PRINCIPLES
for
yong
PRINCES
.
CHAP.
1.
The
Regall
and
Politicke
Gouernment
:
AS
in
naturall
things
the
Head
being
cut
off
,
the
rest
cannot
be
called
a
Body
:
no
more
can
in
Politicke
things
a
Multitude
or
Communality
without
a
head
be
Incorporate
.
Whereupon
the
Philosopher
,
1
Politicorum
saith
,
That
whensoeuer
of
many
is
made
one
,
one
amongst
them
must
gouerne
,
and
the
rest
be
gouerned
.
Therefore
a
people
desiring
to
liue
in
society
together
,
and
willing
to
erect
either
a
Kingdome
,
or
other
Politicke
Body
,
must
of
necessity
chuse
one
to
gouerne
that
Body
.
Who
in
a
Kingdome
of
Regendo
,
is
called
Rex
.
And
so
by
the
people
is
established
a
Kingdome
,
which
gouernment
is
absolutely
the
best
.
And
as
the
Head
of
the
Physicall
Body
cannot
change
the
veines
and
sinewes
thereof
,
nor
deny
the
Members
of
their
proper
strength
and
necessary
nurriture
:
no
more
can
a
King
(
who
is
head
of
the
Polliticke
Body
)
alter
or
change
the
lawes
of
that
body
,
or
take
from
the
people
their
goods
or
substance
against
their
wils
.
For
a
King
is
chosen
to
mainetaine
the
Lawes
of
his
Subiects
,
and
to
defend
their
bodies
and
goods
.
So
Brute
arriuing
in
this
Iland
with
his
Troians
,
erected
here
a
Regall
and
Politicke
gouernment
,
which
hath
for
the
most
part
continued
euer
since
,
for
though
we
haue
had
many
changes
,
as
first
the
Romans
subduing
the
Brittaines
,
then
the
Britaines
entring
againe
:
then
the
Saxons
,
then
the
Danes
,
then
the
Saxons
againe
,
and
lastly
the
Normans
:
yet
in
the
time
of
all
these
Nations
,
and
during
their
raignes
,
the
Kingdome
was
for
the
most
part
gouerned
in
the
same
manner
that
it
is
now
.
Plutarke
saith
,
that
at
first
all
that
gouerned
were
called
Tyrants
,
but
afterward
the
good
Gouernnours
called
Kings
,
and
the
euill
Gouernours
Tyrants
:
for
in
the
beginning
,
some
men
couetous
of
honour
and
glory
,
did
by
their
strength
force
the
people
to
obey
them
,
and
to
subiect
themselues
to
their
lawes
at
their
pleasure
,
and
so
established
onely
a
Regall
gouernment
,
which
done
by
force
,
and
gouerned
against
all
right
and
reason
by
rigour
,
was
accounted
tyrannicall
.
For
though
a
man
by
force
doe
subdue
Cities
and
Countries
,
yet
he
ought
to
rule
according
to
reason
:
and
if
he
know
God
according
to
the
Law
of
God
.
But
when
he
is
chosen
,
or
admitted
King
by
the
people
,
and
hath
his
power
from
them
,
he
may
not
subiect
the
people
to
any
other
power
,
yet
he
hath
a
great
and
large
prerogatiue
,
which
he
may
vse
at
his
pleasure
.
And
here
I
thought
not
amisse
to
set
downe
some
few
Lawes
and
Customes
of
other
Common-wealths
,
wherby
their
good
gouernment
and
life
may
appeare
,
they
not
being
Christians
.
Ptolomeus
,
King
of
Egypt
,
feasting
one
day
,
seuen
Ambassadours
,
at
his
request
,
euery
one
of
them
shewed
vnto
him
three
of
their
principall
Lawes
and
Customes
.
And
first
the
Ambassadour
of
Rome
said
,
wee
haue
the
Temples
in
great
reuerence
,
we
are
very
obedient
to
our
Gouernours
:
and
we
doe
punish
wicked
men
,
and
euill
Liuers
,
seuerely
.
The
Carthagenian
Ambassadour
said
,
in
the
Common-wealth
of
Carthage
,
the
Nobility
neuer
cease
fighting
,
nor
the
Common
People
and
Artificers
labouring
,
nor
the
Pphilosophers
teaching
.
The
Cicilian
said
,
In
our
Common-wealth
,
Iustice
is
exactly
kept
:
Merchandize
exercised
with
truth
,
and
all
men
account
themselues
equall
.
The
Rhodians
said
:
at
Rhodes
old
men
are
honest
:
yong
men
shamefast
:
and
women
solitary
,
and
of
few
words
.
The
Athenians
said
,
In
our
Common-wealth
,
rich
men
are
not
suffered
to
be
deuided
in
Factions
:
nor
poore
men
to
be
idle
,
nor
the
Gouernours
to
be
ignorant
.
The
Lacedaemonians
said
,
In
Sparta
enuy
reigneth
not
,
for
all
men
are
equall
,
nor
couetousnesse
,
for
all
goods
are
common
:
nor
sloth
,
for
all
doe
labour
.
In
our
Common-wealth
,
said
the
Ambassadour
of
the
Sicyonians
,
voyages
are
not
permitted
,
because
they
should
not
bring
home
new
Factions
:
Physitians
are
not
suffered
lest
they
should
kill
the
sound
:
nor
Lawyers
,
to
take
vpon
them
the
defence
of
Causes
and
Sutes
.
And
to
these
may
be
added
,
Anatharsis
Letter
to
Cressus
,
King
of
Lydia
,
concerning
the
Gretians
.
Know
(
saith
he
)
that
in
the
studies
of
Greece
,
we
learne
not
to
Command
,
but
to
obey
:
not
to
speake
much
,
much
,
but
to
keepe
silence
:
not
to
be
contentious
,
but
to
be
humble
,
not
to
get
much
,
but
to
content
our selues
with
a
little
:
not
to
reuenge
our
harmes
,
but
to
pardon
iniuries
:
not
to
take
from
others
,
but
to
giue
our
owne
:
not
to
take
care
to
be
honoured
,
but
to
labour
to
be
vertuous
:
Lastly
,
we
learne
to
despise
that
which
others
loue
,
and
to
loue
that
which
others
despise
,
which
is
pouerty
.
CHAP.
2.
Who
,
fittest
to
gouerne
.
NOw
to
shew
what
manner
of
man
is
fittest
to
gouerne
,
I
reade
in
Liuie
,
that
men
borne
in
Armes
,
great
in
deeeds
,
and
rude
in
eloquence
,
ought
to
be
chosen
Consuls
:
and
that
men
of
quicke
spirits
,
sharpe
wits
,
learned
in
the
Law
,
and
eloquent
,
should
be
for
the
City
.
For
a
Prince
(
so
the
Consull
was
for
his
time
)
ought
to
be
a
Martiall
man
,
stout
and
couragious
as
well
to
defend
his
subiects
,
as
to
offend
his
enemies
;
great
and
worthy
in
his
actions
,
as
well
to
be
feared
of
his
foes
,
as
to
be
beloued
of
his
friends
:
and
not
to
be
curious
,
to
speake
eloquently
,
but
to
deliuer
his
mind
plainely
and
wisely
:
it
being
more
necessary
for
a
Prince
to
doe
well
,
then
to
speake
well
.
For
wise
words
are
not
commendable
,
if
the
deeds
be
not
answerable
,
whereupon
the
Philosopher
Pacuinus
saith
,
those
are
to
be
hated
,
who
in
their
acts
are
fooles
,
and
in
their
words
Philosophers
.
They
that
will
therefore
(
saith
Plato
)
haue
glory
in
this
life
,
and
attaine
to
glory
after
death
,
and
be
beloued
of
many
,
and
feared
of
all
,
let
them
be
vertuous
in
doing
good
works
,
and
deceiue
no
man
with
vaine
words
.
And
he
counselleth
the
Athenians
to
chuse
a
Gouernour
that
is
iust
in
his
sentence
,
true
of
his
word
,
constant
in
his
act
,
secret
and
liberall
.
These
be
the
principall
morall
vertues
most
cecessary
in
a
Prince
.
CHAP.
3.
A
Prince
to
be
iust
in
his
sentence
.
FOr
a
Prince
ought
to
be
iust
in
his
sentence
,
according
to
the
words
of
Salomon
,
Sap.
1.
saying
,
Loue
Justice
you
that
Iudge
the
Earth
,
For
a
iust
King
(
saith
he
)
Pro.
29.
doth
aduance
his
Countrey
:
and
the
King
that
iudgeth
the
poore
rightly
,
his
throne
shall
be
established
for
euer
.
Therefore
he
ought
not
to
be
led
,
either
by
fauour
,
passion
,
or
gaine
:
but
according
to
equity
and
iustice
:
and
to
haue
care
that
all
his
Counsellors
and
Magistrates
doe
the
like
.
And
to
attaine
to
this
vertue
of
Iustice
;
a
Prince
must
call
to
God
for
wisedome
,
which
he
cannot
obtaine
,
being
of
euill
life
.
For
wisedome
will
not
enter
into
a
soule
possessed
with
malice
,
nor
dwell
in
a
body
subiect
to
sinne
,
(
saith
Salomon
)
Sap.
1.
But
if
thou
(
saith
he
)
call
for
wisedome
,
and
encline
thine
heart
to
Prudence
:
then
shalt
thou
vnderstand
Iustice
,
and
iudgement
,
and
equity
,
and
euery
right
way
.
Prou.
2.
Therefore
he
prayeth
,
saying
:
Giue
mee
(
O
Lord
)
that
wisedome
which
assisteth
thy
seate
,
and
cast
me
not
off
from
the
number
of
thy
seruants
,
for
that
I
am
thy
bond-slaue
,
and
the
sonne
of
thy
bond-woman
,
a
weake
man
,
and
of
short
life
,
vnable
to
vnderstand
aright
,
what
is
Iustice
and
Law
:
and
whosoeuer
is
the
most
perfect
and
excellent
amongst
the
sonnes
of
men
,
he
is
to
be
accounted
as
no
body
,
if
thy
wisedome
doth
not
assist
him
.
Sap.
9.
All
good
and
worthy
Princes
haue
laboured
to
attaine
to
this
wisedome
,
and
to
execute
iustice
most
exactly
,
insomuch
that
some
haue
not
spared
their
owne
children
:
so
sacred
a
thing
they
held
Iustice
to
be
.
As
for
example
,
Brutus
,
who
vnderstanding
that
his
two
sonnes
were
of
the
conspiracy
for
Tarquinus
Superbus
,
caused
them
both
to
be
put
to
death
in
his
owne
presence
.
Cassius
likewise
seeking
to
get
the
loue
of
the
people
,
and
to
make
himselfe
King
,
was
beaten
to
death
by
his
father
.
Pausanias
,
Generall
of
the
Lacedaemonians
,
receiued
500
talents
of
gold
to
betray
Sparta
,
but
Agesilaus
his
father
vnderstanding
thereof
pursued
him
into
the
Temple
of
Minerua
(
whither
he
fled
for
Sanctuary
)
and
caused
the
doores
of
the
Temple
to
be
nayled
vp
,
and
so
there
made
him
dye
of
famine
,
then
his
mother
tooke
his
corpes
,
and
threw
it
to
the
dogs
,
not
suffering
it
to
be
interred
.
Darius
likewise
,
King
of
Persia
,
vnderstanding
that
his
sonne
Ariobrazanes
ment
to
betray
him
to
Alexander
Magnus
,
cut
off
his
head
.
Titus
Manlius
,
being
challenged
by
one
of
the
Latins
,
to
fight
the
Combate
stepped
forth
of
his
ranke
,
and
in
Combate
killed
him
,
yet
because
it
was
done
without
license
,
his
owne
father
,
being
then
Consull
and
Generall
presently
put
him
to
death
Posthumius
likewise
,
did
the
same
to
his
sonne
.
Fidericke
,
Earle
of
Harlebecque
,
and
Forrester
of
Flanders
,
hauing
made
very
straite
Lawes
,
for
the
reducing
of
his
Countrey
to
lustice
and
good
life
,
put
his
sonne
to
death
for
breaking
the
Law
,
in
taking
a
basket
of
Apples
from
a
poore
woman
,
and
not
paying
for
them
.
Edward
the
first
,
put
his
sonne
in
prison
,
Prince
Edward
,
for
breaking
the
Parkes
of
the
Bishop
of
Chester
.
Henry
the
fourth
,
also
commended
the
Lord
chiefe
Iustice
of
England
,
for
committing
the
Prince
to
prison
,
for
transgressing
the
Law
.
And
King
Antiochus
had
that
care
to
haue
Iustice
ministred
,
as
he
writ
to
all
the
Cities
of
his
Kingdome
,
that
they
should
not
execute
any
thing
he
commanded
if
it
were
contrary
to
Law
:
but
they
should
first
aduertise
him
thereof
:
The
Emperour
Justinian
likewise
commanded
the
Lawyers
to
be
sworne
that
they
should
not
plead
in
an
euill
and
vniust
cause
.
The
like
Law
was
made
in
the
ninth
Parliament
of
James
the
first
,
King
of
Scotland
,
that
all
Counsellours
and
Aduocates
,
before
they
plead
any
temporall
cause
,
should
take
oath
and
sweare
that
they
thinke
the
cause
to
be
good
they
plead
.
Lewis
the
ninth
,
King
of
France
,
was
a
iust
and
vertuous
Prince
,
louing
the
good
,
and
punishing
the
wicked
,
and
was
a
Capitall
enemy
to
sutes
,
commanding
the
Iudges
to
doe
speedy
Iustice
,
so
that
sutes
then
were
laid
away
.
Alexander
Magnus
was
so
farre
from
being
transported
from
Iustice
,
as
when
any
made
complaint
to
him
of
another
,
he
slopped
alwayes
one
eare
,
saying
,
he
must
keepe
that
for
the
party
accused
.
The
Emperour
Adrian
was
of
that
integrity
in
Iustice
,
as
one
Alexander
accused
another
before
him
,
called
Aper
,
and
bringing
his
proofes
onely
in
writing
,
he
said
that
his
informations
were
but
Paper
and
Inke
,
and
perhaps
forged
,
and
that
a
man
ought
not
to
be
condemned
but
by
honest
and
substantiall
witnesses
,
and
therefore
he
sent
Aper
to
Rufus
Gouernour
of
Macedonia
(
from
whence
he
was
brought
)
commanding
him
,
diligently
to
examine
the
witnesses
against
him
,
and
to
see
that
they
were
honest
,
and
of
good
name
.
King
Edgar
of
England
had
likewise
that
care
to
doe
Iustice
,
as
in
Winter
time
he
would
ride
vp
and
downe
the
Countrey
,
and
make
enquiry
of
the
misdemeanors
of
his
Officers
and
Gouernours
,
and
punish
them
seuerely
that
offended
the
Law
.
And
as
the
followers
of
Iustice
shall
not
onely
be
famous
in
this
world
,
but
shall
perpetually
liue
,
and
receiue
a
kingdome
of
glory
in
the
world
to
come
,
as
saith
Salomon
,
Sap.
5.
So
the
Princes
that
minister
iniustice
,
and
do
not
iudge
rightly
,
shall
reape
infamy
,
and
incurre
the
high
displeasure
of
Almighty
God
,
as
Salomon
also
witnesseth
,
saying
:
Hearken
(
O
Kings
)
and
vnderstand
:
learne
you
who
are
Judges
of
the
bounds
of
the
earth
,
in
respect
that
power
is
giuen
vnto
you
from
aboue
,
and
strength
from
the
Highest
,
who
will
examine
your
works
,
and
search
your
thoughts
,
and
because
when
you
were
Ministers
in
his
Kingdome
,
you
did
not
iudge
rightly
,
nor
iudge
rightly
,
nor
keepe
the
Law
of
Iustice
,
nor
walke
in
the
way
of
God
,
he
will
appeare
vnto
you
quickely
,
and
horribly
:
for
most
rigorous
iudgement
is
done
vnto
those
that
gouerne
.
With
the
poore
and
meane
man
mercy
is
vsed
:
but
mighty
men
shall
suffer
torments
mightily
,
Sap.
6.
And
the
royall
Prophet
saith
,
that
God
is
terrible
to
the
Kings
of
the
earth
,
Psal.
75.
Which
doth
very
well
appeare
by
the
strange
punishments
he
oftentimes
inflicted
vpon
them
,
as
vpon
Pharaoh
,
who
was
drowned
in
the
red
Sea
,
pursuing
Moses
,
and
the
seruants
of
God
:
vpon
Nabuchadnezzer
,
who
was
cast
downe
from
his
Throne
,
and
made
companion
to
beasts
:
vpon
Ozias
,
who
was
strucken
by
God
with
a
filthy
leprie
:
vpon
Ioram
by
an
incurable
fluxe
:
vpon
Antiochus
the
Tyrant
,
who
rotted
aliue
:
vpon
Herod
,
who
for
killing
Saint
Iames
,
and
persecuting
the
rest
of
the
Apostles
was
strucken
by
an
Angell
,
and
consumed
with
wormes
whilest
he
liued
:
vpon
M●mpricius
King
of
Great
Britaine
,
who
was
deuoured
with
Woldes
:
vpon
Anastasius
the
Emperor
,
who
was
killed
with
thunder
:
vpon
Seldred
a
Saxon
,
King
of
England
,
who
waskilled
by
the
Dinel
,
as
he
was
banquetting
with
his
Nobility
:
vpon
Drahomira
Dutches
of
Bohemia
,
who
for
procuring
the
death
of
Ludiuille
her
mother
in
law
,
a
very
vertuous
woman
,
and
of
many
Priests
also
,
was
,
as
she
passed
in
her
Coach
,
ouer
the
place
where
the
Priests
were
murthered
,
swallowed
vp
by
the
earth
:
vpon
the
wicked
King
of
Nauarre
,
Anno
1387
who
fell
into
such
an
infirmitie
,
that
all
his
limbes
were
cold
:
for
remedy
whereof
hee
was
sowed
in
a
cloath
wet
in
aqua
vitae
:
and
when
the
man
had
done
,
for
lacke
of
a
knife
to
cut
the
thred
in
his
needle
,
he
burned
it
with
the
Candle
he
vsed
,
and
so
by
chance
set
the
cloath
on
fire
,
which
could
not
bee
quenched
,
but
that
the
King
lying
three
dayes
in
extremetorment
,
dyed
thereof
.
And
many
moe
for
their
iniustice
and
wickednesse
,
haue
beene
punished
very
strangely
,
and
oftentimes
lost
their
Kingdomes
:
for
a
kingdome
,
as
appeareth
;
Eccle.
chap.
11.
is
transferred
from
Nations
to
Nations
,
for
iniustice
and
iniuries
.
Therefore
it
behooueth
a
Prince
to
haue
most
speciall
care
hereunto
.
CHAP.
4.
A
Prince
to
be
true
of
his
word
.
IT
is
requisite
that
a
Prince
should
be
true
of
his
word
,
and
faithfull
of
his
promise
,
both
towards
God
and
man
,
for
it
is
said
,
Deut.
23.
When
thou
hast
made
a
promise
or
vow
to
thy
Lord
God
,
be
not
slacke
to
yeeld
it
,
for
he
doth
require
it
at
thy
hands
.
And
Salomon
saith
,
Prou.
8.
J
detest
a
double
tongue
.
And
againe
,
Pro.
17.
he
saith
,
that
a
lying
lippe
doth
not
become
a
Prince
.
Cicero
likewise
De
officijs
,
saith
,
that
fides
,
which
wee
call
fidelity
,
(
consisting
in
the
verity
and
constant
performance
of
words
promises
,
and
couenants
)
is
the
foundation
of
Iustice
,
which
preserueth
a
Common-wealth
.
One
of
the
lawes
of
the
Knights
of
the
Band
in
Spaine
was
,
that
if
any
of
them
broke
his
promise
,
or
falsified
his
word
,
he
went
alone
by
himselfe
,
&
no
body
spoke
to
him
,
nor
he
to
any
.
And
the
Romans
had
great
care
alwayes
to
performe
their
word
;
insomuch
,
that
the
first
Temple
builded
in
Rome
,
was
dedicated
to
the
goddesse
Fidelity
.
And
vpon
a
time
,
they
wanting
money
to
pay
their
Souldiers
,
and
to
maintaine
their
Armies
,
thought
it
better
to
spend
the
goods
of
the
Common-wealth
,
then
not
to
pay
the
Souldiers
their
wages
:
saying
if
the
Common-wealth
be
not
vpheld
by
faith
and
keeping
of
promise
,
it
will
not
be
vpheld
by
riches
.
And
at
another
time
,
because
they
could
not
ayde
the
Saguntines
,
according
to
promise
in
due
time
(
they
being
besieged
and
for
want
of
ayde
,
spoyled
by
Hanibal
)
did
not
onely
build
vp
their
City
againe
,
but
after
this
made
warre
in
Spaine
for
reuenge
,
by
the
space
of
14
yeares
.
In
which
time
they
subdued
the
Turditanes
,
(
who
brought
Hanibal
into
Spaine
)
and
made
them
pay
tribute
to
the
Saguntines
,
and
chased
out
of
all
Spaine
,
the
Carthagenians
,
and
restored
all
the
Saguntines
that
were
either
imprisoned
or
fled
.
Scipio
making
warre
in
Affrica
against
the
Carthagenians
,
granted
them
Truce
for
a
time
that
they
might
send
Ambassadours
to
Rome
,
to
treate
of
Peace
,
but
before
the
Ambassadors
returned
from
Rome
,
Asdrubal
spoyled
230
shippes
of
the
Romans
,
whereupon
Scipio
sent
to
Carthage
,
to
aduertise
them
of
the
breach
of
the
Truce
:
but
his
Ambassadours
could
not
be
heard
,
but
were
threatned
by
the
people
.
Soone
after
,
the
Ambassadours
of
Carthage
,
returning
home
from
Rome
,
came
through
the
Campe
of
Scipio
,
who
sent
for
them
,
and
told
them
,
that
though
Carthage
had
broken
the
Truce
and
law
of
Armes
,
yet
would
not
he
breake
the
custome
of
the
Romans
,
which
was
to
obserue
the
publike
faith
,
and
so
let
them
passe
.
Iulius
Caesar
likewise
kept
faith
and
promise
alwayes
with
his
enemies
,
though
they
broke
with
him
.
The
Emperour
Nerua
,
(
succeeding
Domitian
in
the
Empire
,
who
had
put
to
death
diuers
of
the
Senators
)
did
promise
that
hee
would
put
to
death
any
Senator
:
which
greatly
pleased
all
the
Senate
.
Soone
after
some
of
the
Senators
conspired
against
him
:
which
discouered
,
he
would
not
put
them
to
death
,
because
of
his
promise
.
The
Emperour
Augustus
,
hauing
made
Proclamation
to
giue
25000
crownes
to
him
that
should
take
Crocotas
,
Captaine
of
the
Theeues
in
Spaine
,
called
Bandeleros
:
Crocotas
offered
himselfe
to
the
Emperour
,
and
demaunded
the
money
promised
by
him
.
The
Emperour
,
for
performance
of
his
word
,
did
not
onely
giue
him
the
money
,
but
his
pardon
also
.
Sextus
Pompeyus
,
hauing
warres
with
Antonius
the
Triumuir
,
and
meeting
him
vpon
a
treaty
of
Peace
,
and
thereupon
inuiting
of
him
to
supper
(
giuing
him
his
faith
for
his
assurance
and
safty
)
was
moued
by
some
to
detaine
him
prisoner
:
but
he
answered
,
that
to
be
the
Emperour
of
the
world
,
he
would
not
falsifie
his
faith
.
Licurgus
,
brother
to
Poledectes
,
King
of
Lacedaemonia
,
hauing
promised
fidelity
to
the
King
,
refused
the
offer
of
the
Queene
,
who
being
left
great
with
child
,
offered
to
destroy
it
,
and
to
make
him
King
,
if
he
would
marry
her
.
But
he
,
like
a
faithfull
brother
,
proclaimed
her
sonne
King
so
soone
as
he
was
borne
,
gouerning
onely
during
his
minority
,
chosen
thereunto
by
the
people
.
Ferdinando
,
brother
to
Henry
the
third
,
King
of
Castile
,
being
left
Tutor
to
the
Kings
sonne
,
was
vrged
by
the
three
Estates
of
Castile
,
to
take
the
Crowne
himselfe
,
but
he
refused
it
,
saying
:
He
would
neuer
be
false
,
either
to
his
brother
dead
,
or
his
brother
liuing
,
to
whom
hee
had
promised
fidelity
.
And
as
these
and
many
moe
,
are
famous
for
their
fidelity
and
performance
of
their
word
:
so
a
number
are
infamous
by
their
perfidiousnesse
and
breach
of
their
word
.
For
Plutarch
saith
,
that
Alexander
Magnus
,
causing
certaine
Indian
Souldiers
to
be
killed
,
(
after
they
had
yeelded
themselues
to
him
vpon
his
word
)
spotted
and
stained
the
renowne
of
all
his
glorious
Conquests
,
and
royall
vertues
.
Hanniball
neuer
kept
his
word
nor
faith
with
any
,
but
to
serue
his
owne
turne
.
Therefore
Autiochus
,
King
of
Syria
,
(
to
whom
he
fled
,
vanquished
by
Scipio
)
made
no
account
of
him
.
And
he
going
from
thence
to
Prusias
.
King
of
Bithynea
,
one
as
perfidious
as
himselfe
,
for
that
he
meant
to
haue
deliuered
him
to
Quintius
,
Generall
of
the
Romans
,
whereof
Hannibal
vnderstanding
,
poysoned
himselfe
.
Siphax
,
King
of
Numidia
,
by
breaking
his
word
with
Scipio
,
lost
his
Kingdome
and
life
in
captiuity
.
Ptolomeus
,
King
of
Egypt
,
hauing
promised
safety
to
Pompey
(
who
fled
vnto
him
,
ouerthrowne
by
Caesar
)
notwithstanding
put
him
to
death
,
and
sent
his
head
to
Caesar
,
which
he
refused
to
see
,
and
wept
for
sorrow
,
and
commanded
them
that
brought
it
to
be
put
to
death
.
Shortly
after
,
Caesar
assisted
Cleopatra
,
killed
Ptolomeus
her
brother
,
and
made
her
Queene
of
Egypt
.
Alfonsas
,
sonne
to
Ferdinando
,
King
of
Naples
,
vnder
the
promise
and
safegard
of
his
father
,
got
to
come
to
him
,
foure
and
twenty
Princes
and
Barons
,
who
notwithstanding
his
promise
,
put
them
in
prison
,
and
vpon
the
death
of
his
father
(
being
foure
and
twenty
yeares
after
)
put
them
all
to
death
.
Charles
the
seuenth
,
King
of
France
,
when
he
was
Dolphin
,
made
John
Duke
of
Burgundy
beleeue
that
he
would
make
a
peace
with
him
:
whereupon
they
met
at
a
place
appointed
,
where
Charles
caused
the
Duke
to
be
presently
killed
.
But
Charles
,
after
this
,
wearied
with
the
warres
,
Phillip
,
sonne
to
the
Duke
,
made
against
him
:
and
of
the
subiection
England
brought
France
into
,
by
this
opportunity
,
did
reconcile
himselfe
to
Phillip
,
and
asked
him
forgiunesse
openly
by
his
Ambassadours
.
Charles
the
last
,
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
hauing
giuen
safe
conduct
to
the
Earle
of
Saint
Paul
,
Constable
of
France
,
tooke
him
prisoner
,
and
deliuered
him
to
the
French
King
,
who
put
him
to
death
.
But
Sultan
Soliman
,
the
great
Turke
,
did
worthily
punish
his
Bascha
,
for
falsifying
his
word
,
who
sent
into
Valona
,
to
passe
into
Jtaly
,
landed
at
the
Hauen
of
Castro
,
where
the
Inhabitants
being
astonished
,
yeelded
vnto
him
vpon
his
word
and
fidelity
,
that
they
should
depart
with
bag
and
baggage
:
neuerthelesse
,
he
slew
them
all
,
except
those
that
were
fit
to
serue
for
slaues
.
But
he
returning
to
Constantinople
,
Sultan
caused
him
to
be
strangled
for
his
disloyalty
and
perfidiousnesse
,
and
sent
backe
all
the
prisoners
with
their
goods
into
Italy
.
Thus
you
may
see
how
honourable
it
is
for
one
to
keep
their
word
,
and
what
they
deserue
that
falsifie
their
faith
:
for
a
faithlesse
Prince
is
beloued
of
none
,
but
hated
of
all
,
suspected
of
his
friends
,
not
trusted
of
his
enemies
,
and
forsaken
of
all
men
in
his
greatest
necessity
.
CHAP.
5.
A
Prince
to
be
constant
in
his
Act.
IT
is
likewise
very
fitting
that
a
Prince
should
be
constant
in
his
Act.
First
,
to
aduise
well
before
hee
resolue
,
but
after
,
resolution
to
be
constant
,
and
not
changeable
:
For
Saint
Ambrose
,
writing
to
Simplician
,
saith
:
that
a
foole
is
mooueable
as
the
wind
:
but
a
wise
man
is
not
astonished
by
feare
,
nor
changed
by
force
,
nor
sunke
by
sorrow
,
nor
proud
by
prosperity
.
The
Romans
besieged
Casselin
,
Fabius
would
haue
giuen
ouer
the
siege
,
but
Marcellus
perswaded
him
to
the
contrary
,
saying
:
that
as
there
are
many
things
a
good
Captaine
ought
not
to
attempt
,
so
ought
he
not
to
desist
or
giue
ouer
an
enterprise
once
begun
and
taken
in
hand
.
Bertrand
de
Guesclin
,
a
Frenchman
,
seruing
Henry
,
against
Peter
,
King
of
Spaine
,
was
by
the
Prince
of
Wales
taken
prisoner
,
and
Peter
by
this
victory
,
restored
to
his
Kingdome
.
The
Prince
offered
to
giue
Bertrand
his
liberty
without
ransome
,
so
he
would
serue
Henry
no
more
,
which
he
refused
,
because
Peter
had
murthered
the
Queene
his
wife
,
Blanche
de
Burbon
,
and
married
a
Sarizen
kings
daughter
,
the
better
to
strengthen
himselfe
and
had
renounced
the
Catholicke
faith
.
Then
the
Prince
asked
him
whither
he
would
goe
if
he
were
at
liberty
:
he
said
,
where
he
would
soone
recouer
his
losse
,
and
desired
the
Prince
to
aske
him
no
further
.
Well
,
said
the
Prince
,
consider
what
ransome
you
will
giue
me
,
for
I
referre
it
to
your selfe
.
With
thankes
he
said
,
he
would
giue
him
100000
doubles
of
gold
.
The
Prince
thought
he
mocked
him
offering
him
so
much
,
and
said
he
would
take
the
fourth
part
.
I
thanke
you
said
Bertrand
,
and
you
shall
haue
60000
doubles
willingly
.
Of
which
the
Prince
accepted
.
Then
said
Bertrand
,
very
constantly
and
confidently
,
Henry
may
now
say
and
brag
,
that
he
shall
die
King
of
Spaine
,
for
I
will
Crowne
him
,
whatsoeuer
it
cost
me
.
The
Prince
was
astonished
at
his
so
haughty
speeches
,
yet
vsed
him
very
houourably
,
and
gaue
him
his
liberty
,
whereupon
hee
paid
his
ransome
,
by
the
helpe
of
the
King
of
France
,
and
of
Henry
of
Spaine
.
And
after
siue
battels
,
tooke
Peter
prisoner
,
put
him
to
death
,
and
made
Henry
King
.
The
Priuernates
warring
against
the
Romans
,
and
not
able
to
resist
their
forces
,
sent
their
Ambassadours
to
Rome
,
to
demand
peace
:
but
because
they
had
not
obserued
the
Treaties
of
Peace
before
time
,
some
thought
it
not
fit
to
yeeld
to
their
demand
,
and
to
conclude
a
Peace
with
those
that
would
not
keepe
it
.
Whereupon
the
Ambassadours
were
asked
,
what
punishment
they
had
(
in
their
iudgement
)
deserued
for
breaking
the
Peace
before
.
To
which
one
of
the
Ambassadours
answered
,
that
the
Priuernates
had
deserued
the
punishment
which
those
deserue
,
that
thinke
themselues
worthy
of
freedome
and
liberty
,
and
hate
slauery
and
bondage
.
Some
thought
this
answer
too
proud
and
peremptory
for
men
ouercome
:
neuerthelesse
they
were
asked
againe
,
if
that
they
being
pardoned
for
their
former
breach
of
peace
,
would
from
thenceforth
keep
the
Peace
granted
them
:
to
which
the
Ambassadours
answered
againe
very
constantly
,
that
if
they
gaue
them
a
good
peace
,
they
would
faithfully
and
perpetually
keepe
it
:
but
if
they
gaue
them
an
euill
peace
,
it
should
not
long
continue
.
Vpon
this
answer
,
diuers
of
the
Senate
were
moued
,
but
the
greatest
part
did
not
condemne
them
for
this
constant
and
resolute
answer
,
considering
that
the
Ambassadour
spake
as
a
free
man
,
and
that
euery
one
in
bondage
will
seeke
for
liberty
,
therefore
it
was
concluded
that
the
Priuernates
should
haue
such
a
peace
,
as
they
should
be
admitted
and
receiued
for
Citizens
of
Rome
,
and
enioy
the
same
liberty
and
priuiledge
as
the
City
of
Rome
did
.
Agiges
,
King
of
the
Cretians
,
about
to
giue
battell
to
the
Licaonians
,
his
Captaines
told
him
that
his
enemies
were
too
great
in
number
,
but
he
not
feared
therwith
,
nor
any
thing
changed
,
said
,
that
he
that
would
raigne
ouer
many
,
must
fight
with
many
.
Leouidas
likewise
,
sonne
to
Anaxandridas
,
when
his
men
told
him
fighting
in
battell
,
that
the
Arrowes
of
his
enemies
were
so
many
as
they
couered
the
Sunne
,
was
not
dismaid
thereby
but
constantly
continuing
his
fight
said
,
then
shall
we
fight
vnder
their
shadow
.
And
the
great
Prince
Bias
,
falling
by
chance
in
the
danger
of
his
enemies
,
the
Athenians
,
and
being
asked
of
his
Captaines
,
what
they
should
do
,
he
seeing
their
feare
and
inconstancy
,
was
not
moued
,
but
answered
,
that
they
should
report
to
the
liuing
,
that
he
dyed
figthing
,
and
hee
would
report
to
the
dead
,
that
they
went
away
flying
.
Scipio
,
though
hee
got
the
victory
against
Antiochus
:
yet
was
he
not
changed
,
but
gaue
him
the
same
condition
of
peace
he
had
offered
him
before
the
victory
.
Spurius
Seruilius
,
Consull
,
being
accused
before
the
people
for
the
same
matter
,
for
which
they
had
cond●mned
Menemius
,
his
fellow
Consull
,
(
who
through
griefe
thereupon
dyed
)
was
of
that
constancy
and
courage
,
as
he
freed
himselfe
,
and
condemned
the
people
for
their
proceeding
against
Menemius
.
Perses
,
King
of
Macedonia
,
who
ouerthrone
by
Paulus
Emilius
,
the
Roman
Captaine
,
was
brought
before
him
prisoner
.
Emilius
did
rise
out
of
his
seat
,
to
receiue
and
honour
him
as
a
great
Prince
falne
into
that
misery
by
the
hazzard
of
Fortune
.
But
Perses
,
not
constant
in
magnanimity
,
cast
himselfe
at
his
feet
vpon
the
ground
,
vsing
such
base
and
abiect
requests
,
vnseeming
for
a
King
,
as
Emilius
said
to
him
.
Alas
poore
man
thou
dischargest
fortune
,
and
chargest
thy selfe
,
vnworthy
of
that
honour
thou
hast
had
before
,
being
so
base
minded
,
which
hath
made
thee
an
vnworthy
aduersary
of
the
Romans
.
But
Cressus
,
King
of
the
Lydians
,
being
to
be
put
to
death
by
Cyrus
,
shewed
such
constancy
and
resolution
,
(
remembring
Solon
)
as
Cyrus
forgaue
him
:
restored
him
,
and
made
him
one
of
his
chiefest
Counsellours
.
And
Pelopidas
,
prisoner
in
the
hands
of
Alexander
,
King
of
the
Phocians
,
sent
him
word
that
he
marueiled
why
he
put
his
Citizens
to
death
,
and
not
him
.
The
Tyrant
wondring
at
his
great
constancy
,
asked
why
he
made
such
haste
to
dye
.
To
the
end
(
said
he
)
that
thou
being
yet
more
hated
of
God
and
man
,
then
thou
art
,
may
the
sooner
be
destroyed
.
Leaena
,
priuy
to
the
conspiracy
of
Hermodius
and
Aristogiton
,
with
others
,
against
the
Tyrant
of
Athens
,
would
neuer
confesse
,
nor
accuse
any
,
but
bit
of
her
tongue
,
and
spit
in
the
Tyrants
face
.
In
memory
of
which
constancy
,
and
secrecy
,
they
erected
a
Lyonesse
of
brasse
without
a
tongue
,
at
the
entry
of
the
Castle
.
Zeno
likewise
discouered
for
conspiring
the
death
of
Diomedes
the
Tyrant
,
accused
the
Tyrants
best
friends
,
to
make
him
more
afraid
,
and
faining
to
tel
him
some
thing
of
them
in
his
eare
,
he
bit
off
his
nose
.
Then
being
beaten
in
a
morter
,
to
make
him
confesse
,
he
bit
off
his
owne
tongue
(
with
a
singular
constancy
)
because
hee
should
accuse
no
body
.
Anaxagoras
the
Philosoher
did
the
like
.
A
Prince
therefore
should
be
constant
,
and
prepared
for
all
fortunes
.
For
Seneca
saith
,
that
as
a
cunning
workman
can
fashion
an
Image
of
any
kinde
of
matter
:
so
a
wise
man
should
be
constant
,
and
take
in
good
part
all
kinde
of
fortune
:
For
(
saith
hee
)
as
fire
tryeth
gold
,
so
doth
aduersity
and
crosse
fortune
,
a
man
of
valour
.
CHAP.
6
A
Prince
to
be
secret
.
IT
is
necessary
that
a
Prince
should
vse
great
secresie
in
all
his
actions
:
for
Valerius
saith
,
that
secresie
is
the
best
and
surest
bond
,
for
by
it
great
matters
may
be
wrought
,
and
without
it
Princes
designements
easily
crossed
.
Therefore
the
Frenchman
hath
a
prouerbe
,
saying
,
Que
ta
chemisene
sache
ta
guyse
.
Let
not
thy
shirt
know
thy
secret
.
Peter
,
K.
of
Arragon
,
being
asked
what
he
would
do
with
a
great
Nauy
he
had
prepared
,
(
with
which
afterward
he
recouered
Sicily
from
the
French
)
said
,
that
if
he
thought
his
shirt
did
know
it
,
he
would
burne
it
.
Hanniball
flying
from
Neron
,
Neron
left
his
Army
neere
vnto
him
,
and
went
himselfe
secretly
with
a
reasonable
force
to
ioyne
with
Liuius
against
Asdrubal
,
whose
Army
they
ouerthrew
,
killed
him
,
&
56000
of
his
men
,
and
tooke
prisoners
5400.
Which
done
,
Neron
was
returned
to
his
Campe
againe
,
before
hee
was
knowne
to
be
absent
.
At
another
time
the
Romans
vsed
such
secresie
,
as
King
Eumenes
demaunding
of
them
aide
against
King
Perseus
,
it
was
neuer
known
what
was
demanded
,
nor
what
was
answered
,
before
the
warre
was
ended
which
the
Romans
made
at
his
request
.
The
Kings
of
Persia
punished
to
death
those
that
discouered
any
thing
determined
vpon
in
counsell
.
And
in
Darian
,
a
place
in
the
Indies
,
they
will
neuer
discouer
any
secret
,
especialy
the
spies
,
for
what
torment
soeuer
.
Both
Leaena
and
Zeno
,
before
mentioned
,
were
greatly
commended
for
their
secresie
,
as
well
as
for
their
constancy
.
Alexander
Magnus
,
reading
a
letter
of
great
secresie
,
one
Ephestion
being
in
principall
fauour
with
him
,
presumed
to
looke
on
,
and
to
reade
it
also
.
Alexander
would
not
debarre
him
,
but
the
letter
being
read
,
tooke
his
Ring
,
and
with
it
sealed
Ephestions
mouth
,
saying
,
that
hee
who
would
charge
himselfe
with
another
mans
secret
,
ought
to
haue
his
mouth
close
,
and
sealed
.
King
Lysimachus
greatly
fauouring
Philipides
,
bid
him
aske
what
hee
would
,
and
it
should
be
granted
him
.
Philipides
said
,
I
will
accept
of
any
fauour
you
will
bestow
of
mee
,
so
you
commit
not
your
secret
to
me
:
thinking
it
fittest
for
a
King
to
keepe
his
secret
to
himselfe
,
and
the
safest
for
another
not
to
know
it
.
So
had
it
been
happy
for
Fuluio
,
if
he
had
neuer
knowne
the
Emperours
secrets
,
for
the
Emperor
Octauian
committing
a
secret
to
him
,
he
discouered
it
to
his
wife
,
whereof
the
Emperour
getting
notice
,
was
offended
with
him
.
Fuluio
vnderstanding
thereof
,
and
in
despaire
of
the
Emperours
fauour
,
told
his
wife
that
he
would
kill
himselfe
.
You
haue
reason
,
said
she
,
seeing
in
so
many
yeeres
you
haue
not
knowne
my
imperfection
,
or
if
you
did
know
it
,
to
trust
it
:
but
though
the
fault
be
yours
,
yet
will
I
be
first
punished
,
and
so
killed
her selfe
:
then
Fuluio
did
the
like
.
The
Poets
fained
Tantalus
to
be
in
hell
,
hauing
about
him
water
,
&
the
fruits
he
desired
to
eat
,
which
as
he
offered
to
take
,
fled
from
him
alwayes
:
and
this
was
his
punishment
,
for
reuealing
that
which
was
by
the
gods
determined
in
Counsell
.
They
feigned
likewise
Sisiphus
to
be
in
like
sort
punished
in
Hell
,
for
the
same
offence
,
carrying
a
stone
vpon
his
shoulders
vp
a
hill
,
and
comming
to
the
top
,
the
stone
alwayes
falleth
from
him
downe
againe
,
which
he
returneth
to
fetch
,
and
so
neuer
resteth
.
Therefore
Seneca
saith
,
that
a
Counsellour
ought
to
speake
much
to
himselfe
,
but
little
to
others
,
for
feare
of
discouering
any
secret
.
So
that
secresie
is
most
requisite
,
both
in
a
Prince
,
and
in
his
Counsellours
.
CHAP.
7.
A
Prince
to
be
Liberall
.
LIberality
is
also
necessary
and
most
commendable
in
a
Prince
,
for
it
is
the
bond
to
oblige
all
men
to
him
,
both
friends
and
foes
:
for
which
vertue
the
Emperour
Titus
was
most
commended
,
who
laboured
by
liberality
to
deface
the
report
against
his
father
for
his
couetousnesse
,
and
alwayes
said
,
that
a
man
ought
not
to
goe
away
sad
from
the
face
of
a
Prince
.
And
remembring
one
night
that
he
had
shewed
no
liberality
that
day
towards
any
,
sighed
,
saying
:
my
friends
I
haue
lost
this
day
.
Nabuchodonosor
kept
bookes
wherin
he
commanded
to
be
written
,
the
seruice
which
euery
one
did
him
,
to
the
end
he
might
reward
them
.
Alexander
Magnus
going
to
the
Conquest
of
Asia
,
gaue
most
of
his
liuing
and
Kingdome
to
his
Captaines
,
reseruing
hope
to
himselfe
.
And
hee
being
in
Aegypt
,
a
poore
man
asked
him
something
towards
the
marriage
of
his
daughters
.
Alexander
gaue
him
a
City
very
populous
and
rich
.
Sir
,
said
the
poore
man
,
you
mistake
me
,
or
vnderstand
me
not
.
No
,
said
Alexander
,
but
know
,
though
thou
be
poore
Biantius
in
asking
,
that
I
am
Alexander
in
giuing
.
Iulius
Caesar
,
before
the
Ciuill
warre
,
was
so
liberall
to
get
fauour
and
loue
of
the
people
,
as
he
grew
thereby
750000
Crownes
in
debt
.
Cato
,
for
all
the
Townes
he
wonne
in
Spaine
,
did
neuer
take
any
thing
for
himselfe
,
but
gaue
all
amongst
his
Souldiers
,
saying
:
that
a
Captaine
ought
not
to
seeke
any
thing
in
his
charge
,
but
honour
and
glory
.
Scipio
Affricanus
was
so
liberall
,
as
he
contemned
riches
,
for
in
fifty
foure
yeeres
that
he
liued
,
he
did
neuer
buy
nor
sell
any
thing
,
nor
made
any
building
,
neither
was
there
found
in
his
house
after
his
death
,
aboue
thirty
three
pound
weight
of
plate
.
Marcus
Curius
,
Consull
,
who
had
thrice
triumphed
,
was
of
the
like
disposition
,
for
all
possessions
he
had
was
but
a
little
meane
house
in
the
Countrey
where
he
liued
for
the
most
part
,
when
publike
affaires
did
permit
him
,
labouring
and
tylling
that
little
ground
hee
had
himselfe
.
And
when
certaine
Embassadours
were
sent
to
visite
him
,
they
found
him
dressing
a
Raddish
for
his
supper
.
And
they
presenting
him
a
great
summe
of
money
from
the
Commonalty
,
he
refused
it
saying
:
he
held
it
farre
more
honourable
to
command
them
that
had
gold
,
then
to
haue
it
himselfe
.
Lutius
Quintius
did
the
like
for
after
he
had
been
Dictator
,
and
triumphed
with
greater
pompe
then
euer
did
any
before
him
,
yet
returned
he
to
his
poore
house
againe
,
refusing
all
liuing
and
riches
the
Senate
offered
him
.
For
riches
and
treasure
is
but
a
clog
,
and
a
heauy
burthen
to
a
wise
man
:
which
made
all
the
Philosophers
to
contemne
wealth
.
For
Plato
saith
,
he
that
honoureth
riches
,
despiseth
wisedome
.
Policrates
bestowed
fiue
Talents
for
a
gift
,
vpon
one
Anacreon
,
who
for
two
nights
after
,
was
so
troubled
with
care
how
to
keepe
them
,
and
how
to
bestow
them
,
as
he
carried
them
backe
againe
to
Policrates
,
saying
:
they
were
not
worth
the
paines
which
he
had
already
taken
for
them
.
Therefore
a
Prince
should
not
care
how
to
lay
vp
,
but
how
to
lay
out
with
honour
and
wisedome
.
For
the
liberall
person
shall
haue
plenty
,
saith
Salomon
,
Prou.
11.
CHAP.
8.
A
Prince
not
to
be
couetous
.
ANd
as
by
liberality
a
Prince
may
attaine
to
great
honour
:
so
by
couetousnesse
he
may
bring
himselfe
to
vtter
destruction
.
For
the
Emperour
Pertinax
was
a
very
good
and
vertuous
Prince
,
sauing
that
he
was
extreme
couetous
and
miserable
:
insomuch
that
wheras
he
should
haue
rewarded
the
men
of
War
,
who
did
aduance
him
to
the
Empire
,
he
took
pensions
from
diuers
of
them
,
which
Traian
his
Predecessor
,
had
giuen
them
,
for
which
,
and
for
his
miserablenesse
,
he
was
killed
by
his
Souldiers
.
So
was
likewise
Alexander
Seuerus
and
his
mother
also
,
for
the
same
vice
.
As
in
like
manner
were
the
Emperour
Galba
,
and
the
Emperour
Mauricius
.
And
the
Emperour
Phocas
by
his
misery
was
the
ruine
and
dissipating
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
for
in
his
time
there
fell
from
the
Empire
,
France
,
Germany
,
Spaine
,
the
greatest
part
of
Italy
,
Esclauonia
,
the
greatest
part
of
Affrica
,
Armenia
,
Arabia
,
Macedonia
,
Thracia
,
Assyria
,
Mesopotamia
,
Egypt
,
and
many
other
Countries
.
Lewis
the
11
,
King
of
France
,
was
so
miserable
,
as
he
was
contemned
of
all
Strangers
,
and
caused
rebellion
in
his
own
Countrey
,
for
he
put
away
all
the
Gentlemen
of
his
houshold
,
and
vsed
his
Taylor
for
his
Herauld
of
Armes
,
his
Barber
for
his
Ambassadour
,
and
his
Physitian
for
his
Chancellour
,
and
in
derision
of
other
Kings
,
he
wore
a
greasie
hat
of
the
coursest
Wooll
,
and
in
his
Chamber
of
accounts
,
in
a
bill
was
set
downe
20
Souz
for
a
paire
of
sleeues
to
his
old
doublet
,
and
15
Denieers
for
grease
to
his
Bootes
.
He
increased
the
charge
vpon
his
Subiects
,
three
millions
more
then
any
of
his
Predecessors
had
done
:
For
which
he
was
mightily
hated
.
Calipha
,
King
of
Persia
,
hauing
filled
a
Tower
with
Siluer
,
Gold
,
Iewels
,
&
precious
stones
,
and
being
in
Warre
with
Allanus
,
King
of
the
Tartarians
,
was
so
euill
succoured
by
his
owne
peo-people
,
because
he
was
so
miserable
,
and
would
not
giue
them
their
pay
,
as
he
was
taken
in
his
owne
City
,
and
by
Allanus
committed
to
prison
,
in
the
foresaid
Tower
,
who
said
vnto
him
:
if
thou
hadst
not
kept
this
Treasure
so
couetously
,
but
hadst
distributed
it
amongst
thy
Souldiers
,
thou
mightest
haue
preserued
thy selfe
,
and
thy
City
:
now
therefore
enioy
it
at
thine
ease
,
and
eate
,
and
drinke
thy
fill
,
seeing
thou
hast
loued
it
so
well
.
And
so
let
him
die
in
the
middest
of
his
riches
.
CHAP.
9.
A
Prince
to
be
learned
.
THough
it
be
not
good
that
a
Prince
should
be
too
great
a
Scholler
,
yet
it
is
necessary
that
he
should
haue
some
learning
:
for
Plato
saith
,
that
neither
can
ignorant
men
,
nor
those
that
spend
all
their
life
in
study
,
gouerne
a
Common-wealth
.
For
great
learned
men
are
perplexed
to
resolue
vpon
affaires
,
making
many
doubts
,
full
of
respects
and
imaginations
The
City
therefore
of
Norenberg
,
did
not
admit
any
great
learned
man
into
their
Counsell
,
but
had
some
notable
learned
men
,
with
whom
they
did
conferre
,
vpon
any
doubt
that
might
arise
in
the
Counsell
.
The
Vrsins
likewise
in
Italy
,
would
neuer
permit
any
learned
man
to
gouerne
their
Common-wealth
.
Yet
Socrates
saith
,
That
wit
without
learning
,
is
like
to
a
tree
without
fruit
.
It
is
requisite
therefore
,
that
both
the
Prince
,
and
his
gouernours
should
be
learned
,
as
well
the
better
to
vnderstand
their
duties
towards
God
,
the
Lawes
of
the
Realme
,
the
gouernment
of
other
Common-wealthes
,
and
their
Ambassadours
,
and
the
Art
of
Stratagems
of
Warre
.
And
a
Prince
should
nourish
and
cherish
all
learning
,
for
the
attaining
of
all
Arts
and
knowledge
.
And
to
that
end
Ptolemeus
,
King
of
Egypt
,
made
a
most
famous
Library
in
Alexandria
,
of
200000
Volumnes
.
CHAP.
10.
A
Prince
to
be
religious
.
BVt
aboue
all
things
,
Religion
is
most
requisite
in
a
Prince
,
that
he
be
carefull
to
serue
daily
the
King
of
Kings
,
who
will
prosper
him
on
his
Kingdome
in
earth
,
so
he
seekes
the
Kingdome
of
heauen
,
which
hee
must
first
seeke
for
,
as
appeareth
,
Matth.
6.
And
in
Deut.
17.
a
King
is
commanded
,
after
he
be
placed
in
his
Kingdome
,
to
reade
the
Deuteronomy
,
that
he
may
learne
to
feare
God
,
and
to
keepe
his
words
and
Ceremonies
which
are
written
in
the
Law
,
so
doing
,
a
Prince
shall
prosper
,
for
Salomon
saith
:
God
preserueth
the
state
of
the
righteous
.
and
is
a
shield
to
them
that
walke
vprightly
,
Prou.
chap.
2.
Trust
therefore
(
saith
he
againe
,
Prouerbes
,
chapter
3.
)
in
God
with
all
thine
heart
,
and
leane
not
to
thine
owne
wisedome
.
So
Iacob
,
Moses
,
Hezekiah
,
and
Elizeus
,
did
not
trust
in
themselues
,
but
onely
by
their
prayers
and
trust
in
GOD
preuailed
against
their
enemies
.
And
King
Dauid
,
though
he
laboured
by
humane
diligence
to
defend
himselfe
against
Absolon
,
yet
especially
sought
to
moue
God
to
mercy
,
by
prayer
,
2
Reg.
15.
The
Emperour
Marcus
Antonius
,
being
in
Almany
with
his
Army
,
was
inclosed
in
a
dry
Countrey
,
by
his
enemies
,
who
stopped
all
the
passages
,
that
he
&
his
Army
were
like
to
perish
for
want
of
water
.
The
Emperors
Lieutenant
seeing
him
so
distressed
,
told
him
,
that
he
had
hard
,
that
the
Christians
could
obtaine
any
thing
of
their
God
by
their
Prayers
.
Whereupon
the
Emperour
hauing
a
Legion
of
Christians
in
his
Army
,
desired
them
to
pray
to
their
God
for
his
and
the
Armies
deliuery
out
of
that
danger
.
Which
they
presently
did
,
and
incontinent
,
a
great
thunder
fell
amongst
the
enemies
,
and
abundance
of
water
vpon
the
Romans
,
wherby
their
thirst
was
quenched
,
and
the
enemy
ouerthrowne
without
any
fight
.
But
prayer
will
not
auaile
euery
Christian
,
vnlesse
he
walke
vprightly
,
for
God
wil
not
heare
the
prayers
of
those
that
lye
and
wallow
in
sinue
,
as
appeareth
Joh.
9.
And
Dauid
saith
,
Psal.
65.
Jf
J
finde
iniquity
in
my
heart
,
the
Lord
will
not
heare
me
.
And
God
saith
,
when
you
shall
extend
and
lift
vp
your
hands
,
I
will
turne
mine
eyes
from
you
,
and
when
you
shall
multiply
your
prayers
,
I
will
not
heare
you
,
for
your
hands
are
full
of
bloud
,
I
saias
,
chap.
1.
Therefore
if
a
man
be
in
wicked
or
bloudy
sinne
,
his
prayer
is
in
vaine
.
CHAP.
11.
A
Prince
not
to
shed
innocent
blood
.
IT
behoueth
therefore
a
Prince
to
be
vertuous
,
and
to
haue
speciall
care
that
he
put
not
his
hand
in
innocent
blood
,
neither
by
tyranny
,
malice
,
ambition
,
pollicy
,
or
vpon
false
reports
and
informations
.
For
,
to
be
a
Tyrant
,
is
odious
to
God
and
man
,
and
to
bring
himselfe
to
an
euill
end
.
As
the
Emperour
Nero
,
who
after
he
had
put
to
death
his
mother
Agrippina
,
his
wife
Octauia
,
his
brother
Brittannicus
,
and
his
Master
Seneca
.
Besides
many
others
,
being
proclaimed
an
enemy
to
the
Common-wealth
,
could
get
no
body
to
kill
him
,
but
was
glad
to
kill
himselfe
,
saying
,
Turpiter
vixi
,
&
turpius
morior
.
The
Emperour
Caius
Caligula
,
amongst
other
his
tyrannies
,
caused
at
his
dinner
and
supper
ordinarily
,
one
to
cut
off
before
him
the
heads
of
poore
prisoners
,
wherein
he
tooke
great
pleasure
:
in
the
end
he
himselfe
was
killed
by
his
men
,
who
conspired
against
him
.
Nabis
the
Tyrant
,
who
vsurped
the
gouernment
of
the
Lacedaemonians
,
sent
for
eighty
of
their
yong
Princes
,
and
without
any
cause
put
them
all
to
death
.
And
shortly
after
,
Alexamenes
,
vnder
pretence
to
serue
him
,
with
some
company
,
suddenly
strucke
him
off
from
his
horse
,
and
killed
him
.
And
as
these
tyrants
had
their
iust
rewards
,
so
all
others
had
the
like
measure
.
And
for
their
wicked
instruments
,
the
people
oftentimes
did
Iustice
vpon
them
.
For
Plutarch
writeth
,
that
the
wicked
Counsellors
,
and
Instruments
of
Apollodus
,
of
Phalaris
,
Dionysius
,
Nero
,
and
other
tyrants
,
were
cruelly
tormented
to
death
by
the
people
,
and
iustly
,
saith
he
,
because
they
,
who
corrupt
,
or
seduce
a
Prince
,
deserue
as
much
to
be
abhorred
of
euery
one
,
as
those
who
should
poyson
a
publicke
Spring
,
or
Fountaine
,
whereof
all
the
people
doe
drinke
.
But
sometimes
those
Princes
that
doe
vse
instruments
for
their
murthers
will
not
auow
their
Commission
,
but
doe
themselues
many
times
put
them
to
death
whom
they
imployed
therein
,
sometimes
secretly
,
sometimes
publikely
,
either
to
rid
themselues
of
the
suspition
and
infamy
thereof
,
or
for
feare
of
discouery
.
As
Alexander
Magnus
at
his
fathers
Funerals
,
commanded
publike
Iustice
to
be
done
vpon
those
,
who
himselfe
had
secretly
imployed
to
kill
him
:
The
Emperour
Tiberius
,
did
not
onely
dissauow
his
Commission
,
giuen
to
a
Souldier
to
kill
Agrippa
,
but
put
to
death
Seianus
,
his
speciall
fauourite
,
and
instrument
of
his
mischiefe
.
Caesar
Borgia
,
did
the
like
by
a
fauourite
of
his
.
And
let
no
Prince
thinke
that
he
can
so
contriue
his
matters
,
but
in
the
end
truth
will
be
discouered
and
knowne
to
the
world
:
and
through
ambition
,
many
haue
shewed
themselues
very
barbarous
and
bloudy
,
as
Tullia
,
daughter
to
Seruius
,
seeing
her selfe
married
to
Aruus
,
a
man
of
milde
disposition
,
and
her
sister
of
a
gentle
spirit
,
married
to
Lucius
Tarquinius
,
who
was
ambitious
,
and
she
not
enduring
to
be
thus
matched
,
killed
her
husband
Aruus
,
and
her
sister
,
and
then
married
Tarquinius
,
whom
she
perswaded
to
kill
her
father
Seruius
,
to
haue
the
Kingdome
,
and
she
being
in
the
streets
when
he
was
killed
,
went
with
her
Coach
very
inhumanely
,
ouer
his
body
,
that
his
bloud
besprinkled
her
cloathes
.
Soliman
,
King
of
the
Turks
,
when
he
heard
the
great
noyse
and
shout
of
ioy
his
Army
made
for
the
returne
of
his
sonne
Sultan
Mustapha
out
of
Persia
,
caused
him
presently
to
be
strangled
in
his
outward
Chamber
,
and
his
dead
body
to
be
cast
out
before
the
whole
Army
and
one
to
cry
with
a
loud
voyce
,
that
there
was
but
one
God
,
and
one
Sultan
vpon
the
earth
.
He
put
to
death
also
Sultan
Soba
,
because
he
wept
for
his
brother
,
and
Sultan
Mahomet
,
his
third
sonne
,
because
he
fled
for
feare
,
leauing
one
onely
aliue
to
auoyde
the
inconuenience
of
many
Lords
.
The
Emperour
Seuerus
,
hauing
vanquished
Albinus
and
Niger
,
his
Competitor
in
the
Empire
,
embrued
with
blood
,
put
a
great
number
to
death
,
and
told
his
sonne
Geta
,
that
he
would
not
leaue
him
an
enemy
.
Geta
asked
him
,
if
those
he
put
to
death
,
had
neither
parents
,
friends
,
nor
kinsfolke
,
yes
,
said
the
Emperour
,
a
great
number
.
Then
said
Geta
,
you
will
leaue
vs
many
moe
enemies
then
you
take
from
vs
.
His
sonne
Bassianus
,
hauing
murthered
his
brother
Geta
,
to
haue
the
Empire
alone
,
and
doubting
that
the
Senate
would
greatly
mislike
thereof
,
made
a
shew
that
he
was
sorry
for
his
brothers
death
,
and
that
he
did
it
by
the
perswasion
of
Letus
,
his
fauourite
,
whom
therefore
he
put
to
death
,
and
all
those
that
did
assist
him
in
that
action
,
likewise
all
those
that
were
friends
to
Geta
,
lest
they
should
attempt
any
thing
against
him
,
yet
in
the
end
he
was
killed
.
Alphonsus
,
King
of
Naples
,
hauing
vniustly
murthered
twenty
foure
of
his
Barons
,
could
neuer
sleepe
quietly
for
representation
of
their
shapes
,
which
alwayes
vexed
him
in
his
dreames
.
And
in
the
end
hee
fell
into
that
feare
of
the
French
,
as
leauing
his
Kingdome
to
his
sonne
,
he
fled
into
Spaine
,
to
liue
a
in
a
Monastery
,
making
such
haste
as
he
would
take
nothing
with
him
.
And
his
men
perswading
him
to
stay
two
or
three
dayes
,
to
make
his
prouision
:
no
,
no
,
said
hee
,
let
vs
be
gone
,
doe
you
not
heare
how
all
the
world
cryes
France
,
France
?
Hee
knew
himselfe
to
be
so
hated
.
King
Iohn
of
England
,
murthered
his
nephew
,
and
in
the
end
was
murthered
himselfe
.
Richard
,
likewise
,
Duke
of
Glocester
,
murthered
his
two
nephews
,
sonnes
to
Edward
the
fourth
,
to
make
himselfe
King
,
and
after
was
slaine
in
battell
by
Henry
the
seuenth
:
for
blood
requires
blood
,
and
let
a
bloody
Prince
neuer
looke
for
better
end
.
CHAP.
12.
A
Prince
to
be
circumspect
in
giuing
credit
to
reports
.
BVt
many
Princes
haue
been
mightily
abused
by
false
reports
,
and
wrong
informations
,
yea
,
sometimes
by
the
nearest
and
dearest
vnto
them
,
and
those
that
should
be
most
faithfull
.
Dauid
therefore
prayed
God
to
deliuer
him
from
wicked
lips
,
and
a
lying
tongue
,
Psal.
119.
And
in
Eccle.
31.
we
are
warned
to
take
heed
of
our
children
,
and
of
our
houshold
seruants
.
And
in
the
sixt
chapter
,
it
is
said
,
Seperate
thy selfe
from
thine
enemies
,
and
beware
euen
of
thy
friends
:
for
where
a
man
doth
trust
the
most
,
there
he
may
soonest
be
deceiued
.
As
was
the
Emperour
Glaudius
,
a
tymorous
man
,
and
gouerned
most
by
his
wife
Messaline
,
and
by
one
Narcissus
,
who
,
of
a
slaue
he
had
made
free
,
and
had
familiar
credit
with
Messaline
.
This
Empresse
became
enamoured
of
a
yong
Gentleman
,
a
Roman
of
a
Noble
house
,
called
Appius
Sillanus
,
and
seeing
that
by
no
meanes
she
could
draw
him
to
satisfie
her
wanton
defires
,
she
practised
with
Narcissus
,
that
they
both
early
one
morning
should
come
to
the
Emperour
,
and
tell
him
that
they
dreamed
that
Sillanus
went
about
to
kill
him
,
which
they
did
one
after
the
other
;
&
Messaline
had
giuen
commandement
,
that
Sillanus
at
that
instant
should
come
to
speake
with
the
Emperour
.
Whereupon
Sillanus
innocently
came
,
and
knocked
at
the
Emperours
chamber
doore
:
which
the
Emperour
vnderstanding
,
and
perswaded
by
them
that
their
dreams
were
true
,
and
that
he
came
then
to
kill
him
,
commanded
Sillanus
presently
to
be
put
to
death
,
which
was
done
.
Salome
,
sister
to
Herod
,
King
of
Jury
,
perswaded
him
that
the
Queene
his
wife
sought
to
poyson
him
,
and
brought
certaine
false
witnesses
to
confirme
her
report
,
to
which
,
the
King
giuing
credit
put
his
Queen
to
death
.
But
this
wicked
sister
,
not
satisfied
with
this
fearing
that
the
Kings
two
sonnes
would
reuenge
their
mothers
death
,
perswaded
the
King
,
that
they
were
practising
how
to
kill
him
,
for
putting
their
mother
to
death
.
The
King
fearing
the
Authority
of
the
Emperour
,
if
he
should
put
them
to
death
,
brought
them
before
Augustus
Caesar
,
who
knowing
their
innocency
by
their
weeping
,
&
great
lamentation
,
exhorted
them
to
be
dutifull
to
their
father
,
&
their
father
to
make
much
of
them
,
and
so
dismissed
them
;
but
the
Kings
sister
inuented
new
matter
against
them
,
&
perswaded
her
brother
to
send
the
Emperor
word
theref
,
which
he
did
:
then
the
Emperor
gaue
him
authority
to
punish
them
as
he
thought
good
,
whereupon
the
King
put
them
both
to
death
.
But
after
vnderstanding
the
truth
,
and
that
Antipater
,
his
sonne
by
another
wife
,
practised
all
this
with
his
sister
,
he
put
him
to
death
,
&
within
few
dayes
after
dyed
himselfe
,
his
intrailes
being
inflamed
,
and
thereby
his
bowels
rotted
,
raging
at
these
accidents
.
Philip
King
of
Macedonia
,
put
to
death
his
owne
sonne
Demetrius
,
vpon
the
false
report
and
accusation
of
Persius
his
base
sonne
,
and
after
,
vnderstanding
how
he
was
abused
,
dyed
raging
.
Adelstan
,
first
Monarch
of
England
,
after
the
entry
of
the
Saxons
,
through
the
false
report
of
his
fauourite
,
put
his
owne
brother
to
death
.
Francis
,
Duke
of
Britaine
,
put
his
brother
Giles
to
death
,
vpon
the
false
report
of
those
that
were
messengers
betwixt
them
,
and
after
,
he
vnderstanding
the
truth
,
put
them
to
death
also
.
Therefore
as
in
1
Iohn
4.
it
is
said
:
Beleeue
not
euery
spirit
,
but
proue
the
spirits
whether
they
be
of
God
,
or
not
:
So
a
Prince
should
duly
and
throughly
examine
report
,
whether
it
be
true
or
not
,
before
he
giue
credit
thereunto
,
and
especially
if
it
concernelife
:
for
innocent
bloud
doth
cry
to
God
for
reuenge
,
as
appeareth
in
the
Apoc.
6.
saying
:
How
long
,
Lord
holy
,
and
iust
,
iudgest
thou
not
,
and
reuengest
thou
not
our
bloud
on
them
that
dwel
vpon
the
earth
.
And
Salomon
saith
,
that
the
hands
which
shed
innocent
blood
,
are
most
odious
in
the
sight
of
God
,
Prou.
ch.
4.
Likewise
Dauid
affirmeth
,
Ps.
65.
That
God
doth
abhorre
abloody
man
.
Therefore
Junenal
saith
,
that
euery
stay
which
is
made
to
giue
life
to
man
,
is
good
.
And
he
that
doth
vse
to
examine
a
report
,
made
vnto
him
,
that
toucheth
a
mans
reputation
,
shall
free
himselfe
from
lyars
,
for
a
lye
cannot
abide
examination
.
CHAP.
13.
A
Prince
to
be
mercifull
.
A
Prince
therefore
should
incline
himselfe
to
mercy
,
and
pardon
iniuries
,
and
auoyd
the
vices
which
may
draw
him
to
blood
,
which
chiefly
are
ambition
,
pride
,
choller
,
and
subiection
to
a
woman
.
Seneca
saith
,
that
forgiunesse
is
a
valiant
kind
of
reuenge
.
And
the
more
powerfull
a
man
is
,
the
more
is
his
honour
to
forgiue
.
And
Pittacus
the
Philosopher
doth
affirme
,
that
pardon
is
better
then
reuenge
:
the
one
(
saith
he
)
being
proper
to
the
spirit
,
the
other
to
a
cruell
beast
.
Therefore
Alexander
Magnus
said
,
that
a
man
wronged
,
had
need
of
a
more
noble
heart
to
forgiue
,
then
to
reuenge
.
And
Cicero
did
more
commend
Caesar
for
ouercomming
his
owne
courage
,
in
pardoning
Marcellus
,
then
for
the
great
victories
against
his
enemies
.
The
Emperor
Adrian
,
attaining
to
the
Empire
,
forgot
and
put
away
all
the
enemies
hee
had
before
.
Insomuch
,
that
after
he
was
Emperour
,
meeting
one
of
his
enemies
,
would
not
touch
him
,
but
said
to
him
,
thou
art
escaped
.
Augustus
Caesar
,
hauing
many
enemies
,
by
reason
of
the
ciuill
warre
,
did
not
onely
pardon
them
,
but
aduanced
them
to
dignities
and
offices
:
and
thereby
wonne
their
loue
,
and
made
them
faithfull
.
Hamilcar
,
hauing
ouerthrowne
Splendius
,
Generall
of
the
Mutineers
against
Carthage
,
pardoned
the
prisoners
,
and
offered
them
seruice
,
or
liberty
to
returne
to
their
countrey
,
which
got
him
great
honour
,
and
loue
of
many
of
his
enemies
.
Scipio
Affircanus
,
set
at
liberty
all
the
Hostages
he
found
in
new
Carthage
,
after
he
had
wonne
it
by
assault
saying
,
He
had
rather
bind
men
to
him
by
good
deeds
,
then
by
feare
.
And
amongst
the
Hostages
,
there
was
a
maruellous
beautifull
young
Lady
,
who
was
contract
to
Allucius
,
Prince
of
the
Celtiberians
:
Scipio
commanded
them
both
to
be
brought
before
him
,
and
her
parents
came
with
great
treasure
to
redeeme
her
by
ransome
.
But
Scipio
said
to
Allucius
:
my
friend
,
vnderstanding
of
the
loue
betwixt
this
Lady
and
you
,
I
haue
kept
her
for
you
,
not
touched
in
honor
,
&
for
recompence
of
this
fauour
,
I
pray
you
be
a
friend
to
the
Romans
.
Her
parents
then
presented
Scipio
with
great
treasure
,
which
through
much
importunity
he
was
content
to
take
,
but
bestowed
it
presently
vpon
Allucius
,
who
,
not
long
after
came
to
serue
Scipio
,
with
1400
horse
.
Scipio
likewise
by
pardoning
Massima
,
his
vncle
Massinissa
became
and
continued
a
friend
to
the
Romans
.
So
that
mercy
bringeth
friendship
,
and
cruelty
hatred
.
CHAP.
14.
A
Prince
not
to
be
proud
.
PRide
was
the
fall
of
Lucifer
,
the
ouerthrow
of
Babylon
,
and
the
ruine
of
many
a
Prince
,
for
,
nemo
superbus
amat
superos
,
nec
amatur
ab
illis
.
A
proud
man
loueth
not
the
gods
,
nor
is
beloued
of
them
.
Pride
produceth
,
sometimes
cruelty
,
but
alwayes
shame
;
for
Salomon
saith
,
when
pride
commeth
,
then
commeth
shame
,
but
with
the
humble
is
wisedome
,
Prou.
11.
Therefore
God
resisteth
the
proude
,
and
giueth
grace
to
the
humble
,
Iam.
3.
Allades
,
King
of
the
Latines
,
contemning
the
gods
,
deuised
how
to
make
a
noyse
like
thunder
and
lightning
,
to
make
the
people
feare
him
as
a
god
:
but
thunder
and
lightning
falling
vpon
his
house
from
heauen
,
and
a
Lake
ioyning
vpon
his
house
,
ouerflowing
extraordinarily
,
he
and
his
family
were
were
all
swallowed
vp
.
Iulius
Caesar
,
after
he
was
Emperour
,
grew
so
proud
,
as
he
was
therefore
killed
by
the
Senators
in
the
Senate
.
And
the
Emperour
Domitian
was
so
proud
,
as
that
hee
commanded
in
all
his
Proclamations
and
publicke
speeches
,
these
words
to
be
vsed
.
Be
it
knowne
vnto
you
from
your
god
and
master
;
for
which
he
was
hated
of
all
the
world
,
and
in
the
end
killed
The
Emperour
Caius
set
in
his
palace
like
Jupitur
,
with
a
Scepter
in
one
hand
,
and
a
thunderbolt
in
the
other
,
and
an
Eagle
at
his
side
,
a
Cobbler
seeing
him
,
fel
on
a
great
laughter
.
The
Emperour
commanded
him
to
be
brought
before
him
,
and
asked
him
at
what
he
laughed
;
I
laugh
,
said
he
,
to
see
thy
pride
and
folly
.
The
Emperour
laughed
also
at
his
answer
,
and
punished
him
not
,
but
delighted
in
his
owne
pride
.
But
Philip
,
father
to
Alexander
Magnus
,
to
auoyde
that
vice
,
caused
a
child
to
cry
vnto
him
euery
day
at
his
chamber
dore
,
before
hee
went
forth
.
Phllip
,
thou
art
a
man
mortall
.
Hieronimus
,
King
of
Cicily
,
being
very
yong
,
was
wholly
counselled
by
his
brother
in
law
Andronodorus
,
who
made
him
proud
and
arrogant
and
to
contemne
euery
one
,
and
to
giue
audience
to
none
,
nor
to
suffer
almost
any
to
haue
accesse
vnto
him
,
but
to
giue
himselfe
to
all
kinde
of
voluptuousnesse
,
and
to
be
cruell
and
bloody
.
Andronodorus
,
hauing
brought
him
to
this
,
conspired
with
others
against
him
.
The
treason
discouered
,
and
one
Theodorus
called
in
question
,
therefore
confessed
,
that
he
was
of
the
conspiracy
,
and
being
vpon
the
torture
,
knowing
he
must
dye
,
accused
(
to
be
reuenged
of
the
King
)
the
Kings
most
faithfull
friends
and
seruants
.
To
which
the
King
giuing
credit
,
put
them
all
to
death
,
and
immediately
after
,
was
killed
by
the
Conspirators
.
Andronodorus
presently
seized
vpon
Siracusa
,
thinking
to
make
himselfe
King
.
But
he
had
such
successe
therein
,
as
he
,
his
wife
,
and
all
his
family
,
and
all
the
line
of
the
King
,
were
quite
extirped
,
as
well
innocents
,
as
offenders
.
Timothae
,
a
Captaine
of
Athens
,
through
his
pride
,
did
attribute
all
his
victories
,
onely
to
his
owne
pollicy
and
wisedome
.
Whereupon
(
saith
Plutarch
)
the
gods
were
angry
at
his
foolish
ambition
,
and
did
neuer
prosper
him
after
,
but
all
things
went
against
him
,
and
in
the
end
hee
was
so
odiously
hated
,
that
hee
was
banished
Athens
,
Cresus
,
being
in
the
height
of
his
pride
,
most
sumptuously
set
in
his
Throne
,
asked
Solon
,
if
euer
he
had
seene
a
more
gorgeous
and
glorious
sight
,
yea
,
said
Solon
,
both
Capons
,
Fesants
,
and
Peacocks
,
for
their
colours
are
naturall
.
Menecrates
,
a
Phisitian
,
because
he
was
excellent
in
his
●rt
,
grew
so
proud
,
as
he
caused
himselfe
to
be
called
Iupiter
.
But
Philip
,
King
of
Macedonia
,
to
make
him
know
himselfe
,
inuited
him
to
a
banquet
,
and
made
a
Table
to
be
prouided
for
him
by
himselfe
,
which
Menecrates
seeing
,
was
very
ioyfull
that
it
pleased
the
King
to
do
him
that
honour
,
but
when
he
see
that
in
stead
of
meat
,
they
brought
him
nothing
but
incense
,
he
was
ashamed
,
and
departed
with
great
anger
.
Yet
this
King
grew
a
little
proud
after
his
conquest
,
insomuch
,
that
he
writ
a
sharpe
letter
to
Archidamus
,
sonne
to
Agesilaus
,
who
answered
him
,
saying
:
If
thou
measure
thy
shadow
,
thou
shalt
not
finde
it
to
be
growne
greater
since
thou
didst
ouercome
Pride
therefore
cannot
make
a
man
great
but
odious
.
CHAP.
15.
A
Prince
to
be
humble
.
CHrist
did
humble
himselfe
for
vs
:
therefore
wee
ought
to
humble
our selues
for
Christ
,
who
saith
,
He
that
doth
humble
himselfe
shall
be
exalted
,
but
he
that
doth
exalt
himselfe
shall
be
humbled
,
Mat.
23.
Humility
therfore
(
affirmeth
Seneca
)
is
the
handmaiden
of
wisedom
For
a
wiseman
is
humble
,
if
not
humble
,
he
is
not
wise
.
Caralus
Magnus
,
to
haue
euer
before
his
eies
,
the
image
of
pouerty
and
humility
,
did
cause
certaine
very
poore
men
to
eate
alwayes
in
his
presence
,
their
meat
vpon
the
ground
.
The
Romans
had
a
custome
,
that
the
Emperor
,
after
a
victory
,
was
drawn
in
a
Chariot
with
foure
horses
,
to
the
Capitall
and
a
Clowne
set
besides
him
in
the
Chariot
,
who
strucke
him
euery
foot
in
the
necke
,
saying
:
Know
thy selfe
.
And
when
the
Emperour
was
crowned
one
al
wayes
came
to
him
,
and
asked
him
,
of
what
kind
of
mettall
or
stone
hee
would
haue
his
Tombe
made
.
And
all
this
to
the
end
the
Emperour
should
be
humble
.
The
Emperour
Constantinus
Magnus
,
was
of
that
humility
,
as
he
excelled
all
other
Emperours
and
Princes
whatsoeuer
:
Yet
of
that
valour
as
he
,
subdued
Licinius
his
Competitor
,
and
many
Pagan
Nations
.
The
Emperour
Theodosius
,
being
rebuked
by
S.
Ambrose
,
for
a
great
offence
,
did
in
such
humility
acknowledge
his
fault
,
as
he
did
open
pennance
therefore
,
willingly
in
the
Church
,
where
Saint
Ambrose
was
ministring
the
Sacrament
,
and
so
was
admitted
to
communicate
.
The
Emperours
,
Valentinian
and
Justinian
,
were
Princes
of
great
humility
,
yet
famous
for
their
many
victories
.
The
Emperour
Alexander
Seuerus
,
was
of
that
humility
,
as
he
would
not
suffer
any
to
vse
other
salutations
to
him
,
then
to
say
,
God
saue
thee
Alexander
.
Scipio
,
preuailing
in
Spaine
against
A
sdruball
,
the
Spaniards
called
him
King
,
which
Title
he
refused
,
saying
:
it
was
sufficient
for
him
to
be
called
their
Generall
.
Agathocles
,
King
of
Cicily
,
because
he
was
but
a
poore
Potters
sonue
,
caused
himselfe
to
be
serued
with
vessels
of
earth
,
amongst
his
vessels
of
gold
and
siluer
,
to
shew
his
humility
,
and
what
he
was
.
Julius
Caesar
,
Augustus
Caesar
,
Claudius
,
Domitian
,
Galba
,
Traian
,
Alexander
,
and
many
other
Princes
,
were
of
that
humility
,
as
they
gaue
continuall
audience
themselues
vnto
the
people
,
to
the
great
content
and
comfort
of
the
people
.
And
Octauius
Caesar
,
did
fit
daily
in
iudgement
himselfe
,
and
did
abhorre
the
title
of
Lord
,
insomuch
,
that
when
said
to
him
,
O
good
and
gracious
Lord
he
reproued
him
sharply
therefore
.
And
the
more
humble
that
a
man
is
,
the
more
is
he
in
the
fauour
of
God
,
who
,
as
Saint
Iames
saith
,
chapter
3.
doth
resist
the
proud
,
and
giueth
grace
to
the
humble
.
CHAP.
16.
A
Prince
not
to
exceed
in
anger
.
ANd
a
Prince
to
be
too
passionate
,
and
too
chollericke
,
is
dangerous
,
for
choller
sometimes
burneth
and
dryeth
vp
the
veines
,
and
taketh
life
,
sometimes
it
blindeth
the
vnderstanding
,
and
taketh
away
sense
and
reason
,
wherby
many
a
time
sodaine
mischiefe
is
done
,
that
bringeth
long
and
too
late
repentance
,
for
the
mind
doth
not
easily
see
the
truth
(
saith
Salust
)
where
passion
and
affection
beareth
sway
.
Therefore
a
Prince
especially
,
should
learne
to
know
himselfe
,
and
his
imperfections
:
for
Plato
saith
,
that
the
perfect
duty
of
a
man
,
is
first
to
know
himselfe
.
And
the
first
Precept
that
was
written
in
the
Temple
of
Apollo
at
Delphos
,
was
,
Know
thy selfe
.
And
knowing
himselfe
,
he
must
then
labour
to
command
himselfe
,
and
make
reason
rule
nature
.
Agesilaus
,
did
more
glory
that
hee
could
command
himselfe
,
then
in
that
he
was
a
King
.
For
he
that
is
slow
to
anger
(
saith
Salomon
)
is
better
then
the
mighty
man
:
and
he
that
ruleth
his
owne
mind
,
is
better
then
he
that
winneth
a
City
,
Prou.
16.
Yet
moderate
ire
(
saith
Plutarch
)
doth
second
valour
and
fortitude
.
To
auoid
choller
,
Athenodorus
the
Philosopher
,
counselled
Augustus
Caesar
,
neuer
to
do
,
or
say
,
any
thing
when
he
was
angry
,
before
he
had
repeated
the
twenty
foure
letters
of
the
A
,
B
,
C
;
thinking
by
that
time
his
choller
would
be
appeased
.
Virginius
,
being
chosen
Generall
of
the
Roman
Hoste
,
refused
it
,
fearing
to
exceed
in
choller
against
Appius
Claudius
,
his
enemy
.
Crotis
,
King
of
Thracia
,
hauing
a
present
brought
vnto
him
,
of
many
faire
vessels
of
glasse
most
curiously
wrought
,
after
he
had
well
recompenced
the
gift
,
did
breake
them
all
himselfe
of
purpose
;
fearing
lest
through
choller
,
(
to
which
he
was
subiect
)
he
should
too
seuerely
punish
any
of
his
sernants
,
if
they
by
chance
should
breake
any
of
them
.
But
the
Emperour
Valentinian
was
so
ouercharged
with
choller
,
that
he
fell
into
such
a
rage
against
certaine
Ambassadours
,
as
he
lost
his
voyce
and
speech
,
and
so
was
carried
to
his
bed
and
let
ten
blood
,
but
bled
not
,
choller
hauing
burned
and
dryed
vp
the
veines
,
and
so
dyed
.
Patience
therefore
is
a
happy
vertue
,
by
which
a
man
may
preserue
his
body
,
and
possesse
his
soule
,
saith
Christ
,
Luke
21.
In
your
patience
you
shall
possesse
your
soules
.
And
to
attaine
to
this
vertue
,
Diogenes
asked
almes
of
the
Images
in
Athens
,
to
make
him
take
deniall
patiently
.
Aristotle
,
being
told
that
one
railed
on
him
,
was
not
moued
,
but
said
,
whe
I
am
absent
let
him
beate
me
also
.
And
Socrates
,
being
abused
,
spurned
,
and
kicked
by
an
insolent
fellow
,
and
seeing
his
friends
offended
therewith
,
said
:
How
now
my
Masters
,
if
an
Asse
had
kicked
and
giuen
mee
a
rap
on
the
shinnes
,
would
you
haue
me
to
yerke
out
,
and
to
kicke
him
againe
?
Antigonus
,
hearing
his
Souldiers
reuile
him
behind
his
pauillion
,
said
to
them
,
you
knaues
,
could
you
not
goe
a
little
further
off
,
when
you
meant
to
raile
vpon
me
?
One
Nicanor
rayled
vpon
Philip
King
of
Macedonia
,
for
which
his
Counsell
wold
haue
had
him
seuerely
punished
,
but
the
King
very
patiently
answered
,
first
let
vs
see
whether
the
fault
be
in
him
or
in
vs
.
And
vnderstanding
that
Nicanor
had
deserued
well
,
and
that
he
had
neuer
giuen
him
any
thing
,
sent
him
a
rich
gift
.
After
which
,
Niconor
spoke
very
much
good
of
the
King
:
Whereupon
the
King
said
to
his
Counsell
,
I
see
well
that
I
am
a
better
Physitian
for
backebiting
then
you
are
:
and
that
it
is
in
my
power
to
cause
either
good
or
cuill
to
be
spoken
of
me
.
CHAP.
17.
A
Prince
to
be
moderate
in
his
dyet
.
NAture
is
content
with
a
little
,
therefore
if
a
man
doe
either
eate
or
drinke
,
more
then
sufficeth
nature
,
it
is
superfluous
,
and
ingendreth
euill
humours
,
corrupteth
the
body
,
and
weakneth
the
spirits
and
vnderstanding
:
for
Diogenes
saith
,
that
the
wit
is
made
dul
with
grosse
and
immoderate
dealing
.
And
Plato
affirmeth
,
that
those
who
vse
to
eat
much
,
although
they
haue
a
good
wit
,
yet
cannot
be
wise
.
The
reason
is
,
saith
Plutarch
,
because
the
body
being
ful
of
meat
,
corrupteth
the
iudgement
in
such
sort
,
as
maketh
a
man
neither
fit
to
giue
counsell
,
nor
to
gouerne
in
a
Common-wealth
,
nor
to
doe
any
good
worke
.
The
Emperour
,
Octauius
Caesar
,
had
therefore
ordinarily
at
supper
,
but
three
dishes
of
meat
,
and
when
he
fared
best
he
had
but
sixe
.
And
the
Egyptians
in
their
feasts
and
banquets
,
had
a
dead
body
dryed
,
brought
in
amongst
them
,
that
the
sight
thereof
might
containe
them
in
modesty
,
and
make
them
temperate
in
their
feeding
.
Ada
,
Queene
of
Caria
,
sent
Alexander
Magnus
certaine
skilfull
Cooks
,
whom
he
refused
,
and
sent
her
word
,
that
he
had
better
then
they
were
;
namely
,
for
his
dinner
,
early
rising
,
and
walking
a
good
while
before
day
,
and
for
his
supper
,
a
little
dinner
,
for
in
those
dayes
they
did
commonly
eate
but
one
meale
a
day
,
as
appeareth
by
Plato
,
who
,
being
demaunded
if
he
had
seene
any
new
or
strange
thing
in
Cicily
,
said
,
that
he
had
found
there
a
Monster
of
nature
,
which
did
eate
twice
a
day
,
meaning
Diogenes
the
Tyrant
.
Agesilaus
,
King
of
the
Lacedaemonians
,
passing
his
Army
through
the
Countrey
of
Thracia
,
they
presented
with
meale
fowle
,
baked
meates
,
and
all
other
sorts
of
delicate
meates
and
conserues
.
The
meale
hee
was
willing
to
take
,
but
not
the
rest
,
yet
through
great
intreaty
,
he
accepted
of
all
,
and
gaue
all
and
gaue
all
(
sauing
the
meale
)
to
his
slaues
,
and
being
asked
why
he
did
so
,
he
said
,
It
is
not
conuenient
for
men
who
make
profession
of
manhood
and
prowesse
,
to
eate
such
delicates
;
for
by
pleasure
,
delicate
meats
and
drinkes
,
the
courage
of
man
is
abated
.
Therefore
Xerxes
,
after
hee
had
taken
the
great
City
of
Babylon
,
would
not
put
the
people
to
death
,
but
to
be
reuenged
of
them
,
commanded
them
not
to
exercise
any
Armes
,
but
to
vse
and
giue
themselues
to
all
pleasure
,
feasting
,
and
drinking
.
So
that
by
this
meanes
,
they
grew
to
be
most
vile
and
base
people
,
whereas
before
they
were
most
valiant
.
And
by
the
great
feasting
and
drunkennesse
in
Siracuse
in
Cicily
,
the
Romans
tooke
the
towne
and
spoyled
it
.
The
Emperour
Vitellius
,
was
very
riotous
in
his
diet
,
insomuch
,
as
at
one
supper
,
he
had
2000
seuerall
kinde
of
fishes
,
and
7000
dishes
of
foule
,
but
what
followed
?
Soone
after
hee
was
openly
put
to
death
by
Vespasian
.
Caligula
likewise
,
in
riotous
banquets
,
in
making
sweet
bathes
,
and
in
other
vaine
and
friuolous
expences
,
spent
in
one
yeare
,
67
millions
of
crownes
,
and
in
the
end
was
killed
.
Nero
also
was
prodigal
in
the
like
charges
and
banquets
,
&
sumpuous
attire
,
neuer
wearing
one
garment
twice
.
And
Sabina
,
his
wife
had
daily
the
milke
of
500
Asses
to
bathe
her
in
,
but
their
ends
were
pittifull
.
The
Emperour
Adrianus
,
was
riotous
in
his
youth
,
and
thereby
diseased
in
his
age
,
which
forced
him
to
vse
many
Phisitians
and
medicines
,
but
could
not
be
cured
.
Therefore
good
order
and
temperate
dyet
,
prolongeth
the
life
,
and
preferueth
wisedome
.
Early
rising
also
(
saith
Plato
)
and
much
watching
,
are
profitable
to
keepe
a
man
in
health
,
and
to
augment
his
wisedome
.
It
doth
withall
increase
deuotion
,
for
then
a
man
shall
find
himselfe
most
apt
to
serue
God
.
CHAP.
18.
A
Prince
to
be
continent
of
life
.
BVt
if
he
serue
his
belly
with
immoderate
,
and
too
great
delicates
,
and
pamper
his
flesh
too
much
,
it
will
(
besides
dulling
of
the
wit
)
make
the
flesh
rebell
against
the
spirit
,
and
fall
to
incontinency
,
a
vice
wherof
a
Prince
ought
to
haue
a
speciall
care
,
that
he
giue
not
himselfe
to
the
lust
of
the
flesh
;
for
it
is
a
deuouring
fire
till
all
be
consumed
,
and
rooting
vp
the
seed
of
good
workes
,
saith
Iob
31.
And
Luxuria
eneruat
vires
,
effeminat
artus
.
It
will
make
him
weake
and
effeminate
,
and
destroyeth
both
body
and
soule
,
losing
thereby
also
sometimes
,
both
life
and
kingdome
:
for
by
adultery
,
Roderico
,
last
King
of
the
Gothes
in
Spaine
,
committed
with
the
wife
of
Iulian
,
Earle
of
Cewta
,
when
hee
was
Ambassadour
in
Africke
,
he
,
for
reuenge
,
brought
the
Moores
into
Spaine
,
who
therupon
subdued
the
Countrey
.
Osibright
,
King
of
Northumberland
,
rauished
the
wife
of
one
Barne
,
who
,
to
be
reuenged
,
brought
in
the
Danes
,
slew
Osibright
,
and
made
great
spoyle
in
the
land
.
The
Emperour
Claudius
,
married
his
brothers
daughter
,
and
shee
her selfe
poysoned
him
.
Siphax
,
King
of
Numidia
,
transported
with
the
loue
of
Sophonisba
,
falsified
his
faith
,
lost
his
Kingdome
,
and
life
in
prison
.
Locrine
,
King
of
Great
Britaine
,
put
Guendoline
his
wife
away
,
and
married
Estreld
,
daughter
to
King
Humber
,
but
Guendoline
killed
her
husband
in
battell
,
and
drowned
Estreld
and
her
daughter
in
Seuerne
.
The
Emperour
Commodas
,
kept
three
hundred
Courtizans
,
and
in
the
end
by
one
of
them
,
and
one
of
his
Parasites
,
was
strangled
.
Childericke
,
the
third
King
of
France
,
for
his
libidonous
life
,
which
made
him
carelesse
in
gouerning
the
Common-wealth
,
was
deposed
.
And
Lewis
the
sixt
,
King
of
France
,
for
his
adultery
,
was
poysoned
by
Blanche
his
wife
:
Heliogabalus
,
for
his
libidonous
and
vitious
life
,
thought
hee
might
make
an
euill
end
,
and
therefore
if
in
case
hee
should
be
pressed
by
his
enemies
,
he
had
poyson
ready
kept
in
precious
stones
:
he
had
also
halters
of
silke
to
hang
himselfe
:
and
sharpe
kniues
of
precious
mettall
to
kill
himselfe
:
and
he
built
a
high
Tower
,
richly
gilded
,
to
breake
his
necke
vpon
,
if
he
listed
:
yet
all
these
deuises
failed
him
,
for
he
was
strangled
by
his
Souldiers
,
and
trailed
vp
and
downe
Rome
.
This
is
the
end
a
libidonous
Prince
may
looke
for
.
But
wise
and
vertuous
Princes
will
auoyd
that
vice
.
As
did
Ioseph
,
who
hauing
the
wife
of
Putiphar
in
his
power
,
would
not
touch
her
.
No
more
would
Abimelech
faire
Sara
.
Nor
Dauid
the
Ebritian
Sunamite
.
Nor
Scipio
the
Lady
;
who
was
Hostage
in
Carthage
;
Nor
Dionysius
,
the
wife
to
Phocius
:
Nor
Alexander
,
the
daughter
of
King
Darius
:
Nor
Augustus
,
Cleopatra
.
And
as
it
is
hurtfull
for
a
Prince
to
be
allured
by
a
woman
to
folly
,
so
it
is
not
good
for
him
to
be
led
by
the
counsell
of
a
woman
.
For
Aristotle
saith
,
that
part
of
a
womans
vnderstanding
in
which
consisteth
counsell
,
is
imperfect
.
Therefore
neither
the
Romans
,
nor
the
Lacedaemonians
,
did
euer
admit
a
woman
into
Councell
.
Yet
Theodora
,
after
the
death
of
her
husband
,
the
Emperour
of
Constanstinople
,
was
chosen
Empresse
,
and
had
the
onely
gouernment
of
the
Empire
.
Which
without
the
helpe
of
any
,
she
gouerned
in
great
peace
and
prosperity
two
yeares
,
and
then
dyed
,
to
the
great
griefe
of
all
her
subiects
,
who
repented
them
not
to
be
gouerned
by
a
woman
.
The
Empresse
likewise
,
Zenobia
in
Asia
,
was
a
most
singular
rare
woman
.
For
Obdinato
,
her
husband
,
chosen
in
Asia
for
their
Emperour
,
and
after
killed
by
his
kinsman
she
tooke
vpon
her
the
gouernment
,
and
gouerned
very
well
.
She
was
constant
in
her
enterprises
,
faithfull
of
her
word
,
liberall
in
her
gift
,
iust
in
giuing
sentence
,
seuere
in
punishment
,
discreet
in
her
speech
,
graue
in
her
determination
,
and
secret
in
that
she
did
.
She
loued
not
to
ride
in
a
Litter
,
but
on
horsebacke
:
she
was
of
stature
tall
,
slender
bodyed
,
her
eyes
great
,
her
forehead
large
,
her
face
somewhat
pale
,
her
mouth
little
,
and
her
teeth
small
.
After
she
was
conceiued
with
child
,
shee
would
not
company
with
her
husband
,
saying
:
that
a
woman
ought
not
to
marry
for
pleasure
,
but
onely
for
procreation
.
She
did
eate
but
once
a
day
,
and
that
at
night
:
she
drunke
no
wine
,
but
water
compounded
more
costly
then
wine
:
when
she
went
to
Campe
,
or
to
battell
,
or
to
skirmish
,
she
was
armed
,
and
euer
when
there
was
any
seruice
,
she
would
be
amongst
them
.
In
the
end
,
the
Emperour
Aurelianus
besieged
her
,
tooke
her
prisoner
,
and
carried
her
in
his
triumph
to
Rome
,
yet
pardoned
her
for
her
vertue
and
valour
,
and
gaue
her
certaine
possessions
to
liue
vpon
.
She
liued
ten
yeares
after
,
as
greatly
honoured
and
beloued
as
Lucretia
,
of
all
the
Roman
Ladies
.
But
this
is
(
as
the
Spaniard
saith
)
Vna
golondrina
que
non
haze
verano
.
One
Swallow
which
maketh
no
Summer
.
Yet
I
could
not
but
set
downe
here
her
perfection
,
she
being
such
a
mirrour
for
all
Ladyes
.
CHAP.
19.
A
Prince
to
beware
of
Parasites
.
BVt
there
is
another
creature
about
a
Prince
,
more
dangerous
then
a
woman
,
and
that
is
a
flatterer
,
who
neuer
sings
other
song
then
placebo
,
soothing
a
Prince
in
whatsoeuer
.
Apelles
drew
the
picture
of
a
King
(
which
he
sent
to
Ptolomeus
)
set
in
a
chaire
of
Estate
,
with
great
hands
great
eares
,
and
besides
him
Ignorance
,
Suspition
,
a
Tale-teller
,
and
Flattery
:
these
will
labour
to
be
about
a
Prince
,
therefore
a
Prince
must
labour
to
auoyd
them
.
For
an
enuious
and
backebiting
Tale-teller
,
and
a
Flatterer
,
are
two
most
dangerous
beasts
:
for
Diogenes
saith
,
that
of
wilde
beasts
,
a
backbiter
biteth
the
sorest
,
and
of
tame
beasts
,
a
flatterer
.
And
Hermes
,
the
Philosopher
saith
,
that
as
a
Camelion
can
change
himselfe
into
all
colours
sauing
white
:
so
hath
a
Parasite
all
points
sauing
honesty
,
for
he
windeth
himselfe
into
fauour
by
any
meanes
,
especially
of
pleasure
,
procuring
any
kind
of
mirth
and
delight
,
and
by
humouring
the
party
.
For
Alexander
Magnus
,
and
Alphonsus
,
King
of
Arragon
,
hauing
each
of
them
somewhat
a
wry
necke
;
the
one
by
nature
,
the
other
by
custome
,
the
flatterers
and
Courtiers
held
their
neckes
on
the
one
side
.
And
like
as
wormes
breed
most
of
all
,
and
soonest
in
firme
,
tender
,
and
sweet
wood
:
euen
so
for
the
most
part
,
the
generous
and
gentle
natures
,
and
those
mindes
that
are
more
ingenuous
,
honest
,
amiable
and
milde
then
others
,
are
readiest
to
receiue
and
nourish
the
flatterer
that
hangeth
vpon
him
.
And
Plato
saith
,
that
he
who
loueth
himselfe
,
and
hath
a
good
conceit
of
himselfe
,
can
be
content
to
admit
another
to
flatter
him
.
But
when
a
Parasite
seeth
nothing
to
be
gotten
,
then
he
is
gone
,
being
like
to
lice
:
For
as
these
vermine
neuer
haunt
the
dead
,
but
doe
leaue
an●
forsake
the
corpes
so
soone
as
the
bloud
is
extinct
and
depriued
of
vitall
spirit
:
so
a
man
shall
neuer
see
flatterers
approach
to
those
that
are
in
decay
,
whose
state
is
cracked
,
and
credite
lost
.
But
where
there
is
power
and
authority
,
and
glory
in
the
world
:
thither
they
flocke
,
and
there
they
grow
and
shew
themselues
most
malicious
,
sometimes
by
speaking
euill
of
others
.
For
Medeus
,
the
chiefe
Captaine
of
the
flatterers
,
about
Alexander
Magnus
,
teached
his
Schollers
to
cast
out
slanders
boldly
,
to
bite
others
,
for
(
said
he
)
though
the
soare
may
heale
vp
,
yet
the
skarre
will
remaine
and
be
euer
seene
.
By
these
skarres
of
false
imputations
,
Alexander
being
corroded
and
eaten
,
put
to
death
Calisthenes
,
Parmenion
,
and
Philocas
,
his
true
and
faithfull
friends
.
The
Emperour
Commodus
,
after
the
death
of
his
father
,
was
led
by
Parasites
,
and
vpon
their
false
reports
,
put
to
death
most
of
those
that
were
graue
Counsellors
to
his
father
,
and
also
many
of
the
Senators
,
and
committed
the
gouernment
of
all
his
affaires
,
to
Perennis
,
and
himselfe
followed
his
pleasure
,
which
brought
him
to
the
end
you
heard
before
.
The
Emperour
Dioclesian
,
basely
borne
in
Sclauonia
,
was
in
his
youth
very
ambitious
,
and
desirous
of
honour
,
and
from
a
poore
Souldier
,
came
to
be
Emperour
,
and
then
made
the
people
honour
him
as
a
god
,
and
to
kisse
his
foot
,
whereon
he
did
weare
guilt
shooes
,
set
with
pearle
and
precious
stones
after
the
manner
of
the
Persian
Kings
.
But
seeing
in
the
end
,
himselfe
wonderfully
abused
by
the
flatterers
of
his
Court
,
and
that
hee
could
take
no
order
for
them
,
they
had
him
so
besieged
in
their
hands
,
he
gaue
ouer
the
Empire
,
and
retyred
himselfe
to
his
house
in
Slcauonia
,
where
he
liued
euer
after
,
a
very
priuate
life
,
delighting
himselfe
with
Gardens
and
rurall
workes
.
But
the
Emperour
Caligula
,
tooke
a
better
course
with
his
Parasites
,
for
one
Afrianius
Potitus
,
and
Afranius
Secundus
,
made
a
shew
of
great
sorrow
for
him
when
he
was
sicke
,
and
swore
by
the
gods
that
they
would
very
willingly
dye
for
his
recouery
.
The
Emperour
knowing
they
did
but
flatter
,
said
then
little
,
but
being
recouered
,
called
them
before
him
,
and
said
,
my
good
friends
,
I
haue
found
that
you
are
in
fauour
with
the
gods
,
for
since
your
vow
for
me
,
I
haue
recouered
,
but
fearing
I
should
fall
sicke
againe
,
if
you
accomplish
not
your
vow
,
I
sent
for
you
to
dye
,
desiring
you
both
to
take
your
deaths
patiently
,
and
so
presently
put
them
to
death
.
Plutarch
writeth
,
that
Dionysius
,
the
Tyrant
of
Cicily
,
delighting
in
his
owne
Poems
,
asked
diuers
Philosophers
,
how
they
liked
them
,
they
all
flatteringly
,
highly
commended
them
,
sauing
one
,
who
said
plainly
,
that
it
was
a
shame
to
heare
them
,
they
were
so
bad
.
Whereat
the
Tyrant
offended
,
commanded
him
to
the
Mines
,
there
to
worke
amongst
the
condemned
men
:
but
being
released
by
meanes
of
his
friends
,
and
againe
in
the
Kings
presence
,
when
he
demaunded
the
opinion
of
the
Philosophers
,
in
another
of
his
Poems
,
and
they
all
extolling
it
aboue
the
Skies
,
he
cryed
to
the
guard
of
the
Tyrant
,
saying
:
Come
my
masters
,
come
carry
me
away
to
the
Mines
againe
,
for
I
cannot
endure
this
foolish
flattery
.
The
King
by
chance
,
being
then
in
a
good
humour
,
was
not
offended
,
but
turned
it
to
a
laughter
.
Curtius
saith
,
that
the
states
of
Princes
are
oftner
ouerthrowne
by
flatterers
,
then
by
force
.
It
is
a
happy
thing
therefore
for
Princes
to
haue
those
about
them
that
will
not
flatter
,
but
tell
them
the
truth
.
For
what
(
saith
Seneca
)
wanteth
he
that
hath
all
?
marry
one
to
tell
the
truth
.
Therefore
the
Emperour
Gordian
said
,
that
that
Prince
is
very
vnfor
tunate
who
hath
not
about
him
,
those
who
may
plainly
tell
him
the
truth
.
For
a
King
knoweth
not
what
passeth
,
but
by
relation
of
those
that
conuerse
with
him
.
Theopompus
,
being
asked
how
a
Prince
might
preserue
his
Kingdome
,
said
,
by
giuing
his
friends
liberty
to
speake
the
truth
,
and
in
keeping
his
subiects
from
oppression
.
Phocian
dealt
plainly
and
like
a
faithfull
seruant
with
King
Antipater
,
telling
him
vpon
occasion
,
that
he
would
do
him
any
seruice
possible
,
but
could
not
be
to
him
both
a
friend
and
a
flatterer
.
Themistocles
in
like
manner
,
seeing
Euribiades
taking
vp
a
staffe
to
strike
him
for
his
free
speeches
,
said
,
strike
me
,
so
you
will
heare
me
after
.
A
Prince
therefore
must
permit
freedome
of
speech
,
if
he
meane
to
heare
the
truth
,
and
giue
no
care
to
flattery
.
Pessenius
Niger
,
a
Roman
Captaine
,
hearing
one
praise
and
flatter
him
in
his
Oration
,
said
to
him
,
goe
,
goe
,
write
the
praises
of
Marius
,
and
Hanniball
,
&
other
old
and
valiant
Captaines
that
are
dead
,
that
we
may
immitate
them
,
for
it
is
a
mockry
to
praise
them
that
are
aliue
:
and
as
for
me
,
I
will
do
good
whilst
I
liue
,
and
be
praysed
when
I
am
dead
.
Yet
Agesilaus
king
of
Sparta
sayd
,
that
he
liked
to
be
praysed
of
those
friends
,
who
would
not
also
spare
to
blame
him
,
when
occasion
should
serue
.
CHAP.
20.
What
kind
of
persons
to
be
of
a
Princes
Counsell
.
A
Prince
should
be
very
carefull
in
making
choyce
of
his
Counsellors
.
For
Plato
faith
,
that
many
Princes
are
vndone
,
because
th●y
want
faithfull
friends
and
seruants
to
counsell
them
.
Therefore
Alfred
ki●g
of
England
,
sought
out
the
wis●st
,
and
most
learned
men
to
be
about
him
.
Alexander
Seuerus
likewise
made
choise
of
honest
and
vertnous
Counsellors
,
and
dilplaced
the
vitious
,
and
sought
to
know
the
truth
of
all
things
that
passed
in
all
places
and
Prouinces
of
the
Empire
.
Fredericus
Furius
opinion
is
,
that
Counsellours
to
a
Prince
ought
not
to
be
vnder
thirty
yeares
of
age
,
nor
aboue
sixty
.
For
(
sayth
he
)
before
he
be
thirty
his
vnderstanding
is
not
setled
,
his
experience
llitle
,
his
presumption
great
,
his
heate
much
,
his
thoughts
light
,
and
not
of
sufficient
grauity
.
And
that
after
sixty
yeares
his
memory
faileth
,
his
vnderstanding
weake
,
his
experience
turned
to
obstinacy
,
his
his
heate
little
,
lonsing
oacasion
,
his
thoughts
wearied
,
and
able
to
take
no
paines
nor
trauell
.
Howbeit
some
haue
beene
able
and
sufficient
enough
after
they
pass●d
that
age
,
as
Camillus
who
though
he
were
of
very
great
yeares
,
yet
was
chosen
Dictator
:
they
finding
his
memory
good
,
and
his
senses
perfect
:
So
many
others
haue
bene
since
his
time
.
And
Frederieus
Furius
sayth
moreouer
,
that
a
Counsellour
to
a
Prince
ought
to
be
either
of
a
chollericke
,
or
of
a
fanguine
complexion
,
for
that
those
of
that
temper
(
saith
he
)
are
witty
,
haue
good
memory
,
can
discourse
well
,
are
of
good
iudgement
,
most
louing
,
affable
,
loyall
,
liberall
,
and
of
great
courage
:
and
that
the
melancholike
are
base
minded
,
vaine
,
enemies
to
noble
thoughts
,
malicious
,
superstitious
,
and
phantasticall
.
And
Socrates
saith
,
a
Prince
ought
not
to
trust
him
that
is
couetous
,
nor
him
that
is
a
flatterer
,
nor
to
make
a
passionate
,
or
a
too
cholericke
man
of
his
counsell
,
nor
a
drunkard
,
nor
any
that
is
subiect
to
a
woman
.
For
it
is
not
possible
(
saith
he
)
that
they
should
keepe
close
his
secrets
.
And
Pythagoras
saith
,
it
is
impossible
for
him
to
obtaine
wisedome
and
knowledge
,
that
is
in
bondage
to
a
woman
:
therefore
the
Emperour
Alexander
Seuerus
would
neuer
admit
any
Counsellor
,
or
other
officer
,
whether
he
were
of
Noble
parentage
,
or
had
done
him
great
seruice
,
or
were
commended
to
him
,
vnlesse
he
were
of
good
reputation
,
learned
,
of
good
experience
,
and
of
good
life
.
And
better
to
informe
himselfe
hereof
,
he
caused
wrightings
to
be
set
vp
in
common
places
of
the
streetes
,
desiring
thereby
the
people
to
shew
some
cause
,
if
they
could
,
why
such
a
man
should
not
be
admitted
to
such
a
place
and
office
,
and
would
not
suffer
any
office
to
be
sold
,
because
Iustice
should
not
be
sold
.
Yet
the
Emperor
Vespasian
at
the
beginning
of
his
raigne
gaue
the
chiefe
offices
&
dignities
to
the
greatest
theeues
he
could
find
,
and
being
asked
why
he
did
so
,
answered
,
that
he
vsed
them
as
a
spunge
,
for
when
they
were
full
he
would
wring
them
,
and
confiscate
all
they
had
,
and
hang
them
.
Some
Princes
doe
place
thecues
in
authority
,
not
knowing
them
,
but
being
discouered
,
it
were
happy
for
the
common
wealth
,
and
good
for
the
Prince
,
if
they
were
vsed
as
Vespasian
vsed
his
.
And
Iulian
the
Apostata
placed
a
cruell
and
troublesome
Iudge
at
Alexandria
in
Aegypt
,
and
being
told
he
was
vnworthy
to
gouerne
:
it
is
true
,
sayd
he
,
and
therefore
I
placed
him
there
,
that
he
may
plague
them
as
they
deserue
,
they
being
a
troublesome
and
wicked
people
,
but
good
men
are
alwayes
to
be
placed
in
gouernement
,
that
the
wicked
by
example
may
amend
,
or
be
punished
,
and
the
good
preserued
.
For
Pictatus
reputed
that
common
wealth
to
be
well
gouerned
,
in
which
wicked
men
might
beare
no
authority
.
And
a
Prince
is
to
haue
some
for
Counsell
,
some
for
execution
,
for
very
seldome
doth
it
concurre
in
one
man
to
haue
wit
to
disoourse
well
vpon
any
matter
in
Counsell
,
and
to
haue
iudgement
to
execute
that
which
by
Counsell
is
determined
.
The
Captaine
Picinio
was
in
consultation
of
a
weake
iudgement
,
but
in
executing
any
thing
resolued
vpon
by
Counsell
,
very
ready
.
Francis
the
first
,
King
of
France
did
exceed
all
his
Counsell
in
consultation
:
but
in
his
execution
was
not
answerable
to
his
aduise
.
Pope
Clement
the
7.
did
exceed
all
other
in
Counsell
;
but
in
executing
was
inferiour
to
euery
one
.
And
as
it
is
necessary
that
a
Prince
should
haue
a
graue
and
wise
Counsell
:
so
is
it
requisite
hee
should
haue
some
about
him
for
his
pleasure
.
So
Alexander
Magnus
,
when
he
went
into
Asia
against
Darius
,
tooke
with
him
two
of
his
most
speciall
friends
and
seruants
,
Craterus
and
Hephestion
,
very
different
in
complexion
,
and
in
condition
:
for
Craterus
was
graue
,
seuere
and
stoike
,
and
only
cared
for
matters
of
State
and
Counsell
,
being
one
of
the
Kings
principall
Counsellors
.
And
Hiphestion
was
a
yong
Gentleman
of
good
complexion
,
gallant
,
actiue
,
and
full
of
sport
,
and
onely
cared
how
to
recreate
the
King
.
So
that
Craterus
was
called
a
friend
to
the
King
:
and
Hephestion
a
friend
to
Alexander
.
But
a
Prince
had
need
to
be
very
carefull
in
choosing
of
his
friend
,
to
be
inward
and
familiar
with
him
.
For
Augustus
Caesar
did
not
receiue
a
man
to
his
amity
and
familiarity
,
but
first
did
proue
him
,
and
sound
his
virtues
,
fidelity
and
loyalty
,
and
those
who
hee
knew
to
be
vertuous
,
and
that
told
him
freely
the
truth
in
all
things
,
and
that
did
not
flatter
,
and
that
imployed
themselues
willingly
and
sincerely
in
his
affaires
,
and
after
hauing
had
good
proofe
hereof
,
he
receiued
them
for
his
friends
.
Alcibiades
,
to
try
his
friends
,
made
them
one
after
another
beleeue
,
that
he
had
killed
a
man
,
and
they
all
refused
to
endanger
themselues
for
him
,
sauing
one
Calias
.
The
Emperour
Constantius
to
make
proofe
of
his
friends
,
made
shew
to
abandon
Christian
Religion
,
and
to
turne
to
Idolatry
,
he
was
instantly
applauded
by
a
great
number
,
whom
presently
he
banished
the
Court.
For
a
Prince
shall
neuer
want
followers
in
any
thing
.
The
world
counselling
those
that
serue
Princes
to
please
them
in
whatsoeuer
,
though
it
redound
to
the
losse
of
their
soules
,
and
ruine
of
the
common-wealth
,
for
so
they
shall
obtaine
honor
,
riches
pleasure
,
and
quietnesse
:
but
what
is
their
end
?
Ducunt
in
bonis
dies
suos
,
&
in
puncto
ad
●nferna
descenaunt
,
saith
Iob.
21.
They
lead
their
d●yes
in
pleasure
,
and
in
an
instant
descend
into
hell
.
For
when
they
shall
say
peace
and
security
,
then
shall
suddaine
destruction
come
vpon
them
,
saith
Saint
Paule
,
1.
Thes.
5.
And
Dauid
saith
,
Psal.
36.
Vidi
impium
superexaltatum
,
&
eleuatum
sicut
Cedrum
Libans
,
&
transiut
eum
.
&
non
est
inuentus
loeu
eius
.
I
did
see
the
impious
mightily
exalted
and
raised
on
high
as
the
Cedar
tree
,
and
I
passed
by
,
and
presently
he
was
gone
,
I
sought
him
,
and
his
place
was
not
to
bee
found
.
Saint
Augustine
therefore
affimeth
,
that
it
is
better
to
suffer
torments
for
speaking
the
truth
,
then
to
receiue
great
rewards
for
flattery
.
And
Saint
Chrysostome
sayth
,
Feare
not
them
that
kill
the
body
,
least
for
feare
of
them
,
thou
speake
not
the
truth
freely
.
And
as
Counsellours
ought
to
haue
freedome
of
speech
:
So
Predericus
Furius
doth
wish
a
Prince
,
for
tryall
of
his
Councell
,
to
aske
counsell
sometimes
in
things
contray
to
the
good
of
the
Common
wealth
,
and
to
his
owne
intention
.
And
Demetrius
Phelarius
counselled
Ptholomeus
King
of
Egypt
,
to
reade
bookes
which
treated
of
Kings
and
Common
wealths
,
for
that
in
them
be
should
finde
many
things
which
his
Counsell
and
families
durst
not
tell
hid
.
But
Aristeus
saith
,
that
the
greatest
and
best
guard
a
Prince
can
haue
,
is
to
be
accompanied
with
a
great
number
of
iust
and
expert
Counsellours
,
who
through
meere
loue
,
setting
their
owne
particular
commodity
apart
,
regard
onely
the
profite
and
welfare
of
the
Prince
and
common
wealth
,
speaking
freely
what
they
thinke
.
For
Counsellours
,
sayth
Iulius
Caesar
in
one
of
his
orations
to
the
Senate
,
should
not
be
led
by
malice
,
friendship
,
anger
,
nor
mercy
.
And
if
they
concurre
in
one
lawfull
opinion
,
though
the
Prince
be
opposite
,
yet
it
is
fitting
he
should
yeeld
to
them
.
For
so
did
the
Emperour
Marcus
Antonius
,
saying
:
It
must
bee
as
You
will
:
for
it
is
great
reason
,
that
I
being
but
one
,
should
follow
your
opinion
,
then
you
being
many
,
Wise
and
Learned
,
should
yeeld
to
mine
.
CHAP.
21.
Not
good
to
commit
the
charge
of
the
Common
wealth
to
one
Counsellor
onely
.
BVt
it
is
very
dangerous
for
a
Prince
to
be
led
by
the
aduice
and
counsell
of
one
onely
,
or
to
commit
the
gouernement
of
the
Common
wealth
to
one
Counsellour
onely
.
And
so
Commines
dath
witnesse
,
saying
:
that
A
Prince
ought
to
haue
many
Counsellours
,
and
not
commit
any
cause
of
importance
to
one
onely
,
and
that
all
his
Counsellours
should
be
equall
in
fauour
:
otherwise
,
if
he
be
led
onely
by
one
,
and
make
no
accompt
of
the
rest
,
not
giuing
them
equall
hearing
,
he
may
endanger
himselfe
,
as
did
Hieronimus
King
of
Cicily
,
who
was
onely
counselled
by
his
brother
in
law
Andronodorus
,
who
made
him
odious
to
all
the
Kingdome
,
and
then
killed
him
.
Stillico
likewise
gouerned
all
vnder
the
Emperour
Honorius
.
And
to
get
entrance
to
make
himselfe
Emperour
,
took
pay
from
the
Goths
,
of
purpose
to
make
them
rebel
which
thereupon
they
did
,
and
by
the
aide
they
got
,
spoyled
Thracia
,
Hungaria
,
Austria
,
Sclauonia
,
and
Dalmatia
:
Stilico
,
though
hee
might
,
yet
would
not
quite
ouer
throw
them
,
whereof
Honorius
being
informed
,
put
to
death
both
Stilico
and
his
sonne
.
Vnder
the
Emperour
Commodus
first
Perennis
ruled
all
,
and
for
displacing
the
Nobility
,
and
preferring
base
persons
,
was
killed
by
the
souldiers
.
After
him
Cleander
managed
all
,
and
a
great
famine
and
plague
beeing
in
Rome
,
the
people
imputed
the
cause
thereof
to
him
,
and
thought
to
kill
him
:
Hee
to
appease
this
sturre
ranne
vpon
the
people
with
the
Emperours
horse-men
,
and
killed
a
great
number
of
them
.
The
Emperour
fearing
himselfe
,
sent
for
Cleander
,
presently
cut
off
his
head
,
and
sent
it
to
the
people
,
wherewith
they
were
appeased
,
yet
in
the
end
Commodus
himself
was
killed
.
The
Emperor
Seuerus
permitted
Plautianus
to
gouerne
all
vnder
him
at
his
pleasure
,
who
in
the
end
practised
to
kill
him
,
and
his
two
sonnes
.
But
Bassianus
the
Emperours
sonne
vnderstanding
thereof
,
and
that
his
Father
meant
to
pardon
him
,
killed
him
in
the
Emperours
presence
.
The
Emperour
Galba
was
a
good
Prince
and
wise
,
yet
suffered
himselfe
to
be
onely
gouerned
by
Titus
Iunius
,
Cornelius
Lacus
,
and
Icellus
Martianus
,
who
by
their
wicked
gouernement
made
the
Emperour
to
be
hated
of
all
estates
,
and
therefore
the
people
murthered
him
.
This
Emperour
was
the
more
hated
because
he
entertayned
Halotus
and
Tygenlinus
,
who
were
principall
seruants
to
Nero
,
and
instruments
in
all
his
wickednesse
.
So
Otho
likewise
Emperor
after
Galba
,
though
hee
thought
by
good
words
and
liberality
to
get
the
hearts
of
the
people
,
yet
did
they
hate
him
,
for
that
he
had
some
about
him
,
who
had
beene
instruments
and
Counsellors
to
Nero.
The
Kings
of
France
for
forty
yeares
,
giuing
wholly
to
their
pleasures
,
permitted
the
Maior
of
the
Palace
of
Paris
to
gouerne
all
at
his
pleasure
,
which
gaue
opportunity
to
Pipin
to
make
himselfe
King
:
Who
being
wise
,
vertuous
,
and
well
beloued
,
was
thereby
admitted
their
King
.
But
the
Emperour
Tyberius
giuing
himselfe
to
pleasure
,
and
committing
the
gouernment
to
Seanus
,
who
grew
proud
thereof
,
and
tooke
vpon
him
as
he
had
bene
Emperor
,
and
had
statues
made
him
,
before
which
they
offered
sacrifice
,
and
happy
were
they
that
had
his
fauour
:
The
Emperour
hearing
of
his
pride
,
and
insolency
,
committed
him
to
prison
:
then
those
that
did
most
honour
him
,
contemned
him
,
and
spoke
euill
of
him
.
And
the
Emperour
put
both
him
,
and
all
his
children
to
death
Zoticus
had
that
credite
with
Halingabalus
,
as
he
was
held
Lord
ouer
all
the
rest
,
his
counsell
as
a
Law
,
and
by
his
direction
all
Offices
were
sould
:
Hee
made
Consuls
the
sonnes
of
slaues
and
base
men
.
And
King
Attolus
gaue
himselfe
so
to
his
pleasure
,
as
one
Phylopaemen
gouerned
him
as
hee
listed
.
Insomuch
that
the
Romanes
,
when
they
did
see
any
ship
of
Asia
come
by
,
asked
if
the
King
was
still
in
the
good
grace
and
fauour
of
Phylopaemen
.
But
Charles
the
seauenth
King
of
France
,
hauing
diuers
wise
,
and
faithfull
Counsellours
of
meane
parentage
,
at
the
time
he
had
ciuill
Warre
with
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
(
whom
the
Duke
of
Brittany
secretly
fauoured
)
mooued
the
Dukes
to
peace
,
who
answered
,
if
the
King
would
remooue
his
Counsellours
from
him
,
and
take
others
,
that
they
would
accord
.
Whereuppon
the
Kings
Councell
perswaded
him
to
accept
thereof
,
and
they
most
willingly
refused
the
Court
,
and
retyred
themselues
to
their
owne
houses
,
and
so
the
Warre
was
ended
.
Therefore
a
Prince
should
take
care
for
the
good
education
of
his
Nobility
,
and
honour
the
Noble
and
worthy
families
;
whereby
they
may
continue
in
the
Vertue
and
Valour
of
their
Ancestors
,
and
the
Prince
thereby
be
the
better
serued
.
In
Rome
there
was
a
Law
made
,
called
Prosopina
,
by
which
the
off-spring
of
Siluius
,
of
Torquatus
,
and
of
Fabricius
,
were
more
honoured
and
priuiledged
then
any
other
,
because
they
were
ancient
Families
,
and
more
valiant
then
others
:
They
had
a
Law
also
,
that
those
who
were
descended
of
wicked
persons
,
as
of
Tarquinius
Superbus
,
of
the
Consull
Escaurus
,
of
Catelin
,
of
the
Censor
Fabatus
,
and
of
the
Traytor
Bicinus
,
should
beare
no
Office
in
the
Common-wealth
,
nor
dwell
within
the
circute
of
Rome
.
But
Nobility
marrying
basely
,
do
oftentimes
degenerate
.
For
when
nature
(
sayth
Plato
)
produced
man
,
she
gaue
vnto
him
three
properties
of
the
mettals
,
as
to
those
that
were
fit
to
gouerne
the
people
,
the
property
of
Gold
:
To
them
of
force
and
valour
,
to
defend
the
Common-wealth
,
the
property
of
Siluer
;
and
the
property
of
Iron
and
Brasse
to
handy-craftes
men
;
and
common
people
,
to
work
and
labour
.
And
he
sayth
,
that
marrying
the
Noble
with
the
Ignoble
,
is
to
mixe
good
mettal
with
base
mettall
,
which
is
the
ouer-throw
of
Nobility
,
and
changing
of
gouernment
of
the
Common-wealth
.
Therefore
he
counselleth
euery
o●e
to
marry
with
their
equals
,
Nobles
with
Nobles
,
and
ignobles
among
themselues
.
CHAP.
22.
A
Prince
not
to
place
a
Stanger
in
Authority
.
A
Prince
is
also
to
haue
speciall
regard
that
hee
giues
not
a
Stranger
authority
in
the
Common-wealth
,
nor
trust
him
too
much
.
For
the
ancient
Romanes
would
neuer
giue
any
charge
or
Office
in
the
Common-wealth
to
a
Stanger
:
Insomuch
that
after
the
Battell
of
Cannas
,
for
want
of
sufficient
men
to
be
Senators
in
Rome
,
Spurius
Curulius
making
a
motion
to
haue
had
some
of
the
Latis
chosen
for
Senators
,
they
would
not
agree
thereunto
,
but
all
hated
Spurius
for
that
motion
.
And
William
King
of
Cicily
,
descended
of
the
house
of
France
,
making
a
French-man
his
Chancellour
,
the
Noble-men
much
grieued
thereat
,
conspired
,
and
in
one
night
killed
all
the
French-men
in
Cicily
,
in
Apulia
,
and
in
Calabria
.
Charles
the
8.
King
of
France
expulsed
the
Spaniards
out
of
Naples
by
the
helpe
of
the
Neapolitanes
,
and
placed
Frenchmen
in
all
authority
and
gouernment
there
.
Whereupon
the
Neapolitans
grieued
,
made
a
generall
reuolte
,
and
did
driue
out
the
French-men
againe
.
The
Duke
of
Britaine
hauing
married
an
English
woman
was
so
affected
to
the
English
,
as
his
subiects
much
disliked
thereof
,
and
hee
mistrusting
th●m
,
sent
for
English-men
to
gouerne
vnder
him
,
but
before
they
came
,
his
owne
subiects
seized
vpon
all
the
Forts
and
Townes
in
Britany
,
and
forced
the
Duke
to
flye
into
England
.
The
Prince
of
Wales
placing
English-men
in
all
Offices
and
authority
in
Aquitaine
,
made
the
Country-men
grudge
thereat
,
and
in
the
end
reuolte
,
by
which
meanes
Aquitane
was
lost
.
Alexander
King
of
the
Epirots
,
giuing
entertainement
to
a
number
of
the
Lucamans
banished
out
of
their
Country
,
and
after
making
Warre
against
their
Country
,
thought
he
should
be
well
serued
by
them
,
who
promised
to
yeelde
their
Country
into
his
hands
,
but
they
made
a
secret
compact
with
their
Country-men
to
the
contrary
,
for
drawing
the
King
into
a
conuenient
place
for
their
purpose
,
they
shewed
themselues
his
enemies
,
and
he
swimming
a
riuer
,
to
escape
,
in
landing
was
killed
by
one
of
them
.
The
Emperour
Gordian
making
an
Arabian
his
Lieutenant
called
Phillipus
,
a
man
of
base
parentage
,
he
procured
the
Emperours
ouerthrow
,
and
in
the
end
killed
him
most
barbarously
.
Charles
Duke
of
Burgundy
was
betrayed
by
an
Italian
the
Earle
of
Campobach
,
and
killed
before
Nancy
.
CHAP.
23.
Dangerous
for
a
Prince
to
take
ayde
of
a
Stranger
.
ANd
if
a
Prince
take
ayde
or
succours
of
a
stranger
stronger
then
himselfe
,
he
may
thereby
endanger
his
estate
.
For
the
Esterques
called
but
to
aide
the
Citty
of
Vulture
,
subdued
it
.
The
Herules
,
Gothes
,
and
Lombards
,
called
into
Italy
for
succours
,
became
Lords
thereof
.
So
did
they
of
Franconia
with
their
King
Pharamond
;
by
the
Gaules
,
now
France
.
And
the
Saxons
did
the
like
by
England
.
The
Turkes
in
like
manner
got
the
East
Empire
;
and
Hungaria
,
called
first
in
by
the
Emperour
of
Constantinople
,
and
by
the
States
of
Hungaria
.
Cairaam
a
Pyrate
called
by
the
Inhabitants
of
Alger
,
to
expell
the
Spaniards
,
after
hee
had
vanquished
the
Spaniards
,
slew
Selin
Prince
of
the
Towne
,
and
made
himselfe
King
,
leauing
the
estate
to
his
brother
,
Aradin
Barbarossa
.
Saladin
a
Tartarian
Captaine
called
by
the
Calipha
and
Inhabitants
of
Cair
,
to
driue
the
Christians
out
of
Soria
,
after
the
Victory
agaynst
the
Christians
,
slew
the
Calipha
,
and
became
absolute
Lord
thereof
.
The
Romanes
called
into
Cicily
,
by
the
Mamertins
or
Campanois
,
to
aide
them
,
did
subiect
both
them
,
and
all
Cicily
in
the
end
.
Francis
King
of
France
,
had
a
de
of
Soliman
the
great
Turke
,
against
Charles
the
fifth
,
who
fearing
by
continuing
the
War
,
that
the
Turke
might
get
that
footing
,
as
to
ouercome
all
Christendom
,
made
peace
with
France
.
But
then
the
Turkes
Bascha
being
in
Marcelles
,
the
King
of
France
could
not
get
him
out
,
before
hee
had
succours
from
the
Emperour
:
who
was
forced
to
ayde
him
.
Therefore
when
Pope
Iulius
the
second
,
Maximilian
the
Emperour
,
Ferdinando
King
of
Spaine
,
and
Lewes
King
of
France
,
had
entred
league
against
the
Venetians
:
Selin
the
great
Turke
,
offered
to
send
the
Venetians
succours
,
which
they
refused
,
fearing
that
accepting
thereof
,
they
should
be
in
danger
of
the
Turke
.
CHAP.
24.
A
Prince
to
get
and
keepe
the
loue
of
his
Subiects
.
A
Prince
therefore
,
to
the
end
he
may
be
strong
at
home
,
and
neede
no
Forraine
force
,
should
alwayes
respect
his
owne
subiects
(
especially
men
of
worth
and
seruice
)
as
well
in
peace
as
in
Warre
,
that
hee
may
winne
the
loue
and
hearrs
of
his
subiects
,
the
meanest
whereof
may
be
able
to
doe
him
some
kinde
of
seruice
,
at
one
time
or
other
.
For
Seneca
sayth
,
that
the
onely
inexpugnable
force
of
a
Prince
,
is
the
loue
of
his
subiects
.
Wherefore
the
Emperour
Marcus
Aurelius
,
in
his
speeches
to
his
Councell
,
commending
his
sonne
vnto
them
,
sayd
:
It
is
not
the
aboundance
of
money
and
Treasure
,
nor
the
multitude
of
s●uldiers
that
maintayneth
a
Prince
,
and
causeth
him
to
be
b●yed
,
but
the
loue
of
his
subiects
.
For
those
(
sayth
hee
)
doe
onely
long
and
sarely
Reigne
,
who
doe
ingraue
in
the
hearts
of
their
subiects
,
not
a
feare
by
force
and
cruelty
,
but
a
loue
by
bounty
and
liberality
.
And
those
that
willingly
yeelde
to
obedience
,
and
are
not
contrayned
by
seruitude
,
ought
not
to
be
suspected
of
the
Prince
.
And
subiects
(
sayth
he
)
neuer
refuse
to
obey
but
when
they
are
vsed
withviolence
and
contumely
.
Mesissa
King
of
Numidia
exhorting
his
sonnes
at
his
death
to
keepe
amity
and
concord
amongst
them
,
sayd
:
It
is
not
the
great
forces
,
nor
Armies
,
nor
great
Treasure
by
which
a
Prince
should
preserue
and
maintayne
his
estate
,
but
friends
,
who
are
not
gorten
by
force
of
Armes
,
nor
with
money
,
but
by
good
vsage
and
loyalty
.
And
Cornelius
Tacitus
sayth
,
that
a
Prince
can
haue
no
greater
,
better
,
nor
fitter
instruments
to
keepe
and
conserue
his
estate
,
then
good
friends
:
Wherefore
a
Prince
should
haue
care
alwayes
of
his
subiects
,
and
vse
them
well
.
For
Antonius
Pius
would
say
,
that
hee
had
rather
preserue
one
of
his
subiects
,
then
kill
a
thousand
of
his
enemies
.
And
Pribagoras
affirmeth
,
that
subiects
are
to
the
Prince
,
as
the
Winde
to
the
fire
,
for
the
stronger
the
Wind
is
,
the
greater
is
the
fire
:
So
the
richer
the
Subiects
be
,
the
stronger
the
Prince
.
But
where
Matcheuils
principle
taketh
effect
,
there
the
subiects
must
be
made
poore
by
continuall
Subsidies
,
exactions
,
and
impositions
,
that
the
people
may
be
alwayes
kept
vnder
as
slaues
,
and
feare
the
Prince
,
which
course
extinguisheth
the
loue
of
the
people
towards
the
Prince
,
and
ingendreth
hatred
.
Therefore
Pythagoras
counsell
is
better
:
And
a
Prince
to
enrich
his
subiects
,
the
only
way
is
to
keepe
them
in
peace
,
without
quarrels
,
and
dissentions
,
and
too
gricuous
exactions
.
Therefore
Philip
Commines
blameth
greatly
such
Princes
as
doe
not
seeke
to
compound
and
end
dissentions
and
quarrels
amongst
their
greatest
subiects
,
but
rather
doe
nourish
the
one
part
,
wherein
they
doe
but
set
their
owne
house
on
fire
,
as
did
the
Wife
to
Henry
the
sixt
,
taking
part
with
the
Duke
of
Somerset
,
against
the
Earle
of
Warwicke
,
which
caused
the
Warre
betwixt
the
House
of
Yorke
and
Lancaster
.
Likewise
Charles
the
seauenth
King
of
France
,
beeing
Dolphin
,
taking
part
with
the
Duke
of
Orleans
,
against
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
,
was
the
cause
that
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
brought
Henry
the
fifth
into
France
.
And
for
exactions
,
the
Emperour
Augustus
made
a
Law
called
Augusta
,
that
no
payment
should
be
exacted
of
the
people
,
but
for
the
profite
of
the
Common-wealth
.
And
when
Marcus
Antonius
layd
a
double
taxe
vppon
the
people
,
they
answered
,
That
if
he
would
haue
two
taxes
in
one
yeare
,
hee
must
giue
them
two
Summers
,
two
Haruests
,
and
two
Vintages
.
For
the
people
cannot
endure
to
bee
ouercharged
:
if
they
bee
,
great
inconuenience
may
grow
thereby
.
For
Phillip
Le
Bell
King
of
France
,
being
receiued
in
Flanders
as
Lord
thereof
,
charged
the
people
with
excessiue
taxes
,
and
suffered
the
French
to
commit
all
insolency
and
iniuries
against
the
people
,
fauouring
the
Nobility
,
and
exempting
them
from
all
taxes
,
impositions
,
and
charges
,
whereupon
they
of
Bruges
begunne
to
reuolte
,
and
killed
all
the
French
in
the
Towne
.
After
this
the
Flemengs
ouer-threw
the
forces
of
King
Phillip
,
and
freed
themselues
from
the
French
.
Therefore
if
the
Princes
Councell
,
or
Nobility
,
doe
yeelde
to
haue
any
thing
imposed
vpon
the
people
,
it
is
fitting
they
should
not
be
exempt
,
but
beginne
and
lay
it
first
vppon
themselues
as
the
Romanes
did
,
for
the
people
murmuring
against
the
Consuls
for
imposing
a
great
charge
vppon
them
,
Consull
Leuinius
sayd
:
As
the
chiefe
Magistrate
is
in
honour
aboue
the
Senate
,
and
the
Senate
aboue
the
people
,
so
ought
he
to
be
a
guide
,
and
the
first
to
submit
himselfe
to
endure
all
kinde
of
paine
and
trouble
:
For
if
thou
wilt
impose
a
charge
vppon
thy
inferiour
,
first
beginne
and
lay
it
vpon
thy selfe
,
and
the
rest
will
more
easily
follow
:
therefore
let
vs
beginne
with
our selues
,
sayd
hee
,
and
so
they
did
.
The
great
impositions
the
Prince
of
Wales
layd
vppon
the
Councrey
of
Guienne
,
was
a
great
cause
of
the
losse
thereof
.
The
Duke
of
Orleans
Gouenour
of
France
for
Charles
the
sixt
,
was
extreamely
hated
of
the
Parisians
for
a
great
imposition
he
layd
vpon
them
,
for
reformation
whereof
,
the
Duke
of
Burgundy
leuyed
great
forces
,
and
in
the
end
caused
the
Duke
of
Orleans
to
bee
killed
.
The
Duke
of
Aniou
regent
of
France
,
laying
a
great
imposition
vpon
the
people
,
a
Collector
thereuppon
demaunding
a
Denier
of
a
poore
Woman
for
a
basket
of
Herbes
,
which
shee
refusing
to
pay
,
hee
forced
to
take
her
Herbes
,
but
she
crying
,
was
rescued
by
the
people
,
and
an
vproare
did
arise
,
which
did
great
hurt
before
it
could
be
appeased
.
The
Earle
of
Flanders
likewise
,
laying
a
great
imposition
vppon
the
people
,
made
them
rebell
against
him
.
And
Lewes
the
twelfth
King
of
France
,
making
Warre
against
Lodowicke
Sforce
Duke
of
Milan
,
who
knowing
himselfe
to
be
very
edious
to
his
subiects
,
for
his
great
exactions
and
impositions
,
and
fearing
that
they
would
abandon
him
,
assembled
the
people
at
Milane
,
and
to
gaine
their
good
wills
,
remitted
diuers
taxes
which
he
had
imposed
vpon
them
,
and
gaue
them
many
reasons
and
excuses
for
his
former
proceedings
.
But
such
hatred
they
had
conceiued
against
him
,
as
all
would
not
serue
,
for
within
few
dayes
after
,
they
tooke
armes
,
called
in
the
French
,
killed
his
Treasurer
,
and
made
him
flee
.
When
the
Battell
of
Cressy
was
fought
,
the
people
of
France
were
in
extreame
pouerty
,
by
reason
of
the
euill
gouernment
of
the
publicke
Treasure
,
of
the
false-hood
of
the
Treasurers
and
Magistrates
(
who
enriched
themselues
by
the
p●uerty
of
the
people
)
and
of
the
increase
of
Taxes
,
Subsidies
and
Impositions
,
which
orew
the
people
into
dispaire
(
oppressed
also
with
Famine
and
Plagues
)
that
when
the
King
would
haue
leuyed
an
other
Army
,
hee
could
not
get
the
French
to
it
.
A
Prince
therefore
should
loue
and
cherish
his
Subiects
,
but
not
oppresse
them
.
For
Tyberius
Nero
,
when
some
perswaded
him
to
take
great
Tributes
of
the
Prouinces
,
sayd
,
that
a
good
shepheard
should
sheare
his
sheepe
,
but
not
deuoure
them
.
And
Lewes
the
ninth
King
of
France
,
his
chiefe
care
in
sparing
was
to
ease
the
people
by
abating
the
Taxes
and
Subsidies
layd
vppon
them
by
his
Predecessors
.
And
that
State
(
sayth
Thales
)
is
best
ordered
which
hath
it
,
neither
too
wealthy
,
nor
too
poore
Citizens
.
CHAP.
25.
Who
to
haue
the
charge
in
Warre
.
FOrce
and
Valour
most
properly
should
belong
to
the
Nobility
,
and
they
thereby
defend
the
people
,
and
bee
their
Leaders
in
Warre
.
Therefore
for
a
Prince
to
take
that
charge
from
them
,
or
to
displace
them
,
if
they
be
sufficient
,
is
not
conuenient
.
For
Perennis
hauing
the
whole
gouernement
vnder
the
Emperour
Commodus
,
displaced
all
the
Noble
Captaines
,
and
put
other
base
persons
in
their
roomes
,
whereat
the
Army
being
grieued
,
pulled
Perennis
in
peeces
,
as
an
enemy
to
the
Common
wealth
.
Anno
enuying
the
glory
of
Mutines●
tooke
his
charge
from
him
,
and
gaue
it
to
his
owne
sonne
.
Whereupon
Mutines
practised
with
the
Confull
and
betrayed
to
him
the
Towne
of
Agrigente
in
Cicily
,
whereby
all
Cicily
was
brought
in
subiection
to
the
Romanes
.
Lewes
the
eleuenth
King
of
France
,
displacing
the
Noblemen
and
his
good
seruants
,
and
giuing
the
Offices
to
men
or
base
quality
;
ciuill
Warre
did
arise
,
but
the
King
presently
acknowledging
his
errour
,
restored
them
againe
.
Yet
it
behoueth
a
Prince
to
be
respectiue
,
and
not
to
giue
a
charge
to
a
seuere
man
.
For
sometimes
a
good
Prince
shall
be
hated
for
his
wicked
Gouernour
,
as
was
Scipio
,
for
the
cruelty
of
his
Lieutenant
Pleninius
.
And
Lucullus
,
though
he
was
wise
and
Valiant
,
and
did
many
exploits
against
Mythridates
,
and
Tygranes
,
two
of
the
greatest
Kings
of
Asia
,
yet
was
hee
so
seuere
and
vncourteous
,
as
his
souldiers
loued
him
not
,
neyther
would
obay
him
in
the
end
.
Whereupon
the
Romanes
set
Pompey
in
his
place
,
who
by
his
courtesie
and
clemency
wonne
the
hearts
of
his
souldiers
,
and
thereby
brought
all
the
East
parts
vnder
the
obedience
of
the
Romanes
,
and
so
reaped
the
fruites
of
Lucullus
labours
,
and
had
the
honour
thereof
with
Tryumph
.
Appius
Claudius
vsed
in
like
manner
great
rigour
and
seuerity
amongst
his
souldiers
,
insomuch
as
they
would
doe
nothing
for
him
,
though
he
put
some
of
the
Captaines
to
death
,
but
reioyced
to
be
ouer-throwne
,
to
dishonour
him
.
And
at
another
time
the
Romane
souldiers
,
for
despite
they
had
against
the
Ten-men
,
suffered
themselues
to
be
vanquished
.
And
Marcus
Popilius
Confull
subduing
the
Lygurians
(
now
Geneuois
)
rebelling
against
the
Romanes
,
raysed
their
Towne
walls
,
tooke
their
armour
from
them
;
and
sold
them
,
and
their
goods
:
which
the
Senate
thought
to
be
a
too
seuere
and
cruell
part
of
Popilius
,
and
an
euill
example
for
others
to
stand
vppon
extreamity
,
rather
then
to
yeeld
,
or
to
trust
to
the
clemency
of
the
Romanes
.
Therefore
commaunded
all
that
were
sold
to
bee
redeemed
,
their
goods
to
be
restored
,
they
suffered
to
haue
armour
,
and
Popilius
to
bee
called
home
,
and
his
gouernement
giuen
to
another
.
Therefore
a
Prince
for
his
Warres
had
neede
to
appoynt
not
onely
a
wise
,
but
a
temperate
and
Valiant
Commander
.
For
(
Plato
sayth
)
that
a
man
temperate
not
endued
with
fortitude
,
falleth
easily
into
cowardlinesse
,
and
basenesse
of
minde
;
and
that
a
strong
and
Valiant
man
without
remperance
,
is
easily
carried
away
with
temerity
and
boldnesse
.
So
was
Flaminius
ouer-throwne
and
killed
by
Hanniball
at
Trasamene
,
for
not
staying
to
ioyne
his
forces
with
the
other
Consull
.
And
Minutius
in
the
absence
of
Fabius
,
hauing
charge
and
commaund
ouer
the
Army
,
vppon
his
rash
attempt
against
Hanniball
,
had
good
successe
.
Whereupon
he
would
needes
haue
the
Army
diuided
betwixt
them
,
and
haue
equall
charge
:
to
which
Fabius
condiscended
:
Hauniball
perceiuing
his
rashnesse
and
insolence
,
gaue
him
battell
and
ouer-threw
him
;
but
Fabius
being
at
hand
,
gaue
him
succours
,
whereuppon
Minutius
con●essed
his
errour
.
And
then
Hanniball
said
,
that
the
Cloud
which
had
wont
to
hang
vpon
the
mountaynes
,
sturred
with
Wind
and
Temp●st
,
was
ruined
to
Raine
;
for
Fabius
kept
the
heights
and
would
not
fight
but
with
good
aduantage
;
therefore
Hanniball
feared
his
wisedome
.
And
when
Fabius
had
gotten
the
Towne
of
Tarent
by
Treason
,
Hanuiball
sayd
,
I
perceiue
the
Romanes
haue
also
their
Hanniball
.
But
at
Treue
,
Hanuiball
defeated
the
Romanes
,
who
came
to
battell
fasting
,
which
was
a
great
ouer-fight
in
the
Confull
.
But
Hanniball
commaunded
all
his
men
to
eate
some
meate
before
.
Marcellus
,
through
the
default
of
his
owne
souldiers
,
was
ouerthrowne
by
Hanuiball
;
but
his
wisedome
was
such
,
as
first
rebuking
his
souldiers
therefore
,
and
then
encouraging
of
them
,
he
gaue
battell
the
next
day
to
Hanniball
,
and
deseated
him
.
But
the
Confull
Minutius
was
of
a
weaker
spirit
,
temperate
without
fortitude
,
for
hee
being
sent
agaynst
the
Eques
,
durst
not
come
neere
them
,
but
fortified
himselfe
in
his
Campe
,
which
they
seeing
,
besieged
him
in
his
Tents
.
Whereupon
Lucius
Quintiut
was
created
Dictator
,
who
relieued
him
,
and
subdued
the
Eques
,
but
would
giue
no
part
of
the
spoyle
,
neyther
to
Minutius
,
nor
to
his
souldiers
,
but
rebuked
them
.
So
that
Wisedome
,
Temperance
,
and
Valour
,
are
necessary
in
a
Generall
.
Dissention
likewise
in
an
Army
is
to
be
auoyded
,
for
by
the
diffention
betwixt
the
Consuls
,
Hanniball
ouerthrew
them
at
the
battell
of
Cannas
Therefore
Claudius
Neron
,
and
M.
Lucins
being
enemies
,
and
chosen
Consuls
,
made
themselues
friends
,
for
the
good
of
the
Common-wealth
.
So
Aristides
and
Themistocles
,
sent
Embassadours
by
Athens
,
did
reconcile
themselues
during
that
imployment
.
Cretes
and
Hermias
not
friends
,
and
being
in
their
Citty
of
Magnetia
besieged
by
Mythridates
,
Cretes
offered
Hermias
the
charge
of
Captayne
Generall
,
and
to
depart
the
Citty
himselfe
:
or
if
Hermias
had
rather
depart
,
then
to
leaue
that
Office
to
him
,
least
by
their
both
being
in
Towne
,
iealousie
might
grow
betwixt
them
,
and
breed
hurt
to
their
Country
.
Hermias
seeing
the
honest
offer
of
his
Companion
,
and
knowing
him
to
be
the
more
sufficient
,
yeelded
to
him
the
charge
,
and
left
the
Towne
.
And
as
dissention
is
hurtfull
,
so
enuy
is
not
fitting
.
For
the
French
men
ayding
Iohn
King
of
Castile
,
agaynst
Denis
King
of
Portugall
,
had
vpon
their
earnest
request
,
the
poynt
of
the
battell
,
which
did
offend
the
Spaniards
,
who
were
desirous
thereof
,
insomuch
that
the
French-men
giuing
the
charge
,
the
Spaniard
would
not
second
them
,
but
suffered
them
all
to
be
slayne
or
taken
,
and
then
they
set
vpon
the
Portugals
,
who
hauing
vanquished
the
French
,
and
seeing
the
Castilians
come
,
killed
all
their
prisoners
,
and
then
ouer-threw
them
also
:
Pope
Boniface
the
ninth
,
and
the
French
King
,
sent
great
forces
agaynst
the
Turke
Bajazet
:
Their
Generall
was
the
Earle
of
Neuers
,
who
against
the
will
of
the
King
of
Hungary
,
and
of
all
the
Campe
gaue
the
first
charge
,
and
without
order
,
and
was
ouer-throwne
,
whereupon
the
Army
of
the
Christians
fled
.
Anno
1396.
by
reason
whereof
the
Turk
tooke
al
Greece
,
and
the
greatest
part
of
Bulgaria
,
and
then
besieged
Constantinople
.
And
it
is
also
very
requisite
that
the
Generall
should
keep
his
souldiers
from
idlenesse
,
for
Segnities
robur
frangit
,
longa
otianeruos
.
Sloath
weakneth
the
sinewes
,
and
diminisheth
a
mans
force
,
and
is
the
nurse
of
all
vice
,
making
a
man
most
base
.
Therefore
Aeleas
a
King
of
Scythia
sayd
,
that
hee
thought
himselfe
no
better
then
his
Horse-keeper
,
when
hee
was
idle
.
A
vice
to
which
Gentlemen
alwayes
haue
beene
too
much
giuen
.
Insomuch
that
in
Athens
(
where
they
did
not
suffer
the
people
to
be
idle
:
a
Citizen
being
iudicially
condemned
for
idlenesse
,
one
Herondas
requested
one
to
shew
him
the
party
that
was
condemned
for
a
Gentle-mans
life
.
In
Carthage
,
to
auoyde
this
vice
,
the
Noble-men
did
alwayes
exercise
Armes
;
the
common
people
laboured
;
and
the
Learned
men
were
euer
teaching
and
instructing
others
.
And
in
the
Common-wealth
of
the
Lacedemonians
none
were
idle
,
for
all
men
laboured
;
and
they
sending
one
Chilon
to
Corinthe
,
to
treate
of
a
League
,
hee
found
the
Magistrates
idlely
exercised
,
playing
at
Dice
:
whereuppon
hee
returned
home
,
and
would
not
speake
of
his
Commission
,
saying
:
That
hee
would
not
stayne
the
glory
of
Sparta
with
so
great
an
ignominy
,
as
to
ioyne
them
in
society
with
such
kinde
of
people
.
Marius
caused
his
souldiers
to
make
Trenches
when
there
was
no
cause
,
onely
to
keepe
them
from
idlenesse
.
Claudius
hauing
an
assured
peace
,
for
the
avoyding
of
idlenesse
,
kept
thirty
thousand
men
,
twelue
yeares
in
working
the
Channell
Fucinus
,
that
Rome
might
haue
good
water
.
And
when
the
Lawes
were
well
kept
in
Rome
,
at
the
time
they
had
Warres
with
the
Celtiberians
in
Spaine
,
and
with
Alexander
;
the
Senators
went
three
dayes
about
Rome
with
the
Censors
,
and
could
not
find
one
idle
man
for
a
messenger
to
carry
their
letters
.
But
in
Marcus
Aurelius
time
there
were
plenty
,
for
he
confesseth
that
hee
banished
,
punished
,
and
put
to
death
in
his
time
30000.
idle
Vagabonds
,
and
10000.
idle
women
.
And
France
being
troubled
with
a
great
number
of
idle
vagabond
souldiers
:
Bertrand
de
Guesclin
,
(
to
free
the
Countrey
of
them
)
drew
them
all
to
goe
with
him
into
Spaine
agaynst
the
Sarazins
.
Bruce
King
of
Scotland
exhorted
his
subiects
to
exercise
Armes
alwayes
,
for
that
idlenesse
would
corrupt
them
,
and
for
want
of
practise
they
would
not
be
able
to
resist
their
enemies
.
A
Prince
therefore
being
the
Lanterne
to
his
subiects
,
should
giue
good
example
herein
.
Alfred
King
of
England
had
that
care
to
eschew
idlenesse
,
and
to
spend
his
time
well
,
as
he
diuided
the
day
into
three
parts
,
by
a
Taper
that
burned
continually
in
his
Chappel
24.
houres
:
The
first
part
he
spent
in
Prayer
and
in
study
:
The
second
part
hee
employed
in
the
affaires
of
the
Common-wealth
;
and
the
third
part
he
tooke
for
his
recreation
and
rest
.
A
good
president
for
other
Princes
.
CHAP.
26.
A
Prince
to
be
well
aduised
before
hee
begin
Warre
,
and
carefull
in
his
fight
.
IT
is
not
for
a
Prince
vpon
euery
quarrell
to
make
War
,
but
to
be
sure
that
the
cause
bee
good
and
iust
,
which
then
wil
bring
honor
to
his
Person
,
safety
to
his
soule
,
and
great
encouragement
to
all
his
souldiers
.
Yet
(
according
to
the
saying
of
Octauius
Caesar
)
neyther
battell
,
nor
War
is
to
be
vndertaken
,
vnlesse
there
may
be
euidently
seene
more
hope
of
gayne
,
then
feare
of
damage
:
for
such
as
sought
after
the
smallest
commodities
not
with
a
little
danger
,
he
likened
vnto
those
that
Angle
with
a
golden
hooke
,
for
the
losse
whereof
,
if
it
hapned
to
be
suapped
or
broken
off
,
no
draught
of
Fish
whatsoeuer
was
able
to
make
amends
.
And
it
is
necessary
that
a
Prince
,
or
his
Generall
,
should
consult
and
take
counsell
before
hee
fight
,
for
the
aduice
of
his
Captaynes
heerein
may
doe
great
good
.
Therefore
the
Carthagintans
commaunded
those
Captaynes
to
be
hanged
,
that
got
Victory
without
any
consultation
before
.
And
those
that
did
first
consult
,
and
then
were
ouer-throwne
,
they
did
neuer
punish
.
And
hauing
taken
counsell
and
resolution
,
execution
is
to
follow
without
delay
,
least
occasion
be
lost
.
For
Aristotle
sayth
,
that
a
wise
man
ought
to
counsell
slowly
,
and
execu●e
speedily
;
and
if
Victory
be
gotten
,
to
follow
it
hotly
is
the
best
,
before
the
enemy
(
being
discouraged
)
be
able
to
make
head
agayne
.
For
if
Hanniball
had
done
so
after
the
battell
of
Cannas
,
and
not
lingred
to
refresh
his
men
,
he
had
taken
Rome
.
Likewise
Pompey
in
a
skirmish
,
put
Caesar
to
the
worse
,
which
if
he
had
pursued
,
he
had
quite
ouer-throwne
Caesar
.
Yet
a
man
must
take
heed
he
follow
not
the
Victory
too
fiercely
,
nor
out
of
order
.
For
so
Phillip
King
of
Macedonta
,
by
following
the
Romanes
too
fiercely
was
defeated
.
So
likewise
Gaston
de
Foix
,
hauing
wonne
the
battell
at
Rauenna
,
pursuing
too
fiercely
a
squadron
of
Spaniards
that
fled
,
by
them
was
ouer-throwne
,
lost
his
life
,
and
made
all
that
a
prey
to
the
enemy
,
which
before
hee
had
Conquered
in
Italy
.
And
an
enemy
is
not
to
be
contemned
,
though
his
Forces
be
inferiour
,
for
oftentimes
it
is
not
the
multitude
of
men
that
getteth
the
Victory
,
but
the
couragious
and
resolute
mindes
of
the
fouldiers
,
assisted
by
God
.
For
King
Alexander
with
33000.
foote-men
,
and
25000.
horse-men
,
ouer-threw
the
Persians
:
and
Darius
army
of
400000.
foot-men
,
and
100000.
horse-men
.
Robert
le
Frison
,
with
a
few
,
and
without
experience
,
defeated
Phillip
King
of
Frances
great
Army
and
old
Souldiers
.
The
Earle
of
Namure
with
the
Flemings
being
but
a
few
,
ouer-thre
the
Earle
of
Artois
,
sent
by
Phillip
the
fayre
King
of
France
,
with
40000.
French-men
into
Flanders
,
whereof
300.
efcaped
not
.
At
the
battell
of
Peitiers
the
Prince
of
Wales
with
8000.
English
,
ouerthrow
40000.
French
,
tooke
King
Iohn
and
his
Sonne
prisoners
,
and
also
a
number
of
Princes
and
Noble-men
.
Henry
the
fifth
at
the
battell
of
Agincourt
with
7000
ouer-threw
80000.
French
.
Simon
Earle
of
Monford
besieged
in
the
Castle
of
Mirebeau
in
France
by
the
King
of
Arragon
and
others
and
hauing
with
him
but
2.
Knights
,
60.
horse-men
,
and
700.
foot-men
,
hauing
commended
themselues
to
God
,
sallied
and
charged
the
King
so
valiently
,
that
he
ouerthrew
his
Army
,
killed
him
and
17000.
of
his
men
,
and
lost
not
aboue
eight
foot-men
of
all
his
.
Therefore
a
Prince
should
not
presume
too
much
of
his
owne
strength
,
nor
be
carelesse
of
his
enemy
,
nor
charge
him
but
in
good
order
.
For
,
fighting
without
order
,
the
Carpentines
,
Olcades
,
and
Vaceos
in
Spaine
,
hauing
an
Army
of
100000.
were
ouer-throwne
by
Hanniball
,
for
they
trusted
in
the
number
of
their
Souldiers
,
and
kept
no
order
.
Both
the
Scipioes
being
slayne
in
Spaine
,
Lucius
Martius
being
a
man
of
meane
calling
,
yet
a
good
Souldier
and
of
great
courage
,
gathered
the
dispersed
souldiers
together
,
and
was
chosen
for
their
Generall
.
Asdrubals
making
no
account
of
him
,
set
vppon
him
d●●orderly
,
and
was
ouer-throwne
,
by
which
the
Romanes
encouraged
Martius
in
the
night
following
to
set
vpon
Asdrubals
Campe
vppon
a
suddayne
,
and
killed
of
the
Carthaginians
37000.
and
tooke
prisoners
1830.
And
the
Carthaginians
seeing
the
Romanes
wearied
with
the
seruice
vppon
the
Sea
,
were
perswaded
that
they
would
fight
no
more
by
Sea
,
and
therefore
grew
very
carelesse
,
whereby
they
were
ouer-throwne
by
the
Consull
Catulus
.
And
the
Romanes
held
it
not
so
good
to
defend
,
as
to
inuade
.
For
they
hauing
first
Warre
with
the
Carthag●nians
in
Cicily
,
thought
it
better
to
fight
agaynst
them
in
their
owne
Country
,
then
in
Cicily
.
Therefore
sent
the
Conful
with
forces
into
Affrick
,
which
forced
the
Carthaginians
after
14.
yeares
war
to
seeke
for
Peace
,
and
to
leaue
to
the
Romans
al
Cicily
,
and
the
Ilands
betwixt
it
and
Italy
,
and
to
giue
them
2200.
Talents
of
siluer
,
and
all
their
prisoners
without
ransome
.
In
the
second
War
Punicke
the
Romanes
hauing
lost
many
battels
,
spent
their
men
,
and
consumed
their
Treasure
,
Scipio
being
chosen
Consull
,
desired
notwithstanding
to
go
with
an
Army
into
Affricke
,
holding
that
the
best
course
to
end
the
Warre
in
Italy
.
But
Fabius
misliked
thereof
,
as
did
also
the
most
of
the
Senate
,
wishing
him
to
go
agaynst
Hanniball
,
and
to
driue
him
out
of
Italy
,
and
so
to
quiet
his
owne
Country
,
before
hee
inuaded
an
other
,
alleadging
also
that
they
were
not
able
to
maintayne
two
so
great
Armies
,
as
one
in
Affricke
;
and
another
in
Italy
against
Hanniball
,
who
if
he
should
besiege
Rome
,
Scipio
could
not
so
easily
be
called
from
Affricke
,
as
Fabius
was
from
Capua
,
to
succour
Rome
.
They
alleadged
also
the
Death
of
his
Father
and
Vocle
in
Spaine
,
after
their
many
great
Victories
,
and
the
ouer-throw
of
Athens
,
by
sending
a
yong
man
to
inuade
Cicily
:
The
vncertainty
of
the
fauour
of
Syphax
and
Masinissa
,
and
the
certainty
of
all
those
Countries
to
be
their
enemies
.
To
which
Scipio
answered
,
that
he
was
Consull
,
not
to
continue
Warre
,
but
to
make
an
end
of
Wa●●●
and
that
〈◊〉
greater
courage
a
man
doth
assault
his
enemy
,
then
〈◊〉
fend
his
owne
,
and
that
Agathocles
King
of
Syracus
▪
seeing
Cicily
troubled
with
Warre
,
turned
it
into
Affricke
from
whence
it
came
;
and
that
a
Captaine
ought
to
follow
his
good
fortune
and
occasion
;
and
that
strangers
should
well
know
wee
haue
courage
as
well
to
inuade
Affricke
,
as
to
defend
Italy
;
and
that
there
is
a
Romane
Captayne
dare
vndertake
as
much
as
Hanniball
,
and
will
force
him
to
returne
to
defend
Carthage
.
In
the
end
,
after
long
arguing
of
the
matter
,
it
was
granted
that
Scipio
should
passe
into
Affricke
:
which
hee
did
,
and
forced
Hanniball
(
after
hee
had
continued
Warre
in
Italy
sixteene
yeares
)
to
returne
home
,
then
ouer-threw
him
,
and
made
Carthage
glad
to
accept
of
any
conditions
of
peace
.
Which
was
,
that
Carthage
should
liue
in
liberty
,
and
vse
their
Lawes
,
and
possesse
the
Townes
and
Countryes
they
had
before
the
Warres
;
and
that
they
should
yeeld
all
Rebels
,
Fugitiues
,
and
Prisoners
,
and
all
their
Gallies
sauing
ten
,
and
all
their
Elephants
tamed
,
and
should
tame
no
more
;
that
they
should
not
make
Warre
,
neyther
with
Affricke
nor
without
,
but
by
permission
of
the
Romans
;
and
that
they
should
deliuer
100.
Ostages
,
the
yongest
not
vnder
14.
yeares
of
age
,
nor
the
eldest
aboue
sixty
yeares
,
with
diuers
other
conditions
.
The
Oracle
of
Apollo
answered
those
of
Cyrtha
,
that
if
they
would
haue
peace
at
home
,
they
should
make
continuall
Watres
abroad
.
But
a
good
peace
is
alwayes
to
be
embraced
by
a
Prince
,
and
also
to
be
offered
to
his
enemy
.
For
as
the
Frenchman
saith
,
La
roue
de
la
fortune
,
n'est
pas
tousours
vne
.
The
wheele
of
Fortune
is
not
alwayes
one
.
In
the
first
War
Punike
Appius
Claudius
offered
the
Carthaginians
peace
,
in
respect
of
the
alliance
betwixt
the
Romanes
and
them
,
which
they
refused
;
but
after
,
they
fearing
the
Romanes
,
sent
to
the
Consull
Attilius
for
peace
,
who
denyed
them
thereof
,
because
they
had
refused
it
before
of
Claudius
:
which
made
them
desperate
,
and
caused
so
long
and
grieuous
Warre
.
And
after
the
Battell
of
Cannas
,
Hanniball
sending
to
Carthage
for
more
ayde
:
Hannon
a
graue
Counsellour
,
would
haue
had
them
to
haue
made
peace
with
the
Romanes
,
whose
counsell
they
refused
,
which
brought
ruine
vpon
themselues
.
Yet
Scipio
(
after
hee
had
ouerthrowne
Syphax
and
Asdruball
)
being
sent
to
by
Carthage
for
a
peace
,
denyed
them
not
,
but
sayd
,
though
he
had
the
Victory
almost
in
his
hands
,
yet
would
hee
not
refuse
to
treate
of
peace
;
that
all
Nations
may
vnderstand
that
the
Romanes
do
both
begin
,
and
finish
their
Warre
most
iustly
,
and
the
reupon
set
them
downe
conditions
of
peace
,
which
they
seemed
to
like
in
retaining
the
time
only
til
Hannibals
comming
home
,
who
was
sent
for
:
and
vpon
his
arriuall
,
he
himselfe
moued
Scipio
to
peace
,
who
told
Hanibal
,
that
Carthage
had
but
dissembled
with
him
,
till
his
returne
,
and
broken
the
truce
.
Therefore
he
demanded
amends
,
besides
the
conditions
first
offered
,
which
if
he
thought
too
hard
,
then
to
prepare
himselfe
to
Battell
.
The
next
day
Scipio
ouer-threw
Hanniball
,
killed
20000.
and
tooke
as
many
prisoners
.
Then
Hanniball
confessed
himselfe
to
be
vanquished
,
and
told
Carthage
,
they
had
no
way
but
accept
of
any
conditions
of
Peace
.
Antiochus
seeking
to
the
Romanes
for
peace
,
had
conditions
offered
,
which
he
refused
;
and
was
ouer-throwne
,
then
glad
to
accept
of
any
conditions
.
The
Common-wealth
of
Tyrus
sent
to
Alexander
Magnus
,
offering
him
what
obedience
and
subiection
hee
would
require
of
them
,
so
neyther
hee
nor
his
men
would
enter
their
Citty
:
Alexander
refused
it
,
disdayning
that
one
City
should
shut
their
Gates
agaynst
him
,
to
whom
the
whole
world
was
open
;
but
after
foure
months
siege
,
bee
would
haue
accepted
of
that
offer
,
and
they
then
would
not
,
being
growne
bold
and
proud
.
Whereupon
Alexander
with
a
furious
assault
tooke
the
Towne
,
spoyled
it
,
and
put
all
the
Inhabitants
to
the
sword
,
or
to
bee
slaues
.
But
King
Clotaire
of
France
refusing
the
submission
of
the
Turingians
,
who
had
rebelled
agaynst
him
,
m●●e
them
desperate
,
and
by
desperate
fight
they
ouer-threw
the
King
,
who
hardly
escaped
.
The
Earle
of
Flanders
likewise
refusing
the
submission
of
his
Subiects
,
was
by
them
ouer-throwne
,
and
in
the
end
they
submitted
themselues
to
Edward
the
third
,
King
of
England
.
By
this
it
doth
appeare
what
hurt
may
grow
by
not
giuing
peace
demaunded
,
and
not
accepting
of
peace
offered
.
Therefore
Appius
Claudius
of
Sabine
,
because
the
Sabines
would
not
yeeld
to
Peace
,
did
forsake
his
Countrey
,
and
went
to
Rome
,
where
he
was
made
a
Cittizen
of
Rome
.
FINIS
.