The art of rhetorick concisely and compleatly handled exemplified out of holy writ, and with a compendious and perspicuous comment, fitted to the capacities of such as have had a smatch of learning, or are otherwise ingenious. By J.B. master of the free-school of Kinfare in Staffordshire.

THE ART OF RHETORICK CONCISELY AND COMPLEATLY HANDLED , Exemplified out of holy Writ , and with a compendious and perspicuous Comment , fitted to the capacities of such as have had a smatch of learning , or are otherwise ingenious .

By I. B. Master of the free-school of Kinfare in Staffordshire .

ECCLES. 12. 10. The Preacher sought to finde out acceptable words .

Printed for Nicolas Alsop , and are to be sold at the Angel in Popes-head-alley . 1634.

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE IOHN LORD POULET Baron of Hinton Saint George , All sanctified prosperitie . Much honoured Lord ,

THose reckonings that are daily added to the score , and runne long on without computation , swell insensibly to an height incredible : of such nature are my obligations towards your noble self , standing bound not onely for the principall , but the interest , the times and conditions of my lot being such , that untill now my utmost studies and endeavours could never purchase an opportunitie , in person to render the gratefull acknowledgements of your Lordships bounty towards my self , and to present the due homage of mine own observance : yea , I am by experience sensible of much difficultie to pick out the times and means of dutifull demonstrations , unlesse vicinitie of place , and other conducing circumstances befriend us . Wherefore ( my Lord ) having with the long travell of gratefull thoughts to your Honour , and desire of publick good , brought forth these two-languag'd twins ; I have ventured to deliver them into your Lordships hands ( if they may be welcome ) and through them into the hands of others ( if they may be worthy ) aiming by them to acquaint the world with my personall obligations , and thankfull cogitations towards your Honour : and if they ( by reason of their subject ) shall discover any thing that may redound to the benefit of many or few , that that also may be reckoned to your Lordship , as the means of my abilities : unfeignedly withall desiring , that this your bounty , and all your vertuous actions may be summed up to the glory of God , the authour of every good and perfect gift , both in us , and to us . To whose gracious tuition my constant prayer shall earnestly recommend your worthy person and noble family .

Your Lordships in the manifold obligations of dutifull observance , IOHN BARTON .

To the Reader .

THe sacred Scripture ( howbeit altogether eschewing , 1. Tim. 6.4 . and 2. Tim 2. 14. and utterly condemning the impertinent use of frothie criticismes , yet ) in beautifull varietie , majesticall style , and gracefull order , infinitely and incomparably transcends the most pithie and pleasing strains of humane Eloquence . From this authoritie therefore I have made the art of Rhetorick exemplary ; whereunto for the satisfying of the reader , I have premised these severall instructions , partly as apologies to the skilfull , for those additions , contractions , alterations herein made ; partly as directions to the studious .

First ,

Rhetorica est ars orationis confirmandae , & habendae , &c. Keck . Rhet.

Aristot. Cicero , & alii● quinque partes Rhetor. constituerunt ; Inventionem , Dispositionem , Memoriam , & Pronunciationem● sed malé . Di●tericus Rhet. Grammatica purè , Rhetorica ornarè , Logica cum ratione , &c. Molina 〈…〉 .

I say not ( according to the received definition ) that Rhetorick is the art of pleading well , howbeit I was about to define it the art of Oratory , which is equivalent with the former : but I consider , that to an Oratour ( besides Rhetorick ) Logick and Grammar essentially belong . For together with the cooking , that is , the dressing and serving up of an oration , wherein Rhetorick consisteth , an Oratour must have matter and method from Logick ; puritie of construction , and words accustomed from Grammar ; or he cannot be perfect . Indeed it is very rare to finde a man skilfull in Rhetorick , who is not so in Logick and Grammar ; yet I have read some sermon-books stuft with Tropes and Figures , which doubtlesse with a good deliverie would please , yet were very barren of solid matter . Now because these arts commonly met in a professed Oratour , those that formerly wrote Rhetoricks ,

Common places to help invention .

Qui figuras grammaticas Rhetoricâ tradunt , distincta ●rtium praecepta confundunt . Dict.

put in the Topicks of Logick and Figures of Grammar , as essentiall parts of Rhetorick . Therefore must the learner , in any pleasing passages of words , diligently consider to which of these severall arts every vertue in them is to be ascribed . For whose help herein , if this work take , I will annex in future editions an Appendix of all grammaticall figures .

Again , I say not , the parts of Rhetorick are Elocution and Pronunciation ; for both these are but utterance , and neither implie the gesture : as for that their common acceptation is equivalent with the terms I give , this were tolerable in case of necessity , not where more significant may be had .

Secondly , I presume , I need not excuse giving of English names , having put the known names in the Margent , and used them in my Comment: as for changing those names , good reason . For Tropes and Figures were distinguished by names that had no difference , Metaphora & Tropus idem sunt apud Aristot. as Metonymia and Metaphora are both Translation , which is a name generall enough for all the Tropes : neither can I think it but preposterous , to speak of affections of Tropes before the Tropes themselves ; which perhaps they did , that the examples wherein affections were , might be more fully apprehended , though I suppose so much at once would rather puzzle the learner .

Thirdly , I thought it strange , that Rhetoricians should be fain to define Metonymia and Synechdoche , as Plato did a man , Homo est animal bipes absque pennis , latis unguibus . Substitution is a proper name unto them both ; neither can any name be given to Substitution , which will not as well serve for Compreh●nsion . by couching the particulars : nor yet do●h their definition of a Metonymie directly teach Elliptick Substitution , nor of the other comprehend the putting of one kinde for an other ; yet indeed I found it very difficult to distinguish them . The truth is , that these two are but one Trope ; and but for avoiding censure of singularitie , I would have made them one , as I have annexed them in regard of their affinitie .

Fourthly , whereas I have made Metonymie twofold , Perfect and Elliptick , I say boldly , that nothing in all Rhetorick doth more puzzle scholars , then not being made acquainted with this difference of Metonymicall examples , how that in some , a borrowed word supplying the place of a proper , we do no more but change again , that is , cast away the borrowed word and assume the proper , and they are resolved : But now again some examples will not suffer a change of the tropicall word for another , but must be resolved by an addition of some word , containing the Cause , Effect , Subject , or Adjunct in a generall term . Instance in this speech , That rock was CHRIST : They say truely , In the word CHRIST is a Metonymie of the Subject for the Adjunct . Well , then say I , Resolve this Trope , put out the word CHRIST , and render the Adjunct , for which it is put , That rock was — what ? If they say , CHRIST is put for the signe , then I should say , That rock was the signe . But this resolution you see is defective : therefore I must lay both together , the generall term SIGNE and CHRIST , and say thus , That rock was the signe of Christ . Now in this example , The Pope spurns Emperours KINGDOMES off their heads , I need not fetch in the generall term to resolve it by spurns the SIGNE of their KINGDOMES , &c. but change for the adjunct it self , which is ready and compleat , Spurns Emperours CROWNS off their heads .

Fifthly , I averre that I have truely referred Pronominations to Metaphors , for they all carry the force of comparison . Instance , I call an Arch-traitour , a IUDAS : Now say Rhetoricians , This is by a Synechdoche : for here is Iudas , a particular word , put for the generall , TRAITOUR . How unlawfull this predication is , and how insufficient the resolution , any scholar will discern ; For Iudas by a Synechdoche cannot signifie an Arch-traitour , but simply a Traitour . Now make it a Metaphor , and I have the full meaning . But I will give a more usefull answer : I say therefore , that if this be a Synechdoche , we need no Metaphor ; for I can , by as fair a semblance as this , reduce every Metaphor to a Synechdoche or Metonymie . Instance , Luk. 23. 43. To day shalt thou be with me in PARADISE Shall I say this is a Synechdoche , 〈◊〉 saith 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Luk. 16. 24. 〈…〉 ve●e●●●ti do●●●●● 〈…〉 lib. 1. cap. ● . I thi●k 〈…〉 it is a 〈…〉 they build 〈…〉 o● wood . one place of felicitie being put for another ? Yet why may not I as well as Butler , call this speech , They BUILD an horse , a Synechdoche ? One kinde of structure ( saith he ) is put for another . Again , Psal. 34.1 . The young LIONS lack . Shall I say , LIONS for FIERCE and GREEDY men , is a Metonymie ? For Lion is the subject , and fiercenesse and rapine the qualities of a Lion . Y●t why not as well as Keckerman calls this speech , K●ck . Rhe●● pag. 153. Every day is an HOLY-DAY to the idle man , a Metonymie ? Because HOLY-DAY is put , sayes he , for a time of leisure and sport , which are appurtenances to an holy-day . Now undoubtedly all these are Metaphors , though Butlers 〈…〉 catachresticall . But it would save much 〈◊〉 and prevent a deal of errour , no more but to observe when the words bear the force of comparison ; for all such are Metaphors .

All Relation in Substitutions and Comprehensions , which is not true and reall , turns to Metaphors . Examples are , Hosea 7.9 . Rom. 12. 20. Psal. 41. 3. 1. Cor. 14. 11. Gal. 4.19 . Which some would thus re●olve , Gray hairs , for sorrow● sorrow for misery , a metalepticall Metonymie of the Ef●ect ; Barbarian , for any stranger Synech . of the kinde ; Heap coals of fire● for ●vercome him ; Make his bed , for give him ease , Travail in childe , for long after , Metonymies of the Cause . Unlesse the Example be Metalepti●all , and the Lu●er Trope a Metaphor , as thus , Ye are Gods circumcision , which word is a Metonymie put for CIR●UMCISED , which is a Metaphor .

But the learner will finde thi● intricate , before ●e hath compared it with the Tract .

Rhetorician● have been deceived by a relation Metaphoricall in stead of reall . For instance , They PRICK UP THEIR EARES : Let us BREAK THEIR BONDS ASUNDER . In these examples , would Rhetoricians say , are Metonymies of the Adjunct . For , PRICKING UP THE EARES is a signe of HEARKENING ; BONDS , an Adjunct to AUTHORITIE : But say I , Pricking up the eares , is a signe of hearkening in beasts . So God hath no CORDS , but comparatively ; therefore these are Metaphors .

Sixthly , I say also , that those examples which I have referred to an Ironie in the latter end of the chapter , are truely referred . And either an Ironie must be made so large ( as it well may ) to comprehend them , or we must invent another Trope . Synechdoches they cannot be ( though some make them so ) for they have no relation .

Seventhly , I averre also , that Hyperbole and Tapinosis are as flatly different as the names I give them , although the * * M●dern or late Writers . Nonnulli Rhetores , &c. Keck . lib. 2. pag. 17● . Neotericks make them one . But saith Keckerman , Some Rhetoricians call Tapinosis Hyperbole in defect , but it is better to distinguish them . What ? when I call a MEER FOOL a SHALLOW FELLOW ; a WICKEDNES , an ERROUR ; when I say that is WARM , that shrewdly BURNS , &c. do I hyperbolize ? do I over-reach , and speak beyond my compasse ? Moreover , they were too short in not observing that these Affections were often found without being in other Tropes : and so where they found speeches that were meerly hyperbolicall or tapinosicall , they would referre them to some Trope , though without reason . For this speech , I made my bed to SWIMME , Dietericus takes for a Metaphor : but I pray you where is the comparison ? For put case his bed were born up with waters , it were a plain speech ; which being impossible , what is it else , but a notable Hyperbole ?

Eighthly , I dare professe , that whatsoever Rhetoricall excellencie is or can be in words , is comprised in the Tropes and Figures which I have set down . I have deliberatively read the most eloquent books , besides divers Rhetoricks ; yet all the commendablenesse of words I could pick out , would not yeeld a new Figure . As Gemination and Reduplication &c. come into Repetition : so Concession , ● Permission , &c. fall into Insinuation , and so of others . How all their examples come within compasse of my Figures , will easily appeare . But some examples I have , which they never paralel'd , and some things their Rhetoricks touch not . It had been easie to have made my book confused and intricate with prolixitie , to have shewed much reading and little wit , and needlesly to have wearied and perplext my reader . If it be objected , that specially in those figures of Repetition , Variation , Allusion , there are various examples , which might have had severall names : I answer , if every phrase , whereunto I could have given a proper term to expresse the form thereof , should have been a Figure , Quintilian makes 13 Tropes which Isidore reckons in his Grammar , pag. 847 . ●ot in his Rhetorick , wherein ●e blames the Ancients for prolixitie , ut eam lectori admirari in promptu sit , comprehendere imp●ssibile . Isid. 858. cap. 2. de ●he● . I should have runne in infinitum . And doubtlesse the copious varietie of words ( especially in the Greek tongue ) hath begotten that difference among authours that sought to open the arts , which being read by the unskilfull , they took them for so many severall Figures , as they found names , and the species of them for distinct Figures : the confusednesse whereof was by the diligence of the studious amended by degrees .

And why should not we contract and refine late writers , as they did the former ? I have given generall terms whereto all kinde of pleasing speech may be reduced , so that I know no reader , wheresoever he meets with whole heaps of Figures together , shall finde any thing but the spice or composition of what I have mentioned .

Ninthly , whereas Rhetoricians give divers rules about delivery , for the turning of the eye , carriage of the hand , setting of the countenance , framing of the voice , &c. I dare say , they are needlesse , insufficient , absurd : for this varies according to a multitude of circumstances , person , subject , place ; and these particulars are also various . Onely I have mentioned the Emphasis ; and truely , if mine observation fail me not , look what facultie a man hath in giving a gracefull Emphasis , in like degree he hath the gift of the whole delivery .

Lastly , I expose my Treatise to the view and censure of the learned , as I have been bold in some things to censure other mens . Whoso will , may examine the matter ; and whoso can , may undertake the patronage : although I have imputed faultinesse to theirs , I do not warrant there can be none in mine own . I have spared to mention the worst I found , and think it might be judged pride and envy in me to reckon up the contradictions , curiosities , coincidencies , impertinencies , which are among them . I arrogate nothing to my self in detecting or amending them . I hold it a duty of this age and nation , As Mr. Harris taught in that eloquent sermon of H●zek●●●s recovery . to leave arts more refined to posteritie , having so abundant helps . For what I have altered , I think I could pick my apologie out of severall authours , whom I found to be hammering upon those very matters , though ( not finding a way out ) they were fain to come again into the common rode . Indeed I had , besides the advice of my learned friends , the joynt assistance of my brother ; and that candle , which we have lighted , we set up to others . Sure I am ( Reader ) that this facil art hath been found by good wits so imperfectly discovered , that some things were very intricate , some things very frivolous . How difficultly and defectively young scholars have apprehended the notions of this art , all schools have complain●●● That from the ignorance of Rhetorick ( besides many other inconveniences ) grosse misco●structions of Scripture have sprung , experience , ●●stifies . I was opposed with that place in Dani●l , Dan. 4. 27. Break off thy sinnes by righteousnesse , and thine INIQUITIES by shewing m●rcy unto the poore . I answered , that in th● word INIQUITIES was a Synechdoche● the generall word Iniquitie being put for Oppression , one kinde of iniquitie , whereby I clear●● the place from seeming to confirm the Popish doctrine of making satisfaction for our sinnes by our works , for which purpose that place was alledged● and shewed , that it did import no more then th●t speech of Isaiah , Cease to do evil , learn to do well . I will not multiplie examples . Reader , thi● Tract having been proved and approved , as a sufficient mean to instruct any indifferent wit , that will bestow pains in serious meditation and conference with a scholar in the knowledge of the art , I am bold to commend to thy use , if tho● shalt need it ; and commit unto thy love , if tho● shalt esteem it . Farewell . If thou sayest I ha●e made my gates too big , know I did it that my book might have the better passage . But now I shut them up , resting thine in the hope and endeavour of better services ,

IOHN BARTON .

THE Art of RHETORICK .

CHAP. I.

Sect. I.

RHETORICK is the ᵃ skill of using daintie words , and comely deliverie , whereby to work upon mens affections .

It hath two parts , Adornation and Action .

Adornation consisteth in the sweetnesse of the phrase , and is seen in Tropes and Figures .

A ᵇ Trope is an affecting kinde of speech , altering the native signification of a ᶜ word .

In a Trope are to be considered , 1. The Kindes , 2. The Affections .

There be foure kindes of Tropes : 1. Substitution , 2. Comprehension , 3. Comparation , 4. Simulation .

The Comment.

a ) That is to say , It is the Art of trimming , decking , garnishing the Oration , with fine , wittie , pithie , moving , pleasing words , cla●ses , and sentences in the passages and style of speech .

b ) This word Trope , is as much as to say , a borrowed speech , so that when any word leaves his native , that is , his proper signification , ●●d assumes a borrowed , we say it is Tropicall : Although some speeches are grown so common , that they are taken to be proper ; as , Correct me , O Lord , for Chastise me , O Lord , the Effect for the Cause : but so usuall , that few perhaps would note it . c ) See Note 6.

Sect. 2.

Metonymi● . SUbstitution is a borrowed speech , by an accidentall ᵃ relation .

It is either Perfect or Elliptick .

ᵇ Perfect Substitution is , when the word wherein the Trope lies , is cast away in the ᶜ Resolution . And it is fourefold .

1. First , of the Cause . 2. Of the Effect . 3. Of the Subject . 4. Of the Adjunct or Accident .

Substitution of the Cause , is two wayes : 1. First , when the ᵈ Efficient cause is put for the effect . Gen. 4.7 . * * 2. Cor. 9.5 . Micah 7.9 . ᵃ Sinne lieth at the doore . Ezra 4. 7. The writing was in the Syrian ᵃ tongue . 1. Tim. 6. 6. Godlinesse is * * Isa. 60.17 . ᵃ gain . So when the Author , ᵉ Principall , or Famous in a thing is used for that which is wrought or brought in by him , or named from him . Act. 21.21 . They are informed tha● thou teachest to forsake ᵃ Moses . Psal. 14.7 . * * Psal. 6● . ● . ᵃ Iacob shall rejoyce , and ᵃ Israel shall be glad .

2. Secondly , when the Materiall Cause is used for the Effect . Psal. 105. 8. He was laid in● * * E●cl●● . 1● . ● . iron .

The Comment.

a ) Relation is , when a thing in any respect hath reference to another . An accidentall Relation I call that , which continues onely while they are Tropes , or otherwise they are not necessarily considered together ; as , Sinne is put for horrour & punishment , Tong●● for language , Gain for gainfull , Moses for the Law , Iacob and Israel for the Israelites , Iron for fetters . Now , there may be sinne , where there is no horrour or punishment considered . Gain may be considered abstractively , that is , by it self , and not in a subject : as there may be vertue , justice , though there were none just ; so there may be a tongue without language , as in beasts : Iacob might have been , though no Israelites after him ; Moses , though no Law ; Iron , though no fetters . But in Synechdoches there is a true Relation considered , Metonymia ● consentanels fit , Synechdoche Logicâ oritur . 〈◊〉 whether they be Tropes or no : the Genus must have his Species , and the whole his parts , and contrarily . These do subsist one in another . In a word , Substitution is from things that have but an affinitie ; Comprehension from things that have a consanguinitie .

b ) Note from this example , Note 1. that in some Metonymicall Relations , the Cause and Effect , Subject and Adjunct may perhaps be hard to conceive : for unlesse to scholars , it is not so readie to be apprehended , Though this would be mor● readily resolved elliptically , the bringer of gain . And so i● should be Substitution of th● Effect . See Sect. 5. that gain is the cause of gainfull , though indeed it is : for what makes gainfull but gain ?

c ) The resolving of a Trope is the changing of it to a plain speech : for instance , The writing was in the Syrian language . This now you see is made a plain speech , by putting away the borrowed word tongue , and resuming language , whi●h was meant by tongue . This I call a Perfect Resolution , because I come directly to my word again .

d ) The Efficient Cause is , whereby a thing is made or done ; & the Material Cause , whereof .

Note 2. e ) Note that it is one thing when the Principall is considered as the Cause , another as the Subject , another as a Part. Instance , Israel fought with Amalek . If here by Amalek and Israel I mean their succeeding race , themselves being dead , ●● Imperator consideretur ut causa , &c. est Metonym . Referri au●em possunt hac exempla ad Synech . Diet. Rhe● . lib. 1. it is a Metonymie of the Cause : but if I mean by them their armies , themselves being at home , it is a Metonymie of the Subject . If I mean by them the Israelites and Amalekites , led by them into the field , themselves being partners in the battell , it is the Part for the Whole .

Sect. 3.

SUbstitution of the Effect is , when the Effect is used for the Cause . 2. King . 4.10 . ᵃ * * Deut. 28.61 . Psal. 53.5 . Eph. 5.11 . Death is in the pot . Ioh. 11. 25. I am the ᵍ * * 1. Ioh. 5.4 . Ezek. 18.30 . resurrection .

Substitution of the ᵇ Subject is , when the Subject is used for the Adjunct . Eph. 4. 22. Cast off the old ᶜ man . Thus the place , or seat , and container , are used for the placed , or contained thing . Psal. 78. 87. Their ᵈ heart was not right . Gen. 6. 11. The ᵉ * * Act. 18.18 . earth was corrupt before God . 1. Cor. 11. 26. As oft as you drink this ᶠ * * Prov. 1.14 . cup , ye shew the Lords death .

The Comment.

a ) Death is put for poyson , which is the effect of poyson . b ) The Subject is that thing , whereunto something is said to appertain or belong : and the said appurtenance is called the Adjunct or Accident . c ) Man is put for nature . d ) Heart , for the affections there seated . e ) for people . f ) for wine . g ) I think good here to note , Note 3. that it will perhaps be difficult sometimes to hit upon a term whereby to resolve a Trope perfectly : for indeed when I first considered of this example , I could resolve it with addition thus , I am the cause or causer of the resurrection ; but the term Raiser I could not think on a good while . And at first view I thought these Elli●tick also , Exod. 21. 21. Eph. 5. 16.

Sect. 4.

SUbstitution of the Adjunct is , when the Accident is used for the Subject . 1. Tim. 4. 16. Neglect not the gift given by the hands of the ᵃ * * Rom. 11.7 . presbyterie . Gal. 6. 14. God forbid that I should glorie save in the ᵇ crosse of Christ . Thus the Adjunct of time is put for the subject measured by it . Iob 32. 7. I said ᶜ dayes should speak , and the ᶜ multitude of yeares should shew wisdome . So the signe or ᶠ circumstance is used for the thing betokened . Rom. 13.4 . He beareth not the ᵈ sword in vain . So also the qualitie is put for the subject . Ecclus. 10.6 . ᵍ * * Iob 15.34 . Follie is set in great dignitie .

The Comment.

Note 4. a ) First let me note , that in some examples it skills not , which you call the Subject , which the Adjunct : for instance , Let their table be a snare , that is , Let their meat be a snare . Table may be either the Subject or Adjunct . And let me note further from the first example set down , Note 5. that some Tropes may be variously resolved , according to mens severall judgements . As some may think Presbyterie , here being put for Presbyters , to be the Effect for the Cause ; for what makes the Presbyterie , but the Presbyters ? though I rather take it to be an Adjunct to Presbyters . b ) Crosse , for sufferings . c ) Dayes and multitude of yeares , for the aged . Whence note , Note 6. that the borrowed speech lieth sometimes in more then in one single word . For there is a single word , which Logicians call Vox incomplexa , as Peter , an horse , vertue , gentle , &c. And there is a double word called Vox complexa , as Peter the Apostle , an horse all white , despised vertue , gentle in behaviour . These you see runne into one , and do of divers single ones make up double ones ; so that having said , A Trope is alwayes in one word , I mean not that it must alwayes be in one single word , but sometimes in a double word , which , upon the matter is but one word ; as here the double word multitude of yeares , is in purpose no more then the single word Dayes . And as the words of the Trope are sometimes complexive ; so also are the words of the Resolution , as in Proverbs , or otherwise . d ) Note hence , Note 7. that a choice word may best befit a Trope , where in the Resolution the same word cannot serve : as Sword is put for Authoritie , being a signe thereof ; yet we cannot say , He beareth not the Authoritie , but he hath not the Authoritie in vain : so that in Resolutions sometimes there must be alterations in some joynt words of the clause , which yet agree well to the Trope . e ) By signe is meant any token , or resemblance , as the ornament , habit , title , ceremonie , &c. f ) See the tenth note . g ) That is , the Fool.

Sect. 5.

ELliptick Substitution is , when the Cause and Effect , or Subject and Adjunct do meet in the Resolution .

This is also , First in the Cause . Heb. 11. 39. They received not the * * Acts 8. 28. ᵇ promises .

2. In the Effect . Gen. 25.23 . ᶜ Two * * Lev. 17. 14. nations are in thy wombe . Thus when an Epithet implies a Cause . Psal. 100. 1 , Make a * * Luk. 11.14 . Isa. 17. 11. ᵈ joyfull noyse .

3. In the Subject . 1. Cor. 10.4 . That rock was * * Exod. 12.11 . Christ . And so when that is spoken of the Subject , which is intended of the Adjunct . Deut. 32. 10. He found him in the ᵉ howling wildernesse .

Also when the Subject is put for the Subject so qualified . 1. Cor. 16.13 . Quit your selves like * * Matt. 6. 24. ᶠ men . So when an Epithet implies the signe . 1. Sam. 14.2 . Put on * * 1. Tim. 2.9 . ᵍ mourning apparell .

4. In the Adjunct . Deut. 9.21 . And I took your * * Psal. 71.5 . ʰ sinne , the calf that you had made , and stampt it to powder , &c.

Thus when that is spoken of the Adjunct which is intentionally referred to the Subject . Mal. 2. 15. She is the ⁱ wife of thy * * Ezek. 23. 3. ⁱ covenant , and the wife of thy ⁱ youth . Deut. 33. 2. From his right hand went a ᵏ fiery law .

The Comment.

a ) Ellipsis is as much as to say , a leaving out : I call therefore those Ellipticall Substitutions , wherein some word is left out , and in the Resolution therefore must be added again . It is true , that the defect of words in the language is the cause of some Ellipticall Substitutions : as if there were any word promiseds , the first example would be perfect . It is true also , that a man may resolve some perfect examples Elliptically , if he please ; as , Death is in the pot ; that is , the cause of death is in the pot : but Ellipticall examples are such , as must of necessity be res●lved with addition , so that in the Resolution both the Substituting and the Substituted word are mentioned together , as in the examples following .

b ) Promises , for fruits Effect . of the promises : Cause . for they did receive the promises ; but the fruits or accomplishment of them was in the time of the Gospel .

c ) Two nations , for the fathers . Cause . of two nations Effect .

d ) joyfull , for joyfull Effect . - making . Cause . An Epithet is any Adjective joyned to a word to expresse his signification . So here joyfull signifies making joyfull , and so implies the Cause in the word making : for noyse it self cannot be said to be joyfull . e ) Howling is here attributed to the wildernesse , and meant of the wilde beasts , which are an Adjunct to the wildernesse : as if you should say , Wildernesse Subject . of howling beasts . Adjunct . f ) Men , for valiant Ad●●●c● . men . Subj●ct . So we say , Will you come to supper with those hands ? meaning those foul Adjunct . hands . Subj●●● . g ) Mourning , for signe Adjunct . of mourning . Subject . h ) Sinne , for the subject Subject . of your ●inne . Adjunct . For it cannot here ( though otherwise it might ) be resolved perfectly thus , I took your calf , &c. because of the subsequent clause . i ) Here wife is attributed to covenant and youth , which are but accidents to the person : as if he should say , the wife of thee Subject . by thy covenant Adjunct . in thy youth . Adj●●●● . k ) Fiery is here given to the law , which is intended of the Subjective place of deliverie ; as if he should say , The law Adjunct . from fiery Sinai . Subject . So you see that Ellipticall Substitutions are but a kind● of half Substitutions , one word being put for more , not one word for another , as in perfect Substitutions . This ex●●ple was forg●t to b●●xpl●ined in 〈◊〉 place . l ) For signe Adjunct . of Christ . Subject .

CHAP. II.

Sect. I.

●ynechdoche . COmprehension is a borrowed speech by a naturall relation . It is foure-fold . 1. Of the Genus . 2. Of the Species . 3. Of the Whole . 4. Of the Part.

Comprehension of the Genus is , when the ᵃ generall word comprehends the particular . Psal. 72. 8. He shall have dominion from the * * Ph●●● . 13 river to the ends of the earth .

Comprehension of the Species is , when the particular word implies the generall . Matt. 23. 24. They devoure ᵇ widows houses . Isa. 2. 13. The day of the Lord shall be upon every ● cedar of Lebanon , and every ᵇ oak of Basan .

The Comment.

a ) A Generall word is that which comprehends singular words under it : The G●nu● here is tak●● sometimes for the logicall Species , though Keckerman be more curi●●s . as a Beast comprehends an Horse , a Cow , a Lion , &c. A Stone comprehends an Adamant , a Flint , a Peble , &c. So River here , which comprehends Thames , Trent , Tyber , &c. is put for Euphrates . b ) They did not onely devoure widows houses , but any sort of poore people ; and not onely houses , but any kinde of goods . The Prophet meaneth every Cedar , and every Oak , though he addeth a seeming limitation : Quoties limitatio additur , Tropus tolli●ur . Keck . & commonly when to a generall word a limitation is added , Rhet. But it is where the limitatio● is intenti●●all also , not meerly verball . it makes it particular . If I say , The disciple , for Iohn , it is a Synechdoche of the Genus ; but if I say , The beloved disciple , for Iohn , it is a Particular , and no Trope . Note , Note 8. that sometimes in English , though I cannot directly finde it so in Latine , one particular word is put for another : as Matt. 5. 33. Whosoever putteth away his wife , except it be for fornication , &c. where forni●ation , being one manner of Incontinency , is put for another , viz. Adultery . For the married by uncleannesse are guilty of adultery properly● not fornication . So also one part is put sometimes for another . Psal. 16. 11. Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell ; where soul is put for bodie . Note also , Note 9. that Rhetoricians make such speeches belong to this Trope , as we finde 2. King . 5. 27. He went out of his presence a leper as white as ●now . He might ( say they ) have said● As white as wooll , milk , chalk , &c. so that by ●now is meant any white thing . But I rather think this is no Trope , because he is not tied to mean any other thing ; nor need I seek any such Resolution of the word to understand his me●●ing .

Sect. 2.

COmprehension of the whole is , when the whole implies the part● Acts. 2. 2. It filled the whole ᵃ house where they were sitting .

Thus the plural● number for the singular● Ma●t . 27. 14. The same ●hings also the ᵇ theeves cast in his teeth .

Comprehension of the part is , when the part implies the whole . And this is five wayes .

1. When a piece or member is put for the whole bulk or body . Ephes. 4.9 . He descended into the lower parts of the ᶜ earth . 2. When a set number is put for an uncertain . Levit. 26. 8. ᵈ Five of you shall chase an ᵈ hundred . Rev. 12. 5. Of the tribe of Iudah were sealed ᵈ twelve thousand . 3. The singular number for the plurall . Num. 24. 22. The ᵉ Kenite shall be wasted . 4. One circumstance for another or more . Deut. 28. 30. Thou shalt marrie a wife , and another man shall * * Iohn 12. 32. 1. Sam. 14.26 . Deut. 16. 9. ᶠ lie with her . 1. Sam. 24.3 . Saul went in to ᵍ cover his feet . 5. One or few of a companie , band , sect , &c. for many , or all . Exod. 17.13 . ʰ Iosuah discomfited Amalek .

The Comment.

a ) House is put for chamber . b ) Theeves for thief . See Luk. 23.39 . c ) Earth for world . d ) He means , A few of you shall chase many● and by twelve thousand , S. Iohn understands a great number . This may also be referred to a Synechdoche of the Genus ; one number being put for another of the like kinde . Much ado there is about the reference of these Synechdoches , whereas indeed it is more triviall then deserving a controversie , there being little excellencie in them , unlesse when they are Hyperbolicall . Some of them need not to be reckoned for Tropes , for like reason that I gave of others in the last note of the last section : as , Twentie good turns will not win the ungratefull ; for I may mean just twentie . e ) Kenite , for Kenites . f ) Not onely tie with her , but defile her : for both these circumstances are intended by that one . g ) The action of covering the feet is not intended it self , but expresseth another circumstance , viz. doing the office of Nature . Note , Note 10. that if that circumstance which is put for another , be a naturall , that is , a necessarie circumstance , which alwayes accompanies the action it intends , then it belongeth to this Trope : but if it be but an accidentall circumstance , with which , or without which the action useth to be done ; then is that circumstance an Adjunct , not a Part , and belongeth not to a Synecdoche , which is by a naturall Relation , but to a Metonymie , which is by an accidentall Relation , as I have said : Instance , Prov. 17.18 . A man void of understanding striketh hands , and becometh suretie . Here by striking of hands is meant , gives his word . This circumstance is accidentall , and therefore an Adjunct unto promising : for without it a covenant may be made . h ) Iosuah is put for himself and his armie . Note , Note 11. that sometimes those that are but a part by Relation , are put for all ; as , Gen. 20. 7. God healed Abimelech : the plague that was removed was barrennesse , so that the women onely could be healed ; he was of their number by relation meerly . So the Lawyers speak in the cause of their Client , as if it were their own , though meer relation make them a part . And if this seem rather an accidentall relation then a naturall , you may referre it to a Metonymie of the Adjunct , as some Rhetoricians do . Note also , Note 12. that there is an Ellipticall Resolution in many Synechdoches : as , Paul puts the palace indefinitely for Neroes palace . Note again , Note 13. that there are Synechdoches in Epithets , when that is attributed to the whole , which is intended of the part , or contrariwise : as , What naked and curled gallants are these ? that is , What gallants are these with curled hair and naked breasts ? So , I opened your letter with doubtful hands .

CHAP. III.

COmparation is a borrowed speech , Metaphora . carrying the force of a ● comparison . Ier. 5.8 . Every mana * * Iob 1.10 . Heb. 12.29 . Deut. 32.14 . neighed after his neighbours wife . Hereto appertain all ᵇ Anthropopathies . Gen. 6.6 . It ᵇ * * Mal. 3.16 . Act. 17 . 3● . repented the Lord that he had made man , and it ᵇ grieved him at theb heart . All Pronominations either from the Person , Nation , or Place . Matth. 17. 12. ● Elias is come alreadie . Ezek. 16.3 . Thy father was an ᶜ Amorite , and thy mother an ᶜ Hittite . Rev. 18. 2. ᶜ Babylon is fallen . Parabolicall and Proverbiall speeches , and all of ᵍ like nature . Mark 4.3 . The ᵉ * * 2. Sam 12.2 . sower went out to ᵉ sow . Ezek. 18.2 . ᵈ The * * Eccl. 4.12 . fathers have eaten sowre grapes , and the childrens teeth are set on edge .

The Comment.

a ) A Metaphor is nothing but a comparison drawn into a word . His comparison is drawn from horses , which neigh for lust . b ) Anthropopathies are speeches attributing to God according to the manner of men , as properly God hath no heart , neither can be said to repent or grieve ; but these things being said of men , God is expressed to us by them . c ) Pronominations are proper names that are borrowed , as Iohn Baptist hath the name of Elias for the likeness● of their gifts , being such an one as Elias was . So Israel is said to have the originall from the Amorite and Hittite , from the similitude of their conditions with these nations . ●ue pertinent omnes Parabolae in Evangelio propositae , Fabulae AEsopi & Poeti●●● , quae nihil ●liud sunt quàm Metaphorae allego●icae . Di●t . ●lib . ● . Rhet. So Rome takes the name of Babylon , from the paritie of their manners . d ) The fathers have sinned , and the children are punished . e ) A preacher went out to preach , &c. g ) By such like speeches , I mean any that have a comparative exposition ; as mysticall speeches . S. Iohn calls Warre the red horse , Famine the pale horse , Death the black horse . So types , emblemes , riddles , fables , when we use them comparatively . Note 14. Note that sometimes a speech is borrowed , though but supposed of the thing from whence it is taken : as Psal. 78. 25. Man did eat Angels food . Angels have no food , but as supposing they had , of the daintinesse it was so called .

CHAP. IIII.

SImulation is a Trope , Ironia . whereby under colour of one thing a man insinuates another , or else derides . 1. King . 22.15 . ᵃ * * 1. Sam. 25 . 3● Go & prosper . 1. King . 28.27 . Either he isa * * 1. Cor. 10.12 Insinuation and Derision are both in that example Iob 12.2 . talkking , or he is ᵃ pursuing , &c. Ioh. 9.25 . Whether he be a sinner or no , ᵇ * * Gen. 3.22 . I cannot tell ; but this I know , he hath opened mine eyes . 1. Cor. 3. 4. ᶜ Who is Paul ? who is Apollos ?

The Comment.

a ) As under colour of saying , Go and prosper , the Prophet means the contrary , Go and perish . And that was but a pretended speech of Eliah : for he meant not as he spake , but spake in mockage . b ) The simulation which lies in this speech , is apparent from the 31 verse : for the blinde man contendeth to prove , that Christ could not be a sinner : and the speech is like unto this , I know not whether this iron be hot , but I am sure it hath burnt my fingers . So there are Ironies in contradictions , O holy idolatrie ! O prodigious vertue ! He blushes like a black dog . He quakes like an oven . c ) The simulation that lies in this speech is this , that whereas the Apostle , to avoid exception , nameth himself and Apollos , his intent was ( as appeareth chap. 4. vers. 5 ) under colour of those names to touch those Ministers whom the Corinthians did too much applaud , and to whom they did ascribe above what was meet : for Paul and Apollos were not magnified amongst them , but rather despised : under colour of these names doth the Apostle tax the preachers they extolled . So that there are Ironies in a Person , as in a Metaphor , when I call an hypocrite a Nathanael , a coward an Hector : or by an Inversion , as , How chance you beat your master to day ? Or by Insinuation , as , I am so proud , none of my neighbours may speak to me : or by insinuative Interrogation , as , Was I e're burnt i'th'hand ? or by Negation , as , I never took money to forswear my self , meaning it still to him or of him we speak : or by St Phil●● . 19. Preterition , as , I will not tell you how drunk you were yesterday , how you swaggered and staggered , and the boyes flockt about you , &c. when yet I do tell him thus . So in these speeches , Perhaps you may finde him from the Alehouse . So , He is the wisest man in the town , when all the rest are out ; when I mean , He is the veriest fool in the town . So , They were alive , They were rich ; when my purpose is not to say what they were , but thereby to insinuate what they are now . So when I say , If I had said so , I had lied ; when I intend that he lies in saying so .

CHAP. V.

THe Affection of a Trope is the qualitie , whereby it requires a second resolution . These Affections are five : 1. Abuse . 2. Duplication . 3. Continuation . 4. Superlocution . 5. Sublocution .

Abuse is when a Trope is very farre fetcht . 1 1 Catachres●s . Heb. 12. 1. Seeing we are compassed with a ᵃ * * Deut. 32.24 . Luke 12.50 . Hos. ●4 . 2. cloud of witnesses . Exod. 13.19 . Thou shalt not seethe the kid in hisa mothers milk .

Duplication is , 2 2 Metalepsis . when there is a pluralitie of Tropes in one word . Matth. 21.10 . All the ᵇ * * Phil. 1. 16● citie was moved . Mal. 4. 2. The Sunne of righteousnesse shall arise with healing under his ᶜ wings .

ᵈ Continuation is , when Comparation is continued . 3 3 Allegori● . Matt. 3.10 , Every ᵈ * * Ma●●● . 3 . 1● tree that bringeth not forth good fruit , shall be hewen down , and cast into the fire .

4 4 Hyperbole . Superlocution is , when a Trope is stretcht beyond moderation . By way of amplification , Psal. 119. 136. ᵉ * * Num. 23 . 10● Rivers of waters run down mine eyes , &c. Or by way of extenuation or restriction . 1. Sam. 24.14 . After whom doth the king pursue ? After a ᵉ * * Psal. 22.6 dog ? After ae flea ?

5 5 Tapinosts . Sublocution is , when a word speaks below the intention . Matth. 25.24 . Lord , I knew thee an ᶠ hard man .

Note 15. Note that these two latter Affections are found without Tropes . 2. Sam. 2. 18. Azahel was light of foot as a * * Iohn 21. 25. Heb. 11. 12. ●ud . 20. 16. ᵍ wilde roe . Isa. 49.2 . I have laboured in ᵍ * * Psal. 105.15 . Hyperbole and Tapinosis being ●found● without T●opes , are to be judged Tropes themselves , because they bring in a borrowed sense . vain , I have spent my time for ᵍ nought . Iude 14. Behold , the Lord ʰ cometh . So also in Sublocution , 1. Cor. 10.5 . But with many of them God was not ⁱ * * Psal. 68.8 . well pleased . Hos. 4. 4. This people are ⁱ as they that strive with the priest . This Sublocution either in a Trope , or out of a Trope , is when we mean a thing by way of eminencie . Mal. 2.14 . She is thy ᵏ * * ●sther 3.10 . companion .

The Comment.

a ) Which you may understand by resolving the severall examples following : for there is found in them not onely the borrowing of the word , but that joyned with a further Rhetoricall vertue : as a cloud of witnesses is not onely to be considered as a Metaphor , but as an unusuall , strange , and streined Metaphor , not obvious and congruous . The like is to be said of mother , which is very abusively given to a dumbe creature ; yet these abusive speeches skilfully drawn , do adorn much . b ) City is first put for Ierusalem , by a Synechdoche of the Genus : and then Ierusalem for the Ierusolomites , by a Metonymie of the Subject . c ) Wings is put for beams , a Catachresticall Metaphor ; & beams for merits , another Metaphor . d ) Rhetoricians teach that Tropes of any one kinde coming together make an Allegorie ; yet again they give this rule , that the term of the same comparison may not be changed : as to say , These plants may become corner-stones one day . Now I say , if it spoil an Allegorie , onely to change a piece of it , how can words of no dependance at all make an Allegorie ? Therefore an Allegorie is , when Metaphors are continued , or else heaped together in the same comparison ; as here tree , that is man ; fruit , that is works ; hewen down , that is , condemned ; cast into the fire , that is , thrown into hell . All these are in one comparison . And in the 12. of Eccles. From the second verse unto the fifth , there are divers Metaphors , but all upon the same subject , to wit , the description of old age : yet if any will contend , that the prosecuting of particular Metonymies , and will not say of Metonymies or Tropes in generall ( a● Rhetoricians have affirmed ) do also make an Alleg●rie , I will not altogether gainsay them : for it is indeed comely to continue still Metonymies also of the same kinde : as in this example , it is more pleasing to say , The scepter as well as the sheep-hook must go to the grave , then to leave out one of the Adjuncts , and say , The scepter as well as the shepherd must go to the grave . But I leave it to the judgement of the reader . e ) Rivers is a Metaphor ; so dog , and flea . f ) And Hyperbole and Tapinosis are directly contrary : for that is when we do over-speak , and is ever discerned by a limitation , or restraining , whereby to resolve it in such like words , Nay not so ; as , Nay not rivers , though abundance of tears : Nay not a dog , or a flea , though a mean person . But a Tapinosis is an underspeaking , when we mince , or forbear to speak to the full ; and is discerned by an assenting , or an enforcing to resolve it by , in such like words , With a witnesse , At least , I may well say : thus here by hard he means a rigorous and austere man , as Luke expresseth it , chap. 19. 21. Therefore well might he say hard . And as there is Amplification , and Extenuation in an Hyperbole ; so there is in Tapinosis : as this , A living of an hundred pounds per annum is worth thanks , is Extenuation : But this , This Cure is not worth above an hundred pounds , is Amplification . g ) For there is many times this Affection of over or underspeaking , when otherwise the words are all plain : As swift as a wilde Roe ; there is none of the words borrowed , onely there is an over-reaching in them : he was very swift , but so swift he could not be . So , not altogether in vain , though for little good . h ) Here also is an over-reaching speaking in the present time . i ) Here is onely an under-speaking . He might well say , Not well pleased ; for he was highly provoked . So he might well say , They were like those that contended with the priest ; for they were very those . k ) The wife is the companion indeed , for she is the mans chief , principall , and nearest companion .

CHAP. VI.

THus much of the Tropes . Now follow the Figures .

A ᵃ Figure is an affecting kinde of speech without consideration had of any borrowed sense . A Figure is two-fold : Relative and Independent . ThebRelative figures are six . 1. Repetition . 2. Variation . 3. Gradation . 4. Correction . 5. Allusion . 6. Composition .

Repetition is the recitation of somewhat in the sentence , sometimes by Continuation , Iudg. 5. 12. ● Awake , Awake Deborah , ● Awake , Awake . By Transition , Hose . 2. ●1 . I will heare the ● heavens , and the he●●ens shall heare the earth , and the earth shall he●re the corn , &c. By Amplification , Psal. 145. 18. The Lord is nigh to ᶜ all that call upon him , to all that call upon him in truth . By Connexion , Isa. 3. 24. ᶜ In stead of sweet smell , there shall be a stink ; In stead of a girdle , a rent ; In stead of well-set hair , baldnesse ; In stead of a stomacher , a girdle of sackcloth , and burning in stead of beauty .

Variation is a pleasant fruitfulnesse of words , added onely for varieties sake . Psal. 14.7 . ᵈ * * Psal. 7.16 . Iacob shall rejoyce , and Israel shall be glad . Isa. 1.4 . ᶠ A sinfull nation , a people laden with iniquitie , a seed of evil doers , children that are corrupters . And verse 17. ● Relieve the oppressed , judge the fatherlesse , plead for the widow .

●●nax . Gradation is , when the immediate succeeding clauses transcend each other in signification . 1. Iohn 1. 1. That which we ʰ * * Exod. 15.9 . ●udg. 5. 27. ●ude 12. have heard , and that which we have seen , and our hands have handled of the word of life . Iudg. 5. 30. To Siserah , ● sides●

Correction is the reenforcement of the clause last uttered , ●panosthes● by the subsequent . Gal. 3. 4. Have ye suffered so many things in vain ? ⁱ if it be yet in vain .

Allusion is a delightfull harping upon words . 1. Tim. 6. 6. ᵏ But godlinesse is great gain . Matt. 8.22 . Let the ᵏ dead bury the dead . 2. Tim. 4. 2. 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 ᵏ * * Rom. 12. 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . 2. Cor. 4.8 . ᵏ 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . 2. Cor. 6.10 . As ᵏ poore , yet making many rich ; as having nothing , and yet possessing all things . 1. Tim. 3.16 . God was ᵏ manifested in the flesh , justified in the spirit , seen of Angels , preached unto the Gentiles , beleeved on in the world , received up into glory .

Composition is a smooth linking together of select words and clauses . Psal. 3. 24. In stead of sweet smell , there shall be a stink ; in stead of a girdle , a rent ; in stead of well-set hair , baldnesse ; in stead of a stomacher , a girdle of sackcloth ; and ˡ burning , in stead of beauty .

The Comment.

a ) The learner must carefully distinguish between a Trope and a Figure ; though in our common speech we confound the Terms , and the difference between them is this , that a Trope cannot be without a borrowed sense ; but a Figure may be , whether the words are borrowed or proper . Rhetoricians indeed gave this difference , that a Trope was in a word , and a Figure in a clause or sentence ; but observe all the examples , and this will be found false . b ) These five first I call Relative figures , because in every one of them there is a reference of words which makes the elegancie . The other Independent , because no part of the clause brings in another ; but the whole clause is joyntly & independently cons●dered . c ) These examples of Repetition , though they be of severall sorts , need no explanation . d ) This you see is the very same thing , but spoken in divers terms . f ) Here he also expresseth the same purpose with varietie of words . g ) One of these terms Relieve , judge , or plead for , would have served the severall clauses ; but to varie terms is farre more pleasing , for using the same words breeds satietie . h ) Here is a climbing of the speech ; To see is more then to heare , and to handle is more then to see . A work of divers colours is somewhat ; of needle , that is more ; on both sides , that is yet more . i ) Here the latter clause is so inferred , that it recalls the former , and causes it to take a deeper impression . But indeed Revocation is more powerfull , when there is a direct Revocation ; as thus , ●r Harris in ●ezekiahs●●●very ●●●very . We are now redeemed , justified , sanctified , glorified in him . Redeemed , justified , sanctified , glorified ? What things are these ? And Mr. Smiths personation of Nebuchadnezzar hath in it a prettie Revocation : Did I call it great Babel ? I will call it great Babel : Did I say , I built it ? I will say , I built it : Did I adde , For the honour of my Majestie ? Let it go , For the honour of my Majestie . Note 16 Note that some speeches have a spice of Gradation and Correction together . Rom. 8.34 . It is Christ that died , yea rather that is risen again . Yea , and in some speeches , two , three , foure , or more Figures may be compact together : the same speech may carrie both an Exclamation , Diversion , Reservation , Allusion in it , or the like . This thou canst not choose but note in the examples throughout , and wheree're thou readest . k ) Allusion is a very large and wittie figure . Sometimes we allude to what is forespoken : as in the first example the Apostle alludes unto the speech verse 5. So we allude in the mentioning of anothers words , or of our own that are known words ; as if one should beginne a speech thus , If I had not ploughed with your heifer , &c. alluding to Samsons words : so in the inversion of a clause , as , The poore have ever lived hardly , but now they hardly live . Sometimes we allude unto the sense , when the word hath a double construction , as in the second example . So in these , ●ish . Hal●● The Rhei●ists can no more abide that proposition converted , then themselves ; The ash is an embleme of unprofitable prelacie , which bears nothing bu● Keyes . The Vulgar ●all this desca●ting upon words . We are all saints by calling , and some of us but by calling . Physicians live by other mens pains . Sometimes we allude unto the sound , as in the third and fourth examples : yea if it be but the keeping of the letter , as thus , There is a difference betwixt the sinnes of weaknesse , and the sinnes of wilfulnesse . Labour not to please the eare , but pierce the heart . Sometimes we allude to sense and sound both ; as , Those things we ●hould most set-by , we most set by . Sometimes we allude in the choice of words , that have a pretty correspondence , answering and suiting with one another , as in the fifth example ; and so thus , Go and seek thine entertainment , where thou hast lost thine honestie . How much better were it to be with the sheep of Iethro , ●ish . Hall . then with the wolves of Israel ! If he had said , with the tigers or bears of Israel , it had been all one for his meaning , but had been nothing so neat . Sometimes we allude to the pace or measure of words , as in the last example ; The clauses are all of alike size , which makes them runne very pleasantly . Sometimes we have allusions both of the sound , sense , and pace together . l ) There are ● vertues in this Figure ; the one intimated in the word smooth , that is , such a collocation and well-ordered disposition of the word , as doth av●id harshnesse , and pleaseth the eare with a● harmonious consonancie of syllables , as in the example is plain : For if the last clause had kepe the form of the precedent thus , And in stead of beautie , burning , it would have sounded more unpleasantly , but that transposition of the words gives a grace unto them . The other vertue intimated in the word select , is a judicious choice of words , sometimes of a monosyllable , dissyllable , or more syllables , sometimes being more full or fit in regard of more consonants or vowels for the place and use intended , although otherwise of equall ●ignification . So that this composure of words is like some frame of joyned ware , the joynts and parts whereof are so truely proportioned and fitted , that the whole coupleth fightly together , without gaping or unevennesse . Note 17 Now true it is , that to teach election of words , when to use long words , when short , where to choose a word that begins with a vowel , where with a consonant , which to make the precedent , which the subsequent , I say , though for this end sundry rules might be given , as also in all other Figures and Tropes , so that the multitude of rules would have sweld a volume too big : yet because little but the Theorie of Rhetorick can be learned by Art , and the Practick is the gift of Nature , I have thought it a fruitlesse , yea an hopelesse attempt ( as is discoursed in Tullie de Oratore ) to teach the practise of Rhetorick . For ever when it is not naturall but affected in us , to dra● and compose Tropes and Figures , we fall so farre short of the goodlinesse of Oratorie , as a forced action from a naturall deliver● So that herei● onely Discretion , Observation , and Exercise must be our guides . And the notions of Rhetorick ( as hath been proved and approved ) are herein fully discovered , that the ingenuous consulting with any sch●lar , may attain the exact understanding of them .

CHAP. VII .

THe independent Figures are six . 1. Description . 2. Diversion . 3. Reservation . 4. Exclamation . 5. Personation . 6. Insinuation .

●eriphr●si● . ᵃ Description is a ᵃ complementall dilatation of speech , which is two wayes . 1. By ᵃ Circumstance . 2. By ᵃ Circumlocution . Eccles. 10.20 . A bird ᵃ of the * * Rom. 6.12 . Iudg. 5. 24. Iam. 1. 23. aire shall carry the voice , and ᵃ that which hath * * Deut. 32.25 . wings shal tell the matter .

●postrophe . Diversion is , when abruptly breaking off the matter in hand , we speak of another . Gen. 49.18 . ᵇ * * Iudg. 5. 21. I have waited for thy salvation , O Lord .

●pos●opesis . Reservation is an abrupt breaking off , withholding part of our minde . 1. King . 21.7 . ᶜ * * Isa. ● . 19. Dost thou now govern the kingdome of Israel● — Arise , &c.

Exclamation is a speech expressing some conceived passion or affection of anger , ●epho●o●●●● joy , desire , admiration , doubt , scorn , insultation , objurgation , &c. Psal. 42. 2. ᵈ When shall I come and appeare before God! Rom. 12. 33. O the depth of the riches , both of the wisdome and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are his judgements , and his wayes past finding out !

Personation is , Prosopopoei●● when we feigne a person ᵉ speaking or hearing ; or a thing , as a person . Psal. 16. 10. ᶠ Thou * * 1. Cor. 15. 32. Eccles. 7. 16. wilt not leave my soul in hell , &c. 2. Sam. 1. 25. ᵍ O * * Psal. 11 . 1● Ionathan thou wast slain , &c. Iud. 9. 8. ʰ The trees said unto the Olive , Do thou reigne over us ; but the Olive tree said , &c. 1. King . 13. 2. ● O Altar , Altar , &c.

Insinuation is a subtil winding into the Affections to beget good liking , attention , or consent . By ᵏ Compellation , ᵏ Occupation , ᵏ Appeal , ᵏ Anticipation , &c. Rom. 12. 1. I beseech you brethren by the mercies of God . 1. Tim. 2. 7. I speak the truth in Christ , and lie not . 1. Cor. 11.13 . 2. Cor. 11. ●1 . Ac●● 26.8 . Iudge in your selves , is it comely , &c. Acts 26. 29. I know that thou beleevest .

The Comment.

a ) Description here I take larger then Periphrasis , for that indeed is but Circumscription ; and by Complementall dilatation , I mean ●ine spreadings and fillings of speech● either by Circumstance , which is an addition of words in the setting forth of a thing , not expedient for the matter , but for ornament ; as in the former of these clauses it had been sufficient , and all one for the matter , to have said simply , A bird shall carry , &c. that addition of the aire is but a neat Complement , or filling of speech : and these circumstances are many times comprehended in an Epithet ; as if he had said , A flying bird shall , &c. Flying is but a superfluous circumstance to the mat●er , yet it adorns much . So in these speeches , Blessed shall Iael be among women in the tent . David vows to kill all Nabals house , to the dog that lies at his doore . Or by Circumlocution , which is a phrase of speech : a fowl is in this wise described , that which hath wings . So that description of dying , by David , I go the way of all the earth ; and that of Solomon , Man goeth to his long home , are very fine Periphrases . b ) Iacob was foretelling what should befall the severall tribes : in the midst of his prophesie , he suddenly breaks off into this ejaculation , which depends not upon the precedent matter . Note 18. Note here also that there is an elegant Diversion in the person . Psal. 34. 12. What man is he that desireth life ? Keep thy tongue from evil : he should have said , Let him keep his tongue from evil : but he turneth to the second person ; for the more personall any application is , the more forcible it is . c ) Betwixt Israel and Arise , to make the sense perfect , there wants some such words as these , And canst not get a vineyard ? and those words are much more forcible by the reservation of these . For it is not every Eclipsis that makes a Reservation , as some idlely teach . In play-books , where these Figures are much used , they are noted thus — d ) This Figure is plain enough , Note 19. and is commonly noted with this ( ! ) Note that of the nature of an Exclamation is a pithie sentence in the close to winde up the passage , which Rhetoricians call Epiphonema : as , Psal. 49. 20. where the Prophet having discoursed of the licentious folly of self-admiring worldlings , shuts up thus , Man being in honour , and understanding not , is like the beasts that perish . e ) Any way speaking , whether objecting , answering , or communing . f ) This David speaks not of himself , but personating Christ . See Act. 13.35 . g ) Here David speaks , as if it were to Ionathans face . h ) Here Iothan brings in the trees speaking , as if they were men . i ) Here the Prophet speaks to the altar , as if it were a person , and heard him . k ) Compellation is loving , sweet , and beseeming language , as you see in the first example . Occupation is not ( as many ●each ) the bringing in of an objection , for that is rather a personation ; ( as , O but we are not book-learned : Thus the Preacher objects many times , personating ignorant cavillers ) but it is when we slily forestall prejudicate thoughts , as in the second example the Apostle prevents by that protestation , the scruple of misdoubting his calling● The other examples be plain . Note 20. Now lastly you must note , that happily there may be some examples added to most of the Figures , that will be found somewhat after another manner , As apples of the same t●ee may differ in colour , figure , bignesse , and perhaps somewhat in taste . ●●e the epist. even as there is some difference betwixt the examples given . For instance ; To Repetition I might adde a repetition in manner of the burden of a song , as in the 136 psalme . To Correction I could adde correction by way of counterfeit mistake , as thus , These Iebusites , Iesuites I would say . To Allusion I might adde allusion by a purposed mistake , as Summers said to King Henry , Your Frauditours , Conveyers , and Deceivers , and such officers , get all your money ; for Auditours , Purveyers , and Receivers . To Insinuation I might adde insinuation by concession , apologie , simulation , &c. And so of other examples and other figures ; all which are so plain and so easie to be apprehended , that doubtlesse the distinguishing of them into so many species would rather obscure them , and puzzle the learner , then be any help to the understanding thereof .

CHAP. VIII .

THus much of Adornation ; a word of Action .

Action is a part of Rhetorick exercised in the gesture and utterance .

Gesture is the comely carriage of the bodie ; whereof nothing is needfull to be spoken .

Utterance is the sweet framing of the voice ; of which we will note onely that which we call ᵃ Emphasis , which is the elevation of some word or words in the sentence , wherein the chief force lies . Psal. 76. 7. ● Thou , Thou art worthy to be praised .

The Comment.

a ) As in every word some syllable is pronounced more acutely ; so in every clause some word is uttered with more vehemencie then the rest , as the first 2 words in this clause must be . Now when we put many Emphases together , the sentence is very moving . Rom. 8. 38. Neither death , nor life , nor angels , nor principalities , nor powers , nor things present , nor things to come , nor height , nor depth , &c. all these must be pronounced Emphatically .

FINIS .

RHETORICES ENCHIRIDION .

CAP. I.

RHETORICA est ar● poliendae & habendae Orationis , ad incitandos hominum affectus .

Ejus duae sunt partes , Exornatio & Actio . Exornatio in Tropis & Figuris lo● cum habet .

Tropus est , quo vox à nativa significatione in alienam immutatur .

In Tropo considerantur , primò Genus , secundò Affectiones .

Genus Troporum est quadruplex .

1. Metonymia , 2. Synechdoche , 3. Metaphora , 4. Ironia .

CAP. II.

MEtonymia est Tropus , quo vox ex accidentali relatione ad aliam significandam traducitur . Estque vel Perfecta , vel ●lliptica . Metonymia perfecta est , quando vox Tropo affecta in Resolutione abjicitur . Estque quadruplex . 1. Causae . 2. Effecti . 3. Subjecti . 4. Adjuncti .

Metonymia Causae fit duobus modis . Cùm Efficiens pro Effecto usurpatur ; ut , Facilè dolorem ex oculis effundunt foeminae . Lacrymas .

1. Sic cùm inventor , effector , author , aut primus & clarus in re aliqua , pro inventis , effectis , aut rebus illis quibus nobilitatus fuerit , usurpatur ; ut , Vini . Implentur veteris Bacchi pinguisque ferinae . Ignem , & Metalepti - 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 candelam . Vulcanum in cornu gerit .

Auditu vestro . 2. Sic , cùm Causa instrumentalis ponitur pro Effecto ; ut , Haec non sunt digna auribus vestris .

Cùm Causa materialis ponitur pro materiato ; ut , Gladio . Quin morere , ut merita es , ferróque averte dolorem . ●atern● . Vulcanum in cornu gerit .

Sect. 2.

MEtonymia Effecti est , cùm ex Effectis causa significatur ; ut , Sanguinem inflamm●t ebrietas Vinum . Scipio Africae clades . Vastator .

Metonymia Subjecti est , cùm ex subjecto res adjuncta significatur ; ut , At illum Hesterni capite induto subiêre Quirites . Pil●● .

Sic cùm locus , sedes , & continens , pro rebus locatis & contentis usurpantur ; ut , Nihil cerebri , Nihil ingeni● nihil pruden●tiae . Hispani cum Anglis . nihil cordis habent improbi . Hispania cum Anglia aeternum sancivit foedus . Totum ego ebibam poculum . Potum .

Metonymia . Adjuncti fit , cùm Adjunctum locum occupat Subjecti ; ut , Ne viro dominetur colus . Hunc Battum Vicinia tota vocabant . Foemina . Vicini 〈◊〉 .

1. Sic cùm nomina virtutum & vitiorum pro bonis & malis viris usurpantur ; ut , Quid non ebrietas designat ? operta recludit . Ebrius .

2. Item cùm tempus ponitur pro rebus tempori subjectis ; ut , Aspera tum positis mitescent secula bellis . Asperae generaciones . Est opus ardentem fraenis arcere juventam . Iuvenes .

3. Postremo● cùm signum ponitur pro re signata ; ut , Cedant arma togae . Fasces summam apud populum Romanum obtinebant potestatem . Bellum paci . Consules .

Sect. 3.

ELliptica Metonymia est , cùm v●●bum proprium & mutuatum concurrunt simul in resolutione . Estque primò in Causa ; ut● Lego Virgilium . Virgilii opus .

Secundo in Effecto ; ut , Deus est omnium creaturarum vita . Causa vitae .

Sic cùm Epithe●on causam includit , G●lid●m re●●dens , praecipitem reddens , nobilem r●dden●● ut g●●idus timor , praeceps ira , nobilis virtus , &c. Ubi notandum , Metonymiam Ellipticam per unicum verbum aliquando posse resolvi ; ut● Praeceps ira , id est , Praecipitans ira ; quae vox includit , Praecipitem reddens .

Tertiò , in Subjecto ; ut , Reges & Regi●● Britannici Londinense mercatorisi adornant . S●atuae Reg●● & Regi●●r●● .

1. Sic cùm illud , quod Adjuncti proprium est , Subjecto attribuitur ; ut , Milites radiantes circundant murum . Radiantibus ar●i● instructi .

2. Cùm Subjectum etiam ponitur pro Subjecto eâ qualitate imbuto ; ut , Istis accumbis manibus ? ●i● illo●is .

3. Porrò , cùm aliquod Epitheton signum denotet ; ut , Ingenuum habet vultum . 〈◊〉 in●●●●ium .

Denique , cùm possessor pro re possessa ponitur ; ut , Ego eo die casu apud Pompeium coenavi . Domum 〈◊〉 .

Quartò , in Adjuncto ; ut , Inferna Styx deorum est timor . Objectum ti●●●●is .

Sic cùm illud quod Adjuncto attribuitur proprium est Subjecti ; ut , Mortalia temnitis arma . .

CAP. III. De Synechdoche .

SYnechdoche est Tropus , quo vox ex naturali relatione ad aliam significandam traducitur● Estque quadruplex . 1. Generis . 2. Spaeci●i . 3. Integri . 4. Membri .

Synechdoche Generis est , cùm vox generalis pro particulari ponitur ; ut , Exire ex urbe Consul hostem jubet .

Synechdoche Speciei est , cùm vox particularis generalem designat ; ut , AEoliam venit loca foetae furentibus Austris . 〈◊〉 . Hoc lippis & tonsoribus notum .

Synechdoche Integri est , cùm totum ponitur pro parte ; ut , Aut Ararim Parthu● bibet , aut Germania Tygrim . Sic , cùm numerus pluralis pro singulari ; ut , Nos populo imposuimus , & Oratores visi sumus . ●go impo●●● , & 〈…〉 sum .

Synechdoche Membri est , quando ex membro integrum significatur ; ut , Ridiculum ca●ut .

Involvens umbrâ magnâ terrámque polúm que . 〈◊〉 1. Sic , cùm numerus certus ponitur pro incerto ; ut , Heus , tribus verbis te volo . 〈◊〉 . Si centum mihi darentur linguae , 〈◊〉 haec dignè satìs explicare non potui . 2. Item cùm singularis pro plurali ; ut , 〈…〉 Romanus clarus in armis . Hostis habet muros . 〈…〉 3. Tertiò , cùm altera circumstantia locum alterius sortitur ; ut , Quis hodierno die suggestum scandit ? Quot accumbebant hîc ? 〈◊〉 est . 4. Postremò , cùm primus coetus familiae , 〈◊〉 sectae , &c. universos note● ; ut , Caesar Pompeium superavit . ●●●sar & exercitus suus , P●●po●●● & copi● as suas .

CAP. IIII. De Metaphora .

MEtaphora est Tropus à simili ad simile● ut , Est opus ardentem fraenis a●●●re juv●nta●● Latrant Oratores , non loquuntur . Hic juvenas comp●rantur ●quis indomi●is .

Canibus , quia sine ratione . More homi●um● 1. Huc referuntur primò Anthropopathiae ; ut , Deus odio habe● impro●●● .

2. Antonom●siae à persona , gente , aut loco ductae ; ut , Qualis fuit I●us , & qualis fuit Croesus . Irus & est subitò● qui modo Croesus erat . Hic sanè verè est Crete●sis 〈◊〉 casus — Tendimus in Latium — Illîc fas reg●● Mendax , quales erant Cre●enses . resurgere Trojae . Similia Troja●u● regnis .

3. AEnigmata , fabulae & hujusmodi ; ut , Mater me genuit , eadem mo● gignitur e●● me . Gallus gallinaceus , dum vertio s●ercorari●m , offendit gemmam , &c.

●ubius sum u●●ùm inco●●●m teneam , ●eluti qui ●u●um auribus ●ene● .

Verum , quale ●utab●tur 〈…〉 ●ipode 〈…〉 .

Proverbia ; ut , Lupum auribus teneo . Eu●●●pode dictum .

CAP. V. De Ironia .

IRonia est Tropus , Ironia 3. R●latis . quo oppositum ex opposito significatur ; ut , Tu mihi pater , ego tibi filius ; & pare●o tibi ut par est .

Egregiam verò laudem & spolia ampla refertis Nullam● sed potiùs turp●●●●decus & 〈◊〉 Túque puérque tuus , magnum & memorabile nomen , Una dolo divûm si foemina victa duorum est . Quid non mortalia pectora cogis Auri sacra fames ? Profana .

Fit etiam cùm nos ea tacere & mittere simulamus , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Praeteritio . quae tamen eloquimur ; ut , Atqui illud tenebricosissimum tempus incuntis aetatis tuae Patiar latere , licèt impunè per me parietes in adolescentia perfoderis , vicinos compilâris , matrem verberâris .

CAP. VI. De Troporum Affectionibus .

AFfectio tropica est ●●terior Tropi virtus .

Affectiones autem ●unt quinque , 1. Catachresis . 2. Allegoria . 3. Metalepsis . 4. Hyperbole . 5. Tapinosis . Catachresis fit , cùm Tropus est durior aut inaequalior ; ut , Vir gregis ipse caper deerat . Si maritus gregis , mitiori Metaphor● uteretur .

Allegoria est Troporum ejusdem generis continuatio . Educat discipulos suos e schola sua , u● prodeant rabulae loquace● . Corax Orator excludat pullos suos è nido suo , ut evolent corvi clamosi . Sine Cerere & Libero friget Venus . Sine pane & vino amor friget .

Metalepsis est Tropi in uno verbo multiplicatio ut , Pro spica , Syn. spica pro legere , Synleges pro aestate . Met. aestas pro 〈◊〉 , Syn. Post aliquot mea regna videns mirabor aristas .

Hyperbole fit , quando plus dicimus quàm velimus intelligi . Haec fit vel Auxesi ; ut , Sulcavit cutem regis : vel Miosi ; ut cùm homunculum Pigmaeum voco .

Tapinosis est , cùm volumus plus subintelligi quàm dicimus ; ut , — Etsi nullum memorabile nomen Foeminea in poena est — Extinxisse nefas tamen , & sumpsisse merentis Laudabor poenas , &c.

Hanc autem habere suam Auxesin & Miosin , ex Anglicis constat exemplis . Notandum est praeterea has duas Affectiones in vocibus , ubi nullus est Tropus , reperiri ; ut , Me miserum , quanti montes volvuntur aquarum

●ustris Nept 〈…〉 filius .

Phalaride .

Iam jam tacturos sydera summa putes . Saevior es tristi Busiride , saevior illo

Qui falsum lento torruit igne bovem .

CAP. VII . De figuris .

FIGURA est exornatio Orationis , nullâ I● ea ratione habitâ Tropicae alicujus virtu●●● Figura est duplex , Relativa & Absoluta . Relativae Figurae sunt sex ; Repetitio , Variatio , Gradatio , Correctio , Allusio , & Compositio .

Repetitio est alicujus in sententia recitatio ; ut , Heu heu fugaces , Posthume , Posthume , Epizonxi● . labuntur anni .

Pierides vos haec facietis maxima Gallo : Anadiplosi● . Gallo , cujus amor tantùm mihi crescit in horas . Te dulcis conjux , te solo in littore secum , Anapho●● . Te veniente die , te decedente canebat . — Crede mihi , si te quoque pontus haberet , Epis●rophe● Te sequerer Conjux ; & me quoque pontus haberet . Hujus ero vivus , mortuus hujus ero . ●panalepsis● Crudelis mater magìs , an puer improbus ille ? Improbus ille puer , crudelis tu quoque mater .

Variatio est jucunda quaedam verborum ubertas ; ut , Quòd si fata virum servant , si vescitur aurâ AEthereâ , nec adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris .

Gradatio est , cùm clausulae sequentes immediatas praecedentes significatione superant ; Climax ut , Veni , vidi , vici .

Quod libet id licet his , & quod licet , id satì● audent ; Quódque audent faciunt : faciunt quodcunque molestum est .

Correctio est , quâ priorem clausulam per posteriorem acriùs urgeamus ; Epanorthosis . ut , Filium unicum adolescentulum habeo : Ah I 〈◊〉 dixi ? habere me ? Immo habui , Chreme ; nunc habeam necne , incertum est .

Erat hoc mihi dolendum , sed multò magìs illud , quod inimicum meum , meum autem● Immo verò legum , judiciorum , etii , atque t●triae , &c.

Pa●ono●●siae . Allusio est , quâ aliquid priùs dictum captamus . Aliquando enim ad sonum alluditur ; ut , Leve est miserias ferre ; perferre , grave● Hoc etiam fit , cùm vel nostra , vel alioru● verba antedicta captamus . Ità Ovidius inducit Mercurium facetè rusticam Batti tau●ologiam imitantem : sic Battus , Sub illis Montibus , inquit , illii● Cui Mercurius , Me mihi perfide prodis ? Me mihi prodis ? ait . Sic si quis poemata scribens● nec non sibi altiora quaedam aut gravior● tractanda proponens , carmine Virgilia● uteretur , Pierides Musae paulò majora●●●●imus .

Fit etiam cùm voces in s●atentia inv●●tantur ; ut , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Alii quod pollicentur tardè praesta● , tu quod praestas tardè polliceris● Aliquando sensum captamus ; ut in illo Ciceronis ad Hortensium Oratorem , qui cùm defensionis mercedem a Vario acceperat Sphingem argenteam , Marco Tullio obliquias quid atque involutius locuto , dixit , Non didici solvere ●nigmata : Atqui ( inquit Cicero ) Sphingem habes domi .

Nonnunquam etiam numerum sive quantitatem clausularum captamus ; ut , Quis in voluptatibus inquinatior ? quis in laboribus patientior ? quis in rapacitate avarior ? quis in largitione effusior ?

In aliquibus & sonum , & sensum , & quantitatem simul captamus , quod est facile observatu .

Compositio est concinna & auribus delectabilis selectarum vocum & clausularum connexio inter se & collocatio ; Ingrata esse● auribus ha●c sententia , s● juxta naturalem constructionem ordinaretur . Sed de hac Collocatione Oratoria lege Doctiss. & Ornatiss . illum Dom. ●larkum in suis formulis oratoriis . ut , Doctrinae radicem esse amaram omnes nimis experimur : sed dulcissimos ejus postmodo fructus degustamus .

CAP. VIII . De Figuris absolutis .

FIGURAE absolutae sunt sex ; Descriptio , Diversio , Reticentia , Exclamatio , Perso●atio , & Insinuatio .

Descriptio est luxuriosa verborum dilatatio , quâ aliquid vel additione vel circuitu vocabulorum exprimamus ; ut , Quid faciam , Pleonasmus . cùm parentes mei , qui me genuêre , filium suum non agnoscant ?

C●ronam● Vidi regium capitis decus cum capite rap●um .

Apostrophe . Diversio est digressio sermonis ad ali●d quàm instituta oratio requirit ; ut , Et auro vi potitur . Quid non mortalia pectora cogis , A●●● sacra fames .

Ecphonesis . Irrisionis . Optationis . Desperationis . Imprecationi● . Exclamatio est Oratio exprimens subitu● aliquem animi affectum ; vel indignationis , admirationis , gaudii , doloris , &c. ut , O clementiam admirabilem , atque omni laude , praedicatione , literis , monumentísque decorandam !

Heu quae me tellus ( inquit ) quae me aequora possunt Accipere !

Et procul , ô miseri , quae tanta insania , cives ? Epiphonema . Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem ! Aporia . Quid faciam ? roger , ánne rogem ? quid d●inde rogabo ?

Reticentia est , quâ sententiae inchoat● cursus sistitur , partem aliquam , quae tame● intelligatur , tacendo ; ut , Ego te , furcifer , si vivo — Quos ego — sed motos praestat compone● fluctus .

P●os●popoeia , ●ictio perso●●● . Personatio est loquentis aut audientis pe●sonae fictio , vel rei alicujus tanquam person●● ut Horatius Satyrâ primâ Mecoenatem inducit audientem .

Quí fit ( Mecoenas ) ut nemo , quam sibi sorte● Seu ratio dederit , seu fo rs objecerit , illâ Contentus vivat , &c. versibus verò sequen●●● bus , fingit multos aliorum vitae rationem suae praeferentes . O fortunati Mercatores , gravis annis Miles ait , multo jam fractus membra labore . Contrà Mercator , &c. Hósne mihi fructus , Ter●am h●c fingit loque●●●●om . hunc fertilitatis honorem Officiíque refers , quòd adunci vulnera aratri Rastror úmque fero , totóque exerceor anno ? Parce venturis tibi , mors , paramur ; S●●●c● hîc inducit mortem audientem . Sis licèt segnis , properamus ipsi .

Insinuatio est , quâ quid praejudicii ab auditorum animis amoveamus , & callidè nobis conciliemus benevolentiam , attentionem , approbationem .

At vos obsecro ( Auditores benevoli ) patientes mihi praebeatis aures dicturo ea quae attentione vestrâ nec indigna , Hîc of●●cios● compellatio● ne sese insinuare videtur . nec Reipub. omnino in●●mmoda fuerint .

Cuncta equidem tibi , rex , fuerint quaecunque Hîc ●ect●●●cupatione , ●● non sibi concili●ret ●idem . fatebor Vera , inquit , neque me Argolica de gente negab● . Si ità haberet se tuares , quid consilii aut rationis inires ? Hîc ap●ellatione a● ali●● . At si ego idem affirmâssem , mentitus essem . Hîc Ironi● . Et procul , ô miseri , quae tanta insania , cives ? Hîc Interrogatione , qua● vocant Er●●●●●●n . Creditis avectos hostes ? aut ulla putatis Dona ●arere dolis Danaum ? Sic notus Ulysses .

CAP. IX . De Actione .

ACTIO est decora orationis formatae recitatio . Consistit autem Actio vel in Corporis gestu , vel in Voce .

Actio , corporis gestus , est decens membrorum in elocutione moderatio .

Actio vocis , est apta vocis in pronunciatione conformatio : ubi imprimis est Emphasis observanda , quae est illarum vocum pronunciando elevatio ; in quibus praecipua clausularum virtus perspiciatur ; ut , Tu dominus , Tu vir , Tu mihi frater eris .

FINIS .

Introduction to Learning ; OR , A SURE GUIDE To the ENGLISH Pronunciation and Orthography : In plain PROSE for the Ease , and familiar VERSE for the Pleasure , as well as Profit , of the Learner .

Containing much more on those Subjects than any other Book , in a Method never before attempted ; and by which All who can Read may learn , without a Teacher , to Speak and W●ite English as Correctly as they that have had a Liberal Education .

Contriv'd so as to amuse and exercise the Ingenious , improve and delight the Less-Knowing , clearly instruct the Ignorant , and allure Youth to a Love of Learning ; tho' chiefly design'd for such GROWN Persons as have had but a ●lender Education , and are desirous of further Improvement .

To make it of General Use are added , I. An alphabetical Collection and clear Distinction of above a Thousand Words nearly alike in Sound , but different in S●nse and Spelling . II. A large Table of Words , with their Meaning , made different in Signification by adding E Final III. An Explanation of Abbreviations , Notes of Reference , and other Marks which often occur in Books and Writing .

By SAMUEL HAMMOND , Schoolmaster in NOTTINGHAM● Author of the Complete and Comprehensive SPELLING-DICTIONARY .

NOTTINGHAM : Printed for the AUTHOR● By SAMUEL CRESWELL .

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