IN
the
first
place
then
it
behooveth
to
shew
the
composing
of
the
weight
of
silver
and
gold
;
Silver
weight
is
thus
composed
:
A
pound
Troy
containeth
twelve
ounces
;
an
Ounce
containeth
twentie
pennie
weight
,
a
pennie
weight
containeth
twentie
foure
graines
of
wheat
,
taken
out
of
the
middest
of
the
wheat
eare
,
et
e
converso
,
24.
graines
taken
out
of
the
middst
of
the
wheat
eare
doe
make
a
penny
weight
;
twenty
penny
weight
doe
make
an
ounce
,
and
twelve
ounces
do
make
a
pound
Troy
.
Where
note
,
that
a
pound
Taile
is
but
foure
ounces
,
which
before
King
Henry
the
Sixt
his
time
,
was
all
one
with
the
pound
Troy
,
he
then
did
raise
it
by
prerogative
to
30.
pence
the
ounce
,
which
caused
the
price
of
an
ounce
of
silver
to
passe
at
that
price
in
currant
payment
betwixt
man
and
man
;
and
a
pound
weight
Troy
to
passe
at
30s
which
before
was
but
20s
.
Thus
by
dividing
the
ounce
Troy
into
so
many
more
peeces
,
hee
lost
so
much
in
his
revenues
,
customes
,
and
other
duties
belonging
to
him
,
as
he
had
multiplied
the
pence
in
number
,
and
this
is
called
,
raising
the
Coine
in
denomination
.
And
in
successe
of
time
,
between
Henry
the
Sixt
,
and
the
beginning
of
Edward
the
sixth
his
time
,
the
ounce
was
raised
to
sixtie
pence
,
and
so
it
remained
ever
since
constant
,
notwithstanding
the
raising
of
it
in
forraigne
parts
;
for
it
was
found
by
experience
of
our
former
raisings
,
that
raising
of
the
ounce
weight
,
was
but
a
temporarie
remedy
to
keepe
the
monies
at
home
,
and
stood
no
longer
then
they
raised
againe
beyond
Seas
;
This
may
suffice
for
the
weight
of
silver
,
consisting
now
of
sixtie
pence
the
ounce
,
twelve
ounces
to
the
pound
Troy
.
The
gold
pound
being
the
same
in
weight
with
the
silver
is
otherwise
composed
in
other
termes
;
as
thus
,
The
Gold
casteth
away
the
name
of
penny
weight
,
thus
,
A
pound
weight
of
Troy
of
pure
Gold
is
said
to
bee
24.
Carrats
,
and
every
Carrat
containeth
foure
graines
,
two
Carrats
and
an
ounce
are
one
weight
,
a
graine
and
halfe
a
quarter
of
an
ounce
are
one
weight
.
Next
followeth
in
order
to
know
the
Composition
of
the
mixture
or
finenesse
of
Gold
and
Silver
;
and
first
,
of
Silver
,
because
it
is
the
common
market
man
both
at
home
and
abroad
.
Here
is
to
be
noted
that
no
monyes
be
made
of
pure
Silver
in
no
Mints
,
the
reason
is
,
because
in
its
purenes
and
puritie
the
Silver
is
as
flexable
as
lead
almost
,
and
therefore
not
so
usefull
in
its
purity
,
as
when
it
is
somthing
hardned
with
Copper
;
even
so
it
is
with
Gold
.
There
is
no
pure
Gold
minted
in
any
place
I
know
of
,
but
hath
some
Allay
or
Copper
,
and
if
it
hath
beene
heretofore
,
it
is
so
ancient
that
no
memory
thereof
remaineth
to
us
;
and
if
it
were
at
any
time
done
so
,
the
alteration
began
with
some
Prince
that
ment
and
did
deceive
others
with
so
doing
:
for
it
is
a
powerfull
meanes
to
fetch
his
neighbours
Coines
from
them
to
bee
minted
in
his
mints
;
which
being
perceived
,
his
neighbours
did
mix
their
Coines
also
,
thinking
thereby
to
fetch
theirs
home
againe
by
the
same
meanes
it
went
away
;
but
(
as
it
is
before
said
of
denomination
;
)
so
then
and
now
it
falleth
out
to
bee
the
same
in
imbasing
the
Coine
,
as
it
was
or
is
in
denomination
;
but
a
temporary
remedy
and
to
no
purpose
but
hurt
,
as
I
shall
tell
you
hereafter
,
when
I
come
to
speake
of
the
inconveniences
of
raising
the
Coine
by
denomination
or
debasing
of
it
by
Allay
or
Copper
,
which
be
all
one
in
effect
and
worketh
alike
.
So
then
you
having
the
weights
of
silver
and
gold
in
your
understanding
and
memory
;
it
remaineth
to
let
you
know
that
almost
all
Princes
coynes
doe
differ
in
finenesse
or
mixture
,
few
do
agree
just
together
,
insomuch
as
Spaine
having
foure
Mints
or
more
under
his
command
,
two
in
the
West
Indies
Mexico
and
Perue
,
and
two
in
the
Continent
of
Spaine
,
Lisbon
and
Sivile
,
yet
all
foure
differ
in
finenesse
one
from
the
other
something
,
for
which
there
is
some
reason
to
be
given
in
its
proper
time
:
So
likewise
there
is
some
difference
in
finenesse
in
other
Princes
Coines
,
as
between
us
and
France
,
and
the
Low-Countries
,
Arch-Duches
,
and
united
Provinces
,
Lubecke
,
Hamborough
,
Stoad
,
and
the
Imperiall
Cities
of
Germany
.
And
for
this
cause
of
differences
,
ours
consisting
of
Eleaven
ounces
two
penny
weight
fine
,
FRANCE
of
Eleaven
ounces
fine
,
Low-Countries
of
tenne
ounces
,
and
some
of
nine
ounces-fine
in
the
pound
Troy
.
It
behoveth
us
who
have
the
finest
Standard
or
mixture
of
silver
in
our
monyes
,
to
beware
that
our
fine
monyes
bee
not
drawne
out
from
us
to
maintaine
the
baser
mints
;
for
if
denomination
have
a
power
to
work
that
effect
;
much
more
hath
embasing
of
Coine
being
not
so
easily
perceived
as
the
other
,
and
to
watch
over
them
in
all
places
,
least
we
be
deceived
by
any
of
them
.
But
some
will
say
;
what
neede
wee
bee
put
to
trouble
to
watch
others
,
cannot
we
more
easilie
doe
as
others
doe
?
To
this
I
answer
,
if
there
were
no
harme
in
so
doing
at
home
,
yet
to
alter
with
them
that
alter
or
may
alter
,
requireth
a
continuall
watch
over
all
others
with
whom
wee
have
commerce
,
or
else
,
how
should
we
know
when
they
alter
,
or
know
what
mynt
it
is
that
draweth
our
monyes
from
us
?
and
if
we
should
alter
our
mint
as
often
as
others
may
alter
,
wee
should
ever
be
altering
and
have
no
rest
at
home
;
this
,
perconsequence
must
needs
bring
a
confusion
in
short
time
,
when
once
moving
our
mynt
hath
made
great
alterations
amongst
us
at
home
,
and
will
ever
doe
so
when
we
shall
alter
;
It
is
the
greatest
harme
to
King
and
Subjects
,
as
shall
be
shewed
(
God
willing
)
hereafter
.
In
the
meane
time
,
give
mee
leave
to
let
you
know
,
that
in
or
about
the
yeare
of
our
Lord
one
thousand
five
hundred
fiftie
and
five
,
we
being
in
amitie
with
all
Princes
and
neighbour-mynts
,
there
was
a
generall
consent
amongst
Princes
and
States
to
make
a
Treatie
for
the
Concord
in
Mynt
affaires
,
to
keepe
a
paritie
in
Coynes
,
which
treaties
were
frequent
in
elder
times
,
but
now
,
(
by
reason
of
wars
neere
hand
,
in
France
,
Low
Countries
,
and
Germany
)
is
omitted
.
And
in
King
HENRY
the
eight
,
his
time
,
there
is
mention
made
of
a
Treatise
betweene
the
KING
and
the
Arch-duches
of
Austria
,
wherein
it
was
found
that
the
difference
of
an
halfe
penny
in
an
Angell
of
Gold
(
which
now
is
about
three
pence
in
the
pound
tale
)
it
would
be
sufficient
to
exhaust
his
treasure
out
of
his
kingdome
,
and
by
no
meanes
would
suffer
it
.
Then
per
consequence
what
doe
they
which
at
this
time
doe
raise
both
Gold
and
Silver
,
twenty
in
the
hundred
above
others
?
The
answer
to
this
is
,
they
doe
breake
the
Law
of
Nations
,
which
is
a
just
cause
of
Warre
amongst
Princes
,
to
goe
about
to
draw
away
their
neighbours
coine
by
inhancing
,
by
denomination
,
or
debasing
the
finenesse
by
Allay
,
for
all
make
one
effect
as
aforesaid
.
But
what
care
they
to
breake
the
law
of
nations
that
purpose
to
have
Warre
?
then
this
is
answered
for
that
;
and
must
we
then
of
consequence
have
our
moneys
exhausted
(
as
they
are
)
or
make
Warre
,
and
by
the
next
consequence
be
undone
,
is
there
none
other
remedy
?
There
is
,
but
I
referre
the
remedy
till
another
time
and
place
.
Now
I
have
laid
open
the
composing
of
the
weight
and
finenesse
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
I
am
to
shew
the
cause
of
exporting
of
our
Gold
and
Silver
,
before
aremedy
can
be
applyed
.
And
this
is
a
secret
to
most
men
to
know
the
cause
,
and
will
be
controverted
by
them
that
have
profit
therby
;
and
if
we
believe
them
that
controvert
it
,
the
cause
is
lost
;
herein
is
to
be
noted
,
what
Ecclesiastes
(
as
concerning
Marchant
Exchange
saith
:
Trust
not
a
Marchant
in
the
businesse
or
touching
Exchange
,
a
Labourer
,
in
the
point
of
hyre
,
nor
a
souldier
in
the
ending
of
warres
.
Beare
in
remembrance
the
weight
and
finenesse
of
our
owne
Coyne
especially
,
without
which
knowing
and
remembring
,
you
cannot
fall
upon
nor
understand
the
true
cause
of
exhansting
of
our
monyes
,
which
is
the
marchandizing
Exchange
,
nor
yet
the
remedy
;
Therefore
I
pray
you
pause
upon
that
which
hath
been
said
a
while
,
unlesse
you
have
been
versed
or
do
understand
the
mint
businesse
,
and
composing
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
which
hath
beene
declared
in
some
measure
.
Also
take
this
with
you
for
a
principle
;
moneys
can
neither
bee
advanced
in
denomination
,
nor
a
pound
Troy
or
an
ounce
be
made
into
more
pieces
of
Silver
,
nor
debased
by
putting
in
more
Copper
or
Allay
,
without
generall
detryment
to
the
Respublike
:
A
perillous
thing
to
deale
withall
without
doubt
,
and
most
especially
in
Land
Common
weales
.
And
wherefore
more
in
land
common wealths
,
then
in
maritime
and
Marchandizing
Common
Weales
?
I
must
tell
you
,
or
you
will
not
beleeve
.
Maritime
and
Marchants
can
immediately
change
with
the
Changer
,
without
detriment
;
The
Marchant
can
immediately
set
a
price
of
his
Marchandize
,
according
to
the
worth
of
the
money
;
and
the
Artificer
and
Labourer
set
a
price
accordingly
to
his
labour
or
hire
;
which
cannot
be
done
in
terraine
State
,
more
especially
in
our
Kingdome
;
which
I
forbeare
for
the
present
,
till
I
shew
the
inconveniencies
or
mischiefes
that
would
follow
the
alteration
of
our
mynt
,
and
will
be
most
pernicious
to
undertake
any
such
thing
.
And
for
that
I
have
already
named
the
Marchant
Exchange
to
bee
the
efficient
cause
of
exhausting
our
moneys
in
generall
,
thus
it
is
;
Marchants
Exchange
was
first
invented
for
the
saving
of
portage
,
and
keeping
of
moneys
at
home
in
every
kingdome
,
besides
the
hazard
that
might
befall
in
carrying
of
Treasure
(
as
luggage
)
from
kingdome
to
kingdome
,
which
otherwise
upon
every
severall
contract
(
made
to
be
paid
forraignly
)
would
be
exported
;
And
every
traveller
beyond
the
Seas
would
carry
his
expending
money
with
him
.
But
now
,
(
if
by
equall
or
disadvantagoeus
Exchange
)
a
man
deliver
an
hundred
pounds
here
,
to
bee
paid
so
much
like
quantitie
of
Gold
or
Silver
againe
there
beyond
Seas
;
this
both
keepeth
the
money
at
home
,
and
saveth
the
Traveller
a
labour
and
hazard
in
carrying
the
money
over
.
But
if
(
by
unequall
Exchange
)
a
gaine
may
be
had
by
overvaluing
our
monies
beyond
Seas
,
as
now
they
bee
overvalued
,
especially
in
France
;
not
only
a
Marchant
making
contract
as
aforesaid
,
or
a
Traveller
(
not
knowing
the
mystery
)
shall
lose
tenne
or
twenty
in
the
hundred
:
And
the
Marchant
(
observer
of
the
mysterie
)
will
(
for
the
gaine
had
thereby
)
export
the
same
in
specie
,
but
more
especially
gold
,
when
visibly
without
change
of
species
,
hee
may
retaine
tenne
or
more
of
those
peices
;
and
there
with
Ninety
(
or
lesse
)
of
those
peices
,
pay
the
hundred
pounds
or
peices
received
here
;
and
this
is
the
overt
or
open
fallacie
by
mutation
of
place
,
now
too
frequently
used
,
by
the
denomination
of
that
Coine
.
But
there
is
another
more
secret
,
which
is
practised
by
exchangers
,
to
be
considered
from
the
finenesse
of
the
Coyne
;
wherein
is
to
bee
noted
that
all
Princes
Coynes
are
not
alike
,
for
some
have
more
Allay
or
Copper
mixt
with
the
gold
or
silver
,
as
before
hath
bin
touched
;
there
being
onely
two
chiefe
wayes
of
deceit
;
denomination
,
or
open
deceit
;
The
second
,
intrinsecall
or
inward
finenesse
,
consisting
in
the
mixture
of
Copper
more
or
lesse
.
And
because
our
Gold
might
not
be
seene
too
visible
,
and
make
too
great
a
shew
in
France
;
there
is
now
an
ordinance
in
France
to
bring
the
forraigne
Gold
(
so
fast
as
it
commeth
into
his
Exchequer
,
)
into
the
myn●
to
bee
there
minted
into
French
Crownes
double
and
treble
and
quatreble
peices
,
calling
them
Lowyzens
,
and
minteth
them
after
the
proportion
of
fifteene
to
one
of
Silver
,
we
holding
in
our
proportion
thirteene
to
one
;
which
very
Mynt
is
able
by
that
meanes
to
draw
all
our
gold
away
(
even
that
which
is
left
)
so
fast
as
it
can
be
gleaned
up
,
if
remedy
be
not
provided
speedily
.
And
occasion
now
offereth
it selfe
to
give
us
to
understand
this
observation
following
;
that
if
disproportion
between
Gold
and
Silver
be
not
observed
aright
;
gold
may
buy
silver
out
of
the
Realme
,
and
silver
may
buy
gold
out
of
the
Realme
,
and
the
Realme
deprived
of
the
one
by
the
other
;
The
raising
of
the
gold
here
,
did
cause
more
gold
then
silver
to
come
to
the
Mynt
;
and
by
the
same
meanes
,
it
is
called
from
us
into
France
;
which
plainely
sheweth
that
the
raising
of
Gold
or
Silver
,
or
disproportioning
one
by
another
,
is
but
temporary
,
and
in
the
end
proveth
no
better
than
a
fallacy
,
as
inhancing
and
debasing
,
and
they
all
bee
;
And
the
truth
is
,
no
state
stands
sure
that
stands
not
of
the
rules
of
right
.
Here
is
to
be
noted
that
silver
prizes
gold
,
and
gold
prizes
not
silver
;
The
reason
is
,
because
silver
is
of
more
common
use
,
though
gold
be
more
esteemed
of
rich
men
,
according
to
the
common
adage
,
bonum
quo
communius
,
eo
melius
,
it
is
also
better
for
the
kingdome
,
that
more
silver
then
gold
bee
minted
,
for
silver
is
not
so
hastily
nor
easily
exported
,
as
gold
will
bee
:
and
there
will
be
alwayes
some
Canker
wormes
or
money
brokers
to
export
silver
or
gold
,
so
long
as
trade
is
;
for
remedy
of
which
there
must
be
some
allowance
made
in
the
ballance
of
Trade
.
But
something
else
commeth
to
minde
,
that
hindreth
mee
yet
for
speaking
of
the
ballance
a
while
,
which
is
the
inconveniences
that
befall
this
our
state
,
when
our
monies
are
raised
or
made
little
;
The
moving
of
our
mynt
must
either
be
in
imbasing
the
gold
or
silver
,
or
advancing
it
in
denomination
,
for
back
it
cannot
be
brought
when
once
it
is
raised
,
and
hath
obtained
Currancy
;
It
is
a
dangerous
thing
to
meddle
with
the
Mynt
,
either
in
imbasing
the
money
,
or
cutting
it
smaller
with
the
Sheares
;
for
if
it
be
embased
,
first
,
it
causeth
counterfeiting
;
secondly
,
that
part
,
or
so
much
as
is
embased
,
will
carry
so
much
fine
silver
out
of
the
Realme
;
and
when
it
is
perceived
,
the
amends
is
as
evill
as
the
disease
.
All
those
in
whose
hands
the
base
money
shall
bee
,
shall
bee
the
loosers
of
so
much
as
is
minted
within
the
Realme
before
it
bee
decryed
,
and
what
grievance
would
this
bee
?
able
even
to
cause
the
Commonalty
hate
the
governement
,
and
fall
into
uproares
,
and
unnaturall
rebellions
,
as
it
hath
beene
in
times
past
when
the
Commons
rebelled
and
wrote
these
words
in
their
banner
or
Standard
,
Rex
est
qui
bene
regit
.
If
the
money
bee
made
lesse
,
it
giveth
so
much
to
the
le●●ye
or
borrower
;
the
Kings
revenue
that
standeth
upon
constant
fees
of
his
Crowne
,
ancient
Crown
lands
lease
,
all
rent
charges
,
land
of
the
Bishops
or
Church
,
and
such
like
that
bee
leased
,
shall
loose
so
much
;
the
Noblemen
,
Gentlemen
,
and
Vsurers
shall
part
with
so
much
in
proportion
as
the
mony
is
advanced
,
so
commodities
will
be
advanced
accordingly
;
So
whether
monies
be
raised
or
debased
,
it
maketh
disturbance
most
miserable
in
effect
.
Therefore
there
is
no
stirring
of
our
mynt
neither
up
nor
downe
,
for
the
reasons
aforesaid
,
no
gaine
to
the
kingdome
but
infallable
losse
to
some
part
,
heart
burning
and
discontentment
fit
to
bring
in
a
forraigne
enemy
will
ensue
,
the
tampering
with
the
Mynt
.
Therefore
I
conclude
this
point
,
that
there
is
no
safe
way
,
but
to
stand
constant
at
home
,
and
change
with
the
changer
abroad
,
to
keepe
our
moneys
at
home
.
And
first
to
prove
the
Marchant
Exchange
un-equally
carried
,
is
the
efficient
cause
of
exporting
our
money
,
give
me
leave
to
know
whether
plenty
of
moneys
make
our
prices
to
rise
,
and
scarcitie
of
money
make
small
prices
,
Which
no
man
(
I
think
)
will
denie
,
and
that
commodities
are
prised
according
to
the
goodnesse
of
the
coyne
,
or
to
what
end
serveth
fine
gold
and
fine
silver
,
if
it
be
not
to
prize
all
things
?
And
if
in
our
commerce
with
other
nations
,
we
do
give
more
fine
Gold
or
Silver
then
we
receive
,
or
undertake
our
Coynes
in
commerce
with
others
,
It
is
a
sufficient
out-let
or
way
to
carry
out
our
money
or
bullion
;
when
thereby
those
that
perceive
the
advantage
to
be
had
,
shall
leave
the
true
use
of
trading
in
Marchandize
,
and
turne
mony
Marchants
,
or
exporters
of
bullion
or
monyes
,
for
no
lawes
are
prevalent
against
gaine
;
And
if
we
do
not
carry
an
even
hand
with
forrainers
in
preserving
and
encreasing
our
moneys
,
as
forrainers
doe
,
we
shall
in
small
time
undervalue
our
commodities
for
want
of
money
,
and
consequently
over-ballance
our
Trade
in
price
or
qualitie
,
and
continuing
the
same
course
,
send
out
our
monyes
in
change
for
commodities
,
and
have
no
more
commodities
then
we
had
before
;
which
course
will
infallibly
impoverish
the
Realme
exceedingly
:
when
there
is
a
want
of
money
or
wasting
of
bullion
,
the
commodities
of
the
Realme
Wooll
and
woollen
manufactors
,
will
fall
in
price
;
the
commodities
falling
,
rents
will
fall
accordingly
;
when
rents
doe
fall
by
such
a
necessitie
,
the
necessitie
which
spreads
its
selfe
over
the
land
:
And
(
Tenants
having
taken
leases
)
at
inhanced
prices
,
of
Countrey
commodities
,
not
knowing
the
efficient
cause
of
this
change
,
will
lay
the
cause
upon
the
Land-lords
and
grow
in
hatred
towards
them
,
not
knowing
how
to
hold
their
farmes
,
nor
what
to
doe
if
they
give
them
over
;
this
is
a
fearefull
effect
that
followeth
the
want
of
a
covenient
stocke
of
money
to
maintaine
the
price
,
and
to
beat
or
maintaine
our
home
Commerce
,
proceeding
from
forraigne
cause
,
and
not
from
Land-owners
or
Tenants
at
home
;
So
it
followeth
,
that
those
that
looke
to
the
homecause
;
as
evill
making
of
our
manifactures
,
or
such
like
,
doe
not
amend
the
matter
nor
raise
the
prices
,
so
long
as
there
is
no
more
moneys
to
make
the
prices
any
greater
;
for
it
is
infallably
true
,
much
money
much
price
;
little
money
little
price
;
and
it
is
as
true
that
the
inhancing
of
our
Gold
and
Silver
in
France
,
will
draw
our
money
into
France
,
if
remedy
bee
not
had
;
for
the
open
reason
aforesaid
,
namely
,
the
inhancing
of
Gold
and
Silver
beyond
the
Sea
,
and
specially
in
France
,
and
this
is
openly
done
to
the
view
of
all
the
world
.
But
there
is
a
more
secret
way
practised
by
Marchants
and
Bankers
,
which
hath
long
continued
a
secret
byting
or
Canker-eating
Vsury
,
namely
,
the
marchandizing
Exchange
,
which
at
the
first
was
devised
for
a
good
and
moderate
gaine
to
the
lender
and
ready
dispatch
in
their
affaires
,
and
for
avoyding
of
hazard
in
postage
of
monyes
,
which
being
abused
is
turned
into
inestimable
losse
and
damage
to
the
Prince
and
kingdome
wherein
it
is
not
understood
by
the
Marchants
in
generall
that
use
it
.
To
avoyd
the
carrying
of
moneyes
out
of
every
Princes
Realme
,
and
that
every
Prince
might
have
the
sole
use
of
their
own
monys
within
their
dominions
,
&
for
the
aforesaid
causes
,
a
certaine
exchange
was
devised
;
grounded
upon
the
weight
and
finenes
of
the
moneys
of
each
Country
,
just
value
for
value
,
the
taker
or
borrower
to
give
the
lender
usance
for
the
time
according
to
reason
,
and
so
might
our
exchange
of
England
(
grounded
upon
the
same
reason
)
bee
continued
;
and
the
Law
of
the
land
commandeth
the
same
.
And
thereupon
the
true
valuation
of
our
mony
maketh
the
price
of
exchange
,
for
every
place
wheresoever
we
have
to
doe
;
and
the
want
of
knowing
and
putting
into
use
this
mystery
of
comparing
our
Coynes
,
with
the
Coynes
of
others
,
value
,
for
value
;
bringeth
in
the
abuse
,
and
an
inestimable
damage
to
this
kingdome
;
for
wee
ought
to
examine
and
compare
our
weight
aforesaid
with
the
weight
of
other
Countries
;
and
the
finenesse
of
our
Standard
aforesaid
,
with
the
finenesse
of
the
STANDARD
of
the
moneys
of
other
Countries
;
And
if
we
differ
not
with
them
in
the
proportion
betweene
the
Gold
and
Silver
,
then
may
our
Exchange
runne
at
one
price
both
for
the
Gold
and
Silver
,
the
valuation
of
each
Countryes
moneys
being
taken
according
to
weight
and
finenesse
as
aforesaid
.
And
if
the
proportion
of
Gold
and
Silver
of
other
monyes
do
differ
from
ours
,
then
must
wee
have
two
distinct
valuations
,
one
for
the
Gold
,
the
other
for
the
Silver
,
as
now
there
is
difference
in
proportion
in
France
,
from
ours
in
England
;
And
hereby
shall
wee
find
how
much
fine
silver
or
gold
our
pound
Starling
containeth
,
and
how
much
of
other
moneys
of
Germany
,
France
,
the
low
Countries
,
the
East
Countries
,
or
else-where
,
we
are
to
have
to
countervaile
the
same
in
the
like
weight
and
finenesse
answerable
to
ours
,
whether
it
be
by
the
Pound
,
Crowne
,
Ducket
,
or
Doller
,
giving
alwayes
value
for
value
,
which
amongst
Marchants
was
and
is
called
Parre
.
This
due
and
equitable
course
in
Exchange
being
abused
,
and
through
the
ignorance
of
Marchants
of
not
examining
the
truth
,
but
taking
the
price
of
Exchange
upon
Trust
,
from
the
Bankers
who
rule
the
price
of
Exchange
,
this
trade
of
Exchange
is
become
very
deceiveable
and
damageable
to
our
kingdome
;
the
Marchant
making
his
account
from
the
price
of
exchange
,
as
it
goeth
when
he
useth
it
,
and
not
from
the
true
parre
or
equality
required
;
And
from
hence
groweth
the
losse
of
our
moneys
,
and
the
Exchange
is
become
predominant
over
our
moneys
,
as
moneys
doe
rule
commodities
;
and
is
the
very
efficient
cause
of
this
over
ballancing
of
commodities
in
price
before
spoken
of
,
and
consequently
of
the
decrease
of
our
wealth
,
and
exportation
of
our
moneys
,
when
we
are
driven
thereby
to
give
as
much
of
our
native
commodities
for
forraigne
commodities
as
we
did
before
the
abuse
,
and
monies
to
boot
to
fulfill
the
same
quantity
.
This
exchange
is
made
properly
by
bills
,
when
money
is
delivered
simply
here
in
England
,
and
bills
delivered
or
received
againe
for
the
payment
thereof
in
some
other
Country
beyond
Sea
,
or
when
the
like
is
done
beyond
the
Seas
,
and
money
received
here
in
England
;
And
that
upon
a
certaine
price
agreed
upon
betweene
party
and
party
,
which
is
termed
the
price
of
Exchange
,
whereof
the
marchants
,
or
rather
the
Bankers
have
the
onely
and
whole
disposing
,
and
buy
and
sell
their
commodities
beyond
the
Seas
accordingly
,
without
that
few
or
none
of
them
doe
looke
into
the
nature
or
inward
value
of
the
Exchange
,
but
onely
to
the
present
object
,
which
is
to
know
how
the
price
thereof
goeth
at
the
time
when
they
have
occasion
to
deale
there
with
either
in
taking
up
or
delivering
out
monyes
by
Exchange
;
whereas
,
if
they
will
be
true
Exchangers
indeed
,
they
must
know
perfectly
the
weight
and
fitnesse
of
every
Countries
coyne
,
hereby
to
render
every
one
his
just
and
due
proportion
as
aforesaid
;
and
this
is
,
par
pari
referre
,
with
consideration
to
the
lender
according
to
the
time
agreed
upon
.
And
because
I
have
heretofore
attributed
the
ruling
of
the
Exchange
to
the
Bankers
,
rather
then
to
the
generall
or
comon
Marchants
;
It
behooveth
me
(
for
the
enlightening
of
Your
understanding
,
and
illustration
of
the
businesse
of
Exchange
,
to
shew
what
a
Banker
is
.
A
banke
is
properly
a
collection
of
a
great
quantity
of
the
ready
monyes
of
a
Province
,
Common
weale
or
City
,
into
the
hands
of
some
persons
,
licensed
and
established
therunto
by
publique
authority
,
erected
with
great
solemnity
in
the
view
of
all
the
people
and
inhabitants
,
shewing
great
store
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
as
belonging
to
the
persons
so
established
,
which
is
to
them
an
attractive
to
perswade
and
allure
the
common
people
to
bring
their
monyes
into
these
Bankers
hands
;
So
that
these
persons
or
Bankers
,
doe
becom
(
as
it
were
)
the
generall
servants
or
Cassiers
of
that
City
,
province
,
or
common
weale
;
The
Bankers
have
their
factors
or
correspondency
in
the
chiefe
places
in
Christendome
,
and
doe
keepe
account
with
every
man
of
whom
they
have
received
any
money
into
their
Banke
.
And
generally
all
men
of
wealth
that
be
marchants
,
are
desirous
to
please
them
,
and
to
bring
their
monies
into
the
Banke
,
in
regard
of
double
and
treble
credit
they
give
to
their
compartners
,
which
they
doe
by
assignation
without
laying
any
out
of
the
banke
.
Such
and
greater
devises
have
they
and
many
other
too
long
now
to
recite
;
the
money
(
still
remaining
in
the
Bankers
hands
)
is
imployed
by
them
to
other
uses
;
as
to
the
ingrossing
of
forraigne
commodities
,
to
Englands
prejudice
,
and
such
like
feats
,
making
monies
to
ebbe
and
flow
at
their
pleasure
,
when
they
please
;
And
to
that
purpose
,
the
heads
of
every
banke
doe
set
price
and
agree
upon
it
by
common
consent
at
their
Ferias
or
generall
faire
for
monies
onely
:
And
still
their
eye
or
devises
tend
to
the
beating
downe
of
our
English
,
and
raising
their
native
commodities
;
which
cunning
our
Marchants
doe
not
countermand
,
as
in
old
times
,
when
the
Staplers
that
were
intrusted
with
our
staple
commodities
,
were
sworne
to
advance
our
kingdomes
commodities
to
their
power
;
as
also
to
bring
into
the
Realme
,
a
fifth
part
of
their
exitus
in
money
.
But
as
concerning
the
point
of
Exchange
,
it
is
most
certaine
that
neither
difference
of
weight
,
finenesse
of
Standard
,
nor
valuation
of
mony
can
be
any
true
cause
of
exporting
of
our
moneys
,
so
long
as
a
due
course
is
holden
in
Exchange
;
But
this
due
course
being
abused
,
causeth
(
as
aforesaid
)
our
moneys
to
be
exported
,
and
maketh
scarcitie
thereof
,
which
abateth
the
price
of
our
home
commodities
,
and
(
on
the
contrary
side
)
advanceth
the
price
of
the
forraigne
commodities
,
by
reason
of
plenty
of
money
there
,
encreased
by
ours
,
sent
thither
.
But
to
this
,
may
be
objected
;
If
this
be
true
,
as
it
is
very
likely
,
then
it
would
follow
that
our
commodities
would
also
be
deare
where
the
plenty
of
mony
is
;
True
it
is
,
it
would
be
so
,
but
that
they
have
two
crafty
devises
to
prevent
the
rising
of
our
commodities
;
one
is
,
our
Marchants
being
takers
of
moneys
here
to
pay
there
,
they
know
they
must
sell
,
and
do
profer
the
price
according
to
the
goods
in
bought
,
which
they
know
as
well
as
they
that
bought
them
;
And
also
they
have
Toleration
of
their
moneys
to
passe
farre
above
their
value
with
them
,
and
to
the
greater
transportation
of
ours
,
and
hinderance
of
importation
of
any
to
us
.
Therefore
,
to
conclude
;
There
is
no
remedy
but
in
the
watch
of
the
Exchange
,
to
preserve
our
owne
at
home
,
and
our
ample
trade
of
woollen
commodities
will
advance
the
ballance
.
An
high
Exchange
hindreth
moneys
to
come
from
the
East
,
diverts
the
Rialls
of
eight
that
come
from
the
West
,
and
hindreth
imployment
at
home
.
A
low
Exchange
exporteth
our
money
in
specie
,
for
gaine
;
wherefore
neither
high
,
nor
low
Exchange
is
advantageous
,
but
prejudiciall
to
us
,
only
now
a
medium
is
the
best
;
giving
leave
to
plenty
or
scarcitie
,
as
necessity
or
plenty
inviteth
,
and
most
agreeable
to
right
and
equity
to
all
men
;
which
otherwise
carryed
,
they
have
three
wayes
of
exportation
;
namely
,
by
commodities
,
monyes
,
and
exchange
;
But
there
are
but
two
wayes
of
importation
;
namely
,
commodities
,
and
Exchange
,
whereby
commeth
a
notable
over-ballancing
of
forraine
commodities
;
and
bee
assured
,
the
gaines
to
bee
sought
upon
moneys
,
doth
impeach
the
gaines
to
bee
had
upon
our
commodities
,
and
beateth
downe
our
prices
at
home
,
and
our
commodities
being
beat
downe
,
it
is
a
great
cause
of
carrying
out
our
moneys
to
fulfill
,
or
equall
the
ballance
.
The
moneys
exported
(
as
they
now
bee
)
causeth
a
plenty
of
moneys
beyond
Sea
,
so
that
our
Marchants
buying
deare
,
must
sell
deare
;
which
bringeth
a
wonderfull
overballancing
,
and
causeth
us
to
feed
upon
our
native
soyle
,
giving
the
benefit
thereof
to
another
nation
;
whereas
wee
should
live
by
the
gaines
of
our
home
commodities
,
being
fold
to
other
Nations
:
and
now
we
are
driven
to
seeke
a
gain
upon
forraigne
commodities
,
to
the
great
prejudice
of
our
owne
Country
,
wherein
,
though
the
Marchants
bee
gainers
,
yet
the
king
dome
generally
beareth
the
losse
,
and
they
feed
still
upon
their
Mothers
belly
;
whereunto
they
are
the
more
instigated
through
the
immoderate
use
of
forraigne
commodities
,
which
doth
not
fall
out
altogether
in
the
quantity
,
but
more
in
price
;
the
forraigner
growing
daily
in
price
,
and
encreasing
upon
us
(
within
this
fifty
yeares
)
a
fourth
part
,
more
than
wee
have
encreased
our
moneys
still
being
with
us
the
selfe
same
,
and
herein
consisteth
the
over
ballancing
aforesaid
;
for
if
the
forraigne
commodities
,
which
are
soone
consumed
,
and
brought
(
as
it
were
)
to
dung
,
shall
amount
in
value
,
or
cost
as
much
or
more
,
than
the
solid
commodities
of
our
land
;
certes
that
land
is
very
negligent
and
unprofitable
in
every
mans
judgment
.
So
then
give
mee
leave
to
intimate
this
following
,
that
followeth
by
the
abuse
or
want
of
observing
the
true
use
thereof
;
That
our
home
commodities
are
abated
by
the
abuse
of
the
Exchange
foure
manner
of
wayes
.
First
,
by
scarcitie
of
money
(
which
causeth
home
commodities
to
bee
good
cheape
)
caused
by
the
unequall
exchange
.
Secondly
,
by
the
gaine
sought
upon
moneys
which
otherwise
would
bee
sought
upon
our
commodities
.
Thirdly
,
by
an
high
Exchange
with
us
,
which
causeth
men
to
deliver
that
money
by
Exchange
,
in
nature
of
Trade
,
which
otherwise
,
by
them
might
bee
imployed
upon
our
commodities
;
likewise
by
a
low
Exchange
which
causeth
exportation
of
our
moneys
.
Fourthly
,
by
rash
sale
of
our
commodities
by
young
Marchants
,
and
others
,
that
are
driven
to
pay
money
taken
up
by
exchange
here
in
England
,
to
keep
them
doing
,
thereby
spoyling
the
market
of
others
.
Forraine
commodities
(
on
the
contrary
)
are
advanced
foure
manner
of
wayes
.
First
,
through
plenty
of
moneys
in
other
Countries
,
which
maketh
generally
things
deare
;
which
plenty
is
encreased
by
our
owne
moneys
,
transported
to
our
owne
hurt
every
way
.
Secondly
,
by
a
high
Exchange
beyond
the
Seas
,
whereby
men
are
enclined
to
buy
forraigne
commodities
,
and
by
a
low
Exchange
,
when
there
are
no
takers
up
of
mony
,
and
therein
our
excessive
use
of
them
,
doth
encourage
them
.
Thirdly
,
by
the
tolleration
of
moneys
beyond
Seas
,
to
goe
currant
farre
above
their
value
;
for
by
the
alteration
of
moneys
,
the
price
of
commodities
doth
alter
also
;
And
this
tolleration
being
an
hinderance
,
for
the
importation
of
monyes
,
causeth
the
greater
quantity
of
forraigne
commodities
to
be
brought
over
at
a
dearer
rate
.
Fourthly
,
for
that
the
principall
commodities
of
Silkes
,
Velvets
,
Fustians
,
and
such
like
,
are
ingrossed
by
the
bankers
as
aforesaid
,
that
sell
them
at
their
pleasure
.
These
both
wayes
considered
,
must
needs
bring
an
over
ballance
in
our
trade
,
in
value
to
the
losse
of
500000
a
yeare
,
at
least
.
Thus
we
may
consider
how
the
Bankers
,
and
every
one
of
our
felves
do
use
or
rather
abuse
the
Exchange
,
making
it
a
trade
for
moneys
;
and
maketh
that
a
byting
usury
,
which
was
invented
for
speedy
commutation
,
ease
,
safety
,
and
moderate
gaine
to
the
lender
,
and
Marchant
borrower
indifferently
.
Thus
you
see
,
Marchandizing
Exchange
ruleth
moneys
,
as
moneys
ruleth
commodities
;
and
that
is
fully
proved
when
we
shall
finde
visibly
that
one
sum
of
mony
of
one
sort
and
kinde
of
Coyne
,
hath
two
prices
,
and
two
valuations
at
one
time
,
exchanging
the
place
only
,
or
Country
,
as
for
example
.
You
have
a
peece
of
twenty
shillings
,
and
beyond
the
Seas
you
may
see
the
same
species
passe
betweene
man
and
man
in
some
place
for
22s
in
some
other
place
at
24s
,
and
in
France
at
26s
,
at
one
and
the
selfe
same
time
,
and
money
willingly
goeth
where
it
is
most
made
on
,
and
whether
they
worke
upon
coyned
mony
,
or
valuing
the
ounce
or
pound
at
an
higher
price
or
rate
,
then
their
neighbour
Princes
;
If
it
bee
not
carefully
looked
unto
,
it
worketh
the
same
effect
,
and
one
remedy
preventeth
both
.
Wherefore
(
seeing
our
Marchants
have
no
care
nor
regard
of
this
)
it
behooveth
our
State
(
which
you
represent
at
this
present
)
to
have
a
speciall
regard
and
care
unto
,
which
I
most
humbly
present
to
your
grave
consideration
;
least
the
want
of
moneys
(
when
you
stand
most
need
of
it
)
now
flying
away
from
us
doe
still
continue
the
fall
of
Woolls
,
yet
lower
,
with
all
other
commodities
,
and
your
Rents
and
lively-hood
to
fall
,
which
will
be
the
undoing
of
your
Tenants
(
turning
up
your
farmes
)
impoverishing
all
trades
,
and
handy
crafts
,
in
the
whole
kingdome
exceedingly
in
generall
,
which
(
in
truth
)
is
the
mother
of
Rebellion
,
procured
through
a
generall
decay
of
all
estates
,
every
man
being
ready
to
strike
the
next
above
him
or
about
him
;
And
these
bee
the
fearefull
effects
that
follow
an
unequall
Exchange
,
and
(
for
truth
)
the
cunning
course
thereof
unknowne
to
most
Marchants
,
and
almost
all
men
else
,
excepting
some
few
that
use
it
for
their
private
and
unconscionable
gaine
,
to
the
kingdomes
losse
;
like
unto
the
Canker
or
disease
called
a
Wolfe
,
eating
and
consuming
the
bosome
that
first
bred
it
.
Give
mee
leave
(
before
I
explaine
the
conceived
remedy
)
to
informe
you
,
that
if
any
(
to
delude
time
)
will
oppose
or
contradict
,
that
an
unequall
exchange
is
prejudiciall
to
our
State
;
it
is
yeelded
unto
by
common
assent
of
all
hands
,
Marchants
and
others
,
that
an
unequall
Exchange
is
prejudiciall
to
the
State
,
when
is
was
controverted
and
determined
in
King
Iames
his
time
;
at
what
time
he
appointed
certaine
Commissioners
for
trade
,
to
sit
weekely
in
Haberdashers-HALL
.
Whereupon
it
followeth
,
that
for
the
prevention
of
publike
losse
to
the
kingdome
,
a
partie
or
equality
of
Exchange
should
be
made
knowne
to
all
men
that
have
occasion
to
use
Exchange
;
having
regard
to
the
forbearance
,
according
to
time
and
place
;
which
is
most
just
and
equall
for
all
men
,
both
denizens
and
strangers
.
To
this
exception
will
be
taken
,
unlesse
I
doe
explaine
my selfe
,
allowing
and
granting
for
truth
that
plenty
or
scarcity
of
moneys
to
be
given
or
taken
up
,
doth
beare
a
sway
,
even
as
it
is
upon
the
statute
made
upon
usury
.
If
there
be
plenty
of
monies
,
they
will
be
lent
under
the
Statute
;
and
if
there
be
scarcity
,
there
will
be
more
given
for
the
Loane
then
the
statute
alloweth
,
by
some
covert
meanes
or
other
,
for
(
in
ttuth
)
the
good
use
of
marchandizing
Exchange
,
is
none
other
but
a
ready
way
of
borrowing
for
marchants
,
without
sureties
,
or
delay
to
be
executed
;
which
moderately
used
,
(
without
excessive
,
or
biting
Vsury
)
is
both
profitable
and
commendable
for
all
marchants
to
use
,
as
their
occasion
requireth
.
But
if
it
be
unequally
and
abusedly
carried
,
may
be
justly
called
,
the
Canker
of
Englands
common
wealth
.
And
let
no
marchant
thinke
but
that
I
am
their
friend
in
wishing
them
ease
and
remedy
herein
,
that
it
be
not
carried
at
the
will
of
the
Banker
,
as
it
is
;
but
that
it
may
be
used
according
to
the
ancient
Lawes
of
the
Kingdome
extant
for
the
same
.
And
the
practise
of
the
time
of
Queene
Elizabeth
and
her
proclamation
to
that
purpose
;
which
Lawes
and
proclamation
will
appeare
upon
the
debate
of
this
businesse
,
if
you
please
to
take
order
therein
.
As
also
the
demonstration
of
the
tables
mentioned
in
the
Law
,
one
for
Gold
,
and
another
for
Silver
;
as
I
have
seene
the
like
made
in
King
Edward
the
Sixt
his
time
,
respectively
expressing
the
value
of
every
piece
of
Gold
or
silver
coyne
,
with
whom
we
have
commerce
,
severally
compared
with
our
pound
starling
,
whereby
the
equality
is
demonstrated
to
every
Marchant
that
will
follow
the
table
of
Exchange
,
to
avoyd
the
danger
of
the
Law
.
And
because
forraigne
Coynes
are
daily
subject
to
alteration
in
finenesse
or
valuation
,
after
the
computation
is
once
made
;
It
behoveth
that
there
be
(
and
it
is
no
hard
matter
)
an
observant
watch
,
or
diligent
eye
set
over
those
places
of
commerce
and
Mints
,
to
send
intelligence
hither
to
the
Guardian
of
the
Tables
,
to
alter
the
table
immediately
in
that
point
,
and
to
keepe
constant
at
home
;
which
will
be
a
sufficient
guide
to
defend
us
from
forraigne
wrong
by
any
.
This
Table
of
demonstration
once
made
,
will
be
farre
more
easie
to
understand
,
then
any
pen
or
tongue
can
expresse
.
This
being
done
and
observed
,
that
the
forraigne
Banker
or
exchanger
doe
us
no
harme
;
in
a
small
processe
of
time
,
our
Ballance
of
Trade
will
recover
it selfe
againe
;
and
we
shall
have
(
God
willing
)
a
constant
thrift
to
attend
our
Kingdomes
labours
,
and
not
be
wrought
upon
by
any
biting
vsury
by
Shufts
or
intervall
of
time
,
to
wast
,
or
exhaust
our
treasure
,
or
consume
our
kingdomes
stocke
,
that
should
maintaine
the
price
of
our
kingdomes
commodities
,
rents
,
and
artizens
,
as
sundry
times
(
in
my
memory
)
it
hath
done
;
but
what
a
kingdome
or
kingdomes
exitus
,
have
we
,
that
is
able
to
beare
the
losse
of
so
much
Coyne
as
we
have
lost
this
three
or
foure
yeares
,
which
amounteth
neare
to
two
millions
of
Gold
,
and
undoubtedly
our
Silver
will
follow
after
,
(
and
beginneth
visibly
to
goe
already
)
if
remedy
bee
not
had
;
to
the
unspeakeable
losse
of
all
the
kingdome
,
as
before
hath
beene
declared
.
These
tables
of
Exchange
being
put
in
use
for
our
safeguard
;
it
followeth
then
(
as
good
husbands
use
to
doe
)
that
we
take
account
of
our
kingdomes
thrift
,
to
see
yearly
how
we
thrive
,
also
to
know
by
what
waies
we
goe
about
it
,
and
therein
to
distinguish
what
severall
Trade
is
beneficiall
to
our
kingdome
,
or
not
;
and
to
set
redresse
accordingly
(
if
occasion
require
it
;
)
which
is
no
new
thing
,
but
an
ancient
practise
,
as
might
be
manifested
;
To
beginne
with
that
in
generall
,
which
must
bee
Examined
in
every
particular
trade
.
First
then
,
that
trade
or
Marchant
that
carrieth
out
our
superfluities
,
or
those
commodities
wee
abound
in
,
and
bringeth
in
those
commodities
that
we
want
,
for
them
;
is
a
good
trade
,
or
Marchant
,
and
deserveth
to
be
nourished
,
countenanced
,
and
maintained
therein
,
and
those
that
do
the
contrary
,
better
ordered
.
Now
,
who
knoweth
not
that
we
abound
in
Wooll
,
and
woollen
commodities
,
Tynne
and
lead
,
and
some
other
things
,
which
I
name
not
?
Who
knoweth
not
,
what
we
want
of
our
own
,
but
must
have
it
from
without
us
;
namely
,
gold
,
silver
,
Iron
,
and
steele
,
which
for
brevity
I
name
not
;
per
consequence
it
followeth
,
that
those
Marchants
that
bring
in
those
said
commodities
we
want
,
are
most
to
be
nourished
and
favoured
before
others
that
doe
the
contrary
.
But
how
,
or
by
what
meanes
is
this
trade
,
or
Marchant
discovered
,
but
by
the
ancient
way
of
ballance
of
trade
,
of
late
yeares
almost
growne
out
of
use
;
but
that
it
was
discovered
in
the
latter
time
of
King
Iames
,
and
alwayes
observed
by
the
wise
Lord
Burley
,
Lord
Treasurer
of
England
.
And
to
what
other
end
was
all
the
port
books
of
the
kingdome
brought
into
the
Custome
house
of
London
;
and
from
thence
once
a
yeare
transmitted
into
the
Kings
remembrancers
office
in
the
Exchequer
;
where
one
grosse
sum
of
our
kingdomes
exitus
and
introitus
might
be
knowne
,
of
all
the
goods
both
inward
and
outward
bound
,
and
the
value
of
both
accompted
;
thereby
to
know
whether
we
were
buyers
or
sellers
;
for
it
behooveth
a
father
of
a
family
to
be
a
seller
,
and
not
a
buyer
;
And
if
it
be
found
that
we
sell
more
than
we
buy
,
we
doe
well
;
if
otherwise
,
it
behooveth
us
to
looke
about
us
.
As
in
the
generall
a
view
may
be
had
of
our
publike
Thrift
;
so
in
every
particular
Trade
,
their
walke
being
observed
,
it
may
be
knowne
what
trade
bringeth
in
or
forceth
in
money
,
or
such
things
as
we
want
,
for
therein
lyeth
a
difference
to
bee
observed
,
and
therupon
lyeth
our
kingdomes
thrift
.
As
also
may
be
found
what
Trade
is
hurtfull
or
damageable
;
This
publike
Thrift
or
reformation
(
as
I
conceive
)
would
not
bee
held
in
a
mystery
,
but
be
made
more
common
and
easie
to
every
intelligent
Gentleman
,
because
hee
is
in
some
sort
interessed
in
the
same
,
for
the
advancement
of
the
publike
good
,
and
therein
,
his
owne
particular
also
.
Therefore
I
am
bold
,
and
humbly
commend
the
generall
,
or
theoricall
studies
of
the
Marchandizing
Exchange
,
and
ballance
of
Trade
,
unto
your
wisdome
to
be
regarded
;
and
for
these
purposes
,
the
keeping
and
the
observance
of
the
ballance
of
trade
is
usefull
.
There
be
also
many
other
things
to
be
met
with
in
the
observation
of
the
Marchant
Exchange
,
and
ballance
of
trade
,
which
I
forbeare
to
particularize
for
avoyding
of
tediousnesse
and
dispute
that
may
arise
by
them
that
would
endeavour
to
frustrate
the
businesse
;
for
private
gaine
never
wanteth
colours
,
and
pretexts
,
to
stupisie
or
inveigle
the
understanding
of
such
as
have
not
beene
versed
herein
.
Give
me
leave
(
lastly
)
to
repeate
one
thing
wice
,
though
the
same
have
in
effect
beene
said
before
.
It
is
a
sure
Tenet
or
maxime
,
that
it
is
necessary
for
our
kingdome
to
keep
constancy
in
our
Mynt
at
home
;
So
is
it
as
necessary
to
change
with
the
changer
in
all
forraigne
Coynes
,
either
Gold
or
Silver
,
reducing
all
forraigne
Coynes
to
a
par
or
equality
,
with
our
constant
coines
;
and
to
that
end
,
in
ancient
times
there
was
a
paire
of
Tables
set
forth
,
expressing
the
same
demonstratively
;
The
French
Crowne
to
answer
to
fixe
of
our
English
shillings
;
Our
unite
,
to
containe
three
French
Crownes
,
and
a
third
;
and
so
of
the
Dutch
Rider
;
although
it
goe
but
for
one
and
twenty
shillings
,
it
is
of
equall
value
to
our
unite
;
So
all
forraigne
coines
severally
reduced
to
our
coynes
,
did
shew
and
expresse
,
what
was
to
be
given
and
allowed
,
betweene
strangers
and
us
,
in
accounts
;
which
is
called
the
Marchandize
Exchange
.
This
equality
being
knowne
and
expressed
,
as
aforesaid
,
wee
may
bee
deceived
three
manner
of
wayes
;
First
,
(
if
wee
watch
not
forraigne
mints
)
by
the
sheares
in
coyning
,
whereby
it
may
come
to
want
in
weight
,
though
it
were
of
equall
finenesse
.
Secondly
,
by
putting
in
more
Allay
or
Copper
into
their
moneys
,
which
is
not
perceived
or
discovered
,
but
by
Tryall
in
the
fire
,
in
melting
some
part
,
and
refyning
it
,
and
comparing
the
remainder
of
pure
silver
,
to
the
like
quantity
of
our
money
refined
as
theirs
was
.
The
third
is
without
lessening
or
imbasing
,
to
call
any
of
their
species
higher
up
;
a
way
commonly
used
in
forraigne
parts
,
called
denomination
,
which
must
be
watched
and
prevented
by
new
expressions
,
as
is
aforesaid
,
(
so
often
as
there
shall
be
cause
)
by
such
as
the
King
shall
depute
for
that
purpose
;
most
proper
to
the
Mint
master
,
or
other
skilfull
in
mint
causes
;
This
is
a
sure
way
of
preserving
our
Coynes
at
home
;
without
which
the
Bankers
(
both
forraigne
and
domestick
)
have
power
to
deceive
our
kingdome
,
and
lessen
our
kingdomes
stock
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
which
will
turne
to
a
fearefull
effect
in
time
,
and
in
few
words
not
to
be
expressed
,
and
most
of
all
,
when
this
ballance
of
trade
is
against
us
to
our
losse
;
and
that
Country
that
gaines
the
ballance
,
gets
our
money
,
be
it
friend
or
enemy
;
And
if
we
loose
in
the
totall
ballance
of
our
trade
;
how
should
we
long
subsist
without
home-poverty
and
consumption
;
and
in
the
well
governing
of
the
Marchant
Exchange
,
and
ballance
of
Trade
,
consists
our
weale
or
woe
,
concerning
Thrift
or
wasting
poverty
.
FINIS
.