A playne treatise to learne in a short space the Frenche tongue deuided in twoo bookes.

¶ A playne treatise to learne in a short space the Frenche tongue , deuided in two bookes .

Of A.

A , Is pronounced playnly of the Frenche men , opening a little more the mouth than Englishmen doe . A , ought to be sounded euerye where , and wyth euerye letter , except when it is ioyned with , i , and , y , for then it loseth his sound , & it is pronounced as this , é , which we call masculine : as for example of , ai , faire , to doe fére , aimer to loue émer , plaindre , to complayne pléndre , of ay , feray , I will doe feré , diray , I will say diré , ayderay , I will helpe éderé , and likewyse in all other words where they shall be founde . A , with an accent in this sort , à , sheweth that the woorde following is a Noune of the Datiue case , and signifieth in Englishe this Article , To : as in déede it is the Article of the datiue case in our tongue , as in this example , donnez cela à mon maistre , giue that to my master . Ditez à vostre Pere , que ie fais bonne chere , Tell your Father , that I doe make good cheere . A , without an accent betokeneth the thirde person of Verbes of our seconde Preterperfect tense , as in these examples , a dit , hath sayde , a aimé , hath loued , a parlé , hath spoken , and so of all such like . And last of all , A , also is a note of the thirde person , and singular number of this Verbe , ay , haue , as Il a mon liure , He hath my booke . Il a authorité , He hath authoritie .

Of B.

B , is pronounced in this maner , bé , as if the é , were alwayes ioyned with it , although that it be not there , neither ought to be there : but it is the nature of it so to be pronounced in our tongue . B , among the vowelles is alwayes pronounced , and at the beginning of wordes , except at the ende , and when it is before some consonant . An example of the woordes where it is at the ende : as Plomb , Leade , and such lyke , of those where it is in the middest : as debte , debte , debuoir , dewtie , bycause that , u , in this place after , b , is made a consonant .

Of C.

C , is pronounced as this woorde , Cé , & kéepeth his pronounciation in all woordes . It is true , that when it is written wyth a halfe circle vnderneath , then it is pronounced as , S , and this is , when it is ioyned with , a , and , o : as sçauoir , knowledge , Françoys , Francis , façon , fashion . C , ioyned with , t , in the ende of a woorde is neuer expressed , but in the middest , it is , if it be betwéene twoo vowelles : as victorieux , victorious , acteur , a dooer , protecteur , a defender , diction , a woorde , faction , a deede : also when it is ioyned with , h , and , a , it is pronounced : as , sha , an example , champ , a fielde , Charretier , a Charter , as if they were written thus , shamp , sharrtier , and so of others .

Of D.

D , is pronounced as this syllable , dé , the which is expressed in all woords , except certayne , aswell in the beginning as at the ende . An example of those , where it is founde in the beginning and not pronounced : as aduocasser , to pleade , aduenir , to come , adiourner , to adiourne , aduiser , to aduise , aduertir , to aduert , adiouster , to adde . Of , D , at the end : as profond , deepe , roud , rounde , grand , great , quand , when , as if profond & the other were written with , t , in this sort profont , &c.

Of E.

E , is pronounced diuersly in our tongue bycause we make two sortes of E , the one masculine , & the other feminine , in such sort , that according as it is , so is it pronounced , we will speake then first of the nature of é , masculine : which is pronounced playnly & more stronglye than the other , as the woorde wherein it is more playnly declareth , the which may yet more easily be conceyues of them chiefly , that vnderstande the Latine tongue . For our , é , masculine , is lyke their latine , e , which they sounde in the ende of their wordes : as me , me , te , the , se , himselfe , Domine , O Lord , amare , to love , and so of all the other . The which , é , besides this caryeth a marke euident ynough , which is a sharpe accent in this sort , é , so that a man shall neuer fayle to know it by this meanes , seeing it so noted ouer the heade . As touching the e , feminine , it is harde to pronounce it bicause that it hath not any signe that shoulde make it to be knowne : And especiallye , the Englishmen cannot pronounce it at the ende of their wordes , bycause they be not accustomed so to doe , as may be séene in these words sorte , concorde , able . But I woulde requyre them to accustome themselues to pronounce it , and in place that they make but one syllable of sorte , that they make thereof twoo , and so of other the like . And would aduertise those that haue studyed the Latine tongue to pronounce the sayd , e , femini . as they pronounce , e , in the second syllable of verbes of the thirde Coniugation : as in facere , to doe , legere , to reade , dicere , to say . Nowe beside these twoo sortes of , é , e , there is yet founde an other different , notwithstanding from the other twoo : and it is alwayes before S , be it at the beginning , in the midst , or at the ende of woordes : and is pronounced betwéene a , and , e , as the Latinistes doe this diphtonge , ae , which may and ought to be thus written , ae , as in these words aestre , to be , senaestre , a windowe , aupraes , neare . Now since we haue tolde how they are pronounced , it is necessarie ( folowing our order ) to sée whither they kéepe their pronounciation and whither they alter not : é , masculine neuer chaungeth his sounde , nor this , e , neuter : but , e , feminine is chaunged , as when it is ioyned with , n , and , m , in one & the selfe same sillable , for then it is pronounced betwene , e , and , a , turning yet more vpon , a , than vpon , e : as , entendement , vnderstanding , as if it were written with , a : thus , antandemāt , Empereur , an Emperour , as Ampereur , except in these woordes bien , well , mien , mine , tien , thine , sien , his , rien , nothing , combien , although , where it kepeth his owne pronounciation .

Of F.

F , is pronoūeed as this worde here esse , which is expressed almost in al words except some , to wéete , those where it is put before , S , as for example , beufs , beefes , oeufs , egges , vifs , quicke , fugitiss , fugitiues , for otherwyse if , S , dyd not followe , it shoulde be expressed .

Of G.

G , is pronounced in our tongue as this syllable Ié , compounded of , I , a consonant , and , é , masculine , which letter ought to be obserued diligently of Englishmen . For this is it where with they finde themselues much combred , and especially when it is ioyned with , i , and , e , for then we pronounce it otherwyse than they doe : they pronounce it as the Gréekes , and as we doe ke , ki , as for example : geue and gif , but a Frenchman woulde pronounce geue , as if it were written thus Ieue , by our I , consonant . So that Englishmen ought to note vppon this that alwayes and so often as they shall sée in our tongue , g , ioyned with , e , or , i , they must pronounce it , as an , I , consonant : as in this worde geste , gesture , gist , lyeth , and all other such lyke , as if they were written in this sorte Ieste , Iist : Those which are exercised in the Latine tongue maye easily learne it , for we pronounce , g , euen as the Latinistes doe the , g , when it is ioyned with , e , & , i : as , gero , I behaue , gigno , I beget . There remayneth to obserue of this letter , g , that when it goeth before , n , of necessitie it must be spelled and ioyned togither with , n , following , and not with the letters going before , striking the roufe of the mouth with the roote & flat of the tongue , and so ioyne togither these twoo letters : as thus , compa-gnon , and not compag-non , these thrée , gua , gue , gui . ought also to be well noted of the Englishmen , who in them woulde pronounce the , u , as in this woorde : guarentir , to warrant , guarir , to heale : But they must take great héede of it , and pronounce them , as if u , were not there at all , & as it were thus written garentir , garir , euen as they doe pronounce this woorde Gabriel , or any other woorde in their tongue which is written by , ga , an example of gue , as in this worde guerre , warre , wherof the first syllable must be pronounced , as they pronounce the first of this worde geue , except in this worde , arguer , to argue , where , o , is pronounced , an example of , gui : as guider , to guyde , deguiser , disguyse . For there , gui , is pronounced as Englishmen doe the first , gi , of Gilforde , it is true that there are some woordes excepted from this Rule of gui , where , u , is pronounced : as esguillon , a stinge , esguille , a needle , esguiser , to sharpen . G , in the ende of the worde , is not pronounced as g , but in a maner as c : as in long , long , as if it were thus written lonc , g , is not also pronounced in this worde cognoistre , to knowe .

Of H.

H. is pronounced in Frenche , as Englishe men pronounce this word , ashe , which is called fresne , in our tongue : it loseth his pronounciation in the beginning of wordes , which be of two , thrée , and foure syllables : as homme , a man , honneur , honour , habillement , garment , heures , boures , except some , where it is pronounced , as in hache , a speare , hachis , a gallymawfrye , haine , hatred , hazard , hazard , hardi , hardie , hatif , hastie , haste , haste , and in wordes of one syllable it is alwayes pronounced : as hors , out , hault , high , and so of others lyke . Also it kéepeth his pronounciation being ioyned togither with all the letters , except with , p , r , t , for with those it is not pronounced at all , an example of , p : as phantasie , fantasie , philosophie , philosophie , phiole , viall or bottell , phisicien , a phisition , and then , p. and h , take the signification of , f , an example of r : as Rhetoricque ; Rhetorike , of , t : as thalent , a talent , Theatre , a game place , threfor , treasure .

Of I.

Wée dooe not pronounce I so brode as Englishmen dooe , which in déede pronounce it so , that it séemeth to them which are not accustomed to heare them , that they pronounce this diphthonge , oi , ei , and , ai , in such sort that they haue also such a pronounciation in their latine , as in this worde Domini , Lordes , which they pronounce , as if it were written in this sort domainai , and so of others . And therefore to pronounce it well as the Frenche men , Spaniards , Italians , & specially they , which speake yet somewhat naturally the Latine tongue and consequently haue better the pronounciation than those which speake it but by arte . They must then strayne the tongue more than they dooe , and therewith strike a little , onely agaynst the roufe of the mouth and agaynst the fore téeth in opening them a little that they may eschue this brode & grosse sounde that they haue accustomed to giue vnto it . We haue , I , a vowell , and , I , a consonant as the Latines haue , I , a vowell is before the consonantes : as Ignorant , Ignorant , Imagination , Imagination . I , a consonant is knowne by this , that it goeth before a vowell in one and the self same syllable : as jamais , neuer , jeunesse , youth , jaloux , ielous , jadis . sometime , ja , already , jeter , to cast , jouir , to enioy , joieux , ioyous , juste , iust .

Of L.

L , alone by himselfe is pronounced as this worde elle , which Englishmen must obserue , séeing by this woorde they may sée how they must pronounce it more openly : I meane alone , for a double ll , is not pronounced so openly , & specially if these diphthongs , ai , oi , ei , and , ui , go before it , and any other vowell followe it , & then it must be pronounced with the flat of the tongue touching the roufe of the mouth , as yoong Schollers dooe pronounce the first syllable of luceo , I shine , the seconde of saluto , I salute : as for example , bailler , to giue , veiller , to watche , grenoille , a frogge , bouillir , to boyle , and when it is betwéene simple vowelles : as faucille , a sickle , bille , a bille , fille , a daughter , and so of other , except ville , a towne . syllabe , a sillable , also , l , simple is pronounced in all places , as a liquide , that is l , m , n , r , sauing when it is before a Consonant in one and the selfe same sillable , and then it loseth his pronounciation , as in these wordes fils , a sonne , fols , fooles , fault , a fault , aultre , an other .

Of M.

M , is by it selfe pronounced in this sorte emme , as if it were a worde of these two syllables , and it is alwayes pronounced except at the ende of wordes where it is chaunged onely into , n : as nom , a name , Adam , Adam , Abraham , Abraham , for you must pronounce them as if they were written by , n , thus non , Adan . &c. M. also after , e , is pronounced as , n : as Empereur , Enpereur , an Emperor .

Of N.

N , ought to be pronounced as this worde of twoo syllables , enne , the which is pronounced in all woordes aswell at the beginning , as in the middest , and at the ende : bycause it is a liquide , except , notwithstanding in the thirde persons of Verbes of the Plurall number . For there , n , before , e , is neuer pronounced : example aiment , doe loue , aimoyent , dyd loue , aimerent , loued , aimeroyent , shoulde loue , aimassent , had loued , as if they were written without , n , in this sorte aimet , aimoiet , aimeret , aimeroyet , aimasset .

Of O.

O , is a vowell which is pronounced after our fashion in all tongues : And therefore I will not stay more thervpon , I will only say that it kepeth his pronounciation in all places except in a diphthong . For then it is chaunged into é , masculine : as congnoistre , to know , congnestre , oeuure , a worke , euure .

Of P.

P , is a consonant which is alone pronounced as this syllable , Pé , which being put before another consonant is not pronounced , except in , apte , apte , also , p , before , h , and a vowell loseth his sounde , for it is pronounced , as , f , an example philosophe , a philosopher , as if it were written by , f , thus , filosofe , and so of other the lyke .

Of Q.

Q , is pronounced as , cu , which is alwayes ioyned with , u , and , a , u , and e , u , and , i , u , and o , and notwithstanding you may not say , quam , quë , quï , quö , quü , as in Latine , Italian , or Englishe , but , qua , must be pronounced as if it were written with , k , and , a , in this sort , ka , as for example quattre , foure , as , kattre , banqueter , to banquet , as banketer , antiquité , antiquitie , antikité , quo , and , quu , are not pronounced as ko , and , ku , but as , co , & , cu , as it is easie to sée in these examples quoter , to cote , as if it were written , coter , and , quoy , what , as , coy , and , quu , alwayes as , cu.

Of R.

R , of his nature is a letter very sharpe and rude , which our tongue cannot easily abyde , we temper and mollifie the sounde of it , for otherwyse in our tongue it hath no grace . Neuerthelesse I woulde not therefore you shoulde be so delicate , that you shoulde altogither leaue it , and that you shoulde be lyke to the women of Paris , who are so nyce that they can not pronounce it wythout hurting theyr mouth ( as they thinke ) for in stéede of saying Pere , Father , they say peze , or , pese , and in stéede of Mere , Mother , meze , or mese , but you must kéepe a meane , betwéene both .

Of S.

S , is pronounced as this worde , esse , which for the first when it is betwéene two vowels loseth his sounde , and is turned into , z : as maison , a house , saison , a season , as if they were written thus maizon , saizon . Otherwyse it kéepeth his owne pronounciation but bicause it is not pronounced alwayes , chiefely being before another consonant : but in few , by reason of the concourse of twoo consonants , which we thinke to be rude in our tongue , it is very necessarie to know in what woordes it is pronounced , and in what it is not expressed : For this is it where the greatest part of those that desire to learne our tongue , are hindere● , not knowing when they must pronounce it , or leaue it : which also is harde to know and almost impossible , if it be not by great experience and long obseruation of the wordes . For they dooe but mocke themselues , and deceyue other , that thinke to contayne the same by certayne rules , and to forge them after their owne fasie as may dooe , to the ende to féede men with such vanities . Therefore séeing of twoo burthens the lesse is to be taken , I will set foorth in the table following by the order of the crosse rowe all the wordes where the , S , ioyned with any consonant in one and the selfe same syllable is pronounced : séeing that there is not of them so many , as there be of them where , S , ioyned with a consonant is not pronounced , for he that knoweth one , knoweth the other : forasmuch as hée that knoweth the nature of one contrarie , he knoweth consequently the nature of the other .

¶ A table of all the Frenche wordes where , S , ioyned with an other consonant is pronounced after the order of the letters . A. Abstenir , to abstayne . Acoster , to meete . Acostable , familiare . aposturne , an impostume . Asperger , to sprinckle . Assister , to assist . Apostat , an apostatate . Aposter , to become an apostatate . Austere , seuere . Auguste , noble . B. Bastille , a bulwarke . Bastillon , a litle bulwarke . Bosquet , a groue . C. Celeste , heauenly . Chaste , Chast. Clistere , a glister . Confisquer , to confiscate . Consister , to consist . Conspirer , to c●●spire . Constant , constant . Constellation , a constellation . Constituer , to appoint . Constrister , to make sad , and those that descende of them . D. Desespoir , despaire . Destiner , to appoynt . Destituer , to want . Detester , to detest . Digestion , digestion . Discretion , discretion . Discret , discrete . Discorder , to disagree . Discours , a discours . Discussion , a discussion . Dispenser , to dispence . Disposer , to dispose . Disputer , to dispute . Distance , a distance . Distiller , to drop downe . distinguer , to distinguish Distrere , to withdrawe . Distribuer , to distribute . Domesticque , houshold . Disgrace , disgrace . Demonstration , a demonstracion . Description , a description . Desastre , mischaunce . E. Embuscade , a conspiracie , or laying in wait for . Escarpins , pumpes or pinsons . Escrimeur , a fenser . Espace , a space . Esperer , to hope . Esprit , Spirit . Estimer , to esteme . Estomac , the stomacke . Escadron , an araye . Esquif , a boate . F. Festin , a banquet . Fistule , a fistola . Frustrer , to frustrate . G. Geste , a gesture . H. Histoire , an Historie . Histrion , a stage player . I. Inspiration , inspiration . Instable , inconstant . Instamment , instantly . Instinct , instinct . Instinguer , to prouoke . Instruire , to instruct . Instrument , an instrument . Intestins , the inwarde partes . Iuriste , a Lawyer . Iusques , vntill . Iuste , iust . Iurisconsulte , a lawyer . L. Lustre , a shewe . M. Manifester , to manifest . Masquer , to maske . Modeste , modest . Moleste , grieuous . Monastere , a monasterie . Monstre , a monser . Muscadet , muskadell . Mystere , a mysterie . N. Nonobstant , notwithstanding . O. Obscurcir , to darcken . Obstiner , to be or make obstinate . P. Pasteur , a pastor . Pastenades , carret roots . Persister , to persist . Peste , plague . Postuler , to require . Presque , almost . Proscrire , to write for . Prosperer , to prosper . Prosterner , to prost●●● . Protester , to pro●●●● . Postposer , to set after . Posterieur , latter . Posterite , posterite . Posthume , one borne after his fathers death . Poste , a poste . Postidate , a daye deferred . Q. Quaestion , a question . R. Respirer , to breath . Restituer , to restore . Restaurer , to restore . S. Superstition , superstition . Suspect , suspect . Suspendre , to hang vp . Sultenter , to susteyne . Subministrer , to serue vnder . T. Testament , a testament . Testicule , a stone . Testifier , to testifie . Testonner , to rub with a combe . Transcrire , to write out . Transformer , to transforme . Transgressor , to transgresse . Transmettre , to transmitte , or se●●●e ●uer . Transmuer , to remooue from one place to another . Transporter , to transport . Transposer , to transpose . Triste , sad .

As for these foure last letters following , that is to say u , x , y , z. There are not founde any woordes which beginne by them , where S , looked with an other consonant is pronounced , beholde therfore all that I coulde gather vppon this letter , S , that myght be profitable and necessarie for the studentes .

Of T.

T , is pronounced as this woorde , Té , which in all woordes kéepeth his pronounciation except in the end of nounes , wherin it is not expressed , but in the end of verbes it is pronounced softly , to the ende , 〈◊〉 , masculine be not sounded after it , so that to dooe this we may not strike much with the tongue agaynst the roufe of the mouth , but as litle as a man can , not opening the mouth to much , for feare of falling into the fault of the Bourguignions Wallons , which pronounce it so strongly that of a worde of twoo syllables they make thrée : as of mengent , they eate , they will make mengenté , donnent , they giue , donnenté . Therfore I aduertise you to pronounce this letter , T , rather to softlye , than to muche for our tongue requyreth it .

Of V.

V , is pronounced in shutting the mouth and closing the lippes rounde togither , which is both a consonant and a vowell : a consonant , when it is before an other vowell : as vous , you , vostre , yours , voir , to see , & a vowell , when it is before a Consonant : as lustre , a shewe , doucement , sweetly , rude , rude . Now we must note , that as it is a vowell , it is not pronounced after , q , nor after , g , as for example of , q , quantité , quantitie , quattre , foure , which wordes Englishe men must pronounce , as if they were written by , k , and , a , in this sort kantité , kattre : of , g , as langue , a tongue , bague , a ring , which they must pronounce also leauing the , u , and pronouncing the , e , that abydeth with the , g , as they dooe theyr a , or else betwéene both if they were written thus , langa , baga , mittigating notwithstanding , as much as they may the pronounciation of the , a , in tourning it vpon , e.

Of X.

X , is pronounced as if , i , were ioyned togither with it , in this sort , Ix , which being at the end of words hath the sound of , S , as cheuaux , horses , cheueux , heares , beaux , fayre , deux , two , but in the midst , betwixt twoo vowels , it hath the signification of two letters that is to say , c , s : as in these words Alexandre , Alexander , exemple , example , which must be pronounced as if they were written by , c , s , in this maner ecsemple , Alecsandre .

Of Y.

Y , is rightly called of vs by the name of Gréeke , for it is also a vowell of the Gréekes , which kéepeth in all places his pronounciation , and is lyke to our vowell , i , being neuer chaunged , but when it is after , a , for then the pronounciation of it is turned into our , e , masculine .

Of Z.

Z , is pronounced as this worde , zedes , and bicause English men pronounce it as we do , I will not stay any more thereof . True if is that at the ende of woordes we pronounce it as , S.

Of Diphthongs .

WE haue fower principal diphthongs , which are chaunged : of which I will speake , for as for the other diphthongs there néedeth no mention to be made of them , séeing they are pronounced as they be written : the fower are these ai , ei , oi , ui , of which the thrée first be chaunged into , é , masculine , and the fourth into , i : an example of ai , aimer , to loue , emer , of ei , pleindre , to complayne , plendre , of oi , congnoistre , to knowe , congnestre , of ui , bouillir , to boyle . There is yet an other diphthong , which I will not leaue out bicause it is changed also into , é , and that is , oe : as coeur , a heart , ceur , oeuure , a worke , euure , soeur , sistet , seur .

Of Synalepha .

Synalepha , is a figure by the which , e , feminine is not in a manner pronounced , for when two diuers wordes run togither wherof one endeth in , e , & the other beginneth with an other vowel , the , e , which is at the end , is , as it were not pronounced , and if it be pronounced , it is very little : as in this example bonne annee vous doint Dieu , a good yeare vnto you giue God . Il aime à faire cecy , ou cela , He loueth to doe this , or that .

Of Apostrophe .

This figure Apostrophe , is alwayes and so often as these woordes of one syllable , to wéete Ie , te , me , se , de , ne , le , que , ce , do go before other woordes that begin with vowels : For this vowell , e , which is in the saide wordes of one syllable is eaten vp & taken away bicause of the concurrence & méeting of the vowell in the woorde following , and in the place of that which is so eaten vp , we put this halfe circle , which sheweth the figure of Apostrophe , as for example of , Ie , j'enuoye , I doe sende , of , te , je t'ay escrit , I wrote to thee , of , me , Il m'a dit , He tolde me . Of , se , Il s' est humilié , He humbled himselfe . Of , ne , Il n'est point icy , He is not here . Of , que , O qu'il est excellent , Oh how excellent he is . Of , ce , c'est icy vn don de Dieu , this here is a gift of God . Of , le , l'esprit viuifie , the spirite quickeneth , we may also herevnto adde these of one syllable , si , ma , re , & this woorde of twoo syllables , grande , as for example of , si . S'il est vray je vous croy , If it be true I beleeue you . Of , ma , m'amie , My woman friende . Of , re , r'amenteuoir , to remember . Of , grande , grand ' esperance , great hope . Grand'e asseurance , great assuraunce .

Of the running togither of consonants in diuers woordes .

When twoo Consonants followe one another , and méete togither in diuers woordes , the one in the ende of a woorde and the other in the beginning of the next word following , the same which is at the ende , is neuer pronounced , as for example , Ie me recommande a vos bonnes graces , I doe commende my selfe vnto your good graces , which must be pronounced as if , S , were not there at all : in this wyse , Ie me recommande a vo-bonne-graces , but you must therefore pause a little vpon the vowell which goeth before , S , it is true that this rule taketh no place , when after a Consonant which is in the ende of a woorde , there followeth a Comma or poynt , bycause then it is pronounced : as in this example , Ie vous remercie messieurs , pour les grands biens , les grands plaisirs , & honnestetez , que vous me faites , sans toutefois , l'auoir metite , I thanke you my maisters , for the great benefites , the great pleasurés , and honesty that you dooe to me without , notwithstanding , my desert .

The seconde Booke .

HAuing sufficiently declared the nature of the letters , and howe they be pronounced by themselues , and ioyned togither , and in what places they kéepe their pronunciation , and also where they lose it . There remayneth nowe to speake of wordes , and how they may be knowne one from another . And to knowe this well , it is necessarie to sée how many parts of speach there be , or kindes of wordes . Of which there are nyne : the article , the Noune , Pronoune , the Verbe , the Participle , the Aduerbe , the Coniunction , the Preposition , and the Interiection : Of which we will treate orderly .

¶ Of the Article .

The Article is a certaine waye to guyde and leade vs easilye to the knowledge of the Nownes : for it is as the signe that sheweth the thing signified . There be two sortes of Articles , the one is , vn , one , and vne , one : and the other , le , the , la , the. Which Articles haue both gender and number : As for the gender , they haue it , insomuch as euery article is either of the masculine or feminine gender . Of the neuter gender there is no Article in our tongue . If they be for the masculine gender , in the singular number they ende in , vn , and in , le , in the plurall , vns , and les , if they be of the feminine gender , they make in the singular number , vne , and la , and in the Plurall , vnes , and , les . Le , is for the Nominatiue case singular of nounes of the masculyne gender : as , le maistre , the maister , le pere , the father , le fils , the sonne , and so of other lyke . La , is for the feminine : as , la dame , the Ladie , la femme , the woman , la maistresse , the Maystresse . For the genitiue case singular , de , of , du , of the , d'un , of one , for the masculine : as , Iesus Christ fils de Dieu , Iesus Christ sonne of God , Cecy vient de la bonte du Roy , this commeth of the goodnesse of the King. Ie parle d'un homme , I speake of a man . For the feminine , de la , of the and , d'une , of one : as , le mari de la femme , the husbande of the wyfe , la beauté d'une dame , the beautie of a Ladie . A , to , au , to , for the Datiue , masculine , and feminine : as , Ie declaray cela à mon maistre , I declared the same to my maister , I'ay dit cecy à Marguerite , I tolde this same to Margaret . The Accusatiue is lyke the Nominatiue . O , serueth to the Vocatiue , as well masculine , as feminine . Par , by , de , of , du , of the , d'un , of one , pour , for , de la , of the , and d'une , of one , he Articles which shew the Ablatiue case of the singular number , whereof de , du , d'un , be for the masculine only : as Il est nay de Iean , he is borne of Iohn , Il vient du chasteau , he commeth from the Castell , Il a apprins d'un bon maistre , he hath learned of a good maister . De la , & D'une , are also for the feminine onely . Il sort de la ville , be commeth out of the towne , Il est estime d'une femme , he is praysed of a woman . But , par , and pour , are as well for the Masculine , as for the Feminine . Nowe , le , and , la , for the nominatiue plurall , haue onely , les , which serueth them both . Vn , hath vns , and vne , maketh vnes . The genitiue plurall maketh des , of , for , the masculine and feminine , d'uns , of one , for the masculine , d'unes , for the feminine . For the Datiue , aux , to the , for the masculine & the feminine . The Accusatiue is like the Nominatiue . The Vocatiue is like to the Vocatiue singular . And the Ablatiue plurall , to the Ablatiue singular , which Articles be alwayes set immediatly before the Nownes substantiues : And beside them , there are also many Pronounes , that helpe vs very much for to knowe to discerne nounes substantiues from other parts of speach , of which we will speak hereafter .

Of a Noune .

The noune is the name of a thing which may be séene , touched , heard , or vnderstoode : as the name of my hand , the name of my body , of a table , of a booke , or other the lyke . Euery noune is eyther Substantiue or Adiectiue : The noune substantiue is the same that may be of it selfe , and hath no néede to be ioyned with another worde to signifie the nature of a thing : for simply in it selfe and alone , it sheweth the same wholy : as , homme , a man , maistre , a maister , pere , a father , maison , a house . The noune Adiectiue is that which can signify nothing of it selfe , but must be alwayes ioyned with a Substantiue in this sort , bon homme , a good man , heureux maistre , a happie mayster . mauuais charpentier , an yll Carpenter , malheureux enfant , an vnhappie chylde . Also a noune substantiue is deuided into twoo , into a noune proper , and into a noune common . A noune proper , is that that agréeth to one only thing , and to one onely person , as this noune Iean , Iohn , is proper onely to all those that are called by this name , and not to others . A noune common is attributed to many thinges : as maison , a house , pere , a father , homme , a man , liure , a booke , table , a table , lict , a bedde , chappeau , a hatte , bonnet , a cappe . nounes substantiues haue sixe accidents , that is to say , Gender , Number , Person , Deriuation , Composition and Declenson .

Of the first Accident .

There be two sortes of genders , masculine and feminine , which , as we haue sayde here before , are knowne by the Articles that go before them , and also by their signification , of which we will nowe speake . For the masculine gender , we haue to note , that all names of men , of dignitie , of office , of occupation , of parentage , or affinity , of Moneths , of money , of trées , of little trées ( except the Vyne trée ) all names of beastes male , briefly all verball nounes , or other that belong onely to men , are of the masculine gender . As also all those which belong to thinges feminine , are of the feminine gender : as the names of women , of fruites , of Cities , and others , which we will treate of hereafter according to their termination . All nounes ending in , i , or , y , ain , aire , ant , ent , as , eau , eux , ien , ier , ir , in , oir , vr , eur , ont , or , ond , is , Ils , or in any other consonant whatsoeuer , are of the masculine gender , which is easie to be knowne : notwithstanding , although that a man maye well comprehende this same in this sort , yet I will not omitte to set downe some examples to make the thing more cleare whereof the question is : as for example of , i , or , y , amy , a friende , apuy , a staye , enrichi , enriched . Of ain , vain , vaine , prochain , neare , grain , corne , humain , humaine . Of aire , viaire , a graue , affaire businesse . Of ant , aymant , louing , constant , constant , fayneant , an ydle bodie , nonchalant , retchlesse , vaillant , valiant . Of crit , diligent , diligent , ornement , an ornament , habillement , an habillement , argent , siluer . Of , as , amas , a heape , bras , an arme , fatras , baggage . Of eau , veau , a calfe , pourceau , a hog , manteau , a cloke , chappeau , a hat . Of , eux , vitieux , vitious , ambitieux , ambitious , couuoiteux , couetous , honteux , shamefull , amoureux , amorous , courageux , couragious . Example of , ien , chien , a dogge , bien , good , maintien , countenance , ancien , an ancient . Of , ier , sentier , a footepath , entier , whole . Of in , voisin , a neyghbour , cousin , a cosin . Of , ir , desir , desire , plaisir , pleasure . Of , oir , vouloir , will , pouuoir , power , and so of other terminations , which euery man may sée in reading . For it shoulde be more tedious than profitable , to giue example of them all , séeing that euen of themselues they are easie ynough to comprehende , and so this shall suffice for the masculine gender . Now of the feminine . All nounes endyng in this , é , masculine , ( except costé , a side , and all Participles therein ending , ) be of the feminine gender , and those also which ende in , ion , son , and e , feminine , sauing that we must except certaine which ende in , e , feminine , & yet are of the masculine gender , the which may be knowne easily by the Article going before : as le pere , the father , le frere , the brother , and a very fewe others . It is true that all Verbes infinitiue ending in , e , feminine , insomuch as they be made nounes by vertue of the Article which goeth before them , be also of the masculine gender , as , le boire , the drinke , le dire , the saying , le faire , the doing .

Of the seconde Accident .

The number is eyther singular or plurall . The Singular is knowne by the terminations ( which I haue hertofore declared ) and by the Article : and the Plurall partlye also by the Article , but commonly by his Singular , which ending in any vowel , formeth the Plurall by putting to , s , x , or , z , at the ende : as homme , a man , hommes , men , merci , mercy , mercis , mercies , loy , a lawe , loix , lawes , vertu , vertue , vertuz , vertues , bonté , bountie , bontez , bounties , The nounes Substantiues ending their singular in , m , n , p , r , haue , s , for the forming of their plurall : as in these words , nom , a name , noms , names , bien , good , biens , goodes , champ , a fielde , champs , fieldes , honneur , honor , honneurs , honors . Those that ende in , eu , eul , al , eau , ail , haue their Plurall in , x , and those also which ende in ault , chaunging onely , t , into , x. Of the noune singular ending in , c , d , f , g , q , t , is made the Plurall by putting to , z. Nowe we must here note , that there are some nounes in our tongue that haue onely but the Plurall , and doe all ende in , s , which shall be one of the notes to make them to be knowne , togither with their Article : as , les Rayns , the reynes , les tenebres , the darknesse , les meurs , the maners .

Of the thirde Accident .

The person is the thirde Accident , which is easie , and therefore we wyll declare it briefly . It is then to be vnderstoode that euery noune is of the thirde person : as , homme , a man , table , a table , pierre , a stone , boys , woode , liure , a booke , maison , a house .

Of the fourth Accident .

Euery noune substantyue eyther is deriued of an other Substantiue , or of an Adiectiue , or of a Verbe . Nounes diminutiues that end in , ette are deriued of nounes feminines that ende in e , feminine : as of Ieanne , Ione , Ieannette , little Ione . Of femelle , a female , femelette , a little female . Also those nounes Deriuatiues that ende in , ceau , come of nounes ending in on : as of , lion , a lyon , lionceau , a little lyon , larron , a theefe , larronceau , a little theefe , heron , a heron , heronceau , a little heron , except homonceau , a little man ; whych commeth of this word homme , endyng in , e , feminine . There be other names Deriuatiues that descend of names Primitiues ending in , on , whych notwithstanding ende not in , ceau , as the other going before , but in et , as of garçon , a boye , garçonnet , a little boye , cochon , a pyg●e ; cochonnet , a little pigge , and in , ette , as of , chanson , a song , chansonnette , a little song , maison , a house , maisonnette , a little house . Those nounes that ende in a consonant , make their diminutiues in et , as , corps , a bodie , corpset , a little bodie . Other nounes ending in , e , feminine , and yet be of the masculine gender , doe forme their Diminutiues , by putting to , c , with the , e , as signe , a marke , signet , a little marke , liure , a booke , liuret , a little booke . Of those nounes that ende in , eau , doe come such as ende in , el , or in , et , as of aigneau , a lambe , aignel , or , aignelet , a little lambe , oiseau , a byrde , oisel , or , oiselet , a little byrde , tonneau , a tunne , tonnel , or , tonnelet , a little tunne , bandeau , a thing to blindfielde , bandel , or , bandelet , a little thing to blindfielde . Last of all , those nounes which signifie the seasons of the time , doe forme their Diminutiues by a double , ee , as , an , annee , a yeare , matin , matinee , a morning , iour , iournee , a daye , nuit , nuitee , a night . Nounes perteyning to men , or to the masculine gender endyng in , ard , forme their Diminutiues in , eau , as , bastard , a bastarde , bastardeau , a little bastarde , bragard , a ruffler , bragardeau , a little ruffler , paillard , a whoremonger , paillardeau , a little whoremonger . And of those we also deryue nounes of the feminine gender , in adding , e , to , ard , as , paillard , a whoremonger , paillarde , a whore , bragard , a man ruffler , bragarde , a woman ruffler , bauard , a pratler , bauarde , a woman pratler . We finde of them others endyng in , aige , whych are deryued of nounes of diuers terminations , as , corde , cordaige , a corde , baggue , a bagge , baggaige , baggage , fruit , fruite , fruitage , fruitage , bende , a bande , bendage , binding . Some doe ende in , aille , as , couardaille , a cowardly multitude , which commeth of , couard , a cowarde . Some come of latine words , by adding only to them , n , as of this latine worde , pronuntiatio , pronunciation , we make a Frenche worde , by addition of , n , in this sort , pronunciation , of , perditio , perdition , perdition , of , consolatio , comfort , consolation . Of Adiectyues as well masculyne as feminyne , ending in , e , feminine , are deryued nounes ending in , ré , wyth , é , masculyne , as of , humble , humble , humilité , humilitie , facile , easie , facilité , easinesse , lasche , cowardly , laschete , cowardlynesse , graue , graue , grauité , grauitie , except some that ende in , esse , as for example , of foible , feeble , foiblesse , feeblenesse , triste , sadde , tristesse , sadnesse , sage , wyse , sagesse , wysedome . Some ending in , ent , or , ant , doe forme their Diminutyues by chaunging , t , into , c , and therevnto addyng , e , feminyne , as , prudent , prudent , prudence , wysedome , constant , constant , constance , constancie . There be many other Adiectyues , of whych are formed manye nounes whych we will handle in their place when we shall speake of the Adiectyue . It resteth now to sée those nounes which be formed of Verbes . Of all the Preterimperfect tenses , of the present tense of Verbes , are formed nounes , chaunging , oys , ( in whych they ende ) into eur , as of parloys , I did speake , parleur , a speaker , faisoys , I did , faiseur , a doer , disoys , I sayde , diseur , a sayer . And some in , ement , as of parloys , I did speake , parlement , a speaking , sentoys , I did feele , sentiment , a feeling . Some nounes are formed of the Infinityues , chaunging their termination into , ure , as , engendrer , to ingender , engendrure , generation , nourrir , to nourishe , nourriture , nourishing , escrire , to wryte , escriture , wryting .

Of the fifth Accident .

Euery noune is eyther simple or compound , the simple is it that is by it selfe , wythout beyng ioyned with another worde or sillable , as homme , a man , femme , a woman , liure , a booke , table , a table . As touching nounes compound , there be of them thrée sortes , some are compounded of two perfect words , as beau pere , a father in lawe , bellemere , a mother in lawe , gentilhomme , a gentleman . Others are compounded of twoo wordes imperfect , as this worde , Dimanche , Sunday . And those of the last sort , are also compounded of two , wherof the first is imperfect , and the other is perfect , as for example , in thys worde licol , a halter .

Of the sixth Accident .

The declenson of nounes in our tongue , is very easie , séeyng that it hath but two terminations in all cases , the one in the singular , the other in the Plurall . Therfore for all the nounes , I wyll set here but one declenson , by the whych all may be declyned , so that he that knoweth to declyne thys noune , may declyne all the other .

The singular number . Nominatiue and Accusatiue . Chartier , a Carter , the masculine . Le Chartier , the Carter . the masculine . Chartiere , a woman Carter . the feminine . La chartiere , the woman Carter . the feminine . Vn Chartier , one Carter . masculi . feminine Vne Chartiere , one woman Carter . masculi . feminine the Gem. & Ablati . case . De Chartier , of a Carter . for the masculine . Du Chartier , of the Carter . for the masculine . d'un Chartier , of one Carter . for the masculine . De la Chartiere , of the woman Carter . the feminine . d'une Chartiere , of one woman Carter . the feminine . The Datiue case . A Chartier , to a Carter . the masculine . Au Chartier , to the Carter . the masculine . A la Chartiere , to the Carter . the feminine . A vne chartiere , to one carter . the feminine . The Vocati . case . O Chartier , O Carter . the masculine . O le Chartier , O the Carter . the masculine . O Chartiere , O Cartresse . the feminine . O la chartiere , O the Cartresse . the feminine . The Plurall number . the Nom. & Accusa . Chartiers , Carters . the masculine . Les Chartiers , the Carters . the masculine . Chartieres , women Carters . the feminine . les chartieres , the women carter . the feminine . the Genit . & Ablati . De Chartiers , of Carters . the masculine . Des Chartiers , of the Carters . the masculine . De chartieres , of women carters . the feminine . Des chartieres , of the women . the feminine . The Datiue case . A Chartiers , to Carters . the masculine . Aux Chartiers , to the Carters . the masculine . A Chartieres , to women carters . the feminine . Aux Chartieres , to the women . the feminine . The Vocatiue cas . O Chartiers , O Carters . masculi . femini . O Chartieres , O women carters . masculi . femini .

By this declenson a man may easily decline all other nounes aswell Substantiues , as Adiectiues and Comparatiues , aswell of the Feminine as of the Masculine Gender .

Of the noune Adiectiue .

Folowing the order of nature , we will handle the Noune Adiectiue , after the Substantiue , for in our tongue : it is also set commonly after , as depending of the Substantiue the which it doth in déede , as it appeareth by his nature and definition , where it is sayde that it cannot be , nor signifie any thing of himselfe , if it be not ioyned with a Substantiue , we will then treate thereof in the best & easiest maner possible . For it must be confessed that it is somwhat hard , specially to shew by a certayne rule how it may be knowne & discerned from the Substantiue , except it be in understanding the sense of the sentence where they shall be founde tog●ther . And then a man shall sée easilye , which of the twoo names , ( which are ioyned togither without a particle copulatiue , or this worde , de , ) is the Adiectiue . Besides , we say that the Adiectiue in our tongue goeth most often after the Substantiue , for that , it is as a signe , or qualitie , agreeing to the substantiue : as , cheual blanc , white horse , pain brun , browne bread . Notwithstanding it is not so in all adiectiues , for some of them go before the Substantiue : as , bon , vin good wyne , bel homme , a faire man , the other be ●ut and placed before and after the Substantiue , as it séemeth good , which the reader may better obserue in reading , than otherwyse . Adiectiues haue fyue accidents , that is to say : Gender , Number , Comparison , ●eclenson , and Deriuation .

Of Gender .

A noune Adiectiue hath the masculine and feminine Gender as the substantiue . As touching the mascul . Gender , it shall be knowne by the termination , for all the Adiectiues that ende in any Consonant whatsoeuer , and in whatsoeuer vowell , except in , e , feminine , be of the masculine Gender . Also there are manye of them , which ende in , e , feminine , that neuerthelesse are of the masculine Gender , but those being taken awaye , all the other that end in , e , feminine , be of the femin . Gender : as , belle , faire , blanche , white . excellente , excellent , ronde , rounde , grande , great , longue , long , and other such lyke sauing some that be of the doubtfull Gender , that is to say , aswell of the masculine as of the feminine : as braue , braue , difficile , harde , facile , easie , and all the Adiectiues ending in able : as , probable , probable , abominable , abhominable , equitable , rightfull , fauorable , fauorable .

Of Number .

The Number , shal be easie to know by that which I haue sayde of it vppon the nounes Substantiues : for who so knoweth the one , knoweth the other , séeing that herein they be a like , & that of the adiectiue is partly knowne by the termination , as that of the Substantiue , and also by the substantiue , wherof it dependeth and which is next to him . For if the Article sheweth that the Substantiue , is of the singular number : it shall follow that the Adiectiue , that is ioyned with it , by the same meanes shall be of the singular number : as le bon homme , the good man , you may sée , bon , which is of the singular number , as also the Article , le , sheweth : les bons hommes , the good men , bons , is of the plurall Number , as it is also manifest by the Article , les . Briefly , to speake in fewe woordes , the Adiectiue agréeth with his Substantiue in Gender , in Number , and in case , as in Latine .

Of the Comparison .

The Adiectiues that receyue Comparison , may be knowne easily by these particles , plus more , or fort , very , which go before them , the which is a generall rule , sauing in these two , bon , good , and , mauuais , euill , which we call irregular , bicause they be not as the other : for bon , maketh his Comparatiue , meilleur , better . and mauuais , maketh , pire , worse , but as touching theyr Superlatiues they be of the same that others be . The Adiectiues that signifie diminishing haue for their Comparatiues these wroodes , moins , lesse , & moindre , lesser , & those which signifie excesse , haue this particle , trop , to , as trop grand , to great , trop long , to long . The superlatiues are knowne by these words , tres moult , most , or issime , as some doe now say , as for example of , tres , & of , moult , tresbon , or moult bon , very good , tres excellent , or moult excellent , very excellent . Of those that ende in issime , as bonissime , excellent good , grandissime , passing great , excellentissime , most excellent .

Of the Declenson .

For bycause that the Declenson of nounes Adiectiues is like to that of the Substantiues , I will sende you to that which I haue sayde here before of it . For he that knoweth how to decline a noune substantiue , knoweth how to decline a noune adiectiue , séeing that it varieth no more in his cases , than the Substantiue .

Of the Deriuation .

I will not stay much vpon this Accident , séeing it should be but to consume a long tyme for a small thing , and therfore you shall content your selues herwith to be aduertised , that some be deriued of nounes Substantiues : as of , barbe , a bearde , barbu , a bearded man . Other Adiectiues of other Participles : as of , honorant , honouring , honorable , honourable . But we néede not breake our braynes from whence they come , so that we know they be Adiectiues , and what they signifie , for with tyme and experience the other may he learned .

Of the Pronoune .

A Pronoune , is a part of speache or kinde of worde verie lyke to the Noune , which men vse , to shewe things that are vnderstoode by it . Nowe the better to knowe this kinde of worde called a pronoune , we must know how many of them there be , & for the playner declaring of them , we will set downe these sixe sortes : Primitiues , Deriuatiues , or Possessiues , Interrogatiues , Relatiues , and Demonstratiues , whervnto may be ioyned Partitiues . Distributiues , and Numeralles .

Of the Primitiue .

There be seauen Primitiues , Ie , I , tu , thou , or vous , you , Il , He , for the masculine , elle , shee , for the feminine , l'on , on , and , se , it , whereof these thrée last , serue aswell for the masculine as the feminine . And it must be noted ( as we haue sayde ) that they be alwayes ioyned with Verbes to declare what persons there be vnderstanded , whither the first , the seconde , or else the thirde . But it is verie requisite to knowne whither they be put before or after the Verbes . For Englishmen might therby be incumbred , bycause that they doe set them alwayes after verbes , except in the Nominatiue case , where they be foremost , but in Frenche they be alwayes before the Verbe in what case soeuer they be . Furthermore , they haue foure accidents Number , person , Gender , Declenson .

Of the Number .

As touching the Number , I will make no long discourse for that they haue the singular and plurall , as nounes and other partes of speache , which are declined .

Of the Person .

They haue thrée Persons , Ie , for the first , Tu , or vous , for the seconde , I l , elle , l'on , on , se , for the thirde .

Of the Gender .

The first and the seconde ( which be , Ie , and , Tu , or vous , ) be aswell for the masculine as for the feminine , elle , is onely for the feminine , Il , for the masculine , and the thrée other last that is l'on , on , se , are indifferently for the masculine and feminine .

Of the Declenson of , Ie. For the singular . Nominatiue , Ie , or moy , I. Gen. & Abla . de moy , or à me , of me . Datiue , à moy , or me , to me . Accusatiue , moy , or me , me .

It hath no Vocatiue .

For the plurall . Nominatiue , Nous , We. Genitiue & Ablatiue de nous , of vs . Datiue , à nous , to vs . Accusatiue , nous , vs .

Of the Declenson of , Tu. For the Singular Nomin . Tu , thou , toy , or vous , you . Genitiue & Abla . de toy , of thee , de vous , of you . Datiue , à toy , to thee , te , à vous , to you , or vous . Accusatiue , te , thee , vous , you . Vocatiue , O toy , O thou . For the Plurall . Nominatiue & Accusa . vous , you . Geni . & Ablatiue , de vous , of you . Datiue , à vous , to you , or vous . Vocatiue , O vous , O you , or vous .

As touching , moy , me , and , toy , thee , wée must obserue that they serue speciallye for aunsweres , Interrogations , & Admirations , without expressing the Verbe , Ie , and , Tu , and Vous , are alwayes before the Verbe , except when they are Interrogatiues , for then they be after : as dis ie bien ? say I well ? escris tu ? writest thou ? escriuez vous ? write you ?

Of the declenson of , Il. For the singular . Nominatiue , Il , he . Genitiue & Abl. de luy , of him , le , him Datiue , à luy , to him . Accusatiue , le , him . For the Plurall . Nominatiue , ils , they . Genitiue & Ablati . d'eux , of them . Datiue , à eux , to them . Accusatiue , les , them .

Of the Pronoune , Elle , which is for the feminine of the thirde person . For the singular . Nominatiue , elle , she . Genitiue & Ablatyue , d'elle , of hir . Datiue , à elle , to hir . Accusatiue , la , hir . For the Plurall . Nominatiue , elles , they . Genitiue & Ablati . d'elles , of them . Datiue , à elles , to them . Accusatiue , les , them .

Of Se. For the singular . Nominatyue case lacketh . Genitiue & Abla . de soy , of himselfe . Datyue , a soy , or , se , to himselfe . Accu●atyue , soy , or , se , himselfe .

And so of his Plurall .

Se , is put before the Verbe , and soy after , wherevnto is ioyned very often thys worde mesme . As to the two other last , which are , l'on , on , they be vndeciyned , and are signes of verbes Impersonals : as on dict , it is sayd , on f●ict , it is done , l'on parle , men say .

Of Pronounes deriuatiues or possessiues .

We haue of them fiue , mon , myne , ton , thyne , son , his , nostre , our , vostre , your , whereof from the thrée first be deryued these feminynes here , ma , myne , ta , thyne , sa , hir . For the two other be as well for the masculyne , as the feminine . To the rest , they haue thrée accidentes , Gender , Number , Declenson . For the first , they be of the masculyne and of the feminyne gender . Of the masculyne , as , mon , myne , ton , thyne , son , his . Of the feminine , ma , ta , sa . They haue the singular and Plurall number , the singular , as , mon , myne , ton , thine , son , his , ma , myne , ta , thyne , sa , hir , nostre , our , vostre , your . The Plurall , as , mes , myne , tes , thyne , ses , his , nostres , ours , vostres , yours , or , nos , ours , voz , yours . And they are also declyned , but it is without chaunging of the termination in their case . True it is that the Article chaungeth , but in such sort , as in other nounes that are declyned .

Of Pronounes interrogatiues .

The Pronounes interrogatyues , are , qui , who , que , what , quel , who , quelle , what woman , or thing , whych chaunge not the termination in declyning , and therefore we call them indeclinable , and specially qui , & que , which haue one onely termination for the singular and plurall number . But quel , and quelle , doe varye in the plurall . For quel , maketh quels , which , and quelle , quelles , which . It is also to be noted , that they be Relatyues taking away the interrogatiue poynt , and thys word lequel , the which , and laquelle , the which , whych make in their Plurall , lesquels , the which , and lesquelles , the which . Besides whych there is yet one which is , en , which must be well obserued , for it is worthy noting , bicause that vnder the two letters whych it contayneth , it signifyeth sometymes , not onely twoo or thrée wordes , but ( that more is ) a whole and perfect sentence : and is alwayes put before the Verbe , to signifie and shewe those things which are in question : and also to discerne it , from the Preposition , en , whych is before nounes Substantyues , and after the Verbe . An example then of , en , a Relatyue , is thys , l'en parleray , I will speake therof , that is to say , I will speake of that thing whereof mention hath bene made : for by this Relatyue , en , an other sentence is presupposed , pronounced of some one that asketh , or demaundeth , as in this other example : Il en fera plus que vous , that is to saye : he will doe more in this or that , than you .

Of Pronounes demonstratiues .

There is but one Pronoune demonstratiue , which hath the masculine and feminine gender . The masculine is declyned in all cases of his singular , ce , or , c'est , this , as ce personage , this person , c'est homme , this man : And it must be marked by the waye , that , ce , is put wyth nounes which begyn with a consonant , as ce chien , this dogge , ce cheual , this horse . And c'est , wyth those that begin wyth a vowell , as ce'st homme , this man , c'est oeuure , this worke . In the Plurall it only hath ces , these . The demonstratiue feminine hath ceste , this , for the singular number , and for the plurall , ces , or , cestes , these . Nowe they haue manye compoundes , which kéepe the same fashion of declyning . It is true that they ende diuersly , as , cestuy-cy , this here , ceux cy , these here , cestuy-la , this there , ceux-la , those there , celuy-cy , this here , ceux-cy , these here , celuy-la , this there , ceux-la , those there . And for the compoundes of the feminine , ceste-cy , this here , cestes-cy , these here , or , ces-cy , these here , ceste-la , this there , cestes-la , these there , celle-cy , she hir , celles-cy , these here , celle-la , she there , celles-la , these there . As to these two here , cela , this there , and cecy , this here , they serue to shew thyngs without lyfe : as if you woulde buye clothe , lynnen , or other things wythout lyfe , you aske ( wythout expressing the thing ) in thys sort , combien cecy ? combien cela ? how much this ? how much that ? cestuycy , celuy-cy , cestuy-la , celuy-la , & their feminines , cest●-cy , ceste-la , celle-cy , celle-la , serue to referre , or to declare a thing , which is not named : as if a man aske , Qui a fait cela ? who hath done that same ? cestuy-cy , this here . &c. cestuy-la , ceste-cy , ceste-la . But if the thyng be expressed , then it shall be set betwéene this demonstratyue , ce , or , cest , and this lyttle worde , cy , as , qui a dit cela ? who hath sayde the same ? ce bon personnage-cy , this good person here , ce bon personnage-la , cest homme-cy , this man here , cest homme-la . And for the feminine , ceste femme-cy , this woman here , ceste femine-la .

Of Partitiues and Distributiues .

I finde that of them there be ten principallye , that is to say , aucun , any , quelqu'un . some one , chacun , euerye one , tout , all , nul , none , tel , such , autre , another , autruy , another , maint , many , quelque , some , quelconque , whosoeuer . The which forme their feminines in adding , e , as aucun , aucune , quelqu'un , quelqu'une , & their Plural in , s , as , chacun , chacuns , tout , tous , nul , nuls . Behold all the chaunging they haue , for in respect of the declenson they be vndeclined .

Of Pronounes of number .

There be infinite Pronounes numerals ( that is to say of number ) which cannot well be knowne but by vse , and by the number that they doe note . And they be also vndeclyned , and haue diuers terminations , as , vn , one , deux , two , troys , three , quattre , foure , cinq , fiue , six , sixe , sept , seauen , huict , eyght , neuf , nyne , dix , ten , onze , eleuen , douze , twelue , treze , thirtene , quatorze , fourtene , quinze , fiftene , seize , sixtene , dixsept , seauentene , dixhuict , eyghtene , dixneuf , nynetene , vingt , twentie , and so of other , as well simple as compounde , I saye compounde as well in multiplication of Number , as otherwyse . But it must be knowne , howe men shall knowe them that are not compounded by multiplication , from the simple , and thys shal be partly by their termination , which is , ●●me , as , vn , one , vnieme , the first , deux , two , deuxieme , the seconde , and so of the other . But some men may aske me , to what end men vse it ? to whom I wil answere , that it is for the order , the place , or degrée of things , that we number : as , le deuxieme , the seconde , le troisieme , the thirde , le quatrieme , the fourth , this is vnderstoode in order , as ye sée .

Of the Verbe .

The Verbe , is a kinde of woorde which is coniugated by moodes and by tenses , & sheweth the things that haue action and Passion , as when I say , l'aime , I loue , I shewe that I dooe some thing in louing , & when I indure and suffer or receaue the friendshippe of any one towardes me , I say Ie suis aimé , I am loued . The Verbe is Personall , & Impersonall . The Personall is so called bycause that it is ioyned with persons , or for that it representeth them , to the ende to shewe to whome belongeth the action and passion that is signified by it , as in this example , Ie prie Dieu , I pray to God , Ie sers à luy seul , I serue him alone , beholde the Pronoune , Ie , I , which sheweth euidently the person . Now the Impersonall is so called , bycause it is without expressing , or naming any Person : & it may be also called indefinite , forasmuch as it defineth not nor bringeth in any thing doing or suffering , as in these examples here , on dit , It is sayde , on faict , it is done . And forasmuch as it is easie to know it , we will speake but twoo woordes before we come to the Personall . Although we ought to handle it at the end , kéeping our order , we must then onely obserue one thing for to know it , to were that so often as these particles , l'on , and , on , be founde before any Verbe , whatsoeuer , that Verbe may be called Impersonall , as for example , l'on dit cela , men say the same , on faict telle chose , men doe such a thing . But besides these , there be some other Verbes Impersonals where this particle , Il , is put before them , as these fower , Il faut , it must be , Il conuient , it is meete , Il appartient , It appartayneth , Il reste , It recteth , there are also others , which haue , Il , before them , but they be formed of the thirde person of the Verbe Substantiue , which is , Est , is , and an adiectiue , which followeth after it , and Il , goeth before them both , in this sort , Il est necessaire , It is necessarie , Il est conuenable , It is meete , Il est vtile , It is profitable , Il est doutteux , It is doubtfull . Il est bon de faire telle chose , It is good to doe such a thing .

Nowe resteth to speake of Verbes Personalles with the greatest methode and facilitie that may be , bycause that it is a thing so Intricate ( & as I may saye ) so confused that men dare not meddle with it , but are discouraged by meanes whereof they attayne not the knowledge of our tongue . And truely I haue found by experience that there be many in this countrey , yea and in ours also , who for want of knowledge of the Verbes , doe euery foote misse , when they speake : which they séeing , are so ashamed , that they stay in the middest of their course , and there leaue all , with the long tyme and great labour that therein they haue spent , the which I haue lamented many times , especially hauing regarde to the great desire and affection that Englishmen haue to learne the tongues , and other vertuous things worthie to be remembred , for this cause I haue béene well willing to take a little payne , to the ende that their good will shoulde not be vayne or frustrate in such sort that I haue reade and ouer reade , séene and ouer séene , searched agayne and agayne , all the meanes to make them vnderstande howe many sortes of Verbes we haue : and howe they may be knowne , and of what tense they be , and what tense they shew , and how they be formed . For as men saye in a Frenche prouerbe : c'est ou gist le lieure , here it is where the hare lyeth , & the greatest force of the matter consisteth , that we intreate of , séeing that the Verbes gouerne the Nounes in their cases and make them to haue there full sense : and without them they can signifie nothing , for without the Verbes , they be as confused , and without order ; we must note then that there be in our tongue sixe sortes of Verbes the which are knowne by the diuers termination of their Infinitiues : for as many Infinitiues as there be of diuers terminations , so many Coniugations we make , for I finde that as they end diuersly in their infinitiues , they haue also diuersitie in their Coniugations , some dooe end , in , er , as aimer , to loue , monstrer , to shew , others in , die , as tordre , to wreath , mordre , to byte , in , ir , as , venir , to come , in , o●r , as aperceuoir , to perceyue , in , orre , as , clorre , to shut , and in , re , as , lire , to reade , faire , to doe , ●ire , to say .

Of the forming of the Indicatiue moode of Verbes ending in , Er. &c.

The Verbes ending in , er , forme the Present tense of the Indicatiue Moode by taking away onely , r , from their infinitiue : as for example , of parler , to speake , parle , speake , so that putting before , Ie , it signifieth the first Person , and so forth , & is coniugated in this sort , as all the lyke are .

For the Singular . Ie parle , I speake . Tu parles , thou speakest , ou vous parlez , or you speake . Il parle , He speaketh . Plurall . Nous parlons , we speake . Vous parlez , you speake . Ilz parlent , they speake .

Of , aimer , to loue , we haue also Singular . I'aime , I loue , Tu aimes , thou louest , vous aimez you loue . Il aime , He loueth . the Plu. Nous aimons , we loue . Vous aimez , you loue . Ilz aiment , they loue .

Except some Verbes defectiue : as , aller , to go , which forme there Present tense in , yr gréeke in this sort For the Singular . Ie vay , I go . Tu vas , thou goest , ou vous allez . or you go . Il va , he goeth . the Plur. Nous allons , we go , Vous allez , you go . Ils vont , they go .

Those that ende their Infinitiue in , dre , forme their present tense , taking away , r , and e , and adding after the , d , ( which remayneth ) z , or , s , as of , tordre , to wreath , tords , wreath or twist .

For the singular . Ie tords , I wreath . Tu tords , thou wreathest , ou vous tordez , or you wreath . Il tord , he wreathteth . Plurall . Nous tordons , we wreath . Vous tordez , you wreath . Ils tordent , they wreath .

Except , attaindre , to attayne to , & attendre , to wait for , where , d , is also taken away with the r , and the , c , and in their place is put an , s : as of attaindre , to attayne to , attains , attayne , attendre , to attende , attens , attende , as for example .

For the singular . I'attains , I attayne to . Tu attains , thou attaynest , ou vous attaignez , or you attayne to . Il attaind , he attayneth . Plurall . Nous attaignons , we attayne to . Vous attaignez , you attayne to . Ilz attaignent , they attayne to .

And so of , attens , I tarye they that ende in , ir , forme their Present tense in , iens , as of tenir , to holde , tiens , I holde . Of , maintenir , to maintayne , maintiens , I maintayne , in this sort , For the singular . Ie maintiens , I maintayne . Tu maintiens , thou maintaynest , ou vous maintenez , or you maintayne . Il maintient , he maintayneth . Plurall . Nous maintenons , we maintayne . Vous maintenez , you maintayne . Ils maintiennent , they maintayne . And so of others , but not of all , for there are of one sort that end in , ir , which forme their present tense in , is , changing , r , into , s , as conuertir , to conuert , conuertis , I conuert , assopir , to waxe drowsie , assopis , I waxe drowsie , banir , to banish , banis , banish , thus For the singular . Ie banis , I banish . Tu banis , thou banishest , ou vous banissez , or you banish . Il banit , he banisheth . Plurall . Nous banissons , we banish . Vous banissez , you banish , Ils banissent , they banish .

There must also be excepted out of these here , consentir , to consent , and such lyke , mourir , to die , querir , to seeke , dormir , to sleepe , which haue their present tense ending diuersly : as consentir , to consent , hath , consens , I consent , mourir , to die , meurs , I die , querir , to seeke quiers , I seeke , dormir , to sleepe , dors , I sleepe .

The Verbes Insinitiues in , oir , make their present tense in , oy , as of , aperceuoir , to perceyue , aperçoy , I perceyue , deuoir , to owe , doy , I owe , conceuoir , to conceyue , conçoy , I conceyue , as it appeareth in coniugating them , but one for all shall suffice .

For the singular . I'apercoy , I perceyue . Tu aperçoys , thou perceynest , ou vous aperceuez , or you perceyue . Il aperçoit , he perceyueth . Plurall . Nous aperceuons , we perceyue . Vous aperceuez , you perceyue . Ils aperceuent , they perceyue .

From these here , are fiue excepted whereof two make their present in , ay , as scauoir , to know , maketh , scay , I know , auoir , to haue , ay , I haue . And thus be they coniugated .

For the singular . Ie scay , I know . Tu scays , thou knowest , ou vous scauez , or you know . Il scait , he knoweth . Plurall . Nous scauons , we know . Vous scauez , you know . Ils scauent , they know .

And , auoir , to haue hath For the singular . I'ay , I haue . Tu as , thou hast , ou vous auez , or you haue . Il a , he hath . Plurall . Nous auons , we haue . Vous auez , you haue . Ils ont , they haue .

Which is a Verbe that helpeth the other , as you shall sée . As touching the other thrée , that is to say , valloir , to be worth , vouloir , to will , and , pouuoir , to can , they ende otherwise than those that went before , for valloir , to be worth , maketh his Present tense in , aux : as , For the singular . Ie vaux , I am worth . Tu vaux , thou art worth , ou vous vallez , or you are worth . Il vaut , he is worth . Plurall . Nous vallons , we are worth . Vous vallez , ye are worth . Ils vallent , they are worth .

But , vouloir , to will , & , pouuoir , to can , ende in , eux , as vouloir , to will , veux , I will , pouuoir , to can , peux , I can For the singular . Ie peux , I can . Tu peux , thou canst , ou vous pouuez , or you can . Il peut , he can . Plurall . Nous pouuons , we can . Vous pouuez , you can . Ils peuuent , they can .

The Verbes that make their Infinitiue in re , forme their Present tense taking away , re , and putting to , s , as of dire , to say , dis , I say . escrire , to write , escris , I write , faire , to doe , fais , I doe , lire , to reade , lis , I reade , in this maner For the singular . Ie dis , I say . Tu dis , thou sayest , ou vous dites , or yo● sa● ▪ I l d●● ▪ he sayeth . Plurall . Nous disons , we say . Vous dites , you say . Ils disent , they say . For the singular . I'escris , I write . Tu escris , thou writest , ou vous escriuez , or you write . Il escrit , he writeth . Plurall . Nous escriuons , we write . Vous escriuez , you write . Ils escriuent , they write .

For the last they , which ende in , ore , forme their Present tense , chaunging , re , into , s , as of , clore , to close , clos , I close , and his Compounds , and other lyke , and they be coniugated thus For the singular . Ie clos , I shut . Tu clos , thou closest , ou vous clouez , or you close . Il clost , he closeth . Plurall . Nous cloüons , we close . Vous cloüez , you close . Ils cloent , they close vp .

Of the forming of the Preterimperfect tense●

The Preterimperfect tense is formed in all verbes of what termination and coniugation that they be , by the first person of the plurall number of the Indicatiue moode , and Present tense , chaunging , ons , into , oye , or , oys , as of , aimons , we loue , we haue I'aimoye , or , I'aimoys , I loued , but most commonly , oys , as of , faisons , we doe . faisois , I did , disons , we say . disoys , I sayde , monstrons , we shewe , monstroys , I shewed , and so of all the sixe verbes wythout exception . Therefore I wyll not tarye long herein , for it shall suf●yce to coniugate one for all , seeing that by the same shal be known the coniugating of the others . So then of nous aimons , we loue , we haue , I'aimoys , I loued , in thys sort : For the singular . I'aimoys , I loued . Tu aimoys , thou louedst , ou vous aimies , or you loued . Il aymoit , ●e loued . Plurall . Nous aimions , we loued . Vous aimiez , ye loued . Ils aimoyent , they loued .

Of the forming and termination of the first Preterperfect tense .

The first Preterperfect tense of our tongue hath riuers terminations , according as hys Infinitiues ende diuersly . The verbes which ende in , er , make thys Preterperfect herein , ay , or , é , masculyne , as some saye , but most commonly in , ay : as , For the singular , I'aimay , I loued . Tu aimas , thou louedst , ou vous aimastes , or you loued . Il aima , he loued . Plurall . Nous aimasmes , we loued . Vous aimastes , ye loued . Ils aimerent , they loued .

They which ende in , dre , haue this Preterperfect in , dis , as of , tordre , to wrest , tordis , I wrested , thus : For the singular . Ie tordis , I wrested . Tu tordis , thou wrestedst , ou vous tordistes , or you wrested . Il tordit , he wrested . Plurall . Nous tordismes , we wrested . Vous tordistes , ye wrested . Ils tordirent , they wrested .

Except prendre , to take , which maketh prins , I tooke . As , For the singular . Ie prins , I tooke . Tu prins , thou tookest , ou vous prinstes , or you tooke . Il print , he tooke . Plurall . Nous prinsmes , we tooke . Vous prinstes , ye tooke . Ils prindrent , they tooke .

Touching those that ende in , ir , some forme this Preterperfect in , in s , as for example , retenir , to keepe .

For the singular . Ie retins , I kept . Tu retins , thou kepst , ou vous retinstes , or you kept . Il retint , he kept . Plurall . Nous retinsmes , we kept . Vous retinstes , ye kept . Ils retinrent , they kept .

As much must be sayde of these Verbes , maintenir , to maintaine , resiouir , to reioyce , preuenir , to preuent . The other be lyke to their Indicatyue moode as touching their termination , as , assopir , to waxe drowsie , assopis , I waxed drowsie , banir , to banishe , banis , I banished , conuertir , to conuert , conuertis , I conuerted . Ouir , to heare , is excepted , as we may sée in coniugating it , in thys fashion : For the singular . I'ouy , I hearde . Tu ouys , thou heardest , ou vous ouystes , or you hearde . Il ouyt , he hearde . Plurall . Nous ouysmes , we hearde . Vous ouystes , ye hearde . Ils ouyrent , they hearde .

They that ende in , oir , forme and ende their first preterperfect in , u , as of aperceuoir , to perceyue , aperceu , I perceyued , conceuoir , to conceyue , conceu , I conceyued , deceuoir , to deceyue , deceu . I deceyued , valloir , to be worth , vallu , I was worth , vouloir , to will , voulu , I willed , pouuoir , to be able , peu , I coulde . And they be coniugated thus : For the singular , I'aperceu , I perceyued . Tu aperceuz , thou perceyuedst , ou vous aperceustes , or you perceyued . Il aperceut , he perceyued . Plurall . Nous aperceusmes , we perceyued . Vous aperceustes , ye perceyued . Ils aperceurent , they perceyued . For the singular . Ie peu , I coulde . Tu peus , thou couldst , ou vous peustes , or you coulde . Il peut , he coulde . Plurall . Nous peusmes , we coulde . Vous peustes , ye coulde . Ils peurent , they coulde .

Auoir , to haue , and Scauoir , to knowe , be excepted , the which make their first Preterperfect in , ay , as the verbes in , er . The verbes that ende in , re , make all their first Preterperfect in , is , as of , dire , to say , Ie dis , I said , escrire , to wryte , escriuis , I wrote . And For the singular . I'escriuis , I wrote . Tu escriuis , thou wrotest , ou vous escriuistes , or you wrote . Il escriuit , he wrote . Plurall . Nous escriuismes , we wrote . Vous escriuistes , ye wrote . Ils escriuerent , they wrote .

And so of their lyke , except cognoistre , to knowe , boire to drinke , croire , to beleue , taire , to be silent , plaire , to please , repaistre , to seede . The which haue their first Preterperfect in , u , like to those that ende in , oir , of which wée haue spoken heretofore .

Of the forming of the last Preterperfect tense .

The last preterperfect tense may be known generally in all sorts of Verbes , by the thrée persons of thys verbe , ay , haue , which be as signes and tokens of it . And for the better knowledge of it , I will shewe it by the coniugating of one verbe , which shall serue for all . Let vs take , aimer , to loue , which hath For the singular . I'ay aymé , I haue loued . Tu as aimé , thou hast loued , ou vous auez aimé , you haue loued . Il a aimé , he hath loued . Plurall . Nous auous aimé , we haue loued . Vous auez aimé , ye haue loued Ils ont aimé , they haue loued .

So that the persons of the verbe , ay , are as you sée , for the Singular . Ay , haue . As , hast , ou auez , or haue . A , hath . Plurall . Auons , we haue . Auez , ye haue . On t , they haue .

Of the forming of the Preterpluperfect tense .

The Preterpluperfect of all verbes is alwayes formed of the Preterimperfect of this verbe , ay , that goeth before it , which is for the singular for the first and seconde person , auoys ou auiez , auoit , for the thirde . For the Plurall , auyons , auyez , auoient . Let vs ioyne it then with some verbe whatsoeuer , and we shall make therewith a Preterpluperfect , in this sort : For the singular . I'auoys aimé , I had loued . Tu auois aimé , thou hadst loued ou vous auiez aimé , or not had loued . Il auoit aimé , he had loued . Plurall . Nous auions aimé , we had loued . Vous auiez aimé , ye had loued . Ils auoient aimé , they had loued . For the singular . I'auoys dit , I had sayde . Tu auois dit , thou hadst sayde , ou vous auiez dit , or you had sayde . Il auoit dit , he had sayde . Plurall . Nous auions dit , we had sayde . Vous auiez dit , ye had sayde . Ils auoient dit , they had sayde . And so of all the other .

Of the forming and termination of the future tense Indicatiue .

All verbes haue their termination alike in this Future tense , to wete , for the singular , ray , ras , or , res , and , ra , for the Plurall , rons , rez , ront , as we may easily sée by the coniugating of all verbes , if we had leysure to recyte them . But bycause it shoulde be a thing long and tedious , we will content our selues with one example , séeing that by it all other shall be knowne . Let vs kéepe then our ordinarie verbe which is aimer , to loue , for somuch as it is lyke to others in this tense . It hath For the singular . I'aimeray , I will loue . Tu aimeras , thou wilt loue , ou vous aimerez , or you will loue . Il aimera , he will loue . Plurall . Nous aimerons , we will loue . Vous aimerez , ye will loue . Ils aimeront , they will loue . For the singular . Ieferay , I will doe . Tu feras , thou wilt doe , ou vous ferez , or you will doe . Il fera , he will doe . Plurall . Nous ferons , we will doe . Vous ferez , ye will doe . Ils feront , they will doe .

Of the Imperatiue moode .

The Imperatiue hath but the second and third person as well in the singular , as in the Plurall . And as for the seconde person herof , it is easily knowne in all sorts of verbes , séeing that it is alwayes like to the seconde person of the present tense of th' Indicatiue moode , sauing that it hath not the pronoune primitiue , to wéet , tu , thou , ou vous , or you , as for example , aimes , loue thou , ou aimez , or loue you , dis , say thou , ou dites , or say ye , proposes , propound thou , ou proposez , or propound ye , and so others . The thirde person of this Imperatiue is knowne also in all verbes by this Particle , que , which goeth before it , not altogither immediatly : for the Pronoune primitiue ( that is to say , Il , for the singular , and , Ils , for the Plurall ) is next vnto it , but this particle , que , and the Pronoune Il , and , Ils , be ioyned togither , as if it were but one worde , by the figure Apostrophe , by the which ( as we haue already sayde ) the , e , of , que , is eaten vppe , bicause that the other vowell which is , i , is ioyned vnto it in thys sort , qu'il aime , let him loue . qu'il die , let him say , qu'il face , let him doe . And in the Plurall , qu'ils aiment , let them loue , qu'ils disent , let them saye , qu'ils facent , let them doe . And therefore behold howe we shall coniugate togither these twoo persons of the Imperatiue .

For the Singular . Aimes , loue thou , ou aimez , or loue you . Qu'il aime , let him loue . For the Plurall . Aimez , loue ye . Qu'ils aiment , let them loue .

The Imperatiue hath two Future tenses , the one is called affirmatiue , and the other negatiue , which haue but the seconde and thirde person as their Imperatiue , and haue alwayes before them as signes , these particles , fay , ou faites , garde , ou gardez , voy , ou voyez . An example of the Future affirmatiue , For the Singular . Fay que tu aimes , see that thou loue , ou faites que vous aimez , or see that you loue . Fay , ou faites , qu'il aime , see that he loue . For the Plurall . Faites que vous aimez , se that ye loue . Faites qu'ils aiment , see that they loue . For the Singular . Garde que tu parles , take heede what thou speakest , ou gardez que vous parliez , or take hede what you speak . Garde , take heede , ou gardez , or take you heede , qu'il parle , that hee speake . For the Plurall . Gardez , take ye heede , que vous parliez , that ye speake . Gardez qu'ils parlent , take ye heede that they speake . For the singular . Voy que tu faces , see that thou doe ' ou voyez que vous faciez , or see that you doe . Voy , see . ou voyez , or see you , qu'il face , that he doe . For the Plurall . Voyes que vous faciez , see that ye doe . Voyez qu'ils facent , see that they doe .

As much thereof may a man say of the Future negatiue , but that there must be added a negation , as , For the singular . Fay que tu ne parles , see that thou speake not , ou faites que vous ne parliez , or see that you speake not . Fay ou faites qu'il ne parle , see that he speake not . The Plu. Faites q vous ne ꝑliez , see that ye speak not . Faites qu'ils ne ꝑlēt , se that they speak not . And so of others .

Of the Optatiue .

The Optatiue is knowne in all Verbes by this particle of desiring , Ie prie Dieu , I pray God , ou Dieu vueille que , or God graunt that . In the rest it is lyke to the Present tense : as for example For the singular . Ie prie Dieu , I pray God , or dieu vueille que j'aime , God graunt that I loue . Tu aimes , thou loue , ou vous aimez , or you loue . Il aime , he loue . For the Plurall . Dieu vueille que nous aimons , God graunt that we loue . Vous aimez , ye loue . Ils aiment , they loue .

This Optatiue hath fower tenses , as the Indicatiue , to wete the preterimperfect , Perfect , Preterpluperfect , and Future tense .

Of the Preterimperfect of the Optatiue .

This Preterimperfect is knowne by this Particle , pleust à Dieu que , I would it did please God that , and also by his termination , which is in the Singular in , usse , in insse , in , isse , in , asse , and for the Plurall , in , ussions , inssions , issions , & , assions : An example of those , which ende in , usse , For the Singular . Pleust à Dieu que je cogneusse , I woulde it did please God that I knew . Tu cogneusses , thou knowst , ou vous cogneussiez , or you knew . Il cogneust , he know . Plurall . Nous cogneussions , we knew . Vous cogneussiez , ye knew . Ils cogneussent , they knew .

An example of them which ende in , insse , For the Singular . Pleust à Dieu que je prinsse , I woulde it did please God that I tooke . Tu prinsses , thou tookest , ou vous prinssiez , or you tooke . Il print , he tooke . For the Plurall . Pleust à Dieu que nous prinssions , I woulde it pleased God , that we tooke . Vous prinssiez , yee tooke . Ils prinssent ; they tooke .

An example of , isse , For the singular . Pleust à Dieu que je fisse , I woulde it pleased God that I made . Tu fisses , thou madest , ou vous fissiez , or you made . Il fit , he made . For the Plurall . Pleust à Dieu , que nous fissions , I woulde it pleased God , that we made . Vous fissiez , ye made . Ils fissent , they made ,

An example of these that ende in , asse , ( which all verbes ending in , er , doe ) For the singular . Pleust à Dieu , que j'aimasse , I would it pleased God , that I loued . Tu aimasses , thou louedst , ou vous aimassiez , or you loued . Il aimast , be loued . For the Plurall . Pleust à Dieu , que nous aimassions , I woulde it pleased God , that we loued . Vous aimassiez , ye loue . Ils aimassent , they loued .

Of the Preterperfect .

This Preterperfect hath also for one of his signes , Dieu vueille que , God graunt that , ou à ma volunte , or I would : And besides this signe it hath an other , which is the Present tense of the Optatiue moode of this verbe , ay , thus For the singular . I'aye , I haue . Tu ayes , thou hast , ou vous ayez , or you haue . Il ait , he hath . Plurall . Nous ayons , we haue . Vous ayez , ye haue . Ils ayent , they haue .

In such sort that adding any Verbe what we list to the Personnes of that tense of the Verbe , ay , this Preterperfect shall be formed , as for example , For the singular . Dieu vueille , que j'aye aimé , God graunt , that I haue loued . Tu ayes , thou hast , ou vous ayez aimé , or you haue loued . Il ait aimé , he hath loued . For the Plurall . Dieu vueille , que nous ayons aimé , God graunt , that we haue loued . Vous ayez aimé , ye haue loued . Ils ayent aimé , they haue loued .

Of the Preterpluperfect .

This Preterpluperfect is knowne generally in all sortes of Verbes by the Preterimperfect of the Optatiue of this Verbe , aye , which commeth of , j'ay , which is in this maner coniugated For the singular . Pleust à Dieu , que j'eusse , I woulde to God that I had . Tu eusses , thou haddest , ou vous eussiez , or you had . Il eut , he had . For the Plurall . Pleust à Dieu , que nous eussions , woulde to God , that we had . Vous eussiez , that ye had . Ils eussent , they had .

So that Coniugating it with what Verbe so euer this Preterpluperfect is so formed , as in this one example for all For the singular . Pleust à Dieu , que j'eusse aimé , I woulde to God , that I had loued . Tu eusses , thou hadst , ou vous eussiez aimé , or you had loued . Il eut aimé , he had loued . For the Plurall . Pleust à Dieu , que nous eussions aimé , would to God , that we had loued . Vous eussiez aimé , ye had loued . Ils eussent aimé , they had loued .

Of the Subiunctiue moode .

The Subiunctiue ●●●h fower tenses , the Present , Preterimperfect , the Preterperfect and the preterpluperfect . The present , is like to the Present tense of the Optatiue : sauing , that we put in stéede of , Pleustà Dieu , woulde to God , veu que , seeing that , ou combien que , or although that , j'açoyt , albeit , si , if , quand , when . as For the singular . Veu que j'aime , seeing that I loue . Tu aimes , thou louest , ou vo ' aimez , or you loue . Il aime , he loueth . For the Plurall . Veu que nous aimons , seeing that we loue . Vouz aimez , ye loue . Ils aiment , they loue . For the singular . Combien que je dis , although that I say . Tu dis , thou sayest , ou vous dites , or you say . Il dit , he sayeth . For the Plurall . Combien que nous disons , although that we say . Vous dites , ye say . Ils disent , they say .

And so of all others .

Of the Preterimperfect .

This Preterimperfect in all Verbes is like to the Preterimperfect of the Indicatiue Moode , as you may sée there , or else ending in , rois , and then this particle , quand , goeth before it , as For the singular . Quand j'aimerois , when I loued . Tu aimerois , thou louedst , ou vous aimeriez , or you loued . Il aimerois , he loued . For the Plurall . Quand nous aimerions , when we loued . Vouz aimeriez , ye loued . Ils aimeroient , they loued .

It hath also the termination of the Preterimperfect of the Optatiue , wherevnto I doe sende you , to sée that which I haue spoken of it there , only there is giue vnto it for a signe , this Particle , Combien que , although that , which alwayes goeth before it .

Of the Preterperfect .

This Preterperfect is as the seconde Preterperfect of the Indicatiue moode : ( but that there must be added for his signification this particle , veu que , seeing that , which is put before it ) or as the Preterperfect of the Optatiue , by adding in stéede of , Dieu vueille que , God graunt that , Combien que , although that .

Of the Preterpluperfect .

This Preterpluperfect is knowne by the Preterimperfect of the subiunctiue moode of this Verbe , ay , by ioyning with it , the first Person of the seconde Preterperfect tense of the Indicatiue moode of any Verbe whatsoeuer . Now the Preterimperfect of the Subiunctiue of this Verbe , ay , is coniugated in this sort For the singular . Quand j'aurois , when I had . Tu aurois , thou hadst , ou vous auriez or you had . Il auroit , he had . Plurall . Nous aurions , we had . Vous auriez , ye had . Ils auroient , they had .

Now let vs ioyne with it , for example the first Person of the seconde Preterperfect of , j'aime , ou dit , ou fait , which is , aimé , dit , fait , we shall then finde for the first person of the singular that it is , quand j'auroys aimé , when I had loued , quand j'aurois dit , when I had sayd . quand j'aurois fait , when I had done , and so of others , for the seconde Person , tu aurois , thou hadst , ou vous auriez aimé , dit , fait , or you had loued , sayde , done , for the thirde , Il auroit aimé , dit , fait , he had loued , sayde , done . For the Plurall , quand nous aurions aimé , dit , fait , when we had loued , sayde , done , vous auriez aimé , dit , fait , ye haue loued , sayde , done , Ils auroient aimé , dit , fait , they had loued , sayde , done . And that which I say of these thrée Verbes must be sayde of others . This Preterpluperfect may also be knowne by the Preterimperfect of the Indicatiue moode of this same Verbe , ay , which is auoys , as For the singular . Veu que j'auoys aimé , seeing that I had loued . Tu auoys aimé , thou hadst loued , ou vous auiez aimé , or you had loued . Il auoit aimé , he hath loued . For the Plurall . Veu que nous auions aimé , seeing that we had loued . Vous auiez aimé , ye had loued . Ils auoyent aimé , they had loued .

Or else lyke to the Preterpluperfect of the Optatiue of the sayde Verbe , ay , example .

For the singular . Combien que j'eusse aimé , although that I had loued , Tu eusses aimé , thou hadst loued , ou vous eussiez aimé , or you had loued . Il eut aimé , he had loued . For the Plurall . Combien que nous eussions aimé , although that we had loued . Vous eussiez aimé , ye had loued . Ils eussent aimé , they had loued .

And so of all others . For you may not thinke that bycause I put so often this Verbe aimer , for example that I woulde not haue this to be vnderstanded , as well of other Verbes as of it , but séeing that all other Verbes may be comprehended by one example I take this ynough then as the first that commeth . Notwithstanding when they differ I dooe shew it , and haue shewed it , bringing then an example of all the kyndes of Verbes that differ : as you may sée in that which I haue sayde heretofore .

Of the Infinitiue .

The Infinitiue , first hath neither number , nor Person , and touching the terminations of it , I will not now speake bycause I haue treated amplie ynough therof in the beginning of the Verbes , where we shewed howe many sortes there were of them & how they ended . Therefore when you shall doubt of a Verbe , you must haue recourse to that which I haue alreadie sayde .

Of the Preterpluperfect of the Infinitiue .

This Preterpluperfect hath alwayes before it for a marke and signe , this Infinitiue auoir , to haue , as auoir aimé , to haue loued , auoir dit , to haue sayde , auoir parlé , to haue spoken , auoir mange , to haue eaten .

Of the Future .

The Future hath before it this particle , que , and as concerning the rest , it is lyke to the Future of the Indicatiue : as For the singular .. Que j'aimeray , that I shall loue . Que tu aimeras , that thou shalt loue , ou vous aimerez , or you shall loue . Qu'il aimera , that be shall loue . For the plurall . Que nous aimerons , that we shall loue . Que vous aimerez , that ye shall loue . Qu'ils aimeront , that they shall loue .

Of the Gerundine .

The Gerundine is formed of Infinitiues by adding this particle , de , which goeth before the Infinitiue in this sort , le moyen d'aimer , the way to loue , la faculte de parler , the facultie to speake , d'escrire , to write , de paindre , to painte , and so of others . We haue another kinde of Gerundines which is formed by the participle of the present tense ending in , ant , adding this particle , en , before the participle , as en aimant , in louing , en disant , in saying , en faisant , in dooing , en parlant , in speaking , and there is a thirde kinde of Gerundines , which is formed of the Infinitiue and of this particle , pour , or Il faut , which go before : as pour aimer , for to loue , pour dire , for to say , pour faire , for to doe , Il faut aimer , he must loue . Il faut escrire , he must write , the Supine may be formed after the same sort .

Of the Participle .

There be two participles of the Infinitiue , the one that commeth of the Verbe actiue , which endeth in , ant , as aimant , louing , faisant , doing , parlant , speaking , and the other which commeth of the Verbe passiue : as aimé , loued , dit , spoken , fait , done , whereof we will treate more largely hereafter .

Of the Verbe Passiue .

To know well the verbe Passiue , we must coniugate one , by the which all the other maye be coniugated , putting before it the verbe Substantiue for a signe thereof , which in coniugating varieth the tense , as it were alone by it selfe . We will therefore set forth one example for all , in this sort .

The Indicatiue moode and the present tense . For the singular . Ie suis aimé , I am loued . Tu es , ou vous estes aimé , thou art , or you are loued . Il est aimé , he is loued . Plurall . Nous sommes aimez , we are loued . Vous estes aimez , ye are loued . Ils sont aimez , they are loued . The Preterimperfect tense . For the singular . I'estois aimé , I was loued . Tu estois ou vous estiez aimé , thou wart , or you were loued . Il estoit aimé , he was loued . Plurall . Nous estions aimez , we were loued . Vous esties aimez , ye were loued . Ils estoient aimez , they were loued . The first Preterperfect . For the Singular Iefus aimé , I was loued . Tufus , ou vous fustes aimé , thou wast or you were loued . Il fut aimé , he was loued . Plurall . Nous fumus aimez , we were loued . Vous fustes aimez , ye were loued . Ils furent aimez , they were loued . The seconde Preterperfect . For the singular . I'ay esté aimé , I haue bene loued . Tu as , ou vous auez esté aimé , thou hast or you haue bene loued . Il a esté aimé , he hath bene loued . Plurall . Nous auons esté aimez , wee haue bene loued . Vous auez esté aimez , ye haue bene loued . Ils ont esté aimez , they haue bene loued . The Preterpluperfect . For the singular . I'auoys esté aimé , I had bene loued . Tu auoys , ou vous auiez esté aimé thou hadst , or you had bene loued . Il auoit esté aimé , he had bene loued . For the Plurall . Nous auions esté aimez , we had bene loued . Vous auiez esté aimez , ye had bene loued . Ils auoient esté aimez , they had bene loued . The Future . For the singular . Ie seray aimé , I shall be loued . Tu seras , ou vous serez aimé , thou shalt , or you shall be loued . Il sera aimé , he shall be loued . Plurall . Nous ferons aimez , we shall be loued . Vous serez aimez , ye shall be loued . Ils seront aimez , they shall be loued .

Of the Imperatiue moode , the Present tense . For the singular . Fay que tu soys aimé , see that thou be loued , ou que vous soyez aimé , or that you be loued . Face qu'il soit aimé , se that he be loued . For the Plurall . Faites que vous soyés aimez , see that ye be loued . Facent qu'ils soient aimez , see that they be loued .

Of the Optatiue in the present tense . For the singular . Dieu vueille que je soy aimé , God graunt that I be loued . Tu soys , ou vous soyez aimé , that thou , or you be loued . Il soit aimé , he be loued . Plurall . Nous soyons aimez , we be loued . Vous soiez aimez , ye be loued . Ils soient aimez , they be loued . The Preterimperfect . For the singular . Dieu vuelle que je fusse aimé , God graunt that I were loued . Tufusses aimé , ou vous fussiez aimé , thou wert , or you were loued . Il fut aimé , he were loued . Plurall . Nous fussions aimez , we were loued . Vous fussiez aimez , ye were loued . Ils fussent aimez , they were loued .

Or else as the Preterimperfect of the Indicatiue , by putting before it for a signe , o si , O if : as , O si j'estois aimé . &c. O if I were loued . &c.

Of the Preterperfect . For the singular . Dieu vueille que I'aye esté aimé , woulde God that I haue bene loued . Tu ayes esté aimé , ou vous ayez esté aimé , thou hast bene loued , or you haue bene loued . Il ait este aime , he hath bene loued . For the Plurall . Nous ayons este aimez , we haue bene loued . Vous ayez esté aimez , yee haue bene loued . Ils aient esté aimez , they haue bene loued .

Of the Preterpluperfect . For the singular . Pleust à Dieu que I'eusse esté aimé , woulde it pleased God that I had bene loued . Tu eusses , ou vous eussiez esté aimé , that thou hadst , or you had bene loued . Il eust esté aimé , he had bene loued . For the Plurall . Nous eussions esté aimez , we had ben loued . Vous eussiez esté aimez , ye had bene loued . Ils eussent esté aimez , they had bene loued .

The Future tense is lyke to the Present tense of the Optatiue moode .

Of the Subiunctiue moode , and of his Present tense .

The Present tense of the Subiunctiue moode is coniugated as the present tense of the Indicatiue , sauing that it hath before it for a signe , veu que , seeing that .

Of the Preterimperfect . For the singular . Quand Ie serois aimé , when I shoulde be loued . Tu serois , ou vous seriez aimé , thou shouldest , or you shoulde be loued . Il seroit aimé , he shoulde be loued . Plurall . Nous serions aimez , we shoulde be loued . Vous seriez aimez , ye should be loued . Il seroient aimez , they shoulde be loued .

Or else as the preterimperfect of the Indicatiue moode , in giuing him this signe , veu que , seing that , or as the preterimperfect of the Optatiue .

Of the Preterperfect .

This preterperfect tense is coniugated as the preterperfect of the Optatiue .

Of the Preterpluperfect . For the singular . Quand I'aurois esté aimé , when I had bene loued . Tu auroys , ou vous auriez esté aimé , thou hadst , or you had bene loued . Il auroit esté aimé , he had bene loued . For the Plurall . Nous aurions esté aimez , we had bene loued . Vous auriez esté aimez , ye had bene loued . Ils auroient esté aimez , they had bene loued .

Or as the Preterpluperfect of the Indicatiue moode .

Of the Future . For the singular . Quand Iauray esté aimé , when I shall haue bene loued . Tu auras , ou vous aurez esté aimé , thou shalt , or you shall haue bene loued . Il aura esté aimé , he shal haue ben loued . Plurall . Nous aurons esté aimés , we shall haue bene loued . Vous aures esté aimez , ye shall haue bene loued . Ils auront esté aimez , they shall haue bene loued .

Of the Infinitiue moode .

Estre aimé , To be loued .

For the Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect .

Auoir esté , aimé , To haue or had bene loued .

Of the Future .

Que Ie seray aimé , that I shall be loued , ou I'espere que Ie seray aimé , or I hope that I shall bee loued .

The Participle is formed , taking awaye from the passiue the verbe Substantiue , as aimé , loued , and so of all the rest .

Of the Participle .

The participle is a part of speach , which is so called , bicause it procéedeth of the nature of the Verbe , and of the Noune . Nowe we haue in our tongue two only sortes of participles : whereof the one commeth of the verbe Actiue , and is called a participle of the present tense : and the other of the verbe passiue . That which procéedeth of the verbe Actiue , endeth in , ant , and is formed of the preterimperfect of the Indicatiue moode of the verbe actiue , of whatsoeuer coniugation it be , chaunging , oys , into , ant , as aimois , loued , aimant , louing , disois , sayde , disant , saying , faisois , did , faisant , doing , parlois , spake , parlant , speaking , & so of others . Of which participle , is formed the participle feminine , by adding , e , feminine at the ende , as , aimant , aimante , disant , disante , faisant , faisante , for all the other which ende in , ant , be of the masculine gender .

The Participle that descendeth from the Verbe passiue is formed of the first person of the Indicatiue moode , by taking away the Verbe substantiue , which is ioyned vnto it : as we haue sayde in Coniugating the Verbe passiue , je suis aimé , I am loued , dit , sayde , fait , made , declaré , declared , estimé , estemed . There must then be taken away these particles , je suis , and beholde the participle formed in this sort , aimé , loued , dit , sayde , fait , made , estimé , estime , dest tué , destitute , and so of others , wherof commeth the participle feminine by adding , e , feminine , as aimé aimée , dit dite , fait faite , estimé estimée .

For the rest , bycause , that these participles be declined as the nounes of which we haue spoken amplie ynough , I sende you thither . For it is all one in this respect of adding the Article , le , and , vn , for the masculine , la , and , vne , for the feminine , as for example of the participle actiue , l'aimant , the louing , et vn aimant , and a louing , for the masculine , and for the feminine , l'aimante , et vne aimante , example of the participle passiue : for the masculine l'aimé , the beloued , le dit , the sayde , et vn aimé , and a beloued , vn dit . one sayde , for the feminine , l'aimée , la dite , et vne aimée , vne dite . As for the plurall number there néedeth but to adde , s , at the ende of the singular , and it shall be formed , as l'aimé les aimés , l'aimée les aimées , l'aimant les aimants , l'aimante , les aimantes , &c.

Of the Aduerbe .

The Aduerbes be woordes , which be not declined ( as these thrée last sortes of woordes that is to saye , Coniunction , Preposition , and Interiection , of which wée will speake consequently hereafter ) and ioyne themselues to Verbes to make that to be more cléerely vnderstanded , which those Verbes signifie and to fulfill & accomplishe their signification , as the Adiectiues are ioyned to Substantiues , as for example , let vs take j'aime , I loue , a man knoweth not whither it be of much or little loue ; or otherwise , if there be not ioyned vnto it an Aduerbe , as , grandement , greatly , ou legerement , or lightly , and so others , but then it is knowne with what loue one loueth : as je l'aime grandement , I loue him greatly , Il aime legerement , ou bien peu , he loueth lightly or very little .

There are of diuers sortes of Aduerbes : some wherwith men vse to signifie or tell the tyme of a thing : as auiourd'huy , To day , demain , to morrow , hier , yesterday , l'autre iour , the other day , apres demain , after to morrowe , tous les iours , euery day , quand ou comme , when , or as , cependant que , whyles , maintenant , now , desia , already , à ceste heure , at this houre , tantost , anon , incontinent ; incontinent , si pris si mis , by and by , longuement , a long whyle , tousiours , alwayes , tousiourmais , for euer , quelquefois , sometymes , aucunefois , any tyme , jadis , in time past . souuent , souuentesfois , often , oftentymes , peu souuent , seldome , jamais , neuer , cy apres , hereafter , par cy apres , hereafter , doresanauāt , from henceforth , ores , but , deuant , before , auant , afore , tant que , so long , jusques à tant que , vntill so long as .

Some be to signifie the place , as when one asketh , où est il ? where is he ? or else , où est il allé , whither is he gone ? men aunswere in this ? sort , Icy , here , là , there , illec , there , en ce lieu-la , in that place , en ce lieu cy , in this place , aupres neare , pres , nygh , dedans , within , hors , without , dehors , abroade .

And for the answering of this question , of d'ou vient il ? from whence commeth he ? It is sayde , d'icy , of this place , de là , from hence , d'illec , from thence .

For this : Par où est il passé ? which way went be ? One aunswereth , Par cy , this way , par là , that way , par illec , by that place .

For this question , de quel costé va il ? on what side goeth he ? One aunswereth in this maner , vers ce lieu cy , towardes this place , par icy , hitherto par ce costé icy , on this side , par ce costé là , on that side , vers ce costé là , towardes that side , droict en auant , ryght afore , à trauers , ouerthwart , deuant , before , arriere , behinde , en arriere , backwarde .

Some serue to recken , or number : as vne foys , once , deux foys , twyce , troysfois , thrice , quatre soys , foure tymes , and so of the other .

Some signifie and shew order : puis apres , afterwardes , apres , after , en apres , after that , cy apres , hereafter , consequemment , consequently , Some be to aske : quoy ? what ? pourquoy ? wherefore ? de quoy ? why ? où , where ? d'où , from whence ? par ou , wherby ? comment , how ? quand , when ? For to call , hau , howe , vien ça , come hither , st. whist , hist.

For to aunswere , hau , howe . Nowe it is true that this last is somewhat rude , so that in the place of hau , we vse these phrases , plaist il , pleaseth it you , que vous plaist il ? what shall it please you ? and English men this woorde , tantost , anon . For to aunswere assuredly : Ouy , yea , il est ainsi , it is so , pourquoy non ? why not ?

For to affirme or confirme , sans point de faute , without any fayle , certes , certes , vrayement , truely , veritablement , veryly , certainement , certaynly , pour certain , for certayne .

For to denie , non , no , ne , not , nenny , no , nullement , not at all .

For to exhort & giue courage , or sus , go to , or auant , now , courage , courage , bien bien , well , well , or ça , go to .

For to wishe : à la mi●nne volunté , I would , pleust à Dieu , might it please God , Dieu vucille , God graunt , si , if , ou , or , o si , o if .

For to signifie some thinges that are to be done togither : ensemble , togither , quand & quand , by and by , tout d'une venue , all at once , tout d'un coup , all at one chop , ensemblement , likewyse , tout d'un train , all in a rowe , ausi bien , as well .

For to elect and chose , mieux , better , et mais bien , and but well , in this sort , non pas cecy , not this , mais bien cela , but well that .

For to separate , à part , a part , à l'escart , by it selfe , mais singulierement , but specially . As in this example , je vous en remercie tous mais singulierement , I thanke you all of it , but speciallye , mais nommement , but namely , principallement , chieflye , particulierement , particularly , speciallement , specially , vous mon bon amy , you my good friend .

For to signifie in what maner , seauammēt , skilfully , prudemment , wysely , vaillamment , valiauntly , diligemment , diligently , and so of others , which shew the qualitie of the thing .

For to signifie quantitie , great or little , or for to augment , fore , very , beaucoup , much , moult , much , trop , to much , grandement , greatlye , bien , well , As in this sentence , tu sois le bien venu , as for thee be thou welcome , peu , little , gueres , little , vn peu , a little , trop peu , to little , vn bien peu , a very little , le moins du monde , the least of the worlde , tant soit peu , be it neuer so little , presque , almost , is one of them also , so that , the negation goeth before it , in this sort , je ne voy presque goutte , I see not almost a whit .

For to diminishe or make lesse , à grand peine , skarce , peu à peu , little and little , tout bellement , faire , posement , softly , petit à petit , by little and little , presque , almost , enuiron , about , peu pres , well nigh , Il ne s'en faut gueres , there lacketh but little of it , nullement du monde , by no meanes in the worlde , peu s'en faut , little lacketh .

For to make comparison betwéene twoo , or many , aussi , also , tant , so much , autant , asmuch , si , so , plus , more , and moins , lesse , which be woordes that serue to shew comparison of things , and haue after them , que , comme , ou , de , as , or , of , which are alwayes one of the members of the Comparison : as in these examples , Il est aussi scauant que vous , He is as learned as you , Il n'est pas tant prudent que cault , He is not so wyse as subtil . Ie suis autant son amy , que ou comme celuy qui l'est par dessus tous , I am as much his friend , as he that is aboue all other . Le plus excellent de tous , the most excellent of all , le moins sage de tous , the least wyse of all .

For to shew , Voy-le-cy , Here it is , voy-le-la , there it is , voy-cy , beholde here , voy-la , beholde there .

For to doubt , Paraduanture , peraduenture , Il peut bien estre , It may well be , il se peut bien faire , it may well be done , il est possible , it is possible , Il est bien possible , It is very possible , d'auenture , by chaunce , par cas fortuit , perchaunce , comme fortune voulut , as fortune woulde , it is very true , that as to me I allow not these kindes of speaking , séeing that they smell more of Paynimes than the Christian speaches . And so I would gladly aduertise you by the way to leaue this worde Fortune , which these olde dreamers Paynimes and Idolatours haue forged in their fonde braynes .

For we must vse this woorde , Dieu , God , & haue it alwayes in our mouth in all our dooings , and affaires , séeing that all things are and do come by his diuine prouidence , without the which nothing can be .

Then in place that men say , de cas fortuit , perchaunce , comme fortune voulut , as fortune woulde , we must say : comme Dien voulut , as God woulde , cecy ou cela se peut faire , this or that may be done , voire s'il plaist a Dieu , to weete , if it please God , the which must be added .

For to shew likenesse or resemblaunce , or Comparison , or example : Comme , as ainsi , so , ainsi que , so as , ainsi comme , euen so , comme si , euen as , tout ainsi que , lyke as .

Of Coniunctions .

Coniunctions are woordes , which serue for to ioyne and knit togither other woordes or sentences , of which there be diuers sortes .

Some be to ioyne onely : as these , et , and , aussi , also , example of , et , and , Il est bon et honneste , he is good and honest . Of , aussi , also , S'il vous offence , il in'offence aussi , If he offende you , he offendeth me also , d'auantage , moreouer , pareillement , likewyse , non seulement , not onelye , mais aussi , but also , en outre & qui plus est further and that more is , au reste , to the rest , au par sur , moreouer , en apres , afterwardes , outre ce , beside this , mesme , mesmement , also , namely .

The other for to ioyne togither that which we woulde vnderstande a part : as , mais , but , example , Il est riche , mais meschant homme , He is riche , but a wicked man , voire mais , yea but , Il est bien vray que , It is very true that , vray est que , true it is that , or then , autrement , otherwise , sans cela , without that , mais aussi , but also : Ou , or , is a Coniunction to conioyne twoo things , of which we woulde affirme the one : as in this example , Il est bon , ou mauuais , he is good , or euill .

Some serue for to yéelde reason , car , for , pour ce que , for that , pourquoy , wherfore , quand à ce que , as to this that , & puis que , and since that , donc , then , attendu que , considering that , veu que , seeing that , pourtant , by so much , pour autant que , for asmuch as .

For to make exception , excepté , except , sinon , but , ●ors , sauing , si , if .

To shew a thing that foloweth of another , pour autant que , for asmuch as , as pour autant que vous auez la fieure , vous auez chauld , forasmuch as you haue the Ague , you are whot , puisque , sythens that .

For to conclude , donques , then , parquoy , therfore , par ainsi , by this , & pourtant , and therfore , pour ce , for that .

To shew that , that which we say , causeth no let , or hinderaunce , Iaçoit , albeit , Cōbienque , although that , encores , yet , veu que , seeing that , toutesfois , neuerthelesse , neantmoins , neuerthelesse , si est ce que , yet is it so that , nonobstant , notwithstanding , pourueu que , so that , au moins , at least , a tout le moins , at the vttermost , these two last serue for to demaunde that the least yet may be graunted vs : as in this example : Si vous ne voulez m'ayder , au moins n'empeschez les autres de ce faire , If you will not helpe me , at the least let not other to doe it .

Of Prepositions .

The Prepositions are words that be put before other wordes , and therefore they are so called . As when a man speaketh of a place , of an order , or telleth the cause why , we saye , Il est en la chambre , he is in the chamber , Il est le second apres cestuy la , he is the seconde after that same , Ie l'ay fait a cause de luy , I haue done it for his cause .

Then we must knowe how many of them there are , & how they be placed , which may rather be séene by examples , than by rules or precepts . And therefore I will endeuour to discharge my selfe herein , the best that I can . It is true that if there doe remayne some behynde that I shewe not , you may not for that be offended , for it is a small thing , and which may easily be learned in the French dictionarie : and beside that , mannes memorie is so weake , that it is almost impossible to holde all things at the fingers ende . Then for the better vnderstanding them , we will gyue examples of them . And first , these sixe Prepositions , à , au , to , aux , to the , de , of , du , of , from . des , of the , d●e gouerne Nounes and V●rbes : as for example of , à , and , de , aller à la ville , au presche , aux prieres , to go to the towne , to the sermon , to prayers . Of , de : Venir de la ville , du presche , des prieres , to come from the towne , from the sermon , from prayers . We saye also , estre à Londres , to be at London , au marché , in the market place aux estuues , in the hote houses . A , and de , with a Substantiue , serue for an Adiectiue : as , homme à cheual , à pied , de cheual , de pied , a man on horsebacke , a horseman , a foreman , on foote . So we saye : quelque chose de bon , some good thing , homme de bien , a good man . A. sometimes with the Infinitiue moode Present tense , signifieth the Future tense , or qualitie of some dutie . As : chose à aduenir , a thing to come to passe , besongne à faire , a worke to do , chose à dire , a thing to saye , chose à taire , a thing to keepe secret . De , without an article , is ioyned with a noune of matter , quantitie , and instrument , as , couronne d'or , a crowne of gold , couppe d'argent , a cuppe of siluer , espee de fer , a sworde of yron , vn peu de feu , a little fire . This Preposition , des , is put in thys maner , des le commencement , from the beginning , des nostre enfance , from our chyldehoode . Depuis , and Iusques , followe one another in one sentence , after this sorte : Depuis le haut iusques au bas , from aboue vntill beneath , Depuis soleil couchant iusques au point du iour , from the Sunne going downe vntill the breake of the day . Depuis , is set alone when it signifieth some space of tyme , as , Ie ne l'ay point veu depuis ce temps là , I haue not seene him sithence that time . Example of par , as , par courroux , by anger , par sa faute , by his fault . Of , pour , pour peur de honte , for feare of shame , cecy est pour moy , this is for me , faices cela pour vostre profit , doe this for your profite . Pour , with the Infinitiue present tense , signifieth somwhat to come : as , Il est pour estre grand personnage , he is to be a great personage , pour enrichir sa maison , for to enrich his house , pour arriuer auiourd'huy , for to arryue to daye . Of parmy : parmy la fenestre , through the windowe , parmy les champs , through the fieldes , parmy la ville , through the towne . Of Apres : le second apres le roy , the seconde next the king , apres vous , after you . Of pres , and , aupres : seez vous prez de moy , sit you nigh me , venes aupres de moy , come neare me . Of sans : sans cecy je fusse allé aux champs , without this I had gone into the fieldes , sans le sceu , without knowing , I'ay fait cela sans qu'ils s'en soyent apperceuz , I did the same , and they perceyued it not . Of , deuant : deuant tous , before all , deuant le roy , before the king . Of , auecques , or , auec : auec peine & trauail , with payne and traueyle , venes auec moy , come with me , allez auecques elle , go with hir . Of en , and , és : en , is for the singular . As , Il est en Egypte , be is in Egipt : Es , for the Plurall , as , Il est és deserts , he is in the desertes , és montaignes , in the mountaynes . There be of them yet some , as , enuers , towards , vers , towards , sur , vpon , soubs , vnder , sus , aboue , dessus , aboue , dessous , beneath , selon , after , ches , vnto , or , at , and verye fewe other , the practise of which you maye easily sée in reading Authors . For there they may be best learned . And therefore it suffyceth vs to haue shewed you with the finger , where the founteyne is , that you may drinke thereof when you are drye .

Of the Interiection .

Interiections be woordes that men cast , and set betwéene or in the middest of a matter , the affection of him that speaketh , there be diuers sortes of them .

Some serue to call : as , hay , hau , howe .

For to aske , haa ? hagh ?

For to perceyue , ha , ha , ah , ah .

For to crie , haro .

For to make men holde there peace , houysche , hush , mom , paix , momme , peace .

For to bid men beware , gare , take heede .

For to laugh , ho , ha .

For to lament , helas , las , lasse , hee , hemy , alas .

For to marueyle , a , oya , dieux , dea .

For to be sadde , O.

For to abhorre , fy , fy .

FINIS .