An Italian grammer; vvritten in Latin by Scipio Lentulo a Neapolitane: and turned in Englishe: by H.G.

AN ITALIAN GRAMMER ; WRITTEN IN LATIN BY SCIPIO LENTVLO A NEAPOLITANE :

And turned in Englishe : By H. G.

Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautroullier dwelling in the Blackefrieres .

1575.

therin all the rules that may serue for the better vnderstanding of that tonge , are so well set forth , and in so good ordre disposed , with so apt examples , and with that breuitie and facilitie , as none other written before of that matter in any tonge that I haue seene , as I haue seene diuerse , is ( in my iudgment ) comparable vnto it . Now suche as it is , rudely attired with this englishe habit , I betake vnto your fauorable acceptance as a token of the dutifull good will I beare you . And as a pledge of the seruice and dutie I owe to your parentes . And so humble I take my leaue . the 4 , of December 1574.

Yours wholy at commaundement HENRY GRANTHAN .

Of the Letters .

The letters whiche the Italians vse , are twenty . A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , L , M , N , O , P , Q , R , S , T , V , Z.

These are deuided in to vouelles , A , E , I , O , V : & into consonantes , which are the rest .

Howbeit , H is no letter : but a signe of aspiration , or drawing of the breathe .

But V , is somtymes a consonant : as in these wordes . Vênere , Venus : Verità , Truthe : Virtù , Vertue : Vità , Lyfe .

The like is I , for although the letter G , be added to words , that with the latins do begin with Iu or Ia , Io or Ie : as in Giouànni , Iohne : Giùsto , Iust : Giesù , Iesus : Giàsone , Iason : yet in pronouncing of the latter vouel the sounde is onely harde And the first consonant by that means is in reason conceiued

Of the vse of the Letters .

First of letters are framed syllables , and of syllables are made wordes , and that of diuerse diuersly .

Vouelles may be put in the begynning , middest , and ende of a worde : as dothe appere by this worde , Amore , Loue .

But consonantes are set , either in the begynning , or in the middest of a worde , and in th ende very seldom , as hereafter is shewed .

Further , many consonantes are put in syllables , before other consonantes : as B , before R , in brèue in bryefe : Ténebre , Darknesse : Libro , a Booke . And before L , as in Oblio , Forgeatfulnesse : Obliquo , Croked : Obligò , Bonde or duty .

C before R , as in Crudelè , Cruell : Credo , I beleue : And before L , as in Clamòre , Clamour or crying out : Inclito , Renoumed : Inclinato and Inchinato , Inclined : Conclùdo and Conchiudo , I conclude : so Conclusione and not Conchiusione , is rightly saide .

D before R , as in Dritto , Right : Padre , a Father : Madre , a Mother : Ladro , a Theefe .

F before R , as in Frutto , Frute : Fratello , a Brother : Fraude , Fraude or disceite .

G before N , as in Benigno , benigne : ordigno , an instrument : Ingegno , wyt : Lamagna , Almaigne : Compagno , a compaignion . And before R , as in Gratia , grace or fauour : Gràto , thankefull : Gràue , grave . And before L , as in Gloria , glorye : Consiglio , Counsaile .

P before R , as in Prègio , the price : Sèmpre , always : Prudente , prudent : Lèpre , a hare . And before L , as in Contèmplo , I do contemplate , or beholde diligently : Multiplico , I do multiply .

S before B , as in Sbassamēto , an imbasing : Shandito , a banished man . And before C , as in Scacciàto , put away : Nasco I spring or am borne : Pasco , I feede . And before D , as in Sdègno , anger or disdain : Sdrucito , rypte . And before F , as in Sfacèndato , vnoccupied : Sfodràto , drawne or vnsheathed ( as a sworde ) . And before G , as in Sgomento , I feare : Sganno , I do deliuer from disceite . And before L , as in Sleàle , vnfaithfull : Slegato , vnbounde . And before M , as Smembràto , dismembred : Smorto , pale or wanne . And before N , as in Snèruo , to debilitate or make feoble : Snello , nymble : Snòdo , I do vnknitt . And before P , as in Spirito , a spirit : Speranza , hope . And before Q , as in Squàlido , sluttishe : Squàme , the skale of a fishe . And before R , as in Sregolato , vnruled . And before T , as in Studio , studye .

T before R , as in Trèmo , I tremble : Trònco , the stumpe or stem of a tree : Tranquillità , tranquillitye or rest .

But the letter Z , neither goeth before , neither yet followeth an other consonant in one selfe syllable .

Further , towching that whiche belongethe to the letters , it is very necessary to knowe , by what reason the letters consonantes are doubled in a worde : the whiche I will shewe by ordre of the letters as briefly as I can , that therby the same may the more easely be commytted to memory .

B , therfore is doubled in thes wordes , Dubbio , a doubt : Dèbbo , I ought , also Deggio : Sàbbia , grauell : Scàbbia , the skabbe : Abbète , a fyr tree : Hàbbia , he hathe , and also Hàggia : Robba , gooddes . & it is sayde , Rubàre , to steale : But Làbbro , a lippe : Fabbro , a carpenter : Libbro , a booke : Ebbro , dronke : maye either be written thus , or with a single B. It is also doubled in the thirde personnes singular and plurall of the preter imperfectense of the subiunctiue mode : as Amerèbbe & Amerèbbono , Valerèbbe & Valerèbbono , Leggerèbbe , & Leggerèbbono , Vdirèbbe & Vdirèbbono : that is , he shold loue , they shold loue , he shold be worth , they shold be worth : he shold reade , thy shold reade : he shold heare , they shold heare . Againe it is doubled in this worde Obbietto , whiche is also saide Oggètto , that is , the obiect . Also in many verbes , which are compound with the preposition Ad , changing the letter D , into B , wher with the simple wordes do begyn , as Abbàrbaglio , that is , I do dasell : Abbràccio , I do imbrace : There is excluded Abòndo , that is , I do abbounde : & Abandóno , I do forsake .

C is doubled in thes wordes , whiche are taken from the latin , hauing the letter X , in the first syllable : and of excellens , is made Eccèllente , of excepto , Eccètto , and of exceptio , Eccettione . And in thes wordes Occhio an eye , Ginocchio , a knee : which haue in the plurall Occhi , & Ginòcchi : so Finòcchio , Fennell , & Finócchi . But here I will note by the waye , that the syllable Chi , is to be pronounced more mildely in those wordes , then in Stocchi , arming swordes : Fiòcchi , lockes of heare or woll , the whiche hathe otherwyse in the singular nomber Stòcco & Fiòcco . But this manner of pronunciation , who can teache by writing ? Further this letter is doubled in Sácco a sacke , Giáccio I lye , Ghiàccio , a froste . Lykewyse in verbes compound with the preposition AD , the letter D being changed in to C , as wee saide of late of the letter B , as Accòlgo , I do welcome : Accènno , I do nop . Accoppio , I do cople . Lastly in verbes begynning with RA , as Racconciàre , to repaire : Racommandàre , to recommende .

Further , D is doubled in Cadde , which is the preterperfectense of the indicatiue mode , and third person singular , of the verbe Cádo or Caggio , I fall : and in Càddero , vhich is of the plurall nomber . It is doubled also in verbes compounde with the preposition AD , as are Addúco , I bring forthe : Addòrmo , I fall on sleepe : Addolcisco , I do sweeten : So likewyse in the verbe Raddolcire . There are that do double it also in the verbe Traduco , but that is not allowed of with some .

Also , F is doubled in thes wordes Offésa , Vfficio , Bèffe , Affànno , and very manny suche like . Likewise in verbes compounde with the preposition A D , as Afférmo , I affirme : Affrètto , I do make haste . The same is to be vnderstode of verbes compound with the preposition D I , as Differisco , Diffido , Diffinisco . And so likewise of many verbes , taking theire originall from latin verbes that haue in the first syllable the preposition O B , B being chaunged into F , in this wyse , Offéro , Offéndo , Offùsco .

Besides , G is wont to be doubled , so often as I and O , or I & A , do meete together in a dipthonge , so that they make one syllable : as is seene in these wordes , Sàggio , Sàggia , sage or wyse , which haue in the plurall Sàggi & Sàgge . Here is to be noted that the letter I of this last worde Saggè , and suche like , is of very many wrongfully placed betwene G & E , to th ende they maye saye Sàggie , Piàggie , Grèggie : where they are to saye Sàgge , wyse , Piàgge , Brymmes or Brinkes , Grègge , flockes . But contrary wyse when I and O , do make two syllables , the G that goeth before them shal be single , as Priuilégio , Régio , Litigio , Vestigio : wee do saye also Dionigio & Dionigi , Dennys , Ambrògio & Ambròsio . Neither is double G , written in those words , that do ende two wayes in I , as are Parisi & Parigi Parrys , Tùnisi and Tùnigi , Lùisi and Lùigi , Malagisi and Malagigi . But it is doubled in those that come from the latin ending in X , as Grex , from whence Grègge or Grèggia , poeticall : from Lex , Lègge : But from Fex , is made Fèccia , bycause the latin hathe in the genitiue singular Fecis . And from Rex , is made Re , aswell in the singular as in the plurall nomber , although Poetes maye saye somtymes in the plural Règi . It is doubled also in certaine verbes ending in Gò , as Lèggo , Corrèggo , Veggo & also Vèggio . In fine , it is doubled in verbes compounde with the preposition A D , suche as are Agghiáccio , Aggiùngo , Agguàglio , & Aggiornàrsi .

Ther followeth L , whiche is founde double in thes wordes , Bèllo , Castèllo , Fratèllo , Fàllo , Cauàllo , Metàllo , and many suche like . Further , it is found doubled in the thirde personnes singular of the preterperfectense of the indicatiue mode , in those verbes that are of the first and fourth coniugation , when in th ende there is added an article , as Amòllo , Vdillo . It is doubled also in verbes compounde with the preposition A D , as Allàrgo , Allèuio , Allòggio , Alletto , Allènto , The selfe same is donne in verbes whervnto there is set before Ra , as is Rallènto , Rallègro , Rallùmo . Also I will not omit how in prose the moste parte do vse to write , Dèllo , Allo , Dàllo , Dèlli , Alli , Dàlli , Dèlla , Alla , Dàlla , Dèlle , Alle , and Dàlle : for De lo , A lo , Da lo , De li , &c. as Poetes do write . But Allùi , Dallùi , and suche like , I wolde not vse , although very many do allowe of them .

As concerning the letter M , it is doubled in these wordes . Dàmma , Epigràmma , Fiàmma , Gèmma , Gierusalèmme , Boèmme . Also it is doubled when Mi is put to a verbe in th ende : as Emmi , it is to me : Dàmmi , giue me : Fàmmi , do me . Againe in the first personnes of the plurall nomber , of the preterperfectense of the indicatiue mode : As Amàmmo , wee haue loued : Valèmmo , wee haue ben worthe : Leggèmmo , wee haue redde : Vdimmo , we haue harde : Fummo , wee haue ben . Also in verbes compounde with the preposition A D , as Ammaèstro , I do teache : Ammonisco , I do Admonishe : Ammiro , I maruaile . Wee saye Rammentáre , to call to remembrance .

Further , N is doubled in these noumes : Dònna , Madònna , Sònna , Anno , Affànno , Iugànno , Senno , Innocente . It is doubled also in these wordes which are deriued from the latin noumes , wherin M goeth before N , as of Somnus Sónno , Columna Colónna , Damnum Dànno , Scamnum Scànno , Autamnus Autónno , & suche other like . It happeneth likewise so in the thirde personnes plurall , of the presentense , of the indicatiue mode , of verbes that in the first person are of one syllable : wherfore Ho , I haue , hath Hànno , they haue : Sto , I stande , hath Stanno , they stande : Fo , I doo or make , hathe Fanno , They doo or make : Do , I giue , hath Dànno , they giue . There is excepted So I am , which hath Sóno ( They are ) with a single N. The thirde personnes plurall of the future tense , in the indicatiue mode , haue also a double N , as Amerànno , they shall loue , Valerànno , they shal be worth : Leggerànno , & Vdirànno . Lykewyse these preterperfectenses in the singular nomber shal be written with double N , Venni , I haue come : Venne he hath come : Tènni , I haue hilde : Tènne , he hathe hilde : in the plurall , Vènnero , they haue come : Ténnero , they haue hilde . Againe in verbes compounde with the preposition AD , as Annottàrsi , To waxe night : Annidàrsi , To be neasted : Annuntio , I do tell tydinges : Annullàre , to Adnull . Lastly it is doubled in verbes compounde with the preposition In , as Innouàre , & Innamoràrsi .

Now followeth P , which is doubled in these wordes : Zoppo , lame : Appetito , an appetite : Doppio , double : Coppia , as Vna coppia d'huomini da bene , A couple of honest men : Doppo After , howbeit Poetes do write Dòpo . It is doubled also in these preterperfectenses : Ruppi , I haue broken : Ruppe , he hath broken : Ruppero , they haue broken . Sèppi , I haue knowne : Sèppe , he hath knowne : Seppero , they haue knowne . So Sàppia I may knowe : Sappiamo , wee maye knowe : Sappiàte , you may know , Sappiàno , they maye knowe . Againe it is doubled in certaine noumes proper : as Filippo , Aristippo , Egèsippo , Ippolito , Ippodámia , Giosèppe . Also in verbes compounde with the preposition AD , as Approuo , Appàre . And in these that are compounde with RA , as Rappòrto , I report : Rappèllo , I repeale or call backe . And to conclude , in the verbe Oppòngo , Ilaye against .

Neither wil I ouerpasse the letter Q , for although it be not doubled in any worde , neverthelesse in these wordes Acqua , water , Acque waters : Giàcqui , I haue layne : Giàcque , he hath layne : Giàcquero , they haue layne : & in like sorte of others that haue C before Q , it seemeth in the pronouncing to haue a sounde as though the Q were double . The same doth happen of these verbes Nocqui , I haue hurt : Nocque , he hath hurt : Nocquero , they haue hurt : Nacqui , I haue ben borne : Nàcque , he hath ben borne : Nacquero , they haue ben borne : Piàcqui , I haue pleased : Piacque , he hath pleased : Piacquero , they haue pleased . Againe , in the verbes Acquisto , I gette : Acquèto , as mi acqueto , I do quiet me .

R is founde diuersly doubled in wordes : as first in verbes whose thirde personnes singular of the present tense in the indicatiue mode do ende in Re , suche as are Soccòrre , he doth succour : Abbórre , he doth abhorre : Córre , he runneth . There is excepted Móre , he dyeth . It is furthermore doubled in verbes , out of whose middest , for elegancy of speache , there is taken awaye the syllable Ne , and Glie , which dyd go before the letter R , and an other R added in theire place : whervpon , of Tenerò is made Terrò , I shall holde : of Venerò is made Verrò , I shall come : of Coglierò Corrò , I shall gather : Cógliere , Córre , to gather : Venerèi , Verrèi , I sholde come : It is also doubled in these wordes , Càrro , a carte : Tórre , a tower : Térra , Arra , Orrèndo , which are noumes : and in verbes , as Nàrro , I shewe : Attèrro , I cast to the ground : Serro , I shut : Afférro , I grype or holde fast : Sottèrro , I put in to the grounde . Lastly in verbes compounde with the preposition AD , as Arrestàrsi , to be arrested : Arrischio , I do hasarde : Arriuo , I do arriue : Arricchire , to enryche : Arrostisco , I do roste .

S is also doubled , for wee saye Càssa , a chest : Osso , a bone : Fosso , a dyche . There are also verbes , as Pòsso , I can : Arrossisco , I blushe . Furthermore it is doubled in these noumes which are taken from the latin wordes , having the letter X : and by that means of Saxum , is made Sasso , a stone : of Luxuria , Lussuria lust : of Fixus , Fisso , and Fitto fixed : of Alexander , Alessàndro : of Dixit , Disse , he hath saide : of Vixi , Vissi , I haue lyved : of Rexi , Rèssi , I haue ruled : of Texo , Tesso , I do weave . Againe it is doubled in noumes that come from the latines hauing P , and S : as for Ipse , wee may saye Esso , he : for Gypsum , Gesso , plaister : for scripsit , Scrisse , he hath written . But P , is retained in these noumes proper , Ipsifile , Ipsicratea , & Capsa the proper name of a cittye . And I shall note by the waye , how P is taken awaye , when it goeth before the letter S , as Sàlmo for Psalmus . Further , it is doubled in words that come from the latin , hauing B before S , as Assoluto from Absolùtus absolute : Asserto from absorptus , supped vp . Assente from Absens , absent . Astèmio from abstemius , that absteineth from drinke . Asséntio from absyntium , wormewood . It is doubled also in the last syllable of the preter imperfectense of the optatiue mode , singular nomber : as Amàssi , I did loue , or thou didest loue : Amasse , he dyd loue : and in like sorte in thother coniugations . And also when it is of the plurall nomber , in a middle syllable : as Amàssimo , wee did loue , Amassero , they did loue . Lykewise in the preterperfectense of the indicatiue mode , of verbes of the thirde coniugation : as Percòssi , I haue stryken : Percòsse , he hath stryken : Percòssero , they haue stryken . Againe in verbes compounde with the preposition AD , as Assàggio , I do assaye : Assálto , I do assaulte : Assicùro , I do assuer : Asségno , I do assygne : Assòrdo , I make deafe : Assomiglio , I do resemble . Wee saye Rassùmo , I take againe : & Rassétto , I do set or agree .

Touching the letter T , it is founde also doubled in these wordes which come from the latin , hauing B C , or P , before T : herevpon it is , that for Obtusus wee saye Ottùso , dull or blunt : for obtineo Ottèngo , I do obtaine : for octo Otto eight : for doctus Dotto learned : for factus Fatto donne or made : for baptismus Battésimo baptysme : for septem Sétte seuen : for ruptus Rotto broken : and for corruptus Corrotto corrupt . Howbeit Petrarke hathe written Rapto of raptus , a snatching or taking a waye : Wherby he wolde make a difference betwene the noume Rapto , and the aduerbe Ratto , swyftly . It is doubled againe in these diminutiues , Pouerétto , a little poure wretche : Librètto , a little booke : Fanciullètto , a little childe : Boschetto , a little wood . And to conclude , in verbes compounde with the preposition AD , as Attristo , I make sorrowfull : Attèrro , I cast to the grounde , &c.

V is doubled in these verbes Auuētàrsi , to be cast . Auuertire , to aduertyse or admonishe . Auuicinàrsi , to Approche . Auuedèrsi , to be adwares . Auuotirsi , to make a vowe . Auualèrsi , to vse any thing of an others or an others trauell . Notwithstanding , Auenire and not Auuenire , is to be written as many will haue it : For bycause Auuenire , is not deriued from the verbe Aduenio , but from the verb Euenit , to happen or come to passe : the whiche signification dothe aptly agree to Auenire .

Further , towching the letters X , Y , & K : wee ought not to be ignorant , howe they are in no vse with the Italians , for that they are not nombred emongest the other letters . For in steade of Y , they vse I : for K , C : and for X , they vse S : as wee haue shewed before , either doubled in the middest of a worde , or sometymes single in the middest of a worde , and alwayes single in the begynning . And therfor in what belongeth to the begynning , we saye Senòcrate , for Xenocrates : Senofónte for Xenophon : and Serse for Xerses .

Lastly the letter Z , which is the last of all the letters , that the Italians do vse , is doubled when it is placed betwene two vouelles : as in Bellèzza , Dolcèzza , Gentilèzza . But when any consonant goeth before it , then is it put single : as in Sperànza , Partènza , Licènza , Sapienza . But here is to be noted , that Z is not rightly doubled in this worde Mezo , although it be betwene two vouelles : Notwithstanding Petrarke hath donne otherwayes , being brought thervnto for necessities sake in th endes of his verses , for the keping of his rysme . For when wee pronounce Mèzo , it appereth plainely ( who that obserueth the Italian pronunciation ) not to be pronounced like vnto Pèzzo , a peece : Auèzzo , accustomed , and suche like . And bycause sometymes , not onely like consonantes are doubled in a worde , but also diuerse : and not onely doubled , but are founde also tripled : therfore I do iudge it necessary to declare the reason therof . This therfore is first to be considred , how that the Italian speache doth not suffer two like consonantes to be put before wordes . For if any sholde thus write , Ssoperbo , Vuenere , he should not do Italian like . And yet , there is no lack , but that two diuerse consonantes maye be set before in very many wordes , as maye be seene in Spèro , Stùdio , Scàrico , Crèdo , Prèzzo . Yea , and somtymes three also are founde before in Italian wordes : as in Stràda , Stràle , Stratagèma , Stràno , Stringo , Strètto , Sprèzzo , Splendòre , Splèndido , Scriuo . Further , there cannot be put three diuerse consonantes in the middest of a worde , and therfore wee saye not , Constànte , Transfórmo , Transmùto , Obstácolo , Substègno , Postpòsto : But Costânte , Trasfórmo , Trasmùto , Ostácolo , Sostègno , Pospòsto : There are excepted , Mòstro , Sèmpre , Sepòlero , Tèmpro , Abbrèuio , Accrèsco , Attrauèrso .

Moreouer , H thorough vse of a knowne aspiration , ought not to remaine vnknowne : and how that of the most Italian writers it is put almost in to all those wordes , that wee receiue from the latines , and in the which the latines them selues do vse an aspiration : as in Húomo , from homo : Humàno , from humanus : Ho , from Habeo , &c. But since in our age the cause is taken away , why the vse of a knowne aspiration is sought for , suerly me thinketh th th effecte ought to cesse : that is , that H be no more put in to Italian wordes ( as wee do pronounce very fewe of them ) for a signe of a more grosse spirit . And notwithstanding that the vse of this aspiration seemeth to me , to be coupled to fewe wordes , yet suerly it is chiefly to be retained in this worde Huomo , to hide the foulenesse , that this dipthonge VO , ( being placed as it were in the head ) seemeth to bring vnto this noume . Further , it is not to be remoued from this verbe Ho , I haue : and that for a difference to be had , betwene that Ho and O , an aduerbe of calling , and O , a voice of separation . Againe , betwene Ha , ( he hathe ) and A , the preposition seruing to the Datiue case . Lastly , to th ende it maye be preserued in these syllables , Che , Chi , Ghe , Ghi , in the which assuredly there is a signe of a more grosse spirit , wherby these syllables do differ from them which haue Ce , Ci , Ge , Gi. For what the difference is , whether waye thou shalt pronownce : they rightlye knowe , that haue the Italian manner of pronouncing .

Touching that which doth belonge to the vouelles , it is to be knowne howe they do cleaue togeather in dipthonges : which are AV : as Aura , Làura , Màuro .

EV , as Eúro , thest winde : Scèuro , deuided or seperated :

IE , as Viène , he cometh : Brièue , Brief : Tiéne , he holdeth : Iéri , yesterdaye : Pièno full : Fieno heye .

IA , as Cianciàre , to babble : Ciànce , bablinges or trifles : Biànco , white : Caccia , hunting .

IO , as Fióre , a flower : Sciocco , folyshe : Sciolgo , I loose : Scioperàto , vnoccupied .

IV , as Ciùrma , a company : Schiuma , frothe or skume : Più , more : Giù , doune .

IVO , as Figliuolo , a sonne : Giuoco , playe or sporte .

VO , as Huòmo , a man : Vòpo , neede : Vòuo , an egge : Buòno , good : Cuoco , a cooke .

VI , as Guida , a guide : Piacqui , I haue pleased : Acquisto , I geat : Quinto , fiue .

VE , as Piacque , It hathe pleased : Acque waters : Adunque , Then or therefore , Lingue , tonges .

VA , as Acqua , water : Lingua , a tonge : Guadàgno , gaine .

AI , as Fài , thow makest : Stài , thow standest : Amài , I haue loued : Lài , lamentacions : Farài , thow shalt make .

VAI , as Guái , woose , or sorrowes .

IEI , as Miéi , myne .

EI , as Lèi , shee : Costei , this woman : Sèi , be thow .

VOI , as Tuói , thyne : Suói , thers : Buòi , oxen : Vuòi , wylt thow .

Here is to be remembred , that althoughe Tuò , Suò , Io , Lèi , Lùi , Nòi , Vòi , Tuòi , Sùoi , Mièi , Vuòi , Buòi , for the most parte be of one syllable , aswell in prose as in verse , yet towching verse , they are alwayes in th ende two syllables .

Neither will I omyt how farre the pronounciation of vouelles , is to be obserued : O and E are pronounced somtymes more darkely , and somtymes more clearly . And most darkely in these wordes Amòre , Colòre , Ardòre , and suche like . But E is pronounced more clearly in this worde Erba : and O , in this worde Ottima . Neuerthelesse the manner of pronouncing , cannot be shewed by writing : wherfore it is to be learned of him , that hath th' Italian tonge .

TH' Italian speache hath certaine articles , which are set before noumes improper : wherof some be masculine , and some feminine : and that , aswel in the singular : as in the plurall nomber , as herafter appereth .

Articles . Masculine Singular nomber . Il , lo : the , him , it . Plurall nomber . i , li , gli : the , them . Feminine Sing . nom . La: the , her , it . Plur. nom . Le: the , them .

It lacketh cases : wherin as it is like vnto the Hebrue tonge , so is it vnlike , either to the Greke , or Latine tonges . Werfore in varying of the articles , by sundry cases , it taketh these prepositions : De for the genitiue : A for the datiue , and Da for the ablatiue . In the vocatiue , it vseth for a signe of that case O , an aduerbe of calling . In the nominatiue and accusatiue , Articles are also vsed : as hereafter it may appere .

Articles . Masculine . Singular nomber . Nominatiue : Il , lo : the , it . Genitiue : Del , dello : of the , him , it . Datiue : Al , allo : to the , hym , it . Accusatiue : il , lo : him , it Vocatiue : ô , o. Ablatiue , Dal , dallo : from the , him , it . Plur. nomb. Nomi . i , li , gli : the. Geni . de i , de'delli , degli : of the , the. Dati . a i , a' , alli , à gli : to the , the. Accu . i , li. gli : the , them . Voca . ò , o. Abla . da i , da' , dalli , dagli : from the , them . Feminine . Sing . nomb. Nomin . la : the , it . Geni . della , or de la : of the , her , it . Dati . àlla , or à la : to the , her , it . Accu . la : the , her , it . Voca . o : o. Ab. dalla , or da la : from the , her , it . Plur. nomb. Nomi . le: the. Gen. dèlle , or de le : of the , them . Dati . àlle , or à le : to the , them . Accu . le: the , them . Voc. o : o. Ab. dalle , or da le : from the , them . Articles ioined to other prepositions . Ne , in Néllo , Nel : in the , it . Nèlli , Ne gli , Ne i. Ne ' : in the. Nella : in the , it . Nelle : in the. Per , for , by , or thorough Per lo , Pel , Pèllo : for by , or thorough the , it . Per li , Per gli , Pèlli , Pèr i , Pe i , Pe ' , for , by , or thorough the. Per la for , by , or thorough the , it Per le Con : with Con lo , Col , Còllo : with the , with it . Con li , Con gli , Còlli , Co i , Co ' : with the. Con la , Còlla with the. Con le , Còlle

Of th' vse of th' Articles .

All articles almost , are vsually placed before noumes common . I saye almost , bycause somtymes th' article la , is placed before noumes proper : as in his place shal be shewed .

LO.

Th' article lo , is to go before wordes begynning with a vouel : but the letter O is cut of , & an Apostropha set in the place , after this sorte : l'Amòre , l'Onòre : And therfore they are pronounced as though they were written Lamòre , Lonòre .

But here is to be noted , that the Thuscan Italians are accustomed to take awaye I , from these wordes which are compound with this preposition In , and to adde an Apostropha to the vouell of the article : thus , Lo'mperatore in the singular nomber : and Gli'mperatori in the plurall : and so of others like . Howbeit , I wold not haue them ( though Boccace be theire author ) to be imytated in this : since it is an affected kinde of speach . Further , since an Apostropha is a signe of a vouell missing , to what ende is it set to the article , to whome there is nothing missing ? Besides , the signe of such a lacke doth rather appertaine to the letters consonantes depriued of theire vouelles , then to the selfe vouelles . To conclude , those wordes Imperatòre and Imperatòri may seeme ( as me thinketh vniustly beheaded , in taking from them the letter I , from whence they do begyn .

And now to our matter : Lo is also to go before wordes that do begyn with two sundry consonantes , wherof the first shal be S : in this wise : Lo Spirito , lo Stòmaco , lo Scacciàto a cast of : lo Stàto , lo Stràle a shafte or arrowe .

In like sorte it is to be vsed , being ioyned with a preposition : as Dello Spirito , of the spirite : Allo Spirito , to the spirite : Dallo Spirito , from the spirite : Per lo spirito , for , by , or thorough the spirit : Con lo Spirito , with the spirite : Nello Spirito , in the spirite .

In fine , this article Lo is set before this noume Il Quale , & that in the begynning of a verse : wherfore wee saye , lo Quale .

IL.

TH' article Il is to be placed before wordes that do begyn with a consonant : as I l Re , il Prèncipe , il Cièlo , &c.

And bothe Lo and Il , do go before verbes of the infinitiue mode , obseruing th' affore said ordre in the begynning of the letters : as l'Amàre , il dire , lo Scriuere .

The which order is to be obserued with thes masculin articles in the plurall nomber : for I , is set before wordes begynning with a consonant : as i Principi , i Re , i Cieli .

But Li and Gli , do go before wordes begynning with a vouell : as li or gli Amóri , li or gli Onòri , li or gli Esèrciti .

Howbeit when the vouel shal be I , wher with the worde following the article doth begyn , then shall th' article Gli , be placed before it : and notwithstanding forgo his vouell , in this sorte : Gl' Iniqui , Gl' Impij , Gl' Ingiùsti , &c.

Li and Gli , are also placed before wordes , that do begyn with two diuerse consonantes : wherof the first shal be S : as Gli Spiriti , Gli Strali , Gli Stènti the tormentes : Gli Scòmmodi , the discommodities , &c.

The same is to be donne when they are ioyned to prepositions : for wee saye De i Re , and not De gli Re , and so by the other cases .

But here is to be noted , that th' article I , for the most parte is taken away , and an Apostropha set in place therof , in this sorte , De' fatti tuòi for De i fattituèi : So is A also vsed for A i , Da ' for Da i , Co ' for Co i , Ne ' for Ne i , and Pe ' for Pe i. And it behoueth that this be donne with iudgement , the which , ( who that so can ) is rather attained by reading of approued aucthors , then by any arte .

Besides we say Dèlli Spiriti , and not De i Spiriti , A gli or Alli Spiriti . But not A i Spiriti , &c.

Further , the preposition Per , will alwaies requier the articles Lo , Li , or Gli , without obseruing any rule of the letters , wher with the wordes following do begyn : as Per lo petto , Per gli fianchi , And many tymes they say , Pe ' monti , Pe ' piani : in stedde of those formes of speach that haue Per li monti , Per li piani : that is , by the mountaines , by the plaines .

These forsaide articles being ioyned with prepositions are none otherwayes vsed , then if they were without them : wherfore wee say , Dell' Amòre , De gli Amori , All' ingiusto , A gl' ingiusti : and after the same manner , thoroughout all th' other cases , aswell of the singular , as of the plurall nomber .

LA.

Towching the feminine article , La , it is for the most parte geuen to noumes common : as when wee say La tàuola , La bàrca , La scuòla : and somtymes to noumes proper : as Roccace dyd in sayng , La Belcolore , La Fiammètta , &c.

Where it behoueth to note , how this article is set whole and perfect , before wordes that begin with a consonant : as next before it appereth : and as aften as it is set before wordes beginning with a vouell , it is depriued of the letter A , & an Apostropha added in this wise , l' Anima , l' Onestà , l' Amicitia .

In like sorte is Le to be vsed , being the plurall nomber to the article La: Sauing it is not geuen to noumes proper . So that wee say , Le stelle , Le donne , likewise : L'ànime , L'amicittie , L'iniquita , L'imprese .

Thesame ordre is to be obserued , when this article is coupled to prepositions : For wee say in the singular nomber : Della stèlla , Alla stèlla , Dalla stèlla , Per la stèlla , Con la stèlla , Nella stèlla : Dell'ànima , All' ànima , &c. But in the plurall nomber . Delle stèlle , Alle stèlle , &c. Dell' anime , All' anime : &c.

Of a Noume .

Euery Italian noume doth end in some vouell , as Dio , Angelo , Cièlo , Huòmo , and others almost innumerable .

But yet somtymes they do forgo it , chieflye in wordes , where those letters that the latines do call liquides , videlicet L , N , and R , do preceede the last vouell : as Dèbil , Fel , Mel , Fedel , Van , Pensiér , for Dèbile , Fèle , Mèle , Fedèle , Vàno , Pensièro .

And this is vsually donne , when the worde following shall begyn with a consonant : as Van desio , Pensièr canuto : that is , a vaine desier , a graue thought : Also Fedel compàgno , Mel dolce : where no Apostropha is added , bycause they do not forgo theire vouelles for others following : and therfore wee say , Gran còsa , Buòn Ghristiàno , San Pàolo : for Grande Cosa , Buòno Cristiàno , Santo Pàolo : which last manner of speaches are muche more improper , then the former .

But from this rule are excepted these noumes , Còllo a neck , Apòllo , Vòlo a flight , Affànno griefe , Ingànno deceipt , Oscùro , Dùro , & Chiàro . For hardly wee say Col , Apol , Vol , Affan , Ingan , Oscur , Dur , Chiar : although Petrarke ( and that very seldome ) hath vsed these two last .

Neyther do these wordes Animo , Abisso , Pègno , Sostègno , and such like : suffer any abridging .

Further th' Italian noumes , do vse to let slip the last vouell , when the worde that followeth doth begyn with a vouell , and for the vouell omitted , to write an Apostropha , thus : Vostr' òcchi , Molt ànni , &c. Whervpon , it doth appeare to be chiefly in vse in noumes adiectiues .

Lastly , the Italian poetes do depriue many noumes , not of theire vouelles onely , but of theire last syllables : or at least do take from those syllables L : for to obserue number in verse : whervpon it is , that they say somtymes , Anima ' and Amài for Animàli : Lacciuo ' for Lacciuoli : Caua ' & Cauai for Caualli : Be ' and Bei for Bèlli : Que ' and Quèi for Quèlli : Ta ' and Tài for Tali : Quà and Quai for Quàli .

Howbeit this is nothing at all vsed , vhen the worde that followeth doth begyn with a vouell : as the writinges of approued aucthors in sundry places beare witnesse .

Of the ending of Noumes . Proper names of men and the singular nomber do end in . A , Auèa , Pitàgora , Lucà , Andrèa , Porsèna . E , Césare , Aristòtile , Scipiòne , Platòne . I , Giouànni , Luigi , Dionigi . O. Alessàndro , Piètro , Pàolo . V. Giesù , Artù . Proper names of Citties , the mascul gender do end in . E , Liòne . I , Parigi , Brindisi , Ragùsi . O , Milàno , Còmo , Pèsaro . V , Corfù , Cefalù , Perù . Proper names of families ending in . A , Colònna , Carràfa , Gonzàga , Còssa Aùstria , Aragòna . E , Dèntice , Pònte , Este . I , Medici , Gritti , Piccolòmini , Vènti , Tornaquinci , Doni , &c. I , or O , Quirini & Quirino , Soderini and Soderino , &c. I , or E , Caualcànti or Coualcànte , O , Auolo , Tolèdo .

Further , these surnames are not vsed after one selfe manner and therfore it shall not be amysse to shew you how they are vsed in speach : for we say Pompèo Colònna , Pompey Columna , Maria Colonna , Mary Columna . I Colonnesi : those of Columna .

Wee say further Càrlo d'Austria : Quei della casa d'Austria Ferrànte , d'Aragòna : Quei d'Aragona : for Aragonesi doth signifie those that are affected to that familie .

Towching the seconde sorte : wee say Camillo , Dèntice , Diàna , Dèntice , Il Dèntice , I Dèntici , le Dentici . Againe Andrèa Pònte , or da Ponte : Caterina Pònte , Il Ponte , or da casa Ponte , Quel , or Quei da casa ponte . Also Ercole da Este , Caterina da Este , Quei da Este .

The surnames of the third sort are thus vsed : for wee say : Còsmo Mèdici , or Còsmo de'Medici : Lucrètia Mèdici or de'Medici : Il Mèdici , I Medici :

So Francèsco Dòni , Giouànna Dòni , Il Dòni : likewise Alessàndro Piccolòmini , Il Piccolòmini , Portia Piccolomini , la Piccolomini .

Wee say further Piètro Quirini , or Quirino : Camilla de' Quirini , or Quirina , but not Camilla Quirini : which is not in vse . Againe it is rightly sayde il Quirino , but not il Quirini . But if any shall obiecte , why is it rightly sayde ? il Mèdici , il Doni : I answer , that the surnames of Medici and Dòni haue none other termination that is in vse . But the surname Quirini hath bothe Quirino for the men , and Quirina for the women . By this means wee say Antonia Quirina , and not Quirini , but de' Quirini : where , notwithstanding wee may say Caterina Medici , and not Mèdica .

Likewise the examples of the fifte sorte shal be , Guido Caualcànte or Caualcànti : Il Caualcànte , I Caualcànti : Giùlia Caualcànte .

And towching those of the laste sorte , we say Alfónso d'Aualo , Pietro di Tolèdo .

Noumes appellatiues of the masc . gender and singular number do end in . A , Sofista , Poèta , Proféta , Podestà , Piàneta . E , Onore , Amòre , Colòre , and Fànte , which is of the fe . gender , also Signòre . O , & E , Caualièro ( with the Poetes , or Caualière ( with those that write in prose ) of the which sorte there are many other like noumes .

This noume Pàri doth belonge to bothe genders : wherfore wee say I Pàri tuoi , I Pàri vòstri , Le pàritùe , Le pàrivòstre : that is , thyne , or your like , and this onely in the plurall nomber . For in the singular wee say Tùo pàri , and Tuà pari , that is thy like .

Wee say further , vn Pàio di Calze : duc pàia , tre pàia , quattro pàia , &c. Di polli : by the which forme of speaches , it is apparant what difference there is betwne Pàri , Paio , and Pàia : for Pari declareth similitude , Paio and Paia , fellowship .

But the reader is here to be admonished , that these wordes Pàio , Pari , and Paia , do belong also vnto the verbe Parere , to seeme . In this sorte

Indicatiue . Io Pàio I seeme Tu Pàri Thow seemest . Subiunctiue . Io Paia He seeme . Tu Pàia Thow seemest Colui Pàia I seemeth . Noumes adiect . of the singular nomber and mas . gender do ende in . O , Diuino , Bèllo , Vmàno , Fiero , Altièro , Orrendo , Ornato , &c. E , Celèste , Fedèle , Dòlce , Vmile , &c. which are also of the femin . gender .

Towching these noumes , when they are of the plurall nomber , they do ende all in I , as do Huomini , Cieli , Angeli , &c. And that aswell when they ende in O , in the singular nomber : as when they ende in E.

Notwithstanding such are excepted as in the plurall nomber haue double terminations : that is , in I , and are of the masculine gender : and in A , chaunging the masculine gender in to the feminine as here following doth appeare .

Noumes in the plurall nomber ending in . A , Dita , Làbbra , & Labbia , Ginòcchia , Bràccia , Lègna , Vestigia , Risa , &c. I , Diti , Labbri , Ginocchi , Bràcci , Legni , Vestigij , Risi .

But those that ende in A , are most in vse with such as write in prose .

And suerly , noumes of the femi . gender do not ende after that manner : as it may here after appeare .

Proper names of women the singular nomber do ende in . A , Cornèlia , Làura , Tùllia , Lucrètia , Mària , &c. E , Beatrice , Rachèle , Berenice , Penèlope , &c. O , Glicèrio , Calisto , Dido , Sàfo , Calippo , Ino , &c. Proper names of Citties of the feminine gender ending in . A , Ròma , Venètia , Pàdoua , Veròna , Fiorènza , &c. E , Auignòne , Cartagine , Atène . I , Nàpoli , Costantinòpoli . O , Corinto , Sèsto , Abido , Effeso , Argo . A , Anima , Amicitia , Dònna , Signòra . E , Opinione , Lettione , Affettiòne . O , Màno . Nomes appellatiues of the feminine gender and singular number ending in . A & E A , Onestà , Arma , Lòda , Fròda , Frònda , àla . E , Onestate , Arme , Lòde , Frode , Frònde , àle . V & E E , Virtùte , Seruitùte , Grùe : V. Virtù , Seruitù , Grù. A & O A , Orècchia , Foglia , Cèrchia , Chiòstra , G'elsa : O , Orècchio , Fòglio , Cèrchio , Chiòstro , Gelso .

But when they ende in O , they are of the masculine gender Orècchia , and Fòglia are often in vse , as are Cèrchio , Chiòstro , and Gelso : but the rest not so .

Noumes adiectiues of the feminine gender and singular number ending in . A , Biànca , Bèlla , Diuina , Ornàta , Fièra , Rèa , &c. E , Fedèle , Crudèle , Fòrte : the which are also of the masculine gender .

Further , such noumes shall haue I , in the plurall number , as in the last place haue E in the singular : But if in the singular they haue A , they shall haue E in the plurall . Where vpon it is , that those that haue double terminations in the singular number , haue them also double in the plurall : as here following it maye appere .

Sing . nom . A , Fontàna Plu. nomb . E , Fontàne I , Fonti E , Fònte Sing . nom . A , Arma Plu. nomb . E , àrme I , àrmi E , Arme Sing . nom . V , Virtù Plu. nomb . V , Virtù I , Virtùti E , Virtùte Sing . nom . A , Bontà Plu. nomb . A , Bontà I , Bontàti E , Bontàte Sing . nom . A , Orècchia Plu. nomb . E , Orècchie I , Orècchi O , Orecchio

But Manò , thorough a certaine vse of speach , though it be of the feminine gender , doth end ( in the singular nomber ) in O , as Mano : whervpon it followeth , that in the plurall it doth end in I , as Mani .

Of the declining of Noumes .

Although th' Italian tonge ( as wee haue before declared in the declining of the articles ) hath neither cases , nor declension of noumes as are in the Latin , and Greke tonges : yet doth it receiue all manner of variation : which is such , as doth depende vpon prepositions , either by them selues alone , orioyned with th' articles .

The1. Example with th' articles ioyned to prepositions . Nomin . singul . L' Amico The frende Genit . Dell' Amico Of the frende Dat. All' Amico To the frende Accus . L' Amico The frende Vocat . O Amico O frende Ablat . Dall' Amico From the frende . Nom. plur . Gli Amici The frendes Genit . De gli Amici Of the frendes Dat. A gli Amici To the frendes Accus . Gli Amici The frendes Vocat . O Amici O frendes Ablat . Da gli Amici From the frendes .

The vse of the 1. Example thorough all the Cases and Numbers . Nom. sing . L' Amico vènne : A frend hath come . Gen. Mi ricòrdo dell' amico : I do remember me of a frende . Dat. Compiàccio all' amico : I please ( or content ) a frende . Accus . Amo l' amico : I loue a frende . Vocat . O amico vièni : Oh frende come . Ablat . Mi pàrto dall' amico : I departe from a frende . Nom. plu. Gli amici vènnero : the frendes haue come . Gen. Mi ricòrdo de gli amici : I do remember me of the frendes . Dat. Compiàccio à gli amici : I please ( or content ) the frendes . Accus . Amo gli amici : I loue the frendes . Vocat . O amici venite : Oh frendes come . Ablat . Mi parto da gli amici : I departe from the frendes .

The2.examplewithprepositionsonely. Nom. sing . Amico Frende Genit . di amico of a frende Dati . ad amico to a frende Accus . amico frende Vocat . amico frende Ablat . da amico from a frende . Nom. plur . Amici Frendes . Genit . di amici of frendes Dat. ad amici to frendes Accus . amici frendes Vocat . amici frendes Ablat . da amici from frendes .

The vse of the 2. example thorough all the Cases . Nom. sing . Fù amico vero . He was a tru frende . Genit . Non è vfficio di amico . It is not the office ( or duty ) of a frende . Dat. Io ne parlài ad amico fidàto . I haue spoken therof to a trusty frende . Acc. Mai non visit ài amico à me più caro di te : I dyd neuer visit a frende more deare to me than thou . Vocat . Amico vieni . Frende come . Ablat . Da amico , còme sèi tu , ricèuo ogni cosa in buòna parte : From a frende as thou art , I receiue euery thing in good parte . Nom. plu. Furono amici veri : They were tru frendes . Cenit . Non è vfficio di amici : It is not the office ( or dutie ) of frendes . Dat. Io ne parlài ad amici fidati : I haue spoken therof to trusty frendes . Accu . Mai non visitài amici à me piu cari di voi : I did neuer visit frendes more deare to me than you . Vocat . Amici venite : Frendes come . Ablat . Da amici come sete voi , ricèuo ogni cosa in buona parte : From frendes as you are , I receiue euery thing in good parte .

The3.examplewiththearticleIL. Nom. singul . Il maèstro the maister Genit . del maèstro of the maister Dat. al maèstro to the maister Accus . il maèstro the maister Vocat . ô maèstro ô maister Ablat . dal maèstro from the maister . Nom. plur . I maèstri the maisters Genit . De i maèstri of the maisters Dat. á i maèstri to the maisters Accus . i maèstri the maisters Vocat . ô maèstri ô maisters Ablat . da i maèstri from the maisters .

The4.example:isofaNoumeofthefemininegender,whichtakeththearticle L A ,depriuedofthevouell. Nom. sing . L'ànima the sole Genit . dell' ànima of the sole Dat. all' anima to the sole Accus . l'ànima the sole Vocat . ô ànima ô sole Ablat . dall' ànima from the sole . Nom. plur . L'ànime the soles Genit . dell' ànime of the soles Dat. all' ànime to the soles Accus . l' ànime the soles Vocat . ô ànime ô soles Ablat . dall' ànime from the soles .

The5.examplesisofaNoumeofthesamegenderwiththearticle L A ,wholye. Nom. sing . La mènte the minde Genit . della mènte of the minde Dat. alla mènte to the minde Accus . la mènte the minde Vocat . ô mènte ô minde Ablat . dalla mènte from the minde . Nom. plur . Le mènti the mindes Genit . delle mènti of the mindes Dat. alle mènti to the mindes Accus . le mènti the mindes Vocat . ô mènti ô mindes Ablat . dalle menti from the mindes .

I will adde here , in what sorte most of the noumes that wee do vse , are deriued vnto vs from all the declensions of the latin noumes . But I wil be more briefe herein , then peraduenture the matter shall seeme able to some : bothe bycause I desier breuity : as to th ende the reader instructed in the latin , when by these , that I shal now towche he shall as it were in searching take holde , he may by hym selfe call more to remembrance .

Of the 1. noumes masc ▪ and femi . ending in . A , Poèta , Proféta , Pitàgora , Euangelista , Fèmina , Erba , Tàuola , Càrta , Fenestra . E , Anchise , Penèlope . Of the 2. noumes of bothe genders ending in . O , Antònio , Virgilio , Milàno , Cauàllo , Libro , Làuro , &c. I , Dionigi , Parigi , Luigi . Of the 3. ending in . A , Poèma , Stratagèma , Dogma , &c. E , Cèsare , Lettiòne , Pàllade , Rachèle , Nièue , Scùre , &c. I , Filli , Mèri , Cariddi , Tifi , &c. Of the 4. which end in . O , Màno , Còrno , Effétto , Affétto , Difétto , Rispétto , Sénso , Gústo , Intellétto , Vdito . A , Vista or Vedúta , Vdita . Of the 5. which end in . E , Spècie , Effigie , Tempèrie , Congèrie . I , Di , Mezodi .

Of Noumes comparatiues and Superlatiues .

Th' Italian speache doth lack noumes comparatiues : But in stedde therof they vse the positiue , with the aduerbe Più , more : thus , Più dotto , Più bèlle , Più fórte . Whose signification is increased by adding of the aduerbes , Molto , and Assai : as Assài più or Mòlto più , or Assai molto più , or Molto Assai più Dotto : euery one of these wayes is rightly saide .

But towching their vse , they do requier a genitiue case , in this sorte : Io so no più dòtto di te , I am better learned then thou . Also , Ciceròne fu più eloquente di Ortènsio , Cicero was more eloquent then Hortensius . Wee haue also these manner of speaches in the comparatiue degrees : Tu non sèi il più dòtto del mòndo : Tu sèi il più ricco della compagnia : Io sòno amico de i più dòtti : Tu sèi de i più dotti : Tu sèi stimàto tra i più dotti : Tu ti puòi paragonàre à i più dòtti .

The superlatiue is not so vsed , as it can declare comparison , but worthynes : For we saye not , Ciceròne fu eloquentissimo de' Romàni , since such a phrase of speache is all together latin : But wee say Ciceròne fù eloquentissimo : without addition of any other person , in comparison of whome Cicero may be .

Of Noumes Numerall .

Vno , is of the singular nomber , Vni of the plurall , and bothe of the masculine gender . Vna , is of the singular nomber , Vne of the plurall , and both of the feminine gender . And wee do vse Vno , and Vna , when wee nomber : But Vni and Vne , in this sorte : as L'ùne e l'àltre : Gli ùni e gli àltri , bothe th one and thother none otherwayes then the latines do vse Vtrique and vtraeque .

Due , and in verse ( who that will ) Duò : neuer Dùa , or Duoi , though many do vse them . Further they do belong to either gender : the which is likewise to be vnderstode of all the other numbers that followe . Wee say also Ambidùe : which is vnderstode of two males , or at least th' one of the two being a male : and Ambedùe of two females . But Ambodùe , Amendùe , Amendùne , and Amēdùni : although approued auctors do vse them : yet wold not I willingly vse them .

Wee saye further Ambo : in the same signification that the latines doo .

Trè : three , Quàttro : fower , Cinque : fiue , Sèi : six . Sètte : seuen , Otto : eight , Nòue : nyne , Diece : ten , Vndici : eleuen , Dòdici : twelue , Trèdici : thertene , Quartòrdici : sowertene , Quindici : fiuetene , Sèdeci : sixtene , Dicessètte : seuentene , Diciòtto : eitghtene , Dicennòue : nynetene , Vènti : twenty , Vent'ùno or vna : twenty one , Venti dùe : twentytwo , Vèntitre : twentythree , Venti quattro : twentyfower , Vènti cinque : twentyfiue , and so forwardes , Trènta : therty , Quarànta : forty . Cinquànta : fiuety , Sessànta : sixty , or three skore , Sett ànta : seuenty , or three skore and ten , Ottànta : eighty , or fower skore , Nouànta : nynety , or fower skore and ten , Cènto : An hundred , Cènto & vno , or vna : an hundred and one , Cènto & due : an hundred and two , Cènto & tre : an hundred and three , Cènto & quàttro : an hundred and fower . And so forwardes . Dugènto : two hundred , Trècento : three hundred , Quàttrocènto : fower hundred , Cinquecènto : fiue hundred , Seicènto : six hundred , Settècento : seuen hundred , Ottocènto : eight hundred , Nouecènto : nyne hundred . Mille : A thousand , Due mila : two thousand , Tre mila : three thousand , Quattro mila : fower thousand . Cinque mila : fiue thousand , Sei mila : six thousand , Sette mila : seuen thousand , Otto mila : eight thousand , Noue mila : nyne thousand , Diece mila : ten thousand . Vndici mila : eleuen thousand , Dodici mila : twelue thousand , Tredici mila : thertene thousand , & so forwardes . Cento mila : an hundred thousand , Dugento mila : two hundred thousand . Trecento mila : three hundred thousand , & so vnto . Vn miliòni : a million , or ten thousand thousand . Due miliòni : two millions , Tre milioni : three millions , And so in like sorte infinitely .

Further , we say Vn pàio , due paia , a couple , two couple : Vn centinàio , due centinàia , one hundred : two hundredes : Vn migliàio , due migliaia : one thousand , two thousandes , &c.

Also : Vna decina , due decine : one tenthe two tenthes , &c. Vna dozina , due dozine : one dosen , two dosen , &c. Vna ventina , due ventine , one skore two skore , &c. Vna trentina , due trentine : one therty , two thertyes , &c.

Of Noumes signifying ordre . Primo and Primiero : the first . Secondo : the second , Tèrzo : the therde , Quarto : the fourthe , Quinto : the fifte , Sèsto : the sixte , Settimo : the seuenthe , Ottàuo : the eight , Nòno : the nynthe , Dècimo : the tenthe , Vndecimo : the eleuenthe . Duodècimo : the twelf , Decimo tèrzo & Terzodecimo , Decimo quarto and Quarto dècimo , Decimo quinto and Quarto dècimo , Decimo sesto and Sesto dècimo , Decimo sèttimo and Dicisettèsimo , Decimo ottàuo and Deciottèsimo , Decimo nono , and vigesimo , and ventèsimo , Vigesimo primo : Vigesimo secundo . And so vnto . Trigèsimo , and Trentèsimo : the thertithe , Quatragesimo , and Quarantèsimo : the fortythe , Quinquagesimo , and Cinquantèsimo : the fiuetithe , Sessagèsimo , and Sessantèsimo : the sixtithe , Ottuagèsimo , and Ottantèsimo : the eightithe , Nonagèsimo , and Nouantesimo : the ninetithe , Centèsimo the hundreth , Dugentesimo : the two hundreth . Trecentesimo , Quattrocentèsimo , Cinquecentesimo , Seicentèsimo , Settecentèsimo , Ottocentèsimo , Nouecentèsimo , Millesimo : the thousanthe , &c.

Noumes Relatiues .

Il Quàle & la Quale , are noumes that are most often placed in speache , and alwayes are referred to somthing that went before : and therfore of the Grammarians are called relatiues . They are alwayes ioyned with an article : for Quale without an article , is rather a noume of quality , then a relatiue . Further it maye be declined , in suche sorte , as is set out by the example following .

The declension of a Noume relatiue . Nom. sing . Il Quàle , la Quàle , the which . Genit . Del Quàle , della Quàle , of the which . Dat. Al Quàle , alla Quàle , to the which . Accus . Il Quale , la Quàle , the which . Ablat . Dal Quàle , dalla Quàle , from the which . Nom. plu. I Quàli , le Quàli , the which . Genit . Dei Quàli , delle Quàli , of the which . Dat. Ai Quàli , alle Quàli , to the which . Accus . I Quàli , le Quàli , the which . Ablat . Dai Quàli , dalle Quàli , from the which .

But in the oblique cases there is also Cùi : that dothe belonge to bothe genders , and nombers . And maye be declined in this wyse .

Genit . Di Cùi , of whome , whose . Dat. A Cùi , to whome . Accus . Cùi , whome . Ablat . Da Cùi , from whome .

The vse of this Noume Cùi is suche , as wee maye speake it thorough out all the oblique cases and numbers . Genit . Mi parlò tuo pàdre , di cùi è il cauallo : thy father hath spoken to me , whose horse it is . Dat. Io vidi il tùo fratèllo , à cùi dièdi il libro : I haue seene thy brother , to whome I haue geuen the booke . Accus . Io hauèua familiarità col tùo amico cùi morde il cane arrabbiàto : I had familiarity with thy frend , whome a mad dog did bite . Ablat . Andài à trouàre Antònio , da cui riceuèi le tùe lettère : I haue gon to finde out anthony , from whome , I haue receiued thy letters .

And although this noume dothe lacke his nominatiue case , and is declined onely in the oblique cases by adding of prepositions , as wee haue before shewed : yet you shall here and there finde emongest good aucthors these formes of speache : Il cùi valore : la cùi bontà : I cùi amòri : le cùi ricchezze : And thus it is needeful to declare them : as , Il valòr di cùi , the worthynesse of whome , La bontà di cùi , the goodnesse of whome , Gli amòri di cui , the loues of whome : Le ricchèzze di cùi , the riches of whome .

It may also be rightly said by the oblique cases : as , Del' cui valore , for Del valore di cui , whose worthinesse , Della cùi bontà , for Della bontà di cùi , whose goodnesse , Dei cui amòri , for De gli amòri di cui , whose loues : Delle cùi ricchèzze , for Delle ricchezze di cui , whose riches , &c.

For by whome that will , it maye be runne thorough all the cases in like sorte , which I do omit for breuities sake : but hereby it may easly be seene that the articles Il , La , I , and Le , do not in those phrases of speache properly belong to the noumes Cùi , but to the noumes Valóre , Bontà , Amòri , and Ricchezze .

Further , it is vsed in the datiue case without a preposition , in this sorte : Cùi non bàsta for a cùi non bàsta , to whome it suffisethe not : cùi diède il Re potestà , &c. for a cùi diède , &c , to whome the king gaue power .

But touching the vse of the noume Il Quale , there is no cause why I sholde curiously endeuour my selfe to alleadge many thinges : since it is al one with the latin relatiue . Therfore I will here note how that , Che , for the most parte is put in place therof : And that in the nominatiue and accusatiue cases of bothe the numbers , in this sorte : L'huòmo , che pènsa èsser sàuio , mòlte vòlte è sciòcco , the man that thinkethe hym selfe wyse , many tymes is a foole . Againe L'huòmo , ch'io àmo , è dòtto , the man that I loue , is learned . The like examples may be brought of the plurall number .

But sithence wee haue made mention of Che , it is to be noted , that thesame may somtymes be ioyned with prepositions in this wyse : di Che , à Che , da Che , in Che , con Che , per Che. It is also ioyned with articles , thus : Ilche , Delche , Alche , Nelche : But we do not say Colche , so neither Per il che , bycause the first is not in vse ; & the later is vsed but thus , Il perche . And no bodie , but such as lack iudgement of the eare , will confesse that Per il Che , is more rightly said , then Il perche : howbeit Boccace doth vse this often tymes , in his manner of speach , but th' other neuer .

Somtymes Che is doubled in this sorte Che che , and signifyeth Qualúnque cosa , as Che che sià , what soeuer it be , Che che hàbbia détto , what soeuer he hath said .

Againe , therof is made Chiúnque , who soeuer : and is of three syllables . But betwene Chiunque and Qualunque , this is the difference , that th one is not ioyned to a substantiue , but the other is : and yet , that also somtymes is seperated from it . For Petrarke speaketh thus , Chiúnque albérga , whosoeuer hosteth : where Chiunque is of it selfe without adding of any noume substantiue . Againe , he saiethe afterwardes , Qualúnque animàle , what soeuer liuing creature : where Animàle , a noume substantiue is ioyned to the noume Qualúnque . Yet he said somtymes , and that but once : Gióir di qualunque , the gladding of what soeuer .

From this Che taking E , and adding I , is made chi : the which is put often tymes for Colui , Quéllo , Coléi , Quella , Coloro , Quélli , & Quèlle pronoumes : in this wise : Chi ha smarrita la stràda , tórni indiètro : for Colúi , or Quello , il quàle ha smarrúa , &c. who that hath myssed his way , let hym retourne back .

Further Chi doth many tymes signifie , who ? an interrogation , and that thoroughout all the cases : as .

By the Nom. Chifu ? who was it ? chiilféce ? who hathe donne it ? Geni . Di chiseitu figliuòlo ? whose sonne art thou ? Dat. A chi l'hài dàto ? to whome hast thou geuen it . Accus . Chi battèsti ? whome hast thou beaten ? Ablat . Da chi l'hài vdito ? from whome hast thou harde it ?

Besides wee say : Chi qua e Chi là , some here , & some there : Chispogliàua quèsto , e chi quèllo : some did spoile this man , and some that man .

Lastly wee say Chi chesia , who soeuer it be .

Of Noumes which are called Partitiues , Infinitiues , Distributiues and Negatiues .

First the noume Altri , that with this voyce is onely content , and doth belong to euery number , and gender , is thus vsed : Ma quàndo àltri volèsse oppòrsi , But when an other wolde be contrary . Also , Altridice , an other sayth .

But in the oblique cases , it hath , Altrùi : wherfore wee say : Io pòrto la pèna dell' altrui colpa , It may also be saide , della còlpa altrui : that is , I suffer the punyshement of an others fault . All' altrùi valòre , or al valòre altrui , to an others worthynesse . Dall' altrui forza , or Dalla forza altrui : By an others strength .

But the noume Altro , hath in the plurall Altri , and is of the masculine gender : as Altra , which is of the feminine hath in the plurall nomber Altre . the which noume doth differ from the noume Altri : in this that it is neuer coupled to a substantiue : But Altro is often , & alwayes referred to the afore named personnes . For wee say : Làltro tùo amico , gli àltri tuòi amici , l'àltra tùa amica , l'altre tùe amiche : And in like sorte thorough out all the cases , the vocatiue except . It is vsed also in the neuter gender , and wee say : Altro domàndo , I requier an other thing . Auzi àltro , rather some other thing . But then it doth forsake the article , as by example , apperethe .

Alcuno , some bodie , hath in the plurall Alcùni , some : as Alcùna , some bodie , hath Alcune , in the plurall , some . And that thorough out all the cases : and they are of the feminine gender .

But the noume Ogniùno , Ciascùno : that is , euery one , eache one : Also Niùno , Verùno , Nessúno , Nullo : that is , none , no one , no bodie : do want the plurall nomber : which doth also fayle them , when they be of the feminine gender , as Ogniúna , Ciascúna , Niúna , Verùna , Nessúna , Nulla .

And although this noume Nulla , be many tymes vsed in the neuter gender , and signifieth , nothing : as Núlla pòsse leuàr , ( saieth the Poet ) ; I can take nothing awaye : yet doth it signify also som thing : as Vuòitu nulla ? wil you any thing ?

Lastly it is to be knowne , how that all these noumes do refuse the articles : for we do not say , l' Alcùno , l'Ogniuno , il Ciascùno , il Nessuno , &c.

Of Pronoumes .

A Pronoume we call that worde , that is vsed in the stedde of a noume : such as is also a pronoume bothe with the Greckes & latines . Wherfor some are primatiues , and some deriuatiues : they haue also nombers , genders , and personnes , as haue the Grecke & Latin pronoumes . But what they haue that is either like , or vnlike vnto them , the diligent reader may easly perceiue , aswell by the handling now of them , as by the types here following .

Certaine Pronoumes . Primitiues . Mas. gen . Sing . nom . Io , I : Tu , thou : Se , hym : Egli , Ei , E ' , Quèllo , colúi , he : Esso , he there : Quèsto , Costui , this man : Cio , that : Cotèsto , that man . Plu. nom . Noi , we : Voi , you : Eglino , Quelli , Lòro , Colóro , they : Essi , these there : Quèsti , costóro , thes men : Cotèsti , those men . Femi . gen . Sing . nom . Ella , Lei , Quèlla , Colei , she : Essa , she there : Quèsta , Costéi , this woman : Cotesta , that whoman . Plu. nom . Elleno , Elle , Quelle , they : Esse , those there : Queste , thes women : Cotéste , those women . Deriuatiues . Mas. gen . Sing . nom . Mio , myne : Tuo , thyne : Suo , his : Nóstro , ours : Vostro , yours . Plu. nom . Miéi , myne : Tuoi , thyne : Suòi , thers : Nostri , ours : Vostri , yours . Femi . gen . Sing . nom . Mia , myne : Túa , thyne : Sua , hers : Nostra , ours : Vostra , yours . Plu. ●om . Mie , myne : Tue , thyne : Sue , hers : Nostre , ours : Vostre , yours . Pronoumes belonging to bothe genders . Io , Tu , Colóro , Costóro , Lóro , Se.

Of the declining of a Pronoume .

The1.example. Nom. sing . Io , I , Genit . di me , of me , Dat. à me , to me , Accus . me , me , Ablat . da me , from me , Nom. plu . Nói , Wee , Genit . di nói , of vs , Dat. à nói , to vs , Accus . nói , vs , Ablat . da nói , from vs .

The2.example. Nom. sing . Tu , Thow , Genit . di te , of thee , Dat. à te , to thee , Accus . te , thee , Vocat . tu , thow , Ablat . da te , from thee . Nom. plu . Vói , You , Genit . di vói , of you , or yours , Dat. à vói , to you , Accus . vói , you , Vocat . vói , you , Ablat . da vói , from you .

The3.example. Genit . Sing . and Plu. di Se , Of hym , or his ; of them , or theirs . Dat. à Se , To hym , to them . Accus . Se , Hym , them . Ablat . da Se , From hym , from them .

The4.example. Nom. sing . Egli , Ei , E ' , Quéllo Colúi , He. Genit . Di lúi , colúi , quello , of hym , or his . Dat. à lúi , colúi , quello , to hym . Accus . lúi , colúi , quéllo , hym . Ablat . da lúi , colúi , quéllo , from hym . Nom. plu . Eglino , Quélli , coloro , They. Genit . di Loro , coléro , Quélli , of them , or thers . Dat. à Lóro , colòro , Quèlli , to them . Accus . Lòro , colòro , Quelli , them . Ablat , da Lòro , coloro , Quelli . from them .

The5.example. Nom. sing . Ella , Colèi , Quèlla , Shee . Genit . di Lèi , colèi , quèlla , hers , or of her . Dat. a Lèi , colèi , quèlla , to her . Accus . Lèi , colèi , quella , her . Ablat . da Lèi , colèi , quella , from her . Nom. plu . Elleno , Colòro , Quelle , They , Genit . di Lòro , coloro , quelle , of them , or thers . Dat. à Lòro , colòro , quelle , to them . Accus . Loro , colòro , quelle , them . Ablat . da Lòro , colòro , quelle , from them .

The 6. example . Nom. sin . Quèsto , Costùi , this man . Genit . di Quèsto , costúi , of this man , or this mans . Dat. à Quèsto , costúi , to this man . Accus . Quèsto , costúi , this man . Ablat . da Quèsto , costúi , from this man . Nom. plu. Quèsti , Costoro , these men . Genit . di quèsti , costòro , of these men , or these mens . Dat. à quèsti , costòro , to these men . Accus . Quèsti , costòro , these men . Ablat . da quèsti , costòro , from these men . The 7. example . Nom. sing . Quésta , Costèi , this woman . Geni . di questa , costéi , of this woman , or this womans . Dat. a quèsta , costei , to this woman . Accus . Questa , costei , this woman . Ablat . da questa , costei , from this woman . Nom. plu. Quéste , Costòro , these women . Genit . di quèste , costòro , of these women , or these womens . Dat. á quèste , costòro , to these women . Accus . Quèste , costòro , these women . Ablat . da quèste , costòro , from these women .

Touching th' other pronoumes , that is , the deriuatiues , they followe altogeather the declension of those noumes , that do ende in O , if they be of the masculine gender , or in A , if they be of the feminine gender .

But the pronoume Ciò , is alwayes of the singular number , and neuter gender .

Of th' vse of Pronoumes .

These Pronoumes Egli , Ei , E ' , and Ella do alwayes sarue to the nominatiue case : as Egli disse , he hath said : Ella volse , she hath torned .

The like is of these pronoumes Eglino , & Elleno , ( which Orators & such as write in prose do vse ) for they also sarue to the nominatiue case : and we say Eglino dissero , they haue said : Elleno vòlsero , they haue torned .

Againe : these pronoumes Egli , and E , somtymes are filling wordes , and are rather vsed for a grace in speach , then of any necessity : as Egli non ha guàri di tempo , for Non ha guàri di tempo , it is no longe tyme : Againe , Eparrà mēzògna , for Parrà menzògna , it shall seeme a lye .

Pronoumes . Lui Lei Do sarue to the Loro Genit . Ci siàmo ricordàti di Lúi , Léi , Lòro , We haue remembred vs , of hym , her , them . Dat. Dissi à Lúi , Léi , Lòro , I haue tolde hym , her , them . Accus . Vidi Lúi , Léi , Lòro , I haue seene hym , her , them . Ablat . Horiccuúto cio da lui , Léi . Lòro : I haue receiued that from hym , her , them . Nom. Costúi , Costéi ; Colúi , Coléi disse , this man , this woman ; he , she hath said . Costòro , Colòro , dissero , thes , they haue said . Pronoumes . Costúi Colúi Costéi do sarue to the Col●i Costoro Coloro Gen. Mi ricòrdo di Costúi , costéi , colúi , coléi , costòro , coloro : I do remember me of this man , this woman , hym , her , these , them . Dat. Io dissi à costúi , costei , colúi , coléi , costoro , colòro : I haue tolde to this man , this woman , hym , her , these , them . Accus . Io àmo costúi , costéi , colúi , coléi , costòro , colòro : I loue this man , this wvoman , hym , her , these , them . Abl. Io l'ho vdito da costúi , costèi , colúi , coléi , costòro , colòro , I haue harde it f●om this man , this woman , hym , her , these , them .

Further the articles , Li , gli , and Le , are often tymes vsed for these pronoumes , Lúi and Léi : And that onelye in the datiue case , in this wise : Le di , or dille , for di à Léi , tell her : Dà gli or Dàlli , for Dà à Lúi , guie hym : and remember that these articles Gli , and Le , which are of the plurall number , are vsed for Lúi and Léi : pronoumes of the singular nomber .

Againe the articles Lo , La , Gli , and Le are vsed for these pronoumes Lúi , Léi , and Loro : and that in the accusatiue case onelye , thus : Lo batté , and Battéllo , for Batté lúi or Quéllo , he hath beaten hym : La Baciò , & Baciòlla , for Baciò Lei or Quella : he hath kissed her : Gli percosse , and Percòssegli , for Percosse Loro , or Quelli , he hath striken them : Le baciò , and Baciòlle , for Baciò loro or Quelle : he hath kissed them .

Pronoume . Se serueth to the Genit . Nessuno si dismentica di se : no body is forgeatfull of hym selfe . Dat. Catòne diéde à se la mèrte : Cato hath geuen to hym selfe the deathe . Accus . Ciascùno ama più se , che gli àltri : Eache one louethe hym selfe , more then others . Ablat . Quèsto lo disse da se , he hathe tolde hym this of hym selfe .

But this Pronoume Se , is often ioyned with Stésso , in the singular nomber , and masculine gender : and Stèssi , in the plurall nomber , the same gender . Also Stessa in the feminine gender , and sing . nom . and stesse , in the plurall nomber , and the same gender : the which is done thorough out all the oblique cases , except the vocatiue , in this wyse .

Di Se stesso , of hym selfe : Di se stesta , of her selfe : Di se stessi , of them selues : Di se stesse , of them selues . Also Ase stèsso , to hym selfe : A se stessa , to her selfe : A se stessi and A se stesse , to them selues . Againe , Se stèsso , hym selfe : Se stessa , her selfe : Se stessi and Se stesse , them selues . To conclude , Da se stesso , by hym selue : Da se stessa , by her selfe : Da se stessi , and Da se stesse , by them selues . The same is to be vnderstode of Medèsimo , Medèsima , Medèsimi , Medèsime :

These are also ioyned to all other pronoumes : for we say : Io stesso or medesimo , I my selfe : Di me stèsso , or medesimo , of my selfe : And so in like sorte thorough out all the cases , the vocatiue except . In the plurall number we say , Noi stèssi or medesimi , we our selues : Di noi stèssi , or medèsimi , of vs our selues : &c. Also Tu stesso , Tu stessa , thow thy selfe : Io stessà , I my selfe . Nòi stèsse , we our selues : Di nòi stèsse , of vs our selues : Di vòi stèsse , of you your selues .

Egli stesso , he hym selfe : Di lùi stèsso , of hym selfe : Ella stèssa , she her selfe : Di lei stèssa , of her selfe : &c. Eglino stèssi , they them selues : Di lòro stèssi , of them selues , &c. Elleno stesse , they them selues : Di lòro stesse , of them selues , &c.

But to what ende do I staye vpon somany examples : since these wordes do not onely accompanye all the Pronoumes , but Noumes also ? For many tymes we speake in this wise , il Re stesso , or medèsimo , the king hym selfe : La Regina stessa , or medesima , the Queene her selfe : i Cieli stèssi or medesimi , the selfe heauens : Le stèlle stesse , or medessime , the selfe starres .

Neither is it to be omitted how that Stesso doth receiue in the beginning the letter I , when an article goeth before it , that doth ende in a vouell , the which article doth forsake his vouell , and taketh an Apostropha .

Pronoumes . Esso Essa do sarue to the Essi Esse Nomi . Esso or Essa fú , disse , fece : he or shee hathe ben , hathe said , hathe donne : Also , Essi or Esse fúrono : they haue ben . Gen. Miricorderò di Esso or Essa , Essi , Esse : I shal be myndefull of hym , or her , them . Dat. Il diède ad esso , &c : he hathe geuen it to hym , &c. Ablat . L'ho vdito da Esso , &c : I haue harde it from hym , &c.

Howbeit all these , except the Nominatiue case were better explained by the Pronoumes Lúi , Léi , and Lóro : so that one sholde speake more rightly in this sorte : Lo mi ricòrdo di lúi , Léi , Lóro : L'ho dáto à lúi , Léi , Lóro : Ho vedúto Lúi , Léi , Lóro : L'ho riceuúto da lúi , léi , lóro .

Further those Pronoumes , are ioyned to certaine Noumes thoroughout all the cases , the vocatiue except : as appereth by this tipe following .

the Pronoume Esso , is ioyned to certaine noumes in the Nom. Esso Re disse , the Kinge hath saide . Genit . Vàgo di Esse giouani , desirous of the yonge women . Dat. Dièdi il libro ad esso giùdice , I gaue the booke to the iudge . Accus . Percòsse Essi nemici , he did strike th' enemies . Ablat . Il riccuci da Essi amici , I haue receiued it from frendes .

Lastly , thus th' Italians do say , Con esso Lùi , Lèi , Lèro : for con Lùi , Lèi , Lòro , with hym , her , them . Also , Con ésso téco , for Con tèco or Téco , with thee : Con èsso mèco , for Con mèco or meco , with me : Con èsso séco , for Con séco or Seco , with hym . Againe , Con èsso nói , with vs : Con èsso voi , with you .

They say also Con èsso le màni , with the handes . Con èsso vn còlpo , with one blowe . And not a few of these kinde of speaches , do th' Italians vse , they chiefly that inhabit Tuscane : Howbeit , I wolde not haue them to be generally vsed .

These Pronoumes Quèsti , Quèi or Quègli , are accustomed for the most parte to be put in stedde of the Pronoumes , Quèsto , Quèllo ; or Costui , and Colui : & that many times in the Nominatiue case , and by it selfe , without the adding of any substantiue : Howbeit they are alwayes referred to some man , that a little before hathe ben mencioned : as by a few examples shall plainely appeare . For we say , Ciceròne fu non sólo Oratòr s●mmo , ma anchòra óttino cittadino : Questi giouò mòlta alla sua patria : Cicero was not onely an excellent Orator , but a very good Citizen : this man hathe greatly profited his contry . Also , Quégli parlo , he hathe spoken . And suche like almoste inumerable , thow shall finde , in the Tuscane writers . But ( to speake frely what thinke ) I can skarse be brought to allow of it : For to me it seemethe a kinde of speache to greatly affected .

Therfore Quésto and Quéllo , when they are of the masculine gender , do requier a noume substantiue : as Quésto Re , this King , Quéllo préncipe , that prince . But when they are of the neuter gender , they put away the noume substantiue , and therfore we say Quèsto che io dico , è cosi this which I do tell , is thus . Againe Quéllo non è cosi , that is not so .

Touching the which Pronoumes , this is not to be forgotten , that when they are expressed by the genitiue plurall , they are wont to be depriued of theire helpes : that is ( with the Tuscanes ) of the preposition Di , in this sorte : A càsa quésti vsurài , for à càsa di questi vsurài : to the house of these vsurers .

The Pronoume Cio , the which we haue said before to be the neuter gender : is vsed in these sortes of speache : as Cioè , that is : Sopra ciò , thervpon : Oltre à ciò , besides that : Ciòche , whatsoeuer : Acciòche , to th ende that : Perciòche , bycause that : Perciò , therfore .

But in what belongethe to the Pronoume Cotèsto , it is geuen to thinges and personnes , that are out of the pronouncer , werfore we say to hym , with whome we speake : Cotésto libro , il quale tu hai nelle màni , è bello , that booke , which thow hast in thy handes , is a faire booke . Wee vse this Pronoume also in the neuter gender , in this wise , Cotésto , che tu dici , é véro , that that thow saiest , is tru .

To conclude , it semeth behouefull to speake not a little of Ci and Ne , wich are vsed for Noi , Mi for Me , Vi for Voi , and Ti for Te. But bycause they are for the most parte fixed to verbes , as it often happeneth in the Hebrue tonge : therfore we do referre them to that place where we shall entreat of those verbes .

Of the Verbe .

There are fower coniugations of Verbes , which are chiefly knowne bytheire infinitiue modes .

The first coniugation is of Verbes that in th' infinitiue mode haue A , long before RE: as Amare , to loue : Cantare , to sing : Volare , to fly : Mangiare , to eate , &c.

The seconde is of Verbes that haue E , long before RE: as Valére , to be worthe : Hauére , to haue , Teuére , to holde , &c.

The thirde is of Verbes that haue E , shorte before RE: as Léggere , to reade : Scriuere , to write : Viuere , to liue : Ridere , to laugh , &c.

The fourthe is of Verbes that haue I , longe before RE: as Vdire , to heare : Morire , to dye : Finire , to ende . &c.

The first Coniugation . Th' indicatiue mode : Present tense . Sing . Io Amo , I loue . Tu Ami , thow louest . Colui Ama , he loueth . Plu. Nói Amiàmo , we loue . Vói Amate , you loue . Coloro Amano , they loue . Preter imperfectense . Sing . Io Amàua , Tu Amàui , Colui Amàua , I thow he Loued , or did loue . wee you they Plu. Noi Amauàmo , Voi Amauàte , Coloro Amauàno , Preterperfectense . Sin. Io Amài , and ho amàto , Tu Amàsti , and hai amato , Colui Amò : and ha amato , I thou he Haue loued wee you they Plu. Noi amāmo , & habbiàmo amato Voi Amàste , and hauete amato , Coloro Amàrono , Amaron , Amàro , Amàr , & hanno amato .

It is to be remembred that Amaron and Amar , in the third person plural of this preterpersectense , are to be vsed when the worde that followeth doth begin with a consonant . And this you shall finde obserued in sundry places by good aucthors .

Preterpluperfectense . Sing . Io hauéua amato , Tu hauéui amàto , Colui hauéua amàto , I thou he Had loued . wee you they Plu. Nói haueuàmo amato , Vói hauéuate amato , Coloro haueuàno amato , Future tense . Sing . Io Amerò , Tu Amerài , Colui Amerà , I thou he shall , or will loue . wee you they Plur. Noi Ameremo , Vói Amerete , Coloro Ameranno ,

Note that in stedde of Amerò , and the like future tense generally of all other Verbes , th' Italian vseth the infinitiue mode with this Verbe Voglio before it : as ,

Sing . Io Voglio amare , Tu Vuoi amare , Colui Vuole amare , I thou he will loue . wee you they Plur. Noi Vogliamo amare , Voi Volete amare , Coloro Vogliono amare , Likewise Io Voglio tenère , I will holde . Io Voglio leggere , I will reade . Io Voglio vdire , I will heare . Th' imparatiue mode : Present tense . Singul. Ama tu , loue thou . Ami colùi , let hym loue . Plur. Amiamo noi , Let vs loue . Amate voi , loue you . Amino coloro , let them loue .

Non amare : Loue not thou : for in forbidding they vse euer more th' infinitiue mode with Non : in stedde of the singular number .

Th' optatiue mode : Present tense . O Dio Voglia , or Dio Voglia , or O che , or O Dio che . Sing . Io Ami , Tu Ami , Colui Ami , god graunt that I thou he loue . wee you they Plur. Noi Amiamo , Voi Amiàte , Coloro Amino , Preterimperfectense . O Diò volèsse , or Dio volesse , or O Dio che , or O che . Sing . Io Amàssi , Tu Amàssi , Colúi Amàsse , wolde to god that I thou he loued or did loue . wee you they Plur. Noi Amàssimo , Voi Amàste , Coloro Amàssero , Preterperfectense . O Dio vóglia , Dio vóglia , O Dio'che , O che . Sin. Io hàbbia amàto , Tu hàbbi amato , Colui hàbbia amato , god graunt that I thou he haue loued wee you they Plu. Nói habbiàmo amàto , Vói hàbbiate amato , Colóro habbiàno amato Preterpluperfectense . O Dio volèsse , Dio volèsse , ò Diò che , ô che . Sin. Io hauessi amàto , Tu hauèssi amato , Colùi hauèsse amato , I wold to God that I thou he had loued wee you they Plu. Noi hauèssimo amato , Voi hauèste amàto , coloro hauèssero amato Future tense . Dio voglia che . Sing . Io Ami da qua innanzi , Tu Ami da qua innanzi , Colui Ami da qua innanzi , God graunt that I thou he wee loue herafter . you they Plur. Noi Amiàmo da qua innanzi , Voi Amiate da qua innanzi , Coloro Amino da qua innanzi , The subiunctiue mode : Present tense . Concio sia cosa che . Sing . Io Ami , Tu Ami , Colui Ami , for asmuche as I thou he loue . wee you they Plur. Noi Amiamo , Voi Amiate , Coloro Amino , Preterimperfectense . Auegnache . Io Amassi : Although I loued or did loue . Tu Amassi : Although thou louedest or didest loue , &c. as in the optatiue mode . Otherwise , Se. Sing . Io Amerèi , & Ameria , Tu Amaresti , Colùi Amarèbbe , and Ameria , if I thou he sholde loue . wee you they Plur. Noi Amarèmmo , Voi Amareste , Coloro Amarebbono , and Ameriano . Preterperfectense . Quando . Io hàbbia amato , when I haue loued . Tu hàbbi amato , when thou hast loued , &c. as in the optatiue mode . Otherwise , Che. Sing . Io hauerèi and Haueria amato , Tu hauerèsti amato , Colui hauerèbbe & Haueria amato : that I thou he sholde haue loued . wee you they Plu. Noi hauerèmmo amato , Voi hauerèste amato , Coloro hauerébbono & Haueriano amato . Preterpluperfectense . Poi che . Io hauèssi amato , Since I had loued . Tu hauessi amato , Since thou haddest loued , &c. as in the optatiue mode . Future tense . Quando . Sin. Io hauerò amàto , Tu hauerài amato , Colui hauerà amato , vhen I thou he shall haue loued . wee you they Plu. Noi hauerèmo amato , Voi hauerète amato , Coloro haueranno amato , Th' infinitiue mode : Present tense . Amare , to loue . Preter perfectense . Hauere amato , to haue loued . Future tense . Douere amare Essere per amare To be to loue , or to loue herafter . Hauere ad amare Participles Amante , louing : Amato loued . Amanti louing : Amati loued . Gerundes Present tense . Amando Io , Tu , Colui , Noi , Voi , Coloro : I , thou , he , wee , you , they louing . Preterperfectense . Hauendo amato Io , Tu , Colui , Noi , Voi , Coloro : I , thou , he , wee , you , they hauing loued . Future tense . Douendo amàre Essendo per amàre Io , tu , colui , noi , voi , coloro : I , thou , he , wee , you , they being , or hauing to loue . Hauendo amare

The seconde Coniugation . The Indicatiue mode : Present tense . Sing . Io Téngo : I holde . Tu tiéni : thou holdest . Colui tiéne : he holdeth . Plur. Nói Teniàmo : wee holde . Vói tenete : you holde . Coloro tengono : they holde . Preter imperfectense . Sing . Io Tenéua , and Tenea , Tu tenéui , Colúi tenèua and tenea , I thou he hilde or did holde . wee you they Plur. Nói teneuàmo : Voi teneuàte , Colòro teneuàno & teneano Preterperfectense . Sin. Io Ténni , and ho tenùto : Tu tenèsti , & hài tenùto , Colùi ténne , & ha tenúto , I thou he haue hilde . wee you they Plu. Nói tenèmmo , and habbiàmo tenúto , Vòi tenèste , & hauète tenuto , Coloro tènnero , and hanno tenuto , Preterpluperfectense . Sing . Io Hauèua tenùto , Tu hauèui tenùto , Colùi hauèua tenúto , I thou he had hilde wee you they Plur. Noi haueuàmo tenùto , Voi haueuàte tenùto , Coloro haueuàno tenuto , Future tense . Sin. Io Tenerò and Terrò , Tu tenerài , and terrai , Colúi tenerà , and terra , I thou he shall , or will holde . wee you they Plu. Noi tenerèmo , and terremo , Voi tenerète , and terrete , Coloro tenerànno , & terrāno Io voglio tenere , I will holde , Tu voi tenere , thou will holde , &c. as in the indicatiue mode . Th' imparatiue mode : Present tense . Sing . Tièni tu : holde thou . Tenga colui , let hym holde . Non Tenere , holde not thou . Plur. Teniàmo nòi , let vs holde . Teniàte vòi , holde you . Tengano coloro , let them holde , Th' optatiue mode : Present tense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sing . Io Ténga , Tu ténga , Colúi ténga , god graunt that I thou he holde . wee you they Plur. Noi teniàmo , Voi teniàte , Colòro tèngano , Preterimperfectense . O Dio Volesse che , &c. Sin. Io Tenèssi , Tu tenèssi , Colùi tenesse , I wolde to god that I thou he hilde or did holde wee you they Plu. Noi tenèssimo . Vói tenèste , Coloro tenèssero , Preterperfectense . O Dio voglia che , &c. Sin. Io Hàbbia tenuto , Tu hàbbi tenuto , Colùi hàbbia tenùto , god graunt that I thou he haue hilde . wee you they Plu. Noi habbiamo tenuto , Voi habbiate tenuto , Coloro habbiano tenuto , Preterpluperfectense . O Dio Volesso che , &c. Sin. Io Hauéssi tenúto , Tu hauessi tenuto , Colúi hauesse tenuto , I wolde to god that I thou he had hilde wee you they Plu. Noi Hauessimo tenuto , Voi haueste tenuto , Coloro hauessero tenuto Future tense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sing . Io Ténga da qua innanzi , Tu Tenga da qua innanzi , Colúi tenga da qua innanzi , God graunt that I thou he holde herafter . wee you they Plur. Noi Teniamo da qua innanzi , Voi teniate da qua innanzi , Coloro tengano da qua innanzi . The subiunctiue mode : Present tense . Concio sia cosa che . Sing . Io Tenga , Tu tenga , Colui tenga , for asmuche as I thou he holde . wee you they Plur. Noi Teniamo , Voi teniate , Coloro tengano , Preterimperfectense . Auegna che . Io Tenessi , Although I hilde or did holde . Tu tenessi , Although thou hildest or didest holde , &c. As in the optatiue mode . Otherwise , Se. Sin. Io Teneréi , Terréi , Teneria , and Terria . Tu tenerèsti & terrèsti , Colui tenerèbbe , terrèbbe , teneria , & terria , if I thou he sholde holde . wee you they Pl. Noi Teneremmo & terremmo , Voi tenerèste & terreste , coloro tenerebbono , terrebbono , teneriano , and terriano . Preterperfectense . Quando . Io Hàbbia tenuto : when I haue hilde . Tu hàbbi tenuto , when thou hast hilde , &c. As in the optatiue mode . Otherwise , Che. Sin. Io Hauerèi , and Haueria tenuto , Tu haueresti tenuto , Colui hauerèbbe & haueria tenuto , that I thou he holde haue hilde . wee you they Plu. Noi haueremmo tenuto , Voi hauereste tenuto , Coloro hauerebbono , & haueriano tenuto , Preterpluperfectense . Poiche . Iò Hauessi tenuto , Since I had hilde . Tu Hauessi tenuto , Since thou haddest hilde , &c. as in the Optatiue mode . Future tense . Quando . Sin. Io Hauerò tenuto , Tu hauerài tenuto , Colui hauerà tenuto , when I thou he shall haue hilde . wee you they Plu. Nói haueremo tenuto , Voi hauerete tenuto , Coloro haueranno tenuto Th' infinitiue mode : Present tense . Tenére , To holde . Preterperfectense . Hauèr tenuto , To haue hilde . Future tense . Douér tenere Esser per tenere To be to holde , or to holde herafter . Hauere a tenere Participles Tenénte , holding . Tenùto , hilde . Tenenti , holding . Tenuti , hilde . Gerundes Present tense . Tenèndo , Holding . Preterperfectense . Hauèndo tenuto , hauing hilde . Future tense . Douèndo tenere Hauèndo à tenere Being , or hauing to holde . Esséndo per tenère

The thirde Coniugation . Th' Indicatiue mode : Present tense . Singul. Io Lèggo , I reade . Tu Lèggi , thou readest . Colui Lègge , he readeth . Plur. Noi Leggiàmo , wee reade . Voi Leggete , you reade . Coloro Leggono , they reade . Preterimperfectense . Sin. Io Leggèua , and Leggèa , Tu Leggeui . Colui Leggeua and Leggea , I thou he did reade . wee you they Plu. Noi Leggeuàmo , Voi Leggeuate , coloro Leggeuano & leggeano Preterperfectense . Sing . Io Lessi , and Ho letto , Tu leggésti , & hài letto , Colùi lesse , & ha letto , I thou he wee haue reade . you they Plur. Nói Leggémmo , and habbiamo letto , Voi leggèste , and hauete letto , Colóro lessero , and hanno letto , Preterpluperfectense . Sing . Io Hauéua letto , Tu hauèui letto , Colui hauèua letto , I thou he had reade . wee you they Plur. Nói Haueuàmo letto , Vói haueuàte letto , Coloro haueuàno letto , Future tense . Sing . Io Leggerò , Tu leggerài , Colúi leggerà , I thou he shall or will reade . wee you they Plur. Noi Leggerèmo , Voi leggeréte , Coloro leggerànno , Io Voglio leggere , I will reade . Tu Voi leggere , thou will read , &c. as in the Indicatiue mode . Th' imparatiue mode : Present tense . Singul. Lèggi tu , Reade thou . Lègga colui , let hym reade . Plur. Leggiamo noi , let vs reade . Leggète vói , reade you . Lèggano coloro , let them reade . Non Leggere , reade not thou . The Optatiue mode : Present tense . O Dio Vòglia che , &c. Sing . Io Légga , Tu Légga , Colui Légga , God graunt that I thou he reade . wee you they Plur. Nói Leggiamo , Vói Leggiáte , Colòro Leggano , Preterimperfectense . O Dio Volesse che , &c. Sin. Io Leggéssi , Tu Leggessi , Colúi Leggesse , I wolde to God that I thou he reade , or did reade . wee you they Plu. Noi Leggessimo , Voi Leggeste , Coloro leggessero , Preterperfectense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sin. Io Hàbbia letto , Tu hàbbi letto , Colui hàbbia letto , god graunt that I thou he haue reade . wee you they Plu. Nòi habbiàmo letto , Vói habbiàte letto , Coloro hàbbiano letto , Preterpluperfectense . O Dio volesse che , &c. Sin. Io Hauessi letto , Tu hauessi letto , Colui hauèsse letto , I wolde to god that I thou he had reade . wee you they Plu. Noi Hauèssimo letto , Voi haueste letto , Coloro hauessero letto Future tense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sing . Io Legga da qua innanzi . Tu Legga da qua innanzi , Colui Legga da qua innanzi , god graunt that I thou he reade herafter . wee you they Plur. Noi Leggiamo da qua innanzi , Voi Leggiate da qua innanzi . Coloro leggano da qua innanzi . The subiunctiue mode : Present tense . Concio sia cosa che . Sing . Io Legga , Tu Legga , Colui Legga , for asmuche as I thou he reade . wee you they Plur. Noi Leggiamo , Voi Leggiate , Coloro Leggano , Preterimperfectense . Auegna che . Io Leggessi , Although I reade or did reade . Tu leggessi , although thou readest or didest reade , &c. as in the Optatiue mode . Otherwise , Se. Sin. Io Leggerei , & Leggeria , Tu Leggeresti , Colui Leggerebbe , and Leggeria , I thou he sholde reade . wee you they Plu. Noi Leggeremmo , Voi Leggereste , Coloro Leggerèbbono , and Leggeriano , Preterperfectense . Quando . Io Habbia letto , when I haue reade . Tu Habbi letto , when thou hast reade , &c. as in the optatiue mode . Otherwayes , Che. Sin. Io Hauerèi , and Haueria letto , Tu haueresti letto , Colui hauerebbe , and haueria letto , that I thou he sholde haue reade . wee you they Plu. Noi haueremmo letto , Voi hauereste letto , Coloro hauerèbbono & haueriano letto , Preterpluperfectense . Poi che . Io Hauessi letto , Since I had reade . Tu Hauessi letto , Since thou haddest reade , &c. as in the optatiue mode . Future tense . Quando . Sin. Io Hauerò létto , Tu hauerài letto , Colui hauerà letto , when I thou he shall haue reade . wee you they Plu. Noi hauerèmo letto , Voi hauerète letto , Coloro haueranno letto , The Infinitiue mode : Present tense . Leggere , to reade . Preterperfectense . Hauér letto , to haue reade . Future tense . Douér Leggère Hauer a Leggére To be to reade , or to reade herafter . Esser per Leggére Participles Leggente , reading . Letto , reade . Legenti , reading , Letti , reade . Gerundes Present tense . Leggéndo , reading . Preterperfectense . Hauèndo letto , hauing reade . Future tense . Douèndo leggère Hauèndo da leggère Being , or hauing to reade . Esséndo per leggère

The forthe Coniugation . Th' Indicatiue mode : Present tense . Singul. Io Odo , I heare . Tu Odi , thou hearest . Colui Ode , he heareth . Plur. Noi Vdiàmo , wee heare . Voi Vdite , you heare . Coloro Odono , they heare . Preterimperfectense . Sin. Io Vdiua , Tu vdiui , Colui vdiua , I thou he heard or did heare wee you they Plu. Noi vdiuàmo , Voi vdiuate , Coloro vdiuano & vdiano , Preterperfectense . Sing . Io Vdi , vdij , and ho vdito , Tu vdisti , and hài vdito , Colui vdi , and ha vdito , I thou he haue heard . wee you they Plur. Nòi Vdimmo , and Habbiamo vdito , Voi vdiste & hauete vdito , Colòro vdirono , vdiron , vdiro , vdir , and hanno vdito . Preterpluperfectense . Sing . Io Haueua Vdito , Tu hauéui vdito , Colui haueua vdito , I thou he had heard wee you they Plur. Noi haueuàmo vdito , Voi haueuate vdito , Coloro haueuano vdito , Future tense . Sing . Io Vdiro , Tu vdirài , I thou shal or will heare . he wee you shall or wil heare . they Colui vdirà , Plur. Noi Vdiremo , Voi vdirete , Coloro vdirànno , Io Voglio vdire , I will heare . Tu Voi vdire , thou will heare , &c. Th' imperatiue mode : Present tense . Sing . Odi tu : heare thou . Oda colui , let hym heare . Non Vdire , heare not thou . Plur. Vdiàmo nòi , let vs heare . Vdite vòi , heare you . Odano coloro , let them heare , Th' optatiue mode : Present tense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sing . Io Oda , Tu Oda , Colúi Oda , God graunt that I thou he heare . wee you they Plur. Noi Odiàmo , Voi Odiàte , Colòro Odano , Preterimperfectense . O Dio Volesse che , &c. Sin. Io Vdissi , Tu vdissi , Colùi vdisse , I wolde to god that I thou he heard or did heare wee you they Plu. Noi vdissimo . Vói vdiste , Coloro vdissero , Preterperfectense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sin. Io Hàbbia vdito , Tu hàbbia vdito , Coli i hàbbia vdito , God graunt that I thou he haue heard . wee you they Plu. Noi habbiamo vdito , Voi habbiate vdito , Coloro habbiano vdito , Preterpluperfectense . O Dio Volesse che , &c. Sin. Io Hauéssi vdito , Tu hauessi vdito , Colúi hauesse vdito , I wolde to God that I thou he had heard wee you they Plu. Noi Hauessimo vdito , Voi haueste vdito , Coloro hauessero vdito , Future tense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sin. Io Oda da qua innanzi , Tu Oda da qua innanzi Colui Oda da qua innanzi , God graunt that I thou he wee heare herafter . you they Plu. Noi Vdiamo da qua innanzi , Voi Vdiate da qua innanzi , Coloro Odano da qua innanzi , The subiunctiue mode : Present tense . Concio sia cosa che , &c. Sing . Io Oda , Tu Oda , Colui Oda , for asmuche as I thou he heare . wee you they Plur. Noi Vdiamo , Voi Vdiate , Coloro Odano , Preterimperfectense . Auegna che , &c. Sin. Io Vdissi , Tu vdissi , Colui vdisse , Although I thou he harde or did heare wee you they Plu. Noi Vdissimo , Voi vdiste , Coloro vdissero Otherwise , Se. Sing . Io Vdirèi , and vdiria , Tu vdiresti , Colùi vdirèbbe , and vdiria , if I thou he sholde heare . wee you they Plur. Noi vdirèmmo , Voi vdireste , Coloro vdirebbono , & vdiriano . Preterperfectense . Quando . Sin. Io Habbia vdito , Tu habbia vdito , Colui habbia vdito , when I thou he haue heard . wee you they Plu. Nói habbiàmo vdito , Voi habbiate vdito , Coloro habbiano vdito , Otherwise , Che. Sing . Io Hauerei and Haueria vdito , Tu haueresti vdito , Colui hauerebbe and baueria vdito , that I thou he shold haue heard wee you they Plur. Noi Hauerēmo vdito , Voi hauereste vdito , Coloro hauerebbono & haueriano vdito , Preterpluperfectense . Poi che . Sin. Io Hauessi vdito , Tu hauessi vdito , Colui hauèsse vdito , Since that I thou he had heard . wee you they Plu. Noi Hauèssimo vdito , Voi haueste vdito , Coloro hauessero vdito . Future tense . Quando . Sin. Io hauerò Vdito , Tu hauerài vdito , Colui hauerà vdito , when I thou he shall haue heard . wee you they Plu Noi hauerèmo vdito , Voi hauerète vdito , Coloro haueranno vdito , The Infinitiue mode : Present tense . Vdire , to heare . Preterperfectense . Hauére vdito , to haue heard . Future tense . Douère vdire Hauère ad vdire To be to heare , or to heare herafter . Essere per vdire Participles Vdiente , hearing : vdito heard . Vdienti hearing : vditi heard . Gerundes Present tense . Odendo , Hearing . Preterperfectense . Hauendo vdito , Hauing heard . Future tense . Douendo Vdire Essendo per vdire Being or hauing to heare Hauendo ad vdire

And bycause th' Italian tonge dothe lacke a Verbe passiue : & cannot expresse the passiue voice , without the helpe of this verbe Sono : therfore wee must first declyne this verbe before wee can procede to th' other .

The Indicatiue mode : Present tense . Sing . Io Sòno : I am . Tu Séi : thou arte . Colui E : he is . Plur. Nói Siàmo : wee are or be . Véi Séte : you are or be . Coloro Sono : they are or be . Preter imperfectense . Sing . Io Era , Iwas , Tu Eri , thou wast . Colùi Era , he was . Plur. Noi Erauámo and Eramo , wee were , Voi Erauate , you were . Coloro Erano , they wee . Preterperfectense . Sing . Io Fui , and Sono stato , Tu Fòsti , and Sei stato , Colui Fu , and E stato , I thou he haue ben . wee you they Plur. Noi Fummo , & Siàmo stati , Voi Foste , and Sete stati , Coloro Fúrono , Furo , Furo , and Sono stati . Preterpluperfectense . Sing . Io Era stàto , Tu Eri stato , Colùi Era stato , I thou he had ben . wee you they Plur. Noi Erauàmo stati , Voi Erauàte stati , Coloro Erano stati , Future tense . Sing . Io Sarò , and Fia , Tu Sarài , Colúi Sarà , Fia , and Fié , I thou he shal be . wee you they Plur. Noi Sarèmo , Voi Saréte , Coloro Sarànno , & Fiano , Th' imperatiue mode : Present tense . Singul. Sij , Sia , and Siè tu , Be thou . Sia , and Siè colúi , Let hym be . Plur. Siamo nói , Let vs be . Siàte vói , Be you . Siano colòro , Let them be . The Optatiue mode : Present tense . O Dio vòglia , Diò voglia , ô Dio che , ô che . Sin. Io Sia , Tu Sij , Sia , and sie , God graunt that I thou he be . wee you they Plu. Nói Siamo , Vói Siáte , Colòro Siano , & Sieno , Preterimperfectense . O Dio Volesse , Dio volesse , ô Dio che , ô che , Sin. Io Fóssi , & Fússi , Tu Fossi , & Fussi , Colúi fosse , & fusse Wolde to God that I thou he wee were . you they Plu. Noi Fossimo , and fussimo , Voi foste , & fuste , Coloro fossero , and fussero . Preterperfectense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sin. Io Sia stato , Tu Sij stato , Colui Sia stato , God graunt that I thou he haue ben . wee you they Plu. Noi Siamo stati , Voi Siàte stati , Coloro Siano stati , Preterpluperfectense . O Dio volesse che , &c. Sin. Io Fóssi stàto , Tu Fossi stato , Colùi Fosse stato , I wold to God that I thou he had ben . wee you they Plu. Noi Fossimo stati , Voi Fóste stati , coloro Fossero stati , Future tense . O Dio voglia che , &c. Sin. Io Sia da qua innanzi , Tu Sij da qua innanzi , Colui Sia da qua innanzi Plu. Noi Siamo da qua innanzi , God graunt that I thou he wee be herafter . you they Voi Siate da qua innanzi , Coloro Siano da qua innanzi , The subiunctiue mode : Present tense . Concio sia cosa che . Sing . Io Sia , Tu Sij , Colui Sia , for asmuche as I am . thou art . he is . wee are . you are . they are . Plur. Noi Siamo , Voi Siate , Coloro Siano , Preterimperfectense . Auegna che . Sing . Io Fússi , Tu Fússi , Colui Fússe , Although I thou he were . wee you they Plur. Noi Fussimo , Voi Fúste , Coloro fussero Otherwise , Se. Singu . Io Sarèi and Saria , Tu Sarèsti , Colui Sarèbbe , and Saria , if I thou he sholde be . wee you they Plur. Noi Sarèmmo , Voi Sareste , Coloro Sarèbbono , & sariano , Preterperfectense . Quando . Sing . Io Sia stato , Tu Sij stato , Colúi Sia stato , when I thou he haue been . wee you they Plur. Noi Siamo stati , Voi Siate stati , Coloro Siano stati , Other wyse , Che. Sin. Io Sarèi , & Saria stato Tu Saresti stato , Colui Sarèbbe & Saria stato , that I thou he sholde haue ben . wee you they Plu. Noi Saremmo stati , Voi Sareste stati , Coloro sarebbono and sariano stati , Preterpluperfectense . Poi che . Sin. Io Fussi stato , Tu Fussi stato , Colui Fusse stato , Since that I thou he had ben . wee you they Plu. Noi Fussimo stati , Voi Fuste stati , Coloro fussero stati , Future tense . Quando . Sin. Io Saro stato , Tu sarai stato , Colui sara stato , when I thou shall haue ben . he wee you they Plu. Noi Sarémo stati , Voi saréte stati , Coloro saránno stati , Th' infinitiue mode : Present tense . Essere , to be . Preter perfectense . Essere stato , to haue ben . Future tense . Douèr ' Essere , Hauére ad Essere , To be to be , or to haue to be . Participles Stàto , stàta : and suto , suta , ben . Stati , state : and suti , sute , ben . Gerundes Present tense . Essendo , Being . Preterperfectense . Esséndo státo , stata , stati , state : Hauing ben . Future tense . Douendo essere Hauendo ad essere Being , or hauing to be . Essendo per essere

The declining of a Verbe passiue of the first Coniugation . The Indicatiue mode : Present tense . Sing . Io Sono amato , I am loued . Tu Séi amato , thou art loued . Colúi E amato : si àma , amasi , he is loued . Plur. Noi Siàmo amati , wee are loued . Voi Séte amàti , you are loued . Coloro Sóno amati : si àmano , àmonosi , and àmansi , they are loued . Preterimperfectense . Sing . Io Era amato , Tu Eria amato , I thou was loued . he Colui Era amato , si amàua , amauasi . Plur. Noi Erauàmo amàti , Voi Erauàte amàti , wee you were loued . they Coloro Erano amati , si amàuano , amàuanosi , and amàuansi . Preterperfectense . Sin. Io Sono stato , & Fúi amato , Tu Séi stàto , & Fosti amato , Colui Estato , and Fu amàto : si amò , amossi . I thou he haue ben loued . wee you they Plu. Noi Siamo stati , and Fúmmo amàti , Voi séte stati , & Foste amati Coloro Sòno stati and Furono amati : si amàrono , Amaron , amàro , amar , & amàronosi , amaronsi , amarosi , amarsi , Preterpluperfectense . Sin. Io Era stato amato , Tu Eristato amato , Colui Erastato amato , I thou he had ben loued . wee you they Plu. Noi erauàmo stati amati , Voierauàte stati amati , Coloro érano stati amati , Future tense . Singu . Io Sarò amáto , Tu Sarái amato , Colui Sara amato : si amerà , ameràssi . I thou he shal be loued . wee you they Plur. Noi Sarèmo amati , Voi sarete amati , Coloro sarànno amati : si Amerànno , amerannosi , and amerànsi . Th' Imparatiue mode : Present tense . Sing . Sij amàto tu , Be thou loued . Sia amato colui , si ami , àmisi , Let hym be loued . Plur. Siàmo amàti nói , Let vs be loued . Siate amati voi , be you loued . Siano amati coloro , si amino , aminosi , and aminsi , let them be loued . The Optatiue mode : Present tense . O Dio voglia che , &c. Sing . Io Sia amato , Tu sij amato , Coluisia amàto , si àmi , amisi , God graunt that I thou he be loued . wee you they Plur. Nói Siàmo amati , Voi siàte amati , Colóro siàno amati , si amino , aminosi , and aminsi , Preterimperfectense . O Dio volesse che , &c. Sin. Io Fossi amàto , Tu fossi amato , Colui fosse amato , si amàsse , amassesi , I wolde to god that I thou he were loued . wee you they Plu. Noi Fossimo amati , Voi foste amati , Coloro fossero amati , si amassero , amàsserosi , and amassersi . Preterperfectense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sin. Io Sia stato amato , Tu Sij stato amato , Colui Sia stato amato , God graunt that I thou he haue ben loued . wee you they Plu. Noi Siàmo stati amati , Voi Siate stati amati , Coloro siano stati amati Preterpluperfectense . O Dio volesse che , &c. Sin. Io Fossi stato amato , Tu fossi stato amato Colui fosse stato amato , I wolde to God that I thou he had ben loued . wee you they Plu. Noi fossimo stàti amàti , Voi foste stati amati , Colòro fossero stati amati . Future tense . O Dio voglia che , &c. Sing . Io Sia amato da qua innanzi , Tu sy amato da qua innanzi , colúi sia amato da qua innanzi , God graunt that I thou he be loued herafter . wee you they Plur. Noi Siamo amati da qua innanzi , Voi siàte amati da qua innanzi , Coloro siano amati da qua innanzi . The Subiunctiue mode : Present tense . Concio sia cosa che . Io Sia amato , For asmuche as I am loued . Tu sy amato , For asmuche as thou art loued , &c. as in the Optatiue mode . Preterimperfectense . Auegna che . Io Fossi amato , Although I were loued . Tu Fossi amato , Although thou were loued , &c. as in the Optatiue mode . Otherwise , Se. Sing . Io Saréi & saria amàto Tu saresti amato , If I thou shold be loued . he Colui sarebbe & saria amato : si amerébbe , amerebbesi , si ameria , ameriasi . Plur. Noi Seremmo amati , Voi sareste amati , If wee you shold be loued . they Coloro Sarebbono and sariano amati : si amerèbbono , amerèbbonosi , amerebbonsi , si ameriano , amerianosi , & ameriansi . Preterperfectense . Concio sia cosa che . Io Sia stato amato : For asmuche as I haue ben loued . Tu Sy stato amato : For asmuche as thou hast ben loued , &c. as in the Optatiue mode . Otherwise , Se. Sin. Io Sarei , and saria stato amato , Tu saresti stato amato , Colui sarebbe , and saria stato amato , If I thou he sholde haue been loued . wee you they Plu. Noi Sarēmo stati amati , Voi sareste stati amati , Coloro sarebbono , and sariano stati amati , Preterpluperfectense . Poi che . Io Fossi stato amato , Since I had ben loued , Tu fossi stato amato , Since thou haddest ben loued , &c. as in the Optatiue mode . Future tense . Quando . Sī . Io Sarò stato amato , Tu Sarài stato amato , Colui Sarà stato amato , when I thou he shall haue ben loued . wee you they Pl. Noi Sarémo stati amati , Voi Sarete stati amati , Coloro Saranno stati amati Th' Infinitiue mode : Present tense . Essere amato , or Amarsi , to be loued . Preterperfectense . Essere stato amato , or Essersi amato , to haue ben loued . Future tense . Douère éssere amàto , Douèrsi amare , Douere amársi , Hauère ad éssere amato , Hauére ad amarsi , hauèrsi ad amare , Essere per amàrsi , Essersi per amare , to be , to be loued : to haue to be loued . Participles Amato , loued . Amati , loued . Amata , loued . Amate , loued . Gerundes Present tense . Essendo amato : & Amādosi : Being loued . Preterperfectense . Essendo státo amato : Hauing ben loued . Future tense . Essendo per essere amato : Esséndo si per amàre : and Essendo per amarsi , Douendo essere amato , Douendosi amare , and Douendo amàrsi , Hauéndo ad éssere amato , Hauéndosi ad amare , and Hauendo ad amarsi : Being to be loued .

And bycause this Verbe Ho ( I haue ) cometh often in vse : as may be seene in the declining of the former Verbes : Therfore I haue thought good not t'omit the declining of it .

The Indicatiue mode : Present tense . Sing . Io Ho , and Hággio poeticall : I haue . Tu Hái : thou haste . Colùi Ha , and Hàue poeticall : he hathe . Plur. Noi Habbiamo : wee haue . Voi hauéte : you haue . Colóro hánno : they haue . Preterimperfectense . Sin. Io Hauéua , and Hauéa , Tu hauéui , Colui hauéua and hauéa , I thou he had . wee you they Plu. Noi Hauéuamo , Voi haueuàte , Colóro hauéuano , and haueano , Preterperfectense . Singu . Io Hébbi ; and Ho hauúto , Tu hauésti , and hái hauúto , Colui hébbe , and ha hauúto I thou he haue had . wee you they Plur. Noi Hauemmo , and habbiámo hauúto , Voi hauèste , & hauete hauuto Coloro hébbero , and hanno hauúto , Preterpluperfectense . Sing . Io Hauèua hauùto , Tu hauèui hauùto , Colui haueua hauuto , I thou he had had . wee you they Plur. Noi Haueuàmo hauùto , Voi haueuàte hauúto , Coloro haueuano hauuto , Future tense . Sing . Io Hauerò , haurò , and Harrò , Tu hauerài , haurài , and harrài Colui hauerà , haurà , & harrà , I thou he shall haue . wee you they Plur. Noi Hauerémo , haurèmo , & harrèmo , Voi haueréte , hauréte , and harréte , Coloro hauerànno , haurano , and harrànno , Th' Imperatiue mode : Present tense . Sing . Hàbbia tu , haue thou , Hábbia colui , let hym haue . Plur. Habbiámo noi , let vs haue . Habbiàte vòi , haue you . Hàbbiano coloro , let them haue . The Optatiue mode : Present tense . O Dio vòglia che , &c. Sing . Io Hábbia , Tu hábbia , Colui habbia , God graunt that I thou he haue . wee you they Plur. Noi Habbiamo , Voi habbiate , Coloro habbiano , Preterimperfectense . O Dio volesse che , &c. Sin. Io Hauèssi , Tu hauessi , Colui hauèsse , I wold to God that I thou he had . wee you they Plu. Noi Hauessimo , Voi haueste , Coloro hauessero , Preterperfectense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sin. Io Hábbia hauuto Tu habbia hauúto , Colui hábbia hauúto , God graunt that I thou he haue had . wee you they Plu. Noi Habbiamo hauúto , Voi habbiáte hauúto , Coloro hábbiano hauúto Preterpluperfectense . O Dio volesse che , &c. Sin. Io Hauèssi hauúto , Tu hauèssi hauúto , Colui hauèsse hauúto , I wolde to God that I thou he had had wee you they Plu. Noi Hauèssimo hauúto , Voi hauèsie hauúto , Coloro hauéssero hauúto Future tense . O Dio voglia che , &c. Sin. Io Habbia da qua innanzi Tu hábbia da qua innanzi Colúi habbia da qua innanzi , God graunt that I thou he haue herafter . wee you they Plu. Noi Habbiámo da qua innanzi , Voi habbiate da qua innanzi , Coloro hábbiano da qua innanzi , The Subiunctiue mode : Present tense . Concio sia cosa che . Io Hábbia , For asmuche as I haue . Tu habbia , For asmuche as thou hast , &c. as in the Optatiue mode . Preter imperfectense . Auegna che . Io Hauessi , Although I had . Tu hauessi , Although thou haddest , &c. as in th' Optatiue mode . Otherwise , Se. Sin. Io Hauerèi , haurèi , & harréi : Haueria , hauria , and harria , Tu haueresti , hauresti , and harrèsti , Colui hauerébbe haurèbbe , and harrèbbe : Haueria , hauria , and harria , If I thou he shold haue . wee you they Plu. Noi Hauerèmmo , haurèmmo , and harrémmo , Voi hauerèste , haurèste , and harrèste , Coloro hauerèbbono , haurèbbono , and harrèbbono : Haueriano , hauriano , and harriano . Preter perfectense . Concio sia cosa che . Io Hábbia hauúto : For asmuche as I haue had . Tu hábbia huúto : For asmuche as thou hast had , &c , as in the Optatiue mode . Otherwyse , O Che. Si. Io Hauerèi , and Haueria hauuto . Tu hauerésti hauuto , Colùi hauerèbbe and haueria hauuto , ô that I thou he shold haue had . wee you they Pl. Noi Hauerémmo hauúto , Voi hauerèste hauúto , Colòro hauerébbono , and haueriano hauuto , Preterpluperfectense . Poi che . Io Hauèssi hauúto : Since I had had . Tu hauèssi hauúto , Since thou haddest had , &c. as in the Optatiue mode . Future tense . Quando . Sin. Io Hauerò hauúto , Tu hauer ài hauúto , Colúi hauera hauuto , when I thou he shall haue had . wee you they Plu. Noi Hauerèmo hauuto , Voi hauerèste hauuto , Coloro houerāno hauuto Th' Infinitiue mode : Present tense . Hauère , to haue . Preterperfectense . Hauére hauuto , to haue had . Future tense . Douère hauere , To be to haue . Essere per hauere , Participles Hauente , hauing . Hauuto , ta , hadde . Hauenti , hauing . Hauuti , te , had . Gerundes Present tense . Hauéndo , hauing . Preterperfectense . Hauèndo hauuto , hauing had . Future tense . Douèndo hauère Hauèndo ad hauère Hauing , or being to haue . Esséndo per hauère The declining of the Verbe Andare : To go . The Indicatiue mode : Present tense . Sing . Io Vo , and Vádo , I go . Tu vai : thou goest . Colui va , he goeth . Plur. Noi Andiamo , wee go . Voi andate , you go . Coloro vanno , they go . Preterimperfectense . Sing . Io Andàua , Tu andàui , Colui andàua , I thou he went or did go . wee you they Plur. Noi Andauàmo , Voi andauàte , Coloro andauànno , Preterperfectense . Sin. Io Andài , and Sòno andàto , Tu andàsti , and Sèi andàto , Colui andò , and E andàto , I thou he haue gon . wee you they Plu. Noi Andàmmo , & Siàmo andàti , Voi andàste , and Séte andàti , Coloro andàrono , & Sono andati , Preterpluperfectense . Sing . Io Era andàto , Tu Eri andàto , Colui Era andàto , I thou he had gone , or was gone . wee you they Plur. Noi Erauàmo andàti , Voi erauàte andati , Coloro érano andàti , Future tense . Sin. Io Anderò , and Andrò , Tu anderài , and andrài , Colui anderà , and andrà , I thou he shall go . wee you they Plu. Noi Anderèmo , & andrémo , Voi anderéte , and andréte , Coloro anderanno , & andranno Th' imperatiue mode : Present tense . Sing . Vatu , go thou . Vàda , and vàdi colui , let hym go . Plur. Andiàmo noi , let vs go . Andàte voi , go you . Vàdano , and vadino colóro , let them go . The Optatiue mode : Present tense . O Dio voglia che , &c. Sin. Io Vada , and vadi , Tu vàda , and vadi , Colui vàda , and vàdi , God graunt that I thou he go . wee you they Plu. Noi Andiàmo , Voi andiàte , Coloro vàdano , & vadino Preterimperfectense . O Dio volesse che , &c. Sing . Io Andàssi , Tu andàssi , Colui andàsse , I wolde to god that I thou he went , or did go . wee you they Plur. Noi Andàssimo , Voi andàste , Coloro andàssero , Preterperfectense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sing . Io Sia andáto , Tu Sij andato , Colui Sia andato , God graunt that I thou he haue gone . wee you they Plur. Noi Siàmo andati , Voi Siate andati , Coloro Siàno andati , Preterpluperfectense . O. Dio Volesse che , &c. Sin. Io Fóssi andato , Tu fóssi andato , Colui fosse ' andato , I wolde to God that I thou he had gone . wee you they Plu. Noi Fossimo andati , Voi foste andati , Coloro fossero andati , Future tense . O Dio Voglia che , &c. Sin. Io Váda da qua innanzi , Tu vada da qua innanzi , Colui vada da qua innanzi , God graunt that I thou he go herafter . wee you they Plu. Noi Andiamo da qua innanzi , Voi Andiate da qua innanzi , Coloro vadano da qua innanzi , The Subiunctiue mode : Present tense . Concio sia cosa che . Sin. Io Vada & Vadi , Tu vada & vadi , Colui vada & vadi for asmuche as I thou he go . wee you they Plu. Noi Andiàmo , Voi Andiate , Coloro vadano , Preterimperfectense . Auegna che . Io Andassi , Although I went or did go . Tu andassi , Although thou wentest , or didest go , &c. as in the Optatiue mode . Otherwise , Se. Sin. Io Anderéi , Andrèi , Anderia , and Andria , Tu anderèsti , & Andrèsti , Colui anderèbbe , andrèbbe , Anderia , & andria . If I thou he shold go . wee you they Plu. Noi Anderémmo , & Andrémmo , Voi anderèste , & andrèste , Coloro anderébbono , andrebbono , anderiano , and andriano . Preterperfectense . Concio sia cosa che . Io Sia andato , For asmuche sa I haue gone . Tu Sij andato , For asmuche as thou hast gone , &c. as in the Optatiue mode . Otherwise , Che. Sin. Io Saréi , & Saria andàto Tu Sarèsti andato , Colúi Sarebbe , and Saria andato , that I thou he shold haue gone . wee you they Plu. Noi Sarèmmo andati , Voi Sarèste andàti , Coloro Sarèbbono , & Sariano andati , Preterpluperfectense . Poi che . Io Fóssi andáto , Since I had gone . Tu fóssi andáto , Since thou haddest gone , &c. as in the Optatiue mode . Future tense . Quando . Sin. Io Sarò andàto , Tu Sarài andato , Colúi Sarà andato , when I thou he shal be gone . wee you they Plu. Noi Sarémo andati , Voi Saréte andàti , Coloro Saranno andati , Th' Infinitiue mode : Present tense . Andare , To go . Preterperfectense . Essere andato , To be gonne . Future tense . Essere per andàre , Douère andàre , To be , or to haue to go . Hauère ad andàre , Participles Andante , going . Andato , ta : I to ta , gone . Andanti , going . Andati , te : I ti , I te , gone . Gerundes Present tense . Andàndo , Going . Preterperfectense . Essendo andáto , Being gone . Future tense . Douéndo andàre , Esséndo per andàre , Being , or hauing to go . Hauendo andare ,

I do thinke good not to omit certaine wordes vsed by Poëtes in the declining in this Verbe : As in

The Indicatiue mode : Present tense . Plu. Noi Gimo , wee go . Voi Gite , you go . Preterimperfectense . ng . Io Giua , Tu Giui , Colúi Giua , I thou he went , or did go . wee you they lur . Noi Giuamo , Voi Giuate , Coloro Giuano , Preterperfectense . Sing . Io Gij , Tu Gisti , Colui Gio , I thou he haue gonne . wee you they Plur. Noi Gimmo , Voi Gisti , Coloro Girono , Future tense . Sing . Io Giro , Tu Girai , or Irai , Colui Gira , I thou he shall go . wee you they Plur. Noi Giremo , Voi Girete , or Irete , Colóro Giranno , Th' Imperatiue mode : Present tense . Plur. Gite or Ite voi , Go you . The Optatiue mode : Preterimperfectense . O che . Sing . Io Gissi , Tu Gissi , Colui Gisse , ô that I thou he went , or did go . wee you they Plur. Noi Gissimo , Voi Giste , Coloro Gissero , The Subiunctiue mode : Present tense . Concio sia cosa che . Plur. Voi Giàte , For asmuche as you go . Preterimperfectense . Auegna che . Io Gissi , Tu Gissi , &c. as in the Optatiue . Otherwise , Se. Sing . Io Girei , Tu Giresti , Colui Girebbe , If I thou he sholde go . wee you Plur. Noi Giremmo , Voi Giste and Gireste ,

The other tenses are declined with these participles Gito , and Ito , ta : Giti and Iti , te : ( gonne ) : with Io Sono ; Io era ; Io sia ; Io fossi ; &c. as before in the declining of the Verbe Andare .

Th' Infinitiue mode : Present tense . Gire and Ire , To go .

Bycause there is somwhat more to doe , in forming of the Preterperfectenses , then of the other tenses , I haue thought good to say som thing briefly therof :

Therfore all Preterperfectenses of th' Indicatiue mode , of Verbes of the first Coniugation , do ende in Ai : as Amài , of the verbe Amo : Cantai of Canto : Parlài of Pàrlo : Mangiài of Mangio : and Pagài of the Verbe Pago .

There are excepted certaine Verbes which in the Present tense are of one syllable : For Sto hath stéi , and stétti : Do hath Déi , Détti , and Diédi : Fo or Fáccio hath Fei , and Féci .

All Verbes of the second Cōiugation , that haue C as it were a proper and peculiar letter , Do make their Preterperfectenses in cqui : as of Piàccio Piacqui : the first person Singular ; and cque , as Piacque the thirde . So of Taccio , Tàcqui , and Tàcque : of Giáccio , Giácqui and Giacque .

But such as haue L , in the Present tense , do adde S in the Preterperfectense , as of Vaglio , is made Válsi : of Dóglio , Dólsi : But Vóglio hath in verse Valsi , and in prose Volli : Howbeit , I wolde more willingly vse the former in prose , as ( in my iudgement ) the least affected .

Againe certaine Verbes Do double the same proper & peculiar letter : as of Cado , Caddi : which also hath Cadéi and Cadétti . Againe of Téngo is Ténni : Béuo , Beuui .

And the Verbe So , hath Séppi , Ho , Hébbi . Gódo , Godéi , and Godétti . Pósso , Potéi , and Potétti . Véggo or Véggio , Vidi . Prouéggo , Prouidi . Páio , Parui and Parsi .

Further toutching the preterperfectenses of the thirde Coniugation : this is the rule , that whose participles do ende in Vto , the Preterperfectense do ende in Ei , and in Etti . wherupon the Verbe Pérdo , when it hath in the participle Perdúto , it hath in the Preterperfectense , Perdéi and Perdétti . Cómpio , hath Compiúto ; Compici , and Compietti . Ricéuo , Riceuúto ; Riceuei and Riceuétti . But the Verbe Concédo , hath Concedúto in prose , and Concesso in verse , so that after his Participle it hath in the Preterperfectense . Concedéi , Concedetti , and concessi . Mórdo hath Mordúto or Mórso , in the Participle ; & Mordéi , Mordetti , and Morsi in the Preterperfectense . But Conósco , notwithstanding it hath in the Participle Conosciúto , it hath in the Preterperf . Conobbi .

Also Verbes of the same Coniugation , when they haue in their participles a double T , they haue also in theire Preterimperfectenses a double S , as of Léggo is Letto ; and Lessi : of Scriuo is Scritto , and Scrissi : of Eléggo is Elétto , and Elessi .

There is excepted Stringo , that hath in the participle Strétto : but in the Preterperfectense Strinsi : so are likewise his compoundes , Astringo & Costringo . Howbeit , I thinke that to happen , either , bycause it were else to be saide in the Participle Strinto , if any wolde looke for the raison , raither then for the vse of the tonge : or else , bycause the latin Preterperfectense hath Strinxi , from whence it semeth that Strinsi is deriued : as of Pinxi , Pinsi : of Cinxi , Cinsi : of Finxi , Finsi : of Planxi , Piánsi : and of Extinxi , Estinsi .

To conclude , the Verbe Ardo hath Arso in the Participle , and Arsi in the Preterperfectense . Rido hath Riso , and Risi . Tóglio Tolto and Tolsi . Muóuo Mósso , and Mossi . Offéndo Offésso , and Offési . Spàrgo Spàrso , and Spàrsi . Métto Mésso , and Misi . Pòngo Pósto , and Pósi . Násco Náto , and Nacqui . Nuóco Nociuto , and Nocqui . Sono Súto , and Fui . Rómpo Rótto , and Rúppi . Piouo Piouúto , and Piouui . Diuido Diuiso , and Diuisi . Vccido Vcciso , and Vccisi . Spèndo Spéso , and Spési .

Lastly , Verbes of the fourth Coniugation haue theire Preterperfectenses ending in single I , with the accent : as Vdi , Sénti , of the Verbes Oido and Sénto : Howbeit many tymes ( as in prose ) they haue a double I : as Vdij , Sentij . But Dico hath Dissi . Offero , Offérsi . Véngo , Vénni .

Of wordes , which commonly are fixed vnto Verbes .

These they are Mi , Ti , Si , Ci , Ne , Vi : The which , with what elegancy they cleaue vnto Verbes , and what theire significations are , shall clearly appeare by that , which shal be said of the vse of them .

First , they are comonly set before and after Verbes : as Mi àma , amami , Ti àma , àmati , Si àma , àmasi , Ci àma , àmaci , Ne àma , àmane , Vi àma , amaui . But this ought to be donne with iudgement : For it is not allwayes , nor in euery place well sytting . For this manner of speache shal be lesse affected , Che ti disse colui ? then Che disseti colui ? what hath he said vnto thee ? Also wee shall speake with lesse curiosity , to say , Se tu mi àmi non ti nuocerà , then Se àmimi non noceràtti : If thow loue me it shall not hurte thee . But suche à iudgement can hardly be taught , or not at all by preceptes , since it ought to be compared with the often reading of Aucthors , and vse of the tonge . And yet this is to be maked , that so often as these wordes do followe the verbe , they do depende on the accent , as if they were all one worde : as Amami , Amati , Amasi , Amaci , Amane , Amaui .

Further they do double the consonant , when they are set after Verbes , hauing the accent in the last syllable : as Amommi , Amòtti , Amòssi , Amòcci , Amònne , Amònni : of the Preterperfectense Amò , he hath loued . And so likewyse Ameràmmi , Ameràtti , Ameràssi , Ameràcci , Amerànne , Amerànni : of the Future tense Amerà , he shall loue .

Besides , Mi , Ti , and Si , do allwayes retaine the letter I , when they cleaue to a verbe hauing none other worde set betwene them : as by th' examples following may appeare . But if any other worde come betwene them , the then change I , into E , wherof this is an example : Me non battèsti tu , thow hast not beaten me . The like dothe happen in comparing of personnes togeather : whervpon wee say , Tu conòsci me & lui , thow hast knowne me and hym . Tu vedi me & io vèggio te , thow seest me , & I see thee . Tu feristi me , & quello non toccasti , thow hast wounded me , and hast not toutched hym .

In like sorte they are vsed , when a verbe of the Infinitiue mode doth follow them : For wee say , Ragionàsi , Me hauèr prèso mòglie , It is reported that I haue taken a wife . còrre fàma , Me essere inamoràto , the rumor is , that I am in loue . But these speaches sholde be more rightly expressed thus : Ragiònasi , che io ho prèso moglie . And Còrre fama che io sòno inamorato .

Lastly , they chaunge I into E , when the Adverbe Come , goeth before them , In this sorte : Io non sóno auàro come te , I am not couetous , as thow art . Tu non séi liberále , come me , thou art not liberall , as I am .

Toutching their signification and the vse of them : it shal be more plainely shewed by these types following .

Mi Me : mi batte , or Battèmmi , he hath beaten me . To me : Mi diede , and Diedemi , he hath geuen me , or to me . Ti Thee : Ti battè , and Battèti : He hath beaten thee . To thee : Ti diede , & Diedèti : He hath geuen thee or to thee . Si Hym selfe : Si vccise , and Vccisesi : He hath kylde hym selfe . To hym selfe : Si diéde , & Diedesila mòrte , He hath geuen hym selfe the death : or to hym selfe . Ci Vs : Ci percòsse , & Percòsseci , He hath stryken vs . To vs : Ci diéde , and Diedeci , He hath geuen vs , or to vs . Here or thether : Ci fu , fúcci , He hath ben here . Ci andò , andocci , He hathe gone thether .

Here is to be remembred how that these a forsaide wordes are many tymes vsed for ornament sake : as Io mi crèdo , for Io crèdo . Tu ti pensi , for Tu pènsi . Egli si crède , for Egli crede . And Boccace doth thus speake : Natural còsa , è di ciascuno , che ci nàsce , for che nàsce .

Ne Vs : Ne abbracciò , Abracciónne : He hath imbrased vs . To vs : Ne diède , Dièdene , He hath geuen to vs . Vi You : Vipercòsse , Percòsseui , He hath striken you . To you : Vi diéde , Dièdeui , He hath geuen to you . There or thether : Vifu , Fúuui , he hath ben there . Vi Andò , Andòuui : He hath gon thether .

These wordes following do linke togeather , and are many wayes vttred in speach : & that with no meane elegancy . And therfore how that is to be donne , may easly be perceiued by these types that followe .

Mi Ti Me to thee : Io miti racommàndo , and Raccomandomiti , I do recommende me vnto thee . Thee to me : Tu miti raccomàdàsti , and Raccomàndasti miti : thou hast recommended thee vnto me . Mi Si Me to hym : Egli mi sielésse ; Elesse misi per grandissimo amico , he hath chosen me vnto hym for a most great frende . Hym to me : Eg li misi raccomandò , and Raccomandò misi , he hath Recommended hym vnto me . Mi ci Me there or thether : Mi ci fermái , and fermáimici due giórni , I haue staied there tow dayes : Mi ci fé andare , Fémmici andare , he caused me to go thether . To me here : Mici diède , Diède mici mog lie , he gaue vnto me here a wyfe . Mi vi Me to you : Io miui raccomàndo , Raccommàndomiui , I recommende me vnto you . You to me : Voi miui raccomandàste , Raccomandàste miui , you haue you recommended vnto me . Me there or thether : Miui vesti , vestimmiui , he hath apparelled me there . Miui menò , Menòmmiui : he hath brought me thether . To me there : Miui comprò ; Comprommiui , vn giardino : he hath there bought vnto me a gardyne . Ti ci Thee to vs : Dio tici diéde , diédetici per Padre , God hath geuen thee vnto vs for a father . Vs to thee : Dio tici diède , dieditici per compagni : God hath geuen vs vnto thee for compagnions . Thee here or thether : Io tici vidi , viditici : I haue seene thee here . Io tici menài , Menàitici , I haue brought thee thether . To thee here : Dio tici diède , diedetici mo glie : God hath here geuen to thee a wyfe . Ti si Thee to hym : Dio tisi elèsse , Elessetisi per figliolo : God hath chosen thee to hym for his childe . Hym to thee : Egli ti si raccomànda , Raccomandatisi : He doth recommande hym vnto thee . Ci si Hym to vs : Eg li ci si offérse , Offersecisi : He hath offred hym selfe vnto vs . Vs to hym : Ci si prèsse , Prèssecisi per compagni : He hath taken vs vnto hym for compagnions . Hym here or hether : Ci si vccise , Vccisecisi : He hath here slaine hym selfe . Ci si lasciò condúrre , Lasciòccisi condúrre : He hath suffred hym selfe to be brought hether . Here to hym : Ci si diéde , Diédecisi la mòrte : He hath geuen hym selfe here the death . Vi si Hym to you : Vi si raccomanda , Raccomandauisi , he doth recōmēde hym vnto you . You to hym : Vi si elésse , Elésseuisi Dio per sigliuoli : God hath chosen you vnto hym for his children . Hym there or thether : Vi si vccise , Vcciseuisi . He hath there slayne hym selfe . Vi si lasciò , Lasciòuisi condúrre . He hath suffred hym selfe to be brought thether . There to hym : Visicomprò , Comproúuisi vna vigna : He hath there bought to him selfe a vigne . Vi ci You to vs , or vs to you : Dio vicidiède , Dièdeuici per compagni : God hath geuen vs vnto you , or you to vs for compagnions . You here : Vi ci battérono , Battérouuici , they haue beaten you here . You hether : Vi ci menàrono , Menàronuici , they haue brought you hether . To you here : Vici compràste , Compràsteuici vna càsa : You haue bought vnto you here a house .

But when these wordes are ioined with Ne , they do forgo I and take E , in this sorte : Mene , tene , sene , cene , vene , or a vouel following Men' , ten' , sen' , cen' , ven ' with an Apostropha . Howbeit a consonant following , they may be vsed wholy , or abridged , but without the Apostropha . Theire signification and vse , as hether to wee haue donne , wee will shew here following .

Me ne To me of hym , her , them , or therof : Mene parlàsti , Parlastimene : thou hast spoke to me , of hym , her , them , or therof . Me hence , thence , Mene scacciò , Scacciómmene : He hath driuen me , hence , thence . I hence , thence : Mene vò , Vommene , I go hence , thence . Te ne To thee of hym , her , them , or therof : Io tene parlài , Parlàitene : I haue spoken to thee of hym , her , them , or therof . Thee hence , thence : Tene scacciò , scacciòttene : He hath driuen thee hence , thence . Thou hence , thence , Tu tene partisti , Partistirene : thou hast departed hence , thence . Se Ne To hym selfe of hym , her , them , or therof : Sene promise , Promisesene gran cose , He hath promised to him selfe great thinges of hym , her , them or therof . He hence , thence : Sene parti , Partissene , He hath departed hence , thence . Ve Ne To you of hym , her , them , or therof : Ei vene parlo , Parlóuuene : He hath spoken to you of hym , her , them or therof . You hence , thence : Voi vene andàste , Andàsteuene : you haue gon you hence , thence . Ce Ne To vs of hym , her , them or therof : Ei ce ne parlò , Parlòecene : He hath spoken to vs of hym , her , them , or therof . Wee hence , thence : Noi cene partimmo , Partimmocene : wee haue heparted vs hence , thence .

These wordes are also ioined with Articles , as herafter may appeare : wher theyre vse and signification is easy to by knowne .

Gli Mi , or Me Gli. Them to me : Gli mi , or me gli raccomandò : and Raccomando gli mi , or Raccomādómmegli . He hath recommended them vnto me . Me to hym : Gli mi , or me gli raccomandài : and Raccomandàiglimi , or Raccommandàimegli : I haue me recommended vnto hym . Gli Ti or Te gli . Them to thee : Gli ti , or Te gli raccomandài , & Raccomandáigliti , or Raccomandàitegli : I haue recommended them vnto thee . Thee to hym : Gliti , or Tegliraccomandàsti , & Raccomandastegliti , or Raccomàdastetegli : thou hast recommended thee vnto hym . Gli se , or Se gli . Them to hym : Gli si , or Se gli féce , and Féceglisi , or Fécesegli amici : He made them frendes vnto hym , or his frendes . Hym to hym : Gli si , or Segli raccomandò , and Raccomandoglisi , or Raccomandossegli : He hath hym recommended vnto hym . Gli vi , or Ve gli . Them to you : Gli vi , or Vegli raccomandài , & Raccomandàigliui , or Raccomandàiuegli : I haue them recommended vnto you . You to hym : Gliui , or Vegli raccomandàste , and Raccomandàstegliui , or Raccomandasteuegli : you haue you recommended vnto hym . Them there or thether : Gliui , or Vegli vidi , and Vidigliui , or Vidiuegli : I haue seene them there . Gliui , or Vegli condusi , and Condussigliui , or Condussiuegli : I haue brought them thether . Hym there : Gliui , or Vegli dièdi , and Diedigliui , or Diediuegli il viuere , I haue geuen hym there a lyning . Glici , or Ce gli . Them to vs : Gli ci , or Ce gli raccomandàsti , & Raccomandàstiglici , or Raccomandasticegli : you haue them recommended vnto vs . Vs to hym : Gli ci , or Ce gli raccomandámmo and Raccomandàmmoglici , or Raccomandámmocegli : wee haue vs commended vnto hym . Them here , or hether , Gli ci , or Ce gli vidi , and vidiglici , or vidicegli : I haue seene them here . Againe Glici , or Ce gli condússi , and Condussiglici : or Condussicegli : I haue brought them hether . To hym here : Gli ci , or Ce gli diedi , and Diedeglici , or Diedecegli mòglie : I haue here geuen to hym a wyfe . Lo mi , or Me lo. Hym to me , Lo mi , or Me lo raccomandò , and Raccomandòllomi , or Raccommandòmmelò : He hath hym recommended vnto me . Lo ti , or Te lo. Hym to thee : Io lo ti , or Te lo raccomando , & Raccomandóloti , or Raccomandotelo : I do recommende hym vnto thee . Lo si , or Se lo. Hym to hym : Lo si , or Se lo elésse : Elèssélosi , or Elesseselo per compàgno : He hath chosen hym vnto hym for a compagnion . Lo vi , or Ve lo. Hym to you : Lo vi , or Ve lo raccomandài : and Raccomandàiloui , or Raccomandàiuelo , I haue recommended hym vnto you . Hym there : Lo vi , or Ve lo vidi , and vidiloui , or vidiuelo : I haue seene hym there . Hym thether : Lo vi , Ve lo menài , Menàiloui , or Menàiuelo : I haue brought hym thether . Lo ci , or Ce lo. Hym to vs : Lo ci , or Ce lo raccomandò , and Raccomandólloci , or Raccomandòccelo : He hath recommended hym vnto vs . Hym here : Lo ci , or Ce lo vidi , and vidiloci , or vidicelo : I haue seene hym here . Hym hether : Lo ci , or Ce lo menài , and Menailoci , or Menaicelo : I haue brought hym hether . Lo ne , or Ne lo. Hym from vs : Lo ne , or Ne lo tólse , and Tolselone , or Tolsenelo : He hath taken hym from vs . Hym hence , thence , here away : Lo ne , Ne lo menò , and Menòllone , or Menònnelo : He hath brought hym hence , thence , or here away . La mi , or Me la. Her to me : La mi , or Me la raccomandàsti : and Raccomandàstilami , or Raccomandastimela : Thou hast recommended her vnto me . La ti , or Te la. Her to thee : La ti , or Te la , raccomandài , and Raccomandàilati , or Raccomandàitela : I haue recommended her vnto thee . La si , or Se la. Her to hym : La si , or Sela prèse , and Prèselasi , or Prèsesela per mòglie : He hath taken her vnto hym for his wyfe . La ci , or Ce la. Her to vs : La ci , or Ce la raccomandò , and Raccomandóllaci , or Raccomandóccela : He hath recommended her vnto vs . Her here : La ci , or Ce la vidi , and Vidilàci , or Vidicela : I haue seene her here . Her hether : La ci , or Ce la menài , and Menailaci , or Menàicela : I haue brought her hether . La vi , or Ve la. Her to you : La vi , or Vela raccomàndo , and Raccomandolaui , or Raccomàndouela : I do recommend her vnto you . Her there : La vi , or Ve la vidi : and Vidilaui , or vidiuela : I haue seene her there . Her thether : La vi , or Ve la menài : and Menailaui , or Menàiuela : I haue brought her thether . Ne la , or La ne . Her to vs : La ne , or Ne la raccomàndò , and Raccomandóllane , or Raccomandònnela : He hath recommended her vnto vs . Her hence , thence , here awaye : La ne , or Ne la menò , and Menòllane , or Menònnela : He hath brought her hence , thence , heraway . Le mi , or Me le . Them to me : Le mi , or Me le raccomandò , & Raccomandóllemi , Raccomandómmele : He hath recommended them vnto me . Le ti , or Te le . Them to thee : Le ti , or Te le raccomandò : and Raccomandólleti , or Raccomandòttele : He hath recommended them vnto thee . Le si , or Se le . Them to hym : Le si , or Se le prèse , and Prèselesi , or Prèsesele per compágne : He hath taken them vnto hym for compagnions . Le ne , or Ne le . Them to vs : Le ne , or Ne le raccomandò : and Raccomandóllene , or Raccomandónnele : He hath recommended them vnto vs . Them hence , thence , heraway : Le ne , or Ne le menò : & Menòllene , or Menònnele : He hath brought them hence , thence , heraway . Le ci , or Ce le . Them to vs : Le ci , or Ce le raccomandò : and Raccomandòlleci , or Raccomandòccele : He hath recommended them vnto vs . Them here : Le ci , or Ce le vidi : and vidileci , or vidicele : I haue seene them here . Them hether : Le ci , or Cele menài , and Menàileci , or Menàicele : I haue brought them hether . To her here : Le ci , or Ce le dièdi : and Dièdeleci , or Dièdecele marito : I haue here geuen to her an husbande . Le vi , or Ve le . Them to you : Le vi , or Ve le raccomàndo : and Raccomandoleui : or Raccomàndouele : I recommende them vnto you . Them here : Le vi , or Ve le vidi , and vidileui , or vidiuele : I haue seene them here . Them thether : Le vi , or Vele menài , and Menaileui , Menàiuele : I haue brought them thether . To her there : Le vi , or Vele dièdi , and Diédileui , or Diédiuele marito : I haue there geuen vnto her a husbande .

Hetherto toutching these : in the handling wherof : if wee haue ben somwhat more long , then to some maye seeme neadfull : yet the knoledge therof is of greater effecte to the studentes of this tonge : them at the first sight they wolde thinke for . And so I doubt not but you will esteeme of them , though you haue but meane skill in the tonge .

Of Verbes Impersonalles .

They , after the manner of the latin Verbes Impersonalles , do want both nombers , and personnes , sauing the Singular nomber & thirde person : and also , there is neuer geuen them Cases of noumes , which either silently , or expresly are alwayes set before other Verbes .

Of these Impersonalles , certaine are so called of them selues , and are of the actiue signification : as Piòue , it raineth : Tuòna , it thundreth : Folgora , it lightneth : Lampèggia , it glitterith : Verna , it waxeth winter . Howbeit they are very often vsed of the Poetes , as though they were personalles , that is with a nominatiue case adioined .

There are also certaine , which are deriued from other Verbes , and are of the passiue signification , hauing Si , either before or after them : as si Ama , Amasi , it is loued : si Legge , Leggesi , it is redde . Si Còrre , Còrresi , it is runne . Si stà , stassi , standeth , Si và , vàssi , it is gone : and not a few such like .

Of Participles .

Th' Italian speach hath certaine wordes , which seeme to be like vnto the latin Participles : as Amànte , Leggènte , Tenènte , vbidiente : Also , Amato , Letto , Tenùto , vbidito : Further , Reuerendo , Tremendo , Osseruàndo , Orréndo , and certaine other like . But I do skarsly beleue , that they may of right be called Participles , since with Verbes they haue nothing in common ( that is of those thing which the latin Participles do borrow from Verbes ) and as plainely Noumes are wonte to be vsed .

For th' Italian tonge doth all together refuse these formes of speach : Io àmo l'amànte la virtù , for Io àmo colúi , che àma , &c : Neither yet do wee say , Io ho promèsso vn dòno al legénte Ciceròne , for Io ho promesso , &c. à colúi , che légge , &c. But it is not vnknone to me , how Boccace doth many times vse the like Participles : yet , I thinke none doth doubt , whiche doth somtymes reade his writinges , but that is donne very seldome . Wher vpon when wee say , Io fúi , or sono , or sarò dolente : Againe , Il giórno seguente : la veguente , or venènte nótte : that is , I haue ben , or am , or shal be sorrowfull : the daye following : the night coming : euery body seeth all these to be rather Noumes , then Participles : Neither according to those formes , may thesame be draune from all Italians Verbes , but from the latin Verbes it may be donne .

Further there is altogether lacking in the Italian speach the Participle in R V S : for wee do not say for Amaturus , Amatúro : Lecturus , Letturo , and such like : But Do vèndo io , tu , colúi , nòi , vòi , coloro amàre , or Hauèndo ad amàre , or Essendo per amàre : I , thou , he , wee , you , they being abowt to loue : or hauing to loue herafter : The which gerundes are in vse with the Italians . Also wee do expresse Lecturus , in this sorte , Io , il quale Léggero , Tu il quale Leggerài , Colui il quale Leggerà , Noi i quali Leggerèmo , Vói i quali Leggeréte , Coloro i quali Leggerànno .

Th' Italian speach doth admit a Participle of the Preterperfectense , and of the passiue signification : as from Amatus it reteineth Amàto , from Lectus , Letto , and so of others . But Amato , will not signifie the Preterperfectense , without you adde stato : as Io sóno stato amàto , Tu séi státo amáto , &c. Bycause if I shall say , Io sono amàto : Tu séi amàto , there is none but seeth , that it doth declare the signification of the Present tense . Howbeit wee say , Pòstomi , or Mèssomi l'àrme indòsso andái contra nemici : which is as much as if thou saidest Hauendomi ( the which gerund is of the Present tense ) Pòsto , or Mésso l'arme , &c. But no bodie speaketh rightly Gli amati dame , son dotti , or Io amo gli amati da i buóni : but wee are to say Quelli , che io amo , son dotti , and Io amo quelli , che sono amàti da i buóni . Although here is to be seene by these formes of speach rather the Present tense then the Preterperfectense to be signified .

Toutching the participle passiue , and of the Future tense , although wee haue theses wordes Riuerèndo , Onorándo , and yet they are rather of the Present tense then of the Future . For Riuerèndo is not he saide to be and Osseruàndo , whome wee ought somtymes to reuerence and to waite vpon , but whome wee do nowe reuerence and wayte vpon .

Lastly the declining of them doth nothing differ from the declining of Noumes . For Amànte ( which is of the singular number , and of either gender ) hath in the plurall number Amànti , Amàto , Amati , Amàta , Amate , Onoràndo , Onorandi , Onorànda , Onorande .

By these thinges that wee haue geuen out herof before , when wee intreated of the declining of Verbes , may easly be seeme which are Gerundes with the Italians , and what theire vse is : wee say , Leggèndo diuènto dotto : by reading I become learned : beholde a gerunde of the Present tense . Againe , hauéndo let tò ho imparàto , hauing read , I haue learned : beholde a gerund of the Preterperfectense . Further , Douéndo leggere , Hauendo à léggere , Essendo per léggere , apro il libro : being to reade : or hauing to reade , I do open the booke . Now for breuities sake I speake nothing of examples toutching the verbe passiue , since it semeth of no necessitie ( after these , that are disperpledlye geuen out before ) to giue any more . This I will remember , that the Italian tonge hath this more then the latin , that in the gerunde it doth admit no tenses , but th' other doth . To conclude , it is also to be obserued , that the Italian gerundes of the Future tense , are expressed by the latin Participles of the same tense , aswell of the actiue , as passiue signification .

Of Aduerbes .

Whose significations I will only shew here : for the rest they are either thesame or little differing from the latin .

Of place Qui , Qua , Here , or hether . Ci , Per qui , Here away . Per qua , Di qui , Hens . Di qua , Qua giu , doune here , or hether . Qua su , vp here , or hether . Di qua e di la , here & there , hens & thens . Vi , Iui , There , or thether . Quiui , La , there , or thether . Di la , thens . Per la , there away . La su , vp there , or thether . La giu , doune there , or thether . La e qui , there and here . Cola , thether . Per cola , that way , or there aboute . Li , in verse , there or thether . Di li , thens . Per li , that waye . Li su , vp there , or thether . Li gui , doune there , or thether . Costà , There where thou art , in that place . Thether . Costi , Costi gui , doune thether . Costi su , vp thether . Costà su , vp there , or thether . Costa gui , downe there , or thether . Per Costa , that way . Di costa , thence . Oue , Doue , where , whether . V , poeticall Onde , from whence . Donde , Altroue , else were , otherwhere . Altronde , from some other place . La oue , La doue , There where , wheras . La onde , whervpon . Quinci , from hence . Di quinci , Indi , from thence . Quindi , Di quindi , from thence . Di quiui , Costiuci , from thence , where thou art . Dattòrno , Dintòrno , Aboute . In giro , Ouunque , Douunque , where so euer . Oueche , Quantunque , Quantunque volte , Although , as often tymes . Dentro , with in . Entro , Fúori , Di fuori , without . Fuóra , Fuóre , Su , vp , or vpon . Suso , vpwarde . Giu , doune . Giuso , dounewardes . Da lungi , Da lunge , in verse A farre of . in prose Di lungi , Di luntàno , Sòpra , Di sopra , Aboue . Sòtto , Di sotto , Vnder. Of tyme Oggi , To daye . Oggidi , Hoggimai , Now adayes . Hora mai , Hor mai , Already , or more than tyme Ho mai , Ora , or Hora , Teste , Now . Adesso , Di presente , presently : now . Ieri , or Hieri , yesterdaye . Di meriggio , noonetyde , middaye . Stamàne , this morning . Di mattina , in the morning . Sta sera , this euening . Di notte , by night . Digiorno , by daye . Do mani , to morrowe . Do mattina , to morrowe morning . Or' óra , By & by , euen nowe . Adhora ad horo , Pur ora , Póco fa , A while sithence , of late . Dianzi , Ogni hora , alwayes . Innánzi , before . Addiétro , Behinde . Diétro , Perloaddiétro , Perlopassato , hertofore , in tyme past Perloinnánzi , here after . Perloauenire , herafter , for the tyme to come . Per tempo , in tyme . Il séguente giórno , the daye following . Da indi in qua , Hethervnto . Fin qui , Da indi innanzi , From thence forward . Indi , Guari , long tyme . Di gran pézzo , A good while since . Gran tempofa , Colá , about : as Colà dall'state , about sommer . Colà doppo il vespero , about after the euening . Presto , Quickly . Tosto , Ràtto , Velócemente , Swyftly . Di fatto , out of hande . Repente , Direpente , On a suddaine : forthwith . Subbito , Di subbito , Incontinente , Incontinent . Immantinente , Spesso , Often tymes . Souente , Tardo : Tardi , To late . Rado : Dirado , Seldome . Mai , Euer : now euer . Gia mài , Non mai , Neuer . Alhora , then . Quando , when . Quando mai , Mentre , whilest . Vnque , Vnqua , Alcuna vòlta , Alcuna fiáta , Somtymes . Quàlche volta , Qualche fiáta , Tal vòlta , Talòra , talhora , Qualòra , at what tyme : as often as . Quando che sia , when soeuer it be . Alle vòlte , At tymes . Il piu delle volte , for the most parte . Gia , Now , already . Sèmpre , Alwayes . Sempremay , Continually : euermore . Di continuo , Of qualitie Bene , well . Male , euill . Ottimamánte , most well . Pessimamente , most euill . Fidelmente , faithfully . Ornatamente , trimly , deckedly . Voluntiermente , Volontièri , willingly . Dibuòna vòglia , Dicuóre , Hartely . Dibuon cuòre , Sauiamente , wisely . Dottamente , Learnedly . Veramente , Truely . Falsamente , Falcely . Molto , Much. Viapui , Much more . Assai , Enough , well . Poco , A litle . Souente , Often . Spesso , Ràdo , Diràdo , Seldom . Tanto , So much . Cotanto , Quanto , as much : how much . Of deniall Non , No , Not , no. Non già , Not now . Non mica , Not a crome . Ne , Neither . Signor nò , Seir no. Messer nò , Maister no. Madònna nò , Mystres no , &c. Nulla , Nothing . Niente , Appunto , Fully . As Appúnto il pòpolo non ha altro pensiero . Of Affirming Si , yea , I : as Missersi , Madonnasi , Certo , Percèrto , Certaménte , For certaine , Assuredly . Dicerto , Veramènte , Inuèro , Truly . Di verò , In verita , Of Increasing Più , more . Mòlto , Much. Assái , Abbastanza , enough . Troppo , to much . Di souèrchio , superfluous . Del tutto , Wholy : altogether , vtterly . Affatto , Maggior mente , more , rather . Massimamente , chiefly especially . Potissimamente , chiefly . Dottissimamènte , moste learnedly . Benissimo , most well . Of Diminishing Meno ; lesse . Póco méno , a little lesse . A póco , a póco , by little and little . Pián piáno , faire and softly . Alquanto , somwhat . Poco , a little . Pochetto , very little . Pie innanzi pie , fote before fote or stalkingly . Of discretion Altrimente , Otherwise . Senza , without . Seperatamente , seuerally . Puntalmente , pointemeale or by pointes . Secretamente , secretly . Apertamente , openly . Of correcting Appena , Skarse . Quasi , Almost : as though . Of swearing Per Dio , By god . Alla fede , a fe , in faith . Per l'anima mia , by my sole . A fededio , by the faith of god . Of wyshing O se , O si : O if . O Dio voglia , God graunt . O Dio volesse , I wolde to God . O che , O that . Of forbidding Guarda , Take hede . Guardati , Deh non , fy no. Vedi , see . Of incouraging Fa , Doe . Su , vp . Or su , now goto . Corrággio , courage . Spediscila , dispatch it . Forniscila , furnis he it . Or oltre : an further . Of Assembling Insiéme , Together . Insiememènte , Parimènte , In like sorte . Similmènte , Dipari , Appari , By couples . Alpari , A schiera , by troupes or companies . Of comparing Piú , more : Méno , lesse , Via piú , Molto piú . Assai più , much more . Via mèno , Molto meno , Much lesse . Assai meno , Poco più , a little more . Poco meno , a little lesse . Mègliore , Better . Meglio , Pèggiore , Worse . Pèggio , Tanto , Cotanto , Asmuch . Altre tanto , Dúe cotanti , Asmuch more . Il dóppio , Trecotanti , three folde . Più del mondo , the most in the worlde . A Rispètto , Ampetto , In respect , in comparison . Allàto , Accànto , A comparàtione , Of the greatest comparison . Sauissimamènte , most wysely . Verissimamènte , most truly . Gratiosissimamente , most gratiously . Rigorosissimamente , most rigorously . Of excepting Saluo , Eccètto , Sauing , except . Fuòrche , Infuòri , Se non , If not , sauing , but. Of similitude Cóme , As. Sicome , so as . Cosi , so , or thus . Aguisa , in such wise . Quasi , as though . In modò , In maniera , In such manner or wise . In guisa , Of doubting Forse , Perhaps . Perauentúra , paraduenture . Per caso , In case : par chaunce , or it may happen . Accàso , A sorte , In sorte . Per sorte , of shewig Ecco , behold . Eccolo , behold hym or it . Eccola , behold her , or it : And so forth , Mi , ti , vi , li , le . Of choyse Meglio , Better . Piu tòsto , rather . Anzi , But , rather . of gestures of the bodie Tentóne , Gropingly . Bóccone , groueling . Carpóne , Creping on all fower . Brancolóne , Ginocchione , on the knees . Of calling O , ô la , è Oh. Of order Innanzi , Auanti , Dauanti , Before . Dietro , behinde . Poi , poscia , dapói , dopoi , dipoi , doppo , after . Fratanto , tratanto , intanto , in the meane while . Oltre à ciò , besides that . Oltre à quèsto , besides this . Súbito , disubito , on a suddaine , quickly . Alla fine , in th ende , at last . Peró , percio , pertanto , therfore . Onde , La onde , whervpon . Prima , Primamente , First , first of all . Primieramente , Secondo , Seconde , or secondarily . Secondariamente , Of deuiding Separatamente , Seuerally . Partitamente , perticularly . Avicènda , By tornes . Vicendeuolmente , A gara , for the maystry . Of proceding Via , On away . Hor suso , now vp . Hor oltre , Now forth . Hor oltra , Of good , or euill wishing Benaggia , well be it . Malaggia , euill mought it fare . Of asking Onde auiéne ? How doth it happen ? Onde è , from whence is it ? Perche , wherfore ? Per qual cagióne ? by what occasion ? A che modo ? how ? or in what sorte ? A che guisa ? how ? or in what wyse ? Oue ? where ? Quando ? when ? Of vnion Insieme , Togeather . Insiemamente , To geather like ▪ Vnitamente , Giuntamente , Ioyntly . Parimente , in like sorte : also . Of declaration Cio è , That is . Verbigratia , as for example . Of sorrowe Ha , Ohi , Ohime , He las . Oime , Hei , Of abhorring Oibò ,

Of a Coniunction . Of coupling Et , ( a vouell following ) E , ( a consonant following ) And. Ancho , Anche , Anchora , Also . Etiandio , Of continuing the sence , In modo che , In such sorte as . In guisa che , In such wise as . Dimanièra che , In such manner as . Per sifattamaniera che In such manner of sorte as , Sifattamente che , La onde , whervpon . Se , if . Per che , wherforc : bycause . Poi che , Since that . Che , for , that , as . Peroche , Percioche , For bycause : bycause that : therfore . Imperoche , Impercioche , Come , as . Of distinction O , or , other . O verò , or else . O pure , or yet . Ma , but. Ne , nother . Of contrarietie Nondimèno , Nientedimeno , Neuerthelesse . Nondimanco , Nientedimanco , Tuttauia , Notwithstanding . Tuttauolta , Benche , although . Comeche , albeit . Anchorche , Anchorache , Auengache , Howbeit , although . Quantunque , Etiamdioche , Contutto che , Of withdrawing Almeno , At the least . Almanco , Pur che , so that : as Purche non vegga , so that I may not see . Tanto , so much . Solo , onely . of yelding a cause Percioche , Bycause that . Accioche , to th ende that . Conciosia , for asmuch . Conciosia cosa , For asmuch as . Conciosia cosa che , Of concluding Dunque , Then . Adúnque , In summa , in summe : to conclude . Però , ( poeticall ) Percio , Therfore . Impero , La onde , wherupon . Il perche , The cause why . Altrimente , Otherwaies . Altrimenti , Of doubt . O si , o'ther yea . O Nó , or no. Vsed for ornamentes sake Ora , Now . Púre , yet . Ben , well , &c.

Of a Preposition . In , as In cielo , & in terra , In , &c. Ne , as Nel cielo , & nella terra , A To. Ad Di , Of. De , Da , from , or of . Per , for , by , or thorough . Con , with . Sénza , without : as Senza lui . Ver , Towardes : as Verte , Verso , and in verso il cielo : or del cielo . Verso , In verso , Dóppo , after : as Doppo lui . Intra , Within : as Infra te . Infra , Tra , Emongest : as Tra gli amici . Fra , Sopra , vpon : as Sopra il monte : or del monte . Disopra , aboue . Sotto , Vnder : as Sotto il monte : or del monte . Disotto , Contra , Contro , Against : as Contrai tuói : and de i tuoi . Incontro , Allincontro : ouer againest : as Allincontro del muro . Oltre , Beyonde : as Oltre il mare : Also Besides : as Oltre ciò , and oltre il Prencipe . Dietro , Behinde : as Dietro il monte . Accànto , Neare : as Accanto , or allato alla Città . Allato , Presso , Neare . Appresso , At , or with : as Appresso di me . Also after : as Appresso à te , or di te . Appetto , in comparison : as Appetto a lui . Rimpetto , Ouer against : as Rimpetto , or Dirimpetto almonte . Dirimpetto , Fin , Sino , Vntil . Infino , Sino , Vnto : as Insino al cielo . Insino , Di nascósto , pryuely : vnwares : as Di nascósto al padre . Auànti , Dinanzi , Before : as , Dinanzi al Giudice . Innanzi , Dietro , behinde : as , Dietro a cui , Intorno , Attorno , Aboutes : as , Intorno a cui . Circa , Fuori , without : as , Fuóri della Citta , Dentro , within : as , Dentro della Città . Su , vpon : as , Su del colle . Giu , vnder : as , Giú del monte . Di la , on th' other side : as , Di la del Castello , Di qua , on this side : as , Di qua del Castello . Lungi , Farre of . Lunge ,

To conclude are there certaine Prepositions that are not vsed but in compounding of verbes . As , Di , in Diffido , I mystrust . Dis , in Disióngo , I do vnioyne . Ra , in Raccòglio , I do gather . Ri , in Ripiglio , I do take againe . Es , in Esalto , I do exalt . Inter , in Interrompo , I do interrupte . Tra , in Tramètto , I do put betwene . Tras , in Trasporto , I do transporte . Fra , in Frastaglio , I do hacke , or chope , a ridiculous verbe : wherof there is this ridiculous Aduerbe . Frastagliatamente , hackinglye , or choplogikelike : as , tu parli frastagliat amente .

Of an Interiection . Of ioye : Oh. Of laughing : Ah , Ah. Of wondring : O , vh , vh . Of sorrowe : Aih , Ah , Oyme . Of Desier : Deh . Of dreade : Bàco Bàco : Oh Oh Dio. FINIS .