Lac puero[rum]. M. holti mylke for chyldren Holte, John, grammarian. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A03484 of text S109419 in the English Short Title Catalog (STC 13604). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 132 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 48 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2018 A03484 STC 13604 ESTC S109419 99845066 99845066 9942 2240909035

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Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A03484) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 9942) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 44:11) Lac puero[rum]. M. holti mylke for chyldren Holte, John, grammarian. More, Thomas, Sir, Saint, 1478-1535. [96] p. : ill. By Wynkyn de worde, in Fletestrete in the sygne of the sonne, [Enprynted at London : [1508]] Imprint from colophon; publication date from STC. Includes two epigrams by Sir Thomas More. In this edition the 95mm. textura types have normal w² --STC. Signatures: A-H·⁴. Reproduction of the original in the British Library. eng Latin language -- Grammar -- Early works to 1800. eebo Lac puero[rum]. M. holti mylke for chyldren. Holte, John, grammarian 1508 96 23589 109 0 0 0 8 0 80.12 D The rate of 80.12 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the D category of texts with between 35 and 100 defects per 10,000 words. 2002-01 Assigned for keying and markup 2002-01 Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2002-02 Sampled and proofread 2002-02 Text and markup reviewed and edited 2002-03 Batch review (QC) and XML conversion

Lac puerorum M. holti Mylke for chyldren .

Ad reuerendissimum dnm suum dnm Iohannem morton Cantuarien̄ . archipresulem / totiusque Anglie primatem et titulo sancte Anastasie cardinalem Iohannes holt Epigramma . Hoc operis quodcunque pater dignissime cernis Holtiades domino dedicat omne suo Autor vt instituit tantillum opus edere primum Et tibi non tactas dedere primitias Incussit validos tanti censura timores Patris : ab incepto me tua pena trahens Sed tamen in miseros pietas quam suggeris omnes Et michi presentem plus pius ipse facis Abscidit a pauido vanos michi corde timores Quod michi mentis erat / perfice / perge / iubens Ergo faue lingue censor venerande latine Tameito vix natum ne moriatur opus Quicquid erit placido supplex precor excipe vultu Ingenium arbitrio dasque rapisque tuo Hec equidem in varium breuiter collecta moretum . Ex multis rapui furta pudica locis Unde tui causam pater alma dedere nepotes In sibi perpetuas vtilitatis opes Edideram celebri Lamithe pie presul in aula Digna volens pueris commoda ferre tuis .
Thome more / diserti adolescentuli in lucubraciunculas Holtiade . Epigramma . Quem legis Holtiade tenerum pia furta libellum Seu vir seu pueres / lac puerile voca Dulce / sed et meritum liber hic me iudice nomen Lactea qui pueris dogmata prestat / habet Uos angli legite hec iuuenes / in maxima quorum Exiguum quamuis commoda surgit opus Que vos in minimum legitis digesta libellum Precepta in paucos pauca legenda dies Holtiades eadem vigili quesita labore Legit ab innumeris pauca voluminibus Sedulis ille vagis sese circuntulit agris . Mellifice officio quam bene functus apis Quicquid ibi in dulces sapidi congessit aceruos Mellis in hunc paruum retulit alueolum Hoc opus anglorum cupienti intrare iuuente Prima sit in reliquam ianua grammaticam Hanc tamen ante forem docti struxere / sed horum Quisque suos latio / fecerat ore modos Quid bene fulta penus prodest tibi / quando retentat . Ianua magnificos irreseranda cibos Angle puer latio quid ages sermone / sapisse Non potes in primo verba latina die Te decet altricis tenerum recubare sub alis Discereque ex verbis non tua verba tuis Structa / sed et verbis iam pridem ianua nostris Grammatice / verum si fateamur erat / Illa tamen vetus et tunsu lacerata frequenti Que xix assiduo pulsa labore crepat Ianua nostra noua est / tenereque facillima turbe Ad digiti minimūquam cito aperta sonum
Diuisio operis & modus procedendi per ordinem . Ne ve tamen possis dubitare quis ordo libelli Huius erit paucis accipe versiculis Hoc opus in ternas libuit distinguere partes Quarum ex quaque trium quid doceare loquar Sermonum partes partique cadentia cui vis Digerit in numeros pars tibi prima suos Tum numerata prius diffinit queque secunda Eque sua quod vis proprietate notat Iungere terna docet sublata fasce duarum Concordanciolis verba latina tribus Multa tamen varios & verba & nomina casus Diuersoque regunt imperiosa modo Subdit hec etiam neu quicquam deesse queraris Quod verbis decuit te didicisse tuis Huc puer ad doctas o qui modo cunque lituras Es rudis et velles non rudis esse / veni Quam satis in laudem es / longe magis esse fatere Diues et ingenii diuitiores opus .
Prima pars opuscull

THere ben . viii . partes of speche . Nowne Pronowne . Uerbe . Aduerbe . Partycyple Coniunctyon . Preposicyon . and Interiectyon . Where of . iiii . be declyned and mouable / as Nowne / Pronowne : Uerbe : and particyple . And. iiii . vndeclyned and vnmouable . as Aduerbe : Cōiunctyon : Preposicyon : and Interiectyon . Of these . iiii . partes mouable / thre be declyned with case / as Nowne : Pronowne . and Partycyple . And verbe onely without case .

Fyue thynges be expedient to the declynynge of a nowne . Artycle . Case : Gendre . Nombre : & Declenson

Artycles be thre . hic hec and hoc .

Also this aduerbe of callynge O. hath the rowme of an artycle in euery vocatyf case .

Cases be . vi . Nominatyf . Genityf . Datyf . Accusatyf . Uocatyf . and the Ablatyf .

Gendres be fyue . The masculyne / as hic poeta .

The feminyne / as hec musa . The neutre as hoc templum . The comyne / as hic et hec sacerdos . All gendres / as hic et hec et hoc felix .

Nombres be two . The synguler / and plurell

Declenson of artycles foloweth . Declenson of artycles .

Declensons be fyue .

The fyrst is knowen by his examples . Poeta and musa . And euermore his genityf case synguler endeth in e. and all nownes of the fyrst declenson shall be declyned after one of them .

The seconde by his examples / magister : radius : and templum . And euermore his genityf case synguler endeth in i. and all nownes of the seconde declenson . &c.

The thyrde by his examples . Bonitas : sacerdos & vulnus . And euermore his genityf synguler endeth in is . & all nownes of the thyrde declenson &c.

The fourth by his examples . Uisus : and manus And euermore his genityf case synguler endeth in us & all nownes of the fourth declenson &c.

The fyfth by his examples . species and meridies . And euermore his genityf case synguler endeth in ei and all nownes of the fyfth declenson &c.

The dyuysyon of nownes

Of nownes . Some be propre / some appellatyf some substantyf / some adiectyf / some interrogatyf / some demonstratyf / some reddityf / & some relatyf

Declenson of substantiues

A nowne substantyf is declyned with one artycle as hic Poeta . or with two at the moost / as hic et hec sacerdos .

Examples of the fyrst declenson .

Hic poeta . huius te huic te . hunc poetam . o poeta . ab hoc poeta . The plurell hi poete : horum poetarum : his poetis hos poetas : o poete : ab his poetis .

Here is to be noted / that in euery plurell nombre the vocatyf shall be lyke the nominatyf / and the ablatyf lyke the datyf . Also whan the nominatyf singuler of this declenson endeth in as or in es / thou shalt put awayes to make the vocatyf / as hic Thomas / hic Anchises o thoma . o anchise . In all other of this declenson the vocatyf shall be lyke the nominatyf as hic poeta : o poeta .

The synguler . Hec musa : huius muse : huic muse . hanc sam. o sa . ab hac sa . The plurell he muse . harum sarum his sis . has sas . o muse : ab his musis .

Here is to be noted that these . vii . nownes in this verse maketh the datyf and ablatyf plurell bothe in is and in abus

Filia nata deas liberta mulabus equabus .

Also the scrypture vseth aiabus : famulabus : dn̄abus / the whiche of all suche other be not of vse

These nownes of Hebrewe Pascha : manna : zizania . and mammona . be the neutre gendre and of no declenson . Though we fynde in holy scrypture the genityf and datyf in e. more of vse than of rule / and lyke wyse Adam and Abraham . As for alpha and iota and generally all names of letters they be both neutre and vndeclyned And some lettred men saye hoc pascha paschatis . And polenta is the feminyne gendre : vt Plautus . Ubi nequam homines polentam pransitant / how be it Ouide vseth hym in the neutre gendre / as Dulce dedit testa quod coxerat ante polenta :

Examples of the seconde declenson .

Here is to be noted that the datyf and the ablatyf synguler of this declenson endeth alwaye in o.

Hic radius . huius dii . huic dio hunc dium o die . ab hoc dio. The plurell his radii : horum radiorum : his radiis . &c

All nownes of this declenson that in the nominatyf synguler endeth in us . chaungeth us in e. in the vocatyf / as hic radius o e hic dns o e. hic petrus o e. Except iii appellatyues filius deus & agnus / filius maketh fili deus & agnus be lyke the nominatyf also agnus maketh agne . Saue propre names of men in ius . that doth a waye us and than remayneth the vocatyf / as hic virgilius o virgilii . hic gregorius o ri .

Els in latyn the vocatyf shall be lyke the nominatyf by chaungynge the artycle in to o / as hic vir o vir .

Hoc templum huius pli . huic plo . hoc plum . o plum ab hoc plo The plu. hec templa . horum plorum . his plis hec pla. o pla.

Here is to be noted that all nownes of the neutre gendre / of what declenson that euer they be shall haue . ii . cases lyke in both nombres / the nominatyf accusatyf and vocatyf / as in templum . & these . iii. in the plurell nombre euermore ende in a. outake ambo & duo the whiche be thus declyned .

The plurell Ambo be bo. borum barum borum . bobus babus bo bus . bos bas bo. bo be bo. bobus babus bobus . And so is duo declyned in euery case . In the thyrde / fourthe & fyfth declenson / the nominatyf accusatyf & vocatyf plurell shall alwaye be lyke / of what gendre soeuer that nownes be / vt exempla docebunt .

Examples of the thyrde declenson .

Hec bonitas huius tatis huic tati . hanc tatem . o tas . ab hac te . The plurel he tes . harum tum . his tibus .

Hic & hec sacerdos huius t is . huic ti. hunc et hanc tatem . o dos ab hoc et ab hac te vel ti. The plurell hi & he tes horum & harum tum . his tibus hos et hastes &c

Hoc vulnus huius eris . huic ri . hoc nus . o nus ab hoc nere . The plurell hec nera . horum nerum . his neribus &c.

Whan the nominatyf synguler of this declenson endeth in is & the genityf plurell in iū . than may the accusatyf plurell ende both in es & in is . as hic ignis horum ignium hos ignes & ignis . hec restis harum restium has restes et restis . hic hec testis horum harum testium hos has testes & testis . hic hec omnis horum harum omni hos has omnes & omnis .

Examples of the fourthe declenson

Hic visus huius sus . huic sui hunc sum. o sus ab hoc visu The plu. hi sus . horum suum . his sibus . hos sus . &c.

Hec manus huius nus . huic iii. hanc num. o nus . ab hac nu.

The plu. he nus . harum uum . his nibus . has nus . &c.

Here is to be noted that these nownes folowynge make theyr datyf & ablatyf plurell in ubus . But all other of his declenson kepe i before bus . Uersus

Partus portus acus ticus lacus artus et archus . Ouer cubus atque veru tribus & specus exit in ibus
Examples of the fyfth declenson .

Hic meredies huius ei . huic ei . hunc em . o es . ab hoc e.

The plurell hi meridies horum erum . his ebus &c.

Hec species huius ei . huic ei . hanc em . o es . ab hac c.

The plurell he es . harum erum . his ebus &c.

In the fyrst & the last declenson / the genityf & datys of the fyrste nombre be alwaye lyke / as huius poete , huic poete . huius meridiei . huic meridiei .

Also all nownes of the fyfth declenson lacke thre cases in the plurell nombre / that is to saye / the genityf datyf and ablatyf . excepte these in these verses

Progenies vel maneries dic materiesque . Spes acies facies sic res speciesque diesque .
Declenson of adiectyues .

Of adiectyues some be declyned with . iii. artycles and one terminacyon / as hic hec hoc felix : some with thre artycles and. ii . terminacyons : as hic hec turpis et hoc turpe . some with thre artycles and thre terminacyons / as hic saluber : hec salubris . et hoc salubre : some with . iii. diuerse endynges onely . and that thre wyses us . a um . as Bonus bona bonum . er . a. um . as .

Niger nigra nigrum . els ur . a. um . as Satur ra . um as the examples shewed .

Hic et hec et hoc felix . huius felicis . huic felici . hunc & hanc felicem . et hoc felix . o felix : ab hoc et hac et hoc ce . vel ci. The plurell hi & he felices & hec cia . horum & harum & horum cium . his cibus . hos & has ces & hec cia . o 〈◊〉 ces et o felicia . ab his felicibus .

Hic et hec turpis & hoc turpe . huius pis . huic pi. hunc et hanc pem & hoc pe. o turpis & o pe. ab hoc & hac & hoc turpi . The plurell hi & he turpes & hec pia . horum & harum et horum turpium . his turpibus .

Hic & hec doctior & hoc ctius . huius ctioris . huic ctiori hunc & hanc ctiorē & hoc ctius . o ctior & o ctius . ab hoc et hac & hoc ctiore 〈◊〉 ctiori . The plurell hi & he ores & hec ora horum & harum & horum ctiorum . his doctioribus . &c.

Bonus a. um . boni e. i. no. e. o. num. am . um . ne . a. um no. a. o. The plu. boni e. a. norum . arum . orum . bonis . &c.

Here is to be noted that all adiectyues in the plurel nombre hath one voyce for all gendres in the datyf and the ablatyf case .

Niger nigra nigrum . nigri nigre nigri . nigro nigre nigro nigrum gran grum . niger gra grum . nigro gra gro The plurell nigri nigre nigra . nigrorum grarum grorum nigris . nigros gras gra . &c.

Satur a um . suturi e i. saturo e o. saturum am um satur a um saturo a o &c. lyke to niger a um .

All maner adiectyues with . iii. diu erse endynges oonly be the fyrst declenson & the seconde of nownes and lyke one of these . The mixte

Hic saluber : hec salubris & hoc salubre . huique salubris huic salubri . hunc hanc salubrem : et hoc salubre . o saluber : o salubris : et o salubre . hoc hac hoc salubri . The plurell hi & he salubres & hec salubria horum hatū horum salubrium . his salubribus . &c. Of this sorte ben . xii . as these verses sheweth .

Campester volucer 〈◊〉 pedester equester Siluester celeber acerque 〈◊〉 saluber Tale paluster opus tale sequester habet

The whiche all were somtyme declyned lyke turpis Also it is to be noted that all adiectyues lyke to turpis or saluber . make the adiectyf synguler oonly in i. But all comparatyues and adiectyues of one termi nacyon make both in e and in i.

Sequitur figura terminationum instar sex candelarum :

Figura quinque declinationum .

Degrees of comparyson .

All adiectyues that betoken thynges that may be made more or lesse / may receyue comparyson / as fayre / more fayre / lesse fayre / moost fayre / lest fayre / or els fayre fayrer fayrest .

There be thre degrees of comparyson / the posityf the comparatyf / and the superlatyf .

De cognitione positiut .

The posytyf is grounder and foundament of the comparatyf and superlatyf / without excesse / and he is not formed / as fayre / foule / whyte / blacke

De cognitione comparatiui

The comparatyf passeth his posityf with this englysshe worde more or lesse / or els his englysshe endeth in er / as more fayre / lesse fayre or fayrer / & his latyn endeth in or . or els he hath this aduerbe magis or minus ioyned to his posityf / as doctior . or els magis doctus : vel minus doctus .

De cognitione 〈◊〉 .

The superlatyf passeth his posityf with this englysshe worde moost or leste / or els his englysshe endeth in est / as more fayre / lesse fayre or fayrest & his latyn endeth in mus . ma. mum . or els he hath this ad uerbe maxime or minime Ioyned to his posityf / as doctissimus ma. mum . or elles maxime doctus . maxime docta . maxime doctum . minime doctus . minime docta . doctum .

Here is to be noted that all comparatyues be declyned after doctior . and all superlatyues lyke bonus bona bonum .

De formatione comparatiui .

The comparatif is formed of is positif of his fyrste case that endeth in i. by puttynge to this terminacion or / els us as doctus cta ctum . 〈◊〉 us . tenuis te nuis tenui tenuior us . felix cis ci. felicior ue .

Out of this rule ben excepte these . vi . nownes folowynge the whiche make both the comparatyf and supcrlatyf out of rule / as Bonus melior optimus . malus peior pessimus . magnus maior maximus . paruus minor minimus : & paruissimus . multus plus plurimus . nequam nequior nequissimus . Also iuuenis maketh 〈◊〉 . Senex senior . and lacketh the neutre in us and also the superlatyf degre .

Suche adiectyues that ende in us & haue a vowel before us . haue now no comparatyf in or . but al waye this worde magis / and the posityf shall supplye the rowme of the comparatyf / as piue 〈◊〉 pius . perpetuus magis perpetuus . extraneus magis extrane us . In suche the supcrlatyf foloweth the rule / as pius pussimus strenuus issimus . Yf thou fynde ony other wyse / it is excused by antiquyte .

All nownes that maketh theyr comparatyf in or may make the comꝑatyf with magis or minus . & the posityf . Buth suche that ende in us with the vowell &c. may no wyse make the comparatyf in or .

Other partes of reson make comparyson as this verbe detero maketh deterior for his cōperatyf & de terrimus for his superlatyf . Also participles goynge in to nownes / as amans amantior tissimus

These aduerbes and preposicyons in these verses with many other moo / make the comparatyf and superlatyf indirectly . Uersus .

Ante / citra / prope / post / extra / supraque vel infra Intra / nuper / ocys / vltraque / pridem / penitusque Pene / penesque / diu / sepe / Ante / anterior / caret superlatiuo .

Citra citerior citimus Ocys ocior ocissimus Prope propior proximus Ultra vlterior vltimus . Post posterior postremus Pridem prior primus Extra exterior extremus et extimus Penitus penitior penitissimus . Supra superior supremus / et sumus Pene vel penes penior penissimus . Infra inferior infimus . Diu diutior diutissimus . Intra interior intimus . Sepe sepeus sepussime Nuper nuperior nuperimus

There be also some nownes that maketh theyr comparatyf in rule and lacke theyr superlatyf / as Serus serior . Celsus / celsior .

De formatione superlatiuorum .

The superlatyf is formed of his posityf of the fyrste case that endeth in i. by puttynge to s and simus / as . Doctus docta doctum . docti . doctissimus . Felix felicis felici felicissimus . Except his posityf ende in er . For than he maketh the superlatyf by puttynge to rimus as . Niger nigerrimus . Saluber saluberrimus with double rr . Saue Dexter maketh alwaye dextimus Sinister sinistimus .

Also facilis maketh facillimus with double ll. Soo both agills make agillimus . gracilis gracilimus . humilis humilimus : & similis simillimus . with theyr com poundes . Also maturus maketh maturimus & maturissimus . vetus veterrimus .

These it superlatyf degrees Intimus & ꝓximus may somtyme be as 〈◊〉 / & hath for theyr comparatyues intimor & ꝓximor / & lacketh theyr supcrlatyues All adiectyues in cus the come of dico facio and loquor chaunge us in entior for the comparatyf / & in entissimus for the superlatyf / as magnificus centio . centissmus . fatidicus centior centissimus . grandiloquus quentior quentissimus . yf thou fynde ony other wyse it is excused by antiquyte / as mirificior mirificissimus .

Declenson and diuisyon of pronownes .

Here be . xv . pronownes besyde theyr compoundes / as Ego : tu : 〈◊〉 : 〈◊〉 : ipse : iste : hic & is : meus : tuus : suus : noster : vester . nostras : & vestras . Of the whiche . viii . be primatyues / as Ego tu sui &c. and. vii . deriuatyues / as meus tuus suus &c.

Of pronowne primatiues Ego & tu ben only demonstratyues . Sui only relatyf . The resydue somtyme demonstratyf / as whanne they shewe a thynge not spoken of afore . Somtyme relatyues as whan they reporteth a thynge 〈◊〉 of afore . All deriuatyues be demonstratyues . Except Suus that is somtyme demonstratyf and somtyme relatyf .

Declenson of primatyues

Nominatiuo Ego . gto mei . datiuo michi . acton me . 〈◊〉 catiuo caret 〈◊〉 a me . Anglice I or me . The plurel nton Nos gton nostrum vel nostri dton nobis . actōnos . vton caret , ablton a nobis . Anglice vs or we .

Here is to be noted that all pronownes lacke the vocatyf case saue these . 〈◊〉 . Tu meus noster & nostras 〈◊〉 Tu. gton tui . dton tibi . acton te . vton tu . 〈◊〉 ate . anglice thou or the. The plurel nton vos . gto vestrum vel vestri . dton vobis . acton 〈◊〉 . vton o vos . abla 〈◊〉 a vobis . anglice you or ye .

These genityues mis tis & sis . were somtymein vse / but now we take meus tuus suus . theyr 〈◊〉 and leue them .

Nominatiuo caret . gto sui dton sibi . acton se. vton caret ablton a se. & lyke wyse in the seconde nombre . anglice he / she / hym or hyr / it / that / them / they / or those . and this is called the pronowne of reciprocacyon . All the se. iii. pronownes Ego tu sui . with theyr compoundes be called of the fyrst declenson of pronownes .

Ille illa illud illius illi In all other cases of bothe nombres lyke bonus a um . Ipse ipsa ipsum ipsius ipsi Iste ista istud 〈◊〉 isti

Hic hec hoc . vt prius . Anglice this or these . And iste isto istud . is of the same englysshe . Ille and ipse be englysshed lyke Sui . Is ea id eius ci &c. lyke Bonus . an glice lyke Sui .

All these . v. pronownes Ille ipse iste hic & is . be called of the seconde declenson of pronownes .

Of the same declenson be also . viii . nownes with theyr compoundes . Unus / vllus / totus / solus / alter / alius quis / & vter as .

Unus vna vnum vnius vni

Ullus vlla vllum vllius vlli

Totus tota totum totius toti

Solus a. um . solius soli . In all other casus lyke Bonus . And all these . lacke the vocatyf case . Alter a ū alterius alteri Alius a um . alius alii Uter . a um . vtrius vtri Except totus solus & vnus . Neuter a. ū . neutrius tri .

Also it is to be noted that all nownes of this declenson that nowende inius in the genityf / & in i. in the datyf made somtyme both genityf & datyf lyke Bonus bona bonum . Also they sayd Illus Ipsus Istus . Where we saye Ille ipse iste : vt adhuc est videre apud autores .

Declenson of deriuatyues

Meus a. um . vton mi a. um . Tuus a. um . Suus a. um be lyke Bonus . Noster a. um . is lyke Niger gra . grum .

Nostras and vestras in the synguler lyke Bonitas & in the plurell lyke Felix .

Persones be . iii. The fyrst / the secunde / the thyrde wordes of the fyrste persone be Ego & nos with theyr oblyques . Of that seconde persone be tu & vos with theyr oblyques / & euery vocatyf case . All other wordes declynable be of the thyrde persone .

Here is to be noted that all cases be called oblyques / except the nominatyf synguler / & the vocatyf whan he is lyke hym .

Declenson of pronownes compoundes .

Idem eadem idem . eiusdem . eidem eundem eandem idem . vton caret ablto eodem eadem eodem . The plu. idem eedem eadem . eorundem earūdem eorundem . eisdem & iisdem . eosdem easdem eadem vton caret . ablto eisdem & iisdem . anglice the same or the selfe .

Nomīatiuo Isthic isthec isthocvel isthuc . Acton isthūc isthancisthoc vel isthuc . Ablatiuo isthoc isthac isthoc The nominatyf & accusatyf plu. Isthec for that neutre gendre . In the other cases he foloweth both Iste & hic .

Quis vel qui. Que vel qua . Quod vel quid . cuius cui quem quam quod vel quid . Uocatiuo caret . Quo qui qua qui. quo q. The plu. Qui que que vel qua . Quorum quarum quorum . Quis vel quibus . Quos quas que vel qua . Uton caret . A quis vel a quibus . anglice . that whome or the whiche .

Note well that Quis & Quid be neuer relatyues but alwaye Interrogatyues & Infinityues Also qua in the nominatyf synguler & in the plurell stondeth for aliqua and is no relatyf

Declenson of a verbe

Uerbe is declyned with coniugacion / mode / tense / nombre / and persone .

Coniugacyons be foure

The fyrste coniugacyon hath this vowell a longe before re in the infinityf mode of the actyf voyce / as amare . Or elles a longe before the ris in the seconde worde declynynge of hym / as amaris

Excepte Do das with his foure compoundes of this coniugacyon / the whiche hath a shorte / as dare circumdare . venundare . pessundare . satisdare .

Here is to be noted that euermore the fourth worde in declynynge of a verbe is the Infinityf mode / & the thyrde worde the preterperfectens of the shewynge mode .

Also the actyfe voyce of a verbe is called o / as amo ; And the passyf voyce r. as amor .

The seconde coniugacyon .

The seconde coniugacyon hath e longe before re &c. as docere / els &c. as doceris .

The thyrde coniugacyon .

The thyrde coniugacyon hath e short before the re / &c. as legere / els &c. as legeris .

The fourth coniugacyon .

The fourth hath i longe before there . &c. as audire / els &c. os audiris .

Modes of verbes .

Modes be . vii . the shewynge / the askynge / the byddyngy / the wysshynge / the potenciall / the subiunctyf and the infinityf .

Tenses of verbes .

Tenses be . v the presentes / the preterimperfectens / the preterfectens / the preterpluꝑ . the future .

Sygnes of tenses be these / do / dyde / haue / hadde wyll / and shall .

Nombres of verbes

Nombres of verbes be . ii . the synguler / as lego Irede / the plurell / as legimus .

Persones of verbes be . iii. the fyrst as lego I rede the seconde as legis thou redest / the thyrde as legit / he redeth .

Declenson of the actyf voyce .

AMo amas . Amaui . Amare di . do . dum . atum . Amans . Amaturus . anglice to loue .

The shewynge mode .

The presentens . amo . I loue or do loue . amas thou louest or doost loue . amat he loueth or doth loue . The plurell amamus we loue or do loue . amatis ye loue or do loue amant they loue or do loue .

Preterimperfectens amabam I loued or dyde loue / bas bat . The plu. bamus batis bant .

Preterꝑfectens amaui I haue loued : amauisti vel a masti auit . The plurell uimus uistis vel amastis . uerunt vel uere . els amarunt vel are

Here is to be noted that the preterperfectens of the shewynge mode formed all tenses after hym that ende in ram rum ro. by chaungynge i in to e. as of amaui amaueram amauerim amauero .

Also all that ende in sem or in se. by puttynge in betwirt / as of amaui amauissem amauisse .

Also whan soeuer the preterperfectens of this niode endeth in this syllabe ui . than may he & all tenses formed of hym suffre syncopacyon . sc takynge awaye this syllabe ui or ue in the seconde persone of bothe nombres . And in that thyrde persone plurell / as amasti amastis amarunt . Also in all tenses of the forsayd terminacyons / as amaueram amaram . But the preterperfectens of two syllabes do not so / as Paui laui

Excepte these . iiii . Sciui : noui : flaui : fleui / the whiche make . Scisti . nosti : flasti : flesti .

The preterplu . amaueram I had loued . ras rat . The plurell amaueramus ratis rant

The future . amabo I wyll loue or shall loue . bis bit . The plurell bimus bitis bunt .

The askynge mode .

Here is to be noted that this same mode is vsed in questyons / and is called the askynge mode .

Also thenne he vseth his nominatyf case euer after the verbe / or els bytwene the sygne & the verbe / as loue I / do I loue / loued I / dyde I loue / haue I loued 〈◊〉 I loued / wyll I loue / or shall I loue .

He is also called the promysse mode with dyuerse other names .

Also all these latyn wordes serue to the interrogatyf mode .

Uersus

Num / numquid / nonne / nunnan / ne non / an / et an ne .

The byddynge mode

The presente / ama loue thou amet loue he . In this mode is no fyrst persone synguler . The plu. amemus amate ament .

Also in this mode the nominatyf case cometh after the verbe / as in the askynge mode / the pretertens lacketh in this mode . But we vse the preterꝑ / & plu / of the subiunctyf mode for them as it shall be shewed in the thyrde parte in circūlocutione .

The future . amato tu loue thou here after . amato ille The plu. amemus tote . anto vel antote .

These two 〈◊〉 sygnes / let & myght / & all aduerbes of lettynge / or for byddynge serue to this mode .

The wysshynge mode

The presente vtinam amem . god graunte I loue . es & The plu. emus etis ent . The preterin . vtinam 〈◊〉 wolde god I loued : res ret . The plu. remus retis rent

Here is to be noted that the preterin . of the optatyf potencyall / & subiunctyf of this voyce be fourmed of the infinityf by puttynge to of m / as amare amarem The 〈◊〉 . vtinam amauerim god graunt I haue loued . ris rit. The plu. 〈◊〉 ritis rint . The preterplu . vtinam amauissem wolde god I had loued . The futur vtinam amauero god graunt I shall loue . To this mode serueth al aduerbes of wysshyng or desyryng / as vtinam osi . &c. & all suche englysshe sygnes / god graunt wold god I praye god / god sende / gyue or sende grace

The potencyall mode .

The present . amem I may loue . I wolde loue . I shall loue &c. The preterin . amarem .

The preterper . amauerim .

The preterplu . amauissem .

The future amauero .

And this mode is vsed in all questyons with the condicyons of the askynge mode in suche englysshe may I loue / wolde I loue / sholde I loue / as it shall be shewed playnlyer after .

The subiunctyf mode .

The present . quum amem whan I loue

The preterin . quum amarem whan I loued

The preterꝑ . quum amauerim . whan I haue loued

The preterplu . quum amauissem whan I had loued

The future . quum amauero whan I shall loue .

The infinityf mode .

The present and preterim . amare loue or to loue .

The preterper . and plu. amauisse haue loued / or had loued / or els to haue loued : or had loued .

The future lacketh in all verbes . But we take circumloquicion / as amatum ire / go to loue / vel amaturum esse . or be to loue herafter .

Also the infinityf mode hath neyther nombre ne persone . But generally an accusatyf case before hym expressed or vnderstonde .

Gerundyues in moost comen vse be these . amandi of louynge / or to loue / amando . in louynge / or of louynge / amandum . to loue / and all gerundyues be declyned lyke bonus na. um . And supynes be vndeclyned and be verbes / and euermore ende in um . and in u. by do doynges awaye m. as amatum . to loue / or go to loue amatu to be loued .

Here is to be noted that the supine in um . cometh of the actyf and betokeneth dede and mouynge to a place / also he is a verbe actyf . But the supyne in u be tokeneth suffrynge without mouynge / and is a verbe passyf and cometh of the passyf .

〈◊〉 secus inueneris / non vsum voces / sedvsum

The particyples of this verbe be / amans . anglice louynge / and amaturus . anglice to loue .

The verbe of beynge is thus declyned .

SUm es Fui . Esse essendi essendo essendum ens . futurus . And all these be his englysshes . am / art / it / was / were / an be .

The shewynge mode or indicatyf .

The present Sum I am . es thou art . est he is . The plu. sumus we be . estis ye be . sunt they be .

The preterin . eram I was . eras thou was . erat he was . The plu. eramus we ware . eratis ye ware . erant thy ware . The preterper . fui I haue ben . fuisti thou hast ben . fuit he hath ben . The plu. imus istis erunt 〈◊〉 ere . The preterplu . fueram I had ben ras . rat . The 〈◊〉 . ramus ratis rant . The future ero I shall be . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . The plu. rimus ritis runt .

The byddynge mode or Imperatyf

The present sis vel es be thou . sit . The plu. simus sitis vel . este sint . The future . esto tu be thou herafter / esto ille . The plu. simus estote sunto vel suntote .

The wysshynge mode or Optatyf .

The present . vtinam sim god graunte I be . sis sit . The plu. simus sitis sint . The preterin . vtinam essem wolde god I were esses esset &c.

The preterper . vtinam fuerim god graunte I haue be

The preterplu . vtinam fuissem wolde god I had ben

The future . vtinam fuero god graunt I shall be &c.

The potencyall and subiunctyf mode lyke wyse .

The Infinityf mode .

The present and preterin . esse be or to be

The preterper . and plu. fuisse haue ben or had ben

The future as doth the verbes that lacken theyr supynes

The gerundyues . essendi of beynge / or to be . essendo in beynge / or of beynge . essendum to be .

The particyple of the present & preterim / ens beyng

The future . futurus . anglice to be

Declenson of the passyf voyce .

AMor amaris amatus sum . amari . amatu . amatus . amandus . to be loued .

The present . amor I am loued . amaris vel amare thou art loued . amat he is loued . The plu. amur we be loued . 〈◊〉 ye be loued . ant̄ they be loued .

The preterin . amabar I was loued . baris vel bare batur . The plu. bamur bamini bantur .

The preterper . in this mode and in all modes folowynge of this voyce lacketh . But we vse for it is the partycyple of the pretertens / and this verbe sum . of suche tens as the verbe sholde be / in this wyse / amatus sum vel fui . I haue be loued . es vel fuisti est vel fuit . The plu. amati sumus vel fuimus estis vel fuistis sunt fuetunt vel fuere .

The preterplu . amatus eram vel furam I had be loued . eras vel fueras erat vel fuerat . The plu. eramus vel fueramus eratis vel fueratis erant vel fuerant

The future . amabor I wyl be loued / or shal be loued amaberis vel bere bitur . The plurell amabimur bimi ni buntur .

The byddynge mode or imperatyf

The present . amare be thou loued . amatur . The plu. amemur amemini amentur .

The future . amator tu be thou loued hereaftr . amator ille . The plu. amemur minor amantor .

The wysshynge mode or Optatyf .

The present . vtinam amer . god graunt I be loued . ame ris vel ere etur . The plu. emur emini entur .

The preterin vtinam amarer wold god I were loued reris vel rere retur . The plu. remur reminirētur

The pnterper . vtinam amatus sim vel fuerim . god graunt

I haue be loued . sis vel fueris sit vel fuerit . The plu simus vel fuerimus sitis vel fueritis sint vel fuerint

The preterpluperfectens . vtinam amatus essem vel fuissem . wolde god I had be loued . &c.

The future vtinam amatus ero vel fuero . god graunte I shall be loued &c.

The potencyall mode .

The present . Amer I may be loued / wolde be loued or sholde be loued .

The preterin . amarer I myght be loued .

The preterꝑ . amatus sim vel fuerim I myght haue be loued / wolde haue be loued / or sholde haue be loued .

The preterplu . amatus essem vel fuissem I myght haue had be loued / wolde haue hadde / or sholde haue hadde be loued .

The future . amatus ero vel fuero I may be loued her after / wyll be loued herafter / or I shall mowe be loued herafter .

The subiunctyf mode .

The present . quum amer . whan I be loued .

The preterin . quum amarer whan I was loued .

The p̄terꝑ . quum aniatus sim vel fuerim . whan I haue be loued .

The preterplu . quum amatus essem vel fuissem

The future quum amatus ero vel fuero .

The Infinityf mode .

The present & preterin . amari to be loued .

The p̄terꝑ . & plu. amatum esse vel fuisse . to haue be loued / or had be loued . The futur amatum iri . to go to be loued . vel amaturum esse . or to be loued .

The particyple of the preterꝑ . & plu. amatus I loued

The latter futur . amandus to be loued .

The seconde coniugacyon .

OOceo doces . Docui . docere . di . do . doctum . Docens . Docturus anglice to teche .

The indicatyf mode .

The present . Doceo I teche ces . cet . The plu. cemus cetis cent The preterin . Docebam I taught &c.

The preteꝑ . docui I haue taught . docuisti docuit

The plu. cuimus istis etunt vel ere . The preterplu . docueram I had taught &c. The future docebo I shall teche or wyll teche . The interrogatyf . vt prius .

The imperatyf mode .

The present Doce at . The plu. ceamus cete ceant

The future doceto tu . to ille . The plu. amus tote cento vel centote .

The optatyf mode .

Utinam doceam god graunte I teche .

Utinam docerem . wolde god I taught

Utinam docuerim . god graunte I haue taught

Utinam docuissem . wolde god I had taught .

Utinam docuero god graunte I shall teche .

The potencyall mode .

Doceam . I may wolde or sholde teche .

Docerem &c. Docuerim &c. Docuissem &c. Docuero &c.

The coniunctyf mode .

Quum doceam . whan I teche

Quum docerem &c. Quum docuerim &c Quum docuissem &c. Quum docuero &c

The Infinityf mode

Present and preterin . docere

Preterꝑ . and plu. Docuisse

Future Doctum ire vel docturum esse

The gerundyues . Docendi do dum .

The supyne Doctum .

The particyple of the present & preterin . Docens

The particyple of the future / Dociurus

The passyf voyce

OOceor doceris Doctus sum Doceri doctu . Do ctus Docendus .

The shewynge mode .

The present Doceor I am taught . ceris vel docere cetur . The plurell . cemur cemini centur

The preterin . Docebar

The preter . and plu. vt prius

The future Docebor

The byddynge mode .

The present docere at̄ . The plu. ceamur cemini ant.

The future Docetor tu . tor ille . The plu. ceamur ceminor centor .

The wysshynge mode .

Utinam docear Utinam docerer

Utinam doctus sim vel fuerim .

Utinam doctus essem vel fuissem .

Utinam doctus ero vel fuero .

The potencyall mode & the subiunctyf / vt prius .

The Infinityf mode

The present and preterin . Doceri .

The pnterper and plu. Doctum esse vel fuisse .

The future Doctum iri vel docturum esse .

The supyne . Doctu . to be taught

The preterper and plu. Doctus taught

The thyrde coniugacyon . The shewynge medo .

LEgo legis . Legi . Legere . Legendi do dum . Lectum legens . lecturus . anglice to rede . Lego I rede . gis git The plu. legimus gitis gunt Legebam bas bat . The plu. bamus batis bant

Legi gisti git . The plu. gimus gistis gerunt

Legeram ras rat . The plu. geramus ratis rant

Legamges ges get . The plu. gemus getis gent

Here is to be noted the whan the future of the shewynge mode endeth in am or in ar than in the seconde persone & all persones folowynge I shall chaunge a in to e.

The byddynge mode

Legam gas gat . gamus gite gant .

Legito tu gito ille . gamus tote gunto guntote

The wysshynge mode .

Legam gas gat . gamus gatis gant

Legerem res ret remus retis rent .

Legerim ris rit . rimus ritis rint .

Legissem ses set . gissemus setis sent .

Legero ris rit . rimus ritis rint .

The potencyall mode and subiunctyf vt prius .

The infinityf mode .

Legere . legisse lectum ire vellecturum esse

The gerundyues

Legēdilegēdo legendum

The supyne Lectum .

The particyples / one of the presentens & preterin . as legens / an other of the fyrst futur / as lecturus .

The passyf voyce .

LEgor legeris . lectus sum . legi . lectu lectus . le gēdus . anglice to be redde .

The shewynge mode .

Legor I am redde . legeris vellegere legit̄ . The plu. legimur gimini guntur .

Legebar baris vel bare batur

Lectus sum vel fui es vel fuisti &c.

Lectus eram vel fueram eras vel fueras &c.

Legar legeris vel gere getur . gemur gemini gentur .

The byddynge mode

Legere legatur The plu. legamur gimini gantur

Legitor tu legitor ille gamur gimini guntor

The wysshynge mode .

Legar garis vel gare gatur &c.

Legerer reris vel rere retur &c.

Lectus sim vel fuerim

Lectus essem vel fuissem

Lectus ero vl fuero eris vel fueris erit vel fuerit

The potencyall mode & subiunctyf . vt prius

The Infinityf mode .

Legi . lectum esse vel fuisse . lectum iri vel lecturum esse

The supyne lectu to be redde

The particyples of the preterper . & plu. as lectus : an other of the last futur / as legendus

The fourth Coniugacyon

AUdio dis. Audiui . Audire . Audiendi . do . dum .

Auditum . Audiens . Auditurus / to here .

The shewynge mode

Audio audis audit . The plu. dimus ditis diunt .

Preterin . audiebam bas bat &c.

Preterꝑ audiui audiuisti audiuit &c.

Preterplu . audiueram audiueras audiuerat &c.

Future . audiam audies audiet . &c.

The Imperatyf mode

Audi audiat . audiamus audite audiant

Audito tu . dito ille . diamus tote diunto vel diuntote .

The Optatyf mode .

〈◊〉 . Audirem Audiuerim 〈◊〉 Audiuero

The potencyall mode and Subtunctyf mode vt supra . The shewynge mode .

Audire Audiuisse

Auditum ire vel auditurum esse .

The supyne auditum .

The particyple audiens auditurus

The passyf voyce .

AUdior audiris auditus sum . audiri . 〈◊〉 ? auditus audiendus .

The shewynge mode .

Audior I am herde . audiris vel audire auditur . audi dimur 〈◊〉 diuntur .

Audicbar &c.

Auditus sum vel fui &c.

Auditus cram vel fueram . vt prius

Audiar &c.

The byddynge mode

Audire audiatur . amur amim antur .

Audiuntor tu tor ille . amur minor untor

The wysshynge mode .

Audiar &c.

Audirer .

Auditus sim vel fuerim .

Auditus essem vel fuissem .

Auditus ero vel fuero .

Thepotencyall and subiunctyf mode . vt prius

The Infinityf mode

Audiri .

Auditum esse vel fuisse .

Auditum iri vel audiendum esse .

The supyne auditu

The partityple . auditus audiendus

The particyple

A particyple hath gendre and case as hath a nowne tyme & sygnificacyon as hath a verbe / nombre & fygure as they haue bothe .

There be vii . endynges of particyples . Ens / ans / tus / sus / xus / rus / dus .

Ens ans. be of the presentens and preterin .

Tus sus xus . be of the preterper . and plu.

Rus and dus . be of the future

The particyples in ens . & in ans. be formed of the preterimperfectens of the shewynge mode / by chaungynge bam . bar . or ram . in to n & s. as amabam : loquebar : poteram . chaunge &c. & it wyll be amans loquens potens .

Out take ibam & quibam / the whiche make iens and quiens with theyr compoundes .

Saue ambiebam the whiche foloweth the generall rule in euery poynte .

The particyples in tus sus or xus be formed of the supyne in u. by puttynge to s. as lectu lectus . visu vi sus . nexu nexus

The particyple of the fyrst future is formed of the su pyne in u. by puttynge to rus / as lectu lecturus

The particyple of the later futur is formed of the genityf case synguler of the particyple in ens or in ans by chaungynge t is in to dus / as legentis legendus .

All in ens or in ans be of the thyrde declenson of nownes / and lyke felix .

All other be lyke Bonus bona bonum .

The gerundyf is declyned with thre dyuerse endynges / dus da dum . lyke bonus .

Here is to be noted that iens & quiens chaunge e in to u in all oblique cases with theyr compoundes & also i in to e. as iens euntis . quiens queuntis .

The aduerbe .

There be many significacyons of aduerbes / some be of tyme / as qn̄ . heri . some of place / as quo ? domum .

Of nombre / as quotiens . semel

Of ordre / as primo secundo Of continuacyon as inde deinde . Of denyenge / as non nequaque .

Of admyttynge or puttynge of case / as esto licet .

Of grauntynge / as ita sic .

Of confirmynge / as prorecto quidem

Of swerynge / as pol mediusfidius

Of flaterynge / as sodes ambo

Of shewynge / as an ecce . Of metynge / as aduersum 〈◊〉 . Of callynge / as heus eho

Of answerynge / as heu hou .

Of exortynge / as eya age

Of lettynge or forbiddynge / as ne neue

Of askynge / as cur quare . Of pryce / as care vili

Of determynge or qualyte / as bene perperam

Of quantyte / as multum satis

Of exclusyon / as tantum solum

Of disconfort / as penitus prorsus

Of intendynge / as adeo : valde

Of remittynges / as paulatim : sensim

Of excesse / as nimis : nimium :

Of similytude / as quasi : tanque

Of doubtynge / as forsan : forsitan

Of gaderynge / as simul : vna

Of departynge / as seorsum : secus

Of comparison / as magis : maxime

Of chaunce / as forte : fortuito

Of choyse / as potius : immo

Of hastynge / as propere : festinanter .

Preposicyon .

Of preposicyon separable there ben thre sortes .

The fyrste sorte .

Ad Apud Ante Aduersum Cis Citra Circum Circa Contra Extra Erga Inter Intra Infra Iuxta Ob Pone Per Propter Prope Secundum Post Trans Ultra Preter Supra Circiter Usque Secus Penes Pridie Postridie Aduersus Subtus Foras .

All these wyll haue an accusatyf after them .

The seconde sorte .

A ab abs / Cum coram clam De E ex Pro Pre palam Sine absque tenus Procul

All these wyll haue an ablatyf case after them .

The thyrde sorte .

In Sub Super & Subter .

All these wyll haue some tyme an accusatyf case . and some tyme an ablatyf case .

Tenus in the plurell nombre may haue indifferently a genityf case or an ablatyf case

Preposicyons inseparable be these . vii . An. Di. Dis. Re. Se. Co. Con.

A coniunction .

Of coniunctions . Some be

Copulatyues / as et atque

Disiunctyues / as aut ve

Continuatyues / as seu siue

Subcontinuatyues / as quin quia

Causales / as vt enim

Condicyonals / as si quamuis

Temporals / as quum dum .

Resumynge or concludynge / as ergo ideo

Aduersatyues / as et si tamen

Exceptyues / as nisi preterque

Diminutyues / as saltem at

Doubtynge / as or Askynge / as an ne .

Approbatyues as nam namque

Explatyues / as quidem autem

Of chosynge / as or Comparyson as quam tam

All other be reduced to some of these

Interiection

Of interiections . Some be

Of Ioye / as eya euge

Of cursynge / as malum racha

Of mornynge / as hoi hei .

Of wondre / as atat pape

Of angre / as ah hem

Of laughynge / as haha tehe

Of Indignacyon / as ah au.

Of sodeyn answere / as ha hem

Of reprouynge as vath phi

Of exclamacyon / as o oho

Of sodeyn espyenge / as en ehem

Of scorne / as hui.

All other be reduced to some of these

Sequitur secunda pars principalis opusculi

Secunda pars principalis
Diffinicyon of nownes

A Nowne betokeneth a thynge without ony difference of tyme . Also the name of all that I may see fele or perceyue by ony of my fyue wytes / is a nowne .

A nowne propre betokeneth a thynge commune but to one thynge alone of his fyrst ordynaunce / as Uirgilius . roma .

A nowne appellatyf betokeneth a thynge commu ne to many thynges of his fyrst ordynaunce / & euery thynge after of the same kynde is called by the same name / as homo . lapis albus niger .

A nowne substantyf may stande by hymself with out the helpe of an adiectyf / as homo . lapis . and cometh comenly with one of these tokens a / an / the. as a man / an horse / the sonne .

A nowne adiectyf may not stande byhym self with out the helpe of a substautyf / as albus niger .

All adiectyues of nownes & pronownes commenly goth before the substantyf / whan they be Ioyned to gyder / as a good man / a fayre mayden / my fader / my moder . A particyple cometh after his substantyf / as the moder techynge / the belle ronge

Here is to be noted that adiectyues in the neutre gendre . hauynge after them exprest or vnderstonde ony of these englysshe wordes / thynge / thynges / or gere / be as substantyues / and be called substantyues and stande substantyuate / as album differt a nigro . pauca habeo multis indigeo .

So may be an Iufinityf mode / as amare legere . or ony other worde I put materyally / as Ego est pnomen / amo est verbum / the whiche be alwaye vnmouable & the synguler nombre & the thyrde persone .

A nowne iuterrogatyf betokeneth askynge of a thynge as 〈◊〉 qualis quotus quot cuius quotenus quotēnts . A nowne reddityf answereth to a questyon by some lykenes or shewynge / as talis . tantus . tot . solus . vinus biennis .

A nowne relatyf maketh rehersynge of a thynge that was spoken of afore / as qui : qualis quantus : quotus quot : & cuius .

A nowne distributyf or vniuersal is thus englysshed all / eche / euery / none . & they be . ii . sortes . Affirmatyues / as quilibet . omnis . vterque . Negatyues / as nemonul lus nichil / & all suche as begynneth with .N.

A nowne partityf betokeneth a parte / as alter . vnus aliques . & suche as ben thus englylshed / some or ony

A nowne Infinityf hath in his englysshe / maner / & euery / as quicumque . quisquis . quiuis . anglice what maner of man or who so euer .

Diffinicyon of Gendres :

The masculyne gendre is that / that is accordyng to males onely / in them that hath both male and female / as vir . or els is wonte of auctours to be Ioyened to masculynes where is no difference of male or female / as lapis .

The feminyne gendre is that / that is accordynge to to females onely in them &c. as mulier . Or elles is wonte of auctours to be Ioyned with feminynes where is no &c. as petra .

The neutre gendre is that / the is In different to both of them &c. as iumentum . or els is wonte of auctours to be Ioyned with neutres where is &c. as saxum .

The comon gendre is that / that is comon both to males and females in thynges onely that haue lyfe / as parens miles .

These nownes be of all gendres that to all thynges may pertayne / Indifferently / as felix velox

There be also besyde all these some nownes that be called of the dubyn gendre / the whiche without ony discrecyon of sygnificacyon be supposed now to the masculyne / and now to the feminyne terminacyon / as margo dies .

There be some of the Epycen gendre / the whiche vnder one voyce & vnder one artycle comprehende both , male & female / as hic passer hec dama. bothe for male and female .

Diffinicyon of cases .

The 〈◊〉 case is that / that nameth a thynge as it is onely / and not in other respecte / and his englysshe may answere to this questyon / who / or what sette be fore the englysshe of a verbe of certayne nombre and certayne persone / as poeta .

The genityf case generally betokeneth a thynge as the hauer / as poete . & that is the cause it may be torned in to that possessyf / his sygne in englysshe is this worde of / therfore whan the worde of cometh before a nowne propre or appellatyf / it shall be put in the genityf case yf the reason may be torned in to this wyse / that haft of my knyf / my knyues hafte / or els comenly it may be sayd by a preposicyon / as arguor a preceptore

The datyf case betokeneth a thynge as to whiche is geuynge / wantynge / profyt or hurte / or to the whiche is lykenesse / euynnesse / sendynge or pleasure / & his sygne in englysshe is this worde to / as I am profytable lyke or egalle to the / sum vtilis similis vel equalis tibi .

Here is to be noted that this englysshe worde to be fore a casuel worde without bodely mouynge / requyteth the datyf case / but with bodely mouynge the accusatyf with this preposicyon ad .

The accusatyf case betokeneth a thynge as sufferynge / & generally all that / that may receyue the dede of the verbe actyf / or the actyf significacyon shall be the accusatyf case .

The vocatyf betokeneth a thynge as called or spoken to

The ablatyf case betokeneth a thynge as frome the whiche some what is taken a waye . He betokeneth al so tyme / pryce / or instrument / & all these be that sygnes of that accusatyf case . In / by / with thorowe / for / from & fro / also by a place / & this worde then / after a comparatyf degree / be sygnes of the ablatyf case .

The worde the sygnifyeth Instrumente / hath comen ly vnderstonde or sette out this englysshe sygne w & wyll haue neuer after the crafte this preposicyon Cum .

Diffinicyon of nombre :

The synguler nombre speketh but of one thynge / as vix . a man .

The plurell speketh of many thynges / as vixi . as men .

Here is to be noted that nownes of multitude as populus . gens . though they be the synguler nombre / they haue the strength of the plurell / lyke as haue . ii . or mo propres or appellatyues / as virgilius and Ful gentius . Grammaticus and 〈◊〉 .

Diffinicyon of persones .

The fyrst persone is knowen by these sygnes . I me vs / & we . & is onely appropered to the thynge that speketh / & of this persone be but. ii . latyn wordes with theyr oblyques Ego & nos . vt prius

The seconde persone is knowen by these sygnes / thou the / you / or ye . and longeth onely to the thynges that is spoken to .

Of this persone also be but. ii . latyn wordes with theyr oblyques . tu & vos and euery vocatyf case .

All other casuell wordes in the worlde be of the thyrde persone .

Diffinicyon of pronownes

A pronowne is a parte of speche the whiche is sette and to the moost perfyte sentence he requyreth some thynge after him to answere to this questyon of whom or of what / as amor a te I am loued of the.

To these verbes be reduced . vi . verbes that ende in 〈◊〉 as Exulo . Liceo . Uapulo . Ueneo . Fio. and Nubo .

A verbe deponente endeth in r. and hath diffinicyon onely of the actyf / as loquor . Or els onely of the passyf / as nascor .

And generally verbes that ende in r. & haue none of these sayd sygnes be verbes deponentes / as sequor to folowe / opinor to wene / trowe / or suppose

A verbe commune endeth in r. & hath diffinicyon both of the actyf and of the passyf / as largior to graunte / or to be graunted .

Diffinicyon of tenses .

The presentens betokeneth a thynge that is in doynge now / and hath expressed or vnderstonde this englysshe sygne do / in all verbes transityues / as I loue or do loue .

The preterimꝑerfytens betokeneth a thynge as late be gonne / but not yet perfytly ended or fynysshed & hath exprest or vnderstonde with that condicyon afore sayd this englysshe sygne dyde / as I loued / or dyde loue .

The preterper . betokeneth a thynge as perfytly finis shed & hath alwaye expressed or vnderstonde this englysshe sygne haue / as I haue loued . I haue taught The preterplu . betokeneth a thynge that was perfytly past / of longe tyme agone / and he hath alwaye expressed or vnderstonde this englysshe sygne had as I had loued . I had taught .

The future betokeneth a thynge that is to come and euermore hath exprest vnderstonde one of these englysshe sygnes / wyll or shall . as I wyll loue / or shall loue . I wyll teche / or I shall teche .

Here is to be noted that yf the verbe may receyue in his englysshe this sygne . haue after to / as misereor misereris . to haue mercy or pyte . Abundo das . I haue ynough .

Than must I altre some of my sygnes / & some must I double in this wyse .

In the present haue . In the preterin . hadde . In the pnterper . haue had . In the preterplu . had had . In that future . wyll haue or shall haue .

Diffinicyon of modes .

The shewynge mode sygnifyeth a thynge as told as I loue . I do loue / & requyreth a nominatyf or a vocatyf case before hym / as ego lego . Uirgili lege .

The askynge mode signifyeth a thynge as questyon as loue I. do I loue / & comenly requyreth his nomina tyf or vocatyf after hym . Elles betwixte his sygne & hym both in comyn spcche / & also in latyn / as doost thou here hym ? Audiuisti tu illum ?

The byddynge mode signifyeth a thynge as byddynge or cōmaundȳge . And requyreth his nominatyf case or vocatyf / lyke the askynge mode / as speke virgyll . Loquere virgili . Here you . Audite vos .

The wysshynge mode or 〈◊〉 signifyeth a thynge as desyred / & hath exprest or vnderstonde both in latyn & in englysshe . vt prius in prima parte .

The potencyall mode betokeneth a thynge as not done / but that may or myght haue be done & hathas grete strength as one of these verbes Possum . volo . debeo . And the Infinityf mode of the verbe that he cometh of / and his sygnes in englysshe be these / may myght / wold / sholde / ought / must . & other lyke / as ra perem I wolde pulle . obtunderē I wolde knocke

This mode also is vsed comenly eyther with a / or with an other condicyonall clause / as . Si hoc non possum . flumina amen . Non expectet

Si esset in his fides . non laboraremus

Some tyme he is vsed without negacyon or condicy on exprest / as videas 〈◊〉 dixerit aliquis .

Also this mode may be vsed in questyon / as quid igi tur faciam ? Non eam . Quid agas iust &c. with suche condicyons as were shewed afore .

The subiunctyf mode betokeneth a thynge / as ioyned incertayne persone and certayne nombre to an other verbe / as Iubeo ne facias .

His sygnes in englysshe be these / yf / but / & when after that / and many other more .

And also these latyns may haue after them the subiunctyf mode . Uersus

Si. quamuis . quamquam . tametsi . licet . atque priusquam Antequam . an . donec . ve postquam . siue quousque Quum . nisi . quin. acsi . quandoque iungis vbi .

The infinityf mode betokeneth a thynge / as done or to be done / without other nombre or persone / and somtyme hath exprest these sygnes to / or to be / as to loue / or to be loued .

Diffinicyon of a Particyple

A Particyple is a parte of speche declyned with case the whiche taketh parte of a nowne / parte of a verbe / and parte of bothe .

He taketh of a nowne gendre and case / of a verbe tyme & significacyon / of both nombre and fygure .

A particyple was ordeyned to make that reason shorter and more or not auoydynge the concurse of relatyues / aduerbes / & coniunctions / with the whiche / were not he / the reason sholde be foule accombred .

There be . v. tenses in a particyple / as be in a verbe One of the presentens & preterinꝑ . in one voyce An other of that pnterper . & plu. in one voyce . And two particyples of the future in two voyces . One of that fyrst future in rus / & an other of the later future in dus

The particyple of the presentens & preterinper . is knowen both by his englysshe & by his latyn / for his englysshe endeth in ynge or in and / as louynge louand And his latyn endeth in ens or in ans / as legens . amans . and he is formed vt prius .

The particyple of that pnterper . & plu. is knowen &c. For his englysshe begynneth with I or a. & endeth in d t or in n. as I loued . I taught . I seen a goon / & his latyn endeth in rus . sus . or xus . & is formed vt prius .

The particyple of the fyrste future is knowen &c. for his englysshe begynneth with to / without be / as to loue . to teche / & his latyn endeth in rus / as amatu rus . lecturus . & he is formed vt prius .

The particyple of the later future is knowen &c. for his englysshe begynneth with to & be togyder / as to be loued . to be taughte / & his latyn endeth in dus / as

Tercia pars principalis
The thre concordes in Grammer .

Tercia be but thre concordes in grammer . The fyrste betwixt the nominaty for the vocatyf & the verbe . These conde betwixt the adiectyf & the substantyf . The thyrde betwixt the relatyf & the antecedent . It hath ben sayd there be . ii . more / but lerned men reduce them to that seconde / as rosa est pulcherrimus florum . Where is vnder stonde this substantyf flos . Alter istorum currit . Where vnderstonde vir . puer . or some lyke .

The fyrste concorde .

The verbe personall & his noīaty for vocatyf case must agree in . ii . accidentes / nombre & persone as ego amo . O virgili . ama .

Here is to be noted the yf I shall make an englyssh in latyn . I must reherce it tyll I haue it perfytly and see how many verbes be in the same reason / & yf there be but one / he is the princypall verbe / than must I put before hym this questyon who or what / and that worde thatanswereth to the questyon shall be that nominatyf or the vocatyf to the verbe / as the mayster techeth this worde techeth is the verbe who or what techeth the mayster / this worde mayster here answereth to this questyon / & therefore it shall be nominatyf case / as magister docet & lyke wyse of the vocatyf / as Uirgyll loue / Uirgiliama .

Yfony thynge come after the verbe I must put befeor the verbe this questyon / whom or what / and that worde that answereth to this questyon whom or what shall be the accusatyf case moost comenly as the mayster techeth me / whom or what doth he techeth me / this worde me . answereth to this questyon whom or what / & therfore it shall be the accusatyf case to the verbe / as Magister docet me . Uirgyll loue god . Uirgili ama deum .

But and yf the worde that foloweth the verbe / may conueniently answere to this questyon of whom or of what / it shall be put in the ablatyf case with one of these preposicyons A. ab . abs . De. E. Ex. as I am bete of the mayster . Uapulo a preceptore .

Two nominatyf cases synguler with a coniunctyon copulatyf &c. wyll haue a verbe plurell alway / excepte the reason be fyguratyf . vt planius post patebit . as Io hannes et Robertus currunt .

One nominatyf case synguler with an ablatyf case hauynge this preposicyon cum . betwixt theym / yf they be coupled to some sentence / be of the same strength as Petrus cum Paulo coronabuntur in celis . Oratores cum poeta loquuntur .

A nowne of multytude in the nominatyf case synguler is of the same strength / as Turba strauerunt vestimenta suam via .

Whan I haue . u. nominatyf cases / one of the fyrst persone & an other of the seconde els of the thyrde the verbe shall alway accorde with the nominatyf case of the fyrst persone / as Ego & tusumus . Uir & ego stamus Also yf I haue an nominatyf case of the seconde persone / & an other of the thyrde / the verbe shall accorde with the nominatyf case of the seconde / & of the thyrde as tu & frater tuus estis discipuli .

The seconde concorde .

The adiectyf & the substantyf must agree in thre accidentes / gendre / nombre / & case / as vir doctus legit

Here is to be noted that . ii . substantyues synguler with a coniunction copulatyf comynge bytwene / or els hauynge this preposicyon cum . wyll haue an adiectyf plurell / as Iohannes et robertus sedent scribentes Petrus cum paulo sunt coronandi in celo .

And whan I haue two substantyues comynge togyder one of the masculyne gendre and an other of the feminyne or of the neutre Ioyned with an adiectyf than shall the adiectyf agree with the substantyf of the mas culyne in gendre & lyke wyse it is betwixt the feminyne & the neutre / as Ego & soror mea sumus albi . soror tua & iumentum estis pulchre . For lyke as the fyrst persone is more worthy than the seconde or that thyrde so is the masculyne more worthy than the femmyne or the neutre .

Also whan so euer I haue a nowne or a pronowne adiectyf I must put to this questyon who / whome / or what / after hym . & than alwaye the worde that answereth shall be the substantyf / as moche brede / moche what / brede / my gowne / my what / gowne .

Yf the adiectyf be a particyple / this questyon must go before / as growynge trees / who or what growen trees

Here is generally to be noted that al wordes that stande as one persone / must euer be put in one case / & all that be in one case stande as one persone . Therfore it is comenly sayd / that all that longeth to one thynge shall be putte in one case / as my fader a man loueth me a chylde . Pater meus vir diligit me puerum .

The thyrde concorde .

The thyrde is betwixt the relatyf of substaunce and his antecedente / the whiche must euer agree in . iii. accidentes . Gendre / nombre / & persone / how be it he may dyscorde with the verbe some tyme in persone / as equus quem video currit .

Here is to be vnderstande that there be . ii . maner of relatyues / one of substaunce / and one of accidence . The relatyf of substaunce requyreth a substantyf for his antecedentes / as Qui. Ille . Ipse . Sui . Is & Idem . The relatyf of accidence reherseth an adiectyf for his antecedente / as Talis . qualis . tantus . quantus .

Also whan I haue a relatyf of substaunce I shal put after hym this questyon / who / whom / or what & that worde that answereth to this questyon shall be the an tecedente to the relatyf / as Uirgyll is deed , the whiche was a poete . The whiche what virgyll . This worde Uirgyll answereth to the questyon / and therfore it is his antecedente .

This relatyf Quis is knowen by these sygnes that whome / or the whiche .

Whan there cometh a nominatyf case betwixt the relatyf & his next verbe / than shall the relatyf be suche case as the verbe wyll haue after hym / as Ego quent preceptor docet aduerto .

And whan no nominatyf case &c. The relatyf shall be that nominatyf case to the verbe / as Ego qui sedeo scribo

It is to be noted also / that the relatyf may agree with his antecedent in . iiii . Gendre / case / nombre / & persone as Homo mouetur . Idem homo currit .

Whan this worde the cometh in a reason yf it may put this englysshe the whiche in his place it shall be made by this relatyf qui yf not so that it reporte ony thynge afore sayd by some pronowne relatyf / yf it be token shewynge / by ille illa . illud . or some other pronownes demonstratyf / & whan it betokeneth a thynge as wylled to be done by vt & a thynge as tellynge the cause by qd or quia or other casuall coniunctions .

Coniunctions copulatyues & disiunctyues dubitatyf & interrogatyues wyll Ioyne comynly lyke case / gendre / nombre / mode and tens .

Also two antecedentes synguler with an et . coniunction copulatyf comynge bytwene wyll haue a relatyf plurell / as Iohannes et Petrus quos ego docui non discunt diligenter .

Whan I haue a relatyf comynge 〈◊〉 two substantyues of dyuerse gendres longynge bothe to one thynge / yf the substantyf that foloweth be appellatyf than the relatyf may accorde with eyther of them in differently / as in gendre / as eo Oxoniam que vel qui est locus studendi .

But & yf the substantyf the foloweth be of a nowne propre / the relatyf shall accorde with the later alway in gendre / as Est locus in carcere qd tullianum appellat

Whan there be many verbes in a reason / euermore the fyrst verbe shall be the princypallverbe . Excepte he come soone after one of these sygnes . That / whome / or the whiche / or ony of these . yf . But. whenne . After that Before that . Although . Syth . Excepte . or other lyke . Or els after ony of these latyn wordes Si quamuis &c. Or els after ony of these sygnes . To / or To be / as To loue / or To beloued .

Here is to be noted that where as many verbes be in a reason / that verbe is pryncypall that maketh the reason perfyte .

Also where as be many verbes / one verbe at the lest wyse cometh betwixt the forsayd sygnes and the princypal verbe / as the boke that I begynne to wryte yf it were ended sholde profyte chyldren moche . Liber quem incipio scribere si perficeretur multum prodesset pueris .

A nowne relatyf may not be sette in that same reason / that his antecedente is in . But euermore he maketh a reason imperfyte in hymselfe .

A pronowne relatyf may be sette in a reason with his antecedente / as Patrem sequitur sua proles . Sua cuique satis placebant . Dominum formidabunt aduersarii eius .

Strength of compulynge case

The verbe of substaunce / and all that be of lyke englysshe wyll haue suche case after them as they haue before them / as I am a man . Ego sum vir .

Thesame strength hath all verbes vocatyues / as no minor Appellor . I am called Thomas . Ego vocor . Thomas . Also appareo . sedeo . with other lyke .

And generally all verbes may couple lyke case when the worde that gooth before the verbe / & the worde that cometh after the verbe longe bothe to one thynge / as Latcus non sedet index in causis ecclesiasticis .

Note well .

A nominatyf els̄ a vocatyf may not stande withoute a verbe finite sette out / or vnderstonde .

Nor lyke wyse a verbe finite without a nominatyf or vocatyf case .

A verbe is called finite in all modes / excepte the Infinityf . Also euery Infinityf mode may haue an accusatyf case sette before hym expressyd or vnderstonde as for suche maner of speche . Cui nunc cognomen In lo. Is more after vse than crafte .

Nor an aduerbe may not stonde without a verbe .

Nor a coniunction without . ii . clauses / and. ii . verbes set out / as Ego lego . & tu legis . or vnderstode / as Lego Uirgilium et Ciceronem . for Lego Uirgilium et . lego Ciceronem .

Nor. ii . clauses or . ii . verbes without a coniunction except that one be an Infinityf mode or els Ioyned with a relatyf .

Nor a preposicyon withoute a case . Nor an adiectyf withoute a substantyf . Nor a relatyf withoute some worde rehersed of the reason afore / the whiche may be called the anteccdente .

Nor a relatyf without a verbe dyuers from the verbe of the antecedent / yf the relatyf be a nowne .

Whan wordes must be construed togyder betokenynge thynges that be of one persone / they must agree in as many accidentes as they may .

A persone is called in gramer the beer / the doer / the suffrer / the hauer / the thynge that is had / that / that groweth to / as auauntage / or hurte / angre / or pleasure . Also pryce / tyme / Instrument / & other lyke

Accidentes I calle case / gendre / nombre / persone / mode / and tense &c:

This Infinityf mode esse whan he cometh after ony of these verbes Uolo . soleo . cupio . incipio . disco . or ony other lyke stondynge personally wyll haue after him a nominatyf case / after esse vse of grekes what soeuer be vnderstonde afore / as volo esse rex . Soleo esse amicus cupio esse doctus . disco esse pater .

But and yf the verbe that cometh afore esse . be imꝑsonall / the worde that foloweth shall some tyme be the datyf case / as Licet michi esse bono . Placet tibi esse regi .

The whiche spekynge though it be approued by the vse of Grekes & latynes / yet it is not after the crafte Nownes of the comparatyf degre wyll haue after them an ablatyf case / whan this sygne than . foloweth them . as I am wyser than these . Sum doctior his . And a genityf whan this sygne of foloweth them as this is the wyser of you tweyne . Hic est doctior vestrum duorum .

The superlatyf wyll haue a genityf plurell of all wordes / except the nowne of multytude / of whome he is contente with a genityf case synguler / as Uirgilius erat doctissimus poetarum . Troiane gentis fortissimus erat . Hector .

Euery verbe is construed with case after his 〈◊〉 . Therfore yf it be not englysshed after his construccyon / it is not englysshed after his significacyon / wherfore these verbes Noceo and placeo / and suche other the whiche haue after theym a datyf case must haue these englysshes . I do greue I do pleasure / & contrary wyse . Ledo & offendo . I hurte or offende rather than I do hurte / or offence / & lyke wyse in one verbe / as Uaco tibi . I take hede to the. Uaco doctrina I lacke connynge . But where it is harde to englysshe theym after theyr construccyon / we must go as nyghe as we may / and for theyr construccyon / to be knowen saye generally that all verbes actyues . depo nentes . and communes / may haue after theym an accusatyf case / or some what sette in the stede of it / as . Amo. Loquor . Ueneror orationem . Amo legere . cupio vt legas . & so they haue the nature of actyues .

All verbes may haue after theym a datyf case to that thynge the wiche is gyuynge / sendynge / vauntage / or domage / or suche other lyke of the same strengthe / be all verbes that betoken preferrynge or comparyson as Homo prestat homini .

Euery verbe adiectyf that hath no passyf signe with his englysshe / may haue after hym an accusatyf case of a worde that is of the same significacyon / or els that mesureth his significacyon / and so is as an actyf as Curro cursum . or stadium . or multum . viuo vitam infelicem .

Euery verbe may haue after him an ablatyf case that standeth as pryce / clothynge / or armure

And generally of all verbes that be as instrumente as emi equum centum uummis . Induo tetunica . percussus pugione .

Out of this rule be excepte adiectyues of vncertyn pryce / the whiche shall euer be put in the genityf case synguler / and neutre gendre substantyuate yf they be without substantyues / as magni interest / parui constat .

But & yf the substantyf be exprest / they shall both be put in the ablatyf / as Penus emitur magno precio vel multa pecunia .

To these be reduced verbes betokenynge lackynge / as Careo . vaco .

Also suche verbes Exulo . spolio . nudo . priuo .

Also verbes betokenynge mouynge wyll haue after them the fyrste supyne / or els the gerundyf in dum . with this preposicyon ad as eo cubitum vel ad cubandum And where this generall rule wyll not satysfye we must saye specyally that some verbes wyll haue after them a genityf case / as Insimulo . accuso . memini . re cordor . potior . and misereor . Some with the ablatyf case / as Dignor indignor . Some passyues with the accusatyf / as grauor . doceor . postulor To these be reduced two particyples Exosus . & pertesus . as exosus con tubernium . pertesus ignauiam .

The ablatyf case absolute .

Whan so euer I haue in a reason a nowne or a pronowne substantyf with nowne . pronowne . or particyple adiectyf comynge togyder without ony verbe . or other worde of whom they may be gouerned / they shall be put in that ablatyf case / whiche is called the ablatyf case inconsequent . yf there come a nominatyf case with his verbe hangynge other before or after / as cesar teynynge virgyll was borne . Cesare regnante Uirgilius natus est vel natus erat .

This case is called absolute or inconsequēte bycause that he is loused from the power of all gouernaunce and standeth in a reason / as the mayster techynge / the scolers muste take hede . Docente preceptore . discipu los oportet animaduertere . In beynge deed thou shalte lacke helpe . Mortuo me . indigebis 〈◊〉 .

The ablatyf inconsequent may be expowned or decla red by these aduerbes . Dum. quum . or quando . & suche tenses of the verbes / as the partycyples be / whan I haue a partycyple in the sayd ablatyf case as Docen te preceptore disco vel disccbā . i. Dum. quum . or quando preceptor docet . vel docebat .

More ouer whan soeuer I haue in a reason ony suche sygne / whyles as longe as / after that / yf / althoughe notwithstondynge / or neuertheles . Than I may tor ne the nexte verbe in to a partycyple / & set hym in ablatyf case inconsequent in conformyte of case / gendre and nombre / to the worde that semeth to be the nominatyf case to the sayd verbe / as whyles I lyue / thou canst lacke no thynge . Dum ego viuo . vel me viuente potest 〈◊〉 nichil 〈◊〉 . Preestys after theyr matens be sayd hye theym selfe to masse . Sacerdotes dictis prius matutinis parant sese ad missam . Fyrst serue thy maker / whan thou hast do so / go about other thynges . Primum serui creatori quo facto : alias res 〈◊〉 age .

Construccyon of verbes with diuerse cases
Desino . Cesso . Defisto

These . iii. verbes Desino desinis . Cesso cessa . and Desisto desistis haue all one englysshe . anglyce / to leue / cesse / or let be .

But desino desinis wyl haue after hym a genytyf or an ablatyf case with a preposicyon of the thynge that we bydde to be lefte / as leue thy playenge . Desine ludi . vel a ludo .

Cesso cessas wyll haue an accusatyf case / or els an ablatyf with a preposicyon indifferently / as Cease thy vengeaunce . Cessa vindictam tuam . vel a vindicta tua .

Desisto desistis wyll haue an ablatyf case with a preposicyon onely / as Excepte you leue your malyce I wyll slee you . Nisi desistas a malicia : interficiam vos .

Supersedeo

This verbe supersedeo . anglice to leue of wyll haue after hym a datyf case . vt inquit Aulus gellius . Exemplis supersedeo I leue of Examples

Abstineo .

Abstineo es . anglice to absteyne / with holde / or 〈◊〉 re / as metes / drynkes / or delectacyons / may haue after hym a genityf or an ablatyf case with a preposicyon / or without of the thynge that we kepe our selfe fro / as we must forbere flesshe the frydayes . Sextis feriis carnium carnibus : vel a carnibus abstinere de bemus . But there is comenly expreste or vnderstonde the accusatyf Reciprocatyf / as debemus abstinexe nos a carnibus .

Otherwhyle he is thus englysshed / to holde or kepe / & than he hath 〈◊〉 accusatyf or an ablatyf with a preposicyon exprest or vnderstonde . And so wyll Contineo . as kepe thy honde out of the dysshe . Abstine manum a disco . I kepe my fyste from his cheke . Contineo pugnum a mala . Therentius . Non manum abstines mastigia . Idem . Uix me xtineo quin in capillum inuolem .

Egeo Indigeo Careo .

These . iii. verbes Egeo . indigeo . and careo hath al waye one englysshe . anglice to lacke / want / mysse / nede / haue mysse / or haue nede .

But Egeo & indigeo may haue indifferently a genityf or an ablatyf with a preposicyon of that thynge that is awaye or myst / as Ego vel indigeo salutis vel salute . and Careo euermore an ablatyf / as Careo bireto .

They hadde other cases of antiquyte / but it is not after crafte .

Desum Deficio .

These two verbes Desum es . deficio cis . be of the same englysshe / but they wyll haue a nominatyf case of thynge that is awaye or myst . And a datyf of the persone that nedeth or lacketh / as in psalmo Nichil michi deerit . Deficiunt michi pecunie .

Abundo Affluo .

These . ii . verbes Affluo is . & abundo as anglice to haue plente or ynoughe haue a nominatyf of the lorde or possessour / & an ablatyf of the thynge that is had / as rex affluit diuitus / anglia abōdat militibus . Els a nominatyf of thynge that is had / & a datyf the lorde or possessour / as Diuitie affluunt regi . Milites abundant anglie .

Dominor . Misereor

Dominor naris . anglice to haue lordshyppe to gouerne / to haue power / or to be owner of / and Misere or sereris . anglice to haue pyte or mercy may haue after theym Indifferently a genityf or a datyf / as Pater meus dominabit multarum terrarum vel multis terris . Deus misareatur nostri vel nobis .

Arguo . moneo . accuso .

All verbes that betoken accusynge / reprouynge / damnynge / monysshynge or warnynge / as Arguo . moneo . accuso . damno . reprehendo . & other lyke may gouerne after them an accusatyf of the persone / & a genityf els an ablatyf with a preposicion of the faute or voyce . as Preceptor arguit discipulos tardi aduentus . vel de tardo aduentu .

Obliuiscor . reminiscor

All verbes that betoken remembrynge or forgetynge / as Obliuiscor . reminiscor . & recordor . may gouerne after them a genityf / an accusatyf / or an ablatyf with a preposicyon / as I thynke vpon thy gentylnes Recordor tue humanitatis . vel tuam humanitatem . vel de tua humanitate .

Priuo . Spolio .

These . ii . verbes priuo as . and spolio as . anglice to robbe steele / or to take awaye . wyl haue an accusatyf of the owner / & an ablatyf without a preposicyon of thynge taken awaye / as Iohannes priuauit me cultel lo. And theyr passyues alwaye with an ablatyf of the thynge taken awaye / as Priuor quinque libris . Spolior diuitiis .

All passyues hath before them a nominatyf of the suffrer / & an ablatyf with a preposicyon of the doer . And some tyme a datyf / in the whiche is vnderstonde an ablatyf / as Daryppa amatur a me . vel michi . They may haue also all suche cases as theyr actyues / as Arguor abs te mei tardi aduentus 〈◊〉 meo tardo aduentu

Aufero . rapio eripio . adimo

These . iiii . verbes Aufero fers rapio pis . eripio pis & adimo is . anglice to robbe / steele / or to take awaye And generally all verbes that betoken diminucyon or takynge fro . gouerne an accusatyf of the thynge stolen / & a datys or els an ablatyf with a preposicion of the owner / as Latro aufert pecuniam michi vel a me . Eripuit argentum tibi vel a te . Rapiam faciem igni vel ab igne . Mors adimit vitam nobis vel a nobis .

Benedico . malidico .

These . ii . verbes Benedico . anglice to blysse / & maledico . to curse / gouerne after them indifferently a datyf / els an accusatyf on that suffrer / as 〈◊〉 tibi vel te The scripture is full of suche examples

But benedico . anglice saye well of / and maledico saye yll of / wyll somtyme haue an accusatyf of the laude and an ablatyf with a preposicyon of the person / as Pater multa benedicit dete . Omnes benedicunt dete .

But whan I shall make ony suche englysshe / I am bounde to blysse my fader . Thou shalt blysse me or ony other lyke . I may moche better make them by Opto as . Precor aris . Execro as . Deuoueo es . Imprecor aris . And suche other lyke with bene . or male . Ioyned to them / as Discipuli habent benedicere non maledicere preceptori . Scolers ought to saye well & not yll by theyr mayster . Habeo bene optare preceptori Uel habeo bene precari magistro . et tu habes imprecari illi .

Consulo is . anglice to aske counsell is a verbe 〈◊〉 and may gouerne an accusatyf of the persone that I aske of / & a genityf or els an ablatyf with a preposicyon of the thynge that I counsell for / as Consulo te remedu vel de remedio .

Consulo is . anglice to gyue counseyll is somtyme a verbe neutre & wyll haue a datyf of the persone that I gyue counsell to / as Medici consulunt michi . He is also in this significacyon somtyme a verbe actyf / and wyll haue after hym an accusatyf of thynge that I gyue counsell for / & a datyf of the persone / as Consulo commodum tibi .

Consulo is . anglice to see or to prouide or to helpe / is alwaye a verbe neutre & hath after hym a datyf case onely / as helpe me in this mater . Consule michi in hac re . See to thy sone . Consule filio tuo .

Sum es fui .

This verbe Sum es fui whan he betokeneth commendacyon or dispraysynge may haue after hym a genityf or an ablatyf case of the laude or reproue / vt Uirgo est pulchre venustatis . Uir forti animo

Whan this englysshe for may be chaunged into this worde to / it is alwaye the sygne of the datyf case / vt 〈◊〉 est bonum pueris .

Ualeo . Consto .

Ualeo es . anglice to be worth / & Consto as . anglice to coste / whan they betoken certayne pryce / gouerne 〈◊〉ter them an ablatyf case of that worde that betokeneth pryce / as Liber meus constabat viginti denariis . Equus tuus valet centum solidis .

But when they betoken vncertayne pryce . they gouerne a genityf case / as Liber meus constabat pluris quam valet . Equus tuus multi valet . Cicero . Quod michi constat pluris quam sim foro emissem .

Somtyme he is put for this verbe Scitur or Patet & than he gouerneth a datyf case also as This is open or knowen to euery body . Hoc constat oimbus / & somtyme he is latyn to cost / vt supra .

Also after Guarren he is englysshed some tyme to stande 〈◊〉 as Salustius sayth . Multitudinem 〈◊〉 hostium constare viderunt . Also for Conuenire . anglice to agree to or agree with . vt Cicero . Adhuc que dicta sunt arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris artium scriptori bus Also for manifestum esse . anglice to be open or knowen / as Cice. Hoc michi atque aduersariis constat Also for consistere & firmum esse . as Constat pedibus . constat animo . constat mente .

Some tyme he is taken for this verbe Est. fio . or construor . & than he is construed with an ablatyf case with apreposicōn / as Domus constat ex tecto pariete & fundamento . i. Est fit . vel construitur . Quattuor sunt ele menta ex quibus omnia constant .

Attineo pertmeo . specto

These . ii . verbes Attineo . & pertineo . anglice / to perteyne / or longe to haue after them alwaye an accusatyf with this preposicyon ad . as Cōperiebā nichil ad Pamphilum quicquam attinere . Hec res pertinet ad te .

This verbe Specto is of the same construccyon . vt hoc ad partes spectat vt filii probe educantur .

Illudo .

Illudo dis. anglice to mocke or to laugh to scorne / may gouerne after hym a datyf / an accusatyf / or an ablatyf with this preposicyon in / as Certantque illudere capto . Uerbis virtutem illude superbis . Therentius in Andria . In quibus sic illudatis .

Metuo . timeo . vereor

These . iii. verbes metuo . timeo . & vereor anglice to fere / whan they betoken loue or fauour they gouerne after them a datyf case / as Timeo vel metuo michi ne moriar . But whan they betoken hatred / they must haue after them an accusatyf case or els an ablatyf with one of these . vi . preposicyons A ab . abs De. E. Ex vt timeo vel metuo te : vel abs te : ne percutias me . 〈◊〉 reor dyabolum vel a dyabolo . Therentius in Andria Ego non nichil veritus Daue abs te .

Also all verbes that betoken feere / haue the same strength / as Paueo . formido & other lyke .

Fugio . Caueo .

These ii . verbes Fugio fugis . & Caueo caues . anglice to flee or to be ware / to eschewe or auoyde / gouerne after them an accusatyf / or els an ablatyf with a preposicyon / as fuge vel caue equum vel ab equo .

Moreouer this verbe Caueo whan he betokeneth loue or fauour / wyll nede haue after hym a datyf case / as Caue capiti ne hoc frangaturictu .

Abrenuncio .

This verbe abrenuncio / anglice to forsake / gouerneth after hym a datyf case / as Abrenuncio sathane .

Sum.

Here is to be noted / that whan the verbe of substaunce gouerneth after hym a nominatyf case with a datyf / than may the sayd nominatyf be put in to the datyf and so he may gouerne a double datyf / as Mors est michi cura . & mors est michi cure . et michi vita pudor . sic est michi vita pudori .

Composita de sum .

All the compoundes of Sum es fui . may gouerne after them a datyf case / as prosum tibi . desum inimicis

Insum .

Moroeuer this 〈◊〉 Insum es besyde his datyf may haue an ablatyf with this preposicyon In as Inest mihi vel in me marima virtis . Tibi vel in te magnum inest vitium . Insunt etiam in temporibus hyemo . estas . ver. autumnus

All these verbes in these verses folowynge gouerne after them a datyf case / as Obuio tibi parco pueris placeo regi . noceo michi &c.

Obuio . parco . placet . noceo . vaco . supplico . seruit Subuenit . officio . succurrit . propitiorque Sufficit . aspiro . validico . gratulor . astat . Insideor . pateo . minor . ac obtempero . fido . Obstat . obedit . eis fauet . heret proficit addas Congruo . compatior . confert . succedit . adulor Occurrit . restat . et cedo quando locum dat

Whan soeuer I haue afore ony of these forsayd verbes / ony of these sygnes am / art / is / was / were / or be That that semeth to be the nominatyf case shall be the datyf / & the thynge that doth the dede shall be the ablatyf with a preposicyon / as I am serued of my sone . Michi seruitur a filio meo . The kynge is pleased of his subgettes . Regi placetur a suis subditis

All these verbes folowynge in these verses / may gouerne aftter theym a double accusatyf case as Postulo te veniam . Doceo te grammaticam .

The latter accusatyf of whom may be gouerned of theyr passyues / as postulor veniam . Doceor grammaticam . Uersus

Postulo posco . peto . doceo . rogo . flagito . celo . Exuo . cum vestit . monet induo . calceo . cingo Oro. petunt quartum simul ac interrogo binum

But these verbes postulo posco peto rogo flagito oro & interrogo anglice to aske or desyre / & all other lyke may moche better gouerne an accusatyf case / of the thynge asked or desyred / & an ablatyf with one of these forsayd vi . preposicyons of the persone that we aske or desyre ought of as Postulo veniam abs te .

These . v. verbes exuo . vestio . induo . calceo & cingo & all lyke may moche better & eleganter gouerne an accusatyf of the body & an ablatyf without a preposicyon of the garment / or of the thynge whome / as Exuo me tunica . I do out my cote . Paulus in epistolis . Ac cinxit lumbos suos fortitudine .

And the passyues of the forsayd . v. verbes may gouerne elegantly an ablatyf case withoute a preposicyon / as Exuor tunica In psalmo . Accingere gladio tuo su per femur tuum potentissime .

Celo .

This verbe celo as . anglice to couer / or to hyde coum sell may gouerne besyde his strength an accusatyf case of the thynge that is couered or hyde / & a datyf of the persone that is ignoraunt / as Celo meum consilium tibi . Or els he may haue an accusatyf of the thynge that is couered or hydde & an ablatyf case with a preposicyon of the persone that is ignoraunt / as Celo me um consilium ate .

These verbes folowynge in this verse wyll gouerne an ablatyf case with apposicion / as vescor solo pane .

Uescitur et fruitur vror fungorque potitur .

Uescor ris . caret preteritis et supinis . anglice to ete . Fruor ris fruitus vel fretus . anglice to vse at our plea sure / or to do after .

Utor vteris . anglice to vse or to occupye as thynges necessarye .

Potior eris vel iris . anglice to occupye / as pleasure or delyte .

Fungor ris anglice to do our offyce or dewty

Particyples . Gerundyues . & Supynes .

All may gouerne after them al suche cases as doth the verbes that they come of / as Doceo grammaticam vel sum docens grammaticam . Loquor tibi vel sum loquens tibi . Duco Uirgilium & vem gratia discendi Uirgilium . Audio missam & vado auditum missam .

Perfyguram Synodochen

Whan this englysshe sygne the. foloweth an adiectyf nowne / particyple / or els a verbe passyf / or neutre & cometh before the parte of a body / the parte of that body may be put in the accusatyf case without a preposicyon / by this fygure Synodochen / as Hec estvir go venusta faciem . Frater meus est locus tibiam . doleo caput Ego frangor brachium .

Moreouer al nownes adiectyues that may gouerne an accusatyf case by the forsayd fygure may gouerne an ablatyf by the strength . vt hec est virgo venusta faciem vel facie . Uir fortis brachium vel brachio . Tu es hylaris vultum vel vultu .

Quam coniunctio .

This coniunction quam . anglice than / causeth the wordes that be compared to be of one case / as I loue brede better than chese . Amo panem plus quam caseum I loue my mayster better than thou . Diligo preceptorem melius quam tu .

Nisi Preterque .

These two coniunctions . Nisi & preterquam . anglice . But saue or excepte causeth the substantyf of the sygne vniuersalis / and the worde that is excepte to be of one case / as Omnis homo preterque symon currit . Uidco omne hoiem preter quam symonem currere . Nemo discit nisi ego . Neminem videtis discere nisi me .

Signa vniuersalia

All these adiectiues ben called sygnes vniuersales . Omis Quiuis . Quilibet . Quisque . 〈◊〉 . Qui cunque / & Uter . anglice . Eche or euery / & Nullus 〈◊〉 . anglice none or neuerone . Also nichil & nemo / be sygnes vniuersales substantiues .

Opus .

This nowne opus . anglice for nede / vndeclyned wyl haue after hym an ablatyf case of thynge that I nede of / as habeo opus 〈◊〉

Fulnes Emtynes .

All wordes that betoken fulnes & emtynes / may haue after theym a genityf case / or an ablatyf case / as . Maria est plena gratie vel gratia . Tu es vacuus vir tutis vel virtute .

Worthynes vnworthynes

Also nownes that betokeneth worthynes & vnworthynes be of the same strength / as Sum dignus laudis vel laude indignus honoris vel honore

Plentefulnes . pouerte .

All nownes that betoken plentefulnes or pouerte be of the same strength as Sum diues auri vel auro . Tu es impotens sanitati vel samtate .

Praysynge . dispraysynge .

Whan there cometh anowne substantyf with that token of 〈◊〉 genityf case . 〈◊〉 of whiche substantyf hath an ad 〈◊〉 Ioyned to hym betokenynge praysynge or dis praysynge / than sette them both in that genityf case or ablatyf / whiche is more elegant . And this may be after a nowne substantyf / a pronowne demonstratyf & after Sum es fui . as Uidi mulierem nigre faciei . vel nigra facie . Sum elegantis forme . vel eleganti forma .

Ille pressorum narium vel pressis naribus est inimicus patris mei .

Similis dissimilis .

These nownes similis and dissimilis may haue after them a genityf or a datyf / as sum similis tui vel tibi .

Tyme

All nownes that betoken tyme may be put indifferently in the accusatyf or ablatyf case . Except they be the nomiatyf case to the verbe or otherwyse gouerned as in example folowe . Therentius in eunucho . Dies noctesque me ames . tercentūvixerat annis . & other whyle in the genityf case / as Sum decem & septem anno rum .

Length / brede / space .

All wordes that betoken Length brede / or space / may be put in that ablatyf case Hec virga est decem pedibus longa Hec scola est tribus vinis lata . Distant Londonie ab Oxonia quinquaginta milibus passuum

And also in the accusatyf . vt Ouidius . Milia qui nouies distat ab vrbe decem . Erant eis iacula quaternos longa pedes .

Infinitiuus modus .

The Infinityf mode taken in the neutre gendre & in declynable / may be the noiatyf case to a verbe some tyme sette alone some tyme Ioyned with other wordes and so may some tyme a hole sentence as in the examples . It is good to rede / what is good / to rede . This Infinityf mode to rede is nomiatyf case to this verbe is / as Legere est bonum . It is holsome to ete lyttell Pauxillum comedere est salubre .

Endynges of gerundyues

How many endynges of gerundyues ben there ? as many as be of particyples of the last future tens . & so they be declyned in all cases & all nombres as nton Amandus da. dum

Dyfference of Gerundiues & Particyples

What dyfference is bytwene Gerundiues & participles . Gerundiues betoken necessyte and dede with out tyme . And participles betoken tyme without ne cessyte or dede .

Examples of Gerundiues . Tenet me occupatio iuris dicendi . Tenet me cura dotis numerande .

Examples of Participles . Cras legendos esse ais Nasonem et Uirgilium . anglice . To morowe thou sayst that Uirgyll & Ouide shall be redde .

How many Gerundiues be moost in vse / thre / whi the thre . Di. do . dum . How shall they be occupyed / thus as it foloweth .

De gerundiuo in Di.

What soeuer the englysshe of the Infinityf mode cometh after ony of these nownes . Tempus causa . locus . libertas . ius . voluntas . ars licentia . modus . ocium / & ony other nownes that betokeneth accident / whiche nowne hathe his gouernynge of some other worde . I may put the genytyf in di in the stede of the Infinityf mode / as it is tyme to praye / tempus est orandi . I haue cause to wepe . Habeo causam flendi .

And whan soeuer I muste speke by a relatyfe . I shall occupye the gerundyf in di / as hic dies attullit inicium dicendi que vellem . Non autem dicendorum corum que vellem .

Also a gerundyf in di may gouerne after hym a genityf case plurell . Plautus in cap̄. scdo .

Noīandi tibi istorum erit magis quam edēdicopia .

Participles & many adiectiues that come of verbes be enioyned as well to the gerundyf in di as to the in finityf mode / as Timens nauigare & nauigandi . do ctus cantare & cantandi . cupiens . peritus . promptus consuetus & similia . Timidus . cupidus . auidus habe re & habendi . et similia .

De gerundiuo in do .

Whan the englysshe of the inifinityf mode cometh after a verbe that betokeneth prayenge or besechynge it shall be put in a gerundyf in Do. with this preposicyon de . before hym . Or els I may take the coniunctyf mode / as Oro te de scribendo michi latinitatem . Et oro scri bas vel vt scribas michi latinitatem .

Also whan the englysshe of a particyple of the presentens with this englysshe sygne of / afore hym cometh after a nowne adiectyf it may be put in a gerundyf in do . with this preposicyon in . or de . vel sine prepositione si placet / as I am wery of syttynge . Fessus sum sedendo vel de sedendo

Also whan I haue the englysshe of a particyple of the presentens with this preposicyon . In. afore hym ioyned with no substantyf / the sayd englysshe may be put in a gerundyue in do . with this preposicyon In or without si placet . as scolers in takynge hede growe to connynge . Scolastici aduertendo vel in aduerten do euadunt docti .

Also may haue a gerundyf in do . after ony of these vi . preposicyons A. ab . abs . De. E Ex. as in these examples & in all other lyke Plinius posterior . Sermo nibus dies transiebat quum a scribendo vacaret . Cicero Ex quo ardescit siue amore siue amicicia . vtrunque em̄ dictum est ab amando . Item ab edendo factus est satur Item tu quid cogites detranseundo in epyrum scire sane velini . Ediscendo 〈◊〉 commodi capio . Ex defendendo quam accusando 〈◊〉 gloria comparatur .

Also I may haue a gerundyf in do . without a preposicyon whan I haue these englysshe wordes / whan whyles / or aslonge Ioyned with a passyf significacyon / as aslonge as mynde is occupyed / it is encressed as all other thynges . Memoria excolendo sicut alia oia augentur . Excolendo . i. dum colitur . Urit femina . videndo . i. quum videtur .

De gerundiuo in Dum.

Whan the englysshe of the infinityf mode cometh after a reason & telleth the cause of the reason it may be put in the gerundyf in dum . with this preposicyon ad before hym / as I am come to lerne grammer Uenio ad discendum grammaticam .

Also I may haue a gerundyf in dum with these preposicyons In. ob propter . or ante . as in the examples & all other lyke / as Uado in capiendum hostem vel ad si placet . Ego venio ob te . vel ꝓpter te redimēdū . Uirgilius Namque ante domandum ingentes tollent animos

Also I may haue a gerundyf in dum . with this preposicyon Inter / whan soeuer I haue one of these englys she wordes / whan / whyles / or aslonge / put before a coniunctyf mode / as whyles thou playest / thou forge test moche thynge Inter ludendum multa de discis Uirgilius . Age tytire & inter agendum occursare caprocornu ferit ille caueto .

Whan the englysshe of the infinityf mode foloweth this englysshe it is / it may be put in a gerundyf in dum . with this verbe est . sette impersonally / & that that semeth to be the nominatyf shal be the datyf / as the kynge it is to fyght . Regi pugnandum est .

Also whan I haue this englysshe must / where as it seemeth to be made by this verbe Oportet . it may be made lyke wyse / as I must nedes coste goo to towne .

Michi eundum est oppidum .

After all suche verbes that betoken callyge she wynge / mouynge / or rest . I shall euermore haue a gerundyf in dum . & neuer the Infinityf mode / as Uocaui te ad currendum non currere . Surgo ad audiendum non audire . Sto ad predandum non predari .

But these verbes folowynge the Inifinityf / & not that gerundyf / as Iubeo te amare non ad arandum cogito timeo edificare non ad edificanū Some be indifferent to bothe / as hortor te studere & ad studendum . Flagitor paratus sum aptus . idoneus militare & ad militādū But suche for the moost parte wyll haue the gerundyf and leue the Infinityf mode .

The getūdyf is knowen fro the particyple in dus by that that it betokeneth the doynge of a thynge without ony respect of the tyme / as Sum occupatus in docendo pueros . or in docendis pueris .

The particyple in dus betokeneth a thynge to be do ne in tyme to come / as Chremes est exorandus a me . Bytwene In docendo pueros & In docendis pueris is this difference that in docendo pueros . is of the actyf significacyon & may be expowned eyther by that nowne verbale in to . or by the present subiunctyf and / vt Occupatus sum in docendo pueros or in doctiōe puerorum or vt doceam pueros . In docendis pueris is of the passyf and passyfly expowned / as Occupatus sum in docendis pueris . for vt doceantur .

And generally all gerundyues be actyfly expowned excepte they stande absolutely / as Utrique videndo id est dum videatur illustria ad cognoscendum hoc est vt cognoscantur .

The gerundyf in do hath these preposicōns In or De. as In or De transeundo in epyrum . with E. & Ex A or Ab. as Ex discedendo . Ab audiendo . with cum . as Cum loquendo .

De supinis

Whan that englysshe of the Infinityf mode cometh after a verbe or a particyple betokenynge mouynge or goynge to a place it shal be put in the fyrst supyne / as I go to huntynge . Ego vado venatum . Also I may haue that fyrst supyue after all suche verbes that betoken pryue mouynge / as Do. concedo admitto . recipto & many other lyke / as Do filiam nuptum . Concedo . edes venum . Admitto te spectatum . Conceduntur edes venum admittuntur spectatum . Also I may haue the latter supyne after all nownes of that neutre gendre that be of the comparatyf & superlatyf degre / as quo qd magis abhoīabile eo turpius dictu . Et 〈◊〉 magis est aliqd studiosum tanto dignius honoratu . Optimum factu qd scit nescio . Dig 〈◊〉 intellectu est illud opus .

Also I may haue the latter supyne after all these nownes adiectyues in all gendres & nombres . 〈◊〉 Dignus turpis . rarus . iocundus . absurdus . seuerus . seuus . obseuus . superbus . austerus . clarus . dutus & all other lyke significacyon as Naso dignus lectu . Pes digna vi su . Pecus dignum amatu .

Also it is to be noted that supynes may in no wyse be Ioyned with adiectyues in conformyte of case gendre & nombre . Nor they may not be gouerned of no preposicion . Also they haue no case / but alwaye be verbes . Also they be not gouerned of verbes / nor of particyples / but of adiectyues / vt miserabilis visu id est vt videatur . Also they be of affinyte with the In finityf mode .

De Infinitiuo modo .

whan two verbes come togyder withoute a relatyf or a coniunction comynge bytwene them / the latterverbe shall be the infinityf mode / as Uolo legere . cupio doceri . And one infinityf mode may cause an other verbe to be the Infinityf mode / as dico me non posse venire . Therentius ait se videre te cupere

Suche adiectyues Dignus . indignus . iocundus . letus tristis . be enioyned better to the infinitys mode than to the gerundyf / vt tu es dignus habere opes tu es di gnus honorari . tu es letus me bene valere . tues letus me honorari .

Moreouer where soeuer I take the Inifinityf mode of the presentens / & pretererfytens of the 〈◊〉 significacyon / there may take the latter supyne of the same verbe / as tues dignus honorari vel honoratu . sed non versa vice .

Also whan soeuer I take the fyrste supyne / there I may take the neutre gendre substantyuate with this more made with one of these two wordes Esse or fuisse & that particyple in tus with conformyte of case gendre & nombre betwixt the particyple & the casuell worde that gooth before the infinityf mode / as Uir 〈◊〉 amatus fuisse . Uirgo amata fuisse . Caput amatum fuisse . Uiri amati fuisse . Uirgines amate fuisse . Capita amata fuisse . Et similiter de esse .

De circūlocutione futuri temporis actiui significationis modi Infinitiui

The circūlocucion of the future tens of that actyf voyce of the forsayd mode is made with this Infinityf mo de Ire . & the particyple in tus or in sus . or with this In finityf mode esse / & the particyple in rus . with conformyte of case gendre & nombre betwixt the particyple and the casuall worde . Also the sayd future tens betokeneth tyme / mouynge / and bodely dede / as Uolo te amatum ire vel amaturum esse . Amatam ire vel amaturam esse me . &c.

De circumlo cutione futuri temporis passiue \ significationis antedicti modi

The circūlocucyon of the future tens of the possyf significacyon is euermore made with this Infinityf mode iri . & the particyple in tus or in sus . or els with this infinityf mode esse . & the particyple in dus with conformyte of case gendre & nombre betwixt the particyple & the casuall worde / as Intelligo . scto credo . video . opinor . existimo . peccatum meum patefaciendum esse vel patefactum iri . Negligentiam mean patefaciendam esse vel patefactum iri . &c.

Saue it is to be noted that the particyple in tus or in sus / with all circumlocucyons of the future tens of the actyf sygnifycacyon / betokeneth tyme present at hande / vs Uideo te accusatum ire me . id est nunc . an glice I se the now thou doost accuse me .

Also the particyple in Rus with all circumlocucyons of the future tens of the actyf significacyon betokeneth vacertayne tyme withoutende / as nunc video te accusaturum esse me . anglice now I se thou wylte ones accuse me . i. post hac tempore incerto .

But all circūlocucyons of the future of the passyf significacyon betokeneth bothe tyme & dede present & to come indyfferently / as video me accusatum iri abs te . i. video te vel accusatum ire me vel accusaturum esse me &c. anglice I se I am accused of the now or elles I se I shall be accused of the here after

Exulo . Uapulo . Ueneo . 〈◊〉

Whan soeuer I am compelled to make a latyn by one of these foure verbes . Exulo . Uapulo . Ueneo / & Liceo . that thynge that dothe the dede shall be the ablatyf with a preposicyon and the sufferer shall be the nominatyf case as the kynge hath banysshed many a traytour . A rege multi traditores exulauerunt . The mayster beteth scolers . A preceptore vapulant discipuli . The fysshers selle theyr 〈◊〉 dere . A piscariis pisces care 〈◊〉 . Thou doost apprayse thy seruaunt A te tuus seruus licet .

Nubo

This verbe Nubo bis . hath euermore the nominatyf case of the woman / and a datyf of the man in all comoȳ speches / as my brother hath wedded thy syster Fratri meo nupsit soror tua . I shall wedde thy moder . Michi nubet mater tua .

De hoc vulgari signo At.

Whan soeuer there cometh a propre name of a place or towne after this englysshe sygne at it shall be put in the genityf case / soo that it be in the synguler nombre & the fyrst declenson or the seconde / as I lerne grammer at Oxford Disco grammaticam . Oxonie . I dwelled a whyle at yorke . Ego manebam aliquandius Eboraci .

But & yf the forsayd propre name be the thyrde declension or the plurell nombre it shall be put in the ablatyf casc withoute a preposicyon / as Thou wast borne at Chartage . Tu eras Chartagine natus Thou 〈◊〉 studye at Achencs . Studuisti Athenis .

Moreouer I may take an accusatyf case or els an ab lacyf of that forlayd nownes with a preposicyon of a conuenyent significacyon / as maneo apud Chartaginē . & so of all other lyke / as sum apud Londonias

De hoc vulgari signo To.

Whan soeuer I haue a propre name of a place after this 〈◊〉 sygne To / it may be put in the accusatyf case with a preposicyon or without indifferentlywhatnombre or declenson soeuer he be / as Eo Oxoniam vel ad oxoniam . Londonias vel ad Londonias . Chartaginē vel ad chartaginē

De hoc vulgari signo fro .

W soeuer ther come a propre name of a place after this englysshe sygne fro / it shall be put in the ablatyf case with a preposicyon or without indifferently / what nombre or declenson soeuer he be / as venio oxo nia vel ab Oxonia Londoniis vel a londoniis . Chartagine vel a chartagine

These rules be alwaye true excepte the propre name of towne or place be compowned / for than I must euermore an accusatyf case or an ablatyf with a preposicyon of a conuenient significacyon . as Eo ad san ctum Iacobum . Fui apud terram sanctam . Uenio a sancto Iacobo vel a terra sancta

〈◊〉 Domus . Humus . Militia .

These . iiii . nownes rus . domus . humus . & militia . foloweth the ruler of the sayd propre names of places / as maneo ruti venio rure . vado rus . sum 〈◊〉 . eo domum . proficiscor domo &c.

Of the same gouernaunce we fynde Belli . duelli . & many other in diuers auctours / the whiche euerychone be aduerbes alwaye without they be Ioyned to the sayd preposicyons vt supra .

Penitet tedet piget miseret pudet

These . v. verbes impersonales Penitet . anglice to be sory or to repente . Tedet & piget . anglice to be wery or to haue no lust . Miseret . anglice to haue pyte or mercy / or to be sory for fauour . Pudet . anglice to be asshamed gouerne an accusatyf case in the stede of that nominatyf / & a genityf of the thynge that we be sory for / or haue pyte of / wery or asshamed of / as I repent me for my lewdenes . Me penitet mei maleficii . Tedet Eccliam meam vite mee . I am sory for thy losse Me miseret tue calamitatis . Nos pudet nostrorum 〈◊〉 . Te pigeat immensi laboris .

Iuuat . 〈◊〉 . Decet . Oportet . Latet .

These . v. verbes impersonelles . Iuuat & dilecta . an glice to delyte or haue pleasure . Decet & oportet . anglice to must / or to be bounde / & Latet . anglice to wo tenere / or to can not tell / haue also euermore an accusatyf case of that that semeth to be the nominatyf / as me iuuat vel dilectat ludere . Te decet vel oportet au scultare p̄ceptori . Nos latet doctus ne es an stolidus .

Interest . Refert est

These . iii. verbes impersonelles . Interest refert & est anglice to be profitable or accordynge hath euermore a genytyf case of the worde that semeth to be the nominatyf / as Fratris mei interest amare me .

Out of this rule be excepte the. v. pronownes primatyues . Ego . tu . sui . Nos & vos / & this nowne interrogatyf . Quis. in stede of whome I shall take the ablatyf case feminyne gendre and synguler nombre of theyr possessyues . That is to saye . Mea. tua . sua . nostra . vestra . & cuia / as Mea interest discere . iua interreat docere . Sua interfuit audire . Nostra interfuerat canere . Uestra intererit monuisse . who is bounde to tell the trouth / but he that knoweth all the mater . Cuia interest enarrare veritatem nisi suo qui nouit om nem rem .

Also whan I haue ony suche englysshe . It is my offyce / my duty / or my parte . It longeth for . It behoued . It is good reason or accordynge / or ony suche o ther the encludeth duty . I may conueniently occupye one of these . v. verbes . Decet . Oportet . Interest . Refert . or est . with the foresayd gouernaunce of case .

All these verbes in these verses folowynge may haue a datyf case of the persone that the dede longeth to / as Michi licet ludere . Thou carest not whether I lyue or deye . Tibi non vacat : moriar ne an viuam .

Uersus

Heclibet atque licet liquet et patet accidit atque Congruit euenit attinet expedit & licet adde Pertinet incumbit vacat & sedet addito constat Conuenit et prestat contingit iunge satisfit Sufficit ad ternos cum competit aduoco casus .

All verbes imꝑsonalles of the passyf voyce gouerne before them an ablatyf with a preposicyon / els a datyf of the person that doth the dede / as a me vel mihi ama tur . & after them an accusatyf or an ablatyf with a 〈◊〉 posicyon / but neuer without / as a me itur in antiquam siluam . a me auditur a me statur in foro

Saue otherwyle they may haue after them suche cases as hath the verbes that they be dyryued of / as a me seruit̄ tibi interdictum est tibi aqua & igni .

Euermore before the Infinityf mode of a verbe impersonall of the passyf voyce I must expresse the ablatyf case with a preposicion of the 〈◊〉 / as volo a me 〈◊〉 . idest bolo amare . volo a me 〈◊〉 . idest . volo seruire .

Benefit . malefit satisfit

These verbes Benefit malefit . & satisfit wyll haue before them an ablatyf with a preposicyon of the doer 〈◊〉 after them a datyf case of the sufferer as a me be nefit tibi .

Whan soeuer there cometh ony of these . vi . sygnes am art is / was / were / or be / before a verbe neutre 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bodely 〈◊〉 . I may euermore take the preterꝑfytens of the Indicatyf mode or some other that is formed of hym as the vulgare doth requyre . And than the preterperfytens of the indicatyf mode standeth besyde his owne strength / both for that presentens & the preterimperfytens . And so he & al tenses formed out of 〈◊〉 haue the passyf significacyon / as my mayster is come . Preceptor meus venit . My felowes be gone / Mei condiscipuli abierunt

How many particyples come of a verbe impersonal of the passyf voyce ? one / whiche one / a particyple of the pretertens & the neutre gendre onely / as Nton hoc oppositum . ablatiuo ab hoc opposito . and he hath after hym a datyf case / as michi prius opposito tibi opponetur .

Incipit . desinit . debet . potest . solet . vult

These . vi . verbes Incipit . desinit debet . potest . solet . and vult . Ioyneth to the Infinityf mode of verbes . Impersonalles and wyll haue before them suche cases as wyll the verbes impersonalles / as me incipit tedere vigilie . michi desinit placere studere . me debet puders maleficii bonos solet penitere flagitii me vult delectare dormire . Els they be alwaye verbes personalles / & haue before them a nominatyf case / as 〈◊〉 legere . &c.

Pono fero

These . ii . verbes actyues Pono & Fero compowned with pre or ante be thus englysshed / to telle more 〈◊〉 / to sette more by / to loue better / to haue leuer / 〈◊〉 haue after them an accusatyf of the thynge that we make moost of and a datyf of the thynge that we make lest of / as Prepono virtutem vitus . Iam 〈◊〉 prepones catoni Prefero panem potui . Nescio vtrum 〈◊〉 anteferam .

And of this regiment be all these verbes with many other suche / as valeo es . prepondero as . presto as . anglice vr prius . as Ingenio vales .

Item otherwhyle with an ablatyf with a preposicion vt Tullius ad modum valuit in genere dicendi . Ternarius numerus preponderat binario .

Postpono

But postpono is of 〈◊〉 construceyon to Antepono . as postpono auditum visui .

Cello . Eo . Cedo .

These . iii. verbes cello eo & cedo . compowned with ante pre . or extra . anglice to passe / excede / excelle / or to be better / gouerne afore them a nominatyf case of the thynge that we make moost of / and after theym an accusatyf of the thynge vt supra . as I passe ferre all my bretheren both in wrytynge & redynge . Ego ante cello omnes fratres meos in scribendo & legendo . Also ablatyf case with this preposicyon In. vel sine si placet of the thynge that we compare in / as Thou excedest me in myght as moche as I passe that in comynge . Tu antecedis me fortitudine vel in fortitudine tanto 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 te scientia . 〈◊〉 antecellit alios poetas carmine vel in carmine .

The same strength hath Supero & all other as verbes that hath the forsayd englysshe .

Whan no worde lacketh in a reason to the moost perfyte sentence than it is called ful / as ego lego virgilium And whan ony thynge that is requyred to perfyte sentence lacketh yf it be vsed to be vnderstonde by the comon customes of Romayns the reason may be called fygurate / as lego litteras where must nedes be vnderstonden ego & that sygne is called Eclypsis .

There be customably vnderstonde in latyn tonge the se / the relatyf with euery worde that be rehersed of the reason afore in the same case / gendre / nombre & persone / as the relatyf is / as Lego Uirgilium qui est poeta where is vnderstonde with qui virgilius / or els moregenerally / as Stude nam ea res proderit .

Oftentyme the worde that the relatyf reherseth is exprest with the relatyf / & vnderstonde afore as Urbem puā statuo vestra est . where is vnderstonde before est this worde Urbs.

Also in answeres comonly the verbe that is in the as kynge / as to this askynge . Qui est . 〈◊〉 I saye Ego . is vnderstonde sum .

Also ego . tu . meus . tuus . suus as Uerbero filium . where is vnderstonde Ego . & after filium meum . tuum or suum as the mater requyreth

Sum es est . as Bonum dicere . Doctior quam ille where is vnderstonde est

Also Ens where soeuer . ii . or mo propres or appellatyues or one propre an other appellatyf come to gydre in one case & one clause without ony verbe or bytwene / as Urbem romam . for Urbem entem romam .

Also nownes after superlatyues whan they corde in gendre with the genityf after them / as pulcherrimus florum . where is vnderstonde flos

And after partatiues / as alter duorum 〈◊〉 . where is vnderstonde homo but els they haue the construccyon of adiectyues

Also coniunctions of all kyndes moost comonly in peres els not but the spekynge be chaunged in to interrogacyon or dissimulacion / as Surge para abs . where is to vnderstonde twyes et . & specyally vt before subiunctyues , as Fac mittas . for fac vt . mittas

Also preposicyon with names of townes / as Uado roman where is vnderstonde ad . Ueni rhoma . where is vnderstonde a. Also fui thebis . where is vnderstonde in The whiche spekynge though it be fygurate is more vsed than the full . The same fygure also is whan we saye . Fui rome or tarenti . But there is vnderstonde besyde that preposicyon In locus vrbs or oppidum .

And lyke as in these the fygurate is more vsed than the full / so it is in Statur Currit̄ . where is vnderstoude Statio & cursus . And in all suche / as Pluit . tonat . fulminat . is vnderstonde Deus . & in these fyue verbes Miseret . tedet . penitet . piget . and Pudet . as ofte as they haue not an Infinityf with them is vnderstonde one of theyr owne nownes . miseratio . penitentia . pudor to the whiche nownes alwaye perteyneth the genityf the foloweth these wordes / as Penitet me tui . for penitentia tui penitet or efficit me . the accusatyf is Ioyned to the verbe as an actyf .

Somtyme . ii . or more lyke clauses be closed togyder with one worde synguler / the whiche is vnderstonde in euery clause / & sette out in one / as Cicero Uirgilius Homerus scripsit . & of this spekynge the fygure is called zeugina .

But of dyuers clauses none lyke other in gendre / nombre or persone be closed with one worde / than is the fygure Sylepsis / & the worde that closeth is wonte to agre with the last / as Uir & mulier magna ad me 〈◊〉 . Hic 〈◊〉 arma hic currus fuit .

But yf the worde that closeth be plurell than it must agre in gendre and persone with the chyef / as Ego & vxor amati sumus . in the whiche is sylepsis in person & gendre / but not in nombre .

To this fygure may be reduced suche construccyons Urbem quam statuo . & fabulas quas fecisset &c.

Whan . ii . or more thynges be generally compared in one worde and afterwarde specyally sette out / as Aquile volauerunt vna ab oriente alia ab occidente . than is the fygure Prolepsis &c.

Cetera planius & plenius disces ex Sulpitio

Finis . Finis opusculi magistri Iohannis Holt. quod Lac puerorum appellauit .
Thome more epygramma Macte puer gaude lepido quicumque libello Delicus tuis pastus es holtiade Nec tibi dat carnes nec acerbos arbuta fructus Dat tibi que dulci pocula lacte fluunt Carnis in inualida massa grauis incubat aluo Arbuta non sapide sunt leuis humor aque . At lac & infantem sine pondere nutrit alumnum . Lactis & infanti dulcis in ore sapor . Pastus es hoc igitur / visum est decuisse nequibat Grandia tam tenerum pondera ferre iecur Nunc vbi desieris lactare / alimenta monemus Non mellita nimis fortia sume magis . Ergo aut Sulpitii placida lepidissime mensa Utilibus Phoce vel satur esto cibis . Aut Sepontini 〈◊〉 noua musta Perotti Aut diomedeis condita mulsa cadis Aut alium quencumque velis imitarier opta / Dulcia qui caute misceat vtilibus Precipue sed Sulpicii documenta capesses Holti 〈◊〉 vse vel vse meis . Discenda holtiades heteroclita liquit ab illo Et quodcunque tenent nomina queque genus . Recta leges illic que sit constructio / sed post Pretcrita & verbis iuncta supina suis. Sedulus & tandem longe pulcherrima disces Carmina limitibus continuisse suis. Ergo musarum choreas ingressa iuuentus Quum per Sulpitium 〈◊〉 lyramque geres . Dic mode / ferre lyram quum dextra nequiuerat , 〈◊〉 . Ad monuit labris vbera chara meis .

Enprynted at London . by Wynkyn de worde / in Fletestrete in the sygne of the sonne .