A uery brefe treatise, ordrely declaring the pri[n]cipal partes of phisick that is to saye: thynges natural. Thynges not naturall. Thynges agaynst nature. Gathered, and sette forth by Christopher Langton.

A uery brefe treatise , ordrely declaring the principal partes of phisick , that is to saye : Thynges natural . Thynges not naturall . Thynges agaynst nature .

Gathered , and sette forth by Christopher Langton .

Anno dni . M.D.XLVII .

¶ Wylm̄ Baldwyn ▪ ¶ Who so desyreth health got , to preserue : And lost , to procure : ought chefely to knowe Suche naturall thynges , as therto maye serue : Great knowlege wherof , this boke wil him show . Whiche smal though it seme contayneth as much Of arte to be knowen of them that are wyse , As byg myghty bokes agastfull to tuche , As well for the wayght , as for the heauy pryce . Reade it therfore all ye that loue your healthe , Learne here in an houre , elles where in a yere Scarce red , the which Langton willing our welth Hath englyshed brefe , as it doth appere . To whome the free geuer of your so great gayne , Yelde thankes & prayses , a payment for his payne . Consule valetudini .

The contentes of this Boke . ¶ The firste boke . OF what kynde of artes physicke is . Cap. i. Of the sectes in Physycke . Cap. ii . The partes of physicke . iii. The distribucion of Physicke in to three fourmes . Cap. iiii Of the numbre of thinges naturall . v. Of Elementes . Cap. vi . Of temperamentes . Cap. vii . Of Humors . Cap. viii Of the partes of mannes body . Cap. ix . Of powers or faculties . Cap. x Of Actions . Cap. xi . Of Spirites . Cap. xii . ¶ The seconde boke . OF the number of thinges not naturall . Cap. i Of Ayer . Cap. ii Of meate and drynke . Cap. iii Of exercise , and rest . Cap. iiii Of Slepe and watche . Cap. v Of Fulnesse and emptinesse . Cap. vi Of the perturbations and sudayne mocions of the mynde . Cap. vii ¶ The thyrd boke . OF the number of thynges agaynst nature . Cap. i Of the causes of diseases . Cap. ii Of diseases . Cap , iii Of Accidentes , Cap , iiii ¶ The fowerth boke . ¶ Howe to iudge of any disease . Cap , i Of Vrine , Cap , ii Of the excrementes of the belly , Cap , iii Of the Spettel , Cap , iiii Of the Pulses , Cap. v Finis .

¶ To the right high and mighty Prince Edwarde , Duke of Somerset , Protector of the kynges maiest . realmes and dominions , and gouerner of his most Royall person , Christofer Langton wyssheth health and encreace of all godlynesse .

PHisicke hath bene so afflicted & clogged wyth ignoraunt wryters ( it were to tediouse to rehearce eyther theyr names or theyre opinions ) that before Gallenes dayes , none knewe which was the truth . And though Gallen wrot orderly , yet by the iniurye of tyme , the best parte of his workes be lost , to the great hynderaunce of all suche as shal be studentes in Phisicke : Yet yf but halfe that that remayneth , were englysshed , I woulde then thynke that we shoulde haue al thynges in Phisicke a greate deale the playnar , to the great profit & welth of the realme dyuers wayes . For fyrst it woulde saue great exspence of money , which vnlearned strangers dayly carrye awaye . Than it woulde be the safegarde of manye mennes lyues , whiche myght be able to do the king otherwyse right good seruice : And finally it wolde cause a great encrease of wisdome , whiche passeth bothe golde & precious stones . Wherefore I consideryng the wealth of the greater number , haue taken vpon me to wryte orderly of a great peace of phisicke which I dedicate vnto your grace not that I thynke it worthy so noble a Prince , but partly because I iudge you a man muche desirous to knowe suche thinges as be here set foorth for the bodyly healthe , & partely for that I trust your noblenes wil further al godly ententes : whiche yf ye doe , ye shall not only encorage me ( whiche am but a lernar , and as yet a young student in Physicke ) but other also ( whiche are alredy perfect in the workes of Physicke ) dayly to set foorth suche thinges , as may profit many , and hurte none . Thus I praye god graunt to youre grace in al your affayers , most prosperous successe , and after this transitory lyfe , ioye withoute ende . Amen .

The fyrste boke .

¶ The fyrste Chapter . Of what kynde of artes Phisicke is .

SEyng that I haue taken vpon me , to wryte a breefe treatyse vpon Phisicke , for the alonlye commoditie of ignoraunt and vnlearned studentes in the same , I think it very necessarye and expedient to open and declare , bothe playnlye , and brefely what physicke is , whiche in Latine is called Medicina , & in Englysshe woorde for woorde , Medicine .

Hyppocrates in his boke de flatibus , whiche is as muche to saye , as in his boke of Spirites , or blastes , affirmeth that Medicine or Physicke , is nothyng , but the adiection of that that lacketh , or the subtraction , or takynge awaye , of that whyche is superfluous , & redoundeth : the whych declaration or definition , Gallen alloweth in manye places , & trulie not without a cause : For ther is no parte of phisike but it is comprehended in thys finition . Auerroes in the .vi. boke , and the .i. Chapiter , of his gatheringes dothe define phisicke verye fetely , in these wordes folowinge . Medicina est ars factiuarum vna , ratione , et experimento inuenta , que tum sanitatem tuetur , tum morbum depellit . whiche is as muche to say in englysh , as Phisike is one of those artes whyche dothe make thinges inuented , or found out by reason and experience , and the whyche partly defendeth health , and partly beteth away disease , and siknes .

Herophilus woulde haue defined it , after this fashion . Medicina est scientia salubrium , insalubrium , et neutrorum .

Whyche in englyshe is as foloweth . Physike is a science of thynges holsome , & vnholsome , and of neyther of bothe : Gallen vseth thys finition , in hys boke that is called ars medica , not because he doth so greatly alowe it , but because yt serueth hys pourpose , whyche is easie to be knowen of that , that foloweth : where he sayeth that this worde scientia , must be taken in that place , accordynge to hys common significatyon , and not as it signifyeth properlye : wherefore phisike is an arte , and no science , and seynge yt is an arte , I thynke yt well donne , to shewe in what kynde of artes it is : For there be many differences of Artes , but especiallye .iiii. One is called in Latyne , Contemplatoria , whiche hath his ende only in the seyng and beholdyng of thynges , and maye well be called contemplacion or knowlege , suche is Arithmetick , Astronomie , & natural philosophie , for ther is none of these artes that doth any thing but is onlye ended in contemplacion and studye .

There is an other which is called in Latyn , Actiua , in Englysh practise , and consisteth in doynge , as dawnsyng , and harpyng , wyth other lyke .

The thyrde in Latyn maye be called Factiua , which besyde the practise and studye , leaueth behynde his woorke , as payntyng , & buyldyng , and of this kynde there be two artes , for some make the workes them selues , as weuyng & tanning , and some correct and amend the thynges , whan they be made : as botchyng and clowtyng of old garmentes houses , & other thinges The fowerth in Latyn is called comparans , which in our tong may be called a gettyng arte , for it doeth make nothynge , but by studye , & industry getteth certen thynges as fysshynge and huntyng , these truly do make nothyng : but their study & labor is to get somthyng . And to be brefe , Phisicke as Gallen sayeth , is a kynde of those Artes whiche restoreth theyr woorkes nowe alreadye done , and correcteth the same , and not of them whiche make theyr workes newe . For Phisicke of her selfe maketh not her examples , as the arte of buyldyng , knyttyng , and weuing dothe . But as that arte that mendeth olde houses , and piceth olde garmentes : so phisike doth amend the euyll constitution of mannes bodye .

¶ The seconde Chapiter . Of the sectes in phisyke .

YT is nowe alredye shewed , that phisike is an arte which restoreth healthe beynge absent , and defendeth the same beynge present , but howe thys art maye be gotten yt is not agreed vpon amongest all men , for some thynke experience sufficiente to the gettyng of this arte , and do cal them selfes therof Empericos . These be they that haue ther firste respect vnto the heape of accidentes , and begynneth their cure of them , wythout any knowledge ether of the disease , or the cause , and they call the forsayde heape of accidentes in Greke , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , the whyche in Lattyn is called Congeries , and concursus , and in Englishe a heape , and concurryng , or runnynge to gether . Secundarilye , they obserue , and marke , in the cummynge to gether of Accidentes , Medicines which they know to be mete for the disease , onlye by vse and experience . Thyrdely they lerne remedies of the historie , of suche as they haue before proued : Fowerthly they goe from lyke , to lyke .

For what soeuer remedyes they haue proued by experience , in manye men , and often tymes ( but alwayes they proue them in the same and lyke measure , or elles by chaunce , and as a man woulde saye vnloked for , they marke and obserue them to be lyke , & to haue one effect ) the same they vse boldly ▪ nothyng curiouse in the inquyryng what facultie or nature they be of , that is to saye whether they be hote or colde , drye or moyste , & they beleue and credit the olde auncientes , whiche hath lefte in wrytyng , suche thynges as they haue noted and obserued by experience , & that that them selues haue obserued & marked , they cal in Greke , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , whiche in Englysh , maye be called theyr owne inspection , and looke what they haue obserued , & marked by chaunce , as yf a man by fallyng from hygh , be wounded , or hurte , or els yf a man beyng sicke and folowyng his appetite , drinke colde water , the whiche hath eyther done good or euyll , they call 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which is to saye an obseruacion made by chaunce . But whan they learne that that is marked by other , they call it in Greke , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 whiche may be called the obseruation of other .

They vse also to go from lyke to lyke , whiles they intermedle with suche thinges , as they haue not yet proued , althoughe they be of one kynde , and this is called of them in greke , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , which in englysh is goyng from lyke to lyke , and by this rule they transfer one medicine to dyuers euyls , and from one place affected to another & from one medicine whiche they knewe before , to an other of the same kynde vnknowen .

Yf the naturall egestions be holden to long , then the party hath a byndyng disease they saye : but yf they runne to muche , that they call an open disease : And yf a man be bothe bounde and lewse together , than they call that sycknes a combynation of bothe the fornamed euyls : as yf the eye shoulde suffer a fluxe , and an inflammation together , of the whiche , the inflammation is a sycknes that byndeth , and the fluxe an open disease : then theyr remedye in suche a case , is to bynde that that runneth , and to open that that is bounde , as if there be any inflammation in the shoulder or arme , what is their rule ? what , but withoute deliberation , or consideration of the place affected , strayght to lewse the bellye , & yf it fortune bothe the forsayde euyls to chaunce at one tyme , in one membre , then what do they ? vtterly necglect that that is of the least daunger : and these be they which reprehende Hyppocrates , because he sayeth that physicke is a longe arte , and that mannes lyfe is but shorte , for they saye that it is not so , but rather cleane contrary . For as they saye , yf al that is superfluous were cut out , phisicke myghte be easily learned in .vi. monethes . The begynner of this secte , was Syrus , Asclepiades scholer : after whome came Thessalus , Proclus , and manye other .

Moreouer there be other which be called Dogmatici , because they grounde all theyr doynges vppon reason . These do learne diligently the nature and constitution of all suche bodyes as they take in hand to heale : and doe marke verye dilygently , euerye day , the alterations of the same , besyde this , they say , that yt is euerye honest Phisition hys part , to know , and consyder well , both the nature of the ayer , waters , and wyndes , and the place also wher the sycke abydethe , and his accustomed diet , as well in meates , and drinkes , as bathes , exercises , & other thinges , to the end , that he may haue a sure knowledge , bothe of the causes , & remedyes , of all diseases . They wyll also that he be suche an one , that he be able , to proue by reason , what nature any kynde of medicyne hath , and that he be able to apoynt , ( though he neuer sawe yt before ) what yt is able to doe , and they counsel euery Phisition , to begynne his cure , accordyng to the strength of the sick , and not as the disease paraduenture shall wyll hym : And they doe not denye , but that experience is necessarye , howbeit they denye it to be sufficient to cure all malledies , and to finde , and serche out , all thynges . And also they say , that without reson , experience can hardly be come by . The first author , and founder of this sect , was Hyppocrates Lous , withoute dowt , the moste lerned , and noble Phisition , that euer was , after hym came Diocles , Praxagoras , and Chrysyppus , with many mo , no lesse lerned , then famouse .

¶ The .iii. chapter . The partes of phisicke

THere be .vi. especiall partes of phisicke , the firste dothe considere the constitucion of mannes nature , & bodie . The second defendeth the bodie from sycknes , kepynge it in healthe . The third inquireth the causes , and accidentes , of sicknes , and diseases . The forthe conteyneth the knowledge as well of thinges past , as also present , and to come . The fifth showeth an order , and a way , how all diseases , shoulde be healed : and this part , is deuyded into thre other partes . The firste of the thre , techeth the healing of sicknesses , by diet only , and therefore it is both the chefe , and moste noble parte of phisicke , and without the which , the other partes , which serue to the helyng of diseases , can not be : and hereof it is , that Hippocrates wrot thre great bokes of the remediynge of all feruent diseases , by diet onlye , in the which boke , he proueth euydently , that of a lytell faut or error in the diet of suche as be sycke , foloweth death without remedy , the whiche thing yf it be true , as vndoutedlye it is , what be such Phisitions worthye , as doe vtterlye necglect the same , and thinke that they haue done a great feat , whan they haue wrytten a byl or two , to the appoticarie , takynge no care in the meane tyme , what manner of dyet , the sicke kepeth .

The seconde parte , healeth by medicins inwarde , & outwardly taken . But there be medicins of .ii. sortes , that is to say simple , and compounde , and first to the parfit curyng of the disease most necessary is the knowledge of the simple and this care whiche is a greate charge , is commytted to such , as be vnlerned , yea and in many places ( more is the pittie ) to folish , & ignorant wemen : I wolde rather wishe , the handlynge of suche Iuelles , to be in the handes , of the best lerned , and wysest Phisitions : For as it is a thinge to be laughhed at , if a Paynter know not his pensill , or a coblar hys nall , or a tannar his lether , so think ye that a Phisition is not to be laught to scorne ? yf he know not the matter of that arte , which he professeth ? But now adayes he is most set by ; and had in the gretest estimation , which knoeth the least , & which can make one medicine serue a thowsande diuerse diseases , whiche is as lyke to be true , as one shooe to be mete & sit for so many feet . And as for medicins , they be not worth a vyle straw , except they com out of Ethiop , Arabi , or India , wheras for vs english men , ther is non so good , as our owne Englishe simples : For it can not be proued , that nature euer brought forthe any wher liuing creatures , where as she left nothing to fede them wyth all , and lykewyse as she hath prouided meat , so hath she medicyns also , but the suttylties of men , for their owne gayne , and priuat Lucre , hath browght to passe that al thing is oute of order , bothe in the shoppes of the appoticaries , and other places elles where . The thyrd part is Surgery , which is wrought by mannes hand , which Gallen commendeth hyghly , in many , and sundry bokes .

¶ The .iiii. chapter . The distribution of Phisicke in to thre formes .

QVre forfathers haue distributed , and deuided Phisicke , into thre formes , or orders , and that for no other pourpose , but that yonge studentes of Phisick , might lerne diligently , and a gret dele the better remember , what so euer they had red , in the monumentes of olde writers . The first order is of those thinges , of the whiche , mannes body is made of , and it hath plesed the foresayde elders , to call suche thinges , as oure body is compact , & made of thinges natural , because to the perfection of mannes body they be necessary .

The seconde order , is of those thinges , with the which , oure bodye is nourished , that yt may remayne in healthe : & these thinges be called not naturall , not because they be vtterlye agaynst oure nature , but because if they be geuen without discrecion , they may make suche alteration in the bodye , as may extinguishe and abolishe vtterlye , the lyfe .

The thirde order , is of such as hurt , and harme the body , and corrupt it , & therfore , they be called , thinges agaynste nature , be cause they be clene contrary to nature .

¶ The fyfth chapter . Of the number of thinges naturall .

NOwe it is tyme to speke of the first part of Phisicke , whiche entreateth of the naturall constitution of mannes bodie , & this part of Phisicke , is not put firste , without a cause : For no man can do any good with a medicyne , whiche is ignorant in the constitution of mannes bodie , therfore the thinges naturall wherof mannes bodye is conpact & made , be seuen in number .

1 Elementes : as the fiere , ayer , water , and erthe .

2 Temperamentes : as hote , cowlde , moyst , and drye .

3 Humores : as blowde , fleume , chollar bothe yelow & black .

4 Partes : as flesh , bone , brayne harte , liuer , heed , and handes

5 Faculties : as Animall , vitall , & naturall .

6 Actions : as Animall , & naturall .

7 Spirites : as animall , vitall , and naturall .

These thinges I entend ( god willing ) to expresse so well as the sterillite of my simple wyt , will geue me leaue , begynnyng first wyth the Elementes .

¶ The sixte , chapter . Of the Elementes .

TVlly the eloquent Romain , counselleth very wel euery man , first of all and before he make any far procedynge , to defyne the thing , of the which he pourposeth to entreat , to the entent that euery man may perceyue what it is the is spoken of therfore according to his counsell ( I wyll fyrst define what an element is : wherfore an element , ( as Galen sayeth in the .viii. boke of the decrees of Plato , and Hyppocrates ) is the lest part of that thynge , of the which it is an element , and of these amongest the hole nature of thynges , there be but fower in number , which is the fyer , Ayer , water , and yearth : and as of these all thynges naturall , haue there begynnynge , so at the length , they shall be resolued into the same agayne . For Hyppocrates sayeth , in a boke , which he entytelleth the nature of man , that after the soule is once dissolued from the body , euery thinge , wherof the body was of first , is returned in hys owne nature agayne , as loke what in the begynnyng was drye , that is tourned in to drye , & what was moyste , becommeth moyste agayne : and lykewyse heat is turned into heat , and colde , becommeth colde agayne , but after these elementes be once mixte in the body they can no more be called elementes , that is to say pure , and simple bodyes , & that the is made of them , is a bodye mixt , and corruptible .

Therfore as Gallen counselleth in the firste boke of elementes , go not about to serche out or to finde in any naturall body , any thinge that is simple , and not mixt , or compounded , leste thou lose thy peyne , but be contented yf thou se a member that is could , hard , and drye , and a nother that is moyste , rare , and fluxible , to thinke the tone to come of the yearth , and the other , of the water , And lykewyse whan thou considerest with thy selfe , in thy mynde , the nature of a spirit , then remember the ayer . For seing that the elementes , be the lest partes of owre bodies , it is not possible that they should be perceyued by any sense . Yf these elementes wer not mixte all together , nether man , nor no other liuinge creature , coulde be made of them , for what part of the body they should towch , they must of necessitie , corrupt the same . For ther is no part of the bodie that can abyde safe without hurt , or dammage , the towchynge of any thynge , that is ether extreme hote or extreme colde , moyest , or drye . And herof it is euident that these elementes be not mixt in mannes bodye , as wheate , or barley , is mixt in a hepe , for of the grayne ther is no alteration , seing after the mixture it remaynethe hole , but the elementes be so altered , and chaunged , that after the mixture , ther remayneth nothyng , but onely a signification of theire qualities , the which qualities , whiles they be in the elementes , altering the substaunce subiect to them , do cause the mutuall alteration , of the elementes . Yt is necessarie for a Phisition , to consider exactlye , and diligentlye , the nature of the elementes , to the ende that he may knowe , howe health is made of the temperature , of heat , cold , dry , and moyst , and of the distemperature of the same sicknes .

¶ The seuen chapter . Of temperamentes

AMongest thynges naturall , the temperamentes , haue the second place , a temperament is no thinge elles , but a complexion , or a conbination of the fower elementes or elles of heat , coulde , dry and moyst : of temperamentes there be .ix. differencis , of the which one is temperat , be cause it excedeth in no qualitie , the rest be all distemperat , of the which .iiii. be simple , as hot , cold , dry , & moyst , and .iiii. be compounde , as hot & moyst to gether , cold and dry , hot and dry , coulde , and moyst . The ix . difference , which I sayed before was temperat , may be taken .ii. manner of wayes , ether temperat simple and absolutly , or elles temperate in euerye kynde of thinges : loke what is temperate simply , and absolutly , that in the respect of all thinges , is temperat and in it the elementes be equally mingled , and such a thinge must be knowen by cogitacion only , for other wayes it cannot , as Gallen is a manifeste witnesse in the firste boke , that he writ in the defence of health .

And that is temperat in euery kind , in the which , is the same mediocrity of contrary elementes , as is conuenient to the nature , not only of man and best , but also of trees , and plantes , and this temperament is in all them that be hole accordynge to there nature , and it may be knowen of hys functions , and officis , who is hole according to hys nature .

For he that can doe euerie thing well , which he is apt to doe naturally , is as hole as nature made hym , whether it be man or best or it be tree , or plant : as an apple tre is very well , or hole , according to his nature , whan he bereth a great number of good apples , and likewise an horse , whan he runneth very swift . Therfore this is not the temperament , which is mesured by weyght , wherin ther is as many degrees of heat , as of cold , and of drinesse as of moisture , for that is no where , nor can not be knowen , but by cogitation , as is a foresayd : but in this temperament which is in euery kynd of thinges the elementes be so mixt , that the temperament which commeth of the mixture , agreeth both to the nature of men , bestes , and plantes . Therefore it is called a temperament , accordynge vnto iustice , which mesureth to euery man , not by weyght , but by dignity : wherefore what soeuer thinge exceadeth this temperament , ether in heate , could , drynes , or moysture , the same is not temperate : and of the same that redoundeth it taketh the name , as if it be hete that is superfluous then it is called hot , & loke what thinge hath more hete , then colde , that same is hote , & contrary , yf it haue more cold than heate , it is called could , & lykewise that that hath more moysture , then drines , is named moyst : and agayne , yf it haue more drines than moysture , then it may be called dry : and here of it commeth the summer is called hote , because it hath more hete then coulde , and wynter is called colde , because it hath more colde then heate : furthermore if a thinge excede in heat and moysture to gether , or in colde and drynesse , or in hete and drynesse , or in colde and moysture , then it must take name , of the qualities which excedeth : as yf heat and moysture excede , then it must be called hote and moyste : yf colde and drynes , cold and dry : and so of the other . And hereof it is euident , that sumtyme one temperament is equall and temperate in one opposicion , and distemperate , and not equall in an other .

For yf it be not necessary , for that that is hote to be dry , but may be moyst , then it may also be temperate , because the meane is nygher to the dry temperature , then is the moyst : and lykewise an other temperature that is colde yf it may as well be dry as moyst , may be temperate also : because the meane is nigher to the moyst temperature , then the dry is .

The same answere may be made of drye and moyste , that before is made of hote and colde . Therefore it is no maruayle , though there be sumthinge temperate in the one halfe , and not temperate in the other . But here thou must take hede , yf thou be axed of what temperature a man , an asse , or an oxe is , that thou answere not symply and absolutly : For to that that is spoken diuersly , and is diuerie also of it selfe , no man can make absolutely & simply a direct answere : Therfore before thou make thyne answere , thou must bid hym , showe that the man , the asse , or the oxe , whereof he douteth : then yf he dout of a man , thou muste haue a respect to the perfit man , whiche ( as Gallen sayeth in the firste boke of his temperamentes ) is neyther hote , nor coulde , and as he differeth from hym , so make answere , sayinge eyther that he is hot , or otherwise as thy iudgement shall lede the : but yf he doubt of a best , then thou must haue an eye to the hole kynde of men . For all other kindes , compared vnto it , are distemperat , & as he differeth from mankynde , eyther in hete , or otherwise , so shape hym an answere . And that thou be not deceyued , in makyng thyne answere , thou muste vnderstand , that heat , coulde , dry , and moyst , be taken diuersly : For first they be taken absolutely , and simply , that is to say without any admixtion of other bodyes : and of this sorte , the only elementes be hot , coulde , dry , & moyst : secondarely they be spoken by excesse , as whan there is in one thing , more hete then coulde , more drynesse , then moysture , or other wyse : and of this fassion bloud , fleme , wyne , oyle , & honny , be called hot , colde , dry , and moyst : and that , that is called hote , colde , dry , and moyste of this sort , is spoken yet .2 . maner of wayes . fyrst absolutly , that is compared to no one alone , but to the hole nature of thinges , and of this fasshion a dog , simply , & absoluetly taken , and not compared to any thing alone , is dry : otherwise that is to say not absolutly , but compared to sum one alone , may be moyst , as to a pismyre . And moreouer , there be .iii. diuers maner of comparisons , the first is betwyxt two of diuers kyndes , as a man to a beaste . The second is whan the distemperate is compared to the temperate of the same kynde , as a man compared to the parfit man , whereof we spake before . The thirde is , whan .ii. distemperate of one kynde , is compared together : as one man to an other , one lyon to an other , one horse to an other . Whosoeuer dothe diligently examin these thinges , may easly iudge of what temperament the iiii . tymes of the yere , that is to say the springe , summar , autumne , and winter , be . For euery one of these by hym selfe and without comparison , maye be called hote cold , drye , or moyst , & of this fashion the spring is withoute all excesse , because there is not as is in wynter , more colde then heat : nor as in summar , more heat than cold : lykewyse there is a mediocritie of drynesse and moysture , and therfore Hippocrates sayeth , that it is the most holsumest tyme of all the yere , and a tyme in the which there chaunseth no deadly sicknes . For the moste part of the diseases of the springe , happen by reson that all the euyll humors be driuen from the innar partes , in to the skynne . Wherefore the diseases be rather to be imputed to the body , then to the tyme of the yeare . For what body so euer hath good homours , that bodye remayneth styll in healthe , so long as the spryng lasteth : paraduenture it doeth not so in summar , autumne or wynter , because these tymes brede or encrese euyll humors : as summar encreaseth chollar , & autumne melancholy , & wynter fleme & watrish humors . It is possible , that sum man wyll reprehend my sayinges , obiecting the begynnyng of the springe to be coulde , accordyng to wynter , & the latter ende hot , as in summar . In dede I confesse no lesse , then the begynnynge of the springe , to be a lytell coulde , and the latter ende , a lytell hote , but not in excesse , as it is eyther in summar , or wynter . Wherfore it can not be called hote and moyest , as summe doe suppose , because it can not be hot and temperat , both at one tyme . As for summar by the consent , as well of the Philosophers , as of phisitions , is hot and dry , because there is in it more heat then could , more drinesse , then moysture . Autumne simply , and without exception , can not be called colde , and dry , as summe holde opinion , for it is not coulde , because there is as muche heate as coulde , seing the middle of the day is much hotter , then the mornynge , and euenynge . Therefore it is founde to be distemperat , in heat , and coulde , and so mixt of bothe , that it can nether be called hote , nether coulde . Therefore it is full of perilouse diseases because it is distempered both in heate , and coulde : and because it hath more drynesse , then moysture , therefore it is called dry . As for wynter it is moyst , & could , not because it is more moyst & coulde , then the other times of the yere , but because there is more moysture then drines , more could then heate . Nowe that I haue so brefelye ( as I coulde ) declared the temperamentes of the tymes of the yere , it is mete & conuenient , to shewe in as fewe wordes as I can , the temperamentes of the iiii . ages , which are chyldehode , youth , mannes state , and olde age : Chyldehode is from the chyldyng the space of .xv. yere next folowyng , and it is hote and moyst , and that is easie to be perceyued hereof , that the first constitution of the chylde , is of seede , and bloude , the whiche both be hote and moyst . Youthe beginneth where chyldehod endeth , & continueth .x. yeres : in this age ther is more firye heat , & lesse natural heat than is in childehode as Gallen witnesseth in hys second boke of temperamentes . Mannes state begynneth at .xxv. and continueth to .xxxv. the which tyme is hote and dry : Olde age beginneth at .xxxv. and continueth the rest of the lyfe , though summe doe recken it but to .ix. and fortie yere , and it is colde & dry . Ye shall fynde in other places , mo differences of ages , howbeit I thinke these sufficient , for suche as be not to deynty , and exquisite . Whoso thinketh hym selfe not satisfyed , with this brefe exposition of temperamentes , let hym reade diligently Galenes .iii. bokes of temperamentes , and I dout not , but he shall be satisfyed . For I makyng haste to better and more profitable knowledge , cannot finde in my harte , to tary any lenger in this disputation , yet whoso euer shall dilygently examine in hys mynde that that is wrytten before , may easely ( yf he be not halfe folishe ) gather the rest which wanteth without a techer , or an instructar .

¶ The .viii. chapter of humors .

HVmours be fower in number , that is to say , bloude , chollar , flewme , and melancholy : of the which , bloude is hote , moyst , and swete . Flewme is coulde , moyst , and vnsauery , lyke vnto the pure water : yelowe chollar , hote , dry , and bittar : blacke chollar , or melancholy , coulde , drye , sowre , and stipticke .

These humours be called hot , could , dry , and moyst , because they be so in power , and not in acte , and ther is great difference betwixte thinges that be hot of power : and thinges hot in acte . For that thing is hot in acte , which is hot alredy , and that is hot in power , which is not hot alredy , but may , and is apt to be hot afterward , & so we call bryne , or vinegar drye , though they appere to the eye to be moyst , yet experience hath proued them drye , because they consume the superfluous humours , bothe of flesh , & also other thinges . Whan these .iiii. humours reserue theyr forsayde qualities , then the body wherein they be , is hole , and without disease , and the before named humours , be called of the Phisitions , naturall . The receptacles of bloud , be the vaynes , and pulses , but the bloud , that is contayned in the pulses , ( as Gallen sayeth in his first boke , and first chapter of affected places ) differeth from the blowde of the vaynes , in that , that the blowde of the pulses is both hotter , thynnar , & yelower . The well of the blowde , is the liuer , & not onely that , but also the first instrument of mannes bodye and the naturall and true cullour of the blowd , is red : which Galen affirmeth in many places . Where blowde redoundeth the body is feat , fayer , mery , & plesantly disposed . Flewme , of cullour is white , which at the length by the meanes of naturall heat , may be tourned in to bloude : and therefore seinge it is a nowrishment but halfe boyled , nature hath prouided no propre , or peculier receptacle for the pourgynge of it . For flewme engendred in the stomake or mawe , be cause it is carryed together with the iuice that came of the meate & drinke vp in to the liuer , is at length by much alteration tourned into bloude , and that which is caryed together with the bloud in the vaynes , may skant be spared , because it mittigateth the greate feruent , and outragious heat of the bloud : therfore it hath morenede to tarry styll & be altered , then to be pourged , & caryed away , but that that remayneth behynde in the guttes , is pourged , & caryed quite oute at the fundament , by reason of the chollar cummynge fro the lyuer ( as Gallen sayeth in the .v. of his bokes , of the vse of the partes of mannes body . ) The excrement which falleth from the brayne in to the mouth , can not properly be called flewme but rather muck , or sniuil : flewmatick bodyes , be slothfull , slepy , fleshye , & soone horeheared . Yelowe chollar hath his name , of his culour , & nature hathe prouided a proper place for it , which is the blather vnder the liuer : for it was necessary for it to be parted from the bloud , lest at the length the hole body , should becumne yelowe , as it doth in the yelowe Iawndies . Cholericke men be angry , sharpe wytted , nymble , and quicke in all theyr affayers , inconstant , and leane and good digesters of theyr meat : melancholy is the dregges and filthe of the bloud , and therefore it is blacke , as it appereth in the name : it were great daunger , for it to be left in the liuer , therfore the splyne is prouided of nature , to receyue it , the which splyne yf it drawe lesse then it should do , then the melancholy , or blacke chollar , is left with the blowde : by reason whereof the body getteth a black colour , or at the least a feuer quartayne . Men that be melancholy , be sottell , couetouse , greate frettars with them selues , vnfaythful , sad , and carefull , enuious ferfull , and weak sprited . The vse of these forsayde humors , is such in especiall as foloweth . The bloud serueth to the nowrishment of the hole body , flewme helpeth the mouyng of the ioyntes , yelow chollar clenseth the intestines of of their flewme and filthe , melancholy healpeth the action of the stomake , ( as Gallene writeth in his v. boke of the vse of the partes , of mannes body ) by reason that it draweth the stomake together , wherby the naturall heat , is encreased : & the concoction of the meat , made much the more parfit . Soranus an Ephesian borne , wryteth : that these humours rule the body by course , eche of them .vi. houres to gether : as bloud begynneth at .ix. of the clocke in the night , & ruleth vntyll .iii. of the mornyng , yelowe chollar beginneth at .3 . in the mornyng , and gouerneth vntyll .ix. of the mornyng , melancholy beginneth at .ix. and continueth to .iii. in the after noone . Flewme begynneth at .iii. of the after noone , and lasteth tyll .ix. of the night . These humors , sumtyme lose theyre naturall qualities wherby they hurt the body , and be called not naturall . Blowde becummeth vnnaturall , ether whan it putrifieth in the vaynes , be cause the pores be shut , or els whan it is mixt with summe other euyll humor , as in the dropsy , where it is mingled with water , or finally , whan it is mixt , ether with ouer muche chollar , flewme , or melancholy , whereof it taketh a newe name , and is called eyther cholericke blowd , flewmaticke , or melancholy bloud : For it is neuer naturall , except in the mixture , it haue the rule and dominion . Of vnnaturall flewme , there be .iiii. kyndes , ( as Gallen wytnessyth in his second boke & .vi. chapter , of the differences of feuers ) . The first is watrysh , & of the cullar of molten glasse , wherof it hathe to name citrine & is very cowld . The second kynde , is that which after the hawking out , hath a swete taste , & is called swete flewme . The third is sowre of taste , & is not so colde as the citrine , & cowlder then the swete . The fowerth is salt , eyther by the mixture of summe salt humor , or elles by putrifaction , & is called salt flewme . Of vnnaturall yealowe chollar , there be .v. kyndes . The firste is yelowe , lyke vnto the yolkes of egges , & as Gallen sayeth is engendred in the vaynes The second is colowred lyke leade , or garlicke & is bred in the stomake or mawe . The thirde is of a rusty cullour , & it also is bred in the stomake . The forth inclineth sumwhat towardes grene , and is engendred in the place beforesayd . The .v. is of the cullour of the sea , and groweth in the stomacke also . Of melancholy , or black chollar , ther is but one kynde vnnaturall , & it is sumwhat browne of cullour , and so sharpe and sowre that it eateth , & fretteth the body , where it goethe .

¶ The .ix. chapter , of the partes of mannes body .

THe firste diuision of partes of mannes body , is of those , that the latten men call similares , & dissimilares , whiche in englishe , may be called lyke , and vnlike ▪ For similares be such partes as be lyke vnto them selues in all thinges , which when they be diuided , or parted in sonder the leste of them kepeth the same name that the hole dothe , whereof it is part : and dissimilares , be such as are vnlyke them selfes in all thinges , which whan they be deuided or parted a sunder , none of them can be called by the name that the hole is , as in example . No part of the head , can ( yf it be separat , & parted , from the head ) be called an head ▪ no more can any part of the hand be named an hand , nor of the foote , a foote : nor of the eye , an eye : yet euery parte of water is called water , and euery part of bloud , is called bloude , and euerye parte of bone , bone : and euery part of flesh , is called fleshe . Therfore these last rehersed be such as the laten men call similares , and the other be the selfe same , that be called dissimilares , or instrumentales . Gallen sayeth , that the same partes , which the latyns call similares , be the first elementes , and begynners of mannes bodye , although the selfe same , be common to brute beastes also , for ther is nether oxe , horse , ne dogge , but they haue pulses , vaynes , senewes , tiinges , gristilles , skinnes , and fleshe , yet not in all poyntes lyke vnto man , and beside these , other that man hath not , as hornes , bylles , spowres , & skales : of these , the other which be called dissimilares , or instrumentales , be made , as hed , handes , feet , & such lyke . An instrumentall parte , differith from the instrument , because that summe of the same partes , before is called similares , be instrumentes , and yet may not be instrumentall partes . For euery part ( as gallen sayeth ) that bringeth forth a parfit action , is an instrument : wherof it commeth that the pulses , vaynes , and senewes , be instrumentes , and no instrumentall partes . Of the instrumentall partes , there be thre called chefe , or principall : the brayne , hart , & liuer . There are summe , whiche addeth vnto these , the priuy partes , because they conserue and kepe the kinde .

There be belonging to these , iiii . other , as to the brayne , senewes : to the hart , pulses : to the liuer , vaynes : and to the pryuye partes , the sparmaticke vessayles : besyde these , there be certayne other partes of the body , whiche nether rule other , nor yet be ruled of other , but hath a facultie of them selfes , whereof they be gouerned : as bone , tiynge , skynne and fleshe . All the partes of mannes body , haue nede of pulses , and vaynes , to the keping of ther substance : vaynes , to the entent that they may be nowrished , and pulses for the kepynge of naturall heat in good temper . Hytherto I haue spoken generally of the partes of mannes body : whoso is wyllyng to haue a particular rehersall of all the partes , let them seke Gallen , or Vesal●us . For they haue written hole bokes , and greate volumes of them : and as for me , I haue written of the same , in an other place , so well as my wyt , lernyng , knowledge , and the sterilitie and baraynes of the english tong , wolde gyue me leue . Therfore if that I should wryte the same agayne . I shoulde both be ouer tedious to such as showld heare me , & also I showld breake my promyse , because I haue promised , to write a brefe , and a shorte treatyse , vpon Phisicke .

The .x. chapter , of powers or faculties .

A Facultie , or a power , is the cause , from whence the action procedethe . There be .iii. faculties , or powers , diuers ech to other , which gouerneth the bodye , and be called Animall , vitall , and naturall . The animall power or facultie , cummeth from the brayne by the senewes , & geueth both mouyng and felynge , to eche part of the body , and is author of the senses , and all voluntary actions . The vital power cummeth from the harte , and is caryed in the pulse throughout the bodye , wherto it geueth life : wherof it is euident , that the hart is the wel of lifely heat : the natural power , commeth from the liuer , and is caried to euerye parte of the body , by the vaynes , and serueth to the norishynge of the same . This power , or facultie , is deuided in .iiii. other powers , the first is attractiue , the second is retentiue , the third concoctiue or alteratiue , the fowerth expulsiue . The attractiue power , is the same , by the which , euery part of the body draweth to it , such iuyce as is mete and conuenient to norishe it , and that iuyce , which is sooneste made like , is most conuenient for nowrishment : therfore this power , seing that it prepareth matter , to the norishment of euery part , serueth to the power alteratiue , or concoctiue . The retentyue power holdeth the same which is al redy drawen , vntyl it be altered & chaunged : & this power also , serueth vnto the alteratiue , or concoctiue power .

The alteratiue power , hath name of hys action , for it altereth the iuyce , and at the length , maketh it lyke to the part , that is norished . The expulsiue power or facultie , separateth the euyll from the good , lest with long tariynge together , the one shoulde marre the other : & this as the other , serueth to the alteratiue power . These .4 . powers , be in euery part of euery naturall body , as Gallen witnesseth , in hys bokes , of powers or faculties .

¶ The .xi. chapter , of Actions .

AN action , is an actuall mouyng , procedinge from a facultie , and therefore the facultie is alwayes the cause of the action , wherfore whan the power perisheth , ther foloweth no action at all : That which the action hath made & finished , is the worke : as bloud , fleshe , & bone , and as ye may call euery action a certayne worke of Nature , so ye can not call euery worke , an action : as flesh is a work of nature , & not an action . There is in the body .ii. manner of actions . One is called Anymall , or voluntarie , which procedeth from the synowes , and muscules , & this is suche an action , that whan it is , it may be seased , & whan it is not , it may be raysed , as a man listeth , as in example . The head , armes , and legges , may be moued , or holden styll , as it shall plese the body , that hath them . This action is parted in to thre . The first is of feelynge , which is deuided in .v. as in to the action of seinge , hearinge , felinge , smellynge , and tastyng . The second , is the action of voluntarye mouyng . The third , is the action , of the cogitation , memory , and reason , which of all the rest , is most noble , and excellent . As for respiration , is a voluntary action , because it is in oure wyll to holde oure breth : or to let it go , which is euident of the seruaunt ( that Gallen speketh of ) which held his breth vntyl he dyed . Wherfore it is euident , that summe voluntarye actions , be free : & sum , serue the affections of the body . For to walke any whither , or to speake with any body , or to take any thinge , be fre actions , but to ease the belly or to make water , serue the necessitie of the bodye . Yt is possible for a man , to holde hys peace ( yf he haue so constitute with hym selfe ) an hole yeare to gether , but to hold his excrement , or hys water .ii. monethes , or .ii. weckes , it is not possible . For they prouoke so oft , and greue a man so muche , that oftentymes , they wyll not abyde , tyll they maye be conuenientlye let forth , and lyke vnto these , is respiration , or the action , of brething . For whosoeuer hathe his brethe stopped , but a very littell tyme , it is a greate doubte , yf he dye not fourth with all . But the naturall action , which is not voluntarye , cummeth of the vaynes , and pulses . For let a man doe what he shall , and yet they wyll doe theire office , without any let . Amongest the naturall actions , be reckened , generation , Auction , nutrition , Formation , Alteration , appeticion , attraction , concoction , retention , distribution , excretion , & such other . But as for generation , it is not one simple naturall action , for in it is , bothe alteration , and formation . The amplyfycation , and increacement , in length , bredeth , and depenesse , of all the vttar partes of the bodye , is called auction . Nutrition , is the assimilation , or makyng lyke , of the nurishment to that , that is nurished : to the whiche , apposition , and agglutination or adhesion be necessary . For after that the iuyce , which afterward shall nurish euery part of the body , is once fallen from the vaynes , it must first be put to , and then ioyned or glued , & last of all , made like . It is very mete and expedient for euery Phisition , entending his pacientes health , diligently to consider all the actions , as well the animall , as naturall : because of them , the constitution of the body , is easy to be knowen .

For what body so euer is in health , the same hath all the actions parfit and sownde , and what body is sicke and diseased , it hath cleane otherwise . Moreouer the action for the most part , declareth the place affected . For there can be no action hurt , but that part or instrument , wherin it is , must be affected also .

¶ The .xii. chapter , of spirites .

A Spirit is a subtyl , thynne , and bright substance , made of the finest partes of the blowd , that the power may be caried from the principall partes of the body , to the rest : wherby eche maye doe hys dutie and office . There be in number , only .iii. spirites : the animall , vitall , and naturall . The animall spirit , hath his place , in the brayne , and being dispersed in the senewes , geueth the power of mouinge , and feling , to eche part of the body : It is made of the vitall spirite . The vitall spirit , is in the hart , and is caried in the arteries , throughout the body , being the very cause of all naturall , and lyuely heat : It is made of the exhalations , or the dryest , and finest partes of the bloud . Yf there be any naturall spirit , it is in the liuer and vaynes , and in dede to say the truthe , there is no greate nede for any spirite , to carry any power of nowrishing through the body , seing that euery part draweth hys nurishment , euen as the adamante stone draweth yron : & besyde this , the liuer hath no such matter , as any spirit can be made of . For if there were any matter , wherof the naturall spirit might be made , that muste nedes be the vitall spirit , of whome the animall spirite also , is made : but seing that the vitall spirit is engendred in the hart , and by the pulses carryed through the body , it had ben necessary , that there shold haue ben great pulses , from the hart to to the lyuer , whiche might haue broughte so much vitall spirit , as shoulde haue suffised to haue made naturall spirite . Howbeit it is euident , that there cummeth no arteries to the lyuer , but such as be with the smallest for such a pourpose , and then ther is no such cauitie in the liuer , as is in the brayne , or hart , where any generation of the naturall spirit , may be . Moreouer , there is no vesselles prepared of nature for the cariage of it , excepte a man shoulde say , that it is caryed with the grosse bloude in the vaynes , whych is not lyke : seinge the vaynes , haue but one cote , and that of no great thickenes , nether ( & yf that were true , ) the vaynes shoulde beat , as the arteries doe . Also there is no waye or enterance for ayer , wherof it might be nowrished as the animall & vitall be . And agayne , the bloud of the lyuer , is so grosse , and mixt with other humors , that it is not mete to make any spirites of . Therfore , seinge that there is nether any ende , wherfore it showlde be made , nor matter , wherof it could be made , nor nourishment to preserue it , nor a conuenient place , to make it in , nor finally any way or conduite , wherby it might be brought in to euery part of the bodye : I may iustly , and not with out a cause , doubt of it , although it be a common opinion amongest the phistions , that there is a naturall spirite .

The ende of the firste boke .

The seconde boke .

¶ The .i. chapter , Of the number of thinges not naturall .

THinges not natural , be .vi. in number .

1 Ayer .

2 Meat and drinke , or any thing , īwardlye taken .

3 Exercise , and reste , both of the body , and partes .

4 Slepe and watche .

5 Excretion , and retention , or fulnes , and emptines .

6 Affectes or perturbations of the mynde .

These be called thinges not naturall , because they alter oure bodies , and if they be not discretly taken , vtterlye abolish health : on the other parte , yf they be wisely and soberly vsed : they doe not only defende health , but also strengthen nature in all her workes and actions . Therfore they be in that parte of phisicke , which defendeth health And to the ende that no man , be ignorant in the vse of them , I pourposse brefely , & in as fewe wordes as I can , to declare & shew the vses of eche of them alone by himselfe .

¶ The .ii. chapter , of Ayer .

QF thinges not natural . Ayer is most necessarye to be considered , because the naturall heat , can not be kept in temper , without it , and because , we muste nedes receyue it into our bodies , be the weather neuer so foule , and finallye there can neyther health be defended , nor disease cured , or remedied without it . Therfore it lyeth vs in hand , to take especiall heed , and diligent watche , that we minister it in due tyme and season , that it may be as it shoulde be , a cause of health , which no doubte it shall , if first we marke wel the substaunce of it , whether it be pure and clene , or grosse and thicke , or cloudie . That is the best and most holsume , which is purest , not infected with no standinge pooles , nor no marrishe groundes , nor with the carren of bestes , nor with the putryfaction of herbes , fruite , or grayne , and such lyke .

Whan we haue well considered the substance of the ayer , then we must marke well the qualitie . For as to temperat bodies , the moste temperat ayer is holsumest , so to bodies distempered , ayer distempered in a contrary qualitie , is most holsum : as to suche as be cowlde : ayer that is hote , and to suche as be hote , cowlde : and to them that be dry , moyste : and to suche as be moyste , dry . But yf it happen so , that the ayer be not contrary of qualitie , then it must be prepared and made for oure pourpose by art : as yf the disease or sicknes be hote & dry , then we must by sprinklynge of cowlde water on the pauement or floore , & by strawyng of herbes & be settyng vp of suche boughes as be colde & moyst , prepare the ayer & make it coulde , & moyst : On the othersyde , yf the disease be cowlde and moyst , then the house must be perfumed with such thinges as be hote and dry , vntyll the ayer also be made hote , and dry . In long diseases , ther is none so good a remedy , as to change the ayer : and therof it came , that so many going to saynte Cornelis , were healed & cured of the falling euyl : by changyng of the ayer , and not by myracle , as we poore fooles thought , kneling , & creping , to saynt Cornelis horne : but thankes be to the omnipotent , and euer lyuing god , and to oure noble kynge , such most vyle abhominable ydolatry , is nowe well lefte here in this realme .

¶ Of meate and drinke . The .iii. chapter

I Woulde counsel euery man , as well the hole as the sicke , to take good hede what they eat and drinke : For bothe the goodnes , mesure , qualitie , custome , delectation , order , tyme , houre , and age , must be considered . Therfore he that purposeth not to be sicke , nor to haue a sickly body , let his firste care be to eat suche meates , as make good iuice .

For there is nothyng so apt to breede sicknes , as is the euyl habit of the body , which is gotten by feadyng of meates , that make euyll and noughtye iuyce . That is alwayes good meate , which is light in digestyng , and thynne of substaunce , and the which also bredeth good iuyce : and that is euill , which is contrary vnto it . His next care ought to be , that he eate no more at one tyme , then is sufficient to serue Nature , & so he shall bryng to passe , that eyther he shall neuer or elles very seldome , fall in to any perilous disease : Howbeit the Phisition shoulde geue great diligence , in dieting of the sicke , For a litell to much sumtyme , though the meat be neuer so good , maketh a fault incorrigible : & a quicke or sharpe sicknesse , & a sicknes that is long & slow , may not be measured bothe a like . For a sharpe , & a short disease , must haue a thinne , and a slendar diet : and a longe disease , a more fullar . Therfore the Phisicion in prescribing of diet , must marke well the strength of hys pacient : & first according vnto hys strength , & then according to the nature of the sicknes , prescribe the measure of hys meates and drinkes .

After the measure the Phisition ought immediatly to marke well the qualitie of the meates : For such as be hole , to the ende that they may kepe theyr health , muste be fed with meates of lyke , & not of contrary qualitie : and suche as be sicke , ought to be fed with meates of contrary qualitie : As they that be sycke for hete , must be remedied by meates that be coulde , & they that be sicke of colde diseases , must haue hote meates : and in diseases that be moyste , dry meates : and in dry diseases , moyst meates . Therfore suche as haue moyst bodies , as children , must be fed with moyst meates : and such as be sicke of dry diseases , as of feuers , must also be fed with moyst meates , the tone to kepe theyr bodyes moyst styll , & the other , to amende and correcte their drynesse : and lykewise of the rest . Such as be hote of nature , must eat hot meates , that they may kepe theyr heat styll , but yf theyr heat once waxe vnnaturall , then it must be brought in temper , by the healp of such thinges , as are colde : and yf they be ouer colde , by heat : and yf they be ouer moyst , by dryeth : but if theyr heat , colde , drinesse or moysture be naturall , & excede not , then it must be cherished styll with meates of like qualities , as I said before . Next the qualitie consider the custume , for that ought not to be broken , except there be great cause whye , seing that such meates as a man hath accustomed hym selfe vnto , although they be worse , hurt not so much as the other doe , of the which he hath not accustomed to eat of . Therfore in diseases , the Phisition may not be to busie , in pluckyng away their pacientes from theyr accustomed meates & drinkes : but if it happen so , that of necessitie there must be a change , then it may not be done rashely , or all at ones , but fayre & softly , and by lyttell , & lytell . For all sudden mutations , be daungerous . And it is mete for the Phisition to obserue , in what meates the sicke deliteth most . For suche as he hath pleasure of in the eatinge , the same the stomake enbraseth more gredely : and digesteth or altereth much soner , & therfore they must be taken , & preferred before better , though they be worse . Furthermore he must take heed what order his pacient kepe in hys diet , for it is a preposterous ordar , to beginne with quynces or orynges and ende with sallades , made of herbes , and oyle .

Take this alwayes as a generall rule , that that meat which is most easy to be digested , shoulde be eaten before that , that is hardar : & that also that is moyst , before that that is drie : and that that is leuse and slipperie , before that that is hard and byndinge . Amongest other thinges , the time of eatyng wolde not be forgotten .

They that be hole , shoulde exercise them selfes before they eat , & should not eat against theyr appetite , nor abstayne whan ther appetite prouoketh them : & they that be sicke , shoulde vtterlye forbeare , vntyll there fittes were in the declination , or ful finished .

Howbeit the disease may be suche , & the pacientes strength so weake , that it shall be nedefull to fede them , both in their fittes , & out of theyr fittes : howbeit I leaue that to the discretion of the Phisition . And I thinke it but well doone , to put you in remembraunce , what your diet should be , in the .iiii. seuerall times of the yere : In winter , more meat and lesse drinke , and meates and drinkes that be hot and drye , as rosted meates , and wyne then may safely be dronken , withoute water . In the spring , we shoulde eat sumdele lesse , and drinke a lytell more then in wynter , and eate also more of fleshe , and change from rosted to boyled : In summar we must endeuer oure selfes , that oure bodies may be soft , and colde , and therfore we must eat lesse , & drinke the more , and eat for the most part boyled meates , & such as is colde . In Autumne we should eat sumthynge more then in summer , and drinke lesse , and of byggar drinkes be sumthinge more bolder then in summer . And as the tyme is to be considered , so is the age also . For chyldren must be fed , with moyst meates . And such as be not yet at their groeth , because their bodies be more temperate , muste haue , more temperate meates . And lusty men such as is alredye paste theyr groeth , because their bodies be hot , and dry , shoulde haue lyke meates , that is to say suche as is hot & dry : olde men because their bodies be ouer cold and dry , must be fed with meates , that be hote and moyste .

¶ The .iiii. chapter , Of exercise , and rest .

EVery softe mouynge , is not an exercise , as Gallen sayeth , but that that is sūthing vehement , as lepyng , coytyng , runnyng , tennys , footbale , shootyng , and such lyke . Exercise hath many notable commodities but .3 . in especiall : the hardnes of the instrumentes , the encrese of naturall heat , and the more vehement and quicker mouynge of the spirites : & eche of these hath hys peculier , and particuler commoditie . The instrumentes by meanes of theire hardnes , may endure to labor the bettar , and also perfourme theyre action more easely . The encrese of naturall heat amendeth the alteration , and concoction of the meat , wherby the body is much the more luckely nurished . The quicker & vehementer mouynge of the spirites , healpeth to pourge the excrementes , bothe by the raynes , skinne , & guttes . Exercise bringeth these commodities to the bodye , yf it be taken in due tyme , or elles it hurteth more then it profitteth : for yf it be taken whan ther is ether any cruditie in the stomake , or vaynes , it will fill all the body full of euyll humors , by reason that the crude , and rawe iuyse , is plucked in to eche part of the bodye . Wherfore exercise , shoulde ether be taken before meat , or elles after that the concoction of the stomake & liuer is ended : & the parfit knowlege of this tyme , is taken of the vryne . For whan the concoction of the liuer is donne , then the vryne waxeth yelowe . Howbeit the very best tyme of exercise is whan yesterdayes meat is throughly digested : as one time for exercise , is better than an other , so one kynde of exercise , profiteth the body more then an other . That is the beste kynde of exercise , in the which euery part of the body , susteyneth lyke labor and payne , and yet in the same there may be committed many errors and faultes : for it may be to much , or to littell , yet of bothe , lesse hurteth to lyttle . Therfore the exercise , wolde continue so longe , vntyll the bodye swellethe , and waxinge read , beginne to swete all ouer : and whan any of these tokens chanceth , then the exercise wolde be seased incontinent , lest the good iuice be expelled together with the euyll , & so the body shal be made leaner , and dryer , which wyll hynder the groinge . As exercise , yf it be discretely mynistred , preuayleth much to the defence of health , so rest and quietnes , yf it be not taken in his tyme , filleth the body full of sicknes : For it causeth cruditie , which is the mother , and roote in manner , of all daungerous sicknes . There be many good tymes for rest , but the very best tyme , as Hyppocrates witnessith , is whan the body is weried with labor , and exercise . For then he sayeth , that the rest taketh awaye the werinesse .

¶ The .vi. chapter , of slepe , and watche .

SLepe is the rest of the animal power , or as Aristotell sayeth , the priuation & takynge away , of the senses , whiche cummeth of a profitable humor , fallyng from the brayne in to the senewes . Of slepe the body receyueth many profitable commodities .

For whiles the animall power resteth , the naturall power laboreth most strongly , by reason wherof the meat is well digested , and the bodie luckely nurisshed .

There be .iiii. thinges , whiche in slepe , wolde by earnestlye loked vpon .

The firste is the sleping tyme , as the night , which for slepe of all other tymes , is moste conuenient : both because the night is coulde & moyste , and because that then , all thinges is quiet without any noyse . I wolde counsell no man to slepe on the daye except he feele ether a great wearinesse in al his body , or haue not slept the night before , and yet then it wolde not be taken vpon a full stomake neyther , but rather fasting , and emptie .

The second is the quantitie , for slepe yf it continue to long , beside other incommodities , it letteth the pourginge of excrementes .

The thirde , is the lyinge a bed , for therby the disgestion maye be eyther furthered or hyndered . Wherfore first it is best to lye vpon the right side , and then vpon the lift , that the meat , and drinke , may go lowe ynough , and the mouth of the mawe shet the better .

As for lying vpon the backe , it is vtterly condemned of all men , for it is the cause of many perilous diseases , as the apoplexie , & such lyke .

The fowerth thing , which must be considered in slepe , is the nature of the dreames : for by them the Phisition shall haue a great gesse of what quality the humor is , which redoundeth and is superfluous . The Phisition ought to be as diligent , in the ministration of slepe , to them that be sicke , as to them that be hole . For as all other thinges , so slepe , yf it be not well ordred & taken in hys tyme , may hurt very muche . It hurteth them moste , whiche haue any of theyre innar partes inflamed : wherfore such must be kept from slepe , lest the inflammation be encresed withall : and moreouer in shakynge feuers , the sicke ought to be kept waking , whyles the colde shakynge endureth , lest the natural heat , & bloud be drawen in to muche , by reason whereof , the feuer wyll be much the more stubberne to be cured . Such as be hole , and without sicknesse , muste beware of ouer much slepe , lest the good temper of theyr braine be quite marred , & theyr strength also cleane resolued : and of the other syde yf they watche to much , theyre bodies shall be filled with rawe humors : therfore it must be vsed , nether to much , nor to lytell , but moderatlye , & in a meane . Of slepe & watche , much more might be written , howbeit , this maye suffise well ynough , at this time .

¶ The .vi. chapter , of fulnesse and emptinesse .

GAllen sayeth that there is .ii. kyndes of fulnesse . The tone is whan the qualytie alone excedeth , and the other , whan the humors be growen to much in quantitie . Ther is also yet an other kynde of fulnesse , which is called repletion , and that is properly of meat and drincke .

Howbeit Gallen maketh .ii. kindes of repletion , the tone is , whan the veselles be so ful , that they can not receyue easylye any more , as whan a man hath eaten so muche , that his bellye seemeth to be extended withall : and the other is whan the power is loded to muche , though the veselles be not halfe full , as whan a man eateth more meate then nature or the power that gouerneth hys body , can digest . Yet the abundaunce of humors , is deuided in to mo kindes , for whan all the humors doo abound to gether , it is called of the grekes , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , and of the latines plenitudo , and in englishe , it maye very wel be named fulnesse : So whan the bloud only redoundeth it maye be called fulnesse , because it is not so pure , but that there is bothe chollar , flewme , melancholy , & water in it : and this fulnesse is mente .ii. maner of wayes , as whan the holowenesse of the vaynes is filled , so that the vaynes swell withall : or elles whan the power that maketh blud , is not sufficient to alter or digeste that that is contayned with in .

Whan the bodye is filled , eyther with yelowe chollar , melancholy , flewme , or watrish humors , then it is called Cacochimia , whiche in Englishe , is as muche to saye , as euyl , and naughty iuyce .

I coulde neuer nether in Gallen , nor in any other notable author , find any mo differencis of fulnes , then is afore rehersed : therefore seinge that I haue brefely , sayed all that I can concernyng the differences of fulnesse , or repletion : it remayneth behynde to shewe my mynde concernyng the differences of emptinesse , or euacuation , which may cum many wayes : as by lettyng of bloud , pourgyng of the belly by medicyne , by the settyng to boxing glasses , by fastinge , by slepynge after hungar , by vryne , by drawyng out of the spettill , by bledynge at the nose , by bryngynge downe of wemens flowers , by the Hemorrhoides , by carnall copulation , by insensible euaporation . Of the which I entend to speke of eche in hys ordar . The body , hath most nede of bloud lettinge , whan the vaynes be so full , that they be extended withall : For than it is a present remedy , and howe muche the more a man fealeth hym selfe heuyer then he was wont to be , so much that kynd of fulnesse which is referred to the strength , is encreased : but then the vesselles , are thought to be full , whan the body is much extended with prickynge paynes , & then the Phisition may be bolde to open the vaynes , so that the pacient haue competent strength , but the other kynde of repletion , may not alwayes be remedied with bloud letting , but sumtimes other wayes , as by fastynge , pourging , and such lyke , & it is as necessary to open the vaine , whan by meanes of summe stroke , or for summe greate payne & grefe , or by the debylitie of summe part , the bloude is inflamed , as it is in the kyndes of fulnesse , or repletion before named : to be brefe whan so euer the disease is outragiouse , yf the strength serue , ther is nothyng so necessary as to let bloud . Amongest al other thinges in lettyng of bloude , the age must be considered : for children before .xiiii. yeares be ful complete & ended , & old men after they be past lxx . yeres ought not but vpon great considerations be let any bloude : Howbeit , if in this age they be ful of bloud , and haue good strength , and yf the tyme of the yeare also serue , and the disease be such , that it requireth bloude lettynge , the Phisicion maye boldlye open the vayne a lyttell . Therfore the number of the yeares are not onely to be considered , but the complexion , or the habyt of the sicke mannes body also . For summe at .lx. yeares , may abyde more , then other summe at .l. wherfore whan the strength serueth , & the sickenesse requireth the takynge awaye of bloud , the phisition may boldly , & at one time , take away as much as shal be conueniente , to the curyng of the disease : but in case the strength of the paciente be feble and weake , then the bloude wolde not be taken awaye al at one tyme , but rather at twise , or thrise , as the sicke , maye departe withall . In extreme burninge feuers , if the strength serue , the best remedy is , as Gallen sayeth , to let bloude , vntyll the bodye waxeth faynte , and swoune with all , for the colynge of the body , wyll extinguishe the feuer , and in manye , bothe lose the bellye , and also prouoke sweate . In letting of bloude , the naturall constitution of the body , must be wel loked vpon , for they that haue great vaynes , & be nether to leane , nor to whyte , may spare more bloude , then they that be very leane , & white , & haue but small , and litell vaines . The region , may not be forgotten nether , for such as doe dwell in regions which be very muche distempered ether with heate or colde , may not abyde the takynge awaye of much bloude , because that theyre bodies whiche dwell in the colde region or contrye , losing much naturall heat with theyr bloud , waxe afterward to colde : & the strength of theyre bodyes whiche dwell in the hote contrey , is afterwarde dissolued or dissipate , with ouermuche heate : and by this reason , nether summar , nor wynter , be conuenient to let bloude in , but the springe only , because that it is temperate . As concerning what time , or houre of the daye , Gallenes counsell is , that theye that be hole , in the morninge , within an houre after that they be risen , & they that be sicke , at all houres , both of the day , and nyght ( so that theyr strength and sicknesse do so require . ) The Phisition ought before he let any vaine be opened , to inquire diligently of hys formar life , and diet : For yf he haue liued ydellye , and haue bene fed with such meates as nurrishe much , he may take boldly & without feare the greater quantitie of blud , howbeit yf he haue bene a greate riottour , & a common drunkarde , then Gallen sayeth that it is mere foolishenesse to do any thynge at all , for such by theyr intemperat lyfe , wil fil as fast as they be emptyed . In bloud lettyng , the especiall care ought to be , of the vayne . For seinge that ther is .iii. vaynes in the arme , the innar vayne , which is called of the Surgiens , basilica , and is the lyuer vayne , shoulde be opened , for all swellynges , or payne vnder the necke . But the vtter vayne , which is called cephalica , & in englishe the head vayne , owghte to be smitten whan the partes aboute the necke be troubled , as the head , and face . The middell vayne , which is called Mediana , wolde not be medled with , but there as the other vaynes , appere not . There be vaynes also at the knees , and anclees , which whan the disease liethe lowe , is most meet to be opened . The last care , and charge showlde be , of the stintyng of the bloud : For how much the better it runneth , so muche the soonar it wolde be stinted , or stayed : but after that the vaine is ones smitten , it shoulde not be stayed , vntyl ether that the bloud , or pulse were chaunged . The seconde way of emptiynge the body , is by medicyne receyued in to the stomake , which should not be vsed but whan the body is replete with euyll , and corrupt humors : wherfore such as be in healthe and haue good and swete humors , Hippocrates wold in no case to be purged , by any medicine , for feare of dissoluing theyr power . But such as haue nede of pourgynge , must first make them selfes apt & meete for the same , by bathes & eatyng of moyst meates : for so they shall delyuer theyre guttes from obstructions . Howbeit yf the humors be thicke & clammy , then they must be made thinne , & subtell and apt to runne , by suche decoctions & syrupes as doe incyde grosse matter . But yf the humors be thinne and subtell , them they haue no nede of any preparatyue , and the Phisition ought alwayes to obserue , that he pourge no humors whiche be crude and rawe , except for theyr multitude they swell the bodye , then withoute any more delyberation , they muste forthwithal be taken away with a pourginge medicyne : leste the strength of the body be dissolued , or the fyerye heat of the feuer encresed , or finally the humors be dryuen to sum principall part , wherby Nature shal be lesse able to deliuer the body : For yf nature be not holpen before that tyme , she shall be in suche a rage , that nothynge can be done well or orderlye in the bodye . The next care is what humor should be pourged . Therefore the Phisition shoulde take heede that he pourge no moo humors , them be hurtfull to the bodye : As yf fleume do redounde & hurt the body , it only is to be pourged : yf chollar , ether yelowe , or blacke , offende the bodye , then he should vtterly abstaine from fleume and likewise whan water aboundeth , it only shoulde be taken awaye : for as Hippocrates sayeth , if such humors be pourged , as ought to be , it profiteth the bodye , and is donne , withoute gryefe or payne , but elles it is cleane contrary . Besyde this , the time of the yeare woulde be considered , as well in pourging as in lettyng of bloud . For there be summe tymes of the yere in the whiche it is very madnesse to lewse the bellie : For in winter , whan it is frost or snowe , or in summar , when the heat is outragious , whosoeuer is pourged shal be much the worse for it : and yet of both times , the lesse mete for pourgyng , is the summar . For then the body is so adust , with heate of the wether , that it is not well able to beare the sharpnesse of the medicyne , and nature also beinge made weake with the heate of the summar , is more weakned of the medicyne : insomuch that many being pourged then , fall sicke of feuers , & be quite destitute of their strength . Therefore the springe tyme , of all other tymes of the yere , is moste holsome , bothe to powrge the body , and to let bloude .

In pourgynge the body , the region also must be considered . For yf it be very hot , it letteth the workinge of the medicyne , because it draweth the humors in to the skin , and the aboundaunce of heate healpeth to dissolue the strength . The age may not be forgotten : For chyldren because they be not yet at their groweth , be nothing mete for pourgations : lykewyse olde men when they waxe weake , shoulde not be troubled with any medicines . And as in all euacuations , so in pourging of the belly , the strength of the sicke must be earnestly loked vpon : For so longe as the sicke , maye abyde easilye the taking away of his humors , he may safely be pourged , & no longer though all be not gone .

In leusyng the belly , vehement & stronge laxes , be vtterly to be abhorred : for besydes that they weaken the strength , they hurt maruelously the stomacke . Laste of all in pourgyng of the bellye , the excrementes wolde be taken heede to , of the Phisicion , because he may diuine diuerse thinges bothe of their substance , qualitie , and coulour . The thirde way to cleanse the bodie is by vomit , wherof Nature hath much good : For they that vomit often , for the most part be alwayes hole . For there is euacuation made as well of flewme , as of chollar : by meanes wherof , the stomacke is not filled with euyll humors & the head findeth muche ease . Vomiting is most profitable for them that be cholerick , hauing large brestes , short neckes , & wide mouthes , it profiteth also to such as by meanes of great eatynge & drinkinge , reserue crude , and rawe humors in theyr stomakes : yet he that wyll be hole and pourposeth to be olde , let hym not be to busye with vomittynge : For the muche vse of it causeth deafnesse , & hurteth the eyes , it breaketh the vaynes of the breste and lunges , it offendeth the teathe , and causeth head ache . Therfore it is the Phisitions dutie to declare , who is apt to vomit , and who is not . For suche as be not apte to vomit , shoulde be pourged dounwarde , and in no-case constrayned to vomit : such as be not apt to vomite be they that be betwixt fat and lene , hauynge theyr brestes narrowe , and theyr neckes long : and such as be leane , slender , and haue wyde brestes , & shorte neckes , be apt to vomit . In vomittyng the excrement must be loked well vpon , for the sight of it , shall amend the coniecture of the Phisicion . The forth way of emptying the body , is by boxyng : which ( as Gallen sayeth in hys boke that he wrote of boxing ) doth not only make euacuation and drawe oute muche matter , but also easeth the payne , and diminisheth the swellyng , dissolueth wynde , and styrreth vp appetite where it was almost lost , confirming the strength of weake stomakes , calleth againe life in swounes , and fayntynges , it draweth also swellynges and fluxes , from one part to another , & stinteth bledyng , and stayeth wemens flowers . There be .2 . kindes of boxing , on is withoute any scarifiyng , which preuayleth moste in drawing backe of humours , as in the drawing back of wemens flowers whan they runne to much , & these be light boxing glasses , which be vsed without scarifiyng . The other is with scarifiyng , which is vsed in hard swellynges , cummynge of melancholy , or whan the partes be troubled with the fluxe of any sharpe matter , whiche muste be drawen from one to another : & in sharpe & quicke diseases , wheras the pacient may spare no bloude : scarifyinge profiteth watryng eyes , and also paines , both of head , brest , & backe The .v. kynde of emptying the bodye , is by bathe , and here ye muste marke that there is .ii. kyndes of bathes , one is naturall , and an other artificiall . That is called natural which springeth of his owne accorde , without the healp of mannes inuention .

Of naturall bathes summe be hote by the mixture of niter , salte , allume , brimstone , chaulke , lyme , yron , copper , goulde , syluer & tinne , which ether lieth in the bothom of the bathe , or elles in the rockes , or hylles from whence the springe cummeth , whereof water taketh his qualitie : & by this reason , the bathes which be in a towne , called Bathe here in Englande , be hote : to the great admiration of all ignorante people . These kyndes of bathes be good for suche as be diseased in their ioyntes or haue crude , & raw matter in theire bodyes , and be diseased ether with pockes , pyles , or emeroides : but for men , that be in health , and haue swete humors they be nothyng mete , yea and the vse of them , is very perilous . Artificiall bathes , be made by mannes witte , therefore they be not in all places lyke : But here in Englande they be nothing so commendable , as in Germany and other places . For here there is but one hotte house , and therefore the subtell parte of the humor is drawen out , and the grosse is left behinde . But in Germany , & in other places , they haue diuers houses , first one , wher they put of their clothes & an other where they be annoynted and rubbed , and in the thyrde house they sweate and be washed : the forthe house is not so warme as the thyrde , & the fyfthe is sumwhat colde : nowe that I haue declared the partes of the artificiall bathes , whiche were vsed in the olde tyme , and yet be in many places , I purpose to shewe in as fewe wordes , the commodities of the same , begynnyng with the firste part , which is a warme house prepared with fire , or wyth warme water and swete herbes , to the entente that the littell pores of the skynne may open easilye , and the hole body with all the humors , be sumwhat warmed . The nexte house beinge sumthynge warmer , stirreth vp the spirites , and dissolueth the grosse humors , and the rubbyng with the annoyntynge , correcteth & amendeth the hardnes of the senewes , ioyntes , and loynes : the thirde house by hys greate heat , dissolueth mightilye the grosse humours , by meanes , wherof nature pourgeth the bodye of them : and the luke warme water , moysteth the hole body , & taketh away werynesse , yf ther be any in the vtter partes : the fowerth house , because it is sumwhat coldar , reducethe nature by litell , and litell , to here pristinate state . The fifth by meanes of his colde , shutteth agayne the pores of the skinne , which beateth the naturall heate in , and causeth good concoction , amendyng the action bothe of the stomacke and liuer . The sixt kinde of those thinges which lewseth the body , is sweat : and it ought to be prouoked whan any euyll humors , is in the innar partes , as in feuers & pestilent agues .

It may be prouoked diuersly as by the heate of drye bathes , hote stones , & yrons , or by swete herbes and warme water , ether in pottes or in blathers . But in all vehement , and sharpe diseases , and especiallye in hote agues , the Phisicion shoulde take great hede of the sweat , markynge very dilygentlye which is good , and whych is euyll : For by them he may coniecture muche of the cause of the grefe , but as Hyppocrates sayeth , those sweates in feruent and hote diseases , which commeth in the iudgyng dayes , & doe ende the feuer , be best and most holsume : and it is not euyll whan the patient sweateth in euery part of hys body , so hys paynes waxe lesse withall : but whan the body sweateth muche , and the paynes encrease , it is not good : Howbeit it is worst of all , yf the sweate be cold . And whan the face , head , and necke sweat onlye , if it be in any hot ague , it declareth dethe whichout any remedy . In prouokyng of sweate , the Phisition shoulde take hede , that it be not to much , for feare of dissoluyng of the strength of hys pacient . The seuenth kynde of euacuation is exercise , wherof we spoke before in the fowerthe chapter , of this same boke . The .viii. kynde is abstinence , or hungar , which doth not extenuat nor make euacuation of him selfe , but by meanes that that is not restored which with abstinence or fastinge , was wasted . Fastyng or abstinence may be taken .ii. wayes eyther vtterly to forbeare bothe meate and drinke , or elles to take so much , as is sufficient to kepe the soule and the body together , and no more . Ther is nothyng , that so muche profiteth ether the sicke , or the hole , as doth abstinence , yf it be taken in due tyme and orderly : and therfore Plinie , ( none of the worst wryters of Physycke ) commendeth sobrietie in meates and drinkes , sayinge that it is verye profitable for all men to be temperate in their diet . And the very father of Phisicke Hyppocrates , affirmeth moderate eatynge and drinking , to be the castel of health , and many tymes such as be diseased and sicke , be cured onlye by abstinence . In prescribynge of abstinence , the Phisition shoulde discretly consider who may best beare it , for as Gallen sayeth in his .2 . boke of temperamentes . They that haue small vaynes , haue but lytell bloude , wherfore they can not faste without hurtyng theyre bodies , & they that haue great vaynes , haue plentye of bloude , wherefore they maye the better away with abstinence , without any decay of theyr bodelye health or strength : of such as be sicke , they that be full of crude , & rawe humors , be least hurte with fastyng , yea the best remedye to all such is abstinence : but to be brefe none shoulde be commaunded to fast of the Phisicion , but suche as be stronge , or elles be sicke of suche diseases as cum of cruditie . As abstinence , if it be geuen in season , & to suche as hath nede of it , profiteth very muche , so if it be taken out of time , or be geuen to such as nede it not , it hurteth twise as much : It is taken out of time , whan the bodye is weake & the disease easy to be ouercumme , or elles whan it is prescribed vnto such as be of nature cholericke , for in such it bredeth chollar & causeth feuers with many frettes and pinchinges both in the belly & also in the mouth of the mawe .

Slepe hathe the .ix. place , of those thinges which healpe euacuation : howbeit all slepe dothe not extenuat , nor at all tymes , but that only which is taken the body being hungery , or elles by and by after exercise and labor : for the naturall heate in slepe is called in to the innar partes , whych whan it findeth no nurrishment nor meate to be altered and digested , it doth waste and consume the profitable humors of all the body , and so of necessitie it both drieth the body , & lessenneth it also : the which thing Hyppocrates witnesseth sayinge : Much slepe drieth his body which before hath bene to muche pourged any manner of way . Also in hys .ii. boke that he writ of good ordar of diet , he affirmeth that slepe extenuateth the body which fasteth or kepeth abstinence , and maketh it coulde , consumynge all the humiditye wythin it . Of all other tymes , that slepe whiche is taken in the morninge after exercise , dryeth the body most , & the same also doth slepe taken after bathes . For the bathe opening the poores , maketh euacuation of all the excrementes which lurked in the skynne , and slepe immediatly folowinge the bathe , calleth in the naturall heat agayne and wasteth the profitable humidity of the innar partes . The .xii. kynde of euacuation is the prouoking of vrine , which should be vsed whan ther is any obstruction , or any great abundaunce of humors about that part of the liuer , which in latten is called gibba or els in the raynes or bladder , for if the obstruction be in cauo hepatis ( which as gibba is the plumppest parte and the toppe of the liuer , so cauum is the holowest parte & the lowest of the same ) them it is better to lewse the bellye , then to prouoke vryne . For Gallen sayeth as the toppe of the liuer , which before is called gibba is clensed by prouokinge of vrine , so the holowe part of the liuer , which I called cauum is pourged by lewsyng of the belly . The which sayinge he repeteth in the .vii. chapter , of his .ii. boke that he write to hys frynde Glauco , and in many other diuers , and sundry places . In the prouokynge of vrine the Phisicion must beware that there be no fluxe of bloude , nor exulceration in the raynes or bladder : for them it is better to pluck from thence in to other partes of the body , than to drawe from other places thyther .

The .xi. kynde of euacuation , is the drawinge downe of the spettell , or the excrement of the braine , by the mouthe : whose vse is , whan the breste and the instrumentes of brethynge shoulde be pourged : wherfore whan the spettell is equall bothe in quantitie , and collour , then it declareth the brest , & the instrumentes of brethynge , to be in perfit health : but whan it is otherwyse , that is to saye of diuers cullours & not equall , it declareth the instrumentes of brethynge , and the hole brest so farre to be distempered , as it differethe from hys owne naturall cullour , and quantitie . Wherfore the Phisicion shoulde diligently consider what Hyppocrates hathe writ in the .ii. boke prog . and Aphor .43 . & also in summe of the other folowing . The .xii. kinde of euacuation , is by holdyng medicynes in the roofe of the mouthe , which is called gargelyng , vnder the which kynde is contayned the puttyng of medicines in to the nose called nisynge : and these if they be vsed in theyr time , profiteth and healpeth the braine very much . The .xiii. kynde is the bledyng at the nose , which amendeth the obstructions of the brayne , & the distillations from the heade , in to all partes of the body : wherfore the Phisition shoulde diligently attende that in bledyng at the nose , he knowe whan to stynt it , & whan not : For summe tyme , whan it hathe bled but a verye litell , it must be staied incontinent . Sumtyme it is not stayed without greate daunger , as yf it chaunce by the abundaunce of nawghtye bloude , for then it is better to healpe nature to expell the nawghtie bloud , them to stay it : wherfore euery Phisicion , shoulde wel remember this sayinge of Hyppocrates : whan so euer the bledynge at the nose , quieteth not the body , it must be stopped with a dry medicyne . The .xiiii. kynde of euacuation , is wemens flowres , which chaunce to wemen at times appoynted of nature , that by the meanes of them , the hole bodye may be pourged , and so health defended : wherfore if the flowres be suppressed at any tyme , excepte that tyme that the woman goethe with childe , or geueth sucke , it decayeth health vtterly , and marreth the good constitution of the body , as well as whan they runne to muche , which Hyppocrates witnesseth saying as foloweth . Of to many flowres , cummeth diseases , but of to fewe or not at all , foloweth diseases of the wombe . Yet in stopping of the flowres , the Phisicion shoulde behaue hym selfe wiselye , lest he stop them to sone or to late . For sum wemen hath them naturally longer , then other haue , which Hyppocrates witnesseth saying : to such women as haue moyst bodies , their flowres continueth long , & if they cum not downe quickly , they swell with all . The xv . kynde of euacuation is done by the hemorrhoides , which is the name of certayne vaynes cumminge to the loweste parte of the fundament , by the which nature purgeth the body of melancholye wherby it deliuereth the bodye , of many diseases : which Hippocrates affirmeth , sayinge . They that haue the hemorrhoides be safe from all paine of their sides , and inflammation of their lunges , nor shal be troubled nether with byles , scurfe , nor no kynde of lepry . Therfore the Phisicion must take great hede in stoppynge of them , lest they be the authors of great and perilous sicknessis , as of the dropsie , & consumtions . He that requireth a longer disputation of this matter let hym reade ouer Hyppocrates bokes , written of the same matter . The xvi . kinde of euacuation is the fleshly or carnall copulation , which profiteth the body much yf it be vsed moderatly and in due tyme : For it amendeth the fulnesse of the body , and as Aetius in the .viii. chapter of hys .iii. boke , & Agineta in the 3. chapter of his .i. boke witnesseth , whan the body is at the groweth it maketh it strong , nymble , and quicke , and amendeth the hard habyt of the bodye : For it mollifieth the instrumentes , and dilateth the pores and pourgeth the body of flewme : Morouer it quickneth the wit & pacifieth anger , wherefore it profiteth all them , that haue lost ther wyttes , either with anger or elles with sorowe , it profiteth them also , which haue the fawling euil : & such as haue heauinesse in theyr browes , and ache in theyr heades , many tymes be cured by it . Which Hyppocrates confirmeth saying : carnal copulation , which is called venus ▪ amendeth all diseases that cum of flewme , howbeit yf it be vsed to much , it hurteth the eyes , and all the sensis , and the head , senewes , brest , raines , loynes thyghes , and morouer hasteneth olde age and deth , and vtterly dissolueth the strength of the bodye : and hereof it commeth that they that vse it to much , be forgetfull , and be weake & full of payne , both in their ioyntes , loynes , & thighes , & it bringeth many to the strangury , & many to the gout . Of all tymes of the yere , it may safest be vsed in thy springe , it is vtterly to be abhorred in autumne , and in sūmar . Winter also by meanes of hys greate colde , is not very good : the best houre for it is as Gallen sayeth whan the body is in a meane , betwixte full , and emptie , and excedeth nether in heat nether in colde , drynesse nor moysture . Therefore who so euer wyll vse it , let hym beware of cruditie , drunkennes , hungar , werynesse , vomittynge , pourging of the belly , watchyng , and all other such as healpeth to dissolue the strength of the body . After moderate eatyng is the best time of it , and before slepe , for that amendeth the strength , and maketh that there foloweth no colde after it . For slepe immediatly folowing it , taketh away the werines of the muscles and senewes , and calleth in the natural heat : which maketh the concoction perfit . Moreouer this time is best and aptest , to the procreation of children for many causes : but especially because the woman whyles she slepeth , holdeth her husbandes seed beste . The .xvii. kynde of euacuation is perspiration , or euaporation , which is done ether by nature , or elles by medicine , which so finely subtylith the humors , that they passe by the insensible poores of the skinne , without any putrifiynge . Hitherto I haue declared the kyndes of euacuation , or emptines the which euery diligent Phisition must so well obserue , that he may knowe whan to vse this kynde or that , or elles whan to stop , for sumtyme it is better to encrease humors ▪ then to diminishe them . Finallye the Phisition shoulde obserue , and marke , howe he should make euacuation and where , and what , and whan , and how much .

¶ The .vii. chapter . Of the perturbations , & sudden motions of the minde .

THe Affections , which be the sudden motions , and perturbations of the mynde , ought not to be neclected of the phisition : because they be of great might , and make great alteration in all the body : the whiche amongest al other , feare , Ioy , angar and sorowe declare euidently . Feare by drawing the spirite and bloud in to the innar partes leaueth the vtter pale for colde . Anger setteth the body on fire with mouing of the bloud to the vtter partes & as in anger the pulse beteth mightely , so in fere it beateth almost nothyng at all : sorrow is an affection which the which the hart as though it were smytten , is drawen together , and doth tremble and quake , not without great sense of payne : and so by lyttel and lyttel whiles the sorow goeth not away , the strength of the hart , is quite ouerthrowen , and the generation of spirites is letted , by meanes wherof , the lyfe is vtterly extinct : suche a cruell scourge is sorow vnto man .

Feare and sorowe differ of this fashion , the sorowfull man suffereth that by littell and litell , which the fearfull man doth suffer all a tonse . Ioy is a sudden motion , with the whiche the harte reioysing dilateth hym selfe , and suddenly sendeth furth al hys naturall heat and spirites , wherby sumtyme it chaunseth that a weake body diethe in Ioy , because for lacke of strength the hart can not call in agayne his naturall heat and spirites . Aulus Gellius , in hys .iii. boke and .xv. chapter writeth Turrian historye worthy to be remembred of one Diagoras that had .iii. sonnes , which were all crowned of the people in one day at the playes of the hil Olimpia , & whilest the people and his iii. sonnes reioysing , embrased their father , castyng theyre garlandes vpon hym , he died in theyr armes .

Philippides also a maker of playes whan he had the victorie amongest the Poettes , whiche he loked not for , died by and by amongest them all .

Howe be it anger kylleth no man , because it nether cooleth the naturall heat nor yet dissolueth the strength .

The phisition shoulde marke earnestlye not onlye these , but all other affectes of the mynde also : partly , that he may know of them , what humor redoundeth : but especially , that he may lerne , how to resiste them : and by hys counsell master them in the ende .

❀ The ende of the seconde boke

The third boke

¶ The first chapter of the number of thinges agaynste Nature .

THynges agaynste Nature be .iii. in number : the firste is the cause which goeth before the disease .

The seconde is the disease it selfe , by whome the action is first hurt .

The third is the accidentes folowyng the disease .

This same parte of phisicke , which inquireth of the causes and the accidentes of diseases , is called of the Grekes , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , soundeth nothing elles but the mouyng of any thing that is affected : wherfore he hath hys substance no lenger , then he is in mouing , altering , or changing : and so he differeth from affection taken specially , the which is nothynge elles but an alteration remayning in a thing that hath suffered : by this meanes , the disease and the cause , with the accidente , which be affections of oure body , as pale , and euyll culour , be called affections , and yet the same accidentes be called also passions . The reste which be the faultes of sum action , as ouer much inanition , or retention , be alonly called passions & not affections : because they be not thinges permanent , but is only , and remayne so long as they be in growing . Here it is to be noted , that a thyng may suffer .ii. manner of wayes : firste whan it suffereth of it selfe , as if the guttes suffer payne , of anye sharpe , or bytynge humors conteyned within them , which may be called theyr owne passion . Secondarily , whan a thynge suffereth not of it selfe but of another , as whan the head suffereth payne by reason of euyll vapowres , cummynge from the stomacke , which is called a passion by consent of other : ye shall finde this matter disputed more at large in Gallenes firste boke of places affected .

¶ The .ii. chapter , Of the causes of diseases

THe cause of the disease , is an affection against nature , going before the disease , and stirring it vp : which of it selfe , & firste , hurteth no action : but accidentally , that is to say , by other . And secondarily , as by healp of the disease cummynge betwixt , as shall be shewed more playnly hereafter . There be .ii. manner of causes of diseases : one is externall so called , because it is outwardly receiued , and was not before with in the body : as colde , and such other . The tother , is called internall , which is within the body , as humors putrified within the body , & growen out of temper . Gallen speaketh of no mo causes of diseases then these .ii. Yet Auicen with other of the same layer , affirme that ther is an other cause , which ioyneth euer with the disease : and the takyng away of it , is as they say the curynge of the sicknes : as yf rotten , or putrifyed humors , kindell a feuer , them by theyr saying so soone as the putrified matter is taken away , the feuer must cease of necessitie : howbeit it is for the most part sene that the feuer remayneth after the putrifaction is clene gone . wherfore it is euident , that Auicen , and all that be of hys opinion is foule deceyued therin : howbeit I thinke this to be the thing , which deceyueth them . They define sycknesse as it were the action hurt alredye , and not that that hurteth the action first , so that they call that the sicknesse , which Gallen calleth but the accidente of the sicknesse : & I coulde take Auicennes parte in this matter , sauinge that he agreeth with Gallen in the defining of sicknesse , forgettyng hym selfe to be in contrary tales : wherfore I wolde counsel all yonge studentes in phisicke , to lerne the causes of sickenesse of Gallen , or elles of such as folowe hym , as Aetius , & Paulus Aegineta . Howebeit there is none to be compared with Gallen because he hath wrytten of them in suche a good ordar , as neuer any other hath wryt the lyke , and this I dare affirme that euerye wel lerned man , can do no lesse than confesse the same .

¶ The .iii. chapter , Of diseases .

A Disease , is an vnnaturall affection of the body , by which the action is fyrste hurt , therfore it differeth from the cause in that the the cause neuer hurteth anye action of hym selfe , but by meanes of the disease . Of diseases ther be .3 . chefe & principal kindes : one is in those partes of the bodye that is called of the latins similares , such be the bones , senewes , vaynes , with all other simple , & sparmaticke partes : another is in the instrumentes , as in the heade , eyes , handes , and feet : the thirde consisteth in them both . That disease that happeneth in the sparmatick partes , is such a distemperature ether of heat , coulde , drynesse , or moysture , that it hurteth summe action , for a man may be distempered in sum part and yet be hole , and not sicke : but whan the distemperature groweth so much , that it hurteth any action of the body , then it may be called a disease of the sparmatike partes . Wherefore who so is of this sort distempered , is sicke : and he that is distempered and hath no action hurt , may not be called sicke , but intemperat . For of them that be hole , yf sum shoulde not be temperat and sum intemperat , one of these .ii. muste nedes be true , ether all men alwayes to be sicke , or elles all men to haue one distemperature , which bothe be very false . The same distemperature which before I called a disease of the sparmaticke & symple partes , is deuided in to .ii. Egall , & not egal : it is called an egall distemperature , whan all partes of the body , are distempered alike , as in the feuer hectica , which is a cōsūption , wherin al partes of the body , be like hote : and the contrary vnto this , is the distemperature , which is not egal as in that kynde of dropsy , that falleth in to the legges , and feete , and in all kynde of feuers , excepte the before named hectica . Of vnequall distemperature there is also ii . kyndes . The .i. is the only alteration of the qualitie , as the burnynge of the fire , or of the sunne . The .ii. is , besyde the qualitie , the fluxe of sum humor , as in that kynde of swellynge , that is called phlegmon , Besyde this of distemperatures , one is simple , and an other is compound : it is called simple whan on qualitie , as heat , or colde , excedeth alone : and compound , whan many excede together , as hot and moyste , colde and drye , excedynge to gether , in one member . The tother kinde of disease which only is in the instrumentes , may be called the euyll constitution , or composicion of them . But there be .ii. kindes of instrumentall diseases , for sum be simple : and they be .iiii. in number , one is to be sene in the vncumly comformation , another in the number of partes , the thirde in the quantitie of eche part : and the .iiii. in the composition . The disease of conformation happeneth of the vncumly figure , as whan summe part is holowe from the natiuitie , or elles after by casualtie , which shoulde not , and also sum other part rough that shoulde haue ben smothe : of number , whan there be ether to many , or to fewe partes : of quantitie whan they be ether to big , or to litel : of composicion whan they be put in wronge places , or whan they that shoulde agre together , doe not . The thirde kynde of disease , is common as well to the simple and sparmatick partes , as to the instrumentall : and it is the deuision of that that is hole , and of one pece , which diuision yf it be in the riynges or byndynges it is called anulsiō : in the fleshe , a byle : in the bone , a broken creuise : in the senowes , a conuulsion , or crampe . These diseases sumtyme be compounde , whiche is whan they be ioyned to other . Hitherto I haue brefly declared the .iii. first kindes of sicknessis , of the which sum be verye quicke , and sum be dull , or slow : Such as be very quick , wil be at the worste , in .iiii. dayes , or soone after . Of such as be quicke and sharpe , there be .ii. sortes , for sum wyll be at the worste , in .14 . dayes , and sum not vnder .40 . All other diseases , which passe .40 . dayes before thei be at the worst , be called dul or slowe . But as quick , and shorte diseases , haue theyr begynnynge of bloude and chollar , which be hote humors , so slowe & dull haue theyr disseases , beginnyng of colde humors , as of flewm & melancholy . Let this generall , and brefe declaration of diseases , at this tyme suffice .

¶ The .iiii. chapter , of accidentes .

THis worde accidente is taken .2 . maner of wayes : generally and specially , generally , it signyfyeth any thing contrary to nature : specially , all thinges agaynst nature , excepte the causes of diseases , and diseases them selfes .

Therfore it is nothynge elles but an vnnaturall affection of the body , which foloweth the disease , as the shadowe foloweth the body . The accidentes specially taken , be deuided in to .iii. partes . For sum be the fautes & errors of actions , sum affections of oure body , other sum folow them both , ether by ouer much excretion , or retention of excrementes & other like such thynges . Of the error in actions , there be .ii. differences : animall , & natural . The faultes , or errors , of the animall actions , be yet deuided in to .iii. for ether they be faultes of the sences , as of hearing , seinge , tastyng , smellyng , felynge , or els of mouinge , or finally of the principall actions , as of ymagining , thinkinge and remembring . These be all the animall actions , of the which eche one may be hurt iii. manner of wayes : firste if the action be vtterly extincte , as yf a man see nothyng at all : secondarily , yf it be not vtterly abolished , & taken away but decayed sumthing or not parfit , as whan a man seeth but euen scantly as they do , which the ignorant call sand blynde . Thirdly whan it is depraued , and wronge wrasted , as whan a man of force , seeth thinges which he did not beholde with hys common sense , as they do which loke a goggell : And as it is euident , that all these fautes happen in the sight , so they happen also in eche one of the other before named sensis .

There be thus many as folowe naturall actions , appeticion , concoction , digestion , pulsation , attraccion , alteration , retention , expulsion . Of the which eche may erre .iii. manner of wayes , as is sayed before in the actions animall : and the fautes or errors of the same , be accidentes folowyng diseases . There be besyde these .iiii. manner of accidentes , which be affections of oure bodies : as vnnaturall cullers , ether in the hole body , or elles in sumpart of it : Fylthy sauors also ether of the mouthe , nose , or eares and obsurde and vnnaturall sapores , belonging to the taste : and beside these , hardnes , drines , & roughnes of the skynne .

As for the vnnaturall inanitions , or detentions from whense so euer they cum , they be contayned vnder one of these .iii. differencis : For eyther they be vnnaturall in their hole substance , as that fluxe of bloude that is called commonly the emorroydes : or elles they are in theyre qualitie , as sumtyme it chaunseth in wemens flowres : or finally in their quantitie , they be founde vnnaturall , as the great abundance or lacke and scarsnes eyther of the vryne or sweat . The whiche euery one , is handeled to the vttermoste in Gallen , where he entreateth of the causes , of accidentes .

¶ The ende of the thirde boke

The .iiii. boke

¶ The first chapter . Of that part of phisick which teacheth the knowlege of thinges that be past , present , and to cum .

THis is that same part of phisicke , the which ( as I sayed before ) contayneth the knowlege of thinges that be past , and the inspection , or the beholdynge of such as are present , and the prophecie , or prognostication of thinges to cum . And therfore the mo commodities it hath the more exactly it wolde be lerned : for first it teacheth the knowlege of all passions , & diseases : in the which ( yf the Phisition be ignorant ) he shall neuer be able , to do any thing worthy prayse , in the body . Therfore that yonge studentes , may the more luckely , attayne to the knowlege , of this parte of phisicke , I wolde counsell euery eche one of them , to reade diligently Gallens .vi. bokes of places affected : in the which he handleth this matter at the large . For so it shall be brought to passe that he shal be experte in the diseases , of euery part , be the part neuer so lyttell .

Who so is exactly sene in this knowlege , shal besides other , haue this especiall commoditie , which is , that among the sicke , his credit shall be greate : for the sicke man trusteth none so muche , nor is so well ruled of any , as he is of that Phisition , which is able to declare thinges present paste , and to cum . Therfore the disease is easilye cured whan the Phisition , and the pacient , be both against it , & moreouer he shal beare no blame , what so euer chaunce or happen to hys pacient , that I may omytte the great prayse , glory , and renoune , which with one consente shall be geuen hym euery where . Therfore Hyppocrates counselleth all Phisitions , diligently to learne this knolege . The whiche , no man hath so well discussed ( I except Hippocrates alwayes ) as Gallen hath . Wherfore they that be able to vnderstande hym , let them go no farthar : but as for yonge and ignorant studentes , ( for whose sake only I haue taken this in hand ) if they reade diligently this littell rude worke , I truste though they be not satisfied , yet they shall not lese all their payne . Therfore first of all to the accomplysshynge , or gettyng of this knowlege , it is necessarye to expounde this worde Crisis , which the lattyns call iudicium , & in english it may be called iugement : but at this present time it signifieth any sudden mutation in euery disease whether it be longe or short , and this sudden mutation is parted in .iiii. For ether the sicke is made hole incontinent , or elles is in a greate towardnesse to health , or dieth out of hand , or finally becummeth a greate deale worse . The first of these mutations , which without any delay cureth the disease , is simply and absolutly called Crisis , The other which only amendeth the disease , is called crisis insufficiens , which is to say Turrian insufficient iugement . The third is called mala crisis , that is to say an euyl change , or iudgement . The .iiii. may be called both vnparfit and euyll also . To the knowlege of this chaunge which is called crisis , the .iiii. times of the disease , that is to say , the beginnyng , the encreasynge , the heyght , and declination , must be obserued , and marked of the Phisition . The beginnyng is deuided in .3 . the first inuasion of the disease is the firste beginnynge , & is simple without any bredth . The .ii. hath bredth , and continueth to the thirde day . The third is the tyme afterwarde , tyl the begynnyng of concoction . The time wherin the sicknes groweth , is from the begynnyng of concoction , vntil the disease be at his ful strength which before is called the heygth . The .iiii. tyme which is called the declination , begynneth after the heygth , and lasteth tyl the disease be ful past and ended .

These be the vniuersall tymes in disseases , besydes whiche there is other called particular : as in such feuers as kepe fittes , the beginnyng of the fitte , is the colde in the vtter partes : the growynge is whiles the body waxeth hote : and the state , or hayght is , whan the heate is egally dispersed throughout the body : the declination , whan the heat goeth away . Before I declare howe to knowe this sudden mutation , which of the grekes is called Crisis , I thinke it expedient , and necessary to shewe in fewe wordes , the difference of the signes & tokens goinge before , which be of thre sortes : of the first sort , is the signes of cruditie , and concoction , as the excrementes of the bellye , the vryne , and spettel : by the egestions of the nether belly it is knowen how the stomacke altereth : the vryne ether declareth cruditie , or good concoction in the vaynes : the spettell showeth ether the good , or euill constitution of the lunges , and instrumentes of breathing .

These signes what tyme of the disease so euer they happen , kepe alwayes theyre power firme and stable : For the signes of concoccion , alwayes declare health , & the contrary signes , ether great paines longe sicknes , deth , or finally the turnyng agayne of the euyll . Of the .ii. sorte be the signes of life & dethe : as quicke slepe , easy brethinge , goodnes of the pulse , like in face to them that be hole , hansume & cumly liyng in bed , sweat , and such as to these be clene contrary . Of the third sort be the iudgynge signes , of the which sorte there be .ii. kyndes : for sum be as signes , and causes both together , as vomittynge , excrementes of the belly , the great quantitie of vryne , and sweates , bledynge at the nose , or the falling of humors out of one place in to another : and other be as signes alone , as watche , deade slepes , troublesum dreames , difficultie of breathynge , dimnesse of sight , dulnesse of sense , head , necke , and stomacke ache , singinge in the heade , involuntary teares , quiuerynge of the neyther lippe , forgetfulnesse , face , eyes , & nose red , abhorryng of meat , vehement thurste , with other such lyke . All these , in that that they declare any sudden mutation , be called iudgynge signes : and in that that they folow diseases , they be called iudgynge accidentes . These haue not theyr power alwayes firme , and certayne , as the signes of concoction , and cruditie haue , but they are to be liked if they happen after concoction , that is whyles the sickenesse is in the state : and in the begynnyng , and before any concoction , they be not only not to be belyked , but to be fered , as deadly signes . Concernyng the Nature or propertie of signes , for this tyme , let this suffice : but as for such signes , as declare sudden mutation before called crisis , to be good ▪ I entend yet ( god willing ) to speake a lyttell more , whiche maye be knowen .iii. manner of wayes . First yf before Crisis cum , there be concoction of the disease , I meane of the vryne , the egestions , and spettell : the which eche , ought to be considered in hys proper place : For in the diseases of the brest , & lunges , the spettell should be taken moste heade of , and beste marked , and yet the vryne ought not to be neglected , no nor the excrementes of the belly nether , but in an ague , which is without any inflammation eyther of the lyuer raynes , bladder , or splene , the vrine must be regarded especially : as yf the stomake , or mawe , be greued , the excrementes of the belly wolde be considered before the other . Yet the vryne , is not then to be abiected nether . Secundarily yf the cummynge of it , be signified by any of the iudgynge dayes , it is to be lyked of the Phisition : the declaration of the which dayes , I omyt , because I haue obserued that ther is in them , more error then truthe , more superstition , then knowlege : and bysyde this , the scripture commaundeth vs Christen men , to obserue no dayes : yet yf any man be wylling to know them let him seke what Hyppocrates , & Gallen hath written of them : & then I doubte not ( though he be dull wytted ) but that he shall quicly know what is ment by them . Thirdly it is good , yf the mesure , and forme of the excrementes , be correspondent , and aggreable to the disease : as yf in an hot burnynge feuer , the sicke blede at the nose : or after a feruent shakynge , sweat much , and hot in all partes of hys bodye : or vomite muche chollar , or finally voyde much by syege , for so the feuer tertian shoulde ende : the quotidian not only by much sweatyng , but also by the avoydynge of flewme , both vpward , and dounward , in greate quantitie . The frenesie , is iudged by much hot sweat , cummynge in euery parte of the body , but especially yf the head sweate feruently : yet sumtyme it is iudged and ended , by bledynge at the nose : howe be it in the lythargie , bledynge at the nose is euyll .

The pleuresie is betwixte these .ii. For bledyng at the nose in it , is to be lyked better , then in the lithargy , & worse then in the phrensie . The inflammacions of the liuer and splene , be alwayes iudged by bledynge at the nose : the liuer , if it blede on the right side , and the splene f the lift : beside these , the age and complexion of the sicke , and also hys forma● diet , and place wherin the sicke abydeth , with the tyme of the yere , and the present constitution of the ayer , be to be considered of the Phisition , whiles he iudgeth crisis to be ether good or euil . For as the disease is cholerike , & all these cholericke also , it is necessary that whan crisis happeneth , chollar plentifully to be voyded : so if flewme redounde it is nedefull for flewme to be pourged : if diuers humors , the euacuation muste be also of diuers humors . But whan the Phisition shall know these thinges exactly , then of the ende , he may easily know the rest : for yf the sicke , which alredie hath suffered crisis , be deliuered of his ague and other accidentes & be better culloured , hauyng also better pulses , and more strength to rise , without doubte the crisis was good .

The knowlege of the euyll Crisis , as ther is in it much coniecture , so ther is also in it much incertaynty : For as where nature is strong , and ruleth easily the humors , she moueth orderly , and maketh an ende of her actions : so whan she taketh a fall , her motions be both incertayne , and inordinate , and therfore hard to be knowen . wherfore such a case requireth an artificer , and a well exercised Phisition , the which may firste declare whether there shall be any Crisis , at all or no : secundarily wether this day , or that : last of all whether it shall kyll the sicke forthwith , or but only hurte hym . What shoulde nede many wordes , by these .3 . it is easily to be knowen whether the sick shall die , or liue : first , by the kinde of the disease : secundarily , by the greatnesse of it : thirdly , by the manner , and fashion of it : fortly by the mouyng of it . The kynde of the disease , is knowen of the accidentes folowing it , as in example : the pleuresie is knowen by the prickyng payne of the syde , the difficultie of brething by the fieuer whiche alwayes is annexed to it , by the coughe , & hardnesse of the pulse : but the greatnesse of it , may be learned by the quantitie , & vehemency , of the forsayde accidentes : and the manner of it , by the accidentes which folow it : as yf they be many in number , yf they be longe , mightye , and euyll , or such as to these be cleane contrary , the mouynge of it , by the tyme of the partes of the fit . To these .iiii. the consideration of the cuntry , the tyme of the yere , the nature , & constitution of the sickmanes body , with other such , as is in this same chapter before rehersed is necessary also . Of these , that Phisition which is an artificer , shall easily iudge life or deth in his pacient : & he that is not , let hym speake no farther than he knoweth , & so he shall sustaine no blame nor shame .

¶ Of the vryne . The .ii. chapter .

SEing that the vryne is the alonly marke of the liuer & vaynes , in what error thinke you that the Phisitions are now a dayes which take vpon them , to iudge all diseases by the vryne : which is as absurde & impossible , as of the spettell , to declare the gryefe of the bladder , and raynes : wherfore seinge that agaynste all knowlege , and good lernynge , they do so shamefully abuse the lookynge of the water , & deceyue the poore , ignorant , and simple people so craftily , I thinke them worthy to be called , as Aristophanes calleth them , couetouse and vnlerned Phisitions , sithens that they esteme more theyr filthy lucre , then the truthe . But nowe to my pourpose . The vryne is the excrement and watry substance of the blood , which after the concoction doone in the vaynes , is drawen thense by the kidneyes or raynes , in to the bladder , where it is reserued tyl it may conueniently be let out : in the beholding of the which , ther is .4 . thinges to be considered , which be these folowing : the substance , cullar , quantitie , & contentes : of the which no man can wel iudge , which knoweth not parfitly the holsummest , & of all other the best vrine , wherto he may compare the rest .

The best water , or vryne , and the which is of a temperate man , in substance is nether to thicke nor thinne , but moderate , in quantitie as much , & no more then he dronk : in cullar sumwhat inclinynge towardes yealowe , hauynge a white , light , and equall sediment : & such a water as this , of a yonge Phisition shoulde often be loked vpon , to the entent that whan he seethe any other differ neuer so litell from it , he may forthwith coniecture the same man , whose water he hath sene , so much to differ from parfit health , how much hys water differeth from the other . Now after I haue showed which is the best water , ther remayneth behynde , the declaration of such thinges as is in the vryne , especially to be considered : which I pourpose to declare orderly . The substance of the vryne , is ether thicke , thynne , or moderat and equall betwixt both . That which is moderat , is of all other the best , and yf it be to thinne or thick , it declareth vnparfit concoction : Of the thyn vryne , there is .ii. differences : For the one is pissed thynne , and clere , and so remayneth styll : and the other is pissed thinne and clere , and after becummeth thycke and troubled : but they be both crude , & rawe , and doe lacke concoction , & thus they differ : The tone signifieth extreme cruditie , declarynge nature as yet , not to haue begunne any concoction . The tother showeth that nature hath begun concoction but very lately . The troublesumnes signifieth great plenty of wyndie spirites , to be mixt with the watry substance of the vryne . Of thycke and troubled waters , there is also .ii. differencis : yf it be thick whan it is pissed , then afterward it waxeth clere , hauing a residence in the bothome , which proficieth of sum inequall turbulent matter remayning behynde in the vaynes : And on the other side , sum other water , whiche after it is made is thicke , and remayneth so stil : which signifieth great trouble and agitation , as yet to remayne in the bloode . Hitherto I haue declared the substance of the vryne , wherfore now foloweth the cullar : of the which ther be .vi. differencys in especiall , which is white pale , tawny , yealow , red , & blacke : For all the rest be contayned vnder these . Vndar white is contayned the cullar of cristall , snowe , & water , the which all signifie great cruditie . Not so whyte as these is milke , horne white , & the hearres of a chammell : And as the vrynes of these cullars , differ from very white , so they declare better concoction . After whyte they be next , that be sum deale pale , the which because they be a littell tincte , they ar not extreme crude . A pale cullar is made , by the mixture of chollar , and water together , so that in the mixture there goeth but a litell chollar , to a great dele of water : of pale by meanes of concoction , sumtime is made a light tawny which Actuarius , taketh to be the cullar of gilt . After a tawny followeth a light yelow , which is a cullar like the floures of cartamus , which is commonly called the gardyn saffaron : after the which , commeth yealowe , whiche is the cullar of saffaron : and a light red , whiche is the cullar of a certayne drug , called bolum , is next : then red it selfe which is the cullar of a cherry : after these is a darke red , whiche is the cullar of a mulberry : and yet there is a darcker , which is made of whyte , and red , egally myxte together , and of the latyns it is called , Venetus : grene is the cullar of beetes , whiche the gardiners call the whyte beetes , or elles the cullar of the precious Emmoroyde : Besyde these , there is yet other cullars , as the cullar of oyle , the cullar of lead , and all cole blacke cullars , which is knowen almost of euery chylde . Yf I haue here in the discripsions of cullars , misse or wronge named any cullar , I praye the paynters , to accept my good wyll , and pardon my ignorancye : in the iudgyng of cullars the Phisicion shoulde be prouident , because that oftentymes , with euery light occation , the cullar of the vrine dothe alter , and change , not only in them that besicke , but also in them that be hole : & of this mutation , or chaunge there is .3 . special causes . The first is meate not wel altered , or disgested , which is not apt to make bloude , wherfore it changeth the cullar of the vryne to the same cullar that it selfe is of , which is wont to happen to them that is sicke and diseased , yea and sumtyme to such also as is hole : moreouer sum medicine will alter the cullar of the vrine . The second cause of the altering of the cullar in the water , is the drinke : for the vryne commonly kepeth the cullar of those thinges which is receyued in the drinke . The .iii. cause is the collyquation of such thynges , as consume and melt in the body , as the fat , which whan it wasteth , for the most part cullereth vryne . Besyde these there be other causes also whiche do the same , as exercise , hungar , slepe , watche , with a great many other such like . which in the beholdynge of the vryne eche one by hym selfe shoulde be diligently considered of the Phisition . Now I entende to declare what may be coniectured in the vrine of the substance , & cullar . A thinne vrine , signifieth the lacke of natural heat , not without the obstructions of the liuer , raynes , & splene , by meanes of cruditie : A thicke declareth excesse of matter , & humors fillinge the belly , guttes , and the holowe partes of the liuer : which yf it be sene in a feuer , thynne goinge before , it signifieth the dissoluing of the feuer . But if after that the feuer is alredie cum , the vryne appere thick , nor in continuance of time waxeth no thinnar , them it signifieth plenty of humors . Concernyng the cullars what white , pale , yelowe , & read signifie , partly is alredy declared , & more may be gathered , of these the folow . The darke red which is the cullar of the mulberry , showeth that the bloode burneth in the vaynes . The grene signifieth the worste kind of chollar to be encresed both in quantity , & qualitie . That vryne which hath the cullar of oyle , showeth the colliquation of the hole body , or elles of the raynes only . The blacke water sumtyme declareth healthe as in the pourginge of melancholy , but if grene went before , them it is a very argument of death , & it is more to be feared in men then wemen . Now we be cum vnto the quantitie which in them that be hole should be so much as was dronken . The water excedeth in quantitie for the most part , by meanes of these causes folowynge : first whan a man eateth and drinketh to much , the meat being to moyst , or the drinke being watrishe wine . The second whan he hath taken medicynes , which prouoke vryne . The thirde whan the raynes is distempered with ouer much heat . The forth whan the belly is drier , then it ought to be naturally . The fyfte whan ther procedeth no euacuation of the belly nor other wayes , which Hyppocrates witnesseth , sayinge : Water much in quantity , made in the night , prophecieth of a small siege : Litel water hapneth of contrary causes : First of littell drinkynge , drinesse of meates , muche exercise , and other lyke vnto these , which be wont to dry the body . Secondarily , for meates & medicyns whiche for their grosnesse , make obstruction in the liuer and splene , and other places . Thirdly for the grosnesse and clammynesse of humors . Forthly for the plentifull pourgynge of the belly . Fyftly for the vehement heat , and drinesse in a feuer . Sixtly , for the weaknesse of the excretiue power , both in the raynes & other partes seruynge to the avoydynge of the water , or vryne . The .iiii. thynge which in the vryne is to be considered be the contentes , so called ( I thynke ) because they consist in euerye parte of the altitude of the body of the water . And as the heyght of the body of the water is deuided in to .iii. as in to the bothome of the vryne , the brinke , or highest region , & in to the middell of these extremities : so of the contentes sum swymmeth in the top , and other hangeth in the middell , and sum goeth to the bothom . In the contentes ther be .iii. thinges to be considered , the substance , cullar , and quantitie . The substance , because summe be thicke , and other sum thynne , and summe in a meane betwixt bothe . The contentes of healthy waters , be moderat of substance , light , & egall . They be called light , which be continuall & of of one pece , not rough , nor broken in any part , & suche as is to these contrary may be called rough . Contentes that be grosse , signifie copie & plenty of crude , & raw humors in the vaynes , & sumtime the strength of the excretiue facultie , in pourginge superfluous humors . Contentes that be thinne , signifie weaknesse of nature in the second cōcoction ▪ & declareth also grosse humors to be subtyled , & made thynne . Concernyng the cullar of contentes , sum be very whyte , summe pale , summe yealowe , summe red , summe bluddy , summe blacke , & summe of diuers cullars . Contentes very whyte be ether peces of slymye humors , or els matter to much baked : whiche commeth from summe of the innar partes : pale contentes be euill , because they decline from the naturall cullar : yealowe be euyl also , in that that they declare the ouer muche encreasinge of chollar : red signifie lacke of concoction , and the contynuynge of the disease . Blodie declare that the blood is not throughly labored of nature : blacke signifieth ether the mortifiyng of naturall heat , or elles the pourgynge of melancholy . Nowe since that I haue brefely declared the cullar , and substance of the contentes , ther remayneth behynde the quantitie , which if it be much , as it showeth the nurisshynge of the body , so it dothe the fortifiynge of the excretiue facultie . For while nature laboreth much in alteryng the nurrishemente , she must nedes make many excrementes . The scarcity & lacke of contentes , happeneth ether of fastyng , or exercise , or obstruction in the vaynes , or finally of ouer slowe concoction . Sumtime there is an euill sauor in the vrin , which signifieth ether rottennesse of sum part of the body , or elles the mortifyinge of the hole body : specially yf the substance , & contentes be euill .

¶ Of the excrementes of the belly . The .iii. chapter

THat siege , or excrement is best , & , moste naturall , whiche is soft , and lieth together hole , and well compact , made at the accustomed tyme in health , and in quantitie , correspondent to that that is eaten : of the contrarye part , that is an euill and an vnnaturall siege , or excrement which is hard , thynne , or rough , not made in the accustomed howre of healthe . If the siege be very much cullared , it is euyll and signifieth ouer muche chollar in the guttes : and if it be not tincte at all , but like vnto the meat whiche was eaten , it signifieth cruditie , & no chollar at all to resorte to the guttes : but if the siege be yealowe in the declination of the sicknesse , them it declareth the body to be pourged of chollar very well . If the siege be grene it showeth that there is great plentie of rustie chollar : and yf it be blacke it signifieth ether the abundance of melancholy , or elles the adustion of blood in the stomacke . Yf it be of the cullar of leade , then it betokeneth the mortifiynge of the innar partes , or at the leaste an extreme colde in the same . If it be ether fatty , or clammye , & no like meat hath be eaten immediatly before , it signifieth the hole body to consume . If it be verye muche stinkyng , it is a sure token of putryfaction . In these thinges , the nature and qualitie of the meates , be as well to be considered , as the imbecillitie an weakenesse of the guttes , in suffering fluxes , and reumes from the head . whan the excrement in cummynge forth maketh any noyse , it declarethe winde to be mixte with thynne moysture , and the fundement to be drawen nere together . Whan any wyndye spirit striueth with moysture , then commonly there remayneth sum fome in the siege . The siege being diuers in cullar , showeth the body to be diuersly affected : wherfore for the most part it is a signe of long sicknesse .

¶ Of the spettell . The .4 . chapter

THe spettell is to be considered in all diseases , but especially in the diseases or griefes of the brest , and lunges : in the which diseases , yf the pacient spet nothing at all , it is a token of extreme cruditie : but if he spet , though it be moyst & crude it signifieth the first part of the disease , which is the beginning to be newly ended : after that it is more baked & cummeth vp first a littell , & then more & more , than the sicknesse is almost in the state & at the worst , & whan it is well baked , & cummeth a great pase , then the disease is alredy in the state , which is to say at the heyght , because then it can grow no hygher , & after cummyng lesse , with more ease & lesse grefe in coughyng , and takyng of breth , beinge also well concoct , & not crude , it signifieth the sicknesse to decline , & depart . Yf the spettel be sumthynge nigh vnto yelowe , with a light fome vpon it , it is a token , of cruditie only , without any furthar euill . But if it be very yelow , tawny , grene , or blacke , or clammy with much fome , it is not to be beliked at all : if it be blody , it is nothynge so euyll as blacke and yealow , but the manner of excretion , must also be well marked : For if it cum vp easily , them it is to be accounted good , and yf not but with difficultie of brethyng , them it is euel . The absolute note , & marke , of concoction is whan the spettel is light , white , and egal , & of substance nether thynne , nor thicke : yf the spettell be thynne , & not blacke , it signifieth nothynge but the lacke of naturall heat , but yf it be the cullar of leade , or rustinesse or blacke , it is extreme euyll .

¶ The .v. chapter of the pulses .

THe pulse is a sensible mouynge of the hart and Arteries , ( that is to say vaynes , hauing two coates growing of the hart , & carriynge both blod and spirit ) by the which they be lifted vp and let done againe . This mouynge hath ii . vses : For in the dilatynge of the arteries , colde Ayer is drawen in which doeth not only stirre vp , but also refresheth the vitall power , wherof the Animall spirites be made , and in the submission , or contraction of the forenamed Arteries , the smoky excrement whiche came of burnte & humors aduste , is expelled . Parauenture summe will loke , that here in this place I shoulde haue declared the differencys of the pulses , because that without the knowlege therof , there can be no diuination by the pulses . Howbeit I willingly at this time omyt them , because Gallen and Archigines with other mo auncient writers are not as yet agreed of them , & Cornelius Celsus ( non of the worst Phisitions ) semeth to doubt much whether any thynge may certaynly be coniectured by them or no. But this I am assured of that though I should haue set them furth so playnly as I coulde for my lyfe , yet they shoulde not haue bene throughly knowen , but of such as alredy be well entred , & practised , not only in the workes of Phisicke , but also in Arithmaticke , and Mathamaticke : and as for such let them serche what Gallen and other olde phisitions haue wrytten : For to them this littel rude boke is not written , but only to suche as are ignorant in the lattyn tong , that they may by healp of this my boke , not only lerne sūthyng for theyr bodely health , but also saue theire money , which they dayly wast in feeding such Phisitions as be not lernyd , wherfore gentyll readers accept my good wyll though I haue not satisfied youre expectation , remembrynge the olde poetes sayinge : Rebus et in magnis est voluisse satis . which is to say that in matters of weyght , to haue ben wyllynge it is sufficient .

Finis .

¶ Imprinted at London in Fletestrete at the signe of the Sunne , ouer agaynst the condyte , by Edward Whitchurche the .x. day of April .

Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum .