THE
FIRST
PART
,
CONCERNING
THE
DISEASE
OF
THE
English
Common
-
wealth
.
PLato
the
Philosopher
perceiuing
that
equality
would
be
the
cause
that
euery
man
should
haue
enough
,
was
of
opinion
and
willed
all
things
in
a
common
wealth
to
be
common
,
whom
sir
Thomas
Moore
in
his
Vtopian
common
weale
seemeth
to
imitate
,
to
the
end
that
an
infinite
number
of
lawes
already
made
,
and
the
making
of
so
many
new
lawes
as
daily
are
made
,
might
be
abolished
:
whereas
all
of
them
are
not
sufficient
,
for
euery
man
to
enioy
,
defend
and
know
from
another
mans
that
which
he
calleth
his
owne
proper
and
priuate
goods
.
But
this
equality
cannot
be
established
,
neither
was
there
any
such
euer
vsed
in
any
age
,
or
commaunded
by
the
word
of
God
,
but
that
possessing
these
worldly
goods
,
we
should
so
vse
them
with
charity
towards
others
,
as
though
we
did
not
possesse
them
at
all
:
Neuerthelesse
(
as
a
commonwealth
is
nothing
else
but
a
great
houshold
or
family
:
)
yet
the
Prince
(
being
as
it
were
the
father
of
the
family
)
ought
to
keep
a
certaine
equality
in
the
trade
or
trafficke
betwixt
his
realme
and
other
countries
,
not
suffering
an
ouerballancing
of
forreine
commodities
with
his
home
commodities
,
or
in
buying
more
then
he
selleth
.
For
thereby
his
treasure
and
the
wealth
of
the
realme
doth
decrease
,
and
as
it
were
his
expences
become
greater
,
or
do
surmount
his
incomes
or
reuenues
.
This
is
the
vnknowne
disease
of
the
politicke
body
of
our
weale
publicke
before
mentioned
:
the
efficient
cause
whereof
must
be
found
out
,
before
any
remedy
can
be
applied
or
deuised
.
Sublata
causa
,
Tollitur
effectus
:
sayth
the
Philosopher
:
which
is
graffed
in
euery
mans
iudgement
,
that
the
cause
of
any
thing
being
taken
away
,
the
effect
is
taken
away
withall
.
Hereuppon
let
vs
note
,
that
properly
the
wealth
of
the
realme
cannot
decrease
but
three
manner
of
wayes
,
which
is
by
the
transportation
of
ready
money
,
or
bullion
out
of
the
same
:
by
selling
our
home
commodities
too
good
cheape
:
or
by
buying
the
forreine
commodities
too
deare
,
wherein
chiefly
consisteth
the
aforesayd
ouerballancing
,
which
is
the
cause
of
inequality
,
we
giuing
in
effect
both
mony
and
commodities
,
to
haue
forreine
commodities
for
them
.
To
proue
our
assertion
,
we
can
hardly
make
this
inequality
appeare
in
the
application
thereof
to
euery
member
of
our
common-weale
:
albeit
we
do
find
the
want
of
treasure
and
monies
exported
for
the
same
.
For
it
be
falleth
vnto
vs
concerning
monies
and
wealth
,
as
it
doth
vnto
a
Generall
of
a
campe
of
ten
thousand
supposed
armed
men
,
whereof
muster
being
taken
at
seuerall
times
,
and
vpon
seuerall
dayes
,
yet
all
of
them
generally
are
found
to
be
armed
,
because
one
lendeth
his
armour
vnto
another
,
whereas
if
they
were
all
mustered
in
a
day
,
and
at
one
instant
,
a
great
part
of
them
would
be
found
to
want
armor
,
the
like
want
of
monies
and
wealth
should
we
find
:
if
the
matter
were
duly
examined
.
Yet
for
an
instance
,
let
vs
consider
how
much
the
price
of
lands
is
risen
with
vs
of
late
yeares
,
euen
within
the
memorie
of
man
,
and
that
this
their
estimation
or
value
is
in
regard
of
money
,
or
other
things
mony-worth
;
and
compare
the
same
thereunto
,
and
we
shall
very
well
perceiue
,
that
we
ought
to
ballance
the
value
of
things
vpon
this
beame
,
laying
the
lands
on
the
one
side
,
and
the
money
or
things
mony-worth
in
value
on
the
other
side
,
to
finde
out
this
inequalitie
.
Aristotle
saith
,
that
riches
is
either
naturall
or
artificiall
.
The
naturall
riches
as
lands
,
vines
,
forrests
,
meddowes
,
and
such
like
.
The
artificiall
,
as
money
,
gold
,
siluer
,
wooles
,
cloth
,
and
all
other
moueables
and
houshold
stuffe
.
Nowe
as
this
artificiall
riches
is
proceeding
of
the
naturall
riches
,
and
that
both
these
doe
receiue
their
price
and
estimation
by
money
(
which
is
the
measure
and
rule
to
set
a
price
to
euerie
thing
:
)
so
reason
requireth
a
certaine
equalitie
betweene
the
naturall
riches
of
lands
,
and
the
artificiall
riches
of
commodities
proceeding
of
the
same
.
Hereupon
let
vs
note
further
,
that
all
the
trade
and
trafficke
of
the
realme
is
performed
vnder
three
simples
;
namely
commodities
,
money
and
exchange
,
and
examine
the
originall
beginnings
of
them
,
and
their
present
course
,
seeing
that
God
caused
nature
to
distribute
her
benefits
,
or
his
blessings
to
seuerall
climates
,
supplying
the
barennesse
of
some
things
in
our
countrey
,
with
the
fruitfulnesse
and
store
of
other
countries
,
to
the
ende
that
enterchangeably
one
common-weale
should
liue
with
another
.
First
we
find
that
when
commodities
began
much
to
abound
in
the
world
,
all
manner
of
mettall
,
as
gold
,
siluer
,
copper
,
tinne
,
lead
and
yron
,
grew
into
greater
estimation
,
as
being
fit
and
more
durable
to
preseruation
,
and
so
the
purest
and
finest
mettall
most
esteemed
:
at
which
time
the
riches
of
men
was
notwithstanding
described
to
consist
of
cattell
,
commodities
and
other
moueables
:
and
there
was
a
permutation
of
things
which
was
very
combersome
,
and
did
require
much
cariage
of
wares
vp
and
downe
,
and
from
one
countrey
into
another
.
By
reason
whereof
money
was
deuised
to
bee
coyned
of
the
finest
and
purest
mettals
,
to
be
the
rule
or
square
,
whereby
all
other
things
should
receiue
estimation
and
price
,
and
as
a
measure
whereby
the
price
of
all
things
might
be
set
.
And
to
maintaine
a
certaine
euenhood
or
equality
in
buying
&
selling
,
and
the
same
to
haue
his
standing
valuation
onely
by
publicke
authority
:
to
the
end
that
all
things
might
equally
passe
by
trade
from
one
man
to
another
.
The
Standard
of
the
starling
money
of
England
,
was
first
coyned
at
a
place
so
called
,
by
Osbright
a
Saxon
king
of
England
,
aboue
seauen
hundreth
yeares
past
,
at
which
time
an
ounce
of
that
siluer
was
diuided
into
twentie
peeces
,
and
so
esteemed
twentie
pence
,
which
so
continued
vntill
King
Edward
the
first
his
time
,
and
vntill
King
Henry
the
sixt
,
and
then
by
the
kings
publicke
authoritie
was
valued
at
thirtie
pence
,
and
continued
vntill
king
Edward
the
fourth
,
and
then
at
fortie
pence
,
vntill
King
Henrie
the
eight
,
and
then
at
fortie
fiue
pence
,
vntill
King
Edward
the
sixt
,
and
so
vntill
her
Maiesties
most
happie
raigne
,
at
fiue
shillings
the
sayd
ounce
of
twelue
ounces
to
the
pound
Troy
weight
,
and
twentie
peny
weight
to
euerie
ounce
,
and
twentie
foure
graines
to
euerie
pennie
weight
.
Now
as
the
finenesse
of
siluer
is
twelue
ounces
,
and
euery
ounce
also
twenty
peny
weight
in
finenesse
:
And
the
finenesse
of
gold
is
twenty
foure
carats
,
and
euery
carat
foure
graines
likewise
in
finenesse
:
so
all
monies
of
gold
and
siluer
do
participate
of
this
finenesse
according
to
their
substance
:
and
the
standard
starling
mony
of
this
realme
is
eleuen
ounces
,
two
peny
weight
fine
siluer
,
and
eighteene
peny
weight
of
copper
or
allay
.
And
our
Angell
gold
is
twenty
three
carats
,
three
graines
,
and
one
halfe
,
and
halfe
a
graine
of
allay
.
And
the
Crowne
gold
is
twenty
two
carats
of
fine
gold
,
and
two
carats
of
allay
:
and
the
proportion
betweene
the
gold
and
siluer
,
is
eleuen
of
fine
siluer
to
one
of
fine
gold
,
or
eleuen
of
starling
siluer
,
to
one
of
crowne
gold
.
Omitting
now
to
speake
of
the
finenesse
,
weight
and
proportion
of
the
mony
of
other
countries
,
let
vs
consider
the
property
of
the
money
,
or
the
effects
thereof
;
which
is
,
that
plentie
of
money
maketh
generally
things
deare
,
and
scarcitie
of
money
maketh
likewise
generally
things
good
cheape
.
Whereas
things
particularly
are
also
deare
or
good
cheape
,
according
to
plentie
or
scarcitie
of
the
things
themselues
,
or
the
vse
of
them
.
According
to
the
plentie
or
scarcitie
of
the
monie
then
,
generally
things
became
dearer
or
good
cheape
,
whereunto
the
great
store
or
abundance
of
monie
and
bullion
,
which
of
late
years
is
come
from
the
west
Indies
into
Christendom
,
hath
made
euery
thing
dearer
according
to
the
increase
of
monie
,
which
like
vnto
an
Ocean
deuiding
her
course
into
seuerall
branches
in
diuerse
countries
,
hath
caused
a
great
alteration
and
inhauncing
of
the
price
of
euery
thing
,
and
most
especially
because
the
monie
itselfe
was
altered
in
valuation
in
some
countries
:
so
that
the
measure
being
altered
and
made
lesser
,
there
went
more
number
to
make
vp
the
tale
,
and
of
necessitie
other
things
went
accordingly
.
For
monie
must
alwaies
remaine
to
be
the
rule
,
and
therefore
is
called
Publica
mensura
.
Some
perceiuing
the
forraine
commodities
of
late
yeares
to
be
more
risen
in
price
then
our
home
commodities
,
did
attribute
the
same
to
the
vnder
valuation
of
our
monie
in
regard
of
the
monies
of
other
countries
,
and
wold
haue
had
our
monies
inhaunced
,
wherein
they
were
so
farre
from
the
marke
,
that
if
our
coines
were
inhaunced
:
all
the
forraine
commodities
and
our
home
commodities
would
be
inhaunced
in
price
accordingly
:
and
the
forraine
commodities
most
of
all
by
the
course
of
things
as
they
are
now
vsed
.
The
like
would
happen
if
the
monie
were
embased
by
allay
,
as
we
haue
seene
by
the
sequele
of
things
yet
fresh
in
memorie
,
during
the
most
victorious
raigne
of
king
Henry
the
8.
Yet
hereby
we
may
perceiue
that
in
substance
of
the
matter
,
they
seemed
to
ayme
at
the
maine
point
of
this
ouerballancing
of
inequalitie
.
And
that
the
Prouerbe
is
true
:
That
the
vnknowne
disease
putteth
out
the
Phisitions
eye
.
This
ouerballancing
consisteth
properly
in
the
price
of
commodities
,
and
not
in
the
quantitie
or
qualitie
:
and
to
counteruaile
the
same
,
our
treasure
must
of
necessitie
be
exhausted
and
spent
,
to
the
great
impouerishing
of
the
Realme
,
and
the
transportation
of
our
monies
.
Whereby
it
commeth
to
passe
,
that
we
find
the
contrary
of
our
former
obseruation
:
for
as
in
countries
where
scarcitie
of
monie
is
,
things
are
good
cheape
:
so
on
the
contrarie
,
in
countries
where
things
are
deare
(
as
the
forraine
commodities
are
with
vs
)
mony
should
be
●●●●tifull
;
which
plentie
we
must
consider
,
not
in
comparison
of
a
lesser
quantity
which
was
in
times
past
:
but
according
to
the
present
abundance
now
found
in
all
countries
,
which
doe
duely
participate
by
the
●●urse
of
trafique
a
competent
share
●●
the
whole
,
farre
otherwise
then
we
●●e
.
Neither
was
monie
more
plentie
●●retofore
,
when
an
ounce
of
siluer
was
worth
but
20.
pence
,
iudging
of
mony
〈◊〉
we
do
of
commodities
,
either
deare
〈◊〉
good
cheape
according
to
the
●●ice
.
Whereas
money
must
be
still
●●e
measure
,
and
is
valued
by
publike
authoritie
at
a
certaintie
:
whereby
it
doth
not
onely
giue
or
set
a
price
vnto
all
other
mettals
:
but
receiued
(
as
it
were
)
by
repercussion
a
price
in
it
●●●fe
,
and
ruled
at
all
times
the
course
〈◊〉
commodities
.
For
albeit
that
plenteousnesse
or
scarcitie
of
commodities
in
particular
doth
alter
the
price
〈◊〉
commodities
,
yet
with
monie
it
is
otherwise
,
notwithstanding
the
course
〈◊〉
vsury
or
exchange
deuised
therupon
:
whose
operation
falleth
in
effect
vppon
the
commodities
.
And
the
valuation
or
alteration
of
money
,
concerneth
only
the
soueraignty
and
dignity
of
the
Prince
or
gouernour
of
euery
countrey
,
as
a
thing
peculiar
vnto
them
.
To
auoide
the
cariage
of
money
,
a
certaine
exchange
was
deuised
,
grounded
vpon
the
weight
,
finenesse
and
valuation
of
the
money
of
each
countrey
,
according
to
value
for
value
.
And
so
is
our
exchange
of
England
grounded
vppon
the
weight
and
finenesse
of
our
mony
aforesaid
,
&
the
weight
&
finenes
of
the
mony
of
each
other
contrey
.
And
thereupon
the
valuation
of
money
maketh
the
price
of
exchange
for
euerie
place
,
according
to
the
denomination
of
the
money
,
whereby
we
ought
to
examine
and
compare
our
weight
aforesaid
,
with
the
weight
of
other
countries
,
and
the
finenesse
of
our
standard
aforesayd
,
with
the
finenesse
of
the
standards
of
the
monies
〈◊〉
other
countries
.
And
if
we
differ
not
with
them
in
the
proportion
betweene
the
gold
and
siluer
,
then
may
our
exchange
runne
at
one
price
both
for
the
gold
and
siluer
,
taking
the
denomination
according
to
the
valuation
of
the
monies
of
each
countrie
.
And
hereby
shal
we
find
how
much
fine
siluer
or
gold
our
pound
starling
containeth
,
and
what
quantitie
of
other
monies
of
Germany
,
France
,
the
low
countries
,
the
East
countries
,
or
elsewhere
,
we
are
to
haue
to
counterualue
the
same
in
the
like
weight
and
finenesse
answerable
vnto
ours
,
whether
it
be
by
the
pound
,
crowne
,
ducket
or
dol●r
,
giuing
alwaies
value
for
value
,
which
therefore
was
called
Par.
This
course
of
exchange
being
abused
,
and
of
late
years
become
as
it
were
a
trade
〈◊〉
rising
and
falling
in
price
,
according
to
plentie
or
scarcitie
of
monie
,
and
in
regard
of
discrepance
and
distance
of
time
and
place
,
is
become
predominant
or
doth
ouer-rule
the
course
of
commodities
and
money
,
and
is
the
very
efficient
cause
of
this
ouerballancing
of
commodities
before
spoken
of
,
and
consequently
of
the
decrease
of
our
wealth
,
&
exportation
of
our
monies
,
as
by
demonstratiue
reasons
shal
be
prooued
hereafter
:
which
efficient
cause
being
taken
away
by
the
remedie
hereafter
declared
,
will
make
the
effects
to
cease
,
and
these
generall
benefits
will
ensue
.
Losses
of
at
the
least
fiue
hundreth
thousand
pounds
,
which
the
Realme
sustaineth
yearely
,
shall
be
auoided
.
Transportation
of
ready
mony
shal
be
preuented
.
The
commodities
of
the
Realme
shall
be
aduanced
in
sale
and
price
.
The
forraine
commodities
shall
be
brought
into
the
Realme
better
cheap
.
The
Queenes
Customes
shal
much
increase
yearely
.
Money
will
be
imported
againe
vnto
vs
in
ample
manner
.
The
Queene
shall
haue
a
great
gain
by
the
Mint
,
and
not
onely
poore
monyers
,
but
also
all
other
artificers
and
workemen
shall
be
set
on
worke
,
to
auoide
idlenesse
which
is
the
root
of
all
mischief
:
when
through
plenty
of
money
and
gaines
,
merchants
shall
be
encouraged
to
seeke
out
new
trades
,
whereby
the
Realme
wil
more
flourish
through
Gods
blessings
.
Wherefore
concluding
with
this
first
part
of
our
treatise
,
let
vs
note
,
that
the
right
course
of
exchange
being
abused
,
doth
ouer-rule
the
course
of
commodities
and
monie
.
And
causeth
an
ouerballancing
offorrain
commodities
with
our
home
commodities
,
which
consisteth
in
the
price
of
commodities
,
and
not
in
the
quantity
or
qualitie
of
them
;
to
the
discourse
whereof
we
are
now
to
proceede
.
THE
SECOND
PART
,
OF
THE
EFFICIENT
cause
of
the
disease
of
the
body
Politicke
of
Englands
commonweale
.
WE
haue
alreadie
said
,
the
abuse
of
the
exchange
for
money
to
be
the
very
efficient
cause
of
this
disease
:
wherewith
as
with
a
Canker
the
politike
body
of
our
weale
publike
is
ouertaken
;
the
cause
therof
being
predominant
&
ouerruling
the
course
both
of
commodities
&
mony
.
Now
we
must
proceed
to
the
application
therof
:
first
for
the
mony
,
&
then
for
commodities
with
their
coherence
in
the
course
of
traffique
.
This
exchange
is
made
properly
by
Bils
,
when
money
is
deliuered
simply
here
in
England
,
and
bils
deliuered
or
receiued
again
for
the
paiment
thereof
in
some
other
country
beyond
the
seas
:
or
when
the
like
is
done
beyond
the
seas
,
and
the
money
receiued
here
in
England
:
and
that
vpon
a
certaine
price
agreed
vpon
betweene
partie
&
partie
,
which
is
termed
the
price
of
exchange
,
wherof
the
merchants
haue
the
only
and
whole
disposing
,
and
buy
and
sell
their
commodities
beyond
the
seas
accordingly
,
without
that
few
or
none
of
them
do
looke
into
the
nature
of
the
exchange
,
but
onely
to
the
present
obiect
,
which
is
,
to
know
how
the
price
thereof
goeth
at
the
time
when
they
haue
occasion
to
deale
therewith
,
either
in
taking
vp
or
in
deliuering
out
mony
by
exchange
.
Whereas
if
they
will
be
exchangers
indeede
,
they
must
know
perfectly
the
weight
,
finenesse
&
value
of
our
English
coine
,
and
compare
the
same
with
other
forrain
coin
.
And
as
they
bargaine
with
others
abrode
,
so
they
must
be
assured
to
haue
somwhat
more
(
besides
their
gaines
.
&
charges
)
then
the
value
of
our
currant
money
for
things
which
they
sell
vpon
a
price
:
or
else
the
Realme
&
they
both
shall
lose
in
the
end
a
matter
incredible
in
processe
of
time
,
as
hereafter
we
will
make
manifest
.
But
first
it
behooueth
vs
to
speak
somewhat
of
the
commaunders
or
rulers
of
this
exchaunge
through
all
Christendom
,
which
in
effect
are
the
Bankers
:
&
therfore
shal
we
declare
,
what
the
nature
of
a
Banke
is
,
from
whence
the
name
Banker
is
deriued
.
A
Banke
is
properly
a
collection
of
all
the
readie
monies
of
some
Prouince
,
Citie
,
or
commonwealth
,
into
the
handes
of
some
persons
licenced
and
established
thereunto
by
publike
authoritie
of
some
Prince
,
erected
with
great
solemnitie
in
the
view
of
all
the
people
and
inhabitants
;
and
with
an
ostentation
in
the
open
market
place
vpon
a
scaffold
,
of
great
store
of
money
,
of
gold
and
siluer
(
as
belonging
vnto
the
persons
so
established
)
which
is
vnto
them
an
attractiue
matter
to
perswade
&
allure
the
common
people
to
bring
their
monies
into
these
Bankers
hands
,
where
at
all
times
they
may
commaund
it
and
haue
it
againe
at
their
owne
pleasure
,
with
allowing
them
onely
a
small
matter
of
fiue
vpon
euery
thousand
ducats
or
crownes
,
when
any
man
will
retire
or
draw
his
money
into
his
owne
hands
againe
:
which
although
it
be
once
but
in
twentie
yeares
,
yet
during
all
that
time
they
are
to
haue
no
more
:
so
that
these
persons
or
Bankers
doe
become
(
as
it
were
)
the
generall
seruaunts
or
Cassyers
of
that
Prouince
,
Citie
,
or
commonwealth
.
These
Bankers
,
as
they
haue
their
companies
,
factors
,
or
correspondency
in
the
chiefe
places
of
trade
in
Christendome
:
so
must
they
also
keepe
accompt
with
euery
man
,
of
whom
they
haue
receiued
any
money
into
their
Banke
,
out
of
which
number
no
man
of
that
iurisdiction
is
almost
exempted
.
But
generally
all
men
are
desirous
to
please
them
,
and
to
bring
their
readie
monie
into
their
Banke
,
as
also
such
mony
as
they
haue
in
forraine
parts
:
in
regard
whereof
these
Bankers
do
giue
them
great
credit
:
for
if
any
man
haue
occasion
to
bestow
in
merchandise
or
to
pay
in
money
three
or
foure
thousand
ducats
,
and
haue
but
one
thousand
ducats
in
the
Banke
,
the
Bankers
will
pay
it
for
him
more
or
lesse
,
as
the
partie
is
well
known
or
credited
,
without
taking
any
gaine
for
it
,
although
it
be
for
three
,
foure
,
sixe
,
or
more
moneths
.
This
seemeth
to
be
a
great
commoditie
(
as
no
doubt
it
is
to
men
in
particular
:
)
but
being
well
considered
of
,
it
will
be
found
a
small
friendship
,
and
no
more
in
effect
then
if
a
man
did
participate
the
light
of
his
candle
vnto
an
other
mans
candle
:
for
what
is
this
credit
?
or
what
are
the
payments
of
the
Bankes
:
but
almost
or
rather
altogether
imaginatiue
or
figuratiue
?
As
for
example
:
Peter
hath
two
thousand
ducats
in
the
Banke
,
Iohn
hath
three
thousand
,
and
William
foure
thousand
,
and
so
consequently
others
more
or
lesse
.
Peter
hath
occasion
to
pay
vnto
Iohn
one
thousand
ducats
,
he
goeth
to
the
Bankers
at
the
houres
appointed
(
which
are
certain
both
in
the
forenoone
and
afternoone
)
and
requireth
them
to
pay
one
thousand
ducats
vnto
Iohn
,
whereupon
they
presently
make
Peter
debter
for
one
thousand
ducats
,
and
Iohn
creditour
for
the
same
summe
.
So
that
Peter
hauing
assigned
vnto
Iohn
one
thousand
ducats
,
hath
now
no
more
but
one
thousand
ducats
in
Banke
,
where
he
had
two
thousand
before
.
And
Iohn
hath
foure
thousand
ducats
in
the
same
Banke
,
where
he
had
but
three
thousand
before
.
And
so
in
the
same
manner
of
assignation
.
Iohn
doth
pay
vnto
William
and
William
vnto
others
,
without
that
any
mony
is
touched
,
but
remaineth
still
in
the
Bankers
hands
,
which
within
a
short
time
after
the
erection
of
the
Banke
,
commeth
to
amount
vnto
many
millions
.
And
by
their
industry
they
do
incorporate
the
same
,
which
may
easily
be
vnderstood
,
if
we
do
but
consider
what
the
readie
monie
and
wealth
of
London
would
come
vnto
,
if
it
were
gathered
in
some
one
mans
hands
,
much
more
if
a
great
deale
of
riches
of
other
countries
were
added
thereunto
,
as
these
Bankers
can
cunningly
compasse
by
the
course
of
the
exchange
for
monies
:
the
ebbing
and
flowing
whereof
,
is
caused
by
their
motion
from
time
to
time
,
as
shall
be
declared
.
But
some
will
say
or
demaund
,
Can
not
a
man
haue
any
readie
money
out
of
the
Bankers
hands
,
if
he
haue
occasion
to
vse
it
?
Yes
that
hee
can
:
But
before
hee
haue
the
same
,
they
will
be
so
bold
,
as
to
know
for
what
purpose
he
demandeth
the
same
,
or
what
he
will
do
with
it
.
If
it
be
to
pay
any
man
withall
,
they
will
alwayes
do
that
for
him
,
as
hauing
accompt
almost
with
all
men
,
for
he
is
accompted
to
be
of
no
credite
,
that
hath
not
any
money
in
banke
.
If
he
doe
demaund
it
for
to
make
ouer
by
exchange
in
some
other
countrey
,
they
will
also
serue
his
turne
in
giuing
him
billes
of
exchange
,
for
any
place
wheresoeuer
,
because
they
haue
their
companies
or
correspondency
in
euery
place
.
If
he
do
demaund
it
for
his
charges
and
expences
,
it
wil
be
payd
him
forthwith
,
because
it
is
but
a
small
sum
,
and
in
the
ende
the
money
commeth
into
their
hands
againe
.
If
they
pay
out
money
to
any
man
,
that
hauing
money
in
banke
,
will
bestowe
the
same
in
purchase
of
landes
,
they
will
still
haue
an
eye
to
haue
it
againe
in
banke
one
way
or
another
,
at
the
second
and
third
hand
.
So
that
they
once
being
possessed
of
monies
,
will
hardly
be
dispossessed
.
And
their
payments
are
in
effect
all
by
assignation
and
imaginatiue
.
And
if
they
haue
any
money
in
banke
,
belonging
vnto
orphanes
or
widdowes
,
or
any
other
person
,
that
hath
no
occasion
to
vse
the
same
,
they
will
allow
them
interest
after
foure
or
fiue
vpon
the
hundreth
in
the
yeare
at
the
most
,
and
vpon
especiall
fauour
;
for
euery
man
seeketh
to
please
them
,
as
in
matters
where
Commodum
priuatum
beareth
the
rule
:
for
they
can
easily
please
men
in
particular
,
in
giuing
them
some
credit
,
of
that
great
credit
which
they
haue
obtained
in
generall
.
The
mony
then
remaining
in
the
bankers
hands
,
is
employed
by
them
to
other
vses
and
purposes
.
First
,
they
do
deale
with
great
Princes
and
Potentates
,
that
haue
neede
of
money
,
for
the
maintenance
of
the
wars
,
as
the
Geneuoises
and
Germaines
did
with
the
Emperour
Charles
the
fift
during
the
warres
in
Germany
,
taking
an
exceeding
gaine
for
it
.
And
as
of
late
yeares
the
Florentines
and
others
haue
done
with
Philip
the
second
king
of
Spaine
,
during
his
warres
with
Fraunce
and
the
Low-countries
,
causing
him
to
engage
the
reuenues
of
his
dominions
,
and
territories
,
and
of
the
customes
,
and
notwithstanding
to
pay
them
exchange
,
rechange
,
and
interest
of
25.
30.
yea
,
50.
vpon
the
hundreth
,
deuouring
a
great
part
of
his
Indian
treasure
,
as
might
at
large
be
declared
.
Secondarily
,
they
do
ingrosse
the
commodities
and
marchandises
of
their
owne
countrey
,
and
of
other
countries
many
times
also
:
so
that
none
can
bee
had
but
at
the
second
hand
,
and
at
such
prises
as
they
thinke
fit
to
sell
them
:
and
that
to
Englands
great
preiudice
,
as
shall
be
declared
.
Thirdly
,
whereas
it
is
a
maxime
in
matters
of
exchange
,
that
plentie
of
money
beyond
the
seas
,
maketh
the
price
of
the
exchange
to
rise
,
and
scarcitie
of
money
likewise
beyond
the
seas
,
maketh
the
price
to
fall
:
And
so
on
the
contrary
with
vs
here
in
England
,
plenty
of
money
maketh
the
price
to
fall
,
and
scarcity
of
money
maketh
the
price
to
rise
.
And
that
for
places
for
the
which
the
head
of
the
exchange
resteth
with
vs
,
and
on
the
contrary
,
for
places
where
the
head
resteth
with
other
nations
;
hereupon
I
say
it
is
an
easie
matter
for
these
bankers
with
the
money
to
rule
the
same
at
their
pleasure
,
from
place
to
place
,
causing
(
as
it
were
)
ebbings
and
flowings
,
as
shall
be
declared
.
For
the
better
vnderstanding
hereof
we
must
note
,
that
the
head
of
the
exchange
is
taken
to
bee
at
such
a
place
or
places
where
the
price
doth
not
alter
,
as
for
example
:
We
haue
the
head
of
the
exchanges
for
Hamborow
,
Middleborough
,
Embden
,
Amsterdam
,
and
other
places
,
for
the
which
we
do
exchange
for
our
pound
or
twenty
shillings
sterling
,
as
well
beyond
the
seas
,
as
here
in
England
,
the
mutability
of
the
price
being
with
them
of
beyond
the
seas
,
in
giuing
or
taking
still
more
or
lesse
of
their
money
from
time
to
time
for
our
pound
sterling
.
And
on
the
contrarie
,
for
as
much
that
the
price
of
exchange
for
Roan
,
Paris
,
and
other
places
in
Fraunce
,
and
for
Venice
,
and
other
places
in
Italie
or
elsewhere
,
doth
from
time
to
time
alter
with
vs
according
to
their
Crowne
or
Ducat
,
therefore
doth
the
head
of
those
exchanges
rest
with
them
:
And
so
by
a
common
vse
according
to
the
alteration
of
the
price
,
we
say
the
exchange
is
high
or
lowe
.
High
,
when
there
is
more
mony
giuen
of
the
moneis
of
other
countries
for
our
mony
,
then
the
right
exchange
is
of
value
for
value
,
which
is
called
Par
,
as
before
is
mentioned
.
And
that
according
to
the
discrepance
of
time
,
for
places
whereof
we
haue
the
head
of
the
exchange
.
Low
,
when
there
is
lesse
money
giuen
for
our
money
,
then
the
right
exchange
of
value
for
value
,
according
to
the
discrepance
of
time
(
which
is
reckened
according
vnto
interest
after
ten
vpon
the
hundreth
.
)
And
that
also
for
the
places
whereof
the
head
of
the
exchange
resteth
with
vs
.
And
for
places
whereof
we
haue
not
the
head
of
the
exchange
,
it
is
directly
the
contrary
:
as
when
we
do
giue
more
or
lesse
for
their
crowne
or
ducat
,
then
the
same
is
worth
in
substance
,
as
before
,
according
also
to
the
discrepance
of
time
.
But
as
in
all
traffickes
the
generall
doth
alwayes
gouerne
the
particular
:
So
the
trade
of
cloth
and
kersies
doth
with
vs
command
the
course
of
all
the
other
trades
or
Fraunce
and
other
places
.
And
the
places
where
this
trade
is
vsed
,
are
in
the
course
of
the
exchange
to
be
ruled
by
vs
,
who
haue
the
head
thereof
,
which
may
commaund
and
direct
all
the
other
parts
and
members
of
the
body
,
as
hereafter
shall
be
declared
.
The
bankers
hauing
the
generall
course
of
exchanges
,
do
therefore
also
command
our
particular
exchanges
of
England
.
They
deliuer
at
Middleborough
165.
pound
Flemish
,
for
to
haue
at
London
100.
pounds
sterling
,
which
〈◊〉
at
33.
shillings
of
their
money
,
for
our
pound
sterling
of
20.
shillings
payable
at
vsance
which
is
one
moneth
.
The
hundreth
pounds
being
here
receiued
,
is
made
ouer
againe
at
35.
shillings
6.
pence
,
or
36.
shillings
Flemish
the
pound
,
payable
also
at
vsance
,
and
then
there
is
receiued
at
Middleborough
againe
177.
pounds
10.
shillings
,
or
180.
pounds
Flemish
,
here
is
now
differing
3.
shillings
Flemish
in
33.
shillings
,
which
is
aboue
9.
vpon
the
hundreth
for
2.
monethes
,
and
aboue
50.
vppon
the
hundreth
by
the
yeare
:
and
in
the
like
manner
for
Hamborough
,
Embden
and
other
places
;
and
many
times
more
,
if
vpon
some
occasion
monies
are
made
ouer
,
or
taken
vp
,
either
for
the
payments
of
soldiers
or
other
employments
,
especially
if
the
exchange
returne
not
to
the
place
from
whence
it
came
,
as
from
London
to
Hamborough
,
when
it
came
first
from
Midleborough
:
and
so
for
Roan
,
Venice
,
Lyons
and
other
places
,
according
as
it
is
deliuered
out
payable
at
sight
,
vsance
or
double
vsance
.
And
taking
occasion
vpon
discrepances
and
distances
of
time
and
place
,
they
make
through
plenty
or
scarcitie
of
money
,
the
same
dearer
or
cheaper
as
it
pleased
them
.
For
whereas
the
standing
bankes
are
kept
at
Madril
,
Lyons
,
Ciuil
,
Bizanson
,
Florence
,
and
other
places
,
there
the
heads
of
euery
banke
do
set
a
price
and
agree
vpon
it
by
common
consent
,
at
the
time
of
the
generall
payments
of
exchanges
,
which
are
either
three
or
foure
times
a
yeare
,
and
are
called
by
the
name
of
ferias
,
or
faires
onely
for
monies
.
So
that
according
as
the
price
of
exchange
is
there
by
them
concluded
for
any
place
at
the
ending
of
the
olde
faire
,
presently
the
price
of
the
new
exchange
will
bee
accordingly
;
and
so
with
other
places
:
in
which
maine
sea
of
exchanges
,
our
exchange
of
England
running
as
a
riuer
or
branch
,
must
needs
be
gouerned
by
the
former
currant
,
which
is
not
perceiued
of
our
merchants
,
that
commonly
follow
this
rule
,
if
the
exchange
do
come
high
from
beyond
the
seas
,
presently
they
will
make
it
higher
here
,
in
regard
of
discrepance
and
distance
of
time
and
place
before
mentioned
:
I
say
and
intreat
still
of
the
generall
exchange
for
those
places
whereof
we
haue
the
head
,
and
thereby
might
command
,
if
the
course
thereof
were
not
abused
by
the
bankers
,
and
those
that
haue
made
it
become
as
a
trade
to
Englands
great
preiudice
.
As
by
the
application
thereof
(
either
here
or
beyond
the
seas
)
to
the
course
of
trafficke
,
may
be
manifested
,
both
concerning
monies
and
commodities
.
If
the
exchange
with
vs
here
be
low
,
so
that
more
will
bee
giuen
for
our
money
being
caried
in
specie
,
then
by
bill
of
exchange
can
be
had
,
then
our
money
is
transported
,
whereas
otherwise
no
man
would
aduenture
the
money
,
and
stand
in
danger
of
the
law
to
loose
treble
the
value
,
if
by
a
simple
bill
of
exchange
he
might
haue
as
much
payde
him
beyond
the
seas
:
for
in
truth
gaine
is
the
cause
of
exportation
of
our
monies
,
which
gaine
doth
not
consist
in
the
substance
of
the
money
;
for
as
the
right
exchange
is
grounded
vpon
the
weight
and
finenesse
of
our
money
,
and
the
weight
and
finenesse
of
the
money
of
each
other
countrey
,
and
thereupon
the
valuation
of
the
money
maketh
the
price
of
exchange
:
it
followeth
that
neither
difference
of
weight
,
finenesse
of
standard
,
or
valuation
of
monies
,
can
be
any
true
cause
of
transportation
of
our
money
:
so
long
as
a
due
course
is
holden
in
the
exchange
.
But
this
due
course
being
abused
,
causeth
(
as
before
)
our
monies
to
be
transported
,
and
maketh
scarsitie
thereof
,
which
abated
the
price
of
our
home
commodities
:
and
on
the
contrary
aduanceth
the
price
of
the
forreine
commodities
beyond
the
seas
,
where
our
mony
concurring
with
the
monies
of
other
countries
causeth
plenty
,
whereby
the
price
of
forrein
commodities
is
aduanced
&
so
might
it
fare
with
the
price
of
our
home
commodities
,
being
transported
to
those
places
,
were
we
not
hindred
by
the
tolleration
of
their
monies
to
go
currant
far
aboue
their
value
with
them
,
and
to
the
greater
transportation
of
ours
,
and
hinderance
of
importation
of
any
vnto
vs
.
This
tolleratión
of
the
price
of
mony
beyond
the
seas
,
must
be
distinguished
from
the
valuation
which
is
done
by
publike
authority
of
the
Prince
or
gouernour
of
euery
countrey
,
whereas
the
tolleration
is
brought
in
by
particular
men
,
as
the
marchants
are
,
that
contrary
to
the
commaundement
of
Princes
or
states
,
do
receiue
and
pay
the
mony
at
a
higher
rate
,
aduancing
the
price
of
their
commodities
.
But
if
we
will
looke
vnto
the
proportionable
course
of
this
tolleration
,
we
shall
easily
perceiue
,
that
men
of
vnderstanding
haue
the
handling
thereof
,
and
that
superiours
will
winke
at
priuate
mens
faults
for
their
owne
benefite
.
First
,
those
that
hold
with
vs
in
proportion
between
the
gold
&
siluer
11.
to
1.
by
valuation
,
suffer
all
the
gold
to
go
currant
after
12.
to
1.
wherby
our
angel
is
worth
aboue
18.
sh.
flemish
with
them
,
not
being
otherwise
worth
17.
shillings
.
So
the
2.
angels
making
our
pound
sterling
,
wil
make
by
exchange
at
the
most
but
34.
shil
.
and
being
caried
in
specie
,
do
make
aboue
36.
shillings
,
our
exchange
still
holding
his
course
according
to
the
siluer
,
which
by
the
par
is
esteemed
at
33.
shillings
4.
pence
,
albeit
therein
is
also
an
error
,
and
so
for
Hamborough
at
24.
shillings
eight
pence
,
or
twenty
fiue
shillings
either
,
or
for
France
at
sixe
shillings
the
crowne
:
all
which
calculations
are
vncertaine
,
and
preiudiciall
to
the
realme
.
And
yet
my
meaning
is
not
to
enter
into
these
particulars
,
as
not
being
the
efficeint
cause
,
but
onely
accidentally
may
be
meane
causes
,
the
due
course
of
the
exchange
not
being
obserued
.
Secondly
,
for
the
siluer
monies
we
shall
also
find
a
great
difference
,
if
we
compare
our
money
of
11.
ounces
two
peny
weight
fine
,
to
their
Ricx
dolor
,
esteemed
at
10.
ounces
12.
peny
weight
,
or
the
Philip
dolor
of
10.
ounces
fine
,
or
rather
9.
ounces
18.
peny
weight
as
we
find
the
same
.
Much
more
if
we
do
consider
that
our
siluer
mony
yeelded
the
greatest
profit
,
being
caried
to
the
mints
beyond
the
seas
,
where
of
late
since
the
East
Indies
trade
,
it
hath
bene
made
equal
with
the
valuation
of
gold
,
and
rather
more
,
wherby
in
effect
they
held
the
proportion
of
11.
to
1.
with
vs
.
But
then
the
par
of
exchange
ought
to
be
aboue
36.
shillings
with
the
Low-countries
,
or
aboue
25.
shillings
with
the
East
countries
,
or
else
the
realme
&
euery
subiect
thereof
looseth
a
great
matter
,
&
our
monies
both
of
gold
and
siluer
,
are
continually
exported
by
the
meanes
of
a
low
exchange
.
If
the
exchange
with
vs
here
be
high
,
so
that
more
money
will
be
receiued
beyond
the
seas
by
bill
of
exchange
for
our
monies
,
then
the
same
would
yeeld
if
it
were
caried
in
specie
:
then
euerie
man
is
desirous
to
make
ouer
money
by
exchange
,
and
that
money
which
should
be
employed
vpon
the
commodities
of
the
realme
,
is
deliuered
by
exchange
to
the
great
hinderance
of
the
vent
and
aduancement
of
our
home
commodities
:
and
yet
the
forrein
commodities
not
any
way
therefore
sold
the
better
cheape
.
And
herein
we
must
consider
two
especial
points
,
first
that
both
here
and
beyond
the
seas
,
all
commodities
generally
are
sold
payable
at
some
short
time
,
vnlesse
it
be
some
small
part
for
ready
mony
.
Secondly
,
that
generally
our
merchants
are
here
the
takers
vp
of
mony
,
and
the
merchants
strangers
are
the
deliuerers
of
mony
:
and
the
contrary
is
in
some
sort
beyond
the
seas
.
So
that
the
course
of
exchange
hath
an
easie
command
,
still
to
Englands
great
preiudice
.
For
the
scope
of
our
merchants
to
make
returne
homewards
,
implyeth
at
all
times
a
necessity
,
and
so
it
doth
not
with
the
other
:
for
they
do
take
their
aduantage
either
by
exportation
of
our
monies
,
or
by
making
of
it
ouer
at
a
high
exchange
.
And
albeit
that
the
transportation
of
mony
is
prohibited
very
straitly
,
yet
there
is
alwayes
3.
wayes
of
exportation
:
namely
,
by
commodities
,
mony
,
&
exchange
.
But
there
is
but
two
wayes
of
importation
:
namely
,
commodities
and
exchange
,
whereby
commeth
a
notable
ouerballancing
of
forrein
commodities
with
our
home
commodities
.
And
whereas
it
might
be
thought
that
those
monies
taken
vp
by
exchange
at
a
high
price
,
should
be
employed
by
English
merchants
vpon
our
home
commodities
,
or
that
the
forren
commodities
are
sold
accordingly
,
it
is
altogether
contrary
;
for
he
that
taketh
vp
money
at
a
high
exchange
,
doth
it
vpon
necessitie
,
&
must
pay
the
same
againe
of
the
prouenue
of
his
cloth
or
commodities
alreadie
sold
,
or
to
be
sold
,
or
must
maintaine
that
money
running
vpon
exchange
,
wherein
he
shall
be
a
notable
loser
,
&
pay
treble
interest
.
If
it
be
paid
by
the
prouenue
of
commodities
sold
before
and
which
is
owing
in
debts
,
then
is
he
a
loser
,
because
his
commodities
were
not
sold
accordingly
:
and
if
it
be
payed
by
the
prouenue
of
goods
which
are
sold
for
the
purpose
,
then
is
not
he
only
a
small
gainer
or
a
great
loser
,
but
by
his
rash
sale
he
ouerthroweth
another
mans
market
,
to
the
generall
losse
.
And
in
conclusion
,
the
gaine
sought
vpon
money
doth
impeach
the
gaines
to
be
sought
vpon
our
home
commodities
.
And
albeit
that
in
regard
therof
one
might
inferre
,
that
the
greater
gaine
wold
also
be
sought
by
our
merchants
vpon
the
forraine
commodities
,
which
should
turne
to
the
preiudice
of
the
Realme
:
yet
that
is
not
so
,
for
the
forraine
commodities
are
generally
sold
payable
at
some
short
time
without
any
regard
hereof
:
and
if
they
be
sold
for
readie
money
vpon
such
an
occasion
the
better
cheape
by
merchants
straungers
,
for
to
enioy
the
benefite
of
exchange
,
it
falleth
still
vpon
our
merchants
neckes
that
are
the
takers
vp
of
money
generally
with
vs
.
If
the
price
of
exchange
be
high
beyond
the
seas
,
where
generally
our
merchants
are
the
deliuerers
of
mony
:
then
must
they
giue
much
to
haue
their
monies
made
ouer
,
whereby
the
gaine
of
their
commodities
being
sold
formerly
,
is
clipped
.
And
yet
they
giue
no
more
most
commonly
then
the
value
of
our
mony
is
,
for
the
mony
which
they
deliuer
there
,
is
according
to
the
tolleration
by
them
receiued
at
a
higher
rate
farre
aboue
the
value
,
and
in
the
same
manner
payed
out
.
But
when
the
exchaunge
goeth
high
,
our
merchants
are
inclined
to
buy
forraine
commodities
,
or
to
barter
their
commodities
for
the
same
,
which
oportunitie
is
not
onely
obserued
by
the
Bankers
,
but
also
procured
.
To
which
end
they
follow
by
the
meanes
of
their
factors
,
our
merchants
at
all
places
,
euen
as
the
Eagle
followeth
her
pray
,
be
it
at
Stoade
,
Hamborough
,
Embden
,
Middelborough
,
or
elsewhere
:
where
they
will
haue
an
especiall
care
to
be
furnished
with
the
commodities
wherein
they
deale
:
as
Veluets
,
Satine
,
Silkes
,
Fustians
,
Venice
gold
,
or
such
like
,
and
that
against
the
arriuall
of
any
quantitie
of
cloth
and
kerseis
out
of
England
.
For
albeit
that
they
do
not
buy
the
greatest
quantity
of
our
English
commodities
,
yet
they
know
,
that
when
our
merchants
haue
made
sale
of
their
commodities
payable
at
some
short
time
,
and
receiued
bils
for
the
same
,
&
that
the
buyers
of
cloathes
do
pay
the
old
debts
&
make
new
debts
againe
:
then
the
exchange
riseth
,
wherby
our
merchants
rather
then
to
make
ouer
monies
by
exchange
at
a
high
rate
(
the
rising
whereof
they
will
also
increase
by
plentie
of
money
deliuered
by
them
,
)
will
make
their
returne
both
for
the
money
and
billes
of
debts
in
forraine
commodities
,
the
price
whereof
is
rated
by
them
at
their
owne
pleasure
.
So
that
our
merchants
buying
deare
,
must
sell
deare
,
which
bringeth
a
wonderfull
ouerballancing
,
and
causeth
vs
to
feede
vpon
our
natiue
soile
,
giuing
the
benefite
thereof
vnto
other
Nations
.
Whereas
we
should
liue
by
the
gaines
of
our
home
commodities
being
sold
vnto
other
nations
,
and
now
we
are
driuen
to
seeke
a
gain
vpon
forraine
commodities
,
to
the
great
preiudice
of
our
owne
countrey
:
and
that
is
also
a
cause
that
many
of
our
merchants
perceiuing
a
small
gaine
,
and
sometimes
none
at
all
to
be
had
vpon
our
home
commodities
,
do
buy
&
seek
their
gaines
vpon
forraine
commodities
,
making
ouer
money
from
hence
at
a
high
exchange
for
that
purpose
,
or
causing
at
a
high
exchange
beyond
the
seas
,
money
to
be
taken
vp
,
wherein
although
they
may
be
gainers
,
yet
the
Realme
generally
beareth
the
losse
,
and
they
feede
still
vpon
their
mothers
belly
:
wherein
they
are
the
more
instigated
through
the
immoderate
vse
of
forraine
commodities
.
Albeit
that
we
do
not
find
so
great
an
inconuenience
in
the
wearing
of
the
forraine
commodities
,
as
we
do
in
the
price
of
them
,
being
within
this
fiftie
yeares
risen
farre
otherwise
then
our
home
commodities
are
,
the
money
still
being
with
vs
the
selfe
same
:
&
herein
consisteth
the
ouerballancing
aforesaid
:
for
if
the
forrain
commodities
,
which
are
consumed
and
brought
as
it
were
vnto
doung
,
shall
amount
in
value
or
cost
more
,
then
the
commodities
or
fruite
of
the
lande
,
certes
that
lande
is
vnprofitable
in
euery
mans
iudgment
,
much
more
if
we
do
consider
that
the
people
of
other
countries
doe
very
much
enrich
themselues
by
their
industrie
and
handiwork
vpon
the
stuffe
of
other
countries
.
And
it
were
to
be
wished
,
that
our
cloth
were
sold
at
so
deare
a
rate
,
&
according
to
the
price
of
forraine
commodities
,
that
thereby
other
nations
would
take
vpon
them
to
make
our
clothes
themselues
:
which
might
easily
be
remedied
,
by
selling
our
woolles
the
dearer
whereof
they
must
make
them
.
Now
returning
to
our
Bankers
,
let
vs
note
againe
,
that
vpon
the
sale
and
expedition
of
the
greatest
part
of
our
commodities
beyond
the
seas
,
&
most
monies
being
made
ouer
,
and
commodities
returned
,
then
the
exchange
beginneth
with
them
to
fall
;
which
falling
,
they
can
also
helpe
by
withdrawing
their
monie
for
a
time
.
And
heretofore
they
would
make
ouer
monie
as
a
low
exchange
for
England
,
to
be
entertained
here
at
interest
after
ten
pro
cento
,
vntill
they
could
haue
it
made
ouer
againe
at
a
high
exchange
.
And
likewise
such
commodities
as
they
could
not
conueniently
sell
,
they
send
into
England
where
they
can
affoord
the
same
better
cheape
then
our
merchants
,
which
turneth
still
to
the
losse
of
the
Realme
.
And
most
especially
if
the
exchange
come
low
from
beyond
the
seas
,
then
is
it
made
presently
here
accordingly
,
and
then
vpon
the
low
exchange
our
money
is
transported
in
specie
,
as
before
is
declared
.
If
any
man
will
obiect
,
that
if
a
low
exchange
is
the
cause
of
transportation
of
our
monies
in
nature
of
trade
:
then
on
the
contrarie
a
high
exchange
beyond
the
seas
must
haue
the
like
operation
,
whereby
money
might
be
imported
:
for
if
(
for
example
)
in
foure
Philip
dollers
,
or
two
hundred
stiuers
,
I
shall
haue
as
much
fine
siluer
as
in
20.
shil.
starling
,
&
whereas
the
exchange
(
though
erroniously
)
is
taken
therevpon
at
33.
shillings
4.
pence
to
be
Par
or
value
for
value
,
should
be
but
at
32.
shillings
sixe
pence
,
which
is
low
,
and
therefore
the
money
caried
in
specie
wil
yeeld
more
:
so
when
the
exchange
is
beyond
the
seas
at
34.
shillings
sixe
pence
,
or
35.
shillings
,
as
being
high
,
should
cause
money
to
be
brought
ouer
.
Hereunto
we
answere
,
that
it
wold
be
so
,
were
it
not
for
the
tolleration
of
the
monies
to
go
currant
farre
aboue
their
value
beyond
the
seas
:
for
if
this
Philip
doller
(
which
in
valuation
according
to
this
rate
,
is
at
50.
stiuers
)
be
receiued
by
you
in
paiment
for
52.
stiuers
,
who
seeth
not
that
herein
you
are
abused
?
And
so
consequently
in
other
kinds
of
coines
.
What
shall
we
say
to
these
Bankers
which
commonly
are
in
league
with
the
financiers
of
the
low
countries
,
and
others
that
are
as
it
were
belonging
to
their
exchequer
&
mints
,
and
haue
all
the
dealings
for
the
coyns
,
with
whose
aduice
they
can
hoord
vp
monies
,
when
by
publike
authoritie
the
coines
are
aduanced
by
proclamation
:
and
on
the
contrarie
,
to
pay
out
monies
when
money
is
proclaimed
downe
:
and
then
also
the
price
of
exchange
is
made
accordingly
,
whereby
the
realme
still
looseth
,
and
euery
man
in
particular
,
not
knowing
the
weight
and
finenesse
of
the
money
,
but
following
the
course
of
exchange
,
as
being
caried
away
with
the
streame
?
Another
will
say
,
that
when
the
exchange
is
low
beyond
the
seas
,
where
our
merchants
are
generally
the
deliuerers
of
money
,
that
then
the
lesse
of
that
money
they
giue
,
the
greater
is
their
gaine
,
enioying
the
benefit
of
the
exchange
.
But
he
doth
not
consider
that
at
a
low
exchange
there
be
few
or
no
takers
at
all
,
vnlesse
it
be
English
merchants
,
that
haue
money
to
pay
by
exchange
which
was
here
taken
vp
,
&
so
stil
some
of
them
&
the
Realm
looseth
.
Whereas
other
Nations
will
rather
transport
our
monies
,
then
to
cause
their
friends
to
take
vp
mony
at
a
lowe
exchange
,
or
to
make
ouer
money
at
a
low
exchange
:
which
otherwise
might
turne
to
our
good
,
our
merchants
being
here
the
takers
vp
of
monie
,
as
they
are
generally
the
deliuerers
beyond
the
seas
,
as
is
aforesaid
.
And
on
the
contrarie
(
as
I
said
before
)
here
is
alwaies
a
necessity
which
enforceth
our
merchants
to
buy
forraine
commodities
to
make
returne
into
the
Realme
,
either
when
the
exchange
is
high
,
when
they
see
a
losse
euidently
,
which
is
not
so
to
be
seene
in
the
commodities
,
whereof
they
may
expect
some
gaine
:
or
else
when
the
exchange
is
low
,
&
when
there
is
no
takers
vp
of
the
mony
,
&
when
they
cannot
bring
it
ouer
,
neither
at
a
high
exchange
or
low
exchange
,
which
of
course
enforceth
a
wonderful
ouerballancing
of
commodities
in
nature
before
alleadged
;
&
is
a
cause
of
many
superfluous
commodities
which
are
brought
into
the
Realme
.
Some
that
are
continuall
takers
vp
of
money
with
vs
,
do
seeme
to
point
at
the
course
of
the
exchange
,
as
though
the
same
were
most
commonly
indifferent
,
neither
too
high
or
too
low
;
and
herein
are
they
mightily
deceiued
,
seeing
the
very
ground
of
the
exchange
called
Par
,
is
false
both
according
to
the
valuation
and
tolleration
of
monies
in
all
countries
.
And
if
they
think
that
mony
at
interest
is
hard
to
come
by
,
and
that
the
due
course
of
exchange
would
be
an
interruption
to
the
traffiique
,
they
are
therein
also
in
an
error
;
for
monie
would
not
only
be
kept
within
the
Realm
for
the
generall
good
,
but
also
more
plentifully
deliuered
at
interest
:
&
albeit
this
were
not
,
it
were
better
one
should
sit
still
without
trade
,
then
to
become
a
looser
.
Some
others
hauing
obserued
that
plentie
or
scarcitie
of
monie
doth
alter
the
price
of
commodities
,
doe
thinke
that
our
merchants
should
enioy
the
benefite
of
plentie
of
monie
which
generally
maketh
things
deare
.
But
first
they
do
not
consider
,
that
our
merchants
most
commonly
do
sell
their
commodities
payable
at
some
short
time
:
next
that
the
bankers
keepe
their
commodities
vpon
a
certaine
price
at
their
pleasure
,
&
that
although
monie
by
their
means
doth
abound
one
way
for
one
place
,
it
wil
be
scarce
againe
for
another
place
:
and
he
that
taketh
vp
the
same
shal
pay
dearely
for
it
:
whereby
the
commodities
he
buieth
become
charged
ipso
facto
into
his
hands
,
and
must
sell
them
accordingly
:
&
for
the
commodities
which
our
merchants
vpon
such
an
occasion
of
plentie
of
monie
do
sel
,
their
benefit
cannot
counteruaile
the
losse
which
they
receiue
in
making
their
return
,
either
by
a
high
exchange
which
is
caused
by
plentie
of
mony
beyond
the
seas
,
or
by
forraine
commodities
which
are
risen
accordingly
and
much
more
.
So
that
in
conclusion
,
our
home
commodities
are
abated
by
the
abuse
of
the
exchange
foure
maner
of
wayes
.
-
1.
By
scarcitie
of
mony
(
which
maketh
things
good
cheap
)
caused
by
the
exchange
.
-
2.
By
the
gaine
sought
vpon
mony
,
which
otherwise
would
be
sought
vpon
the
commodities
.
-
3.
By
a
high
exchange
with
vs
,
which
causeth
men
to
deliuer
that
mony
by
exchange
in
nature
of
trade
,
which
otherwise
by
some
might
be
employed
vpon
the
commodities
:
likewise
by
a
low
exchange
,
which
causeth
exportation
of
our
monie
.
-
4.
By
the
rash
sale
of
our
commodities
by
young
merchants
and
others
that
are
driuen
to
pay
money
taken
vp
by
exchange
here
in
England
,
thereby
spoiling
the
market
of
others
.
Forraine
commodities
on
the
contrary
are
aduanced
4.
manner
of
waies
.
-
1.
Through
plenty
of
mony
in
other
countries
,
which
maketh
generally
things
deare
;
which
plenty
is
increased
by
our
owne
monies
transported
to
our
owne
hurt
euery
way
.
-
2.
By
a
high
exchange
beyond
the
seas
,
whereby
men
are
inclined
to
buy
forraine
commodities
,
&
by
a
low
exchange
,
when
there
are
no
takers
vp
of
monie
;
&
herin
our
excessiue
vse
of
the
said
commodities
doth
encourage
them
.
-
3.
By
the
tolleration
of
monies
beyond
the
seas
,
to
go
currant
far
aboue
their
value
:
for
by
the
alteration
of
the
valuation
of
mony
,
the
price
of
commodities
doth
alter
also
;
&
this
tolleration
being
a
hinderance
for
the
importation
of
mony
,
causeth
the
greater
quantitie
of
forraine
commodities
to
be
bought
and
brought
ouer
at
a
dearer
rate
.
-
4.
For
that
the
principall
commodities
of
silks
,
veluets
,
fustians
,
&
such
like
,
are
engrossed
by
the
Bankers
that
sell
them
at
their
pleasure
,
our
immoderate
vse
giuing
them
the
greater
cause
.
Hereby
cometh
an
ouerballancing
of
forraine
commodities
with
our
home
commodities
,
which
to
supply
or
counteruaile
,
draweth
away
our
treasure
&
readie
money
,
to
the
great
losse
of
the
commonweale
:
for
let
vs
suppose
with
the
least
of
10.
in
the
100.
losse
vpon
al
our
commodities
going
out
,
&
the
forraine
commodities
comming
into
the
Realme
,
&
we
shall
find
it
to
be
aboue
500000.
pounds
euery
yeare
.
So
that
in
sum
,
we
do
giue
daily
both
treasure
&
our
home
commodities
to
haue
forraine
commodities
at
a
deare
rate
.
Thus
we
may
consider
how
these
Bankers
&
euery
one
of
vs
do
vse
,
or
rather
abuse
the
exchange
,
&
make
of
it
a
trade
for
monies
,
&
therfore
may
aptly
be
called
a
merchandizing
exchange
:
whereas
otherwise
the
right
vse
of
exchange
is
very
needfull
and
conuenient
for
the
maintenance
&
traffick
of
entercourse
betwixt
merchant
and
merchant
,
or
country
&
countries
.
But
the
merchandizing
exchange
which
thus
ouer-ruleth
the
course
of
commodities
&
mony
,
is
intollerable
:
for
we
shall
find
in
effect
,
that
one
summe
of
mony
,
of
one
sort
and
kind
of
coine
,
hath
two
prices
,
&
two
valuations
,
at
one
time
,
exchanged
for
one
distance
of
time
;
differing
only
by
the
diuersitie
of
place
&
countrie
:
whereby
priuate
men
alter
as
it
were
the
valuation
of
coines
,
which
is
rated
&
valued
in
al
countries
by
the
Prince
or
gouernour
of
the
same
,
as
a
matter
concerning
their
dignitie
and
soueraigntie
:
&
so
consequently
of
too
high
presumption
for
subiects
to
step
into
'
.
And
it
is
also
against
reason
,
to
change
the
course
of
nature
in
the
coin
,
as
though
a
pound
weight
should
be
more
weighty
than
a
pound
,
or
a
pound
tale
,
more
then
a
pound
tale
:
wherfore
our
merchants
ought
to
haue
a
singular
regard
thereof
,
and
alwayes
looke
rather
to
haue
somewhat
more
then
the
value
of
our
currant
money
:
as
for
example
;
One
buyeth
a
packe
of
clothes
,
which
cost
him
50.
pound
,
or
one
hundreth
angels
the
packe
,
to
be
payd
in
angels
,
which
hold
24.
carats
fine
,
saue
halfe
a
graine
of
allay
,
or
11.
ounces
2.
peny
weight
in
siluer
mony
.
The
same
packe
of
clothes
is
to
be
sold
beyond
the
seas
,
and
to
be
rated
at
so
many
peeces
of
plate
of
8.
rials
or
dollers
,
pistolets
,
ducats
,
or
french
crownes
,
as
hold
the
same
carrats
and
ounces
in
gold
or
siluer
aforesayd
.
And
in
making
sale
of
these
clothes
,
moreouer
to
take
so
much
ouer
and
aboue
these
carrats
and
ounces
,
as
both
may
beare
the
charges
and
a
reasonable
gaine
.
And
whereas
the
finenesse
of
gold
is
24.
carrats
,
and
the
finenesse
of
siluer
12.
ounces
,
if
our
marchants
after
the
rate
of
4.
ounces
fine
siluer
,
and
8.
carrats
fine
gold
,
for
twenty
shillings
sterling
,
did
compare
the
value
of
the
forrein
coyne
,
and
thus
take
somewhat
more
ouer
and
aboue
,
keeping
this
proportion
,
the
realme
should
more
flourish
,
and
both
it
and
they
be
stored
with
mony
abundantly
.
This
may
be
vnderstood
the
better
,
if
we
do
suppose
that
some
merchants
straungers
doe
come
ouer
into
the
realme
,
to
buy
such
a
packe
of
clothes
,
for
the
which
we
haue
payd
one
hundreth
Angels
,
holding
23.
carrats
3.
graines
and
one
halfe
:
and
these
merchants
do
bring
some
strange
coyne
of
gold
or
siluer
,
not
knowne
in
the
realme
,
and
do
tell
vs
that
the
same
is
worth
so
much
in
their
countrey
,
or
holdeth
so
many
carrats
or
ounces
in
finenesse
,
and
will
giue
the
same
in
payment
vnto
vs
:
we
neither
beleeuing
them
,
nor
knowing
the
value
of
their
coyne
,
are
not
contented
therewith
,
but
we
will
go
vnto
the
mint
to
haue
an
assay
made
thereof
,
and
accounting
what
our
monies
do
hold
,
together
with
a
reasonable
gaine
,
will
be
contented
to
accept
of
the
merchants
strangers
money
,
as
it
shall
be
found
worth
in
substance
.
And
then
if
we
do
compare
the
same
to
the
price
of
the
exchange
,
for
the
place
whence
these
merchants
came
,
we
shall
find
whether
it
goeth
currant
,
and
according
to
the
valuation
thereof
,
or
whether
the
valuation
be
more
or
lesse
then
the
exchange
is
,
especially
then
the
marchandizing
exchange
,
which
is
the
cause
of
the
vnnaturall
alteration
of
the
coyne
.
In
the
like
manner
will
other
nations
deale
with
vs
,
if
we
do
buy
any
commodities
of
them
beyond
the
seas
;
and
which
is
more
,
haue
already
done
euen
within
the
realm
,
as
experience
hath
taught
vs
:
for
albeit
that
with
vs
it
was
neuer
conuenient
or
expedient
that
our
monies
should
be
exported
,
and
therefore
one
would
thinke
it
made
no
matter
of
what
mettall
our
money
were
made
of
,
so
long
as
for
the
same
all
commodities
might
be
had
within
the
realme
:
yet
men
will
haue
such
stuffe
as
is
worth
so
much
in
substance
in
other
places
elsewhere
,
or
else
they
will
sell
their
commodities
accordingly
:
howbeit
that
if
hauing
sold
their
commodities
,
and
not
being
desirous
to
export
any
commodities
of
the
realme
for
their
returne
homewards
,
they
will
not
greatly
weigh
what
the
monies
are
made
of
,
if
they
may
be
sure
to
haue
the
value
thereof
payd
them
by
bils
of
exchange
into
their
owne
countrey
.
And
then
in
a
manner
there
might
be
dealing
and
negotiation
without
money
:
and
the
exchange
will
qualifie
the
same
,
for
the
operation
thereof
is
wonderfull
.
But
what
is
a
kingdome
without
mony
,
being
(
since
the
inuention
thereof
)
rightly
called
Nerui
bellorum
?
And
if
any
Prince
wold
call
in
al
the
good
mony
,
and
deliuer
base
mony
for
it
,
which
by
his
authority
should
be
valued
and
proclaimed
at
such
rates
as
the
good
mony
was
,
the
matter
wold
be
of
small
importance
,
for
so
much
as
concerneth
the
course
of
things
amongst
his
subiects
:
so
as
by
way
of
exchange
,
as
aforesayd
,
the
merchant
stranger
had
his
turne
serued
,
and
that
the
Prince
were
sure
that
other
nations
should
not
draw
that
good
money
from
him
,
or
deceiue
him
with
the
like
base
money
,
and
that
those
that
had
the
managing
thereof
did
execute
their
charge
for
his
benefit
.
But
euery
thing
considered
,
we
shall
find
that
the
richer
the
coyne
of
a
kingdome
is
,
the
better
is
the
estate
and
gouernement
thereof
,
so
long
as
it
is
not
bereaued
of
the
money
.
Thus
much
Obiter
:
Now
to
answer
vnto
those
that
say
,
what
needeth
a
man
to
make
so
neare
a
calculation
,
I
can
giue
a
gesse
at
the
matter
,
reckening
the
exchange
,
charges
,
and
a
reasonable
gaine
in
a
Summa
totalis
,
and
make
sale
of
my
commodities
accordingly
:
what
losse
is
there
in
this
,
or
wherereunto
serueth
this
distinction
?
First
,
we
haue
already
shewed
you
,
that
generally
this
merchandizing
exchange
,
either
being
high
or
low
,
here
or
beyond
the
seas
,
is
preiudiciall
to
the
realme
in
the
transportation
of
our
monie
.
And
next
in
the
abating
of
the
price
of
our
home
commodities
,
and
aduancing
of
the
price
of
the
forrein
commodities
.
And
now
to
answer
this
particularly
;
we
say
that
in
processe
of
time
,
there
is
a
great
and
incredible
losse
,
both
to
the
realme
and
your selfe
:
for
whereas
you
say
,
to
haue
a
regard
to
the
exchange
,
it
is
not
such
a
regard
as
you
ought
to
haue
;
but
you
do
marke
the
exchange
onely
,
according
as
the
price
thereof
is
at
the
time
when
you
sell
your
commodities
or
do
deale
therwith
,
or
somtimes
according
as
you
imagine
the
price
thereof
will
be
,
whereas
you
haue
a
secrete
losse
,
or
might
gaine
more
if
you
go
neare
to
the
reckning
,
as
aforesayd
:
whereby
though
at
that
instant
you
loose
but
little
,
which
you
might
haue
gotten
,
the
realme
will
feele
the
smart
of
it
in
the
end
.
You
might
as
well
say
,
the
matter
of
exchange
is
but
by
bils
,
which
are
but
paper
and
inke
,
there
can
be
no
hurt
done
by
them
,
whereas
if
you
consider
how
the
selling
and
buying
of
commodities
is
ruled
according
to
the
price
of
exchanges
contained
in
the
bils
,
you
shal
find
the
matter
before
spoken
of
;
nay
therealm
generally
doth
feele
it
:
for
this
canker
of
marchandising
exchange
,
is
like
to
the
cruelty
of
the
Planet
Saturne
,
which
maketh
his
sphericall
course
in
thirty
yeares
with
great
operation
,
although
we
do
not
so
sensibly
perceiue
his
motion
.
This
may
be
illustrated
by
a
similitude
,
for
concerning
the
sale
of
our
commodities
,
we
do
as
much
in
effect
as
if
some
draper
did
sell
his
cloth
at
a
certaine
price
the
yeard
,
and
suffered
the
buyer
to
measure
out
the
same
by
the
buyers
owne
false
yeard
.
Or
like
a
grocer
that
selleth
out
his
pepper
by
the
pound
,
at
a
price
agreed
vpon
,
and
is
contented
that
the
buyer
shall
weigh
it
out
by
a
weight
,
which
(
vnknowne
vnto
him
)
is
false
,
and
so
looseth
vnawares
,
or
getteth
lesse
then
he
made
account
of
,
because
the
fraud
vsed
in
the
weight
and
measure
is
vnknowne
vnto
him
.
Euen
so
is
the
cunning
course
of
the
exchange
vnknowne
vnto
vs
.
Hauing
thus
briefly
and
substancially
set
downe
the
course
of
money
generally
,
and
the
operation
of
the
marchandizing
exchange
,
and
omitting
to
speake
of
the
diuersitie
of
exchanges
of
the
like
nature
vsed
in
other
countries
,
because
in
handling
them
we
should
exceed
the
bounds
of
a
treatise
,
and
but
rehearse
that
which
by
other
mens
writings
may
be
seene
:
we
must
now
a
little
consider
the
course
of
commodities
in
regard
of
bartering
or
permutation
before
money
was
deuised
,
the
rather
for
that
our
merchantes
beyond
the
seas
,
are
much
inclined
thereunto
,
howbeit
in
an
other
manner
,
for
it
is
according
to
the
rule
of
money
,
considering
that
thereby
euery
man
doth
rate
or
value
his
commodities
in
bartering
of
the
same
,
and
that
money
being
differing
in
weight
,
finenesse
and
valuation
according
to
the
denomination
,
is
againe
ruled
by
the
exchange
founded
thereupon
,
and
commeth
in
effect
all
to
the
former
matter
,
which
(
to
auoide
prolixitie
)
we
do
not
reiterate
,
but
do
leaue
to
the
consideration
of
the
wise
,
as
euery
man
is
taken
to
be
in
his
profession
.
And
as
we
find
other
nations
to
be
,
which
by
the
way
,
for
the
better
vnderstanding
of
our
subiect
,
shall
be
declared
.
We
haue
already
described
riches
to
be
either
naturall
or
artificiall
,
and
that
both
these
are
valued
by
money
;
and
that
for
as
much
as
the
artificiall
riches
doth
proceede
of
the
naturall
,
therfore
reason
requireth
a
certaine
equality
in
the
estimation
therof
.
Hereupon
this
consideration
is
incident
,
that
as
there
are
three
temporal
things
for
the
behoofe
of
man
:
namely
,
foode
,
houses
,
and
apparell
;
so
must
we
account
all
the
things
seruing
thereunto
according
to
the
vse
of
them
,
and
the
scarcity
or
plenty
of
those
things
,
according
to
the
same
vse
,
hauing
alwayes
a
regard
and
care
,
not
to
pay
too
much
for
the
things
seruing
for
the
belly
;
especially
,
such
as
in
some
sort
may
be
spared
or
forborne
:
and
not
to
sell
too
good
cheape
,
the
things
seruing
for
the
backe
,
or
in
effect
to
barter
them
for
superfluous
things
,
alwayes
admitting
ciuility
,
which
(
albeit
that
men
account
that
ciuill
which
is
accorto
the
manner
of
euery
countrey
,
as
the
Prouerbe
is
:
(
Countries
fashion
,
countries
honor
,
)
yet
reason
must
rule
herein
,
with
a
due
consideration
of
Gods
good
creatures
and
gifts
,
which
cannot
be
done
without
an
vnfatigable
industrie
,
both
in
discerning
the
variety
of
them
,
and
in
obseruing
their
infinite
number
and
pure
creation
,
in
which
regard
precious
things
haue
their
estimation
.
So
that
the
same
ciuility
must
be
reduced
to
the
good
of
the
common-weale
,
and
for
the
vpholding
thereof
,
liuing
together
in
Christian
society
,
giuing
so
farre
place
vnto
reason
,
that
euery
man
may
endeuor
himselfe
to
the
preseruation
of
the
weale
publicke
,
and
conceiue
generally
that
other
nations
not
indued
with
so
much
reason
,
are
alwayes
inferiour
vnto
vs
in
that
regard
,
euen
considering
all
men
alike
in
an
estate
of
politicke
gouernement
.
Who
seeth
not
then
,
that
without
any
cause
of
admiration
,
some
men
do
wonder
as
it
were
at
the
simplicity
of
the
West
Indians
,
Brasilians
and
other
nations
,
in
giuing
the
good
commodities
of
their
countries
,
yea
,
gold
,
siluer
,
and
precious
things
,
for
beades
,
bels
,
kniues
,
looking-glasses
,
and
such
toyes
and
trifles
?
Nay
,
that
we
our selues
are
guilty
of
the
like
simplicity
,
if
herein
(
the
premises
considered
)
yet
an
error
were
committed
?
For
giuing
our
good
commodities
,
or
the
treasure
which
chiefly
from
the
West
Indies
is
receiued
for
our
sayd
commodities
,
vnto
them
of
the
East
Indies
,
and
paying
ten
or
twelue
for
that
which
heretofore
did
not
cost
in
the
sayd
Indies
aboue
one
,
as
it
did
in
the
beginning
of
the
raigne
of
Philip
the
second
king
of
Spaine
,
when
pepper
was
sold
for
120.
fanans
,
or
ten
French
crownes
the
bahar
,
which
is
foure
hundreth
London
weight
,
and
is
not
much
more
then
three
halfe
pence
the
pound
;
cloues
accordingly
at
sixe
pence
the
pound
,
cinamon
three
pence
,
and
so
foorth
:
we
shall
not
need
to
speake
of
other
dainties
and
delicacies
of
superfluous
things
,
so
long
as
a
moderation
is
vsed
;
neither
is
our
meaning
that
the
mony
or
treasure
in
euery
countrey
should
be
buried
:
but
if
we
will
not
preuent
the
generall
transportation
thereof
,
that
at
the
least
we
should
seeke
to
enioy
by
the
course
of
trafficke
the
benefite
thereof
as
other
nations
do
,
and
to
haue
the
same
also
imputed
vnto
vs
.
In
Poland
,
Lituania
,
Prussia
,
&
other
countries
adiacent
,
when
they
abound
with
corne
,
money
is
very
scarce
,
and
the
price
of
corne
thereby
much
abated
,
at
which
time
they
will
either
tollerate
or
proclaime
the
monies
to
be
inhaunced
in
price
,
and
moreouer
the
same
to
be
deliuered
at
interest
after
15.
20.
and
sometimes
25.
vpon
the
hundreth
for
a
time
,
presently
great
store
of
ready
money
commeth
from
all
places
thither
,
which
maketh
the
price
of
corne
to
rise
,
the
mony
also
being
risen
to
a
great
value
:
and
yet
our
English
commodities
do
rather
fall
with
them
in
price
,
or
remaine
vnsold
,
the
monies
being
transported
thither
onely
for
the
employment
of
corne
.
And
although
we
haue
not
an
ordinarie
exchange
with
any
of
those
countries
,
which
sometimes
is
made
according
to
the
Florin
of
thirty
grosses
:
and
therefore
some
ready
money
(
one
would
thinke
)
might
be
brought
ouer
in
returne
of
our
commodities
:
yet
the
same
is
not
done
,
for
that
the
tolleration
of
monies
to
go
currant
with
them
farre
aboue
their
value
,
hindreth
the
same
;
in
regard
whereof
our
commodities
might
be
sold
accordingly
,
and
then
shall
we
not
onely
with
aduenture
make
returne
in
very
needfull
and
necessarie
commodities
of
pitch
,
tar
,
deales
,
clapboords
,
cables
,
ropes
,
and
such
like
:
but
also
in
ready
money
,
if
occasion
shall
so
serue
,
more
profitably
for
the
generall
good
then
to
make
ouer
monies
by
exchange
,
by
the
way
of
Amsterdam
,
Hamborough
,
or
other
places
,
as
vpon
the
reformation
of
the
exchange
might
effectually
be
found
.
And
I
dare
vndertake
,
that
in
times
of
scarcitie
,
when
we
shall
or
might
haue
neede
of
corne
,
the
same
may
be
prouided
vnto
vs
farre
better
cheape
,
and
more
commodiously
then
heretofore
in
the
like
occasions
hath
bene
vsed
.
In
Russia
,
because
their
monies
are
not
onely
inhaunced
,
but
also
embased
by
allay
,
therefore
are
our
monies
by
way
of
trade
in
nature
of
bullion
caried
thither
sometimes
,
and
our
commodities
sold
accordingly
,
and
their
necessarie
commodities
brought
vnto
vs
in
returne
thereof
,
as
are
the
aboue
named
.
There
is
no
ordinary
exchange
betweene
vs
and
them
,
but
sometimes
according
to
the
Roble
exchanges
are
made
to
our
losse
,
when
we
pay
aboue
13.
sh.
4.
pence
for
the
roble
,
with
consideration
of
the
time
after
10.
vpon
the
hundreth
,
their
principall
mony
being
both
small
&
base
,
as
their
Nouogroatcos
or
Copecos
,
whereof
20.
make
some
8.
pence
sterling
.
The
trade
being
otherwise
very
necessary
,
and
profitable
for
the
vtterance
of
our
home
commodities
,
&
maintenance
of
nauigation
;
diuers
of
their
commodities
,
as
tallow
&
hides
,
being
by
vs
vented
againe
into
France
and
other
countries
.
In
Turky
,
where
great
store
of
forreine
coyne
is
currant
at
a
high
rate
,
commodities
are
sold
accordingly
,
in
so
much
that
their
base
money
of
Aspers
and
Shahes
cannot
go
currant
in
any
quantitie
,
but
that
the
commodities
will
rise
to
double
the
price
in
value
,
in
regard
of
their
price
,
being
sold
by
the
ducat
of
40.
Medines
,
&
payd
in
Checknis
or
Sultaneus
,
as
also
dolors
of
al
sorts
,
or
roials
of
8.
for
of
late
years
they
know
perfectly
the
finenes
of
monies
,
&
can
discerne
the
good
from
the
counterfeit
,
and
make
their
aduantage
accordingly
,
in
the
sale
of
their
commodities
:
so
that
the
transporting
of
any
thither
,
is
not
so
much
vsed
as
heretofore
;
much
lesse
doth
any
come
from
thence
back
againe
,
because
of
their
tolleration
also
.
And
we
haue
no
ordinary
exchange
with
them
,
especially
our
ships
requiring
stil
their
lading
homewards
,
whereby
their
commodities
do
stand
vs
in
more
then
otherwise
they
should
:
and
so
much
are
the
gaines
the
greater
,
which
are
procured
vpon
the
sayd
commodities
,
by
how
much
our
home
commodities
are
sold
too
good
cheape
,
which
partly
are
abated
in
price
by
such
kersies
,
cloth
,
and
other
commodities
,
as
some
of
our
merchants
aduenturers
sell
with
a
smal
gaine
into
other
places
,
from
whence
they
are
caried
into
Turky
by
the
way
of
Venice
,
which
is
preiudiciall
to
the
realme
.
In
Barbary
,
the
money
being
also
much
inhanced
,
and
we
hauing
no
ordinary
exchange
with
them
,
albeit
our
merchants
did
sell
their
commodities
somewhat
accordingly
,
yet
they
haue
made
a
nearer
calculation
,
when
they
wanted
sugars
to
make
their
returne
,
and
haue
bene
constrained
to
their
losse
to
bring
ouer
gold
;
in
regard
of
which
losse
,
they
had
more
then
reason
to
sell
their
commodities
the
dearer
,
to
the
good
of
the
realme
:
whereas
otherwise
if
they
had
found
sugars
to
make
their
returne
by
,
they
would
haue
brought
them
,
were
it
at
neuer
so
deare
a
rate
,
to
the
preiudice
of
the
same
.
And
surely
not
only
these
Barbarians
haue
a
due
regard
of
the
goodnesse
and
course
of
monies
,
but
euen
that
barbarous
people
of
Guinea
and
thereabouts
,
haue
of
late
yeares
learned
to
esteeme
their
gold
at
a
farre
higher
rate
then
they
were
wont
to
do
,
obseruing
the
course
of
trafficke
.
And
to
conclude
with
such
places
where
we
haue
no
ordinary
exchange
,
let
vs
remember
Spaine
and
Portugall
,
seeing
that
since
these
troubles
and
interruption
of
trade
,
we
are
not
onely
barred
from
the
greatest
importation
of
money
,
of
rials
of
plate
,
and
pistolets
,
which
in
a
manner
did
supply
our
exportation
,
and
were
daily
brought
ouer
from
thence
;
but
also
that
by
the
meanes
of
other
nations
all
Spanish
wares
are
bought
so
deare
,
and
accordingly
sold
vnto
vs
,
that
the
small
gaines
of
our
clothes
cannot
counteruaile
the
same
:
whereas
heretofore
all
our
gaines
were
procured
vpon
our
home
commodities
,
being
thither
transported
,
and
we
were
very
well
contented
,
if
of
their
commodities
we
could
make
our
principall
as
they
costed
vs
,
with
some
small
gaine
towards
the
aduenture
and
charges
.
The
summe
of
all
is
concerning
all
the
aforesaid
countries
where
we
haue
no
ordinarie
exchanges
,
that
neither
the
exportation
of
our
monies
is
preiudiciall
to
the
realme
,
if
we
bring
for
it
againe
needfull
and
necessary
commodities
into
the
same
:
neither
is
the
importion
of
money
beneficiall
to
the
realme
to
any
great
purpose
,
if
we
do
giue
our
good
and
necessarie
commodities
for
the
same
,
being
both
wayes
but
a
kind
of
permutation
or
barter
:
and
those
countries
that
by
inhancing
the
coyne
,
do
draw
money
vnto
them
,
gather
but
an
imaginatiue
wealth
,
consisting
in
the
denomination
and
not
in
substance
,
whereas
the
abuse
of
the
exchange
causeth
vs
,
for
such
places
where
it
is
vsuall
&
ordinary
to
loose
and
giue
our
treasure
with
our
home
commodities
,
to
obtaine
only
forrein
commodities
for
it
,
as
we
haue
already
shewed
,
and
will
yet
make
more
apparant
.
But
first
,
least
any
man
should
find
fault
that
we
do
not
declare
what
the
finenesse
of
the
standard
of
the
monies
is
,
which
are
vsed
in
the
aforesaid
countries
,
neither
their
weight
or
proportion
which
they
do
hold
betweene
the
gold
and
siluer
,
we
must
desire
him
to
note
that
we
endeuor
to
be
in
al
this
treatise
compendious
&
substantial
,
&
that
hauing
no
ordinary
exchange
for
these
places
,
the
matter
is
of
no
great
moment
,
especially
also
for
that
the
most
part
of
the
coins
currant
with
them
,
are
incidently
to
be
handled
in
their
proper
places
folowing
.
The
rather
when
the
proportion
betweene
the
gold
&
siluer
(
albeit
the
same
do
differ
in
som
countries
)
bringeth
not
any
inconuenience
at
all
,
if
there
be
no
quantity
of
commodities
in
those
countries
to
establish
any
traffick
between
them
,
as
betwixt
Spaine
&
Portugal
,
Spaine
holding
12.
to
1.
and
Portugal
but
10.
to
.
1.
In
Scotland
,
where
they
hold
12.
to
1.
in
proportion
betweene
the
gold
&
siluer
,
there
is
smal
store
of
commodities
to
be
had
to
make
any
returne
by
,
which
is
the
cause
that
although
we
hold
but
eleuen
to
one
,
yet
it
breedeth
no
inconuenience
vnto
vs
,
that
therefore
our
monies
should
be
transported
thither
in
any
quantity
,
for
all
the
aduancing
of
the
price
of
their
coyne
,
and
their
standard
of
siluer
being
but
11.
ounces
fine
,
which
is
inferiour
vnto
ours
,
and
likewise
their
weight
lesser
then
ours
by
foure
peny
weight
fully
vpon
the
pound
troy
,
which
otherwise
would
be
of
importance
,
considering
that
we
haue
not
with
them
any
ordinary
exchange
,
which
should
qualifie
the
same
,
the
rather
for
their
copper
monies
vsed
in
abundant
manner
,
as
their
Hardheads
,
Bodwels
,
Plackx
,
Atchisons
,
Nonsunts
,
and
Turnouers
,
the
course
of
such
monies
and
the
like
being
by
diuerse
taken
preposterously
,
as
though
the
siluer
monies
should
take
their
beginning
in
valuation
from
these
copper
monies
;
which
maketh
them
to
incline
to
the
imbasing
of
monies
,
whereas
by
the
authority
of
Princes
,
these
kind
of
coines
do
receiue
their
valuation
,
answerable
vnto
the
good
siluer
money
:
as
experience
maketh
manifest
in
Turky
,
with
their
Aspers
and
Shahes
.
Neither
is
there
any
proportion
obserued
betweene
the
copper
monies
and
the
siluer
,
as
there
is
betweene
the
siluer
and
gold
,
as
Numa
Pompilius
the
king
of
the
Romanes
did
,
by
obseruing
ten
of
copper
for
one
of
siluer
,
and
ten
of
siluer
for
one
of
gold
:
but
we
shall
find
,
that
since
that
time
it
hath
bene
diuersly
taken
in
diuerse
countries
,
according
to
the
vse
and
quantity
of
the
one
or
other
mettall
,
vppon
all
ocasions
.
For
places
where
we
haue
ordinarie
and
continuall
exchanges
,
it
is
of
great
importance
,
for
either
we
must
make
2.
prises
of
exchanges
,
the
one
for
the
gold
,
and
the
other
for
the
siluer
,
or
else
our
gold
is
continually
transported
,
our
exchanges
commonly
hauing
their
course
according
to
the
siluer
.
Now
if
any
manshal
receiue
beyond
the
seas
for
our
gold
after
12.
of
siluer
for
one
of
gold
,
we
holding
but
11.
to
one
in
proportion
,
who
seeth
not
an
euident
gaine
of
one
in
eleuen
,
if
the
siluer
monies
do
not
counteruaile
the
same
by
way
of
tolleration
,
being
receiued
for
aboue
their
value
beyond
the
seas
:
but
those
that
will
take
this
benefit
of
our
gold
,
neede
not
to
bring
siluer
for
that
purpose
,
hauing
forrein
commodities
ready
at
hand
,
in
returne
whereof
the
gold
is
very
commodious
and
profitable
,
which
is
the
cause
of
buying
vp
of
the
same
,
when
the
price
of
the
exchange
is
low
,
as
before
is
declared
.
We
haue
already
declared
the
general
course
of
exchanges
,
now
let
vs
yet
enter
into
some
particulars
concerning
exchanges
&
monies
,
and
of
forrein
commodities
comming
from
the
places
with
whom
we
haue
ordinary
exchanges
.
For
Roane
,
Paris
,
Lyons
,
Bourdeaux
,
and
other
places
in
Fraunce
,
we
haue
an
ordinarie
exchange
made
according
to
their
crowne
of
60.
soulz
.
The
standard
of
their
siluer
monies
being
11.
ounces
fine
:
albeit
their
base
money
,
as
their
soulz
,
and
other
is
but
three
ounces
and
a
halfe
or
somewhat
better
.
Their
crowne
gold
22.
carrats
,
and
the
proportion
betweene
the
gold
and
siluer
is
by
valuation
11.
to
one
,
but
by
tolleration
12.
to
one
,
and
many
times
more
:
the
crowne
of
exchange
being
at
60.
soulz
,
&
in
specie
63.
64.
and
65.
soulz
.
And
here
let
vs
note
the
wonderfull
operation
of
the
course
of
exchange
;
and
that
whereas
the
tolleration
of
monies
in
other
countries
is
a
hinderance
of
the
importation
of
monie
vnto
vs
,
yet
it
is
not
so
with
France
,
because
money
is
brought
ouer
sometimes
from
thence
.
Albeit
the
same
be
receiued
aboue
the
value
,
as
the
French
crownes
and
pistolets
,
because
the
course
of
exchange
is
contrarie
.
For
plenty
of
mony
with
them
maketh
a
low
exchange
,
and
scarcitie
of
mony
maketh
a
high
exchange
with
them
,
and
on
the
contrarie
,
a
low
exchange
with
vs
:
whereas
for
other
places
plentie
of
monie
maketh
a
low
exchange
with
vs
.
So
that
the
one
being
a
cause
of
importation
of
money
:
the
other
is
a
cause
of
exportation
,
yet
the
Realme
by
the
course
of
monies
receiueth
not
any
benefite
at
all
in
the
vent
of
our
commodities
as
other
countries
do
.
For
this
French
crowne
being
valued
at
10.
shillings
10.
pence
flemish
,
maketh
the
right
exchange
to
be
aboue
36.
shillings
for
the
low
countries
,
where
in
specie
the
same
is
caried
,
and
in
the
like
maner
for
other
places
.
The
obseruation
whereof
may
be
applyed
to
the
good
of
the
Realme
,
&
the
merchandizing
exchange
being
taken
away
will
aduaunce
the
price
of
our
home
commodities
.
The
rather
for
that
we
find
that
by
our
French
merchants
there
is
as
great
a
quantity
of
our
home
commodities
,
and
such
as
are
brought
vnto
vs
from
Russia
and
elsewhere
,
sold
into
Fraunce
,
as
doth
counteruaile
the
employment
of
wines
and
other
commodities
from
thence
,
the
fraight
and
impost
of
wines
(
redounding
to
her
Maiesties
benefite
and
of
her
subiects
)
not
being
reckened
.
The
like
may
be
said
concerning
our
exchange
for
Venice
&
other
places
in
Italy
,
which
particular
exchanges
are
(
as
in
all
traffiques
)
gouerned
by
the
vniuersall
,
euen
in
places
where
little
or
no
trade
of
commodities
is
vsed
,
as
at
Madrill
,
Lyons
,
and
Bizanson
,
where
money
is
made
a
merchandise
and
bereaued
of
the
naturall
course
whereunto
it
was
first
deuised
.
This
vniuersall
or
generall
exchange
made
according
vnto
our
20.
shillings
sterling
as
is
supposed
,
hath
his
course
in
manner
aforesaid
,
for
all
such
places
where
most
of
our
home
commodities
are
sold
by
the
merchants
aduenturers
,
be
it
at
Embden
,
Middleborough
,
Amstelredam
,
Stoade
,
or
Hamborough
,
where
our
commodities
of
Clothes
,
Kerseis
,
Bayes
,
Tinne
,
Lead
,
or
such
like
,
are
sold
and
bartered
for
such
forrain
commodities
as
are
Veluets
,
Satine
,
Silkes
,
Venice
gold
,
Fustians
,
and
such
like
,
purposely
engrossed
and
brought
to
the
aforesaid
places
,
&
sold
by
the
factors
of
the
Bankers
to
our
merchants
,
at
so
deare
a
rate
,
that
euen
other
nations
must
buy
the
like
commodities
the
dearer
for
our
sake
,
which
is
the
cause
that
our
merchants
selling
the
said
commodities
deare
accordingly
vnto
vs
,
are
notwithstanding
small
gainers
,
although
generally
the
realm
loseth
greatly
.
All
which
commeth
to
passe
by
the
meanes
of
the
exchange
being
abused
as
before
is
shewed
,
both
for
the
transportation
of
our
monies
,
which
for
a
long
time
we
haue
giuen
to
contervalue
the
price
of
the
forrain
commodities
with
the
price
of
our
home
commodities
according
to
the
ouerballancing
before
spoken
of
,
which
during
the
trade
with
Spaine
from
whence
mony
was
continually
brought
ouer
,
could
not
so
sensibly
be
felt
as
it
is
now
,
notwithstanding
the
great
purchasses
of
reprisall
goods
.
So
that
the
effect
of
it
is
like
vnto
the
barter
of
two
merchants
,
the
one
deliuering
commoditie
and
money
,
and
the
other
commodities
only
:
he
that
deliuereth
commodities
onely
,
doth
ouerset
the
same
in
price
,
and
the
other
that
deliuereth
commodities
and
money
doth
ouerset
his
commodities
also
somewhat
accordingly
:
but
doth
not
consider
that
he
cannot
ouerset
his
money
:
whereby
it
commeth
to
passe
,
that
he
hath
forraine
commodities
at
a
deare
rate
for
his
home
commodities
and
money
:
yet
because
he
findeth
through
the
excessiue
vse
of
those
forrain
commodities
present
sale
with
a
reasonable
gaine
,
he
thinketh
to
haue
made
a
very
good
match
:
whereas
by
his
meanes
the
Realme
is
not
onely
depriued
of
the
ready
money
,
but
sustained
a
great
losse
besides
,
in
paying
too
deare
for
those
commodities
,
as
we
may
easily
perceiue
,
if
we
do
consider
both
the
prices
of
the
aboue
named
forraine
commodities
,
and
our
home
commodities
altered
within
these
fiftie
years
.
We
are
like
vnto
him
that
did
not
ouerset
his
mony
as
aforesaid
,
because
we
do
esteeme
our
monies
by
way
of
exchange
lesse
in
value
then
they
be
,
and
doe
receiue
the
money
of
other
countries
farre
aboue
their
value
,
according
to
their
tolleration
,
especially
they
holding
the
proportion
between
the
gold
and
siluer
thereby
continually
twelue
to
one
.
At
Hamborough
and
Stoade
the
ordinarie
reckening
is
taken
to
be
9.
marks
4.
shillings
,
for
our
20.
shillings
sterling
,
euery
of
their
markes
being
sixteene
shillings
Lups
,
making
148.
shillings
,
which
is
24.
shillings
8.
pence
of
their
mony
for
our
pound
.
The
Rickx
doller
is
33.
shillings
:
so
that
4.
Rickx
dollers
and
one
halfe
make
148.
shillings
½
or
24.
shillings
9
pence
,
without
reckening
the
discrepance
of
the
time
of
2.
moneths
for
their
vsance
,
the
consideration
is
at
the
least
taken
after
ten
vpon
the
hundreth
for
the
yeare
.
At
Embden
this
Rickx
doller
being
currant
in
payment
after
Flemish
money
at
47.
or
48.
stiuers
:
and
the
Angell
at
11.
gilderen
and
one
halfe
,
what
merchant
is
he
that
cannot
calculate
this
exchange
to
be
abused
,
and
that
36.
shillings
flemish
cannot
answere
our
money
?
If
any
man
would
thinke
,
that
vpon
admonition
giuen
to
the
States
of
the
low
countries
this
might
be
reformed
,
and
the
like
reformation
would
follow
in
other
countries
,
especially
those
of
Hamborough
and
other
places
adioyning
,
holding
their
monies
alwaies
as
it
were
at
a
stand
:
yet
all
would
be
to
small
purpose
if
it
were
by
a
generall
consent
reformed
and
established
,
so
long
as
the
exchange
shall
be
suffered
to
rise
and
fall
from
time
to
time
vpon
all
occasions
.
The
States
of
the
vnited
lowe
Prouinces
hauing
made
it
fellony
by
the
lawe
,
and
deuised
all
the
courses
and
meanes
to
effect
the
same
,
could
neuer
do
it
.
Albeit
that
in
Anno
1594.
they
kept
their
mintes
without
worke
for
the
space
of
a
veare
and
more
.
For
they
are
not
onely
interrupted
by
the
seuerall
mintes
of
other
Princes
adioyning
vnto
their
countrey
,
but
also
for
not
hauing
so
absolute
a
gouernment
,
the
body
thereof
being
compounded
of
equall
parts
,
euery
one
claiming
as
absolute
power
as
the
other
.
Howbeit
we
shall
find
,
that
generally
by
them
all
there
is
a
kind
of
proportion
kept
both
betweene
the
gold
and
siluer
,
and
in
the
valuation
of
them
.
Neither
were
it
conuenient
for
the
States
to
cry
downe
their
monies
,
whilest
the
17.
low
Prouinces
are
separated
,
albeit
they
haue
suffered
of
late
,
and
still
do
without
any
alteration
of
their
monies
,
that
the
Archduke
Albertus
of
Austria
doth
value
certaine
ducats
(
which
he
caused
to
be
coined
)
at
a
higher
rate
then
they
be
worth
:
as
hauing
occasion
to
vse
siluer
for
the
East
Indies
,
which
they
obtained
for
the
gold
which
they
had
from
vs
and
elsewhere
.
But
omitting
many
other
particular
matters
,
let
vs
conclude
with
the
second
part
of
our
treatise
,
wherein
we
haue
shewed
how
the
course
of
exchange
being
abused
,
doth
ouer-rule
the
course
of
commodities
and
money
.
Also
that
the
transportation
of
mony
for
places
from
whence
we
haue
necessarie
commodities
by
way
of
permutation
for
our
money
,
can
not
be
preiudiciall
to
the
Realme
,
as
the
abuse
of
the
exchange
is
,
for
those
places
where
our
merchants
haue
the
vtterance
of
our
chiefe
and
principall
commodities
,
which
exchange
both
of
course
and
by
practise
is
ruled
by
other
nations
,
the
Realme
receiuing
thereby
an
incredible
losse
,
through
the
ouerballancing
of
the
forraine
commodities
with
our
home
commodities
in
nature
before
alleadged
:
which
to
supply
,
draweth
away
our
money
and
treasure
;
and
bringeth
such
inequalitie
between
the
naturall
riches
and
the
artificiall
riches
,
that
husbandmen
are
many
times
,
when
the
haruest
faileth
,
vnable
to
pay
their
rents
,
and
poore
artificers
to
liue
by
their
handy
worke
,
as
hauing
nothing
but
from
hand
to
mouth
.
For
the
course
of
forrain
commodities
vpon
the
alteration
of
mony
,
bringeth
withall
an
alteration
in
the
gouernment
of
a
commonweale
.
Euery
man
knoweth
,
that
by
reason
of
the
base
money
coyned
in
the
end
of
the
most
victorious
raigne
of
king
Henry
the
eight
,
all
the
forrain
commodities
were
sold
dearer
,
which
made
afterwards
the
commodities
of
the
Realme
to
rise
at
the
farmers
and
tenants
hands
:
and
thereupon
gentlemen
did
raise
the
rents
of
their
lands
,
and
take
farmes
to
themselues
,
and
made
inclosures
of
groundes
:
and
the
price
of
euery
thing
being
deare
,
was
made
dearer
through
plentie
of
money
and
bullion
comming
daily
from
the
West
Indies
:
by
reason
whereof
,
and
especially
for
that
the
ounce
of
siluer
was
aduaunced
by
the
said
king
Henry
the
8.
from
40.
pence
vnto
45.
pence
,
and
afterwards
in
processe
of
time
came
to
be
aduanced
to
60.
pence
the
price
thereof
could
no
manner
of
waies
abate
,
albeit
the
money
was
afterwards
restored
to
her
former
purity
and
finenesse
:
and
so
would
it
be
to
small
purpose
,
if
(
according
to
some
mens
opinions
that
wold
haue
things
good
cheape
as
heretofore
)
the
valuation
of
anounce
of
siluer
were
reduced
againe
at
20.
pence
.
For
let
vs
consider
how
all
these
things
haue
driuen
one
another
,
as
in
a
presse
going
in
at
a
streight
,
&
examine
them
by
a
retrogradation
:
if
we
require
gentlemen
to
abate
their
rents
,
giue
ouer
farmes
,
&
breake
vp
inclosures
,
it
may
be
they
would
doe
so
,
if
they
might
haue
all
their
prouisions
at
the
price
heretofore
:
wherunto
the
farmers
&
tenants
(
as
I
suppose
)
would
easily
condescend
if
they
might
haue
all
things
else
at
the
merchant
strangers
hands
or
others
,
at
the
same
rate
as
they
were
wont
to
haue
heretofore
.
And
the
merchant
might
say
againe
,
that
he
will
sell
his
wares
as
he
was
wont
to
do
,
if
he
may
haue
the
like
money
answerable
in
value
and
finenesse
,
as
he
was
wont
to
haue
heretofore
:
and
that
with
great
reason
,
seeing
that
permutation
of
commodities
did
cease
with
vs
,
and
that
money
was
now
to
measure
or
value
things
,
and
that
the
same
must
haue
his
value
according
to
weight
and
finenesse
as
may
go
currant
in
most
places
.
Now
the
money
being
reduced
to
her
former
puritie
and
finenesse
,
had
not
that
effect
,
because
the
valuation
was
altered
and
aduanced
to
sixtie
pence
;
which
if
it
had
bene
abated
to
twenty
pence
,
would
only
haue
altered
the
price
of
things
by
denomination
,
and
not
in
effect
,
so
long
as
we
giue
still
the
quantitie
in
weight
and
goodnesse
in
finenesse
of
our
monies
.
But
I
pray
you
to
what
purpose
would
this
be
,
and
that
your
exchange
grounded
thereupon
should
be
made
accordingly
,
if
you
would
suffer
the
price
thereof
to
rise
and
fall
,
to
the
great
preiudice
of
the
realme
,
as
before
is
alleaged
:
which
being
reformed
,
will
be
the
only
way
of
preseruation
and
augmentation
of
the
wealth
of
the
realme
,
and
a
great
qualification
of
the
things
aboue
mentioned
,
by
bringing
plenty
of
money
within
the
realme
,
and
staying
that
which
will
further
passe
,
whereby
our
home
commodities
will
be
aduanced
in
price
,
which
will
increase
the
quantitie
of
them
,
and
set
not
onely
more
people
on
worke
to
make
our
home
commodities
,
but
also
other
commodities
now
imported
,
hauing
within
the
realme
fit
matter
or
stuffe
thereunto
.
The
due
consideration
of
all
which
,
will
make
vs
to
imitate
the
custome
of
good
citizens
,
which
seeing
their
citie
on
fire
,
loose
no
time
to
enquire
how
and
when
the
fire
began
,
but
endeuor
themselues
with
engins
,
buckets
of
water
,
and
other
necessaries
to
quench
the
flame
thereof
:
wherefore
let
vs
without
loosing
any
more
time
,
runne
to
the
remedy
following
.
THE
THIRD
PART
:
A
REMEDIE
AGAINST
the
Canker
of
Englands
Common
wealth
.
BY
that
which
hath
bene
declared
,
we
see
how
one
thing
driueth
or
enforceth
another
,
like
as
in
a
clocke
where
there
be
many
wheels
,
the
first
wheele
being
stirred
,
driueth
the
next
,
and
that
the
third
,
and
so
foorth
,
till
the
last
that
moueth
the
instrument
that
strikes
the
the
clocke
.
Or
like
as
in
a
presse
going
in
at
a
straight
(
as
we
haue
sayd
)
where
the
formost
is
driuen
by
him
that
is
next
him
,
and
the
next
by
him
that
followes
him
,
and
the
third
by
some
violent
and
strong
thing
,
that
driues
him
forward
,
which
is
the
first
and
principall
cause
of
putting
forward
all
the
rest
afore
him
:
if
we
were
kept
backe
and
stayed
,
all
they
that
go
afore
wold
stay
withall
:
this
is
therefore
called
Causa
efficiens
,
which
not
being
rightly
discerned
from
the
meane
causes
,
made
that
many
men
were
neuer
the
neare
to
remedy
the
thing
they
went
about
.
The
Chronicles
do
record
,
that
to
preuent
the
transportation
of
money
,
king
Henry
the
eight
like
a
politicke
Prince
,
in
the
eighteenth
yeare
of
his
reigne
,
perceiuing
the
price
of
money
continually
to
rise
beyond
the
seas
,
caused
the
angell
noble
,
being
the
sixt
part
of
an
ounce
,
and
taken
for
two
ounces
of
siluer
,
to
be
valued
from
sixe
shillings
eight
pence
vnto
seuen
shillings
foure
pence
,
and
presently
after
vnto
seuen
shillings
sixe
pence
;
whereby
euery
ounce
of
siluer
was
worth
forty
fiue
pence
:
and
yet
there
was
nothing
effected
thereby
,
the
money
still
altering
beyond
the
seas
:
whereupon
Cardinall
Wolsey
had
a
patent
graunted
him
by
the
king
,
to
alter
the
valuation
of
money
from
time
to
time
,
as
he
should
see
cause
.
Afterwards
the
sayd
king
in
the
two
&
twentith
yeare
of
his
raigne
,
perceiuing
that
diuers
nations
brought
abundance
of
forreine
commodities
into
his
realme
,
and
receiued
therefore
ready
mony
,
which
money
they
euer
deliuered
to
other
merchants
by
exchange
,
and
neuer
employed
the
same
on
the
commodities
of
the
realme
,
whereby
his
Maiesty
was
hindred
in
his
customes
,
and
the
commodities
of
the
realme
were
not
vttered
,
to
the
great
hinderance
of
his
subiects
,
as
it
is
there
alleadged
:
his
Maiestie
caused
a
proclamation
to
be
made
,
according
to
an
olde
Statute
made
in
the
time
of
king
Richard
the
second
:
That
no
person
should
make
any
exchange
contrary
to
the
true
meaning
of
the
same
Act
and
Statute
,
vpon
paine
to
be
taken
the
kings
mortall
enemy
,
and
to
forfeit
all
that
he
might
forfeit
:
which
tooke
effect
but
for
a
short
time
,
and
no
other
was
to
be
expected
,
it
not
being
of
that
moment
nor
the
principall
cause
,
as
hereafter
shall
be
declared
.
After
all
this
followed
the
embasing
of
mony
:
and
what
happened
then
,
we
haue
already
declared
so
much
as
is
thought
conuenient
.
All
which
notwithstanding
,
and
as
it
were
in
derogation
of
the
credit
of
experience
:
yet
some
men
will
attribute
the
cause
of
transportation
to
the
finenesse
or
vnder
valuation
of
our
monies
,
and
would
haue
our
monies
inhaunced
in
price
,
or
embaced
by
allay
,
without
that
they
haue
any
consideration
,
that
in
some
sort
our
exchange
shall
be
made
accordingly
,
and
that
the
matter
would
remaine
still
in
substance
,
although
it
were
altered
in
name
,
whereof
the
base
monies
daily
exported
out
of
Fraunce
,
and
the
inhancing
of
monies
in
Turky
,
and
Barbary
,
do
giue
vs
an
instance
.
And
it
followeth
that
neither
difference
of
weight
,
finenesse
of
standard
,
proportion
betweene
the
monies
or
valuation
thereof
,
can
be
any
true
causes
of
exportation
of
our
monies
,
so
long
as
a
due
course
is
holden
in
the
exchange
,
which
is
founded
thereupon
,
as
before
hath
bene
shewed
.
Hauing
found
out
the
efficient
cause
,
the
remedy
is
easie
,
and
most
commonly
great
matters
are
cured
by
easie
remedies
:
And
by
that
which
hath
bene
sayd
,
euery
man
of
iudgement
may
easily
gather
,
that
the
exchange
for
all
places
ought
to
be
kept
at
a
certaintie
in
price
,
according
to
value
for
value
;
and
that
according
to
the
value
of
our
money
,
and
the
tolleration
of
the
price
of
the
mony
in
each
countrey
,
where
we
find
that
a
certaine
proportion
is
obserued
from
time
to
time
,
to
which
end
there
must
be
a
vigilant
eye
for
the
obseruation
thereof
vpon
all
alterations
,
and
to
make
our
price
of
exchange
accordingly
,
both
for
the
gold
and
siluer
,
either
in
aduancing
our
gold
and
making
the
porportion
to
be
betweene
the
gold
and
siluer
12.
to
1.
or
else
making
the
price
of
exchange
according
to
the
gold
.
If
we
do
make
our
gold
to
be
worth
twelue
of
siluer
,
as
is
vsed
in
most
places
,
then
must
our
angels
and
other
gold
be
called
in
,
if
so
be
that
we
will
not
thinke
conuenient
that
the
weight
and
price
should
be
altered
,
and
new
angels
may
be
coyned
of
crowne
gold
,
holding
still
their
price
and
weight
:
or
else
if
we
will
alter
the
valuation
,
then
our
angels
should
bee
at
ten
shillings
ten
pence
,
and
the
French
crowne
sixe
shillings
sixe
pence
:
for
there
is
as
much
difference
betweene
the
proportion
of
eleuen
to
one
,
and
twelue
to
one
,
as
there
is
difference
in
the
price
of
angell
gold
and
crowne
gold
.
But
altering
neither
of
these
,
the
exchange
might
qualifie
the
same
,
the
rather
because
that
for
places
where
we
haue
no
ordinary
exchange
,
our
gold
and
siluer
monies
are
transported
in
nature
of
bullion
,
especially
the
siluer
,
being
more
worth
in
some
mintes
beyond
the
seas
,
then
by
valuation
,
as
we
haue
noted
before
.
For
the
keeping
of
the
price
of
exchange
at
a
certaintie
,
according
to
value
for
value
,
some
are
of
opinion
,
whereas
these
exchanges
are
most
commonly
made
by
certaine
persons
sworne
to
deale
honestly
betweene
partie
and
partie
,
commonly
called
brokers
,
that
euerie
merchant
exchanging
should
be
bound
vpon
a
penalty
,
not
to
make
any
exchanges
without
them
,
and
according
to
their
direction
:
to
which
end
they
should
haue
a
certaine
prescription
specified
in
a
paire
of
tables
,
how
to
make
these
exchanges
,
and
should
become
bound
with
sureties
to
make
them
accordingly
:
in
the
course
whereof
there
should
be
no
other
difference
betweene
the
deliuerer
and
taker
vp
of
monies
,
but
after
ten
vpon
the
hundreth
for
the
yeare
,
and
to
make
them
payable
at
some
short
time
,
to
cut
off
the
merchandizing
of
the
same
,
both
here
and
beyond
the
seas
.
Others
that
do
not
like
to
enter
into
bonds
,
do
allow
of
the
opinion
of
those
that
do
affirme
the
same
would
be
more
exactly
done
by
certaine
skilfull
and
substantiall
men
,
thereunto
authorised
by
her
most
excellent
Maiestie
,
to
be
the
generall
exchangers
with
whom
all
men
should
be
commaunded
to
make
their
exchanges
here
in
England
;
and
in
the
like
manner
our
merchants
onely
in
the
chiefe
places
of
trafficke
beyond
the
seas
,
with
these
Exchangers
deputies
also
in
manner
aforesayd
,
wherein
would
be
litle
restraint
:
for
he
that
would
not
deliuer
his
money
here
by
exchange
,
might
(
if
he
would
)
employ
the
same
vpon
our
commodities
,
and
rather
then
to
transport
any
in
specie
,
he
would
deliuer
it
by
exchange
,
when
vpon
a
simple
bill
he
might
haue
as
much
giuen
him
by
the
meanes
of
the
exchange
,
as
the
same
would
yeeld
him
beyond
the
seas
,
being
caried
in
specie
with
great
aduenture
,
and
in
danger
of
the
losse
with
treble
the
value
,
according
to
the
statute
.
On
the
contrary
,
he
that
would
not
deliuer
his
money
beyond
the
seas
by
exchange
,
he
might
bring
ouer
forrein
commodities
being
at
a
reasonable
rate
,
or
else
the
money
in
specie
:
prouided
alwayes
that
in
bringing
monies
there
be
no
permission
any
other
to
be
currant
,
but
such
as
are
already
proclaimed
;
and
all
other
to
bee
brought
into
the
mint
,
or
to
these
exchangers
deputies
,
which
should
giue
presently
other
ready
money
for
it
,
according
to
the
statute
20.
E.
3.
whereby
of
course
also
that
might
be
effected
,
which
heretofore
was
commanded
by
the
statute
of
8.
H.
5.
2.
whereby
the
Staplers
were
to
bring
a
good
part
of
the
returne
of
their
woolles
in
bullion
.
The
most
noble
kings
of
this
realme
Edward
the
third
,
Richard
the
second
,
Henry
the
fourth
,
Henry
the
fift
,
Henry
the
sixt
,
and
especially
Henry
the
seuenth
,
made
most
noble
statutes
against
the
abuses
of
exchange
,
and
for
the
increase
of
their
customes
;
and
then
the
right
exchange
(
as
doctor
Wilson
sayth
)
was
onely
vsed
by
the
king
or
his
exchanger
,
albeit
there
was
not
any
such
vrgent
cause
:
so
that
the
merchant
stranger
bringing
his
wares
into
the
realme
,
did
first
pay
his
custome
,
and
hauing
made
sale
of
his
commodities
,
and
imploying
the
money
that
he
receiued
here
,
vpon
the
commodities
of
the
Realme
,
according
to
the
Statute
14.
R.
2.
and
so
paying
custome
againe
,
departed
home
to
his
countrey
,
without
carying
any
money
at
all
by
exchange
:
for
if
there
were
not
sufficient
commoditie
here
in
wares
,
he
made
his
exchange
then
with
the
Kings
exchanger
,
and
none
other
:
so
that
it
was
knowne
vnto
the
exchanger
what
exchange
hee
made
,
and
vppon
what
cause
.
But
if
this
matter
be
now
a
dayes
duely
considered
of
,
it
will
not
bee
found
of
such
importance
as
it
is
taken
to
be
,
neither
for
the
increase
of
the
customes
of
the
Prince
,
or
aduancement
of
the
sale
and
price
of
our
home
commodities
,
the
trade
whereof
would
best
become
our
English
merchants
,
as
the
trade
of
the
forreine
commodities
is
fittest
for
the
merchant
strangers
,
leauing
the
due
course
of
exchange
in
manner
aforesayd
free
for
both
parties
to
make
their
returne
by
,
vpon
all
occasions
,
which
would
proue
very
profitable
to
the
realme
and
her
maiesties
customes
,
considering
the
sayd
statute
doth
onely
command
the
meere
merchant
stranger
,
and
not
the
denisons
which
are
the
principall
dealers
.
Our
home
commodities
being
also
so
needfull
,
and
of
continuall
request
,
that
at
al
times
they
are
most
vendible
,
notwithstanding
some
small
interruptions
,
which
now
and
then
by
reason
of
the
warres
and
other
controuersies
do
happen
.
If
the
forrein
commodities
were
for
the
most
part
imported
by
merchants
strangers
,
which
pay
more
custome
then
the
natiue
subiect
doth
,
her
Maiesties
customes
would
very
much
increase
.
Againe
if
they
were
bought
better
cheape
,
more
would
be
vented
with
vs
,
and
likewise
greater
quantity
of
our
home
commodities
transported
,
especially
when
money
doth
abound
.
Lastly
,
the
trade
of
our
commodities
would
increase
,
if
the
trade
of
the
marchandizing
exchange
did
cease
.
And
were
it
not
that
the
forrein
commodities
are
consumed
within
the
realme
,
it
were
great
reason
that
as
the
price
thereof
is
risen
,
so
likewise
the
custome
should
be
payd
somewhat
accordingly
.
The
Portugals
which
do
engrosse
the
spices
of
the
East
Indies
,
cause
a
great
custome
to
be
taken
of
twentie
vpon
the
hundreth
,
vpon
the
arriuall
of
the
carrickes
at
Lisbone
,
for
the
comming
in
of
the
spices
and
other
commodities
,
and
cause
other
nations
to
pay
the
same
,
making
the
price
accordingly
,
pleasing
them
againe
in
the
custome
outwards
,
in
taking
but
one
vpon
the
hundreth
for
the
same
,
making
in
this
manner
their
countrey
as
it
were
a
store-house
for
spices
,
as
the
Hollanders
do
theirs
for
corne
comming
from
the
East
countries
.
And
the
like
plenty
is
vsed
by
other
nations
,
which
would
require
a
larger
description
,
as
also
how
they
inrich
themselues
by
their
industrie
and
handiworke
of
the
stuffe
of
other
countries
;
and
againe
what
commodities
might
be
made
within
the
realme
,
we
hauing
fit
matter
or
stuffe
thereunto
;
and
how
artificers
and
other
workemens
wages
should
be
considered
:
and
yet
to
this
purpose
we
cannot
omit
to
commend
the
singular
good
Statutes
,
made
by
King
Henry
the
third
,
and
could
wish
that
the
wages
giuen
in
those
dayes
with
so
great
aduisement
,
were
now
trebled
according
to
the
alteration
of
the
valuation
of
money
,
then
an
ounce
of
siluer
being
valued
at
twenty
pence
,
which
is
now
rated
at
5.
shillings
.
This
is
duly
obserued
in
the
city
of
London
,
for
the
allowance
of
the
baking
of
a
quarter
of
corne
,
the
baker
hauing
now
six
shillings
for
the
same
,
whereas
hee
had
in
those
dayes
two
shillings
.
But
returning
to
the
matter
in
hand
,
we
say
that
the
course
of
trafficke
before
mentioned
,
would
be
effected
by
the
reformation
of
the
exchaunge
:
for
when
our
merchants
should
haue
abilitie
giuen
them
to
import
money
,
then
would
they
bring
the
lesser
quantitie
of
forreine
commodities
,
and
the
merchant
stranger
would
bring
the
more
.
And
againe
on
the
contrarie
,
the
more
readie
money
either
in
specie
or
by
exchange
,
that
our
merchants
should
make
their
returne
by
,
the
more
employment
would
they
make
vpon
our
home
commodities
,
aduancing
the
price
thereof
,
which
price
would
augment
the
quantitie
by
setting
more
people
on
worke
:
and
would
also
increase
her
maiesties
customes
outward
.
All
which
is
tending
to
the
generall
good
of
her
Maiesty
,
the
whole
realme
,
and
euerie
inhabitant
thereof
:
and
this
reformation
is
in
effect
no
more
,
but
as
it
were
the
keeping
of
our
owne
weight
and
measure
,
namely
our
money
and
exchange
,
to
sell
our
commodities
by
:
seeing
that
trusting
other
nations
therewith
,
we
haue
bene
hitherto
deceiued
.
Neither
can
any
nation
take
hereby
any
offence
at
all
,
we
receiuing
value
for
value
,
as
they
with
reason
do
also
one
of
another
.
The
remedy
is
easie
,
and
yet
of
such
moment
,
that
as
the
course
of
things
doth
carry
alwayes
a
great
command
:
so
should
we
find
that
of
course
diuerse
statutes
should
be
obserued
or
executed
,
viz.
the
statutes
of
9.
E.
3.
25.
E.
3.
5.
R.
2.
2.
H.
4.
2.
H.
6.
4.
H.
7.
5.
E.
6.
prohibiting
the
transportation
of
money
and
bullion
,
&c.
The
statutes
of
9.
E.
3.
15.
E.
3.
14.
R.
2.
3.
H.
7.
and
other
concerning
exchanges
,
to
haue
their
due
course
,
both
within
the
realme
,
and
for
forrein
parts
,
hauing
according
to
the
tenor
therof
,
exchangers
for
the
monies
of
siluer
and
gold
,
and
for
the
monies
or
bullion
brought
ouer
,
in
buying
the
same
and
deliuering
it
into
her
maiesties
mint
,
as
may
be
seene
by
the
statutes
of
8.
H.
5.
and
20.
E.
3.
before
mentioned
,
whereby
her
Maiestie
should
haue
the
due
gaines
of
her
mint
,
and
poore
moniers
should
continually
worke
.
For
the
execution
whereof
,
monies
were
coyned
in
those
dayes
in
seuerall
places
of
the
realme
:
howbeit
all
by
the
direction
of
the
maister
of
the
kings
mint
at
London
:
Namely
at
Canterbury
,
at
Kingston
vpon
Hull
,
Newcastle
vpon
Tine
,
at
Bristow
and
Excester
:
And
the
exchanger
for
the
king
at
London
,
did
also
depute
exchangers
in
the
most
places
,
sauing
that
certaine
merchants
of
Florence
called
Friscobaldi
,
were
the
kings
exchangers
at
Kingston
,
Newcastle
,
and
Excester
,
whereby
appeareth
the
great
care
had
thereof
.
It
will
not
be
amisse
to
remember
such
benefits
as
will
redound
to
the
merchants
aduenturers
by
the
reformation
hereof
,
when
at
all
times
they
may
make
a
sure
calculation
of
their
gaines
and
accompts
according
to
the
knowne
price
of
the
exchange
,
or
in
setting
ouer
the
bils
obligatorie
which
they
receiue
of
their
commodities
for
forraine
commodities
,
or
in
making
ouer
their
monies
by
exchange
at
all
times
,
whereby
they
shall
not
be
driuen
to
buy
forraine
commodities
,
or
stand
in
danger
to
become
losers
by
the
exchange
,
vpon
the
alteration
of
the
price
thereof
,
after
the
sale
made
of
their
commodities
,
and
before
they
do
receiue
their
money
to
be
made
ouer
by
exchange
;
and
they
may
then
altogether
seeke
the
gaine
vpon
their
home
commodities
,
selling
them
with
more
reputation
.
When
young
merchants
hauing
small
stocks
and
running
for
moneys
vpon
the
exchange
,
shall
not
through
their
rash
sale
abate
the
price
of
commodities
,
especially
when
more
money
shall
be
had
at
interest
,
the
merchandizing
exchange
ceassing
:
whereby
young
merchants
may
be
supplyed
in
their
neede
or
occasions
,
and
with
smaller
stockes
and
lesse
aduenture
haue
greater
gaines
:
for
the
Canker
of
this
exchange
shall
not
consume
them
,
as
it
hath
done
many
of
them
and
others
,
and
that
vnawares
:
for
the
same
is
like
vnto
the
Serpent
Aspis
,
which
stingeth
men
in
such
sort
,
that
they
fall
into
a
pleasant
sleepe
vntill
they
dye
.
If
any
man
shall
make
doubt
of
the
execution
hereof
,
let
him
but
haue
a
due
consideration
of
the
course
of
the
right
exchange
,
both
here
and
beyond
the
seas
,
and
he
will
wonder
that
so
great
matters
can
be
brought
to
passe
by
so
easie
meanes
,
especially
whereas
it
might
be
thought
difficult
,
in
regard
of
other
nations
.
First
,
the
gaine
had
vpon
the
mony
deliuered
by
exchange
here
in
England
(
either
really
or
imaginatiuely
)
being
taken
away
,
will
cause
the
merchandizing
therof
to
cease
.
We
call
that
really
,
when
in
specie
the
mony
is
paid
,
and
imaginatiuely
,
when
in
regard
of
the
generall
want
of
monies
,
it
is
in
effect
but
payd
as
it
were
by
assignation
.
And
then
all
such
merchants
,
either
strangers
or
natiue
subiects
,
which
deliuer
their
mony
by
exchange
for
gain
,
shall
deliuer
the
same
at
interest
,
causing
plentie
of
mony
within
the
realm
for
the
generall
good
.
Secondly
,
for
the
course
of
the
exchange
beyond
the
seas
,
euery
man
can
easily
vnderstand
,
that
as
the
gaine
of
the
exchange
appeareth
only
by
the
returne
thereof
:
that
no
merchant
stranger
will
deliuer
any
money
vnto
our
merchants
,
when
he
shall
know
the
certaintie
of
the
price
of
exchange
which
doth
exclude
the
gaine
,
considering
that
all
men
within
the
Realme
shall
make
their
exchanges
at
a
certaintie
,
either
by
the
meanes
of
Brokers
or
the
generall
exchangers
,
especially
our
merchants
beyond
the
seas
being
generally
the
deliuerers
of
money
and
few
of
them
takers
vp
.
So
that
this
course
of
exchaunge
shall
command
other
nations
,
we
hauing
moreouer
the
heade
of
this
principall
exchange
of
our
20.
shillings
sterling
:
whereupon
exchanges
are
made
,
and
so
the
head
will
commaund
and
direct
the
other
members
of
the
body
.
Neither
will
merchants
straungers
take
vp
money
by
exchange
at
a
lower
price
to
their
losse
of
any
of
our
merchants
,
then
our
exchangers
deputie
wil
giue
,
but
will
rather
cause
their
money
to
be
made
ouer
from
hence
:
for
gaine
beareth
stil
the
sway
in
the
course
oftrade
.
Thirdly
,
the
generall
course
of
this
exchange
in
the
chiefe
places
of
trade
will
gouerne
the
particular
,
as
it
is
in
al
traffiques
.
So
that
any
exchanges
made
in
any
places
of
small
traffique
,
where
the
exchangers
shall
haue
no
deputies
,
will
be
of
small
moment
.
For
if
our
merchants
that
do
deliuer
the
money
,
must
giue
much
to
haue
their
money
payed
here
in
England
,
it
will
be
for
the
good
of
the
Realme
,
for
they
will
sell
their
commodities
accordingly
vpon
this
occasion
.
And
if
they
do
deliuer
it
at
a
lowe
rate
vnder
our
exchangers
price
,
the
matter
cannot
be
great
:
for
those
also
which
are
the
takers
thereof
,
will
rather
take
it
of
our
exchangers
deputies
at
a
better
rate
,
by
the
meanes
of
their
friends
or
factors
dwelling
in
the
chiefe
places
of
traffique
,
where
our
merchants
shall
deliuer
their
monies
to
the
exchangers
deputies
,
euen
as
merchants
straungers
shall
do
here
in
England
.
And
the
merchandizing
exchange
(
which
causeth
one
summe
of
money
to
be
exchanged
(
for
the
most
places
)
6.
times
in
a
yeare
)
being
taken
away
,
the
ordinarie
exchange
is
not
of
any
such
moment
,
that
we
should
doubt
of
the
sufficiencie
of
such
substantiall
men
as
might
execute
the
same
;
considering
also
that
they
shall
serue
euery
mans
turne
that
will
take
vp
money
by
exchange
here
of
them
:
and
that
there
shall
be
no
constraint
for
any
man
to
deliuer
his
money
here
or
beyond
the
seas
,
but
may
employ
the
same
vpon
commodities
at
his
pleasure
.
Lastly
,
let
vs
answere
to
some
obiections
,
notwithstanding
that
the
due
consideration
of
the
premises
and
the
waightinesse
of
the
matter
might
satisfie
vs
.
To
the
generall
obiection
,
that
selling
our
commodities
dearer
,
would
be
an
interruption
to
the
traffique
,
we
haue
already
shewed
how
necessarie
our
commodities
are
,
&
what
request
thereof
is
in
all
places
:
so
that
such
controuersies
as
sometimes
arise
,
are
alwaies
qualified
or
ended
by
the
procurement
of
the
aduerse
parties
themselues
;
as
it
happened
in
the
ninth
yere
of
king
Henry
the
7.
vpon
a
contention
betwixt
the
said
king
and
the
king
of
Romanes
,
and
a
displeasure
taken
against
the
Flemings
,
and
especially
against
the
Lady
Margaret
Duchesse
of
Burgundy
and
sister
to
king
Edward
the
fourth
,
in
causing
to
be
banished
out
of
his
dominions
all
Flemish
wares
and
merchandizes
,
and
restraining
all
English
merchants
from
repairing
&
trafficking
into
any
of
the
territories
of
the
king
of
Romanes
or
the
Archduke
his
sonne
,
&
the
Mart
to
be
kept
at
Calis
for
wools
and
cloth
:
whereupon
the
king
of
the
Romanes
and
the
Archduke
banished
all
English
commodities
out
of
their
dominions
,
which
continued
almost
three
yeares
,
vntill
the
Archduke
sent
ambassadours
vnto
the
king
to
conclude
a
peace
,
and
therewithall
was
the
contract
of
entercourse
also
concluded
betwixt
the
said
king
and
the
house
of
Austria
and
Burgundy
:
the
like
examples
we
haue
more
.
Againe
,
that
young
merchants
or
others
shall
not
haue
so
much
credit
at
the
hands
of
the
exchangers
,
as
they
haue
now
at
diuerse
mens
hands
,
and
that
therefore
it
were
better
to
enter
into
bond
as
aforesaid
,
which
would
be
duely
obserued
,
because
the
bils
of
exchanges
should
beare
witnesse
a-against
them
.
Let
vs
consider
that
they
should
not
haue
such
great
occasions
to
take
vp
money
,
when
mony
should
be
plentifully
here
deliuered
at
interest
,
which
is
now
deliuered
by
exchange
,
whereas
also
they
may
bring
ouer
monies
for
their
returne
when
they
see
cause
,
and
the
exchangers
receiuing
here
much
money
at
the
merchants
straungers
hand
by
exchange
,
would
be
glad
to
giue
a
greater
credit
to
haue
the
better
meanes
to
repay
the
money
beyond
the
seas
to
the
merchant
stranger
.
The
difference
betwixt
those
that
deliuer
their
money
at
interest
or
by
exchange
,
in
regard
of
vsurie
,
consisteth
onely
in
the
name
,
for
they
haue
both
an
intention
of
gaine
vpon
money
,
and
do
beare
an
aduenture
for
the
losse
of
their
monies
,
whereas
the
one
is
certaine
to
haue
no
more
but
ten
vpon
the
hundred
at
the
most
,
and
the
other
doth
expect
at
the
least
15.
or
20.
vpon
the
hundreth
,
in
regard
whereof
he
is
contented
to
stand
in
aduenture
to
lose
sometimes
(
and
that
seldome
)
by
exchange
,
but
still
the
intention
remaineth
,
which
should
be
the
surest
guide
of
conscience
to
take
away
false
or
counterfeit
pretences
.
Exchanges
wil
be
made
vnderhand
or
secretly
,
notwithstanding
their
bonds
or
prescriptions
:
as
how
I
pray
you
?
Surely
he
that
is
the
deliuerer
of
mony
will
take
no
lesse
for
our
20.
shillings
sterling
then
the
rate
of
the
exchange
shall
be
:
and
if
the
taker
will
giue
him
more
,
&
he
will
take
it
without
regarding
his
bond
,
the
Realme
looseth
nothing
thereby
,
albeit
the
partie
doth
lose
,
if
he
do
not
sell
his
commodities
beyond
the
seas
accordingly
.
Againe
,
beyond
the
seas
will
any
merchant
stranger
take
vp
money
at
a
lesser
rate
then
the
exchange
,
our
merchants
being
there
the
deliuerers
,
what
losse
haue
our
merchants
thereby
or
the
Realme
either
?
Whereas
also
to
the
generall
exchanger
euery
merchant
shall
be
a
surueyor
:
so
that
the
matter
is
so
easily
to
be
remedied
,
that
vnlesse
we
do
enter
into
due
consideration
,
that
(
as
we
haue
said
in
the
first
part
of
our
treatise
)
all
the
trade
is
performed
by
commodities
,
money
and
exchange
,
we
will
thinke
it
to
be
impossible
vntill
we
find
out
,
that
the
abuse
of
exchange
hath
made
the
course
therof
to
be
predominant
ouer
the
commodities
&
monies
,
which
being
found
out
as
an
efficient
cause
,
maketh
vs
to
find
an
easie
remedy
:
&
according
to
the
rules
of
al
Polititians
,
comparing
&
reducing
things
to
their
original
beginnings
,
we
shal
find
how
far
they
are
digressed
or
decayed
,
which
also
oppositly
maketh
me
to
write
in
commendation
of
the
good
order
of
the
Venetians
in
ruling
the
market
for
their
corn
&
victuals
,
imposing
a
certaine
price
,
vpon
due
knowledge
had
of
the
quantity
of
corne
monethly
in
any
of
their
dominions
:
whereupon
they
appoint
some
graue
and
honest
men
in
euery
principall
citie
,
who
on
euery
Monday
of
the
week
,
are
authorised
(
according
to
the
quantity
of
corne
)
to
set
a
price
thereof
:
according
to
the
which
also
,
the
Baker
is
to
make
the
bread
of
such
weight
as
they
shall
&
do
declare
that
day
vnder
their
hand
writing
in
seueral
publike
places
:
wherby
euen
the
poorest
man
(
who
hath
greater
reason
of
care
)
may
know
what
he
is
to
haue
for
his
penny
,
for
the
which
calling
at
the
Bakers
house
,
&
finding
any
fault
,
he
may
take
with
the
assistance
(
as
it
were
)
of
the
Constable
,
al
the
bread
then
exstant
at
the
Bakers
house
as
forfeited
,
the
one
halfe
vnto
him
,
&
the
other
halfe
to
the
poore
.
By
which
meanes
all
engrossers
&
forestallers
are
cut
off
,
because
they
are
vncertaine
what
the
price
of
the
market
will
be
from
time
to
time
,
which
maketh
them
not
desirous
to
buy
.
And
againe
,
the
magistrate
is
not
troubled
to
see
this
good
order
executed
:
for
euery
man
hath
an
especiall
care
to
haue
his
owne
.
How
many
statutes
would
bee
executed
hereby
also
if
the
like
order
were
established
in
England
,
let
the
learned
in
the
lawe
iudge
,
not
only
for
engrossers
and
forstallers
,
but
also
of
inclosures
of
grounds
,
incorporating
of
farmes
,
decay
of
husbandry
,
conuerting
arable
grounds
into
pasture
,
and
all
good
orders
concerning
corne
,
which
being
duely
prouided
for
within
the
Realme
,
or
from
elsewhere
,
vpon
occasion
of
scarcitie
thereof
,
and
withall
hauing
plentie
of
money
,
who
seeth
not
that
these
are
two
pillars
and
props
for
the
maintenance
of
a
commonwealth
,
euen
as
sinceritie
of
religion
,
and
the
loue
of
the
people
are
the
two
especial
props
or
pillars
of
the
state
of
a
Prince
?
No
man
would
be
angry
with
him
that
were
in
a
house
,
and
espied
some
fault
in
the
beames
or
rafters
of
the
same
,
and
would
insearch
the
default
,
and
then
certifie
the
goodman
of
the
house
thereof
,
or
some
other
dwelling
therein
,
aswell
for
his
owne
safegard
,
as
for
others
,
for
it
is
hard
to
heale
a
sore
that
a
man
would
not
haue
opened
to
his
Phisition
,
though
he
be
neuer
so
skilfull
,
and
of
great
experience
.
How
weightie
and
important
the
studie
hereof
is
,
let
all
states-men
and
Polititians
be
iudges
:
for
like
as
experience
doth
beget
wisedome
as
a
father
:
so
memorie
nourisheth
it
as
a
mother
,
which
both
are
holpen
and
furthered
by
learning
:
and
as
he
cannot
attaine
to
learning
who
is
without
the
knowledge
of
the
seuen
liberall
sciences
:
no
more
can
he
be
a
right
states-man
,
in
seeking
the
increase
of
the
Princes
customes
and
reuenues
,
to
haue
the
Princes
coffers
well
furnished
:
vnlesse
he
do
first
studie
the
way
of
preseruation
&
augmentation
of
the
wealth
of
the
Realme
:
for
the
welfare
wherof
,
ioyntly
with
the
preseruation
of
her
Maiesties
royall
person
,
the
Authour
daily
prayeth
vnto
the
Almightie
,
by
whom
al
Princes
do
rule
and
states
do
subsist
.
Qui
plus
expendit
Quàm
rerum
copia
tendit
,
Non
admiretur
Si
paupertate
grauetur
.
FINIS
.