed , & beholde his here & his browes , & plucke at them , & loke yf with the rote they drawe any flesshe by the rottennes & corrupcyon of theyr flesshe . Such by defaute of nourysshynge is soone seen . Item fele with thy fynger yf his browes be nat grauellous , and ful of graynes , bycause that in al lepry the vertue assymulatyfe defayleth . And for that cause whan the nourysshing commeth to the membres they may nat assemble theym to the membres at all / & therfore they remayne grayny / the whiche thynge mounteth alway nexte the membres bare of flesshe as is the face . Than beholde his eyen yf they be rounde specyally to the domestyke partye . Also lykewyse yf his eares be rounde & thycke and rugged . Also yf his nosethyrlles be wyde outwarde narow within & gnawen . Also yf his lyppes & gummes are foule stynkyng and corroded . Also yf his voyce be horse , and as he speaketh in the nose . And also yf his brethe and sweate stynke , and all that commeth fro hym / and yf there apere any straytnes of breth as yf wolde querken / and for that cause haue the most haunte . Also yf his loke be steyed and horryble in maner of monster . These sygnes be vnyuocalles that alwaye betoken lepry / whan they are all or the moste parte of theym with the equyuocalles as it shall appere / and such sygnes come in lepry by these causes as Auycen sayeth . The fyrste generacyon of lepry is in the entrayles , & for that cause the lunges and lyghtes be hurte / & the pype of the voyce assysteth it , and causeth them to speke as it were in the nose . And for the rotten and corrupte fumes that mounte vpwarde by the conductes of the brayne , and the heares lessen and fall for defaute of good fedynge . And they appere in the face and in the brest .

Of the equyuocalles tokens .

THe Doctoures put .vj. tokens equyuocalles . The fyrste is hardnes and tuberosyte of the ioyntes outwarde as the armes , legges , handes , and fete , for the drye mater , that is stopped by melancoly . The seconde is a morfewe colour & derke ●or the blacke melancolyke humoure that corrup●eth the blode . The thyrde is fallynge of heare , spoken of in the vnyuokes . The fourth is wastyng of a brawne , and chyefly of a poulce , so that whan it ●s pynched it abydeth vpryght by the consumption of the sayde muscle . The fyfth is the insensybylyte of the rotten humours of the outwarde partes ex●cemytees , spredde within them . The .vj. is blacke ●operous skal and scabbe in the face , and sores on the body by rotten humours and corrupt , that stryue with the euyll fumosytees . The seuenth is graynes vnder the tongue , & behynde the eares / the causes are in the vnyuokes . The .viij. is brennynge and felynge of pryckynges ouer all the body . The .ix. is ruggyshnes of the skynne in maner of a goos , for the greate drythe of the blode and humours . And therfore they oughte to be vnclad & water caste on them / and loke yf it take and synke in the skynne by cause of theyr drythe / where it semeth that they are anoynted they seme so moche to be fat . The .x. that they be of yl rule / and are commonly begylers . The .xj. that they haue terryble dremes , as I said before . The .xij. that they haue weyke poulces . The .xiij. they haue whyte vryne , thynne , and asshy . The .xiiij. theyr blode is blacke and dusky●●he , of leady colour , and sandye / & to se this it must be wasshen and streyned .

The maner to let them blode , and to wasshe and strayne it .

FYloyne sayth , that there must be a great openynge in the veyne whan they be letten blode bycause the thycke blode shuld nat remayne and the thynne onely come out . And whan it is drawen , consydre the substaunce and the colour yf it be so as is abouesayde , and than wasshe it , and passe it through a fayre whyte cloth / and than loke on the flesshe that abydeth in the cloute / and yf it be graueylous and troublous it is a great token . Otherwyse take salte and medle it in the blode , and yf it melte soone . Another way , take his vryne and vynegre / and loke yf they wyll myngle togyther . Yet do thus , put some of the blode in to a basyn full of water / and yf it go downe to the botome lyke meale it is a token that he is a lazare .

Then good Cyrurgyen do nat as a folysshe iuge that forthwith gyueth his sentence / but fyrste or thou gyue it preferre God before thyne eyes / and consydre dylygently the vnyuocal sygnes and the equyuocalles , and se yf they agree / but yet neyther iudge a man to be lazarous by the equyuocalles / nor for one or two of the vnyuocalles / nor by the least of the pryncypalles / but there as the vnyuocalles in all or in the moste parte , and of the pryncypalles accorde with the equyuocalles of the moste parte / and of the pryncypalles .

FINIS . Thus endeth the maner for to examyne lazares / and to approue their diseases after the intencyon of Doctours .
Here begynneth the Formularye of the aydes of apostemes and pustules ordeyned at Parys by mayster Guydon of Cayllyac Cyrurgyen and doctour in medycynes at Mount pyllier .

Bycause that after the doctryne of Galyen in tertio de ingenio sanitatis lykewyse as of that workeman is the takynge of the essence of the dysease . Also the scyence of thynges wherof it is gyuen it behoueth that it procede of the same / I than Antydotary ordynary in the scyence of apostemes wherby the locall remedyes of the same apostemes shall be accomplysshed / but we must fyrste knowe the matter of the same . And that done may be founde and chosen the entencyon cutatyfe after the natures of them . And I say for certayne that it is ryght and artyfycyall waye to worke as it is proued in the treatyse before alleged . Than I wyll put in this present formularye the knowledge of apostemes & the aydes wherby may be gyuen locall remedyes after the intencyon of Galyen , Rasis , and Auycen , suche as I can compryse in theyr doctryne . And merueyle you nat yf I haue nat willed to publysshe this worke , & haue kepte it secrete . For it hath nat ben for pryde / but for certayne reasons which admonysshed me ther to bycause that the wepons that a man may beat downe his ennemyes with all ought nat to be put in to theyr handes . For whan one enforceth his ennemye wytyngly , it is no meruayle yf he fall in his owne tourne . Than take this lytell Antydocary in worth . And that howbeit it conteyneth but a lytell / yf God lende me tyme and gyue me good fort●ne I shall perforce me to make it hole complete . In the whiche shall be gyuen doctryne and artificial maner for to ordre after Rasis , Galyen , Albucrasis , and Auycen . And this present treatyse shal haue foure chapytres . The fyrste shal be of the locall remedyes of hote apostemes . The seconde of the local remedyes of pustules . The thyrde shal be locall remedyes of colde pustules . The .iiij. shal be of the exitures Rubrica , of that cures of hote apostemes . The cure of hote apostemes haue . ●ij . intencyons . The fyrste is to egal the mater an●●cedent . The seconde to gouerne the mater con●uncte . And the thyrde is to abate the accydentes . As of the fyrste and thyrde I holde my peace / but of the seconde wherby the mater conioynte is go●erned is fulfylled by repercussyon at the begynnynge excepte in .x. cases / whiche I leaue as nowe bycause of bryefnes , & with repercutis & resolutis , and maduratis , in the encreasyng , and with resolutis in the estate , and with dessicatis in the declynynge .

THe locall remedyes that fulfyll th entencyon of the begynnynge be of thre fourmes . The fyrste is Epitheme de Auicena . R. succi solatri , succi super vine , aque rosꝭ , acete ann. ℥ . i.fiat epithema . The seconde fourme is a playster of Sandal . de auicena . R. farine ordei . ℥ . i.sandalis rubei psidie , acacie , sumac ann. ℥ . ss. Epithema predicta ꝙ sufficit fiat emplastrum . The thyrde fourme is cerot de . G. that Auycen aloweth / and is . R. Olei Ros. ℥ .iiij. cere. ℥ .i. fiat vnguentum / and be it wasshed in colde water two or thre tymes .

THe locall remedyes that accomplysshe th entencion of th encreasyng ben of .iij. fourmes . The fyrste is Epithina . R. vinum dulce . quart troy . i.aqua Ros. aceti ann quar. ss. croci . ʒ . ij . infundantur per horam , et coletī / and make epitheme . The seconde fourme is de volubili of Auycen / thus . R. maluarum . M.i. Ros. abscinthij . ann. ℥ . s. farine ordei . ℥ . i.olei camomille , aque fabrorum , ꝙ sufficit ad decoquendum , fiat emplastrum in sethynge it on the fyre . The thyrde fourme is Cerot of Camomyll . R. olei camomille , olei ross , ann. ℥ .ij. cere , ℥ .i , fiat vnguentum .

THe locall remedyes that accomplysshe th estate are of thre fourmes , The fyrste is de paritaria of mayster Dinus , R , paritaria , malue , ann , M , i , camomille aneti fenu greci , siminis lini ann , ℥ s , olei vini albi , aque fabrorum , as moche as suffiseth to seth it & make a plaister . The seconde fourme is diaqui●lon common made thus . R. litargiri lib. s. olei communis quar. iij . mustilaginis , altee , fenugreci ann quar. ij . fiat emplastrum cum custodia litargiri . The thyrde fourme is basilicon triafamarcum de . G. made thus . R. cere , resine , picis , spice , licij , olei ann. ꝙ sussicit fiat vnguentum . And these two abouesayde haue suche vertues than whan they fynde mater redy to rypenesse they do maturate / and to resolue , they resolue , And the remedyes that accomplysshe th entencyon of the declynacyon , be all thynges dissycatyues and consumynges of the mater / and specyally dyapalma is moche praysed , and is of , G , in Cathegenis , and is made thus , R , auxungie porci veteris , lib , ij , olei antiqui , lib , iij , litargiri , lib , ij , Coperose quart , s , fiat emplastrum cum spatula de palma viridi , vel ●anne , vel iunipero , and apply it .

The seconde chapytre of the local remedyes of hote pustules .

THe cure of hote pustules accomplyssheth thre entencyons / but the fyrste two be left . The thyrde is whiche is egall , The mater antecedent hath two intencyons , and the other is after , before the vlceracyon fyrste ought to be mynystred medycyns that be colde , dyssycatyues , & infrigidatyues , with some repercucyon . And herto is the playster of solatra and farnia order are well alowed / and it belongeth to colerykes . But for certaynte vnto sanguynes is appropriate emplastrum of Arnoglossa / the fourme wherof is after , G , R , Arnoglossa , M , i , lentisi quar , i , panis furfuris , quart , s , ros , aut gallarum , as the faculte of the mater is , ℥ , s , and be put with smyth water ( as maister pilgrym sayth , tyll it be thycke , And for the same is the playster of pomogranato of Auycen proued & experte in the one and other regyment , the fourme therof is thus , R , pomorum granatorum , ij , seth theym in veneygre or water acetum put therto . The gouernall accomplysshynge the entencyon after the vlceracyon is to drye the rottennesse that is thycke and flesshy , blody , and vyrulent / and after nede to deffende the ambulacyon in the one and the other . The rottennes dryeth with dyuers dissycatyues and are made dyuersly after the dyuersyte of the case to thacomplysshyng of the sayde entencyon in fyue formes , of the which . The fyrste is vnguentum apostolicorum / of Auycen called venera , and of Hebemesue / and is called the oyntement of Sarrazeos that rectyfyeth the euyll vlceres and woundes of yll consolydacyon and fystules , The fourme wherof is , R , cere , resine , armoniaci , ann. ʒ , xxiiij , litargiri , ʒ , viij , thuris , mirre , galbani , bedellij , Aristologie ann , ʒ , v , florum eris , oppoponaci ann , ʒ , iij , olei communis , lib. ij , In wynter and sommer , lib , ij , and do make an oyntement , The seconde fourme is vnguentum Egiptiarū , and is put of Galyen and Albucrasis / and is stronger , & well proued at Boleyn , where it is vsed , R , florum eris , ʒ , iiij , alumins ʒ , ij , aceti , ℥ , s , melles , ℥ , ij , make an oyntement , and boyle it on the fyre tyll it be thycke & redde . The thyrde fourme is vnguentum viride for the same intencyon , but it is stronger , and therfore Auycen commaundeth it in the chapytre of hestiomeno / bycause that in clensynge , it letteth nat the vlcere to growe large , and is made thus , R , florum eris , ℥ , s , mellis , ℥ , ij , make an oyntment and styrre it on the fyre , The , iiij , fourme is trocisū aromatici that are put of Auycen and of Galyen , and in fallynge maketh crust , and openeth with cantere , R , vitrioli , calcanti alumis , ann , ʒ , s , corticis granatorum , ʒ , x , gallarum , ʒ , v , aristologie , mirre , ann , ʒ , s , put all to powdre / and with swete wyne be well trocysked . Also the trocyskes of Caldaron , that are called Affrodillorum of mayster Roger / the fourme of them are , R , calcis vine partis , i , arcenici rubei et ●●●rini alkali , ann , partis , s , let them be encorporate ●●●e of affrodylles et fiani trocisci / and whan the ●●●st is very harde make it ●al with butter , & Auycen counceleth to medle a lytell sulp●ere with butter . The ●yrulent dryeth and wasteth with one of these , iij , dyssycatyues , that folowen , Of the which the fyrst 〈◊〉 vnguentum litargiro , proued at all exitures , 〈◊〉 , litargiri puluerizati vt alcofol , ℥ , ij , olei ros , lib , ● aceti , ℥ , i , ducendo in morterio fiat vnguentum . The seconde fourme is vnguentum de cerusa / ●● is approued of Rasis , to all fleyenges . R , ceruse ℥ , s , litargiri , ʒ , ij , olei . ros , ʒ . iij.cere . ℥ . s , de albu mibus ●uorum , ij , numero camphore , ʒ , i , & make an oyntement , The thyrde fourme is vnguentum de calce , of , G , that is proued at the barynge of synewes R , calcis , vine ●onies ablate et dissicate . ℥ .i. olei ros. ℥ . iiij.cere albo . ℥ . s.fiat vnguentum . The prohybycyon or deffendynge of the vlceracyon is and ambulacyon is made with redde oyntment , made this wyse . R. baliarminaci . ℥ . ij.terre sigillate , ℥ .i. aceti modicum , olei rosarum ꝙ sufficit , fiat vnguentum .

The thyrde chapitre wherin are accomplysshed the local remedyes of colde apostemes .

IN the cure of colde apostemes be .iij intencyons . The fyrste is to egall the mater antecedent . The seconde is the conioynt mater . And the thyrde is to correct the accydentes / leaue we the fyrste . The seconde is to accomplysshe with repercutyues in propres , & that is nat often / and with stiptyke resolutyues for the moste parte , and for common workmanshyp . But for asmoche that the materes are dyuyded in to hardnes and softnes , and resolue them by ryght way of workynge , kepynge the mater softe that it fall nat in to rottennes / howebeit the soft mater hath an onely entencyon / that is to wyte to resolue . Therfore shall I saye in the summe of .xvij. Antydotes / that nowe are belongynge to the softe mater , and shortly to all colde maters , of the which some resolue & some mollyfy , and some do both . Therfore the dylygent workman , workyng the mater of colde apostemes ought to wyt to whiche resolucyon is due / and to which mollyfycacyon , and to whiche both . The fyrste Antydote , or the fyrste fourme is Epythime of liriniū of asshes / and is of . G. Ras . and Auycen / and competeth proprely in vdimia , & in apostemes mollyfyed , wherby it appeaseth and resolueth / of the which the mater is thus . R. lexinium cinerum , ●la●●llatorum cinerum . vij . cinerum salic , optimi ac●ti , ann quar. vnum olei violarum . ℥ . i. and must be applied luke warme vpon the place with the sponge , and straytly bounde theron . The seconde is a playster of Coole wortes proued in swellynges of legges . R. caulum rabiorum . M.ij. salic . ℥ .i. lexinij cinerum , clauelatorum lib.i. aceti optimi quart. i . olei viol . ℥ . i.fiat emplastrum in the sethyng on the fyre / & than beat and styred in a morter as it suffyseth . The thyrde fourme is of mirra , and is of Auycen and Rasis & Serapion proued in paynes 〈◊〉 ioyntes of colde maters . R. mirre , aloes , acas ●●●●li●ij , ciperi , boliermenici , croci , ann. ℥ . s.fiat pul●●s et cum aceto & aqua calumi confictendo , fiat em ●●astrum . The fourth fourme is a playster that ●●●cyally auayleth agaynst the swelling of the paynes 〈◊〉 the ioyntes . R. vrine vacce , absinthij , abrotani , ●●cenardi , calami aromatici , ann. ℥ . s. thur , mastic , ●●●racis , calamente , ann. ʒ.i.stercoris vaccini quar. i ●onficiendo cum aqua et aceto fiat emplastrum / and apply it . The fyfth fourme is diaquilon of Rasis propre for scrophules and kyrnelles proued by Auycen . R. diaquilon comme , lib. i.pulueris radi cis yreos . z , i , et malexando cum oleo de lilio , fiat emplastrum . The syxth fourme is Dyaquilon magnum , expert to mollyfy and res●lue all hardnes . R. litargiri , triti , et cribellati ann , ℥ , vj , olei yri ni , olei camomille , olei aueti , ann , ℥ , iiij , mustilaginis , altee , fenugreci , semīs lini , et ficcum succi yreos , succi squille , ysopi humide , glutinis alcābi , and is lyme to take byrdes ann , ʒ , v , and , s , terebentine , ℥ , i , et si resine , cere , citrine ann , ℥ , i , let it be confyct and made as it shuld be . And who that wyl put therto serapinum armoniacum ann , ʒ , i , and that shall be dyaquilon gūmatū . The seauenth is vnguentum vfifur good and experte to molyfy scrophules , and competeth to all vlceres fraudulentes . R. litargiri , galbani ann , ʒ , v , armoniaci , ʒ , iiij , vfifur , ʒ , viij , olei lib , i , and make an oyntement . The , viij , fourme is a cowe torde , which is praysed to mollyfy & resolue scrophules and all knottes , and is of Auycen R , stercorum vaccorum , ℥ , ij , radicis caulium , squille , ficuum , pingneum lupinorum aū , ʒ , ij . mellis , auxungie porcificis , olei antiqui ann , quart , s , and make your playster . The .ix. fourme is de stercore caprino for the same intencyon . R. stercorum caprinorum ℥ , ij , cucumeris , azimi , ficuum immaturatarū ann , ℥ , i staphisagrie bdellij , farine fabar●m , amigdalarum amarum ann , ℥ , s , fecis olei antiqui ꝙ sufficit , & fiat emplastrum . The .x. fourme is emplastrum de semine vrtice , whiche Auycen sayth resolueth hardnes in a weke and lesse , that is in thre dayes . And. G. putteth in Cathagenorum . R. seminis vrtsce , seminis sinapis , sulphuris viue , spume maris , aristologie , ros , bdellij ann , ℥ , i , armonici dissoluti in ace to , et olei antiqui , et cere ann , ℥ , ij , fiat emplastrum . The x● . fourme is antidotis de limaceis , expert and proued / and hath propriate to heale kyrnelles R. cinerum limacearum . ʒ.i.auxungie porci antiqui quar. s.iterendo misceantur , and make a playster . The .xij. fourme is de serpentibus / and is appropryed to scrophules . R. cinerum serpentis . ℥ .i. mellis , aceti ann. quar.s.fiat linimētum . The .xiij. fourme is linimentum of greaces , appropryed vnto ●●rophules , & is mollyfycatyfe of all hardnes , and ●esolutyfe . R. auxungie porci anteris , macis , et galline , medulla bonis ann. ℥ . i.cere ꝙ sufficit , & fiat vnguentum . The .xiiij. fourme is a playster of gummes , generally to all hardnes . R. terebentine , ℥ .i. bdellij , galbani , oppopanici , masticis ann. ℥ . s.ar●●●●aci , storacis ann. ʒ.ij . vnguenti predicti ꝙ suffi 〈◊〉 , fiat ●m●lastrum , vel vnguentum , for the best ●s ye seme for the quantyte . The .xv. fourme is ● playster of rotes for the same intencion . R. radi 〈◊〉 maluarum , radicis budie , radicis cucune R egres 〈◊〉 ficuum pigniū ann. ℥ .i. farine fenugreci , seminis 〈◊〉 ann. ℥ . s.aurungie quod sufficit , fiat vnguentum . ● The .xvj. fourme is de sordicies / and is very pro●●● to the hardnes of the mylt . R. ysopi humide , ●●●sordiciei balnei . ℥ .i. mustilaginis , seminis lini , a●eti ann. quod sufficit ad incorporandum , fiat emplastrum . The .xvij. fourme is of myneralles / that is ryght propre to the hardnes of the synewes , after the suffumygacyon of the stone Marcasite . R. litargiri quart , s. marcasite . ℥ . s . mustilaginis , altee , fenugreci , seminis lini ann. ℥ . ij.olei antiqui q i. fiat emplastrum , ad modum dyaquylon .

The cure of the exitures .

THe cure of the exitures hath foure intencions . The fyrste is to rype the mater . The seconde after the maduracyon to open it . The thyrde is to purge the place . The fourth is to drye it after the openynge and clensynge . The fyrste intencyon accomplyssheth foure fourmes . The fyrste fourme is tetrafarmacum of . G. that maketh it with meale of wheate , saffron , water , and oyle . The seconde fourme is a playster of malowes that is made thus . R. radicis maluanisti quar. ij.farini fenugreci , se minis lini ann. ℥ . i.auxungie porci . ℥ . iiij.fiat emplastrum . The thyrde fourme is a playster of Tebes , that is propre to our fourme . R , ceparum coctarum su● pr●nis , iiij , numero frumenti quar , i , farini fe nugreci , ℥ , i , auxungie porci , ij , fiat emplastrum , The fourth fourme is dyaquilon and basilicon , and to the same intencyon is dyaquilon magnum abouesayde ,

THe seconde intencyon is accomplysshed by hote yron in vnsynewed places or by blode suckers to suche as be fearefull , and by corosynes , in meane places the fourme wherof is dowble , The fyrste fourme is a playster of Galbanum that openeth the exitures of chyldren , R , galbani , ℥ , i , fermenti , ℥ , s , stercoris Columbi , ℥ , ij , mellis , ʒ , i , make your playster and lay to it , The seconde fourme is rupture that is made with lyme and softe sope , cum salina aliqualiter pistata ,

THe thyrde intencyon is accomplysshed by thre mundyfycacyons , The fyrste is of honny that is made thus , R , farine ordei , ℥ , i , incorpor●ndo cum melle rosato , fiat emplastrum , The seconde fourme is mundyfycatyfe with egges , and is of Auycen , R , vitellorum ouorum numero , iij , mellis , ℥ , i , fenugreci ꝙ sufficit , fiat emplastrum , The thyrde is mundyfycatyse of Apio / and is propre to ●●ytures vnmadurate , bycause that in mundyfy●ng● it madureth , and suffreth nat to fystule , R , ●●cci apij , ℥ , iiij , mellꝭ optimi quar , i , farine frumenti ℥ , i , incorporentur in patella ad ignem et tunc fiat emplastrum .

THe fourth intencyon accomplyssheth by the oyntement of calcadum / and is dyapalma 〈◊〉 as Auycen sayth bathed with towe in vyney 〈◊〉 as Galyen sayeth / & is the same that abydeth 〈◊〉 our dyscrecyon in the agregacyon of local remedyes of apostemes , after as I maye compryse by myne vnderstandynge , the maner to make it I do ●●aue to the wyt of the workeman , for I shulde be to longe / and it is to presuppose that he knoweth it ,

Here foloweth the Formularie of the helpes of woundes and sores , ordeyned in Auygnon by mayster Guydon of Cayllyac / cyrurgyen & mayster in Physycke .

FOr doubte to forgete , & for the necessyte of myne owne propre brother I wyll shew the remedyes proprely localles wherby is healed the sores and dyrupcyons , & solucyons of contynuynge , after the doctryne of Galyen , Auycen , Rasis , & Albucrasis / and some maysters that I haue seen worke , I intende to fourme sūmaryly , and abredge with the formulary of the apostemes and pustules that I ordeyned of late at Parys , And bycause that , G , prynce of Moges , in tertio terapen , sayth that the cure of vlceres hath two generall intencyons , That is to wyte one taken in the essence of the dysease / and the other for certayne to the nature of the membre / And therfore this present treaty shall haue two partyes , In the fyrste shal be the propre fourmes of the helpes in al symple wounde or sore in asmoche as a wounde is symple , In the seconde partye of woundes composed ,

The fyrste Chapytre of the cure of woundes symple ,

AL symple woundes after the entencyon of Galyen in the place alleged ben new woundes in the partyes of the flesshe , that onely requyreth consolydacyons woundes after the agrement of al● workmen hath foure intencyons , The fyrste is to drawe fro the wounde that ought to be drawen , The seconde to staunche the flux of the blode , The thyrde to the fourme of the wounde , The fourth to drye it , The fyrste is to accomplysshe the wyt of the workman in workyng , The seconde accomplyssheth it by one of .viij , maners of blode staunchynge , after Galyen in the fourthe Canon , as by ●ood stytchynge , or by good byndyng , & by conuenable dryeng , The aydes to accomplysshe thyntencyon / that is to drawe fro the wounde that is to be drawen ( without the wordes of the Empe●ykes ) be of thre maners , The fyrste is a common instrument , ( as is conteyned in the great worke , and ●ere be named , viij , ) that is to wyte the tonges , The fyrst is good red wyne with towe wet therin ●nd wronge layde on the wounde , The seconde is ●●●mentum rubium common , that is such , R , tera ●●●tyne lote quar , i , pulueris rubei dicti superius , 〈◊〉 , misceantur , & ley it on with towe , and a play●●● , for it dryeth , encarneth , and conforteth .

The seconde Chapytre of wounde composed ,

THe woundes composed after the intencion of Galyen aforesayde , be they that haue somtyme dysposycyons that requyre dyuers intencyons for theyr healynge . And althoughe it be that the dysposycyons that make composycyons in woundes be sondry / neuerthelesse bycause of breuyte I wyll put here but the comunes / that is to saye the best knowen . The woundes are somtyme composed with vnnatural mater / somtyme with losse of substaunce / somtyme vyrulent & fraudelent venymous fylthynes / somtyme with fystule and canker / somtyme with concussyon & apostemes . And somtyme with pryckyng of synewes , and ache , and with superf●ue flesshe , and other lyke thyngꝭ . The help of composed woundes with losse of flesshe requyreth two thynges . Fyrste the regeneracyon of the flesshe lost . Secondly the consolidacion of the flesshe and the skynne .

The regeneratyfe medycyns any mundyfyement , & abstercyon be of .viij. formes .

THe fyrste fourme and the seconde is v●guentum aureum that I make . R. cere.ʒ.v.resini quarti . i. Terebentyne lib.i. mellis quarti , i. thuris , masticis , sarcacole , mirre , aloes cicotrini , ● fiat vnguentum . The thyrde fourme is vnguentum aureum of Hebemesue / that is , R , cere citrine , ● , vt , olei boni , lib , ij , terebentyne quar , ij . resine , colophonie , ann. ℥ .i. & . s. croci , ʒ , s , olibani , Masticis , ann. ℥ .i. et fiat vnguentum / for it bredeth fles●he , conforteth , & maketh stronge . The fourth fourme is the great basilicon that is praysed ouer all / and 〈◊〉 called tetrafarmacum / and is of Galyen . It is regeneratyfe of flesshe , with rypynge & purgynge , and is one of myne owne makyng . R. cere , resine , picis niger , cepi vaccini , olei cominis ann , quarti , i , vel quantum vis fundantur ad ignem , et fiat vnguentum . The fyfth fourme is vnguentum fuscum , of Nycolas , of Roger , of Iamerius , and of all Apotycaryes and Barbers . R. olei lib , i , & , s , cere , ℥ , iiij , Colophonie , ʒ , ii , picis nigre , cepi , arietam ann , ʒ , ij , fiat vnguentum . The syxthe fourme is vnguentum de lino that Auycen and Hebumesue putteth , which is , R , ●asure vetusce , pa●ni lini būmundati , ● , oppopanici partis , ij , vini , mellis , olei to ● , ann partis duas , litargiri , aloes , sarcacole ann , partis vnius fiat vnguentum . The seauenth fourme is emplastrum croceum made by mayster Peter de Bonaco , R , fenugreci , partis , i , infundatur ꝑ .ix. dies in vino albo , donec tumescat , deinde tere fortiter , & cola addendo cepi hircini quart , iii , insimul terantur et coquantur , et postea pinguedo et mustilago congregantur quibus addatur cere quart , i , resine . ℥ .ij. fundantur omnia , et colentur , & fiat emplastrum . The , viij , fourme is vnguentum ●eruo ● , qualiter preciosum , taken in my comyne ●●●tulary , to heale all woundes , R , arthemesie , sca●rose , aurum valens , absinthij , galbani , lāceolate , plantaginis , tanasceri , apij , verbene faciole , ancer be siluistris , senationis , saponarie , pimpinelle , lingue canis , celidonie , pillocelle ann. M.i. conterantur omnia mundata a radicibus , et extra●itur succus , et cum lib.ij. auxungie porci , et lib.i. cepi hircim et lib. iij. olei , et partis .i. mellis coquendo , incorporando in mortario , et fiat vnguentum . And mayster Peter of Bonaco wrought with it , but he put therto at the last the decoction of thure , mastice , aloen , as he thought best and wasshed it . The .ix. fourme is emplastrum gratia dei / and is taken at the cartulary of mayster Peter / whiche is comune vnto all woundes / aswel in the heade as in any other party of the body / for it draweth the blode and the venymous humours from the botom , & engendreth flesshe and consolydeth . R. cere albe , resine armeniaci ann. lib. s. terebentine quar. i . galbani , olibani , masticis , mirre clare ann. ℥ . s. aristologie rotunde . ʒ . ij . The thynges to be grounden be grounden and molten in good whyte wyne that verueyn was soden in , consolida maioris et minoris , centaurea , pimpinelle , ipericon , herbe sarraconice , herbe g●a dei , baucre , sanabario ann. M.i. & after be drawen and wet in womans mylke and oyle of roses , and be made a playster . The .x. fourme made the erle Antidotis . R. auxungie porci recentes , cere albe ann quart . i.olei camomille lib. s. ambre , gresie . ʒ.ij . mastici . ℥ .ij. fiat vnguentum , The .xj. fourme is vnguentum de yreos / and is of mayster Dinus of Florence . R. cepi vacini lib. s. olei ros. ℥ . iij.cere.ʒ . ij , Radicis yr●os . ℥ .i. Thuris , sarcacole , Masticis , aloen , aristologia ann. ℥ .ij. terebentine quar. i . fiat vnguentum / and this was vsed of the Barbers of Mountpyllier . The .xii. fourme is nutritura litargiri that , R , putteth , R , litargiri b● puluerisati lib , i , Olei ros , aceti optimi ann. lib.1.& , s. terendo in mortario paulatine addendo modo oleum , modo acetum ꝑ tempus incorporetur , et serueturī olla . The. xiij . fourme is the powdre of , R. R. olibani , aloe , sarcacole , sanguis draconis ann. pulurizentur et super ponatur , it is merueylous . Another powdre commaunded by Lanfranc . R. thuris , masticis , fenugreci , ann. quantum vis , fiat puluis . The thynges that causeth generacyon of flesshe & skynne and to strength . The helpes conglutynatyues , consolydatyues , and sigillatyues be of .xvj. fourmes .

THe fyrste is wyne of the decoction of Rasis . The seconde is vnguentum album that is made thus . R. ceruse . ℥ .i. Litargiri . ℥ . s. Olei ros. lib.i. aque ros , quar. s. And let them be well styred in a morter in puttynge somtyme oyle , & somtyme rose water , & make an oyntment & it is of Domo . The thyrde fourme is vnguentum album de Rasis , R , olei rosarum , lib , i , cere , ℥ , ii , ceruse , ℥ , i , camphere . 〈◊〉 , albius ouorum , iij , in numero / and make an ●●ntment / and yf a lytel litargiri were put therto 〈◊〉 wyll be the better for scabbydnes , The fourth ●●urme is a precyous whyte oyntment for scabbe ●●d serpygine , R , ceruse , ℥ , ij , litargiri , ℥ , i , thuris masticis , ann. ℥ . ij.& s. olei ꝙ sufficit , addendo aque ros. a●t acetum / siat vnguentum . The .v. fourme is vnguentum de calce / and is of Auycen merueylous to consolydate and drye the conbustyons and woundes of synewes . R. vnflaked lyme wasshed . ix . tymes in colde water vntyll the sharpnes be all gone / quar. i . et cum oleo ros. ducendo in morterio fiat vnguentum . And it may be made with waxe and with the whyte of an egge as ye seme to be best , for it is the better . The syxth fourme is a whyte playster of ceruse that Galyen putteth in libro cathagenorum / and mayster Peter darle of Auynyon vsed it . R. cere. ℥ .iiij. olei ros. lib. s. terebentine quar i. ceruse.ʒ.ij.litargiri . ℥ .i. olibani , alumins . ℥ . s. post infusionem olei , cere et terebentine / reliqua misceantur in morterio et fiat vnguentum . The .vij. fourme is a blacke playster of the boke Cathagenorum that is one of myne . R. litargiri partis .i. olei , et aceti ann. partis .iij. incorporando coquantur per diem integrum , continue agitando cum spatula , et vocatur emplastrum vnius diei . The eyght fourme is dyapalma in cathaginis , R , auxungie porcis veteris lib , ij , litargiri lib , ij , coperose quar. s , coquantur ad modum emplastri nigri , cum spatula de palma viridi vel canna , et fiat emplastrum . The , ix , fourme is a playster of mayster Peter of Bonaco , R , plantaginis , consolida maioris , be thenice , berbene , pimpenelle , piloselle , mille foli , lingue canis , caude equine ann , M , i , cōcassentur cu● lib , ij , cepi arietini coquantur et collentur / postea addatur resine , cere , galbani ann , quar , iij , terebentine quar , i , & , s , effundantur et fiat emplastrum . The , x , fourme is a playster of centaure / & that vsed mayster Peter of Arle , R , centaurea minor , M , vj , temperetur per noctem in vino albo , deinde coquantur vsque ad consumationem medietatis , colentur , et iterum illa collatura boliatur vsque sit reducta ad spissitudinem mellis and let it be kepte / And whan ye make a plaister take of the same wyne of centaure , ℥ , iiij , lactis mulieris , ℥ , ij , terebentine lib , s , cere none quar , i , masticis , gummi armoniaci , ann , ℥ , i , malaxādo fiat emplastrum . The .xj. fourme is the playster of Dinus that is thus . R. bethonice , centaurea ann. M.iij . conquassantur / et cum vino albo buliantur et collentur / et collature addatur terebentine lib. s. resine quar. i.cere . ℥ .i. Iterum buliatur et super acetum proiciatus et congregentur / et tum lacte mollificentur / et fiat emplastrum . The xij , fourme is the kynge of Englandes oyntment . R , cere albe , resine ann. quar , i , aloe , ℥ , ij , terebentine , lote , ℥ , i , thuris , masticis , ann , ℥ , s , fiat vnguentum . The , xiij , fourme is a playster that the Erle Wyllyam had ( of mayster Anferyn of Genes ) and gaue it to the frenche kyng . R , pimpinelle , bethonice , maligrane verbene , vernucularis ann , M , i , bu●iant in vino albo vsque ad consummationem duatū partium / deinde coletur et iterum bultatur et addatur cum eo resine lib , s , cere alba lib , s , masticis , ℥ , iij , ●t coquantur & proiciatur super lacte mulierum / et mollificetur / et fiat emplastrum . The , xiiij , fourme is vnguentum gratie that mayster Iohn neuew to mayster Anseryn of Genes dyd make . R , olei vdegaris , lib , i , cere quar , i , semen illarum ros , agrestum , ℥ , s , fiat vnguentum . The , xv , fourme is a grene oyntment . R , cere et olei ann , ℥ , vj , liquefiant / et in fine addatur viride eris , ℥ , i , ducendo cum spatula fiat vnguentum . The , xvj , fourme is vnguentum viridum herbarum commune of Nycolas / of Roger / of Iamerius / & of all the Ceciliens . R , celidonie , panis cuteli , qui dicitur alleluya , centrūgalli , leuistici , scabiose ann. M , i , olei , lib , s , cere , masticis , aloes , viride eris ann , ℥ , i , fiat vnguentum , The , xvij , fourme is of mayster Gnillam of Saliceto / whiche is praysed of Lanfranc & Henry , R , balanstis , aloes , cathume argenti , eris vsti ann , fiat puluis , Item , R , corticis pini , ℥ , i , litargiri , ceruse ann , ℥ , s , nucis cipressi , centaure minoris , aristologie vste ann , ℥ , ij , fiat puluis / for it is very profytable .

The helpes for fraudulent woundes and sores ,

THe helpes for woundes composed with corrupte sores are they that requyre excytacyon / & be of , vij , fourmes , of which , The fyrste fourme is wasshynge with wyne and honny , The seconde fourme is purgyng with honny / in secundo ad Glanconem / that is such , R , mellis cocti , lib , i , thuris , ℥ s , farine ordei vel orobi , ʒ , i , misceantur / and it may be made so with terebentyne / & is good in synewy places , The thyrde fourme is mundyfycatyfe of smalache / that is of Guyllyam and Lanfranc , of Henry , and of all the Physycyens / for it purgeth and rypeth the corrupt sores , R , succi apij , ʒ , viij , mellis , farine frumenti vel aliorum quar , i , seth it on the fyre contynually styring it tyll it be thycke , and be made an oyntement / and put therto succi absinthij , It suffreth nat any fystules or canker to bre●● in woundes / and yf the wounde dyd chaufe put therto succum plantagi●s or crassela , it shulde be profytable , The fourth fourme is mundyfycatyfe of myrre / and is of Bronne / and of Thederye R , mellis lib , i , farine siliginis , farine lupinorum , fenugreci , ann , ℥ , i , mirre , ʒ , i , succi absinthij , lib , s , terebentine quar , i , buliendo succum cum farinis in fine addantur alia , et fiat vnguentum , The , v , fourme is mundyfycatyfe of resina / and is stronge / and is appropryed to synewy membres , R , mellis / terebentine ann , lib , s , myrre , sarcocole , farine fenugreci , semīs lini , ann , ʒ , i , dissoluantur gumme cum mellis / et terebentina / & additis pulueribus , fiat vnguentum / & it is greatly in vsage , The syxth fourme is mundyfycatyfe of yreos , and is of mayster Dinus , and it is such as putteth and draweth out the rot●ēnes , R , mellis , lib , s , terebentine quar , i , raditis ●reos , ℥ , s , misceantur , et fiat vnguentum , The , ●i● , fourme is another mundyfycatyfe of Dinus ma●e of gummes / for thycke corrupcyon / and is suche , R , galbani / armeniaci / resine / terebentine / picis / 〈◊〉 / vaccini / cere / olei antiqui ann , ʒ , i , dissoluendo ●●●mas cum aceto / et fiat vnguentum ,

The helpes of woundes and sores with venyms ,

HElpes of composed woundes apostemate with venym requyreth stronge desiccacyon / & be of , vi , maners , The fyrste maner is the wasshyng with wyne and aluminous water with good and artefycyall lygature , The seconde is a playster of the bysshop of Lodene that was of how sholde with the erle of Armynac / appropryate to all olde sores / vlcers / fystules / and cankers . R. auxungie porci mundate a pelliculis temperate in aceto per x. dies renouando semper aceton de tertio in tertium diem . lib. ● . aluins ruppe quar. s. pistando in morta rio per diem integrum , fiat vnguentum . The thyrde maner is vnguentum azurimon very profytable to pustules of the face in scabie s ipigine . R. auxungie porci preparate vt dictum est , lib. i. argenti viui extincti quart , i. aluins quart. s. sulphuris viui . ℥ .i. bugie . ℥ . s inde de baldac . ʒ.ij.pistando in morterio fiat vnguentum . The fourth maner is litargirum nutritum / and is of Rasis and Auycen / and proued of all workmen . R. litargiri bene puluerizati quantum vis / et cum sufficientia olei ros. et aceti / tantum ducato in morterio donec inspicetur et tumescat et renouatur et seruetur / et si adderetur cum vna parte iuxta pars facti de ere vsto , āthimonio plumbo vsto / aluminis balaustiarum / rube cururine / galli / sanguis draconis / cathine argenti / serico vernubus / terrestribus siccatis ann. partis / fiat puluis / et misceatur in morterio . It shulde be an oyntment profitable to all sores that be venymous and of dyffycyle consolydacyon . And yf it be made in a mortel of leade / it shulde be the better to all dysposycyons of canker / as Galyen sayeth / prima parte me amir .

The helpes of woundes with fylthynes .

AL the helpes of sores and woundes with fylthynesse / & venymous corrupcyon requyreth stronge wasshynge with desiccation / and be of .xij fourmes . Of whiche . The fyrste fourme is decoction of petis potz de sauces or without decoction . The seconde fourme is vnguentum apostolorum that is appropryed to mundy●y the vlceres . R. cere albe , resine , armeniaci ann. ℥ . xiiij.oppoponici , viride eris ann. ℥ . iij.aristologie ro. thuris ann. ʒ.xvj . mirre● galbanum ann. ʒ.iij.b dellij . ʒ.vi . litargiri . ℥ . ix.ole●●oīs lib. ii . dissoluantur gumme in aceto , et misceantur cum litargiro cum oleo decocto , et addatur c●ra ●esina liquefacta / et coquantur quousque gutta in●●piat coagulari / et inde ponando ad ignem misceantur pulneres / et in fine viride eris ponatur et ●●at vnguentum . The thyrde fourme is gratia ●e● of Hebemesue called saraceos and emplastrum magnum / which he vsed to clense the woundes of yll consolydacyon / & mayster Anseryn vsed the same / and mayster Peter of the argenteri / the matery●lles wherof ar as vnguentum apostolorum saue that ●hey put erugo de campane / seth it tyl it be blacke . ●The fourth fourme is vnguentum egiptiacum and 〈◊〉 of Rasis & Auycen . And my mayster of Boleyn vsed therof / and is one of myne / for I haue founde good proffe alwayes in it / for it corrodeth lyghtly & mundyfyeth very wel . R. mellis lib. i. aceti , lib , s. florum eris . ℥ .i , aluins . s. sodden on the fyre tyll it be thycke and suffycyently red . And therfore it is called the dowble coloured oyntement . The fyfth fourme is the grene oyntment of Rasis & Auycen , howbeit I haue vsed it but lytell / bycause the grene oyntementes are dyffamed on the behalfe of the people . R , mellis , lib , , viride eris , lib , s , misceantur ꝙ non approbo , for it is to stronge , The , vi , fourme is emplastrum rubium grecum , and is also of two colours , the whiche Galyen putteth in tertio ad Glanconem , & it is alowed of mayster Dinus / bycause it rectyfyeth the euyll vlceres that are of dyffycult consolydacyons . R , olei , lib , ii , aceti . lib , i et , s , litargiri , lib , i , coquatur litargirum cum oleo et aceto donec ingrossetur / et tunc ponatur viride eris et coquatur donec inspicetur / et rubeum efficiatur . The seauenth fourme is vnguentum viridum of herbes / and is commended of mayster Dinus bycause it mundyfye the olde sores / and wasteth gentylly the superflue flesshe and healeth . R. celidonie , plantaginis , scabiose , vrtice , leuistici , centrūgalli , galine , grasse , ann , M , i , concassantur , et cum lib , ii , olei per , vii , dies temperentur , deinde buliantur et exprimendo colentur cui colature addatur cere , ℥ , iii , terebentine , ℥ , vi , resine , ℥ , ii , buliantur donec parum spissētur / deinde tolletur ab igne et misceatur thuris , sarcocole , aloen , ann ℥ , i , aristologie longe , floris eris . ann , ℥ .vi , misceatur , et fiat vnguentum , for it is good and proued . Many other helpes are put in the incarnatyfe helpes that brede flesshe and mundyfye . The eyght fourme are trociskes . And fyrste the trociskes andromathi that Galyen and Auycen putteth to be called Aldaron , and ar made in powdre tempred with wyne or with vyneygre . R , corticis granatorum . ℥ . s. gallarum . ʒ . viii . mirre , aristologie ro. an̄.ʒ.iiij , draganti , aluins ●ametr●● , ann , ʒ , ii , zetgi ꝙ est vitriolum , ʒ , iiii , be put to powdre / and with swete wyne incorporate , and be made to trociskes . Also trocisci caldicon . R. calcis vi●e partis .i. arcenici rubei & citrini , alcali , acassie , ann. partis , s , puluerizentur et conficiantur cum capitello , et fiant trocisci . And are of Galyen Capitellum after Roger , and Albucrasis is made thus . R. calcis vi●i , salis armeniaci , ann , lib , i , terē●●r et piscētur cum lexiuia cinerum truncorum fabarum et ponantur in olla infundo minutim perforata et ponatur in alia olla integra de subtus in quo reci ●iatur capitellum , And it is good to gnawe all su●erflue flesshe / and maketh openynge of cantere / ●nd lyghtly causeth the barke to fall . The , ix , ●●●●me are tricisci affrodillorum . R. succi affrodil●●●● . ● . vj.calcis viue . ℥ . iij. auripigmenti . ℥ .i. con●●●●antur et fiat trocisci / and let them be dryed in ●he sonne in August / & they are of myne . The .x. ●●●●me are the trocyskes of arcenyc after the , iiij . ●●ysters . R. arcenici sublimati quart .i. pastetur ●●●u●co solatri / or of caules wortes or other her●●● / and be dryed in the sonne or at the fyre / and do ●●so thre or foure tymes folowyng / and make tro●yskes . The .xi. fourme ben the brekynges of Albucrasis / that make them of arcenyc and vnslecked lyme / & of soft sope , And some put therto to alter the coloure fute of the chymney / and incorporate them with salina . The .xii. fourme is actuall cantere of Albucrasis confortynge the membre / rectyfy the vlceres of yll complexyon / and appeaseth the brennynge in the two fyrste dayes with the whytes of egges , and oyle of roses bet togyther . And than procede to the brennynge with butter and a lytell meale . And make a defensyfe aboute it with bolearmenyake , & terre sigillata , camphere , and oyle of roses & vyneygre , or with oyntement populeon .

The helpes of woundes and sores composed with fystules .

THese helpes or aydes are of foure fourmes . Of the which . The fyrste is drynke proued for fystules , R. agrimonie partis , i. decoquantur cum vino albo / et fiat colatura / wherof shall be gyuen euery mornynge a goblet full to the pacyent to drynke . The seconde fourme is a playster of agrymony . R , agrimonie et pistetur cum sale et succus exprimatur infra fistulam et folia supponantur . The thyrde fourme is lexiuium infusum in aqua forti or any of the trocyskes abouesayde be tempred in brennynge water in the capytello or wyne and aqua fortis , after the alkamystes stronge water is made thus . R. salis armoniaci , auripig menti rubei , et citrini , cuperose , viride eris ann. partis equalis puluenzantur et ponentur in alembico vitreo benelutato / et distillentur cum lento igne / et prima aquo qui exit abiciatur / postea dupletur ignis / et quando alembicum sit rubeum retineatur statim aqua in vase vitreo vn̄ cooperto custodiatur / for it is of so greate strength that it melteth yron , and perceth it / and therfore one onely drop mortyfyeth the fystula / & destroyeth wartes and exeressence . The fourth fourme are ruptures actuall canteres of Albucrasis , as it is sayd of fraudulent vlceres / and certayne oyntementes and playsters that is aforesayde .

The aydes of woundes and sores composed with canker ,

SYxe fourmes there be of woundes and sores with cankers , The fyrste be pocions for cankers , and be heauy herbes / and chyefly it is sayd that cerac auayleth whan it is dronke , Lykewyse sayth mayster Arnolde of Newtowne of cen●●nodia called lingua passerina , swynes grasse , Also saphyrs and emerawdes be good , The secon●● fourme is precyous wasshyngꝭ vyneygre soden ●ith salt , And tryacle & flesshe of vipers are good ●●●raynly / for they put all the venym in to the ●ynne , The thyrde fourme is linimentum spe●●●lly ●leiro , s , styred in a morter of leade in the 〈◊〉 tyll it become blacke / and be made oyntment , 〈◊〉 alowed of Galyen & Auycen , The fourth ●●●rme is lytargy kepte in a morter of leade tyll it be blacke , for it is a precyous thynge to all fleyngꝭ of the skynne / & to all cankered passyons of all the partyes of the body chyefly in the ars , And it is of Galyen in .x. terapentice . The fyfth fourme is vnguentum dyapāphiligos which thederic aloweth and all his suyt , bycause it cureth canker and herispila , & combustions / which is . R. olei ros. cere albe . ann. ℥ . v.succi granorum rubiorum , solatri . ℥ . iiij.ceruse lote . ʒ.ij.pāphiligos , it is thutia plumbi vsti et loti ann. ℥ . i.thuris . ℥ . s. fiat vnguentum cum oleo et cera et reliquam . The .vj. fourme ben the ruptures mundyfycatyfe oyntementes that are spoken of before . And the actuall canteres of Albucrasis of woundes & vlceres composed with concussions .

The helpes of woundes or sores made with concussyons or strypes .

Of sores & woundes made with concussyons be .xj. fourmes . The fyrste is restoracions with olei mirtillorum , et olei ros , with whyte of egges . The seconde is resolutyfe made with wyne and honuy / and salt with flax . The seconde is a playster made with waxe and comyn . The .iiij. is with floribus camomille , melleloti , mirtillorum , absinthij , aneti , & cimini . The .v. is emplastrum malnarum , absinthio , furfure , et aneton . The. vi . is a playster made of semine ordei , fenugreci , seminis lini , camomille , et furfuris subtilis . ann. ℥ .i. arcenici sublimati , puluerizati , ʒ , s , decoquantur cum vino decoctionis calamento addendo in fine , modicum de olei camomille / & this is ryght good to resolue the deade blode of the concussions / and it is greatly approued of Auycen . The .vij. is imbrocation of Iametius that healeth & resolueth all concussyons . R. olei Ros ℥ .ij. capitum caparum , et seminis ciminis , ruthe , arthemesie , absinthie , persicarie . ann. ℥ . s. fiat emplastrum . The .viij. is a playster of mayster Peter of Bonaco comune to all concussions . R. cere quar .i. armoniaci . quar. s piscis nauallis , quar , s , cimine , ruthe , absinthie , peritarie , ann , ʒ , s , succi ꝑitarie , aceti optimi , ann , quar , i , confundantur armoniaci in succis per noctem , et mane ponatur super ignem , et liquefiat cum re ●●quis vsque ad consumptionem succorum , et pulue ●es malexentur cum oleo laurino , et fiat emplastrum . The .ix. fourme is occicrocium commune at the Apotycaryes / & is good for the concussyon of bones , and is made thus . R , cerc , picis , colopho●ic , croci , ann , ℥ , iiij , terebentine , galbani , armoniaci , m●●re , thuris , masticis , ann , ʒ , i , dissoluantur gumme cum aceto , fiat emplastrum . The .x. fourme is a●os●olicum , comune at the appotycaryes that resolueth and rectyfyeth merueylously the hurtynge 〈◊〉 the bones and concussyons , and is made thus . R. litargiri , ℥ , i , cere rube colonie , ann , ℥ , i , pulegij , ●●sci quer●ini , ann , ℥ , i , armoniaci lapidis calamite , 〈◊〉 , ʒ , v , thuris , masticis , ann , ʒ , i , terebentine , galba ●●●●dellij , mirre , eris vsti , lapidis calcis , aristolo●●e , d●aprassij , oppoponice , sarcocole , ann , ʒ , ij , disso●●tis gūmis cum aceto , et mixtis cum litargiro cum oleo decocto , et in fine aliis positis , fiat emplastrum . The , xj , is apostolicum cirurgicum of Roger / very good to all concussyons . R , colophonie , lib , i , picis naualis , lib , s , galbani , serapini , oppoponice , thuris , masticis , terebentine , ann , ℥ , s aceti , lib , cere , s , iiij , dissolutis gūmis cum aceto , & bulicis , er liquefactis reliqua addantur et mollifican do , fiat emplastrum . And yf red powdre be put with the sayd playster it wyll be good rupture .

The aydes of woundes and vlceres with composycyon of apostemes .

WOundes & vlceres composed with apostemes and ache haue foure fourmes of help . Of the whiche the fyrste is olei Ros with papaueris albi cum vitello oui . The seconde fourme is of mygrayne / and is of Auycen . R. granati dulcis et de quoquantur cum vino pontico vsque ad dissolutionem , et fiat linimentum . The thyrde fourme is a playster of soden breade / and somtyme is a lytell honny put therto and medled playsterwyse / and is of . G. and oftentyme is put to it de succo ebulorum / and somtyme de succo apij / and is alowed of .iiij. maysters of Salerne . The fourth fourme is a playster of malowes / and is alowed of Thederic / and is of myne . R. foliorum malue . M. iij. coquantur fortiter , deinde terentur , et postea cum modica de coctione super ignem / addendo modicum de furfure subtili , fiat emplastrum .

The helpes of woundes with pryckynge and ache of synewes .

THe helpes of woundes with pryckynge of synewes , and ache be of .vij. fourmes . The fyrste is fomentacyon with oyle and terebentyne medled & warmed . The seconde is a playster of Euforbio , and is of Galyen , of Browne and Thederic , and is one of myne . R. resine , cere , picis ann. quar. s. terebentine , olei cominis ann. ℥ . s. euforbij . ʒ . ij . olei , masticis . ℥ .i. fiat emplastrum . The thyrde is purgynge of synewes , alowed in the hurtynges of the noddle of the heed , by mayster Peter de Bonaco . R. mellis rosarum colati . quar. i.cere . resine , terebentine ann. quar. s. farine ordei . ℥ . s. masticis , sarcocole , mummie ann. ℥ . s. olei , Masticis . ℥ . fiat emplastrum . The fourth fourme is emplastrum ●umbricorū that bredeth flesshe and knytteth the synewy membres , which is of Lanfranc . R. vtriusque consolide , arnoglos . s. piloselle vtriusque plantagīs , ann. M.i. vermium terrestrium . lib. s. terarantur ●īa et ponantur in . lib. i.et. s. olei cominis by .vj. dayes after that it is soden and streyned , & pressed , than put to it cepi mutonis . lib , i , picis naualis , lib , s , pi ●is grece quar. i . armoniaci , galbani , oppoponaci , cerebentine ann. ℥ .i. thuris , masticis ann , ℥ , s , dissolu 〈◊〉 gūmis in aceto , fiat emplastrum . The fyfth fourme is vnguentum dulce mollyfycatyfe , resolu●●se , and mytygatyfe of the paynes of the synewes . 〈◊〉 butiri sine sale , lib , i , olei viola , lib , s , auxungie , galline , aut anceris , azimi , medule bonis retentis a. ● . ʒ.i . cere ꝙ sufficit , fiat vnguentum . The .vj , fourme is vnguentum marciatum et agrippa , merueylously resolutyfe and confortynge the synewes and the ioyntes , & is made thus . R. cere albe . lib. ij . olei , lib , viij , rorismariū , foliorum lauri , ruthe , thamaristi ann , lib , s , sauine , balaustie , balsami , thimi , epithuni , oximi , lilifagi , polij , calamenti , arthemesie , enule campane , bethonice , herba Sarazenice , herbe sancte marie , brance vrcine , spargule , herbe venti , pimpinelle , herbe paralizis , simarum sambuc● crassuli , millefolij , semper viue , camedrios , centinodie , mirte , cētaurce , foliorum fragule , quinque folij siccatis , radicis maluauistis ann , ℥ , iiij , vrticar̄ , violarum papauer̄ , mente turelle , herbe muscate , alleluya , lingue ceruine , crespule , cāphorate ann , quar. s. fenugreci , cimini ann. ℥ , i , butiri , medule ceruine adipis , vrsi , galbani , armoniaci ann , ℥ , i , thuris masticis , storatie ann , ℥ , s , olei nardini , ℥ , i , infundantur herbe in vino , postea coquantur et colentur , et colature alia addantur , et fiat vnguentum . Unguentum agrippa resolutyfe is made thus . R. brionie , ℥ , ij , radicis sticados , lib , i , squille , lib , s , yreos , ℥ , iiij , radicis filicis , radicis ebuli ann , ℥ , ij , olei , lib , iiij , cere , ℥ , v , buliant herbe cum oleo et tolentur et addatur cera , et fiat vnguentum . The , vij , fourme is vnguentum de ramis , and is of . G. in libro cathegenorum profytable to all hardnesses , as crampe , or stytche , and carthecanos , and such lyke . R , olei radicis cucumeris agrestis , lib , ii , olei maiorane , alkangi , cere , terebentine , medule ossium cerui ann , lib , s , sanguis testidinum quar , i , ranarum numero , vi , balsami , ℥ , s , coquentur ranis & sanguis testidinum cum oleo colentur , et colatura cera , et reliqua misceantur , et fiat vnguentum , which is very precyous .

The helpes for woundes and vlceres composed with venym .

THe helpes of woundes and vlceres composed with venym are of .iij , fourmes . The fyrst is vnguentum ingr●m , & is of Dinus . R. cepi arietam , picis , oppoponaci , terebentine ann , lib , s , fundendo misceantur proiitiendo in aceto / and is of Wyllyam in de secretis / and in Macer in libro cathagenorum . The seconde fourme is emplastrum de cepa , and is alowed of Wyllyam of Saliceto . R , vnum cepe nuon , radicis lilij siluestris quar , s , ●corte , ℥ , i , salis , ℥ , s , olei mellis , ℥ , ii , coquendo radi ris in vino , & pistendo in mortario , fiat vnguentum .

The helpes for woundes and sores with superflue flesshe .

THe woundes and vlceres of superflue flesshe are of .viij. fourmes . The fyrste fourme is 〈◊〉 ●●ax or towe chopped smalle and layde theron . The seconde is powdre of dactiles applyed ther●● , The thyrde is alume soden . The fourth is ●●perose layde vpon it . The fyfth is powdre of ●●●ciskes affrodillornm . The syxth is lyme of ●halke and honny myngled togyther / & seth them or drye them & make a powdre , The , vij , ben the trociskes of arsenyke abouesayde , The , viij , ben ruptu R , incisions , & canteres cutelleria aforesaid ,

The helpes of fractures and dyssolucyons or dislocations of bones or ioyntes .

THe helpes of Algebra & of dislocations are of .vj. fourmes . The fyrst is glutynatyfe that serueth at the begynnyng . R. farine volatile pistetur part .i. pulueris rubei part. s. pistentur cum albumine ouorum et fiat emplastrum . Or the playster of browne that serueth at the seconde remouyng . R. aloes , mirre , boliarmenici , glutinis acatie , dragaganti , lapdani ann. puluerizentur , et albumine ouorum incorporentur / and lay it on with towe . The thyrde fourme is that serueth after the .xx. dayes is the decoction of roses , absinthij , mosse able arboris , quercus et salis / and lay it to with flaxe . The fourth fourme is a playster of Lanfranc / appropryed to confort the membre / and therfore it accordeth to serue the last / and is made thus . R. olei ros. ℥ .iiij. resine . ℥ .iij. cere. ℥ .ij. colophonie , masticis , thur̄ . ann. ʒ.ij . nucis cipressi , cucumer̄ . ann. ʒ.i . fiant magdaliones aforesayd . The fyfth is apostolicum cirurgicum / et oxcicrotiū . The syxth fourme is spannadrapi . R. thur̄ , mastic , picis , farine volatilis , boliar menici ann. ʒ.ij . cere , cepi arietum , ann. lib. s. Melt the wax and the talowe togyther / than put the powdres therto & styre them togyther / and dyp a cloth therin and applye it to the place . But bycause that somtyme after the restoration there remayneth some hardnes / therfore shall be put here the maner to soften it agayne in this wyse . Fyrste the membre shall be mollyfyed with the decoction of the heades and fete of shepe and the myddle barke of Elme / and with corticis radicis maluauisti ann. M.i. florum camomille , meliloci , fenugreci , semine lini ann. quar. s. & boyle them by the space of an houre / and let the hardnesse be bathed therwith the space of a day or a halfe / and than be wyped and anoynted with other , or with this oyntment . R. dial●ee , agrippe , olei laurini ann. misceantur . And yf the membre be nat soupled , do it with this . R. maluauisti , lib , ii , semini fenugreci , seminis lini ann , lib , i , squille , lib , s , olei , lib , iiij , cere , terebentine , gummi edere , galbani ann , ʒ , ii , colosonie , resine ann , lib , s , coquantur herbe cum aqua et ●●clentur , et reliqua addantur , et fiat vnguentum . Or this that is propre . R , olei laurini , olei masticis , olei mustellini ann , quar , i , auxungij ●zī vel viculi . lib , s , alipte muscate , gallie muscate , ●dellii , ●●rcocolle , aspalti , storacis . calaminte ann , ℥ , s , castor ● , ℥ .ii , musti , ʒ , s , cere quar , i , fiat vnguentum . And when it is anoynted lay theron de lana succida , aur ●iaquilon magnum , vel gummatum , aut●radicis maluauisti co●tas et pistatas cum farina , fenugreci ●●minis lini , et fecis olei coins . And yf it be an olde hardnesse it were behouefull to bath or stewe the membre with the infusyon of a pyece of yren , or of ●●myll stone well heate in the fyre / and put in vy●●ygre , and set the membre theron . Also to wasshe ●● it with the water of mannes blode ones destylled is precyons / or for to wasshe it with hote blode .

Here foloweth the formacion of the propre and commyn remedyes of the dyseases from the heade vnto the fete after the dyuersyte of the membres / & fyrste of the helpes for the heade .

HEre after we shal put the helpes for the woundes of the heade . And fyrste the pocyons made by Thederic and his felowes . R. cinomomi , ℥ , i , ʒ , ℥ , s , galangi granorum paradisi , cardamomi , piperis longi et nigri , gariofili ann , ʒ , i , fiant puluis / & they saye that yf he broke it , it is a good sygne / and yf he vomyt / it is an yll sygne . The seconde fourme is purgyng of the brayne & pannycles therof . R. olei mellis Ros. callati ann , ℥ , ii , olei Ros , ℥ , i , let them be medled / and with fyne clothes layde theron . The thyrde fourme puluis capitale / and is of mayster Dinus , alowed of Lanfranc and Henry . R. radicis yreos , aristologie , thuris , mirre , sanguis dra , farine orobi ann , fiat puluis .

The fourth fourme is emplastrum bethonice , which is vsed at Paris that bredeth flesshe & conforteth , reyseth the bones , purgeth , and healeth . R. cere , resine ann , lib , i , succi bethonice , succi plantaginis , succi apii ann , lib , i , coquetur cera et resina cum succis vsque ad consuptionē succorum / deinde ponatur terebentina et incorporentur et colentur et fiat emplastrum . The , v , fourme is emplastrum capitale of mayster Anserin of Genes that draweth & reyseth the bones , bredeth flesshe , & heleth . And , M , Peter sayde that he had proued it in a dogges heade that was wounded to the brayne & healed hym . R. terebentine ꝑt , ij , cere ꝑt , i , resine ꝑt , s , molten on the fyre & streyned on vynygre / & than molten agayne & cast vpon the iuce of these herbes , bethonice ꝑt , ij , berbene ꝑt , i , et cum aliis succis et lacte mulieris diu mollificentur / & make a playster therof , it is stronger than the fyrste . The .vj. fourme is ordeyned to reyse bones yf they may be had none otherwyse & was of , M. Peter . R , olei antiq ꝑt , i , sordiciei al●eorum , cere a● , ꝑt , s , euforbi quar , ꝑt , vnius , aristologie longe ꝑt , vnius , lactis mulierum modicum , fiat emplastrum . For the scabbe take this salue as , G , wylleth R. litargiri , sulphur̄ viui , calcis , viui , atramenti , ●itrioli , auripigmenti fulginis , viride eris , et elebori albi et nigri , alumins , gallarum ann , ℥ , s , argenti ●iui , ℥ , i , cere , picis , olei nutum ann , lib , s , succi lapatij , succi fumeterre , succi scabiose , succi , boraginis ann , quart , i , buleantur cera et oleum cum succis vsque ad consumptionem reliqua incorporentur , & fiat vnguentum , diligenter . Also for fallynge baldnes of ●●e heares / & to cause the heare to brede in the car ●●iary of , M , Peter . R , succi calcidarum , ℥ , i , puluis ●●nguissugis combustarum , lacerci viridis , adusli ●●lu●ris talparum , apum combustarum soleriū combu●●●ū , cetatum porci abustarum , viride eris ann , ℥ , i , mel●s quod sufficit ad incorporandum , fiat vnguentum / ●robatum est .

The remedyes for the face and partyes therof .

FYrste the gutta rosa is alowed vnguentum citrinum of the communalte of the antydotary . R , auxungie porci preperate libram , i , argenti vini , ℥ , i , viride eris , ℥ , s , pistendo in mortario , fiat vnguentum , Secondly gōmera is put to whyte the face / which is of Rasis , R , cicerum fabarum , ordei mundati , amigdalarum excortitatorum , dragaganti ann , part , i , septem raphani part , s , fiat puluis / and tempre it with mylke and anoynte the face by nyght / and in the mornynge wasshe it with water and branne , Thyrdly is put to it a water of fraunce , R , litargiri calcinati , lib , i , masticis , ℥ , ij , pistentur cum albumine ouorum , et ponantur in alem bico et fiat aqua / it is ryght precyous , Fourthly lac virgineum to purge & drye the vyrulent pymples , & spotty skynnes of the face is made thus , R. litargiri subtiliter puluerizati , ℥ , iij , aceti albi optim lib , s , misceantur simul & admictantur residere et distillando cum pecia trianlanti filerim vel cum sacculo sussipiatur aqua / deinde illa aqua misceatur cum aqua salis puluerizata , et lib. s , aqua pluuialis vel fōranee / et misceantur ambe aque & coagulabūtur ad modum lecti , & rub the place with it that is infecte .

Helpes for the dyseases of the eyes .

FYrste take the water of . M. Peter of spayne , that conforteth and clereth the syght . R. feniculi , ruthe , celidonie , berbene , eufrasie , clarete Ros , & aque eius ann , concassētur et temperentur per diem naturalem in vino albo / deinde ponantur in alembico , et fiat aqua colirium album . Secondly take Colirium album for the payne of the eyes , made by Galyen . R. ceruse lote . ℥ . i.sarcocole.ʒ.iij.agmidum , ʒ , ij , dragagant , ʒ , i , apij , ʒ , s , puluerizentur omnia valde / et cum aqua pluuiali molliētur sub tegulam et fiant parui pillule / and let them be steped with womans mylke / or with rose water , and be admynystred . Colirium de thutia . Thyrdly is admynystred colirium de thutia / made at Mountpyller in the ende of optalmia , for it resolueth and dryeth the moysture that commeth to the eyes . R. thurij preparate , lapdani calaminarum ann , ℥ , s , gariofil . x . numero faui cum melle , ʒ , i , puluerizanda puluerizentur subtillissime , et ponantur in , ℥ , ij , vini albi et aque Ros , quar , s , camphere , ℥ , i , colentur subtillissime , et fiat colirium .

The powdre of mayster Arnolde .

The fourth fourme is put by mayster Arnolde for to drye the teares / and to rectyfy the rednesse . R , thutie preparate , ʒ , i , anthimon̄ , ℥ , s , margari●arū , ʒ , ij , florum coralli , rubium , ʒ , i , & , s , ceciri cru●● prorie de flostulo vermie minutim incisi ʒ , s , fiat puluis subtillissimus et seruetur in pixide erea . Fyfthly is put the powdre of welcome , of myne owne makynge for all spottes of the eyes . R. zuca●i tandi , ℥ , i , thutie preparate , ℥ , s , puluerizentur , et cum aqua Ros , pestentur et in prelium spergantur et in versetur peluis super fimium , lini , aloes , & exsiccetur et puluerizetur subtillissime , & fiat puluis et seruetur in pixide erea , & ponatur in oculis cum s●ilo argenteo . Syxtely is put colirium for the rednes and the teares / and is made by Dinus . R. thutie preparate . ℥ , i , aloe cicotrini , ℥ , s , camphere , ʒ , i , aque Ros , s , lib , i , & , s , vini granatorum , lib , s , puluerizanda puluerizantur subtillissime , et misceantur cum aliis et calafiant sub carbones modica bullitione , coletur et seruetur .

Helpes for bledynge at the nose .

FOr bledynge of the nose . Whan the flux of blode commeth in the nosethyrlles it is staunched in puttynge in to them tentis anoynted with licio dissolued in water / holdynge the nose thyrlles with your fyngers tyl it be staunched / & holde a sponge at his foreheade bathed in stronge vyneygre . And also it helpeth to staunche the hyndre partes . Also for popilipo mayster Peter de Bonaco aloweth a tent de radice achori tempred in oyle of Iuniperio wherin scamony hath ben dyssolued .

Helpes for the paynes of the eares .

THe paynes of the eares are appeased by puttynge in theym the mylke of a woman / as is aforesayd . The vlceres of the eares be clensed with honny Ros , puttynge therto a oyntement made thus . R. rubiginem ferri et teream fortiter et pone eam in sartaginem cum aceto fortissimo / et far oam bulire donec siccetur . Item distēperetur cum aceto et siccetur ad ignem / postea iterum subtillissime pulueriza , et cum aceto coque donec recipiat spissitudinem mellis . And put of it in to the eares , for it healeth the olde sores . Or elles after mayster Peter . R. nitri cardomini decoquētur in succo r● the et colentur , and one drop be dystylled in to the eare / for it bryngeth the rottennes outwarde / and dystroyeth the superflue prowde flesshe & healeth .

Helpes for the paynes of the teth .

THe dolour of the toth ache is appeased with holdyng vyneygre of the decoction of peletory , or herbam hertes tonge . The blackenesse is wasshed as was approued with this water . R. salis armoniaci , salis gemme ann. quar.i.aluīs , quar , s ponantur in alembico et distillentur et fiat aque . The chauffynges and swellynges of the gummes are appeased with the water of cheruel , playntayne , ●●luine , or with this wasshing made of Dinus . R. ro●●●ū . ℥ . i.lentiū ann. quar.i.baulaustiū quar. s. cōcas●entur et buliantur cum aqua & aceto / fiat linimentum .

The thyrde Chapytre is the remedyes for dyseases of the necke .

THe necke hath dyuers dyseases of the which some be here specified / and fyrst de bocium of 〈◊〉 necke . Bocium of the necke hath . ij fourmes / The fyrste is powdre of mayster Dinus . R. se●●●●ulare . ℥ . ij.ʒʒ . ℥ . i.brionie , piretri , scrapini , ma●●●●l●e , oluiarū , salis gemme , ossium , cepie , spongie ●●bustie ann. ʒ.ij . garioffilis piperis , cinamomi , 〈◊〉 ℥ .i. fiat puluis in quo sit modicum de alumine . The seconde fourme is to emplayster the place with diaculum , or with a playster of gootes dyrt , or with a playster of the flewmatyke apostemes .

The .iiij. Chapytre of the helpes for the shuldre and partyes therof .

FOr the payne of the shuldres there is an oyntment medled with martiacum & agrippa . For the gilbosite & bocemēt Auycen aloweth em plastrum de acoro . R. acori , enule campane , sauine ann quar. i , bdellij quar. s. castorei.ʒ.i . coquantur in vino et eleo vsque ad consumptionem vini , et de oleo cum cera fiat vnquētū . Cyragra of the reynes is cured as the flewmatyke apostemes / but specyally in it is plasters of mountpyller of red cawle wortꝭ soden with lye of asshes bowked & knodden with a lytel vynygre .

The .v. Chapytre is of the helpes of the brest and partes therof .

THe helpes of the brestes are of two fourmes The fryste is pocion resoluynge & wastynge all the mater / and hyght fundatorum . R. caude equine terrestris . M. i. radicis osimandi quari . radicis draguntee quar. s. coquantur cum vino et melle / and admynyster a goblerful whan he goth to bed , and he shal slepe . The seconde fourme is another potion or drynkes commyn to all inwarde sores , made by . G. R. centauree cesti nepiti gariofilate , pimpinelle , pilosselle , sumitate canateneritatū caulium tanatesti rubee , penthaphilon , aurum valens ann. coquantur in vino et melle , and be mynystred as is sayde before . It causeth the rottennes to come out at the sore / and clenseth the venyme that is in it / but yf it be vomyted there is no hope of cure / as the people sayth .

The .vj. Chapytre is of the help of the bely and partyes therof .

ANd fyrste for the thre dayes is alowed lana succida infusiōis decoctiōis cimini . Secondly pro offensionibus is alowed the commyn potion of R. R. mummie , boliarmenice , terre sigillate ann. ℥ .i. fiat puluis . And be admynystred . ʒ.i.cum . ℥ . i.aque plantaginis . Thyrdly the potions of the brest are alowed for to resolue the mater gathered within . Fourthly outwarde maye be made playsters that be fourmed in the concussyons . In ydropesy it is good to prouoke or styre the vryne . Therfore by the doctryne of . G.M. Henry gryllettes blacke flesshe ●lyes or cantarides / & toke awaye theyr wynges & heades & brent them in floure and made a powdre wherwith he admynystred at euen a grayne with wyne , and caused so moche vryne that many were healed . In the paynes of the kydneys and of the bladder , I haue sen admynystred lye of the asshes of bean steales / which dyd merueyles in mouynge ●f ●ryne and clensynge the wayes therof , the ror●●nes , and grauell , and styrynge the menstrues . Remedyes for the payne of the raynes and the ●●adder . Rabymoyses for the vlceres of the kyd●eys and of the bladder approued water dystylled 〈◊〉 ●●cane gotes mylke vnder this maner . R. peri●●●ini lactis picherios . ʒ.iij , iubebe , sebesten ann. ℥ .i. ●●armenici . ℥ . s. quatuor seminum frigidorum mun ●●torum . ʒ . iij. seminis papaueris albi , citoniorū●● . ʒ.ij , conquassantur , et distillando fiat aqua . And Auycen graunteth in diabete the water of the clere mylke of a shepe / but I haue put to it herba caude equine , plantaginis , Ros. semen maluauis ℥ i , alkangi & mection of mylke with the colyres aforesaid & plaisters & ruptures betwene nature is alowed .

The , vij . Chapytre of the helpes of the loynes and theyr partes .

FYrste the payne of the yerde is appeased with crommes of breade knodden with yolkes of egges with oyle of poppy . The vlceres of the yerde ben wasshed with alume wat / & emplaysterd with oyntement of populeon / & anoynted with vnguentum album / or with oyle of roses with the whyte of an egge & powdre of brent lead , ceruse , & aloes . The swellynge of the coddes is swaged with a playster of malowes & beane flour & comyne soden in water . The rupture hath , iij , helpes . The fyrst is an electuary , R , conserue x ma. lib , s , conserue ro , quar , s , pulueris dragaganti frigidi , ℥ , i , radicis valeriane , se natiōis , bolearmenicise , nasturtij , lapdani , sāguinarū ann , ℥ , ij , panis succari , lib , i , fiat electuarium cum aqua ferrata , The seconde is a playster of shepes heare of all the cōmunaltees , R , picis naualis , colophonie ann , ℥ , ij , litargiri , armoniaci , opponaci , gabani , bdellij , mastic , serapini , terebentine , sumar , x ma , & mi , ann , ℥ , i , visciquerci , ematistez , thu● , gipsi , mirre , aloen , mummie , boliarmenici , sanguis dra , aristo , vermium trestriū , ann , ℥ , s , sanguis humant ℥ . ij.conficiantur cum pellis arietina cocta aqua plu●ialivsque ad dissolutionem et fiat emplastrum . The thyrde fourme is of . B. & my self . R. nucis cipretū acassie , gallarum , baulastiarum ann. ʒ.v.mir̄ , sarcocole , thur̄ , gummi ara . an̄.ʒ.iij . fiat puluis subtillissimus et pastetur cum aceto , et fiat emplastrum / for it is proued in emorroydes to swage the dolour with suffumygacyon of the decoction of moleyn , camomille , millelote / & inwardly put flyes bathed in oyntment made with buter styred in a morter of lead tyll they be drowned / yf the payne be to great oyntment of Alexandre proue by me shuld be good , which is . R. mir̄ , croci thur̄ , licij , ann , ꝑt , i , apij , ꝑt , ij , terantur & conficiantur cum mustilagīe , psillij● & vitello oui / & outwarde . R. prayseth this plaister . R. camomille , melleloti ann quart .i. conquassentur do●ec dissoluantur vitellorum ouorum elizatorum quar. s. farine fenugreci , seins lini , ra●●●●s altee ann. ℥ , i , croce , mirre , aloen , ann , ʒ , ij , et , s , ●ntiri ꝙ sufficit fiat emplastrum .

The. vi●. Chapytre 〈◊〉 of the helpes of the thyghes , legges , and fete .

FOr the nether lym●es be dyuers helpes . The fyrste is for to drye , let the thyghes , legges , & fete ●e bathed & fomented with water of the see or water salted with the decoction of ebulorum , sābutij , tribulorum ann , 〈◊〉 ij . calamenti , origani , abscinthij , persicaria ann , ●art ●i . And lay vpon the swellynge this playster . R. 〈◊〉 furis ꝑt , i , farine fabarum ꝑt , i , stercorum columbini ●●●t , ● , puluerizentur , & cum aceto decoctiōis affro●●●orum et succo caulium super ignem . Probatum est .

Imprynted by me Robert wyer / for Henry Dabbe / and Rycharde Banckes . Cum priuilegio rega●i ad imprimendum solum per septienn ium annum .

The fourth boke of the Terapen●yke or Methode curatyfe of Claude Galyen Prynce of Medycynes / wherin is syngulerly treated the cure of woundes and sores . Translated by me Robert Coplande . Anno. M. CCCCC . vlii . the .iiii , day of February .
Philiatros the translatour in to Frenche to the Reader gretynge .

FRende & dylygent reder , Quintylian in his fyrst boke of the Oratory instytution recyteth howe Phylosophy and eloquence are conioyned by nature , and vnyed togyther by offyce and actyon . Neuerthelesse the study of phylosophy and eloquence haue ben seperate one from the other , suche wyse that the neclygence of men hath made that they seme to be sondry actes , and dyuers scyences . And he yeldeth the reason wherfore . For syth that the tongue & eloquence hath begon to gyue it to the practyke . I say lucratyue exercytatyon , & that men haue abused the goodnes and graces of eloquence , they haue forsaken and all holly lefte the cure of vertues . And good maners , whiche is the very phylosophy the whiche of very propre n●●●●e ought to be coniuncte with eloquence , in folowynge the sentence of Quintylian . I say lykewyse that the parties of the art of Medycyne ( that is to wyt dyetityke , pharmaceutyke , and cyrurgery ) ben such wyse cowpled 〈◊〉 connexed togyther that in nowyse they can not be seperated one fro the other without the dommage and great detryment of all the medicynall professyon . For the one is holpen , made perfyte , and consumed by the other . In such wyse that the one ●●lteth , and stombleth without the other . How be 〈◊〉 now a dayes I wote not yf it be by neclygence , or bycause of the lucratyfe practyse , wherto the most parte of Physicyens do study more than to the Theoryke , whiche is none other thynge but the parfyte and entyer knowlege of dyseases and tem●ere●s of mankynde bodyes , with the facultees & ●●●tues of the medycynes , wherof the indycatyon ●●●●atyfe is taken ) the sayde partyes of physyke is ●●parated . Of the whiche the fyrst is abyden with ●●e● that the vulgare people call Physyci●ns . The ●●●nde with the apotycaries , wherof they haue ye●●●me of pharmacopoles . And the .iii. to the Cy●●rgyens . So that the physycien ( nowe ) trusteth ●●all or almoost to the apotycaries in the knowlege of symple medycyns the whiche are so necessary that they can not well compose , nor well vse the medycamentes somtyme composed without the same . And as touchyng the Cyrurgery ( whiche is but a manuall occupatyon ) the physytions esteme it a thynge to vyle and vnworthy of theyr professyon . And not onely the sayd manuall occupation the which Hipocrates and Galyen haue not shamed to treate of and to exercyse , but also the Methode to cure the vlceres and tumoures against nature , hath ben lefte by them in suche maner that the Barbours and Cyrurgyens in these dayes are more ●tudyous than many physytions . Whiche is the cause wherfore I haue traducte out of latyn in to frenche this fourth boke of the methode of Galien moued of the great and ardaunt desyre that I haue knowen amonge the sayd Cyrurgiens to haue knowlege of some thynges . Wherin I wolde desyre gladly the grekysshe tongue or the latyn , bycause of the great payne takynge in the translation , and also bycause that euery tongue hath his properte in such wyse that many thynges can not be sowned in the frenche speche , so well as they be written in the Greke or Latyn , prayeng the good reader take this my present wrytynge in worth .

Here begynneth the .iiii. boke of the Terapentyke , of claude Galyen prynce of Physycke .

VUe haue sayd that there is a kynde of dysease , that is called solution of contynuyte , whiche commeth in to all parties of the body of mankynde . Howbeit it hath not one name in them al. For solutyon of contynuyte in the flesshy parte is called vlcere , in the bone , fracture . The grekes call it catagma . In the synewe , conuulsion , the grekes cal it , spasma . There be other kyndes of solutions of continuite , that the grekes cal Apospasma , rhegma , and thlasma . That is to wyte thlasma in the ligament , Apospasma , and rhegma in the vessels and muscles , bycause of any vyolent stroke or greuous fall , or any other great mocyon . The solution of contynuyte called ecchymosis in greke commeth most often with concussyon and ruption . Somtime solution of contynuyte commeth by opera●yon of the oryfices o● the vesselles , in greke named Anostomosis . Also 〈◊〉 commeth bycause that the grekes call it dyapede●●s . Other solutions of con●ynuyte happeneth of e●oysion in greke called Anabrosis . But it is a dysposytyon alredy medled and composed with an other kynde of dysease that consysteth in the quan●●te of the partyes , as before hath ben shewed , 〈◊〉 we haue spoken of holowe vlceres whiche ●●●●ede of two causes , that is to wete of excysyon ●●d of eroysion . It is notorious in what man●r ●●cysion commeth . yf eroysion habounde inwardely ●●●s caused of catochimie . yf outwardly it is done ●●●her by stronge medycyne or by fyre . It behoueth ●hen as before is sayd to take hede dylygently and dysc●rne the symple dyseases fro the compounde . For to a symple dysease a symple healynge is due , And ●o a composed dysease a healynge vnsymple . Also we haue sayd before what Methode must be kept for to heale the composed dyseases . Howbeit it is not ynoughe to knowe the generalyte of the sayde Methode / but behoueth to be exercyced in all the partyes therof , seynge that in the same is nede ( by maner of spekynge ) of sondry partyculer Methodes , bycause that euery kynde of dysease hath his owne Methode . Than that whiche resteth of of the curatyon of vlceres must be perfourmed in this boke , takynge the begynnyng here . Euery vlcere is ey●her symple and alone without other dysposytyon or affectyon begynnynge with it , or precedent , or suvsegemēt , or it is with some other dysposycyon , or dyuers / wherof some haue nat all onely excyted the sayde vlcere , but haue augmented it . The other are without the which the sayd vlcere may nat be cured / & of them haue we treated here before . We shall treate in this present boke the dysposycyons which augmenteth the vlcere / in the whiche lyeth double councell of curacyon / that is to wyte , eyther to take the sayde dysposycyons all holly out of the body / or to surmount the incommodite that aboundeth 〈◊〉 . The whiche thynge maye be easely done / yf the dysposycyon be lytell . But yf it be great the vlcere maye nat come to cycatryce vntyll that remedy be put to the sayd disposycyon , wherby we must dylygently consyder what the sayde affeccyons and dysposycyons be / and howe many in nombre , in takynge our begynnyng as is aforsaid . Euery vlcere is be it alone or with holownesse requyreth and demaundeth that the flesshe subiect be natural / and that there be nothynge betwene the lyppes and extremytees that ought to be conglutynate / which oftentymes happeneth , so that heare , a spyder threde , matter , oyle , or suche lyke thyng letteth the knyttyng . And those thynges are as symptomes and accydentes of the sayde vlceres / which yf they be present may hynder and let the curacion , yf they be nat , they let nat / but the dysposycyon of the flesshe subiecte is cause of that whiche foloweth . For with the same flesshe / and by the same the lyppes that were asonder are closed and the holownesse fylled . It beho●eth than that the sayd flesshe be kyndely , bycause that these two thynges maye well & commodyously 〈◊〉 made parfyte . Than shal it be kyndly yf it kepe it selfe temperatly / the which thynge is common to all other partyes . Wherby it behoueth that the flesshe subiecte be holly temperate / aswell to close ●he viceres as to fyll theym with ●lesshe / but is it ●●oughe of that ? Must nat the blode that gathe●●●h to it be good also ? and moderate in quantyte ? 〈◊〉 semeth thi● to be trewe / for it lacketh asmoch ●●t the corrupte blode be as holsome for the clo●●sge , and as to fulfyll the flesshe / as somtyme it ●●keth erosion and exulcere the body . And yf it be 〈◊〉 habundaunt in quantyte it engendreth exe●●ment in the sores / and as is aforesayd letteth and hyndreth the curacyon . And also there be thre maners of vlceres dyffycyle for to be healed . The fyrste maner haboundeth by the vntemperaunce of the flesshe subiecte . The seconde by the vyce and yll qualyte of the blode gatherynge to it . The thyrde for the ouer great measure and quantyte of the sayd blode . Ought nat the dyuysyon to be made thus ? or otherwyse / that is to wyte the cause wherfore some vlceres are stubburne and defycyle to be healed is for the mystemperaunce of the flesshe vlcerate , or for the gatheryng of humours Yet agayne , the mystempered flesshe ought to be deuysed in two dyfferences . The fyrste is whan the subiect flesshe is out of nature in an onely qualyte . The seconde is whan with the euyl qualyte it hath tumour agaynst nature . The flowyng of humours is dyuyded in two dyfferences , that is to wyte in the qualyte of gatherynge the humours , & in the quantyte . Somtyme dyuers of the sayde dysposytyons are medled togyther , and somtyme all . But the Methode for to cure them all togyther ought not to be gyuen but eche one by it selfe . As yf the intemperaunce of the flesshe be drye & fylthy moderate it with bathynge , and wetynge in temperate water . But at all and as many tymes that this remedy shal be vsed , the ende of the bathynge and wetynge shal be forth with that the partycle becometh ruddy and ryse in a lumpe . Than sease that bathynge & moystynge . For yf ye bath it any more ye shall close the humour agayne that was losed out , And so ye shall profyte nothynge . Lyke wyse the moystynge faculte of medycyns ought to be greater then it is commaunded in hole party yf the flesshe be more moyste , than naturall habytude . Ye must haue regarde to the contrary , for the faculte of medycyns ought to be desyceatyfe , and in no wyse to vse any water . But yf ye must wasshe the sore take wyne or posca , that is to saye oxycraton , or the decoction of some sharpe herbe . Lykewyse ye shall coole the pryde of the flesshe that is to hote , and heate that whiche is to colde . Ye shall knowe suche vntemperaunces partly by the colour , and partly by touchynge , and partly by felynge the dyseased . For somtyme they feale great heate in the party , somtyme manyfest coldenes , & delyte them in hote or colde medycyns . And sometyme appereth rednes , and somtyme whytenesse . But it is an impertynent thynge to this worke to dystynke these thynges . In the whiche worke we shewe not the Methode to knowe the affectyons , ●ut for to heale them . In suche wyse that by one consequence of wordes , we be come vnto the sayd Methode to knowe the affectyons . Retourne we ●han to our purpose . Yf any partyes are vlcera●● with swellynge agaynste kynde , fyrste the swel●ynge must be cured , What ought to be the cura●yon of all swellynge we shall say hereafter● Pre●●ntly we shall treate of whiche is conuycte and commune to the curatyons of vnkynde humoures or swellynges with the vlceres . yf the lyppes of the vlceres are dyscoloured onely , or somwhat hardened , they muste be cut vnto hole fleshe . But whan suche dysposycyon or affection hath to procede further / there must be had delyberacyon , to knowe yf all the party dyscoloured and hardened vnkyndly ought to be cut , or yf it ought to be cured by longe space of tyme . And without any dowbte in suche case it is necessarye to knowe the pacyentes wyll . For some had leuer to be longe in healynge than to suffre incysyon . And other are redy to endure all thyngꝭ / so that they may be soone healed . Lykewyse here shall be spoken of the curacyon of euyll humours that gathereth in the partes of the sore places , in as moche , and bycause that it is an humour gnawynge aboute succorosyfe . But in as moche as it is a wycked humour or ouer encreasynge in quantyte / the curynge therof shal be spoken of in his owne place . Than whan the humours that gathereth in the vlcerate partyes is nat very fer of , nor in quantyte , nor qualyte , it behoueth to dyuert & dryue away , that is in restreynyng and to coole the heate of the partyes that are before the sore place . Lyke maner ye must begyn the lygature at the vlcerate party , in ledynge it towarde the hole partye / as Hyppocrates wylleth in the fractour of bones . Also that the salues that are layde to the sayde vlceres must be more vndryeng than they that are layd to a syngle sore . And yf the flux or rennynge wyll nat stop with salues , seke the cause of the sayde fluxyon , and take it fyrste away . Yf the fluxyon come by weykenes and feblenes of the party that receyueth it , the sayd weykenes must be cured . And such curacyon also shall be propre for the vlcerate party . But yf cause of the sayd fluxyon habounde eyther by ouer moch blode , or fylthynesse of all the body , or of any of the superyour partyes , ye must fyrst delay the sayd causes . The weykenes of the partye for the which gathereth to moche humour haboundeth holly of the intemperancy . And nat all togyther of intemperancy / wherof foloweth that the vlcerate flesshe is onely intemperate / & nat weyke and feble . And somtyme chaunceth both the one and other , that is , both vntemperate and weyke . For the great vntemperaunce is cause of the weykenes of payned party . The which vntemperaūcy shal be cured ( as it is beforesayd ) in coolynge the heate , moystynge the dryth , warmyng the colde , & dryeng the moyst . And yf the place be to colde and moyste togyther / in warmyng and dryenge also togyther . And so of the other vntemperaunces in doynge away euer the qualyte that surmounteth by his contrary qualyte . The reason is / euery thyng that behaueth it wel , & is accordyng to nature / nat onely in quycke ●hynges , or plantes , but also in all other thynges , 〈◊〉 moderate ( whiche the Grekes cal symmetron ) and without excesse of all vycyous humours . For ●he thyng wherfro nothyng can be taken , nor put ●o it , neyther any partye , nor any qualyte , it is all parfytely moderate . Contraryly , the thynge that must be taken fro , or somwhat put to it , is nat in a natural estate , wherto is nat possyble to retourne , but in doynge awaye the excesse , and puttynge to it that it lacketh . In an other place we shall speke of the ouer moche or lacke of the partyes / but whan any qualyte is ouer excessyue , it is nedefull that the other qualite contrary be ouercome . And that the corrupcyon vntemperaūcy be delayed , in restorynge the sayde qualyte that was ouercome . For in colyng that which was to hote , thou shalt restore that whiche lacketh / and dymynysshe that whiche was to moche haboundant . Thus it is necessarye that the enracyon of the thynges that are put fer fro theyr naturall beynges , by some in temperacy be made by thyngꝭ of contrary vertne . And thus the flesshe / or any party therof wherin is fluxyon bycause of weykenes , ought to be cured in this maner . And whan the intemperauncy is cured , heale the vlcere . Curynge the temperauncy as yf it had come without vlcere . By the which thynge it is manyfest that all such curacyon is nat propre to vlcere , but to intemperacy . Lykewyse yf any corrupte fluxyon happen in the vlcerate partyes / as well by the occasyon of any partycle as of all the body wherto the blode or any yll humours do gather . Fyrste remedy must be had , eyther to the party that is cause of the fluxyon , or also to al the body . Thus than we shall heale fyrste the varyces that are often ouer the sore place / bycause that anone after we maye heale the soore . Lykewyse in them that haue dysease in the mylte , or of any other notable party . Fyrst it behoueth to cure the sayd partye / and than after we shall come to the curacyon of the sore or vlcere / howbeit none of the curacyons therof is nat propre vnto an vlcere , but to some other affection and dysposycyon , eyther that engendreth vlcere , or that nouryssheth & conserueth it . Nowe it is tyme to make an ende that no straunge cause ( or as it is nowe sayde ) the fyrste iudiciall is iudycatryce of curacyon , but the curatyfe iudiciall affection & dysease . But the thynges that ought to be done particulerly are founde , eyther that the fyrste iudicial sheweth eyther of the nature of the sore party , or of the temperaunce of the ayre / and of other lyke thynges . For to speke bryefly no indycacyon maye be taken of thynges that be nat yet parmanent . But in as moche as for to knowe a dysease that is nat euydent by reason nor by wyt , we ar often constrayned to enquyre of the externe and prymityfe cause . For this occasion the vulgar meneth that the sayde prymytyfe cause is indycatyfe of curacyon , the which is all other . As it appereth clerely that may well & parfytly be knowen . For yf ecchymosis , or vlcere , or erisipclas , or putryfaction , or phlegmone be in any parte , it a superflue thynge to enquyre the effycyent cause of suche ●yseases , but yf it be yet present and remaynynge . ●or in this matter we wyll heale that whiche is done all redy / and shulde prohybyte the effycyent cause to procede any ferther . And yf the sayd effycyent cause which hath produced the effect therof hath no lenger beynge , we shall do away the sayd effecte . For to do away the cause that is no more / it shulde nat be possyble for vs , whan we wolde do it away , bycause that the curacyon apperteyneth to the thynge present , as prouydence to the thyng to come / but that which we feare nat that it may hurt neyther for the present nor for the commynge is out of both the offyces of the arte , that is to wyt , of curacyon and of prouydence . Wherfore in such a thynge ought to be no serchyng of any iudicial , neyther to cure nor to puruey , but ( as sayd is ) the knowlege of the prymytyfe and externe cause onely vtyle in the dyseases to vs vnknowen . Neuerthelesse the Empirykes take somtyme the prymytyfe cause as partye of all the cours of the dysease ( that is called in Greke syndrome ) wherin they haue obserued and experymented the curacyon / as in them that haue ben hurte with a mad dog , or venymous beastes . Thus doth also some Dogmatystes / which do affyrme to heale such dyseases by experyence onely without racyonall indicion / for they enquyre the cause prymytyfe as partye of all the syndrome , and vnyuersall cours . But the prymytyfe cause serueth nothynge to the indicion of curynge , althoughe it be vtyle to the knowlege of the dysease , to them that haue knowen the nature of venymous beastes by vse and experience , and therof taketh curatyfe indicion . For put the case that I knowe that the venyme of a Scorpyon be of a colde nature . And for that cause as of a colde thynge that I take indicacion of the remedy , howbeit the case is such that I haue no sygne wherby I do vnderstande that the body is hurte of a scorpyon . It is manyfest yf that I knowe that the sayd body is hurt with a scorpion that I wold enforce me to warme all the body / and also the party stynged without abydyng for any other experyence in takynge myne indicion of the nature of the thynge . For lyke as we haue shewed in the boke of medycamentes / wherin it behoueth to be exercyted who soeuer wyll take any fruyte of these present commentaries . No such faculte can be founde with out experyence . Sothely it shuld be a gyfte of fely ●yte so that any hauyng the syght of Litargiri , of Castoreum , or Cantiride forthwith to vnderstande theyr vertues . But lykewyse as in all thynges is commytted errour , as well by excesse , as by lacke , so is it presently . For yf they that afferme that the vertues of medicamentes is nat yet knowen / & that after so greate experyence . And the other that esteme the sayde vertues to be knowen by one experyence ●lone , do gaynsay eche other . For the fyrste speake ●●er lyghtly and to imprudently , yf it be imprudence to afferme a thynge impossyble , and the other are all togyther stupydes , sturdy , & lytygious . But for this present tyme we wyll say no more , bycause I haue spoken more playnly in the thyrde boke of temperamentes / and also in the boke of medycamentes . Neuerthelesse for knowlege of the diseases some prymytyfe causes are proffytable / but after that the present dysease is all togyther knowen / than the cause prymytyfe is totally vnutyle . Nowe haue we abouesayd / that it behoueth nat to medle and confounde both the doctrynes togyther / but the emperyke ought to treate by it selfe / & the rationall also by it selfe . We muste nowe call to mynde ( bycause we haue preposed in these present commentaryes ) to treate all onely the doctryne rationall . Albeit that to some thyngꝭ that we say we do nat adde that them all and absolutely be nat true , but onely after the sentence of the Methodyke secte / howbeit euery one of hymselfe ought to reason it , and for to adde it . And at this present tyme we haue added that any cause externe and prymytyfe is profytable to the indicacion curatyfe / albeit that it serueth well to the knowlege of the dysease . And we confesse that the cause prymytyfe is a party of the syndrome , and of all the emperykes cours is that they cure all dyseases , by reason or by experyence . But in all that we wyll say hereafter it shall nat be necessary to adde suche wordes . Than let vs retourne to oure fyrste purpose in takynge the pryncyple certayne and vndowbtfull / wherof also we haue vsed heretofore / there as we haue sayde that the dysease that requyreth to be cured iugeth the ende wherunto the Cyrurgien ought to entende / and of the same all other indications ben taken / wherby ye maye vnderstande pryncypally of the vlceres , wherof we haue begon to speake , that the sayd indication hath no maner of societe with the cause prymytyfe . For put we the case that any vlcere be come of a fluxyon in any party than it is manyfest that the sayd vlcere procedeth of corrupt humours / for nature is wont for to do so in dyseases / whan she purgeth the body she sendeth all the corrupcyon to the skynne / in suche a maner that the sayd skynne is vlcerate / & all the body purged . What is than the curacyon of suche vlceres ? Certaynly as of other vlceres wherin no corrupte affec●ion or dysposition ( that the Grekes call Cacoctes ) is adioyned . And yf it be so , it is euydent that none indication is taken of the cause that hath excited and made the vlcere . But yf the vycyous humour remayned some indication myght be taken of the sayd cause / or otherwyse it shulde be a deafe thynge that that thynge whiche is no more beynge shulde requyre curacyon● Or yf any thynge iudged and shewed curacyon / where there no maner of ●●de . Wherfore it is a straunge thynge / & all ho●e agaynst reason to say that the indication cura●●fe ought to be taken of the cause externe & prymy●yfe . And for bycause that the sayde indication 〈◊〉 nat taken of the same cause / it is euydent that 〈◊〉 ought to be taken of the cause that is present . But what is such indication fyna●y ? Certaynly who that shulde well and pr●prely speake / it is ●hat thynge that belongeth to prouidence , who so wolde be abused with the vocable . The grekes cal it Prophylactice . For the curation of vlceres eyther beyng onely syngle vlceres , or beyng with holownesse ( yf ye esteme and consydre dylygently ) is parfyte in eschewynge and foreseyng the thyngꝭ that may anoy nature . And the summe in effect when all is done , it is the worke of nature , as is closynge of a sore vlcere / and regeneracyon of flesshe . In the which thynges belongeth all the cure to that parte of the arte medycynall / that is called Prophylactyce in Greke / that is to say prouydence / although that vulgaryly it hyght , healynge . And therfore this party that is named prouydence is deuyded in to two kyndes . The fyrste is it that doth a way the dysease that is present . And the other with standeth the dysease that is nat yet in estate . Thus the yonge leaches vnderstande nat that theyr contencyon and dysputynges is of names . Howebeit that yf they were studyous of thynges / they shuld inuent and knowe that there be two fyrste dyfferences of the functions and actions of medycyne . That is to wyte , eyther to cure & heale the dyseases all redy greuous / or to let and withstande them that are nat yet present . Than is there no man but he wyll saye that to cure and to heale is none other thynge / but to do away the diseases all redy present and greuous / be it but that is done in doynge awaye the thynges that do let the worke of nature , or by medycamentes . But prouydence is none other thynge but to let that the sayde dyseases come nat . And certaynly they that by reason & Methode admynyster the arte of medycyne do cure the vlceres that come afore of corrupt humours / in purgynge the sayde humours / and also in doynge away the thynges that letteth the worke of nature . And proprely to say these two maners of curyng ar called Prophilactykes in Greke . For they let ( as is aforesaid ) that the fylthynes engendreth nat at the sore / or ouer moche moyste corruption . It behoueth nat than thus miserably to stryue of the names . But rather it is more conuenyent to gyue some good Methode to cure the vlceres , suche as I haue gyuen ( after my iugement ) as well in the boke precedent as in this . But I merueyle me moche of the ●ole hardynes of Thessalus wrytynge so of the curacyon of vlceres , that is named Cacocthe that is to say wycked . The cōmuny●●es of vlceres that last longe tyme that are vncurable / or that retourne after the cycatryce induct ben very necessarye , in lykewyse as in vlceres that maye nat growe togyther and be closed . It must be estemed what is the cause that letteth and pro●●●yteth the sayd cleuyng , or growyng togyther / 〈◊〉 whiche cause ought to be done awaye . But in ●hem that renewe the cycatryce induct / it behoueth ●o kepe the sayd cycatryce , that is to wyt in strength 〈◊〉 confortynge the suffrynge membre / or all the ●ody in commune / and in ordrynge it that it endure ●at lyghtly , by the remedies appropryate therto . And after that Thessalus hath proposed suche wordes in the begynnynge of his boke of Cyrur●ery , he wryteth afterwarde more playnly of this matter , in this wyse . The vlceres that endure longe , & that may nat be healed , or that renewe and come agayne after the cycatryce , gyue suche indications . That is to wyt / in them come nat to cycatryce , it behoueth the lettyngꝭ of the vnyon and coalescence / and renewe the vlcerate place . And after that ye haue made it lyke vnto a fresshe wounde / it must be healed agayne as a bledynge vlcere . And yf the sayd cure profyte in nothyng , ye ought to mytygate thynflāmation / and make all other dylygence . But the vlceres that come to closynge and open agayne in the actes and outwarde sores / ye ought to heale them , lyke vnto them wher there is fresshe brennynge . And afterwarde ye ought to lay vpon the sayd vlceres a playster made of mytygant thynges , vntyll that the yre and fyersnesse be abated . After this done ye ought to helpe to dresse the cycatryce . And than that ye make the partyes about it waxe reade / in wrappyng it aboute with a malagme ( that is to wyt a salue malactyke ) the whiche is made of Mustarde / or with some other medycament that may chaunge the sayd parties , and make them to be the lesse subiecte to dysease . And yf they ceas nat in this maner / ye ought to haue cure of all the body / in strengthyng it with dyuers exercytacyons , iestynges , and vociferacions , in commyttynge them that kepe hym to such thynges . Also by maner of lyuyng , dymynuyng , or augmentyng by degrees / in begynnyng at vomytynge made by Rayfortz . Ye shall also vse whyte Elebore , and all other thynges , wherof we vse in dysseases and dyffycyle to do away that are subiect to reason and maner of lyuyng / beholde here the saying of Thessalus . Nowe we must esteme the stupydyte or audacyte of the man . I say the stupidite yf he thynke to say well / and the boldnes yf he fole hym selfe culpable to saye nothynge . And by this meanes hopeth to abuse and deceyue the readers . But tell me Thessalus / what is the indicacyon curatyfe taken of olde sores ? In good soth I neuer founde curation that was indicate and shewed of the olde vlceres , nor of new , nor also of the tyme in what dysease that it be / but of the affection & dysposycion that I haue purposed to heale . For totally yf we regarde tyme / as yf the indycacyon cura●●fe were taken of it , the seconde day we shuld gyue all other indication than the thyrde . And lykewyse to gyue the .iiij. day another , than the .v. and so of the .vj. and all other dayes folowyng . And by ●he meane we shall no more consydre the dyseases that we cure . And the indication shall no more be ●●ken of them / wherby we coulde neuer thynke a ●●●aunger reason . Howe than are the cōmunytees 〈◊〉 vlceres necessary that endure a great whyle , se●●g that the tyme of it selfe can indicate in nothyn●●● For whan one vlcere is with erosyon , that cō●eth of euyl humours / we shall nat take for that ●he monethes after another indication , but that which we haue taken at the very begynnyng , and for a trouth I wyl nat parmit that such an vlcere shuld abyde longe tyme / but at the fyrste I wolde take the cause therof away . For it is leful the moste often to knowlege the dysease at the begynnynge , and it is necessary that the indication be taken of the sayd dysease . But I can nat coniect what may shewe and ensygne the tyme more than the nombre of dayes , but that Thessalus wyll saye that to haue knowledge of such vlceres / we must tary the tyme / but in such a maner he shuld be an ydyot all togyther . That is to wyt , yf he confesse openly that of other thynge the indication curatyfe is taken / and of other the knowledge of the dysease . For although that the tyme serueth somwhat to that dysease / neuerthelesse the indication curatyfe is nat taken of the tyme . But wherof serueth it yf any vlcere be inueterate , to do away that whiche letteth the coition and coalescence , and to renew the place that is payned ? For a man inepte yf by a fylthy fluxyon ( that the Grekes cal cacoethe ) the lyppes are disposed in such or such maner / what shalt thou proffyte yf thou cut it before thou hast prouyded to stop the fluxyon ? That is to wyte / thou shalt make the vlcere wyder than it is / as some do that cure vlceres in the same maner / bycause that as longe as the cause lasteth that before made the vlceres harde and flynty . Other thynge shal nat come of th excysyon of the sayd vlceres but amplyfycacion . For them that thou cuttest shal be agayne as hard and stony as they were before , albeit that the prudent and wyse Thessalus ( God knoweth ) hath nat added this word , that is to wyt , that the partye of the vlcere that is stony and harde & vncoloured ought to be cut , but commaundeth by absolute sentence and diffynytife , that we ought to cut that which letteth the closynge of the vlcere , and renew it , yf he counceled to do away the causes that let and hyndre the agglutynacyon . And that this reason and maner were antyke I wold nat excuse hym . For it is a precept and commaundement almoste of all the auncyent maysters / whiche haue wryten by any reason and Methode of the cure of vlceres that it behoueth to do away the effycyent causes of the said vlceres , lyke as of al other sores , ●or to say that in vlceres the cause effycyent muste 〈◊〉 fyrst done away , & nat in other diseases , it were of no purpose . But totally in all dyseases wherin the effycyent cause remayneth styll , it behoueth to begyn the curacyon at the same cause . And yf the ●ayd Thessalus hath left to tel all the causes that let the coition and conglutination , & that he hath ●nely spoken of the labyes ( as he hath shewed af●●●warde ) it appereth that he ignoreth , more than 〈◊〉 knoweth nat what belongeth to the curacyon 〈◊〉 vlceres . For it is possyble that the same cause 〈◊〉 alone , wherfore the vlcere may nat be cured , as 〈◊〉 sayd the intemperancy that is in the vlcerate ●●●tyes , without any tumour agaynst nature maye 〈◊〉 the cause . It is also possyble that the sayde intemperancy be coniunct with tumour , the which natwithstandyng requyreth nat al togyther that the labyes shulde be cut . It may so be that varix / that is to say a swollen vayne that is aboue it may be the cause , or that the mylte is augmented , or some dysease of the lyuer , or the weykenes of the party greued , the which is none other thynge but a clere and notable vntemperatnes , or euyll and vycyous humour in all the body that the Grekes call Cacochynne . The which is the greatest cause of all them that maye vnproffyte and anoye in the vlceres . As moche also may greue the vlceres the superhaboundaunce of humours egal to the same that the Grekes cal Phethora . Yf Thessalus commaunde to do awaye euery of these causes aboue sayde , I alowe hym , as he that consenteth and is conformed to the auncyentꝭ . But also yf he be nat of the opynyon that onely the labyes shuld be done away , I say that of many thyngꝭ he hath knowen one alone , which is so euydent that the shepeherdes are nat ygnoraunt therof . For yf a shepeherde sawe the labies of a sore , harde , flynty , wan , and blacke , or of any other notable vyce of colour , he wold haue no dowbte for to cut it . Than for to cut is a redy and easy thynge / but for to heale by medycamentes is a greater thynge / & that requyreth workemanshyp . Neuertheles Thessalus neuer knewe what the labyes are that may be softened by medicamentꝭ . For all confesse that he hath swerued from this party of the arte . And thus ( as hym selfe sheweth ) it semeth that he had neuer experyence nor rational scyence of any medicamentꝭ , whiche is a manyfest thynge of the boke that he hath made of medycamentes . But to the processe of this worke we shall treate of the passages whic● he hath nat wryten well .

ANd nowe we wyll dyspose vs with delyberacyon to speake of the curacyon of inueterate vlceres , the which he hath treated in saying aforesayde . Certaynly it had ben better to haue called them Cacoethe , that is to say wycked , and nat inneterate , and than declare theyr nature , and expos● the cause of theyr generacyon , and curacyon of eche of them . That is to wyt , fyrste the commune cu●acion of al vlceres , in asmoche as they be vlceres , ●●e which I haue wryten in the thyrde boke next ●fter the partyculer and propre curacyon of eche of them , after the kynde of the effycyent cause , as I haue taught in this present boke . And howbeit ●●at Thessalus hath done nothynge of all these ●●●nges , yet he estemeth that the vlcerate place must ●●●●●ewed . Than whan that it is made as a fresshe ●●●●nde , to heale it as a blody & rawe vlcere , what 〈◊〉 / yf he be exercysed in the workes of the arte 〈◊〉 vnderstandeth nat euydently that suche do●●● hath ben wryten by hym that neuer healed 〈◊〉 Is it possyble that any maye heale a inue●●●●e vlcere as it that is cruent and full of blode , 〈◊〉 that he hath made it lyke a fresshe wounde ? shal 〈◊〉 in drawyng the labyes of the vlcere togyther by rolles , or ioynynge them by stytches , or sooner neyther by the one nor the other / but by medycament apt and conuenable in vlceres cruent & blody with lygature ? What is he that knoweth nat that an vlcere Cacoethes is caued , seyng that it is made by erosyon ? Is it possyble than ( O foole and imprudent Thessalus ) that an vlcere caued may growe togyther and be agglutynate before that the cauyte be replete with flesshe ? Is nat that to cure an vlcere as a grene wounde ? Than hast thou wryten in vayne / that the indicacyon to cure caued vlceres is nat closyng , but fyllynge . And howbeit that euery vlcere Cacoethes and wycked were nat caued of it selfe and of the owne nature / neuertheles whan it is made as cruent in cuttynge the labyes ( as thou commaundest ) necessaryly it is made caued / and acquyreth ryght great dystaunce of labyes / in such maner that I can nat se howe thou mayst conglutyue it and make close as that whiche is cruent . For yf thou assay to approche them by force and vyolence , the labyes that are fer asonder , is of necessyte that there come a phlegmon / and also the sayde labyes may nat mete and close togyther , which as me semeth is onely to be vnder stande of Thessalus . Than afterwarde he addeth these wordes / yf the vlceres be nat bounde that thou mytygate the phlegmon . For it is necessary that they be nat vynculate / but bycause that the same also be gyuen to Thessalus , and that we passe ouer without so curyous examynacyon . It is euydent to euery one that he foloweth nat the communyte that hym self hath gyuen . For yf we take the which let●●th we shall take no more any thynge of the communyte of inueterate vlceres , in asmoche as they be suche . Natwithstandynge this , put we the case that it be so , and let vs se what foloweth . Thessalus wryteth in this maner . The vlceres that come to cycatryce , and open agayne shall be healed in the acceys and vlceracyon / in suche maner as they that lately haue be vexed & greued by phlegmon . Than after he sayth / ye must cause readnes to come to the partyes that are aboute it by a playster , that is to saye reuollytyfe , whiche is made of mustarde sede . What sayst thou made fole ? yf the fluxyon be bytter and hote , must the party be made reade with mustarde sede ? In suche wyse that that which the said party ought to haue of the fluxion ●t shall obtayne forthwith by thy salue ? That is , ●hat it be all vlcerate and reade . For the auncyen●●● made the weykenesses of the partyes that was ●●me of colde , or habundaunce of humour without ●anyfest heate in makyng reade them . But thou 〈◊〉 rubryfycacyon in all sores . Fyrste without ma●●●● any dyfference , yf the vlcere be nat cured ey●●● by the weykenes of the partye , or by the ma●●● of the fluxyon , & than thou tournest the ordre . 〈◊〉 after that thou hast brent the party by mustar●●●●● , and hast proffyted in nothynge , than thou 〈◊〉 to the curacyon of all the body . Howebeit ●●●t after my iudgement , all the countryes be ordeyned and stablysshed in such thynges , as wel by reason as by experyence . That is to wyte that all the body be fyrste emptyed of supfluytees , or that any dare admynyster any bytter or hote medytament to the partye . For all those medycamentes drawe vnto them from all the body lyke vnto the cucurbitule , that is to say ventose or boxyng . And thus yf thou do nat empty fyrste all the body thou shalt leaue mater of fluxyon to the bytter medycament / which thynge the emperyke confesse / and so do the dogmatistes , & the most auncyent doctours haue estemed it so . For in as moche as Thessalus hath made mencyon of them , it shal be no straunge thynge to cyte and alledge them as wytnesses . That is nat leafull to heale the eye well before all the rest of the heade , nor the heade before all the body . Such was the sentence of Arystotyll & Plato in the curacyon of dyseases . Lykewyse of Hypocrates , Dyocles , Praxagoras , and Plistonicus / but Thessalus alone gaynsayth this opynyon / and commeth fyrste to the composycyon of mustarde / and than he hath sollycytude of all the body / without shewynge any thynge wysely . For as yf it were lefull after to haue ones purged all the body / forthwith to fede it with holsome and good meates , of vocyferacyons , and exercytacyons , and of iestynges / and of the maner of chaunge of lyuynge / by certayne cyrcuytes and actes . Than of the vomytes made by Rayffortz / and for summe and conclusyon he hath ordeyned the elebora . It is hym selfe that hath promysed to heale al diseases easely , but I can nat vnderstande howe that any hath so wel healed , eyther in more longer space of tyme , or by more vnprofytable labour . Nowe than lyke as we haue seen by vsage and experyence / put we the case that there be any to whom it behoueth to cure an vlcere malygne and Cacoethes / put we the case also that there is any other that is in health / but bycause he hath scratched hymself in any party , as on the arme , and sodaynly is rysen a blyster or pustule . Than within a whyle after there commeth an ytche to the party / and after the pustule is broken there commeth an vlcere dyscoloured with fre●yng vnegally / and that such thynges is come in . iiii . dayes fro the begynnyng . To this purpose let the mayster Thessalyen answere me / in what ma●●r it behoueth to heale suche an vlcere . I call it ●ntyerly malygne & cacoethes . And therfore forth ●●th I wyll consyder what is the disposycyon and ●●fe●●ion of al the body . For I wyl inuent of what ●●●de the humour superflue shal be ; as well by the ●●mptomes of the vlcere / as by the sygnes of all the 〈◊〉 . Than forthwith I wyll purge the sayde su●●●●●e humour / without taryeng that all the elbow of y●●●●ent get any dysease / stoburne & waywarde to ●●●●yon . But the sectatours of Thessalus / that 〈◊〉 wyt they that obserue his preceptis wyll tary 〈◊〉 vlcere be olde , bycause it maye retourne to 〈◊〉 wonderous , and merueylous communyte of in●●●●rate vlceres , as yf it were nat moche better to ●howe the communyte of contumace & waywarde vlceres / the which wold indyke the curacyon , and nat of the inueterate vlceres . Afterwarde the sayd Thessalyens wold do one of both / eyther they wold cut the vlcere and make it as it were fresshe , and approche the partyes as for to knyt them , or elles they wolde fyrste vse of the salue that is made of mustarde . And all that proffite nat , they wyl haue theyr refuge to vocyferacyons , & gestacyons , and other exercytacyons , and to the maner of lyuyng that chaungeth by cyrcuytes / and after they wyll moue vomytynge by rayffert / and yf the vlcere be nat cured by suche thynges they mynystre elebore called veratrā in latyn . And yf the elebore serue of nothynge / they sende the pacyent in to Lybie for the chaunge of ayre , vndoubtedly Thessalus ought to adde this worde . After this excellent and synguler curacyon of frowarde and rebel vlceres . For of trouth the Thessalyens stay in vocyferacyons , gestacy●ns , & other lyke thynges , as yf they shuld couer the euyll habytude of the body ( whiche the Grekes call Cachexte ) and nat the vyce of the humour ( that the Grekes cal Cacochymie ) Is it nat merueyle yf they confesse nat to knowe the vlcere Cacoethes as soone as it is made / and that they tary tyll it be olde ? And that often they vse cyca●ryce / and open many tymes or they vnderstande what to do ? seynge also that they counceyll them that haue the feuers in what maner soeuer it be / to passe the excesse that ought to come the thyrde day or no ? God knoweth howe they haue wel and parfytly knowen the contemplacyon of the Cryse , and in what maner they may fore ●e the great encreasynge of the sore . What commeth therof moste often ? Of a certaynte it commeth that the pacyentis abydeth in theyr beddes / and consume throughe theyr defaulte / which myght haue ben healed the seconde daye . Of a trouthe nat ones , or twyes , or thryes alonely , but .vj. C. tymes haue we wasshed many febricitans incontinent after the fyrste actes , which we haue seen done by our preceptours and maysters . And consequently haue permytted them to lyue without feare in their maner accustomed , as they that shuld no more haue the feuer , whom wyse Thessalus that hath exigited the fyrste dyete , that is to wyt nat to eate in thre dayes shuld ha●e dryed vp and consumed in makyng them sterue for hungre in thre dayes longe . Than as I coniect he wolde fede them a lytell on the fourth day / and ●o nourysshe them by lytel and lytel / in suche wyse th●t the .vj. or .vij. day they shuld scantly be able to 〈◊〉 aboute theyr customable besynes , they that ne●●● had the feuer but ones onely . Of trouth he con●●med his pacyentes alway in theyr dyseases / the ●●●iche ryght easely myght haue ben holpen . For 〈◊〉 so were that the vlcere began to swell at the be●●●nyng , it myght haue ben holpen in few dayes , ●hessalus wolde suffre it to renne a yeare or more . 〈◊〉 taryed often so long tyll the sayd vlcere often ●●●e produced cycatryce / and wolde often open it to wit yf it were contumaced . Than after that he had begon the curacyon he purgeth nat forthwith the body , but fyrste of all vsed his salue of mustarde , and than his Iestes , vocyferacyon , & certayne maners of lyuyng , & than his vomyte of rayffort . And fynably of the Elebore what it is ? any other thyng than to lyngre a hole yere ? That is to wyt ( by the lyuyng god ) whan the pacient may be healed in .vj. dayes or in .vij. at the moste / shulde we prolonge a moneth to knowe yf the vlcere be Cacoethes and wycked / and than that we shulde begyn the curacyon ? But what necessyte was it to speke of the propre communyte of vlceres iueterate , seynge that they are mutyle in the curacyon / albe it that it were lefull to wryte , nat of the communyte indicatryce , but of the curacyon of vlceres , nat inueterate , but contumaced and rebell . For it happeneth that some vlceres and diseases are contumacy and rebellyon to heale . Howbeit indicacyon curatyfe is nat taken of this contumacy and rebellyon . But it is the disease that gyueth the fyrste indicacyon of healyng . And of the sayd fyrste indycacyon are founde the remedies as I haue declared . That is the maner to heale by Methode , as that we do in folowyng the auncyentes , yf it so be that Methode is an vnyuersall way , which is commyng to all partytuler thynges . Here is Thessalus be gyled , for he weueth that all the knowledge of them that do any thyng by Methode , is Methode / surely it behoueth that he that doth any thyng by Methode haue notyce and knowledge of the lyke and vnlyke . Neuerthelesse that is nat Methode / that is ●o wyt the sayde notyce of lyke and vnlyke . Also Arystotyll and Platon affermeth it nat / whiche Thessalus dare falsely alledge . But at this tyme is nat conuenyent to reffute & reproue suche purposes / wherfore I wyll retourne agayne vnto the Methode curatyfe , promyttyng to shew that there is a pryncyple of Methode in all curacions , and that the way that ledeth fro this pryncyple to the ende is semblable in all partyculer thynges , wher by ( albeit that in all dyseases it semeth that there is one propre and pryue Methode to heale ) neuerthelesse in all thynges there is one commyn gendre / for it behoueth alwayes to begyn at the indycacyon that is taken of the dysease that we entende to heale . And than we must esteme and dyscerne yf the cause of the disease be ceased a redy , or yet presently it augmenteth & maketh the sayde dysease . Yf the sayde cause be alredy ceased , we must come so the Methode wherof hath ben treated in the thyrde boke of this worke . But yf the sayde cause yet presently make the dysease , the Methode is treated in the .iiij. boke . By the whiche Methode thou shalt fynde the remedyes of a phlegmon and of a ●euer , and shortly to speake of all maladyes . That ●s to wyt , yf nothynge is done , thou shalt nat take ●ayne to enquyre the precedent causes / but shalt begyn onely at the dysease . But yf any thynge be done presently thou shalt prepose two fynalytees of curacyon . And than do the other thynges by order , as it is sayd . Nowe it behoueth to merueyl of Thessalus dyscyples / nat for bycause they fayle in such thynges , but bycause they do vse these names , Dyspathies , Metasyncrises , Imbecyllitees , ●yrmytudes , and sondry other such names . And yf ye questyon them what suche names meane / they wote nat what to answere . For to knowe what it sygnyfyeth that they call in all inueterate vlceres Metasyncrynien ten exu in Greke / they answere nat with one accorde , nor clerely , nor prudently , yf that it were an auncient name , or vsurped by any of the Grekes , at aduenture we myght vnderstande of that they haue wryten , what thyng it sygnyfyeth . But bycause it is a propre name vnto theyr stupydite , that is to wyt , that is come of the supposycyon and Hypothese of Asclepiades lyke as their other decrees , is it nat then iust & reasonable that they iustyfy theyr dreames ? That is to wyt , from whens this that is sayd Syncrinestai ta somata ●ai diacrinestai . As ye wolde sayd medle & dyuyde the body . And that it were onely leafull to vsurpe suche names , to them that call and constytute the lytel body Atomes , and the poores , and conduytes or the indiuidnes , & vacuyte . And fynably the impatable and inalterable thynges to be the fyrste elementes . As that for certayne they vsurpe and contynually vse such maners . Moreouer Thessalus in his Canon whan he confermeth the pryncyples reneweth some thyng besyde that which was put in wrytynge by Themyson and Asclepiades / and ensigneth clerely what he wyl say , for he hath nat estemed all togyther as As●●epiades . That is to wyt euyn in such wyse as in Symmetrye , that is to say , that in competent and cōmoderacyon of smal conduites lyeth and consisteth the helth . And in Ametrie , that is to saye / in vncompetence and immoderacyon in them the dysease . Also that curacyon or sanacyon is none other thynge but a retourne to the fyrste symmetrye or cōmoderacyon of the sayd conduytes / but he weneth that all the state and condicion of the sayd conduytes must be chaunged . And of this opynyon is proceded the name of Metasyncresis , which may sygnyfy as moche as Metaporopoesis in Greke . That is to say , mutacyon of the state of pores & smal conduytes . Howbeit it was nat leful for hym to vse the name of Dogmatystes , in places where he commaundeth to eschue the vncertayne and darke names & onely haue the vnderstandyng attentyfe in the cōmunytees whiche appere euydently . Than his dyscyples and seruauntes answere that he must nat be herd as a dogmatyke / whan he vseth of these names , Mais alephos , that is to say , symply . For of a trouth some of his dyscyples are accustomed to susteyne and defende hym in this maner / in reuokynge vs agayne to another name , that is Arphi●●a , whiche we translate , symplenes . The whiche name ( of a trouth ) I can vnderstande what it sygnyfyeth . For yf he dyd sende vs agayne to a name more vayne ( that is in Greke vioticos ) the whiche they expose doth signyfy as moch as semblably to the vulgare of men . Truely as moch shuld it be to say Aphelos nat duely nor ryghtwysly / but without arte or scyence . For the men that are the moste lyghtest and quycke of speche vse names of artes and sciences , vnder some sence that hath no foundacyon . And whan they are demaunded what they mene , they can neyther tell nor showe . The which thynge th●se Thessalyens confesse to be theyr decent custome , the which thyng we do obiect them , and for certayne they wyll also confesse that they vnderstande nat partfytly & exactly what is Metasyncrysis , yf it be sayd of the mutacyon of poores , that in Greke is called Poropoia , in dede it shulde haue some vnderstanding , and sygnyfy somwhat , but vayne in many maners , bycause that our bodyes are nat composed of corpules motes / nor of poores . And yf they were true , yet shulde it nat be possyble to shew in what maner Mustarde myght chaunge or alter the state & condycyon of the poores . And yf any can shew it , yet shuld he nat be consentynge and confermed to theyr secte , seyng that they saye , to be content with the apparent cōmunitees , wherby that they vse no more such names , and that they hyndre and let vs no more , for it is leaful without the name of Metasyncrysis , to say in other wordes the curacyon of froward vlcere● , as the Emperykes do . Also we haue shewed in the seconde boke , howe the sayde Thessalyens ar● lykewyse abuse at the vocable Atonias , that is to say , Imbecilite , for they take the name as the emperykes , for it sygnyfyeth none other thynge , but that the actions is nat kepte . But yf they propose that there is any facultees and vertues that gouerneth man , whiche we afferme , and almoste all the auncyentes , besydes that they gaynsay to the preceptes of Asclepiades , they propose vncertayne thynges , of the which the Auctours agre nat wel togyther / howebeit they commaunde to flye suche thynges . But tell me Thessale clerely , what bet●keneth this vocable Metasycresem ? yf thou say that it betokeneth to chaunge the poores & small conduytes , thou begylest thy selfe , and vsurpest vncertayne thynges / yf thou say that it is as moche to saye , as to yelde the party of the body stedfast and hole , or al the man , thou sayst no more to this purpose than the Emperykes , excepte the nowne . For they knowe wel that man becommeth hole by other remedyes , but they knowe nat by what cause and reason the remedyes restore helth . For none of the Emperyke can tell yf the faculte of medycament chaungeth the poores / nor yf it make symmetrie and cōmoderacyon / nor yf it altereth the qualyte of the pacyent party , howbeit the Emperykes are discrete yf they say that they knowe onely one thyng , that is to wyt , yf they haue noted and obserued often tymes , that vtylyte hath folowed whan the me●ycament of Mustarde hath be mynystred to such a sore , and in such tyme . Neuertheles they speake nat of Methode , nor reyse theyr browes at it . And be nat pleased with suche notyce , and myssaye nat the auncyentes , nor dysprayse nat Hyppocrates , nat estemynge hym as nothynge / but they alowe hym and afferme that he hath sayde all verytable thynges . But yf Thessalus here that myspryseth Hypocrates , and al the other maysters , vnderstandeth nat that all the preceptes that he hath wryten of the frowarde and rebell vlceres ben Emperykes . Albeit yf he wrote them wel & commodiously it shulde be somwhat profytable / but it appereth nat that he hath done so / seyng that he parnerted the ordre of remedyes / and vsed remedyes for the party , or that al the body was prepared . In good soth it is a sygne and argument of an vntaught and great ygnoraunce ( seyng that in this thynge almost all the maysters of medycyne do agre , albeit that in sondry thyngꝭ they iarre ) that is to wyt , that all the body muste be emptyed and purged of all his out waxynges , or that any partye be take subiecte to the stronge and vehement remedyes . For who soeuer wolde iudge , eyther by experyence or by reason ( for there is none other thyrde maner to iudge , nor in what arte soeuer it be , nor in any partye of lyfe ) he shall fynde that it is a great incommodyte to mynystre to the sore party any salue or plaister that is bytter and hote , or he prouideth for all the body , which fyrste requyreth his propre cure . For the sayd medycament draweth to it from all the body in the maner as cucurbyte and ventose doth the excrementes and superfluytees . And so it cleueth and stycketh to the sayd party greued and sore , in suche wyse that with great payne it may be scantly pulled of . Wherfore it must be asked of these Thessaly●ns , from wkens the sayd fantasy came to Thessalus to wryte fables and toyes , as touchyng the curacyon of frowarde and rebell vlceres , seynge that none Emperyke , nor racyonall hath so wryten before . Albeit neyther Thessalus , nor any of his dyscyples and sectatours dare nat afferme that suche ordres or remedyes do agre with expexyēce or with reason . Moreouer they can nat shewe in what maner of tyme indyke and nat the disease , nor also ( that is yet more ) howe Th●ssalus is nat all holly folysshe and dul , that iudgeth that the cause must be estemed that letteth and kyndreth the cycatryce of vlceres , the whiche cause is to be done awaye / and lykewyse seeth nat that it suffyseth , and that the length of tyme of vlceres s●rueth of nothynge / with this he considereth nat that he must do thus , nat onely in vlceres , but also in all other dyseases , as the auncyentes do admonysshe . But they answere nothyng to these purposes , but that they say alwayes , that we do nat vnderstande them wel , as yf they knew parfytely the thought of Hyppocrates , and of all the auncyentes . And afferme that Thessalus hath a good opynyon when he sayth that there is a communyte of the inueterate vlceres , and that Hyppocrates vnderstode it so in the boke of vlceres , which wryteth in this maner . It is profytable that the blode do flowe contynually from the olde sores , in what maner that it hath ben seen nedefull . At all aduentures than what may come to speake sōmaryly of the sentence and intelligence of Hyppocrates , thoughe I haue nat promysed that I wolde speake of it in this place / but that which I wyll say shall be of the interpretacyon , of the wyt & knowledge of the auncyentꝭ . The whiche as we haue sayde as yet hath gyuen no se et , but studyenge with symple and pure thought to inuent some thyng profytable to helth , it is wel semynge that they haue founde some thynges by vse & some by reason . Than dyd they wryte theyr inuencyons many tymes without gyuynge any reason to theyr inuencyons , & somtyme they dyd , the which they haue done for cause of the profyte of the readers . For they trusted to be profitable to theyr successours , as to the good and ryght vsage of inuented thynges to knowe the reason of theyr inuencyon ) and haue wryten it dyligently . To the contrarye , where they haue estemed that it shulde be superflue to recyte , they haue obmysed and left some . Nowe it is well knowen to all after that I holde my peace , that the auncyentes haue well loued shortnes of speche , and pryncypally for that cause . Nat a lonely Hyppocrate , but also all the other auncyentes . Somtyme without makynge mencyon of the myddel moste added the thyrde thynge . For yf the fyrste thyng be sygne of the seconde , the thyrde necessaryly foloweth after the seconde . For this cause the fyrste they put the thyrde , obmyttyng and leauyng the seconde . I haue shewed sondry tymes howe the auncyentes and chyefly Hyppocrates haue wryten suche thynges . And he that wyll knowe and parfytely vnderstande the maner of interpretynge , that the auncyentes had , ought to be exercysed in theyr style and maner of wrytynge . For this tyme I wyl expose onely that which● I haue purposed / that is to wyte the vlceres the which ( after wel and duely to haue done all thynges requysyte ) althoughe they be nat cured , the maysters in medycyns call them Cacoethe in greke , we call the malygne or wycked , stoborne and rebell . Nowe haue we spoken in the boke afore what curacion of vlceres is . Than these vlceres here all are called Caroethe , inueterate , and dinturnes in vsynge such names indyfferently . Lykewyse for to knowe the dysease Cacoethe is ( that is to saye waywarde , stoborne or rebellyous for to heale ) it maketh somwhat with the other sygnes , neuerthe●esse the dyuturnyte , or that the said vlceres be cal●●d dyuturnes , of longe contynuaunce . And inue●●rate , as waxen olde / and in dede ar● suche that 〈◊〉 maner of conuenyent indycacyon of curynge / 〈◊〉 it must be inuented bycause that the vlcerate ●arty is yll ordred and paynfull . That inuented , ●he maner of curynge is euydent . But thou must ●●ye , howe so ? Of a trouth yf thou heale the vlce●ate parties , prouided that they onely are payned , but yf all the body habounde in vycyous , and corrupt humour . In emptyenge & clensynge the sayd humour / for truely the sygne of the vycyous humour is the dyuturnyte of the vlcere , but the inuencyon of that which is vtyle and expedyent commeth nat fyrste of the dyuturnyte , but of the malyce of the humour / wherby these thre thynges folowe eche other by ordre . That is the sygne , th affection , and the curacyon . The sygne is the dyuturnyte , th affection is the vyce of the humour , and the curacyon is the euacuacyon of the sayd humour / by this meane ye shal fynde that the auncyentes many tymes after the fyrste anone make mencyon of the thyrde , leuyng the myddylmoste . As Hyppocrates dyd whan he said it is vtyle to cause the blowe flowe often out of vlceres inueterate in what maner that it be , so that the thyng be seen behouefull nat that the dyuturnyte indyketh the curacyon / but the vyce of the blode . For a lytel after he sayth thus . The vyce of the blode hyndereth greatly the healyng of the sayde vlceres . Also putrefaction of blode / and all thyng that is come by transmutacyon of blode letteth all other vlceres for to heale . Anone after whan he speaketh of vlceres that come nat to festring he sayth this wyse . The vlceres may nat be closed togyther yf the lyppes and partyes that are rounde aboute it become swarte or blacke , bycause of the rotten blode , or varyce ( that is to say a tumyde vayne ) that causeth the fluxion yf ye heale nat the sayd partyes that be aboute it . Afterwarde he wryteth of the cure of the varices . And furthermore he maketh mencyon of the purgacyon of all the body , as well in other woundes , as in them where there is feare and daunger of rottennesse ( called in Greke spha celos ) and also in serpentz vlceres , and in al Eschirmenes , that is to say that are eaten and reade . And thus Hyppocrates is accustomed to name the vlceres that be reed by any humour . And also whan he speketh of them that ensueth he sayeth in suche wordes . In euery vlcere where as chaunceth to come Erysipclas / all the body must b● purged . And fynally yf ye rede dylygently the boke of vlceres , ye shall fynd● that he taketh indicacyon of the dysease alway , as somtyme of the tyme , but that is to knowe the disease . And that it is so , ye may knowe it at the beg●nnyng of the sayd boke , which is such . It b●hou●th nat to moyste the vlceres , what so●uer they be , but with wy●e . Then telleth he the cause saying . For the dry vlcere is the nerest of helth , & the moyste to ●orenes . Then anone after he sayth / for the vlcere 〈◊〉 moys●e , but that is drye is hole , & therfore in all the ●●●e , in asmoch as he hath constitued the ende of al ●●e ●ure of vlceres to be drynesse / forth with he hath ●●unde the particuler thyng● admonysshing vs many ●ymes of the sayd ende / for when he wryteth in this maner . Euery vlcere that is dyuyded with a cuttyng in●●●ument or sharp poynted receyueth medycament ●is mynysire at the begynnyng in blody & rawe vl●●●●s , that which medycament in greke is called Enhameon , or otherwyse a drying medicine that letteth it to come to suppuracyon / for it becommeth dryer bycause of the fluxyon & shedynge of the blode , & yet agayne Hyppocrates sayth . All vlceres that are purged in tyme behoueful , so that they come alway to more drynesse , in the moste parte of them come none o●ergrowynge nor superfluyte of flesshe , but that there is bruse , and agayne . Yf any vlcere may nat cleue or growe togyther , the moyste flesshe is the cause . In all these passages Hyppocrates admonyssheth vs of the fyrste indicacyon curatyfe of vlceres . For of a very trouth the curacyon of an vlcere ( yf as ) & beyng but vlcere is meane and moderate dryinge , wherof the demonstracyon hath ben gyuen in the boke afore , but the curacyon ●f an vlcere that is coniunct with another affection , wherof the cure ought to procede , is nat lyke an vlcere alone , but the fyrste curacion shal be of the same affection , and the seconde of the vlcere . For yf there be eyther phlegmon or swart colour , or ecchimosis , or erisipclas , or tumour , that is called ●edema in the vlcerate party , fyrst ye must begyn the curacyon at one of the sayde affections , howbeit euery one knoweth well that the vlcere somtyme nat onely is nat wel & commodiously cured , but becommeth moche greater , for yf in the parties rounde about the vlcere there is eyther bruse , phlegmon , or other tumour , we must fynde the propre curacyon of the said affection , & haue it for a certayne that it is nat possyble to heale the vlcere , yf the place where it is be nat cured fyrste . And therfore Hyppocrates putting vs in memory that which he had treated in the begynnyng of his boke to wryte al the other thingꝭ comprised aboue , that are ●sent when he sayth . Euery vlcere that is dy●yded with a cuttynge instrument , or sharpe poynted receyueth medycament called Erhaemon & dyssycatyfe that letteth the vyle matter . But yf the flesshe be contused or cut remedy must be gyuen , in such wyse that it come soone to suppuracyon / for in so doyng● it shall be the lesse gr●ued with phlegmon . And also it is ●e●essary that the flesshe that hath ben contused , and incis●d , the whiche putryfyeth , and commeth to suppura●yon , in collyquieng and meltyng , and after that the newe flesshe is engendred . By these w●rdes Hyppocrates sheweth manyfestly that al d●seases of the vlcerate partyes ought to be desic●●t● except them that we wyl sodaynly brede pus , t●at is to say rotten matter / and passyng forth ●e teach●th vs that pus or suppuracyo● is made wt●ome pu●t●faction . Nowe all thynges putrifie by heate and moystnes / and therfore the Cathaplasm●s made of barly meale ( se●ng that they chaufe and moyste ) we shal m●nystre , to all dyseases whe●●●t is expedyent to engendre pus . For the barly ●ea●e with water and o●le , and lykewyse breade ●ith oyle , or also a fomentacyon with moch hote water , and the strength of the salue called Tetra●●ne make , and fynally all thynges that warme ●nd moyste , forthwith engendre rotten matter or pus . And for the cause in the parties where as phlegmon is , yf there be all redy vehement pulsacyon / in such wyse that there is no more hope of the curac●on of the sayd partyes without suppuracyon all the auncyentes appl● the sayd suppuratyfe medycynes , and nat sooner . The which thynge Hyppocrates sheweth playnly in the wordes beforesaid , wherby he byddeth to drye moche the wounded partyes without brusure . And they that be with brusyng , it behoueth to brynge them soone to suppuracyon . Moreouer whan he sayeth , that all vlceres that be nat well and duely purged , & begyn alway to brede & encrease , in them the flesshe ouer groweth greatly / but they that are purged as it behoueth , and alwayes commeth to drines , in them the flesshe ouergroweth nat , but yf that there be contusyon . Of trouth to ●he purpose , whan he addeth , but yf that there be contusyon , he reduceth vs to mynde of that he hath sayde before . That is to w●t all vlceres requyre for to be dryed , but they where as is brusynge . For yf ye do lay to the partyes where as is phlegmon , a Cataplasme that is hote and moyste , it is nat done by the fyrste & pryncypal reason . That is to saye , as remedy to the sore , but asswagynge of the symptome and grefe . For the remedies of phlegmon ar of dissicatyfe vertue . Herken nowe what Hyppocrates sayeth . The playsters of tumours called Cedemata , and phlegmons that consysteth rounde aboute , be verbascum soden , and leaues of trifolium rawe , and the leues of Eperitron soden pol●●m . All these medycamentes haue vertue dissycatyfe , as we haue shewed in the bokes of symple medicynes . And the summe and shorte cure of the partyes where as phlegmon is , is done by the remedies that doth away all the hole dysease . Or yf the said remedyes haue left any thynge remanyng that commeth to matter , it is nedeful to haue another medycament bytter & strong , that may make suppuracion . Or that the skynne that is aboute it be thynne , & that thou wylt nat that the pacyent be sooner delyuered o● i● , ye must make incysyon / but of the cure of phl●gmon by barly meale is sooner lenition than curacyon , & fyghteth agaynst the dysease , & of the dyfierence of such thyngꝭ we shall sp●ke hereafter more at large . N●we me thynketh to haue manyfest●y shewed how Hyppocrates hath commaunded that all vlceres ought to be dyssyccate , & that he hath ordeyned & confermed that it is the end of the curacyon . In asmoche as the indicacyon is taken of the dysease , & nat of the ty●e . And yf any desyre to haue greater persuasyon , let hym red● dylygently al the b●ke of Hyppocrates , that he hath wryten of vlceres . For he shal vnderstande clerely that there is one generall indycyon of all vlceres , that is to wyt that which we haue shewed in the precedent boke . And also that there is none indycacyon that is taken of tyme , nor at vlceres , nor a● p●legmon , nor at other greues . And therfore we are commen to the purpose & place to speke . It is a thynge iust and trewe to shewe that Hippocrates hath ben inuentour , nat onely of that we haue sayd be●ore , but also of all other thynges that is for to be knowen to hym that ought to hele an vlcere well . For it appereth that he hath inuented the reason and maner to heale the symple vlceres , and that are without other affection , which lyeth and consisteth in dissiccacion● But also partyculerly by the kyndes of euery dysease . For eyther the vycyous humours flowe no more in the sore partye , or els it floweth styll . Yf it flowe no more , it behoueth onely to succour and remedy the party that is payned . That is to wyte yf it appere pale , blacke , or read , it must be scarified and made to blede . Then afterwarde ( bycause that I maye vse his wordes ) must be layde therupon a sponge more dryer then moyst . I thynke that no persone is ygnoraunt that this partycle ( that is to wyte than ) hath in this place any strength of denyall , as yf he sayde thus drye and nat moyste . And afterwarde ought to be applyed remedyes dyssyccatyues . And than ( yf it be requisyte ) for to drawe blode agayne , and forth with after make suche thynges as is abouesayde , vnto the tyme that the helth be all togyther gotten . And yf the lyppes of the vlcere appere harde and stony , they must be cutte , wherof is spoken in this wyse . Yf the vlcere that are cyrculer and rounde be caued somwhat , it behoueth to cut in maner of a cyrcle the partyes that are commen in swellynge , which in Greke is called call apostema . Eyther a hoole or halfe a cyrcle accordynge to the length . Also it is wrytten of all tumours that are coniunct with an vlcere how it ought for to be cured , Lykewyse of the varyces / for by the occasyon of them the vlcere is waywarde and rebel to be healed , yf that any humoure of the sayde varyces do flowe in the vlcerate partyes . In lykewyse whan the fluxyon of humour commeth from all the body , he byddeth that all the bodye be purged without takyng of any indicacion of tyme . And for certayne it shuld be a laughyng thynge that so many of dyuers and often contraryes shulde be taken of a communyte . For put the case that any indycyon of tyme be taken / yet fynally it must be sayd what it is , and compryse it in a summe / as Thessalus doth ( nat onely we ) whiche hath alway an indycyon of the dysease of the body that is stopped , that is to wyt that it be vnlosed / and another vnlosed of the body to be stopped . Lykewyse in the vlceres , that that is fylthy requireth to be clensed , that that is caued to be fylled , that that is egal to be festred . And that that ouergrowen f●esshe , that it be had away , as Thessalus selfe is authour . Let hym shewe than that there is a thynge proporcyoned in the dyuturne and inueterate vlceres , as there is in all them aforesayd , whiche is nat possyble to hym , for he byddeth that they shulde be cut . But what is that racyonall indycyon taken of tyme / and than to vse remedyes of Mustarde / of the whiche he taketh and vsurpe●h this vayne worde Metasycrisis ? after that he prouoketh vomytes , by Raffortz . And at the last whan he fyndeth none other remedy to vse Elebore ? Of the which thynges shal be spoken more playnly hereafter , whan we shall shew that no indicacyon in what dysease soeuer it be nat taken of tyme . Albeit that the tyme is somtyme sygne of the dysease . But I fynde agayne a● Hyppocrates , wherof I merueyle of his great dylygence in all other thynges , and chyefly that he hath nat forgoten that whiche is pryncypally to be consydered , of the mayster in medicyns touchyng to indicacion . Nat onely in one dysease or two , but in all . That is to wyt the indycacyon that is taken of the myghtynes of the dysease , which the Methodykes onely haue nat left ( whiche is no merueyle ) but also dyuers of the racyonalles , & Emperykes althoughe it be in dyuers maners . For when they say that they haue obserued the euacuacyon of the cours of to moche blode / they confesse manyfestly that they haue no regarde of other thynges that appere in the sores for to come to such euacuacyon , which that I say therfore the purgacyon is euacuacyon , the which is nat indicate by the cours of to moche flowyng of blode , but also for bycause that ( althoughe that there be no cours of redoundyng blode ) we must somtyme come & haue refuge to the sendyng of blode , in greke called phlebotomy ? For when the disease is great , with the force of strengthes there is none but he make phlebotomy , yf he be expert in the workes of the arte . And sothly we se that the emperykes commeth to the sendyng of blode when any is fallen from a hye place . Or when there is any partyes sore brused & hurte with any wounde thoughe that the pacyent were hole & sounde before & without superhabundaunce of blode . By the whiche it appereth that it is nat the redoundyng of blode that indicateth the phlebotomye , but it is the myghtynes & vehemency of the dysease , & the force of the strengthes , acceptynge alway children . And by an other reason , as yf a man be hole & sounde & in no wyse hurt & is ful in habundaunce of blode , for all that it is nat necessary to take his blode from hym . For to some , fastynge may satysfye , to another small eatyng , to another● flux of the wombe , or purgacion , or hauntynge of batthes , to another onely besynes , or habundaunt fretyng may be ynoughe . But the phlebotomye is nat necessary to such folkes , as the emperykes say also . Lykewyse purgacyon is nat conuenable in the onely habundaunce of vycyous humour . But lyke as the phlebotomye is made eyther for habundaunce of blode , or for the magnytude & fyersnes of the dysease , also the purgacyon is made for the habundaunce of some other humour , & for the vehemency & force of the dysease . As touchynge the myssyon of blode we haue treated in another boke , & shall treate hereafter . In this present boke I wyl speke of the purgacyon . For they that be dyseased desyre it . Nat onely bycause that it euacueth the superflue humour & noysome , wherwith they be greued , but also to put it out & be clensed . And for this cause Hyppocrates aswel in his other workes as in that that he hath wryten of vlceres considereth the vehemency & strength of the dysease to the indication of purgyng sayth thus . Purgacyon by the bely is profytable to many vlceres , to the woundes of the heade & of the bely , & of the artycles , or also yf there be daunger of rottennes in the bone , or where sutares behoueth , or also to gnawyng . Lykewyse to serpent vlceres & other affections that maketh the vlceres long in healyng . And also where as rollynges must be vsed , in all suche affections behoueth purgacyons . By these wordes it is clerely shewed that purgacyon is ꝓfytable to all vlceres & woundes , at al & euery tyme that they are greatest . For in asmoche that nat onely the sayde affections , but also other be made greuous & great in thre maners . That is to wyt eyther for the exc●llency & nobylyte of the party , & myghtynes of the dysease , or bycause that the sayd maladyes & affections are Cacoethe , that is wycked . Hyppocrates hath made mencyon of all these thynges by them selfes . That is when he sheweth of woundes of the heade , & bely , the dygnyte & excellency of the party that is hurt . I thynke that it is manyfest to all that here must be vnderstande nat onely the inwarde bely , but also the superyour . For in diuiding the tronke which is betwene the necke & the legges , is two great capacytees . The fyrste is contayned vnder the Thorax . The seconde vnder the fondement , that is to the membrane that is stretched vnder labdomen , & for certayne the wounde that hath perced within the Thorax , or within the ars hole is very daungerous , pryncipally yf any of the inwarde partyes be wounded . Lykewyse there is but few but he knoweth well that all woundes of the artycles are Cacoethes and wycked . The whiche thynge the Emperykes vnderstande by onely experyence . And they that haue studyed to haue the scyence of the nature of the body , vnderstande it by the nature of the hurt partyes . For in the synewes and bony places & without flesshe there is daunger of payne , wakyng , & pryuacyon of rest , & also of con●ulsyon . Such woundes abouesayd , & such as be stytched , that is to say that are so great that they haue nede to be sowed , or at leest wayes of byndynge or rollynge requyre purgacyon . & We haue sayd in the next boke afore that all the great vlceres ought to be conioyned , eyther by seames or by byndyngꝭ , lyke wyse that the vlceres where there is daunger of the corruption of the bones are with magnytude of phlegmon . Also they that are with erosion be cacoethes & wycked , & procede of euyl humours . And also cankers commeth of bylyous excrementes . That is to wyte coleryke superfluite , & al other olde vlceres commeth of such a cause / wherfore in all the vlceres aforesaid Hyppocrates commaundeth to purge by the bely , and folowyng after he addeth these wordes . In all vlceres wherto erisipclas is commen the body must be purged in the party moste vtyle for the vlcere , so that the purgacyon be made eyther by the vpper parties or by the inwarde , wherof he hath taught vs the dyff●rence in the boke of humours / where he by●deth to retourne to the contrary partyes & deryuat to the syde . And when there is great fluxion that it behoueth to make another vlcere in the contrary parties , & therof he speketh in the said boke , wherof yf yet agayne yf the fluxyon be impetuous & great we shal make reuulsion in the contrary partyes , that is to wyt yf the vlcere be in the vpper partyes , by purgacyon downwarde , yf the vlcere be in the inwarde partyes , in purgynge the vpper bely . But yf the fluxion be stopped all redy , in such wyse that it is drawen to , & fixed in the membre , it is more expedyent to dryue it out by the next places , seyng that the translacyon & transporte is by the partyes that be next it . Seyng also the th accesse & actraction of the purgyng medycament is more easy & prompte nere then fer . The which reason belongeth also to another party of the art , that is to wyt of that which treateth of the purgacyon of humoures , as it is well knowen to all , & therfore hereafter it shall be necessary to repete it , and make it all parfyte● Nowe wyl I shew that the force or yf ye wyl cal it the myghtynes , or fyersnes , ought to be stablysshed & ordeyned by indicatrice of phlebotomye , or of purgacion , and that Hyppocrates was the fyrste inuentour of the sayd indicacyon , which I wyll shewe as touchyng to other dyseases in the bokes that folowe , & in this present boke I wyl treate of vlceres . I haue all redy spoken clerely of the purgacyons . For syth it is so that euery dysease is greuous & fyers in .iij. maners , that is eyther by precellence & noblenes of the partye , or for the strength & magnytude of the affection & dysease or for the wyckednes & frowardnes of the same , called in greeke Cacoethia . Hyppocrates hath made mencyon of all these thyngꝭ where as he spake of purgacyons , but some perchaunce shall say . Howe than ? doth nat Hippocrates perswade somtyme for to drawe the blode for the same causes abouesaid ? It semeth that he commaundeth them thus , but in few wordes , & neuertheles nat without demonstracyon , as he is accustomed , & also all the other auncyentes . Thou shalte vnderstande that it is thus . Fyrste yf thou rede agayne his wordes that are such . In all vlceres newly made , but yf it be in the bely , it is expedyent that forth with it flowe in blode eyther more or lesse . For by that meane the vlcere shall be lesse greuous by a phlegmon , & also the places that are about it . And after these wordes that be wryten in his boke of vlceres ( yf thou hast mynde of it ) that he hath often proposed it in his other bokes . Howe that medycyne ought to be īmytatour nat onely of nature , but also to those thyngꝭ that are ꝓfitable when they come to theyr , ꝓpre & natural flyryng thou shalt clerely vnderstande the mynde of Hyppocrates , that is , that blode must be drawen when the woundes are great . For yf it be expedient that the blode flowe in suche vlceres , & that be nat leten slowe , thou must adde & supply that that is nedefull . T●ese wordes that he wryteth after the declaryng thus , & conioyneth them forth with to them abouesayd . It is profytable that the blode be leten flowe many tymes from the inuetera●● viceres ( in what soeuer maner that s●all be seen opportunate ) aswel in the vlcere , as in the parties about it . For in asmoche as he hath sayd before the blode ought to be taken from euery grene wounde , seing that he made no mention of veterate vlceres , it wold haue we●ed to some that he had onely spoken of grene or fresshe woundes , wherby he hath well added that it behoueth to drawe blode from the inueterate & olde sorꝭ . Now syth it is so that the doctryne that we haue taken of hym is perpetual & alway trew , that is how fluxyon ought to be drawen ( the whiche begynneth ) as the contrary parties , & that whiche is all redy fyxed in the partye ought to be purged , eyther by the sayd paynfull party , or by the next party to it . It is nowe easy to vs to conclude of the detraction of blode , how from the begynnyng it ought to be doone in the partye ferre of & moste dystaunt , & then in the vlcerate parties . Lykewyse yf ye adde to the abouesayd thynges that Hyppocrates admonysshed to empty the superflue humour , somtyme ye shal vse detraction of blode , that is when the blode surmounteth . Somtyme ye shal gyue a medycament that hath vertue to purge the humours coleryke or melancolyke , or els phleume . Hauyng euer in mynde in all these workes howe none of them is the curacyon of vlceres . In asmoche & as vlcere . But rather of cacomye that is coniunct with the vlcere , or of Pletore , or of phlegmon , or of herpes , & other lyke dysposycyon , without to forget that any of the accydentes of the vlcere gyue any force of his propre indication , as magnytude . In the boke afore we haue spoken of vlceres , wherin we haue exposed all the differences of vlceres , how many , & what they be , & what is the indycacyon of eche of them . Howbeit I haue nat spoken in the sayd boke howe somtyme to purge is taken of the force & vehemence of the disease , bycause it shuld be to longe demonstracyon . Also in the sayde boke I haue nat conioyned the cure of al the body with the vlceres , but I haue wryten it in this present boke , in asmoche as it is good & vtyle for the thyng proposed . For the parfyte & absolute exposycyon of this kynde of indicacion , which we haue sayd is taken of the myghtynes & strength of the dysease , shal be also treated of hereafter . Lykewyse of the indication taken of the age , and also of it that is taken of purging of humours . And lykewyse the indicacion that is taken of the payned parties shal be parfytly declared in the bokes that foloweth . For as nowe we haue onely made mencion of the curatyfe indicacion , which may be taken of the nature of the sayde partyes , that is to wyt of the temperaunce & substaunce , without touching of that which is taken of the situacyon of the fourme & fygure , of the vtylyte & vsage , & of the felyng sharp & dull , Nowe then let vs speke of the sayd indi●acions that is profytable to the curation of vlceres . The party that is sharp of felyng ought asmoche as ●s possyble to be cured without dolour or payne . The ●ater of suche remedyes is treated in the bokes that be wryten of symple medycamentes . But the par●ye that is but of small felynge receyueth stronger remedyes , yf the disease requyre it so . Now we must consydre the strength of the pryncipal membre , as we shal say more at large when we speke of phlegmon . But yf it be nat a pryncypall membre , it is lefull surely & without daunger to lay to it such maner of medycament as mytygate & asswage , the grekes call it Calastyce , we shal speke of it playnly h●●eafter . At this present tyme we wyl shew the reason & maner to heale , which is taken of the situacion & fygure of the partyes , & than we wyl impose the ende of this fourth boke . For this cause we haue cogitate & inuented that we must gyue medicamentꝭ to drynke to hym that hath his ventricle vlcerate , whiche vulgarily is called the stomacke , & yf the bulke that properly is called the stomacke , that the grekes cal cesophagus be vlcerate , the sayd medycamentis ought nat to be taken & swalowed at ones , but by lytel & lytell in contynuyng , bycause of the passage , & also of the touchyng there come vtylyte in the vlceres that are in that party , & nat for to contayne the sayd medycamentes that be adherent , as in the vlceres of the ventricle . Lykewyse we haue indicate & shewed by the sytuacyon & fygure of the sayd party that such medycamentis ought to be made grosser & thycke , & more gleymy & cleuyng , bycause that the bulke is a passage of the thynges that is eaten & dronken . For that cause it hath nede of remedyes that may draw to it , & almoste in all partes to be coagulate & cleuyng , & nat such as are thynne & easy to renne & flete lyghtly . And also the cours & thycke medycamentes do crud & make concrecyon in the partyes of the bulke or oesophage , & they that be gleymy do cleue to . Lykewyse in vlceres that are in the thycke & inwarde guttes haue more nede of remedyes which are cast out & put out by the syege , in asmoche as the said thyck● are next to the syege . But of the vlceres that are in the intestynes vpwarde & thynne , bycause they be ferdest from the syege , & are set in the myddle situacion , requyre both the two medycyns , that is to wyt , those that are receyued by the mouth , & those be infused and cast out by the syege . Nowe for certayne the commune indicacion of all the interyour partes is that we ought to chuse those thyngꝭ that be moste famylyer to the nature of man , be they metes or medycyns . And that we leaue & cast away all contrary thynges . Albeit that in the vlceres whiche be in the outwarde parties , the vsage of such medycament be nat noysom as is aerugo , aes vstum , & aeris squama & cadmia , & pāpholix commonly called thutie , & argenti spuma , that is litargiri , & ceruse . Such & lyke medycamentis ought nat to be vsed nor admynystred to the vlceres of the inwarde partyes , of whose nature we haue wryten in the boke of temperamentes , and in the boke of the symple medycynes . And yf ye wyl bryng the vlcere to a festre or cleuynge ye ought to chuse tarte meates & gleymy that haue no maner of erosyon . But yf ye wyll clense the vlcere ye must chuse thynges that absterge or wasshe moderatly , as rawe honny , which aboue al thyng is clensing thus . As touching scarre potions & meates they are commonly knowen ouer all . I cal austere which in greke hyght ( styphon ) that is to say a lytell adstryngent . For soure or vytter is it that is tarte ( in greke stryph●ion . ) The medycyns that may be taken surely and without daunger is treated of in the bokes of medicamentes . Neuertheles we wyl say some formulary for the inwarde vlceres such medycamentes are holsome , as hypocistis , & balaustium , that is the floure of tame pomgarnets , & galla , & malicorium , that is the huske or pyl of the pomgarnet , terra samea , et leminū , that is terra sigillata , & the pyth of Rhus , that is symac , also the iuce of roses , & achatia , & other lyke , which anoy nat the bowels & inwarde ꝑties . And ye must shew & gyue the sayd medicamentes with some decoction of tarte thynges , as decoction of quinces , of lentister , or of the hyghest boughes of rubus , or of vynes burgeons , or grene myrtylles , or with tarte wyne . It is now manyfest & none is ygnoraunt , that he must beware of drynkynge of wyne yf there be phlegmon , or els there is no daunger . In lykewyse it is wel knowen & euydent that the said medycamentis must be prepared & receyued with the decoctions , & moyste thyngꝭ . Also ye must medle togyther fraga , cauthu , & gemme , chyefly to the vlceres that are in the bulke & resophage . Also it was commaunded to make gargarysynes to the vlceres that are in the parties called fauces & pa●ysthmia , but in the vlcere that is in the sharpe artere called tracheia , the pacyent must be layde vpryght , & kepe the medycament longe tyme in his mouth in losyng all the muscles that be in that place . For in so doynge some parte of the medycament wyll flowe by lytel & lytel in to the artere sensibly & manyfestly . As we may know when the sayd artere is well disposed after the nature of it , that somwhat of the which is dronken renneth & passeth throughe it . But lykewyse as in helth & good lust it must be kept that it influe nat to moche , so in it must in dysease for feare that it engendre nat the cough . For as longe as the humoure descendeth in euery parte nygh the tunycles of the artere as water doth by a wal it exciteth nat the cough , but yf some thing passe in the myddes of the way of the spert , that is the ayre , forth with it bredeth the coughe . All the indicacyons of it is taken of the situacyon & fourme of the partye . Lykewyse also hunny must be medled in all medicamentes destined & ordeyned to the vlcere of the Thorax & the lunges . For yf ye vse onely tarte medycyns they wyll remayne in the bely . Then th ynstrument of the dygestyon and distrybucyon of the sayd medycamentis ouer all the body shal be hunny . Also of theyr sodayne passynge as a vehicule , with that there is hunny it noyeth nat the vlcere . Lyke maner all and as many tymes as there is vlcere in the bladder & in the raynes it must be myxed with the medycamentes of the vlceres , nat with hunny , but with some dyurytyke medycamentes , that is such as prouoketh & styrreth to pysse . I thynke that that is patent & manyfest to euery man , after that I holde my peace , that is to wyt that they can knowe & dyscerne the vlcerate partyes by theyr substaunce , action , vtylyte , position & fygure , the which hath ben shewed playnly in the boke of the sygnes of the payned partyes , but this is nat now that tyme to speke of them . I wyll retourne to the Methode curatyfe , & I say that nat onely the thyngꝭ abouesaid , but also many other are the indicyons of the fygure , & sytuacyon of the partyes . For ye can nat well & commodyously bynde the sore party , but yf fyrste ye haue taken indicacyon eyther of the fygure , or of the sytuacyon , or of both two togyther . Nor ye can nat set the pype of a clyster ryght without such indycacyon . It is also many tymes necessary to make iniection of the medycamentes in the bladder by the yerde , wherfore it is no nede to make mencyon here that totally ye can nat wel vse a syring of bras that the grekes call Cathering , but yf ye knowe parfytely the posycyon , & fygure of all the bladder . Than in all these thynges it appereth clerely that the payned place indicateth moche to all the curacyon , but of the ruptions ( that the grekes cal Regmatha ) dyuers indicacions are concurraunt to one purpose , & pryncypally the indicacion that is taken of the posicion ought to be examyned . For seynge that the rupcyons be hyd in the depth of the body , therfore they requyre other curacions than the vlceres that appere outwardly , & bycause that all holly & alway such rupcyons be with ecchymosis or ecchymonia , & somtyme with contusyon about the broken flesshe , therfore there be dyuers indicacyons curatyues therin , for alway the curatyfe indicacions are correspondent to the nombre of the affections & dyseases , which we shal shew more playnly when we speake of phlegmon , howe the dyseases that are in the depe places requyreth stronger medycamentis , than they that be at the superfluyte of the body . Than for the least I do thynke for to be manyfest and pacyent , that it is necessary that the strength of medicamentꝭ that are mynystred outwarde be resolued & dymysshed when the party that shuld be holpen & remydyed is hyd in the dypenes of the body , & therfore it behoueth asmoche to intende & augment the vertue of the said medycament , as it shulde be remyssed & dymynysshed in the depth of the body . Certaynly all acchymosis or ecchymonia indycateth vacuacyon for remedy of the cure , wherby it hath nede of medycamentis moderatly hote and dry , for they that dry excessyuely , of trouth do dygest & resolue at the begynnyng more euydently than they that be weyke , but also some party of the dysease scyryous , & dyffycyle to heale , we shal speke of it hereaft dylygently , for as now we haue spoken ynough , after as it belongeth to the matter . Of trouth all the medicamentes & oyntmentes , that moysteth & heteth more then they that all the grekes call chalastica , that is to say laxatyfes , also amonge the sayde medycamentes all they that declyne somwhat to drynesse , neuertheles be nat yet clere nor manifest contraction ( they be called syntatica in greke ) such medycamentes ben the remedyes of all ecchymosis . But ye must take good hede that the medycamentes applycate to the ruptions that are in depenesse of the body haue stronge vertue , and that they be sourer & digestyfe , that is resolutyfe . ( And for to say sōmaryly ) that such medycamentes to be of greater force & effycace , in asmoch as lecchymosis is ferther of , from the skynne vnto the depenes of the body . In suche affections & dyseases the vsage of the herte bytuleth , that is to say ventose shuld nat be inutyle , which is an instrument inuented & excogitate of maysters for to make vyolent attraction . And when ecchymosis is all dygested & resolued , than it is parmytted to drye the broken flesshe , moche , & to conioyne it with lygature , & to do all that is conuenable to coalesse & close an vlcere togyther . Than yf ecchymosis be soone digested & resolued the broken flesshe gathereth togither & waxeth playne easyly , but yf the sayde ecchymosis tary longe or it be resolued , moche fylthynes bredeth in it , & occupyeth the space that is betwene the labyes or lyppes of the vlcere , so that the rupciō can nat close , wherfore it foloweth that all these thynges abouesayd admonyssheth vs for all causes , how smal soeuer they be . For though that some hath had rygour , that is to say vnegall concussyon of all the body , or that it hath nat made good concoction , or that it hath had the feuer , or that it hath ben ouer weryed or fatygate , anone it shall haue payne in the sayd partye where as the ruption is . For bycause of the sayd ruption haue ben vnyed & nowryssneth togither , but haue alonely ben approched one to another , wherby it foloweth that a lytell thyng may departe them easyly , & fyll the place with superflue humour , but what engendreth it in such rupcyons contynually but now ecchymosis , & lyke vnto the fyrste , that is to wyte when the flesshe was fyrste broken , except that presently ecchimosis is made of more toughe & subtyl corrupcyon , & at the begynnyng it was made of blode . And herfore now it digesteth & resolueth more easyly than it dyd at the begynnynge . And thus that whiche we haue sayd hytherto shall suffyse for the dysputacyon of vlceres . The●fore as nowe I make an ende of this fourth boke .

Thus endeth the fourth boke of the Methode of Claude Galyen .

Here fynyssheth the Questyonary of Cyrurgyons , with the formulary of lyte● Guydon in Cyrurgery . And the spectacle of Cyrurgyons with the fourth boke of the Terapentyke or Methode curatyfe of Claude Galyen , with the trea●yse of vlcere● . Newly translated out of the Frensshe ( at the in●tigacion and coftes of the ryght honest parson● Henry Dabbe stacyoner & bybsyoposyst in Paules churche yarde ) by Robert Coplande of the same faculte , within the moste famous & opusent Marchaunt 〈◊〉 of London , the .vii. day of Nouembre , the yere of our Lorde . ● . 5.41 . In the . vvviii . yeare of the raygne of our soueraygne & moste faythful kynge Henry the .viii.

Imprynted by me Robert wyer / for Henry Dabbe / & Rycharde Banckes . Cum priuilegio regali ad imprimendum solum per leptiennium annum .

To the Reader .

DEare Brethren , and friendly Readers , wee haue here according to the trueth and meaning of the Author , set foorth this needefull and necessarie worke concerning the Anatomie of mans bodie , being collected and gathered by Maister Thomas Vicary , and now by vs the Chirurgions of S. Bartholmewes Hospitall reuiued , corrected , and published . And albeit this treatise bee small in volume , yet in commoditie it is great and profitable . Notwithstanding , if the things therein conteyned be not discreetly and wisely studied and applied , according to the true meaning of the Author , we haue to tell you hereof , that therein is great perrill , because through ignorant practitioners , not knowing the Anatomie , commonly doth ensue death , and separation of soule and bodie . Furthermore , whereas many good and learned men in these our daies , do cease to publish abroade in the English tongue