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Englished
&
illustrated
with
figures
throughout
;
&
notes
vpon
the
Chapters
of
the
ordinary
motions
of
the
Phalange
by
I.
B.
The
exercise
military
of
the
English
by
the
order
of
that
great
&
▪
of
the
vnited
Prouinces
is
added
At
London
for
Laurence
Lisle
&
are
to
be
sold
at
his
shoppe
at
the
signe
of
the
Tigers
head
in
Paules
Churche
yarde
Epaminond
as
a
The
ban
Epaminond
as
The
bans
Augustus
Cesar
Adrian
As
Taxis
in
a
general
sence
signifieth
order
,
so
is
as
much
,
as
perteyning
to
order
:
but
specially
taken
,
it
signifieth
parteyning
to
order
of
a
battaile
,
or
to
the
embattailing
of
an
army
.
Here
of
the
arte
of
embattailing
an
army
is
called
and
hee
,
that
is
skillful
,
and
experienced
in
that
arte
.
Vegetius
nameth
him
and
the
books
written
of
the
arte
,
And
that
this
is
the
true
signification
of
the
word
may
appeare
by
Xenophons
Cyropaedia
,
where
the
arte
Tactick
is
distinguished
from
the
arte
Imperatory
,
or
arte
of
a
Generall
.
Hee
induceth
Cyrus
,
in
a
discourse
with
his
father
speaking
thus
:
Thus
Xenophon
:
making
a
difference
between
the
arte
Imperatory
,
&
the
arte
Tactick
.
And
in
other
place
hee
speaketh
yet
more
particulerly
:
sayd
hee
Yet
sometimes
in
a
gener
all
signification
books
entreating
of
the
whole
arte
of
warr
are
called
Tacticks
:
as
the
Constitutions
military
of
the
Emperour
Leo
are
entituled
perhaps
of
the
best
parte
,
because
the
arte
of
embattailing
an
army
hath
alwayes
been
esteemed
the
chiefest
point
of
skill
in
a
Generall
.
Howbeit
Aelian
in
his
title
of
this
booke
taketh
in
the
streighter
signification
:
as
appeareth
by
the
definitions
,
he
alleageth
out
of
Aenaeas
and
Polibius
:
of
whome
the
first
defineth
the
art
Tactick
with
whome
also
Leo
agreeth
:
the
other
,
to
bee
Which
two
definitions
comprehend
in
fewe
words
the
argument
of
the
whole
booke
.
For
first
Aelian
intreatcth
of
&
of
men
,
then
of
next
of
and
making
after
of
the
whole
further
of
whersoever
he
giveth
on
,
whether
in
lastly
of
and
of
the
sondry
carieng
with
them
advantage
of
charging
or
repulsing
the
enemy
in
your
He
;
that
will
further
vnder
stand
the
boundes
of
this
arte
,
let
him
reade
in
the
21.
chapter
of
Leo
the
58.
section
.
That
the
Cretan
Law
giver
so
contrived
his
Laws
,
as
if
men
were
alway
praepared
to
fight
.
For
all
cities
haue
by
nature
vnproclaimed
warre
one
against
another
.
IT
seemeth
by
this
Chapter
,
that
the
Authors
,
that
haue
of
auncient
time
written
Tactiks
,
haue
beene
many
:
and
those
not
of
such
kinde
of
men
,
as
haue
given
themselues
to
study
,
and
contemplation
alone
,
but
of
such
,
as
besides
theire
knowledge
in
good
letters
,
haue
beene
actors
in
warre
themselues
,
&
(
which
is
more
)
principall
actors
,
some
of
them
Generalls
,
other
the
next
degree
to
generalls
.
Howbeit
there
is
none
heere
mentioned
by
Aelian
,
whose
workes
are
extant
.
Where
by
may
be
esteemed
the
inestimable
losse
,
these
later
ages
haue
suffred
in
being
deprived
of
such
excellent
monuments
.
I
hope
,
I
may
so
terme
them
without
offence
,
though
I
haue
not
seene
them
.
For
what
but
excellent
,
can
proceed
from
men
of
such
excellencie
in
theire
profession
?
such
as
the
most
parte
of
those
were
.
Yet
,
for
some
of
them
,
I
can
say
nothing
,
as
finding
litle
remembrance
of
them
in
auncient
writers
.
Of
this
kind
are
Eupolemus
,
Stratocles
,
Hermias
,
Clear
chus
,
Pausanias
:
albeit
such
names
may
often
bee
founde
:
The
rest
are
specially
mentioned
,
and
much
commended
.
Of
whome
I
will
set
downe
,
what
I
finde
.
Plutarchin
the
life
of
Pyrrhus
telleth
vs
what
Cyneas
was
.
Ti●lly
speaketh
of
his
Pyrrhus
&
Cynaeas
,
hee
nameth
,
as
two
principall
Authors
of
warlick
discipline
:
And
where
he
addeth
Xenophon
,
whoe
,
though
he
be
not
named
by
Aelian
amongest
the
Tactick
writers
,
deserveth
yet
not
to
be
pretermitted
,
having
been
both
a
great
Commaunder
,
&
besides
written
largely
of
military
matters
,
whose
workes
also
are
now
extant
;
let
vs
see
,
what
he
saith
of
him
in
another
place
.
saith
he
fight
,
and
mannage
Armes
fight
not
,
but
remaine
in
the
campe
for
necessary
vses
.
Riders
:
footemen
Macedonian
Pike
Targetiers
,
Light
armed
,
or
naked
:
Lanciers
,
Darters
,
Archers
,
Cataphracts
:
IN
this
Chapter
the
kindes
of
Souldiers
are
distinguished
according
to
theire
seueral
armes
borne
in
fight
.
And
therefore
of
foote
some
are
called
because
they
beare
heavy
armes
;
other
because
they
weare
no
defensiue
armes
,
other
some
because
theire
chief
defence
rested
in
a
slight
target
,
wherewith
they
covered
theire
bodies
.
The
horse
also
haue
theire
appellation
,
as
theire
are
.
And
some
are
Cataphracts
,
because
themselues
&
horses
were
armed
compleatly
,
other
Launciers
,
for
that
they
vsed
a
launce
:
other
some
Acrobolists
,
by
reason
they
fought
with
flieng
weapons
a
farre
of
.
The
first
thoughts
of
a
Prince
,
or
State
,
that
is
resolved
to
put
an
army
into
the
field
,
ought
to
be
to
provide
Armes
are
the
security
of
theire
own
souldiers
,
the
terror
of
the
ennemy
,
the
assured
ordinary
meanes
of
victory
.
The
antiquity
of
armes
is
all
one
with
the
beginning
of
warre
.
For
when
of
auncient
time
mighty
men
puffed
vp
with
pride
,
and
led
by
ambition
,
sought
by
violence
to
enlarge
their
empire
,
and
to
bring
vnder
subiection
their
bordering
neighboures
,
they
were
enforced
to
flye
to
the
invention
of
without
which
noe
victory
could
bee
obteyned
.
Since
,
haue
been
taken
vp
for
defence
also
,
necessity
,
the
mother
of
artes
,
inventing
a
meanes
to
withstand
ambition
.
As
Antalcidas
wel
obiected
to
Agesilaus
being
wounded
by
the
Thebans
Plutarch
.
Whoe
were
the
inventers
of
the
seueral
pieces
of
armour
,
and
of
the
diuers
kindes
of
weapons
vsed
in
old
tyme
,
may
appeare
by
the
relation
of
Pliny
in
his
natural
history
.
This
is
certeyne
,
that
the
most
warlick
nations
,
and
most
victorious
haue
alwayes
sought
to
haue
advantage
of
theire
enemies
by
advantage
of
armes
.
The
end
of
armes
is
either
to
defend
,
or
assault
.
Hence
are
armes
diuided
into
two
kindes
:
Defensiue
,
and
Offensiue
.
Defensiue
are
those
,
which
are
worne
to
resist
the
force
,
and
charge
of
the
enemy
.
Of
this
sort
are
the
head-piece
,
gorget
,
curace
,
vambrace
,
gantlets
,
tases
,
greves
,
and
target
.
For
whereas
there
are
eleven
partes
in
man
,
the
woundes
of
any
of
which
bring
with
them
vndoubted
death
(
as
some
authors
write
)
the
aboue
the
two
elbowes
,
the
aboue
the
knees
,
&
pierced
with
a
thrust
:
the
serveth
for
the
defence
of
the
braine
,
and
temples
,
the
for
the
throate
,
the
for
the
breast
,
the
for
the
muscles
of
the
armes
,
the
for
the
privities
&
belly
,
the
for
the
muscles
aboue
the
knees
,
and
the
for
further
assurance
of
the
whole
body
,
being
moueable
against
all
strokes
,
and
profers
of
the
assailants
.
Offensiue
armes
are
such
,
as
men
endevour
to
wound
,
or
kill
withall
:
as
flieng
weapons
of
all
kindes
,
arrowes
,
stones
out
of
slings
,
or
the
hand
,
swordes
,
pikes
,
partizans
,
iavelines
,
and
the
like
.
But
as
defence
,
and
security
of
a
mans
self
is
more
agreable
to
nature
,
then
to
hurt
an
enemy
,
so
are
the
defensiue
armes
preferred
before
the
offensiue
,
in
that
they
bring
safety
to
him
,
that
beareth
them
,
where
as
the
other
are
imployed
in
annoieng
the
enemy
onely
.
The
Poets
sett
foorth
theire
bravest
and
valiantest
men
alwayes
best
armed
for
defence
.
So
Achilles
in
Homer
,
and
Aeneas
in
Virgil
,
are
armed
to
point
with
armes
wrought
by
Vulcan
,
to
the
end
to
remaine
vntowched
amiddest
the
stormes
of
theire
enemies
weapons
.
The
Graecian
Law-givers
punished
that
souldier
,
that
in
fight
cast
away
his
target
:
not
him
,
that
lost
his
sword
or
pike
.
Plutarch
writeth
,
that
at
such
time
as
Epaminondas
assaulted
Sparta
(
the
most
warlicke
City
of
Greece
)
there
was
in
the
City
a
Spartan
named
Isadas
,
who
was
the
sonne
of
Phoebidas
,
hee
that
surprised
the
Castle
of
Thebes
called
Cadmaea
,
and
thereby
stirred
vp
the
warre
betwixt
the
Thebans
,
and
Lacedaemonians
,
&
ruinated
the
principality
of
the
Lacedaemonians
in
Greece
.
This
man
being
in
the
flower
of
his
age
,
and
personable
,
and
large
of
lymmes
,
ranne
foorth
of
his
howse
all
naked
,
his
body
annointed
with
oyle
,
without
apparaile
or
armes
,
except
a
sword
in
one
hand
,
&
a
Iavelin
in
the
other
;
and
breaking
through
the
throng
of
those
,
that
fought
on
his
side
,
came
to
handes
with
the
enemy
,
and
overthrowing
some
,
and
killing
other
some
,
continued
the
fight
,
till
the
enemy
was
repulsed
,
and
at
last
returned
into
the
City
without
wounde
.
The
chief
magistrate
vnderstanding
hereof
rewarded
him
with
a
Crowne
for
his
valor
,
but
yet
fined
him
at
a
hundred
drachmes
,
for
that
he
durst
venter
to
fight
without
armes
defensiue
;
iudging
it
a
〈◊〉
almost
impossible
,
that
a
naked
man
should
escape
with
life
fighting
against
the
armea●andes
of
so
many
valiant
enemies
,
as
the
Thebans
were
.
In
armes
was
required
,
that
they
should
bee
that
they
should
bee
that
they
should
bee
to
protect
,
or
annoy
to
sette
close
to
the
body
and
bee
manageable
,
to
grace
him
,
that
beareth
them
.
That
defensiue
armes
ought
to
be
strong
,
may
bee
shewed
by
the
end
of
armes
;
which
is
to
saue
harmlesse
against
arrowes
,
dartes
,
and
other
offensiue
armes
of
the
enemy
.
If
they
faile
of
this
end
,
they
are
of
noe
vse
;
it
being
better
to
be
vnarmed
,
then
cary
armes
,
that
will
not
defend
.
Without
armes
you
haue
the
body
free
,
and
at
liberty
:
carieng
armes
,
though
never
so
light
,
they
must
bee
a
cumber
to
you
,
and
some
what
hinder
the
motion
of
your
body
.
Armes
therefore
ought
to
bee
sufficient
to
resist
the
weapons
of
the
enemy
.
The
inconvenience
of
defectiue
and
weake
armes
is
well
noted
by
Vegetius
.
Yet
must
wee
not
imagine
,
that
those
souldiers
fought
in
theire
ordinary
apparaile
onely
:
I
encline
rather
to
the
opinion
of
Stewechius
,
whoe
holdeth
,
that
they
tooke
themselues
to
theire
military
coates
,
called
in
and
to
theire
Targets
;
This
Thoracomachus
was
a
garment
invented
long
before
Gratians
time
,
and
worne
vnder
the
armours
of
the
souldiers
,
and
was
a
kind
of
felt
,
but
being
noe
profe
against
arrowes
,
and
theire
targets
not
sufficient
to
cover
theire
heads
,
and
whole
bodies
from
arrowes
,
They
were
obnoxius
to
the
shotte
of
the
Gothes
,
and
receyved
those
overthrowes
,
Vegetius
speaketh
of
.
The
matter
whereof
strong
armes
were
made
,
I
find
to
bee
divers
.
Some
were
forged
of
as
the
armour
of
Goliath
,
and
the
head-piece
of
K.
Saul
.
For
it
is
not
there
sette
downe
,
what
his
curace
was
of
,
Notwithstanding
it
is
likely
,
it
was
of
the
same
matter
,
of
which
his
headpiece
was
made
.
When
I
say
these
armours
were
of
Steele
,
I
follow
therin
the
iudgement
of
Tremelius
and
Iunius
,
whoe
so
translate
it
;
&
with
them
also
agreeth
Vatablus
.
For
the
old
translation
hath
,
that
they
were
of
brasse
:
I
haue
not
elsewhere
read
of
steele
armour
.
And
it
may
bee
,
that
the
old
translation
had
an
eye
vpon
the
vsage
of
auncient
time
,
wherin
the
matter
of
armes
was
principally
of
Homer
reporteth
,
that
the
armour
of
Diomedes
was
of
&
Pausanias
,
that
all
the
Heroes
(
that
is
the
auncient
worthies
about
the
time
of
the
siege
of
Troy
)
had
their
armour
of
Alcaeus
the
Poet
in
describing
his
armory
saith
,
the
rest
of
his
armes
were
of
brasse
,
as
his
only
his
were
of
linen
Pausanias
reporteth
al
so
that
the
sword
of
Memnon
was
of
brasse
,
&
the
head
of
the
speare
of
Achilles
,
&
Pisanders
axe
,
&
the
head
of
Meriones
his
shafte
.
Servius
Tullius
in
sessing
the
City
of
Rome
,
appointed
the
chiefest
&
richest
Citizens
to
arme
themselues
with
headpieces
,
greves
,
Curace
,
&
buckler
alofbrasse
.
The
targets
of
the
Lacedaemonians
were
of
brasse
also
by
the
institution
of
Lycurgus
.
So
that
brasse
was
much
vsed
in
armes
in
the
oldest
times
.
And
where
Alcaeus
speaketh
of
his
I
find
that
Curaces
of
linen
were
in
request
also
even
in
those
times
.
Homer
affirmeth
that
Aiax
Oileus
had
a
linen
Curace
.
But
afterward
Iphicrates
the
Athenian
held
them
so
good
that
he
gaue
them
to
his
souldiers
to
weare
,
in
stede
of
their
vsuall
armes
made
of
iron
,
&
brasse
And
Xenophon
armeth
Abradates
the
K.
of
Suse
with
a
linen
armour
,
adding
that
it
was
the
manner
of
that
Countrey
▪
And
Plutarch
saith
,
that
Alex.
the
great
,
after
he
had
gotten
the
victory
against
Darius
in
Cilicia
,
found
emongest
the
spoile
a
linen
armour
,
which
he
afterward
vsed
in
the
battailes
,
he
fought
Patricius
is
so
confident
in
the
strength
of
a
linen
armour
of
his
owne
device
,
that
he
doubteth
not
to
preferre
it
before
well
tempered
iron
.
What
his
invention
is
,
he
keepeth
to
himself
▪
for
feare
the
Turk
should
haue
intelligence
of
it
,
&
so
Christianity
bee
driven
to
an
exigent
.
Al
men
knowe
,
that
the
temper
of
an
iron
armour
may
be
such
,
as
wil
resist
the
violence
of
a
musket
shotte
,
and
that
at
a
neere
distance
.
Neither
is
this
temper
the
invention
of
our
dayes
.
The
like
hath
been
of
auncient
time
.
Plutarch
writeth
,
that
Demetrius
be
sieging
Rhodes
,
was
presented
with
two
iron
armours
brought
out
of
Cyprus
,
either
of
the
weight
of
pownds
.
The
maker
of
them
,
whose
name
was
Zoilus
,
desirous
to
shewe
their
strength
,
&
firmenesse
▪
caused
one
to
be
set
vp
at
the
distaunce
of
paces
,
and
bee
shotte
at
with
an
arrowe
discharged
out
of
a
Catapult
.
The
armour
hitte
remayned
vnpierced
,
nothing
appearing
vpon
it
,
but
the
rasing
,
as
it
were
,
of
a
penknife
.
And
that
a
Catapult
is
of
more
violence
,
than
a
mus●et
,
the
effects
thereof
declared
in
history
make
plaine
.
Whether
a
linen
coate
be
of
that
resistance
,
or
not
,
hath
not
been
yet
tried
.
Nay
the
contrary
hath
been
tried
.
For
Alexander
at
a
siege
of
a
City
of
the
Mallians
(
as
I
take
it
)
was
sore
wounded
with
an
Indian
arrowe
through
an
armour
of
linen
.
Whose
armour
I
would
iudge
to
haue
beene
not
of
the
stenderest
,
and
weakest
,
but
of
the
surest
kinde
.
Yet
is
it
not
to
bee
passed
over
that
Iustus
Lipsius
alleageth
out
of
Nicetas
Choniates
concerning
a
linen
armour
of
Conradus
of
Monferrate
:
saith
hee
This
invention
our
age
hath
not
beene
acquainted
with
;
whether
it
bee
the
same
,
that
Patricius
aimeth
at
,
let
experience
iudge
.
That
antiquity
practised
it
in
wooll
,
Pliny
witnesseth
,
who
writing
of
wooll
and
woollen
garments
saith
:
which
in
Caesar
,
as
I
take
it
,
is
called
Caesars
wordes
sound
thus
But
wee
will
leaue
Patricius
to
his
fancy
,
and
adde
an
example
out
of
Xenophon
of
armes
vsed
by
the
Chalybes
,
a
nation
inhabiting
the
Chaldaean
Mounteines
.
saith
hee
The
strength
of
roapes
thick
woond
togither
must
,
noe
quaestion
;
bee
great
.
Caesar
confirmeth
it
.
Emongest
other
defences
,
which
his
souldiers
deuised
for
assurance
of
a
Turret
against
the
Engins
of
the
Marsilians
,
hee
saith
:
This
,
I
haue
heard
,
was
the
device
of
the
Spaniards
in
88.
to
defend
their
ships
against
the
fury
of
our
artillery
.
Whereof
I
may
inferre
,
that
if
Cables
combined
together
bee
of
such
assurance
against
Engines
,
roapes
thick
layde
and
fastened
together
must
bee
a
strong
defence
against
a
sword
.
To
end
with
the
matter
,
whereof
armes
were
made
,
I
finde
likewise
,
that
the
Macrones
vsed
,
in
steede
of
Curaces
,
coates
made
of
haire
.
And
thus
much
of
the
matter
of
Armes
.
Besides
,
armes
should
be
fitt
for
the
body
,
and
for
the
strength
of
him
,
that
beares
them
.
When
David
was
to
fight
against
Goliath
,
K.
Saul
,
seeing
him
without
armour
,
caused
his
owne
head-piece
&
curace
to
be
put
vpon
him
.
David
assayed
to
marche
,
but
finding
these
armes
to
heavy
,
was
faine
to
leaue
them
,
and
to
goe
against
Goliath
vnarmed
.
Saul
was
the
tallest
man
of
his
nation
,
David
but
meane
of
stature
,
&
to
put
armour
proportioned
to
a
large
body
vpon
him
,
that
is
a
great
way
lesse
of
members
▪
is
as
much
,
as
to
deliver
him
bound
to
his
enemy
.
Xenophon
emongest
other
causes
,
why
the
Lacedaemonian
horse
were
beaten
by
the
Thebans
at
the
Leuctrian
battaile
,
alleageth
this
for
a
maine
cause
▪
They
were
beaten
,
saith
Xenophon
,
receiving
horse
&
armes
at
al
adventure
,
not
knowing
,
whether
they
were
fitt
for
service
,
or
not
.
Whether
armes
be
to
bigge
or
to
litle
,
they
hurt
a
like
.
To
litle
,
they
pinche
the
bearer
,
&
make
him
not
able
to
endure
labour
;
because
he
is
in
paine
:
To
great
,
by
theire
slap
and
loose
hanging
about
the
body
,
they
hinder
the
motion
of
those
partes
,
that
are
to
be
imployed
in
fight
.
Being
fitte
they
differ
litle
from
ordinary
apparaile
,
except
it
be
in
weight
:
which
inconvenience
is
easily
remedied
by
vse
,
and
practise
.
Tully
writeth
of
the
Roman
souldier
,
that
his
continuall
vse
of
armes
was
such
,
Yet
must
care
be
had
,
that
theire
weight
exceed
not
the
strength
of
him
,
that
beareth
them
.
For
whoe
wil
be
able
to
centin●w
long
in
fight
,
that
beside
the
labour
of
fight
,
is
charged
with
a
burden
more
,
then
he
can
well
bear
?
The
proofe
is
plain
in
beasts
,
which
how
strong
soever
they
be
,
faint
&
tire
vnder
to
much
weight
.
Alian
after
,
speaking
of
the
length
of
pikes
,
giveth
this
rule
,
that
To
much
length
maketh
them
to
heavy
,
&
vnfitte
to
be
managed
;
wherby
they
rest
vnprofitable
to
offend
the
enemy
.
In
this
property
of
fitnesse
those
armes
&
weapons
are
comprehended
,
which
are
of
most
vse
in
the
field
.
For
as
in
all
other
artes
thinges
of
greatest
effect
are
alwayes
praeferred
,
so
is
it
in
warr
.
There
is
great
advantage
in
armes
,
which
is
the
cause
that
one
kinde
hath
been
preferred
before
an
other
:
Aemilius
Probus
giveth
a
notable
testimony
of
skill
in
matters
of
warre
to
Iphicrates
,
of
whom
he
writeth
thus
:
of
whom
wee
shall
heare
more
in
this
chapter
.
And
yet
wee
must
not
heereof
conclude
that
Iphicrates
chaunged
all
the
armed
foote
into
Targetiers
▪
(
for
the
Athenians
had
still
their
armed
,
notwithstanding
this
invention
of
Targetiers
,
as
Xenophon
testifieth
)
but
where
as
the
Athenians
before
had
noe
targetiers
of
theire
owne
people
,
(
as
I
coniecture
)
Iphicrates
brought
in
this
kind
of
armour
:
and
so
of
the
armed
,
hee
made
some
targetiers
,
&
left
the
rest
to
the
armes
,
they
bore
before
:
iudging
it
more
profitable
to
haue
both
Targetiers
,
&
Armed
of
their
owne
people
,
then
armed
alone
.
Philopoemen
also
the
braue
Achaean
Generall
taught
his
Countrey-men
in
stede
of
longe
targets
&
Iavelines
to
take
arownd
target
(
called
a
pike
after
the
Macedonian
manner
,
and
to
arme
themselues
with
head-pieces
,
Curates
,
&
greues
;
and
to
settle
themselues
to
a
staid
,
and
firme
kind
of
fight
,
in
lieu
of
concursory
,
and
peltasticall
encounters
,
and
by
this
meanes
brought
them
to
be
valiant
,
&
braue
souldiers
,
&
victorious
in
their
fights
against
their
enemies
.
Polyb.
discoursing
of
the
Gaulois
&
Spanish
swords
of
auncient
time
,
saith
,
that
the
&
after
Annibals
time
caused
their
foote
to
vse
noe
ether
.
Suidas
witnesseth
it
saith
he
The
Romans
then
reiected
the
french
swordes
,
as
of
small
vse
,
&
imitated
the
spanish
,
because
they
were
fitt
for
service
.
Xenophon
describing
the
nations
,
which
followed
Croesus
against
Cyrus
,
theire
manner
of
arming
,
and
order
in
battaile
,
telleth
of
the
Egyptians
,
that
they
were
armed
with
targets
reaching
downe
to
theire
foote
,
with
long
pikes
,
&
with
swordes
,
which
they
call
&
for
order
,
stood
a
hundred
in
depth
,
&
bringeth
in
Cyrus
deriding
this
manner
of
arming
,
and
order
,
to
his
souldiers
,
sayeng
they
were
a
like
armed
,
a
like
embattailed
.
For
theire
targets
,
said
he
,
are
greater
then
is
fitte
for
action
,
&
for
fight
,
&
being
raunged
a
hundred
deep
,
it
is
manifest
,
they
will
hinder
one
another
in
fight
,
except
a
fewe
.
Annibal
,
after
his
first
victory
against
the
Romans
,
armed
his
Africans
(
his
best
&
most
trusty
souldiers
)
with
the
armour
of
the
slaine
Romans
;
because
he
fownd
it
better
,
then
his
owne
;
&
Pyrrhus
vsed
not
onely
the
armour
,
but
the
Italian
souldiers
also
:
&
raunged
them
a
cohort
&
a
Merarchy
,
alter
natiuely
one
by
another
.
And
Mithridates
after
his
experience
in
his
first
warrs
with
the
Romans
,
that
aswell
in
arming
,
as
in
manner
of
fight
,
they
excelled
all
other
nations
,
left
the
arming
of
his
owne
Countrey
,
&
brought
in
the
Roman
sword
,
&
target
,
&
reduced
all
as
neere
,
as
hee
could
vnto
their
discipline
.
So
then
are
required
in
armes
.
To
them
is
adioyned
.
The
shield
of
Achilles
how
was
it
bewtified
with
pictures
&
Stories
by
Vulcan
?
and
that
of
Aenaeas
,
comming
out
of
the
same
forge
,
how
glorious
was
it
?
To
say
nothing
of
the
braue
armes
of
Hector
,
Agamemnon
,
Diomedes
,
Glaucus
,
Turnus
,
Mezentius
,
&
other
.
Alexanders
armes
were
very
rich
And
Cyrus
the
elder
,
that
liued
before
Alex.
time
,
had
armes
provided
by
his
Grandfather
Astyages
both
very
faire
,
&
fitte
for
his
body
.
Abradates
the
Susian
king
had
his
Neither
did
this
bravery
rest
emongest
the
Princes
alone
.
The
souldiers
of
Cyrus
This
might
seeme
pompe
&
superfluity
in
a
yong
King
,
were
it
not
that
the
like
was
done
by
other
the
greatest
Generals
of
auncient
times
.
Cesar
may
serue
for
an
example
for
al
,
whose
souldiers
how
gallant
and
braue
they
were
,
Plut.
testifieth
in
his
life
.
The
Romans
otherwise
much
addicted
to
frugality
,
allowed
yet
liberally
ornaments
to
the
honouring
of
worthy
souldiers
,
rewarding
them
for
their
service
,
with
rich
trappings
for
horses
,
chaines
of
gold
,
bracelets
,
crownes
of
gold
&
other
honors
:
which
they
wore
not
only
in
the
field
,
but
at
al
other
solemnities
&
meetings
in
the
City
.
And
for
every
common
souldier
they
provided
plumes
of
purple
,
or
blacke
fethers
,
every
one
of
a
cubit
long
.
Of
which
plumes
Polyb.
giveth
this
iudgement
:
saith
hee
A
man
may
seeme
as
light
,
as
a
fether
,
that
discourseth
of
plumes
,
&
fetcheth
ornament
from
fethers
.
Yet
may
I
truely
affirme
,
that
the
vse
of
plumes
is
very
auncient
,
&
that
the
Romans
borowed
it
from
the
Graecians
,
and
the
Graecians
from
the
Carians
,
whoe
were
the
first
inventers
of
them
.
As
much
is
testified
by
Polyenus
:
He
saith
that
Tementhes
K
of
Egypt
going
to
the
oracle
of
Ammon
about
the
state
of
his
kingdome
,
had
aunswer
to
beware
&
take
heed
of
Psammetichus
,
that
sought
the
kingdom
,
had
Pigretes
a
Carian
to
one
of
his
familier
friends
▪
&
learning
of
him
,
that
the
Carians
were
the
first
that
invented
Plumes
to
their
helmets
,
&
even
then
continued
the
vse
of
them
,
&
contecturing
that
the
meaning
of
the
Oracle
was
not
of
Cockes
,
but
of
men
,
that
,
wearing
some
ornament
on
their
heads
,
had
a
resemblance
of
Cockes
,
waged
a
multitude
of
Carians
against
Tementhes
,
by
whose
help
he
overthrew
Tementhes
in
battaile
,
&
possessed
himself
of
the
crown
of
Egypt
.
Now
for
the
true
end
of
souldiers
ornaments
I
wil
onely
adde
one
example
.
Philopoemen
the
Achaean
in
reforming
the
abuses
crept
into
the
Achaean
State
I
will
vse
the
wordes
of
Out
of
whose
opinion
it
followeth
,
that
Bravery
of
armes
raiseth
the
spirits
,
stirreth
vp
desire
to
fight
,
maketh
the
souldier
bold
,
and
cherefull
to
perills
,
and
as
Polybius
holdeth
pleaseth
the
sight
,
encreaseth
stature
in
shewe
,
and
is
a
terror
to
the
enemy
.
Yet
ought
there
therein
a
meane
to
be
sought
,
&
rather
an
assuraunce
followed
,
then
vaine
gazing
and
ostentation
.
Antiochus
being
to
fight
with
the
Romans
gathered
a
mighty
army
together
.
And
seing
them
glitter
with
gold
and
silver
,
and
with
all
excesse
of
bravery
,
as
the
manner
of
the
Asiaticall
people
was
,
tooke
so
great
delight
therein
himself
,
that
calling
Anniball
vnto
him
,
hee
shewed
his
troopes
,
and
demaunded
,
if
hee
thought
not
that
Army
sufficient
for
the
Romans
:
yes
quoth
Anniball
,
though
they
were
the
most
covetous
people
in
the
world
.
Anniball
with
good
reason
derided
the
vaine
shewe
fitter
for
a
mask
,
then
a
field
,
which
hee
assured
himselfe
,
would
fall
into
the
Romans
handes
to
bee
spoiled
.
Mithridates
committed
the
like
errour
in
his
first
warre
against
the
Romans
.
The
souldiers
care
therefore
ought
to
bee
first
for
surenesse
,
then
for
fitnesse
,
lastly
for
comelinesse
and
ornament
in
armes
.
If
the
two
first
faile
,
the
last
availeth
litle
,
and
will
proue
rather
a
burden
,
then
a
defence
.
And
thus
much
of
armes
in
generall
:
Nowe
followe
the
particulers
of
armes
,
as
they
are
in
Aelian
.
The
preparacions
,
whereof
Aelian
speaketh
,
are
so
necessary
,
that
without
them
noe
warre
can
be
made
or
continewed
.
For
purposing
to
fight
by
water
you
must
haue
shippes
,
by
land
,
you
must
haue
foote
,
and
horse
.
For
which
,
if
you
prouide
noe
armes
,
you
put
them
into
the
field
not
to
fight
,
but
to
bee
slaughtered
.
The
manner
of
fight
in
the
field
is
not
of
one
sort
.
Some
time
celerity
is
needfull
,
to
attempt
or
prevent
the
enemy
:
sometime
a
slowe
and
sure
proceeding
,
lest
,
with
to
much
hast
,
wee
be
overtaken
our selues
Therefore
the
divers
arming
of
souldiers
,
ought
to
be
such
,
that
they
may
serue
for
all
occasions
,
and
vses
,
and
that
wee
may
employ
alwayes
to
service
such
,
as
by
reas●
of
theire
armour
,
shall
most
fitte
our
purpose
.
Wherefore
Iphicrates
fittly
resemble●
an
army
to
a
mans
body
:
and
as
,
if
any
of
the
rest
were
wanting
,
the
army
should
bee
lame
,
and
halted
,
so
if
there
want
a
Generall
,
it
is
vnprofitable
,
and
of
noe
vse
.
The
heavy
armed
are
the
body
,
which
giue
life
and
foode
,
as
it
were
,
to
the
rest
:
and
to
which
the
rest
being
distressed
,
retire
.
The
are
the
handes
,
which
vppon
euery
occasion
being
put
out
to
grype
and
●ake
hold
vpon
the
enemy
,
are
drawen
in
againe
,
when
it
is
expedient
.
The
a●
feet
,
moue
with
celerity
:
the
is
the
head
,
that
ruleth
,
that
watcheth
,
that
careth
fo●
th●
rest
,
directing
the
times
of
theire
motion
,
and
of
their
rest
.
So
then
the
whole
force
of
the
field
consisteth
of
horse
,
and
foote
.
And
the
foote
are
reparted
into
three
kindes
.
Targets
were
of
two
sortes
,
round
targets
,
and
long
targets
.
Long
targets
were
called
and
were
in
forme
like
a
doore
▪
from
whence
they
had
theire
name
.
For
signifieth
a
doore
.
These
the
Romans
,
and
Gaules
vs●d
,
albeit
s●me
what
different
in
forme
.
The
round
had
eight
full
handfulls
in
diameter
,
as
Alian
saith
,
and
were
termed
As●ides
Long
targets
were
much
disliked
by
the
Graecians
.
Cyrus
in
Xenophon
derideth
them
,
as
both
hindering
the
sight
,
&
being
vnwieldy
:
and
Philopoemen
chaunged
them
into
round
targets
following
the
Macedonian
manner
.
The
targets
of
Philopoemen
Pausanias
termeth
Arg●lican
targets
;
It
may
be
because
they
were
first
vsed
by
the
Argiues
in
the
battaile
betwixt
Acrisius
Danaes
father
,
and
Praetus
,
who
contended
about
the
kingdome
of
Argos
.
Of
what
matter
these
targets
were
,
is
a
quaestion
.
Some
take
them
to
haue
been
made
of
other
matter
,
&
covered
over
with
brasse
:
&
that
otherwise
the
souldier
should
not
haue
been
able
to
haue
born
them
for
the
weight
.
I
deny
not
,
that
in
auncient
time
some
targets
were
plated
with
brasse
:
the
rather
,
because
I
find
,
that
Alexander
to
match
the
Indian
pompe
covered
the
targets
of
his
souldiers
with
plates
of
silver
.
But
,
that
the
ordinary
Macedonian
target
was
so
covered
,
I
deny
.
Aelian
after
calleth
them
brasen
)
not
covered
with
brasse
Polyb.
saith
,
that
the
Macedonians
in
the
time
of
K.
Philip
the
sonne
of
Demetrius
were
called
Brasen
targetiers
)
not
by
which
name
,
as
Hesychius
hath
,
they
were
called
,
that
had
their
targets
covered
with
brasse
.
So
likewise
in
the
time
of
Perseus
.
And
the
Megapolitans
,
whoe
imitated
the
Macedonian
manner
of
arming
,
are
termed
in
Polybius
:
I
haue
shewed
,
that
the
Lacedemonians
had
brasen
targets
by
the
institution
of
Lycurgus
:
&
that
,
in
the
time
of
the
Heroes
almost
all
armour
was
made
of
brasse
.
The
targets
of
the
Lacedemonians
that
were
slaine
at
the
battaile
of
Leuctra
were
brasse
,
and
to
bee
seene
in
the
time
of
Pausanias
:
and
the
brasen
target
of
Pyrrhus
,
Which
he
left
at
Argos
,
being
there
slaine
,
was
kept
in
the
temple
of
C●es
.
As
for
the
weight
,
it
is
not
so
great
but
it
may
become
ligh●
enough
by
vse
,
and
exercis●
wee
see
iron
targets
in
vse
at
this
day
,
and
not
hard
to
be
borne
.
And
albeit
the
weight
bee
not
for
euery
mans
strength
,
yet
since
it
hath
beene
,
and
is
,
the
manner
to
make
choice
of
souldiers
,
and
to
fitte
them
with
armes
according
to
the
ability
of
their
bodies
,
I
see
noe
reason
,
but
the
stronger
sort
might
well
bear
them
.
Another
sort
of
targets
there
was
which
differed
from
the
Macedonian
not
so
much
in
forme
of
roundnesse
,
as
in
matter
,
and
manner
of
carieng
.
They
were
made
of
wicker
,
and
borne
in
the
left
hand
as
our
bucklers
,
which
wee
vsed
not
long
since
;
and
some
covered
over
with
hides
,
some
not
.
Xenophon
saith
,
that
Cyrus
the
elder
armed
the
Persians
with
these
wicker
targets
:
&
rekoning
vp
the
nations
,
through
whose
Countries
the
Graecians
passed
in
their
returne
out
of
Persia
,
&
describing
their
armes
,
reporteth
that
the
Chalybes
,
Taochi
,
&
Phasians
had
targets
of
this
kinde
.
Now
,
that
they
were
borne
in
the
left
hand
,
is
clear
by
the
same
Xenoph.
Hee
writeth
thus
of
the
fight
betwixt
Cyrus
&
Craesus
:
wicker
targets
at
the
armes
end
,
So
farre
Xenophon
.
Out
of
which
words
a
man
may
plainely
vnderstand
the
manner
af
bearing
these
wicker
targets
,
which
by
reason
of
lightnesse
might
easily
bee
held
out
at
armes
end
.
And
as
the
Egyptian
target
,
which
reached
downe
to
the
foote
,
must
needes
bee
heavy
,
and
therefore
had
●eed
of
the
shoulder
to
support
it
,
so
was
it
with
the
brasen
targets
of
the
Macedonians
,
which
were
also
weighty
,
by
reason
of
the
matter
,
they
were
made
of
.
These
therefore
were
likewise
caried
on
the
shoulder
.
Plutarch
witnesseth
it
in
the
life
of
Aemilius
.
And
the
same
Plutarch
rehearseth
that
Cleomenes
the
King
of
Sparta
taught
his
Lacedaemonians
,
in
steede
of
a
speare
,
to
vse
a
pike
with
both
handes
,
and
to
beare
their●
targets
vpon
the
not
by
The
wordes
are
obscure
,
&
need
light
,
which
I
will
giue
as
shortly
,
as
I
can
.
I
find
three
wordes
emongest
the
Graecians
,
all
perteyning
to
a
target
.
They
are
those
or
ochanon
,
and
in
this
sence
(
for
it
signifieth
otherwise
a
band
is
by
all
confessed
to
bee
the
broade
strappe
,
which
is
fastened
to
the
handle
of
the
target
,
&
holdeth
the
target
being
cast
about
the
necke
,
vnto
the
back
.
Of
is
some
variance
Suidas
saith
that
Ochanon
is
Hesychius
calleth
it
Hesychius
saith
&
taketh
i●
the
same
sence
Suidas
saith
&
againe
other
some
So
that
both
Hesychius
,
&
Suidas
agree
,
that
are
sometime
alone
,
and
signify
In
which
sence
Herodotus
&
Pausanias
take
also
.
Hesychius
further
interpreteth
it
for
the
band
of
the
target
which
signification
better
agreeth
with
the
meaning
of
Plutarch
,
who
maketh
an
apparant
difference
betwixt
them
,
reporting
that
Cleomenes
taught
the
Lacedemonians
to
cary
their
targets
,
by
the
not
by
the
When
he
saith
by
the
bee
meaneth
by
the
strappe
,
by
which
,
being
fastened
about
the
necke
,
the
target
is
throwne
over
to
the
back
,
&
resteth
vpon
the
left
shoulder
.
That
,
which
I
say
,
will
better
appeare
,
if
we
marke
,
what
the
Lacedemonians
did
before
,
&
what
Cleomenes
adviseth
them
vnto
.
Before
they
caried
a
speare
in
the
right
hand
,
and
a
target
by
the
handle
in
the
left
,
so
that
both
their
hands
were
ful
.
The
speare
was
not
able
to
match
the
enemies
pike
(
for
Cleomenes
had
often
to
doe
with
the
Macedonians
&
Achaeans
,
whoe
both
vsed
pikes
)
&
pikes
,
the
Lacedemonians
could
not
wield
,
with
one
hand
;
So
then
,
to
giue
them
liberty
of
both
hands
,
he
counselled
them
to
cary
their
targets
at
theire
backs
by
the
strappe
or
which
was
the
Macedonian
manner
)
and
not
to
hold
them
any
more
by
the
or
handle
;
and
so
to
free
their
left
hand
,
to
apply
both
to
the
menaging
of
a
pike
.
This
I
take
to
be
the
direct
meaning
of
Plutarch
:
Cleomenes
then
perswaded
them
to
leaue
theire
speares
,
&
take
pikes
.
And
left
the
target
in
the
left
hand
might
proue
an
impediment
to
the
vse
of
a
pike
,
hee
thought
best
they
should
cary
them
at
their
backe
by
the
To
cary
them
then
by
the
strappe
at
the
backe
is
to
giue
free
vse
to
the
left
hand
,
without
which
a
pike
,
specially
a
long
pike
,
such
as
Cleomenes
advised
them
vnto
,
cannot
be
wielded
:
as
experience
will
teache
any
man
,
that
list
to
make
triall
.
bodies
,
offices
a
science
of
warlike
motion
:
Polybius
,
To
be
a
skill
whereby
a
man
taking
a
multitude
serviceable
ordereth
it
into
files
,
and
bodies
,
and
inst●teth
it
sufficiently
in
all
things
pertayning
to
warre
.
NExt
after
arming
,
and
choyce
of
souldiers
,
it
followeth
to
put
them
in
order
for
service
,
that
is
first
to
file
them
,
then
to
band
them
(
which
is
ioyning
of
files
)
and
lastly
to
embattaile
them
,
which
is
to
make
a
Phalange
.
Of
these
in
the
following
chapters
.
For
the
Enomoties
,
dimerie
,
and
file
,
see
the
figure
.
Ioyning
of
files
A
file
of
it self
will
worke
litle
effect
against
an
enemy
.
For
what
can
a
man
alone
in
front
doe
?
Cyrus
in
Xenophon
wisheth
for
soe
,
saith
hee
,
wee
should
haue
the
fewer
hands
to
fight
against
.
The
bringeth
the
multitude
of
hands
to
fight
.
And
it
is
held
,
that
the
more
hands
are
with
conveniency
brought
to
fight
,
the
more
is
his
advantage
,
that
bringeth
them
.
This
is
done
by
ioyning
fil●s
together
,
out
of
which
ioyning
,
ranks
spring
,
and
the
more
they
increase
,
and
extend
themselues
in
length
,
the
more
hands
are
ready
to
encounter
the
enemy
.
Now
,
as
it
was
said
in
the
former
chapter
,
that
files
consisted
of
leaders
,
and
followers
,
from
the
first
to
the
last
,
so
is
it
in
this
chapter
saide
,
that
consist
of
side
men
from
one
end
of
the
length
of
the
Phalange
to
the
other
:
Fewe
,
or
many
men
,
placed
side
to
side
in
a
right
make
a
as
in
two
,
or
three
files
ioyned
together
,
there
are
sixteen
of
two
,
or
three
men
in
a
And
the
two
or
three
file-leaders
make
the
first
theire
followers
the
next
,
and
soe
the
rest
vntill
you
come
to
the
sixteenth
.
The
like
falleth
out
in
more
files
.
Vrbicius
saith
that
the
file-leaders
make
the
(
as
they
terme
it
)
of
the
Phalange
,
which
they
call
also
the
first
And
further
,
hee
saith
,
they
,
that
runne
in
an
even
line
betwixt
the
two
wings
,
the
right
,
and
the
left
,
are
said
to
bee
Likewise
:
the
last
is
called
or
the
and
the
commander
the
bringer-vp
.
So
Vrbicius
agreeing
with
Aelian
.
Now
,
out
of
these
two
chapters
,
is
a
cleare
distinction
of
the
names
of
souldiers
,
that
by
reason
of
theire
posture
,
or
place
,
in
battaile
make
the
diversitie
of
They
,
that
make
files
are
first-standers
,
&
after-standers
;
which
are
by
vs
commonly
called
For
these
two
saith
Aelian
make
the
from
the
beginning
to
the
end
.
side-standers
,
or
,
as
wee
terme
them
,
sidemen
,
make
the
And
if
you
measure
the
length
of
the
Phalange
,
you
doe
it
by
number
of
men
in
the
if
the
depth
by
number
of
men
in
the
edge
of
the
battaile
head
of
the
files
right
wing
left
winge
I
haue
not
read
in
any
greek
historye
,
that
the
in
a
sett
battell
,
haue
beene
ranged
behinde
the
The
vsuall
manner
was
to
place
them
in
the
wings
Soe
did
Alexander
before
he
passed
the
River
Granicus
:
soe
at
Issos
,
soe
at
Gangamela
:
Soe
did
Antigonus
,
against
Eumenes
,
and
Eumenes
against
Antigonus
:
Soe
Ptolomeus
against
Demetrius
,
and
Demetrius
against
Ptolomeus
:
and
in
brief
all
the
Macedonians
,
and
the
Graecians
,
before
the
Macedonians
were
accounted
of
for
matter
of
armes
:
vnlesse
some
speciall
cause
moved
an
alteracion
.
And
,
as
I
shewed
out
of
Xenophon
,
before
all
theire
times
.
Cyrus
albeit
,
hee
set
the
light
Armed
in
the
reare
,
notwithstanding
hee
beestowed
the
horse
in
the
wings
:
Alexander
having
passed
the
River
Ister
as
long
as
hee
marched
in
the
corne
lande
,
placed
his
horse
behinde
his
Phalange
,
when
hee
entred
the
hee
sett
them
on
the
and
lastly
cast
his
Phalange
in
to
a
Plaesium
:
and
ordered
his
horse
In
the
Corne-land
,
they
(
for
feare
of
an
Ambushe
)
In
the
Champian
they
marched
on
the
because
on
the
left
,
the
Phalange
was
secured
by
the
River
the
Plae●
sium
,
that
,
being
over-layde
with
the
multitude
of
the
enimye
,
they
might
haue
a
sure
retreate
to
the
foote
.
The
same
Alexander
,
when
hee
was
to
fight
the
Battaile
of
Issos
with
Darius
,
as
long
as
hee
was
in
the
streights
,
marshalled
his
horse
after
his
foote
.
But
in
marching
forward
,
comming
to
open
ground
,
when
he
might
giue
full
length
to
his
Phalange
,
hee
placed
his
horse
on
both
the
wings
.
But
the
reason
of
setting
them
behinde-was
in
the
streightnes
of
the
place
:
and
hee
being
incerteine
how
neere
the
enemye
lay
,
was
loathe
to
put
them
to
hasard
,
before
they
had
liberty
of
grounde
to
order
themselues
,
and
might
haue
assistance
of
the
foote
.
For
otherwise
it
was
an
ordinarie
matter
in
marching
(
as
it
is
the
manner
also
at
this
day
)
to
dispose
the
horse
half
behinde
,
and
half
before
.
I
will
content
my self
with
one
example
.
When
Agesilaus
retourning
out
of
Asia
in
front
Nowe
for
the
reason
of
Aelians
placing
the
Horse
in
the
reare
,
I
haue
noe
more
to
say
,
then
,
that
from
thence
they
might
bee
soone
drawen
to
all
places
,
front
,
flanke
,
or
wheresoever
the
enemy
is
like
to
distresse
vs
.
For
it
hath
beene
the
forecast
,
of
all
generals
to
fashion
their
battails
according
to
the
figure
the
enemy
hath
before
chosen
.
Examples
are
so
plentifull
,
I
neede
not
alleage
many
.
Onely
I
will
remember
one
latine
story
of
placing
horse
in
the
reare
.
L.
Lentulus
,
and
L.
Manlius
Acidinus
in
Spaine
being
to
fight
with
the
Illergetes
,
and
Ansetans
,
and
other
Spaniards
,
that
had
revolted
from
the
Romans
;
in
this
very
kinde
of
placing
horse
in
the
reare
imitated
,
and
gotte
the
advantage
of
,
and
defeated
theire
enemies
.
Livy
hath
the
story
,
and
writes
thus
in
effect
:
after
theire
wonted
manner
,
his
meaning
is
they
ordered
them selues
in
Maniples
,
or
Battallions
,
as
wee
now
terme
them
(
for
that
was
theire
woont
.
)
Wee
must
vnderstand
that
a
was
thus
embattailed
First
they
divided
theire
legion
in
to
thirty
Maniples
,
ten
of
the
ten
of
the
and
ten
of
the
The
ten
maniples
of
the
Hastati
,
they
set
first
in
an
even
front
,
leaving
soe
much
distance
,
or
voide
grounde
betwixt
every
Maniple
,
as
a
Maniple
it self
tooke
vp
in
standing
.
At
a
reasonable
space
behinde
,
were
the
Principes
placed
in
as
many
maniples
:
but
soe
that
theire
maniples
stoode
directly
behinde
the
voide
spaces
of
the
Hastati
.
And
against
the
bodies
of
the
hastati
,
they
left
likewise
spaces
in
the
Principes
to
the
end
.
the
Hastati
being
overlaid
,
might
retire
within
those
spaces
:
or
else
themselues
might
advance
against
the
enemy
,
through
the
intervalls
of
the
Hastati
.
Lastly
at
a
larger
distance
behinde
these
were
the
Triarij
set
,
and
divided
with
spaces
betwixt
euery
maniple
,
which
spaces
were
great
enough
to
receaue
the
Principes
,
in
case
they
retired
also
.
Now
the
Horse
being
ordered
in
the
reare
after
the
Triarij
,
if
from
thence
,
they
had
gon
to
charge
the
Enemies
front
,
through
the
spaces
of
the
Triarij
,
they
must
of
necessity
,
haue
fallen
vpon
the
Maniples
of
the
Principes
whoe
were
set
directly
against
the
intervalls
or
spaces
.
To
giue
therefore
free
passage
to
theire
horse
,
the
Roman
Generals
removed
the
maniples
of
the
Principes
from
theire
ordinarie
place
,
and
bestowed
them
,
in
a
right
line
,
after
the
maniples
of
the
Hastati
,
and
made
an
open
lane
,
(
as
it
were
)
from
the
reare
of
theire
battell
to
the
front
.
So
that
nothing
hindred
the
horse
,
but
they
might
freely
fly
vp
to
,
and
fall
vppon
the
enemies
front
.
And
yet
I
take
not
Aelians
meaning
,
to
be
,
that
the
Horse
set
in
the
reare
,
should
during
the
time
of
the
fight
still
remaine
there
.
For
soe
would
noe
great
service
bee
had
of
them
.
But
hee
placed
them
there
the
rather
to
avoyde
confusion
in
ordering
the
foote
.
And
that
after
theire
embatteling
,
they
might
bee
led
from
thence
to
any
place
,
front
,
or
flanke
,
or
wheresoever
they
might
yeeld
most
vse
.
For
in
the
fifteenth
and
twentith
chapter
,
he
would
haue
both
light-armed
,
and
horse
soe
placed
,
that
they
might
answer
all
attempts
of
the
enemy
.
And
in
his
caution
following
,
hee
saith
,
That
they
were
vsually
placed
in
the
wings
,
I
haue
before
shewed
.
The
examples
declare
they
were
placed
in
the
reare
sometimes
:
Of
placing
in
the
front
there
are
also
examples
.
The
Lacedaemonians
at
the
battaile
of
Leuctra
against
the
Thebans
placed
theire
horse
before
their
Phalange
,
and
tried
their
fortune
with
●hem
,
and
were
beaten
,
before
the
foote
ioyned
:
The
Persians
at
the
River
Granicus
,
esteeming
theire
Horse
to
bee
theire
chiefest
strength
,
opposed
them
vpon
the
bancks
against
Alexander
,
that
was
to
passe
over
,
and
embattailled
their
foote
behinde
the
horse
.
And
Alexander
encountered
them
first
with
his
Horse
,
before
his
foote
could
get
over
:
One
example
more
I
will
adde
to
shewe
the
reason
,
why
Horse
are
sometimes
placed
before
the
front
of
the
Phalange
of
foote
.
Eumenes
being
to
fight
against
Craterus
and
Neoptolemus
,
both
greate
generalls
,
that
had
served
vnder
Alexander
in
all
his
warrs
,
ordered
the
fight
thus
:
This
was
the
issue
of
the
battaile
.
Wherein
Eumenes
,
placing
his
horse
before
his
foote
,
because
hee
held
them
his
strength
,
and
with
the
trieng
the
hazard
of
the
day
,
shewed
himself
,
both
in
councell
,
and
action
,
a
greate
generall
.
And
Craterus
on
the
contrary
side
,
albeit
highly
esteemed
emongest
the
Macedonians
,
as
one
,
that
had
with
great
sufficiency
served
Alexander
in
all
his
warres
,
yet
failed
in
iudgment
,
in
that
hee
chose
rather
with
his
horse
to
encounter
the
stronger
parte
of
his
enimies
forces
,
then
with
his
Macedonian
Pholange
(
which
Eumenes
himself
feared
)
to
trie
his
fortune
.
For
as
it
is
a
pointe
of
forecast
to
knowe
a
mans
owne
advantage
,
and
vse
it
:
Soe
it
is
noe
lesse
iudgement
,
to
knowe
wherein
the
enimye
is
stronger
,
and
avoyde
yt
.
Eumenes
did
both
;
for
hee
vsed
his
owne
horse
,
which
were
his
strength
,
and
brought
to
passe
,
that
Craterus
his
Phalange
did
him
noe
good
,
in
as
much
as
they
never
came
to
fight
.
Craterus
failed
in
both
,
in
that
hee
neither
brought
his
Phalange
to
fight
,
nor
yet
provided
sufficientlie
to
encounter
Eumenes
horse
;
which
exceeded
his
in
valour
,
and
number
;
so
appeares
both
,
that
horse
were
placed
before
the
front
of
the
foote
;
and
also
the
storie
giues
the
reason
,
why
they
were
placed
there
.
sixteen
thousand
,
three
hundred
,
eightie
,
and
foure
armed
foote
,
one
thousand
,
twenty
,
and
foure
files
.
THE
Chapter
before
spake
of
the
parts
and
dimension
,
of
the
Phalange
,
and
of
the
place
of
the
armed
,
the
horse
,
and
light-armed
.
This
treateth
of
the
number
that
goeth
to
the
Phalange
.
In
choise
of
which
number
,
Aelian
saith
consideration
is
not
soe
much
to
bee
had
of
multitude
,
as
of
fitnes
for
service
.
For
such
a
number
as
cannot
aptly
bee
disposed
of
for
fight
,
is
rather
meanes
of
confusion
,
then
of
order
without
which
noe
fight
can
be
mainteyned
:
Therefore
such
a
number
is
to
bee
chosen
as
will
serue
.
The
horse
are
in
number
and
proportioned
to
the
foote
(
comprehending
the
The
armed
foot
,
and
light
armed
together
make
the
horse
And
this
was
proportion
,
when
he
moued
first
against
For
he
had
about
foote
,
and
horse
,
or
not
many
more
,
as
giues
him
horse
.
Yet
this
number
held
not
alwaies
amongst
the
themselues
;
I
meane
that
possessed
his
kingdomes
after
his
death
.
The
reason
may
be
,
that
in
Ciuill
warres
they
made
their
levies
,
not
as
they
would
,
but
as
they
could
.
In
the
battaile
betwixt
I
spake
of
that
battell
before
foote
,
&
foote
,
&
the
proportion
of
fighting
against
had
in
his
Army
aboue
foote
,
and
had
as
before
horse
were
to
the
foote
,
as
The
same
fighting
against
the
brother
of
had
in
his
Army
foote
,
and
more
than
horse
;
the
proportion
well
nigh
of
had
no
more
than
foote
,
and
horse
,
failing
much
of
in
his
second
battell
against
footmen
,
and
horse
,
which
is
and
halfe
foote
,
and
horse
,
very
neare
proportion
.
Many
other
examples
are
to
be
read
in
But
(
as
I
said
)
these
are
proceeding
not
of
choise
,
but
of
necessitie
,
which
forced
them
to
take
such
,
as
came
to
hand
;
as
it
alwaies
falleth
out
in
soddaine
leuies
.
And
it
seemeth
the
number
of
horse
(
allowed
to
the
foote
by
was
King
proportion
;
considering
vsed
it
after
he
receiued
his
armie
from
who
by
praemeditation
,
and
fore-choice
,
had
gathered
it
together
with
intent
to
invade
And
yet
1
finde
himselfe
,
when
he
fought
against
the
had
more
than
joote
,
and
horse
;
which
is
and
in
diuers
other
fights
differed
from
in
the
number
both
of
horse
,
and
foote
.
But
the
question
is
not
,
what
was
done
,
but
was
best
to
be
done
.
And
the
number
that
speaketh
of
,
suites
his
best
.
For
device
being
to
cast
the
horse
into
wedges
of
horse
a
peece
,
and
into
troupes
;
the
greatest
ranke
of
ech
wedge
being
will
in
the
reare
equall
the
front
of
the
and
of
the
not
in
number
of
files
(
for
the
files
of
the
foote
were
and
the
greatest
ranke
of
the
no
more
than
but
in
quantitie
of
place
giuing
to
the
standing
in
their
order
of
foote
betwixt
man
&
man
,
the
cubits
of
toward
the
difference
of
the
horses
bodies
,
and
toward
the
small
spaces
that
are
to
be
left
,
betwixt
Troope
,
and
Troope
.
allowed
a
farre
lesse
rate
of
to
the
In
a
according
to
his
account
,
there
were
of
Citizens
foote
,
and
horse
;
of
allies
,
and
confederates
foote
,
and
horse
.
In
a
Consular
Army
were
Legions
of
Citizens
,
and
2
of
Allies
,
which
came
to
a
number
not
much
differing
from
of
foote
.
Of
horse
in
all
making
which
commeth
much
short
of
the
number
alloweth
to
his
and
holdeth
proportion
of
about
The
reason
of
this
difference
,
may
appeare
in
the
fact
of
who
not
much
trusting
his
forces
of
foote
against
the
accounted
the
best
souldiers
of
that
age
,
)
prepared
himselfe
a
sufficient
number
of
Horse
with
them
to
make
a
counterballance
against
the
foote
.
And
it
hath
beene
the
manner
of
Generalls
of
ancient
time
,
if
they
trusted
their
Foote-forces
,
to
make
the
lesse
account
of
Horse
:
if
they
distrusted
them
;
to
encrease
the
number
of
their
horse
.
trusting
to
their
foote
,
required
the
lesser
number
of
horse
.
The
had
the
greater
number
of
horse
,
both
for
the
cause
before
recited
,
and
further
because
they
had
continuall
warre
with
that
placed
their
confidence
in
horse
;
as
the
and
the
inhabitants
of
the
lesser
thirtie
two
men
An
Ensigne
a
Reare
commaunder
a
Trompetter
a
Sergeant
Phalangarchies
,
eight
Merarchies
,
sixteen
Chiliarchies
,
thirty
two
Pentecosiarchies
,
sixtie
foure
Syntagmatarchies
,
one
hundred
twentie
eight
Taxiarchies
,
two
hundred
fiftie
six
Tetrarchies
,
fiue
hundred
twelue
Dilochies
,
one
thousand
twenty
foure
files
.
HEther
to
haue
beene
shewed
,
the
manner
of
and
leuying
of
Souldiers
and
the
of
the
requisite
to
a
Phalange
.
This
Chapter
containes
,
as
it
were
,
the
matter
,
of
which
a
Phalange
is
compounded
;
that
is
the
seuerall
bodies
Militarie
,
ordred
,
and
ioyned
together
,
to
make
vp
the
perfect
forme
of
it
.
These
bodies
are
many
,
and
arise
ou●
of
ioyning
files
by
doubling
still
their
number
,
and
haue
euery
one
a
seuerall
Commander
.
The
least
is
two
files
ioyned
together
,
which
is
called
a
Dilochy
;
And
because
there
are
in
Phalange
files
,
there
must
also
bee
Dilochies
,
which
consist
of
two
files
a
peece
.
If
you
double
this
body
of
two
files
,
and
make
thereof
a
body
of
foure
files
,
it
hath
an
other
name
,
and
is
called
a
Tetrarchy
,
of
which
Tetrarchyes
there
are
in
a
Phalange
.
Double
againe
these
files
,
and
make
the
body
is
called
And
these
eight
files
,
being
doubled
bring
out
the
Syntagma
of
files
;
which
is
a
square
number
of
men
,
in
the
front
,
and
in
the
flancke
.
And
so
proceeding
still
in
doublings
more
,
you
come
at
last
to
the
fourefold
Phalange
containing
the
number
of
men
,
and
files
.
Now
as
in
the
Phalange
there
are
bodies
out
of
these
doublings
,
the
Dilochy
being
the
first
,
and
the
fourefold
Phalange
the
last
:
So
doth
appoint
for
euery
body
a
Commander
,
who
albeit
they
seuerally
command
,
each
his
owne
troupe
,
yet
are
they
subordinately
one
vnder
an
other
,
the
lesser
vnder
the
greater
,
till
at
last
the
souerainty
of
the
command
rest
in
the
Generall
of
the
Army
.
The
Dilochites
are
directed
by
the
Tetrarches
,
the
Tetrarches
by
the
Taxiarches
,
the
Taxiarches
by
the
Syntagmatarchs
,
the
Syntagmatarches
by
the
Pentecosiarches
,
and
they
by
the
Chiliarchs
,
ouer
whom
are
Merarches
,
and
ouer
the
Merarches
the
Phalangarchs
,
and
ouer
them
the
Commanders
of
the
winges
,
or
Diphalangarches
,
and
the
soueraigne
of
the
Armie
or
Generall
is
the
highest
,
and
last
.
The
number
of
these
Commanders
a
man
would
think
were
to
no
great
purpose
being
in
all
(
the
Diphalangarchies
therein
comprized
besides
the
file
Leaders
,
which
standing
in
the
heades
of
their
files
,
amount
but
to
two
men
more
;
that
is
to
For
so
many
(
as
I
haue
said
)
are
the
files
of
the
Phalange
.
But
if
the
conueniency
be
obserued
,
it
will
not
seeme
impertinent
.
For
all
the
Leaders
being
in
front
,
(
therefore
are
they
called
Leaders
,
because
they
precede
,
and
the
rest
follow
,
)
it
makes
both
a
gallant
shew
,
and
that
rancke
being
as
it
were
,
the
edge
of
our
battaile
,
not
only
serues
to
hew
a
sunder
,
and
rent
a
pieces
the
forces
of
our
enemie
;
But
also
standeth
as
an
assured
bulwarke
of
defence
before
the
rest
of
the
Armie
,
that
followeth
.
And
it
is
well
noted
by
Of
what
qualitie
and
disposition
,
those
Leaders
ought
to
be
,
you
may
see
in
the
fourth
Chapter
of
Tactickes
.
Onely
I
will
adde
,
that
as
they
are
higher
in
dignity
,
so
ought
they
in
vertue
and
valour
exceede
those
,
that
are
vnder
their
command
.
Of
foure
files
;
and
the
Leader
is
called
a
one
that
hath
the
command
of
foure
files
.
And
here
I
must
once
more
admonish
,
that
in
the
words
of
diuers
signification
,
we
must
not
weigh
,
what
is
the
proper
signification
,
but
how
they
are
vsed
in
this
Art
,
and
For
the
word
Tetrarch
signifieth
sometimes
a
King
:
as
hath
:
and
Deiotarus
in
is
called
a
Tetrarch
,
and
in
the
Gospell
;
who
both
are
commonly
knowne
for
Kings
.
likewise
was
diuided
into
whereof
euery
one
was
named
a
Tetrarchy
.
Onely
the
difference
is
,
that
a
Tetrarch
being
a
King
,
or
a
Gouernour
,
signifies
him
,
that
hath
the
gouernment
of
the
fourth
part
of
the
land
,
(
for
a
Tetrarchy
is
the
gouernment
of
the
fourth
part
)
But
a
Tetrarchy
in
consisting
of
foure
parts
files
)
and
the
Tetrarch
commands
not
ouer
one
alone
,
but
ouer
all
the
is
a
part
by
diuision
,
comming
of
the
verbe
,
to
diuide
.
And
as
before
,
was
halfe
a
so
here
is
halfe
the
fourfold
Each
then
signifieth
halfe
,
but
to
distinguish
them
,
the
one
is
called
a
that
is
a
Commande
of
halfe
,
the
other
that
is
halfe
:
A
distinction
sufficient
to
know
the
one
from
the
other
.
Two
of
these
make
the
men
.
And
these
are
the
bodies
militarie
,
which
in
this
Chapter
describeth
,
and
which
were
in
vse
amongst
the
The
other
vsed
other
bodies
in
their
armies
.
The
diuided
their
whole
city
,
into
fixe
bodies
,
horse
and
foote
;
euery
one
of
which
was
called
Their
Generall
was
one
of
their
Kings
,
for
they
had
alwaies
two
.
Euery
had
a
not
much
differing
from
our
Coronells
)
foure
and
sixteene
What
the
number
of
the
was
,
is
vncertaine
,
by
reason
of
the
secrecie
the
vsed
in
their
gouernment
,
as
reporteth
,
that
the
historian
,
giueth
men
to
the
and
others
agreeth
with
and
alloweth
but
to
the
numbreth
the
of
the
defeated
hard
by
to
haue
been
about
See
the
for
the
exact
number
of
these
bodies
.
The
had
their
as
I
haue
said
before
.
And
with
them
were
the
last
,
where
with
the
they
were
next
the
but
the
number
of
the
was
not
alike
,
as
I
haue
likewise
shewed
before
.
hath
these
orders
militarie
Commanders
of
ten
thousand
of
a
thousand
of
a
hundred
of
twentie
foure
called
sometime
of
sixe
,
which
are
also
called
differeth
not
much
from
saue
onely
in
the
of
the
and
the
of
the
For
where
hath
sixteene
to
a
file
hath
but
ten
:
and
alloweth
but
two
to
the
file
,
the
and
the
foure
;
the
foure
For
the
number
of
the
Officers
,
in
the
they
agree
.
And
yet
the
names
are
not
all
one
.
beginneth
with
a
commanding
two
files
,
thirtie
two
men
,
with
the
who
likewise
commandeth
two
files
of
his
,
and
fiue
men
more
,
namely
men
.
The
next
in
is
a
ouer
sixtie-foure
men
,
in
ouer
fiftie
men
hath
next
a
And
so
hath
The
next
in
is
a
Commander
of
termeth
him
a
that
is
the
Leader
of
ten
thousand
men
.
The
is
last
in
both
.
But
assigneth
no
more
,
then
thousand
to
his
thus
diuideth
his
bodids
,
a
and
a
What
a
proportion
makes
,
is
to
be
seene
in
the
fourth
Chapter
of
his
Because
,
he
hath
a
mixture
of
the
Orders
,
I
remit
the
Reader
to
the
booke
.
I
haue
set
downe
the
figures
of
all
the
bodies
described
by
as
farre
,
as
the
The
rest
would
haue
beene
troublesome
to
insert
as
requiring
more
paper
,
then
would
stand
with
any
reasonable
proportion
;
neither
are
they
greatly
needfull
.
For
two
ioyned
in
an
euen
front
,
and
in
a
conuenient
distance
,
will
figure
out
a
foure
in
an
euen
front
with
a
like
distance
will
make
the
fourefold
So
that
thereby
the
forme
of
it
will
appeare
.
THe
former
Chapter
was
of
the
Officers
and
of
the
bodies
of
the
this
is
of
the
place
of
euery
one
,
according
to
his
worth
.
And
first
wee
are
to
note
,
that
all
the
Commanders
were
placed
in
front
of
those
,
that
they
commanded
;
to
the
●nd
they
might
direct
,
and
lead
them
as
occasion
should
require
.
For
saith
of
Chiliarchs
:
So
in
the
the
file
Leader
had
the
command
of
his
file
,
the
of
the
file
Leaders
,
the
of
the
of
the
and
so
the
rest
,
till
you
come
to
the
Generall
,
who
cared
for
all
,
directed
all
,
and
vnder
whom
all
the
Commanders
were
.
The
Generall
●ath
beene
placed
sometimes
in
the
right
winge
,
sometimes
in
the
middest
of
the
Hee
addeth
in
his
battaile
against
took
his
place
in
the
right
wing
,
betwixt
the
right
hand
point
of
the
battaile
,
and
of
the
horse
,
that
were
ranged
in
the
wing
the
great
,
in
his
battailes
tooke
the
same
place
in
his
fight
against
the
placed
himselfe
in
the
middest
of
the
battaile
.
saith
,
that
,
it
is
the
manner
of
the
that
the
King
should
stand
in
the
middest
of
the
The
like
doth
affirme
of
the
and
saith
,
that
had
that
place
also
giueth
the
middest
of
the
battaile
to
the
Generall
.
And
there
placeth
the
battaile
ouer
which
he
would
haue
him
to
command
.
This
ordering
of
the
the
best
on
the
right
hand
wing
,
the
second
on
the
left
,
the
third
next
him
in
the
left
wing
on
his
right
hand
toward
the
middlesection
:
The
fourth
in
the
right
wing
on
the
left
hand
of
the
first
toward
the
middlesection
thus
,
commeth
out
of
a
Geometricall
proportion
,
which
proportion
giueth
law
to
the
ordering
of
the
rest
of
the
Commanders
.
The
rule
is
this
:
each
exceedeth
the
other
The
addition
of
begetteth
an
equall
number
to
added
together
.
So
is
it
in
all
other
numbers
,
that
haue
the
same
equalitie
of
excesse
one
aboue
an
other
.
Out
of
this
rule
of
proportion
,
deriueth
the
giuing
equalitie
of
strength
in
the
Leaders
to
euery
bodie
in
the
Say
then
the
are
preferred
to
their
places
according
to
their
worth
,
and
that
the
first
is
most
worthy
,
the
second
next
him
,
the
third
next
,
the
fourth
least
deseruing
of
the
foure
.
If
you
should
place
them
,
as
their
worth
is
in
a
rancke
successiuely
one
after
an
other
,
the
best
before
the
first
in
the
right
wing
,
the
second
before
the
next
in
the
same
wing
,
and
leaue
the
other
two
to
command
the
left
wing
,
the
disproportion
would
b●
great
;
the
third
and
fourth
not
being
able
to
match
the
worth
of
the
first
,
and
second
.
But
if
you
place
the
best
before
the
first
on
the
right
wing
,
the
second
before
the
second
of
the
left
wing
,
the
third
next
him
before
the
third
on
the
left
wing
,
toward
the
middle
Section
;
the
fourth
before
the
fourth
of
the
right
wing
toward
the
same
Section
,
the
valours
of
the
Commanders
,
will
be
equall
in
both
winges
.
For
as
in
the
number
one
and
as
many
,
as
is
made
by
ioyning
together
;
so
the
worth
of
the
fourth
ioyned
to
the
worth
of
the
first
will
arise
as
high
in
true
valuation
,
as
the
worths
of
the
second
and
third
ioyned
together
.
And
where
the
on
the
left
corner
of
the
left
wing
is
called
the
second
,
and
the
next
standing
in
the
same
wing
the
third
;
it
is
to
be
vnderstood
that
it
is
second
in
not
in
succession
of
for
the
fourth
standeth
in
place
and
number
next
the
first
;
and
the
second
hath
the
last
place
of
the
whole
Their
places
then
are
after
this
manner
according
to
For
the
vnderstanding
whereof
,
you
are
to
note
,
that
signifieth
the
first
the
second
the
third
the
fourth
the
Section
of
the
right
winge
.
the
Section
of
the
left
winge
.
the
middle
Section
the
place
of
the
first
the
place
of
the
second
the
place
of
the
third
the
place
of
the
fourth
As
the
so
are
all
the
other
Commanders
of
the
seuerall
bodies
placed
by
foure
,
and
the
same
obseruation
to
be
had
,
of
the
dignities
of
the
place
,
that
was
in
the
and
these
speaketh
of
no
more
than
must
stand
thus
P
,
standeth
for
M
,
for
confesseth
he
findeth
these
so
placed
in
a
written
booke
,
and
it
is
the
true
placing
.
The
figures
,
he
setteth
downe
out
of
his
owne
wit
(
as
he
termeth
it
)
carry
with
them
no
sauour
of
likewise
seemeth
to
haue
mistaken
this
proportion
in
the
figures
he
hath
set
downe
,
of
which
not
one
is
right
.
I
will
referre
the
Reader
to
their
bookes
,
admonishing
him
onely
of
the
mistaking
.
But
placeth
here
but
what
order
shall
be
for
the
other
foure
?
I
haue
alwaies
thought
defectiue
in
this
place
,
neither
could
I
hitherto
finde
any
man
,
that
hath
brought
light
to
cleare
the
doubt
.
that
purposely
discourseth
of
this
place
of
speaketh
of
bestowing
onely
,
as
though
the
rest
were
to
be
throwne
away
from
the
seeking
to
bestow
all
bestoweth
them
indeed
,
but
not
according
to
proportion
,
which
notwithstanding
he
would
seeme
to
follow
.
His
figure
is
this
.
The
proportion
is
his
,
as
I
said
,
and
not
placed
the
first
in
the
right
wing
;
he
placeth
him
in
the
left
the
second
in
the
second
he
in
the
fourth
the
third
in
the
left
wing
,
he
in
the
right
the
fourth
in
the
fourth
he
in
the
first
.
The
rest
are
so
iumbled
together
,
as
though
any
thing
else
had
beene
sought
for
,
rather
than
proportion
.
I
take
not
vpon
mee
to
over-rule
any
doubt
;
but
if
amongst
the
rest
I
enterpose
mine
opinion
,
I
hope
,
I
shall
not
incurre
iust
blame
.
Thus
then
:
seeing
meaning
is
by
evenesse
and
worth
of
number
of
both
wings
to
finde
out
the
worth
of
the
of
both
,
if
I
so
distribute
them
,
that
the
number
of
the
one
side
shall
counterballance
the
number
of
the
other
,
I
cannot
much
stray
from
meaning
.
The
figure
following
will
doe
it
.
In
this
figure
I
haue
obserued
precisely
the
place
,
that
gaue
to
the
The
first
standeth
on
the
left
hand
of
the
first
the
second
on
the
right
hand
of
the
second
the
third
on
the
left
hand
of
the
third
on
the
right
hand
of
the
The
rest
I
haue
added
,
and
diuided
according
locked
vp
AFter
Souldiers
are
armed
,
and
distributed
into
bodies
military
,
the
next
care
is
to
be
had
of
their
For
as
a
man
,
let
him
be
neuer
so
well
proportioned
,
and
strong
,
if
he
pace
disorderly
,
and
either
set
too
great
strides
,
or
reele
here
,
and
there
,
or
so
mince
,
and
tread
out
his
steps
,
as
if
his
leggs
were
bound
together
,
groweth
hereby
deformed
,
and
not
onely
loseth
his
comelinesse
,
but
his
actiuitie
withall
,
and
possibility
to
performe
any
thing
by
strength
:
So
is
it
of
an
Armie
,
that
hath
either
too
great
distances
,
or
is
thronged
vp
,
or
pestred
too
close
together
.
Too
much
thronging
bindeth
,
as
it
were
,
the
souldiers
hands
,
and
taketh
away
the
vse
of
his
weapons
,
as
on
the
other
side
falling
one
loose
from
another
,
and
standing
or
mouing
too
farre
asunder
,
maketh
the
Battaile
weake
,
and
disiointed
,
and
subiect
to
the
enemies
entry
,
and
easie
to
be
broken
.
The
meane
betwixt
both
was
brought
in
by
King
King
of
who
first
constituted
,
and
raised
the
and
invented
the
distances
of
opening
and
closing
the
same
;
imitating
the
of
Targets
(
called
practised
by
the
old
Out
of
his
discipline
sprung
the
distances
mentioned
here
by
which
are
of
three
sorts
;
The
first
are
large
distances
of
Macedonian
target
THis
Chapter
sheweth
how
the
Souldiers
are
to
be
ordered
in
euery
whereof
,
because
I
haue
before
spoken
sufficiently
in
my
Notes
to
the
fifth
Chapter
;
and
the
words
of
this
Chapter
carry
no
difficultie
,
or
obscuritie
with
them
,
I
will
forbeare
to
treat
any
further
.
Macedonian
Phalange
Superordinary
Lieutenant
THE
strength
of
the
which
consisted
principally
in
the
and
knitting
together
of
Targets
,
is
here
set
downe
.
The
whole
Chapter
seemeth
to
haue
beene
taken
out
of
who
handleth
the
same
argument
,
and
almost
with
the
same
words
,
but
that
and
he
differ
about
the
number
of
Cubits
,
which
the
Pikes
take
vp
reaching
ouer
the
front
of
the
We
may
not
take
it
,
as
though
the
souldier
betwixt
file
,
and
file
had
two
Cubits
,
or
three
foote
of
ground
.
For
we
learned
before
that
in
the
distance
betweene
man
,
and
man
in
front
was
but
a
Cubit
.
But
it
is
to
be
vnderstood
betweene
saith
,
that
the
souldier
ought
to
haue
roome
for
the
vse
of
his
weapon
,
which
cannot
be
,
without
granting
him
three
foote
behinde
,
the
pike
being
some-times
to
be
pushed
forward
,
some-times
to
be
drawne
backe
,
sometimes
otherwise
handled
,
as
occasion
of
fight
shall
require
.
Sixteene
Cubits
,
which
is
twenty
foure
foote
,
is
a
great
length
for
a
Pike
,
and
it
verifieth
the
words
of
that
the
by
reason
of
the
length
,
and
weight
yet
doe
wee
read
of
pikes
of
that
length
.
The
had
such
.
The
pikes
were
about
cubits
long
was
the
length
at
the
first
,
the
brought
it
to
which
they
tooke
to
be
a
sufficient
length
against
the
enemie
,
and
easier
for
the
Pike-man
to
beare
and
handle
.
How
shall
they
beare
their
pikes
then
?
sheweth
,
what
the
manner
was
.
saith
he
saith
the
manner
was
,
(
neither
to
their
pikes
,
but
)
to
beare
them
forwards
stoping
towards
the
shoulders
of
their
companions
before
.
Yet
by
bearin
them
so
,
what
security
they
could
●ue
from
the
missiue
weapons
,
that
came
aloft
,
I
cannot
yet
conceiue
.
An
arrow
,
dart
,
or
stone
,
vnlesse
it
hit
iust
on
the
middest
of
the
pikes
,
would
do
as
much
,
and
sometimes
more
,
harme
by
glancing
,
then
if
it
had
not
touched
them
at
all
.
The
opinion
of
them
,
whom
here
speak●th
of
,
hath
little
reason
to
ground
vpon
.
For
either
the
pike
of
th●m
that
come
in
the
fiue
rancks
behinde
,
especially
the
two
last
,
must
exceede
in
length
,
or
else
the
fileleader●
pikes
in
shortnesse
,
both
which
are
●like
vnprofit●ble
.
If
they
bee
too
long
,
they
cannot
be
weilded
▪
if
these
too
short
,
the
enemie
shall
reach
the
file-leaders
,
and
not
the
file-leaders
the
enemie
.
The
measure
of
the
longest
pike
was
cubits
,
which
yet
for
aptnesse
and
vse
was
by
the
reduced
to
Say
then
the
sixteenth
ranke
carrieth
pikes
of
cubits
;
two
of
the
cubits
according
to
are
taken
away
in
handling
,
other
ten
by
reason
of
the
distance
of
the
fiue
former
rankes
.
Foure
cubits
alone
remaine
,
and
reach
ouer
the
front
.
If
the
file
Leader
in
the
front
shorten
his
pike
to
foure
cubits
to
make
an
euen
he
shall
not
come
neere
the
enemie
by
ten
cubits
,
who
in
pushing
will
reach
home
to
him
.
For
what
length
soeuer
,
is
taken
from
the
file-leader
in
front
the
same
is
giuen
to
the
enemie
,
that
pusheth
with
him
.
And
hee
shall
bee
able
to
wound
the
file-leader
,
and
not
the
file-leader
him
,
especially
the
pikes
differing
in
so
great
a
proportion
.
HItherto
all
things
concerning
the
of
the
armed
are
declared
;
and
likewise
,
of
the
and
somewhat
of
their
place
.
Now
followeth
the
filing
,
ranking
,
and
place
more
exactly
,
and
their
manner
of
embattailing
,
with
their
seuer
all
bodies
,
and
commaunds
.
I
haue
spoken
somewhat
before
of
the
placing
of
the
light
.
I
will
now
onely
adde
a
passage
of
tending
thereunto
saith
thus
that
is
foure
light
for
twenty
six
armed
,
proportioning
an
Archer
for
euery
foure
armed
.
Or
if
it
be
placeth
his
light
armed
.
But
here
(
as
before
in
the
seuenth
Chapter
)
designeth
their
place
in
the
but
so
,
that
hee
leaueth
it
to
the
Generalls
choice
,
and
to
the
occasion
of
seruice
to
place
them
,
as
most
befitteth
.
Being
set
behinde
,
as
order
is
,
they
must
answer
the
armed
in
number
of
files
,
&
be
directed
by
the
files
of
the
armed
for
their
standing
;
that
is
euery
file
of
the
light-armed
is
to
order
it selfe
in
a
right
line
after
a
file
of
the
armed
in
such
manner
,
as
the
armed
are
before
embattailed
.
in
the
beginning
diuided
the
foote
into
three
parts
,
To
the
he
hath
giuen
place
,
and
maketh
the
to
consist
of
them
,
the
he
rangeth
in
the
reare
of
the
armed
,
what
shall
become
of
Tagetiers
?
for
he
speaketh
not
a
word
of
placing
them
.
By
that
I
read
in
I
would
think
,
they
were
placed
amongst
the
light-armed
,
and
next
to
the
armed
.
First
because
saith
,
many
number
them
amongst
the
light
.
Then
I
see
the
placed
betwixt
the
Horse
,
and
the
armed
in
fields
,
at
and
at
in
the
passage
before
recited
,
when
he
placed
the
light-armed
without
the
Horse
,
he
ioyneth
Targetiers
with
them
,
for
their
safegard
.
likewise
placeth
them
next
the
armed
in
the
reare
;
and
after
them
the
Archers
.
But
here
I
may
not
praetermit
the
curiositie
of
the
in
their
appellations
,
and
their
plenty
of
speach
,
apt
to
giue
diuersitie
to
things
,
that
are
diuers
.
For
where
there
are
bo●es
,
amongst
which
consist
of
the
same
number
,
and
therefore
,
as
it
seemes
,
might
well
enough
haue
beene
comprehended
vnder
one
name
,
they
notwithstanding
to
auoide
confusion
,
and
for
perspicuities
sake
haue
thought
good
to
call
them
by
sundry
names
.
Thirty
two
armed
men
are
called
a
light
armed
are
a
armed
are
a
light
armed
a
armed
a
light
,
a
Our
tongue
will
not
afford
such
variety
.
For
albeit
in
common
speach
we
distinguish
the
kinde
of
souldier
;
yet
confound
we
the
name
of
the
body
,
and
of
the
command
.
A
certaine
number
of
Pikes
vnder
a
Captaine
we
call
a
company
of
Pikes
;
So
many
shot
vnder
a
Captaine
we
likewise
call
a
company
of
shot
.
The
Captaines
,
one
a
Captaine
of
Pikes
,
and
the
other
a
Captaine
of
shot
.
A
company
of
of
horse
,
we
call
a
troope
of
as
many
a
troope
of
The
Commanders
of
either
of
them
we
terme
the
one
of
the
other
of
But
let
vs
come
to
particular
explication
.
Now
because
the
fi●es
of
the
are
in
embattailing
to
be
marshalled
to
the
files
of
the
〈◊〉
,
I
thought
good
to
set
downe
,
how
the
bodies
of
both
agree
,
by
comparing
them
together
i●
files
not
in
number
of
men
.
For
in
number
of
men
they
cannot
well
agree
,
because
the
file
of
〈◊〉
hath
more
,
then
the
file
of
the
light-armed
.
And
the
number
of
the
in
grosse
is
of
the
light-armed
but
And
I
will
first
begin
with
the
because
it
is
the
least
body
of
the
light
.
DArters
,
Archers
THe
arming
,
place
,
filing
,
bodies
,
and
command
of
the
light-armed
are
hitherto
handled
:
Now
followeth
the
vse
,
and
seruice
they
performe
in
the
field
.
And
first
wee
are
to
thinke
of
the
bodie
of
an
armie
,
as
of
the
body
of
a
man
,
that
is
compact
of
seuerall
parts
:
Of
which
some
parts
are
of
more
vse
then
other
,
some
being
able
to
performe
their
function
without
〈◊〉
helpe
of
the
other
,
some
except
the
other
help
,
can
doe
nothing
to
purpose
of
themselues
.
The
parts
of
an
armie
are
like
.
The
are
the
strength
of
the
field
,
and
are
the
refuge
for
the
rest
in
extremitie
.
The
ioyned
with
the
worke
great
effects
(
those
which
speaketh
of
in
this
Chapter
and
many
more
)
without
them
they
cannot
so
much
as
maintaine
a
place
in
the
field
.
And
as
In
which
respect
,
a
place
fit
hath
alwaies
beene
sought
for
their
seruice
,
to
secure
them
from
the
accesse
of
the
Horse
,
or
of
the
enemies
armed
.
Which
place
was
either
behinde
here
would
haue
it
)
or
else
in
the
wings
betwixt
the
Horse
,
and
the
armed
,
or
if
they
skirmished
loose
before
the
front
,
and
chanced
to
bee
pressed
with
the
enemy
,
they
retired
into
the
interualls
,
and
conueied
themselues
behind
the
in
safetie
Our
stories
report
,
that
at
the
battaile
of
English
Archers
were
bestowed
in
a
meddow
fenced
with
a
deepe
ditch
;
from
whence
they
so
gauled
the
French
horse
and
foot
,
that
they
were
a
great
helpe
to
the
victorie
.
The
like
happened
before
at
where
that
braue
Prince
of
eldest
sonne
of
the
third
,
hauing
to
fight
with
the
whole
power
of
vnder
the
leading
of
their
King
,
gaue
safegard
to
his
Archers
,
with
hedges
,
and
ditches
,
and
other
strengths
.
So
that
the
French-horse
hauing
no
accesse
to
disorder
them
,
were
ouerwhelmed
with
the
tempests
,
and
stormes
of
their
arrowes
,
and
such
a
victory
obteined
by
our
nation
,
as
might
ma●ch
the
most
renowmed
of
all
antiquitie
.
To
say
nothing
of
the
inuention
which
the
fifth
vsed
against
the
horse
of
for
securing
his
Archers
.
The
storie
saith
,
he
deuised
stakes
of
two
yards
long
,
and
armed
both
ends
with
pikes
of
iron
,
the
one
to
sticke
into
the
ground
,
and
the
other
to
gall
,
and
enter
the
horses
bellies
,
in
case
they
came
to
charge
our
Archers
home
.
By
meanes
whereof
he
caried
the
famous
victorie
of
This
for
the
assurance
of
the
light
armed
,
when
they
come
to
fight
,
without
which
assurance
,
their
seruice
would
be
weake
,
and
scarce
worth
the
hauing
.
Their
seruice
then
according
to
hath
many
particulars
.
And
they
are
good
to
iust
squares
IN
the
second
Chapter
of
this
booke
,
the
armie
was
diuided
into
two
kindes
,
againe
into
three
Of
these
three
is
hither
to
treated
.
follow
,
who
either
vsed
either
alone
,
or
else
in
Of
these
treateth
seuerally
hereafter
.
For
the
in
the
fielde
,
hee
hath
sufficiently
spoken
already
.
The
following
discourse
is
:
First
,
of
the
manner
of
embattailing
horse
(
wherein
he
setteth
downe
the
diuersity
of
vsage
in
ancient
time
)
Then
of
Chariots
,
and
lastly
of
Elephants
.
That
a
horse
is
a
kinde
of
beast
,
that
loues
man
,
and
is
most
faithfull
vnto
him
testifieth
.
The
vse
of
him
is
for
and
for
And
in
the
seruice
of
the
field
an
without
horse
,
is
in
a
manner
no
armie
.
(
as
I
haue
said
before
)
comparing
an
armie
to
a
mans
body
resembleth
the
horse
to
feete
.
And
as
the
body
hath
no
power
of
mouing
,
or
rather
remouing
,
the
feete
being
lame
,
or
taken
away
▪
so
is
the
armie
slow
,
and
vnfit
for
expedition
,
that
is
destitute
of
horse
;
and
may
be
well
resembled
to
those
beasts
,
that
creepe
vpon
their
bellies
,
whose
greatest
hast
is
with
little
speede
.
The
horse
do
great
seruice
in
the
field
of
themselues
alone
;
and
are
principally
imployed
in
matters
that
require
quicknesse
in
dispatch
.
Therefore
are
they
fit
for
discoueries
,
either
of
the
enemies
country
,
or
of
his
campe
,
or
of
his
marche
,
or
of
other
things
,
whereof
the
Generall
desires
to
haue
notice
.
And
not
for
discoueries
alone
,
but
to
spoile
,
and
destroy
,
whatsoeuer
the
enemy
hath
growing
,
to
make
prey
of
his
Cattle
,
burne
his
houses
,
kill
his
people
,
surprise
his
places
of
strength
,
and
to
●mbarre
him
from
doing
the
like
to
vs
;
to
bring
and
conuay
prouision
for
our
Campe
,
to
shut
in
the
enemie
,
that
he
goe
not
out
his
campe
for
like
causes
,
to
hinder
the
enemies
march
by
falling
on
the
reare
.
Briefely
all
expeditions
of
celeritie
are
for
the
most
part
deliuered
to
the
horse
alone
.
Especially
as
long
as
they
are
in
such
places
,
as
giue
them
liberty
to
go
on
,
or
retire
at
their
pleasures
.
Yet
are
they
often
ioyned
with
the
light
armed
,
as
I
haue
shewed
.
They
often
ioine
likewise
with
the
armed
And
if
they
may
come
to
charge
the
enemies
battaile
in
the
flanke
,
or
reare
,
at
such
time
,
as
our
charge
in
front
,
they
●ndanger
all
.
But
for
imployment
alone
against
the
many
examples
of
former
times
shew
,
how
weake
there
force
is
.
And
how
little
they
preuaile
(
especially
against
armed
,
that
are
practized
in
fight
,
and
resolute
Souldiers
)
The
examples
I
haue
quoted
in
the
margent
make
the
matter
cleare
.
For
further
confirmation
I
will
set
downe
opinion
,
which
all
be
it
,
it
were
deliuered
concerning
the
horse
,
that
came
against
the
armed
foote
of
the
in
their
return
out
of
yet
the
reason
stretcheth
to
all
horse
in
generall
.
His
words
sound
thus
:
said
he
to
the
And
so
much
is
summarily
spoken
of
the
seruice
of
horse
.
is
of
sides
,
the
but
of
three
:
and
halfe
a
maketh
a
as
will
be
shewed
in
the
next
Chapter
.
The
was
vsed
by
the
and
whether
borrowed
it
of
them
,
I
am
vncertaine
.
But
I
rather
incline
to
thinke
,
that
his
taught
him
as
well
the
as
other
formes
of
battailes
.
The
cause
of
my
coniecture
is
,
for
that
I
finde
that
his
fellow
scholer
beat
the
in
that
forme
recounteth
the
storie
to
this
effect
:
(
they
were
the
Lacedemonians
(
for
before
he
tells
the
were
cast
into
a
wedge
Thus
Xenophon
.
Of
ioyning
horse
and
light
armed
together
,
I
haue
spoken
before
:
And
that
they
were
ioyned
to
his
horse
sheweth
.
By
then
it
is
plaine
,
that
not
onely
the
but
the
also
,
when
they
thought
it
convenient
,
vsed
the
and
that
ordered
both
foote
,
and
horse
in
a
And
considering
was
brought
vp
in
his
Fathers
house
,
and
made
partaker
of
the
learning
wherewith
was
instituted
;
it
is
like
in
erecting
a
new
military
discipline
amongst
the
as
he
tooke
many
other
things
from
the
so
he
borrowed
this
forme
,
hauing
first
seene
the
notable
effect
thereof
at
bringeth
reasons
,
why
the
was
holden
better
than
the
Let
me
with
leaue
adde
a
word
or
two
why
I
take
it
to
be
better
than
the
And
first
it
cannot
be
denied
,
that
the
hauing
the
same
manner
of
disposition
that
the
hath
,
that
is
a
front
ending
in
a
point
,
where
the
standeth
;
two
points
of
the
two
flanks
,
where
the
stands
,
the
in
the
reare
,
and
the
best
men
in
the
flanks
,
but
it
must
be
as
powerfull
to
open
the
enemies
battaile
,
as
the
is
.
Then
it
hath
this
advantage
of
the
that
it
bringeth
more
hands
to
fight
.
For
let
the
be
framed
of
an
equall
number
,
the
in
figure
resembling
the
forepart
of
the
must
haue
the
horse
,
that
should
be
ranged
in
the
reare
of
the
orderly
couched
within
the
sides
thereof
:
where
by
both
the
number
of
the
horse
in
the
sides
is
increased
,
and
the
bulke
of
the
body
betwixt
flanke
and
flanke
inlarged
.
And
seing
both
the
and
the
goe
to
the
charge
with
the
point
of
their
front
,
the
both
hath
the
property
to
pierce
,
and
enter
the
enemies
battaile
by
art
,
and
sleight
,
as
well
as
the
and
doth
it
with
more
strength
,
because
of
the
great
number
of
hands
in
the
sides
,
which
all
come
to
fight
.
Ioyne
,
that
the
hinder
part
of
the
serueth
onely
to
auoide
surprizes
,
and
worketh
nothing
in
charging
.
For
after
the
two
flanke
points
are
entred
,
the
rest
of
the
growing
narrower
,
and
narrower
toward
the
Reare
,
falleth
further
off
from
the
enemy
,
and
is
content
onely
to
follow
the
way
,
that
was
made
to
hand
by
the
front
,
and
flanks
;
without
being
able
to
strike
a
stroke
;
especially
if
it
preserue
the
order
it
ought
to
keepe
:
whereas
all
parts
of
the
are
effectuall
,
the
to
enter
,
the
euen
to
the
where
the
Reare
endeth
,
to
dispart
and
disseuer
▪
and
finally
to
disorder
the
enemy
,
whereby
the
victorie
ensueth
.
And
if
we
may
rely
vpon
authority
,
the
authority
of
will
sway
much
for
the
For
vnlesse
he
had
held
it
better
than
the
hee
would
not
haue
chosen
,
nor
accustomed
his
to
it
,
nor
after
reteined
it
,
if
he
had
not
beene
of
the
same
opinion
.
Neither
did
the
euent
deceiue
them
:
for
almost
in
all
battaile●
their
horse
thus
disposed
caried
away
the
victorie
.
But
,
as
I
before
noted
,
neither
haue
found
grace
in
the
eyes
of
the
great
Generalls
of
our
daies
,
nor
can
we
tell
what
to
insist
vpon
,
till
experience
hath
taught
,
how
well
these
formes
will
agree
with
the
weapons
,
and
seruice
of
our
moderne
warres
.
Rhombes
file
filing
troope
THE
former
Chapter
had
a
generall
diuision
of
Horse
battailes
into
this
comprehendeth
the
sundry
figures
of
and
the
manner
of
framing
them
.
therefore
are
of
kindes
,
some
filing
,
and
ranking
;
some
filing
,
not
ranking
;
some
ranking
,
not
filing
;
some
neither
filing
,
nor
ranking
.
HItherto
of
vsuall
horse
battailes
amongst
the
Now
followeth
the
horse
battaile
of
the
of
which
hath
thus
afterward
As
in
a
speare
,
or
sword
,
the
point
whereof
,
by
reason
of
sharpnes
quickly
piercing
maketh
way
for
,
and
letteth
in
the
middle
blunt
yron
.
I
haue
spoken
somewhat
of
the
in
the
two
last
Chapters
in
this
Chapter
sheweth
the
number
,
and
manner
of
framing
it
,
and
how
many
troupes
ought
to
attend
the
and
vnder
what
offices
,
and
degrees
.
The
place
of
the
is
not
right
set
downe
in
the
figure
.
He
there
standeth
on
the
right
hand
of
the
middle
man
of
the
second
ranke
,
where
as
he
should
stand
on
the
left
.
And
you
must
not
account
the
second
ranke
to
be
the
ranke
next
to
the
Commander
in
the
front
;
but
as
doth
,
that
was
secondly
placed
after
the
first
consisting
of
which
was
in
the
So
that
the
is
to
stand
in
the
next
ranke
to
the
But
here
is
nothing
said
concerning
the
distances
,
that
ought
to
be
betwixt
horse
,
and
horse
.
Of
the
distances
betweene
foote
,
and
foote
he
hath
spoken
in
the
Chap:
But
of
the
distances
betwixt
horse
,
I
finde
nothing
,
but
generall
words
.
That
which
wanteth
in
I
will
supply
out
of
other
Authors
.
We
must
vnderstand
then
,
that
two
kinde
of
distances
were
obserued
amongst
horsemen
;
one
for
marching
,
an
other
for
fight
.
In
marching
there
ought
to
be
6
foote
betwixt
horse
and
horse
.
hath
before
giuen
this
distance
to
the
foote
.
And
that
horse
held
it
likewise
appeareth
by
Who
reprehending
for
carelesnesse
in
describing
the
battaile
betwixt
specially
taxeth
this
:
That
he
placed
thirty
thousand
horse
,
and
thirty
thousand
mercenaries
,
in
foureteene
furlongs
of
length
.
whereas
the
place
was
not
capeable
of
halfe
the
horse
.
His
words
haue
this
sense
The
words
seeme
at
first
somewhat
obscure
,
being
well
weighed
they
will
be
cleare
enough
.
saith
,
that
these
horse
were
ordered
in
depth
,
and
that
they
tooke
vp
a
furlong
of
ground
in
length
.
There
must
be
therefore
of
them
a
hundred
files
.
For
a
hundred
files
of
horse
a
peece
,
will
arise
to
horse
.
Compare
then
these
files
,
(
the
length
of
the
battaile
)
to
the
length
of
a
furlong
.
And
seing
a
furlong
conteineth
Cubits
,
or
six
hundred
foote
,
euery
file
shall
haue
cubits
,
or
foote
space
betwixt
them
.
And
so
the
distance
betwixt
file
and
file
in
a
march
will
be
Cubits
,
or
foote
.
The
other
distance
of
three
foote
appeareth
in
whose
words
stand
thus
Which
place
albeit
it
seeme
to
require
a
large
interpretation
,
because
many
things
worth
the
noting
offer
themselues
in
it
;
yet
for
this
time
I
will
onely
insist
vpon
that
,
which
I
first
propounded
,
that
is
the
distance
of
three
foote
betwixt
horse
,
and
horse
,
when
they
goe
to
charge
(
for
that
is
the
meaning
of
when
he
speaketh
of
the
closest
order
)
which
distance
is
expresly
here
set
downe
.
And
the
matter
will
yet
seeme
more
cleare
,
if
we
adde
the
words
of
in
the
next
,
but
one
,
to
this
,
which
are
these
:
These
oldest
Tacticks
that
mentioneth
agree
with
as
wee
haue
seene
.
But
where
the
foote
haue
three
distances
,
the
horse
are
to
haue
but
two
.
The
open
order
of
six
foote
they
ought
to
haue
,
and
likewise
that
of
three
foote
;
nearerer
they
cannot
come
together
,
because
of
the
bredth
of
their
horse
,
and
because
they
are
to
haue
roome
sufficient
for
the
weilding
of
their
weapons
.
A
Troupe
consists
of
men
,
and
to
the
Phalange
belong
Troupes
,
as
the
Phalange
conteineth
Ensignes
,
or
Syntagma's
of
armed
foote
.
To
which
Ensignes
the
Troupes
of
horse
are
proportioned
.
Their
place
is
according
to
after
the
not
one
troupe
after
,
or
behind
an
other
,
but
one
beside
an
other
,
in
one
front
;
and
that
front
in
a
right
line
,
which
stretcheth
out
,
as
long
as
the
Phalange
of
armed
it selfe
.
Now
the
files
of
the
armed
being
in
number
,
and
the
number
of
the
horse
in
the
last
ranke
(
which
conteineth
the
length
of
the
Horse-battaile
,
and
should
answer
the
number
of
files
)
but
we
must
seeke
out
a
proportion
to
make
the
length
of
both
equall
one
to
another
.
The
difference
then
betwixt
them
in
length
is
men
,
which
in
take
vp
foote
.
And
where
there
goe
foure
to
a
fourefold
troupes
of
horse
are
placed
behind
euery
we
must
diuide
these
foote
into
foure
parts
;
euery
of
which
parts
will
amount
to
foote
,
and
giue
to
each
troupe
three
foote
distance
one
betwixt
an
other
(
for
distances
betwixt
one
troupe
,
and
an
other
,
holdeth
necessary
)
and
so
shall
the
troupes
of
horse
take
vp
as
much
ground
in
length
as
a
The
one
conteining
files
in
length
which
occupy
foote
of
ground
,
and
the
other
men
in
the
last
ranke
,
which
occupy
foote
.
To
which
adding
foote
of
distance
,
there
ariseth
the
euen
number
of
And
so
shall
the
troupes
of
horse
be
euen
in
length
with
the
fourefold
The
names
of
the
Offices
,
and
Commands
of
the
Horse
follow
,
wherein
as
I
before
noted
in
the
foote
,
we
must
not
presse
too
neare
the
property
of
words
,
but
take
them
,
as
they
haue
beene
vsed
among
Souldiers
.
THere
were
two
kinde
of
Chariots
vsed
of
ancient
time
,
the
one
a
simple
Chariot
,
the
other
a
Chariot
armed
with
The
first
kinde
was
vsed
by
the
(
as
they
terme
them
,
that
is
the
renowned
Souldiers
of
old
,
such
as
were
as
appeareth
by
and
other
Poets
.
The
last
was
brought
in
by
the
of
later
times
,
especially
by
those
that
raigned
in
and
in
For
the
haue
counted
them
fruitlesse
,
and
vaine
mockeries
,
and
amongst
them
you
shall
hardly
finde
any
mention
of
Chariots
.
toucheth
them
onely
,
because
both
they
,
and
Elephants
were
in
his
time
growne
out
of
vse
.
Wherefore
I
meane
likewise
to
passe
them
ouer
sleightly
,
onely
directing
the
Reader
,
that
is
desirous
to
vnderstand
their
manner
of
fight
to
places
of
Historie
,
where
they
are
mentioned
.
And
first
see
for
their
Their
violence
Their
place
in
the
battaile
Remedies
against
them
I
come
to
the
names
of
the
Commands
of
Chariots
.
THe
vse
of
Elephants
was
greater
amongst
the
people
of
Those
of
esteemed
them
not
much
.
And
yet
we
finde
,
that
they
were
brought
into
the
field
by
the
also
;
who
first
saw
Elephants
in
in
the
warres
,
they
had
against
King
Elephant
was
preferred
before
the
for
greatnesse
of
body
,
strength
,
and
courage
.
Many
things
are
written
concerning
the
seruice
of
Elephants
.
But
because
toucheth
no
more
,
then
the
names
of
the
bodies
,
and
the
degrees
of
Commanders
,
I
will
only
note
such
things
,
as
I
finde
concerning
them
in
Histories
.
Their
kinde
of
armor
,
and
furniture
I
haue
taken
out
of
and
expressed
them
as
neere
,
as
I
could
,
in
figure
.
For
their
power
,
strength
,
and
manner
of
fight
,
see
Their
place
in
battaile
The
distance
one
from
an
other
.
Light
armed
in
the
distances
betwixt
Elephant
and
Elephant
,
Remedies
against
Elephants
I
haue
noted
before
the
improprietie
of
names
giuen
to
militarie
bodies
as
well
in
the
armed
and
the
light
armed
foote
,
as
in
horse
troupes
,
and
in
Chariots
.
That
defect
is
no
lesse
in
Elephants
.
The
Commanders
and
commands
of
them
hauing
names
,
which
were
at
first
large
,
and
improper
enough
,
but
afterward
made
good
by
vse
,
and
receiued
by
the
as
significant
to
expresse
the
things
,
for
which
they
were
inuented
.
The
first
is
giuen
to
him
that
is
to
command
one
Elephant
.
Who
is
called
vneuen-fronted
Phalange
in
the
Chapters
precedent
,
hath
numbred
vp
all
kindes
of
forces
,
as
well
foote
,
as
Horse
,
and
Chariots
,
and
Elephants
,
that
in
ancient
time
were
accounted
necessarie
for
warre
.
And
hath
giuen
them
their
armor
,
and
furniture
,
and
distinguished
them
into
militarie
bodies
,
and
imbattailed
them
,
and
taught
the
distances
,
that
they
ought
to
hold
in
fight
.
It
followeth
now
that
he
speake
of
motions
military
;
which
are
the
life
of
an
armie
,
and
onely
giue
meanes
of
victorie
;
and
without
which
all
preparation
of
forces
is
vaine
,
and
auaileth
nothing
in
the
field
,
nor
to
the
end
,
for
which
they
were
leuied
.
This
Chapter
then
conteineth
the
names
of
those
motions
;
the
following
Chapters
the
particular
explication
of
them
.
To
which
we
will
note
,
what
we
finde
in
ancient
writers
.
For
the
signification
of
the
words
,
I
referre
them
to
the
seuerall
Chapters
,
where
they
are
expounded
.
FOure
kinde
of
Motions
are
set
downe
by
whereby
vpon
any
occasion
the
battaile
may
be
somewhat
changed
:
whereof
the
first
may
be
vsed
,
in
what
order
soeuer
your
battaile
standeth
,
the
second
onely
in
the
third
●n
only
,
the
fourth
either
in
close
,
or
open
order
.
or
turning
of
faces
,
whereof
this
Chapter
intreateth
,
albeit
it
may
bee
brought
in
also
in
open
Order
;
Yet
is
it
not
don
for
the
most
part
but
in
close
order
;
and
then
especially
,
when
none
of
the
other
motions
haue
place
.
The
alwaies
coueted
to
bring
their
that
is
their
to
fight
.
In
they
chose
to
countermarch
;
In
hauing
place
,
to
wheele
their
battaile
about
,
and
so
turne
the
face
of
it
against
the
enemy
.
If
they
could
doe
neither
of
these
,
they
came
to
the
last
remedy
,
which
was
of
euery
particular
man
in
the
battaile
.
Before
were
rehearsed
two
kinde
of
turnings
of
faces
about
,
one
to
the
the
other
to
the
here
is
added
two
more
,
one
from
the
enemy
and
the
other
against
the
enemie
;
which
are
all
one
indeed
,
and
differ
onely
in
name
.
What
the
true
meaning
of
these
turnings
should
be
,
I
am
in
doubt
,
expounding
them
one
way
an
other
esteemes
them
by
the
right
,
and
left
hand
,
albeit
he
haue
that
signification
also
,
esteemeth
them
by
the
front
and
reare
.
Therefore
defines
the
turning
from
the
enemie
to
bee
that
against
the
enemie
would
haue
the
first
to
the
second
I
for
my
part
assent
rather
to
For
touching
the
turnings
of
I
cannot
yet
vnderstand
,
why
turning
toward
the
reare
should
be
a
turning
from
the
enemie
;
Or
toward
a
turning
to
the
enemie
:
Considering
that
whether
soeuer
you
turne
the
enemie
is
imagined
to
be
there
;
faces
and
weapons
being
to
bee
opposed
alwaies
against
the
enemie
,
which
is
the
onely
end
of
turning
.
opinion
seemeth
to
haue
more
probability
in
it
,
at
least
if
I
conceiue
the
right
reason
.
For
I
take
it
thus
:
That
seeing
the
as
the
likewise
)
were
Targetieres
,
and
caried
their
targets
on
their
left
side
,
and
in
fight
aduanced
that
side
alwaies
neerest
the
enemie
,
which
they
sought
to
couer
with
their
targets
,
that
therefore
the
turning
about
to
the
enemy
,
was
called
as
contrarily
turning
to
the
right
side
,
on
which
side
the
Pike
was
caried
,
and
which
being
naked
of
such
defensiue
armes
was
called
and
therefore
further
remoued
from
the
enemy
,
might
for
the
same
cause
be
tearmed
turning
from
the
enemy
.
So
that
I
take
turning
about
and
turning
about
to
the
to
be
all
one
,
as
also
turning
about
and
turning
about
howsoeuer
the
name
differ
.
This
is
my
coniecture
,
which
I
shall
imagine
to
be
true
,
till
I
finde
some
man
,
that
will
bee
pleased
to
giue
me
a
more
probable
reason
:
I
only
adde
now
the
words
of
command
in
this
motion
.
The
figure
sheweth
the
manner
THis
Chapter
hath
a
diuers
kinde
of
turning
from
the
other
mentioned
in
the
last
Chapter
,
which
for
distinction
sake
,
is
called
The
other
turned
no
more
,
then
the
souldiers
faces
,
euery
man
yet
keeping
the
same
ground
▪
be
had
before
.
This
wheeles
the
whole
body
,
and
changeth
the
place
of
the
either
to
the
right
,
or
left
hand
,
or
to
the
reare
.
And
as
there
was
in
the
turning
a
particular
motion
of
euery
particular
souldier
to
the
right
,
or
left
hand
,
called
and
an
other
turning
about
called
so
is
there
in
this
a
generall
wheeling
of
the
whole
body
to
the
right
,
or
left
hand
,
called
and
an
other
wheeling
about
to
the
reare
called
But
let
vs
heare
the
description
.
The
vse
of
the
motions
of
wheeling
,
and
double
wheeling
,
is
,
when
the
battaile
being
closed
,
and
the
enemy
comming
to
assault
you
in
any
other
one
place
,
then
the
front
,
you
seeke
to
bring
the
best
men
to
fight
.
For
if
you
be
to
be
charged
in
two
places
at
once
,
or
more
,
wheeling
helpes
little
;
except
it
be
to
turne
the
front
to
one
enemy
,
and
in
that
case
your
onely
shift
is
,
to
turne
faces
against
them
,
that
come
to
charge
,
on
what
side
soeuer
they
come
.
Examples
of
these
two
motions
,
I
meane
meete
vs
almost
in
euery
Greeke
Historie
.
Of
which
I
will
represent
one
,
or
two
,
especially
of
the
latter
;
the
rather
because
practise
giueth
both
light
,
and
life
to
precepts
.
Amilcar
Annibals
this
is
the
history
Thus
farre
And
thus
farre
of
Wheelings
.
The
figure
,
and
words
of
command
are
reserued
for
the
32
Chapter
,
where
the
manner
of
is
set
downe
OF
filing
,
and
ranking
enough
is
spoken
before
.
This
motion
differeth
from
before
specified
.
For
bringeth
backe
againe
the
whole
body
to
the
first
place
after
a
Wheeling
:
This
the
Souldiers
faces
particularly
to
the
first
aspect
.
So
that
this
is
vsed
after
the
making
of
an
For
alwaies
in
motions
it
is
requisite
,
that
the
Souldiers
faces
moue
To
moue
hath
many
inconueniences
,
of
stumblings
vpon
vneuen
ground
,
or
stones
,
or
pittes
,
or
stubbes
,
or
such
like
.
Which
is
the
cause
that
in
after
a
Wheeling
willeth
,
that
the
Souldiers
till
they
haue
recouered
their
first
ground
,
then
open
rankes
,
and
files
,
and
lastly
to
restore
to
the
first
aspect
.
And
as
it
differeth
from
so
differeth
it
likewise
from
only
turned
faces
about
,
this
setteth
the
Souldier
in
his
former
posture
,
not
onely
for
his
face
,
but
for
his
armes
,
also
,
which
,
are
ordered
as
at
first
.
The
wordes
wherein
this
motion
is
expressed
by
which
is
interpreted
by
to
restore
vp
right
,
by
to
restore
right
,
and
so
the
words
sound
.
interpreteth
it
to
set
againe
the
Souldiers
sight
in
the
same
aspect
in
which
it
stood
at
first
:
as
if
being
placed
with
his
face
against
the
enemy
he
be
commanded
to
turne
his
face
to
the
Pike
,
and
then
againe
to
restore
his
face
to
his
first
posture
,
he
must
returne
,
and
set
his
face
against
the
enemy
.
therefore
referreth
it
to
the
sight
,
he
first
had
,
which
if
it
bee
the
right
meaning
,
how
can
it
be
vpright
,
or
right
,
more
in
that
,
then
in
any
other
posture
.
For
the
Souldier
not
onely
in
front
,
but
in
flanke
,
and
in
the
reare
carrieth
himselfe
vpright
,
or
right
.
I
doubt
not
,
but
that
it
may
be
applied
to
the
vpright
standing
of
men
,
as
appeareth
by
sundry
places
of
Who
reherseth
,
that
Image
set
in
the
Temple
standeth
vpright
and
in
an
other
place
,
that
in
in
the
Temple
there
were
two
Images
of
standing
vpright
and
that
in
the
Temple
of
Fortune
the
image
of
Fortune
was
carued
of
stone
,
and
stood
vpright
▪
and
that
in
Temple
situate
in
the
the
images
of
stand
in
a
Chariot
,
and
the
boy
vpright
vpon
a
Dolphin
In
all
which
places
designeth
the
But
here
,
as
I
take
,
it
cannot
be
so
applied
.
Because
in
euery
motion
,
not
onely
in
this
,
the
men
stand
How
then
can
they
be
restored
to
their
standing
vpright
,
when
they
doe
it
already
.
I
take
the
to
come
from
another
cause
,
and
that
is
from
For
when
the
battaile
is
first
set
in
the
field
,
euery
Souldier
standes
with
his
Pike
that
is
is
to
set
the
butt
end
on
the
ground
before
the
Souldier
somewhat
wide
of
his
right
foote
,
and
to
hold
it
vpright
with
the
right
hand
borne
euen
with
the
shoulder
.
But
when
you
beginne
,
or
continue
any
motion
,
the
manner
is
to
and
so
to
proceede
.
But
being
commanded
it
must
bee
againe
.
So
that
the
first
posture
of
an
armed
man
is
to
stand
And
after
many
motions
and
windings
,
he
at
last
returneth
to
which
I
take
the
command
of
to
signifie
.
Now
that
I
may
not
seeme
to
relie
vpon
a
probable
coniecture
alone
,
I
will
bring
witnesse
for
the
confirmation
of
my
opinion
.
It
is
reported
by
Agesilaus
.
Agesilaus
vpright
ordered
of
the
Strategem
of
which
consisted
in
the
contempt
of
and
all
his
forces
:
First
in
not
to
meete
the
enemy
,
then
in
they
held
before
;
further
of
their
Pikes
,
that
is
not
making
readyto
charge
,
but
remaining
with
their
Pikes
ordered
,
as
they
were
at
first
.
aduancing
his
armie
thought
to
strike
a
feare
into
his
enemie
trusting
to
the
strength
of
the
place
,
scorned
the
Brouado
of
conceiuing
,
he
would
not
be
so
hardy
to
aduenture
the
fight
vpon
so
great
an
inequallity
of
ground
.
He
therfore
willeth
the
diers
not
to
alter
their
posture
,
but
to
continue
as
they
were
.
The
words
concerning
the
Pike
are
:
That
is
to
continue
their
pikes
Now
whether
the
same
be
the
posture
,
that
the
describe
,
when
they
speake
or
restoring
I
referre
to
the
iudgement
of
the
remembring
this
Stratagem
vseth
somewhat
different
words
,
and
yet
consenteth
in
meaning
.
saith
he
which
they
were
wont
to
doe
,
when
they
would
a
little
ease
themselues
of
the
weight
of
their
Targets
.
Where
But
both
haue
hath
relation
to
the
Posture
they
were
in
,
which
would
not
haue
them
to
alter
:
to
that
they
were
commanded
to
doe
.
In
ordering
of
Pikes
at
this
day
I
haue
shewed
,
that
the
Souldiers
hold
them
vpright
,
the
but
end
set
on
the
ground
before
,
and
somewhat
wide
of
their
right
foote
.
reciting
this
historie
peruerteth
the
Stratagem
:
Hee
saith
Wherein
hee
quite
dissenteth
from
saith
,
the
command
was
that
they
should
that
they
should
that
they
should
that
they
should
that
they
should
So
that
agree
,
and
expound
one
another
:
bringing
in
a
new
historie
dissenteth
,
as
I
said
,
from
the
other
two
;
especially
in
making
that
to
be
Chabrias
(
a
simple
forme
to
receiue
the
charge
vpon
their
knees
)
which
was
a
contempt
,
to
shew
how
little
,
especially
in
that
strength
of
ground
,
he
regarded
which
contempt
also
made
retire
,
not
doubting
but
it
proceeded
from
a
great
assurance
of
the
enemy
.
Therfore
as
I
said
I
take
these
words
not
only
to
appertaine
to
the
but
also
(
and
that
much
rather
)
to
the
Macedonian
countermarch
THe
two
former
motions
are
performed
,
one
in
close
Order
,
the
other
in
all
Orders
when
the
battaile
is
shut
so
close
,
that
(
as
saith
)
a
man
can
turne
his
face
neither
the
one
way
,
nor
the
other
.
in
open
Order
,
Order
,
and
close
Order
.
The
two
following
motions
one
is
done
in
the
other
for
the
most
part
in
and
yet
sometimes
as
we
shall
see
in
due
place
.
This
Chapter
handleth
the
next
Countermarch
is
For
there
are
two
kindes
of
one
by
file
,
and
the
other
by
ranke
.
And
each
of
these
is
againe
diuided
into
three
;
the
first
called
the
the
second
,
the
the
third
the
is
,
when
euery
souldier
followeth
his
Leader
of
the
same
file
when
euery
souldier
followeth
his
sideman
of
the
same
ranke
in
the
As
the
were
of
three
kindes
,
so
are
the
namely
the
and
the
beginneth
to
moue
at
the
corner
of
the
wing
,
which
is
nearest
to
the
enemy
,
the
enemy
appearing
to
either
flanke
.
And
therefore
inc●rreth
the
same
imputation
,
that
was
laid
vpon
the
as
seeming
to
runne
away
,
because
it
dismarcheth
from
the
enemy
.
Yet
is
there
vse
of
it
,
as
well
as
of
that
by
For
by
this
you
may
set
the
strongest
part
of
your
Armie
against
the
enemy
,
and
apply
the
weakest
to
some
Riuer
,
Lake
,
hill
,
or
such
like
,
so
that
the
enemy
can
not
come
to
incompasse
it
.
It
taketh
the
ground
that
lyeth
on
the
side
of
the
contrary
wing
.
The
taketh
the
ground
that
lieth
on
the
side
of
that
wing
,
which
is
toward
the
enemy
,
and
bringeth
the
best
men
to
be
formost
against
the
enemy
:
And
therefore
beginneth
the
moving
on
the
contrary
side
.
The
vse
of
it
is
,
when
your
forces
are
such
as
are
able
to
incounter
the
enemy
,
and
you
desire
to
bring
your
best
men
to
fight
.
The
keepeth
the
same
ground
,
the
battaile
had
at
first
,
&
bringeth
one
wing
to
possesse
the
place
of
the
other
;
Or
else
the
Sections
to
possesse
the
place
of
the
wings
,
as
might
haue
beene
done
in
the
last
example
cited
concerning
The
manner
of
is
contrary
to
the
the
motion
was
in
the
depth
of
the
battaile
,
and
either
the
front
remoued
toward
the
reare
,
or
the
reare
toward
the
front
,
and
tooke
one
an
others
place
.
In
this
the
motion
is
in
length
of
the
battaile
flanke-wise
;
the
wing
either
marching
into
the
middest
,
or
else
cleane
thorow
to
the
other
wing
.
In
doing
it
the
souldiers
,
that
stand
vttermost
in
the
flanke
of
the
wing
,
must
moue
first
to
the
contrary
wing
,
and
the
rest
of
euery
ranke
seuerally
follow
them
in
order
,
The
figure
will
shew
the
manner
of
the
motion
.
vtterly
mistaketh
the
and
groundeth
himselfe
vpon
a
wrong
principle
,
namely
that
in
all
And
therefore
in
changing
the
winges
into
Sections
,
he
makes
the
winges
to
fall
of
behind
in
the
reare
(
the
File-leaders
wheeling
about
)
and
there
to
ioyne
themselues
as
neare
,
as
the
middle
Section
will
giue
leaue
,
and
the
Sections
falling
backe
likewise
,
to
ioyne
themselues
to
the
flanks
of
them
,
that
were
the
wings
.
Whereas
the
nature
of
this
is
clearely
to
leaue
the
File-leaders
in
front
,
and
Bringers-vp
in
reare
,
as
they
were
at
first
.
And
albeit
the
File-leaders
then
change
their
places
,
yet
change
they
their
place
with
none
,
but
with
File
leaders
,
and
the
change
is
,
but
a
change
of
hands
,
the
right
hand
for
the
left
,
or
the
left
hand
for
the
right
.
For
whereas
the
File-leaders
of
the
right
wing
had
before
the
right
hand
,
now
in
being
transposed
to
the
left
wing
,
they
haue
the
left
hand
of
all
the
rest
of
the
File-leaders
;
as
likewise
the
Bringers-vp
of
the
other
bringers-vp
.
THE
former
three
Motions
alter
not
the
forme
of
the
For
whether
you
turned
faces
,
wheeled
,
or
countermarched
the
the
depth
and
length
remained
one
.
The
motion
to
be
expressed
in
this
Chapter
induceth
an
other
shape
to
the
and
maketh
it
seeme
a
different
body
from
that
it
was
before
,
being
by
extended
either
in
length
or
in
depth
.
For
the
number
of
men
,
or
the
place
of
the
in
front
,
maketh
the
length
twise
as
much
,
and
doubling
the
same
in
flanke
maketh
the
depth
to
that
it
was
before
.
For
is
nothing
else
,
then
making
a
military
body
twise
as
long
,
or
twise
as
deepe
,
as
it
was
before
.
Middle
men
double
your
Rankes
to
the
right
,
or
left
hand
.
By
this
Command
the
middle
men
with
their
halfe
files
march
vp
to
the
front
,
in
the
spaces
betwixt
the
files
,
and
stand
euen
with
the
File-leaders
,
and
the
rest
euen
with
the
rest
of
the
Ranks
.
broad-fronted
Phalange
deep
Phalange
Phalange
Loxe
BEfore
in
the
discoursed
of
wheeling
,
and
the
kindes
thereof
.
The
manner
,
how
it
is
to
be
done
,
is
reserued
for
this
place
,
I
neede
not
therefore
remember
any
thing
else
,
besides
the
words
of
command
.
IN
the
Chapter
the
distances
,
that
ought
to
bee
betwixt
souldier
and
souldier
,
are
particularly
treated
of
.
This
Chapter
sheweth
,
how
they
are
to
be
gained
,
that
is
,
how
we
are
to
proceede
out
of
one
distance
into
another
.
And
because
the
open
order
is
it
,
that
is
commonly
begunne
withall
,
it
is
here
taught
how
from
thence
to
passe
to
the
rest
,
and
to
returne
to
it
againe
.
The
end
of
closings
is
spoken
of
before
.
In
regard
of
they
are
said
to
be
of
two
kindes
:
One
to
the
wing
(
right
or
left
)
the
other
to
the
middest
of
the
I
cannot
expresse
the
manner
better
,
then
by
setting
downe
the
wordes
of
command
,
or
direction
,
which
are
these
in
Pikes
be
alwaies
aduanced
Macedonian
countermarch
single
Phalange
double
,
treble
Diphalange
Antistomus
Diphalange
*
Peristomus
wing
.
Therefore
it
is
called
as
hauing
the
front
bent
against
the
enemy
both
waies
.
Diphalange
*
Homoiostomus
Diphalange
Homoiostomus
Diphalange
*
Heterostomus
Iason
Medeas
Epicampios
Emprosthia
circumduction
of
the
front
Tetragonall
Horsebattaile
Persians
,
Sicilians
Antistomus
Diphalangy
ouerfronteth
,
ouerwingeth
ouerwingeth
,
ouerfronteth
not
turne
your
face
turne
your
face
turning
to
the
right
,
or
left
hand
,
turne
your
face
to
the
pike
,
To
your
Pike
turne
your
face
,
turne
about
your
face
to
the
Pike
turne
your
face
about
,
to
the
Target
turne
your
face
about
.
Lacedemonian
countermarch
Countermarch
Lacedemonian
a
la
Disbandade
Close
your selues
throughly
You
must
note
,
that
when
they
are
commanded
to
be
as
they
were
,
they
must
returne
thither
,
from
whence
they
parted
;
and
if
they
turned
to
the
right
hand
,
they
must
returne
to
the
left
,
and
so
in
Vnderstand
that
in
Closing
from
the
outsides
to
the
middle
the
Soldier
is
●stand
in
his
distance
of
foote
in
file
,
and
not
closer
.
This
must
be
obserued
charging
your
Pikes
with
a
firme
stand
to
set
the
right
foote
behind
,
and
charging
the
Pikes
marching
to
set
the
left
foote
before
.
Har
quebusiers
was
,
were
Bircanna
,
Bircenna
Dipnoseph
,
Dipnosoph
Adrian
,
Arrian
Dipnoseph
,
Dipnosoph
Marsilians
,
Massilians
pluimes
,
Plumes
conceited
by
,
conceitedly
Thureo
,
Thureoi
Those
,
These
Ochanes
,
Ochane
Divarates
,
Divarates
immitation
,
imitation
quiety
,
quietly
slinges
,
slingers
Analast
.
Analact
bellys
,
bellies
Sotridas
,
Soteridas.
forceble
,
forcible
Popana
,
Popana
vnfailable
,
vnfailible
for
all
reduct
,
reduce
de
bett
,
de
bell
strok
,
strooke
Enometis
,
Enom●tis
Enomotarches
,
Enomotarches
Prucestes
,
Peucestes
Bathera
,
Batheia
easily
,
easily
hauing
,
giuing
sure
,
safe
Ansetaus
,
Ansetaus
Then
,
They.
Pharnabarus
,
Pharnabazus
the
,
●hem
speedely
,
speedily
motion
,
motions
your
,
you.
fi●th
,
fifth
may
be
never
,
neither
when
it
is
greatest
in
Xenophon
hath
no
more
,
then
besides
,
to
preter●it
Sunne
.
set
for
,
of
Lochagie
,
Lochagi
Pempedarches
,
Pempadarchs
of
,
on
fourth
,
third
an
Army
,
that
&c.
●oreth
disorderly
.
Target
,
Targets
Philopomen
,
Philopoemen
Quintus
,
Quintius
himselfe
with
fought
,
sought
they
,
those
twenty
six
,
sixteene
Two
Systremm●s
an
Epinen●gy
of
and
front
Amb●shes
are
or
may
be
flights
,
flight
nea●er
,
nearer
Episyzygy
.
Harmatarchy
greater
,
great
cutting
it
of
and
,
but.
Middle
,
Middlemen
for
offence