Military discipline: or, the yong artillery man Wherein is discoursed and showne the postures both of musket and pike: the exactest way, &c. Together with the motions which are to be used, in the excercising of a foot-company. With divers and severall formes and figures of battell; with their reducements; very necessary for all such as are studious in the art military. By William Barriff.

CHAP. I. Concerning Postures and handling Armes .

THe first rudiments for the Discipline of Infantry ought to be an Instruction , for the well mannaging of their Armes ; whereby they may be brought , to use them with ease and delight : whereas to the contrary ( without exercise ) both sorts of Armes , wil become a troublesom burden , unto the unskilfull Bearers . No man is borne a Souldier , neither can any attain , to be kilfull in the Art Military without practice . But by practice is gained knowledge , knowledge begets courage and confidence ; few or none being fearefull to execute what by frequent practice they have throughly learned .

Wherefore it is necessary for every one that intends any proficiency in this part of the Art military , to be instructed in the Postures and well handling of their Armes ; a thing much to be desired in our Trained Bands , though small hope of amendment . Seeing the Souldiers are scarce called forth to exercise either Posture , or Motion once in foure or five yeares . Whose the fault is I know not , only I pray God that it may be amended , lest shame and infamy be the least of euils which our carelesse security may bring upon us : Yet pardon this digression , for my zeale to my Countries good had almost transported mee beyond the bounds of my intent , but of this no more . I will now come to the postures of the Musket and Pike : which , I conceive , are fittest to begin from the taking up of their Armes , and arming the Souldiers concluding them with the laying down of their Armes , or disarming them . But before I begin the Postures : Mee thinks I heare some already inquiring what is a Posture . Wherefore that I may satisfie them , and not be troublesome to others . In briefe thus .

Posture in a Souldier is the garbe or figure , that he useth in the handling of his Armes , consisting of severall Motions for atchieving of each Posture . The Motion being the working part , the Posture the alteration or act , either in circumstance or matter . As to rest your Musket being one Posture , to shoulder your Musket another , so likewise for the rest , howbeit some perchance will object , ( as formerly hath bin to one of Athens , making a long Oration in the praise of Hercules his valour ) who ever doubted of it . So to me who ever questioned these for Postures : yet I have known them not only questioned , but written against , peremptorily concluding that there are but three Postures to be used for the Musket , whose errours I shal easily confute . But more of this after the Postures of the Musket . Wherefore for the more orderly proceeding conceive their Armes to lie before them on the ground , and then the first command will be , to stand to their Armes .

The Postures of the Musket .

TAke up your Bandeliers .

Put on your Bandeliers .

Take up your Match .

Place your Match .

Take up your Musket and Rest .

Rest your Musket .

Now if you please you may performe your saluting Posture .

Poyse your Musket .

Shoulder your Musket .

Take your Rest into your right hand , and you are armed ready to March .

Now to begin to make ready , which may be done either standing or marching .

Take your Match between the fingers of your right hand .

Put your Rest string about your left Wrist , and carry your Rest in your left hand .

Return your Match between the fingers of your left hand .

Unshoulder your Musket and Poyse .

Ioyn your Rest to the outside of your Musket .

Open your Pan. Cleer Prime Shut

Cast off your loose Corns .

Blow off your loose Corns , and bring about your Musket to the left side .

Treile your Rest , & ballance your Musket in your left hand .

Charge with Powder . Bullet .

Draw forth your Scowring stick . Shorten

Put your scowring stick into your Musket .

Ram home your Charge .

Withdraw your scowring stick . Shorten Return

Bring forward your Musket and Rest .

Poyse your Musket and recover your Rest .

Ioyn your Rest to the outside of your Musket .

Draw forth your Match .

Blow your Coale .

Cock your Match . Fit

Guard your Pan.

Blow the Ash from your Coale .

Open your Pan.

Present upon your Rest .

Give fire brest high .

Dismount your Musket , joyning your Rest to the outside of your Musket .

Uncock and return your Match .

Cleer your Pan Shut

Poise your Musket . Shoulder

Take your Match between the fingers of the right hand .

Take your Rest into your right hand , cleering your string from your wrist .

Return your Rest into the left hand , the string loose .

Return your Match into your left hand .

Unshoulder your Musket and Poyse .

Rest your Musket .

Set the But-end of your Musket on the ground .

Lay down your Musket and Rest . Match .

Take off your Bandeliers . Lay down

March from your Armes .

There is likewise the Sentinell Posture , which is , The Muskettier having his Musket charged with Bullet , his Match cockt , his Pan guarded , stands with his Musket rested to performe such duty as shall be commanded or given him in charge . Some have likewise taught to make ready on , or from the Sentinell Posture : But note that as none comes to stand Sentinell but comes ready charged : So if any occasion happen that he must give fire in the time of his standing Sentinel , it causeth a generall Alarme . So that he will have no fit time to make ready upon his Rest : Wherefore , I conceive it superfluous ; but will ever conforme to better judgement .

We have also the Funerall Posture , which from the Rest is to be performed at 3. Motions , which cannot so well be exprest in writing , as it will expresse it selfe in Action . Wherefore seeing that it is rather an Ornament to Obsequies , than truly necessary for Armies I will not spend more time about it , but come to the Postures of the Pike . Yet before I passe upon them , give me leave to answer some , which out of a Criticall humour will alwayes be carping at others , condemning these Postures , saying , There are more by halfe , then are either good or usefull ; and that there are no more Postures to be used , but Make ready , Present , Give fire . The which wee will not deny that in Service there are any other usefull : notwithstanding I would have them to know , that Make ready is no Posture , but a word of Command , including all Postures , from the first Arming of the Souldier to the present : or if the Muskettier be charged , shouldered or both , then the word ( Make ready ) commands the prosecution of the rest of your Postures which are between the Posture you then immediatly are at , when the word is given , and the other Posture , Present for which reason when wee teach Muskettiers at first it is most necessary to instruct them punctually , from Posture to Posture : Which being once attained , he manageth his Armes more surely more comely , with more celerity , and with better execution : and at the first may as easily be taught the best way . But if he have got an habit of doing ill there wil be as much or more pains spent in reclayming his errours , as at first to teach him the best , safest , and readiest way .

CHAP. II. Of the Postures of the Pike .

THat which followeth next of course is the Posture of the Pike . Wherefore that we may observe order in our proceeding ; we will likewise conceive their Pikes to lie in like manner before them on the ground ▪ And then , as before , the first Command will be , To stand to their Armes .

Handle your Pikes . Order

To your open Order . close

Charge with the But-end of your Pike at the inside of your right Foot , your Pike in the left hand , drawing your Sword over the left Arme. Charge to the Right , Left , Reere . Order your Pikes , and put up your Swords .

Note that these Charges at the Foot are to receive a desperate Enemy on Horse , upon a stand in some strait , or other place of advantage ▪ the Muskettiers to give fire over the Pikemens heads , or else-where , at the discretion of the Commander .

Port your Pikes . Comport Cheeke Treile Order

Charge to the Reere is to be understood alwayes to the left about , because it is 3. times a nearer way then charging to the right about ▪ Charge to the Front Order as you were . Right Left Reere Shoulder your Pikes

Advance your Pikes . Port Comport Cheeke

Treile your Pikes Advance as you were . Charge to the Front Right Left Reere

Shoulder your Pikes . Port Comport Cheeke Treile

Shoulder your Pikes Shoulder as you were . Charge to the Front Right Left Reere

From Comport , Cheeke , or Treile , the Pikeman may at the discretion of the Commander charge either to the Front , Reere , or both Flanks , as shall be necessary or thought expedient . Wherfore we shall not need to do it but once over , for the Charges will be all alike , whether you Comport from Order , from Advance , or Shoulder . And so likewise for Cheek and Treile , &c.

From Comport Charge to the Front Comport as you were . Right Left Reere

Cheek your Pikes . From the Cheek Charge to the Front Cheek as you were . Right Left Reere

Treile your Pikes . From the Treile Charge to the Front Treile as you were . Right Left Reere

Order your Pikes . Lay down

I shall undergo the censure of some , for that they will finde more Postures of the Pike here then formerly they knew of , and so by their conclusion more then there is any need of ; for now-a-dayes there are such that will limit discipline , to the verge of their owne knowledge , and whatsoever else they shall see either acted or written by others that is without the lists of their kenning , they will peremptorily conclude for superfluous and improper , howsoever I shall alwayes referre my selfe to the judgment of the more judicious .

The charges of the Pike are twofold either for defense or offence . Charges underhand or over-hand ▪ but divers and different they are from their severall wayes and Postures from which they are or may be done , although they are not all alwayes usefull , yet at sometimes they may be usefull , and therefore very requisite to be known to all such as either are , or at lest would be accounted for good Souldiers .

As I have set down the Postures themselves both of Musket and Pike , so it were not much amisse , if that the Motions of Posture were likewise here exprest . But because they will take up too much time , & fill too much paper , and the Subject it selfe not pleasing unto many ; I will spare my labour , and my booke the lines , rather suffering the censure of curtail'd brevity , then tedious prolixity .

CHAP. III. Of the Drum .

OVr Souldiers being sufficiently instructed in the Postures of such Armes as they carry , or are appointed to use : the next thing they are to learn , is the knowledge of the severall beats of the Drum , which is as requisite to be learnt of the Souldier , as any thing else in this way . For the Drum is the voice of the Commander , the spurre of the valiant , the heart of the coward , and by it they must receive their directions when the roring Canon , the clashing of armes , the neighing of horses , and other confused noise causeth , that neither Captaine nor other Officer can be heard . Wherefore it will be most necessary for him to learne these sixe severall Beats , viz.

1 A Call . 2 A Troope . 3 A March. 4 A Preparative . 5 A Battaile . 6 A Retreit .

1 By a Call , you must understand to prepare to heare-present Proclamation , or else to repaire to your Ensigne .

2 By a Troope understand to shoulder your Muskets , to advance your Pikes , to close your Rankes and Files to their order , and to troope along with ( or follow ) your Officer to the place of Randesvous or elsewhere .

3 By a March you are to understand to take your open order in ranke , to shoulder both Muskets and Pikes , and to direct your March either quicker or slower , according to the beat of the Drum .

4 By a Preparative you are to understand to close to your due distance , for skirmish both for ranke and file , and to make ready , that so you may execute upon the first command .

5 By the Battaile or charge , understand the continuation or pressing forward in order of battaile without lagging behind , rather boldly stepping forward into the place of him that fals dead , or wounded before thee .

6 By a Retreit understand an orderly retiring backward , either for reliefe , for advantage of ground , or for some other politicall end , as to draw the enemy into some ambushment , or such like . Much more might be written concerning the Drum , but this may suffice for the present .

CHAP. IV. Of Rankes and Files , their places and dignities .

NOw that our Souldiers are somewhat skilfull in managing of their armes , and no lesse capable of the severall beats of the Drum , it is high time for them to know the difference between a Ranke , and a File . Wherefore What is a Ranke . know that a Ranke is a row of men , sometimes more , sometimes fewer , standing , moving , or marching even a breast , or ( as some write ) pouldron to pouldron , or shoulder to shoulder . A File What is a File . is a sequence of men , standing one behinde another , backe to belly in a straight line from Front to Reere , consisting sometimes of 6. 8. or 10. men . on some occasions the Spaniards make them 12. deepe . But when any one would shew much variety of exercise , then 8. will be the more pliant and dividual number , yet for service in the field , where men are not altogether so expert ( as I could wish our Country-men were ) 10. men is the fittest number , not onely for the cause aforesaid , but also because that 10. is the square root of a 100. and is a better number to draw Companies into grosser bodies .

And now I thinke it would not be much amisse if I should here insert the severall places of digninity and precedency in Ranke , as also in File . Wherfore because that Files are first to be drawn forth , and that by adding or joyning of Files together , Rankes are made ; we will begin first with Files . Wherefore conceive their honour according to the figures or numbers hereunder placed , first in File , then of Rank , lastly of both conjoyned .

It will not be of it selfe sufficient that I have both marked and figured the places and dignities to each particular man in his File and Ranke , but it will be looked for of some , that I should backe my opinions either with sound and good reasons of mine owne , or at the least with the opinions of some others : as for such as have employed themselves upon this subject , they have been as divers in their judgements , as their number , each man having a fancie to his owne way . And if it were much materiall , I might have here demonstrated unto you the severall opinions of Leo , Robertellus , Count Mansfield , Sir Thomas Kellie , and many others : whose workes being extant , I will spare the labour . But above all the rest that ever I read , Captaine Iohn Bingham hath in my judgement best delivered himselfe in this particular : which although he have exprest by way of Tetarchies and Mirrarchies , yet the same may be understood as well by Rankes and Files . His words are these : * * In the Tacticks of Ae●an lib. 1. the Notes of the 10. Chapter . Every Tetarch is over foure Files , in all which the Commander that hath the right , hath the first place ; he that hath the point of the left , the second place ; he that standeth on the right hand next to him , the third place . The last place is his that standeth next to the Commander of the right point on the left hand : He demonstrates it by way of figure thus .

CHAP. V. Reasons for precedency of dignity in Rankes and Files .

I Shall now endevour to give some reasons for these severall places of dignitie in Ranke and File . And first for that Geometricall proportion gives both life and being to orderly discipline , consider that all parts of the body ought to be answerable . Wherefore seeing that the joyning of Files and Rankes produceth greater Bodies ; it is necessary that a true proportion should be kept from the beginning : and that in drawing forth of Files they observe to make the Reere halfe files answerable in skill and worth to the Front halfe file . And that the file-leaders , and halfe-rankes of the left flanke , should be equivalent in worth , skill , and valour to the right flanke , that the Reere division hold like proportion with the Front division , and that all parts of the body

depiction of 'ranks and files' be ballanced with true proportion , so neere as the knowledge of the Souldiers , and the number of the men will give you leave ; and that there may be correspondency in their worth , place , and dignity ▪ you may observe by adding the figures of number together , which are in the Margent , where you shal finde that the dignity being added together of the Front halfe file , makes the number of 18. And the worth of the Reere division being in like manner added , makes the like number . So likewise shal you finde the dignity and worth of the File leaders of the left flanke , to paralell the worth of those on the right flanke by the same rule . If you will have it yet more cleere , observe that the file leader is the chiefe in his File , the bringer up the second , the halfe File leader the third , the last man of the front halfe file the fourth . Now note that as the worth of the first precedes the second , so the worth of the third exceeds the fourth . Now adde the first worth to the fourth worth , and that makes five . And the second worth to the third , and it makes the same number ; so that there is equalitie throughout the Battell both in Front , Reere , and Flankes : for it were unreasonable , that all the chiefe men should be on the right Flanke , and all the worst on the left . For the left must be opposed to the enemies right . The File leader ought to be worthiest , because he hath the command of his File , and marcheth the first against his enemy . The bringer up ought to be the second , because his place of march is in the Reere , and is in most danger , should the enemy charge on that part . The halfe file leader is the third in honour , because that when the halfe file is taken off upon any occasion , he is the leader ( unlesse they be commanded to face about ) the last man of the front halfe file is the fourth man in dignitie , for when the Reere division is taken off , then he is the Bringer up . The next man to the file-leader hath the fift place of honour , for that one doubling brings him into the front . The next man before the Bringer-up hath the sixt place of honour , for that if the body be faced about , one doubling brings him into the Front accidentall , or keeping the proper front by once doubling of rankes , he becomes Bringer-up to his File-leader . The seventh place of honour is his that marcheth next after the halfe-file leader , for that when the halfe files double the Front , or marcheth forth , then one doubling , ranks him even with the Front . The eight and last place of honour , is his that is the third from the Front , the File being but 8. deepe , which may also be made a File-leader , though with more trouble than the rest : for by counter-marching Front and Reere into the middest , and then facing to the former front , & after doubling of ranks , makes him likewise a file-leader . Now as every mans dignitie is more or lesse in his File , so is all his ranke with him . Wherefore this that hath already beene said , may suffice to demonstrate unto those which as yet are ignorant of the severall places of dignity , both in Ranke and File . I might have enforced many other reasons concerning the dignity of number and place : but I have insisted longer upon this subject , then at first I intended , which makes me the more willing , though somewhat abruptly to breake from it , and come to shew the manner of joyning or drawing up of Files into forme of battell . And therefore this may serve for all , the Serjeant that hath order to place them , is to lead them up according to their worth and honour . As first the right hand file ; then the left hand file ; and so the other files successively within them according to their severall worths and places . As by the following figure you may more plainely perceive .

If there be any that shall say these are nicities , and of no repute amongst Souldiers , I dare say they have been well reputed of by good Souldiers , no disparagement unto the fault-finders ( if there happen to be any such . ) As for the noble , worthy , and well-knowing Souldiers , I am almost confident that out of their true-speaking judgements , they will eyther conclude that it is so used , or at the least that it ought so to be ; but if this can worke no effect with the — I leave every man freely to his owne judgement , desiring the judicious , alwaies to hold a favourable opinion of my well-meaning .

CHAP. VI. Of the severall distances .

NOw that our Souldiers have attained some small knowledge in the use of their Armes ( me thinkes like some of our little-knowing souldiers of the trained Bands ) they already begin to be ambitious of File-leaders places ; therefore that their owne weakenesses may light them to reade their owne follies , we will see how they will behave themselves in exercise amongst the Companie . Wherein the first thing we are to instruct them in , is their distances . But because it is held by some a matter disputable , whether distance be one of the motions or no : We will first declare what is distance . To which I answer , that indeed Distance it selfe is no motion , but there is motion in producing such distance ; for Distance is the space of ground between man and man , either in File or Ranke , having relation onely to the place between each partie . All the rest of the motions having not onely relation to the one , but the other . Wherefore not to spend more time in a matter so apparant , we will say that the discipline of a foot-companie consists chiefly in distance and motion . And therefore seeing that distance is the ground of motion , and that no motion can be performed without distance , wee will leave to discourse it , and fall to the matter it selfe , and shew how many sorts of Distance is ordinarily used in our moderne discipline , which are these foure here under named , viz.

Close Order , which is One foot and a halfe . Order , both in Three foot . Open Order , Rank & Sixe foot . Double distance , File Twelve foot .

It hath been the opinion of some ancient Commanders , that the distance of Ranke , was alwaies double the distance of File , although they went both under one and the same denomination . As that order in File was three foot , order in Ranke sixe foot , open order in file sixe foot , open order in ranke twelve foot , and so of other distances . But the best received opinions hold them to be alike both in ranke and file .

There is to be considered in distance these three especially , that is , Distance For March . For Motion . For Skirmish .

You are to observe , thatyour distance for march is to be three foot between file and file , and sixe foot between ranke and ranke ; distance for motion sixe foot both in ranke and file , distance for wheelings and skirmish three foot in ranke and file . Onely if you were to receive a charge from the horse , it is necessary for your files of Pite-men to be at close order . Wherefore we will rehearse all the ordinary wayes for the opening , and closing both of files and rankes . But in the first place command them to even their Rankes , and streighten their Files , to be silent & attend to their words of command and direction , &c.

In motion of Files you are to observe your Leader . Rankes and files to your close order .

Files open to the right to your order . Rankes open forward

Files open to the right to your open order . Rankes open forward

In motion of Rankes you are to observe your right hand man . Files open to the right to your double distance . Rankes open forward

Files close to the right to your open order . Rankes close forward

Files close to the right to your order . Rankes close forward

Files close to the right to your close order . Rankes close forward

Files open to the left to your order . Rankes open backward

Files open to the left to your open order . Rankes open backward

Files open to the left to your double distance . Ranks open backwards

Files close to the left to your open order . Ranks close backward

Files close to the left to your order . Ranks close backward

Files close to the left to your close order . Ranks close backward

Files open right and left to your order . Ranks to the front & reere

Files open right and left to your open order . Ranks to the front and reere

Files open right and left to your double distance . Ranks to the front and reere

Files close right and left inward to your open order . Ranks to the middest —

Note that when Files open to the right , the left-hand file must stand fast , every file taking his distance from the file next his left hand : And when they open to the left , then the right hand file stands , every file taking his distance from the file next his right hand . Obserue also that when Ranks open forwards , then the last ranke stands , every Ranke taking his distance from the Ranke next behinde him : And when they open backwards , then the first Ranke is to stand , every Rank to take his distance from the Ranke next before him . You are likewise to take notice in the action , that you are either to face to the right , or to the right about .

Note also that in closing of Files , if it be to the Right , then contrary to the opening , the right hand file stands ; the rest closing to the Right , taking their distance from their next right hand file . If you close to the left , then the left hand file stands ; the rest of the files closing to the left , taking their distance in like manner . When Files close to the right and left , then they close inward , taking their distance from the files within them , neerer to the middest of the bodie . Also note , that when Files are commanded to open to the right and left ( or by division ) it must be outward . If Ranks close to Front and Reere , then the first and last Ranke stand ; the others taking their distances from them . If they close Ranks towards the center or midst , then they close towards their two middlemost Ranks .

It is not required that every Captaine or other Officer that shall exercise a Company , shall use all these several openings , and closings which are here exprest , but rather that he shall make use of so many of them , as he shall thinke fit for his present occasion or exercise . Although they all may be usefull at some time or other . I may spare examples , for it must needs be apparant to the meanest capacities .

CHAP. VII . Of marching the Company in Divisions at length , the order and places of the Officers , and againe drawing them into forme of Battell .

NOw that our Souldiers are somewhat expert in their distances , we will next draw them forth into a long March . Wherefore note , that our files must be at order , and our Ranks at open order : The Muskettiers of the right flanke , are to make the Van , and to march next after the Captaine : The Pikes are to make the battell , and to march after the Ensigne , either in one or two divisions , according to their number . The Muskettiers of the left flanke ( sometimes called the second division of Muskets ) make the Reere Guard , which is led commonly by the second Serjeant . How be it if there be but one division of Pikes , then the eldest ( or chiefest ) Serjeant leads the second division of Muskettiers . If the Company be but small , then it is best to make but two Divisions , one of the Muskettiers , another of the Pikes ; For the placing of the rest of the Officers , you may perceive by the figure in the margent ▪ Wherefore note that M. stands for Muskets , p. for Pikes , D. for Drummes , S. for Serjeants , E. for Ensigne , L. for Lieutenant , and C. for Captaine .

Note , if you have but three Drummes , then let the Drumme in the second division of Pikes be wanting : If onely two , then upon a March , the first betweene the third and fourth ranke of the front division of Muskettiers . The second betweene the third and fourth ranke of the second division of Pikes .

Note that betweene each Division in March , there ought to be 12. foot distance ; 6. foot betweene the Officer , and 6. foot behinde him .

CHAP. VIII . Of drawing the divisions up into a square .

WHen you would bring your body againe into Battalia , command your front division to make Alt or Stand ; then give order to your Ensigne either by a Serjeant , or by some signe to leade up the first division

of pikes on the left of the first division of Muskettiers , with his colours flying , and the Pikes to continue shouldered , so long as the Drumme beats a March . But if it beat a Troope , then the Pikes are to advance , and close their Ranks forward to their order , and so the Ensigne to troop them up with his colours fierld . The eldest Serjeant is to leadeup the second division

of Pikes ; The second Serjeant in like manner is to leade up the second or reere Division of Muskettiers ; each division still marching up to the left of that division next before it . The manner you may plainly see in the figure ; where the front division is marked in the Reere with the letter A. The first Division of Pikes

with the letter B. The second Division of pikes with C. The second Division of Muskettiers hath in the Reere the letter D. The other figure on the other leafe in form of a square shewes their standing , after the Divisions are led up . All the file-leaders standing even in front together making one Ranke .

The discipline of the Art Militarie may rightly be divided into these five generall heads , ( viz. ) Distance , Facings , Doublings , Countermarches , and Wheelings , which have beene not unaptly compared to the five vowels : For as without one or more of the vowels , no word can be spelled , so without one or more of these , neither forme , nor action can be performed .

CHAP. IX . What is Facing , and the use of the word , whether to be used or refused .

BEfore we come to shew the varietie of Facings in the action , I thinke it will not be amisse to speake a word or two in the way of definition : and therefore what is Facing ▪ To which I answer , That Facing is a particular turning of the Aspect from one part to another , whereby the Front proper becomes a Front accidentall : And a Front accidentall , may be reduced to his proper Front . There are some likewise that by no meanes will allow of the word Face : Concluding it altogether unnecessarie ; And no other word must be given , but , To the Right , To the left , &c. Yet I wonder that men will stumble at so small a straw , which cannot chuse but be better used than refused . For the word Face is but one syllable , and quickly pronounced , and gives so cleare an expression of the intent of the Commander that it concludes it necessary . As for example , Should you command a Company to double Rankes to the Right , and then command them as they were , and then say , To the Left , it might puzzle a good Souldier at the first , to discerne whether he should face or double : The like mistake might bee among Countermarches : Wherefore I conceive that none can justly taxe it for superfluous , seeing the easiest expression hath alwayes beene accounted for the best . Yet spare me , for my intent is not to oversway any man in his opinion , but rather to deliver mine ; leaving all men freely to their owne likings .

If my intent were to make a great booke with a little matter , I might then here insert figures for every particular Facing , and their Reducements to their first Posture , which would take up divers sheets of paper , and to little purpose . For I suppose that every man that knows any thing , may easily conceive the Idea of any ordinary Facing in his minde . Wherefore I will but shew one or two of the hardest . You are to note that in the Motion of Facings every man turnes on the Center , or Ball of the left foot , moving onely the right , the other being the keeper both of ranke and file . In the exercise of the motion of facings , you are to be at open order in Ranke and File .

Face to the Right As you were . Left Right and left Right about Left about Right and left inward When you face to any hand in the Reducement , you are to returne by the contrary . Right angle Left Foure Angles

The front halfe files standing , it will be requisite for the halfe files to the reere , to do as much by themselues : whereby , they will the more aptly perceive , how that the subdivision goeth under the denomination of the halfe files , &c.

Halfe files face to the Right . As you were . Left . Right and left . Right about . Left Right and left inward

There is another word which is ordinarily used and proper , for reducements of Facings , which is , To your Leader .

There is another Facing sometimes used , which is , Face to the center , and is when the body stands in some circular form , or else in an hollow square .

There is also a Facing , which causeth the Body to face to the front , reere , and flanks , which some call , Facing square .

CHAP. X. Of Facing square , and how to performe it , the usefulnesse of facings , and the severall parts thereof .

WHen we instruct our Souldiers how to face square ( if the Body be but 8. deepe ) command , the two first ranks stand fast , the two last Ranks face about , the rest of the Body face to the right and left . If the Body be deeper we command more Ranks to the Front , and so likewise to the Reere . It is very necessary for young Souldiers to move 10. or 12. paces upon every motion of facings , whether they are entire , or divisionall . Now I will pricke two severall figures of facing , which will be sufficient to demonstrate all the rest .

When your Souldiers begin any motion , let them advance their Armes . When they come to a stand , and have performed their motion , let them order their Armes . The words of Command , commonly used to produce this figure , are these as followeth .

The two first ranks stand .

The two last ranks face about .

The rest of the body face to the right and left , ( then ) march all .

To reduce them to their first order ▪

Face all about to the right , march and close your divisions .

Face all to your Leader ( who then stands at his front proper . )

Facing square another way , & marching upon it .

The words of command customarily used to produce this figure are these as followeth ,

Muskettiers face to the right and left .

Halfe files of Pikes face about to the right ( then ) march all .

To reduce them to their former order ,

Face all about to the right , march and close your divisions .

Face all to your Leader .

Facings are so usefull and necessary , that you may as well dispense with any one of the grounds of Discipline , as with them ; for they are usefull almost upon all occasions , and not onely sooner executed than any other of the motions , but may be needfull when Wheelings and Countermarches cannot be used , as in a strait . There are no more then foure facings intire , besides Angular ; as for Divisionall , there be divers , and indeed very necessary many of them be , as occasion may offer it selfe for their severall uses ; howsoever peremptorily to say , there be so many and no more , I conceive , hath beene concluded by none ; but it still rests at the discretion of the Commander , to exercise more or fewer of them , as he best liketh , and the necessity requireth either for action or exercise .

Intire . Intire facings are so called when the aspect of the whole Company are directed one way .

Divisionall . Divisionall facings are so called , when the aspect of the Souldiers is at one & the same time directed divers and severall waies : as to the front and reere , the right and left , or to all foure at once , &c.

Angular . Angular Facings are so called , when the aspect of the Company is directed to the right corner man , which is the right Angle , or to the left corner man , which is the left Angle ; or to the foure corner men , which are the foure Angles .

Angular facings were of great use among the ancients , for their figures called the Diamond , the wedge , the Sheeres , the Saw , and such like , when they made use of such formes of battell . But for the use of them in our moderne Discipline , I conceive there is little or none , onely thus , wee honour the memory of the Ancients in their use . And some say they are very fit for exercise ; for that by their use the souldier is made more apt and perfect in the other . Therefore let this suffice to be spoken concerning facings , and now be pleased to turne your aspect , and take a view how our young souldiers will behave themselves , in the performance of the doublings .

CHAP. XI . Of Doublings , their use and parts .

DOublings are of most excellent and singular good use for the strengthening of any part of the battell , according to the occasion or discretion of the Commander , and consists of these two generals , Doublings of length , and Doublings of depth , all times in quantity of number , sometimes both in number and place , both sorts having this restriction , to be doublings of rankes or flanks ; every particular doublings pointing at one of these , although there be sundry and divers waies for the doing of them , each of them being to very good purpose , for some consideration or other . Doublings of Ranks , from what forme soever it be done , doth make the number double so much as was before , and sometimes doth extend the length of the battell to double the proportion of ground , as well as well as number .

Doublings of files ( or flankes ) doe also double the number in depth , and sometimes becomes a doubling both of number and place . Wherefore for the better understanding of the doublings , observe with me these sixe usuall waies following .

The severall parts or branches of Doublings . Doublings of 1 Ranks . 2 Halfe-files . 3 Bringers-up . 4 The Reere . 5 Files . 6 Halfe-rankes .

The first is the doubling of rankes , and is when every even ranke doubleth into the odde ; the second is , when the halfe-files double their ranks forwards into the Front : the third , when the Bringers-up double their ranks forwards into the Front . The fourth when the Front-halfe files doubleth the Reere . These first foure being doublings of ranks , the length of the battell being by them extended either simply in number , or both in number and place . The next two are doublings of flanks : the first whereof is the ordinary doublings of files , every one of the even files being inserted into the odde files , accounting from the hand named . The next is the doubling of halfe-rankes , which is to be understood when one flanke doubleth the other , either by passing through , countermarch , doubling intire , or divisionall .

You are to note in this motion of doubling , that as there is one part of the body stands , so the other part moves : the standing part is to be doubled , The distance for particular and divisionall doublings , is open order in Ranke and File . Note that the ordinary doublings of Rankes and Files , is or ought to be performed by three steps , first stepping forth with that foot which is next unto the place named , and in the reducement , to returne by the contrary hand . the part moving , are those that double , as you may perceive by the figures , which shew the manner of each doubling . That which next followes are the words of command , and direction for doublings with their severall reducements following next after them .

ThewordsofcommandforDoublings. Ranks to the right double . left

Rankes as you were .

Files to the right double . left

Files as you were .

Bringers up double your ranks forward to the right .

Bringers up face about to the left , march forth into your places .

Bringers up double your ranks forward to the left .

Bringers up face about to the right , march forth into your places .

Files to the right and left double outward , Files as you were . Note that in these doublings of ranks and files , if you double rankes to either hand , doubling of files to the contrary , reduceth them . Or in doubling of files to any hand , doubling of ranks to the contrary will reduce them . inward ,

Halfe files double your rankes forward to the right .

Halfe files face about to the left , march forth into your places .

Halfe files double your ranks forward to the left .

Halfe files face about to the right , march forth into your places .

Front halfe files face about to the left and double the reere to the right , march forth into your places . Front halfe files face about to the right and double the reere to the left , march forth into your places .

Front halfe-files double the reere to the right by counter-march .

Front halfe-files face about to the left , march forth into your places .

Front halfe-files double the reere to the left by counter-march .

Front halfe-files face about to the right , march forth into your places .

Halfe-rankes to the right by counter-march , double your left flanke .

Halfe-rankes that doubled face to the right , march forth into your places .

Halfe-rankes to the left by counter-march , double your right flanke .

Halfe ▪ ranks that doubled face to the left , march forth into your places .

Halfe-ranks of the right , double your left flank .

Halfe-ranks that doubled , face to the right , march forth into your places .

Halfe-ranks of the left , double your right flank .

Halfe-ranks that doubled face to the left , march forth into your right places .

Note that upon all motions of doublings , that they that are to double before they move from their places , are to advance their Armes . When they have performed their doubling , they are to conforme to the Posture of those whom they double , whether it be Order , Advance , or Shoulder . Halfe-files double your front to the right intire .

Halfe-files face about to the left , march forth into your places .

Halfe-files double your front to the left intire .

Halfe-files face about to the right , march forth into your places .

Halfe-files double your front inward intire .

Halfe-files face about to the right , march forth into your places .

Halfe-files double your front by diuision .

Halfe-files face about to the right and left , march forth into your places .

Front halfe-files double your reere by division .

Front halfe-files face about to the right and left inward , march forth into your places .

Front halfe-files double your reere to the right intire .

Front halfe-files face about to the left , march forth into your places .

Front halfe-files double your reer to the left intire .

Front halfe-files face about to the right , march forth into your places .

Halfe-ranks of the right , double your left flank intire to the right .

Halfe-rankes that doubled , face about to the left , march forth into your places .

Halfe-ranks of the left , double your right flanke intire to the left .

Halfe-ranks that doubled , face about to the right , march into your places .

Halfe-ranks of the right , double your left flanke by division .

Halfe-rankes that doubled , face about the right and left inward , march forth into your places .

Note that all entire doublings , are to be performed at Order both in Ranke and File . Double your ranks to the right intire .

Ranks that doubled face to the left , march forth into your places .

Double your ranks to the left intire .

Ranks that doubled face to the right , march forth into your places .

Double your ranks by division .

Ranks that doubled , face to the right and left inward , march forth into your places .

Double your files to the right intire , advancing .

Files that doubled , face about to the left , march forth into your places .

Double your files to the left intire , advancing .

Files that doubled , face about to the right , march forth into your places .

Files double your depth intire to the right files that doubled , as you were . left

Files double your depth to the right , every man falling behinde his bringer-up .

Files that doubled , as you were .

CHAP. XII . Of inversion and conversion , and of doubling Ranks .

THere is yet another doubling of the depth , which is called Inversion . But because some out of their ignorance make little or no difference betwixt Inversion and conversion . Give me leave for the clearing of the doubt , to place Conversion and Inversion together , that by their contrary effects , the difference may be the more perspicuous to such as shall be desirous to know it . Yet before I either enter upon figure , or command for Inversion or Conversion , I hold it necessary to shew some of the figures of those doublings , for which I have already given the words of command and reducements . And then next after them , I will place both the words of Command , and the figures belonging to Inversion and Conversion .

This figure next following , is a doubling of rankes to the right , where you may perceive how the even rankes are inserted into the odde rankes : the pricks denotating the places they stood in , before the doubling began , the little line or stroke drawne from the pricks , shewing the manner of the doubling : I thinke it would be needlesse to Note that in the doubling of Ranks , the even Ranks are to double into the odde , beginning alwaies to reckon from the first Rank . make another figure , to shew the doubling of rankes to the left ; for the meanest judgement may by this figure easily apprehend what the other would be .

CHAP. XIII . Of doublings of Files .

IN this doubling of Files , you may perceive , that each of the even files doubleth into the odde files , beginning from the hand named : as in this doubling of files to the left ; the left hand file stands fast , the second file doubleth into it , the fourth file into the third , and so for the rest . If your command be to double your files to the right , then contrariwise the right hand file stands fast , the rest of the even files doubling into the odde , accounting from the right , as before from the left . Thus much may suffice for the doubling of files , onely take this by way of admonition ; that as in doubling of ranks any way , you are to observe your right hand leader : so in doubling of files , you are to observe your file-leader ; so that as neere as possibly may be , you may either In doubling of Files , note if the doubling be to the left , as in this Figure , then every man of the even Files , steps behinde his left hand in ranke or file , be altogether in one motion . If you please further to observe with me , that this doubling is a doubling of number , and not of place , the depth of the battell not being thereby extended , for further satisfaction observe this figure .

man at three steps , every even File doubling into the odde files beginning your account with the outmost File to the hand named , as I have formerly said . Files to the left , double .

* * In this doubling of Ranks by Bringers ▪ up , as likewise in all other of like nature , they that are to move , are to adxance their Armes . But if the Commander please , it will be best for the ease of the Musettiers , to be shouldered . And upon all doubling of Ranks whatsoever , lot them be sure to observe their right hand men . Files as you were .

CHAP. XIV . Of doublings by bringers-up .

THis doubling which next followeth , shall be a doubling by Bringers-up , of which sort , one figure will be sufficient , which I hold most necessary to demonstrate in manner of motion ▪ The figure followeth .

This doubling of Ranks by Bringers up , differeth from the other doubling of ranks , first done , both in quantity and quality . In quantity it differeth , in regard the other leaves a large distance betweene Ranke and Ranke , being double the distance they formerly stood at : this contrariwise continuing and preserving the same distance they formerly stood at betweene each Ranke . In quality it also differeth , in regard that it brings the best and second sort of Souldiers , together into the Front . The manner of this doubling you may plainely perceive by the figure , where it is performed as followeth . The eight or last ranke , which are the bringers up , passe forwards even in ranke , through or betweene the intervales , to the right of them that stand before them , until they come even in ranke with the Front ; The seventh rank following those which marched from behinde them , placing themselves in the second Rank , the sixth in the third , the fifth ranke or halfe file in the fourth or reere of the front halfe file . This doubling maketh a very able Front , in bringing all the best Souldiers together . And although it hath diminished the number , in regard of the depth , yet it hath doubled the number in the length . This doubling is in quantity of number , not of ground . When you march into your places , remember this , that the Rank which last tooke his place in the execution of this motion , must first march into his place in the way of reducement . For as they are led forth by their Bringers up , contrariwise they are led off by their halfe file leaders .

In the doubling of the Front to the left by Bringers up , it is the same , onely differing in this , that whereas before it was to the Right , this is to the Left . Wherefore let this suffice for doublings , by Bringers up .

CHAP. XV. Doublings of Files outward and inward .

THe next doubling , is a doubling of Files outward , which workes the same effect ; as to double Files to the right and left . For the right flanke is to double to the right , the left flanke to the left . As you may plainely perceive by the following Figure .

This doubling of Files to the right and left outward , strengthneth both the Flanks at once ; by doubling their numbers in depth : But it weakneth the Inward part , where it taketh two Files cleane away , leaving a large Interuale in the midst . Some say it is good when a Commander will grace any , to bring them through the center or midst of the Battalia . But you must note , if you have an odde File you cannot so punctually performe it , as when the number of your Files be even . The manner of the doubling , you may perceive by the Figure ; The motion , by the little lines drawen from the Pricks . The performance is as followeth .

The outmost File of each Flanke stands ; The second Files double into them ; The third File from each Flanke stands ; The fourth File double into the third ; The sixt into the fift , and so likewise for the rest .

If you would double Files to the right and left inward , it is to be done the contrary way : For whereas in this Figure of doubling last performed ; the outmost Files stand , the other doubling outward into them : Contrarywise the two inmost Files should stand , the rest doubling to them inward . And whereas in this there is a larger distance in the midst , then is in any other part ; The other part Contra would bee closest in that part . Some men doe not approove of either of these doublings . I leave every man to his owne choice . The practise of it makes perfection , and he that can doe much may doe lesse when he li●teth .

CHAP. XVI . Of doubling by Halfe-files .

THe next doubling is a doubling by Halfe-files , whereby the length of the Battaile is extended to double the former proportion of number , the depth being extenuated both in number and place . This Figure will demonstrate unto you the manner of the motion , which is as followeth .

This doubling our Rankes forward by our Halfe-files , is a Morion generally approved of by all for serviceable , if it be done with conveniencie . It differeth from the other doubling by Bringers up , in quality , not in quantity , ( for therein they keepe one proportion : ) In quality it differeth thus : The doubling by Bringers up brought the best and second sort of souldiers together into the Front ; The fourth and third sort into the Reere : So that the Reere was 4/7 worse then the Front : This doubling by Halfe-files brings the best and the third together into the Front , and leaves the second and fourth in the Reere : So that the Front is made more able , then the Reere , by ⅓ . It differeth likewise in Motion thus ; For whereas in the other doubling , by Bringers up , the Motion was begun , by the last Ranke ▪ every Ranke following the Ranke which came from behind him : This contrarywise is directly led foorth by the fift Ranke from the Front , ( if they be but eight deepe ) and so is executed more surely and suddenly ; the fift Ranke passing into the first ; the sixth Ranke into the second ; the seventh into the third , and so for the rest . For the reducement , when they are commanded to face about to the left , and march forth into their places ; Then as the Motion was led on by the Halfe-file-leaders , so in the reducement , they are led off by the Bringers up : Doubling of halfe-files to the left produceth the same effect ; onely the contrary hand .

CHAP. XVII . Of doubling the Reere by Front Halfe-files .

THe doubling of the Reere by Front halfe-files , is differing from the doubling last shewen , more in maner then matter ; Both concurring in substance , although differing in circumstance . To say more of it , were more then needed ; only peruse the Figure which presents it selfe unto you ( as it is in motion ) as followeth .

This doubling of the Reere , by the Front halfe-files , is to bee performed after this manner . The command being first given , the Front halfe-files face about to the left , ( the Pikes being all aduanced , the Muskets all either poysed or shouldred ) and so being led by the Halfe-file-leaders to the Reere , which are those that hold the fourth place of honour , they march directly forwards to the Right of the other part of the Body , which stood faced in opposition ; untill the leaders of the doubling have ranked , even in Ranke with the Bringers up , the rest ranking even with the other standing Rankes , according to their places : If it be for service that this doubling is used , then the whole body is to face about to the Reere , being the part to be doubled : If onely for exercise , then the Commander may ( if he please ) keepe his place , and the doubling being performed , and the whole Body faced to the Leader , command for the reducement ; Files to the Right , double intire advancing ; every man falling before his leader ; which reduceth each man to his first place .

CHAP. XVIII . Of doubling the Reere by Countermarch .

THere is another manner , of doubling of the Reere , by the Front halfe-files , contrary to that shewen in the precedent Chapter , which is done by the way of the Lacedemon Countermarch ; which some would ranke amongst the Countermarches . Because ( say they ) the Motion is a Countermarch . But the act intended , or thing wrought , is a doubling ; and if it were , to have the denomination of a Countermarch , then it ought not to mixe with any other part of the Body , onely to Countermarch the Front into the midst , and there to stand , without passing forwards to the Reere ; ( which makes it a doubling ) and then it might be accounted

A part Countermarch is when one Moity , or part of the Body countermarcheth , thereby , not altering the number of the length , or depth of the Figure ; but onely transferring one part into another .

Note that if the Reere be doubled to the Right , the Countermarch must be to the Left : if the doubling be to the Left , the Countermarch must be to the Right .

It is at the discretion of the Commander , to face the Company , which way he pleaseth , either for Motion , or Reducement of any Motion formerly performed .

for a part-Countermarch . But as it is here commanded , and performed , it is a doubling . Obserue the Figure following .

This Figure of doubling the Reere by Countermarch , produceth the same effect to the Reere , as doubling the Front by Bringers up doth unto the Front . The Countermarch by which it is performed , is a Countermarch of losse of ground , We will speake more of it amongst the Countermarches . The command to reduce it is ( if the Commander stand , at the head of that part that is doubled . ) Front halfe-files , face about to the Right , march forth into your places : If he keepe his first stand , having faced them to him ; Then , Front halfe-files , march forth into your places . To double the Reere to the Left , by Countermarch , is the same , differing onely in the hand . I will next shew a doubling of the left Flanke , by way of Countermarch .

CHAP. XIX . Of Doubling Flankes by way of Countermarch .

HAlfe-rankes ( or flankes ) are then said to be doubled , when the depth of your Battalia , is increased to double , their former proportion ; of Number , or Place , or both : which may be done divers wayes . But this Chàpter , and Figure , is onely to demonstrate unto you , the doubling of the left Flanke , by way of Countermarch . The Figure followeth : and stands as the doubling is in Motion .

This doubling of Halfe-rankes by Countermarch , is a doubling of Number , not of Place : for the depth still retaines , the same proportion ; onely augmented by one man , the length of your Battalia , being diminished , both in Number and Place ; The right Flanke being wholly inserted , into the left Flanke , as you may perceive by the Figure ; The Motion is to be performed on this manner : The halfe-rankes of the Right , Face to the Right , and then Even in ranke together , Countermarch betweene the Intervales , untill the outmost file to the Right , which is marked with the figure 1 , be come into the outmost File of the left Flanke , which is marked with the number 16 : The second into the fifteenth ; the third into the foureteenth ; The fourth into the thirteenth : and the rest in like manner . The use of this doubling is , to strengthen one of the Flankes , by bringing more hands , to doe present execution ; the other Flanke being in more surety . The way for the Reducement of this Motion is , after this manner ; The halfe-ranks last doubled , being faced to the Right , then they which were the last , which tooke their places in the Motion , now are the first , which take their places in the Reducement ; orderly marching in Ranke together , untill they come to their places : Then facing to their Leader , they become Files againe . The left flanke may in like manner , double the Right by Countermarch ; The difference is this : The right Flanke stands , the left Flanke is inserted into the Right , as before the Right was into the Left . To shew another Figure for it , would be altogether needlesse .

CHAP. XX. Doubling halfe files to the right intire to accomodate the doubling of halfe Rankes .

I Should now come to shew another manner of doubling of flanks , by inserting the one flanke into the other , a different way from that last shewen . But if I should performe it , as the body stands , in the ordinary square , flanked with Muskettiers : then it would produce a mixture of Armes . To avoid which , before you enter upon this doubling , of passing in , through or betweene your halfe rankes ; Cause your halfe files to double the Front to the right intire , which being performed , you may then proceed to the doubling of your flanks , any way without mixture of Armes . If I should have shewen this motion with Pikes or Muskettiers alone , this first doubling of halfe files intire , might have beene spared : but I desire not to leave any thing obscure or difficult , but to render it as easie and apparant as I may , to the capacity of the meanest reader : and if any place in this small Treatise of mine shall seem ambiguous , I shall intreate the courteous to impute it to my lacke of language to expresse my selfe , rather than any will in me to conceale , or obnubilate the sense , whereby to deprive them of the true meaning of any thing in this Booke contained . But left by doubling of words , I prove tardy in my worke ; I will forbeare further circumstance , and come to the prosecution of the matter : which in the first place , will be a doubling of halfe files to the right intire , whereby the next doubling may be the more commodiously accomplished . The figure followeth .

This doubling of halfe files to the right intire , I have fully exprest in the figure , as the body stands , the motion being ended : because we are to adde another doubling , before wee reduce them . This figure next following , will be best shewen in the motion or action , not fully performed : that thereby the manner may be the more easily discerned . But by the way observe , that this doubling of halfe files , is a doubling both of number and place ; for the length of the Battalia is not only double so many a breast as they were before , but they also have extended ther length to double their proportion of ground , which formerly they did occupie . I forbeare to speake more of this doubling , untill we come to shew it in motion : and now proceed to the next doubling upon this . The command is as followeth .

This doubling of halfe rankes is a more speedy and sure doubling , then the doubling of halfe ranks by countermarch , but is most commonly used when the body consists but of one sort of Armes , being either all Muskettiers , or all Pikes . But because in my figures I have as well Muskettiers as Pikes , I have made use of a Doubling intire , and from that have doubled my left flanke , to prevent the mixture of Armes : However mixture of Armes upon some occasion may be necessary . The manner to performe the motion , is this . The left flanke stands , the halfe ranks of the right , face to the left ; and then the inmost file of the right flanke , ( all the files of the right flanke , being by this facing become ranks ) is the leader of this motion , marching forth right to their left hands , between the intervales of the rankes of the left flank , untill that the sixteenth file which now is become a ranke , have placed themselves orderly in the two and thirtieth file , ( which is the outmost file of the left flanke . ) The fifteenth in the one and thirtieth , the fourteenth in the thirtieth : the thirteenth in the nine and twentieth ; and so likewise of all the rest . The places may be perceived by the figure . The doubling is of number , and not of place . For reducement to both these doublings , first cause the halfe rankes which last doubled , to face to the right , and so to march into their places . They that last tooke their places in the motion , are the first that take their places in the reducement . The doubling of halfe ranks being thus reduced , next for the reducing of the halfe files , ( which were doubled before , for the accomodating Order in Ranke and File . The distance required for intire Doubling . of the doubling of halfe-ranks ) command the halfe files to face about to the left , and to march forth into their places : Wherewith I will conclude these sort of doublings , which require open order in Ranke and File , and come next to shew intire doublings , which claime a closer distance for their true performance . And therfore conceive them closed to their order , both in Ranke and File .

CHAP. XXI . The difference betweene intire and divisionall doublings , and of doubling halfe-files intire .

HAving closed our Souldiers to their due distance , I will next proceed , to shew doublings intire . But me thinkes , I heare some already inquiring , what is meant , by intire doublings ; and therefore without offence to the curious , give me leave to be so courteous ( to the Ignorant ) to tell them , that all Doublings , are either intire or divisionall . Intire Doublings being these , What intire Doublingsare . or such like , as when the files or halfe-files , rankes , or halfe-rankes , ( according as the command may be ) doe march forth joyntly together , without division or dissipation , to double the part commanded . What is meant by Particle , and dividuall Doublings . Particle and divisionall Doublings being such , as I have formerly shewn ; as when the files or halfe-files , rankes or halfe-rankes , are disranked and divided into more parts or places than one . This may serve for way of distinction : I will now shew intire doublings , as they are in action : and first beginne with doubling halfe-files . The Figure followeth .

This doubling of halfe-files intire , hath beene held a better doubling ; then either the ordinary doubling of Ranks , or the usuall way of doubling by halfe-files or Bringers up : some of the causes are these . First it makes no disturbance to the other part of the Battalia ; but that it may either be executed in time of motion , exercise , or skirmish . Secondly , it appeares another solid body , to the great disheartening of any enemy . Thirdly , it is very apt for over-fronting ; being a doubling both of number and place . The way to performe the motion , is this . The halfe-files face to the left , and march till they are quite cleere of that part of the body , which stands ; then they face to their Leader , and so march up , untill they are become even in ranke with those which stand upon the right flanke : and then the Figure will be perfect . For the reducement ; the word of command is , Halfe Files face about to the right , march forth into your places : having faced about , they march straight forth , untill they be cleere of the front halfe-files ; then they face to the left , and march straight forth , untill every man hath his right place , and then face right after their Leaders . The doubling of halfe-files to the right intire , is performed after the same manner , onely differing in the hand .

CHAP. XXII . Of doubling the Front inward intire .

DOubling of the Front inward intire , hath beene a doubling as usefull , as ancient : notwithstanding , most commonly used by greater bodies , as when one Regiment , Division , or Maniple , moveth forward , betweene two others , thereby seconding or relieving them : whereby the Front of all the three divisions become ranged in an even line ; but I have onely taken upon me , to shew the motion , in a private Company . The Figure whereof followeth , as it is in the execution .

It hath beene the custome amongst ancient Souldiers and great Commanders , that in the matter of Exercise , they shew some things which are most apt for a private Company ; some for a Regiment ; other some most usefull for compleat arms ; so in like manner , it must be the discretion of every Reader , ( whether hereade for apprehension or reprehension ) to suit and fit each motion to his true end & purpose , & with the wise man , rather reade twise , than judge once : and then perhaps , when the intent of the Author is perceived , his opinions may be received ; yet what need I , or any other apologize ought , in the behalfe of this Figure , or any other such like : sith they are but the expressions of the various figures which proceed of the words of command , used almost by every ordinary Exerciser of a foot Company ? Neverthelesse if Aesops long ear'd beast passing by , should peepe into this Druggists shop , and quarrell with the Compounds , I shall not studie for a further answer , then That the excellent and skilfull Physitian , can convert that into an Antidote , which the unlearned foole will make his poyson . But lest I be taxt for digression , the motion of this doubling is thus performed . The halfe files of the Front , faceth to the right and left ; and march till they have left a distance between them sufficient to receive the halfe files of the Reere , and then stand and face to their Leader . Then the halfe files march up , and even their Front . For the reducement of this Figure , there are ( as there are for all the rest ) divers waies . But because that it is necessary to shew one , let the halfe files face about to the Reere , and march untill they are cleere of the Front halfe files , then stand and face to their Leader ; then the other halfe files of the Front , close their division , and they are reduced .

CHAP. XXIII . Of hale-files , doubling the Front by division .

THis doubling hath beene very well approved of by Count Mansfield , Sir Thomas Kelly , Captaine Bingham , and divers other souldiers of good esteeme , who preferre these sorts of doublings before any other : because these doublings may be used in time of fight , without disturbance to the other part of the Battell . The Figure stands as it is in motion .

The way to performe this motion , is as followeth : the halfe-files are to face to the right and left , and to march , untill rhey are cleere of the Reere part of the Front division ; then they face to their Leader , and march up , untill they be come even in ranke , with the Front , and so stand : which perfects this doubling . The way to reduce them is , as followeth . The halfe-files are to face about to the Reere , and to march forth-right untill they are cleere of the Front halfe-files ; and then they are to face to the right and left inward ; and so to march and close their division ; Then being faced to their Leader , they are reduced , as at first .

CHAP. XXIV . Of doubling the Reere , by Division .

THis next doubling , shall be a doubling of the Reere by the Front halfe-files , which will worke the same effect to the Reere , as the last doubling , by division , did to the Front . It may be usefull in the passing of a River , when the enemy chargeth or persueth in the reere . The Front-division either opening , as you may perceive by the Figure ( next following ) and suffering the Reere halfe-files to passe through them , they maintaining the Skirmish , untill the other have attained the further banke of the River ; Or else the Front-halfe-files , being opened to the Right and Left , and Faced upon the Enemy ; March gallantly Vp , and receive the Charge , whilest the others provide for themselves . This Motion may also be usefull , when you have gained some place of aduantage , For then by this Doubling of the Reere , your Battaile will bee both Lengthened and Strengthened ; And so by the suddaine bringing of these Supplies into the Reere you may not onely relieve your owne , but happily overfront your Enemy . The Figure followeth ▪

For the manner or way of this Motion , it may be thus performed : The Front halfe-files Face to the Right , and Left , and march untill they are cleere of the other halfe-files of the Reere ; Then they Face to the Reere , and March on , untill they have attained to bee Even in Ranke with them , whom they had Command to Double ; which perfects the Doubling . The way to Reduce them , is as followeth : If you keepe your place of the first Front , Then let your Halfe-files ▪ Face about , ( according to former directions , ) and March untill they are cleere of the Reere Halfe-files , which stand ; Then Face to the Right and Left inward , and close their Divisions ; And being Eaced all to their Leader , they are Reduced . Sundry , and divers ways there are , for Reducement both of this and most other Figures . Neuerthelesse I conceive , if I give one Reducement to each Figure , it may suffice to those that know little ; As for such which know better , they know more wayes to the Wood then one : And surely , should I inlarge my selfe , but halfe so much as I might , ( and indeed in some things , no more then were needfull ) I should then bring my Volume into too great a Bulke , and by the price , hinder some of the profit : But I am willingly silent in some things , whereby others may be the better encouraged by my weaknesses , to take notice of their owne worths , which may induce them to put Pen to paper , and thereby produce some worthy worke , which may tend to their Credits , and their Countreys good .

CHAP. XXV . Of Doubling the Reere intire , by the Front-halfe-files .

THis next doubling , shall be a doubling of the Reere to the Right intire , by the Eront halfe-files ; which I intend not fully to expresse : But to deliver the Figure as the Body stands in Motion . For I conceive it better to shew some Figures in the manner of the Motion , then to shew them as they would appeare . The Motion being perfected for the way of the working , gives a great deale more light to the Learner , then to shew the thing absolutely wrought . Neither would I have any thinke , although I shew these varieties of Doublings , and acknowledge them to be of singular good use for the extension of the Length or Depth of any Battaile ; but that the wise conduct and skill of the Commander must so order them , that the extending of the Length , doe not too much weaken the Depth ; nor that the strengthening of the Depth , be not too great a weakening to the Front or Length of your Battaile . I might give examples how divers great Commanders , either by good foresight , or ill oversight , have gained to themselues and their Countreys , Honor and Victory , or losse and slavery . But others have beene very plentifull in examples of this nature , which makes me the more sparing : For my intent is not to write a History of the actions of others ; but rather to shew to such as are not so skilfull , The Bostures , Motions , and some few Formes or Figures of Battaile , with their severall Reducements . The Figure of this present Doubling followeth .

The manner of this motion ( or doubling ) is thus to be performed . The Front-halfe-files , Face to the Left , and March untill they are cleere of the Reere-halfe-files : Then Face againe to the Left ( which is the Reere ) and March outright , untill they Ranke even with the last ranke of the Reere-division ; which gives conclusion to the Doubling .

For the reducement . Let your Front-halfe-files , Face about to the Left , and March right foorth untill they 〈…〉 cleere of the Reere-halfe-files : Then Face them to the Right , and let them March into their places . Then if the Commander goe to his first Front , and Face them all to him ; they are reduced as at first . To double the Reere to the Left intire , may be done after the same manner : onely differing in the hand .

CHAP. XXVI . Of doublings by Halfe-rankes intire .

HAving shewed the Particle doublings and the Doublings of Front and Reere intire , and by division ▪ I will next shew the doublings of Flankes after the same manner , and will first begin with a doubling of the left Flanke , by advancing the right Flanke , and placing it before the Leaders of the left Flanke ▪ which is a doubling both of Number and Place , and may serve to singular good use for the strengthening of any flank , where it may be needfull : For it makes the Battaile defensible on every part . The Figure , as it is in Motion followeth .

If you would have 〈…〉 Muskettiers , to double even with the Muskettiers of the contrary Flanke . Then it is no more but thus ; cause the halfe Ranks of the right Flanke , to march forth-right ( as you may perceive by the Figure ) untill the Reere Ranke of the right Flanke be advanced about three foot before the Front of the left Flanke , and then cause that Flanke so advanced , to Countermarch their Rankes to the right . And then also your Muskettiers will be together , and the Pikes likewise by themselves . The Reducement wil be after the same manner . But for instruction for the Motion , by this figure intended according to the command formerly given . The left Flanke , stands ; the right Flanke marcheth forth right , untill the Reere of the right Flanke be advanced before the Front of the left Flanke ▪ as a foresaid ▪ Then face them to the left ; and cause them to march , untill the Pikes are even in Ranke with the Muskettiers , which perfects the doubling .

For the Reducement : let the halfe Rankes that doubled , face about to the left ▪ and march , until they are cleere of the left Flanke ( or standing part of the Battaile ) then cause them to face to the right ; and to march strait downe into their places . Then the Leader being at his first From faceth them all to him , which reduceth them as at first . The right Flanke may also double the left Flanke ▪ to the left intire : And then as the right Flank in this doubling , came crosse the Front of the left ▪ contrariwise they will come crosse the Reere . The left Flanke may double the right Flanke intire ; to gether hand in like manner . But by this that hath already been shown ▪ the others may be understood . Wherefore I spare the Figures .

CHAP. XXVII . Of doubling of Flankes , by Division .

THis next doubling , is a doubling of flanks by division , and without question , a serviceable doubling , and very usefull , for some occasions : For if you note the figure ; and conceive rightly ; what it will produce ▪ ( the motion being ended ) it makes a strong forme of battaile , to give fire three severall wayes at once . The figure followeth .

The motion of this doubling , is thus to , be performed . The Reere-half-files of the left Flanke , face about to the right : and then both the front , half-files , and Reere-half-files , march forth-right ; untill they are cleere of that part of the body , that stands : Then each division , faceth that way , which they are to double , ( which the Front half-files must doe to the right , the Reere half-files , to the left . ) And so march forth-right , untill the doubling be performed . For the Reducement ; you are to conceive , it may bee diversly performed : If the Leader , be at the right flanke , ( which is the part that was doubled . ) Then , the Reducement is , as followeth : The half-rankes that doubled , face about , inward ; and march forth-right untill they are cleere of the right flank , which stands ; Then , the Front half-files , face to the left : the Reere-half-files to the right , and then close their division . The Leader going to his first front , and facing the whole body to him , they are reduced as at first ▪ If that the right flanke , would double the left Flanke , by division ; The matter is the same : differing onely in the hand .

CHAP. XXVIII . Of doubling Rankes intire .

DOubling of ranks to the right intire , is a doubling , both of number , and place : and in some sort , worketh the same effect ; as the doubling of half-●les to the right intire . But differeth first in regard of the partias ; which are the doublers , and secondly , in the distance , left after the doubling . For the first , ( which is matter of dignitie . ) The fift and first in honour , are ranked together in the front ; the second , and sixt in dignity , make the last ranke in the Reere : So that the Front , precedes . the Reere , ¼ in worth : whereas , in the doubling by half-files , the Front exceeded the Reere , by ⅓ : Secondly , it differeth for the distance ; by leaving open order , at the left , betweene all the ranks . For further satisfaction , observe this figure following .

The motion of this doubling , ought to be performed , as followeth , namely , if the doubling be to the right , as is above expressed by this figure : Every even ranke , faceth to the right . The right hand man of each ranke , becomming the leader of his ranke file-wise : leading them forth , and in their march or moving forwards , a little bending to the left : that when the left hand man of each ranke , ( which are the bringers-up of the motion ) are cleere of the standing part of the body , by onely facing to the front , they may stand even in ranke , with the rest of the company .

Note , that the left-hand men are the Leaders of the motion , in the reducement . For reducement of this doubling : it may be as followeth . Command the ranks that doubled , to face to the left ; and march forth-right into their places . Or for variety , command halfe-ranks of the right , to face to the left , and double the left flanke . Both which , as the company now stand , worke one and the same effect . The left hand men of each ranke , being the leaders of the motion , in the reducement . To double rankes to the left intire ; is to be done after the same manner ; onely observing the difference of the hand . This doubling , may also be done by division . But I spare the figures .

CHAP. XXIX . Of doubling Files intire , advancing .

DOubling of files to the right intire , advancing , is ( also ) a doubling both of number and place : for it increaseth the depth , to double their former proportion : of number , as from eight , to sixteene ; from ten to twenty , &c.

It also gaineth so much more ground before the front , as formerly the Battell did containe : by transferring the even files of the body , into the ground , before the front of the odde files : but this doubling , diminisheth the number of the length of your battell , although it preserves their place . I spare to speake further of it , onely thus . Let the antiquity of this doubling , plead for it's excellencie , and if that may hold for a rule , then this may be ranked amongst the best . For further directions , observe the following Figure .

The motion of this doubling , ought to be performed after this manner . The odde files are to stand , beginning your account from the outmost sile , to the hand named . The Musketticrs , and Pikes , of the even files , are to advance their Armes , and follow their file-leaders ; every file-leader leading his file forth right ; before his next file to the right , untill the bringers up of the even files are orderly placed , before the leaders of the odde files : as you may perceive by the Figure . For reducement : let the files that doubled , face about to the left : the bringers up of each file leading them forth , right downe the Intervales , which are on the left hand ; untill they are come even , with the Reere : and then stand , and face to their leader , and they are reduced , as at first . The doubling of files to the left intire , advancing ; is after the same manner : It onely ▪ differeth in the hand : wherefore I spare the figure . They that love to be curious , may likewise double files , by division , advancing .

CHAP. XXX . Of Files , doubling their depth .

THis next doubling , is a doubling of the depth , to the right intire : and is likewise , a doubling of files , as the other last , shewen in the precedent Chapter . Being alike , both for number and place : notwithstanding , it differeth from the other , both in manner of executing , and in some sort of the matter executed . For whereas the other doubling , by advancing of files , did transferre all the even-files into the ground before the Front . Contrariwise , this doubling doth transferre them into the ground next behind the Reer . And as in the other doubling , you may perceive halfe the file-leaders , to remaine in the Front ; the other halfe to be halfe-file leaders . This doubling , hath halfe the file-leaders in the front : the other halfe being the last ranke , of the Reere . Those which were the former Bringers up , being become the two innermost , or middlemost ranks . The figure followeth , being demonstrated as the body stands ; the motion being ended .

depiction of 'files doubling their depth'

The manner of the motion for this doubling ; is as followeth . The command being given ; files , double your depth to the right intire : every man falling behinde his bringer up : then the even files ( accounting from the hand named immediately face about to the right , and the bringers up of each of the even files , turne behinde the Bringers up of the odde files , that stand . And so every man , as he commeth down to the Reere , turneth to the left behinde him , that marcheth downe the next before him ; untill those that were the leaders of the even files , are become the bringers up to those which were the odde files . The reducement is as followeth . Bringers up that now are , double your ranks forward to the left . Which being performed , they are , as at the first . If you would be instructed in the manner , turne backe and see it : where the bringers up double their ranks forward , into the front . It is the fourteenth Chapter .

I have willingly past over another doubling of the depth , because it is much after the manner of that , which is done by advancing file upon file ; which is the doubling of the last Chapter . It differeth onely thus . In the last figure , the even files marched forth ; placing themselves before the odde files . And in this which I have omitted , the even files are to face about , and march forth right towards the reere ; untill the file-leaders of the even files , have placed themselves , just behinde the bringers up of the odde files : and then every man to face to his leader . Some have a doubling of the depth by countermarch . Which I conceive scarce worth penning , yet willing to leave every man to his owne liking ; & as I do nothing in it , so I 'le say nothing of it . There are others that have written concerning doublings of place , nevertheles because they are nothing , but the opening of ranks & files , wherby length or depth of your battell is extended , and so doubled in place , and not in number . I forbeare to write further of them , desiring not to treate of such things , which are more curious then necessary .

CHAP. XXXI . Of Conversion and Inversion , with their words of Command , and Reducements .

ACcording to my promise , I will next shew the difference , betweene Inversion and Conversion : the very names whereof is such a puzzling unto many , that they are more troubled with the words , then the worke . Some are of opinion , that they are both one ; differing in letter not in matter . Others would have a difference , if they could tell how , or where . But generally , they are so chopt and changed , one for the other ; that the Souldier cannot in truth tell which is either . But that you may not be deceived , take this for a rule : that Inversion doth alwaies produce , file , or files ; and Conversion , ranke , or rankes . Inversion consists of the files filing , or of rankes filing . Conversion of ranks ranking , to the right or left . Or by increase of files , ranking by even , or uneven parts : and of ranks wheeling , to the right or left . I shall speake further of them in their severall places . But by the way , you are to observe , that Inversion and Conversion , require larger distances of Ground , then any other Motions ; which must be , the Officers care , to open the ranks , or files , to such distance as shall be necessary , to containe the rankes or files , so to be Inverted or Converted , whether it be double-distance , or twice double-distance for any other lesser , or larger quantity of ground . The words of Command , with their severall Reducements , are as followeth .

Inversion. Files , file one , to the Right , File-leaders , lead up your files as you were , Left , Files , file to the right and left by division .

Ranks , file to the Right , Files , ranke as you were . Left , Right & left .

Conversion. Ranks , ranke 3 , 5 , 7 , or 9 , to the right Ranks , ranke as you were . 4 , 6 , 8 , or 10 , to the left by increase 2. 4. 6. 8. &c. to the right by increase 1. 3. 5. 7. &c. to the left intire to the right into the front intire into the left into the front by division into the front Ranks , wheele to the Right Left Right and Left

Files , rank 3 , 5 , 7 , or 9. to the right Ranks , file as you were . 4 , 6 , 8 , or 10. to the left by increase to the right , 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , &c. by increase to the left , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , &c. to the right into the front . to the left

To avoid the words of Inversion , and Conversion , I have delivered the directions , with once naming either of them . Onely I have exprest the six first words of Command , to be Inversion , and these last sixteen , to be Conversion . For I conceive it ; not to be so necessary , to adde to every word of Command , Inversion , or Conversion . For by so doing , the unlearned , and ignorant Souldier will be so transported , with the strangnesse of the word ; that he will scarce , by any meanes be made , capable of the matter : For my own part , I have ever held this opinion : that the easiest expressions , are ever to be preferred in the way of instruction , to young Souldiers . I might have much inlarged my self , in the words of direction , concerning this subject : but these being perfectly attained ; others by practice , wil be gained . I at the first intended , to have drawn figure , for every one of these words , of Command : but I have better considered , that some of them will require , so much roome : and againe are so easie to be understood without their figures ; that I conceive , I may both spare the pains , and cost ; and onely deliver the figures of some few of them , which will be the most necessary . And for the others I will expresse in words , what they will produce , in figure .

CHAP. XXXII . Of Files , filing in sequence . The Command is , Files , file on to the right .

Inversion . TO performe this word of Command , or Direction . The right hand file , marcheth away single ; The second file from the right , falleth into the Reere of the first . The third , behind the second ; The fourth , behind the third . And so consequently , all the rest of the files ; fall into the Reere of their next right-hand-files , untill all the whole Company , become one file . It may bee usefull , to passe some narrow bridge , or thicket , or else-where ; where but one , at once can passe : the Commander being willing , to preserve his files , intire ▪ and whole . The way for the Reducement , may be after this manner . The place being convenient , every file-leader , is to lead up his file , to the left of him , that marcheth before him ; untill all the file-leaders , are even in ranke together : their files orderly following them . The word for the Reducement ; is , File-leaders , Lead up your files as you were : For files , to file on in sequence , to the left ; may be performed , after the same manner : but differeth in the hand . Yet works the same effect ; only , the right-hand-file-leader , led the other : and the elft-hand-file , fell last of all into the Reere . This , contrariwise ' , is led forth by the left-hand-file : and the right-hand-file , is the last , that taketh place , in the Reere of the extended file .

Files , file to the Right and Left by Division .

This files filing by division ; is wrought after the same manner : but differeth in this ; That the right-hand-file of the Company , and the left-hand-file of the same , begin to lead forth at one , and the same time in their severall places . The files of the right flanke falling likewise , behind the Right-hand-file : the files of the left flanke , falling in like manner , behind the left-hand-file . So , that if the body be flankt with Muskettiers ; then this filing by division , bringeth all the Muskettiers into the front-division : and the Pikes in the Reere of them . If there be an odde file , it most commonly falleth to the right . The word for Reducement is ; File-leaders lead up your files as you were . This sort of Inversion , is called filing in sequence . I will now shew another sort of Inversion , which is by Ranks filing . The which I will demonstrate unto you , by two figures , which will be sufficient , to instruct the desirous .

CHAP. XXXIII . Of inverting Rankes ; or Rankes filing .

THis following figure of Inversion , is of Ranks , filing to the right ; where all the Ranks are to be inverted , into the out-most-file to the right ; For the doing whereof , let all your files , be closed to their order , or close order ; as shall bee thought most necessary : the ranks opened , either forward , or backward , to double-distance , or twice double-distance , ( more or lesse ) as the Commander shall see most convenient , according to his number . Having closed your files , and opened your ranks , unto their due distance ; then , let every ranke , move after his right-hand-man , untill every ranke stand right in file , after the right-hand-leader of his rank . In this figure , I have onely opened the foure first ranks to their distance , and inverted but two of the foure . By which it may easily be perceived , both the manner of the worke , and the matter which is to be wrought . But if the Commander will performe it upon a March ; then they shall not need to open to any distance , but to take their distance , in the executions which is the easiest way , and will be thus performed . The right-hand-man of the first ranke , marcheth forth right ; all his ranke facing to the right , and marching file-wise after him . The right-hand-man , of the Second ranke , falling immediately after the left hand-man of the First ranke , all his ranke in like manner following of him . The right-hand-man of the Third ranke , after the left-hand-man of the Second ; his ranke likewise following of him . And so for all the rest , untill they are all become one file .

Place this Figure in Chapter 33. betweene folio 90 , and 91.

This Rankes fileing , is sooner performed , and reduced ; then Files fileing : and in the Reducement will presently be ready to make resistance , against any opposition in the Front . Whereas if Files , file ; it will be a great while before the File-leaders will be able to make good the Front : The manner of the Reducement of this figure , is as followeth . If they were Eight men , before in ranke , then the first Eight men , ranke to the Left , into the front . The next Eight men , ranke next after them , which makes the second ranke . The third Eight men , ranking to the left , make the third ranke . And so forward for the rest , untill they are reduced , as at the first . But it may be , that some will object ; That in this figure , there is mixture of Armes ; which if they will avoyd , they may either March forwards their Muskettiers of each division , and close them before the Pikes ; and invert them first . Or they may March forwards their Pikes first , and leave their Muskettiers to come in the Reere . Or if they please , they may upon a long March , first invert the front-division of Muskettiers : then their Pikes , and last the Reere-division of Muskettiers ; which way so ever it be done . The Word for the reducement will be , Files , ranke as you were .

Rankes , file to the Left , is performed after the same manner . It differeth from this last done , but onely in the hand . And whereas the Right-hand-file-Leader , was the Leader of the last , this would be led by the left-hand-file-Leader : The left-hand-Leader of each ranke , leading forth his ranke file-wise , as before it was performed ; but to the contrary hand . I spare the figure ,

CHAP. XXXIIII . Of Rankes filing by division : and how vsefull .

THis next figure of Inversion , is Rankes filing by division is a doubling of the depth , by unequall proportion . For whereas in most of all other doublings , the Number of the Length , or Depth is augmented , but to double their former proportion of Number : this doubling of Inversion , makes their Depth so many times more in number , as there are files to double . Or halfe so many times , if it be done by Division , as in the next following figure . It hath beene , of ancient use , amongst the old Grecians : and in these our latter times , it hath beene held of speciall use , to avoyd the shot of the great Ordnance , when of necessity we are to march against any Battery . It hath also been held good , to prevent the eminent danger of some great shower of small shot , likely to be powred out upon the Front of your Battalia . It may also serue for an Honourable passage , large interualle , street , or gallery , ( as some call it ) for any great Personage , or Commander to passe through . It is also of common use , for the lodging of the Colours , or Ensigne . And many other such like .

Place this Figure in Chapter 34. betweene folio 92 , and 93.

For instruction how to performe this Motion , It is the same with the last figure ; differing onely in this ; That as in the other figure , all the whole rankes turned to the right , behind their right-hand-men : In this Motion , the left-flanke , ( or halfe-rankes to the left ) fall into the outmost file to the left : The halfe-rankes to the right , behind their severall right-hand-men : as you may perceive in part by the figure . I have shewen the figure , in the manner of the action , not fully performed : The pricks ranke-wise , denoting the places , from whence they came : The Quarter-circles , shewing the way of the Motion : The prickes file-wise , directing , or shewing their Places they are going too .

For reducement to the figure : it is no more then this . The Rankes which before inverted into files , now againe convert into rankes , as they were . The word of Command for it , is , Files , ranke to the right and left inward , as you were .

I hope , this that hath already been shewen , will be sufficient , ( at least in some small measure ) to give satisfaction to those , which as yet have not knowne what is meant by Inversion . Yet I could wish , that such as exercise the Companies of the Trained-Bands of this Kingdome ; would rather make use of the plainer word of demonstration ; which is , Rankes , file , or Files , file : and leave out the word Inversion , as a word not sutable with the Capacity of divers of our Souldiers of the Trained-Bands . Especially of this City , where Porters , Colliars , Water-bearers , and Broomemen , are thrust into the roomes of men , of better quality , as though they themselves were too good , to doe the King and Country service .

CHAP. XXXV . Of the severall parts of Conversion : and how they-are to be understood .

THe next branch of Discipline which I offer to your view , shall be of Conversion : and of its severall parts : wherein if there be any that thinke me tedious ; let them turne it over , and settle on some other part , which may be to them more delectable : whilest I , in the meane time , shall endeavour to give content to all , neither stuffing out my booke with needlesse discourses ; nor yet too much abbreviating the matter , whereby to render it too obscure unto the commonest capacity . Wherefore take their parts as they hereafter follow .

Conversion consists of these parts , viz. Of Ranks ranking in equall parts 1 in unequall parts 2 intire into the Front 3 by division into the Front 4 by wheeling to the Flanks 5 Files ranking by equall parts 6 by unequall parts 7 intire into the Front . 8

First of ranks ranking , in even or equall parts . Which is to be understood , when there are twelve , or twenty , ( more or lesse ) marching abreast , and the Commander ( either for the narrownesle of a passage , or for some other intent ) causeth his rankes to ranke three or sixe abreast , or five , ten , or any other number , either according to the place , or occasion ; every ranke holding equality of number .

Secondly , rankes then ranke by unequall parts : when they ranke by increase or decrease . As when the first ranke shall be three , the next five , then seven , nine , &c. which is commonly used , for the making of Diamond , and Triangular figures .

Thirdly , ranks then ranke intire , into the front : when the first ranke stands : the second ranke placeth it selfe on the right or left of the first : the third by the second , the fourth by the third , and so forward for all the rest , untill all the rankes , ( either to the right or left ) according to direction are become one ranke in the front .

Fourthly , rankes then ranke by division into the front , when the second ranke , and all the rest of the rankes behinde , open to the right and left : the one part going to the right , the other to the left ; ranking even with the first , as before , and all together making one ranke .

Fiftly , Ranks , then ranke to the flanke or flankes ; when either the right hand man of each ranke , or the left hand man ( or both together ) are as it were the Hindge of the motion , the rest of each ranke wheeling about them , to the right or left , or each hand by division ▪ untill that every ranke be brought into the distance which was before the ranke ; betweene the right hand-man , of the ranke next before , and the right hand-man of the same ranke you stand in . If it be to the left , then they wheele into the distance between the left-hand-leaders of each ranke . If it be by division , then halfe the ranke wheeleth to the right : the other halfe to the left , and produceth two rankes .

Sixthly , Files , then rankes by equall parts : when they rank three , foure , or five , abrest ( more or lesse ) still keeping the number of men in ranke , of due proportion . If you ranke three abrest ( either to the right or left ) and your files be but eight deepe ; then the first sixe men make two rankes , the third ranke must be made up by the leader of the second file . And so for all the rest . If you ranke foure , and the files be eight deepe , then every file makes two rankes . If you ranke five , the files being 8 deep , then the first five men make a ranke : and the first two men of the second file from the hand named , make up the second ranke . Five of the other sixe , make up the third ranke . And so forward for the rest . If the depth of the file were ten men , then it would make two even rankes .

Seventhly , Files then ranke by unequall parts : when they either ranke by progressionall increase , or by decrease . As when every ranke exceeds the ranke before it , by two ▪ three , or foure , be it more or lesse . Or else that each ranke decreaseth , after the same manner .

Eightly , Files then ranke intire into the front ; when there is so much distance betweene file and file , as will containe each file , ranke-wise : every man in the file marching forwards to the right or left , as shall be commanded , untill he stand even in ranke , with the leader of his file , which brings the body into one ranke .

CHAP. XXXVI . Of Rankes wheeling by Conversion .

IF I would strive to bee curious , I should need no other subject to lengthen my discourse , but onely this , of Inversion and Conversion , which of it selfe would yeeld matter sufficient to make a Booke of . But I have taken a large taske . And therefore like the Artists in Geography , who sometimes by a spot , present a Town , and by a wrinckled line , a large River : so must I crave of the favourable Reader , that in this small Treatise of Discipline , he will not expect that I should inlarge my selfe so amply , as I might , upon every part . For then my booke would grow beyond his bounds , and I beyond my promise ; but lest I be taxed for digression , this that hath already beene shewne , may suffice for Conversion . But because it may be expected , that I should shew Conversion in Figure , as well as the other Motions , therefore to gratifie such , I shall demonstrate two Figures unto them : which may serve for all the rest . The one shall be of rankes wheeling , by Conversion : the other of files ranking , foure to the left . The word of command for the first , stands placed right over the figure .

This foregoing figure of Conversion , is of Rankes , wheeling to the right and left , or ranks ranking to each flanke by wheeling . It differeth from ranks filing , both in manner and matter . In the manner thus , Whereas in ranks filing to the right and left ; the right and left-hand file-leaders , preserve and continue their places ; and with that , their honours . In this wheeling by Conversion to the right and left , contrariwise : the innermost file-leaders , become the outmost men in that pure where the front stood ; the other file-leaders ranking even within them . Some men have called this , Rankes , filing by Conversion , to the right and left , but corruptly . For conversion alwaies produceth rankes , as I formerly said : and inversion , files . But their mistake groweth from this , that when rankes wheele to the right , or right and left , then ( say they ) they by wheeling , become file , or files , which is a palpable mistake . For when we have any command for wheeling , it is a maxime for us , to wheele our aspects unto the hand or part named . By which doing , we either become ranke , or rankes : and not files , as some have sought formerly to maintaine . One use , among many , for this motion is . It is the speediest way for a great body ( if they have their due distance ) to give fire to one , or both flanks , that as yet I know of . The way to performe this motion , is as followeth . The right and left-hand-men , of every ranke , became the Hindges of the motion : the rest of each ranke , wheeling by equall division , to the right and left about , and above their right and left-hand Leaders , untill they become ranks to the flanks . As you may perceive by the Figure , where the pricks denote unto you , the places they stood in before the motion : the quarter circles , shewing the way of their motion : themselves being converted into two ranks , sheweth the motion executed . I have onely converted three of the rankes ; for it would have taken too much roome , to have wheeled all the ranks . And it is easie by this that is shewne , to conceive the rest . If you would avoid mixture of Armes , then place all your Muskettiers , either in Front , or Reere : or else wheele onely your Muskettiers , and leave your Pikes , standing . Or else it may be done ; the body marching at length : the Muskettiers being in the front , and reere Divisions . The word for the reducement is ; rankes , ranke as you were .

The easiest way for the reducement , will be first for to face to the reere , and then to wheele backe into their places . Then , face to their leader ; and they will be reduced as at first . Now we will come to shew the next figure of Conversion , which is of files converted into ranks by equall proportion .

CHAP. XXXVII . Of Files ranking in equall parts .

IN this Chapter , I intend to shew the manner , of files ranking by Conversion , in equall parts ; which Motion , I have seene used by some Commanders , at such times as their Companies have been but small , having not had above two or three files of Muskettiers , upon a flanke ; and being willing , to march forth their Companies in divisions : And this , because , that two a brest would be somwhat improper ( unlesse it were upon necessity , in some narrow passage ) and that three a brest , is also somewhat with the thinnest . Therefore to augment the front of their march , they have shartned somewhat of their depths , in each division : by causing their files , to ranke foure , or five , according as their depth may be , when the Command shall be given . This Motion of Conversion , may also be usefull for larger bodies . For if upon a March , you are to passe thorough some streight , where not above foure or five , can march a brest ; and that being past thorough , you are to direct your course , to the right , or left : If your way be to the right , then cause your files to ranke to the left : If to the left , then let the files ranke to the contrary hand . For by so doing ; having past the streight , and faced your body that way , which you intend your March , by commanding the File-leaders to march ; and the half-files to stand , and take their places : your body will be led again by their proper file-leaders , all a brest ; the Musketiers becomming again the Flankers , which in the passage of the streight , were in the Front and Reere . For the better understanding the manner of the Motion , observe the following figure .

The way to performe this Motion , is as followeth . The Command being first given ( as abovesaid ) the right-hand-file-leader , leadeth forth his file : & the three next men behind him , move forwards to the left of each other ; untill they ranke even a brest with their file-leader . The next foure , in like manner ranking to the left , make the second ranke . The file-leader of the second file , placeth himselfe , next after him , that was the half-file-leader of the first , which now is become the right-hand-man of the second ranke ; the three next men behind him , making up of his rank , in like manner . And so forward for all the rest , untill the Motion be fully perfected . This converts each file , into two ranks ; and brings all the proper file-leaders , and half-file-leaders , to make the outmost file to the right : the Bringers-up , both of the Front , and Reere-half-files ; make the outermost file to the left . The figures of Number , which are on the left flanke of the figure , in which , the word file added to each of them , demonstrate places of the first , second , third , and fourth file , and so consequently for all the rest ; according to their former standing , and the places they now occupy , being converted into ranks . The letters f , and h , which are placed on the right flanke ; shewes the places of those , which were the file-leaders , and half-file-leaders : each of the propex file-leaders , having now his half-file-leader , next after him ▪ I have showne this figure partly performed partly performing , and partly standing , as before the Motion began .

For reducement , of this Motion of files ranking , foure to the left : One way is , to cause your ranks to file , ( or invert ) to the right , which being done , Command every File-leader , to lead up his file to the left : and so every man will have his place : For another way , Face the whole body to the right , and command the File-leaders to march , and half-files to stand , and take their places : and then they are all reduced , onely the file-leaders of the right-flanke , are on the left ; and the file-leaders of the left-flanke , are on the right : which is reduced , by any entire Countermarch , of ranke , or file .

CHAP. XXXVIII . The conclusion of doublings .

THere are yet another sort of Doublings , both of length and depth , which are performed by divisionall wheelings . Which because they have ever been accounted for wheelings , I will not displace them ; but stil rank them in their former places : although in truth they are doublings . The working part indeed is wheeling ; but the intent , or thing wrought , is Doubling . I will speake further of them , when I come to shew them , in their severall places . And here I mean to set a Period to our Doublings . Concluding , that those Souldiers , who can put every one of these to his right use ; as also give to each his right reducement , must needs be skilfull , and expert , in this part , of the Art Military . And contrariwise , they that are ignorant in these Doublings ; can never truly attain , to the right managing of a Foot-company , either for exercise , or service . For doublings , indeed , are the only Motions , for varicty and alteration of figures , or formes of battaile : No other Motions doing the like . And therefore Doublings , must needs be accounted the most excellent amongst all the Motions .

You that have eyes to read , and skill to judge ; And have perus'd these doublings I have done : Though I have tedious been , yet do not grudge : For you know well , I have skipt over some . But marvell not : the cause I do not show them , It is not much materiall for to know them . Those that are Skilfull in the Art of Warre , And take delight to exercise their men : Shall find more pleasure in these doublings farre , If that they intermixe them now and then . And so contrive their doublings in these cases , That lastly one word brings them to their places . Why in our Country do we Captains chuse , That have no skill nor artfull inclination ? They do themselves and Country much abuse : Thus to deceive them in their expectation . I thinke the Cause of this fault in our Nation Is , that our Gentry holds it not in fashion . But some , perhaps , will say , I am too bold ; There 's no such need for Captains to have skill . The Muster-masters have enough ( some hold ) The Captains and the Counties for to fill . So whilest the Muster-master doth the labour . The Officers may play upon a Tabour . But stay ! me thinks , one puls me by the sleeve : And tels me that I have my selfe forgot . Wherefore of doublings , here I take my leave : Intreating those that read , mistake me not . Let Muster-masters take their money , then ; But let the Captains exercise their men .

CHAP. XXXIX . Of Countermarches . Their Antiquity , and words of direction .

THe next branch of Discipline which offers it selfe to your perusall , are Countermarches : which are of three kinds . To wit , Chorean , Lacedamonian , Macedonian : which is , Maintaining , Loosing , and Gaining . Each of them are to be performed two manner of waies . One by File : the other by Ranke .

There are also Counter-marches , Intire and Divisionall . But divers men , are divers for their opinions concerning the Macedonian and Lacedamonian Counter-marches . Some will have the Macedonian , A Counter-march of gaining of ground ; because that it transfers the Battalia , into the ground before the Front . Others will have it , A Counter-march of losse of ground ; because ( say they ) the Enemy being in the Reere , it makes a semblance of flying . Some will have the Lacedamonian , A Counter-march of gaining of ground : because the Enemy appearing in the Reere , it makes a semblance of Charging or falling on . Others call it , A Countermarch of losse of ground : because it looseth all that ground the Battalia stood upon ; taking in stead thereof , the ground behind the Reere . There are others of opinion , That there are Counter-marches of losse and gaine , in either of them . All these are furnished with reasons , to backe their opinions . But if I should stand to shew their many and severall reasons , I might well be thought to be without reason my selfe . My opinion is ; That taking the ground before the Front , is gaining ground : and that to leave the ground we stood on , to take the ground next behind the Reere , is losse of ground : And yet to take either , whereby there is advantage gotten , must needs be gaining . But where the matter it selfe is so indifferent , it were fondnesse to spend longer time about it . Wherefore note , That Countermarches were of ancient use amongst the Greekes many hundred of yeeres since , & from them learned and practised , by many other Nations ; and so still continued unto this day . But as the Snow-ball by much rowling , becomes the greater : So , in like manner , these Counter-marches have received addition in all ages . So that the three originall ones are now become more then thirty accounting those divisionall . And yet are all of them fathered upon one or other , of the three kinds . Though some of them will scarcely be owned or acknowledged ; as you shall perceive , when I come to shew them in their severall places . But amongst all the Motions , this might be the best spared : as being least beneficiall , to this our moderne Discipline . But because that knowledge is no burthen ; and that at some times they may be usefull : Therefore first take the words of command or direction , which are as followeth .

Intire Countermarches , by file . Chorean . Files to the right left hand countermarch . Lacedemon . Files to the light left countermarch , every man turning on the ground he stands . Macedon . File-leaders , face about to the right left the rest passe through to the right , left , and place your selues behind your Leaders . Bastard Countermarch . File-leaders stand ; the rest passe through to the your Leaders . right left placing your selues before Bast . Count. File-leaders stand , the rest passe through to the right left placing your selues before your Leaders ; following your Bringers up . Lacedemon . Bringers up , face about to the right : left : the rest passe through to the right left and place your selues before your bringers up . Lacedemon . Bringers up , stand : the rest of the Body passe through to the right left placing your selues behinde your bringers up . Intire Countermarches by Ranks . Cretan or Chorean Lacedemonian Ranks to the right left Countermarch . Ranks to the right left countermarch , every man turning on the ground he stands . This right hand file , face to the left : the rest passe Macedonian . through to the right : placing your selues behind your right hand men . This left hand file may face to the right , and do as much . This light left hand file stand ; the rest passe through to the right , B. A Countermarch . left , placing your selues on the our side of your right left hand men . This right left hand file face to the right , left , the rest passe Lacedemonia through to the right , left , placing your selues before your right left hand men . Divisionall Countermarches , by Files . Cretan or Chorean Bast . Countermarch . Countermarch front and ●e cre into the midst . File-leaders , and halfe-file-leaders , stand ; the rest passe through to the right , and place your selues before your Leaders . Lacedemonia , File-leaders , and Bringers up , stand ; the rest passe through to the right : and place your selues before your Leaders and Bringers up . Macedonian . File-leaders , face about ; Bringers up , stand ; the rest passe through to the Right ; and place your selues behinde your Leaders and Bringers up . Bast . Count. Front-halfe-files , interchange ground with the Reere . Divisionall Countermarches by ranks . Chorean or Cretan . Countermarch your ( wings or ) Flanks into the middest ( or Center ) . Lacedemonian . The out-most-file of each Flanke , face outward ▪ the rest passe through to the right and left ; placing your selues behinde your out-side men . Macedonian . The out-most file of each Flanke , face inward : the rest passe through to the right and left ; placing your selues behinde your outside men . Bast . Counter . The out-most file of each flanke , stand : the rest passe through to the right and left , and place your selues on the outside of your outside men . Interchange your Flanks .

Note , what is done by the out most files , may be reduced by converting the command to the innermost files ; but must be done before they have closed their divisions , &c.

CHAP. XL. Of the Chorean Countermarch : and the way to performe it .

I Could willingly have prickt a Figure , for each of these severall countermarches , The distance for Counter march is , sixe foot , or open order in ranke and file . but that they will take up too much roome . And therefore I will onely pricke some few of the hardest of them ; and for the rest , I will endeavour by words to make them as facile as I may : that so they may be apprehended by the meanest capacitie . And first I will begin with the ( Persian , Cretan , or ) Chorean Countermarch . The word of Command or Direction is , Files to the Right hand , Countermarch .

Note , that when there is a Countermarch commanded without any other addition ; then it is alwayes intended , a Chorean countermarch . This Chorean Countermarch , is by some called the Moderne Countermarch . I conceive their reason to be , because that it is more in use than any of the other : Or else , for antiquitie , it might claime many ages . It is a Countermarch for maintaining of ground : for it worketh its effect , on the same ground it stands ; neither loosing nor gaining . But it transferres the file-leaders , into the place of the bringers up : and the bringers up , into the place of the file-leaders : withall turning the aspect of the body or battalia , to the Reere . The way to performe this motion , is as followeth . Assoone as the word of command is given , if it be to the right , then all the file-leaders step forwards with their right legges , and face about to the right : every file-leader with his file following him , passing downe towards the Reere , through the intervall on his right hand , still observing , to keepe even in ranke with his right hand man . But by the way , note that no man must turne , untill he come to the ground where at first his file-leader began the Countermarch . This motion is then performed , when the bringers up , have attained unto the place where before their file-leaders stood : being faced right after them ; Files , countermarch to the left .

To countermarch to the left , worketh the same effect ; and is done after the same manner : onely differing in the hand .

For reducement , if you countermarch to the right ; do as much to the left : and they will be as they were . For any intire countermarch of files , will be reduced ( of what kinde soever ) by making another intire countermarch , to what hand soever .

CHAP. XLI . Of Countermarching to loose Ground .

The Command is . Files to the Right , Countermarch : every man turning after his Leader , on the Ground he stands .

Lacedemonian . THis Lacedemonian countermarch , is a Countermarch of losse of ground ; for that it leaves all the ground the Battalia formerly did conteine , and in lieu or place thereof taketh the ground behinde the Reere . This Countermarch is to be performed , when the Bodie is upon a stand . And as the Chorean , turnes the Aspect towards the Reere . The Greekes were wont with this Countermarch , to bring their file-leaders to oppose any enemie , appearing in the Reere : thereby gallantly bearding their enemies in the teeth : neither politickly making shew of flight , whereby to bring the enemie into disarray ; nor over providently carefull , of the advantage of ground . The motion of this Countermarch , is to be performed as followeth . The file-leaders of each file , are to step side wayes to the right , and therewithall to face about to the reere ; and so march even in ranke together downe betweene the * * An Intervall is the space of ground betweene fils & file , or ranke and ranke ; but in this place , is intended the space of ground betweene the files . Intervalls , no man advancing a foot forwards , but turning in like manner after their leaders , when they are past by them ; still observing to keep their due distance . And so a whole ranke together , still turning off to the right , each Ranke successively doing the like , untill the Countermarch be fully performed . Any intire countermarch of files , will reduce this . But for order sake , take one of the same sort to the contrary hand , which is .

Files to the left , Countermarch : every man turning after his Leader , on the ground he stands .

I shall not need to speake further , concerning this Countermarch of losse of ground to the left ; seeing that it differs from the other onely in the alteration of the hand . The substance and effect of both , being one and the same : onely I will now speake to a second fort of Countermarch , which is of the same kinde . The Command is .

Bringers up , face about to the Right , the rest passe through to the Reere , and place your selues before your Bringers up .

Lacedemonian . This Lacedemonian Countermarch doth also loose the ground , whereon it formerly stood , and takes the ground behinde the Reere , the manner of the motion is as followeth : The last ranke or Bringers up face to the Reere , and stand : the rest of the Body facing about in like manner , and passing through or betweene their bringers up , and placing themselues even in ranke before them . The motion is begun , by the ranke , next the bringers up , and so continued ; successively by the rest , untill the Countermarch be ended . It may be reduced , by doing the same to the contrary hand . Neverthelesse for brevity sake , I will make use of a sprigge , from the same bough , and reduce this Lacedemon countermarch , by another of the same kinde . The Command is , Bringers up , stand , the rest passe through to the Right , and place your selues behind your Bringers up .

Lacedemonian . This Lacedemonian countermarch , is thus to be performed ; the last ranke ( or bringers up ) are to stand ; and the rest of the body , to face to the Reere , and passe through to the Right , and place themselues behinde their bringers up , contrary to the countermarch last showne , where they placed themselues before . The motion is also begun , by the second ranke from the reere , the rest following successively , untill the file-leaders are become the Bringers up : Then face them about after their proper file-leaders , and they are reduced .

CHAP. XLII . Of Countermarches to gaine ground , or the Macedonian Counter-march .

The Command is , File-leader face about to the right , the rest passe through to the right , and place your selves behinde your Leaders .

Macedonian . THis Macedonian Counter-march , is for gaining ground , for that it leaues the ground , the Battalia formerly stood upon , taking in lieu thereof , the ground next before the front . It also turnes the aspect towards the reere . The motion of this Counter-march is from the reere to the front , contrary to the Lacedemon , whose motion is from the front to the reere : This Macedonian Counter-march , makes semblance in the reere of flight , but presently produceth an orderly settled front , when perhaps the enemy , with a too early pursuit , hath broken the order of their array .

The way to performe this Counter-march ▪ according to the directions formerly given , is as followeth : The file-leaders or first ranke , face about to the right : the rest of the body passe through , betweene the Intervalles , ( or distance of files ) to the left : and place themselves behinde their leaders ; every ranke ( beginning with that next the file leaders ) passing through successively , and taking their places , untill the Counter-march be fully executed . It may be reduced as the rest , by doing the same to the contrary hand , or as I have formerly said , by any intire counter-march of file ; and therefore I will reduce it by another Macedonian counter-march . The command is , as followeth .

File-leaders face to the Reere , the rest of the body passe through to the left , following your bringers up , placing your selves behinde your leaders .

Macedonian . This Macedonian counter-march is rather remembred for its antiquity , then excellencie , ( as some more of them be ) neverthelesse if any will be curious to observe the motion , it may be performed as followeth : The first ranke ( or file-leaders ) face to the reere , then the last ranke begin the counter-march , passing forwarde betweene the Intervalls , the seventh ranke following the eighth , the sixt following the seventh , and so likewise the rest , untill the whole body be transferred , into the ground before the front , and then joyntly together , facing to the right about , after their leaders , the counter marche is ended . For reducement , observe this for all ; that any intire countermarch of file , may be reduced , by another intire counter-march by file , of what kinde , or to what hand soever .

These three last Chapters of counter-marches , are the originall grounds of all the rest , yet I shall shew one in the insuing Chapter , which time hath begotten out of the latter two , which takes part with either , being absolute in neither .

CHAP. XLIII . Of the Bastard counter-march .

The Command is , File-leaders stand , the rest passe through to the right , and place your selves before your Leader .

Bastard Counter-march . THis passing through , ( or bastard counter-march ) is partly Macedonian , and partly Lacedemonian ; for first with the Macedon , it takes the ground before the front , the motion being from the reere forward : it is partly Lacedemonian , for that they passe through , and place themselves before their Leaders , and for that it makes semblance of falling on , or charging the enemy : neverthelesse the Macedonian disclaimes it , for that it alters not his aspect : The Lacedemonian refuseth it , for that it takes the ground before the front , and not that behinde the reere : or with the Chorean , it holds affinitie . And many there be that will not allow it for a countermarch , for indeed the word it selfe will not beare it ; notwithstanding seeing that it hath beene long ranged amongst them , I will not be he that shall displace it , but will passe forwards , to shew the manner of the motion , which is to be performed as followeth . The file-leaders stand , according to the former direction , the rest of the body , advance their armes ; the second ranke first passing through to the right , and placing themselves before the first ranke , the third ranke before the second ; the fourth before the third , and so forwards for the rest , untill the last ranke ( or bringers up ) are become the foremost , which perfects the motion . It may be severally usefull , as to skirmish against an enemy , advancing by way of introduction , or upon occasion , to bring the reere , men to march in front , and such like . For the reducement , you may doe , as much to the contrary hand , onely for order sake , I will reduce it , by another like it selfe . The Command is ,

File-leaders stand , the rest passe through to the right , placing your selves before your Leaders , following your bringers up .

Bastard Countermarch . This motion may be done either to the right or left , and is nothing differing from that last shewne ; but that , whereas the other , began with the second ranke , this contrariwise begins with the last ranke , ( or bringers up ) every ranke successively , following the ranke , which came from behinde them , untill they which were the leaders , are become the last in the reere . If this countermarch be first done , it may be reduced by any of those formerly shewn , &c.

CHAP. XLIV . Of countermarching ranks , to maintaine ground .

The Command is . Ranks to the right hand countermarch .

Chorean THis Chorean counter-march of rankes , is an altering or changing of one flanke for the other , the Battalia still keeping the same ground , onely the right flanke becomes the left , and the left , becomes the right : The way to performe this motion , is as followeth : the command being given , then the whole body faceth to the hand named , and every man in the outmost file , to the right : ( files by this facing , being become rankes ) turnes down through the Intervalle , ( or distance betweene ranke and ranke ) marching forth right unto the part , which was the left flanke , with their rankes , file-wise following them , being come unto their ground , they face as before , and the counter-march is performed : for the reducement , let rankes countermarch to the left , after the same manner , differing onely in the hand , and they are as at first .

CHAP. XLV . Of Countermarching Rankes to lose Ground .

The Command is . Rankes to the right-hand Countermarch , every man turning after his right-hand-man , on the ground he stands .

Lacedemonian . THis Lacedemonian-Countermarch of Rankes , is a falling on upon the left Flanke : the Motion being begun by the right ; It leaves all the ground , the Battalia stood on , and takes in place therof the ground beside the left Flanke , turning the Aspect to the left : The manner or way , to performe this Motion , is as followeth : The whole Bodie faceth to the right ; and then the right-hand-file being faced , ( becomes a Ranke ) begins the Countermarch , turning downe the Intervals of the Ranks , ( which by this facing , is made the distance between the Files ) and so marcheth forth-right , beyond the left Flanke , every man following him that was his right-hand-man ( but not stepping forwards one foot of ground ) untill the Countermarch be performed . For the reducement of this Countermarch , do as much to the left , and they will he as at first : Or ( if you please ) take another of the same kind ; The word of Command , or direction is .

Right-hand-file , face to the right , the rest passe through to the right , and place your selves before your right-hand-men .

Lacedemonian . THis Lacedemonian Countermarch of ranks , makes a falling on upon the right Flanke , the Motion being from the left Flanke , to the right , leaving all the ground whereon the Battalia stood , and taking in lieu thereof the ground beside the right Flanke . In those dayes ; when Countermarches were more usefull for their Discipline , then now they are for ours ; the Lacedemonian Countermarches were of chiefe repute , aswell amongst the Macedonians , as the Spartans and others : the way to performe this Motion is as followeth . The right-hand-file faceth to the right ; and passeth through the Intervals or spaces , to the right : placing themselves , before their right-hand-men , untill the left-hand-file , become the foremost ranke ; If you doe this Countermarch by it selfe , then for reducement , first face them to their Front proper , then let the left-hand-files , face to the left , and do as much to the left ; and then they will be as at first .

CHAP. XLVI . Of the Macedonian Countermarch by Ranke .

The Command is : Right-hand-file face to the left , the rest passe through to the right , placing your selves behind your right-hand-men .

Macedon . THis Macedonian Countermarch of ranks , contrary to the Spartan , dismarcheth from the enemy upon that Flanke where hee appeares , and presents the contrary Flanke , to receive the Charge . It is performed after this manner . The out-most-file to the right , faceth to the left . The rest of the body , or Battalia , faceth to the right ; every man passing thorough to the right and placing themselves , behind their right-hand-men : For the reducement of this Countermarch , as all the rest , there are divers , and severall wayes ; but performe as much to the left , as you have done to the right , and they will be at first : Or if you please , this following Bastard Countermand , will do the same . The word of Command or direction is ,

Right-hand-file stand , the rest passe through to the right , placing your selves , on the outside of your Right-hand-men .

Bast . Count. THis passing thorough , or Bastard Countermarch of Ranks , doth alter both ground , and flanke ; ( still reserving the Aspect , without alteration . ) It is to be performed as followeth . The out-most or right-hand-file , stands ; the rest of the body , facing to the right , passe thorough to the right , every man placing himselfe , on the right side of his right-hand-man , and so standing euen in Ranke , the Motion still continuing , untill the left-hand-file , is become the right ; the right , the contrary . If this Countermarch be done alone , for the reducement ; let the left-hand-file stand , and do as much to the left , as before to the right ; and they will be as at first .

CHAP. XLVII . Of Countermarching Front and Reere to the middest .

Of divisionall Countermarches . FOr the Intire Countermarches , I have indeavoured to expresse them , as well as I could in words , but for the divisionall Countermarches , I intend to expresse , both in word and figure , whereby they may be the more easily apprehended by such as shall be desirous to know them : notwithstanding before I enter upon the divisionall Countermarches ▪ I would willingly cleere one thing which by some will be carped at ; which is , the using of the word Middest , insteed of the word Center : The word Center ( I confesse ) hath been the more usuall word amongst us ; and yet it is not altogether so proper to our use as the other ; wherefore give me leave , without offence , to use those words , which are not only more proper , but more significant . The Midst of the Battaile , is to be understood , either from the Front , & Reere ; or from both Flanks ( or wings : ) If between Front and Reere , the Midst must be betweene the half-file-leaders , and the Reere ranke of the Front half-files , extending it selfe from Flanke to Flanke : The Midst betweene the Flankes , is betweene the two innermost files ; continuing the whole depth : from Front to Reere : Our first Countermarch shall be Chorean ; the word of command or direction is .

This divisionall , chorean countermarch , brings our File-leaders , and Bringers up together in the midst , and the ranks that were in the midst in the Front & Reere . It is a countermarch mayntayning ground ; for every man marcheth up , into his leaders ground ; before he faceth about to countermarch : The way to performe the Motion , is as followeth . The command Note , that for Countermarching Front and Reere into the midst , the Front-halfe-files ever turne off to the Right , the Reere halfe files to the Left , which being truely observed , they will alwayes meet even in the middle of the Battaile , where to the contrary , if they turne both off to the Right , they can never doe the Counter-march but wrong . being given to countermarch , either let the commander , or some other of the Officers , command the half-files , to face about : then the file-leaders stepping forwards , with the right legge , and face about to the right , passing downe the Intervals on the right hand , the rest of the Front-halfe-files , following their Leaders , and not turning , untill they come to the ground , where their Leaders ▪ turned down before them : The bringers up with the Reere-half-files , at the same instant turning downe their Intervales , on the left hand , the rest of their division following them , untill the file-leaders and bringers up , meet together in the midst of the Battaile , and then having faced all to their Leader , the Motion is performed . For the reducement , of this figure , doing the same thing over againe , will reduce it . Or any other divisionall countermarch of File .

CHAP. XLVIII . Of bringing Front and Reere together , into the midst , by the Bastard Countermarch .

The Command is : File-leaders , and half-fileaders stand , the rest passe thorough to the right , and place your selves before your Leaders .

Bast . Counter . THis Bastard Countermarch , doth bring the Leaders , and bringers up , together , into the midst , and saves two facings , and is quicklier performed , then the other last done : or any other in the precedent Chapters : The way to performe the Motion , is as followeth : The first ranke stands ; and the half-file-leaders stand , then those of the Front-half-files , passe thorough their Intervals to the right , placing themselves before their File-leaders : The second ranke before the first , the third before the second , the fourth before the third ; The Reere-half-files at the same instant , doing the like , and placing themselves , before their * * Note that as the front half-files empiieth the space of ground betweene the leaders and halfe-file-leaders placing themselues in the ground before the front , so in the meane time their places are replenished by the souldiers of the Reere-halfe-files which march up and supply their roomes . half-file-leaders , as the other did , before their File-leaders : This Motion may be either reduced by doing the same over againe to the contrary hand , or else by countermarching front and Reere into the midst , or by any other of the divisionall countermarches of files . The next shal be a Lacedemonian countermarch , the word of command , or direction , is as shall be exprest in the ensuing Chapter .

CHAP. XLIX . Of Countermarching to make a large Intervale between the first , and last Ranks .

The Command is , File-leaders , and Bringers up stand , the rest passe thorough to the right , and place your selves , before your Leaders , and Bringers up .

Lacedemonian .

THis divisionall Lacedemonian Countermarch , makes semblance of falling on , or charging , both to the Front and Reere , and leaves all the ground , which was occupied by the Souldiers , which stood betweene the front and reere , transferring them into the ground , before the front , and behinde the reere ; the ground ( or place ) of their former standing , being vacant , onely demonstrated in this figure by the pricks . The Motion may be thus performed . The Reere-halfe-files are commanded to face to the Reere , and then the front-halfe-files , passe through to the right : placing themselves before their Leaders ; The second Ranke , before the first ; the third , before the second ; the fourth , before the third ; the Reere-halfe-files at the same instant , passing through to the Reere , after the same manner ; and placing themselues before their Bringers-up . You may perceive by the figures of Number , placed on the Flanks of the figure of battell , both how the men stood , before the Motion began , as also how and in what place they stand , the Motion being ended : For the reducement , if you have not closed their distance , you may face them about , and so let them passe againe into their places : Or else , by doing the same If you reduce them by another Countermarch , first close their divisions . Countermarch over againe , or to the contrary hand , or any such like way , will reduce them . This next following Countermarch will also reduce them , or this will reduce that . The word for the Command , or direction is , as you shall finde it placed , over the front of the figure .

CHAP. L. Of making a large Intervalle , betweene the first and last ranks , by the Macedonian Countermarch .

Macedonian . THis divisionall Macedonian Countermarch , is little different from that , next before it , onely the other , turned the Aspect outward , to the front , and Reere ; this Countermarch turnes the Aspect inwards , towards the midst . It may be usefull , if the Commander would shew , or publish ought , before his best Souldiers , for that it not onely leaves a large distance , but that it brings the best Souldiers into the midst , with their Aspects directed inwards : It may also serue , to conduct any great personage , crosse the length of your battell , whereby to shew them , the braverie of your Souldiers , &c. The figure followeth .

The Command is , File-leaders face about , Bringers up stand , the rest passe through to the Right , and place your selues behinde your file-leaders and Bringers up .

This motion may be thus performed : The first ranke ( or file-leaders ) face about , the last ranke stands , the Reere-halfe-files , face about , and so the front-division ; passe forwards , and place themselues behind Note that when the Reere half files face about , the last ranke which are the bringers up 〈…〉 ●ill to keep their 〈…〉 . the file-leaders , the reere-halfe-files , behinde their Bringers up . The manner , you may perceive the plainer , if you note the figures , of number , which are placed , on the flanks of the figure , their number shewing the places , they had , from the front , before the motion began . This figure may be reduced , either by the same word of command , which produced it , or else by any of the foregoing divisionall countermarches . Our next , shall be a countermarch of exchange of ground . The words for command , or direction , are as followeth .

CHAP. LI. Of Interchanging Ground .

The Command is , Front-halfe-files , interchange ground with the Reere , passing through to the Right .

Bast . Countermarch . In Motion .

This Bastard Countermarch , may not rightly be said , to be derived from any one of the particular grounds of Countermarch ; but rather , participating of them all : And yet considering it , as it is to be , it is different from them all : for whereas the other countermarches , of files in division , although they bring the Front and Reere into the middest , yet the front-halfe-files continue still , on the same part , and the Reere-halfe-files do not alter into the places of the other . But this , contrary to any other , of the divisionall countermarches , transferres the front-halfe-files into the ground , or place of the Reere-halfe-files ; and them , into the contrary part , bringing the file-leaders , and bringers up , together into the midst . The way to performe this Motion , is as followeth . The front-halfe-files face about , passing forwards to the right ( being led by the bringers up , of the front-halfe-files ) betweene the Intervalles towards the reere : The Reere-halfe-files at the same instant in like manner marching forwards , betweene the Intervalles on their right hands into the Front , untill the Front-division , have attained the places of the Reere , and they contrariwise , the places of the Front . For the reducement of this countermarch , do as much backe againe ; Or if you would reduce it some other way , you may first make an intirc countermarch of files , and then countermarch front , and reere , into the midst ; for under two countermarches , it will not be reduced . Now I will passe , to shew divisionall countermarches of Ranks , or Flanks ; The first shall be Chorean , as in the Chapter following .

CHAP. LII . Of counter-marching the flanks ( or wings ) into the midst of the Battell .

The Command is , Countermarch your flanks into the midst .

THis Chorean counter-march of the flanks into the midst , is of ordinary use , when the Commander would have the outermost files , to become the innermost : the motion to bee performed on the same ground , and is as followeth . The command being given , the whole body faceth to the right and left , by Note that upon the Countermarching of flanks into the midst , the right flanke must alwayes obser●e to turn to the right , the left flanke to the left . For if they should both turne off to the right , they wil never meet right i● they turne off both to the left , it will be as bad . division ; the outermost files , by this facing , becomming rankes , every man in the right hand file , being a leader in his halfe ranke file-wise , and so likewise in the left hand file the same ▪ then they countermarch the right flanke to the right , the left flank to the left , which you must alwaies observe to doe , and your flanquers will meet just in the midst of your Battalia . Lastly , having faced them to their first front , the counter-march is ended .

To reduce them , they may either use the same Counter-march againe , or any of these following divisionall countermarches of flankes , ( unlesse it bee that of interchanging of ground . ) The next shall be Lacedemonian , the Command , or words of direction , are , as in the Chapter following .

CHAP. LIII . Of Countermarching , to take the ground before the flanks .

The Command is , The outermost file of each flanke , face outward , the rest passe through to the right and left , placing your selves before your out-side men .

THis Lacedemonian Countermarch of halfe ranks or flanks , makes 〈◊〉 of charging on , upon both flanks , but leaves a wast distance of ground , unoccupied betweene the two outmost-files , or midst of the battell . The way to performe this Motion is as followeth . The right-hand-file faceth to the right , the left-hand-file to the left ; the rest of the body faceth to the right and left , the right-flanke passing through to the right , and placing themselues , before their right-hand-men . The second file from the right , begins the Motion on the right-flanke ; the left-flanke in like manner , passing through to the left , and placing themselues before their left-hand-men ; the second file accounting , from the left , begins the Motion on the left-flanke : But you must note , that the files become ranks with the facing .

For the reducement of this figure , if you will first face them , to their proper front , you may then command the two inmost-files stand , the rest passe through to the right , and left inward , and take their places : Or if you please , make use , either of a Chorean , or a Macedonian Countermarch of Ranks by division , and with a facing , and closing their divisions , they will be perfectly reduced .

CHAP. LIV. Of Countermarching to take the ground on the outside of the Flanks , and to direct their Aspects inwards .

Macedonian . The Command is , The outmost file of each Flanke face inward , the rest passe through to the Right , and Left , placing your selues behinde your outside men .

THis Macedonian Countermarch , differeth nothing from that last shewed , but onely in the turning of the aspect inwards : whereas the other , directed their aspect outwards : The Motion is thus performed : The outermost-files , of each Flanke , face inward : the rest of the body , face to the right , and left , outward ; those of the right flanke , passing through to the right , and placing them selues behinde their right-hand-men . Those of the left flanke passing through to the left , and placing themselues behinde their left-hand-men : The Motion is begun , by the second file , from each flank . I might here shew these Countermarches , beginning their Motion from their middlemost-files ; But I am willingly silent , hoping that these , may suffice to the courteous , not much forcing my selfe to give satisfaction to the curious . For the reducement of this Countermarch , having faced them to their first front , you may if you please , command the two innermost files to face outward , the rest passe through to the right , and left inward : placing themselues behinde their right , and left-hand-men ; which being done , the whole body will stand faced to the right , and left outward ; Then being faced to their Leader , they are reduced . If you would reduce it , by some other way , you may make use , either of the Countermarch , which is next before , or of that , which next followeth : Or of any other divisionall Countermarch of Ranks ; ( which doth not interchange ground ) . Our next two which follow , will be Bastard Countermarches , with the which , we will conclude this our fourth branch of Discipline .

CHAP. LV. Of taking the ground on the outside of the flanks ; not altering the Aspects .

The Command is , The outmost-file of each Flanke stand , the rest passe through to the right , and left , and place your selues on the outside , of your right and left-hand-men .

THis Divisionall bastard countermarch , produceth the same effect , which the other two next before it wrought ; onely differing in the Aspect : for the Lacedemonian , turned the Aspect outward : The Macedonian , turned the Aspect inward ; And this , keeps the Aspect still directed the same way . He that knows every way , may when time serveth , make use of those wayes , which are most necessarie and sutable to his present occasion : The Proverbe saith , Knowledge is no burthen ▪ The way to performe this Countermarch is as followeth ( according to the Command ) the outmost-file of each flanke stands ; the rest of the Body faceth to the right and left outward , the right flanke passing through to the right , the left flanke to the left ; those of the right-flanke , placing themselues , on the outside of their right-hand-men : in like manner , those on the left flanke , placing themselues , on the outside of their left-hand-men .

If may be reduced , either by any , of the foregoing divisionall Countermarches of Ranks , or else being faced , to any of the flanks , then the rankes become files . And by divisionall Countermarches of files , you may reduce , divisionall Countermarches of Ranks , or by ranks , files ; onely you must observe some facings : Yet for this figure , if you please , Command the two innermost-files , stand ; the rest , face to the right , and left inward , and so march into their places . The next shall be a Countermarch , of interchanging of Flanks .

CHAP. LVI . Of Interchanging Ground by the Flanks , and bringing the innermost-files of Pikes , to become the outmost-ranks .

The Command is , Interchange Flanks .

THis exchanging of Flanks , or Bastard Countermarch , is differing from all the other divisionall Countermarches of Ranks ; for this transferres the right-flanke into the place of the left , and the left-flanke , into the place of the right . It is very apt , for to receive a sudden charge , from the horse , for as soone as they shall be commanded to interchange their flanks , they face to the right , and left inward , and then the innermost-files of the pikes begin the Motion ; the rest of each flanke following orderly file-wise , the pikes porting so soone as they begin to move , and charge as they see occasion : If Note that if y●u please , y●u m●y paste the Pikes alone through , and let the Muskettier , stand . But then there wil lbe a la ge distance betweene the Musketti ●s in the midst need be , the pikes may charge at the foot , the Muskettiers giving fire , over their shoulders : If any object , that the Pikes have too large a distance , they may close at their owne pleasures , as soone as they have past through .

For the reducement , you may , if you please , interchange ground againe : neverthelesse if you would reduce it , by some other way , Countermarch your Flanks into the midst , and then an intire Countermarch , either of ranke , or file , will reduce them .

I might have further enlarged my selfe , upon this subject , both in Command , and Figure ; but it may be , that some will finde fault with these , which I have already penned , concluding them for nicities , and for no service ; because they cannot presently apprehend , for what use , or service they may be fit . Notwithstanding I would intreat such ( if any such happen to be my overlookers ) that they would suspend their censures , untill they have fully enformed their judgements . Yet thus much I will conclude with them , that Countermarches might the best be spared , of all the Motions , as being least beneficiall , to this our Moderne discipline . And yet to very good use , many of them might serve , if our Souldiers were well practised in them . Neverthelesse such is the wilfull stupidity of the times , that many good , and usefull things are disreputed , and accounted of no use , because the Souldier wanting skill , cannot performe them , as they ought : which would the Officers take more paines , by often instructing their Souldiers , the hardest Motions would become facile and easie . And to say truth , the greatest fault is , want of skill in those , which should give instruction to others ; and yet they will not sticke , to carpe at such , as shall shew more , than they , concluding such things for superfluous , and improper , which they themselues do not rightly understand : But lest I be taxed for digression , I will conclude this branch of Discipline with these few lines following .

SOme burthened are with more command than skill , Which had they power suting to their minde , You then should see Reason inthral'd to will , Nor any 'bove their knowledge should you finde : For rather than they 'le study to learne better , They wish all wanting ; none to know a letter . So be there many Officers in Bands That neither know themselves , nor care for those That skilfull are in Postures , and Commands , Nor are they carefull which end formost goes . They thinke , to dice , to drabbe , to sweare , and swill , Is skill enough for them : Learne more that will . And if that any man more forward be For to instruct the Souldier ( as is fit ) With such a fellow they cannot agree ; He is vaine-glorious , strives to shew his wit . They will be sure to quarrell and deprave him , And in their cups perhaps they 'll — Such honest hearts as spend both meanes and time To practise others for their Countries good , Why should this good be counted for a crime , To those that for their Prince would spend their bloud ▪ That Countrey sure will best be kept from harmes Whose Subjects pleasure take to practise Armes . But on this Subject I 'le no longer bide , Of Countermarches . Here I 'le take my leave , To shew the Wheelings , next I shall provide , Which follows next of course , as I conceive . And though with verse my Countermarches close , Beginning Wheelings , I returne to Prose .

CHAP. LVII . Of wheelings , their kindes , and uses with their severall words of Command .

THe next Branch springing from this root of Discipline , are wheelings ; which are of two kindes , viz. wheelings Angular , and wheelings on the Center , as also they are to be conceived , in manner of action , either intire or divisionall : the use of intire wheelings , is to turne the aspect of the front proper , to the right , to the left , or reere ; either for the gaining of the Winde ▪ Sunne , or some such like advantage ; or to confront the enemy with their best souldiers . Most of the divisionall wheelings being indeed more properly doublings , either extending the length , or depth of the Battell : notwithstanding , because I wold not be taxed with innovation , or alteration , I have , according unto the usuall received way , placed them amongst the wheelings ; and now I will shew their words of command , or direction . But before I enter upon Note that the distance for wheelings ought to be three foot betweene Ranke and File . them , give me leave to lay downe an observation or two , for the better instruction of the Souldiers in their wheelings . The first is , That before you enter upon your wheelings , you close both Rankes and Files to their order , which is three foot , both in ranke and file : The other , that upon all wheelings , you must be sure , to Note that upon the exercise of the motions whether it be distance , facings , doublings , Countermarches , or wheelings , the Muskettiers ought to be all upon one and the same posture either po●●ed or shouldered : the pikes in like manner either shouldered or advanced . observe your leader , and follow him , keeping your due distance ; your Muskettiers being all , either poyzed , or shouldered : your Pikes ought to be advanced . The words of Commands , are as followeth .

Wheele your Battell to the Right , Left , Right about , Left Right , on the same ground ; Left , Right about Left

Wheele off your Front by division . your Front inward to the Reere . Front and Reere into the Right flanke . Left your flankes into the Front , Reere , both flankes into the front and reere . your front and reere into both flanks .

Observe that the first foure wheelings are angular , the next foure are wheelings on the center , or more properly , on the midst of the front . But all the first eight be intire , the latter eight , are all divisionall . You may also observe , that every following wheeling is a reducement unto that , which is placed next before it , and the wheeling next before , may reduce that next following : as to wheele your flankes into the front , if you wheele your flanks into the reere , it is reduced ; or to wheele front and reere into both flankes ; if you wheele both flankes into the front and reere , they are likewise reduced , as before .

For the last eight wheelings , which are divisionall , I will pricke for each of them , his figure . As for the first eight , which are intire , I conceive them so easie to be understood , that I may spare the labour ; yet I will endeavour to expresse them as well as I can in words : and first I will beginne with the wheelings anguler , and then with the rest , according to their places : and therefore note , that when you are Commanded , to wheele to the right or left , &c. and no other command added , it is to be understood , an anguler wheeling , and so to be performed .

CHAP. LVIII . Of wheelings Anguler ▪

The Command is , Wheele your battell to the right .

THis is an angular wheeling , which transferres the aspect or countenance of the front proper , into that part which was the right flanke : It also removes the Battalia from the ground wheron formerly it stood , and placeth it on that part , before the front , the hindge or Axell tree of the motion , is the right corner man , or right hand file-leader , who with a small motion , moveth to the right ▪ every man , the more his place is remote from the right Angle , the more swift must be his motion ; because his arch-quadrant , or semi-circle , is larger in proportion : wherefore it must be the discretion of the Officers , so to instruct their Souldiers , that when they wheele to any hand , they may so moderate their motion , that they on the contrary flanke , be not forced to runne , but so orderly to containe themselves , that they may still preserve an orderly and even front . For the reducement , wheele your Note the direction for angular wheelings . Battaile to the left , in the like manner , as it was wheeled to the right ; neverthelesse you must then note , that it will not bring you backe into the same ground you formerly stood on ; for it hath advanced you , the length of your Battalia , before the place of your first front . But if you would be reduced into the same place , or plot you first stood on ; then face your Battaile to the right , and being so faced , wheele your Battaile to the left , which being performed , face to the left , and then they are compleatly reduced , both for aspect and place . The next Command is , Wheele your Battaile to the right about .

This is also an anguler wheeling , and transferres the aspect of the front , proper , towards the reere : It is to be performed in the same manner , as the wheeling to the right was ; onely the motion is twice so much : Wherefore there ought to be the more care had , that so the motion may be orderly performed : Note that wheeling to the rightabout will not be reduced by wheeling back againe to the left about just into the same ground , if the wheeling be Anguler ; but will be ●wise the length of the battell removed to the right of your former standing . by so much as every man is nearer , or further off , from the right corner man , by so much the more swifier or slower must he continue his motion , that so he may be sure , to keepe still , even in ranke with his right hand man . This motion being thus performed , your Battaile will be removed from its former station , taking in lieu thereof , the ground Diagonally opposite in the right Angle .

To reduce these to their former aspect ; wheele your Battell to the left about , notwithstanding the ground you formerly did possesse , will be twice the length of your Battaile to the left , of your left flanke , if you would reduce them , as well to their first ground , as their first aspect ; face them to the right , and then wheele them to the left about , which being done , face them to the left , and they are perfectly reduced , as at first .

CHAP. LIX . Of wheeling on the Center .

The Command is , Wheele your Battell to the right , on the same ground .

THis wheeling , is by some called a wheeling on the Center : by others , a wheeling on the same ground . I cannot absolutely maintain it to be either , for that it onely wheeles about the midst of the first ranke . Neither may it rightly bee termed a wheeling on the same ground , because it loseth ¾ . of the ground it formerly stood upon . This wheeling is quicker performed , then the anguler wheelings : and may be done in farre lesse ground . For the left flanke advanceth forward , still wheeling to the right , the right flanke contrariwise , facing to the left ; and so falling backward . If you have an odde file , then the middle file-leader must be the center or axelltree of the motion , if you have an even number of files , then the middlemost file-leader from the left . But if your wheeling be to the left , then the contrary . This by some is called the Prince of Oranges wheeling . For the reducement , wheele your Battell to the left , on the same ground : and they are reduced as at first . Our next Command is , to Wheele your Battaile to the right about , on the same ground .

This wheeling is also a wheeling on the center , or midst of the front : and transfers the aspect of the front proper , towards the reere , removing the Battaile from the ground whereon it formerly stood , and placing it on the ground before the front . It is performed after the same manner , as the last : onely the motion is double so much as the other . In this motion , on the left flanke , every man is to observe his right hand man ; and the right flanke must keepe even and straight after their left hand man , which become their leaders file-wise , untill they have attained their ground : after which , they face as before : making an even front . For the reducement , wheele your Battaile to the left about , upon the same ground ; and they will be reduced as at first . I will next shew the divisionall wheelings , and intend to giue to each of them his figure : whereby they may appeare the more easie to such as doe not yet rightly understand them . The first shall be a wheeling off by division : as in the next Chapter .

CHAP. LX. Of wheeling off , by division .

The Command is , Wheele off your front by division .

THis wheeling off by division in greater bodies , may be usefull to meete severall enemies at one and the same time , with the front of your Battalia : and so consequently with your best Souldiers . But if you will wheele off your Battaile by division , and ioyne them againe when they be in the reere ; then it brings all your Muskettiers from the flankes to the midst of your Battalia : and your Pikes on the out side or flankes . If any question the depth of the number of this figure , I have doubled files to make the figure more perfect . The way to perform this motion , is easie ; for all the file-leaders of the right flanke , wheele about to the right : the rest of each file following their leaders : the file-leaders also of the left flanke , wheeling about to the left , in the same manner ; and then joyne or close their divisions . This being done , if you would then reduce them , wheele them off againe by division , after the same manner ; and they will be as before . But if you would doe it some other way , make use of this wheeling next following : which will also bring them as they were . The word of Command or direction followeth , as in the next Chapter .

CHAP. LXI . Of wheeling the Front inward , towards the Reere .

The Command is , Wheele your Front inward to the Reere .

THis divisionall wheeling of your front inwards to the reere , is here placed as a reducement unto the other foregoing wheelings : and so it brings the Muskettiers to the flankes againe . But if you will doe it , the Company being first reduced ; then it brings the Pikes to the flankes . Some say it may be good , if you be annoyd with horse in the Reere , upon a march ; and that you have gained some side of a hill or other place of advantage : then to wheele your front inward to the Reere , to the enemy will make shew of disbandoning or flight . But contrariwise , you march toward him with a settled and orderly body : your Muskettiers being all in the midst , and so firing upon their enemy : the Pikes being their flankers , thereby defending the shot from the fury of the horse . This motion will hardly be well done , if your body hold too large an extension of length . But at what depth soever , it is easie . The motion is to be performed as followeth . The right hand file-leader , with all the leaders of the right flanke , advance forwards , and so wheele about to the left : every file still keeping close to their right hand file . The left hand file-leader , likewise , with all the leaders of the left flanke , advance forwards , and wheele about to the right : every file of the left flanke , closing close to the left . Thus the outmost files of each flanke , will meete and become the innermost : the front falling perpendicularly to the reere . For the reducement of this figure , you may if you please , either wheele them off to the right and left , by division : or else wheele your front inward againe to the reere . These two last wheelings , have beene demonstrated with their files doubled : whereby the figures might be the ●ore perfect , but with men , it would have beene needlesse : wherefore double rankes to the contrary hand , and they will be as at the first .

CHAP. LXII . Of bringing the Flanks into the Front of the Battell .

The Command is , Wheele your Flanks into the Front .

Wheele your Flanks into the Front , Wings Front ▪ Front Battell , Front Midst , Front Center , Reere Flanks .

THis divisionall wheeling of the Flanks into the Front , is , properly , a doubling performed by wheeling . It brings all your Muskettiers , from the flankes into the front . So that whereas this bodie , before , could do execution , but with 8. Muskettiers at once ; by this Motion they may powre on 16. shot together . If they were deeper before the Motion began , then it would bring the more hands to imployment . If upon some passe , you should be chased in the Reere by horse ; by this motion of wheeling your flanks into the front , you not onely secure your Muskettiers , but also barricado up the passe with your pikes ; if it be not above fifty foot over Some call this , a wheeling on the center : because they wheele about the middle-men of the front . But I rather conceive it an angular ; because upon the first Motion of dividing , every division wheeleth about his owne angle , untill the outmost-file-leaders of each flanke , meet together in the midst . You may perceive how , by the figures of number , where the figure 1. meets the number 16 : 2 with 15 , 3 with 14. and so for all the rest . Then being faced to their leader , every two files that met being now joyned , make one ranke . There must be the like order and decorum kept , in the motion of wheeling each flanke : as I shewed in the instruction of intire angular wheelings . For reducement of this Motion , wheele your flanks into the Reere . Or else foure times the same , as I have seene some do : although somewhat the further way about . Divers men are diversly opinionated ; concerning the best word of Command or direction , for this Motion . These I have known used which I have placed in the Margent , by the figure ▪ And if any man like one better then the other , be it at his owne choice , either to use or refuse , while I passe to shew the next wheeling .

CHAP. LXIII . Of wheeling the Reere into the midst of the Battell .

The Command is , Wheele your Flanks into the Reere . The Direction is , Face all about to the Right .

Wheele y●●r Fl●●k● into the Reere , Wing ▪ Reere , Reere Battell , Reere Midst , Reere Center , Front ●lanks ▪

Vpon al wheeling● , you must obserue to follow your leader● , which must be understood , aswell of those which b●come leaders accidē●ally ( by reason of facings ) as of those which be the ●●●st and pro●●● leaders . As in th s wheeling ( ●or example ) where the up●te ●te become the leaders of the M●●●on . THis divisionall wheeling of the Flanks into the Reere , is also a doubling , and performed as the other . And whatsoever might be said , in the behalfe of the wheeling of the front into the middest ; the same may be also spoken , concerning the wheeling of the Reere into the middest . For this wheeling , brings your two outmost-files to be the first ranke ; the Bringers up of the right and left-hand-files , meeting together : the bringers up of the left flanke , meeting face to face with the Bringers up of the left-flanke . And so being faced to their leader , they which before were complete files , are now become halfe-ranks : either to the right or left . But you must note , that before you begin to wheele , you must face your body about to the Reere : and then the action will be all one , as if you wheeled your flanks into the front . Wherefore I shall not need further to explaine it : having spoken fully to it in the precedent Chapter .

Note that the two up●re ●re the Hinge● of this wh●●ling . For the reducement of this wheeling , the Commander being at his Front accidentall , may command them to wheele their wings into the Reere , and so passe through to that part , where his proper file-leaders are : and then face them to him , and they are reduced . Or else , when he hath past through to the reere , and faced his Company to him ; then his pikes being formost , let him wheele his flanks into the front , who being faced to their leader , they are reduced . For this motion , there are also divers and severall words of Command . And because it may be , that some will better approve of some of the other words of Command , then of this that I have made use of : therefore I have placed others in in the margent , That so any that will , may take their choice : while I passe to shew the next wheeling . Whose word of Command and direction , you shall finde over the figure of the next Chapter .

CHAP. LXIIII. Of wheeling the right flanke , into the midst of the Battell .

The Command is , Wheele Front and Reere , into the right Flanke . The Direction is , Face all to the right .

This Figure stands as the Body is in Motion .

Wheele Front and Reere into the the left Flanke right Flanke . the right Flanke Front and Reere . the right Flanke Midst . Center .

THis divisionall wheeling of the Front and Reere , into the right-flanke ; doth Not● , that if the length of your Bat●e●● , be double the num● r of your depth ; as in this figure then this wheeling of front and reere into the right or left-flanke , doth qu●d●uple their forme● depth . If the number were equall , in lengto and depth ; then by this wheeling , they would be but doubled . If the number of your length , exceed more then double your depth , by so much the more , will the extension of the dep●h be , beyond quadruple , &c. quadruple the depth : as may appeare by this figure , which before the Motion began , contained but eight in depth : But this wheeling being perfected , makes them 32. namely , if you direct the Aspect of the Bodie , either to the right or left ; after the Motion is ended . If you obserue this wheeling , it doth divide the Muskettiers on the left-flanke : the one halfe of them , wheeling to the Front ; the other halfe , to the Reere : all the Muskettiers of the right-flanke , wheeling together into the middest . The pikes are likewise divided ; those that were the Front-halfe-files , are in the middest of the Front-division of Muskettiers ; and those which were the Reere-division of pikes , are in the middest of the reere-division of Muskettiers . This wheeling may be to singular good use , for the making of some formes of Battell . But I forbeare now to treat concerning figures and formes of Battell , reserving them to be spoken of in their due places : and come now to shew the way how to performe the Motion . The Command therefore being given , to wheele Front and Reere into the right-flanke , then the first thing the Souldiers are to do , is to face to the right . That done , they wheele together about the fourth and fift men in the right-hand-file : which is the halfe-file-leader to the front , and halfe-file-leader to the reere . You may easily perceive how , by the figure : where the Reere-division wheeleth to the left ; and the front-division , to the right : untill the bringer-up of the right-hand-file , meets in the midst with his file-leader : the second , with the seventh ; the third , with the sixth ; the fourth , with the fift . &c.

For the reducement of this figure of Wheeling , there are many wayes : according as the Body may be faced . But first conceive , as if they stand faced the same way as they were before this Motion began . And then the wheeling of front and reere into the left-flanke will reduce them ; when they are faced to their leader . Or if you will , face them that way which they wheeled in the Motion ; which was to the right : then wheele your flanke into the reere ; when being faced to their proper front , they are reduced . And so , in like manner , should you face them to some other part ; they might be otherwayes reduced . The next wheeling will be the same to the left , as this is , to the right : where notwithstanding that the Motion be all one , yet it shall differ in the placing of the men . For before I begin the wheeling , I will passe through all the Muskettiers , from the left flanke to the right : by which meanes the Body will stand , as appeareth by the square figure following . From whence I will begin the next wheeling .

CHAP. LXV . Of wheeling the left Flanke , into the midst of the Battell .

The Command is , Wheele Front and Reere , into the left Flanke . The Direction is , Face all to the Left .

depiction of 'left Flank wheeling'

THis divisionall wheeling , of the Front and Reere into the left-flanke , is , in like manner , a doubling of the depth . For the nature of the Motion , it is altogether like unto the wheeling next before : differing onely in the flanke ; and after that the body is faced to the left , the wheeling is to be performed , as wheeling the flanks into the front . But by reason that before the Motion began , all the Muskettiers were on the right-flanke : by this wheeling , they are brought to the front and reere . For the Aspect being directed the same way , it was before the Command was given , the depth will be 32 , as in the other figure .

For reducement , the ordinary way is to wheele the front and reere into the right-flanke . O● if upon any occasion , you have faced your Body to the same way they have wheeled ( which was to the left-flanke ) and would give your Command from thence ; Then let them wheele their flanks into the Reere . This done , the Commander passing to his first front , and facing them to him : they are as when this last wheeling began . Then cause the foure files of Maskettiers , to face to the left ; and to passe through to their places . Lastly , do but close them to their due distance , in ranke , and file : and they are perfectly reduced .

CHAP. LXVI . Of wheeling Front and Reere , into the midst of the Battell .

The Command is , Wheele both Flanks into the Front and Reere . The Direction is , Halfe-files , face about to the Reere .

THis divisionall wheeling of both flanks into the front and reere ; doth double the depth : making them from 8 deepe , 16. It doth likewise transferre the Muskettiers , from the flanks into the front and reere : making a division between the front halfe files , and reere halfe files . So that of one body , flankt with Muskettiers , it maketh two , each having their Muskettiers in front .

This figure , ( as most others , as well facings , doublings , counter-marches and wheelings ) is here set forth as the motion of each presents it selfe in the execution ; few of them being shewne , as they be when they are executed . And I conceive it the better way , as well for expression , as apprehension : to shew the worke as it is in doing , rather then absolutely performed .

For the way how to performe this wheeling , take these directions following . The Command being first given , ( as aforesaid ) the first thing the Souldiers have to doe , is for the halfe-files to face about , and then the front halfe files , and reere halfe files wheele at one and the same time : The front division , wheeling about their two innermost file-leaders , which are figured with the numbers of 8 and 9. untill the file-leaders of the right flanke meete together in the midst , with the file-leaders of the left flanke : as you may easily perceive by the figure shewing the motion ; the rest of their divisions , orderly following them . The halfe-files , also being faced about ; the bringers up , in like manner , wheele together : being now the leaders of the motion , in the reere , as you may perceive . This being done , if you please you may face them all to their leader , ( whom suppose to be at the place of his first front ) and then command them to close their divisions : which being performed , all your file-leaders are in the two innermost files of the front division , file-wise , and all the Bringers up , in the reere division of the same files .

For the reducement of this figure , if you will , face them to either of the flankes , and command them to wheele both flanks into the front and reere , when facing them againe to their proper front , and closing their division , they will be as at first . But if you would make use of some other wheeling , to reduce it , then take this in the following Chapter .

CHAP. LXVII . Of wheeling the flanks into the midst of the Battaile .

The Command is , Wheele front and reere into both Flanks . The direction is , Face to the right and left .

THis divisionall wheeling of the front and reere into both flankes , may also be termed a doubling of the depth : by reason that from 8 deepe , it maketh them double numbers . By this motion , the Muskettiers which before were flankers , are now transferred into the midst , betweene the front and reere of the Pikes . And whereas in the other figure , the wheeling was about the two middlemost file-leaders , and Bringers up ; this wheeling contrariwise , is about the two halfe file-leaders of the outmost files of each flanke . In the other wheeling , the file-leaders and bringers up , made the innermost file : in this , the innermost file of each flanke , as you may easily perceive by the figure . This motion being performed , it leaves a large Intervalle ( or division ) from front to reere , betweene the flankes : which if the Commander passe into the midst , betweene each division , and face them all to him ; causing them to close their divisions , and to march forth into his first place , ( directing their aspects the same way ) then will the Pikes be in the front and reere .

For the reducement of this Figure ( of wheeling ) to its former posture ; you may face the body to one of the flanks . Which being done , command them againe to wheele front and reere into both flankes ; when being faced to their former front , and having closed their division , they are reduced . But if you would make use of some other wheeling , for reducement ; then wheele both flanks into the front and reere ; and they are as at first : having faced to their leader , and closed their division . And thus as briefly and as plainely as I could ; have I runne through the severall motions and grounds ; for the disciplining of a foot-company . And although I neither can , nor hope to give satisfaction to all ; yet I shall intreat the better qualified , that where I am wanting , there they will supply my defects with their goodnesse . Or if it so happen , that I undergoe the censure of needlesse superfluitie : I would have such to make use of so much of it , as they shall thinke fit for their owne turnes : and to leave the residue unto such as may have opportunity for to use it .

THus Courteous Reader have I past the grounds And various motions of the Infantry , Where thou maist gaine the skill , cost others wounds , Though from a young one of th' Artillery . Reade and consider , if thou nothing gaine , I aske as little from thee for my paine . If thou the distances dost well peruse , The severall facings and the doublings too , The Counter-marches which of course ensues , And then our wheelings which we lastly doe . These being practis'd , learn'd , and understood , The benefit turnes to thy Countries good . These , like the vowels , are in number five , With which me spell all words that can be nam'd ▪ So with these motions we all formes contrive , And from these grounds are all our figures fram'd . Then frame thou no excuse , but learn to know them , And with as free an heart as I doe shew them . Now next of all I should some firings show , But lest perhaps I hold you over long , I thinke it fit some respite to be stow , Lest that our Souldiers thinke I doe them wrong . So please the Reader but to pause the whiles , And see our Leaders exercise their files . For now each Leader is so courteous growne , He strives to bring another to his place . But they as modestly would keepe their owne , And each prefers his follower to the grace . So please you then but winke at the digression , And you shall see each Leader by succession .

CHAP. LXVIII . Of making men file-leaders successively , the files being eight deepe .

IN the making every man in file , successively leader according to their first standing : may as well and easily be done in great bodies , as by single files . Yea and with the same words of Command and direction , as you may perceive by the Table , where the figures of number shew the succession of each mans leading . The words of Command which produce each leader , being placed in the Columes beneath . In the first Colume of the Table , the file stands as at first ; with his proper file-leader in front : each man having his right place . The rest of the files , demonstrating the places of the men , according to their standing ; upon the making of every severall file-leader . The Commands are figures , which produce the like leaders .

Thefrontofeachfile,astheycometobeFile-leaders;successively. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 1 4 3 6 5 8 7 3 4 1 2 7 8 5 6 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 6 5 8 7 2 1 4 3 7 8 5 6 3 4 1 2 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

TheseverallwordsofCommand,whichproduceeachFile-leader. 2 Ranks to the right double . Files 3 File-leaders and half-file-leaders stand , the rest passe thorough to the right , and place your selves before your Leaders . 4 Ranks to the left double . Files 5 The first Ranke stand , the rest passe thorough to the right , and place your selves before your Leaders . 6 Ranks to the left double . Files 7 Countermarch Front & Reere into the midst , then face to your Leader . 8 Ranks to the left double . Files 0 Then face about or Countermarch your Files , and they are as at first .

The first , are the proper leaders of the files . For to make the second leade , if there be but one file , then file ranke two to the right : if there be more files , than rankes to the right , double , and files to the right , double . By which meanes , the second man is become leader of his file : every man being disposed , as you may perceive by that file , whose leader is the figure of 2. To make him that was the third man , leader , let file-leaders , and halfe-file leaders stand : & the rest passe through to the right , & place themselves before their leaders . Thus will the file stand like that , led by the figure of 3. For to make him that was the fourth man leader ; Rankes to the left , double ; and files to the left , double : whereby the file will stand like that , led by the figure of 4. For to make him that was the fift man , leader , let the first ranke stand ; the rest passe through to the right , and place themselves before their leaders : by which meanes the file will stand like that , led by the figure 5. For to make him that was the sixt man , leader ; double your rankes to the left , and files to the left , double : and then the file will stand , like the file led by the figure of 6. For to make him that was the seventh man , leader of the file ; Countermarch front and reere into the midst , and face them to the former front : whereby the file will stand like that led by the figure of 7. For to make him that was the eighth man , leade the file-ranks to the left , double ; and files to the left , double ; and the file will stand like that , led by the figure of 8. For to reduce them , cause the first ranke to stand ; the rest to advance forwards to the right , placing themselves before their leaders .

CHAP. LXIX . Of making men file-leaders , successively : the files being but sixe deepe .

SOme will be inquisitive to know for what use the making of leaders by succession , serveth ? or whether it be not a meere Curiosity ? to which I thus answer . That it is not only pleasant , but profitable . Pleasant to the leader of a file : who having sufficiently exercised his file in Postures , to give some time of respite , or delectation , for the recreating of their almost tyred spirits , brings each man , successively , to leade the file by proper words of Command . And lastly , reduceth each man to his former standing . It must needs be profitable and much availeable in discipline , when the skilfull Commander can thereby ( with much ease ) change and interchange : bring what rankes he pleaseth to lead in front ; and exchange them afterwards for others ; yea , and lastly , at his owne pleasure , bring the proper file-leaders againe into their places . This following table , shewes each mans severall place as they stand ; still being altered , according to their various Leaders . By the figures of number ( which are placed over the heads of those Columes , wherein are writ the words of Command ) understand that those words under the figure of 2. are to make the second man , file-leader . Those words , under the figure of 3. make the third man , leader . And so forward for the rest .

Thefrontofeachfile,astheycometobeLeaders. 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 1 2 5 6 5 3 4 6 1 3 4 4 3 1 6 4 3 5 6 5 2 1 2 6 5 4 3 2 1

ThewordsofCommand,whichproduceeachseverallLeader. Files 2 Ranks to the left double . 3 Half-files double your Front to the right , Files to the right double . 4 Facc to the Reere , or let the first ranke stand , the rest passe thorough , &c. 5 Ranks to the right double , Files double your depth to the right . Files 6 Ranks to the left double . 7 Face to the Reere , and they are reduced .

The first man , is the leader of the file . For to make the second man , leader ; Command , file ranke , two to the left . If there be more files then one ; ranks to the left , double ; and files to the left , double ; which makes the second man , leader ; every man in the file being disposed , as you may perceive by that file , led by the figure of 2. For to make him that was the third man , leader ; command halfe files , double the front to the right , and files to the right , double ; by which meanes , the file will stand like that , led by the figure of 3. For to make him that was the fourth man , leader : Face to the reere , and then hee leads . But if you will keepe the same front ; command the first ranke to stand , the rest to passe through to the left : placing your selves before your leaders . Thus will the file stand like that , led by the figure of 4. For to make the fift man , leader : command , rankes to the right , double ; and files to double their depth to the right intire : by which meanes the file will stand like that , led by the figure of 5. For to make the sixt man , file-leader : cause rankes to the left , double ; and files to the left , double ; and then the file wil stand like that , led by the figure of 6. For to reduce them , there needs no more but face to the reere : notwithstanding if you would have the front the same way , the Command is , the first rank , stand ; the rest passe forwards to the right : placing your selves before your leaders .

For to make sixe men , successively leaders , by sixe words of Command , besides Facings .

The first is leader : for the second file , Ranke 2 ▪ to the left , and files to the left , double . For the third , Countermarch front and reere into the midst : and face to that part which was the reere . For the fourth , face about to the right . For the fift , countermarch front and reere into the midst , and face to that which was the reere . For the sixt , ranke two to the right ; and files to the right , double ; face them about , and they are reduced .

CHAP. LXX . Of drawing the Files againe into a Body : and preparing them for a skirmish .

BY this time ( me thinkes ) I heare the Drums beat a Call : which summons each file-leader to his place : every man observing his order , both in ranke and file . The Officers having taken their due places ; the Captaine and Ensigne in the front of Pikes , the Lievetenant in the reere ; the Serjeant on the flanks , the Drums on the front and reere Angle s of the Pikes : as you may perceive by the square figure next following . Now the Drums beat a march , the Ensigne flying at the head of the Pikes ; the Pikes and Muskets shouldered , marching at their distance of order in file , at open order in ranke : presently by a signe from the Captaine , the Drums beat a preparative : the Ensigne furl-up , retiring into the midst betweene the Pikes ; the Pikes advance , the rankes close forwards to their order ; the Muskettiers makes ready , and every man prepares himselfe for Battell or Skirmish . And here the Eyes of the Drum must be very vigilant , to observe his Captaine or Commander ; that by the least signe , either of his hand , leading-staf●e , or whatsoever else he carries , hee may either continue his charge , retreat , or else charge home : and every Souldier ought to be so well trayned and practised , that in the time of Battell , he may receive ample instructions from the sound of the Drum .

The Body drawne into a square : with the Officers in their places .

Thus many Officers may serue for a larger Company , if the souldiers be expert and skilfull : and to the contrary , they are all too few , if they be raw and unexperienced . I have seene some Companies , which have been so absolutely ignorant , that each man would have needed an Officer , to have kept him orderly in his place . Neverthelesse I make no doubt , but that by the carefull oversight of the Lord Lieutenants , the good assistance of their Deputies , and the diligence of the Captains , and their Officers , this fault will quickly be amended . And this might easily enough be done , if that those which are owners of Armes , would but meet one houre or two in a fortnight ( at their best leisures ) and practise the postures of the Pike & Musket first , and the motions , and firings , when they are more expert . If any shall object , That how ever this may be done in Townes and Cities , yet it cannot be in the Countrey Villages . I answer , That if they meete not above foure , sixe , or eight in a place , although they have no Officer to instruct them , yet by conferring , and trying , and often practising , they will begin to carry their Armes with more ease ; and to use them with more delight . Neither need they to be altogether ignorant , seeing there are divers printed portraitures of the postures of each Armes : as also books , whereby they may have very ample instruction . By which having attained some little skill ; they will not be contented , untill they have better improved it by the instruction of their Officers : after which they will proue better proficients in one houre , then as they were before , in a yeare .

CHAP. LXXI . Of firing by forlorne files . The manner , and use .

BEfore I enter upon formes and figures of Battel , be pleased to observe with me , that all firings , are either direct or oblique : notwithstanding that the formes are full enough of varietie , occasioned ( most times ) by the scituation of the place ; the order of the enemy , and the number of men : with other Politicall observations , for the gaining of winde and Sunne . For the manner of firings , they are sometimes advancing against an enemy : sometimes receiving the enemies charge upon a stand ; or else retreiting . Otherwhiles , we give fire in the Reere , marching from the Enemy : or in Flanke , marching by an enemy : and it may so fall out , that the enemy may charge in severall places at once ; as in Front , and Reere ; or in Front , Reere , and Flanke . Of which particulars , I will severally treat , desiring to give content to all , not making the least question but that benefit may accrue unto some . And therefore hoping that the courteous and best qualified , will accept of my good meaning ; and not refuse my cates , although presented unto them in earthen vessels : whereby I shall be induced with more willingnesse , to proceed in my intended discourses , so you be pleased to favour me with your better opinions ; neither rashly condemning me of prodigalitie , for enterprising a worke of such consequence as this ; nor too suddenly accusing my simplicitie , for preferring my rush-light before the Sunne ; when others suffer their Torches to burne out in darke lanternes : whom I confesse to be farre more able ( were they but halfe so willing ) to have imparted of their Talents , to the benefit of their Countrey . But seeing that they will not vouchsafe it , and that I , like bold bayard , have adventured thus farre ; I shall ( with your good favour ) proceed . And first I will begin with firings in front ; advancing , and standing : and so to the rest . And for the more cleare expression of each firing , I will deliver them both in words and figures . The first whereof , shall be a firing by forlorne files : which commonly is used in our exercise , two manner of waies : One way is , for the two outermost-files of each flank of Musketiers , to march forth , being led on by the two junior Serjeants , so farre as by the superior Commander shall be thought fit ; who being there to stand , the formost ranks are to give fire ; wheeling off , both to the right , or to the right and left ( if it be so commanded ) and to place themselues in the Reere of their owne files , the rest of the ranks firing , and doing of the like , untill they have fired once or twice over , according to their directions . This done , the next two outmost-files of each flanke , are to march forwards unto the place assigned ▪ and to do the like : those files which formerly faced , in the meane time trooping backe , and placing themselues next the pikes , on the inside of the divisions of Muskettiers : the rest of the Muskettiers ( in like manner ) marching up , and firing : still placing themselues next the pikes , as aforesaid . When they have fired all over , and placed themselues according to these directions : they are reduced , as at first . A second way of firing by forlorne files , may be after this manner . The outermost files of each flank , are led forth by the Serjeants ; according to the charge untill they have brought them unto a fit place for execution : and then they command their files to ranke inward , and to present , and fire all together : as you may plainly perceive by the figure following .

The first two files , having ranked i●●ard , presented and fired , are to wheele off to the right and left : following their leaders in single file , and placing themselves on the inside of their divisions of Muskettiers next the Pikes ; the next outmost files , which followed the first in the reere in the meane time ranking inward , firing and wheeling off , as before , and placing themselves next the Pikes . And so forwards for all the rest of the files : still marching up , and doing the like , so long as the Captaine or Commander shall fee fitting . These kinde of firings ( and all such like ) are either for the beginning of skirmishes , before the Bodies come within shot one of another , or to provoke the enemy to battaile , to draw them from their Trenches , into some ambushment , and other such politicall ends , the number of men which march forth upon such designes , nor the manner are not alwayes certaine , but consists sometimes of more , sometimes of fewer , according to the number , time , and place .

CHAP. LXXII . Of firings by two Ranks , ten paces advanced before the front : Next , even with the front ; and lastly , even with the halfe files .

Advancing of two rankes to fire , ten paces before the front , is most commonly used , when one or both Battailes march against each other : the Muskettiers being led forth by two rankes together , ten or twenty paces , before the front of the body ; that so they may come neere enough to doe ▪ certaine execution . A Serjeant from each flanke leading up the two foremost rankes , ( according as they shall have order ) the first ranke of each flanke is to present and give fire , wheeling either all off to the right , or to the right and left , as you may perceive by the following Figure .

The first ranks having presented , fired , and wheeled off , ( as aforesaid ) are to march close downe in single file , within three foot of their owne flankes , untill they come to the Reere of their owne divisions : where every man is to place himselfe in the reere of his owne file . The second ranke being at the distance of three foot , behinde the first ranke , when they first tooke their ground : they likewise are to rest their Muskets , mounting their muzzles cleere of their Leaders , and so to stand with their matches cock● , and pans guarded , that so they may levell and fire as soone as their Leaders are cleere of them , and wheele off , in like manner placing themselves as they were before . The next two rankes are to beginne to advance forwards , when they see the last of the two former ranks , presented ready to fire . And they also having fired , wheele off as the others did before them . And so , successively the rest of the ranks advancing , fire and wheeling off againe , placing themselves according to former directions . This way , they may give fire , once or oftner over , as the enemy doth advance ; or the Commander shall see fitting . All this while that the Muskettiers advance so farre before the front , ( if the body be upon march ) the Pikes may be shouldered : but when the bodies come within twelve score , or lesse , then it is fit that the Muskettiers give fire even with the front of the Pikes , and that the Pikemen , advance their Pikes , and close forwards to their distance of three foot , that so they may be even in ranke with their Muskettiers , as you may perceive by the following Figure .

Now the Pikes being advanced , and the rankes closed forwards to their due distance of order , the Muskettiers are to present , even with the front , every ranke successively moving forward , untill they come to be even in ranke with the first ranke of Pikes , there to give fire , and to wheele off to the right and left , trooping , file-wise , downe close to their owne divisions : and taking their places in the reere , as in the former figures . The first ranke of Muskettiers having fired , and wheeled away , the next ranks are to move forwards at three * * The three motions are , Blow your Coal● , Open your Pan , Present Breast high . You are to blow your Coal● , stepping forwards with your left foot . Open your Pannel stepping forwards with your right foot ▪ Present , stepping forwards with your left foot . The 〈◊〉 a●e to bepetfor●●d , hand and foot together , by every one that advanceth 〈◊〉 to ●iv● fire , without expecting anydirecti●●● in time of Skirm s● . motions , into their places ; and there to give fire after the same manner : wheeling away againe , and placing themselves according to former directions , every ranke still making good their Leaders ground . In this sort the battell may be continued , untill they have fired once , twice , or oftner over ; and that the Bodies become so close together , that the Pikes begin to porte , and so at length come to push of Pike . Which done , the Muskettiers are to give fire , either retreiting , or else not to advance further , then the halfe files of Pikes . For in that place ( the bodies being come so neere together ) they will doe as much execution , as if they were even with the front . The manner of the standing , you may perceive by the following Figure .

The Pikes being now come to push , the Muskettiers are to advance no further than the halfe files of Pikes : that ( so they may doe execution with their shot , and be out of danger of the Pikes . This having attained , they are there to present , and give fire ; every ranke still moving forwards , and maintaining his leaders ground . After they have performed their firing , they are to wheele off by division , as in the former Figures : still placing themselves in the reere of their owne files , alwaies taking their directions from the Drum , either for charging or retreiting , &c.

The battell or charge being ended , the reducement is easie . The leader of each file , being in his place at the head of his file ; command the Muskettiers to march up , even with the front of pikes ; and then they will be as at first .

Obserue withall that when the firing is to be performed , even with the front ; then the Muskettiers are stil to make good their leaders ground . The want to be in the place of most security ( which is the Reere ) as you may perceive by the pricks , which I have designed , for noting out the empty roomes of such , who have closed forwards to make good the ground in the front : the others that last fired are wheeled off , and trooping downe into their places . When the firing is even with the halfe-files , they are to do the like : unlesse the Drumme beat a retreat ; for then , the Muskettiers neither advance , nor retreat : but every rank giving fire on the same ground , they stand : and then wheele off againe , that their fellows may do as much . Neverthelesse when the forlorne files march forth , or that two ranks march forth , ten paces ( or more ) before the front : then they are to give fire , as upon a retreit : unlesse the enemy flye . I will now shew some other wayes of firing in front ; before I shew the firings in the reere . The first whereof , shall be the horne Battell : as in the Chapter following .

CHAP. LXXIII . Of the Horne-battell ; how to make it : and to reduce it by firing .

THe Horn-battell may be for the same occasion and use , as the firing by two ranks ten paces advancing before the front : and is by some held more serviceable , because that the muskettiers do their execution more roundly , without any intermission of time : and keepe themselues without stragling from their bodies . Besides , the wings of Muskettiers being so advanced , are more apt for over-fronting , and more easily to be wheeled ; whereby to charge the enemy in flanke ; each of these wings , or divisions , are to be led up by a Serjeant ( or some other superiour Officer ) unto the place appointed by the Chiefe . But because that it may be performed in time of exercise , by the intelligible Souldier , observe the Command which produceth this following figure .

Pikes , stand ; Muskettiers , march ; untill the Bringers up , ranke with the front of Pikes . The Horne-battell .

The figure being perfect , the firstranke of Muskettiers , present and give fire wheeling off , either all to the right ; or to the right and left ( according as they shall have direction ) and placing themselues , orderly , in the Reere of their owne files . The next ranke ( after the same manner ) firing and wheeling off , and placing themselues behinde those , which were their leaders . Thus is every rank , successively ▪ to do the like : untill they have all given fire . If the Commander would still preserve , and continue the same figure ; then let the Muskettiers still move forwards , into the ground ( or place ) of them that fired before them : and the forme will be still the same . And if by the Chiefetain it be found necessary , that after once or twice firing over , the shot should flanke their pikes ; then the Muskettiers , must not advance into their leaders ground ; but , to the contrary , every ranke is to present and fire on the same ground they stand : and that so soone as they are cleere of their leaders . Or if need be , the pikes may advance and march up , to make their front i●tire : which being done , the file-leaders of Muskettiers being in front , they are reduced .

CHAP. LXXIIII . Of the Demie-hearse Battell : The use of the figure ; how to make it , and to reduce it by firing .

THe next firing in Front which I present unto you , is the Demie Hearse : which is a figure most firme , most sollid , and most stable , yea , and doth as much execution , as any of the former : and that with halfe the danger . For the pikes in the former figure , they either ranke even with the front of Muskets : or else , the division of Muskettiers being open , they become liable to the danger of the enemies shot : themselues not being able to do any thing , either offensive or defensive . But , to the contrary , in this figure , they are securely covered by their owne Muskettiers : untill they approach nearer to the enemy . Whereby they may be able to do some service ; either by sending their showres of arrows amongst them , for bringing their array out of order , or else , by closing neerer , come to the shocke , and so try the fortune of the day . But not to hold you longer in circumstance , take the words of command : which produce the figure , as followeth .

Pikes , stand , Muskettiers , advance before your Front of Pikes : and close your Divisions . The Demic-hearse .

For the firings on this figure , they may be divers ; yet I shall content my selfe onely to shew two of them : The first is , that the Muskettiers may at the discretion of the Commander , give fire in front : and so wheele off by division ( or all to the right , as shall best please him that commands in Chiefe ) placing themselues in the Reere of their owne divisions and files of shot , which is just before the front of pikes . The next ranks then moving forwards into their leaders ground , are to present , fire , wheele off , and place themselues after the same manner : the rest of the ranks of Muskettiers , doing the like , untill they have all given fire : which firing , doth nothing alter the forme or figure of battell . Having fired once or twice over this way , the second firing shall serue for reducement : which is indeed the firing intended to be exprest by this figure . And that I may by words , the more clearly explaine the worke , take these directions following .

The first ranke having given fire , are to wheele equally off by division : each part falling file-wise downe , close by their flanks of Muskettiers : untill the leaders of the ranks of Muskets come downe as low as the first ranke of pikes ; which being performed , they are to face outwards , and to move so farre forth in a strait line , untill they have ranked even with the first ranke of pikes . But herewithall are they to observe , that they must leave an Intervall betweene the innermost-musket of each flanke ; and the outermost-file-leader of the pikes . So soone as the first ranke hath given fire and wheeled away , the second ranke is to give fire , wheeling off , as before , and passing downe betweene the Intervals on the flanks : placing themselues after their leaders . The same is every ranke successively to do , untill all the Muskettiers are drawne from before the front , and placed on the flanke of their pikes . But when there are not above two ranks of Muskettiers to give fire , then the pikes may port ; and when the Muskettiers have fired , and are wheeled away , they may charge . And lastly , the pikes being re-advanced , the body stands reduced , as at first .

CHAP. LXXV . Of giving Fire , advancing , by way of Introduction : with the beneficiall use of the Bow and Pike .

I Shall next offer to your perusall , a figure of Introduction : which is a passing through or betweene : Being a firing by way of advancing against the enemy , and of gaining ground . I will not dispute how usefull it is ; but sure I am , it is over-ballanced with danger . As for such whom I haue seene to practise it , they have rather used it for varietie , in a well experienced Company , then for any knowne excellency it hath in it selfe . But if these lines happen to be over-lookt by any , that preserues a better opinion of this firing by introduction , then I do : I shall be willing to leave them to their owne liking , while I in the meane time proceed to shew the manner of the execution , which is usually one of these two wayes . The first , when the Motion is begun by the second ranke from the front . The other , when it is begun by the Bringers up . Neverthelesse you must note ▪ that your files of Muskettiers must be opened to their open order ; before the firing begin : that so , the Muskettiers may passe betweene the Intervals of each file , to give fire in the front . And therefore take the words of Command and Direction ; which will produce this Figure following .

Muskettiers , make ready to give fire by introduction to the right . Files of Muskettiers , open by Division to your open order .

This firing by introduction may be thus performed . The Pikes being flankt with their Muskettiers , the first ranke of each flanke , present and give fire : having fired , they stand and make ready againe in the same place . The second ranke passing forwards before the first , doe there fire and stand : the third rank then passing forwards after the second , and standing even in ranke with them that first fired ; that so soone as the second ranke hath fired , they may quickly step before them , and fire in like manner . In this firing , still the ranke which is next to fire , stands even in ranke with them which last fired ; untill those which stand presented , have likewise given fire : after which they then passe before them ; the Ranke which was their next followers , passing forwards and ranking with those which last fired : every man following his Leader successively , untill the Bringers up give fire , & stand , and then the Figure will become a Horne battell . All the while that this firing by Introduction , is continued , the Pikes may be shouldered ( if there be no feare of horse ) or otherwise at discretion . If you continue this firing twice over ; the Muskettiers will have their right places : which being done , march up your Pikes , to ranke even with your Muskettiers in front , and they are reduced . For the other way of firing by introduction , the first ranke ( or file-leaders ) are to give fire as before , and to stand , the last ranke ( or bringers up ) in the interim of their firing ; marching up , and ranking even with the second ranke : the rest following their Bringers up ; as they do when Bringers up double their front . The first ranke having fired , the Bringers up step immediately before them ; present , and give fire ; the rest stil , successively , doing the like , untill every rank have given fire once over . Observe withal that the file-leaders are to give fire twice over : being the first & the last & then to stand , the Pikes marching up , even with their front of Muskettiers . And thus they are reduccd , as at first . The Pikemen , all the time of this firing , doe no service : Notwithstanding , if one halfe of them had bowes fastened unto their Pikes ( being able and well practised men ) they might , whilest the Muskettiers are in firing , be dealing of their doles about : and although their arrowes did not happen to wound mortally , yet the whisteling noyse , the terrour of the sight , and the severall hurts ( which could not chuse but be many ) would be a great abatement to the stoutest courages . And great pitty it is to see , the lusty Pike-man poorely to droppe downe by the Musket-shot ; himselfe not being able to hurt his enemy at that distance , nor defend himselfe .

CHAP. LXXVI . The way to make the Diamond Battell : severall waies to fire upon it : with divers other figures and firings , which are thereby produced .

THe Diamond Battell is also a firing in front ; though more for shew , then moderne service ; yet because that some hold it in venerable respect , I thought fit to place it amongst the rest ; leaving every man to his liking , either to use it or refuse it . It may be that some will looke , that I should make the Sheere Battell ; the Wedge , the Saw , and many such like : which might be made either hollow or sollid . But I shall intreate such to spare me ; for I would not willingly spend time to so small purpose ; chusing rather to insist on Figures ; more profitable for them , and commendable for mee . Yet if any man have a minde to practise any of them , by observation of this Diamond Battell , he may easily make them . But not to hold you longer with circumstance , the words of Command , and direction , which are for the making of this Diamond Battell , are as follow .

First cause your Muskettiers of the right flanke , to open to the right , to a sufficient distance : for receiving the Muskets of the left flanke .

Then command the Muskettiers of the left flanke , to passe through into the space of ground on the right .

This being done , for to make the Figure , Command . Files of Muskettiers , ranke 1. 3. 5. 7. &c. by increase , to the left . Files of Pikes , ranke by decrease after your Muskettiers .

The Muskettiers may fire on this figure , divers waies : though I onely intend to speake unto two of them . The first , is the most usuall way : and that is , the giving fire in ranke ; the first man ( or poynt of the Diamond ) first giving fire : then wheeling off to the right , and placing himselfe just behinde the single Pikeman , in the reere . Then , the next ranke being three men , give fire ; wheeling off by division : and placing themselves in ranke , behinde the single Muskettiers , as they were before the firing began . This done , the ranke of five Muskettiers , gives fire ; wheeling off , in like manner , by division ▪ ever observing , that where the number is odde , & they command to wheele off by division ; there the greatest number , alwaies goes to the right . And so , in like manner , the rankes give fire , successively ; and place themselves after their leaders , as before . When all the Muskettiers have given fire , and are wheeled off ; then charge Pikes , which will be fifteene in the first ranke ; the rest decreasing , Having advanced your Pikes , your figure will stand like two wedges , with their poynts ioyned , as you may perceive by this Figure next following .

If you would reduce your men from this Figure , without firing , ( your men being sufficiently expert ) let the Muskettiers stand , and Pikes face to the reere : and so the wedges will stand faced in opposition . Next , command them to interchange ground : the Muskettiers advancing forwards , into the ground of the Pikes , and the Pikes , moving into the ground of the Muskettiers ; and then by facing the Pikes to the former front , the body will stand in forme of a Diamond againe .

If you would give fire from this Figure ( all the Muskettiers being in the reere ) the body must face about : and so the firing will be contrary to the former . But if you wheele them about , they may give fire the same way . Howsoever , they having given fire , are to wheele off by division , and to place themselves in the reere of the Pikes , even in ranke again , as they were when they gave fire . Thus having all fired ouer , and wheeled away ; the Pikes may charge : and being againe advanced , the body will stand in forme of a Diamond ▪ and this I pray you to conceive , for I intend not to remake the Figure .

The second way of firing on the Diamond figure , is by way of Countermarch ▪ and is an oblique firing . For whereas in the other firing by ranks ( in the Diamond Battell ) each ranke fired by increase of two ( beginning with one , and ending with fifteene in a ranke ) this firing , contrariwise , begins with 15. and ends with 1. still decreasing 2. For this firing , your files must be at open order , because the Muskettiers must countermarch downe betweene the Intervals of their owne files to the right : every Muskettier that findes himselfe without a leader , being to present and give fire : and then to countermarch to the right , and to place himselfe in the Reere of his own file , behinde the pikes . When the first 15. have fired , then the next 13. present , fire , and countermarch , still placing themselues in the reere of their owne files . Next there fireth 〈◊〉 th●● 9. &c. for still there fires ●o many , as are 〈◊〉 of any leaders . And in this manner of firing , they that fire together , stand neither in ranke not file , bu● o●liquely . When all the Muskettiers have fired ▪ and ●●e 〈◊〉 into the Reere of their owne files ; let the pikes charge : and so the forme of your battell , will be like a long wedge : as you may perceive by the following figure , where now your Ranks are become 2. and 2 ▪ of a number .

Your men standing in forme afore-shewed , if you please yet to be more curious , face them all to the Reere : and command your Muskettiers to march ten or twelue paces . Your pikes to stand , and your Muskettiers will present you with an hollow wedge ▪ and your pikes with a sollid wedge . Lastly , to reduce all these severall formes into the first proper square battell : first , let the sollid wedge , close forward , into the hollow of the other : then , let the Muskettiers make ready , present , and fire , as before . That is to say , every Muskettier that finds himselfe without a leader , is to give fire , and to countermarch to the reere of his owne file , the rest doing the like , successively . When they have all fired , and are countermarcht cleere , let the pikes charge : and then your body will have the form of a Diamond againe . Next , face them all to the Reere ; and command , Ranks , file 8. to the right . Which being done , passe through the Muskettiers which belong to the left-flanke , into their places ; and close the Muskettiers of the right-flanke to their due distance : and so they will stand , all properly reduced .

CHAP. LXXVII . Of the Convex Halfe Moone ; The use of the Figure : and of severall wayes of firing upon it .

THe Convex halfe-moone , or semicircular Battell , is a forme both good and usefull ; which the time , the number , and place ( with other circumstances ) may make either beneficiall or prejudiciall . Wise Captains and Commanders ever foreseeing with providence , what formes or figures may be most profitable and available , for the present service . This Convex figure may be usefull , either at the landing of souldiers in an enemies Countrey , or for necessity ( the enemy being more able in horse ) making use either of hedge , ditch , wood , creeke or River ; to secure the Reere . For the figure it selfe , it may be made many wayes ; either with the Muskettiers outermost , or innermost , or lined , &c. as pleasest he Commander . It may also be made in a Regimentall way , or after the way of a small and private Company : But because I have onely in this my smal Treatise , taken upon me to shew the postures , motions , and figures , which are most usually done in a small Company ( although many of them , yea the more part , may be very fit for larger Bodies ) I shall content my self to saile in so small a bottome , not desiring to put on more saile then will suffice for the bearing of so small a burthen . Wherefore my request shall be , that every courteous and skilful Pilot that shall come aboard this small Barke ; will be pleased neither to launch it into the maine , lest it be swallowed in the Surges ▪ nor to expose it to the danger of shelues , rocks , and sands ; lest it suffer shipwracke for want of good guidance , but so to steere it , that it may safely arrive at its ●●sir●d Harbour : wherein they will both honour 〈…〉 expressing their vertues , and g●●tifie 〈◊〉 by applying each motion , figure , and forme , to his right use , and true intention . I will now shew , how the figure is to be made , which is as follow●th ▪ If yo●● Battell be in forme of an Hearse ▪ then 〈◊〉 them to the right or left about ; untill they have atteined this figure . But if in a square , then observe these following words ; which will produce the figure .

Wheele your Flanks into the Front : then face the Body to one of the Flanks : and wheele your Battell into a Convex Halfe Moone . The Convex Halfe Moone .

Having brought your Souldiers into this Convex forme , you may face them all inward , for speech ; or outward for fight . Then let the Officers make Intervals for the Muskettiers ; and let the outermost Arc , or first ranke of each division , present , and give fire : those of the right flanke , wheeling off to the right ; the left-flanke , to the left ; placing themselues in the Reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers ; still making good their leaders ground . The rest of the ranks are to do the same : untill they have all given fire . Neverthelesse , if your enemy be too potent for you by reason of his horse , your Bow-pike-men need not stand idle ; although they stand behinde their Muskettiers : for that they may plie them faster with their shafts , then the others can with their shot . But if the horse be so violent , that the Muskettiers may not abide them ; then let them give fire , and wheele off by division , as before : passing quite through their Intervals , and placing themselues in the Reere of their pikes : every ranke making good their leaders ground . Thus also are the rest of the Muskettiers to give fire , placing themselues in the concave part of the Body , as aforesaid : following the pikes which now make good the Muskettiers ground . If need be , the pikes may charge over-hand : or if occasion serves , at the foot , drawing forth their swords , over their left armes ; and couching downe their heads : by which meanes the Muskettiers may give fire , over their shoulders . For the first ranke having fired , may kneele downe on the ground , and charge againe : and so the second ranke may give fire , and kneele in like manner : making ready againe . And so in like manner for all the rest : all giving fire , and kneeling on the ground ; that so the next ranke behinde may give fire over them . Thus continning the firing , untill all the Muskettiers have given fire . Neverthelesse if need be , the first ranke may rise with the rest , and give fire over again , as before . And so the Battell may be continued ; the Pikes still keeping off the horse .

For the reducement of this figure , & to bring every man to his place : let your Muskettiers ( either firing , or passing through ) be brought into the places they were in , before they first gave fire . Then face the whole Body to one of the flankes ; and march them untill they have evened their rankes , and straitned their files . This done , then if all your Pikes be on the right flanke ; wheele your right flanke into the midst ; if on the left flank , wheele front and reere into the left flanke . This being done , let the Commander passe to his proper file-leaders ; and face the whole Body to him , and they are reduced as at first .

CHAP. LXXVIII . Of Extraduction : the severall uses , firings , and Reducements .

THe next Firing which I shall take upon me to demonstrate , shall be by way of Extraduction : which is also a firing in Front . It may be to singular good use , in a strait or passage sage where your Wings and Reere may be secured : your enemy being supposed to be too powerfull for you , either in Horse or Foot , or both . Having gotten into some strait , there fill the mouth of the passage with your Pikes : and if the length of your Company be not sufficient to do it , then double your ranks ( as in this following figure ) and let y●ur pikes either order , advance , port , or charge : according to the occasion ; your Muskettiers being in the Reere , may march up into the Front , and fire . But before I shew the firing , observe these following directions , which produce the Figure .

Pikes stand , Muskettiers face to the Reere , and March u●till you are cleere of your body of Pikes ; Then face inward , and close your division : that being done face to your Leader , and double your Rankes .

This being performed , the Pikes are all in front , the Muskettiers in Reere . A firing by Extraduction .

Having ordered your ba●tell in this manner , let the first rank●●f Muskettiers ( which are those that follow next after the Pikes ) face to the right , and march forth ( file-wise ) to close by the right flanke of Pikes , untill he that is the leader of them , be come into the front of Pikes , then hee is to leade them quite crosse the front of Pikes ; untill he have attained the further part of the front to the left ; which being done , they are all to stand , present , and give fire . You must note withall , in this firing , that hee which was the right hand man of the Ranke , and was the leader of the ●●tion , now becomes the left hand man , when he gives fire ; and that having fired , they are to wheele off to the left , close to the left flanke of Pikes , and so to fall in the reere of the Muskettiers . In the interim , whilest that the ranke which first fired , is wheeling away , the second rank is marching into their places to give fire . And in this manner they may maintaine their Battaile , so long as they please : the Pikes either porting or charging all the whiles . The Muskettiers in the time of their crossing the front , are to couch , or stoope under their Pikes ; that so they may be no impediment to the Pikes in their charge . There is another way of firing ●y Extraduction , which is , that the right hand leader of Muskettiers , placeth himselfe before the right file●eader of Pikes : the rest all falling beyond him : neverthelesse because I conceive it not to be so good a way as that already shewne , I will not trouble you with it : but come immediately to the ●educement of this , which is as followeth . Com●and your Pikes to stand , and your Muskets to double their front by division : but if you want room to doe it , then first double your files 〈◊〉 the contrary hand of that , which you doubled your rankes ; and so hauing doubled by division , as aforesaid , they will be reduced , as at fi●st .

CHAP. LXXIX . Of the Broad-fronted Battell : with the wayes of firing upon it .

THe broad-fronted battell , must needs be of speciall use ; for many occasions , either offensive or defensive . Which because it is so apparant to all , I shall not need to stand to reason with any ; rather desiring to shew the manner of making and reducing it : which is ●s followeth . Cause your Pikes to stand , and your Muskettiers to march : untill the reere ranke of Muskettiers be advanced a little before the first ranke of Pikes ; then let the Muskettiers face inward , ( or in opposition ) and close their divisions ; and then face to their leader . And if you would bring more hands to fight , double rankes to any hand , and the body ( for forme and number ) will stand like the figure here next following . But the speediest way , and ( I thinke the best ) I am sure with expert Souldiers , is to wheele both ●lanks into the front , which is the way intended by this Figure . For the manner of the firing it selfe , you may partly perceive that there are intervalles made for each division , to wheele off to the right , that so they may either fall in the reer of the Muskettiers , & there continue the firing ; or else fall in the reer of the pikes , & be therby secured from the horse . It may be done , one or both wayes : according to the occasion or discretion of the Commander . Neverthelesse , before I shew the firing , observe these words of Command , which produce the Figure .

Wheele your flanks into the front , Face to your leader .

The broad ●●onted Battell .

The first ranke having presented , and given fire , let them wheele off to the right : all passing down the Interual●es to the right , and placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers . The Muskettiers making good their leaders ground ; and the next ran●es firing , wheeling off , and placing themselves as before . Having fired once or twice over this way , a second way may be , to place themselves in the reere of their Pikes ; either standing , or advancing : the Pikemen in the meane time , clouding the cleere skie , with their ayrie Armorie . The Muskettiers having all given fire , and placed themselves in the reere : if need bee , the Pikes may close their divisions , and charge over hand : and if the enemy shall still presse forwards , the Pikes may charge at the foot : the Muskettiers giving fire over them , &c.

For reducement , there are divers waies by firings ; but because I would make every thing so plaine and easie , that those that reade for instruction , may receive benefit , it hath caused me to reduce each figure by it selfe : and not to multiply one upon another , whereby to make them too ambiguous . And therefore , if you make this Figure by wheeling your flankes into the front ; and then fire , as aforesaid : the reducement may be , either * * Note that the second firing will cause the body to f●ee to the reer , which then becomes a front accidentall , and is the cause that the same command reduceth the figure which first made it . to fire them over againe , and so to fall into their former places : and then to wheele your flankes into the front againe , and lastly , face about to the right : and they will be as before . Or else , if you would reduce them without giving fire over againe , then command your Muskettiers to double your front by division : that done , wheele both flankes into the reere : then face to your leader , and command your Muskettiers to double your front by division againe : and they are as at first . If I should proceed to shew the many and sundry wayes of firings , which may be done in front : my Booke had need to have as many leaves , as lines : and yet all too little . But that I may keepe my selfe to my promise , and my Booke to its compasse : I will next come to shew some firings in the reere : and amongst my divisionall firings , I shall insert some other sorts of front firings , which here I have omitted .

CHAP. LXXX . Of dismarching , or firing in the Reere : the severall wayes , and how they ought to be performed .

HAving so long maintained Battaile in the front , I will now face them about , and see how they will behave themselves upon their firings in the reere . Which kinde of firings , may be very beneficiall and serviceable , many wayes . For by keeping an orderly march , and firing in the reere , the eager enemy , ( by a too hasty pursuit ) may be disordered . Or if it so happen ( as many timesit doth ) that you have a disadvantagious place to imbattell on ; by this firing you may march away : still preserving your order and array , untill you have brought your adversary into some ambushment , or such like inconvenience . For the manner of comming of the firing , it must either be by facing about , wheeling about , or countermarching : the Pikes are to be shouldered . The figure followeth .

A firing in the Reere .

The Bodie being upon a march , if the enemy appeare in the Reere ; let the last ranke of Muskettiers , face about , and give fire , wheeling off , by division , file-wise marching up toward the Front , and there placing themselues before the foremost ranke of Muskettiers : ( the outmost man of each ranke , being Note upon all firings in the Reere , Blow your colt ; stepping forwards with your right foot . Open your p●n , stepping forwards with your left foot present to the R ere , stepping forwards with your right foot the leader up of those which have fired ) where first taking their places on the outside , the rest wheeling about them , and ranking even with them on the inside ; ever observing , that they ranke even with the second ranke of pikes . The rest of the Muskettiers also doing the like : and in this manner to continue the firing , as occasion shall require . Neverthelesse , of all the figures and firings , that ever I have seene , this hath beene the worst performed in all places ; which might easily be amended , if the Souldiers would observe this following order in their execution : namely , when the last ranke of Muskettiers have presented to the Reere , and are giving of fire ; the ranke which marched next before them , do then blow , open , and present , at three motions ▪ still keeping along even with the Body , untill that , ( lastly ) they present to the Reere ; by which time , the ranke that last fired , will be wheeled away . The next ranke , so soone as the other hath presented , is likewise at 3. motions , to do the same : and so , successively , for all the rest ; every ranke observing , upon each ranks firing , to loose one ; and to march one ranke neerer , to the reere of the Battell : that so that part , may still be kept absolute .

This giving of fire towards the reere for service , is to be continued ; according to the qualitie of the place , the occasion for fight ; and the discretion of the Commander . In exercise , we commonly do it but once over ; and then ( if you please you may make Alte ) and face your Bodie about , giving fire over againe : and charging your pikes upon it : if need so requireth . Notwithstanding , if the horse shall still continue to pursue you in the reere , you having gained some strait or place of advantage , may wheele your flanks into the Front , then face to the reere , and with your charged pikes , defend your Muskettiers : which ( the body being so wheeled ) will be in the reere . The body standing in this forme , the Muskettiers may sleeve up by way of Extraduction . The manner , you may perceive in the Chapter which treats of that figure . If the horse still presse forwards , cause the pikes to charge at the foot ; the Muskettiers giving fire ●ver them , as in the Convex halfe Moone . Lastly , to reduce them , having thus fired , command them to wheele their flanks into the from , and to face about after their proper file-leaders , and they are reduced .

Sometimes , we give fire in the reere : having all our Muskettiers marching in the reere of the pikes . For the manner of the motion , it is as before : but for placing of the men , after they have fired ; it may be different . As , to wheele off by division , placing themselues in the front of the Muskettiers , next behinde the reere of pikes . Or if the body be large , to wheele all off to the right , through Intervals ▪ and so to march into the front of pikes . Or else , they may wheele off by division , flanke their pikes , and so fire over againe , as before . If you have brought your Muskettiers ( by firing ) to the Reere , before the front of pikes ; then to reduce them , you may either wheele the body about , and give fire in front , causing your Muskettiers to fall off by division , and to flanke their pikes , as you may perceive by the figure of the Demie-hearse . Or else , if you will reduce them without a firing , cause your Muskettiers to open to the right and left : and the pikes to march up in the miast : after which , facing all to your Leader , they are as at first .

I might have shewne a Figure for each of these severall firings in the reere : which would have delivered them with more variety : but I conceive that this here already exprest , may suffice : especially this being the ground of what may be spoken . Concerning firings in this nature , many men are of many mindes , about this firing in the reere . Some will have it , that the last ranke , shall at one motion , face to the reere : and there present , and give fire . Others will have it at two motions ; but either of them have their inconveniences . For however they pretend a more sudden execution , they are decerved : for would they make tryall , by causing the Muskettiers of one of the flanks , to give fire at one motion ; and the Muskettiers of the other flanke , at three motions , ( as I have here set downe ) they should soone finde , that the firing upon three motions were the best : and that the other would be cast so farre behinde their body , that they would be in some danger to be cut off . Besides this , they are longer in clearing themselves from their owne men , which all the whilst must stay , untill they are marched off : or else kill them , in stead of the enemy , whereas in this other firing upon three motions , they still keepe along with their Body , doing their execution more suddenly and more safely . Neverthelesse , there be many so much wedded to ●heir own wilfull opinion , that they will more willingly persist in knowne errour , then be seene to alter what they have seemed to maintaine . But leaving such to steere by their owne compasse , I will here conclude my firing in the reere . And the next I shew , shall be firings in flanks : to which purpose , I passe all my Muskettiers to the right flanke . The words of direction for it , are these .

Muskettiers of the right flanke , open to the right , or face to the right , and march . When they have opened to a sufficient distance , then stand .

Muskettiers of the left flanke , passe through betweene your rankes of Pikes , to the intervalle on the right flanke : then stand , and face all to your leader .

CHAP. LXXXI . Of firings in flanke , in generall ; and more particularly , of the gathering firing .

THe Muskettiers being all on the right flanke , ( as in the last Chapter is directed ) it would be needlesse to make a Figure , whereby to demonstrate the standing of the body ▪ seeing that none can be so ignorant , but must needs know that all the Muskettiers being upon the right , the Pikes must be upon the left . Neverthelesse , I shall endeavour to shew what is meant by firing in flankes . Which ( for the generall ) are of these two kindes . The first is , when the enemy skirm●sh with us in flanke as we march : the other , when as by some sudden attempt or ambushment , the whole body is engaged , and so forced to stand , and to face to the right , or left ; or both . By which facings , the flanks become fronts accidentall , and their firings wil be after the same manner of the firings in front . Wherefore seeing I have already spoken sufficiently of them , I will now shew firings in flanke , marching : the particulars whereof , are as followeth . The first is for the outmost file to give fire , and stand untill the next file have fired , which by some is called the gathering firing . Secondly , firings in flanke , and leading them up , between the Muskettiers and Pikes firing ; in flanke , being led off by the bringers up : firings in flanke , sleeving up on the contrary flanke of Pikes : firing in flanke , and drawing them up betweene the innermost files of Pikes . All these firings in flanke , are to be performed upon a march , the Pikes are to be shouldered . Our first firing in flanke , followeth .

The Command is , Muskettiers , give fire to the right : and gather up your files .

This kinde of firing on the flanke , I have seene and knowne used , by many good and able souldiers . Neverthelesse , in my opinion , the men stand in a great deale of danger , when having given fire , they can doe no good ; but stand like so many markes for their enemies shot . Notwithstanding , it may be that such whom I have frequently seene to use it in their practise , may be able to render good reasons for the service ; though as yet I cannot conceive it . I will therefore surcease any further prosecution my opinions , and shew the manner of execution : which is to be performed as followeth . The Command being , to give fire to the right , presently the outermost file to the right , faceth outward , and presents : the rest of the body , still marching forwards . Then the presented file , gives fire , and stands facing againe to their first front . By thattime , the body will be marched cleere of the standing file , then the next outermost file , presents and fires ; in like manner : the body marching as before . Having fired , they in like manner face to their first front , and stand ; a Serjeant leading up the file , that first fired on the out side of the file that last fired . Then they both stand together , untill the third file hath given fire after the same manner . And then the Serjeant leads up the two files , even with the third , which last fired . And after this manner , the ●●●es of Muskettiers face to the flanke : and give fire , s●c●essively : and stand , untill the Serjeant leads up the rest of the files which fired , even with the front of the file , which last fired . Thus having all fired over , they are to march up againe , even with the front of Pikes , and this reduceth them , as at first .

CHAP. LXXXII . The second manner of giving fire to the flanke .

IF you would fire in flanke , a more secure way , then that last shewne : take this way of firing . And this shall be full as serviceable , for matter of execution , and shall farre precede it , in way of preservation : both in securing the Muskettiers ( after they have fired ) from the danger of their enemies shot : as also in continuing the body intire , without separation . It is especially usefull , when two enemies are divided by a River , or by some such like meanes secured from the incursions of the horse . For then , by this way of drawing the Muskettiers up betweene the innermost file of Muskettiers , and the outermost file of Pikes to the right : your Battaile may be continued , according to the occasion or the Commanders discretion . The Figure followeth . The Command is ,

Muskettiers , give fire in flanke : marching up betweene the Pikes and Muskets .

The way to performe this motion of firing , is as followeth . The outermost file being commanded to face to the right , and present : the rest of the body marcheth away ( as in the other Figure ) and the standing file , gives fire . This done , and that the body is marched cleere of the standing file ; the next file presents to the right : & the file that first gave fire , faceth to the first front , and is led by a Serieant , crosse the reere of Muskettiers , and up betweene the Muskets and Pikes ; the Muskettiers are still to open to the right ; as they march , that so there may be room for one file to march up betweene them , and the pikes . And so ( successively ) each file having fired marcheth up next unto the right flanke of pikes . When all your Muskettiers have given fire once over , they are reduced as at the first . The battell may be continued , at discretion . The next firing in flanke ( for the matter of firing it selfe ) will be all one with this : but for the manner of the wheeling off , and placing them , it will differ .

CHAP. LXXXIII . A firing in Flanke , led off by the Bringers up .

THe next firing in flanke , which I propound to your perusall , will be nothing differing for manner of execution , from the firings in Flanke ; formerly shewed . The onely difference arising betweene them , is , that the other files of Muskettiers , after that they had given fire , were led off by their proper file-leaders ; and this , to the contrary , must be led off by their Bringers-up . And this , indeed , if the body be upon a slow march , is the readiest and quickest way : and doth more speedily secure the Muskettiers , after that they have given fire . The words of Command and direction , which produce the firing , are as followeth .

Muskettiers , give fire to the Right : wheeling off , after your Bringers up ; and placing your selues betweene your Divisions .

For the manner of execution , or way to performe this firing , it is as followeth . The body must be conceived to be marching ; upon all these firings in flanke : and that with their pikes shouldered . This being presupposed , the Command being given , the outmost-file presents to the right , and gives fire : then faceth to the right , after their bringers up ; who leadeth them off , crosse the reere of Muskettiers , marching them up betweene the divisions , the bringers up supplying the file-leaders place ; and marching even in ranke in the front , with the file-leaders ; the file-leader of the same file , becomming the bringer up in the Reere . The files of Muskettiers , or Pikes ( according as the command shall be given ) are as they march , to open ; thereby giving way to the Muskettiers , after they have fired ; to come up betweene the divisions , and so soone as the first file that fired , is cleare from the right flanke ; the second file , presents and fires : in like manner wheeling off , as before , and marching up betweene the Pikes and Muskettiers ; every file , successively , giving fire , and wheeling off as aforesaid . This firing may be performed , once , twice , or oftener over : according to the discretion , of the Commander . Neverthelesse , if it be twice performed , the men are reduced as at first ; every man hauing his right place . If you fire them but once , or thrice ( or any odde number of times ) over , then you must countermarch your files of Muskettiers to reduce them . There is another way for the bringers up to wheele off : and each of them to leade off his file ; untill he comes to the Reere of the division which is betweene the Muskets and the Pikes ; and there he is to stand , and ranke with the bringers up , the rest that follow , passing on forwards , by way of Introduction , and every man ranking before him , that was his leader in the wheeling off ; untill the proper file-leader be come into his place againe . And after this way , they may give fire ; each firing being his owne reducement .

CHAP. LXXXIIII . The difference betweene Firings in Flanke , marching : and of bringing the Muskettiers on the outside of the Pikes .

ALL , or the most part of the firings in flanke , which are performed marching ; in point of execution , are the same : the especiall difference betweene them , being ●ither in the manner of the wheeling off , after they have fired , or in the materiall placing them , whereby to make them more offensive or defensive . And all this appeareth by this next following firing : which is to be used at such time and place , when as there may be doubt of the enemies horse : And , therefore , for the more securitie of the Muskettiers having fired ; they are to be drawne up on the outer-side of the left flanke : if haply there may be some hedge , ditch , river , hill , marish , wood , or such like convenient safeguard ; whereby to shroud them from the furie and violence of the horse ; that so the pikes making Alt , and facing to the enemy , may charge , and with their armed points ( strongly and closely coucht ) receive and abate the furie of the first shocke . And if need be , the pikes may all charge at the foot , closely serried together , with their swords drawne , and the Muskettiers may give fire over them . The manner , you may perceive in the figure of the Convex halfe-moone . But lest I anticipate my selfe , in shewing the use : I will returne to shewth e manner of the firing , intended by this following Figure . Onely first take the words of command and direction , which are as followeth .

Muskettiers , give fire to the Right : placing your selues on the outside of the left Flanke of Pikes .

The ovtermost files having presented to the right ; the rest of the body continueth the march , whilest they in the meane time , are giving fire . Which being done , and the body cleere , the next outermost file , presents , the file that last fired , in the interim , facing to the left after their proper file-leader ; who leadeth them crosse the reere ( both of Muskets and Pikes ) a pretty round pace ; sleeving up on the out side of the left flanke of Pikes . The next file having , in like manner , fired ; doth also troupe up on the out side of the file , led off before every file ; giving fire , and doing the like . When all have given fire , and are cleered away , then the Pikes may charge . Which is very necessary ; if but to accustome the ⊙ Souldiers unto in times of exercise , both for charging on , and for retreiting , as also to push with their Pikes , that so by practise they may be able to doe it , orderly , either way : still keeping their order and array . Having given fire upon the right flanke , and drawne all your Muskettiers in this manner to the left flanke , if you will cause them to give fire on the left flanke , and bring them backe againe to the right flanke : they will be reduced . Or if you would reduce them without a firing , then either passe your Muskettiers through between your rankes of Pikes , or else , let your whole division of Muskettiers , bee drawne crosse either the front or reere of Pikes , into their places : or by division ( if you please ) your Muskettiers ▪ also , may give fire in flanke : the first fire , sleeving on the left flanke : the rest of the files , still falling betweene the Pikes : and the Muskettiers which wheeled off the last before them . And this is also a very good firing , and may be reduced with doing the like backe againe : and many other waies , they may also fall off after the manner of the figure last shewn : being led by their bringers up , either into the front , or else after the manner as is discoursed in the latter end of the last Chapter . But I endeavour , all I may , to contract my matter ; left my volume should exceed my intent . And therefore I will shew but one firing more in flanke , upon a march : wherewith I will conclude these sorts of firings .

CHAP. LXXXV . Of Firing in Flanke : and placing the Muskettiers in the midst of the Battell of Pikes : with other firings from thence proceeding .

FIring in Flanke , and bringing them off betweene the midst of pikes ; is to be used at such time , when as you would secure your Muskettiers : the place ( otherwise ) affoording no naturall convenience of succour , such as I have formerly spoken of : and therefore by this manner of falling off , where we want naturall assistance in the scituation ; there , art ought to supply us , namely , by contriving to bring up the Muskettiers betweene the pikes ; and so to defend them from the furie of the horse . And , if need be , you may draw 3. or 4. files of pikes ( more or lesse , according to your number or the danger ) crosse the Muskets , both in front and reere , which are in the midst betweene the pikes , which will as well preserve the Muskettiers in front and reere , as in flanks . But leaving further to discourse , what may be done ; I will now shew how this is to be done . Onely first take the words of Command and direction for the firing , as followeth .

Muskettiers , give fire to the Right : Marching up betweene the midst of Pikes .

The Command being given , for the outermost-file to present to the right ( as formerly in the other firings in flanke ) the rest of the body still marcheth on ▪ untill that the outermost-file hath fired , and is faced to the left againe : following their leader . He now leading them off to the left , marcheth up betweene the middlemost-files of pikes : who are then to open to the right and left : so to give them roome , to march up betweene them . In the meane time , the next file having given fire , wheeleth off : in like manner marching up on the left of the files , which fired last before them . And so , successively , for all the rest of the files of Muskettiers , all which are to give fire , and to wheele off , as before : placing themselues still on the left of the files which last fired . Wherein is still to be noted , that the files are still to open to the right and left : and that for the receiving of the Muskettiers , after that they have given fire . This firing ( as all other the firings in flanke ) may as well be led off by their Bringers up , as by the file-leaders : and then the reducements will be answerable . The Muskettiers having all fired ; the pikes may charge , at discretion . The Bow-pike-men , which are in the reere of the Muskettiers , in the meane time not sparing to send their showers of arrows , amongst the thickest of their enemies , and if need require , the front of pikes charging at the foot , with their swords drawne ; the Muskettiers may give fire over them , ranke after ranke ; for the formost ranks having fired , may kneele upon the ground ; and there make ready againe : untill the other ranks behinde them , have likewise given fire . After this manner , the Battell may be continued : according as occasion shall require . For reducement , and to bring the Muskettiers into both flanks againe , as they were before I began these firings in flank , command your pikes to face inward ; and your Muskettiers to the right and left outward , and so to passe through and interchange ground ; then facing them to their leader , they will be reduced , as at the first . I would have the ingenious Reader to conceive , that all these firings in flanke , may as easily be performed to the left : and with the same words . Onely the words of right , must be changed for left : and left for right . I might have further enlarged my selfe upon Firings in flanke : but these already exprest , may suffice for to instruct the ignorant . As for the skilfull and experter sort of Souldiers , I shall rather request their approbation , then presume to write ought , which may seeme to passe me with the least conceit , tending to their instructions . Wherefore , for the further prosecution of my intended discouse , I will next shew some divisionall firings . And ( for methods sake ) I will first begin with Firings in ●ront and Reere : which may be performed either upon a march , or stand . And to that end , suppose your Muskettiers to march all in front , and reere . Neverthelesse , because it will not be amisse , to shew with what words of command , or direction the Muskettiers may be brought thither : therefore take notice from what part of the body they are brought . And if they be in the midst ( as in this last figure of Firing in flank ) then command the halfe-files of the Muskettiers , to face about : which done , let the pikes stand , and the Muskettiers march ; untill they are cleare both of front and reere of pikes ; then let them stand ; and face to their leader : which being done , your battell will stand in forme of an hollow square . In which hollow , may be conveyed any carriage , or such like . But if you will not have your battell hollow , then command your pikes to close their divisions ; and the Muskettiers will be all in front and reere . If your Muskettiers be on the flanke , and you would bring them into the front and reere ; then after the same manner let the halfe-files of Muskettiers face to the reere : and then both halfe-files of the front & reere , march untill they are cleare of the Angular pikemen . This done , let them face in opposition , and close their divisions : after which , having faced all to their 〈◊〉 they will be rightly placed : namely , the 〈…〉 of Muskettiers before the front o● ●ikes ; and the reere-halfe-files of Muskettiers behinde the reer● of pikes . Thus will the figure of battell be in f●●me of ●n Hearse ; and the Muskettiers , be ready to give fire to the front and reere : either marching , or standing . But before I begin my divisionall firings , I would intreat you not to expect , that I should reduce every particular firing , so soone as it is performed ; as I have done by these hitherto shewed , but rather let it be sutable to your likings , that I reduce firings by firings : sometimes giving fire upon a march : sometimes upon a stand : sometimes , to the front and reere ; sometimes , to both flanks . I do the rather desire to go on in this way , because thereby I may expresse farre more matter , in fewer lines and shorter time .

CHAP. LXXXVI . Of firing to the front and reere , upon a march .

THe Muskettiers being all placed in the front and reere , ( according to the directions in the last Chapter ) I will now shew the manner of firing to the front and reere , upon a march . Which however that it may bee rare , and seldome usefull in service : yet it must needs be excellent for practise . For by the often using it , the Souldier may be made capable of any firing : The Pikes , ( you are to understand ) are to be shouldered . The Command for the firing is .

Muskettiers , give fire to the front and reere : and flanke your Pikes .

The Command being given ( as above said ) to give fire to the front and reere ; the first ranke presents ; the last ranke , faceth about to the reere , and doth the like : and so both giving fire together , wheele off by division . The one halfe of the ranke , following after the right hand man of the same ranke ; the other halfe , after the left hand man , who leads them close downe by the side or flanke of the Muskettiers , untill they come to the Pikes . The first ranke of Muskettiers , now ranking even with the first rank of Pikes , the last ranke of Muskets , with the last ranke of Pikes , leaving a sufficient intervalle betwixt them and their Pikes , for the other Muskettiers to march betweene . And here you must note , that he that was outermost when they gave fire , must likewise be outermost , when they have taken their places on the flanke . The first and last rankes having fired , and wheeled off , the next rankes , ( the body marching on , three or foure steps ) are in like manner to present , and give fire : wheeling off by division ; and passing betweene the divisions : there placing themselves ; they of the front division , behinde those which fired last before them ; and they of the reere division , before them which fired last , behinde them . And so they may continue to give fire after the same manner ; untill they have all given fire , once over . Then may the body make a stand , and the Pikes charge to the front and reere , if need be . Or if the Commander would continue his firing to the front and reere , still upon the same figure : Then let the Muskettiers of the front , place themselves ( after they have given fire ) behinde the Muskettiers of their owne division ▪ those of the reere division placing themselves betwixt the reere of Pikes , and the Muskets of their owne division : and so the body moving but flowly forwards , they may continue the firing . Having given fire to the front and reere , and flanked their Pikes : if the occasion offer , or the Commander please : they may give fire to the front and reere , upon that Figure which indeed I hold the better , as you may perceive in the ensuing Chapter .

CHAP. LXXXVII . A second way of firing to the front and reere .

THis second way of firing to the front and reere upon a march , may easily be performed ; if the Souldiers bee well and often instructed . Without which , all matters in the Art militarie will seeme difficult : and by which , all things will be made facile and easie . I could instance in divers motions and figures , by some reputed superfiuous niceties , which were the true uses knowne to the Commander , and the way to execute , to the Souldier , would be found to be of singular good service . Neverthelesse , because to the ignorant nothing beyond their capacities may seeme excellent ; many good and serviceable motions are slighted , and not accounted fit for service . But I could well wish , that some good course might be taken , that the Souldiers of our trayned Bands might have a little oftener practise ; that so they might be able ( at least in some reasonable way ) to understand and exercise , what shall bee commanded them . But I have strayed from the matter . And therefore take these words of Command and direction : which being orderly executed , produce this following firing .

Muskettiers , give fire to the front and reere ; placing your selves betweene your Divisions .

The way to performe this firing , is as followeth ; the Command being given , the first ranke presents to the front , the last ranke of Muskettiers , facing about , and doing the like , towards the reere : This done , they both give fire ; wheeling off by division ; and place themselves betweene the Muskettiers of their divisions . Those , namely , which were of the front halfe files , falling into the reere of their owne division ; those of the reere halfe files ( contrariwise ) falling before their halfe file leaders , and ranking even with the halfe file leaders of Pikes ; the next rankes , successively , firing , and wheeling off , after the same manner . Having fired , once over , they are reduced , every man to his place . These two last firings to be performed upon a march , would seeme very difficult to unexperienced Souldiers : but by often exercising , they may be made capable of these , or of any other .

CHAP. LXXXVIII . A firing to the Reere and right flanke , marching .

HAving shewed firings in front , reere , and flanke , ( some marching , some standing ) I will shew one firing to the reere and right flanke , upon a march , which ( without question ) must needs be very serviceable at such times , as the enemy shall skirmish with the body , to annoy them in their passage ▪ in flanke and reere at one time . I shall not need with arguments to inforce the usefulnesse of the firing , for none that knowes any thing in the Art military , but will ingeniously confesse that for some services , it must needs be necessary . You may ( if you please ) give fire to the flanke and reere : your Muskettiers being in their ordinary places , on the flankes of their Pikes . Neverthelesse , a securer way for the Pikes , will be to draw the Muskettiers from that flanke , which is in least danger ; crosse the reere of Pike-men . And this shall be the way I will observe in this firing . The words of Command and direction for this firing , are as followeth .

Muskettiers , give fire to the right and reere : placing your selves betweene the Pikes , and your owne divisions .

The Command being given , to fire to the reere and right flanke ; the outermost file of Muskettiers , presents to the right : and the last rank of Muskettiers presents to the reere , and so both give fire . The rest of the Body , in the meane time , marching a reasonable pace . The right hand file , and last ranke having fired ; the file faceth to the left , after their file-leader ; and so marcheth up between the Muskettiers of the same division , and the Pikes ; the ranke wheeling off to the right , and placing it selfe next after the reere of Pikes , and before the first rank of Muskettiers of the same division . If you please , you may make an Intervalle betweene the Muskettiers : that so part may wheele off to the right , on the out side , and the other part wheele off to the right , and march up betweene the Intervalle into their places . The first file and ranke that presented , having given fire , and wheeled cleere off the body , the next file and ranke , present and give fire : after the same manner , wheeling off , and taking their places , as aforesaid ; and so successively , the rest ( both files and rankes ) give fire , observing the same order . And having given fire , once , twice , or oftner over , they are still reduced to the same they were before the firing began . Then draw your Muskettiers from the reere , to the left flanke againe ; and they will have their places as at first .

CHAP. LXXXIX . Of firing to both flankes , marching .

TO give fire to both flankes , upon a march ; must needs be a serviceable firing , without exception : the time , number , place , and strength of the enemy , being alwaies to be considered . which may sometimes cause the Muskettiers ( having fired ) to march up betweene their owne divisions , and the Pikes , as in this Figure . Or ( sometimes ) betweene the midst of the Pikes , the better to secure them . Divers other such like waies there likewise be , at the discretion of the Commander : and as the present occasion shall require them . But because I insisted ( somewhat largely ) upon the firings on the right flanke ; I shall not need to shew them againe , by division on both flankes ; but will conclude them all in this one . The words of Command which produce the Figure , are as follow .

Muskettiers , give fire to both flankes ; marching up betweene the Pikes and your owne divisions .

The Command being given , the outermost file ▪ ( on each flanke ) presents outward : the ●est of the body still continuing the march . The presented files ( in the interim ) giving fire ; then facing after their proper file-leaders , who led them up betweene the Muskets of their owne divisions , and the Pikes , ) in the time of their wheeling away ) the next two outermost files present , firing after the same manner , and leading up as before . The rest ( successively ) doing the like , untill they have fired all over : which brings them to their former places . The firing may be continued at discretion , each firing being its owne reducement . Neverthelesse it may so fall out , that either through the fury of the enemy , advantage , or disadvantage of ground ( or some such like accident ) the body may be forced to make Alt , and to face to both flanks ; and so with fronts accident all , to maintaine the fight , standing . To which end , the firing in the succeeding Chapter , shal be of that sort . Therefore suppose the body faced to the right and left , preparing to give fire .

CHAP. XC . A firing to both Flanks , standing .

FIring to both flanks , upon a stand , is a good and serviceable firing . And although it shew but thinne , in the figure ▪ yet it may be substantiall and usefull for the field : especially if there be a larger proportion of number , then I have made use of in my formes and figures of Battell . The words of command and direction , which produce the figure , are as followeth .

Advance your pikes , and stand . Face to the Right and Left . Muskettiers give fire ; and flanke your Pikes .

The bodie being faced to the right and left , the formost ranks of Muskettiers ( which were the outermost-files ) present and give fire ; and then wheele off by division ; ranking even with the formost ranks of pikes , and leaving sufficient Intervals for the rest of the Muskettiers to march betweene them and the Pikes . The next ranke presenting and firing , after the same manner , but not advancing forwards : onely firing upon the same ground ; and wheeling off by division : afterwards passing downe betweene the Intervals , and so ranke after their leaders . It is herewithall to be noted , that they that were outermost , when they gave fire ; are likewise to be so , when they have taken their places . If these instructions be not sufficient , utrne backe to the figure of the Demie-hearse : where the manner of the execution is all one with this . All the ranks of Muskettiers having fired , and wheeled off , as before ; the pikes ( if need be ) may charge , and the Muskettiers give fire , over againe : wheeling off outward , and placing themselues in the reere of their owne divisions . Having advanced your pikes , and faced your body to the first front , all your Muskettiers will be in front and reere . And then if you face your halfe-files about , and give fire after the same manner to the front and reere ; having faced them againe to their first front , they will be reduced ( as at first ) into their ordinary square . Neverthelesse , I will reduce it by another firing , which was first invented and shewed us , by that worthy Citizen , and excellent Souldier , Captaine Henry Waller , now deceassed : It is a firing in front , the Muskettiers of the reere division , opening to the right and left ; and sleeving up on the flanks of pikes , untill the leaders of the reere division ( who as then are the halfe-file-leaders ) ranke even with the front of pikes . The words of direction that produce the figure , follow in the next Chapter .

CHAP. XCI . Captaine Wallers Triple firing to the Front .

THis Triple firing to the Front , hath had the approbation of good and well experienced Souldiers : who have all acknowledged it to be both sollid and serviceable . Bringing many hands to fight , in very good order : the pikes being securely covered by their Muskettiers , in front . Neither need they be idle in time of battell , if they have any Bow-pike-men amongst them : for that they may send their whistling Archery over their Muskettiers heads , without offence to their friends : though not without dammage to their enemies . If any carpe at the depth of the Muskettiers ( either in this figure , or in any other in this booke ) I shall request them to suspend their censures , and wisely to conceive by a little , what a great deale meaneth . My intent not being , to make my booke monstrous , by having little leaves , and targe figures . Onely I desire with this small number , to shew the nature of severall formes and figures of battell ; the manner of their firings and wheelings off ; their orderly placings , and severall wayes of reducement : not having the least conceit , to induce any to beleeve , that men are able long to continue battell , at foure deepe ; although at ( sometimes , and for stratagems ) they may be reduced into a lesser number . But lest by digression , I too farre trespasse upon your patience ; I will returne to shew the manner of the firing . Onely first obserue , the words of command and direction ; which produce the following figure .

Muskettiers of the Reere , double your front of Pikes , by Division .

The Command being given , the first ranke of Muskettiers ( both of front and flanks ) present to the front and give fire : wheeling off to the right and left by division . The Muskettiers of the front-division being wheeled off ( as aforesaid ) close by the flanks of their owne Muskettiers , passe directly downe betweene the Intervals : and place themselues even in ranke behinde the Muskettiers of the reere division , which are upon the flanks . This you may perceive by the pricks , that come downe betweene the Intervals : the Muskettiers , also , that fired at the same time on the flanks ; wheele also off ; ( the right flanke , to the right ; the left flanke , to the left ) marching directly downe , even with the reere ranke of pikes ; and there place themselues againe even in ranke with the last ranke of pikes . This done , the rest of the ranks ( successively ) give fire , and do the like : every Ranke taking his place , after the ranke which fired last before them ; the other ranks moving one ranke forwarder . The Muskettiers having given fire once over ; and falling off according to this direction , they will be reduced to the flanks againe , as they were at the first . The firing may be continued , or the pikes may charge , at discretion of the Commander .

CHAP. XCII . A firing tripartite , doing execution to the front , reere , and right flanke .

FIgures and formes of Battell , may bee infinite : according to the judgements of the Commanders , and the various workings of the divers motions : no arte nor science yeelding more content , unto the studious practitioners ; none more honourable and beneficiall , for the good of our Countrie : none more neglected and lesse countenanced , then the Practisers of the Art militarie , nor none more screwed up in the places of their abiding , then those men this way affected . The rich cubb'd gowne men , holding it as a maxime , that Souldiers ( though never so poore ) yet they must be taxed in the parish bookes like Gentlemen . Thus much incouragement we have , for spending our money and our time for our Countries good , and this ( in good time ) I hope will be amended : but of this no more . The next firing being a firing Tripartite : doth execution to the front , reere , and right flanke , at one and the same time . For the use , I shall referre it to the judgement of the Iudicious : for the instruction , how it is to be made , the words of Command and direction shew it , which are as followeth .

Halfe rankes of the left , double your right flanke by division .

For the direction , looke backe to the 27. Chapter : which treats of this doubling . Onely remember to face the divisions that way which you intend they shall give fire .

For the manner of the firing , it is ordinary : the foremost Ranke of Muskettiers ( on each part ) having fired , they wheele off to the right , or to the right and left : ( according as directions shall be given ) placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions ; the next ranks , in the meane time , moving forwards into their leaders ground ; there , in like manner , firing , wheeling off , and placing themselves as before : the rest of the rankes , successively , doing the like . This firing may be continued , a● pleasure of the Commander . The Pikemen ( as advantage may be given ) in the interim either porting , charging , or sending their fatall showers amongst the thickest of their enemies . Lastly , for reducement , face them all to their front proper , then Command , halfe rankes that doubled , to face to the left , and so to march into their places . For further directions , turne backe to the 27. Chapter , which shewes the reducement of the aforegoing Figure , &c.

CHAP. XCIII . Of the Sconce Battell .

THe Sconce Battell is a Figure most properly fit for a whole Regiment ; at least for a larger pro portion of number , then is here exprest ▪ it neither being good nor safe to divide a smal Company , into so many divisions and Maniples . And yet to give satisfaction unto some , I have placed it here amongst my Figures ; yea and shewne the way , how to make it with a private Company . For the manner or way how to fire upon it , may be divers . The Muskettiers being so placed , that they may give fire to the front and reere , to the right and left , or to all foure together , at the discretion of the Commander . If your Muskettiers give fire to the front and reare , ( every ranke making good his leaders ground ) then the Figure will still continue the same . If they give fire without advancing into their leaders ground , then the Muskettiers will ranke even againe with their Pikes : and the Figure will become an hollow crosse , the Muskettiers making the Angles . The words of Command and direction , which produce the Figure , are as followeth .

Halfe files of Muskettiers , face to the Reere .

That being done , Command all the Muskettiers to march to the Angles of their Pikes . Next cause The two first and two last rankes of Pikes to stand . The rest to face to the right and left ; and march , untill they are cleere of the other pikes , then stand . Lastly Command The two first and last rankes of Pikes , which did not move , to double their Files to the right .

These words of Command and direction being executed , perfect the Figure , as followeth .

Many and severall are the firings , which ( with some little alteration ) may be drawne from this Figure . Neverthelesse not to spin out time with discourse , the firing now intended to be shewne , is to be performed to the front and reere . To which purpose , the one halfe ( both of Muskettiers and Pikes ) are to face about to the right ; there presenting and giving fire : those of the right flanke , wheeling off to the right ; the left flank to the left ; and placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions . The next ranke still moving forwards into their leaders ground ; the other rankes ( successively ) doing the like . After this manner , the firing may be continued , and the Figure still preserved .

For reducement . First , face them all after their proper file-leaders . Secondly , cause the front and reere divisions of Pikes , to double their rankes to the left . Thirdly , command the Pikes of the flankes , to face , in opposition ; close their divisions , and then to face after their leaders . Next , command the Muskettiers of the front division , to face to the reere . Lastly , command the Muskettiers ( both of front and reere ) to close their divisions . And then being faced to their leader , they are perfectly reduced , as at first .

CHAP. XCIIII . Of firing by three files at once ; two of them standing oblique , the other direct .

WHen I began the formes and figures of Battell , I noted all f●rings to be either oblique or direct ; and now for satisfaction to the curious , I shall insert two or three oblique formes amongst the rest . The first whereof , shall be a Firing to the Front by drawing forth the outermost file on each flank , obliquely ( or the innermost , as shall seeme best to the Commander ) untill the bringers up of the files , stand even with the right and left angle-men , over the front of pikes . They may also bead● a file of Muskettiers , crosse the front of pikes ; when having placed and faced them ( as they ought ) for execution , they will stand in manner of this following figure .

The two files of Muskettiers which were led forth , having obliquely presented inwards , and the file drawn crosse the front of pikes , being presented direct Rank-wise : upon the first Command , they are all to give fire together , and then to face after their bringers up ; who leade their files directly into their places . This done , they face to their proper front againe ; the other files ( in the meane time ) leading forth after the same manner . These having done their execution , are to returne into their places : being led off by their bringers up ( as is aforesaid ) . The rest of the files , after the same manner , firing and returning : untill they have all given fire ; and then they will be all reduced , as at first .

CHAP. XCV . A firing oblique , by foure files together , in forme of a W.

ALL the commendations , that may be given of these oblique Figures , is that they powre out a great deale of shot at once ; and may quickly be reduced to their places . Notwithstanding , they are a great weakening to the bodie , if any sudden accident should happen before they are setled in their former stations . Neverthelesse I shall leave them to themselues ; and if they be found to hold out weight , I shall not grudge that I have given them roome amongst the rest . But if they prove too light , let them be as lightly respected , yet beare somewhat with them , for their antiquitie . The way to make the figure , is as followeth . The two innermost files of Muskettiers on each flanke , march forth ( each of them being led by an Officer ) untill they have taken their places . Then the Officers that led forth the two middlemost files , are to returne to their places againe ; the Serjeants that led forth the outermost files , standing to see them do their execution . Yet before the Muskettiers have order to give fire , obserue the manner of their standing , by the following Figure .

The Muskettiers having presented , according to their directions ; they give fire all together ; and then suddenly facing after their bringers up ; march downe into their places ; the next two files of each flanke , in the interim of their marching away , are to move forwards to their ground : where they are , in like manner to give fire : and then to take their places , as aforesaid . The rest of the files of Muskettiers ( if you have more ) must then move forwards , and do the like . And in this sort , may the Muskettiers give fire , once , twice , or oftner over : each firing , being a reducement to it selfe .

CHAP. XCVI . Of the Fort Battell ; the way to make , and to reduce it .

THe figure of the Fort-battell , is an oblique firing : and taketh its denomination rather from the 〈…〉 the strength of a Fort. It s chiefe use , is for the entertainment of some great personage or Commander in the field : who being received into the midst of the divisions of Pikes ; the Muskettiers may present and give fire , altogether in one vollie . Or if they would have the Muskettiers give fire , one after another ; then the vollies by succession ( which some call the Peale ) will be the best . If there be more Muskettiers , then will serve to make up the figure single ; they may also give fire with the rest : presenting obliquely betweene the distance of their leaders . The way to make this figure , is as followeth . First , draw forth the outmost files ( of Muskettiers ) on each flanke , in forme of an hollow wedge , before the front of pikes . Then , cause the next two outmost files , to face about ; and to follow their bringers up , in the same forme to the Reere . Then , let the last two files of Muskettiers ( on each flanke ) be drawne after their file-leaders , in the same manner and forme , to the flanks . The Muskettiers being thus ordered , and all presented obliquely outwards , command the two first , and two last ranks of Pikes , to stand ; the rest of the Pikes , to face to the right and left : and so to march , untill they are cleare off the other pikes which stand . Then , command the Pikes which moved , to double their files to the right . Lastly , command all the Pike-men to face outward ; each division of Pikes , after their hollow 〈◊〉 of Muskettiers . Or else , let them face all inward to the Center ▪ and then the Body will stand in forme of the following figure .

Having fired upon this figure , there is no manner of wheeling off : because the forme is still to be continued . But when you come to reducement , first face all the Pikes to their proper front , ( that is , unto the place , where you finde the proper file-leaders . Secondly , let the Pikes which are flankers , double their rankes to the left : and so close their divisions . Then the Pikes will be reduced . For the Muskettiers , first command those on the flanke , to leade up their files in their due places , close to the Pikes . Next , command the Muskettiers of the reere , to sleeve up on each flanke by division . Lastly , command the Muskettiers before the front of Pikes , to face after their bringers up , and to march downe into their places . Lastly facing to their leader , they are all reduced , as at first .

CHAP. XCVII . Of the crosse Battell ; the way to make it with a private Company . How to fire upon it : and to reduce it .

THe Crosse Battell , though it must needs shew thinne , ( in regard that the number is not sufficient , to expresse the worth of the Figure ) yet may the forme be very usefull , with a larger body , and the Muskettiers may give fire , two , three , or foure waies at once upon it : Yea , if the number were as opulent , as the Figure is excellent , then they might fire twelve severall wayes together . This notwithstanding , I spare to speake further to what may be done ; and come to shew what I intend in it . Concerning this Figure , the waies to fire upon it , are ordinarily two . The first , when the Muskettiers give fire , and then place themselves in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskets . The second way is , after that they have fired , to place them in the reere of their Pikes : the Pikes maintaining the Muskettiers ground . The words of Command which produce the Figure , are as followeth .

The two first rankes , wheele your front into the midst . The two last ranks , wheele your reere into the midst . The rest of the body , face to the right and left : and so march , untill the reere-Angles meete . Then let the Commander goe into the midst , ( or Center ) and face the whole Company to him : giving tm such direction , as is meete . Lastly , being all faced about to the right , the body will stand like the following Figure .

This crosse Battell being faced to the front , reere , and flankes , and the Muskettiers commanded to give fire : one way of placing them , is , in the reere of their own divisions of Muskettiers ; for that hereby , the Muskettiers will still continue their places . For the second way , after that the first rankes have given fire , let them wheele all off to the right ( or to the right and left , if the number be large ) and place themselves in the reere of their Pikes , each ranke moving forwards , and maintaining their leaders ground . The second ranke , in like manner , is to fire , and to take their places after the Muskettiers , which fired and wheeled off last before them . The rest , successively , are to doe the like , untill all the shot have fired , and are wheeled away againe . Then let the Pikes charge , &c. If any object , that it is dangerous to have so large distance betweene the fronts of each firing : then , if you have files enow , yo u may draw two or three files of each Arme ; crosse the divisions from the Angle of one front to the other : and so facing of them outward , they will make reasonable good defence on those parts , &c.

Having given fire upon the crosse battell , and brought your Muskets to the reere of the Pikes : if you would reduce them , passe into the midst of Center of the Figure , and face all ( both Muskettiers and Pikemen ) to you ; and cause those which were the flankers , to close their divisions . Next , wheele the fronts into the midst of the two other divisions : then move to the front proper , and face the whole body to you , and so you shall have all your Muskettiers in the midst ; flanked with Pikes . If you would reduce them into their right places , command the Muskettiers to face to the right and left outward , the Pikes to face to the right and left inward : and so to passe through , and interchange ground : thus being rightly faced , they are reduced .

CHAP. XCVIII . Of the hollow-fronted Crosse Battell , how to make it with a private Company : and the way to fire upon it , &c.

THis next Figure , shall be of the hollow-fronted Crosse ; which is a stronger forme , than that last shewne , and yet thus much let me warne you of , that there can be but little expectation of strength to be perceived , in Battels formed with so small a number . This notwithstanding , the ingenious Martialists can easily discerne those things , which in warre may prove most usefull for his owne , and his Countries benefit ; although they are here expressed to the publique view , in so meane array , and in such thinne numbers . Wherefore , setting aside all Apologies and excuses , I will briefly shew the words of Command and direction , which will produce the following Figure .

The two first rankes , wheele your front into the midst . The two last ranks , wheele your reere into the midst . The rest , face to the right and left : and march untill they have made the perfect Crosse . Lastly , cause the Muskettiers to flanke their Pikes : according to this following Figure .

The severall directions for firing upon this Figure , may be divers . But to avoyd distraction , I will shew onely one way ; and that directed to the front , reere , and flankes . Neverthelesse ( for varieties sake ) you may cause them to give fire , once over , wheeling off by division , and placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions ; still moving forwards into their leaders ground thereby to preserve the Figure in the same order .

At the second time of firing , cause the Pikes to move softly up , even with the front of Muskettiers : porting as they advance forwards . The Muskettiers having fired , and wheeled off , are to place themselves in the reere of their divisions of Pikes , ( whom before they flanked ) every ranke of Muskettiers firing , wheeling off , and placing themselves , as aforesaid . Lastly , the Pikes having charged , and againe readvanced , the body will stand in the Figure of a perfect Crosse .

For the reducement , it is the same with the Crosse-Battell , delivered in the 97 Chapter . Wherefore I shall need to adde no further directions in this place , for the said reducement , then , that the flanke divisions are to be closed , and the front and reere divisions to be wheeled : that the body may be againe returned into a square , with the Muskettiers in the middle . All this being here taught , I now proceed to shew one firing with the Muskettiers , in that order .

CHAP. XCIX . Of firing upon the square Battell , flanked with Pikes .

THe square battell flanked with Pikes , must needs bee very safe for the Muskettiers as being a very able defence for the flankes , against the incursions of the enemies horse . The Figure followeth , just ●s the Muskettiers are in motion .

depiction of 'a Square Battell '

The wayes or manners of giving fire upon this figure , are ordinarily three . The first firing is , with the Aspect being directed to the front ; the Muskettiers wheeling , either all off to the right ; or to the right and left , as you perceive by this figure . The second is , for the Muskettiers to give fire to the reere , upon a march ; which they may easily do , from this figure . The third is , to give fire to the front and reere , upon a stand ; the halfe-files being faced about .

If the firing be performed to the front , then every ranke is to march up into their leaders ground .

If the firing be to the Reere , upon a march , then the ranks ( contrariwise ) close backwards towards the Reere : to make good the Battell , on that part .

If it be to the front and reere , upon a stand ; then the Muskettiers march up into their leaders ground ; and those which have fired , and are wheeled off , place themselues in the Reere of their owne divisions .

To write further of this firing , were more then necessarie , no one of these firings , any wayes altering the figure , but the Aspect onely . Neverthelesse , if the Commander please , he may after the firing in front , wheele both flanks into the front , and so charge pikes ; and from thence , proceed to other firings .

If the firing were in the reere , he may wheele the flanks into the Reere ; and cause his pikes to charge that way .

If the firing were to the front and reere , he may wheele both flanks into the front and reere ; and so charge with his pikes , both wayes . Which by Captaine Bingham is called Amphistomus .

Before I come to reducement , I shall proceed to the next firing in the ensuing Chapter .

CHAP. C. Of the Plinthium , or foure-fronted-battell ; by us called the Crosse of Muskets , flanked with Pikes .

THe Foure-fronted Battell , is a figure both steady and serviceable : being usefull as well for a march ( thereby securing the carriage , and all other such like necessaries ) as for fight . For if it should so happen ( as it often doth ) that you should be charged in front , reere , and flanks , all at one and the same time : then are there both Muskets and Pikes so placed , that each Armes is assisting to the other . For seeing that neither Muskettiers nor Pikemen alone , can be singly sufficient of themselues , to withstand the able and resolute horseman ( without great advantage of ground ) on the contrary , the Muskettiers and Pikes being conjoyned into one body , and being well ordered , they are not onely able to defen'd themselues against their furie ; but also to put them to the worser . Yet this must not be understood , of raw and unskitfull Souldiers , whose ignorance is cause of diffidence ; but of hardy , experienced , and well exercised men , such as know well how to demeane themselues couragiously , in time of fight .

The words of Command and direction , which produce the figure , are as followeth .

Note that all the Muskettier● must be in the midst , and the pikes on flanke● , when you begin to make this figure . If your Muskettiers be on the flanke when you make it , then the crosse will be Pi●●s , and the Angles Muskettiers , &c. Halfe-files of Pikes , face to the Reere , and march untill they are cleare of the last ranke of Muskettiers .

Secondly , command ,

Halfe-files of Muskettiers , face to the right and left , ( then ) march betweene the divisions of Pikes .

Thirdly , command ,

Left halfe-ranks of the first division of Muskets , face to the Reere , and march betweene the Reere divisions of Pikes .

Lastly ,

Having evened their ranks , straitened their files , and closed their divisions to an equall distance , and being rightly faced ; the body will stand like the following figure .

The Plinthium is a hollow Square Battell ; fronted foure waies ; the number equall , in length & depth . Another kind of Plinthium , is to have the depth exceed the length ; the light Armes to be placed in the miost of the hollow part . See the Ta●●ic● of Aelian , the second Books , the notes of the forty two Chapter . The manner of the firing , may easily be apprehended by the figure ; the Muskettiers giving fire in ranke , and wheeling all off to the right : do then passe downe their Intervals , under the favour of their pikes ; and placing themselues in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers ; the pikes charging at discretion . Having fired , once , twice , or oftener over , and still maintaining the same ground , the figure wil continue to be the same .

If the reere part of the battell , were by any means secured ; so that you need give fire but three wayes , then the front-halfe-files of Muskettiers , might have beene preserved intire .

This Plinthium , or foure-fronted Battell , may as well be made with the Muskettiers in the Angles : the pikes making the crosse ; this kinde of Command , alwayes making the crosse of the Armes , in the midst of the Battell .

After that you have given fire at discretion , upon this figure , and charged your pikes , if you would reduce them to the first square , command the whole body to face to the front proper .

Secondly , command the Muskettiers in the reere , to march up on the left of the Muskettiers in front : the pikes being first opened , to give them place .

Thirdly , cause the Muskettiers in flanke , to face inward : and to close their divisions .

Lastly , cause the pikes to march up ; placing themselues right after their leaders .

This being done , the body will be brought againe into a sollid square , flanked with pikes . I forbeare further to reduce them , untill I shew the next figure . Yet , for further satisfaction to any that shall require it : command your Muskettiers to face to the right and left outward ; the pikes , to face inward , and so to interchange ground ; and then being rightly faced , they are reduced .

CHAP. CI. Of the Hollow Square for March .

SVndry formes there be which go under the denomination of the hollow Square ; and very diversly they may be framed . Some are hollow , impalled with pikes ; the pikes , againe , girdled with shot : Other Squares , are made with shot , and they impalled with pikes . Some , againe , with divisions of Muskettiers and pikes : orderly mixt with an hollow in the midst . A fourth sort is , when each Armes are divided by themselues : as when the pikes make the front and reere , and the Muskettiers the wings . A fifth way is , when the Muskettiers leade in front and reere ; and the pikes make both the flanks . All these wayes are very necessary and usefull ; as the time , occasion , or place shall give cause ; or the judgement of the Commander shall see fitting . Neverthelesse , the hollow battell which I now intend to demonstrate unto you , is especially usefull for a march : whereby to secure the carriage , as likewise to preserve the sicke and wounded ; it may also serue , for the Commander to consult with his Officers or to make any speech or Oration , to the Souldiers . Or the Ensigne may in signe of triumph , display his Co●●urs in the midst : upon a march after Skirmish .

The way to make this figure ( the Muskettiers being in the midst ) is as followeth . First command the Halfe-files of Muskettiers , to face to the reere :

Then command all the Muskettiers to march , and the Pikes to stand .

When they are cleare of the front and reere of the Pikes , let them stand ▪ and face all to the front proper : and it produceth this following figure .

If you would give fire upon this figure , to the front and reere , it may be done marching . But , more properly , standing ; by facing the halfe-files ( both Muskettiers and Pikes ) to the reere . Then the command being given , to present , and give fire ; they wheele off . by division : placing themselues in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers ; each ranke moving forwards into their leaders ground , and doing the like . If you should give fire , and not move forwards into your leaders ground ; then the Muskettiers would fill the hollow in the middest ; betweene the Pikes . Neverthelesse , suppose the figure still to continue to be the same . Because I will now come to the reducement : and the rather , for that I have not done it , since I began with the Hollow-fronted Crosse . But now ( so please you ) I will reduce all , by a firing . And to that end , first close your divisions of Pikes ; and then the Muskettiers will be all in the front and reere .

Secondly , cause the halfe-files ( both Muskettiers and pikes ) to face to the Reere . Then , cause the Muskettiers ( both of front and reere ) to give fire ; wheeling off by division , and flanking their pikes . When they have fired all over , the Pikes may charge : who being againe advanced , and all faced to the front proper , they are all reduced ( as at first ) into the ordinary Square , flanked with Muskets .

CHAP. CII . Of the hollow Hearse , and the Crosse .

THe Hearse-Battell , by the Greekes called Orthophalanx , ( as in Aelian ) is , when the depth doth manifold exceede the length , thrice at the least . It may be made , either sollid or hollow , at the discretion of the Commander . And notwithstanding that this Figure ( simply of it selfe ) hath ever beene accounted weake ( as bringing but few hands to fight ) neverthelesse being conjoyned with the Crosse , it may prove serviceable . True it is , that being exprest by so small a number , the strength of it cannot so evidently be discerned : which , were the number more , each division would appeare to be the stronger , both for offence and defence . But I have onely taken upon me , to shew the severall formes and figures of battell , which may be formed , and practised by a private Company : as having limited my selfe , not to exceed the number of 128 men . Wherefore my request must be , that the Courteous Reader , when he shall finde that any Figure for want of number , shall looke thinne , ( or poore ) he will there be pleased to clothe it in a larger number : for that thereby the Battell will appeare the more sollid , and the beholder become the better satisfied .

This Figure may be usefull upon a march , for a Convoy : the hollow parts thereof , being very commodious , to secure the carriage : the men also are very well disposed to helpe and assist each other , in whatsoever part it should happen them to be assailed .

The words of Command and direction which produce the Figure , are as follow .

Wheele front and reere into the left flanke .

That done , face them as before , and the Muskettiers will be in front , midst , and reere .

Next , open the Muskettiers in the midst , to the right and left , and cause them to double their rankes to the left .

Then cause the front-halfe-files of the front division of Pikes , to open to the right and left : and the reere halfe-files of the reere division of Pikes to doe the like .

Then , having evened their rankes , and straightened their files , and being faced to their leader , the body will stand in forme , like this Figure .

If so be , you will give fire upon this Figure , you may doe it any way , or every way . If you give fire to the front , reere , and flankes ; then let your Muskettiers wheele all off to the right , and place themselves in the reere of their own divisions . If you would still preserve the Figure , then let every ranke ( before they give fire ) march up into their leaders ground .

Having either marched , or skirmished upon this Figure , ( or both ) and then would come to reducement , First , face all the whole body to the proper front , and cause the Pikes that are flankers , to face inwards , and to close their divisions . This being done , cause the Muskettiers which are in the middle part of the Battaile , to double their files to the right . Secondly , let them face inward , and close their division . Next , let them face all to their leader , and wheele front and reere into the right flanke ▪ which being done , and they faced again to the front proper ; they will be reduced into the ordinary square ; the Pikes being flanked with the Muskettiers , as at first .

CHAP. CIII . Of the Hollow Square , girdled with shot .

THe Hollow Square Girdled with shot , is a Figure to be used at such times of necessity , as the Commander shall see occasion : who well knowing , that hee shall be enforced to fight , having found some commodious advantage or ground , drawes forth his battell into this forme and array . The use whereof is , that within the hollow parts of it , he may convey such of his carriage , or whatsoever else may not prove usefull for the strengthening of some part of the battell . Having drawne his men speedily into this forme , lest that the enemy should take the advantage , to breake their order by entring at any of the Angles , they are speedily to cast up a Rampart of earth , in each of those parts of the Angles . Or if they have not time , ( or that the ground be not fit ) they may supply that defect by placing some of their Wagons , Carts , or other of their Carriage , so orderly , that it may be sufficient to fortifie those parts , which are the weakest . This Figure , may be as well made with the Pikes foremost : but because that the Musketiers may more commodiously fight before their Pikes , and with lesse danger to their owne body : therefore I conceive it fittest , at first to place them in front of their Pikes . And if the enemy shall too hotly presse them with his horse ; then , at the discretion of the Commander , they may safely retreate behinde their Pikes ; the Pikemen making good the ground of the Muskettiers . For better satisfaction , observe the direction to make the following Figure . First , command a Serjeant to draw forth all the * * Note , that the odde files on the right flank , are the outermost files to the right ; the third file , the fift file , the seventh , & so forward for the rest , if the 〈◊〉 be larger ; beginning your account from the outermost file , to the right . Note , that the odde files on the le●t-flanke , are the file● the third , the fi●th , the seventh , &c. so still accounting the odde files , beginning with the outermost file to the 〈◊〉 ▪ odde files of the right flank , ( both Muskettiers and Pikes ) and wheele them to the left , crosse the front . That being done , command the odde files of the left flanke , ( as well Muskettiers as Pikes ) to face to the reere , and let them in like manner be wheeled to the left , crosse the reere , following their Bringers up .

For the rest of the body , that remaines undrawne forth : let them close to the right and left outward ; untill the Reere-Angles of each division , stand diagonally opposite to each other . Then , let them be all commanded to face to the Center or midst of the hollow square ; where the Commander is to give them such incouragement & directions , as shal be meet .

Lastly , let all face about to the right , and present .

For the manner of firing upon this Figure , it is as followeth . The first ranke of Muskettiers ( to each front ) having presented and given fire , they are to wheele all off to the right . And because that eight or tenne men , are too many to wheele downe one Intervalle , ( for that they will bee so long , before they can cleere the front ) therefore you may cause Intervalles to be made , betweene the midst of each division , as you may perceive in the Figure . The first ranke having fired , and wheeled off , the next ranks are to move forwards into their ground : they which wheeled off , in the meane time placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers . The next ranke of Muskettiers having fired in like manner , are to wheele off , and to place themselves , as aforesaid : the rest of the rankes of Muskettiers , ( successively ) are to doe the like , untill they have all given fire , ( once or oftner over ) that way , according to the occasion . And in this interim may the Bow-pikemen be bountifull in bestowing their showers of arrowes , amongst the thickest of their enemies .

If the horse prevaile so much , that the Muskettiers may not endure to beare the brunt of them : then let the Muskettiers ( after they have fired ) wheele off , and place themselues in the reere of their following divisions of pikes : they moving forwards , and maintaining the Muskettiers ground ; charging with their pikes ( as they see occasion ) for securing the Muskettiers , in the midst . This notwithstanding , if the enemies horse shall still presse forwards ; and with their shot shall continue to annoy the body ( the pikes on this figure being especially defensive ) then cause the Pikemen to charge at the foot ; and your Muskettiers , to give fire over them : according to former directions , on the Convex halfe-moone . After this manner , the battell may be continued to the last ranke . When you have given fire in this order , your Muskettiers being all in the reere of your pikes ; and that you be minded to reduce them , into the first orderly square , this is one way for it . Passe through your Muskettiers , before your front of pikes , as they were before the firing : that being done , let the Commander face the whole body to the left Angle , of the front-division , by which meanes he shall there finde the halfe of his file-leaders . This being performed , let them march : and so even their ranks , and straiten their files ; the reere division of Muskettiers and Pikes , orderly following after the front division of the like Armes . After this , let the halfe-files which then are ( which indeed are the residue of the file-leaders ) double their ranks forwards to the left : which being performed , the men are reduced as at first .

If you would reduce them some other way , without passing through your Muskettiers ( as I have formerly said ) then first let the whole body face to the left Angle , of the front-division ; and march , evening their ranks and files , as aforesaid . Which being done , cause the halfe-files ( which then are ) to double their front to the left , which being in like manner performed , all your Muskettiers are still in the midst . Your next worke , is , to cause your Muskettiers to face to the right and left outward : and your pikes , contrariwise , to face inward ; and so to passe through , and interchange ground . Thus being faced to their front proper , they will be reduced , as at first .

If any will be practising of this forme of battell , with a smaller number of men ( as with 64. or fewer ) whereby they will be constrained to double their halfe-files : then they will be reduced the same way ▪ onely they shall not need to double their halfe-files againe , in their reducement : as they must needs do , were the number larger .

CHAP. CIIII. Of the Sollid Square , with Muskettiers in Center and Angles . The way to make the figure with a private Companie : how to fire upon it , and to reduce it .

INfinite are the formes and figures of Battell , which may be made ; yet all differing , either in circumstances or in matter . Some of them are Sollid , others Hollow : some of them , again , being Trines , Squares , Hearses , Cirtes , Crosses , Diamonds , Plinthiums , Plesiums , Paramekes , and infinite others . Some of them taking their denomination from the nature of their numbers . Others , according to the placing of each Armes . A third sort , taking their names from things they most resemble , all of them being necessarie to be knowne , to such which would be accounted skilfull Serjeant-Majors : that with all numbers , upon all occasions , they may readily bring their Souldiers into any forme or figure of battell ( according as the time , the number , and place will give them leave ) for opposition of horse , foot , or both together .

But to returne backe to our single Company , the worke of this Chapter , being to shew the Plesium , or long square . In which the Muskettiers are halfe in the midst of the Pikes ; and the other halfe equally divided , and placed on the 4. Angles of the battell : the pikes making 4. divisions ; as being placed upon the front , reere , and flanke . Yet not to hold you with longer circumstance , take these words of command and direction ; which produce the following figure .

Halfe-files , double your front to the left entire : Onely do not close them , to make one Body . That being done , your Body will be but 4. deepe . Next , command the 2. outmost flanks of each Body ; to double inward , by division .

For better satisfaction , observe these directions .

First , see the halfe-ranks of the outmost flanks , faced to the front and reere : and that they march , untill they are cleare of the standing part of the battell .

Secondly , cause the halfe-ranks of the right-flank , and the halfe-ranks , of the left-flanke , to face in opposition , and to close their divisions : the two first ranks of each flanke , moving crosse the front of the standing part of the body ; and the two last ranks of each flanke moving crosse the reere . Then , the whole body facing to the front , they will stand as in this figure .

depiction of 'the Polium'

If you would give fire upon this figure , it may be performed either to the front and reere , to the right and left , or to all foure together . But which way soever the firing be , let the Aspect of the Muskettiers in the midst , be turned the same way , and cause the pikes which stand before them , to charge at the foot , and the Muskettiers in the Center , to g●ve fire over them . The first ranke having fired , let them kneele ( or crouch low ) upon the ground ; making ready againe : whilest the next ranks behinde them , give fire , and do the like : and so forwards , for the rest . Having all fired once over , this way , let them rise up : and ( if need be ) give fire over againe , after the same manner . The Muskettiers on the Angles ( in the interim ) giving fire after the ordinary way , wheeling off , and falling in the reere of the Muskettiers of their own divisions ; the others in the meane time moving forwards , and making good their leaders ground . This being done , and the pikes having charged ; the figure will stil continue to be the same , without alteration . And that as well in men as matter : if so be the firing be performed , according to the former direction .

For reducement , command the two first ranks , and two last ranks , to face to the right and left : all marching forth , untill they are cleere of the standing part of the bodie .

Next , command them to stand : then , face them to the right and left ; and close their divisions . This being done , let them face all to their leader . Lastly , by commanding the halfe-files to face about to the right ; and to march forth into their places : you shall see them fully to be reduced .

I might have further enlarged my selfe , upon this subject of firings , and figures of Battell : yea and shewed varieties enow of Trine Battels , round battels , the crosse and round , in one ; the sollid-square impaled , besides infinite other kindes . But I have already advanced further , then I at first intended : though ( well I hope ) no further then will be freely and lovingly accepted . Which if it be , I shall conceive my selfe to have received a gratefull and most ample satisfaction . The hope whereof , doth somewhat encourage me to proceed a little further . And as I have already shewed divers and severall Motions , with their formes and figures of Battell : yea and in all ( or the most part of them ) as I have not onely given the words of command and direction , to produce them from the ordinary square , but also together with the demonstration of the figure , and direction for the firing : I have , in like manner , given direction for the reducements againe into the ordinary square : So now , for the satisfaction of some of the quainter sort of Souldiers , give me leave to multiply one figure upon another , untill that by firings , I reduce firings . For the performance whereof , that I may observe some method , I will digest them into the way of Exercise , &c.

CHAP. CV . The first daies Exercise .

HAving brought your Company into a place convenient , where you intend to exercise them ; if you have time enough , you may cause the file leaders , Corporals o● Serieants , to instruct them in the * * I is very necessary , still , so often as time will permit ; to instruct the Souldiers , in the postures and the well handling of their Armes . Postures and true using of their Armes . Wherein having spent some time , to the benefit of the Company ; upon the * * Each file-leader to lead up his file upon the first Summons of the Drum . first summons of the Drum , each file-leader with his file , is to march into his place . The Captaine ( or other Commander ) being at the head of his Company , commands them to * * Ever to observe to be even in Ranke , and strait in file , and stand at the true distance . even their rankes , and to straiten their Pikes , and stand in their order both in ranke and file . * * Fetching the Ensigne to the head of the Company . If your Ensigne be not already in the field , but in some place neere at hand ; then cause your two innermost files of pikes to advance : commanding a Serjeant with a Drum , to troop them along to the place of Rēdezvouz , there to fetch their Colours . If the place be not nigh at hand , take as many files of Muskettiers . Having brought the Ensigne to the head of the Pikes , each file returnes into his place ; the Officers likewise , withdrawing their severall stations . * * Souldiers ought to be very silent . First , the souldiers ought to have their due distance given them , with directions how most properly to performe . Silence being commanded , the Captain ( or other Commander ) begins * * Facings , Doublings , Countermarches & Wheelings wherein the Souldier ought treatably to be instructed● the Commander alwayes observing , what his Souldiers are hee hath to deale withall , and to give his directions accordingly . Never striving to put more into the battle then it can conveniently hold first to instruct the Souldiers in the severall distances , betwixt ranke and file , with the waies to open and close to them . And if hee thinke fit , to instruct them in the severall uses of each distance .

Next after distance , they are to be instructed in the † facings , then in the doublings ; next , in the Countermarches ; and lastly , in the wheeling . In each of which they are to be instructed , according to the opportunity of the time and place : but , especially is the capacity of the Souldier to be observed . Wherein , the Captaine may doe very well , in each of the motions to lay downe some speciall rules and observations ; by which the Souldier may the better understand what he is to doe , and how ( the best way ) to performe it .

* * Observe to march between each firing , & upon each figure , that may be convenient . After the motions ended , let them prepare for skirmish . And first you may cause them to give fire with forlorne files , marching forth twenty paces ( or thereabouts ) before the front . Having all fired over that way , they may give fire once over , by advancing two rankes together , ten paces before the front . Then let them give fire , even with the front , and then with the halfe-files : the Pikes porting or charging , according to discretion . The Pikes being advanced , and the Muskettiers marched up , even with their front ; you may either * * Face about , or wh ele about , for to Countermarch if any en my be n●●r , i● very dangerous . face about , wheele about , or Countermarch , and so give fire in the reere . Your Pikes then being shouldered , and your Muskettiers having fired over in the reere , you may ( if you please ) * * Wheele your Flanks into the Front if your Souldiers have time enough , otherwi●e face to the Reere , and charge Pikes . wheele your flankes into the front , and so charge Pikes to the reere . Which done , wheele your front into the midst ; passe into your place , and face them to you . Then ( if you will ) you may passe your Muskettiers of the left flanke , through betweene the rankes of Pikes , and place them next to the right flanke of Pikes , opening the right flanke of Muskettiers , to give them way . Then let the * * When the Pikes shoulder the Musketiers must observe to ranke even with them . Pikes shoulder , and Muskettiers give fire to the right , upon a march ▪ their leaders leading them up betweene the Pikes and their owne divisions of Muskettiers . Having fired once over , in this way , let them continue their firing to the right , each leader leading up his file on the outside of the left flanke of Pikes . Then * * Vpon this firing , advance Pikes when there is but one file : and close forwards to the distance of order . let the Pikes advance , even whilest the last file is giving of fire : and so soon as the Pikes are cleere of the Muskettiers , let them face all to the right , and charge . Having advanced your Pikes , and faced your body againe to the left , you may then wheele your Battell about to the right , and then facing the whole body to the left , the Muskettiers will be all in front . Then let your Muskettiers give fire , and either wheele all off to the right , thereby making * * These kind of Intervals ought to contain six foot in distance upon some other occasions , 12 foot is necessary . an Intervalle for the left flanke , or else let them wheele off by division , placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers . Having given fire once ( or oftner ) over that way , let them give fire againe , and wheele off by division : ranking even with their Pikes . That being done , cause the Pikes to charge : the Muskettiers giving fire once over , on that Figure . The Pikes being advanced , face the whole body to the right : and cause the Muskettiers to stand , and the Pikes to open to The hollow Square . the right and left , and so to make the hollow square . Then you may ( if you please ) command the Ensigne to display his Colours in the midst of the hollow ; in signe of triumph : the body , either standing or marching . After which , command the Pikes to close their divisions : Which being performed , command the reere division of Muskettiers , to double their front of Pikes , by division : and then they will Captain Wallers firing . stand in forme of Captaine Wallers Triple firing : Let them give fire upon that Figure , and fall off againe , according to the directions upon that Figure . Which being performed , and the Pikes charged , and readvanced : the body will be absolutely reduced , as at the first it was before you began your firings . These firings , may ( with the motions ) be sufficient for the first daies Exercise . Wherefore , for this time , we will lodge our Colours : untill by the summons of the Drum , we are called forth to the second daies practise .

CHAP. CVI. The second dayes Exercise .

HAving brought your Souldiers the second time , into the field , the body being drawne up into the ordinary square , and every Officer vigilant in his place : the Captaine commandeth silence , with some other generall termes of observation , both for the leaders and right hand Silence . men . Having thus commanded them ( as before ) to even their rankes , and to straiten their files : he proceeds Vpon all motions be ●ure that the Souldiers stand even in ranke and file . to shew ( as formerly ) the distances , the facings , the doublings , the Countermarches , and the wheelings : therewithall instructing them either in all , or so many of them , as the time will permit , and he thinkes convenient . Ever ( by the way ) observing that in the Proverbe , A thing once well done , is twice done . That Commander , that exerciseth his Good words more available then blowes ▪ or ill language . Souldiers with good language , and with sollid reasons ; shall make them better proficients then he that shall use rigid termes , and rough hands . After the postures , distances , and severall motions ; that which next followes for this daies exercise , are firings and figures of battell . So soone , therefore , as the Drum begins to beat a preparative , the Muskettiers are to The Muskettie s make ready to give fi●e . begin to make ready .

And first , you may cause them to give fire on the Horne Battell , still marching up into their leaders ground : by that meanes preserving their Figure .

Secondly , let the Muskettiers close their diuisions before their Pikes , and then give fire upon the ●etween each firing cause your body to march either in forme of Ba●talia , extended in length : or upon any other figure , where it may conveniently be done without disorder . demie-Hearse-Battell : falling off presently , either all to the right , ( the one halfe passing downe an Intervalle ) or to the right and left by division ; and placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers .

The third time of their firing , let them wheele off by division , and flanke their Pikes : and when they have fired over that way , let the Pikes charge .

For the fourth firing , let them give fire even with the front of Pikes , wheeling off to the right and left , and placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions .

Then let them fire even with the halfe-files , wheeling off by division , and placing themselves in the reere of the Pikes . The Pikes ( you are to understand ) ought to charge all the time of the last firing : who being advanced , you are to wheele your Battell about to the right or left .

Then , your Muskettiers being in the reere of your Pikes , let your sixt firing be to the reere : the Muskettiers wheeling off by division , and placing themselves before the front of their owne divisions of Muskettiers ; and next behinde the reere of Pikes . Having fired once over , that way , let them give fire ouer againe , and flanke their Pikes : which being in like manner performed , Command them to wheele their flankes into the front , and then face to the reere , and charge pikes , at the inside of the right foot , with their swords drawne in their right hands .

Let the seventh firing be discharged over their pikemen , wheeling , either all off , to the right through Intervals , or else by division , and placing themselues in the reere of their owne files . Otherwise , ( for want of room ) the first ranke of Muskettiers , having given fire , let them kneel , or crouch low upon the ground : and make ready againe ; the second ranke , in like manner , firing and kneeling : and so for the rest . Having all fired once over , in that manner , let the Pikes advance , and put up their swords : the Muskettiers , in like manner , are to rise , then to even their ranks , and streighten their files .

For the eighth firing , you may face the body to the reere ( or if you will continue your firing the same way ) then wheele your battell about , and having opened your Intervals , your forme will be the broad fronted Phalange , or broad fronted Battell . Let these give fire , the first time , falling ( or wheeling ) all off to the right : and placing themselues in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers . The second time of firing , let them wheele all off to the right , ( as before ) and place themselues in the reere of the pikes , which follow next after their owne divisions . In the interim of the last two ranks firing , cause your Pikes to port : but when the Muskettiers are cleered away , the Pikes may charge .

When the pikes are advanced , for the ninth firing , face them to one of the flanks , and wheele them into a Semicircle or Convex half-moone ; where the Muskettiers being outermost , give fire upon that figure : the first time , falling behinde the Muskettiers of their owne divisions : The second time of firing , cause them to place themselues behinde their pikes . For further directions , looke backe upon the 77. Chapter , which discourseth of the Convex halfe-moone . The pikes may also charge , and the Muskettiers give fire over againe : according to discretion . The Pikes being readvanced , face the whole body to one of the flanks , and march them out horsewise . Then command them to double their ranks to the right : which being done , command that flank which are Muskettiers , to double the contrary flanke by division : which being performed , all the Muskettiers will be in front and reere . Then cause the reere-division of Muskettiers to double the front of Pikes , by division .

Then let them give fire on that figure , as they may see further directions in the Chapter . The pikes having charged , and advanced againe .

For the eleventh firing , first face the whole body to the right : then cause the halfe-files that then are , to face to the reere ; and so let the Muskettiers give fire to the front and reere : wheeling off by division , and flanking their pikes . The pikes may also charge to the front and reere , which being performed , face them all againe , to their leader .

For the twelfth firing , make the Plinthium or foure-fronted battell : the Angles whereof being filled with Muskettiers . For further satisfaction , looke upon Chapter 100. which gives direction , both for the motion and reducing thereof . Next face the whole body to that part which was the front , before the last firing began . Then , if you would have your Ensigne to display , in an hollow Square , cause your Muskettiers to stand , and halfe-files of pikes , to face to the Reere : and so both divisions of pikes to march , untill their last ranks are even with the front and Reere of Muskettiers . Then face all to their leader . If you please , the Muskettiers may give fire upon this hollow square , as they march , to both flanks : still leading up their files , on the inside of their owne divisions , and this will make the 13. firing .

But by this time , our powder being spent , our men weary , and night approaching : We will come to reducement . Wherefore , first cause the Pikes to close their divisions , and the Muskettiers to march up , even with their front of pikes . Then let the whole body , wheele their flanks into the reere , which being done , all the Muskettiers will be in the Reere . Then ( if you will ) face to the Reere , and give fire ; causing your Muskettiers to wheele off by division , and to flanke their pikes . Or else , cause your Muskettiers to open to the right and left ; and double your front of pikes , by division . Which being done , double files to the left ; and they will be all reduced as at first . Wherefore , we will now lodge our Colours , and conclude our second dayes Exercise , &c.

CHAP. CVII . The Third dayes Exercise .

Whosoever it be that teacheth the postures of the Musket : ought to be very diligent , in his instruction , concerning the well managing of their a●mes : that they may not only fire to the Front reere and flank : But that they observe order in their motion , which will better their execution . The file-leader if he have time may instruct his file in the distances and the severall motions . HAving the third time ( as formerly ) brought your Souldiers into the Field ; it is very necessarie , in the first place , that they be taught the Postures of each Armes : either by the file ▪ leaders , or some other of the Officers . Wherein they must be carefull , to instruct them in the firings , both to front , reere , and flanks . As to give fire to the front , advancing ; to give fire to the front , upon a stand : to give fire to the Reere , upon a march : to fire to either flanke , marching or standing . As also to instruct them in distance , facings , doublings , countermarches , and wheelings : that so , they may be the more apt and capable , when they shall be brought into a body . Having spent some time , in the exercising of files , let the Drumme summon each file-leader , to his place : the Ensigne be fetcht to the head of the Company ; the Captaine command silence ; and the Souldiers tender obedience . The ranks being evened , and the files streitened , the Captaine ( according to his accustomed manner ) begins to instruct them in the Distances and Motions . And after the performance of so many of them , as he shall thinke fit for the present exercise , he commands the Drummes to beat , and Muskettiers to make ready : and so causeth them to give fire , * * By drawing fo●th ●ff loose files or otherwise . three or foure severall wayes , after the ordinarie manner of firing in the front .

Then cause your Muskettiers of the left flanke , to give fire to the reere ; and the Muskettiers of the right flanke , to give fire to the right . This firing is to be performed upon a march , the Pikes shouldered .

For the second firing , let them give fire to both flankes . The gathering firing .

For the third , let them fire to both flankes , drawing them up betweene the divisions of Muskettiers and Pikes .

For the fourth firing , let them give fire againe , to both flankes , leading them up after they have fired , betweene the midst of Pikes . When the last files are firing , advance your Pikes , and close your rankes forwards to their order . Then , face to the right and left , and charge Pikes . Your Pikes being advanced , and faced againe to the front proper : all your Muskettiers will be in the midst .

Then , open them some Intervalles ; and let the fift firing be to the front , wheeling all off to the right , and placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions . Then cause the Pikes to charge , and when your Pikes are advanced againe , let your halfe-files face about to the right .

And so the fixth firing , may be to the front and reere ; the Muskettiers of the front division , wheeling off to the right : those of the reere division , wheeling off to the left : either of them placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions . The Muskettiers having fired once or twice over , wheele your flankes into the front , and cause your Pikes to charge to the front and reere . The Pikes being againe advanced , and all faced to their former front , wheele front and reere into both flankes .

For the seventh firing , make the Plinthium , or foure fronted battell , the Angles being filled with Pikes : and let them giue fire , and charge their Pikes , according to directions for that Figure . As likewise the firing being ended , reduce the men backe into their places , as they were before this firing . Then , wheele off your front by division , which brings your Muskettiers upon the flankes ; but doth not reduce your men justly into their places , if your number be any thing great .

From thence , make them a perfect crosse battell , and let your Muskettiers give fire , wheeling all off to the right , placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers .

For the ninth firing , let them giue fire as before ; but place themselves in the reere of their Pikes ; the Pikes moving forwards into their ground , and charging . Having advanced your Pikes , command your flanke divisions to face about to the right , and to close their divisions . Then command the front and reere divisions to wheele their flankes into the reere : which being done , face them to the front proper , ( that is ) after the right file-leader .

For the tenth firing , ( your Muskettiers being still in the midst ) let your Muskettiers give fire by Introduction ▪ ( beginning with the second ranke ) the Pikes moving softly forward .

For the eleventh firing , let them give fire by Introduction , ( beginning with the Bringers up ) The Pikes may charge at discretion : then let the Muskettiers stand , and the Pikes march forwards : closing their divisions before the Muskettiers .

And so let the twelfth firing be by way of Extraduction . Let the Pikes charge ; which being performed , command the first and last foure rankes to stand ; and the rest of the body to face to the right and left : and so to march , untill they are cleere of the standing rankes . Then let the whole body face about to the right ▪ and let the Ensigne display his Colours in the midst .

For the next , let the Muskettiers give fire being foremost , both in front and flanke , which will make the thirteeenth firing . Let them wheele off by division ; placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers . Which being done , next cause those which opened to the right and left , to face in opposition : and to close their division . Then wheele off your front by division , or else , wheele your front inward to the reere . Then let the Commander march at the head of his Pikes , all the Muskettiers being in the reere .

Then for the fourteenth firing , let the Muskettiers give fire in the reere ; wheeling off by division , and flanking their Pikes , which doth reduce every man to his place he had , when the Exercise first began . Aud herewith we will conclude our third dayes Exercise , and lodge our Colours , untill that the bellowing Drum call us the fourth time into the field , to give an account of our proficiency . Till when , we will leave our Souldiers in their severall Hutts or Cabines , there to rest their limbs , refresh their spirits , and replenish their Bande liers .

CHAP. CVIII . The fourth daies Exercise .

HAving , the fourth time , brought your Souldiers into the field , and ( as formerly ) caused them to be instructed in the Postures , ( both of Musket and Pike ) that so they may be capable to use them both with agility , and with safety . As likewise taught them their divers wayes of distance , with the severall and various motions : not forgetting , particularly to instruct them with rules and pertinent reasons to every one of them : that so they may , not onely learne to doe , but like rationall men , understand what they doe . Which being deliberately performed , and each Officer disposed to his severall place , the rankes being evened , and the files straitened : the Captaine commands , the Drum beats , and the Muskettiers make ready for skirmish , &c.

You may ei● t●●r draw forth the innermost or outermost at discretion . The first firing , being by drawing forth the innermost files of each flanke of Muskettiers , to the right and left , obliquely before the front , and so to stand and giue fire . Having given fire , let the Bringers up leade them back into their places . And , in the meane time , let the next innermost files , leade forth and fire , after the same manner ; and so likewise the rest ; untill all the Muskettiers have fired once over that way .

For the second firing , let them give fire obliquely , and crosse the front , both at once .

For the third , let them give fire obliquely : the Muskettiers standing before the Pikes , in forme of an hollow wedge . Vpon this firing , the Muskettiers fire outwards : whereas in the other , they fire inward .

For the fourth firing , let them fire upon the oblique W. For the manner of these firings , with the waies both how to make them & reduce them : I refer you to their severall places , where I have shewne them plainely .

For the fift firing , let them fire to each flanke obliquely ; the Muskettiers making on each flanke , the formes of hollow wedges : and so they may performe as much to each flanke , ( or both flankes ) as hath beene to the front .

For the sixt firing , let them fire over the first oblique firing , to front and reere .

For the seventh firing , let them fire obliquely , and crosse the front and reere .

For the eighth firing , let them fire to the front and reere , obliquely : in the formes of the hollow wedges .

For the ninth firing , let them fire to the front and reere , obliquely , in the forme of the W.

And for the tenth firing , let them give fire obliquely , on the Fort figure , which is to front , reere , and flanks .

In all these firings , the pikes never come to charge , but stand in a square battell , in danger of the enemies shot : themselues neither being able to offend the enemy , nor to defend themselues . And yet if by frequent practise , they were inured to the use of the long how fastened to their pikes : I make no question , but that , when they should become expert in the use of the B●w and Pike ; they would not onely be a terrour to their enemies , by the continuall showers of Arrows which they would send amongst them ; but also that they would be a great meanes to rout their enemies , & u●●erly to breake their order . On the contrary , if men should be put to use the Bow and Pike , and have not first well learned the use of the Pike alone ; they would be so cu●●ersome to themselues , and so troublesome to others ; that instead of spoyling their enemies , they would ●out them selues . But pardon this 〈◊〉 whilest I proceed to the rest of this dayes exercise .

The eleventh firing , being in ●●rme of a Romane T ; is to be made as followeth . Let the pikes , stand , and the 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 wheele into the front : then let them give fire , making an Intervall upon each flanke ; the 〈◊〉 of the right-flanke wheeling off to the right ▪ the Mus●ettiers of the left flank , to the left ; and placing themselues in the reer● of their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 When the Muskettiers have fired , once or twi●● over , 〈◊〉 the pikes p●sse through , and wheele their fro●● into the midst , and then faci●● to the front , let them charge their pikes : and from thence having advanced their pikes , let the Commander passe to the right flanke ; and face the whole body to the right . Then , wheele the battell about to the left , untill the body be brought into a round battell : from whence we will begin the twelfth firing .

The figure being made , face the whole body to the Center , and give them their directions , what they have to do . When they have received their instructions , let them all face about to the right ; present , and give fire . The first time of their firing , placing themselues in the reare of their Muskettiers ; The second firing , countermarch to the right , and placing themselues in the reere of their pikes : The pikes , at the same time , are to move forwards into the Muskettiers ground : where they may charge over head ; and ( if need be ) at the foot : the Muskettiers giving fire over them , as in the Convex-halfe-moone . The firing being ended , and the pikes advanced , let the Commander march forth of the round Battell : at that point ; where he shall finde all his proper file-leaders . Then let the whole body , be faced to that part , a●● the file-leaders caused to march forth , even a breast : the Muskettiers and pikemen following their leaders , and marching , untill the body have atteined their orderly square againe . But note , that all your Muskettiers are in the midst of the battell .

For the thirteenth firing , make the impaled sou●d square : the way to performe it is as followeth . Your 〈…〉 being now the flankers , draw forth the 〈…〉 of the ●●●es of pikemen , from the right flanke , crosse the front of the body ( taking the outmost-files ) let halfe the files of pikemen of the left flanke , be drawne crosse the reere , following their bringers up . Then , face all your Muskettiers to the front , reere , and flanks . The pikes may charge , all overhand : and ( if need be ) at the foot , with their swords drawn : the Muskettiers firing over them . Having fired , charged , and advanced their Pikes , draw off the Pikes , againe , from the front and reere , into their places ⊙ .

For the fourteenth firing , ( the Muskettiers being still in the middle ) make the hollow fronted-crossebattell ; the Pikemen making the hollow , upon the flanks of the Muskettiers . For the making whereof , wheele the front off the 2. first ranks , into the midst . That being done , wheele the reer of the 2 last ranks , after the same manner : and then face the rest of the body to the right and left ; and cause them to march untill there be a square hollow , in the middest of the battell . Then command them to face to the front , reere , and flanks : which being in like manner performed , cause the Pikes ( who are now in the front of the Musketticrs ) to open to the right and left ; the last ranke of Pikes , ranking even with the first ranke of Muskettiers . The Muskettiers may give fire upon this figure , wheeling all off to the right : and placing themselues in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers . If need be , the Pikes may close their divisions before their Muskettiers ; and charge their Pikes . Which being done , and the Pikes againe advanced : we will come to the reducement . For which purpose , face the whole body about to the Center : and cause the flanke-divisions to close to their order . This being executed , let the front-division wheele together their front , into the midst ( as they now stand faced ) the reere-division doing the like . That being in like manner performed , face the whole body to the front proper : then wheele off the battell to the right and left : after which having closed their divisions , they are perfectly reduced as at first . And herewith we will conclude this dayes exercise , and leave our Souldiers to rest : untill that the morrows Sunne , and the thundering Drumme , shall call us forth againe into the Field .

CHAP. CIX . The fifth dayes Exercise .

HAving the fift time brought your Souldiers into the Field , if you have leasure , it will not be amisse for to cause them to be instructed ( in the first place ) in the Postures of the Pike and Musket . For those Souldiers which by often practice of their Postures are growne perfect , will manage their Armes with case , surety , and celerity : when , on the contrary , the unpractised Souldier , will be a trouble to himselfe , a danger to his fellowes , and a Dormant to his Enemies .

After the Pastures , each file being drawne into his place ; and the Ensigne ( according to former directions ) brought to the head of the P●kes ; the Rankes evened , and the files streitned ; the Captaine ( having commanded silence , and delivered himselfe in such ●earmes , as the present occasion doth require , ever preferring the industrious and painfull ; and , on the contrary , blaming the carelesse and the slothfull ) he next proceeds to instruct them in their sev●●a●● 〈◊〉 : and these , indeed , are the grounds of all motion : seeing that without distance , the motion cannot be excected . Next to the distances , they are to be instructed in the motions : ever observing to each motion , its due 〈◊〉 .

Next after 〈◊〉 , distance , and motions ; let the rest of the dayes Exercise be spent in firings and figures of Battaile . Each Officer , having now received his severall Charge : The Captaine commands ; the Drums , beat , and the Muskettiers , make ready .

The first firing being performed by leading forth the outmost file of each Flanke twenty paces ( or thereabout ) before the Front ; and no● 〈…〉 the place of firing● ; let the second men , 〈…〉 the right and le●● inward , even with their 〈…〉 so give fire , together , wheeling off by 〈…〉 the right Flanke to the right , the left flanke 〈◊〉 the left ; placing themselves on the inside of their owne d●viss●ns of Muske●●i●●s next the Pikes file-wise , as they were when they marchedforth . So soon as the first two men of their files , have after this manner ranked , fired , and wheeled off ; the next second m●n , ranke even with their Leaders , as before : giving fire , and wheeling away to place themselves , file-wise , aftertheir ●●●ders . The residue of their first files are to do the like ; and so still the outermost files leading forth , doing in like manner● ; and still placing themselves , file-wise , next to the Pikes .

For the second firing , cause the outermost files to march forth to the former distance before the front : And whereas in the last firing , they ranked but two and two● ; and so gave fire : now , let them ranke foure . That is to say , the three men next behind the right-hand-file-leader , shall ranke inward to the left , even with their File-leaders : the three next men , after the left-hand-file-leader , ranking inwards to the right ; even ●●rest with the leader of their file : the residue of each file , keeping themselves in file ; and closing formard● to the distance of order , just after their File-leaders . The first foure of each file , having presented , fired , and wheeled away ; the last foure men ( being the ●e●r●-half-files ) in the interim of their wheeling off , ranke to the ●ight and left inward : presenting● ; ●●●ing , and wheeling off ( as aforesaid ) and placing themselves in the 〈◊〉 of the former part of their files , which wheeledaway before them . The second Files are then to lead forth , and to doe the like ; and so successively , the rest , untill they have all fired over , this way .

For the third firing , let the outermost files lead forth to the same distance befo●e the Front● ; whither being come , as tothe place wherein 〈◊〉 doe their execution● ; let the files 〈◊〉 to the right and left inward● ; and so fire all together : 〈…〉 , and placing themselves as in the 〈◊〉 f●●●ngs . The residue of the other Files of Muskettiers , at the sametime , marching forth ; giving fire , and still placing themselves file-wise , on the innermost part of their own divisions of Muskettiers ; and next to the outside of Pikes .

For the fourth firing , cause your Muskettiers to ranke to the right and left , into the front ; and so the whole body of Muskettiers give fire at once : which being performed , let them face to the right and left inward , and so march into their places .

They may ( if you please ) open the files of Muskettiers , to double distance , and so cause the files to ranke to the right into the front , by Conversion : giving fire after that manner , which ( if it be done ) will make the fift firing .

After this , let them fall backe into their places , and having made ready againe , before you close their distance , cause the halfe-files to face about , and then let the files ranke into the front and reere , and so give fire : which will make the si●t firing . Having thus fired , and being fallen backe into their places , let the halfe files , face againe to their leader ; and the files of Muskettiers close againe to their order .

For the seventh firing , let the rankes of Muskettiers open backe to their double distance ; and the Muskettiers , wheele to the right and left by Conversion : and so give fire to both flankes .

The men being returned to their places , and having againe closed their rankes to their order : after some little pause , by marching , ( or otherwise ) the Muskettiers being all againe ready ; command your files of Pikes to open to the right and left , to their double distance . Then command , rankes both of Muskets and Pikes , to open backward to their double distance . Which being done , command the Muskets to invert to the right and left outward ; and then to face outward , and present ; and let the halfe-files of Pikes face about . Then cause your files of Pikes , to ranke to the front and reere by conversion : and let the Muskettiers give fire , and the Pikes charge .

This figure will take up a great quantity of ground , because that all the Muskettiers are now become two rankes : that is to say , to each flanke one , all the Pikes being likewise brought into two rankes , one to the front , and the other to the reere . This being performed , the body will stand in form of a great hollow square .

The Muskettiers hauing fired , the Pikes being advaneed , and each Souldier returned to his place , and all faced to their leader : let them close their rankes and files to their order . Then cause the ninth firing , to be performed to both flankes , upon a stand : facing the whole body to the right and left , there firing and wheeling off by division , and flanking their Pikes . Whilest the two last rankes are giving fire , let the Pikes port , and when the Muskettiers have fired , and wheeled off , let them charge .

Having advanced their Pikes , face the whole body to that part where you shall finde your file-leaders of Muskettiers : then will all your Muskettiers , be in front and reere . Next , command your halfe-files that then are , to double your front to the left entire : which being done , let them face to the right and left , the Muskettiers giving fire , and wheeling off to the left , and placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions . The Pikes may also port , and charge , at discretion . The Pikes being advanced , and the whole Company , faced to their former front , command the halfe-rankes of the right , ( both Muskettiers and Pikes ) to march , and the halfe-rankes of the left flanke to follow in the reere .

Having given them some time of breathing ; then for the eleventh firing , cause the halfe-files that then are , ( Muskettiers and Pikes ) to face to the reere . Which being done , let the Muskettiers give fire to the front and reere , upon a stand , wheeling off by division , and placing themselves in the reere of their Pikes ; they moving forwards , and maintaining the Muskettiers ground . The Pikes are then to charge , when they are cleered of their Muskettiers . Which being done , and they againe advanced , face them all to their former front .

For the twelfth firing , command halfe-files to double the front inward intire . To which purpose , open the front halfe-files ( both Muskettiers and Pikes ) to the right and left ; for receiving the halfe-files of both Armes , within them : which being executed , each Armes will stand in three divisions . Then command the front halfe-files , to face about to the reere , and to present : The Reere halfe-files keeping still faced to the front ; and there in like manner presenting , and both giving fire together . The first time of their firing over , they may fall in the Reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers ; wheeling off to the right and left . The second time of giving fire upon this figure , let them wheele off , as before ; and place themselues in the Reere of their following divisions of Pikes . Which being in like manner performed , let the Pikes , charge . Being againe advanced ; face the body to the former front ; and command , halfe-files that doubled , to face to the Reere , and march into their places . The halfe-files being faced about , and marched cleare off , then are the front halfe-files to close their divisions . Thus being all rightly faced , the Muskettiers will be in the front and reere .

For the thirteenth firing , make the horned battell to the front and reere . For the which , cause the halfe-files of Muskettiers and Pikes , to face to the reere . Then cause the Muskettiers to open to the right and left , ( both in front and reere ) and so to give fire : wheeling off by division , and flanking their Pikes . The Pikes may also charge : Having advanced , let them all face to their leader at the proper front .

Lastly , for the fourteenth firing , make the Sconce Battell . For further directions wherein , turne backe to the 93. Chapter ; where you may finde instructions , as well for the making , giving of fire , and reducing thereof . And if you please , your Ensigne may display his Colours , in the hollow part of the midst of the Pikes .

Supposing now , that by this time , the night hath almost overtaken us ; we will prepare to lodge our Colours , with our accustomed Bene-vale : and herewith we will conclude this our fifth dayes Exercise ; suffering our Souldiers to depart to their severall habitations . There leaving them to clense their arms , and to refresh their bodies , untill the morrows clamouring Drum , doth invite us forth to our sixth dayes Exercise .

CHAP. CX . The sixt dayes Exercise .

HAving the sixth time brought your Souldiers into the Field , according to the accustomed manner : let each File-leader , exercise his File , in the Postures of such Armes , as they carry . Which being performed , and the Files againe rejoyned into one body : the Ensigne being at the head of the Pikes , and the rest of the Officers in their severall places : The Captaine having commanded silence , attention , and obeaience ( three especiall vertues , most necessarily requisite to every common Souldier ) hee proceeds to the severall distances ; instructing them in the uses of each of them . Next after the distances , he teaches them the Facings , the Doublings , the Countermarches , and the Wheelings , with severall Observations upon each of the Motions . After which ( having so commanded ) The Drums , bcat ; and the Muskettiers , make ready for Skirmish : Then ( if you please ) you may cause three or foure of the first firings , to be performed by light Skirmishing before the Front : and that with loose Ranks , or Files , or both : either some of those , ( or such like ) as I have formerly spoken off in the preceding Exercises . After which , for your next firing ; cause your Half-files to open to the right and left , by equall division : untill the Reere Divisions of Pikes , stands right after the Muskettiers of the Front-division . Now the Muskettiers standing in foure Divisions , let them all present , and give fire to the Front : wheeling all off to the right , and placing themselves in the Reere of their own divisions of like Armes : each Ranke , still making good the Leaders ground . Having given fire , once or twice over on this Figure : For the second firing cause the Front-division to give fire to the Front ; and the two Reere divisions , to each Flanke in a March . The Front-division with fires in Ranke , wheele all off to the right ; placing themselves in the Reere of their ownc Divisions of Muskettiers : the other Divisions with fire in flanke , leading up their files betweene their owne divisions of Muskettiers and the Pikes .

Having given fire once or oftner over , according to discretion this way ; let the third firing be performed upon a stand . For the which , cause your reere-divisions to facc to the right and left outward : the front-division , still to continue the same aspect . Then , let the Muskettiers give fire , those of the right flanke , wheeling off to the right : and the contrary flanke , to the contrary hand ; the Muskettiers of the front division , placing themselues in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskets ; the Muskettiers of the reere divisions , placing themselues in the reere of the reere divisions of Pikes : each ranke of Muskettiers , still making good his leaders ground . When they have fired all over , let the Pikes charge , to front and both flanks .

Having advanced your Pikes againe , and faced your body to the front proper , each Armes still standeth in three divisions . Then let the fourth firing , be to the reere , and both flanks upon a march . And to that end , open your front-divisions of Muskettiers to the right and left , untill they are cleere of the reere-divisions of Pikes : that so they be not troublesome unto them , in their march . Then let your pikes shoulder ; and the Muskettiers , give fire : the front divisions of Muskettiers , firing in flanke , and leading up on the inside of their owne divisions . The Muskettiers of the reere division , giving fire in the reere in ranke wheeling off by division , and placing themselves in the front of their owne divisions of Muskettiers . Having fired once over , and the Pikes charged ; let your fifth firing be to the Reere , and both flankes upon a stand . In the which , let the half-files ( both Muskettiers and Pikes ) face to the Reere ; the Front-division to the right and left , and so give fire one each part ; those that fire to the flankes wheeling off , and placing themselves in the Reere of their divisions of Pikes , and the Muskets of the Reere divisions , wheeling off to the right and left , and placing themselves in the Reere of their owne divisions of Musketties : each Ranke moving forward into their Leaders ground . Having fired over , let the Pikes charge . The Pikes being againe advanced ; face the whole body to the proper front : and then all the Muskettiers will be in the midst , and the Pikemen on the flankes .

For the sixth firing , cause your half-rankes of the left , double your right flanke by division . For further directions , looke back to the tripartite firing : which you shall find , Chap. 92. Having fired over that way ; charged , and re-advanced your pikes : face the whole body to their former front .

For your seventh firing , cause the front and reere divisions of Muskettiers and Pikes , to face to the right : the rest of the body ( both Muskets and Pikes ) to the left . Let the Muskettiers give fire , and wheele all off , either to the right or left , and place themselves in the reere of their following divisions of Pikes ; each ranke still moving up into their leaders ground . When there rest but two rankes of each division , to fire , let the Pikes port . Having all fircd , and wheeled away ; let the Pikes charge . Then , face the whole body to their first front ; and command the first and last foure rankes to face to the left : and to march , untill they are cleere of the standing part of the Body . Then , cause the front halfe-files , to face to the left , the reere halfe-files , to the right : and so to close their divisions : and after that to face towards their leader .

For the eight firing , make the sollid Square girdled with Muskettiers . For the which , draw halfe the files of the right flanke of Muskettiers , crosse the front , and halfe the files of Muskettiers of the left flanke , crosse the reere . Then face the whole body ( both Muskets and Pikes ( to the front , reere , and flankes . This done , let the Muskettiers give fire , and wheele off by division : placing themselves in the reere of their owne divisions of Muskettiers ▪ All the time of this firing , the Pikemen , being in the middle of the Muskettiers , have good opportunity ( if the enemy be neere ) to gall them with their thicke showers of feathered shot . The Muskettiers , in the meane time , having fired once , twice , or oftner over , on this Figure , draw your files of Muskettiers backe againe into their places .

Then having faced the whole body to the proper front , let your ninth firing , be Captaine Wallers double firing to the front and reere , after this manner . First , wheele front and reere into the right flanke : then face them all the same way they were before : which done , cause the halfe-files to face to the reere , and command the Muskettiers which are in the reere of each division of Pikes , to double their front of Pikes by division . Then , let them face about and close their divisions : and so having refaced them as they were ; let them give fire , wheele off , and charge , according to directions on Captaine Wallers Figure .

For the tenth firing , let them face to the right and left , and give fire to both flankes upon a stand : wheeling off by division , and flanking their Pikes . When the Pikes have charged , and are againe advanced , let the Captaine passe to the front accidentall of the left flanke , and face the rest of the body to him , and in the next place wheele their flanks into the front , and so all the Muskettiers will be in the front : and by facing the whole body to the left ; all the Muskettiers will be on the right flanke .

Let the eleventh figure be the Diamond Battell . Having given fire two or three severall wayes , according to the directions upon that figure ; charged Pikes , and reduced them againe into the Square : face the body about to the right ; and passe the Muskettiers which belong to the right flanke , betweene the ranks of pikes into their places . Then , the Muskettiers of the left flanke , being closed to their Pikes , the Body will stand at their first order .

For the twelfth firing , make the hollow Square girdled with shot : let them give fire upon that figure ( both without and within ) according to the directions for that firing . Let the Pikes , charge ; and reduce them in the same manner as I have discoursed upon that figure .

For the thirteenth firing , Make the Plesium as you shall finde directions in the 104. Chapter .

Having made it , given fire upon it , and reduced it as at first .

Let the fourteenth and last firing for this exercise , be the Hollow Hearse and Crosse . Turne backe to the 103. Chapter , where you may finde ample instructions for the making , firing , and reducing of it . And lastly , that you may conclude with triumph , cause your Ensigne to be displayed in the middle of the Hollow Crosse : and then having fired , charged pikes , and reduced your men , according to the directions on that figure , your men will be as at first . And therefore seeing that by this time night is come ; and our powder gone ; we will here give conclusion to our sixth dayes Exercise .

Wherefore , that you may observe some forme in the lodging of our Colours ; cause your Muskettiers to march in the front of your pikes . Then , as as they march , let them invert to the right and left : which is , when the Ranks file to the right and left , by division . Then , cause all your Muskettiers to face in opposition ; to cocke their Matches , guard their Pans , and rest their Muskets . In the meane time , let the pikes advance , and close their ranks and files , to their order . Which being done , the Captaine , Lieutenant , Ensigne , and Drummes beating a Troope , at the head of the pikes : passe through this Guard into the appointed place for the alledgement of the Ensigne . Then , the Serjeants cause the Muskettiers to face all about to the right , and present : and upon the first beat of the Drumme , they all give fire in one Volley . And now having performed our sixth dayes Exercise , the Drumme beats a Call : and makes proclamation , that every man may depart unto his severall home , untill his next Summons into the Field .

FINIS .