THE
NAVIGATORS
SVPPLY
.
Conteining
many
things
of
principall
importance
belonging
to
Nauigation
,
with
the
description
and
vse
of
diuerse
Instruments
framed
chiefly
for
that
purpose
;
but
seruing
also
for
sundry
other
of
Cosmography
in
generall
:
the
particular
Instruments
are
specified
on
the
next
Page
.
They
that
goe
downe
to
the
Sea
in
Ships
,
and
employ
their
labour
in
the
great
waters
,
They
see
the
workes
of
the
Lord
,
and
his
wonders
in
the
deepe
.
Psal.
107.
Imprinted
at
London
by
G.
Bishop
,
R.
Newbery
,
and
R.
Barker
.
1597.
The
Contents
.
-
1.
Of
the
Compasse
in
generall
.
-
2.
Of
the
Compasse
of
Variation
.
-
3.
Of
the
Trauailors
Iewell
.
-
4.
Of
the
Pantometer
.
-
5.
Of
the
Hemisphere
.
-
6.
Of
the
Trauerse-boorde
.
-
7.
A
friendly
Aduertisement
to
the
Nauigators
of
England
.
To
the
Right
Honorable
,
for
all
partes
of
true
Christian
Nobilitie
worthily
renowmed
,
and
my
singular
good
Lord
,
Rob.
Earle
of
Essex
,
and
Ewe
,
Vicount
Hereford
and
Bourgcher
,
Lord
Ferrers
of
Chartley
,
Bourgcher
and
Louayn
,
Master
of
her
Matesties
Ordinance
&
Horse
,
Knight
of
the
Honorable
Order
of
the
Garter
,
&
of
her
Highnesse
priuie
Councell
:
Long
life
with
encrease
of
Honor.
.
PLutarch
in
a
Treatise
,
wherein
he
sheweth
how
a
man
may
winne
profite
by
the
malice
of
his
enemies
,
doeth
manifest
his
drift
and
purpose
with
this
conuenient
similitude
:
That
men
of
olde
,
in
their
encounters
with
saluage
and
wilde
beasts
,
thought
to
haue
made
a
great
hand
,
if
they
coulde
but
saue
and
defende
themselues
from
their
iniuries
and
violence
:
But
the
succeeding
ages
proceeded
further
,
conuerting
the
flesh
of
them
vnto
foode
,
their
haire
to
the
vse
of
garments
,
and
their
very
gall
,
and
other
partes
of
them
,
to
sundry
most
wholesome
medicines
:
Yea
the
whole
outward
proportion
of
their
fearefull
shape
,
I
meane
their
skinnes
,
which
before
had
threatned
man
nothing
but
death
,
he
afterward
addressed
to
be
conuenient
Armour
to
saue
him
from
harmes
,
and
defend
him
from
destruction
.
So
that
the
life
of
man
which
to
the
foregoing
Ages
seemed
to
be
miserable
by
hauing
wilde
beastes
,
to
their
Posteritie
following
should
haue
appeared
in
part
miserable
,
if
they
had
wanted
wilde
beastes
.
And
Plutarch
alleageth
Xenophon
to
haue
beene
of
this
iudgement
;
That
although
some
man
can
content
him
to
escape
the
iniuries
of
his
enemies
;
yet
is
it
the
part
of
the
wise
and
valiant
minded
to
make
profite
of
their
malice
,
by
vsing
such
industrie
in
attending
his
owne
wayes
,
and
marking
his
aduersaries
,
that
the
whole
course
of
his
life
shoulde
seeme
nothing
so
happy
and
commendable
,
were
it
so
in
deede
that
vtterly
he
had
none
enemies
at
all
.
Much
in
like
sort
,
(
my
very
honorable
good
Lord
)
fareth
it
with
our
Nauigators
;
who
at
the
first
aduentured
to
forsake
the
maine
land
,
betaking
themselues
to
the
wide
Ocean
Sea
,
vpon
the
credit
and
fidelitie
which
they
reposed
on
the
Sailing
Compasse
;
constantly
beleeuing
that
it
had
euery
where
shewed
the
true
North
and
South
,
and
semblably
all
the
other
windes
.
But
dangerous
and
dolefull
experience
within
short
time
made
it
plaine
and
manifest
,
that
where
they
reposed
greatest
trust
,
there
was
some
treacherie
:
For
the
vpholder
of
their
life
and
safetie
,
did
sometimes
misleade
them
into
destruction
,
and
caried
them
in
the
proceeding
of
their
course
farre
distant
(
they
knew
not
whither
)
from
that
he
in
the
beginning
pretended
.
This
vncertaintie
therefore
being
so
dangerous
an
enemie
of
their
new
practised
arte
,
with
might
and
maine
they
encountered
:
And
hauing
at
length
found
out
some
tolerable
meanes
to
auoide
it
,
they
thought
them selues
to
haue
done
ynough
,
and
rested
therewith
contented
.
But
in
this
pregnant
Age
wherein
we
liue
,
the
expert
and
skilfull
Nauigators
haue
proceeded
yet
further
,
and
made
of
that
(
as
it
were
)
venimous
qualitie
of
misleading
an
Antidote
against
it selfe
;
yea
they
vse
it
in
steade
of
an
armour
and
defence
against
error
and
perils
.
So
that
though
in
the
rude
beginnings
of
former
times
,
men
were
drawen
by
it
into
many
perplexities
:
yet
in
the
setled
experience
of
these
our
dayes
they
reioyce
therein
(
being
vsed
and
ordered
accordingly
)
as
in
a
thing
greatly
concerning
their
good
and
welfare
.
But
this
is
a
principall
secret
,
onely
knowen
vnto
those
that
are
of
greatest
skill
among
them
.
A
memorable
example
hereof
fell
out
Anno
1586.
when
Sir
Frances
Drake
,
a
Gentleman
of
famous
memorie
,
in
his
West
Indian
victorious
voyage
,
departing
from
the
harbour
of
Cartagena
,
arriued
some
small
time
after
at
the
Westermost
point
of
Cuba
,
called
Cape
S.
Antony
,
and
hauing
stayed
there
some
fewe
dayes
,
put
to
Sea
for
Virginia
,
for
the
reliefe
of
our
Countreymen
that
were
there
in
great
danger
and
distresse
:
Hauing
continued
at
the
Sea
sixteene
dayes
tossed
with
variable
windes
,
they
came
at
last
within
sight
of
land
:
but
by
no
meanes
could
they
discerne
,
or
giue
any
probable
ghesse
what
lande
it
should
be
.
So
it
was
,
that
one
of
Southhampton
,
being
an
expert
and
skilfull
Nauigator
(
though
of
other
conditions
not
so
good
,
but
better
might
haue
bin
wished
)
for
his
frowardnesse
,
hauing
receaued
disgrace
before
,
was
notwithstanding
vpon
this
necessitie
called
vnto
conference
:
where
,
after
Sir
Francis
had
bestowed
on
him
some
part
of
his
eloquent
perswasions
and
faire
promises
,
at
length
he
vndertaketh
to
doe
his
best
.
And
hauing
made
his
obseruations
according
vnto
Arte
,
he
pronounced
in
laughing
and
disdainefull
maner
(
because
his
aduise
was
not
taken
in
the
setting
of
their
course
)
that
looke
what
land
they
had
bin
at
sixteene
dayes
before
,
the
very
same
precisely
was
the
land
that
now
they
were
at
againe
.
Which
assertion
of
his
being
reiected
,
as
a
thing
impossible
,
by
all
those
of
skill
in
the
company
,
and
especially
by
Sir
Francis
himselfe
not
without
reprochfull
wordes
;
he
still
perseuered
therein
,
and
assured
them
,
that
vpon
his
life
they
should
finde
it
so
:
like
as
in
the
ende
they
did
.
This
coulde
he
neuer
haue
done
without
his
knowledge
of
the
Variation
of
the
Compasse
;
as
the
partie
himselfe
more
then
once
with
great
earnestnesse
hath
protested
vnto
me
in
conference
that
I
haue
had
with
him
concerning
those
matters
.
Yea
besides
the
particular
knowledge
of
Places
,
the
expert
Nauigator
standeth
in
great
hope
hereby
to
attaine
vnto
good
helpes
for
the
finding
of
Longitudes
,
and
according
vnto
the
Poet
,
Non
fumum
ex
fulgore
,
sed
ex
fumo
dare
lucem
Cogitat
:
vt
speciosa
dehinc
miracula
promat
.
But
this
is
a
matter
somewhat
daintie
among
the
chiefest
of
them
:
As
for
the
rest
,
in
all
their
conclusions
about
the
Variation
,
they
may
as
yet
(
for
all
their
faire
shewes
)
be
well
likened
vnto
Chapmen
,
that
are
merchandizing
for
the
skinne
of
a
wilde
beast
,
before
the
beast
be
taken
.
The
great
necessitie
hereof
,
and
the
singular
loue
that
for
many
yeres
I
haue
borne
to
that
laudable
facultie
,
and
to
the
industrious
practisers
thereof
,
hath
at
length
perswaded
me
,
not
onely
to
contriue
certaine
Instruments
fitted
for
sundry
their
purposes
,
and
especially
for
taking
the
Variation
of
the
Compasse
;
but
also
to
set
foorth
diuers
other
principall
vses
of
them
,
together
with
the
Descriptions
of
the
Instruments
themselues
.
All
which
I
doe
the
rather
Dedicate
to
your
Honorable
Lordship
,
both
in
regard
of
my
priuate
duetie
,
as
also
of
an
earnest
desire
to
doe
them
the
more
good
:
who
by
that
meanes
(
I
am
right
sure
)
will
the
sooner
be
induced
to
peruse
these
short
Treatises
with
the
more
willingnesse
,
and
to
consider
of
them
with
the
lesse
preiudice
.
So
that
my
good
hope
is
,
fewe
of
them
will
be
founde
,
in
whom
reason
shall
haue
so
weake
ankerhold
,
as
to
thinke
that
a
man
of
my
profession
would
seeme
to
intrude
himselfe
into
the
mysteries
of
their
Arte
;
and
especially
belonging
to
your
Lordship
,
durst
offer
to
the
viewe
of
the
world
vnder
your
Lordships
name
,
any
thing
that
he
knewe
not
assuredly
to
stand
grounded
vpon
infallible
certainetie
of
trueth
.
Touching
experience
in
these
matters
,
of
my selfe
I
haue
none
:
For
,
(
besides
the
diuersitie
of
my
calling
,
)
by
naturall
constitution
of
body
,
euen
when
I
was
yong
and
strongest
,
I
altogether
abhorred
the
Sea
:
howbeit
,
that
antipathie
of
my
body
against
(
as
the
Italian
termed
it
)
so
barbarous
an
Element
,
could
neuer
hinder
the
sympathie
of
my
minde
,
and
heartie
affection
towards
so
worthie
an
Arte
as
Nauigation
is
;
tied
,
I
confesse
,
to
that
Element
,
if
you
respect
the
outward
toile
of
the
hand
,
but
clearely
freed
therefrom
,
if
you
regard
the
apprehension
of
the
mind
:
And
in
the
minde
onely
,
pure
and
true
Arte
,
refined
from
the
drosse
of
sensible
or
experimentall
knowledge
,
is
to
be
found
.
Which
when
I
perceaued
must
needes
so
be
,
and
that
the
great
skill
of
our
Seamen
was
not
performed
either
by
rashnesse
of
chaunce
,
or
strangenesse
of
miracle
,
but
according
to
certaine
vniuersall
precepts
or
documents
,
deriued
from
the
fountaines
Mathematicall
,
being
the
substance
of
that
Arte
;
so
farre
as
the
studies
of
my
profession
,
and
other
my
necessary
affaires
would
permit
,
I
endeuoured
by
little
and
little
to
vnderstande
somewhat
thereof
:
And
that
which
I
thus
learned
by
speculation
,
I
haue
conferred
off
with
some
of
the
skilfullest
Nauigators
of
our
Land
;
with
such
as
haue
bin
principall
Actors
in
our
furthest
Northeast
and
Northwest
discoueries
;
with
such
as
haue
bin
in
the
South
Sea
,
and
at
the
Cape
of
Bona
Speransa
;
and
also
with
Naturalists
of
the
East
Indies
.
I
haue
entered
into
the
consideration
of
the
making
of
all
their
Instruments
,
together
with
the
maner
of
their
obseruation
by
them
both
on
Land
and
Sea
:
And
as
I
haue
by
conferring
with
them
from
time
to
time
learned
what
they
most
desired
and
stoode
in
greatest
neede
off
so
framed
I
mine
instruments
accordingly
;
answerable
for
all
purpose
of
practise
vnto
theirs
,
but
for
commodiousnes
thereof
,
somewhat
better
,
I
doubt
not
,
(
if
sincere
triall
be
made
)
and
for
certaine
points
of
chiefe
importance
,
perfourming
that
,
which
all
theirs
hitherto
in
any
common
vse
neuer
could
doe
.
Wherein
I
haue
already
the
allowance
of
some
among
them
,
whom
I
haue
esteemed
to
be
of
the
greatest
skill
and
practise
:
And
very
willing
am
I
to
stand
to
the
iudgement
of
the
rest
of
like
skill
.
A
true
prouerbe
it
is
;
he
which
buildeth
in
the
market-place
,
shall
be
sure
of
many
controwlers
of
his
worke
.
And
that
made
me
stand
long
in
suspence
,
whether
I
should
suppresse
,
or
set
foorth
these
conclusions
of
mine
.
Of
their
trueth
,
their
commodious
vse
,
yea
and
of
the
good
acceptance
of
them
among
those
of
the
better
sort
,
I
nothing
doubted
:
But
how
strange
it
would
seeme
vnto
some
,
that
a
man
of
my
calling
should
deale
in
this
Argument
;
that
in
deede
did
a
little
trouble
me
;
easily
coniecturing
that
many
woulde
thinke
I
haue
forgotten
my selfe
,
and
walked
herein
beyond
the
bounds
of
my
profession
.
As
for
my
profession
,
I
thanke
God
,
I
haue
exercised
the
preaching
of
the
Gospell
nowe
these
twentie
yeeres
,
in
a
Countrey
where
both
Preachers
and
Gospell
haue
some
store
of
aduersaries
:
And
I
trust
that
my
trauaile
therein
hath
not
bin
such
,
that
I
greatly
neede
be
ashamed
thereof
,
or
can
iustly
be
chalenged
,
that
I
euer
,
as
a
man
carelesse
,
neglected
my
calling
.
But
recording
with
my selfe
,
that
the
dispersion
of
Nations
came
by
the
confusion
of
Languages
:
vpon
which
occasion
,
they
spread
themselues
ouer
the
face
of
the
whole
earth
;
yea
and
planted
themselues
(
a
thing
most
strange
vnto
our
Capacitie
)
in
many
exceeding
remote
Ilands
in
the
Ocean
Sea
:
and
considering
that
the
knowledge
of
languages
groweth
by
entercourse
and
mutuall
accesse
;
I
perceaued
that
God
nowe
towardes
the
ende
of
the
worlde
,
had
ordeyned
the
sayling
Compasse
to
be
the
notable
meanes
and
Instrument
of
this
entercourse
;
euen
thereby
to
ioyne
dispersed
Nations
,
not
onely
into
the
Ciuill
or
rather
Cosmopoliticall
vnion
of
humane
societie
;
but
also
(
as
Christian
hope
bindeth
vs
to
thinke
)
through
the
knowledge
and
faith
of
the
Gospel
,
into
the
spirituall
and
mysticall
fellowship
of
that
Heauenly
Ierusalem
:
And
so
by
meanes
hereof
to
make
mutuall
amitie
betweene
people
and
people
,
though
neuer
so
farre
separated
;
and
to
giue
this
as
a
leading
guide
,
to
carrie
the
sound
of
the
Gospell
,
as
the
band
of
loue
,
into
all
dispersed
Islands
and
out-Angles
of
the
world
.
(
For
God
(
as
the
Apostle
speaketh
)
hath
made
all
mankind
of
one
blood
,
to
dwell
vpon
all
the
face
of
the
Earth
;
and
hath
assigned
the
times
which
were
ordeined
before
,
and
the
boundes
of
their
habitation
,
that
they
might
seeke
the
Lord
:
)
weighing
(
I
say
)
this
with
my selfe
,
that
God
of
his
infinite
wisedome
and
vnspeakeable
loue
toward
mankind
,
had
appointed
this
simple
Instrument
in
shewe
,
to
performe
matters
of
such
admirable
importance
;
that
the
wisedome
of
man
wanting
this
one
,
with
all
the
other
Instruments
of
the
world
coulde
not
possibly
haue
done
,
I
did
therefore
iudge
it
a
matter
not
vnfit
for
a
Preacher
of
the
Gospel
,
to
set
to
his
helping
hand
for
aduauncing
a
Faculty
that
so
much
tendeth
to
Gods
glorie
in
the
spreading
of
the
Gospell
.
Nowe
if
this
be
not
against
Diuinitie
,
doubtlesse
to
preserue
men
from
danger
,
and
to
direct
the
wanderer
,
cannot
be
against
humanitie
:
Against
the
duetie
of
a
Subiect
it
cannot
be
,
to
further
that
knowledge
,
by
which
her
Maiesties
power
is
augmented
,
and
her
Royall
name
continually
caried
to
all
the
quarters
of
the
world
.
Finally
against
my
duetie
in
generall
towards
my
natiue
Countrey
it
is
not
,
to
endeuour
what
in
me
lieth
,
the
good
encreasing
of
that
skill
,
whereon
dependeth
a
great
part
of
the
prosperitie
of
this
Realme
.
And
if
this
were
a
worke
that
in
the
highest
degree
performed
all
these
,
my
part
it
were
,
(
though
I
were
a
mere
stranger
,
)
of
very
right
to
present
and
appropriate
it
,
rather
vnto
your
Lordship
,
then
to
any
other
:
Because
your
sincere
loue
towardes
our
Countrey
,
your
duetifull
and
loyall
affection
towardes
her
gracious
Maiestie
,
your
humanitie
so
full
of
honour
towards
all
men
,
proceeding
from
the
vnfained
feare
of
God
,
(
which
continually
encreasing
,
encreaseth
likewise
the
rest
,
)
doeth
in
such
plentifull
measure
aabounde
,
that
I
dare
appeale
vnto
him
who
is
the
supreme
Iudge
of
consciences
,
&
the
tryer
of
all
trueths
,
I
doe
herein
affirme
such
a
trueth
without
flatterie
,
as
your
enemies
themselues
cannot
denie
,
but
being
ouerpestered
with
enuie
.
Vouchsafe
therefore
mine
Honourable
good
Lord
,
of
your
noble
disposition
,
fauourably
to
accept
this
small
Treatise
,
(
such
as
it
is
)
which
of
duetie
and
good
will
is
offered
vnto
you
;
protecting
it
so
farre
foorth
,
and
no
further
,
then
the
trueth
of
demonstration
and
commodiousnesse
of
the
conclusions
shall
deserue
.
And
thus
beseeching
the
Almightie
to
blesse
your
Lordship
,
to
encrease
his
good
giftes
in
you
,
and
to
prosper
all
your
Honourable
affaires
:
I
commend
your
Lordship
,
and
al
yours
in
my
humble
and
heartie
prayers
,
vnto
the
protection
of
him
,
from
whom
all
good
giftes
doe
descend
,
and
with
whom
there
is
no
variablenesse
,
nor
any
shadowe
of
change
;
but
yesterday
,
to
day
,
and
is
the
same
for
euer
.
Your
Honorable
Lordships
in
all
duetie
to
be
commanded
,
William
Barlowe
.
Lectori
S.
PRaesulis
eximij
gnatus
,
multisque
verendis
Patribus
affinis
,
pastor
&
ipse
pius
,
Hunc
foetum
peperit
:
quem
si
tu
(
candide
lector
)
Excipias
gremio
suauis
,
amansque
tuo
;
Dentibus
haud
metuet
Criticorum
rodier
atris
:
Quos
tamen
,
vt
tener
est
,
non
metuisse
nequit
.
Perlege
,
pertenta
,
bis
terque
quaterque
licebit
:
Quô
mage
creber
eris
,
crescet
&
ille
magis
.
At
simul
hoc
vsu
matura
adoleuerit
aetas
,
Iam
benè
tutus
erit
viribus
ipse
suis.
To
the
Reader
.
THis
booke
was
written
by
a
Bishops
sonne
,
And
by
affinitie
to
many
Bishops
kinne
:
Himselfe
a
godly
Pastour
,
prayse
hath
wonne
,
In
being
diligent
to
conquer
sinne
.
If
to
thee
(
Reader
)
it
may
welcome
bee
,
The
Critickes
censure
it
will
feare
the
lesse
:
For
being
young
from
feare
it
is
not
free
,
Which
otherwise
more
courage
might
professe
.
Reade
,
way
,
and
try
,
but
reade
,
and
often
trye
The
rules
of
skill
whereto
it
doth
direct
:
Triall
may
bring
as
much
authoritie
,
As
newnesse
hinder
it
of
due
respect
.
But
yet
when
time
shall
to
it
ripenesse
giue
,
It
will
haue
credite
of
it selfe
to
liue
.
Uotum
Authoris
.
SVmme
Deus
,
Coeli
terraeque
marisque
tremende
Conditor
,
atque
idem
rector
tersancte
,
patenti
Aure
fauens
,
facilis
mea
percipe
vota
precantis
.
Ex
vno
veluti
gens
est
humana
Noacho
Orta
,
vnáque
habitans
linguâ
celebrauit
eâdem
Te
solum
verumque
Deum
,
Babylonica
turris
Quum
nondum
aethereas
caput
attollebat
in
auras
;
Sic
iterum
,
ô
vtinam
,
miseros
miseratus
in
vnum
Mortales
redigas
,
laceros
vt
corporis
artus
,
Quosfuror
ille
tuus
dispersit
ad
vltima
mundi
,
Coniunctique
ineant
sancta
vt
commercia
rursus
,
Veliuolis
iungas
ratibus
ceu
pontibus
ipsos
Mobilibus
quamuis
disiunctos
aequore
vasto
:
Foelici
celeres
vento
impellente
carinas
:
Mirandaque
agiles
moderanti
Pyxide
clauos
:
Inprimis
tuus
ille
tuus
,
qui
cuncta
gubernat
,
Spiritus
,
aspiret
placidus
:
Sic
,
lampade
diâ
,
Verbo
Euangelij
,
toto
noscaris
in
orbe
.
F.
N.
O
God
,
whose
power
heauen
,
earth
&
sea
declare
,
Which
being
by
thy
word
,
thy
word
obey
:
And
in
their
workes
,
which
Natures
called
are
,
Worke
but
that
will
of
thine
which
all
doth
sway
,
Hearken
,
O
hearken
for
thy
Christ
his
sake
,
Vnto
the
prayer
which
in
heart
I
make
.
Looke
downe
with
mercie
from
thy
mercie-seate
,
Vpon
man-kinde
dispersed
here
and
there
,
From
Noahs
familie
,
which
grewe
so
greate
:
For
at
the
first
all
but
one
people
were
,
Which
but
one
law
,
which
but
one
language
knew
,
One
God
alone
to
serue
,
God
onely
true
.
As
yet
mans
heart
did
seeke
no
name
of
prayse
In
stately
towers
,
which
threaten
might
the
skie
:
When
pride
began
great
Babel
for
to
rayse
,
Speach
was
confounded
with
varietie
.
Since
then
deuided
tongues
deuided
heartes
,
By
sea
and
land
into
a
thousand
partes
.
Yet
since
thy
Spirit
of
true
vnitie
,
In
clouen
tongues
did
on
Apostles
sitte
:
That
so
thy
cursing
might
a
blessing
be
,
And
clouen
tongues
deuided
people
knitte
,
Let
that
thy
Spirit
breathe
in
euery
place
,
That
all
may
know
the
Gospel
of
thy
grace
.
And
since
the
Sea
doth
some
so
farre
deuide
,
That
they
may
seeme
an
other
world
to
bee
:
Teach
vs
our
Ships
like
horses
so
to
ride
,
That
we
may
meete
in
one
,
and
all
in
thee
:
And
as
the
Needle
doth
the
North
repect
,
So
all
in
Christ
may
onely
thee
affect
.
A
briefe
discourse
of
the
Sayling
Compasse
in
generall
.
THE
merueilous
and
diuine
Instrument
,
called
the
Sayling
Compasse
,
(
being
one
of
the
greatest
wonders
that
this
World
hath
)
is
a
Circle
diuided
commonly
into
32.
partes
,
tearmed
by
our
Seamen
Windes
,
Rumbes
,
or
Points
of
Compasse
:
which
Circle
by
the
touch
of
the
Loadestone
sheweth
the
aforesaid
diuisions
in
all
Horisons
betweene
the
Poles
,
according
to
one
and
the
selfe
same
perpetuall
position
in
respect
of
the
true
points
of
North
and
South
in
euery
Horison
.
This
Circle
is
commonly
described
vpon
Pastbord
of
5.
6.
7.
or
8.
inches
diameter
:
And
hath
sometimes
subdiuisions
,
with
the
relation
to
the
32.
and
sometimes
hath
the
ordinarie
diuision
of
Circles
,
namely
360.
In
the
Center
of
this
Circle
is
fastened
a
little
Diamond
as
it
were
,
or
a
Capitall
,
as
some
call
it
,
of
Latten
,
being
cinquebored
,
the
point
thereof
appearing
a
conuenient
space
aboue
the
Circle
,
and
the
hollowed
part
downeward
,
to
be
placed
vpon
the
pinne
.
In
the
bottome
of
this
Circle
are
glewed
two
wyars
about
¼
longer
then
the
Diameter
,
bended
proportionally
the
one
toward
the
other
in
the
forme
of
a
loope
,
so
that
the
endes
ioyne
close
and
euen
together
in
the
circumference
:
and
the
Circle
in
this
maner
finished
,
is
named
the
Flie
of
the
Compasse
.
The
boxe
wherein
this
Flie
is
placed
,
must
bee
couered
with
cleare
glasse
,
made
close
round
about
with
waxe
mingled
with
Rosen
,
or
some
other
kind
of
Simmond
.
The
bottome
of
this
boxe
is
to
be
taken
off
and
on
,
as
occasion
shall
serue
:
in
the
Center
whereof
standeth
the
pinne
of
Latten
of
a
reasonable
height
,
for
the
Flie
to
haue
sufficient
scope
.
This
boxe
is
to
be
hanged
in
two
Circles
of
Latten
within
an
other
greater
Boxe
,
that
the
Flie
,
which
way
soeuer
the
Ship
swayeth
,
may
alwayes
stand
vpon
his
pinne
parallele
to
the
Horizon
:
to
which
end
they
fasten
a
piece
of
Lead
to
the
bottome
of
the
lesser
boxe
.
As
for
the
touching
of
the
wyars
of
the
Flie
with
the
Loade-stone
,
I
would
wish
it
to
be
perfourmed
after
this
sort
.
First
of
all
,
haue
a
great
care
of
the
goodnesse
,
the
quantitie
and
the
forme
of
the
Stone
:
for
if
he
be
neuer
so
good
,
and
very
small
therewith
,
he
can
giue
but
small
force
vnto
the
Compasse
:
And
againe
,
though
he
be
neuer
so
great
,
yet
if
he
be
of
base
qualitie
,
his
Touche
can
be
but
faint
.
An
ouall
forme
,
or
somewhat
longer
,
reteining
a
like
proportion
from
the
middle
to
each
end
,
is
very
good
.
Alwayes
prouided
,
that
the
length
of
the
Stone
lie
according
to
his
owne
line
of
North
and
South
:
for
a
stone
of
this
forme
giueth
foorth
his
vertue
in
the
Touche
a
great
deale
more
forcibly
then
it
can
,
if
by
reason
of
the
euil
shape
thereof
,
his
force
in
himselfe
be
confusedly
dispersed
,
and
not
ioyntly
directed
to
his
due
points
.
The
wyers
before
they
bee
touched
,
ought
to
bee
polished
and
made
very
cleane
,
and
fitted
vnto
the
Flie
,
and
then
touched
after
this
maner
.
With
the
North
end
of
the
Stone
,
presse
each
wyer
,
beginning
at
the
middle
,
and
so
along
vnto
that
ende
,
that
you
would
haue
turne
Southerly
:
And
with
the
South
end
of
the
Stone
doe
the
like
from
the
middle
of
eache
wyer
,
vnto
the
ende
that
you
would
haue
turne
Northerly
.
Then
glewe
them
in
such
sort
,
that
the
Flie
may
stand
equally
vpon
his
pinne
,
hauing
both
the
North
and
South
endes
of
the
wyers
vncouered
,
that
their
Touche
may
be
refreshed
,
as
occasion
shall
require
.
After
all
this
is
accomplished
,
that
the
Instrument
thus
furnished
may
truely
performe
his
office
,
there
must
iust
regard
be
had
of
the
Variation
,
as
also
of
the
diuerse
Set
of
the
Compasse
:
And
likewise
that
it
be
not
placed
neare
any
Loade-stone
,
yron
,
or
steele
.
By
the
Variation
is
vnderstood
the
difference
in
the
Horizon
betweene
the
true
and
the
magneticall
Meridian
.
By
the
Set
,
is
meant
the
setting
or
placing
of
the
wyers
in
the
bottome
of
the
Flie
,
which
sometimes
you
shal
finde
standing
right
vnder
the
Flower
de
luce
,
representing
the
North
point
,
sometimes
½
,
⅓
&c.
toward
the
East
of
the
Flower
de
luce
.
The
Compasse
being
artificially
made
and
fitted
as
he
ought
to
be
,
with
al
his
iust
regards
:
we
must
conceaue
euery
line
drawen
from
the
Center
vnto
each
diuision
,
to
represent
alwayes
the
semidiameter
of
an
Azimuth
,
bearing
the
same
name
with
the
diuision
of
the
instrument
.
The
line
of
North
&
South
is
euery
where
the
intersection
of
the
Meridian
with
the
Horizon
:
and
the
line
that
crosseth
him
at
right
angles
,
is
euery
where
the
intersection
of
the
East
&
West
Azimuth
with
the
Horizon
.
The
like
is
to
be
vnderstood
of
euery
one
of
the
other
,
according
to
their
natures
:
so
that
euery
point
of
the
Compas
,
when
the
line
thereof
is
by
imagination
produced
in
the
Horizon
vnto
the
Heauens
,
is
vnderstood
to
be
the
base
of
a
Quadrant
of
some
one
Azimuth
or
other
:
and
the
line
falling
from
the
Zenith
,
to
the
Center
of
the
Compas
,
is
as
the
Perpendicular
common
to
them
all
.
Wherefore
which
way
soeuer
in
any
situation
a
ship
doth
saile
vpon
any
point
of
the
Compas
,
it
must
needes
be
that
shee
sayleth
within
the
plaine
of
one
Azimuth
or
other
,
in
as
much
as
euery
point
is
the
Base
of
an
Azimuth
:
and
so
performeth
alwayes
her
course
vpon
the
Conuexe
of
the
Sea
,
in
a
portion
or
portions
of
one
great
Circle
or
other
,
because
all
Azimuthes
are
great
Circles
.
Albeit
therfore
a
voyage
were
to
be
made
from
any
place
in
any
Latitude
,
more
or
lesse
(
it
skilleth
not
)
vnto
any
other
of
the
same
Latitude
,
and
that
according
to
the
common
trade
(
which
should
not
be
,
if
great
Circle-sayling
were
knowen
&
brought
to
perfection
)
keeping
as
neere
as
may
be
vnder
one
Parallele
,
from
the
beginning
to
the
ende
of
the
voyage
:
yet
because
in
all
this
Ships
motion
,
the
Compas
is
considered
as
equidistant
alwayes
vnto
the
Horizon
,
it
must
needes
followe
,
that
all
the
points
of
the
Compasse
(
his
Variation
remembred
)
continue
their
mutuall
respect
to
those
of
euery
Horizon
:
the
line
of
South
and
North
,
being
still
the
Intersection
of
the
Meridian
with
the
Horizon
:
the
line
of
East
and
West
being
still
the
Intersection
of
the
East
and
West
Azimuth
with
the
Horizon
,
crossing
one
an
other
alwayes
at
right
angles
:
so
that
the
situation
of
the
shippe
continually
altering
,
doeth
neuer
alter
the
properties
of
the
Compas
:
whose
nature
is
to
deriue
those
his
diuisions
vnto
euery
newe
Horizon
that
hee
approcheth
vnto
;
all
the
lines
of
his
points
euer
remaining
Semidiameters
of
Azimuthes
and
Bases
of
their
quadrants
:
the
line
falling
from
the
Zenith
through
his
Center
,
being
still
the
perpendicular
common
to
them
all
.
Whereby
it
is
manifest
,
that
in
as
much
as
the
direction
of
the
sayling
Compasse
is
alwayes
some
one
Semidiameter
of
an
Azimuth
;
and
the
shippe
(
being
the
body
mooued
)
euer
stemmeth
in
the
plaine
of
the
selfe
same
Azimuth
:
also
the
winde
,
being
the
efficient
that
moueth
,
of
his
mutable
propertie
driueth
foreright
diametrally
vpon
the
plaine
of
the
Horizon
:
which
cannot
be
but
according
to
the
intersection
of
the
foresaid
Azimuth
:
it
is
therefore
impossible
,
if
the
shippe
be
moued
,
that
is
,
transferred
or
changed
from
place
to
place
,
that
the
line
or
tracing
of
her
course
comprehended
betweene
those
places
,
should
be
any
other
,
but
onely
such
as
is
composed
of
great
Circular
portions
:
of
which
,
the
length
of
the
shippe
it selfe
is
alwayes
a
segment
.
And
so
describeth
she
by
that
meanes
in
her
course
before
mentioned
,
not
a
Parallele
properly
so
called
(
as
common
opinion
doth
wrongfully
imagine
)
consisting
of
one
continual
lesser
Circular
line
;
or
otherwise
,
a
Spirall
line
truely
so
named
,
consisting
of
a
continuall
vniforme
winding
,
answerable
to
the
nature
of
the
said
line
;
but
a
course
(
quibusdam
diuerticulis
,
as
learned
Nonius
termeth
it
)
with
certaine
turnings
in
and
out
,
consisting
of
small
segments
of
great
Circles
;
keeping
alwayes
as
neere
the
precise
parallele
,
or
Spirall
line
,
as
arte
can
ayde
them
.
Wherefore
it
is
confessed
,
that
those
seuerall
courses
haue
some
shew
or
resemblance
of
the
two
sorts
of
lines
aforesaide
:
but
by
no
meanes
are
they
the
very
lines
themselues
in
deede
.
Who
was
the
first
inuenter
of
this
Instrument
miraculous
,
and
endued
,
as
it
were
with
life
,
can
hardly
▪
be
found
.
The
lame
tale
of
one
Flauius
at
Amelphis
,
in
the
kingdome
of
Naples
,
for
to
haue
deuised
it
,
is
of
very
slender
probabilitie
.
Pandulphus
Collenutius
writing
the
Neapolitane
historie
telleth
vs
,
that
they
of
Amelphis
say
,
it
is
a
common
opinion
there
,
that
it
was
first
found
out
among
them
.
But
Polidore
Virgil
,
who
searched
most
diligently
for
the
Inuentors
of
things
,
could
neuer
heare
of
this
opinion
(
yet
himselfe
being
an
Italian
)
and
as
he
confesseth
in
the
later
ende
of
his
third
booke
de
inuentoribus
rerum
,
could
neuer
vnderstand
any
thing
concerning
the
first
inuention
of
this
instrument
.
Most
men
suppose
the
finding
thereof
to
bee
very
newe
,
and
hardly
to
be
proued
that
it
hath
beene
in
any
vse
in
these
partes
of
the
Worlde
full
200.
yeeres
agone
.
But
whether
this
propertie
of
the
Loadstone
was
first
knowen
in
the
West
or
East
partes
of
the
world
,
it
is
very
doubtfull
.
The
East
Indian
histories
are
pestered
with
such
monstrous
reports
and
Legendarie
tales
,
that
as
yet
they
are
but
of
very
small
credite
.
Their
fabulous
genealogies
and
Frierly
discourses
,
doe
breede
a
lingering
expectation
of
some
halting
Poste
,
that
making
not
so
much
haste
as
good
speede
,
may
with
more
sinceritie
enforme
vs
of
the
state
of
those
Countreis
and
matters
vnto
them
belonging
.
Some
fewe
yeeres
since
it
so
fell
out
,
that
I
had
seuerall
conference
with
two
East
Indians
which
were
brought
into
England
by
master
Candish
,
and
had
learned
our
language
:
The
one
of
them
was
of
Mamillia
,
in
the
Isle
of
Luzon
,
the
other
of
Miaco
in
Iapan
.
I
questioned
with
them
concerning
their
shipping
,
and
maner
of
sayling
.
They
described
all
things
farre
different
from
ours
,
and
shewed
,
that
in
steade
of
our
Compas
,
they
vse
a
Magneticall
Needle
of
sixe
ynches
long
,
and
longer
,
vpon
a
pinne
in
a
dish
of
white
China
earth
filled
with
water
:
In
the
bottome
whereof
they
haue
two
crosse
lines
,
for
the
foure
principall
windes
:
the
rest
of
the
diuisions
being
reserued
to
the
skill
of
their
Pilots
.
Vpon
which
report
of
theirs
,
I
made
present
triall
howe
a
Magneticall
Needle
would
stand
in
water
,
and
found
it
to
proue
excellently
well
;
not
doubting
but
that
many
conclusions
of
importance
in
Marine
affaires
will
thereby
more
readily
be
performed
.
I
finde
that
as
the
Portugals
traueiled
in
their
very
first
discoueries
for
the
East
Indies
,
they
got
a
Pilote
of
Melinde
,
that
brought
them
from
thence
in
33.
dayes
,
within
the
sight
of
Calecute
,
and
had
euen
then
in
vse
the
Compas
,
the
Carde
,
and
the
sownding
line
.
Ludouicus
Vartomannus
testifieth
,
that
in
his
voyage
from
Bornco
vnto
Giaua
,
the
Pilots
of
those
Countreys
had
the
vse
of
both
Compas
and
Carde
,
and
had
skill
to
take
direction
from
the
South
Pole
,
as
ours
doe
from
the
North
,
euen
in
those
dayes
,
when
it
was
a
very
daintie
matter
for
any
of
our
Pilots
to
haue
performed
the
like
:
being
as
then
possessed
with
an
opinion
,
that
the
Compas
would
turne
round
,
assoone
as
euer
they
came
vnder
the
Equator
:
as
some
doe
yet
surmise
it
would
doe
vnder
the
Pole
,
or
neere
the
fantasticall
Rocke
of
the
purest
Magnes
.
Philander
in
his
annotations
vpon
Vitruuius
,
sheweth
that
some
men
deemed
it
not
a
newe
,
but
an
olde
inuention
,
and
tooke
it
to
be
that
Nauticall
instrument
which
is
called
by
Plautus
in
Trinummo
and
Mercatore
,
by
the
name
of
Vorsoria
.
But
this
Adrianus
Turnebus
in
no
case
will
allowe
,
affirming
it
rather
to
bee
a
kinde
of
tackle
,
wherewith
they
turned
their
Sayle
.
If
of
olde
time
they
had
not
this
Instrument
,
it
seemeth
impossible
that
euer
they
could
haue
performed
such
voyages
as
they
did
:
And
if
euer
they
had
it
,
then
were
it
as
strange
,
that
all
memorie
thereof
should
be
vtterly
suppressed
,
and
that
Ptolomey
had
not
found
some
mention
thereof
made
in
Marinus
Tyrius
,
or
other
Cosmographers
,
whose
workes
were
extant
in
his
time
.
Experience
testifieth
,
that
this
began
to
be
in
common
vse
about
the
time
that
Printing
was
inuented
,
and
the
making
of
Gunnes
.
Both
which
,
although
they
are
of
very
excellent
vse
and
great
wonderments
to
the
world
,
yet
doeth
this
farre
excell
and
exceede
.
For
all
things
performed
by
them
,
are
marshalled
within
the
limittes
and
bounds
of
humane
reason
;
and
therefore
their
causes
being
knowen
,
their
wonder
ceaseth
.
But
this
being
incomprehensible
vnto
humane
reason
,
carieth
it
away
captiue
vnto
the
astonishment
thereof
,
and
leadeth
it
to
the
admiration
of
him
,
whose
wisedome
comprehendeth
all
things
,
and
distributeth
knowledge
and
vnderstanding
among
men
,
according
to
such
measure
,
times
,
and
meanes
,
as
seemeth
best
vnto
himselfe
;
opening
the
eyes
of
the
blind
,
and
giuing
vnderstanding
to
the
simple
,
destroying
the
wisedome
of
the
wise
,
and
making
the
vnderstanding
of
the
prudent
for
to
hide
it selfe
.
Considering
the
fowle
abuses
and
errors
that
dayly
are
committed
in
the
making
and
framing
of
this
worthie
Instrument
,
I
haue
thought
good
heere
briefely
to
note
the
faults
,
and
therewithall
to
shew
the
way
how
they
may
bee
amended
.
Let
no
man
mistake
me
:
I
speake
not
saue
onely
of
ordinarie
Compasses
(
being
the
most
that
euer
I
sawe
)
such
as
are
in
common
vse
,
and
are
sale-ware
for
Masters
and
Pilots
.
What
some
discreete
skilfull
men
carefully
doe
prouide
for
themselues
,
I
speake
not
of
.
First
therefore
for
the
most
part
,
the
Carde
of
the
Flie
is
negligently
diuided
,
not
only
in
the
Compas
which
they
ordinarily
saile
by
,
hauing
the
32.
common
partes
:
but
as
great
negligence
may
be
found
in
the
double
Flie
,
for
their
Compasse
of
Variation
:
where
the
vttermost
Ring
which
they
make
moueable
about
the
ordinary
Flie
,
is
diuided
into
degrees
:
and
there
a
degree
or
two
oddes
breaketh
no
square
with
them
.
The
wyers
of
the
Flie
are
as
rudely
set
together
,
hauing
their
ends
not
fitted
euen
and
close
(
as
were
meete
)
but
starting
a
side
eache
from
other
,
not
somuch
as
filed
smoothe
,
but
rough
euen
as
they
were
broken
:
whereby
they
are
also
disabled
from
taking
so
strong
a
touch
,
as
they
would
,
if
they
were
made
smoothe
.
For
remedie
hereof
it
were
good
,
to
drawe
the
ouale
lines
vpon
the
Carde
of
the
Flie
,
in
such
sort
,
that
the
endes
being
euen
with
the
circumference
of
the
Flie
,
both
the
middles
and
the
endes
may
haue
an
equall
distance
from
the
Center
:
Then
according
to
those
lines
bow
and
cut
the
wyers
,
fitting
their
endes
smoothe
,
and
so
closely
ioyning
them
,
that
they
may
both
seeme
to
be
but
one
.
After
that
,
holding
them
together
,
dippe
the
endes
in
a
little
moulten
Tinne
,
or
if
at
the
first
they
be
welded
together
,
it
is
the
better
:
and
with
the
edge
of
a
dull
knife
,
scrape
off
the
Tinne
againe
asmuch
as
you
can
come
by
,
which
will
be
all
in
a
maner
,
sauing
onely
a
very
little
that
keepeth
the
endes
together
:
and
that
will
hold
them
so
fast
,
that
you
may
conueniently
handle
them
at
your
pleasure
,
and
fasten
them
on
their
place
,
according
to
your
desire
.
(
But
before
they
be
set
on
,
let
them
be
touched
as
abouesaid
,
and
being
set
on
their
touchings
at
the
ends
must
be
refreshed
.
)
Thus
shall
your
Flie
stand
and
turne
equally
vpon
his
pinne
:
if
not
,
in
stead
of
the
ordinary
dawhing
with
waxe
,
two
or
three
drops
at
the
most
will
counterpoyse
any
swaruing
:
and
many
times
you
shall
not
neede
any
at
all
;
which
is
most
commendable
.
[
](A04334-e2260-b)*
*
The
Capitall
is
commonly
wide
from
the
Center
of
the
Flie
;
and
likewise
the
pinne
whereon
the
Flie
standeth
,
from
the
Center
in
the
bottome
of
the
Boxe
:
both
grosse
and
absurd
faultes
,
and
yet
easie
to
bee
auoyded
.
[
](A04334-e2300-b)*
*
The
glasse
that
couereth
the
Boxe
is
commonly
crackeled
and
snarled
by
the
sides
;
and
diuerse
times
also
too
little
.
These
faults
they
couer
with
their
thicke
border
of
Rosen
:
but
better
were
it
to
amend
them
with
a
little
heede
taking
.
The
Glasse
ought
therefore
to
be
somewhat
thinne
,
smoothe
,
and
of
euen
thickenesse
;
hauing
the
edges
smoothed
on
a
grinding
stone
,
or
by
some
other
meanes
,
and
made
very
fitte
to
the
Boxe
.
So
shall
you
neede
but
little
quantitie
of
Simmond
,
onely
to
keepe
out
the
ayre
:
which
is
the
better
,
both
for
the
clearer
view
of
the
Flie
,
and
that
your
Boxe
may
hang
the
steaddier
:
and
that
will
it
not
doe
,
if
your
Glasse
be
much
thicker
on
the
one
side
,
then
on
the
other
,
or
els
being
too
little
,
bee
thrust
neerer
the
one
side
,
then
the
other
,
and
the
voide
place
filled
vp
with
Rosen
,
according
to
ordinary
custome
.
The
Boxe
is
hanged
in
two
Circles
,
the
one
within
the
other
,
hauing
the
pinnes
that
they
turne
on
,
a
quarter
of
a
Circle
in
the
one
distant
from
the
other
.
But
these
Circles
are
commonly
so
vnhandsomely
made
,
and
ill
fauouredly
hanged
vpon
their
pinnes
,
that
you
should
offer
a
Tincker
discredit
to
compare
his
worke
with
this
.
Adde
hereunto
the
riuetting
of
the
Circles
with
yron
,
and
hanging
the
bigger
of
them
vpon
yron
nayles
:
which
although
they
be
but
little
,
yet
you
must
esteeme
a
litle
in
this
case
to
bee
a
great
deale
too
much
.
And
if
they
had
any
care
of
that
they
haue
in
hand
,
they
would
not
commit
such
a
needelesse
grosse
absurditie
,
onely
as
it
were
in
despite
of
Arte
,
to
make
expense
of
wit
without
gaine
or
profite
.
[
](A04334-e2350-b)*
*
The
piece
of
Lead
that
is
fastened
to
the
bottome
,
ought
to
be
round
and
of
equall
thicknesse
,
the
pinne
passing
through
the
Center
thereof
.
If
you
haue
it
otherwise
,
then
marke
the
Boxe
and
the
bottome
when
it
hangeth
aright
:
and
whensoeuer
,
hauing
taken
off
the
bottome
,
you
will
set
it
on
againe
,
see
that
you
make
your
markes
in
the
Boxe
and
bottome
agree
,
or
else
it
can
neuer
with
any
certeintie
hang
as
it
should
.
Although
it
be
exceeding
lothsome
vnto
me
to
deale
in
these
mechanicall
base
practises
,
yet
the
necessitie
is
such
,
that
one
must
needes
deale
therein
.
For
of
all
the
Instruments
that
the
Nauigator
vseth
,
this
is
farre
the
most
excellent
:
and
yet
of
all
others
this
is
most
negligently
and
vnartificially
made
.
Their
Staues
and
Sea
Cardes
made
in
England
are
neate
and
fine
.
Their
Astrolabes
are
tolerable
:
but
these
are
euen
such
,
as
I
haue
shewed
vnto
you
,
which
I
could
not
so
well
haue
shewed
,
but
by
this
anatomizing
of
them
:
that
the
blame
may
bee
apparant
,
either
in
those
that
make
them
,
or
in
such
as
buy
them
,
that
will
not
goe
to
the
price
of
better
:
wherein
folly
would
shewe
it selfe
very
eminent
,
if
when
a
shippe
with
her
lading
may
bee
woorth
many
thousands
of
poundes
(
besides
the
inestimable
value
of
the
mens
liues
that
are
in
her
)
halfe
a
pound
should
be
thought
much
to
be
bestowed
on
a
perfect
Compasse
;
vpon
the
goodnesse
whereof
many
times
,
both
shippe
,
and
goods
,
and
liues
of
men
doe
take
their
triall
:
yea
all
these
doe
they
ieopard
(
as
it
were
)
vpon
a
wager
that
their
Compasse
is
true
and
perfect
.
To
conclude
,
I
would
wish
in
any
wise
,
that
Artificers
of
these
Instruments
shoulde
make
euen
great
conscience
of
that
they
haue
in
hand
;
and
not
sleightly
to
passe
them
ouer
after
the
order
of
dozen
ware
.
Also
that
such
as
exactly
make
them
,
should
be
rewarded
and
esteemed
accordingly
.
And
finally
that
they
which
are
to
vse
them
,
doe
well
examine
their
goodnesse
,
before
they
buy
them
.
Moreouer
,
it
many
times
falleth
out
,
that
the
hollowe
side
of
the
Capitall
is
made
too
narrowe
in
the
bottome
:
and
then
will
the
Flie
neuer
play
well
,
except
the
pinne
be
exceeding
small
&
sharpe
:
which
assoone
as
by
vse
it
is
a
little
dulled
,
the
Flie
will
neuer
shewe
his
pointes
truely
,
though
hee
were
touched
with
the
best
stone
in
the
world
.
And
very
oftentimes
the
ouersight
herein
,
is
imputed
wrongfully
to
the
weaknesse
of
the
Touch.
And
therefore
take
care
,
that
the
greater
Boxe
being
square
,
be
not
set
together
with
yron
nayles
.
But
if
it
be
round
,
then
see
that
it
be
handsomely
turned
.
And
in
any
wise
that
the
lesser
Boxe
,
wherein
the
Flie
standeth
,
be
well
&
exactly
turned
,
of
seasoned
wood
,
and
hauing
the
inside
coloured
with
some
white
glistering
colour
:
and
not
according
to
the
common
custome
rubbed
about
with
a
piece
of
Chalke
,
or
a
little
white
lime
.
Furthermore
because
it
is
very
necessarie
,
that
whosoeuer
sayleth
by
any
Carde
,
ought
diligently
to
foresee
that
the
Set
of
his
Compasse
be
answerable
to
his
Card
,
of
the
like
Set
(
I
meane
)
vnto
that
his
Card
was
made
by
;
And
for
that
the
wyers
being
once
glewed
on
,
may
not
well
be
altered
,
or
remoued
;
And
the
double
Flie
by
reason
of
his
vnwildie
corpulencie
is
nothing
nimble
,
I
haue
framed
one
after
this
sort
;
a
briefe
description
whereof
I
thought
not
impertinent
here
to
insert
.
The
endes
of
the
wyers
must
bee
welded
together
.
The
wyers
themselues
are
halfe
round
,
with
the
otherside
flatte
to
be
placed
vpon
the
bottome
of
the
Flie.
The
Capitell
hath
two
thinne
narrowe
Stayes
of
Latten
reaching
to
the
wyers
on
each
side
and
fast
soldered
vnto
them
.
The
toppe
of
the
Capitell
must
bee
skrewed
on
the
outside
,
and
a
little
square
piece
of
Latten
with
a
small
hollowe
bent
fitted
for
to
skrewe
vpon
him
;
vnto
this
ende
,
that
the
Capitell
being
put
through
the
bottome
of
the
Flie
in
the
Centre
,
and
the
skrewe
on
the
vpper
side
,
being
turned
on
the
top
of
the
Capitell
,
the
Flie
and
wyers
both
,
may
by
this
meanes
bee
closely
combined
together
without
any
paste
or
glewe
,
and
bee
left
bare
throughout
,
to
the
most
aduantage
at
any
time
for
receauing
the
touche
of
the
Stone
,
and
more
easily
be
kept
from
rust
,
being
the
greatest
enemie
that
the
touche
of
the
Stone
can
haue
:
vnto
which
,
all
your
pasted
or
glewed
wyers
are
necessarily
subiect
:
insomuch
as
you
shall
very
seldome
and
(
as
I
thinke
)
neuer
,
in
the
whole
many
of
your
vsuall
Flies
see
any
one
,
that
is
not
infected
herewith
:
being
farre
more
noisome
then
Garlike
,
or
Oile
,
and
all
the
rest
of
those
fondly
surmised
conceites
.
If
the
skrewe
come
not
close
ynough
vpon
the
Flie
,
a
little
piece
of
pastboorde
put
on
before
the
skrew
,
will
be
a
remedie
sufficient
therein
.
When
the
wyers
are
thus
fastened
vnto
the
Flie
,
you
may
at
al
times
remoue
them
to
any
point
or
part
of
a
point
at
your
pleasure
,
without
anoyance
vnto
any
thing
.
In
such
as
I
haue
caused
to
be
made
for
this
purpose
,
I
haue
vsed
a
narrowe
forme
of
a
loope
,
the
distance
betweene
the
wyers
in
the
middle
,
being
little
more
then
the
fifth
part
of
their
length
:
and
haue
abated
also
the
mettall
of
the
wyars
about
the
middle
of
them
,
and
allowed
somewhat
the
more
towards
their
ends
.
The
Compasse
of
Variation
.
THe
Compasse
of
Variation
is
made
in
all
respects
like
vnto
the
ordinary
sayling
Compasse
,
&
is
the
very
same
in
deede
,
excepting
these
two
Additions
.
The
one
is
,
that
on
the
inside
of
the
lesser
Boxe
round
about
,
iust
with
the
height
of
the
Flie
,
either
vpon
the
Boxe
it selfe
,
or
else
vpon
Paper
or
Pastboorde
,
fastened
to
the
side
thereof
,
there
be
a
Circle
diuided
into
360.
partes
.
And
at
euery
90.
let
a
line
be
produced
both
vpward
to
the
top
,
and
by
the
space
of
halfe
an
ynche
downeward
.
At
any
one
of
which
lines
make
a
Flower
de
luce
representing
the
North
;
and
there
begin
your
numbers
on
both
sides
thereof
from
1
,
vnto
90.
doe
the
like
also
from
the
opposite
part
,
betokening
the
South
.
The
other
is
,
that
a thwart
the
vpper
face
of
the
Glasse
,
there
be
placed
a
Ruler
of
Latten
in
length
answerable
to
the
Diameter
of
the
Boxe
,
bearing
in
breadth
the
third
part
of
an
ynche
or
halfe
an
ynche
,
if
you
thinke
good
,
for
a
very
great
Compasse
.
In
the
middle
of
which
Ruler
there
must
a
line
bee
drawen
according
to
the
length
of
the
Ruler
▪
And
toward
eache
end
of
equall
distance
therefrom
,
fitte
two
Sights
of
three
ynches
or
longer
(
as
your
Compasis
)
and
about
a
quarter
of
an
ynche
broade
at
the
toppe
,
waxing
broader
toward
the
foote
;
where
they
are
to
be
ioynted
in
such
sort
,
that
they
may
for
handsomenesse
sake
be
folded
the
one
close
vpon
the
other
,
and
stand
erected
at
right
angles
.
In
the
one
of
these
along
the
middle
thereof
cut
out
the
mettall
,
beginning
a
little
beneath
the
top
,
downe
to
the
foote
,
of
conuenient
breadth
;
that
a
Lute
string
hauing
a
small
pearle
or
bugle
on
it
to
slide
vp
and
downe
,
may
be
fastened
precisely
in
the
middle
throughout
from
the
toppe
to
the
foote
.
The
other
Sight
being
made
after
the
same
proportion
and
forme
that
the
former
was
,
hath
onely
a
fine
small
slit
pearced
from
within
very
little
off
the
toppe
downe
to
the
foote
,
and
must
in
his
thickenesse
be
abated
,
that
he
weigh
no
more
then
the
other
.
The
Ruler
thus
furnished
with
his
Sights
,
in
the
space
betweene
the
sights
and
the
brimme
of
the
Boxe
,
ought
to
haue
two
loopes
cut
out
in
decent
maner
to
looke
downe
through
them
vpon
the
Flie.
And
this
Ruler
must
be
diuided
into
many
equall
small
partes
;
as
20
,
to
an
ynche
,
or
such
like
;
the
numbers
beginning
from
the
Lute
string
sight
vnto
the
other
;
and
from
the
foote
of
that
other
to
the
toppe
.
When
the
Ruler
is
finished
,
as
before
I
haue
specified
,
it
must
a
little
be
let
into
the
brimme
of
the
Boxe
,
that
it
may
stand
fast
hauing
the
middle
of
it
right
ouer
the
line
of
North
and
South
in
the
Boxe
;
and
the
Sight
with
the
Lute
string
,
ouer
the
South
.
But
let
it
in
such
sort
be
fastened
,
that
you
may
conueniently
either
take
it
off
,
or
set
it
on
as
occasion
shall
serue
.
So
that
the
Ruler
being
taken
off
,
it
is
a
Sayling
Compasse
,
being
set
on
,
it
serueth
for
the
Variation
in
maner
following
.
The
Flie
of
the
Compas
hauing
at
opposite
partes
directly
ouer
the
points
of
the
wyers
some
markes
on
the
vpper
side
easie
to
be
discerned
(
if
it
be
a
Meridionall
Flie
,
it
needeth
not
,
in
as
much
as
the
Flower
de
luce
and
the
South
point
serue
the
purpose
)
turne
the
Boxe
toward
the
East
in
the
foorenoone
with
the
Ruler
on
it
,
till
the
Lute
string
doe
cast
his
shadowe
right
vpon
the
middle
line
of
the
Ruler
,
or
on
the
slit
of
the
other
Sight
.
Then
marke
immediatly
where
the
shadowe
of
the
pearle
doth
light
,
vpon
what
diuision
,
if
the
lines
be
diuided
,
otherwise
marke
it
with
a
penne
;
And
also
what
part
the
Southend
of
the
wyers
,
or
,
(
which
is
all
one
)
the
Northend
doth
point
vnto
in
the
side
of
the
Boxe
.
In
the
afternoone
doe
the
like
toward
the
West
,
with
the
pearle
still
vnremooued
,
turning
the
Boxe
,
till
the
shadowe
of
the
pearle
falleth
full
vpon
the
place
that
it
did
in
the
forenoone
:
And
note
then
also
what
part
the
endes
of
the
wyers
doe
point
vnto
.
Then
if
the
number
of
partes
obserued
in
the
forenoone
,
be
alone
with
those
in
the
afternoone
,
there
is
no
Variation
at
all
:
for
the
ends
of
the
wyers
doe
shewe
the
true
Meridian
.
But
if
the
one
exceede
the
other
,
subtrahe
the
lesser
from
the
greater
;
And
halfe
the
remainder
is
the
Variation
of
the
Compasse
toward
that
side
,
which
had
the
greater
number
in
his
obseruation
.
This
Compasse
serueth
farre
better
to
set
the
land
withall
,
and
to
describe
any
Harbour
,
Coaste
,
Hauen
,
Towne
,
or
Countrey
,
then
any
before
in
common
vse
;
by
looking
through
the
slitte
,
and
bringing
the
thing
that
you
would
note
,
and
the
Lute
string
both
in
one
;
withall
marking
what
partes
the
wyers
doe
shewe
at
that
instant
.
Likewise
for
taking
of
distances
.
All
this
may
also
bee
performed
with
a
Circle
of
Latten
about
one
quarter
of
an
ynche
broade
,
hauing
a
stay
going
athwart
perced
through
with
loope
holes
(
that
it
be
no
hindrance
to
viewe
the
Flie
)
and
a
Ruler
mouing
vpon
it
in
forme
like
to
the
former
.
Which
Circle
must
be
diuided
,
as
that
within
the
Boxe
was
,
from
the
Flower
de
luce
,
which
is
to
be
placed
a
quarter
of
a
Circle
distant
from
the
line
passing
along
the
middle
of
the
stay
,
&
haue
his
numbers
reckoned
towards
the
endes
of
the
same
line
.
And
so
must
the
other
halfe
of
the
Circle
be
diuided
from
the
South
point
.
Being
thus
diuided
it
must
be
placed
euen
fast
and
very
fitte
,
close
aboue
the
Glasse
.
And
when
you
will
vse
it
,
turne
the
Boxe
about
,
till
the
flower
de
luce
of
the
Circle
stand
right
ouer
the
Northerly
endes
of
the
wyers
:
And
the
Boxe
so
standing
,
set
the
Ruler
according
to
the
forenoone
and
afternoones
obseruation
,
doing
all
things
els
,
as
before
.
And
you
shall
finde
the
selfe
same
effect
.
I
haue
tryed
at
land
the
Crosse-needle
in
steade
of
the
Flie
,
and
do
like
it
exceeding
well
.
Whether
is
the
better
at
Sea
,
I
doe
referre
it
vnto
their
iudgements
that
shall
make
due
triall
of
both
.
The
Crosse-needle
I
call
two
needles
,
the
one
of
Steele
,
and
the
other
of
Latten
,
ioyned
together
in
the
Capitell
,
where
they
crosse
each
other
at
right
angles
;
and
so
made
,
that
they
be
of
one
length
,
very
straight
,
and
equally
standing
vpon
the
pinne
,
no
end
ouerweyghing
the
other
.
This
Needle
well
made
and
fitted
as
it
ought
to
bee
,
will
besides
his
proper
vse
,
supply
the
vse
also
of
a
Perpendicle
,
(
a
matter
of
great
importance
)
to
shewe
the
vpright
standing
of
your
Instrument
,
which
the
single
Needle
cannot
doe
;
neither
yet
the
Flie
any
whit
comparable
vnto
this
.
But
you
are
diligently
to
note
,
that
in
continuance
of
time
as
the
force
of
the
Touch
of
the
Stone
doeth
decay
,
so
will
the
North
ende
of
either
Needle
or
Flie
rise
somewhat
higher
,
and
the
South
end
sincke
lower
.
For
this
is
one
of
the
wonderful
properties
that
the
touch
of
the
Magnete
hath
,
that
a
needle
as
yet
not
touched
standing
equally
vpon
his
pinne
,
being
once
touched
with
whether
ende
of
the
Stone
you
list
,
the
one
end
thereof
shal
be
reared
higher
,
and
the
other
fall
lower
:
The
difference
whereof
,
as
the
goodnes
of
the
Stone
is
greater
,
will
accordingly
the
more
appeare
.
And
in
processe
of
time
as
his
force
stil
decaieth
,
so
returneth
hee
more
and
more
to
his
euen
standing
againe
.
By
reason
of
which
propertie
the
Artificer
is
constrained
,
that
he
may
make
the
Needle
lie
euen
,
to
abate
somewhat
of
the
falling
end
,
that
the
other
by
vertue
of
the
touch
raised
vp
,
may
through
this
abatement
,
be
brought
downe
to
an
equalitie
of
situation
with
his
fellowe
.
When
therefore
you
perceaue
the
rising
of
the
North
end
(
as
aforesaid
)
assure
your selfe
the
Flie
or
Needle
is
weakened
in
strength
,
and
hath
neede
to
be
refreshed
with
the
Stone
.
Otherwise
,
if
it
were
at
the
first
well
touched
,
be
not
too
busie
with
it
,
but
let
it
alone
;
except
you
bee
well
assured
of
the
goodnesse
of
the
Stone
,
and
of
the
right
maner
of
touching
.
If
the
Northend
riseth
not
any
thing
at
all
,
and
yet
the
Flie
playeth
not
,
then
is
it
to
be
remedied
with
sharpening
of
the
pinne
.
The
commoditie
of
the
vse
of
this
Needle
for
a
Perpendicle
is
,
that
because
it
is
within
the
Boxe
,
the
winde
cannot
hinder
it
,
as
it
will
any
other
Perpendicle
(
especially
being
small
)
that
is
in
the
open
ayre
.
The
Traueylors
lewell
.
THIS
Instrument
is
a
Circle
about
a
quarter
of
an
ynch
broade
,
hauing
his
diametrall
staye
,
Ruler
,
Sights
,
and
all
things
else
,
as
is
last
before
described
;
sauing
these
additaments
.
The
Compasse
Boxe
of
this
Instrument
must
be
of
Latten
,
of
what
depth
or
shallownes
you
please
.
Only
so
prepare
it
,
that
the
Needle
or
Flie
want
not
in
any
wise
space
ynough
at
libertie
to
play
in
.
Let
the
Circle
haue
a
Quadrant
firmely
sowdered
to
his
vttermost
circumference
,
making
right
angles
with
the
superficies
of
the
Circle
:
whose
semidiameter
let
be
about
the
length
of
the
semidiameter
of
the
innermost
circumference
of
the
Circle
,
or
somewhat
shorter
.
Diuide
the
Quadrant
into
90.
degrees
:
and
the
numbers
of
those
parts
,
placed
in
two
seueral
borders
,
must
be
reckoned
contrary
wayes
,
the
one
beginning
,
where
the
other
endeth
.
Vpon
the
edge
of
the
vtter
Circumference
of
the
Circle
,
where
it
and
the
Quadrant
meete
,
there
must
be
a
strong
and
firme
ioynt
fastening
the
Circle
and
Quadrant
in
that
place
vnto
the
Boxe
in
such
sort
,
that
as
the
Circle
continually
riseth
,
so
the
Quadrant
may
still
sinke
in
the
Ioynt
.
For
this
Ioynt
must
issue
from
the
Boxe
with
a
necke
somewhat
longer
then
the
semidiameter
of
the
Quadrant
,
standing
at
right
angles
vpon
the
Boxe
and
Circle
both
:
hauing
in
the
middle
a
slit
of
capacitie
sufficient
to
receaue
the
Quadrant
,
moued
therein
vp
and
downe
according
to
the
motion
of
the
Circle
itselfe
,
with
a
little
screwe
pinne
on
the
one
side
to
stay
the
Quadrant
therewith
,
and
so
consequently
the
Circle
,
wheresoeuer
you
will
haue
it
.
And
on
the
other
side
an
Inlet
must
bee
handsomely
filed
,
that
the
lower
part
thereof
,
(
being
of
a
conuenient
quantitie
to
conteine
within
it
both
the
borders
of
the
Quadrant
)
may
precisely
make
one
right
line
with
the
middle
of
the
Axis
of
the
Ioynt
,
and
the
neither
semidiameter
of
the
Quadrant
erected
.
So
shall
it
alwayes
supply
the
vse
of
a
fiduciall
line
,
and
distinctly
shewe
the
numbers
that
are
cut
in
the
borders
aforesaid
.
Thus
much
concerning
the
description
.
The
vse
is
briefely
this
.
When
the
Circle
is
not
eleuated
,
it
is
the
aboue
mentioned
Compas
of
Variation
:
The
middle
line
of
the
diametrall
Stay
,
representing
East
and
West
,
and
the
Base
of
the
Quadrant
produced
,
seruing
for
North
and
South
,
&c.
But
when
it
is
eleuated
according
to
the
height
of
the
Equator
(
whose
angle
by
the
fiduciall
line
of
the
Inlet
,
the
Quadrant
sheweth
in
one
number
,
and
the
height
of
the
Pole
in
the
other
)
it
performeth
the
vse
of
an
Equinoctiall
Dyall
generally
throughout
the
whole
world
.
For
,
supposing
the
Circle
raysed
as
apperteyneth
,
let
the
Needle
(
and
a
Crosse-needle
seemeth
the
best
)
keepe
his
due
place
agreeable
to
the
Variation
:
Then
turne
the
Ruler
with
his
Sights
about
,
till
the
shadowe
of
the
Lute
string
being
toward
the
Sunne
,
doe
fall
vpon
the
middle
line
or
slit
of
the
opposite
Sight
,
being
perpendicularly
erected
on
the
Ruler
like
vnto
the
other
.
So
shall
the
vppermost
end
of
the
Ruler
directed
toward
the
Sunne
,
declare
the
true
houre
,
either
in
the
vpper
superficies
of
the
Circle
,
to
be
reckoned
by
15.
degrees
continually
from
East
to
South
in
the
Forenoone
,
and
from
thence
to
West
in
the
Afternoone
:
or
else
for
more
expedition
in
a
peculiar
Border
of
houres
drawen
according
to
euery
of
those
15.
degrees
in
the
voide
superficies
vnderneath
.
I
had
once
purposed
to
haue
written
somewhat
of
an
Instrument
deuised
by
Robert
Norman
:
who
although
he
was
not
learned
,
yet
was
hee
a
very
expert
Mechanician
,
of
an
honest
and
good
mind
,
and
found
that
by
his
owne
industrious
practise
,
concerning
a
strange
propertie
of
the
Magneticall
Needle
,
which
no
man
(
I
thinke
)
before
him
did
euer
finde
,
and
which
(
the
more
is
the
shamefull
slouth
of
men
)
very
fewe
Nauigators
haue
practised
euer
sithence
:
Although
the
Instrument
be
very
easie
to
be
made
,
and
the
propertie
no
doubt
in
Nauigation
of
great
consequence
.
But
vnderstanding
by
conference
with
a
man
of
rare
learning
both
in
Phisicke
,
his
owne
profession
,
and
in
diuers
other
laudable
knowledges
,
besides
that
,
he
many
yeeres
hath
laboured
in
the
consideration
of
the
properties
of
that
Stone
,
and
mindeth
nowe
out
of
hand
for
the
common
benefite
to
publish
those
his
labours
,
I
surceassed
altogether
from
that
purpose
of
mine
,
assuring
me
that
hee
(
if
any
other
)
will
be
able
most
exactly
to
handle
that
Argument
:
For
I
found
him
excellently
skilled
,
farre
beyond
any
thing
that
I
either
knewe
or
imagined
in
that
matter
.
Albeit
I
had
read
all
that
I
could
heare
to
haue
written
thereof
,
and
had
practised
as
many
of
their
Conclusions
,
as
I
made
any
reckoning
of
.
But
I
found
mine
Authours
,
euen
of
the
best
accompt
,
in
many
things
very
friuolous
and
vaine
,
and
ignorant
of
the
chiefest
properties
of
importance
.
He
that
seemeth
to
haue
written
most
learnedly
is
a
Neapolitane
,
whose
footesteps
I
followed
,
and
found
his
Assertions
erroneous
in
sixe
seuerall
Conclusions
.
The
Pantometer
.
The
Authors
purpose
in
this
Treatise
.
THis
Instrument
,
that
in
respect
of
the
Cap.
1.
manifold
and
generall
vses
thereof
,
I
call
the
Pantometer
,
I
haue
framed
chiefly
for
the
Variation
:
And
that
principally
to
serue
at
land
:
yet
some
partes
of
it
shal
be
employed
on
practise
of
good
importance
at
Sea
;
both
by
helping
the
Hemisphere
(
wherewith
hereafter
you
shall
be
further
acquainted
)
in
some
things
,
&
by
performing
other
some
for
it self
.
And
although
the
vniuersalitie
of
the
Pantometer
would
haue
ministred
matter
of
very
large
discourse
:
yet
for
as
much
as
my
maine
purpose
is
,
as
in
the
rest
,
so
in
this
Treatise
likewise
,
to
be
ayding
and
assisting
the
Nauigator
by
al
good
meanes
possible
:
To
his
principal
and
most
necessarie
vses
I
haue
therefore
directed
,
and
as
it
were
,
contracted
the
diffused
nature
of
this
Instrument
.
Notwithstanding
,
whatsoeuer
Master
Thomas
Digges
hath
written
of
Measurings
with
his
Topographicall
Instrument
,
may
bee
done
aswell
,
and
better
with
this
.
Howe
conuenient
it
is
for
obseruations
Astronomical
,
the
expert
wil
soone
perceaue
.
Al
which
,
and
many
other
Mathematicall
Conclusions
easie
by
this
Instrument
to
be
performed
,
I
must
leaue
to
the
diligent
tryall
of
the
studious
delighted
with
those
noble
Sciences
.
The
Declaration
of
the
partes
of
the
Pantometer
.
THe
chiefe
partes
of
this
Instrument
are
two
:
Cap.
●
The
Horizontall
,
to
be
placed
alwayes
equidistant
to
the
plaine
of
the
Horizon
,
which
it
representeth
:
And
the
Verticall
,
perpendicularly
erected
vpon
the
former
,
and
therefore
in
power
any
Azimuth
or
Verticall
,
whereof
also
it
is
named
.
In
the
Horizontall
there
are
two
Semicircles
;
The
one
hath
the
ordinarie
Points
of
the
Compasse
:
the
other
the
common
degrees
of
a
Circle
,
both
of
them
meeting
in
one
Diameter
.
The
round
voide
space
in
the
middle
of
the
Horizontall
,
must
be
filled
vp
with
the
Centre-pinne
thereof
,
in
such
sort
,
that
being
from
vnderneath
fastened
thereinto
,
the
one
halfe
and
more
of
the
said
Pinne
,
somewhat
beyond
the
Diameter
of
his
thicknes
,
shal
be
cut
away
,
and
be
made
euen
with
the
vpper
side
of
the
Horizontall
:
But
the
other
part
remaining
,
shall
stand
directly
vpright
of
a
conuenient
length
aboue
the
Horizontall
:
And
this
I
terme
the
Axis
of
the
Verticall
:
because
by
meanes
of
it
the
Verticall
is
turned
round
about
vpon
the
Horizontall
,
and
made
to
take
any
maner
of
position
.
The
Verticall
hath
in
it
a
Quadrant
as
bigge
as
it
may
receaue
,
to
be
drawen
not
after
the
common
fashion
,
but
according
to
the
description
inuented
by
that
famous
Mathematician
Petrus
Nonius
in
his
Treatise
of
Instruments
and
Rules
for
Nauigation
,
and
of
the
Twilight
:
which
Quadrant
,
in
respect
of
the
kinde
of
working
thereby
,
I
call
the
Proportionall
Quadrant
.
And
on
that
side
it
hath
nothing
else
,
sauing
the
Alhidada
,
or
Sight
Ruler
(
as
the
maner
is
)
fastened
in
the
Center
,
and
carying
in
his
margen
aboue
the
Fiduciall
or
Leuell-line
all
the
seuerall
numbers
of
the
inner
Quadrants
vnderneath
,
for
more
readinesse
and
certaintie
sake
.
For
the
speedier
diuiding
of
the
inner
Quadrants
,
doe
thus
▪
Part
the
Fiduciall
line
of
the
Sight
Ruler
into
halfes
,
from
the
innermost
circumference
of
the
Limbe
vnto
the
Center
.
The
medietie
next
vnto
the
Limbe
,
diuide
into
45.
equall
partes
:
setting
downe
their
seuerall
denominations
by
fiues
or
tennes
,
vpon
the
Ruler
rightouer
the
diuisions
:
their
numbers
decreasing
from
the
Limbe
towards
the
medietie
after
this
sort
.
The
diuision
next
vnto
the
Limbe
is
accounted
for
to
be
89.
the
next
88.
then
87.
86.
&c.
vntil
you
come
vnto
46.
next
vnto
the
medietie
it selfe
.
According
vnto
these
diuisions
precisely
answering
vnto
them
,
drawe
so
many
inner
Quadrants
vpon
the
Center
of
the
great
Quadrant
of
90.
Then
must
you
with
a
payre
of
diuiding
Compasses
very
exactly
take
the
quantitie
of
a
degree
in
the
Quadrant
of
90.
and
that
will
perfectly
diuide
euery
one
of
the
inner
Quadrants
into
their
assigned
numbers
.
Onely
you
are
carefully
to
foresee
,
that
when
the
Verticall
on
the
backe
part
thereof
through
the
hole
of
his
Border
is
firmely
fixed
vpon
the
Axis
of
the
Center-pinne
,
the
neathermost
edge
on
the
forepart
of
it
(
being
equally
distant
from
the
lower
side
or
Base
of
the
proportionall
Quadrant
)
doe
in
any
case
precisely
light
vpon
the
Center
of
the
Horizontall
:
to
the
ende
that
it
may
alwayes
serue
it
in
steade
of
a
moueable
Diameter
.
The
backe
of
the
Verticall
hath
these
three
necessarie
Implements
.
The
first
is
a
Compasse
,
with
his
line
of
North
and
South
parallele
,
to
the
Verticall
:
And
the
same
must
be
handsomely
and
fitly
let
in
to
the
border
of
the
Verticall
beneath
,
that
the
Axis
of
the
Center
pinne
,
passing
through
both
the
handle
of
the
Compasse
and
the
said
Border
,
may
claspe
it
exactly
close
vnto
both
the
backe
of
the
Verticall
,
and
the
plaine
of
the
Horizontall
,
in
such
sort
,
that
as
the
Verticall
is
moued
round
about
,
so
ioyntly
together
with
it
and
in
it
shall
the
Compasse
likewise
.
The
second
is
the
Directory
,
so
named
,
because
it
guideth
the
eye-beame
directly
foorth
vnto
the
Horizon
.
And
this
consisteth
of
two
partes
:
The
Ruler
and
his
Sights
.
Whereof
the
Ruler
being
of
a
reasonable
length
,
streight
,
and
euen
,
shall
be
drawen
to
and
fro
athwart
the
backe
of
the
Verticall
in
two
loopes
standing
parallele
to
the
Horizontall
,
or
(
which
is
all
one
)
to
the
Border
of
the
Verticall
.
The
two
Sights
,
which
ought
to
be
2.
or
3.
inches
long
,
are
moueable
likewise
but
vpon
the
Ruler
:
the
one
beyond
the
Verticall
,
the
other
behether
it
towards
your
eye
.
The
third
is
the
Perpendicle
or
threed
,
with
a
little
plummet
hanging
thereat
,
requisite
for
the
due
placing
of
the
Horizontall
:
which
turne
the
Cross-needle
also
will
serue
.
Last
of
all
,
when
you
are
to
vse
the
Verticall
alone
by
it selfe
(
as
hereafter
shall
be
shewed
you
)
there
is
a
handle
belonging
thereunto
,
hauing
the
lower
ende
of
what
forme
you
will
,
(
the
best
is
which
may
best
fill
the
hand
)
but
the
vpper
end
must
be
of
the
same
fashion
and
bignesse
that
the
Axis
of
the
Centre-pinne
is
of
:
for
it
hath
(
as
you
shall
perceaue
)
the
same
vse
,
and
must
be
fastened
likewise
in
the
same
place
.
The
Mechanicall
Description
Cap.
3.
of
those
Partes
.
-
The
Horizontall
.
-
The
Compasse
.
-
The
Backe
of
the
Verticall
with
his
Border
,
Inlets
,
Loopes
,
and
Perpendicle
.
-
The
Centre-pinne
.
-
The
Verticall
and
his
Sight-Ruler
.
-
The
Directory
.
-
The
handle
of
the
Verticall
.
The
exact
finding
of
Altitudes
or
Heights
.
FOr
as
much
as
the
vsuall
Quadrant
of
Cap.
4.
90.
degrees
onely
doeth
very
seldome
yeeld
the
precise
eleuation
sought
for
in
a
knowen
and
certaine
denomination
,
because
most
commonly
the
Sight
Ruler
,
or
Alhidada
(
as
they
call
it
)
cutteth
not
exactly
at
a
full
degree
,
but
vpon
the
space
betweene
the
beginning
and
ending
of
a
degree
(
which
is
infinitely
diuisible
)
the
proportionall
Quadrant
of
Nonius
,
by
drawing
and
diuiding
many
inner
Quadrants
(
as
before
you
haue
seene
)
shewes
that
easily
within
a
narrowe
circuite
;
which
otherwise
a
very
large
,
yea
a
huge
Instrument
with
no
small
incumbrance
would
hardly
doe
in
a
mightie
circumference
.
For
the
partes
being
so
many
,
in
a
continuall
traine
following
one
an
other
,
and
the
Ruler
euery
where
in
a
maner
crossing
them
,
it
must
needes
cut
some
one
of
the
inner
Quadrants
vpon
a
full
degree
.
And
so
by
this
meanes
,
that
part
of
the
vttermost
or
great
Quadrant
,
which
before
was
but
confusedly
coniectured
,
without
any
determinate
denomination
,
is
now
distinctly
made
knowen
vnder
a
certaine
name
,
by
the
ready
helpe
of
the
Golden
Rule
,
after
this
maner
.
When
the
Ruler
sheweth
some
portion
of
a
degree
in
the
vttermost
Quadrant
,
whose
certaine
value
in
minutes
,
seconds
,
&c.
you
would
gladly
learne
,
obserue
at
the
same
instant
what
whole
degree
in
one
of
the
inner
Quadrants
it
precisely
cutteth
:
And
market
therewithall
in
the
side
of
the
Ruler
the
entire
summe
of
all
the
parts
whereinto
that
Quadrant
is
diuided
.
So
haue
you
of
foure
proportionall
numbers
,
three
giuen
:
namely
,
the
whole
inner
Quadrant
,
his
part
cut
,
and
the
whole
vttermost
Quadrant
of
90.
Wherefore
to
finde
out
the
fourth
,
multiplie
90.
into
the
partes
of
the
inner
Quadrant
that
the
Ruler
cut
,
and
the
Product
diuide
by
the
whole
inner
Quadrant
,
the
Quotient
shall
tell
you
the
degrees
of
the
vttermost
Quadrant
together
with
the
portion
sought
for
,
in
a
fraction
distinctly
knowen
:
which
to
reduce
vnto
the
vsuall
denomination
of
Minutes
,
Seconds
,
&c.
doe
thus
.
Multiplie
the
Numerator
of
your
Fraction
by
60
,
and
diuide
the
product
by
the
Denominator
:
the
Quotient
shewes
your
Minutes
.
And
if
any
remainder
be
,
againe
multiplie
that
by
60.
and
diuide
in
like
sort
as
before
,
this
second
Operation
brings
foorth
Seconds
.
And
in
the
same
maner
still
working
,
as
often
as
any
thing
is
left
of
the
former
Operation
,
you
may
proceede
on
to
Thirds
,
Fourthes
,
Fifthes
&c.
till
you
haue
obteyned
a
most
sufficient
precisenesse
.
The
Obseruing
of
the
Variation
at
Land
by
the
Sunne
.
SEt
the
Instrument
vpon
a
Staffe
prepared
Cap.
5.
for
this
purpose
,
his
Horizontall
being
parallele
to
the
Horizon
of
the
World
:
And
placing
the
Verticall
vpon
the
line
of
North
and
South
in
the
Horizontall
,
turne
the
Horizontall
about
,
till
the
Needle
stand
equidistant
to
the
Verticall
:
Then
fasten
the
Horizontall
to
the
staffe
with
the
skrewe
pinne
of
his
Socket
:
which
in
that
sort
remaining
steaddy
and
immoueable
,
turne
the
Verticall
in
the
Forenoone
towards
the
East
,
mouing
the
Sight
Ruler
vp
and
downe
,
till
the
Sunne
beame
doth
pearce
both
Sights
:
and
immediatly
note
what
partes
the
edge
of
the
Verticall
doth
cut
in
the
Horizontall
:
Also
what
part
the
Sight-Ruler
falleth
on
in
the
Verticall
:
where
if
it
light
not
on
a
iust
part
in
the
vtter
Quadrant
;
marke
where
it
doth
vpon
one
in
any
of
the
inner
Quadrants
.
Againe
,
in
the
Afternoone
,
the
Horizontall
continuing
still
in
his
former
place
,
and
the
Ruler
likewise
abiding
vpon
the
foresaid
part
vnchangeable
,
turne
the
Verticall
towards
the
West
,
till
the
Sunne
entreth
in
at
both
the
sights
:
And
note
therewithall
what
part
the
edge
of
the
Verticall
cutteth
in
the
Horizontall
.
If
then
the
partes
cut
by
the
edge
of
the
Verticall
in
the
Forenoone
,
and
those
other
in
the
Afternoone
,
bee
equally
distant
from
the
South
point
of
the
Horizontall
;
then
is
there
no
Variation
at
all
.
For
the
line
of
North
and
South
in
the
Horizontall
,
is
one
and
the
selfe
same
with
the
true
Meridian
.
But
if
the
partes
of
the
Forenoones
obseruation
be
fewer
then
those
of
the
Afternoone
,
subtrahe
the
smaller
number
from
the
greater
:
and
halfe
the
remainder
discouereth
the
Variation
from
the
South
Westwards
to
bee
so
many
degrees
:
and
the
Northerly
end
of
the
Needle
to
decline
so
many
parts
from
the
true
North
towards
the
East
.
Wherefore
the
line
of
North
and
South
in
the
Horizontall
,
doeth
not
possesse
the
true
Meridian
:
but
swarueth
therefrom
,
as
the
partes
obserued
doe
shewe
.
Lastly
,
if
the
partes
of
the
Forenoones
obseruation
be
moe
then
those
of
the
Afternoone
,
subtrahe
(
as
before
)
the
smaller
number
from
the
greater
,
and
halfe
the
remainder
sheweth
the
Variation
of
the
South
end
of
the
Needle
to
be
so
many
degrees
Eastward
,
and
the
Northerly
end
thereof
to
vary
so
many
partes
Westward
.
Nowe
for
the
more
certeinetie
in
your
working
,
you
must
euer
be
mindfull
to
make
3.
or
4.
seuerall
obseruations
in
the
Forenoone
:
that
although
a
Cloude
should
hinder
you
of
your
first
in
the
Afternoone
,
yet
some
one
at
the
least
of
the
other
may
be
clearely
obserued
:
where
otherwise
,
if
you
misse
of
one
,
all
your
labour
for
that
whole
day
is
lost
.
The
obseruing
of
the
Variation
at
Land
by
the
Starres
.
THe
Variation
of
the
Compasse
,
(
and
so
Cap.
6.
likewise
the
Latitude
)
may
bee
taken
as
well
by
the
Starres
in
the
night
,
as
by
the
Sunne
in
the
day
.
And
sithe
the
Almightie
hath
ordeyned
but
one
Sunne
,
and
a
great
multitude
of
Starres
,
Nauigators
should
offer
themselues
much
wrong
,
if
they
would
not
make
their
benefite
of
these
,
as
they
do
of
that
:
And
so
much
the
rather
,
because
the
Sunne
is
South
but
once
in
foure
and
twentie
houres
:
The
Starres
come
to
the
Meridian
continually
one
after
another
all
the
night
long
.
The
ordinarie
instrument
for
the
Variation
,
is
not
of
any
vse
at
all
in
respect
of
the
Starres
,
no
not
though
he
haue
his
Astrolabe
to
helpe
him
:
whereas
this
instrument
by
it selfe
,
without
the
ayde
of
any
other
,
performeth
all
things
exquisitely
by
the
Starres
:
And
by
the
Sunne
so
exactly
with
all
aduantage
,
that
when
many
Instruments
can
doe
nothing
without
a
cleare
Sunneshine
;
this
in
a
mystie
or
foggie
weather
through
a
Cloude
,
if
that
you
may
but
onely
discerne
the
body
of
the
Sunne
,
craueth
no
more
to
accomplish
your
desire
.
The
maner
of
obseruing
a
Starre
is
this
.
First
prepare
a
little
Notche
or
slit
of
equall
deapth
in
the
two
sights
of
the
sight-Ruler
,
parallele
to
the
leauell
line
thereof
:
And
the
Instrument
being
placed
(
as
before
is
specified
)
turne
the
Verticall
towards
the
Starre
,
being
on
the
Eastside
of
the
Meridian
,
mouing
the
sight-Ruler
vp
or
downe
,
till
you
may
perceaue
the
Starre
euen
with
those
two
Notches
.
Then
note
the
partes
that
the
sight
Ruler
doth
cut
in
the
Quadrant
:
And
those
also
that
the
edge
of
the
Quadrant
or
Verticall
cutteth
in
the
Horizontall
.
Afterward
doe
the
like
againe
when
the
same
starre
is
on
the
West
side
of
the
Meridian
.
And
for
the
rest
,
following
the
same
maner
of
Operation
that
aboue
I
deliuered
,
you
shall
here
obteine
the
selfe
same
trueth
of
Variation
by
any
starre
that
there
you
found
onely
by
the
Sunne
.
Touching
the
Latitude
,
the
like
kinde
of
working
is
to
be
vsed
for
the
taking
thereof
by
a
starre
,
as
is
by
the
sunne
:
I
meane
the
obseruing
of
his
Meridian
height
,
and
subtrahing
,
or
adding
,
as
the
nature
thereof
requireth
.
And
for
this
cause
is
the
Verticall
so
placed
,
that
about
an
ynch
of
it
(
more
or
lesse
,
according
to
the
proportion
of
the
Instrument
)
at
that
corner
,
where
the
Ruler
is
fastened
to
the
Center
,
may
alwayes
in
the
turning
about
reache
ouer
the
Horizontall
:
that
you
may
conueniently
apply
your
eye
,
by
the
sights
to
discerne
any
starre
,
or
espie
the
top
of
any
body
erected
,
whose
height
you
would
measure
:
which
otherwise
you
could
not
doe
,
if
the
Verticall
were
but
euen
with
the
Horizontall
.
As
for
the
other
end
of
the
Base
of
the
Verticall
,
it
is
no
matter
howe
farre
it
be
extended
,
but
onely
according
as
the
quantitie
and
comelines
of
the
Instrument
shall
require
;
so
that
the
Border
,
wherewith
the
Base
of
the
Verticall
is
lengthened
,
doe
reache
precisely
streight
,
and
euen
vnto
the
edge
of
the
Horizontall
,
for
the
cutting
of
the
partes
therof
.
Moreouer
,
if
the
halfe
Circle
of
the
Horizontall
,
which
is
parted
into
degrees
,
were
diuided
also
into
a
payre
of
Proportionall
Quadrants
:
then
both
for
the
former
vses
,
and
infinite
others
,
woulde
this
Instrument
prooue
most
exact
and
persite
.
But
those
that
are
willing
to
bestowe
so
much
cost
,
I
wish
they
should
doe
it
in
mettall
,
and
not
in
wood
.
If
in
wood
,
then
let
the
same
especially
be
chosen
,
whereof
Cypers
chests
are
made
:
For
that
I
take
to
be
best
,
as
being
most
free
from
warping
,
and
receauing
any
worke
very
easily
and
fairely
.
The
imperfection
of
bricklenesse
,
a
little
the
more
care
must
amend
and
strengthen
.
And
thus
much
for
the
vse
of
the
Pantometer
complete
.
The
maner
of
obseruing
the
Variation
at
Sea
.
WHen
the
Verticall
of
the
Pantometer
together
Cap.
7.
with
his
Compasse
is
fitted
to
the
handle
,
holde
it
directly
toward
the
Sunne
in
the
Forenoone
,
in
such
sort
,
that
the
Perpendicle
keeping
his
due
place
,
the
Sunne
may
pearce
both
the
sights
:
And
noting
the
height
of
the
sunne
,
marke
also
at
that
instant
,
what
Point
or
Degree
the
Needle
doth
shew
.
Againe
when
the
Sunne
commeth
to
the
same
height
in
the
Afternoone
,
obserue
likewise
what
Point
or
Degree
the
Needle
is
at
:
And
then
working
in
all
respects
(
as
before
I
declared
)
the
Variation
is
made
knowen
vnto
you
.
If
you
haue
a
Crosse-needle
well
made
,
it
will
serue
in
steade
of
the
Perpendicle
,
better
then
the
Perpendicle
it selfe
:
In
as
much
as
it
is
not
subiect
to
the
whirling
of
the
winde
,
but
is
quiet
therefrom
,
being
defended
by
the
Glasse
close
symmond
round
about
.
The
taking
of
the
height
of
the
Sunne
at
Sea
.
PLace
the
Verticall
vpon
his
handle
,
the
Cap.
8.
limbe
towards
you
,
and
his
perpendicular
side
ouer
against
you
,
and
turning
your
backe
towards
the
Sunne
,
keepe
the
two
sights
of
the
Directory
,
euen
with
the
parting
of
the
water
,
and
the
Element
ouer
right
against
you
.
Moue
also
the
sight
Ruler
of
the
Verticall
vp
or
downe
,
till
at
one
instant
you
may
see
,
both
the
Sunne-beame
through
the
vpper
sight
to
fall
vpon
his
due
place
in
the
neather
,
and
ioyntly
therewithall
the
parting
of
the
water
and
Element
:
Then
haue
you
the
degrees
&
minutes
of
the
sunnes
height
,
by
meanes
of
the
Proportionall
Quadrant
,
as
heretofore
is
specified
.
This
may
in
like
maner
be
performed
by
looking
toward
the
Horizon
directly
vnder
the
Sunne
,
placing
the
Perpendicular
side
towardes
you
,
and
the
limbe
from
you
,
and
thrusting
the
Directory
with
his
long
sights
from
you
,
or
else
drawing
it
towards
you
,
as
you
may
most
conueniently
discerne
the
sunne-beame
of
the
vpper
sight
to
be
vpon
his
iust
place
in
the
neather
.
For
the
better
effecting
whereof
,
it
is
requisite
to
haue
a
third
square
sight
,
forked
on
the
neather
side
with
a
couple
of
small
peakes
to
be
placed
,
the
one
on
the
one
side
,
and
the
other
on
the
other
side
of
the
Center
of
the
sight
Ruler
,
ready
to
be
taken
off
or
on
;
and
hauing
a
little
marke
with
two
Crosse-lines
of
equall
distance
to
the
holes
of
the
other
two
sights
,
and
the
Fiduciall
line
:
To
the
end
that
this
third
sight
,
being
fastened
right
ouer
the
Center
of
the
sight
Ruler
,
(
with
his
lower
edge
somewhat
aslope
,
and
not
at
right
angles
with
the
Fiducial
line
)
you
may
the
more
easily
discerne
,
by
meanes
of
the
said
marke
,
when
the
sunne-beame
hath
perced
the
other
two
sights
aboue
:
And
then
haue
you
all
things
as
before
.
Wherefore
if
two
obseruations
be
made
together
,
the
one
from
the
Sunne
,
and
the
other
towards
it
,
and
both
these
agree
in
one
;
The
whole
Operation
must
needes
bee
exact
and
without
any
doubt
of
error
.
The
ordinary
staues
(
so
that
they
be
well
made
,
and
good
regard
had
to
the
Eccentricitie
of
the
eye
)
be
very
commodious
for
so
much
as
they
can
performe
:
which
cannot
be
much
aboue
45.
degrees
:
because
the
eye
at
one
viewe
is
scarce
capable
of
a
larger
Angle
.
And
therefore
in
great
Altitudes
of
the
Sunne
,
they
are
vnseruiceable
,
the
Astrolabe
or
searing
,
(
as
some
terme
it
)
comming
in
place
of
them
:
And
yet
the
vse
of
this
also
in
a
hie
Sea
is
very
vncertaine
.
But
with
the
Instrument
that
nowe
is
described
vnto
you
,
you
may
take
the
height
of
the
Sunne
at
what
angle
so
euer
,
yea
although
he
be
verticall
.
Herein
,
this
and
the
staffe
agree
,
that
both
of
them
haue
a
speciall
respect
to
the
Horizon
:
but
they
differ
in
the
danger
of
the
Eccentricitie
of
the
eye
;
whereunto
the
staffe
is
subiect
,
but
this
is
not
so
,
and
neuer
requireth
any
Angle
in
the
eye
of
the
Obseruer
,
that
shall
exceede
the
capacitie
of
20.
degrees
.
Somewhat
also
might
here
haue
beene
added
of
the
diuerse
placing
of
the
sights
vpon
the
Directorie
:
but
for
breuitie
sake
,
I
referre
it
to
the
consideration
and
choise
of
the
Practiser
,
vpon
diligent
triall
thereof
.
The
Hemisphere
.
The
Scope
of
this
Treatise
.
TWo
things
there
are
in
euery
Instrument
Cap.
1.
of
speciall
and
most
necessarie
consideration
;
the
one
the
body
(
as
it
were
)
and
substance
of
it
:
the
other
,
the
ende
or
purpose
whereunto
it
serues
.
The
body
or
substance
of
euery
Instrument
,
and
namely
of
this
(
whereof
nowe
wee
treate
)
I
call
the
Materiall
partes
of
which
it
consists
,
together
with
their
peculiar
formes
,
such
,
as
whereby
that
end
may
be
best
atteyned
:
best
,
I
meane
,
with
the
greatest
both
certeintie
and
facilitie
possible
.
The
purpose
or
end
,
I
terme
the
manifold
commodities
to
be
reaped
thereby
,
and
especially
in
this
Instrument
,
the
singuler
most
pleasant
and
profitable
vses
whereunto
it
is
and
may
be
applied
.
All
which
fully
to
discourse
of
,
would
require
farre
more
leysure
,
then
either
my
vocation
,
or
other
many
affaires
of
importance
,
may
permit
me
.
I
shall
therefore
sufficiently
content
my selfe
in
this
behalfe
,
if
first
I
deliuer
to
the
skilfuller
and
more
industrious
sort
,
a
briefe
and
perfect
viewe
of
the
Instrument
by
a
particular
and
euident
description
to
the
eye
of
all
the
Members
thereof
:
which
once
conceaued
,
the
thing
of
it selfe
without
any
further
words
of
mine
,
wil
most
easily
and
readily
vnto
them
,
declare
his
owne
vse
from
point
to
point
in
Astronomie
,
Geographie
,
Nauigation
,
and
such
like
excellent
faculties
.
But
because
that
the
Nauigatour
is
the
man
,
for
whose
sake
chiefely
I
haue
taken
these
paines
:
And
among
those
of
that
trade
,
the
most
part
are
,
though
commendably
perhaps
furnished
with
experience
,
yet
but
weakely
assisted
with
fitte
Instruments
:
and
of
themselues
,
for
want
of
some
contemplatiue
knowledge
Mathematicall
,
not
able
either
to
inuent
fitter
,
or
to
reforme
and
better
those
that
presently
they
vse
:
I
thought
it
requisite
for
them
,
together
with
the
description
and
frame
of
the
Instrument
,
to
adde
in
the
second
place
some
fewe
principall
admonitions
,
concerning
the
seuerall
most
necessarie
vses
thereof
vpon
sea
or
land
.
And
in
so
doing
,
I
wil
leaue
many
things
to
the
Readers
owne
ingenious
practise
:
Many
also
will
I
omit
,
or
rather
presuppose
as
already
knowen
,
namely
what
a
Pole
is
,
an
Equinoctiall
,
a
Meridian
,
&c.
being
such
as
are
the
first
Principles
of
this
Arte
,
wherewith
euery
man
is
commonly
acquainted
,
and
by
diuerse
in
our
owne
vulgar
speache
haue
in
the
largest
maner
oftentimes
be
handled
.
The
names
of
all
the
partes
of
the
Hemisphere
.
NOwe
if
any
desire
to
knowe
what
this
Cap.
2.
Hemisphere
is
by
it selfe
,
(
and
so
must
he
first
,
if
hee
will
orderly
proceede
to
the
getting
of
perfect
knowledge
in
the
vse
:
for
no
man
can
well
handle
an
Instrument
that
he
knoweth
not
)
a
generall
declaration
of
the
partes
accompanied
with
their
Mechanicall
description
,
and
a
briefe
comparing
of
them
with
the
Globe
,
may
so
throughly
suffice
,
as
more
herein
is
not
to
be
required
.
There
are
therefore
in
this
Instrument
two
sides
to
be
considered
,
the
one
more
principall
,
which
I
terme
the
Face
;
the
other
lesse
,
which
I
cal
the
Backe
.
The
Face
consisteth
of
whole
Circles
and
halfe
Circles
.
The
whole
Circles
are
two
in
number
:
whereof
the
one
being
the
Base
(
as
it
were
)
of
all
the
Instrument
and
immoueable
,
is
the
fixed
Meridian
,
because
that
turne
most
commonly
it
serueth
:
the
other
,
moueable
,
I
call
the
Deferent
;
for
that
it
carieth
vp
&
downe
vpon
and
in
it selfe
,
according
to
any
greater
or
lesser
Eleuation
or
Latitude
,
the
Equator
and
Axis
of
the
World
,
with
the
two
extreame
points
thereof
being
the
Poles
.
The
halfe
Circles
being
foure
in
number
,
are
all
belonging
to
the
former
two
entire
Circles
:
For
either
are
they
placed
vpon
the
great
Meridian
aforesaid
;
and
then
,
if
fixed
or
moueable
thereupon
,
it
is
the
halfe
Horison
;
if
moueable
,
it
is
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
,
to
be
turned
to
and
fro
vpon
his
owne
Poles
,
equidistant
on
all
sides
from
the
Horizon
:
or
else
they
are
situated
vpon
the
Deferent
;
and
those
two
likewise
in
number
hauing
the
selfe
same
differences
betweene
them
that
the
former
had
:
For
one
of
them
is
fixed
or
fastened
vpon
the
Deferent
,
and
that
is
the
Semi-equator
:
the
other
is
voluble
,
which
I
call
the
Moueable
Meridian
.
The
Backe
of
this
Instrument
needeth
not
any
thing
,
but
the
vsuall
Mariners
Compasse
to
be
artificially
annexed
thereunto
with
the
line
of
North
and
South
parallele
to
the
Backe
.
The
Mechanicall
Description
Cap.
3.
of
all
those
seuerall
Partes
.
-
1
The
fixed
Meridian
.
-
2
The
Deferent
with
the
Axis
and
Poles
.
-
3
The
halfe
Horizon
.
-
4
The
Semi-circle
of
Altitudes
.
-
5
The
Semi-equator
.
-
6
The
moueable
Meridian
with
the
two
Sight-Rulers
.
-
7
The
Backe
,
with
the
Mariners
Compasse
.
The
agreeing
of
the
Hemisphere
with
the
Globe
.
BY
that
which
hath
hitherto
beene
spoken
touching
the
Structure
of
this
Instrument
,
Cap.
4.
may
soone
be
discerned
the
originall
descent
thereof
to
be
from
the
Globe
.
For
the
better
conceauing
whereof
,
vouchsafe
I
pray
you
a
litle
to
remember
with
me
the
chiefe
Circles
belonging
to
the
Globe
;
as
the
Horizon
cutting
it
in
two
Hemispheres
,
the
Meridian
wherein
it
is
hanged
,
the
Quart
of
Altitudes
whereby
it
is
measured
:
And
then
those
other
two
not
adioyned
only
as
the
former
;
but
continual
therwith
,
being
described
in
the
superficies
or
outface
of
the
Globe
it selfe
,
the
Equator
,
I
meane
,
and
the
Zodiake
,
with
their
appendants
,
the
two
Colures
,
one
Equinoctiall
,
&
the
other
Solstitiall
.
All
these
to
make
and
vse
together
in
this
sort
with
the
Globe
,
when
experience
had
taught
to
be
a
matter
of
great
difficultie
,
the
learned
of
former
times
,
&
of
these
our
dayes
,
haue
laboured
how
without
the
Globe
by
sundry
rare
inuentions
to
represent
the
Globe
,
in
seperating
those
necessarie
Circles
from
the
massines
of
the
Instrument
:
wherein
the
Astronomers
Ring
(
commonly
so
called
)
doth
iustly
deserue
right
worthy
commendation
.
And
I
now
the
rather
make
mention
of
it
,
for
that
it
first
gaue
occasion
of
deuising
,
and
ministred
good
helpe
toward
the
framing
and
perfecting
of
this
Instrument
.
Both
of
them
are
(
as
it
were
)
Anatomeis
of
the
Globe
:
But
whether
in
all
respects
the
more
absolute
let
eyther
speake
for
itselfe
,
and
let
the
skilfull
Reader
iudge
.
Touching
the
Hemisphere
,
if
you
imagine
the
Meridian
of
the
Globe
to
be
a
Plaine
,
it
shall
passe
through
the
Center
thereof
,
and
cut
it
together
with
all
the
great
Circles
thereunto
belonging
in
two
equall
partes
:
The
selfe
same
doth
the
Meridian
likewise
in
the
Hemisphere
:
And
therefore
haue
you
here
the
Equator
,
Horizon
,
Moueable
Meridian
,
and
that
of
Altitudes
,
all
these
halfe
in
steade
of
whole
Circles
.
As
for
the
Zodiake
,
it
is
not
heere
wanting
:
for
sith
all
great
Circles
,
and
so
their
medieties
are
equall
the
one
vnto
the
other
,
the
halfe
Horizon
here
,
may
well
be
vsed
for
the
halfe
Zodiake
,
when
the
Equator
is
placed
according
to
the
greatest
declination
:
or
contrariwise
the
Horizon
to
be
the
Equinoctiall
,
the
Semiequator
shall
be
the
halfe
Zodiake
.
Thus
haue
you
the
Zodiake
both
wayes
:
that
I
say
nothing
of
the
little
one
in
the
limbe
of
the
Moueable
Meridian
.
For
the
two
Colures
there
,
serues
the
two
Meridians
here
:
the
fixed
for
the
Sostitiall
,
the
Moueable
for
the
Equinoctiall
.
The
little
Circle
for
the
houres
there
,
is
here
the
Equator
it selfe
,
and
so
it
is
also
in
effect
in
the
Globe
.
The
Index
there
,
is
the
Moueable
Meridian
here
,
and
so
must
you
likewise
vnderstand
it
in
the
Globe
.
Of
the
Axis
and
Poles
you
haue
heard
ynough
before
.
To
conclude
,
here
is
presented
to
your
viewe
a
Halfe-sphere
in
name
and
shewe
,
but
a
whole
or
entire
Sphere
in
deede
&
practise
.
For
proofe
whereof
(
omitting
many
other
)
I
referre
you
to
these
fewe
Propositions
ensuing
.
Onely
by
the
way
,
in
the
behalfe
of
the
Instrument
I
am
to
request
the
Reader
,
that
he
be
circumspect
to
foresee
that
the
Circles
and
Semicircles
be
perfect
in
any
case
and
truely
diuided
,
that
they
be
exactly
placed
vpon
their
right
Centre
,
that
the
hanging
of
the
instrument
be
exquisite
,
hauing
the
Horizon
thereof
parallele
to
the
great
Horizon
of
the
world
.
Finally
that
all
things
be
accomplished
accordingly
,
as
aboue
by
the
Patterne
is
signified
,
before
hee
proceede
to
any
experimentall
handling
of
it
:
least
otherwise
the
worke
be
vniustly
blamed
for
the
errors
and
imperfections
of
the
workeman
:
let
(
as
reason
would
)
the
fault
there
lie
,
where
the
fault
is
.
To
finde
the
place
of
the
Sunne
.
THe
day
being
giuen
,
the
Place
,
that
is
,
Cap.
5.
the
signe
and
degree
of
the
Zodiake
,
wherein
the
Sunne
is
,
may
thus
bee
found
.
Seeke
in
the
vttermost
Circle
described
vpon
the
Deferent
the
Moneth
and
day
giuen
;
whereupon
if
you
place
the
linea
fiduciae
,
or
leuell
line
of
the
Ruler
,
the
same
shall
in
the
lower
or
inner
Circle
thereof
being
the
Zodiake
,
shew
you
the
thing
sought
for
:
And
the
opposite
point
thereof
shal
be
the
Sunnes
Nadyr
for
that
day
.
But
if
the
yeere
be
leape
,
wherein
the
place
of
the
Sunne
is
demaunded
;
then
must
you
from
the
24.
of
Februarie
,
till
the
ende
of
that
yeere
,
adde
alwayes
one
moe
to
the
number
of
that
day
which
you
seeke
for
:
as
if
the
day
required
be
the
2.
of
March
,
set
the
Ruler
at
the
3.
if
the
3.
then
at
the
4.
and
so
foorth
.
The
place
of
the
Sunne
,
being
giuen
to
finde
his
Declination
.
FOr
as
much
as
all
the
Declinations
of
Cap.
6.
the
whole
Zodiak
may
exactly
be
considered
in
one
onely
Quadrant
thereof
,
thus
briefly
shall
you
worke
by
the
Hemisphere
.
Let
the
Horizon
be
in
steade
of
the
Zodiake
:
Then
number
in
the
fixed
Meridian
(
which
now
must
be
taken
for
the
Solstitiall
Colure
)
the
Sunnes
greatest
Declination
,
&
thereat
fasten
the
Equinoctial
:
So
shal
the
pinne
,
whereupon
the
two
Semicircles
cut
one
an
other
,
be
the
beginnings
of
Aries
and
Libra
,
and
the
point
of
the
Horizons
meeting
with
the
fixed
Meridian
,
the
beginnings
of
Cancer
and
Capricorne
:
Betweene
which
two
extreames
,
the
space
of
euery
30.
degrees
in
the
Horizon
of
the
Instrument
shall
be
as
a
whole
signe
in
the
Zodiake
,
to
bee
reckoned
in
order
thus
.
From
the
pinne
to
60.
is
Aries
,
from
thence
to
30.
Taurus
,
from
thence
to
the
fixed
Meridian
Gemini
:
Then
backe
againe
from
the
Meridian
to
30.
Cancer
,
from
thence
to
60.
Leo
,
from
thence
to
90.
being
in
the
Intersection
,
Virgo
.
The
selfe
same
order
must
be
vsed
in
the
other
halfe
of
the
Zodiake
:
For
the
reason
is
like
in
both
.
Hauing
therefore
found
the
true
place
of
the
Sunne
in
the
Horizon
of
the
Instrument
(
nowe
the
Zodiake
)
turne
the
Moueable
Meridian
,
till
it
exactly
agree
therewith
:
so
shall
the
degrees
thereof
intercepted
betweene
the
Equinoctiall
and
the
Horizon
,
(
nowe
the
Zodiake
)
shewe
the
declination
demaunded
.
Or
supposing
the
Equator
of
the
Instrument
to
be
as
the
Zodiake
,
and
the
Horizon
as
the
Equator
,
you
may
after
the
same
maner
also
finde
the
same
declination
in
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
.
Or
finally
,
if
you
set
the
Ruler
on
the
place
of
the
Sunne
founde
in
the
little
Zodiake
of
the
Moueable
Meridian
,
his
ende
in
the
vttermost
limbe
or
border
of
that
Semicircle
shall
point
out
vnto
you
the
true
declination
.
The
Longitude
and
Latitude
of
any
Starre
being
giuen
to
finde
his
Declination
.
LEt
the
Horizon
of
the
Hemisphere
be
as
Cap.
7.
the
Equator
of
the
World
;
and
the
Equator
of
the
Hemisphere
as
the
Zodiake
,
by
seperating
the
one
from
the
other
,
according
to
the
Angle
of
the
Sunnes
greatest
declination
:
so
shall
the
Zenith
of
the
Instrument
be
as
the
Pole
of
the
World
,
and
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
,
fitte
to
expresse
any
declination
.
Againe
,
the
Pole
of
the
Instrument
shal
be
in
stead
of
the
Pole
of
the
Zodiake
;
and
the
moueable
Meridian
shall
truely
represent
any
Semicircle
of
Longitude
.
Wherefore
supposing
in
the
Instrument
the
one
Quadrant
of
the
Equator
(
nowe
the
Zodiake
)
from
the
pinne
to
the
fixed
Meridian
or
Solstitiall
Colure
vpward
,
and
so
downe
againe
,
to
be
the
Northerne
halfe
of
the
Zodiake
,
conteyning
♈
·
♉
·
♊
·
♋
·
♌
·
♍
·
And
the
other
Quadrant
thereof
from
the
pinne
to
the
same
Meridian
or
Colure
downeward
,
and
so
vp
againe
,
to
be
the
Southerne
halfe
comprehending
♎
·
♏
·
♐
·
♑
·
♒
·
♓
·
in
this
sort
haue
you
by
the
continuall
addition
of
30.
according
to
the
number
of
the
Signes
,
the
whole
Zodiake
giuen
withall
his
degrees
of
Longitude
.
So
that
first
seeke
the
degree
of
Longitude
supposed
:
After
bring
the
Semicircle
of
Longitudes
,
or
the
Moueable
Meridian
to
that
degree
,
and
in
it
number
the
Latitude
of
the
Starre
giuen
:
Lastly
apply
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
in
such
sort
,
that
it
may
exactly
agree
with
the
same
Latitude
:
then
shall
the
Arke
thereof
comprehended
betweene
that
point
of
Latitude
and
the
Horizon
of
the
Instrument
(
nowe
the
Equator
)
precisely
shewe
the
degrees
of
declination
of
the
Starre
in
that
point
.
The
Declination
of
Sunne
or
Starre
,
being
giuen
to
finde
the
height
of
the
Pole
or
Latitude
.
THe
Latitude
by
Sunne
or
Starre
to
be
Cap.
8.
found
,
is
either
when
they
are
in
the
Horizon
of
the
World
,
or
aboue
:
And
if
aboue
,
either
in
the
Meridian
,
or
without
.
When
the
Sunne
or
Starre
is
in
the
Meridian
,
take
by
some
Instrument
the
precise
height
of
them
:
After
,
place
the
Moueable
Meridian
in
the
Hemisphere
parallele
with
the
fixed
Meridian
,
toward
either
the
South
or
North
there
,
according
as
the
height
obserued
was
in
the
Meridian
of
the
Worlde
:
And
close
vnto
the
Moueable
Meridian
ioyne
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
:
Then
seeke
the
point
of
Declination
giuen
,
in
the
Moueable
Meridian
,
and
rayse
the
same
so
many
degrees
in
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
aboue
the
Horizon
of
the
Hemisphere
,
as
the
height
obserued
was
aboue
the
Horizon
of
the
World
.
So
shall
the
Pole
of
the
Hemisphere
haue
one
and
the
same
Eleuation
with
the
Pole
of
the
world
in
the
place
supposed
.
But
when
either
Sunne
or
Starre
is
in
the
Horizon
rising
or
setting
,
in
steade
of
obseruing
the
height
before
,
nowe
onely
take
the
distance
thereof
from
the
true
point
of
East
or
West
:
This
done
,
remembring
that
the
pinne
whereupon
the
Equator
cutteth
the
Horizon
in
the
Hemisphere
,
standeth
for
those
points
of
East
and
West
,
turne
the
Moueable
Meridian
to
or
fro
,
and
the
Deferent
with
the
Pole
therein
vp
or
downe
,
till
the
Declination
of
Sunne
or
Starre
noted
in
the
Moueable
Meridian
,
doe
exactly
agree
with
the
Horizon
,
at
such
a
distance
from
the
Pinne
aforesaid
,
as
by
your
obseruation
the
Sunne
or
Starre
did
differ
from
the
true
East
or
West
.
Then
shall
the
Pole
of
the
Hemisphere
shewe
you
the
Latitude
.
Lastly
if
the
Sunne
or
starre
be
eleuated
betweene
the
Meridian
and
the
Horizon
,
then
shall
you
neede
both
the
former
obseruations
,
the
one
of
height
,
the
other
of
distance
from
East
or
West
,
that
is
,
in
what
Azimuth
the
sunne
or
starre
is
,
or
as
the
seaman
termeth
it
,
vpon
what
point
or
part
of
the
Compasse
:
which
with
a
fit
Instrument
is
easie
to
be
perfourmed
.
And
for
that
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
expresseth
any
Azimuth
,
set
that
in
respect
of
the
Pinne
before
mentioned
,
according
to
the
distance
obserued
from
East
or
West
;
And
in
the
selfesame
semicircle
also
marke
the
height
obserued
:
whereunto
hauing
brought
the
Declination
in
the
Moueable
Meridian
,
you
shall
euer
finde
the
Pole
in
the
Hemisphere
of
equall
Eleuation
with
that
of
the
World
.
The
Latitude
being
giuen
,
and
the
Declination
,
to
finde
very
readily
by
the
Sunne
beame
without
any
helpe
of
the
Magneticall
Needle
,
the
houre
of
the
day
,
the
height
of
the
Sunne
,
and
the
true
point
of
the
Compas
whereon
the
Sunne
then
is
.
FOr
the
perfourming
of
this
Probleme
,
Cap.
9.
rayse
the
Pole
of
the
Hemisphere
agreeable
to
the
Latitude
or
Eleuation
giuen
:
and
place
the
Ruler
in
the
litle
zodiake
,
vpon
the
degree
of
the
sunnes
Declination
:
Then
moue
the
Moueable
Meridian
higher
or
lower
,
that
is
,
neerer
or
farther
from
the
fixed
Meridian
,
till
the
Sunne
beame
pearceth
through
both
the
sights
of
the
Ruler
:
So
shall
the
middle
edge
of
the
Moueable
Meridian
shewe
you
in
the
Semi-equator
the
the
iust
houre
Antemeridian
aboue
,
or
Pomeridian
vnderneath
it
.
And
if
beyond
the
full
houre
,
it
falleth
vpon
any
of
the
15.
degrees
betweene
,
multiplie
those
odde
degrees
by
4.
and
the
product
thereof
shall
be
horary
minutes
.
Afterwards
the
partes
of
the
Instrument
standing
still
without
any
alteration
,
apply
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
to
the
point
of
Declination
,
then
shall
the
portion
thereof
conteyned
betweene
that
Point
and
the
Horizon
,
discouer
the
true
height
of
the
Sunne
for
that
time
.
And
withall
the
selfe
same
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
in
the
Horizon
,
shall
exactly
declare
vpon
what
point
of
the
Compasse
the
Sunne
then
is
:
And
in
the
Equator
it
shall
further
shewe
vpon
what
point
of
the
Compasse
the
Sunne
truely
is
in
respect
of
the
Parallele
of
his
dayly
Reuolution
.
The
Latitude
and
Declination
being
giuen
,
and
the
Height
taken
by
any
other
Instrument
,
to
finde
the
residue
before
specified
any
time
of
the
Day
.
SVpposing
the
Pole
at
his
due
Eleuation
Cap.
10.
in
the
Hemisphere
,
and
the
Sunne
vpon
his
point
of
Declination
there
,
turne
the
moueable
Meridian
and
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
to
and
fro
,
till
the
height
obserued
in
this
,
doe
precisely
agree
with
the
point
of
Declination
in
that
:
Foorthwith
in
the
Semi-equator
the
Moueable
Meridian
telleth
you
the
houre
,
and
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
in
the
Horizon
,
makes
manifest
the
true
Point
of
the
Compasse
.
The
Latitude
being
giuen
together
with
the
Height
of
any
fixed
Starre
of
knowen
Declination
,
to
performe
all
the
former
any
time
of
the
Night
.
OBserue
first
the
height
of
the
Starre
aboue
Cap.
11.
the
Horizon
of
the
World
,
and
on
what
side
of
the
Meridian
it
is
,
whether
East
or
West
.
Set
then
the
Equator
in
the
Hemisphere
,
according
to
the
Latitude
giuen
:
And
hauing
marked
in
the
Moueable
Meridian
the
Declination
of
the
starre
,
whose
height
you
found
,
moue
that
Semicircle
with
the
point
of
the
stars
Declination
,
till
in
a
correspondent
Quarter
of
the
Hemisphere
,
to
that
which
it
possesseth
in
the
Heauens
,
the
starre
obteine
his
precise
equall
height
from
the
Horizon
:
which
is
soone
measured
(
as
before
we
declared
)
by
turning
the
Moueable
Meridian
and
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
to
and
fro
,
til
both
cut
eache
other
in
the
point
of
Declination
.
That
portion
of
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
,
comprehended
betweene
their
Intersection
and
the
Horizon
is
the
starres
height
:
And
immediatly
therewithal
appeares
vpon
what
point
of
the
Compasse
the
starre
is
:
Also
in
the
Semi-equator
the
moueable
Meridian
shewes
you
the
starres
houre
.
Howbeit
,
because
all
distinction
of
time
proceedeth
originally
from
the
Sunne
,
that
is
not
the
true
houre
of
the
Night
sought
for
;
but
an
other
must
be
found
by
the
distance
of
the
starre
from
the
Sunne
:
And
for
this
purpose
serueth
the
Zodiake
or
Circle
of
right
Ascensions
described
in
the
Deferent
.
Seeke
therefore
therein
the
place
of
your
starre
(
if
it
be
of
the
number
of
those
that
are
there
set
downe
)
otherwise
the
degree
of
your
starres
Coeli-mediation
;
which
by
the
helpe
of
the
Ruler
,
make
perfectly
to
agree
with
the
houre
of
the
starre
,
now
to
be
reckoned
in
the
Circle
of
houres
in
the
fixed
Meridian
:
Finally
,
keeping
the
said
Circle
of
right
Ascensions
in
this
sort
immoueable
,
looke
therein
for
the
place
or
degree
of
the
Sunne
for
that
Day
,
and
thither
mooue
the
Ruler
till
it
lie
directly
thereon
:
Then
shall
the
end
of
the
Ruler
in
the
Circle
of
houres
vpon
the
fixed
Meridian
,
shewe
you
the
true
houre
of
the
Night
required
.
The
Latitude
being
giuen
,
and
the
Declination
of
eyther
Sunne
or
Starre
,
to
finde
howe
long
they
appeare
aboue
the
Horizon
,
and
at
what
Point
they
rise
or
set
:
also
the
Amplitude
Orientall
.
SEt
the
Equator
of
the
Hemisphere
according
Cap.
12.
to
the
Latitude
giuen
,
and
apply
the
degree
of
Declination
to
the
Horizon
:
Afterwards
,
the
Instrument
thus
standing
,
note
vpon
what
houre
,
or
part
of
time
the
Moueable
Meridian
falleth
in
the
Equinoctiall
:
For
that
shal
be
the
precise
time
of
rising
,
to
be
numbred
in
the
houres
aboue
;
or
of
setting
,
in
those
vnderneath
:
And
the
Arke
of
the
Equator
,
conteyned
betweene
the
Moueable
and
fixed
Meridian
,
being
doubled
,
declareth
howe
long
either
sunne
or
starre
continueth
aboue
the
Horizon
.
Now
touching
the
Point
of
the
Compasse
,
it
doth
presently
offer
it selfe
,
to
be
seene
in
the
vtter
margen
of
the
Horizon
,
ouer-right
against
the
point
of
Rising
or
setting
aforesaid
.
From
which
point
to
the
Pinne
(
being
in
steade
of
the
true
East
or
West
)
the
degrees
conteyned
in
the
Horizon
,
represent
vnto
you
the
Amplitude
Orientall
or
Occidentall
.
By
the
Sunne-beame
to
drawe
redily
the
Meridian
line
,
and
to
finde
the
Variation
of
the
Compasse
.
FOr
more
speedie
and
certaine
operation
Cap.
13.
herein
,
if
the
Sunne
be
in
the
East
halfe
of
the
world
,
turne
the
face
of
the
Hemisphere
Eastward
;
if
in
the
West
halfe
,
then
Westward
;
altering
a
little
the
situation
of
the
Pole
,
and
consequently
of
the
Equinoctiall
,
that
the
Pole
and
semicircles
of
the
Instrument
,
may
agree
and
be
equidistant
vnto
those
of
like
denomination
in
the
Heauens
.
Then
hold
it
perpendicularly
vpon
or
ouer
any
flatte
and
smooth
superficies
,
lying
parallele
or
euen
with
the
Horizon
of
the
world
:
and
that
directly
toward
the
Sunne
,
that
the
beame
thereof
passing
through
both
the
sights
,
may
shewe
the
exact
minute
of
time
.
Nowe
sith
the
fixed
Meridian
of
the
Hemisphere
is
in
the
Meridian
of
the
world
,
the
foote
of
the
Hemispheres
said
Meridian
must
needes
be
so
likewise
.
Drawe
therefore
either
by
direction
of
the
foote
it selfe
,
or
of
the
shadowe
of
it
,
a
straight
line
,
and
produce
it
in
length
as
you
thinke
expedient
.
This
shall
be
the
Meridian
line
required
,
with
his
two
extreames
pointing
out
the
true
South
and
North
:
whereunto
if
you
drawe
a
perpendicular
crossing
it
,
that
shall
be
the
Line
of
the
true
East
and
West
.
The
variation
is
thus
knowen
:
when
the
houre
is
found
(
as
immediatly
before
you
haue
heard
)
at
that
instant
turne
your
eye
aside
toward
the
Backe
of
the
Instrument
,
and
marke
what
Angle
the
Needle
of
the
Compas
maketh
with
the
line
of
North
&
South
vnderneath
it
:
For
this
Line
being
by
the
structure
of
the
Instrument
equidistant
to
the
fixed
Meridian
of
it
,
is
vnderstood
to
be
in
the
great
Meridian
of
the
world
▪
as
the
fixed
Meridian
is
▪
And
therefore
looke
howe
much
the
Needle
swarueth
from
the
same
Line
,
so
much
it
declineth
from
the
true
Meridian
.
The
quantitie
of
which
declining
(
being
nothing
else
but
the
Variation
)
is
foorthwith
made
manifest
by
the
degrees
of
the
Circles
circumference
vnderneath
,
conteyned
betweene
that
Line
,
and
the
end
of
the
Needle
.
To
finde
when
the
Twylight
begin
beginneth
,
and
howe
long
it
continueth
.
THE
Sunnes
depression
vnder
the
Horizon
,
Cap.
14.
may
soone
be
knowen
by
the
manner
of
finding
the
height
thereof
aboue
:
And
thereunto
belongeth
this
obseruation
of
the
Twylight
:
The
beginning
whereof
in
the
Morning
,
and
ende
in
the
Euening
,
is
commonly
supposed
to
be
,
when
the
Sunne
in
a
Verticall
Circle
is
by
the
space
of
〈◊〉
vnder
our
Horizon
.
Moue
therefore
the
Moueable
Meridian
,
and
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
both
together
towarde
the
North
part
of
the
Horizon
(
the
Pole
before
being
raysed
accordingly
)
till
the
point
of
the
Sunnes
declination
and
the
end
of
18.
degrees
,
being
reckoned
from
the
Horison
downeward
in
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
,
doe
meete
ioyntly
in
one
:
And
straightway
note
what
houre
the
Moueable
Meridian
lighteth
on
in
the
Equator
:
for
that
is
the
time
when
the
Twylight
beginneth
in
the
Morning
,
if
you
looke
on
the
vpper
side
of
the
Equator
,
and
endeth
at
night
,
if
on
the
nether
side
:
Againe
turne
the
Moueable
Meridian
with
the
declination
or
place
of
the
Sunne
in
it
,
till
it
be
iust
in
the
Horizon
,
and
foorthwith
see
what
houre
it
sheweth
in
the
Equator
:
That
segment
of
the
Equator
which
is
comprehended
betweene
this
point
of
time
and
the
former
,
declares
the
quantitie
or
continuance
of
the
Twylight
.
The
true
measuring
of
any
distance
vpon
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
.
THe
Geographicall
measuring
of
mightie
Cap.
15.
Distances
vpon
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
,
is
a
thing
not
onely
of
marueilous
pleasure
for
knowledge
,
but
of
singuler
commoditie
for
practise
,
seruing
to
many
excellent
purposes
both
bysea
and
land
.
And
although
the
Computation
Arithmeticall
,
vsed
herein
by
the
learned
,
&
grounded
vpon
the
doctrine
of
Sphericall
Triangles
,
is
absolute
and
exquisite
,
yet
is
the
deducing
thereof
(
especially
when
Places
differ
in
Longitude
and
Latitude
)
not
voide
of
great
obscuritie
;
and
the
operation
,
both
by
reason
of
so
many
multiplications
,
diuisions
,
yea
and
extractions
of
rootes
,
exceeding
tedious
;
and
for
the
slipperie
mistaking
or
omitting
now
and
then
of
but
one
poore
little
figure
(
which
may
soone
fall
out
)
somewhat
doubtfull
and
hazardous
.
In
regardwherof
the
Globe
hath
euer
,
not
without
due
desert
,
beene
admired
as
a
principall
necessarie
Instrument
for
the
readinesse
,
certainetie
,
and
eminent
perspicuitie
of
demonstration
.
In
which
very
respects
,
present
triall
shall
prooue
this
Instrument
,
the
Hemisphere
,
to
be
nothing
inferiour
to
the
Globe
it selfe
.
But
to
come
to
the
purpose
,
because
that
vpon
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
,
the
true
distance
of
one
place
from
an
other
must
bee
measured
by
the
shortest
line
that
may
be
drawen
from
this
vnto
that
;
and
the
shortest
of
all
other
that
there
possibly
can
be
described
,
is
alwayes
the
portion
of
a
great
Circle
;
Therefore
by
it
,
and
by
none
other
,
all
exact
Geographicall
mensuration
ought
to
be
made
.
Againe
,
sithe
the
Hemisphere
consisteth
of
nothing
else
but
great
Circles
,
being
diuided
all
of
them
into
their
degrees
,
and
moueable
in
such
sort
,
that
any
maner
situation
may
precisely
by
them
be
represented
,
no
doubt
can
remaine
of
the
sufficiencie
of
this
Instrument
for
the
perfect
perfourming
of
this
Proposition
.
The
diuersities
of
situation
of
one
place
in
respect
of
an
other
,
are
three
in
generall
:
For
either
haue
they
one
and
the
same
Meridian
,
though
not
one
Parallele
;
and
these
are
from
the
West
and
East
of
equall
distance
,
but
vnequall
from
the
Equator
,
and
differ
therefore
onely
in
Latitude
:
or
els
haue
one
Parallele
,
and
a
diuerse
Meridian
,
and
these
are
of
vnequall
distance
from
West
and
East
,
but
equall
from
the
Equator
,
differing
only
in
Longitude
:
or
finally
haue
a
diuerse
both
Meridian
&
Parallele
,
and
therefore
differ
accordingly
both
in
Longitude
and
Latitude
.
Places
of
the
first
situation
are
most
easily
measured
without
any
Instrument
at
all
.
For
the
two
seuerall
Latitudes
of
either
being
giuen
,
whereof
alwayes
the
one
must
needes
be
greater
,
the
other
lesse
;
subtrahe
this
from
that
,
and
the
remainder
shall
be
the
distance
betweene
both
places
in
the
degrees
of
a
great
Circle
:
which
,
according
to
the
common
supposition
of
60.
miles
English
answerable
to
one
degree
,
may
soone
be
conuerted
into
myles
.
Distances
of
the
second
sort
,
such
I
meane
as
are
vnder
any
Parallele
without
the
Equator
(
for
there
the
operation
is
all
one
with
the
former
,
because
it
is
a
great
Circle
like
the
Meridian
)
are
not
altogether
of
the
readiest
to
be
found
by
other
wayes
,
but
most
easie
and
ready
with
helpe
of
the
Hemisphere
.
For
the
doing
whereof
,
you
are
to
suppose
the
fixed
Meridian
of
the
Instrument
,
to
be
the
Meridian
also
of
either
of
the
two
places
,
whose
distance
you
seeke
:
Likewise
the
Zenith
of
the
Instrument
to
be
the
Zenith
of
the
same
place
,
or
rather
that
very
place
in
deede
.
Then
bring
the
Equator
of
the
Instrument
,
and
set
it
at
such
a
distance
from
the
Zenith
aforesaide
,
as
doth
exactly
agree
with
the
Latitude
of
your
first
place
:
So
shall
the
Pole
haue
his
true
situation
in
respect
of
the
sa
de
former
place
;
And
the
Moueable
Meridian
issuing
from
it
,
shal
be
in
power
any
Meridian
,
that
can
be
drawen
from
the
one
Pole
of
the
world
to
the
other
,
according
to
any
Longitude
in
the
Equator
assigned
.
Number
therefore
from
the
fixed
Meridian
in
the
Semi-equator
,
(
remaining
,
as
before
it
was
placed
immoueable
)
the
difference
of
Longitude
betweene
both
places
,
and
at
the
end
thereof
fasten
the
Moueable
Meridian
:
This
then
shall
be
the
Meridian
of
the
second
place
:
In
which
reckoning
from
the
Equator
toward
the
Pole
the
Latitude
knowen
,
you
shall
take
the
extreame
point
thereof
for
the
true
Zenith
of
the
second
place
.
Last
of
all
moue
the
semicircle
of
Altitudes
(
nowe
it
may
be
called
of
Mensurations
,
being
in
power
any
great
Circle
that
may
bee
drawen
from
Zenith
to
Zenith
)
till
in
the
Moueable
Meridian
it
precisely
lighteth
vpon
the
Zenith
of
the
second
place
.
The
degrees
of
this
portion
of
that
semicircle
conteyned
betweene
the
two
Zenithes
,
is
the
exact
distance
sought
for
.
Here
it
is
to
be
obserued
,
that
if
the
places
be
separated
one
from
an
other
,
not
by
the
segment
of
a
Parallele
,
but
by
the
one
halfe
thereof
,
then
are
both
their
Zenithes
in
one
Meridian
,
and
the
Pole
in
the
middle
:
so
that
the
space
betweene
both
zenithes
,
and
the
Pole
being
doubled
,
shall
yeelde
the
distance
demanded
.
And
this
is
the
greatest
direct
distance
that
can
be
of
places
vnder
one
Parallele
.
It
remaineth
,
that
we
speake
of
the
third
sort
of
places
,
differing
both
in
Longitude
&
Latitude
.
The
finding
of
whose
distance
is
a
matter
intricate
and
laborious
otherwise
,
and
yet
often
,
yea
most
commonly
occurring
:
which
if
by
the
Hemisphere
,
with
all
demonstratiue
certaintie
,
it
shal
be
no
more
hard
to
finde
,
nor
lesse
ready
to
followe
,
then
the
wide
beaten
high
way
,
my
good
hope
is
,
that
the
better
opinion
wil
be
conceaued
of
so
faithfull
a
guide
.
To
be
plaine
therefore
and
short
:
He
that
knoweth
the
former
kind
of
operation
,
cannot
be
ignorant
of
this
,
being
both
one
in
effect
.
For
setting
the
Semi-equator
so
farre
from
the
zenith
of
the
Instrument
vpon
the
fixed
Meridian
,
as
is
the
Latitude
of
one
of
the
places
;
And
fastening
the
Moueable
Meridian
,
so
farre
likewise
from
the
fixed
vpon
the
Equator
,
as
is
the
Difference
of
Longitude
betweene
both
places
(
which
is
soone
knowen
by
abating
the
lesse
Longitude
out
of
the
greater
:
)
Afterward
,
when
in
the
Moueable
Meridian
,
aboue
,
beneath
,
or
iust
in
the
Equator
(
if
it
so
happen
)
the
zenith
of
the
other
place
is
truely
noted
according
to
the
Latitude
thereof
,
apply
thereunto
the
Semi-circle
of
Altitudes
,
or
Mensurations
:
And
his
portion
comprehended
betweene
both
zenithes
,
shall
in
the
partes
of
a
great
Circle
,
make
manifest
the
exact
distance
required
.
Moreouer
,
if
you
desire
to
knowe
howe
the
one
of
those
places
beareth
from
the
other
:
The
Semicircle
of
Mensurations
still
remaining
,
as
before
it
was
situated
for
finding
the
distance
,
obserue
in
the
Horison
vpon
what
point
of
the
Compasse
it
falleth
:
for
that
sheweth
the
true
bearing
of
the
places
proposed
the
one
from
the
other
.
The
Longitude
and
Latitude
of
any
two
Starres
being
knowen
without
any
other
Obseruation
to
finde
the
Distance
of
the
one
from
the
other
in
the
Heauens
.
THat
which
hitherto
hath
beene
spoken
Cap.
16.
for
the
finding
of
Distances
betweene
place
&
place
vpon
the
out-face
of
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
beneath
,
may
serue
aswell
for
obseruing
of
them
betweene
Starre
and
Starre
in
the
Sphere
of
the
Heauens
aboue
;
with
the
Longitude
and
Latitude
here
to
be
giuen
in
respect
of
the
zodiake
,
like
as
there
it
was
and
is
alwayes
to
be
considered
in
regard
of
the
Equator
.
And
albeit
I
knowe
it
would
haue
beene
more
agreeable
with
the
suite
of
our
discourse
to
haue
handled
this
matter
before
,
yet
considering
the
neere
affinitie
,
or
rather
identitie
and
selfesamenes
of
these
two
operations
,
I
thought
it
best
to
ioyne
them
close
together
.
Suppose
therefore
the
Equator
of
the
Hemisphere
to
be
the
zodiake
,
then
shall
the
Pole
thereof
be
the
Pole
of
the
zodiake
:
The
fixed
Meridian
shall
be
one
Circle
of
Longitudes
,
and
the
Moueable
Meridian
any
other
of
the
same
sort
:
And
euery
degree
of
the
Moueable
Meridian
,
shal
be
the
Intersection
of
any
Parallele
defining
the
Latitude
either
Septentrionall
or
Austrine
,
and
therefore
the
place
of
one
of
the
Starres
proposed
:
The
other
starre
shall
be
in
the
zenith
of
the
Instrument
:
And
finally
(
as
before
)
the
Semicircle
of
Altitudes
shall
serue
for
Mensurations
.
Nowe
then
according
to
the
Latitude
of
one
of
the
starres
(
which
for
distinctions
sake
I
call
the
first
)
remoue
the
Equator
(
now
the
zodiake
)
from
the
zenith
of
the
Instrument
(
now
that
first
starre
)
And
the
zodiake
thus
standing
immoueable
,
number
therein
from
the
fixed
Meridian
,
the
degrees
of
the
difference
of
Longitude
,
and
at
the
end
thereof
fasten
the
Moueable
Meridian
:
In
which
Semicircle
beginning
from
the
Zodiak
,
reckon
the
Latitude
of
the
second
starre
either
vpward
or
downeward
,
as
it
is
either
Septentrionall
or
Austrine
:
And
vnto
the
ende
thereof
,
being
the
true
place
of
that
second
starre
,
fitte
the
Semicircle
of
Mensurations
aforesaid
:
So
shall
that
portion
of
it
,
which
is
intercepted
betweene
both
points
,
be
the
precise
distance
in
the
heauens
betweene
the
two
starres
demaunded
.
And
of
the
Hemisphere
thus
much
.
Hereunto
might
Cap.
17.
I
haue
added
the
doctrine
of
right
and
oblique
Ascensions
,
together
with
Dialling
and
other
matters
Gnomonicall
:
But
because
the
fruite
and
vse
of
the
doctrine
of
Ascensions
consisteth
in
the
measuring
of
the
true
quantitie
of
time
,
whereof
you
haue
before
sufficiently
heard
;
I
thought
it
not
expedient
any
further
to
enlarge
this
Treatise
therewith
:
The
rather
,
considering
my
principal
purpose
,
namely
the
Seamans
Commoditie
;
who
little
needeth
that
doctrine
:
and
Dialling
lesse
then
that
.
Yet
whoso
desireth
to
be
doing
in
both
of
them
,
shall
by
that
which
hitherto
hath
beene
deliuered
&
diligent
practise
withall
,
finde
the
Hemisphere
very
able
to
satisfie
his
desire
.
And
not
onely
so
,
but
to
minister
vnto
him
many
rare
and
goodly
conclusions
of
further
inuention
.
Among
which
I
earnestly
wish
that
chiefe
secret
of
Nauigation
,
the
sayling
,
I
meane
,
by
a
great
Circle
,
to
be
alwayes
principally
remembred
:
Not
doubting
,
but
this
Instrument
(
if
any
other
)
will
proue
a
most
apt
and
seruiceable
one
for
that
purpose
:
which
knowledge
,
because
it
requireth
long
,
learned
,
and
very
painefull
experience
,
ioyned
with
singular
dexteritie
,
I
willingly
leaue
vnto
those
that
make
speciall
profession
of
that
Art
.
The
description
and
vse
of
a
Trauerse
Boord
,
seruing
readily
to
set
downe
the
Shippes
way
,
according
to
the
vsuall
accompt
,
and
at
all
times
to
pricke
in
the
Card
accordingly
,
the
true
place
that
she
commeth
vnto
.
LEt
there
be
a
Table
prepared
after
the
Cap.
1.
forme
of
a
long
square
,
of
16.
inches
in
length
,
and
12.
in
breadth
,
or
else
20.
long
,
and
16.
broade
,
(
as
you
thinke
good
,
more
or
lesse
)
plaine
and
smooth
,
with
Angles
precisely
right
;
and
hauing
a
square
border
inclosing
it
to
keepe
downe
a
sheete
of
Paper
,
like
as
Surueying
tables
haue
.
Diuide
the
foure
sides
of
the
border
into
equall
diuisions
of
8.
vnto
an
ynche
,
or
any
other
,
(
as
may
be
most
conuenient
)
reaching
all
a
long
the
inner
side
of
the
square
,
and
number
them
by
fiues
,
the
figures
of
euery
side
being
twise
set
downe
to
be
reckoned
both
wayes
(
as
occasion
shall
serue
.
)
Againe
,
subdiuide
euery
of
those
diuisions
by
two
prickes
into
3.
partes
,
not
adding
any
numbers
.
If
these
diuisions
be
wrought
vpon
Latten
plates
being
laide
on
&
riuetted
to
the
Border
,
it
wil
be
a
great
deale
the
fairer
.
Your
Table
thus
finished
,
you
must
prouide
a
Ruler
and
a
Quadrant
,
as
necessarie
furniture
belonging
thereunto
.
Let
the
Ruler
be
as
long
as
the
Diagoniall
line
of
your
square
,
that
is
,
reaching
athwart
from
corner
to
corner
,
hauing
the
oneside
handsomely
abated
,
and
both
sides
perfectly
diuided
from
within
halfe
an
ynch
of
one
ende
throughout
,
into
the
very
same
diuisions
wherewith
the
Border
was
parted
,
with
his
numbers
also
redoubled
and
(
as
that
)
both
wayes
to
bee
accompted
in
such
sort
,
that
the
diuisions
bee
drawen
downe
to
the
lowermost
edge
of
the
sides
of
the
Ruler
,
that
lieth
close
on
the
Table
.
The
Quadrant
is
best
of
Latten
,
with
his
semidiameter
of
3.
or
4.
ynches
(
more
or
lesse
)
somewhat
thinne
,
hauing
al
the
middle
of
his
substance
cut
away
,
saue
about
a
quarter
of
an
ynch
breadth
reserued
for
his
Circular
limbe
,
&
there
about
also
for
the
breadth
of
his
two
right
sides
.
Diuide
the
limbe
into
ordinarie
points
of
the
Compasse
,
expressing
them
in
siphers
1.
2.
3.
&c.
Let
those
numbers
be
twise
set
downe
to
be
reckoned
forward
&
backward
,
and
betweene
euery
Point
let
there
be
halfes
and
quarters
.
All
which
parts
(
as
before
in
the
Ruler
)
must
be
produced
to
the
neathermost
edge
of
the
limbe
.
Diuide
also
the
two
outsides
of
the
Quadrant
into
such
diuisions
as
the
Ruler
hath
,
so
farre
as
they
will
reach
,
placing
the
numbers
along
from
the
Center-corner
,
to
the
meeting
of
the
sides
with
the
limbe
,
and
drawing
those
diuisions
likewise
to
the
lowermost
edge
of
the
sides
.
Nowe
must
you
consider
,
that
the
Nauigator
hath
three
helpes
to
finde
out
the
place
of
his
Ship
,
that
he
may
set
downe
the
pricke
thereof
vpon
his
Carde
,
viz.
-
1.
The
Angle
,
on
which
the
Ship
maketh
her
way
:
which
is
giuen
by
the
Compasse
.
-
2.
The
quantitie
of
the
Ships
way
,
to
wit
,
howe
many
leagues
she
sayleth
in
an
houre
,
or
a
watche
:
which
they
terme
the
dead
reckoning
,
and
is
learned
by
often
experience
.
-
3.
The
Latitude
,
taken
by
obseruation
with
Mathematicall
Instruments
.
Any
two
of
these
being
giuen
,
this
Instrument
maketh
the
third
manifest
,
and
giueth
the
pricke
in
the
Carde
very
readily
.
Except
it
so
be
,
that
the
Ship
doth
runne
vpon
the
Points
of
East
or
West
:
for
then
all
three
are
necessarily
required
.
You
are
further
here
to
note
,
that
the
place
from
whence
any
course
is
begun
,
is
called
a
Radicall
place
:
And
so
is
euery
place
in
the
proceeding
of
the
voyage
named
,
whereof
the
Nauigator
either
by
his
owne
,
or
by
other
mens
practise
,
hath
learned
the
true
situation
.
And
nowe
to
approch
vnto
the
vse
,
spread
a
sheete
of
large
papervpō
the
Table
,
fastening
it
with
the
Border
placed
thereon
,
to
keepe
it
euen
and
smoothe
:
And
set
a
Flower
de
luce
,
or
any
other
note
,
for
the
North
,
hard
by
the
edge
of
any
one
of
the
sides
(
which
your
course
shall
shewe
to
be
most
conuenient
)
about
the
middle
thereof
.
That
one
marke
is
sufficient
to
determine
all
the
other
sides
,
towards
which
of
the
4.
principall
windes
they
doe
beare
:
for
his
opposite
must
needes
be
South
,
and
the
other
two
East
and
West
.
So
that
the
diuisions
in
the
sides
of
East
and
West
,
doe
al
of
them
in
power
represent
so
many
Paralleles
:
and
those
of
North
and
South
in
like
maner
so
many
Meridians
.
The
vse
of
the
Trauerse
Boorde
.
FIrst
of
all
marke
by
the
viewe
of
your
Cap.
2
Notes
of
the
Ships
way
&
course
,
whether
it
be
Northerly
or
Southerly
from
the
Radicall
place
,
and
likewise
whether
Eastwards
or
Westwards
:
and
according
to
discretion
set
your
Flower
de
luce
,
as
may
best
fitte
the
way
of
your
course
.
And
therefore
if
it
be
most
South
or
North
,
let
the
longer
sides
of
your
Table
stand
in
steade
of
those
partes
:
if
it
be
East
or
West
,
then
name
the
sides
accordingly
.
For
example
,
if
it
be
Eastwards
Northerly
,
set
downe
a
pricke
betokening
your
Radicall
place
vpon
the
West
end
of
the
South
side
:
if
it
be
any
other
way
,
set
downe
your
pricke
as
may
be
answerable
thereunto
:
and
placing
your
Ruler
square
vpon
equal
diuisions
in
the
sides
East
&
West
,
with
the
edge
thereof
touching
the
said
Pricke
,
drawe
a
line
representing
the
Parallele
of
the
Ships
Radicall
place
,
and
hard
by
the
point
or
pricke
of
your
Radicall
place
,
note
the
Latitude
there
of
in
degrees
and
minutes
:
Then
set
the
Center
corner
of
your
Quadrant
vnto
the
Radicall
point
,
eleuating
the
limbe
of
the
Quadrant
aboue
the
Parallele
,
according
to
the
quantitie
of
that
Angle
,
whereon
the
Ship
made
her
first
way
,
and
reckoning
in
the
edge
of
the
Quadrant
the
leagues
of
the
Ships
way
,
at
the
ende
thereof
make
a
pricke
as
close
vnto
the
edge
as
may
be
.
Lastly
fastening
your
Ruler
directly
vpon
the
pricke
,
and
square
with
the
sides
of
East
and
West
,
drawe
a
line
,
which
shal
serue
for
the
Parallele
that
the
Ship
at
that
instant
is
in
.
And
this
order
of
working
must
from
time
to
time
be
iterated
,
till
at
length
opportunitie
be
offered
by
your
Instruments
Mathematicall
to
make
an
obseruation
of
Latitude
.
But
if
it
so
fall
out
,
that
the
Shippes
way
doe
conteyne
moe
leagues
,
then
there
are
diuisions
in
the
side
of
the
Quadrant
,
then
applying
either
side
of
the
Ruler
close
vnto
the
edge
of
the
Quadrant
,
by
that
meanes
you
may
pricke
downe
the
number
.
Hauing
vpon
shift
of
windes
(
as
it
happeneth
)
made
diuerse
Trauerses
,
if
you
desire
to
knowe
howe
the
place
your
Ship
is
in
beareth
from
your
Radicall
place
(
which
is
called
the
Angle
of
position
)
and
likewise
the
distance
from
it
,
as
also
the
Latitude
,
together
with
the
Difference
of
Longitude
(
when
you
haue
made
as
yet
no
obseruation
)
doe
after
this
sort
.
Set
the
one
end
of
your
Ruler
where
the
numbers
doe
beginne
to
the
Radicall
point
,
and
directing
the
other
end
towards
the
pricke
of
your
Ships
last
place
,
cause
the
edge
to
lie
iust
&
euen
vpon
it
:
Then
reckon
howe
many
diuisions
you
do
finde
betweene
the
two
points
,
and
so
many
leagues
distance
there
is
.
If
it
fall
not
full
vpon
a
diuision
,
but
vpon
one
of
those
pricks
betweene
,
they
signifie
English
miles
.
Looke
howe
many
diuisions
are
conteyned
betweene
the
two
Paralleles
,
the
one
of
the
ships
Radicall
place
,
and
the
other
of
her
last
place
,
euery
twentie
of
those
doe
make
a
degree
;
euery
seuerall
diuision
,
3.
minutes
;
and
euery
pricke
one
minute
.
Moreouer
as
occasion
serueth
,
you
may
accompt
4.
or
5.
diuisions
for
a
league
,
or
more
,
or
lesse
:
yea
euery
pricke
for
a
league
,
if
you
finde
it
requisite
,
as
experience
in
diuers
shiftes
of
windes
will
shewe
you
to
be
most
conuenient
.
To
knowe
howe
much
the
Ships
last
place
doeth
differ
from
his
Radicall
place
in
Longitude
:
also
the
Angle
of
Position
.
SEt
the
Ruler
square
North
and
South
,
Cap.
3.
so
that
the
Radicall
place
may
touche
the
side
thereof
,
marking
what
diuisions
the
Ruler
doeth
cut
in
the
North
and
Southsides
.
Againe
,
set
the
Ruler
in
like
maner
square
,
touching
the
point
of
the
Ships
last
place
:
the
number
of
partes
conteyned
betweene
those
two
places
of
the
Ruler
in
either
of
the
two
sides
North
or
South
,
is
the
difference
of
Longitude
.
If
the
ships
last
place
from
the
Radicall
be
Easterly
,
the
Longitude
is
so
much
encreased
:
if
Westerly
,
it
is
lessened
.
Alwayes
haue
you
respect
to
the
Meridian
,
from
whence
Longitudes
doe
beginne
to
be
reckoned
,
that
you
may
expresse
the
number
answerable
thereunto
.
Moreouer
place
your
Ruler
where
the
numbers
begin
,
at
the
Radicall
point
,
and
the
side
thereof
vpon
the
point
of
the
Ships
last
place
:
Then
apply
the
Center
corner
of
the
Quadrant
vnto
the
Radicall
point
(
the
Ruler
still
keeping
his
place
)
in
such
sort
,
that
the
side
of
the
Quadrant
doe
lie
euen
with
the
Ruler
:
Looke
howe
much
of
the
eleuated
limbe
aboue
the
Parallele
,
the
Parallele
it selfe
cutteth
off
,
that
is
the
Angle
of
Position
vpon
which
the
last
place
of
the
Ship
doeth
beare
from
the
Radicall
places
.
But
whenso
euer
you
haue
opportunitie
to
obserue
the
Latitude
,
drawe
your
Parallele
vpon
the
Trauerse
boorde
according
thereunto
:
and
where
the
line
of
the
Ships
course
doeth
crosse
the
Parallele
,
you
must
conclude
that
to
be
the
place
which
your
ship
was
in
at
the
time
of
your
obseruation
,
correcting
by
that
meanes
the
other
Parallele
and
distance
taken
by
the
dead
reckoning
,
so
farre
forth
as
it
doth
differ
from
this
.
For
of
those
three
helpes
before
specified
,
the
Latitude
is
only
certaine
:
The
Angle
of
the
Ships
way
is
reasonable
good
:
but
the
dead
reckoning
is
an
vncertaine
ghesse
;
And
if
you
please
to
call
it
a
probable
coniecture
,
you
shal
grace
it
with
the
vttermost
:
notwithstanding
it
is
admitted
into
Art
for
want
of
better
helpes
.
In
considering
the
Angle
of
the
Ships
way
,
by
all
meanes
you
must
haue
carefull
regard
both
vnto
the
Set
,
and
the
Variation
of
your
Compasse
.
Otherwise
,
assure
your selfe
,
you
shall
make
but
wide
reckonings
.
I
haue
knowen
a
very
expert
Nauigator
,
that
making
his
reckoning
without
regard
of
the
Variation
(
which
for
all
that
he
obserued
,
though
he
did
not
reckon
by
it
)
ouershot
the
way
of
his
Ship
70.
leagues
,
in
a
voyage
not
of
so
farre
distance
as
hence
to
Cape
Verde
.
Whereas
casting
ouer
his
reckoning
with
due
respect
of
his
Variation
,
he
made
a
perfect
good
accompt
of
of
the
very
same
voyage
.
Hauing
found
the
place
of
your
Ship
in
the
Trauerse-boorde
,
howe
to
pricke
it
in
your
Carde
.
FOr
the
conclusions
to
be
performed
vpon
Cap.
4.
your
Carde
,
it
is
requisite
,
that
you
haue
a
Ruler
of
some
fine
wood
made
very
thinne
,
of
an
inche
&
a
halfe
broad
,
and
of
sufficient
length
:
also
a
Quadrant
like
vnto
the
former
,
sauing
that
his
two
sides
must
haue
their
diuisions
agreeable
to
the
Scale
of
leagues
expressed
in
your
Carde
:
and
finally
2.
paire
of
Compasses
.
Being
furnished
with
these
,
seeke
out
your
Radicall
place
from
whence
you
did
proceede
:
Apply
the
Center-corner
of
your
Quadrant
vnto
it
,
his
limbe
,
respecting
the
way
answerable
to
the
Angle
of
position
in
your
Trauerse-boorde
.
Set
one
foote
of
your
Compasse
vpon
any
Parallele
of
conuenient
distance
from
it
(
on
which
side
it
skilleth
not
)
reaching
the
other
precisely
vnto
it
in
the
nearest
distance
.
Then
remoue
one
foote
vpon
that
Parallele
,
the
other
keeping
his
scantling
,
vntill
the
diuision
of
the
Angle
of
Position
in
the
limbe
,
&
the
point
of
the
other
foote
doe
meete
exactly
together
,
the
Center-corner
stil
abiding
in
his
place
,
but
mouing
the
limbe
to
or
fro
,
and
likewise
the
Compas
(
as
before
I
specified
)
til
they
meete
.
Last
of
all
,
reckon
from
the
Center-corner
your
obserued
number
of
leagues
vpon
the
side
of
the
Quadrant
,
&
there
set
downe
a
pricke
or
note
for
the
place
of
your
Ship
.
So
shal
the
Radicall
angle
of
Position
be
limitted
by
the
other
foote
of
the
Compasse
in
the
limbe
;
&
the
quantitie
of
the
way
that
the
Ship
hath
made
,
by
that
pricke
in
the
side
of
the
Quadrant
.
Though
you
haue
not
any
Quadrant
with
his
sides
diuided
according
to
your
Carde
,
but
onely
that
which
you
vsed
for
the
Trauerse
Boorde
,
and
also
the
same
Ruler
:
howe
to
performe
all
this
with
the
helpe
of
two
paire
of
Compasses
.
SEarche
in
the
Carde
your
Radical
place
Cap.
5.
from
whence
you
did
proceede
,
and
apply
the
Center-corner
of
your
Quadrant
vnto
it
,
the
limbe
thereof
respecting
the
way
answerable
to
the
Angle
of
Position
in
your
Trauerse-boord
:
After
this
,
with
the
one
paire
of
your
Compasses
take
the
shortest
distance
from
your
Radicall
place
to
some
one
Parallele
or
other
,
as
you
may
conueniently
:
and
with
the
other
paire
,
take
the
distance
in
leagues
,
according
to
the
Scale
of
the
Carde
.
Remooue
the
limbe
(
the
Center
corner
keeping
his
place
)
to
&
fro
,
and
also
the
Compasse
(
keeping
still
his
scantling
)
with
the
one
foote
a
long
the
Parallele
,
till
the
other
foote
,
and
the
diuision
agreeable
to
the
foresaid
Angle
,
doe
meete
together
.
The
Quadrant
remaining
in
that
place
,
let
your
other
Compasses
(
being
extended
according
to
the
number
of
leagues
found
out
by
your
Trauerse-boorde
,
but
answerable
to
the
quantities
of
them
which
are
described
in
the
Scale
of
your
Carde
)
haue
one
foote
set
vpon
the
Radicall
place
,
the
other
along
the
side
of
your
Quadrant
,
marking
it
with
a
pricke
or
some
other
note
,
for
the
place
of
your
Ship
.
And
after
this
maner
may
you
finde
howe
any
one
place
in
your
Carde
doeth
beare
from
any
other
,
hauing
regard
vnto
that
which
hath
bin
before
declared
.
Being
in
a
Ship
at
Sea
,
to
knowe
any
places
in
your
Carde
(
that
are
within
your
kenning
)
how
farre
they
are
from
you
.
SEt
any
two
of
them
by
your
Compasse
,
Cap.
6.
(
so
that
they
be
not
in
one
right
line
)
and
obserue
according
to
what
Angle
of
Position
they
doe
beare
from
you
;
thereby
collecting
howe
you
also
beare
from
them
.
Then
place
your
Quadrant
vpon
one
of
them
,
agreable
to
his
Angle
(
as
before
hath
beene
taught
)
and
lay
a
Ruler
to
the
side
of
the
Quadrant
that
pointeth
out
the
Angle
.
That
Ruler
so
remaining
,
remoue
the
Quadrant
vnto
the
other
place
,
giuing
it
the
quantitie
of
that
Angle
:
and
placing
a
Ruler
likewise
close
vnto
the
side
of
the
Quadrant
which
pointeth
out
the
Angle
,
thrust
this
Ruler
directly
forward
along
that
side
of
the
Quadrant
,
till
his
corner
doeth
touche
the
edge
of
the
other
Ruler
:
where
the
touche
is
,
set
downe
a
marke
,
signifying
the
place
of
the
Ship
.
And
then
measure
by
the
Scale
of
your
Carde
,
howe
farre
that
marke
is
from
either
of
those
places
:
so
haue
you
the
distance
desired
.
All
these
Conclusions
of
the
Trauerse
▪
boord
may
be
performed
(
with
a
little
more
paines
)
by
the
helpe
of
the
afore
mentioned
Quadrant
and
Ruler
vpon
a
faire
sheete
of
large
paper
,
hauing
only
a
plaine
Square
consisting
of
foure
straight
lines
meeting
at
right
Angles
,
without
any
diuisions
at
all
:
for
all
the
diuisions
aboue
mentioned
,
the
Ruler
applied
to
those
lines
will
presently
supply
.
And
when
your
operation
groweth
so
large
,
that
it
surpasseth
any
side
of
the
Square
,
you
may
easily
paste
on
the
Square
of
an
other
sheete
of
paper
,
and
so
ioyne
both
squares
together
,
that
your
line
of
the
second
become
all
one
with
that
of
the
first
.
And
thus
may
your
worke
be
continued
for
the
tracing
out
of
any
whole
voyage
,
not
omitting
any
Trauerse
,
and
noting
(
if
you
thinke
good
)
whatsoeuer
accident
you
shall
iudge
to
be
needefull
.
It
is
conuenient
to
haue
two
of
those
Quadrants
,
the
one
of
5.
or
6.
ynches
semidiameter
,
and
the
other
scarce
halfe
so
large
:
The
greater
for
the
Trauerse-boord
will
be
the
more
commodious
,
and
the
other
for
the
Carde
.
Howe
to
describe
the
Spirall
line
of
a
Shippes
course
.
WIth
a
quadrant
of
this
fashion
it
is
a
very
Cap.
7.
easie
matter
to
describe
the
spirall
line
of
a
shippes
course
,
from
any
knowen
Longitude
and
Latitude
,
after
this
sort
.
The
Meridians
and
Paralleles
first
supposed
to
be
drawen
as
the
spirall
Carde
requireth
,
set
the
Center-corner
of
your
Quadrant
vpon
that
point
where
the
Meridian
and
Parallele
of
the
place
,
from
whence
you
first
departed
,
doe
crosse
one
an
other
:
And
directing
the
side
of
your
Quadrant
along
the
Meridian
,
either
Northward
or
Southward
(
as
the
case
shall
demaund
)
note
in
the
Meridian
next
adioyning
,
where
the
Angle
of
the
Shippes
way
cutteth
it
:
And
there
making
a
small
pricke
,
trace
a
line
from
the
former
point
vnto
this
.
Againe
place
the
Center-corner
(
as
before
)
on
that
second
pricke
,
and
marke
the
Intersection
in
the
third
Meridian
,
continually
proceeding
after
this
maner
,
from
Meridian
to
Meridian
,
till
you
haue
finished
the
whole
course
.
The
thicker
your
Meridians
are
drawen
,
the
more
perfect
will
your
Card
be
:
but
this
may
be
also
supplied
,
with
a
thinne
Ruler
moueable
vpon
the
Pole
or
Center
of
your
Carde
.
The
maner
of
the
draught
of
the
Spirall
Carde
,
I
will
shewe
in
the
next
Treatise
.
A
friendly
Aduertisement
to
the
Nauigators
of
England
.
THe
dueties
of
a
Friend
,
and
the
properties
of
a
Flatterer
doe
differ
so
greatly
,
that
a
man
cannot
performe
the
office
of
the
one
,
but
he
must
renounce
the
practise
of
the
other
.
And
a
very
fountaine
it
is
,
from
whence
many
mischiefes
doe
spring
,
and
ouerflowe
the
wretched
life
of
mankinde
:
That
the
true
dealing
of
friends
is
most
commonly
vnpleasant
and
hatefull
,
but
the
soothing
of
Flatterers
is
become
plausible
and
much
set
by
.
In
resemblances
they
beare
many
times
like
shewe
,
but
in
purposes
they
doe
alwayes
differ
.
A
true
Friend
will
sometimes
commend
and
prayse
diuers
things
in
his
friend
:
And
so
also
will
the
Flatterer
in
those
whom
he
flattereth
:
The
one
commendeth
that
which
in
iudgement
he
thinketh
commendable
,
and
vnto
that
ende
that
the
partie
commended
should
still
proceede
in
actions
worthy
of
commendation
:
The
other
commendeth
euen
those
things
many
times
,
which
in
iudgement
he
doth
detest
,
and
vnto
that
end
,
that
hee
may
sooth
vp
the
humour
of
the
partie
,
and
make
his
owne
profite
thereby
.
Moreouer
,
a
Friend
will
dispraise
in
his
friend
those
things
which
in
iudgement
he
doth
disallow
;
and
the
greater
the
faultes
are
,
the
more
earnest
will
he
be
:
to
the
end
that
the
partie
may
amend
and
giue
no
aduantage
to
his
enemie
.
The
Flatterer
sometimes
(
though
seeldome
)
will
also
discommend
,
but
euermore
trifing
matters
,
and
therein
will
he
be
very
vehement
;
but
in
great
faults
he
is
both
blinde
and
dumbe
:
fearing
to
offend
the
partie
,
if
he
should
touch
them
;
and
in
the
other
counterfeiting
sincere
loue
(
the
badge
onely
oftrue
friendship
)
And
so
leaueth
he
the
partie
thus
abused
,
to
the
scorne
and
reproch
of
the
aduersarie
,
reaping
the
commoditie
which
he
looked
for
,
as
the
onely
end
of
his
trauaile
.
I
doe
not
thinke
there
is
any
man
that
either
regardeth
Gods
glory
,
or
esteemeth
of
humane
societie
,
but
holdeth
your
Arte
woorthy
to
be
numbred
with
the
most
excellent
,
that
are
exercised
among
men
:
And
therefore
is
it
of
very
due
right
,
that
you
the
practisers
of
it
,
should
be
had
in
great
reputation
.
Neither
is
there
any
other
Arte
,
wherein
God
sheweth
his
diuine
power
so
manifestly
,
as
in
yours
;
permitting
vnto
you
certaine
Rules
to
worke
by
,
and
increasing
them
from
time
to
time
,
growing
stil
onwards
toward
perfection
,
as
the
World
doth
toward
his
end
;
And
yet
reserueth
still
vnto
himselfe
the
managing
of
the
whole
:
That
when
you
haue
done
what
you
can
,
according
to
the
skill
you
already
haue
,
or
shall
doe
,
by
any
that
you
may
learne
hereafter
:
yet
alwayes
will
he
make
it
manifest
,
that
he
alone
is
the
Lord
of
the
Seas
,
that
all
stormes
and
tempestes
doe
but
fulfill
his
will
and
pleasure
,
and
that
all
the
waues
of
the
Sea
are
continually
at
his
commaundement
:
finally
that
it
is
he
,
who
oftentimes
administreth
many
helpes
beyond
all
expectation
,
when
the
Arte
of
man
vtterly
faileth
.
All
which
in
the
CVII
.
Psalme
is
so
liuely
expressed
by
the
Prophet
Dauid
,
that
in
all
writers
,
whether
sacred
or
prophane
that
euer
I
read
,
or
by
any
reports
that
euer
I
heard
,
or
in
the
liueliest
pictures
that
at
any
time
I
behelde
,
it
is
in
my
iudgement
,
pierlesse
and
vnmatcheable
:
describing
the
whole
in
briefe
,
and
yet
in
the
breuitie
omitting
nothing
that
was
necessarie
;
and
affirming
nothing
but
that
,
which
the
continuall
experience
of
our
dayes
doth
proclaime
to
be
most
true
.
O
that
Nauigatours
therefore
would
prayse
the
Lord
for
his
mercies
,
and
shewe
foorth
his
wonders
before
the
children
of
men
.
That
they
would
once
learne
that
,
The
feare
of
the
Lord
is
the
beginning
of
Wisedome
.
Most
vndoubtedly
then
would
their
Arte
flourish
,
their
voyages
prosper
and
haue
better
successe
:
yea
themselues
would
be
more
esteemed
&
honoured
of
all
men
.
Whereas
nowe
the
prophane
liues
and
brutish
behauiour
of
diuerse
of
that
trade
,
doth
somewhat
eclipse
the
glorie
of
the
profession
it selfe
:
And
,
besides
other
manifolde
punishments
,
God
striketh
them
with
such
blindnesse
,
as
no
men
liuing
of
any
trade
whatsoeuer
are
to
be
found
so
ignorant
,
as
many
of
them
are
of
theirs
;
so
senselesse
in
their
owne
defect
,
or
so
litle
desirous
to
amend
them
.
Yea
,
and
some
of
the
greatest
skill
and
practise
are
so
loathe
to
giue
God
his
due
glorie
,
that
many
times
labouring
to
suppresse
it
,
they
make
shipwracke
of
their
owne
credites
and
reputations
,
which
otherwise
of
right
might
accrewe
vnto
them
.
When
they
haue
performed
along
voyage
of
great
difficultie
,
wherin
many
a
time
and
oft
they
haue
beene
at
their
wits
end
,
and
knewe
not
which
way
in
the
world
they
should
turne
them selues
,
God
deliuering
them
beyond
their
owne
expectations
,
as
their
consciences
can
witnes
:
yet
when
the
danger
is
one
past
,
and
that
home
they
be
come
,
they
take
it
as
a
blemish
of
their
estimations
,
and
great
impeachment
to
their
credites
,
to
giue
God
the
praise
,
and
to
yeeld
him
thankes
,
imagining
that
would
derogate
too
much
from
the
admiration
,
which
they
so
greedily
hunt
after
among
men
.
I
haue
heard
a
merie
report
:
Shippes
of
sundry
Nations
lying
in
a
harbour
in
faire
weather
,
the
yong
mariners
were
climing
and
shewing
feates
of
actiuitie
,
one
of
one
Nation
to
outbragge
the
other
.
At
length
a
nimble
yoncker
getteth
him
to
the
very
toppe
of
the
Foremast
,
and
raysing
himselfe
boult
vpright
,
turned
round
vpon
his
foote
without
any
staye
,
chalendging
his
Antagonist
,
or
any
of
the
Nation
to
doe
the
like
.
His
Antagonist
presently
vndertaketh
the
chalendge
;
but
hauing
turned
scarse
halfe
about
,
fell
downe
,
and
(
as
God
would
)
in
his
tumbling
by
good
hap
caught
hold
of
the
shrowdes
:
and
assoone
as
euer
he
had
a
little
recouered
his
spirits
,
being
halfe
dead
for
feare
,
yet
set
a
bould
countenance
on
the
matter
:
and
he
also
againe
with
a
loude
voyce
dared
his
aduersarie
or
any
other
of
that
Nation
to
doe
the
like
;
as
though
that
which
befell
him
by
his
errour
,
he
had
done
of
very
purpose
.
Euen
so
diuerse
that
haue
perfourmed
long
voyages
,
God
knoweth
how
,
but
not
they
themselues
;
yet
will
sweare
and
stare
,
crake
&
boast
,
that
they
haue
done
all
things
according
vnto
Arte
:
and
tell
vs
of
such
Gulfes
and
swift
Currents
,
moe
by
a
great
many
then
euer
God
made
,
and
are
but
deuised
by
themselues
for
shiftes
to
shadowe
their
ignorance
,
and
to
robbe
God
of
his
prayse
:
the
thing
being
as
strange
a
matter
,
and
as
much
according
vnto
Arte
that
euer
they
came
home
againe
,
as
that
was
,
which
the
fellowe
before
specified
wrought
his
feate
by
.
Petrus
Nonius
maketh
mention
of
one
in
his
dayes
,
that
had
tenne
times
passed
from
Portugall
to
the
East
Indies
:
And
yet
diuerse
times
when
he
shoulde
haue
subtrahed
his
declination
,
did
adde
it
,
and
when
he
should
haue
added
,
did
subtrahe
it
.
But
for
you
the
Nauigatours
of
England
,
this
I
doe
verely
thinke
in
my
conscience
,
that
diuers
of
you
doe
feare
God
vnfeinedly
,
and
doe
as
much
dislike
the
dissolute
course
of
the
common
sort
,
as
any
men
can
.
And
I
do
nothing
doubt
,
although
the
number
of
such
are
too
fewe
in
our
Nation
,
yet
are
they
moe
then
any
Nation
in
Christendome
can
shewe
besides
.
And
albeit
your
skill
is
not
such
,
but
that
amendment
may
become
it
well
ynough
:
yet
doe
I
not
iudge
that
either
the
Spaniards
or
Portugals
,
who
are
accompted
the
best
,
doe
better
yours
:
and
for
their
life
and
behauiour
I
take
it
to
be
worse
then
the
worst
among
you
,
reseruing
still
for
them
,
that
which
Horace
long
since
imputed
vnto
them
:
Nauis
Hispanae
magister
,
Dedecorum
preciosus
emptor
.
For
notwithstanding
their
first
Nauigatours
were
men
of
good
skill
,
these
now
a
dayes
for
the
most
part
are
grossely
ignorant
:
And
a
great
folly
it
is
in
diuerse
of
our
Nation
to
haue
such
confidence
in
Portugall
Pilottages
for
long
voyages
,
hauing
farre
more
skilfull
of
our
owne
Countreymen
at
home
,
both
better
to
be
trusted
,
and
more
valiant
and
present
minded
in
any
danger
.
And
it
is
a
thing
very
certaine
,
that
ours
doe
encrease
in
skill
,
and
better
very
much
their
Auncestours
,
whereas
theirs
for
the
most
part
are
a
great
deale
worse
:
And
if
they
be
once
any
thing
out
of
their
ordinary
traded
course
,
they
are
the
seeliest
fellowes
that
doe
floate
vpon
the
Seas
.
Their
Cardes
are
decked
with
much
Golde
and
little
Arte
,
out
of
measure
false
(
as
I
haue
heard
by
men
of
good
experience
)
euen
vpon
their
owne
coastes
,
and
are
but
transcripts
newe
furbished
.
Their
other
Instruments
very
simple
,
especially
their
Staues
most
contemptibly
nought
.
I
haue
seene
diuerse
of
them
,
euen
as
vnfit
for
the
purpose
they
should
serue
,
as
an
Oxe
is
to
weare
a
saddle
.
But
wee
are
very
much
addicted
to
admire
strangers
,
and
contemne
our
owne
,
according
to
the
olde
Prouerbe
,
For
soothe
it
must
needes
be
true
;
for
I
haue
learned
it
of
a
Iewe.
Two
things
therefore
there
are
greatly
wished
by
all
your
well
willers
to
encrease
in
you
,
The
true
feare
of
God
,
and
a
carefull
diligence
in
things
belonging
to
your
Arte.
Where
the
feare
of
God
is
not
,
no
Arte
can
serue
the
turne
:
for
that
were
to
make
of
Arte
an
Idole
.
And
yet
all
those
that
feare
God
,
must
take
heede
,
that
they
doe
not
tempt
God
:
And
therefore
ought
they
to
vse
Arte
,
as
the
meanes
that
God
hath
ordeyned
for
their
benefite
,
and
be
thankefull
vnto
him
for
it
.
These
Instruments
,
that
,
for
the
assistance
of
your
Arte
,
it
hath
pleased
God
to
giue
me
a
small
portion
of
knowledge
to
compose
,
whether
without
paynes
and
chardges
they
haue
beene
finished
and
brought
to
this
passe
,
I
commit
to
your
iudgements
.
For
mine
owne
part
,
I
am
one
that
in
any
priuate
respect
hath
as
little
to
doe
with
the
Sea
,
as
any
other
;
and
in
perticuler
haue
no
cause
for
to
hope
that
I
shall
reape
any
maner
commoditie
thereby
.
And
for
these
my
trauailes
and
expences
,
although
it
should
be
well
accepted
according
to
my
desire
among
Nauigatours
;
yet
haue
I
no
reason
to
thinke
me
one
iot
to
be
benefited
thereby
,
no
not
so
much
as
in
any
credite
(
which
notwithstanding
,
if
it
were
one
of
an
other
profession
,
possible
he
might
obtaine
.
)
Nay
,
if
I
may
escape
handsomely
from
mockes
and
scornes
,
vsuall
with
some
Contemners
of
laudable
Sciences
,
I
must
thinke
that
I
haue
made
a
faire
hand
.
But
I
thanke
God
I
haue
bestowed
neither
paines
nor
charges
,
more
then
I
was
willing
and
might
well
doe
.
And
if
it
may
by
Gods
grace
prosper
to
the
ende
that
I
haue
purposed
,
that
is
,
to
some
of
your
good
,
little
doe
I
esteeme
what
euery
Idiote
doeth
thinke
or
iudge
of
my
labour
.
I
knowe
right
well
,
that
among
the
vulgar
people
,
there
are
many
thousands
,
which
going
vnto
market
,
doe
bring
home
with
them
a
peniworth
or
two
of
Cloaues
or
Mace
nowe
and
then
;
and
yet
neuer
asked
the
question
where
they
grewe
,
nor
by
which
way
they
were
transported
from
their
Natiue
countrey
vnto
vs
,
whether
by
the
way
of
Ormus
through
Persia
,
or
of
Arabia
by
Carauan
vnto
Alepo
,
or
by
the
Red
Sea
vnto
Alexandria
,
and
thence
out
of
the
Leuant
vnto
vs
:
or
whether
they
came
through
the
huge
Ocean
by
the
Cape
of
Bona
Speransa
.
They
take
no
knowledge
of
such
matters
:
The
consideration
of
any
dangers
in
the
Streights
of
Cincapura
,
or
of
the
Showldes
of
Maldiuar
neuer
troubleth
them
:
And
yet
it
relisheth
euen
as
well
and
serueth
their
vses
as
commodiously
,
as
if
they
had
all
the
afore
mentioned
knowledge
.
Albeit
I
hope
that
men
of
vnderstanding
and
wisedome
will
easiyly
perceaue
,
that
Gods
prouidence
in
his
workes
is
onely
manifest
vnto
those
which
doe
consider
them
,
and
of
others
is
nothing
at
all
discerned
,
&
as
little
regarded
.
If
it
were
onely
among
the
common
sort
,
that
Cosmographie
should
be
so
contemned
,
it
were
the
lesse
to
be
meruailed
at
:
but
that
any
which
professe
learning
of
any
facultie
whatsoeuer
,
should
altogether
neglect
it
,
and
be
vtterly
ignorant
of
it
,
it
is
to
be
more
then
pitied
,
and
especially
in
Gentlemen
and
Noblemen
is
it
no
small
defect
:
who
diuerse
times
in
this
our
age
haue
some
occasion
or
other
,
at
the
least
to
talke
and
discourse
thereof
.
Wherein
I
coulde
wish
they
woulde
haue
in
remembrance
a
saying
of
Apelles
vnto
Megabysus
a
Nobleman
of
Persia
▪
who
comming
into
his
Shop
,
although
his
knowledge
was
but
small
,
yet
was
he
loath
to
haue
it
appeare
that
he
was
ignorant
of
any
thing
;
And
therefore
began
to
question
and
dispute
of
lines
,
of
shaddowes
,
and
of
such
like
matters
belonging
vnto
that
Arte.
But
Apelles
entreated
him
to
make
more
spare
of
his
speache
:
for
saieth
hee
,
my
youthes
which
grinde
my
colours
,
hearing
your
idle
discourses
,
doe
deride
them
,
which
before
had
you
in
great
admiration
for
your
gallant
and
glittering
attire
.
If
it
were
a
thing
possible
,
that
they
which
are
altogether
ignorant
of
Cosmographie
,
coulde
be
perswaded
howe
easie
a
matter
it
were
to
attaine
vnto
some
competent
knowledge
therein
,
I
doe
verely
thinke
,
that
among
those
that
are
of
witte
and
iudgement
,
somewhat
more
then
they
of
the
very
vulgar
sort
,
you
should
not
finde
one
among
a
thousand
,
that
woulde
be
ignorant
of
it
,
whereas
nowe
you
haue
euen
scant
one
among
a
thousand
,
that
hath
any
vnderstanding
therein
.
For
I
am
well
assured
,
and
doe
speake
it
vpon
some
experience
,
that
one
but
of
meane
capacitie
,
so
that
he
be
of
a
willing
minde
,
and
haue
a
sufficient
Instructour
,
with
fitte
Instruments
,
may
very
easily
in
one
moneths
space
attaine
vnto
great
contentment
of
knowledge
,
yea
such
,
as
they
commonly
imagine
,
coulde
not
be
learned
in
seuen
yeeres
.
Nowe
as
it
is
seemely
for
all
men
to
haue
at
the
least
some
taste
in
such
knowledges
,
so
vnto
Nauigators
it
is
necessarie
in
the
highest
degree
.
And
I
doe
nothing
doubt
,
but
that
any
one
of
them
,
with
a
two
moneths
learning
of
a
skilfull
Teacher
,
and
three
yeeres
practise
in
a
fewe
good
voyages
(
God
blessing
his
labours
)
shall
get
more
perfection
in
that
Arte
in
so
small
a
space
,
then
he
coulde
otherwise
with
twentie
yeeres
experience
,
according
to
the
ordinarie
ignorant
practise
.
Although
such
Instructours
are
in
number
but
fewe
,
yet
I
thinke
there
are
moe
then
are
greatly
employed
;
and
would
be
many
moe
,
if
they
were
in
request
,
and
better
esteemed
,
especially
about
the
Citie
of
London
;
whither
there
is
so
great
repaire
and
concourse
of
men
addicted
vnto
those
affaires
:
where
possible
(
though
vnknowen
vnto
me
)
there
may
be
diuerse
,
yet
knowe
I
but
one
,
whose
name
is
Iohn
Goodwyn
,
dwelling
in
Bucklers-burie
:
A
man
vnskilfull
in
the
Lattin
tongue
,
yet
hauing
proper
knowledge
in
Arithmetike
,
and
Land-measuring
,
in
the
vse
of
the
Globe
,
and
sundry
other
Instruments
:
And
hath
obteined
,
partly
by
his
owne
industrie
,
and
by
reading
of
English
Writers
(
whereof
there
are
many
very
good
)
and
partly
with
conference
with
learned
men
,
(
of
which
hee
is
passing
desirous
)
such
ready
knowledge
and
dexteritie
of
teaching
and
practising
the
groundes
of
those
Artes
,
as
(
giuing
him
but
his
due
)
I
haue
not
beene
acquainted
with
his
like
.
And
great
pitie
it
is
that
in
so
populous
a
place
,
many
such
were
not
employed
:
But
greater
is
the
griefe
vnto
diuers
well
willers
of
that
noble
Citie
,
and
louers
of
good
Artes
,
that
where
as
not
many
yeeres
since
,
there
was
a
Mathematicall
Lecture
publiquely
erected
for
those
purposes
,
and
furnished
with
a
learned
man
of
sufficiencie
answerable
,
of
very
honest
and
courteous
behauiour
,
affable
to
resolue
beginners
of
their
doubts
;
the
partie
was
afterwards
dismissed
,
and
the
thing
(
that
beganne
to
be
so
great
a
commendation
to
the
Founders
,
so
principall
an
ornament
to
the
Citie
,
and
a
commoditie
(
both
vnto
it
and
the
whole
Realme
in
generall
)
was
notwithstanding
without
all
regarde
,
basely
suffered
to
sincke
and
vanish
in
the
ende
vnto
nothing
.
Surely
in
all
equitie
and
reason
it
were
fitte
,
that
euery
Citie
standing
vpon
merchandise
and
marine
trades
,
should
be
ayding
vnto
those
Faculties
,
whereby
the
greatest
part
of
their
well
gotten
goodes
doeth
accrewe
vnto
them
:
And
especially
that
honorable
Citie
,
which
is
not
onely
made
riche
,
but
by
the
meanes
of
Nauigation
is
growen
famous
also
throughout
the
whole
World
.
As
therefore
I
vnfainedly
acknowledge
that
in
diuers
good
respectes
no
one
Citie
of
the
whole
Earth
is
comparable
vnto
it
.
so
doe
I
heartely
wish
an
increase
in
all
commendable
actions
,
(
among
which
this
was
none
of
the
least
)
and
not
a
decrease
:
The
rather
sith
the
augmentour
of
the
publique
benefite
in
that
behalfe
,
shall
thereby
highly
commend
his
owne
true
loue
towards
his
Citie
and
Countrey
vnto
all
Posteritie
,
and
become
more
renowmed
by
such
actions
,
then
by
any
painted
glorious
Tombe
,
or
the
like
kinde
of
monuments
.
The
onely
good
methode
of
teaching
and
learning
Cosmography
(
after
a
fewe
principles
of
Geometry
and
Arithmetike
first
knowen
)
is
,
to
beginne
with
the
Celestiall
Globe
,
and
to
be
perfect
therein
,
before
you
deale
with
the
Terrestriall
:
for
this
dependeth
on
that
,
and
the
former
being
once
reasonably
vnderstoode
,
the
other
is
not
two
dayes
worke
.
After
you
haue
thus
receaued
a
sufficient
impression
of
the
Globe
(
wherevnto
all
true
Mappes
and
Cardes
haue
a
necessarie
reference
)
then
will
the
consideration
of
them
become
exceeding
pleasant
and
easie
vnto
you
;
but
neuer
before
.
This
I
mention
,
because
I
haue
heard
ere
nowe
,
of
certaine
Teachers
,
that
vndertaking
men
of
good
habilitie
to
be
instructed
by
them
,
haue
beene
a
great
while
about
a
little
;
spending
the
time
about
diuerse
pretie
particular
toyes
,
which
full
easely
would
haue
beene
knowen
of
themselues
without
any
teaching
,
if
they
had
taken
the
course
that
I
speake
off
:
But
such
imitate
ill
disposed
Surgeons
,
which
loue
to
protract
a
cure
,
of
purpose
to
sucke
the
more
gaine
therefrom
.
Mappes
and
Cardes
of
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
are
of
three
sortes
most
vsuall
,
distinguished
by
their
seuerall
kindes
of
Meridians
and
Paralleles
.
The
first
hath
his
Meridians
and
Paralleles
described
by
Circular
lines
:
And
among
those
I
take
that
manner
of
Proiection
,
which
Rumoldus
Mercator
hath
vsed
(
proposed
long
before
by
Orontius
in
his
Frenche
Cosmography
,
as
I
haue
heard
)
to
be
of
all
other
the
very
best
,
hauing
the
Meridians
and
Paralleles
drawen
according
to
the
Mater
of
Gemma
Frisius
generall
Astrolabe
.
The
reason
that
I
so
greatly
like
of
this
,
is
,
for
that
the
proiection
is
very
Regular
,
and
therein
the
natiue
Geographicall
description
may
neerest
of
all
others
obteyne
their
due
situation
.
An other
sort
there
is
,
wherein
the
Globe
of
the
Earth
is
diuided
in
two
Hemispheres
,
the
Center
in
both
of
them
being
one
of
the
Poles
,
and
the
Circumference
the
Equator
.
In
this
the
Meridians
are
streight
lines
drawen
from
the
Poles
vnto
the
Equator
;
and
the
Paralleles
are
Circles
.
These
Paralleles
may
be
described
after
two
wayes
:
The
one
enlarging
the
landes
described
towardes
the
Equator
,
the
other
,
towardes
the
Poles
.
The
former
is
thus
delineated
.
Set
the
one
end
of
a
Ruler
vpon
the
ende
of
one
of
the
Diameters
or
Meridians
aforesaide
,
and
the
other
part
of
the
Ruler
90.
degrees
from
that
:
And
keeping
the
former
ende
fixed
vpon
his
place
,
remooue
the
other
to
euery
one
,
or
fifth
,
or
tenth
degree
of
the
next
Quadrant
,
till
your
Ruler
passing
through
the
Pole
,
becommeth
all
one
with
the
same
Diameter
,
noting
continually
in
the
Semidiameter
of
90.
degrees
distance
,
whence
you
first
beganne
to
moue
your
Ruler
,
where
it
cutteth
the
saide
Semidiameter
:
Then
placing
one
foote
of
the
Compasse
vpon
the
Center
or
Pole
,
the
other
vpon
any
of
those
diuisions
of
the
Semidiameter
,
describe
a
Circle
,
which
shall
be
a
Parallele
answerable
to
that
diuision
:
And
so
may
you
drawe
as
many
,
or
fewe
,
as
you
thinke
conuenient
.
The
other
is
thus
described
.
Beginne
at
the
ende
of
any
Semidiameter
where
it
toucheth
the
Equator
,
and
numbring
still
equall
degrees
on
eache
side
thereof
,
marke
what
intersections
your
Ruler
applyed
vnto
them
maketh
in
that
Semidiameter
:
Then
may
you
drawe
the
Paralleles
here
also
,
euen
as
before
.
The
former
of
these
two
is
represented
vnto
you
by
the
figure
A.
the
later
by
the
figure
B.
This
kinde
of
Proiection
serueth
most
aptly
to
expresse
in
a
Carde
the
Spirall
course
of
a
Ship
,
which
some
terme
Paradoxall
.
But
whether
of
these
names
(
being
both
as
yet
strangers
)
shall
best
deserue
to
bee
freedenized
,
I
leaue
to
other
mens
iudgements
:
Onely
I
say
,
(
Paradoxall
)
is
beside
the
purpose
,
and
astonisheth
with
an
emptie
sound
:
but
(
Spirall
)
apperteineth
directly
to
the
matter
,
and
declareth
the
true
essence
of
the
thing
signified
.
The
third
sort
of
Cardes
haue
both
their
Meridians
and
Paralleles
of
streight
lines
equidistant
,
and
these
onely
are
in
ordinarie
vse
with
Saylers
.
Of
these
I
neede
not
write
any
thing
,
they
are
so
commonly
knowen
,
and
their
imperfections
in
long
voyages
so
manifest
,
though
in
short
they
may
well
serue
the
turnes
.
And
yet
I
cannot
here
conceale
one
great
secrete
concerning
these
Cardes
,
namely
,
that
there
is
a
certaine
draught
of
them
very
Artificiall
and
regular
:
which
being
well
vnderstoode
,
redresseth
the
errours
of
the
other
;
and
(
as
farre
as
I
canne
discerne
)
will
so
satisfie
the
Nauigators
expectation
,
as
no
Carde
hitherto
inuented
was
euer
comparable
vnto
it
,
neither
(
as
I
thinke
)
any
that
shal
be
hereafter
,
wil
in
al
respects
surpasse
it
.
Although
for
the
Geographicall
descriptions
,
they
may
and
must
alter
from
time
to
time
,
as
newer
discoueries
by
light
of
trueth
shall
make
them
better
knowen
vnto
vs
.
This
manner
of
Carde
hath
beene
publiquely
extant
in
print
these
thirtie
yeeres
at
least
,
but
a
cloude
(
as
it
were
)
and
thicke
myste
of
ignorance
doth
keepe
it
hitherto
concealed
:
And
so
much
the
more
,
because
some
who
were
reckoned
for
men
of
good
knowledge
,
haue
by
glauncing
speaches
,
(
but
neuer
by
any
one
reason
of
moment
)
gone
about
what
they
coulde
to
disgrace
it
.
The
Carde
(
which
I
meane
)
is
the
same
,
that
was
set
foorth
by
the
excellent
Cosmograpber
Gerardus
Mercator
,
in
shewe
resembling
ordinarie
Sea
Cardes
,
saue
that
the
degrees
of
the
Meridians
in
it
doe
proportionally
encrease
from
the
Equator
toward
eache
Pole
,
vpon
good
reason
and
firme
Demonstration
:
thereby
shewing
the
true
Position
of
any
one
place
in
respect
of
an
other
:
which
the
vsuall
Cardes
in
a
farre
distance
cannot
doe
,
being
yet
the
very
principall
point
that
the
Nauigator
desireth
.
For
the
better
vnderstanding
and
making
of
Sea
Cardes
of
that
sort
,
I
haue
here
immediatly
ensewing
set
downe
a
Demonstration
,
which
I
obteined
of
a
friende
of
mine
of
like
profession
vnto
my selfe
,
euidently
shewing
the
proportionall
encreasing
of
those
degrees
,
wherein
consisteth
the
excellencie
of
that
Carde
.
First
determine
the
degree
of
the
Equator
,
in
respect
whereof
you
woulde
frame
the
Meridian
of
your
Carde
:
for
example
,
the
little
line
a.
Next
describe
the
Quadrant
of
a
Circle
,
so
large
,
that
it
may
perfectly
and
distinctly
receaue
euery
of
the
vsuall
90.
degrees
,
into
which
it
must
be
diuided
.
Then
from
the
Centre
A.
towarde
B.
take
in
the
Semidiameter
A
B.
(
from
whence
the
degrees
of
the
Quadrant
beginne
)
a
line
precisely
equall
vnto
a
,
namely
D
F.
And
from
the
points
D
and
F.
to
the
Semidiameter
A
C.
raise
two
Paralleles
D
E.
and
F
G.
Againe
from
F.
toward
B.
at
a
distance
conuenient
,
take
the
second
line
K
H.
equall
vnto
a.
And
from
the
points
H
K.
rayse
other
Paralleles
,
H
I.
and
K
L.
equidistant
to
the
former
.
Afterwards
applying
the
one
ende
of
your
Ruler
to
the
Center
A.
and
the
other
to
euery
the
degrees
of
the
Quadrant
B
C.
drawe
lines
athwart
betweene
the
Paralleles
aforesaid
:
so
shall
all
the
lines
thus
drawen
conteyned
betweene
the
Paralleles
,
be
the
degrees
of
the
Meridian
sought
for
,
taking
their
several
Denominations
of
their
correspondent
degrees
in
the
Quadrant
,
as
by
the
figure
here
ensuing
is
manifest
.
Of
what
sort
soeuer
your
Cardes
be
,
you
must
alwayes
remember
,
that
the
knowledge
of
the
vse
of
the
Globe
must
be
a
moderator
vnto
them
:
and
that
thereby
you
shall
still
become
master
ouer
your
Card
,
to
espie
and
amend
his
faults
;
whereas
otherwise
you
shall
be
mastered
by
your
Cards
,
blindly
embracing
their
errors
.
By
meanes
hereof
it
was
,
that
the
famous
Nauigators
of
the
World
performed
their
discoueries
&
renowmed
voyages
,
hauing
no
maner
of
Cardes
to
sayle
by
.
And
an
easie
matter
it
is
,
for
a
man
that
already
hath
ordinary
skill
and
practise
in
sayling
by
vsuall
Cardes
,
to
learne
in
one
fourthnight
so
much
of
the
vse
of
the
Globe
,
that
vpon
his
obseruations
he
may
either
keepe
or
change
his
Points
for
his
best
aduantage
;
And
of
any
places
,
whose
Longitudes
or
Latitudes
are
knowen
,
may
tell
without
any
Carde
,
vpon
what
point
they
lie
,
and
howe
farre
they
are
distant
from
you
:
Also
vpon
what
Point
they
lie
each
from
other
,
&
the
distance
betweene
them
,
with
diuerse
other
things
that
are
necessarie
,
and
helde
for
rareties
in
that
facultie
.
For
in
very
many
of
them
Enuie
doth
so
reigne
,
that
almost
euery
one
keepeth
his
owne
knowledge
to
himselfe
,
without
imparting
it
vnto
others
:
whereas
they
should
all
profite
a
great
deale
more
,
if
they
would
communicate
their
knowledges
one
with
an
other
,
for
the
publique
benefite
:
But
in
so
much
as
eache
one
affecteth
to
be
singular
,
disdayning
the
knowledge
of
others
,
they
haue
farre
lesse
knowledge
among
them
all
,
then
otherwise
they
might
haue
:
for
of
necessitie
many
mens
practises
must
concurre
,
to
make
experimental
knowledge
exact
.
It
were
greatly
to
be
wished
,
that
many
of
them
might
be
founde
so
well
minded
towardes
their
owne
trade
,
as
was
that
notable
Pilot
Steuen
Burrowes
:
who
for
his
skill
,
industrie
,
and
performance
,
may
iustly
be
reckoned
among
the
chiefe
of
our
Nation
,
and
of
the
world
also
;
if
we
respect
that
only
,
in
stead
of
al
,
which
he
worthily
atchieued
in
the
first
Moscouian
discouerie
by
the
Scythian
Sea
:
who
if
he
had
bin
employed
one
Sommer
more
againe
towardes
the
Riuer
of
Obbe
,
I
doubt
not
,
but
proceeding
with
his
former
successe
,
he
would
haue
performed
more
in
that
Sommer
for
trial
of
a
Passage
(
any
or
none
)
that
way
vnto
Catthay
,
then
for
the
space
of
these
40.
yeeres
all
Christendome
hath
done
besides
;
not
hauing
(
asitseemeth
)
added
vnto
his
,
40.
leagues
of
good
discouerie
,
euer
since
.
The
good
mind
he
bare
towards
his
profession
he
testified
herein
,
that
by
his
very
earnest
meanes
he
procured
that
learned
and
easie
Treatise
of
Martine
Curteise
,
concerning
the
Arte
of
Nauigation
,
to
be
translated
into
our
English
tongue
.
The
which
doubtles
hath
giuen
great
light
vnto
all
of
skil
in
that
faculty
,
that
euer
were
since
of
our
Nation
:
And
is
more
almost
,
then
all
our
Nauigators
haue
holpen
the
Arte
of
Nauigation
withall
besides
.
A
great
helpe
also
would
it
be
for
the
furtherance
of
skill
,
if
those
that
are
practisers
in
that
Arte
,
and
such
as
are
Students
of
the
Mathematikes
,
might
often
conferre
together
.
For
except
there
be
a
vniting
of
knowledge
with
practise
,
there
can
be
nothing
excellent
:
Idle
knowledge
without
practise
,
&
ignorant
practise
without
knowledge
,
serue
vnto
small
purpose
.
But
certaine
it
is
,
that
all
the
good
partes
which
may
be
wished
for
,
or
aymed
at
,
shall
neuer
absolutely
concurre
in
one
man
.
And
therefore
if
there
be
but
some
conuenient
mixture
of
them
in
any
,
that
party
is
to
be
esteemed
.
For
although
many
things
appertayning
to
Nauigation
,
may
be
learned
&
taught
by
rules
of
Arte
,
yet
some
necessarie
points
(
without
which
all
the
rest
is
nothing
)
are
beyond
the
compasse
of
Arte
:
As
for
a
man
to
be
of
a
ready
and
valiant
mind
;
to
handle
and
order
those
things
,
that
are
within
the
reache
of
his
knowledge
,
with
dexteritie
vpon
euery
present
occasion
:
These
and
such
like
are
iustly
termed
the
giftes
of
God
:
For
although
all
things
tearmed
by
Arte
are
the
giftes
of
God
(
sith
euen
Arte
it selfe
is
giuen
by
God
,
who
is
the
Authour
and
fountaine
of
all
knowledge
)
yet
these
are
tearmed
his
giftes
more
peculiarly
:
because
the
other
are
giuen
by
meanes
,
and
these
without
meanes
.
Suppose
that
a
man
haue
all
the
knowledge
that
may
be
wished
for
,
&
be
notwithstanding
faint
hearted
,
&
his
wits
(
as
they
say
)
to
seeke
,
when
he
hath
most
neede
of
them
,
his
knowledge
will
ayde
him
very
little
.
Againe
,
if
he
be
of
neuer
so
bolda
courage
,
&
want
discretion
,
knowledge
,
&
iudgement
,
he
is
very
vnfit
for
the
gouernement
of
a
Ship
:
But
if
such
a
one
be
also
(
as
most
commonly
they
are
)
wilfull
,
taking
it
for
a
glorie
to
be
foolehardie
,
this
is
as
great
a
mischiefe
,
as
all
other
dangers
of
the
Sea
,
if
they
were
all
set
together
.
Where
therefore
boldnes
of
courage
,
directed
&
moderated
by
discretion
&
iudgement
;
also
a
body
enhabled
to
brooke
the
Seas
,
are
matched
with
a
willing
mind
vnto
Marine
affaires
,
&
endued
with
the
feare
of
God
;
wheresoeuer
I
say
,
these
speciall
giftes
of
God
are
to
be
found
,
there
the
ornaments
of
Arte
,
as
necessary
additaments
,
will
alwayes
most
effectually
take
place
,
&
are
most
easily
attained
vnto
.
But
where
those
former
,
at
the
least
in
some
comperent
measure
,
are
not
,
al
the
rest
is
vanitie
.
It
is
euen
a
most
irkesome
and
wofull
sight
,
to
behold
a
company
of
courageous
yong
Gentlemen
to
be
led
on
blindfolded
(
as
it
were
)
in
marine
actions
,
by
such
as
haue
no
feare
of
God
before
their
eyes
;
and
many
times
by
those
,
that
are
very
ignorant
of
almost
any
thing
that
good
is
if
any
thing
might
be
accompted
good
,
where
the
feare
of
God
is
not
)
but
onely
can
tell
of
their
owne
experience
,
howe
they
haue
dissimboched
from
Terra
Stolida
,
making
their
voyage
toward
the
Isle
of
Pickery
:
gracing
themselues
(
as
they
suppose
)
with
swearing
and
staring
,
and
wishly
lookes
.
A
few
such
monsters
hauing
the
chiefe
gouernement
in
Ships
,
and
voyages
,
are
a
great
deale
more
dangerous
,
then
all
the
monsters
in
the
Sea
:
And
for
euery
one
that
is
bereft
of
life
by
these
,
a
hundred
at
the
least
are
destroyed
by
the
other
.
The
serious
consideration
of
these
things
haue
occasioned
me
of
a
friendly
mind
and
entire
good
will
,
(
wherein
toward
your
profession
,
I
wil
giue
place
vnto
no
man
liuing
)
to
admonish
you
of
these
points
,
which
I
haue
thought
necessary
;
Beseeching
Almighty
God
,
(
who
is
the
Lord
both
of
Sea
&
dry
Land
)
by
his
holy
Spirit
of
true
wisedome
to
gouerne
&
direct
you
in
all
your
actions
,
that
employing
your
diligent
endeuour
in
your
Arte
in
his
feare
,
and
calling
vpon
him
in
the
time
of
trouble
,
he
may
heare
and
deliuer
you
from
all
your
distresses
;
And
that
being
deliuered
,
you
may
accordingly
glorifie
him
,
yeelding
praise
and
thankes
for
his
mercies
before
the
sonnes
of
men
.
Let
Staffe
,
Carde
,
Compasse
,
Ship
,
and
Skill
,
Depend
vpon
Gods
blessed
will
.
Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
Notes for div A04334-e1450
Notes for div A04334-e2660
Notes for div A04334-e4300
Notes for div A04334-e9300