THis Chapter and the next , seeme not to hold their right place : for being set before the manner how to wheele , and likewise before closings , and inserted betwixt the motions of the a a Battaile . Phalange ( to which motions , or to one of them , the manner of wheeling and closings appertaine ) they interrupt the method or orderly handling of the said motions ; which method Aelian curiously obserueth through his whole Booke . Besides , Aelian himselfe , after a manner pointeth out the true place of them , in that in the 24 Chapter , rehearsing shortly the appellations or words of Military discipline ; he placeth these formes after Induction and Deduction : I take it therefore , that their proper place is after the 37 Chapter , the rather , because all the formes of Marches from thenceforth handled , are either Squares of the one kinde or other , or else spring out of these Squares . I b b Cap. 1● . noted before that there are three kinds of Squares ; one , that hath a longer front then flanke ; another , that hath a longer flanke , then front ; the third , that hath the front and flanke equall . Of the third Aelian speaketh in the 42 Chapter , of the first and second in this Chapter : of these two therefore I will treat in order . And first I will handle the Names , then the Vse , lastly the Manner how to transforme one into another .

The first is called

1. Plagiophalanx , or the broad-fronted Phalange . ) The word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is often interpreted for oblique ; which signification it cannot haue heere ; the oblique Phalange being in this Chapter tearmed by the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and yet distingnished from the Plagiophalanx . They that translate Plagiophalanx , the transuerse or ouer-thwart fronted Phalange , agree better with Aelians meaning , because it meeteth the enemy with a front trans-uerse , and drawne out in length , and directly opposite against him . I haue rendred it the broad fronted Phalange , as more fitting the English tongue : It may also be called the long-fronted Phalange . For breadth ( I haue remembred it before ) and length of a Phalange are all one : In this sense is the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vsed by Arrian , being applied to the manner of bearing of a Pike . He telleth , that Alexander transported his Army ouer the riuer Ister , to inuade the territory Arr. l. ● . 4. C. of the Getes ; and hath thus , The number of those that passed the riuer with Alexander , were about 1500 horse , and 4000 foot . They passed in the night , and landed where the Corne was high , which was the cause that their arriuall was not descried . As soone as the morning appeared , Alexander led them through the Corne fields ; Commanding the foot , that bearing downe the Corne with their Pikes held a thwart , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , they should march into the Champeigne . The manner of their bearing of Pikes ( as I interpret it ) was this ; They tooke the Pikes in the midst with both their hands , and so bore them out , not with the points forward , but crosse and paralell the front of the Phalange , that the file leaders with one ioynt force might ledge and beare downe the high-growne Corne , and make easier passage for those that followed . If they had carried them out slope , or oblique ( which is the other signification of the word ) it had beene no more , then the particular force of euery man a part , that held his Pike sloping ; besides that , they would haue beene intangled in the Corne ; whereas the bearing of them crosse parrallell with the front , was the ioynt force of so many file-leaders , as did thrust forward against the Corne. Therefore as when the Pike is borne in full length crosse ● . 9. § 72 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & § 77. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . the front of the battaile , the posture of the Pike is said to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , so is a Phalange termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that hath a front stretched out in euen length , and opposed against the euen front of the aduerse battaile of the enemy .

2. The length manifoldly exceeding the depth . ] Aelian sets not downe expresly any proportion of the excesse of the length aboue the depth , onely he saith , it must manifoldly exceed the depth : We must take it then , that the excesse of the length must be at the least threefold ; for thrice fals into the appellation of manifold . A Macedonian fourefold Phalange may iustly challenge 4. Phalange Macedonian consisting of 1634. pike●en Phalangarch is the fourth part of a Phalange . this name , being 1024 men in length , onely 16 in depth . And likewise a Phalangarch led seuerally and by it selfe , as hauing 256 men in length , but 16 in depth . The rest of the bodies of the fourefold Phalange , till you come downe to a Pentecosiarchy , albeit ranged by themselues , are likewise Plagiophalanges , or broad-fronted bastacles . A Pentecosiarchy hath onely twice so many in front , as in flanke ( as 32 in front , 16 in flanke ) and therefore 4. Pentecosiarchy hath in it 512 men . The ordinary depth is 16. commeth not vnder the name of a broad-fronted Phalange . So that , let the battaile be as long as you list , hauing but the ordinary depth , it still is accounted a Plagiophalange . When it is but twice so long in front as in flanke , it cannot deserue that name , but it is to be termed rather a Square of ground , because the flanke in a square of ground taketh vp as much ground as the front . To the Battaile-broad-fronted , is next added the Phalange , called

3. Orthiophalange , or Herse ] which albeit it haue the length and depth vnequall , as hath the Plagiophalange , or broad-fronted Phalange , yet must the depth manifoldly exceede the length , which is contrary in the Plagiophalange . This saith Aelian proceedeth in

4. A wing . ) To proceede in a a a Aelian c. 36. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Leo c. 9. § 77. Aelian c. 9. Wing is to march on with a parcell or one body of the Army , namely with a certaine number of files ( as with a a a A body of foure files . Tetrarchy , b b A body of ● files . Taxis , or c c A body of 16 files . Syntagna ) and to follow with the rest in like manner , so that the whole army holdeth no proportion of length or breadth to the depth . That which is called by Aelian Orthiophalanx , is called by b b Diodor. Sic. l. 20. Diodorus Siculus , and by c c Arr. l. 1. 3. C. Arrian , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a deepe phalange , because the forme of it ariseth out of the depth of the embattailing , as I haue noted vpon the seuenth Chapter . This kinde of march the Greeke writers expresse by the words of leading d d Xenoph. hist. Grac. l. 6. 558. A. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and e e Arr. l. 1. 14. C. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is , in a wing ; whereas the other kinde with a large front ( I meane the broad-fronted Phalange ) is said to be led f f Xenoph. hist. Grac. l. 6. 558. A. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and g g Arr. l. 1. 14. F. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and h h Arr. l. 1. 14. C. in a Phalange , and i i Arr. l. 1. 14. B. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , k k Leo c 17. §. 26. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , in front , l l Leo ibid. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , in extention of breadth . The words I recite to helpe them , who although they be skilfull in the Greeke tongue , yet are not so well acquainted with the Tactickes , and may easily mistake , or not vnderstand the signification , if they be not forewarned . But because I haue before in my notes vpon the seuenth Chapter touched this matter , I will here vse an example , or two , onely to explaine , and to giue light to both formes . m m Arr. l. 1. 14. Arrian reporteth , that when Alexander was to passe the riuer Granicus , on the further side whereof the Persians had embattailed themselues in a n n 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . broad-fronted phalange to hinder his passage , Parmenio one of his eldest and best Commanders came vnto him , and gaue him this counsell ; Sir , said hee , Consider the Persians are ready to encounter you on the other side ; my opinion is , you cannot gaine the passage without exceeding danger : both because your phalange cannot be led o o 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ▪ in front ( that is , in a broad front ) by reason of the many and sundry depths that are to be seene in the Riuer , and of the height and steepenesse of the banks , as also for that the enemies horse ordered in a p p 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 phalange , will be ready to charge vs , whilest we disorderly and q q 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . wingwise ( which is the weakest kinde of fight ) endeauour to scamble vp the bankes . Thus Arrian vsing the words before recited , and noting the difference of both the formes . s s Leo c. 17. §. 26. Leo hath the like passage , instructing his Generall how in the night to surprize an Enemy in his lodging . His words are these in effect ; When you march , saith he , to the intent that no tumult or confusion of noise be heard , nor the stretching out of your battaile into a great length breede error and inequality in marching ; and hereupon cries and loud commands arise , so that the Enemy may easily perceiue the accesse of your Armie ; It behoueth you to march not in t t 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . front , that is , in a u u 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . large extension of breadth , but x x 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . wingwise , that is to say , in a y y 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . deepe forme of Embattailing ; as if one file should follow in the reare of another , obseruing still to maintaine the depth , or x ●n a Horse . thicknesse of the battaile . His meaning is : That in the night an Army ought not to be led in a broad-fronted Phalange ( because the places are wayes through which you are to march , are sometimes large , sometimes streight , sometimes rough , sometimes plaine , and so you cannot preserue an euen front , but must change the forme and disorder it ) but in a Herse or deepe Phalange , which will fit all passages , and in the greatest inequality of way maintaine the forme of the battaile entire . And so much of the signification of the words marching in a Wing , and marching in a Phalange .

5. Euery thing is called Paramekes . ] It is to be obserued , that there is a difference betweene Paramekes and Heteromekes : I thought good to note it , because Aelian in diuers places mentioneth both . Paramekes is the figure , according to Aelian , wherein the length many times exceeds the depth ; it may be Heteromekes , albeit it be but twice as long as deepe . I am not ignorant that a a Euclyd . l. 1. definit . 30. Euclyde nameth all foure sided figures , that haue right angles , and vnequall sides , Heteromekes . But Aelian , though hee apply Heteromekes sometimes to the b b Aelia . c. 18. 38. 46. front , sometimes to the flanke , yet he giues no more then a double proportion either of front to flanke , or flanke to front .

6. Orthion . ] Albeit the word Orthium properly signifie things rising in a height , yet in military discourse it is applied to the dimension of the depth Aelian hath afterward 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . of a battell , and not of the length . Here a Phalange is termed Orthia , and in Leo in the place last by me cited , mention is made of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , ● deep embattailing : and in Xenophon c c 〈…〉 . l. a. 32. D. ●●● . ● . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a Company stretched out in dep●● , 〈…〉 Polyen also , and Arrian , and Appian . d d Polyen . l. ● . 549. ● . ● . Polyen hath besides , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , for an army , that is cast into a great depth , and into a narrow 〈…〉 Therefore , as Paramekes signifieth the length of the front ; so Orthion signifies the depth of the flanke of any battell ordered , as is aforesaid . Thus much of the names of the two battels : It remaines to shew the Vse of them , and how one may be transformed into the other .

The Plagiophalange , or broad-fronted battell bringeth most hands to fight with conueniency , and therefore is accounted the better forme ; and , as neere T●● vse of the broad-fronted Phalange , and of the Herse . as opportunity of ground would giue leaue , the ancient Generals principally affected , and sought to put this forme in vre : It hath the commodity to ouerfront the aduerse battell , and is safe it selfe from ouerfronting , vnlesse the Enemy bring a greater multitude then you haue to ouer-match your Army . The Macedonian Phalange was for the most part of this forme , as all the fields Alexander fought euidently declare ; So ordered he his troopes at Granicus , so at Issos , so at Gangamelos , so in other places , if the ground would serue . This Caution notwithstanding was obserued , that the depth held proportion with the length ; otherwise the length profiteth not so much , as the thinnesse of the depth hurts , by giuing meanes to the enemy to breake through , and put the aduerse battell in a rout . I haue noted it before out of e e Leo c. 14. §. 10● . Leo.

The Herse , or deepe Phalange , was thought the weakest kinde to fight in . f f Arr l. 1. 14. Parmenio , one of the chiefest Commanders Alexander had , distrusted it ( as I haue shewed a little before . ) g g Xenoph Cyrop . l. 6. 167. B. Cyrus the elder , in the embattailing of the Egyptians , derided it ; yet cannot the forme of the broad-fronted Phalange be so exactly taken vp , but that necessity will sometime force the other . In straight places it hath beene often vsed : So h h Arr. l. 1. 36. C. Darius in the battaile of Issos , by reason of the straightnesse of ground , was forced to this forme : So Bo●il●ar the Carthaginian , was faine in a straight place to make a narrow front of his phalange , and to extend it in depth . And d d Liu. l. 46. 112. A. Acilius Glabrio the Roman Consall , in the streights of Thermopyle against Antiochus : and e e Liu. l. 38. 215. C. P. Scipto in Spaine against the Illergets . Therefore in large grounds the first forme is to be chosen , in narrow and rough places the other . The Herse is also fit for Marches , because in a March you are assured to meet with variety of ground ; sometimes with woods , sometimes with bushes , sometimes with streight wayes , with riuers , with hils , with pits , with bridges , with ditches , and such like impediments , so that the front of your broad-fronted phalange must needs be dissolued ; whereas no difficulty of wayes can hinder the passage of a f f Ael . c. 45. Herse , the front whereof may be narrowed ( according to the ground you march in ) as you list . g g Arr. l. 1. 2. B. Alexander being to lead his Army against the Thracians , that had planted themselues in the mount Aemus , was ●●ine to narrow the front of his phalange , according to the way that led vp to the Mount : The same did h h Xenoph hist. 〈…〉 6 ●o● . D. Agesilaus passing through the streights of Mantina ; the History is by me recited before in my notes vpon the 26 Chapter i i Polyen . l. 5. ●●3 . §. 1. Panimenes likewise leading his Army through Pho●is toward ●hebes , and finding that the Enemy had taken and possessed a place called Philo●aeoton , that had two streights leading toward it , one of which the Enemy held with a gard ; casting is troopes into a Herse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , making the bulke of his Army slender , and ●it to march , shaped himselfe to the right hand , as though he ment to hold on to that passage . The Enemy therefore leauing the left hand streight , which they had in gard , ran with all speed to the right hand to stop his passage ; but hee taking the opportunity , speeded hastily to the left , and conueyed his Army thorough without danger . Many like examples of Herses accommodated to streight wayes , where a broad-fronted Phalange cannot march , are to be found in Histories . The Orthiophalange or Herse was also much●sed in an ascent against a hill which the enemy possessed : and in this sence are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 deepe Companies takes in the Greeke writers , especially when a whole Company is put into a file , and 3 or 4 or more files laid together to make an Orthiophalange , in which forme they vsed to mount vp against hils . Many examples be in heir Histories of beating off Enemies from hils in this forme . a a Xenoph. Cyrop . l. ● . 71 D Cyrus the elder vsed it against the Chaldaeans ; b b Xenoph. d'exp . l. ● . 3●0 D. Xenophon against the Carducans ; c c Xenoph. d'exp . l. ● 324. E. Cherisophus in passing the riuer Centrites , which riuer diuideth the mountaines of the Carducans from Armenia : the Graecians against the Mosynecans , that inhabited certaine Mountaines which the Graecians were to mount . e e Arr. l. 4. 95. ● . Ptolomey against the d Xenoph. d'exp . l 5. 3●3 . A. Indians , that embattelled themselues vpon a mountaine to resist the inuasion of Alexander . And a notable example of an Army ascending against a Mountaine , is described by f f Xenoph. d'exp●d . l. 4. 340. Xenophon , in the fourth booke of the ascent of Cyrus ; Herelateth that the Cholcans had taken vp a high Mountaine , and there imbattelled their Army to the intent to stop the passage of the Grecians in their returne out of Parsia : The Grecians at the first ordered themselues into a Phalange , ( a broad fronted battell ) meaning in that forme to make their way . But afterwards the Chief-taines calling a Court , aduised vpon their best course of fighting : Xenophons opinion was , that laying aside the forme of a Phalange , it would be best to order themselues in Companies g g 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . drawne out in file . For a Phalange , said he , will soone be broken , by reason of the inequality of the way , which in some parts of the Mountaine will be found easie enough , in other hard to ascend . And the sohldiers will quickly be discouraged to see the Phalange disordered , in which they march ; Besides , marching in a large front , the enemies , that exceede vs in number , will ouer-front vs , and vse their multitude to most aduantage : In a narrow front it will be no maruaile to see our Phalange cut asunder with missiue weapons , and with men ordered in battaile to charge vs ; whereby the whole Phalange will be distressed . Therefore , as I said , I hold it best to put the Armie into Companies stretched out in depth , giuing to each Company such distance one from another , that our wings may ouer ▪ reach the vttermost points of theenemies battaile : and let euery company make choice of their fittest way for ascent : As for the spaces betwixt company and company , it shall not be easie for the enemy to conuey himselfe into them , all the companies on all sides ( in case he enter ) wrapping him in betwixt them : and if it chance that any company be distressed , the next company is to succour and aide it . Now say , that one company attaine to the top of the hill , you may be assured , that no enemy will keepe his ground . This Counsell was assented to by all ; When therefore euery man had taken his place , and the d d 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 8000 armed . companies were laid out in their iust depth , the armed amounted to about 80 companies , in euery of which were reckoned almost 100 men : The Targeteers and Archers were diuided into three bodies , the first to march without the armed of the left wing , the second without the armed of the right , the third in the midst , euery body consisting of well-nigh 600 1800 light-armed . men . After prayers made to the gods , the souldiers aduanced , singing the a a A song or hymne to Apollo vsed by the Grecians when they ioyned with the Enemy . Iul Pol. l. ● . c. 1. §. 33. But the Scholiastes of Thucydides saith , there were two Paeans , one to Mars before victory , the other to Apollo after victory . ● . 1. Paean ; Then Cherisophus and Xenophon ( leading the point of the Graecian battaile ) and the Targatiers with them , who ouer reached the enemies wings , hasted on a pace , and the enemy perceiuing it , extended their wings to meet them , and by that meanes were distracted some to the right , some to the left hand , leauing an empty space in the middest of their Phalange ▪ the Targatiers armed after the Arcadian manner , led by Aeschines the Acharnan , seeing the enemies battaile disseuered , and imagining them to flye , ranne forth with all speede , and were the first that gained the hill : they were seconded by the armed Arcadians , commanded by Cleanor the Orchomenian . When the Enemy saw them come running on , they forsooke their ground , and began to shift for them . selues , one one way , another another : The Grecians hauing gained the Hill , encamped there . Hitherto Xenophon , out of whose practice the best addresse against an enemy , that possesseth a Hill , ouer which our Army is to march , may be learned ▪ In a broad-fronted Phalange it is hard to proceede , both because of the inequality of the ground , which will easily breake the phalange , and disioynt all the parts thereof , and also for that the enemies weapons throwne from the higher ground will not lightly misse so great a body , and great stones , and other masse , tumbled downe , will beare downe and make ruine of whatsoeuer commeth in the way , impossible to misse in such an extension of length , and thronging of the Army : to lead in one and a continued Herse is no lesse dangerous . A few men , and those onely in front , shall come to fight against a multitude of enemies , who will ouer-front , and charge them on all sides . Xenophons Counsell then is to make diuers bodies , and to order them so seuered in front and flanke , that they may ouer-front the enemy , and not be parted asunder with the vneuennesse of the ascent , nor yet proue too faire a marke for the enemies weapons . The Bodies are declared to be Companies each of 100 men ; these so diuided one from another in distance filewise , that the vttermost bodies on both sides might be able to ouer-reach the points of the enemies wings , and to make choice of the best Ascent toward the height of the hill . Further , the forme of ordering the bodies is set downe , They were stretched out in depth ( 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : ) Orthios lochos is here taken for a Company ordered in one file ; and it fignifies as much as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a Company ordered one man singly after another : which phrase is vsed by b b Xenoph. Cyrop . l. ● . 55. A. & l. 5. 130. D. Xenophon elsewhere : and in the same sence c c Thucyd. l. 2. 155. ● . Thucydides vseth the phrase of placing ships one in a direct line after another 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which his scoliastes interpreteth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , hauing one after another . And d d Polyb. l. 1. 27. ● . C. D. Polybius likewise of Ships hath the same phrase , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , to be placed one after another ; and in the same place 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Yet this passage out of Xenophon , where he mencioneth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , hath a diuers signification from the common vsage of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 amongst other Grecians . It agreeth , in that , they led their Companies stretched out in file ; it differeth , in that Zenophons files were placed in distance one from another , and had all an equall front in the manner of a e e A broad-fronted Battaile . Plagio-phalange , where in the other examples they were ioyned ; to the end to make an Orthiophalange , and in seuerall bodies to follow one another . I deny not that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are otherwise taken in the wars of the Romans described by the Greciatis .

So f f Appian . in Ly●●cis 22. Scipio ordering his battell against Hanniball in the fight of Africa , is reported by Appian to haue disposed his Army into Maniples , distributed into three kinde of bodies , the Maniples to stand 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , one directly after another . How they stood g g Poly. l. 15. ●●● . ● . Polybius shewes , describing the same battaile ; He saith , that Scipio ordered the Hastati and their ensignes first of all the rest , and in front , and gaue interuals to their maniples ; behinde them the Principes , not against the interuals of the Hastati , as the Roman manner was , but behinde them in a right line ( because of the multitude of the Enemies Elephants : ) and lastly , the Triarij . On the wing of the left flanke he ranged C. Lelius with the Italian Horse vnder him : on the right Massanissa , and all the Numidian Horse , which he commanded . The interuals of the first Ensignes ( that is , of the Hastati ) he filled with the bodies of light armed , commanding them first to vndertake the fight ; and in case they were not able to withstand the affront of the the enemy , or of the Elephants , he willed them to retire ; some , that could preuent the rest with speed , through the direct interuals of the maniples to thereare of the army ; other , that were in a manner surprised , to the flankes , neere the Ensignes . This ordering of Maniples one directly after another , so termed and described by Polybius , Appian calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; which notwithstanding , if truly examined , cannot according to the Grecian practise come within the compasse of that name . For the Grecians , as I said , drew their Companies seuerally each into a file ; and laying foure , or fiue , or six , or more of them together , made a body , the depth whereof much exceeded the length , or breadth , the front being of 4. 5. or 6. men in ranke , the depth of 100 , whereas the Romans , as appeareth by Polybius , kept their ordinary manner of embattelling , sauing that they placed their principes not against the interuals of the Hastati , as their custome was , but directly behinde the Maniples of the Hastati , to the end the Elephants of the Carthaginians might haue an empty and void lane , as it were , to passe through their whole Army : As for the Roman Maniples they consisted of two parts ioyned together , which they called h h Or●● . Ordines , and euery Ordo contained 60 men , commanded by a Captaine ; so that the Maniple had in it 120 men , and two Captaines or Centurions . These 120 men being digested into files , containing 10 men a peece ( for that was the length of file , and the depth of the Maniple ) make 12 files , which stood one by another ranged in front , not stretched one after another in depth . But because the Maniples of the Hastati principes , and the Triarij , stood directly one after another , therefore Appian called them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , either out of the ignorance of the manner of embattelling amongst the Romans , or else because the Grecians in their writings reduced the order of the Roman embattelling vnto their owne vsage . So they called a Tribune of the Roman Army a Chiliarch , albeit a Chiliarch amongst the Grecians and a Tribune amongst the Romans differ very much , as I haue noted vpon the ninth Chapter of Aelian : the manner of embattailing of the Army of Acilius Glabrio a Roman Consull in the streights of Thermopyle , commeth neerer vnto the Greekish forme : g g Appianin Syracis 97. C. Appian describeth it thus ; Antiochus hauing fortified the streights of Thermopyle with a double wall , and drawne forth his army ord●●ly for fight , to make good the place against Acilius ; Acilius diuided his troopes into three parts , and giuing one part to Cato , to●laccus ●laccus , the one to make his passage on the one side of the Hils , the other on the other , himselfe led the ordinary way against Antiochus ; and framing of his owne● part 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( which manner of embattelling alone , saith Appian , seruet● for streight wayes ) ●e pushed on and forced his Enemy to retire , gained his Campe. The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 here mentioned , are no other then the h h Herse . Orthie-phalange , which Aelian hath set downe in this Chapter , namely , hauing one Maniple ( or if the streight permitted not a Maniple of 12 files to march entirely in front ) one Ordo consisting of six files to aduance , the rest following in the same ●inde , as the fashion is of the right induction , remembred by Aelian hereafter in his 36 Chapter . Now albeit that forme come neerer to the Graecian forme , yet it is not the same , the one filling the way with the Maniple or Ordo , as it fell our , in the same figure , that it stands in the field , the other changing the order of the field , drawing the Company out into one file , and ioyning other Companies with it in front , as many as the way would receiue : So that the Grecian had too in depth of the body , the Roman but 10. We are not to pretermit , that albeit Acilius vsed this forme to dislodge 〈…〉 from the H●ll , yet he trusted not to it alone , but diuiding his 〈…〉 into three parts , he caused two of them to march vp the hils on both sides , himselfe on the midst , to the end that one part might ●aine the height ouer 〈…〉 head , and so make him forsake his ground . Thus farre of the vse of these two 〈…〉 of Phalanges or battailes : it remaineth to shew , how one of them may be transsormed into another .

The next proceeding Chapter teacheth , that out of doublings of Rankes , the Transformation of one into another . length of the battell ariseth , as the depth out of doubling of files . I haue shewed the manner of both in my notes vpon the 8 and 29 Chapter . And this manner is easie in a single Company , or in a small Army : In great Bodies it hath no Doubling of files . great vse , let the Example be of a Phalangarchy , which is the fourth part of a fourefold Phalange , and containeth 256 files . Double the files once you shall 128 files , and 32 men in depth , and but 3 foot distance in ranke . The second doubling bringeth forth 64 files , and as many men in depth , but the distance betwixt ranke and ranke is but a foot and a halfe . Beyond this doubling you cannot proceede ; for beside the confusion of places of officers , which are in number aboue i i See Aelian c 7. 250 in a Phalangarchy , the interuals betwixt man and man , will not conueniently allow aboue two doublings : your open order betwixt man and man , wherein they stand at first , giueth but six foot : The first doubling takes away three foot from euery internall , the second leaueth but a soot and halfe . And considering that when the battell is closed for fight , the neerest distance betwixt ranke and ranke ought to be no lesse then three foot , in regard of handling of weapons ( as I haue shewed before out of Polybius . ) The second doubling , albeit it yeeldeth roome from the bodies of Souldiers to In my notes vpon the 11 chapt. stand in , yet it takes away the halfe of this distance , but the third doubling allowing but 3 quarters of a foot for each man to stand in , giueth not so much ground as his body will possesse . So is it likewise of Ranks , which will not suffer aboue two doublings fit for vse . Aelians file is of ●6 men , double your rankes once , your file will containe no more then eight men , and euery man shall haue three foot distance from other in ranke , double them twice , the file hath but foure men , and euery mans distance in ranke is no more then a foot and halfe , which as it is allowable in close order , so admitteth it no third dou 〈…〉 , wherein the space betwixt man and man cannot exceed three quarters of a foot . As therefore the second doubling of ranks in a Phalangarchy , albeit it extend the front of the battell , leaueth yet too small a depth to the Plagiophalange or broad-fronted battaile , it containing no more then foure men in depth : so the doubling of files twice fitteth not the Orthiophalange or Herse , as hauing 64 in depth , and as many in length , which number neither holdeth proportion of the depth manifold to the length of the Orthiophalange or Herse , nor yet by reason of the length hath conueniency to apply it selfe to streight waies ; a thing that containeth the principall vse of that manner of battaile ; which was the cause that antiquity vsed another course .