THE
PRACTISE
OF
ARTILLERIE
.
CHAP.
I.
Of
the
generall
definition
and
distinguishing
of
Ordnance
and
Artillerie
.
ARtillery
generally
taken
,
comprehendeth
all
manner
of
artificiall
Engines
for
the
Wars
,
diuised
or
vsed
at
any
time
,
eyther
to
hurle
Stones
or
Darts
,
or
to
shoote
Arrowes
or
Bullets
,
or
such
like
things
,
to
,
or
at
any
remote
Obiect
;
and
that
with
greater
violence
and
more
certain
direction
,
then
by
the
naturall
strength
of
any
one
mans
hand
can
possibly
bee
otherwise
performed
:
Whereby
it
appeareth
also
,
that
Artillerie
differeth
from
all
other
Engins
.
First
,
for
that
all
other
Engins
exercise
their
violence
eyther
vpon
Obiects
at
hand
,
or
such
as
are
eyther
neere
ioyned
vnto
themselues
,
without
whose
presence
or
contingencie
they
effect
nothing
at
all
:
whereas
Artillerie
exerciseth
her
force
and
violence
vpon
things
farre
off
,
euen
when
the
Obiect
is
not
present
or
neere
it
.
Secondly
,
in
the
exercise
of
other
engins
,
the
speciall
thing
required
is
strength
and
labour
,
rather
then
any
great
Art
or
Skill
.
Whereas
in
the
vse
and
exercise
of
Artillerie
,
the
principall
thing
required
is
Art
and
Skill
how
to
direct
and
bend
the
same
vnto
the
assigned
seruice
:
without
which
they
doe
altogether
worke
in
vaine
.
Thirdly
,
the
proper
vse
of
other
engins
,
is
either
to
draw
some
thing
vnto
them
as
,
Capstaynes
doe
;
to
thrust
or
to
remooue
some
thing
from
them
,
as
Skrewes
;
to
heaue
vp
,
as
Pumps
and
Pulleyes
;
or
to
presse
downe
,
as
Presses
,
&c.
which
most
commonly
serue
at
home
for
priuate
vses
,
whereas
Artillerie
serueth
to
shoote
and
cast
foorth
Bullets
,
Balles
,
Arrowes
,
Darts
,
Stones
,
and
diuers
sorts
of
Shot
,
seruing
for
the
publike
warres
both
at
home
and
abroad
,
aswell
desensiuely
to
repulse
and
destroy
the
assaulting
Enemy
,
as
offensiuely
to
spoyle
,
kill
,
annoy
,
beat
and
weaken
the
Common
Aduersary
in
his
Towns
,
Forts
,
Armies
,
Fleetes
,
Shippes
,
Ports
,
Subiects
and
designes
.
Artillerie
therefore
according
to
the
times
may
be
diuided
into
two
sorts
:
namely
,
Ancient
and
Moderne
.
Each
of
which
according
to
Magnitude
may
bee
againe
subdiuided
into
two
sorts
also
;
namely
,
Great
and
Small
.
The
Antient
Great
Artillerie
were
the
Catapult
,
Balista
,
Scorpion
and
Ram
,
The
Antient
small
Artillerie
,
the
Long-bow
,
Crosse-bow
,
Sling
,
&
Slurre-bow
.
The
Moderne
great
Artillerie
are
the
great
Ordnance
,
being
the
principall
Subiect
both
of
this
and
the
former
Treatise
,
which
in
their
places
are
at
large
particularly
described
,
&
distinguished
;
herein
the
small
moderne
Artillery
are
,
the
Long-bow
and
the
Hand-gunnes
.
As
the
Harquebuse
,
Musket
,
Caliuer
,
Carbyne
,
Petronell
and
Pistoll
,
the
particular
vses
of
them
as
they
appertaine
,
not
necessiuely
to
the
Gunners
Office
to
mannage
or
practize
,
being
no
way
exacted
fro
any
accounted
within
the
compasse
of
the
Traine
of
Artillerie
:
So
I
therefore
forbeare
to
say
much
of
them
referring
their
Practises
and
Postures
to
the
iuditious
instructions
of
Valiant
and
Worthy
Gentlemen
,
who
haue
delighted
in
the
profession
,
vse
,
and
practise
of
those
Armes
.
For
the
Long-bow
,
although
it
be
now
growne
some
what
out
of
warlike
vse
,
since
the
inuention
of
small
gunnes
,
yet
bowes
and
arrowes
being
both
ancient
and
generall
warlike
instruments
,
and
were
of
two
sorts
,
viz.
the
Long-bow
and
the
Crosse-bow
.
The
Long-bow
is
so
wel
known
that
it
needeth
no
description
:
which
doubtlesse
of
the
two
it
was
first
inuented
and
practised
in
the
Warres
,
as
being
the
more
simple
Engine
of
the
twaine
,
whose
antiquity
is
surely
very
great
,
and
seemeth
to
haue
beene
before
Noahs
Flood
:
For
Almighty
God
promising
to
Noah
and
his
sonnes
,
that
hee
would
no
more
destroy
all
flesh
with
the
waters
of
a
flood
,
he
giueth
the
Rainebow
for
a
sure
token
thereof
,
which
hee
there
called
his
Bowe
,
distinguishing
the
same
from
mens
bowes
,
as
things
then
familiarly
knowne
to
Noah
and
his
sonnes
.
And
as
it
is
ancient
,
so
it
is
also
of
great
force
,
by
reason
that
all
things
therein
almost
doe
worke
secundum
naturam
.
For
first
the
Naturall
and
proper
worke
of
the
Chords
,
sinewes
and
ligaments
of
Mans
arme
are
to
draw
and
pull
vnto
it selfe
,
rather
then
to
relate
themselues
to
thrust
off
.
Secondly
,
the
matter
whereof
the
Bow
is
made
,
be
it
of
wood
or
steele
,
by
nature
stiffe
and
starke
,
being
bent
with
the
string
and
drawne
compasse
with
the
arme
,
whilst
it
flyeth
out
to
the
straightnes
which
it
naturally
hath
,
and
so
fulfilleth
his
naturall
worke
,
Thirdly
,
the
Arrow
artificially
made
,
and
proportioned
to
the
strength
of
the
Bow
easily
hangeth
in
the
ayre
,
and
swiftly
and
gently
slideth
through
the
same
.
The
generall
vse
of
it
in
all
warlike
nations
may
appeare
,
That
the
bow
was
in
speciall
vse
among
the
Hebrewes
.
Mach.
9.11
.
Tit.
Liu.
lib.
7.
Many
places
of
Scripture
verifie
,
and
the
place
of
their
seruice
was
in
the
Front
of
the
battle
;
and
amongst
the
Philistims
,
for
Saul
was
sore
wounded
with
the
shooters
of
the
Philistims
.
Chron
25.23.24
.
Esay
21.27
.
And
amongst
the
Egyptians
,
king
Iosias
was
hurt
with
the
shooters
of
Phare
Necho
king
of
Aegypt
:
&
amongst
the
Assyrians
,
Achas
was
slain
with
one
of
their
arrowes
:
amongst
the
Citizens
of
Rabbah
the
Amonites
their
shooters
shot
from
their
walls
against
the
army
of
Ioab
:
amongst
the
men
of
Cedar
,
Arabians
and
Ismaelites
,
Ierem.
46.9
.
whose
strong
archers
God
threatneth
should
be
fewer
.
Amongst
the
Lidians
whom
God
calleth
forthwith
their
Bowes
against
the
disobedient
children
of
Iuda
:
amongst
the
Assyrians
;
Iudeth
2.15
.
Holophernes
hauing
in
his
army
12000
archers
on
horsebacke
.
And
to
bee
short
,
if
wee
shall
reade
the
ancient
Histories
of
the
Greekes
and
Romanes
we
shall
finde
the
bow
and
arrowes
euery
where
so
vsuall
a
weapon
,
that
most
nations
haue
continually
vsed
them
:
amongst
whom
our
English
Nation
hath
beene
equall
to
the
best
,
as
all
Christendome
can
beare
vs
witnesse
in
many
battles
;
especially
that
which
our
Nation
did
for
Ferdinand
king
of
Castille
vnder
the
leading
of
the
Earle
of
Bedford
,
who
with
10000
English
bow-men
,
armed
besides
their
bowes
and
arrowes
,
with
battell-axes
that
hang
at
their
backes
,
whereby
he
obtained
so
great
a
victory
,
that
he
&
his
successors
haue
euer
since
carried
the
sheafes
of
arrowes
,
and
the
long-bow
in
their
shield
,
and
also
on
their
coyned
halfe
Royalls
.
The
second
sort
of
Bowes
is
the
Crosse-bow
,
which
Titus
Liuius
calleth
Scorpionius
modicum
,
partly
by
reason
it
hath
the
likenesse
of
that
beast
when
the
arrow
is
placed
therein
,
and
partly
by
reason
of
the
like
manner
of
hurting
,
watching
all
occasions
when
and
where
to
strike
surest
.
CHAP.
II.
Wherein
is
discoursed
who
were
the
Inuentors
of
Gunnes
and
Gunne-powder
.
HAuing
vndertaken
in
the
former
booke
,
called
the
Art
of
Great
Artillerie
,
to
shew
by
Definitions
,
Theoremes
,
and
certaine
Questions
,
the
Speculatiue
part
of
the
Art
of
a
Canonier
,
I
haue
now
also
thought
fit
in
the
second
part
by
the
rule
of
reason
to
demonstrate
the
Practicke
part
thereof
,
and
to
describe
all
sorts
of
Ordnance
,
aswell
such
as
are
,
and
haue
beene
vsed
in
forreigne
Nations
,
as
those
that
are
founded
in
England
,
and
both
the
ancient
and
the
moderne
of
both
:
wherefore
I
hold
it
needfull
for
compiling
of
the
whole
worke
as
compleate
as
I
can
,
to
declare
by
whom
,
and
how
this
so
diuellish
an
inuention
was
first
brought
to
light
.
Vffano
reporteth
,
that
the
inuention
and
vse
aswell
of
Ordnance
as
of
Gunne-powder
,
was
in
the
85
yeere
of
our
Lord
,
made
knowne
and
practized
in
the
great
and
ingenious
Kingdome
of
China
,
and
that
in
the
Maratyne
Prouinces
thereof
,
there
yet
remaine
certaine
Pceces
of
Ordnance
,
both
of
Iron
and
Brasse
,
with
the
memory
of
their
yeares
of
Foundings
ingraued
vpon
them
,
and
the
Armes
of
King
Vitey
who
he
saith
was
their
inuentour
.
And
it
well
appeareth
also
in
ancient
and
credible
Historyes
,
that
the
sayd
King
Vitey
was
a
great
Enchanter
and
Nigromancer
,
who
one
time
(
beeing
vexed
with
cruell
warres
by
the
Tartarians
.
)
coniured
an
euill
spirit
that
shewed
him
the
vse
and
making
of
Gunnes
and
Powder
.
the
which
hee
put
in
Warlike
practise
in
the
Realme
of
Pegn
,
and
in
the
conquest
of
the
East-Indies
,
and
thereby
quieted
the
Tartars
.
The
same
being
confirmed
by
certaine
Portingales
that
haue
trauelled
and
Nauigated
those
quarters
,
and
also
affirmed
by
a
letter
sent
from
Captaine
Artred
written
to
the
King
of
Spaine
:
wherein
recounting
very
diligently
all
the
particulars
of
Chyna
,
sayd
,
that
they
long
since
vsed
there
both
Ordnance
and
Powder
:
and
affirming
forther
,
that
there
hee
found
ancient
ill-shapen
Peeces
,
and
that
those
of
later
Foundings
are
of
farre
better
fashion
and
mettall
then
their
ancient
were
.
Some
also
imagine
that
Powder
and
Ordnance
were
inuented
by
the
famous
Mathematitian
Archimedes
,
who
made
vse
of
them
at
the
siege
of
Syracusa
in
Cicillia
,
and
they
ground
that
supposition
vpon
Vitrunius
,
who
reporteth
that
one
of
his
engins
with
a
terrible
noyse
did
shoote
foorth
great
Bullets
of
stone
:
which
by
reason
of
that
report
could
neither
bee
supposed
the
Catapulta
,
Balista
,
Scorpion
,
nor
any
other
of
his
knowne
engins
.
Others
say
that
Ordnance
and
Powder
were
vsed
in
the
time
of
Alexander
the
Great
,
who
hauing
a
purpose
to
besiege
a
City
neere
the
riuer
Ganges
,
was
diswaded
from
it
by
some
of
his
good
friends
that
told
him
,
the
Citizens
thereof
were
so
much
fauoured
of
Inpiter
,
that
he
vsually
sent
Lightning
and
Thunder
from
their
walles
,
that
destroyed
whosoeuer
offered
to
assault
that
City
.
And
indeede
if
we
shall
well
consider
the
nature
and
effect
of
Powder
and
Ordnance
,
we
shall
finde
them
to
come
so
neere
vnto
natutall
thunder
and
lightning
,
that
I
thinke
we
may
well
say
,
that
as
Nature
hath
long
time
had
her
Thunder
and
Lightning
,
so
Art
hath
now
hers
.
Dionisius
Halic
in
his
first
booke
of
Antiquities
reporteth
,
that
Alladius
the
12.
King
of
the
Latins
after
Aeneas
,
had
inuented
a
meanes
by
art
to
counterfeit
Thunder
and
Lightning
,
of
purpose
to
make
his
Subiects
beleeue
him
to
be
a
God
,
yet
in
the
practising
thereof
he
burned
his
house
and
himselfe
together
,
each
of
which
may
be
probably
coniectured
to
be
done
with
the
materialls
of
Powder
and
Ordnance
.
Others
affirme
that
a
Monke
of
Germany
,
named
Barthold
Sheuuart
,
otherwise
called
the
Blacke
.
Vpon
a
cettatne
time
(
not
thinking
vpon
Powder
or
Ordnance
)
in
the
yeere
of
our
Lord
1300
,
hauing
in
his
Morter
a
mixture
of
Sulpher
and
Niter
for
another
vse
;
by
chance
a
cole
of
fire
falling
into
the
same
,
caused
it
so
to
rarifie
and
blow
it selfe
away
:
that
hee
beeing
therewith
astonished
,
searched
into
the
cause
therof
,
&
vpon
further
tryalls
,
he
found
that
the
hot
and
dry
qualities
of
the
Sulpher
being
with
coale
and
moysture
combined
and
wrought
together
,
with
the
cold
and
moyst
qualities
of
the
Nyter
,
was
apt
by
force
to
be
sodainly
vnlosed
with
great
rarefaction
,
wherby
by
little
and
little
he
brought
that
vnhappy
inuention
of
Gun-powder
and
Gunnes
to
perfection
,
to
make
vse
thereof
in
Warres
:
which
he
reuealing
in
short
space
made
it
common
.
Beraldus
saith
,
that
at
the
first
inuention
of
Ordnance
they
were
all
called
by
the
name
of
Bombards
(
a
word
compounded
of
the
verbes
Bombe
,
which
signifieth
to
Sound
,
and
of
Ardco
to
burne
)
and
they
that
vsed
them
,
they
called
Bombardiers
,
which
name
is
yet
partly
retained
.
After
which
,
as
Bertholdus
saith
,
they
were
called
Turacio
and
Turrafragi
of
the
breaking
downe
of
Towers
and
Wals
:
and
by
Iohn
de
monte
Regio
,
they
were
called
Tormenti
:
their
Shot
Sphara
tormentaria
,
and
the
Gunners
Magistri
tormentorum
,
But
now
Ordnance
are
eyther
named
at
the
will
of
the
inuentors
,
either
according
to
his
own
name
(
as
the
Canon
was
)
or
by
the
names
of
birds
and
beasts
of
prey
,
for
their
swiftnes
,
or
their
cruelty
:
as
the
Faulconet
Faulcon
,
Saker
and
Culuering
,
&c.
for
swiftnesse
of
flying
,
as
the
Basiliske
,
Serpentine
,
Aspike
Dragon
,
Syrene
,
&c.
for
cruelty
,
whoseswiftnes
,
report
,
and
terriblenes
is
properly
and
wittily
expressed
by
the
Latin
Poet
Forcastorius
,
as
followeth
.
Continue
cana
terrificis
horentia
bombis
Aera
&
flamifferum
,
tormenta
imitantia
fulmen
,
Corripiunt
,
Vulcane
tum
dum
Theutonas
armas
Inventum
:
dum
tela
Iouis
mortalibus
afers
Nec
Mora
,
Signantes
certam
sibi
quisque
volucrens
Inclusum
salucrum
cineres
,
sulphurque
nitrumque
Materiam
accendunt
,
Seruatain
veste
fauilla
Fomite
correpta
diffusa
repente
furit
vis
Ignea
circumsepta
:
Simulque
cita
obice
rupto
Intrusam
impellit
glander
volat
illaper
auras
Stridula
et
exanimes
passim
per
Prata
iacebunt
Deiectae
volucres
,
magno
micat
ignibus
Aer
Cum
Tonitru
:
quo
Silua
omnes
Ripaque
recurua
Et
percussa
imo
sonuerunt
aequora
fundo
.
Imitated
by
the
Author
,
in
English
thus
:
What
Horrid
roares
proceed
from
Bombards
soules
By
ayre
made
fire
,
Torments
of
lightning
flashes
From
earth
exhald
,
with
vapours
:
Vulcan
howles
For
that
now
on
earth
men
can
make
thunder
dashes
,
Ingenious
Art
now
Aping
Natures
worke
,
Giues
also
name
of
birds
and
beasts
of
pray
To
Gunnes
,
wherein
maine
cruelty
doth
lurke
,
When
powdred
Peter
,
Coles
and
Napths
assay
To
force
the
Sphaericke
shot
t'outflye
Report
,
And
by
Report
to
make
the
Welkin
roare
,
And
Siluan
cauernes
,
Echoes
lowd
retort
,
Batter
,
Sinke
,
Kill
,
yet
ayming
mischiefes
more
:
For
mercilesse
they
'l
spare
nor
high
nor
low
,
Poore
,
fatherlesse
,
nor
widdowes
will
they
know
.
The
deuills
birds
I
thinke
were
fitter
names
To
call
them
by
,
that
spit
such
cruell
flames
.
CHAP.
III.
Where
Ordnance
were
first
vsed
in
these
parts
.
PAulus
Interianus
the
Ligurian
Historiographer
,
a
graue
and
authentick
Author
writeth
,
that
in
the
yeare
of
our
Lord
1366.
when
the
Warres
were
hot
betweene
the
Venetians
and
the
Genoweses
,
certaine
Germaines
presented
two
Peeces
of
Iron
Ordnance
(
wrought
by
hand
)
vnto
the
Seignory
of
Venice
,
with
some
prouision
of
Powder
and
Leaden
Shot
;
who
receiued
them
very
thankfully
;
especially
seeing
how
that
diabollicall
vnknowne
furie
had
not
onely
exceedingly
feared
,
but
also
slaine
so
many
of
their
Enemies
,
that
thereby
they
preuailed
and
obtained
a
wished
victory
against
their
aduersaries
,
and
accordingly
got
their
owne
deseignes
.
And
Paulus
Iouius
in
his
third
booke
reporteth
,
that
the
first
Field
Ordnance
that
were
vsed
in
Italy
,
were
in
the
Warres
betweene
the
Bannitoes
of
Florence
,
and
the
house
of
Medices
brought
by
Bartholmeo
Coglioni
,
and
that
the
Prince
of
Ferrara
hauing
receiued
a
hurt
in
his
foote
by
a
Shott
,
from
one
of
those
small
Peeces
(
mounted
vpon
wheeles
as
hee
noteth
.
)
The
Prince
earnestly
complained
,
that
Coglioni
had
behaued
himselfe
that
day
very
maliciously
against
him
,
by
vsing
supernaturall
Barbarisme
,
in
making
such
horrible
and
vnaccustomed
Tempests
,
to
beat
and
spoyle
his
Men
with
,
who
had
none
other
Weapons
to
defend
themselues
,
but
onely
Swords
and
Speares
.
Laonicus
Chalon
in
his
fifth
booke
,
reporteth
that
Mahomet
the
great
Turke
at
the
Siege
of
Constantinople
,
in
the
yeare
of
our
Lord
1419
,
planted
against
it
one
peece
of
Ordnance
,
that
he
discharged
seuen
times
in
one
day
,
which
conueyed
a
bullet
of
300
pound
waight
,
and
made
the
ground
tremble
a
furlong
round
about
it
(
at
the
discharge
)
with
the
report
thereof
.
And
he
further
affirmeth
that
the
Grecians
answered
him
againe
with
Peeces
that
shot
bullets
of
150
pound
waight
.
Pollider
Virgill
in
his
fifth
booke
of
the
English
History
writeth
,
that
in
the
yeere
of
our
Lord
1425
,
in
the
beginning
of
the
reigne
of
the
French
King
,
Charles
the
seauenth
;
the
English
hauing
besiedged
the
Towne
of
Mantz
so
battered
the
walles
thereof
,
that
they
soone
fell
to
the
ground
.
And
Munster
in
his
second
Volume
writeth
,
that
the
Duke
de
Barre
1431
,
was
defeated
by
the
Count
de
Vademont
,
by
meanes
of
the
Ordnance
that
he
vsed
(
both
Canon
and
Culuering
)
which
was
a
matter
then
so
new
and
rare
,
that
the
Count
himselfe
at
the
shooting
them
off
,
fell
alwayes
on
his
face
to
the
ground
for
feare
.
Ordnance
were
also
vsed
by
the
Almaines
about
the
Coast
of
Denmarke
in
the
yeare
1434.
Paulus
Iouius
and
Guichardine
relate
that
Charles
the
eighth
of
France
hauing
vndertaken
the
Conquest
of
Naples
,
vsed
Ordnance
both
in
the
Planes
,
and
vpon
the
tops
of
high
mountaines
.
And
the
Italians
that
descrbed
his
returne
,
said
,
that
with
his
souldiers
,
he
drew
them
vp
ouer
the
tops
of
the
Appenyne
Mountaines
,
and
so
from
place
to
place
with
admirable
courage
,
where
by
reason
of
the
steepnesse
and
roughnesse
of
the
place
,
horses
and
cattell
could
not
bee
imployed
to
draw
them
,
but
his
horsemen
did
then
carry
the
Shot
&
other
Munitions
to
them
several cannons
Pierrier
.
Steinhuchsen
.
Cap.
3.
Abatte
mur.
Maurbrecher
.
several cannons
Cap.
4.
Pierrier
ou
Bombarde
Steinbuchse
.
Eschelle
a
mire
.
Qiel
.
leittern
.
parts of a cannon
Cap.
5.
section of a fortress wall
Tract
.
2.
Cap.
6.
Tract
de
l'espaulle
auec
ses
troniers
.
et
explanades
.
Figur
der
schutren
mitt
ihren
zangen
vnd
britschen
.
belonging
,
each
of
them
alittle
.
Camello
Vitelli
is
said
to
haue
inuented
the
Pistols
and
small
Hand-gunues
for
horsemen
,
whereby
Ferdinand
of
Aragon
discomfited
the
French
and
Almaines
.
Muskets
were
inuented
for
footemen
,
and
first
vsed
at
the
Siege
of
Rhege
in
1521
:
since
which
time
their
inuentions
haue
been
so
infinitely
varied
as
no
man
can
fully
expresse
:
which
now
shall
suffice
me
,
and
I
hope
will
giue
satisfaction
to
other
men
also
.
CHAP.
IIII.
Of
what
formes
and
fashions
Ordnance
were
first
made
.
CAptaine
Vffano
saith
,
that
at
the
first
inuention
of
Ordnance
they
made
them
of
yron
bars
by
hand
,
with
yron
hoopes
,
and
of
seuerall
fashions
,
as
may
appeare
in
the
precedent
figure
at
α
and
β.
The
first
was
like
to
the
common
drinking
Cannes
(
vsed
in
England
)
tapring
lesse
&
lesse
towards
one
end
.
hauing
also
a
tapering
skrew
at
the
breech
to
fasten
it
into
a
peece
of
timber
:
but
the
same
growing
wider
and
wider
from
the
breech
to
the
mouth-wards
,
made
the
Shot
thereof
to
scatter
and
to
be
of
little
force
and
of
lesse
(
and
most
vncertaine
)
direction
:
these
long
since
are
quite
out
of
vse
,
and
for
their
fashions
they
were
called
Screwed
Tapers
.
The
second
sort
were
called
A
batte
murs
,
or
Beate
walles
,
and
is
represented
therein
at
2
,
they
were
not
much
vnlike
Bombards
,
but
were
laide
in
Troughes
or
Trunke
carriages
with
4
truckes
and
two
tymbers
that
rise
vp
at
the
breech
to
stay
it
in
the
carriage
,
and
to
performe
the
office
of
the
Trunnions
therein
.
The
third
was
called
an
Elbow
peece
,
and
is
represented
at
3
like
a
mans
arme
bended
at
the
Elbow
orthe
gonally
,
or
at
right
Angles
,
whereupon
it
tooke
that
name
,
but
it
being
also
of
little
force
,
is
likewise
left
and
of
no
vse
.
The
fourth
was
a
Bombard
chambred
which
shot
round
stone
shot
,
and
is
seldome
(
without
alteration
)
vsed
.
The
fifth
was
called
Scala
mur
,
or
the
Scale
wall
,
not
much
vnnlike
our
Stocke
fowlers
,
these
two
last
are
represented
at
a
in
the
saide
first
figure
β
,
differing
onely
in
that
our
carriages
which
are
made
to
mount
,
and
imbase
them
by
a
sliding
Standerd
with
holes
and
a
trucke
at
the
foot
thereof
.
And
the
sixt
is
like
a
Chambred
Canon
Perior
,
but
that
the
Chamber
is
made
of
a
Peece
by
it selfe
skrewed
into
the
Chase
,
and
hath
Truunions
as
is
represented
at
V
1
in
the
first
figure
,
but
by
reason
of
the
great
trouble
to
skrew
it
,
the
same
is
also
out
of
commen
vse
.
The
seuenth
Peece
is
nothing
vnlike
our
Portingale-base
,
which
with
her
Chamber
,
Tayle
,
and
Hand
stearne
,
to
guide
and
direct
it
vnto
the
assigned
marke
,
as
is
in
the
same
figure
represented
at
2
,
being
yet
with
vs
of
vse
,
especially
in
small
vessells
at
Sea
.
The
three
last
they
sometime
did
worke
by
Forge
and
Anuill
,
yet
sometime
they
did
cast
the
two
first
of
these
3
both
of
Iron
and
brasse
.
And
thus
much
may
serue
to
haue
spoken
of
the
Ordnance
first
formed
of
Antiquity
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
former
forreigne
Foundings
of
Ordnance
.
GVnne-Founders
about
a
hundred
,
or
a
hundred
and
fifty
yeares
past
did
vse
to
cast
Ordnance
more
poore
,
weake
,
and
much
slenderer
fortified
then
now
,
both
here
and
in
forreigne
parts
:
also
the
rather
because
Saltpeter
eyther
being
ill
or
not
refyned
,
their
sulphur
vnclarified
,
their
coales
not
of
good
wood
,
or
else
ill
burnt
;
making
therewith
also
their
powder
cuilly
receipted
,
slenderly
wrought
,
and
altogether
vncorned
,
made
it
prooue
to
be
but
weake
(
in
respect
of
the
corned
powder
made
now
a
dayes
)
wherefore
they
also
made
their
Ordnance
then
accordingly
,
(
that
is
much
weaker
then
now
:
)
for
the
powder
now
being
double
or
treble
more
then
it
was
in
force
of
rarifaction
and
quicknes
;
requireth
likewise
to
encrease
the
Mettall
twice
or
thrice
more
then
before
for
each
Peece
.
For
whereas
then
they
allowed
for
the
Canon
80
pound
of
Mettall
for
each
pound
that
the
Shot
wayed
,
now
they
allow
200
pound
&
more
for
each
pound
of
the
Shot
:
and
for
Culuerings
then
they
allowed
but
100
,
and
for
Saker
,
Falcon
,
and
lesser
Peeces
they
were
wont
onely
to
allow
150
for
one
.
But
now
for
the
Culuerings
they
allow
300
,
and
for
the
small
Ordnance
400
pounds
,
for
each
pound
their
seuerall
shots
of
cast
yron
is
to
weigh
.
And
as
for
forreigne
Foundings
that
it
may
appeare
how
they
differ
from
our
English
Ordnance
,
For
I
say
that
in
Spaine
,
in
Germany
,
and
in
Italy
,
they
reckoning
their
Canons
and
Culuerings
by
the
weight
of
their
yron
cast
shot
,
they
make
at
the
least
tenne
sorts
of
eyther
.
For
they
haue
Canons
of
16
,
20
,
30
,
40
,
50
,
60
,
70
,
80
,
100
,
and
120
,
and
Culuerings
of
14
,
20
,
30
,
40
,
50
,
60
,
70
,
80
,
100
,
and
120
,
calling
them
Canons
or
Culuerings
of
so
much
as
their
Shot
weigheth
,
hauing
seuerall
heights
of
their
Diametres
,
wherein
although
the
Canon
of
20
or
of
30
,
&c.
shoote
yron
shots
of
equall
weight
,
with
the
Culuering
of
20
or
of
30
being
of
like
numeration
,
and
also
of
like
height
of
Bore
,
for
the
Cannon
of
30
,
shooteth
a
Shot
of
30
pound
waight
,
and
so
likewise
doth
the
Culuering
of
30
,
&
the
like
is
to
be
vnderstood
of
the
Canon
and
Culuering
of
50
,
60
,
80
,
or
of
100
pounds
,
and
so
of
the
rest
:
yet
doe
they
differ
in
the
length
of
their
Chases
and
fortification
of
their
Mettalls
,
for
the
Canons
are
but
about
18
Dyametres
of
their
Bores
in
length
,
whereas
their
Culuerings
are
about
32
Dyametres
of
their
Bore
long
.
And
besides
they
likewise
differ
in
fortification
of
Mettall
,
:
the
ordinary
Canon
being
in
her
Chamber
but
⅞
of
her
bore
;
and
at
her
Trunnion
but
5/●
,
and
at
her
Mouth
but
3/●
of
her
bore
in
thicknesse
of
Mettal
,
whereas
their
ordinary
Culuerings
are
fortified
with
the
whole
height
of
their
Bores
in
their
Chamber
and
with
14/16
at
the
Trunnions
,
and
with
7/16
of
the
height
of
their
bores
,
at
their
Mouthes
in
thicknesse
of
mettall
.
Now
because
the
Measures
and
Weights
in
those
aforenamed
Dominions
doe
not
agree
at
all
with
ours
their
pound
Troy
being
about
one
ounce
and
a
halfe
lighter
then
our
pound
Haberdepoyz
,
and
their
feete
and
inches
Brases
,
and
Palmes
likewise
differing
among
themselues
,
and
much
more
from
our
measure
of
foote
and
inch
of
Assize
in
England
,
as
may
appeare
by
the
Scale
here
annexed
,
with
the
seuerall
Tables
;
both
theirs
and
our
Ordnance
are
better
to
be
distinguished
&
vnderstood
¼
Of
a
foote
in
-
-
Viena
6
a
Pace
-
Venice
&
Verona
8
a
Pace
-
Grecia
10
a
Pace
-
Bauaria
6
a
Pace
-
Antwerp
10
a
Pace
-
Ferrara
8
a
Pace
-
Loraine
10
a
Pace
-
Fraunce
du
Roy
8
a
Pace
-
England
20
a
Geo
:
Pace
A
Table
of
Heights
.
lb.
|
inch
.
|
14
|
4
¼
|
16
|
4
⅘
|
20
|
5
¼
|
30
|
6
|
40
|
6
4/●
|
50
|
7
⅔
|
60
|
7
●/9
|
70
|
8
|
80
|
8
|
190
|
9
|
120
|
9
●/●
|
in
their
Weights
,
Bores
,
and
Measures
,
then
many
words
can
explaine
,
I
haue
first
therefore
wished
,
that
my
Brethren
and
louing
countrimen
(
English
Canoniers
)
should
be
also
acquainted
with
those
forreigne
Ordnance
;
lest
perchance
being
commanded
to
serue
with
some
of
them
,
they
vnhappily
should
at
first
be
dangerously
mistaken
therein
:
wherefore
I
haue
likewise
here
annexed
a
Table
,
which
will
neerely
reduce
the
Spanish
heights
vnto
our
measures
of
inches
,
and
for
the
rest
in
regard
their
weights
are
so
nigh
one
&
the
same
among
themselues
in
the
pounds
,
&
differing
from
our
pounds
Haberdepoyze
,
&c.
it
may
also
tolerably
serue
for
them
all
in
like
fort
,
as
the
two
examples
following
will
I
hope
satissie
.
Example
1.
Admit
there
be
a
forreigne
Canon
or
Culuering
of
40
,
and
the
height
of
the
Bore
thereof
be
required
.
Looke
in
this
Table
against
40
,
where
you
shall
finde
6●
,
so
you
may
conclude
that
the
Bore
thereof
is
to
bee
6
inches
〈◊〉
of
our
English
Measures
.
Example
2.
And
in
like
manner
for
a
Canon
or
Culuering
of
60
,
you
may
finde
seuen
inches
and
1/9.
But
you
must
remember
to
allow
½
part
of
that
height
lesse
,
for
the
height
of
each
shot
,
for
the
due
vent
thereof
,
as
shall
hereafter
bee
further
shewed
.
Wherby
you
may
also
perceiue
that
the
wonted
allowance
of
●
of
an
inch
for
the
shot
lower
then
the
Bore
of
the
Peece
:
for
all
Peeces
Great
and
Small
is
no
good
proportion
for
allowing
the
vent
generally
,
being
but
a
generall
English
error
,
and
reiected
by
vnderstanding
Gunners
,
as
hereafter
when
we
shew
how
to
finde
the
due
vent
for
euery
Peece
shall
more
at
large
appeare
.
In
France
they
haue
vsually
these
6
Peeces
.
viz.
|
Bore
.
|
Leng
.
|
Shot
.
|
deg.
|
d.
|
lb.
|
Canon
|
6
|
19
|
33
|
Culu
.
|
5
|
27
|
16
|
Bast
.
|
4
|
28
|
7
½
|
Mini.
|
2
1/●
|
36
|
2
●/2
|
Falc
.
|
2
2/1
|
36
|
1
½
|
Falconet
|
2
|
37
|
¼
|
And
3
sorts
of
Shot
,
Stone
,
Iron
and
Lead
,
whereof
the
first
is
to
the
second
subtriple
,
and
the
second
to
the
third
Subsesquitret
in
waight
.
CHAP.
VI.
Of
later
Founding
for
legitimate
Ordnauce
.
THe
Emperour
Charles
the
fifth
,
finding
the
great
inconuenience
in
those
confused
varieties
,
consulted
thereof
with
his
Councell
of
Warre
,
and
thereupon
commanded
.
That
all
his
Gunne-founders
should
thenceforth
cast
all
Cannons
of
18
Dyamerres
of
their
Bores
in
length
,
and
to
carry
an
iron
Caste
shot
of
45
pound
and
allowed
about
7000
waight
of
Mettall
for
euery
of
those
common
Cannons
for
Battery
:
but
for
re-inforced
Cannons
(
that
is
as
we
tearme
them
double
fortified
Cannons
)
to
giue
them
one
height
of
their
Bore
in
thicknes
of
Mettall
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
11/16
at
the
Trunnions
,
and
●●/16
at
the
Mouth
and
to
be
also
in
length
18
Dyametres
of
their
Bore
,
waying
in
Mettall
about
8000
pound
.
But
for
lessened
Cannons
being
of
like
length
he
allowed
but
6000
pound
of
Mettall
,
being
¾
thick
at
the
Touch-hole
,
●/16
at
the
Trunnions
,
and
●/16
at
the
Mouth
.
Whereupon
these
obseruations
may
well
arise
,
That
each
sort
of
Ordnance
cannons of different sizes
Cap.
6.1
.
Colubrines
Legitimes
.
Ordentliche
Vndt
rechte
Veldtschlangen
.
more cannons of different sizes
Cap.
6.2
.
Couleuurines
bastardes
.
Falsche
Veldtschlangen
.
Monsieur
de
Mot
,
Don
Louis
de
Valasco
,
and
Cond
de
Bucquoy
,
late
Generalls
,
or
Masters
of
the
Ordnance
to
the
King
of
Spayne
,
considering
the
vtility
and
benefit
of
these
Imperiall
Orders
,
euery
of
them
in
their
seuerall
times
gaue
command
to
the
Founders
,
that
they
should
thenceforth
cast
all
their
Ordnance
according
to
the
proportions
and
Rules
following
.
Namely
,
that
euery
Ordinary
Canon
of
battery
should
be
made
to
shoote
an
yron
round
cast
shot
of
48
pound
waight
,
with
24
pound
of
fine
powder
,
or
27
of
common
powder
,
and
to
be
in
length
18
Dyametres
of
her
bore
,
and
fortified
in
thicknes
of
Mettall
with
7/●
in
her
Chamber
,
and
with
⅜
at
the
Trunnions
,
and
with
7/●
at
the
Mouth
,
waighing
about
6500
pound
.
The
reinforced
or
double
fortified
Cannons
to
be
fortified
the
thicknes
of
one
Dyametre
in
Mettall
at
the
Chamber
or
Piller
of
fire
,
at
the
Trunnions
with
⅜
of
a
Dyametre
,
and
at
the
Mouth
with
●●/●●
of
her
bore
,
which
were
to
bee
charged
with
48
pound
shot
,
and
28
pound
of
fine
powder
,
or
32
pound
of
common
powder
,
and
waighing
about
7000
pound
,
being
18
Dyametres
in
length
.
The
Lessened
Canon
to
bee
●/4
of
a
Dyametre
of
her
bore
in
thicknesse
of
Mettall
at
the
Chamber
,
and
〈◊〉
at
the
Trunnions
,
and
●/16
at
the
Mouth
,
shooting
48
pound
shot
with
20
pound
of
fine
powder
,
the
Chase
being
also
18
Dyametres
of
her
bore
in
length
,
and
to
waigh
about
5700
pound
.
And
to
make
their
Demy-cannons
as
the
re-inforced
to
carry
yron
shot
of
24
pound
waight
,
to
be
20
Dyametres
of
the
bore
in
length
of
their
Chases
,
and
weighing
about
4500
pound
.
The
Quarter
Canons
(
re-inforced
also
)
25
times
the
Dyametre
of
their
Bores
in
length
,
and
the
shot
of
12
pound
,
and
the
peece
to
waigh
2700
pounds
.
Likewise
they
gaue
Order
to
cast
their
ordinary
Culuerings
28
Dyametres
of
their
Bores
in
length
to
shoote
a
shot
of
16
pound
,
with
16
pound
of
ordinary
powder
,
or
12
pound
of
fine
powder
:
but
for
the
Lessened
with
14
pound
of
common
,
or
10
pound
½
of
fine
powder
;
and
the
double
fortified
or
re-inforced
,
with
18
pound
of
common
,
or
13
pound
of
fine
powder
.
And
their
common
demy
Culuerings
to
be
30
Dyametres
of
their
Bores
in
length
,
and
more
rich
in
mettall
then
the
whole
Culuerings
,
and
their
shot
to
weigh
10
pound
,
with
10
lb.
of
common
powder
,
or
●/●
of
fine
powder
namely
:
8
pound
.
And
for
the
Lessened
9
pound
of
common
,
or
7
pound
½
of
fine
powder
:
But
for
the
re-inforced
,
11
pound
of
common
,
or
8
pound
●/●
of
fine
powder
.
And
their
Sakers
or
quarter
Culuerings
to
bee
32
Dyametres
of
their
Bore
for
length
of
their
Chases
,
and
to
shoote
6
pound
of
iron
shot
with
as
much
fine
powder
as
the
shot
waigheth
:
and
the
like
for
the
Faulcons
,
Faulconets
,
Rabinets
and
Bases
which
may
be
from
36
to
50
Diametres
of
their
Bores
in
length
,
and
the
more
fortified
.
And
thus
much
for
Moderne
Legitimate
Ordnance
:
as
for
Bastard
Canons
,
Bastard
Culuerings
,
&c.
they
shoote
higher
shot
,
but
are
in
Chase
fewer
of
their
proper
Dyametres
in
length
.
And
for
extraordinary
Peeces
they
are
of
lower
height
in
their
Bores
,
and
in
Chase
more
their
proper
Dyametres
in
length
,
then
the
Legitimate
are
.
And
of
both
the
Bastard
Peeces
,
and
of
the
extraordinary
Peeces
there
are
Common
fortified
,
re-inforced
or
double
fortified
,
or
lesse
,
or
lessened
fortified
Peeces
,
aswell
as
of
the
Legitimate
:
each
of
such
thicknes
of
mettall
in
euery
member
in
proportion
being
compared
with
their
proper
Dyametres
,
as
the
ordinary
,
re-inforced
,
or
Lessened
legitimate
Peeces
are
of
●
as
the
particulars
with
their
names
,
waights
,
and
proportions
here
vnder
mentioned
,
with
the
Tables
following
will
make
manifest
.
Ordinary
obseruations
in
Venice
.
A
Peece
being
of
a
inches
in
height
the
shot
waigheth
1
lb.
At
2
inches
and
½
,
3
lb.
〈◊〉
At
3
inches
4
lb.
At
3
inches
one
quarter
5
lb.
At
3
inches
and
¼
,
6
lb.
At
4
inches
,
9
lb.
At
4
inches
and
a
halfe
11
lb.
At
5
inches
16
lb.
At
5
inches
and
a
halfe
23
lb.
And
note
that
all
these
shoote
the
full
weight
of
their
shot
in
powder
.
And
also
that
their
pound
is
but
about
14
ounces
Haberdepoy
zc
.
And
their
Obseruations
for
their
greater
Peeces
appeareth
by
the
Table
and
discourse
following
.
viz.
|
Bore
.
|
Shot
.
|
C
Powd
.
|
inch
.
|
lb.
|
lb.
|
Canons
of
6
inches
|
5
¼
|
26
|
18
|
Canons
of
7
inches
|
6
¼
|
38
|
24
|
Canons
of
8
inches
|
7
¼
|
64
|
42
|
Canons
of
9
inches
|
8
¼
|
110
|
76
|
Cannons
of
10
inches
|
9
¼
|
174
|
136
|
Canons
of
11
inches
|
10
¼
|
205
|
146
|
Canons
of
12
inches
|
11
¼
|
245
|
162
|
Canons
of
13
inches
|
12
¼
|
285
|
190
|
Canons
of
14
inches
|
13
¼
|
348
|
232
|
three crossed ramrods
You
may
also
further
vnderstand
,
that
for
the
4
last
mentioned
Canons
,
the
Ladle
described
in
the
midst
of
this
figure
serueth
,
being
but
one
Dyametre
and
a
halfe
in
length
of
the
shots
height
:
whereof
4
Ladlefulls
maketh
vp
6
Dyametres
,
which
is
⅔
of
nine
which
is
alwayes
accounted
to
containe
waight
for
waight
:
namely
,
so
much
powder
as
will
bee
of
equall
waight
with
the
iron
cast
shot
,
aswell
for
these
as
all
other
Peeces
,
which
although
it
be
not
exactly
so
,
yet
may
it
serue
for
a
generall
estimate
for
a
sodaine
seruice
to
guesse
a
neere
proportion
.
A
Table
of
re-inforced
Legitimate
Ordnance
.
|
Weight
,
|
Mir.
Co.
|
Leu.
|
Best
|
A
|
The
Dragon
a
Double
Culuering
|
14000
|
714
|
357
|
4252
paces
.
|
B
|
Whole
Culuering
|
8500
|
630
|
315
|
3703
paces
.
|
C
|
Demy
Culuering
|
4600
|
470
|
235
|
2796
paces
.
|
D
|
Saker
or
½
Culuering
|
2650
|
366
|
283
|
2181
paces
.
|
E
|
Faulcon
|
1500
|
279
|
889
|
1659
paces
.
|
F
|
Faulconet
|
850
|
215
|
107
|
1280
paces
.
|
G
|
Rabinet
|
425
|
164
|
82
|
669
paces
.
|
H
|
Base
|
300
|
126
|
63
|
725
paces
.
|
A
Table
of
Lessened
Legitimate
Ordnance
.
A
|
The
Dragon
or
double
Culuering
|
11000
|
650
|
325
|
3164
paces
.
|
B
|
Whole
Culuering
|
6300
|
570
|
285
|
3391
paces
.
|
C
|
Demy
Culuering
|
3150
|
434
|
217
|
2558
paces
.
|
D
|
Saker
|
2000
|
334
|
167
|
1838
paces
.
|
E
|
Faulcon
|
1100
|
254
|
127
|
1514
paces
.
|
F
|
Falconet
|
600
|
196
|
98
|
1163
paces
.
|
G
|
Rabinet
|
350
|
150
|
75
|
895
paces
.
|
H
|
Base
|
300
|
180
|
40
|
842
paces
.
|
CHAP.
VIII
.
Of
Foundings
of
Bastard
Peeces
,
with
their
Names
,
Waights
,
and
Measures
.
BAstard
Peeces
are
as
I
haue
said
,
Ordinary
,
Re-informed
and
Lessened
,
namely
the
Ordinary
of
one
Diametre
of
her
Bore
in
thicknes
of
Mettall
at
the
Touch-hole
;
Re-inforced
of
more
then
one
Dyametre
,
and
the
Lessened
of
lesse
then
one
Dyametre
thick
there
:
each
of
which
haue
the
name
,
the
waight
,
proportion
of
powder
,
and
of
the
shot
allowed
as
followeth
.
The
ordinary
Basiliske
or
Bastard
double
Culuering
is
about
26
Dyametres
in
length
,
and
shooteth
an
iron
cast
shot
of
48
pound
,
with
39
pound
of
Common
,
or
30
pound
of
fine
powder
,
and
weigheth
12200
pounds
.
The
Serpentine
or
Bastard
Culuering
is
in
length
27
Dyametres
of
her
Bore
,
and
shooteth
24
pound
shot
with
as
much
common
,
or
19
pound
●
of
fine
powder
.
The
Aspike
or
Bastard
demy
Culuering
,
shooteth
12
pound
shot
,
with
12
pound
of
fine
powder
,
and
is
28
Dyametres
long
,
waighing
4050
pound
.
The
Pellican
or
Basterd
quarter
Culuering
is
29
Dyametres
of
her
Bore
in
length
shooting
fixe
pound
,
with
as
much
fine
powder
,
weighing
2400
pound
.
The
Bastard
Faulcon
shooteth
3
pound
shot
,
with
3
pound
of
fine
powder
,
and
is
30
Dyametres
long
,
and
waigheth
1350
pound
.
The
Bastard
Rabinet
shooteth
an
iron
shot
of
1
pound
½
with
so
much
fine
powder
,
and
is
31
Dyametres
of
her
Bore
in
length
,
weighing
750
pound
.
These
aforesaid
are
Ordinary
Bastard
Peeces
for
the
Reinforced
and
Lessened
:
the
Table
following
will
describe
.
A
Table
of
Bastard
Peeces
reinforced
by
Mettall
.
|
Waight
|
by
mettle
|
Leuell
|
Best
|
A
|
Basiliske
|
14660
|
659
paces
.
|
329
|
3921
paces
.
|
B
|
Serpentyne
|
8100
|
590
|
295
|
3511
|
C
|
Aspicke
|
7600
|
440
|
220
|
2618
|
D
|
Pellican
|
2550
|
344
|
172
|
2044
|
E
|
Faulcon
|
1500
|
261
|
132
|
1553
|
F
|
Rabinet
|
800
|
202
|
101
|
1198
|
G
|
Base
|
450
|
120
|
72
|
916
|
A
Table
of
Bastard
Peeces
Lessened
.
|
Waight
|
by
mettle
|
Leuel
|
Best
|
A
|
Basiliske
|
10500
|
595
|
298
|
3540
|
B
|
Serpentine
|
6300
|
530
|
265
|
3153
|
C
|
Aspyke
|
3700
|
400
|
200
|
2028
|
D
|
Pellican
|
2100
|
310
|
155
|
1844
|
E
|
Faulcon
|
1200
|
212
|
118
|
1407
|
F
|
Rabinet
|
610
|
182
|
92
|
1086
|
G
|
Base
|
155
|
139
|
70
|
825
|
Thus
much
for
the
Common
fortified
Peeces
,
and
these
Tables
for
Lessened
&
re-inforced
,
as
well
for
Basterd
as
for
extraordinary
Peeces
which
will
further
satisfie
the
Reader
in
particulars
then
many
words
:
which
because
they
are
plaine
enough
,
I
think
they
shall
need
no
further
explanation
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Of
Foundings
of
Extraordinary
Peeces
with
their
Names
,
Waights
and
Measures
.
EXtraordinary
Peeces
hauing
as
I
said
,
longer
Chases
,
and
lower
heights
of
Bore
then
eyther
the
Legitimate
or
Bastard
Peeces
are
neuerthelesse
of
3
sorts
also
;
as
the
Ordinary
fortified
with
one
Dyameter
thicke
of
Mettall
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
the
re-inforced
with
more
then
one
Dyametre
,
and
the
Lessened
with
lesse
then
one
Dyametre
of
their
proper
Bore
in
thicknes
there
at
the
Touch-hole
,
euen
as
we
haue
already
said
both
of
the
Legitimate
and
Bastard
Peeces
also
.
And
first
the
Ordinary
haue
the
measures
and
weight
following
.
The
Flying
Dragons
,
ordinary
or
extraordinary
Double
Culuerings
are
of
29
Dyametres
of
their
Bore
in
length
of
their
Chases
,
and
shoote
32
pound
of
iron
cast
shot
,
with
27
pound
of
Common
,
or
22
pound
⅘
of
fine
powder
,
and
waigh
about
12200
pound
,
shooting
by
mettle
,
or
Mira
Com.
638
,
leuelleth
319
paces
,
best
3790
paces
.
The
Syrene
or
extraordinary
whole
Culuerings
are
40
times
length
,
the
height
of
their
Bores
,
weigh
6900
pound
,
and
shoote
16
pound
iron
shot
,
with
16
pound
of
Common
,
or
12
pound
⅘
of
fine
powder
,
shooting
by
mettle
560
paces
,
leuell
250
paces
,
best
3332
paces
.
The
Flying
Sparrowes
,
or
extraordinary
Demy
Culuerings
are
in
length
41
times
the
height
of
their
Bores
,
shooting
8
pound
iron
shot
,
with
9
pound
of
Common
powder
,
or
7
pound
¼
of
fine
powder
,
and
waigh
4100
pound
,
shooting
by
Mettall
420
paces
,
leuell
220
paces
,
at
the
best
Randon
2499
paces
.
The
extraordinary
Sakers
,
or
Quarter
Culuerings
extraordinary
,
are
42
times
in
length
,
the
height
of
their
Bores
:
and
shoot
,
a
shot
of
4
pound
of
cast
iron
,
with
6
pound
of
Common
,
or
4
pound
½
of
fine
powder
,
and
weigh
2350
pound
,
shooting
by
Mettall
316
paces
,
leuell
158
paces
,
Best
,
1941
paces
.
The
Extraordinary
Faulcons
haue
43
times
the
height
of
their
Bores
in
length
of
their
Chases
,
shooting
2
pound
of
iron
shot
with
2
pound
of
fine
powder
,
and
weigh
1350
pound
,
shoot
by
mettal
249
paces
,
Leuel
124
pac
.
Best
1481
paces
.
The
extraordinary
Rabinets
,
or
Passengers
,
are
44
times
their
Bore
in
length
,
and
weigh
775
pound
,
shooting
1
pound
of
iron
shot
,
or
1
pound
½
lead
,
with
1
pound
½
of
Common
,
or
1
pound
¼
of
fine
powder
,
shooting
by
mettle
192
paces
,
Leuell
96
paces
,
Best
1142
paces
.
The
extraordinary
Bases
weigh
450
pound
,
and
are
45
Dyametres
,
their
shot
are
½
pound
of
iron
,
or
¼
of
Lead
,
with
as
much
fine
powder
,
shooting
by
the
Mettall
147
paces
,
Leuell
74
paces
,
and
at
their
best
Randon
876
paces
.
The
Re-inforced
and
Lessened
extraordinary
Peeces
are
made
apparant
by
these
Table
following
.
A
Table
of
Re-inforced
extraordinary
Peeces
.
|
Flying
|
By
Mettall
|
Leuell
|
Best
|
Waight
|
A
|
Dragon
|
658
|
329
paces
.
|
3936
paces
.
|
14000
lb.
|
B
|
Syrene
|
590
|
295
|
3511
|
81000
|
C
|
Sparrow
|
440
|
220
|
2618
|
4600
|
D
|
Saker
|
348
|
174
|
2044
|
2600
|
E
|
Faulcon
,
|
261
|
130
|
1553
|
1500
|
F
|
Rabinet
|
202
|
101
|
1198
|
800
|
G
|
Base
|
154
|
77
|
916
|
500
|
A
Table
of
Lessened
extraordinary
Peeces
.
|
Flying
|
By
Mettall
|
Leuel
|
Best
|
Waight
|
A
|
Dragon
|
595
paces
|
297
paces
.
|
3540
|
10500
lb.
|
B
|
Syrene
|
530
|
265
|
3153
|
6300
|
C
|
Sparrow
|
400
|
200
|
2018
|
3700
|
D
|
Saker
|
310
|
155
|
1824
|
2100
|
E
|
Faulcon
|
236
|
118
|
1407
|
1200
|
F
|
Rabinet
|
183
|
92
|
1081
|
650
|
G
|
Base
|
139
|
69
|
829
|
350
|
There
rests
yet
another
kind
of
moderne
Forreigne
Peeces
inuented
by
Iuan
Mauriga
Lara
that
shoote
onely
Stone
or
Murthering
Shot
,
which
are
onely
Taper
bored
in
their
Chambers
,
not
much
vnlike
our
Drakes
,
whereof
there
were
3
sorts
.
The
first
of
them
were
15
times
the
Dyametre
of
their
Bore
in
length
,
and
called
Rebuffes
.
cannons of various sizes
Colubrines
extraordinaires
.
Extraordinar
Colubrine●…
The
second
sort
were
16
times
their
Bores
in
length
called
a
Cracker
.
And
the
third
were
17
Bores
in
length
,
and
called
Ferrates
,
all
which
are
represented
in
the
third
figure
at
●
.
These
last
mentioned
(
as
also
our
Drakes
)
may
eyther
be
reckoned
among
the
sorts
of
Canon
Periors
,
(
being
they
are
neerer
the
length
of
Dyametres
)
but
shooting
iron
shot
,
are
neerer
vnto
the
sorts
of
Cannons
of
Battery
:
wherefore
I
conceiue
they
may
properly
bee
estimated
as
Bastards
to
the
one
,
or
els
as
extraordinary
to
the
other
of
these
sorts
,
for
the
reasons
before
alleadged
.
And
thus
much
may
suffice
to
speake
of
Forreigne
Founding
.
CHAP.
X.
Of
our
English
Ordnance
distinguished
into
4
kindes
,
and
those
generally
diuided
into
seuer
all
sorts
as
followeth
.
THe
Ordnance
that
are
vsually
founded
in
England
,
may
very
fitly
be
diuided
into
foure
seuerall
kindes
in
respect
of
the
height
of
their
Bores
,
length
of
their
Chases
,
Fortification
of
their
Mettall
,
and
the
vses
for
which
they
are
to
serue
,
whose
differences
each
from
other
I
here
intend
to
shew
in
generall
,
beginning
with
the
Greatest
;
namely
,
the
Canons
of
Battery
,
which
we
reckon
to
be
the
first
kind
,
They
differ
very
much
from
the
other
three
kinds
,
as
will
appeare
by
comparing
the
height
of
their
Bores
,
with
the
length
of
their
Chases
,
The
height
of
their
Bores
being
all
between
8
inches
½
,
and
6
inches
Dyametre
;
and
the
length
of
their
Chases
being
betweene
15
and
22
Dyametres
of
their
proper
Bores
;
in
fortification
of
mettall
they
differ
also
,
for
that
they
neuer
exceede
one
Dyametre
of
their
Bores
in
thicknesse
of
Mettall
at
the
Touch-hole
.
They
differ
in
vses
,
as
being
onely
vsed
in
Batteries
,
which
the
rest
are
not
except
the
Culuerings
(
which
are
sometimes
also
vsed
to
pierce
and
cut
out
those
ruines
that
the
Canons
haue
loosened
and
shaken
)
Cannon
shot
being
heauiest
,
because
greatest
,
therefore
onely
and
most
fitly
vsed
to
batter
the
Enemies
Walls
,
Curtins
,
Bulwarks
,
and
Defences
:
of
the
Cannons
of
Battery
there
are
three
sorts
:
Namely
,
the
double
Canon
,
or
Canon
Royall
,
or
Canon
of
8
,
whose
Bore
is
8
inches
and
vpwards
,
in
the
height
of
her
Dyametre
,
and
being
15
or
16
Dyametres
long
in
her
Chase
;
the
second
sort
is
called
the
Whole
Canon
,
or
Canon
of
seuen
,
being
7
inches
in
height
,
and
about
18
Dyametres
long
.
The
third
sort
of
this
first
kind
are
the
Demy
Canons
,
of
about
6
inches
in
height
of
the
shot
,
and
20
or
22
Dyametres
in
length
,
Of
this
kind
may
also
the
Minions
and
Drakes
be
reckoned
.
Of
the
second
kind
wee
reckon
the
Culuerings
and
their
Consorts
which
are
in
height
of
Bore
between
5
inches
and
½
,
and
1
inch
½
Dyametre
,
and
in
length
of
their
Chases
they
may
be
betweene
28
and
60
times
the
Dyametre
of
their
owne
Bores
,
and
in
fortification
being
neuer
lesse
then
one
whole
Dyametre
of
Mettall
in
thicknes
at
their
Chambers
:
Of
this
kind
are
many
seuer
all
sorts
;
namely
,
all
such
lesser
Ordnance
as
shoote
iron
shot
?
As
the
double
Culuering
,
the
whole
Culuering
,
Demy
Culuering
,
Saker
,
Faulcon
,
Faulconet
,
Rabinet
,
and
Base
,
&c.
whereof
I
shall
hereafter
speake
more
in
particular
.
The
smaller
of
this
kind
are
of
the
more
Dyametres
of
their
Bores
in
length
,
and
better
fortified
in
thicknes
of
Mettall
,
each
hauing
also
respect
to
their
owne
proper
Bore
.
Of
the
third
kinde
are
the
Periors
,
or
such
Peeces
as
onely
shoote
Stone
,
or
els
Murthering
Shot
,
both
which
,
and
Fireballs
may
be
likewise
shot
out
of
any
of
the
aforementioned
Ordnance
.
And
there
are
also
seuer
all
sorts
of
Peeces
of
this
third
kind
,
all
which
are
distinguished
from
the
Ordnance
of
the
fourth
kinde
,
for
diuers
respects
,
especially
for
length
,
being
8
or
more
Dyametres
of
the
Bore
at
the
Mouth
in
length
of
their
Chases
.
The
sorts
of
this
kind
are
the
Canon
Perior
,
the
Periera
,
the
Port
Peece
,
the
Stocke
Fowler
,
the
Sling
,
Bombard
,
&c.
of
each
of
which
more
shall
be
saide
in
their
proper
places
hereafter
.
Of
the
fourth
kind
are
all
sort
of
Peeces
that
either
shoote
stone
shot
,
Fireballes
,
Murthering
shot
,
or
els
no
shot
at
all
.
The
sorts
of
this
kind
are
the
Morter
Peeces
,
Murtherers
,
Pettards
,
&c.
being
in
length
vnder
6
times
the
height
of
the
Bore
of
their
Mouthes
,
of
each
sort
of
this
kind
some
are
bigger
,
and
some
lesser
according
as
the
assigned
seruice
requireth
.
A
Table
out
of
Alexander
Bianco
,
each
pace
two
foote
and
a
halfe
for
Randons
of
the
6
Poynts
ef
the
Gunners
Quadrant
.
|
Poynt
Blanke
.
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
Faulconet
|
180
|
750
|
1275
|
1590
|
1710
|
1785
|
1800
|
Faulcon
|
260
|
1100
|
1870
|
2332
|
2508
|
2618
|
2640
|
Minion
|
240
|
1000
|
1650
|
2046
|
2340
|
2412
|
2440
|
Saker
|
300
|
1250
|
2125
|
2650
|
2850
|
2957
|
3000
|
Demy
Culuering
|
348
|
1450
|
2465
|
3074
|
3306
|
3451
|
3480
|
Culuering
|
360
|
1500
|
2550
|
3180
|
2420
|
3570
|
3600
|
Demy
Cannon
|
312
|
1300
|
2210
|
2756
|
2964
|
3094
|
3120
|
Canon
of
7
|
324
|
1350
|
2295
|
2865
|
2978
|
2213
|
3240
|
Canon
of
8
|
360
|
1500
|
2550
|
3180
|
3420
|
3570
|
3600
|
This
Table
seemeth
to
bee
Calculated
after
the
Comon
Pace
,
which
is
but
½
if
the
Geometricall
Pace
,
and
must
out
of
doubt
be
so
vnderstood
,
as
he
himselfe
in
some
part
of
his
Booke
acknowledgeth
,
which
I
thought
fit
to
giue
notice
of
to
auoid
misprisions
,
and
for
making
the
matter
more
plaine
.
Which
the
Reader
may
reduce
by
taking
½
of
euery
number
.
I
haue
here
also
added
another
vsuall
Table
for
English
Ordnance
,
wherein
I
acknowledge
some
errors
are
,
because
exactnes
in
Tables
of
this
Nature
is
not
to
be
expected
,
by
reason
of
the
infinite
diuersities
of
Materialls
and
Accidents
:
But
it
may
so
become
vsefull
neuerthelesse
,
because
it
resonably
pointeth
at
what
should
be
in
this
matter
expressed
precisely
,
if
it
were
possible
,
which
the
curteous
Reader
I
hope
will
accept
of
vntill
better
come
.
A
Table
of
Ordinary
proportions
allowed
for
English
Ordnance
.
|
Bore
.
|
Height
of
the
Shot
.
|
Waight
of
the
Shot
.
|
Waight
of
Serpent
:
Powder
.
|
Ladles
length
.
|
Ladles
breadth
|
Length
of
the
Peece
.
|
Waight
of
the
Peece
.
|
Waight
of
Corne
powder
.
|
Canon
Royall
,
or
,
Canon
of
|
8
Inches
|
7
3/6
inch
.
|
63
lb.
|
40
lb.
|
24
inch
.
|
14
inch
.
|
12
foot
.
|
8000
lb.
|
27
lb.
|
Canon
of
|
7
|
6
¾
|
39
|
25
|
22
|
12
¼
|
11
|
7000
|
18
|
Demy
Canon
|
6
½
|
6
¼
|
30
|
20
|
21
|
11
½
|
10
|
6000
|
14
|
Whole
Culue
.
|
5
|
4
¾
|
15
|
14
|
19
|
9
|
|
4300
|
10
|
5
¼
|
5
|
1
½
|
15
|
20
|
10
|
12
|
4400
|
12
|
5
½
|
5
¼
|
20
|
16
|
21
|
11
|
|
4600
|
15
|
Demy
Culue
.
|
4
¼
|
4
|
9
|
8
|
17
|
7
|
|
2200
|
6
|
4
½
|
4
¼
|
10
½
|
9
|
18
|
8
|
11
|
2400
|
7
3/7
|
4
¼
|
4
⅖
|
12
½
|
10
|
19
|
9
|
|
2500
|
8
|
Saker
|
3
¾
|
3
¾
|
5
|
5
|
30
|
9
|
|
1400
|
4
|
3
¾
|
3
½
|
5
¼
|
5
½
|
31
|
9
½
|
9
|
1500
|
4
¾
|
4
|
3
¾
|
5
½
|
5
½
|
32
|
10
|
|
1600
|
5
½
|
Minion
|
3
¼
|
3
|
3
¾
|
3
¾
|
25
|
5
½
|
7
½
|
1200
|
3
|
Falcon
|
2
¾
|
2
〈◊〉
|
2
½
|
2
½
|
22
|
5
|
7
|
700
|
2
|
Falconet
|
2
¼
|
2
|
1
〈◊〉
|
12
|
18
|
3
3/●
|
6
|
500
|
1
|
Rabinet
|
1
½
|
1
¼
|
¼
|
5/4
|
11
½
,
|
2
½
|
4
|
300
|
½
|
Base
|
1
¾
|
1
|
½
|
½
|
9
|
2
|
3
½
|
201
|
〈◊〉
|
For
the
Culuerings
whose
shot
weigheth
18
pound
,
you
must
abate
3/6
which
is
3
pound
,
for
then
the
powder
must
weigh
15
pound
.
For
the
Canon
abate
1/●
.
For
a
generall
obseruation
take
that
a
Ladle
9
bals
in
length
,
and
2
bals
in
breadth
,
will
very
neere
containe
the
iust
waight
in
powder
,
that
the
iron
cast
shot
for
any
Peece
waigheth
.
And
also
that
the
powder
here
mentioned
is
for
Serpentine
powder
,
which
being
now
out
of
vse
,
the
Corne
powder
being
1/●
stronger
,
therefore
〈◊〉
of
these
weights
is
to
be
abated
,
as
in
the
last
Colume
appeareth
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Of
the
Canons
of
Batterie
in
particular
,
or
of
the
first
kinde
,
and
their
sorts
.
IT
would
be
too
tedious
and
long
,
yea
and
almost
impossible
to
shew
all
the
differences
and
inequalities
in
the
Weights
and
Measures
of
seuerall
Peeces
of
one
same
kind
and
sort
of
Ordnance
that
haue
been
cast
,
or
yet
are
at
this
time
remaining
in
seuerall
Fortresses
of
England
and
other
countries
,
besides
such
as
are
here
&
there
yet
daily
Founded
or
vsually
made
either
according
to
the
Princes
and
the
Officers
of
the
Ordnance
inuention
and
wills
,
or
some
Founders
opinions
and
selfe
conceipts
.
But
forasmuch
as
it
is
a
matter
of
greatest
importance
for
euery
Gunner
that
taketh
charge
of
Ordnance
,
to
know
perfectly
of
what
kind
and
sort
euery
Pecce
that
is
committed
vnto
him
to
manage
and
serue
with
,
is
;
and
whether
they
be
sufficiently
fortified
or
not
,
and
to
discerne
and
examine
whether
any
defect
be
amongst
them
,
and
so
to
be
able
thereby
to
iudge
what
powder
each
Peece
in
loading
is
able
to
endure
,
with
safety
to
performe
her
vttermost
seruices
,
considering
then
withall
that
Powder
is
now
reduced
into
a
greater
perfection
for
force
then
formerly
it
was
,
wherefore
former
proportions
are
to
be
altered
now
:
otherwise
by
ignorance
or
ouersight
they
may
more
endammage
their
owne
side
then
their
Enemies
.
Some
Peeces
being
but
poorely
fortified
,
are
too
long
to
beare
a
sufficient
loading
,
others
are
too
too
short
to
burne
their
full
charge
of
powder
requisite
to
carry
their
shot
home
to
the
assigned
seruices
;
some
are
too
light
and
,
and
some
too
heauy
in
their
breeches
,
by
misplacing
their
Trunnions
in
making
the
mold
for
their
foundings
,
being
too
light
they
danger
the
vawmures
,
and
by
being
too
heauy
in
their
Mettall
towards
their
Breech
,
they
become
vnweldie
and
troublesome
to
Manage
.
There
are
three
sorts
of
Canons
of
Batterie
,
namely
,
the
Canon
Royall
,
or
double
Canon
,
they
are
vsually
15
times
in
length
,
the
Dyametre
of
their
Bores
,
which
is
about
8
inches
in
height
.
The
next
is
the
Whole
Canon
,
or
(
as
it
is
called
)
the
Canon
of
7
,
being
about
7
inches
in
Dyametre
of
Bore
,
and
in
length
of
their
Chases
about
18
such
Dyametres
.
The
third
sort
is
the
Demy
Canon
,
which
is
about
6
inches
,
and
〈◊〉
in
Dyametre
of
Bore
,
and
their
ordinary
fortifications
for
each
of
these
are
7/●
of
dyametre
thicke
in
Mettall
at
the
Chamber
,
and
〈◊〉
at
the
Trunnions
,
and
〈◊〉
at
the
Coronish
,
and
⅛
at
the
Mouth
.
But
of
late
some
Founders
haue
giuen
vnto
the
Demy
Canons
the
full
thicknes
of
one
whole
dyametre
in
Mettall
at
their
Chambers
;
allowing
for
euery
one
pound
weight
of
their
shot
some
220
or
143
pound
of
Mettall
(
for
the
biggest
of
this
kinde
)
and
more
,
others
in
proportion
for
the
least
.
various cannons and their cannonballs
Cap.
8.
Canon
de
l'Emp
.
Charles
V.
dont
deriuent
les
meillieures
fontes
.
Kaiss
:
Mt.
Carolj
V.
Carthaunen
nach
Welchen
die
beste
guss
gerichtet
sein
.
various cannons and their cannonballs
Cap.
9.
Fonte
nouuelle
de
l'Archiducq
Albert.
Neuw
guss
Ertzhertzogen
Albertj
.
These
three
are
onely
vsed
in
Batteries
against
strong
Walles
and
defences
of
the
Enemies
,
because
their
greater
weight
of
shot
doth
shake
more
than
the
lighter
can
,
namely
more
then
the
demy
Culuering
,
(
although
the
same
shooteth
and
pierceth
further
)
as
by
experience
is
daily
seene
.
But
forreigne
Canons
were
formerly
,
and
are
in
some
places
,
as
we
haue
already
said
,
named
according
to
the
weight
of
their
shot
,
being
of
20
,
30
,
40
,
50
,
60
,
70
,
80
90
,
100
and
120
pound
,
and
most
of
them
18
times
the
dyametre
of
their
Bores
in
length
of
their
Chases
.
CHAP.
XII
.
Of
Culuerings
,
or
the
second
Kinde
of
Ordnance
,
with
their
seuerall
sorts
.
THe
second
kind
of
Ordnance
are
the
Culuerings
,
of
which
are
fiue
sorts
,
the
Saker
,
Faulcon
,
Falconet
,
Rabinet
and
Base
,
wherein
the
Moderne
founded
Culuerings
,
Sakers
,
&c.
doe
much
differ
also
from
the
Ancient
,
and
our
moderne
English
also
from
the
former
forreigne
Ordnance
,
especially
in
Length
,
Bore
,
and
Fortification
,
for
that
in
former
forreigne
Foundings
,
they
did
as
we
said
before
cast
the
Culuerings
to
shoote
iron
shot
of
14
,
20
,
30
,
40
,
50
,
60
,
70
,
80
,
100
,
and
120
lb.
waight
,
and
called
them
Culuerings
of
so
much
as
their
iron
shot
was
in
waight
,
and
they
then
allowed
them
not
aboue
150
pound
weight
of
Mettall
for
each
pound
weight
of
their
shot
,
and
allowed
them
also
to
be
but
between
24
&
32
dyametres
of
their
shot
in
the
length
of
their
Chases
,
with
one
dyametre
of
thicknes
of
Mettall
(
at
the
most
)
in
their
Chambers
or
Columes
of
fire
,
each
Culuering
being
now
30
or
32
dyametres
of
their
Bore
in
the
length
of
their
Chases
.
But
of
late
(
as
I
before
said
)
they
allow
Falcons
and
Falconets
to
bee
36
or
40
dyametres
of
their
bores
in
length
,
&
1
¼
or
1
⅓
of
mettal
at
their
Chambers
,
with
250
pound
,
300
pound
,
and
sometimes
more
of
mettall
for
each
pound
their
proper
shot
doth
weigh
.
The
sorts
of
this
kind
by
reason
of
their
greater
lengths
of
more
dyametres
shoot
further
&
pierce
deeper
then
those
of
the
first
kind
,
being
loaded
with
as
much
powder
as
can
be
burnt
in
them
whilst
the
shot
remaineth
within
the
Cillinder
of
the
Peece
,
but
being
loaded
with
lesse
,
it
abateth
her
vtmost
execution
,
if
with
mbre
it
increaseth
their
danger
of
breaking
the
Peece
,
and
some
of
the
powder
will
goe
then
out
vnfired
,
or
it
being
fired
out
of
her
Chases
,
&c.
little
or
nothing
doth
further
the
course
or
way
of
the
shot
.
Wherefore
the
proportionall
length
fitted
to
their
calibres
,
and
the
conuenient
charge
of
powder
in
respect
thereof
,
and
of
the
weight
of
the
shot
mentioned
in
the
Theoremes
of
my
first
part
of
the
Art
of
Artillery
will
most
aduance
the
shot
with
all
aduantage
possible
.
And
for
their
vses
they
differ
much
,
notwithstanding
that
they
be
reckoned
as
of
one
same
Kinde
,
for
the
Greater
sorts
:
namely
,
Culnerings
and
Demy
Culnerings
serue
to
pierce
&
cut
out
in
batteries
what
the
Cannons
haue
shaken
and
loosed
:
the
Sakers
and
Falcons
serne
for
Flankers
,
the
other
smaller
sorts
of
this
kind
,
for
Field
Peeces
for
the
assaults
,
and
to
shoote
at
Troopes
or
Companies
of
men
that
are
neere
together
.
Al
these
shoote
iron
shot
,
but
may
shoote
stone
shot
where
the
marks
are
but
tender
,
and
so
they
will
saue
much
in
Amonition
,
and
yet
performe
as
good
seruice
as
with
the
iron
shot
they
can
doe
.
Alexander
Biance
in
his
Booke
intituled
Corona
e
palma
millitare
de
Artiglieria
sayth
,
That
their
Founders
in
Italy
as
I
conceiue
,
because
their
Culuerings
shoete
shot
of
equall
dyametre
with
their
greatest
Canons
,
&
therefore
would
,
if
those
great
Culuerings
were
not
vnweldie
,
shoote
further
,
pierce
deeper
,
and
shake
and
vnloose
more
then
their
Cannon
:
for
the
reasons
aforesaid
they
haue
of
late
yeeres
cast
fewer
Canons
(
and
more
Culuerings
)
then
heretofore
,
commending
their
force
and
seruice
farre
beyond
the
Canons
.
But
Diege
Vffano
Captaine
of
the
Artillerie
in
the
Castle
of
Antwerpe
,
for
reasons
in
his
Traicte
de
Artillerie
shewed
,
denyeth
the
Culuerings
to
be
of
equall
worthinesse
with
the
Cannons
:
which
difference
groweth
by
reason
that
now
Batteryes
are
made
at
shorter
distances
then
heretofore
:
namely
,
within
the
Canons
right
Range
,
as
at
80
,
90
,
or
100
paces
,
so
their
opinions
(
both
being
iudicious
Gunners
)
I
conceiue
to
grow
from
the
alterations
also
of
Foundings
,
according
to
the
Imperiall
orders
before
mentioned
,
which
in
these
parts
of
Italy
were
not
knowne
as
it
seemeth
by
Bianco
Chiefe
Gunner
of
Cremes
,
in
the
yeare
1603
,
nor
altered
from
the
aforenamed
forreigne
Foundings
;
whereby
wee
may
conceiue
that
their
seeming
differences
may
be
easily
moderated
by
theiudicious
Reader
.
Now
for
the
Harquebuse
a
Crocke
,
being
in
these
dayes
seldome
vsed
but
at
Sea
,
where
especially
,
with
an
Arrow
,
it
is
a
very
galling
and
seruiceable
Peece
,
and
may
safely
bee
discharged
300
times
in
oneday
,
or
25
times
in
an
houre
:
his
leaden
shot
weigheth
but
three
ounces
,
and
it
is
charged
with
two
ounces
of
Powder
,
and
by
reason
of
the
length
thereof
,
might
be
also
accompted
of
this
kind
,
but
that
it
is
a
Hand-gunne
,
and
so
appertaineth
not
properly
to
this
discourse
.
cross-sections of three loaded cannons
Cap.
6.4
.
Canon
enchambre
.
Carthau
ntitt
cingesonckter
kammern
.
Canon
de
tuyeau
esgal
.
Carth:
mitt
gleichem
lauff
.
Canm
encampane
Carth:
mitt
zugespitzter
kammern
.
cannons of various sizes
Cap.
6.5
.
Eber.
Verrat
.
Brecant
Preller
Piece
de
l'Isle
de
Dio.
Stuck
auss
der
insul
Dio.
Rebuf
.
Sturtzer
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Of
the
Cannon
Periors
and
Perieraes
,
the
third
kind
and
their
sorts
.
OF
this
3
kind
are
those
Ordnance
that
shoote
no
Iron
or
Leaden
shot
,
but
only
lighter
,
as
Stone
,
Murthering
,
or
Fire
shot
:
of
them
there
are
foure
especiall
seuerall
sorts
.
The
Canon
Perior
being
the
principall
,
and
therfore
as
the
Canon
of
Batterie
and
Culuering
bring
the
rest
to
be
of
their
kinds
,
so
for
the
same
reason
also
may
the
Canon
Perior
doe
the
like
for
hers
.
The
Canon
Perior
then
,
for
the
outside
is
not
much
vnlike
vnto
the
Canon
of
Batterie
,
but
that
they
are
more
vncertaine
in
the
heights
of
their
Calibers
or
Bores
,
some
being
higher
and
some
lower
in
dyametre
,
It
is
a
comely
and
a
seruiceable
Peece
)
and
for
those
vses
,
namely
to
shoote
Stone
shot
,
they
are
well
&
sufficiently
fortified
;
so
that
being
duly
loaden
,
the
Gunner
may
therwith
safely
serue
to
defend
a
Breach
,
keep
a
passage
,
murther
,
and
spoyle
the
Enemy
being
approached
neere
hand
.
Most
foreigne
Canon
Periors
are
Chambred
,
being
eyther
taper
or
belbored
in
their
Chambers
,
the
Mouth
of
which
Chamber
being
but
eyther
⅔
or
3/2
in
Calibre
of
the
height
or
Calibre
of
the
Mouth
of
the
Chase
,
of
the
Peece
;
the
difference
of
which
at
the
Mouth
of
the
Chamber
is
called
the
Orloe
or
Rellish
,
their
Chambers
are
to
be
in
length
4
Dyametres
of
the
Mouth
of
the
said
Chamber
.
But
the
most
of
our
English
Cannon
Periors
are
equall
bored
through
the
length
of
their
whole
Chases
(
which
I
conceiue
were
better
to
be
onely
taper
bored
in
their
Chamber
)
so
as
that
the
Mouth
of
their
Chambers
be
equall
in
height
with
all
the
rest
of
her
Calibre
or
Bore
forward
,
towards
her
Mouth
,
because
it
will
be
thereby
the
better
fortified
in
the
Chamber
,
and
so
the
more
able
to
resist
the
force
of
her
due
loading
in
powder
:
these
Peeces
are
to
shoote
the
⅔
of
the
waight
of
their
Stone
shot
in
corne
powder
,
onely
abating
proportionally
5
pound
of
powder
for
euery
100
pound
waight
of
shot
.
The
Chambred
Canon
Periors
with
Relishes
(
as
aforesard
)
are
troublesome
to
load
,
for
that
they
are
therefore
to
vse
a
Scafetta
,
and
a
Rowling
Rammerhead
,
with
a
shiuer
in
the
Staffe
.
The
length
of
these
Canon
Periors
are
about
8
Calibres
of
their
Bore
at
the
Mouth
of
the
Chase
:
they
are
to
be
in
their
Chambers
2/7
in
thicknes
of
Mettall
at
their
Touch-holes
.
The
Terieraes
are
the
next
sort
of
this
third
kind
,
which
are
in
all
things
like
vnto
the
Canon
Perior
(
already
mentioned
)
but
that
they
are
much
poorer
and
weaker
fortified
with
Mettall
,
being
allowed
for
the
Canon
Perior
,
80
pound
of
Mettall
for
euery
pound
waight
of
their
Stone
shot
,
and
but
60
pound
for
the
Petrieraes
,
whose
Chamber
being
but
½
in
Bore
of
the
Calibre
at
the
Mouth
,
must
be
loaded
with
but
¼
of
Corne
powder
,
but
if
it
bee
2/7
then
with
1/7
of
the
Stone
shot
waight
.
The
third
sort
of
Ordnance
of
this
third
kind
being
the
Port
Peeces
,
and
Stocke
Fowlers
which
are
Brasse
cast
Peeces
open
at
both
ends
,
inuented
to
be
loaded
with
Chambers
at
the
Breech
end
,
fitted
close
thereinto
with
a
shouldring
,
euen
as
the
wooden
Trees
for
water
pypes
haue
tapred
ends
to
let
them
close
one
into
another
;
The
shot
and
wadde
being
first
put
into
the
Chase
,
then
is
the
Chamber
to
bee
firmely
wedged
into
the
Tayle
of
the
Chase
and
Carriage
.
Now
in
stead
of
round
Trunnions
,
there
are
4
square
tennants
cast
ioyning
with
the
side
of
the
Chase
of
the
Peece
,
on
eyther
side
two
,
which
being
let
into
the
Block
or
Carriage
,
holdeth
the
whole
Chase
fast
therein
;
leauing
the
Cornish
lying
vpon
the
ledge
of
the
Ships
Port
,
or
vpon
the
Vawmure
in
a
Fort
,
and
tryced
vp
with
a
rope
fastned
about
the
muzzle
;
The
Tayle
of
the
Carriage
is
to
rest
,
and
to
be
shored
vp
with
an
vpright
post
or
foote
,
full
of
holes
to
slide
vp
and
downe
in
a
square
Mortice
fitted
thereunto
,
hauing
a
shiuer
at
the
lower
end
thereof
,
with
two
Tressle
legges
morteized
before
vnder
the
blocke
of
the
Carriage
,
the
foote
with
holes
hath
a
pinne
to
stay
the
Peece
vpon
any
Mounture
assigned
.
The
fourth
sort
of
this
3
kind
are
the
Slings
and
Portingale
Bases
which
haue
Chambers
fitted
into
their
Breeches
as
the
Stocke-Fowlers
haue
,
but
that
the
Tayles
that
stayes
their
Chambers
to
wedge
them
fast
(
as
in
one
continued
Peece
of
yron
whereof
they
are
vsually
welded
and
wrought
)
vnto
the
Tayle
whereof
there
is
a
long
sterne
handle
of
iron
to
direct
them
to
respect
the
assigned
marke
:
They
stand
vpon
a
forked
Prop
or
Pintle
vpon
the
ends
of
which
the
Trunnions
resteth
,
they
are
loaded
with
their
Chambers
as
the
Stocke-Fowlers
are
:
these
shoote
eyther
Base
and
Burre
,
Musker
or
any
other
kind
of
Murthering
Shot
,
being
put
vp
in
bagges
or
Lanthornes
fitted
to
their
Calibres
.
And
being
discharged
,
their
Chambers
are
to
bee
taken
out
and
fil'd
againe
,
and
others
to
be
put
in
ready
charged
in
the
place
thereof
.
These
Peeces
are
vsually
loaded
with
¼
or
⅓
of
the
weight
of
their
shot
in
corne
powder
.
Port
Peeces
and
Fowlers
are
vsually
made
of
Cast
Brasse
,
but
Portingall
Bases
,
Slyngs
,
and
Murtherers
,
are
commonly
of
wrought
iron
;
the
lengths
of
the
Portingale
Base
is
about
30
times
her
Calibre
;
the
Sling
about
12
times
,
the
Murtherers
,
Port
Peeces
,
and
Fowlers
8
at
the
most
besides
their
Chambers
,
their
Chambers
about
3
times
their
Calibre
in
length
,
and
weigh
the
6
or
8
part
of
the
whole
Chase
.
A
Table
concerning
Chamber
Peeces
.
|
Length
|
Heighth
|
Powder
|
Stoneshot
|
&
waigheth
|
A
Chamber
|
12
inches
&
½
|
4
inches
&
½
|
7
lb.
|
6
½
inches
.
|
13
lb.
stone
.
|
22
inches
&
½
|
4
inches
½
|
7
lb.
|
6
inches
.
|
10
lb.
stone
.
|
24
inches
|
4
inches
½
|
9
lb.
|
7
inches
|
17
lb.
stone
.
|
17
inches
&
½
|
3
inches
¼
|
5
lb.
|
5
inches
.
|
9
lb.
stone
.
|
A
Sling
ch.
|
22
inches
|
2
inches
&
½
|
3
½
lb.
|
2
inches
¼
|
2
lb.
½
iron
.
|
A
Port
ch.
|
16
inches
|
3
inches
½
|
3
¼
lb.
|
5
inches
¼
|
9
lb.
stone
.
|
A
Base
ch.
|
9
inches
¼
|
1
inch
½
|
¼
lb.
|
1
inch
½
|
6
oz.
iron
.
|
CHAP.
XIIII
.
Of
the
fourth
Kind
of
Ordnance
,
Short
Gunnes
,
Mortars
,
and
Square
Murtherers
,
Pettards
and
Tortles
,
and
the
sorts
thereof
.
MOrter
Peeces
,
Square
Murtherers
,
Tortles
,
and
Pettards
are
the
sorts
of
the
fourth
kind
of
Ordnance
,
and
doe
much
differ
from
the
former
3
kinds
,
and
in
many
things
also
one
of
them
from
the
other
,
as
may
appcare
by
the
seuerall
discourses
vpon
their
descriptions
and
vses
.
The
Morter
Peeces
are
of
seuerall
grandures
and
fashions
,
for
some
of
them
are
made
to
shoote
a
Stone
shot
of
350
pound
waight
,
and
some
again
are
so
small
that
their
shot
waigheth
not
aboue
4
,
5
,
or
6
pound
,
and
may
be
of
any
quantity
betweene
.
And
some
are
of
one
Cillinder
without
syde
,
others
are
of
two
,
one
of
them
lessened
without
as
farre
as
their
Chamber
reacheth
bat
all
of
them
are
Chambred
,
or
as
some
Gunne-Founders
tearme
it
Cambred
taperingly
,
being
at
the
Mouth
of
the
Chamber
about
the
Calibre
of
½
the
Dyametre
of
the
Mouth
of
the
Peece
,
and
in
length
½
thereof
or
more
as
the
Chase
is
longer
.
These
Morter
Peeces
are
of
great
efficacy
,
aswell
for
the
Assaylants
as
the
Besiedged
or
Defendants
:
for
being
duely
vsed
,
they
much
terrifie
&
trouble
the
Enemy
besieged
in
a
Towne
,
City
or
Fort
;
especially
by
sending
vpon
them
Granadoes
either
single
or
double
,
or
great
iron
stone
or
leaden
shot
,
and
from
within
when
the
Enemy
should
worke
,
or
would
rest
in
their
Tents
and
Lodgings
,
whereunto
by
reason
of
some
Hill
,
building
,
or
Wall
,
they
are
so
hidden
that
none
other
Ordnance
can
bee
bended
against
them
;
for
that
all
other
Gunnes
relye
principally
to
conuey
their
shot
in
a
right
line
,
to
doe
effectuall
seruice
,
whereas
this
fort
worketh
altogether
in
oblique
or
crooked
lines
vnlesse
the
Peece
be
mounted
to
90
degrees
,
mounting
them
commonly
aboue
45
degrees
:
namely
to
60
,
70
,
80
,
and
sometimes
more
or
lesse
,
accordingly
as
the
nature
of
the
seruice
requireth
.
But
for
the
Defendants
,
these
are
ordinarily
vsed
to
shoote
forth
Fire
Bals
into
the
Champion
in
the
night
,
that
they
within
may
see
what
the
Enemy
worketh
abroad
;
or
els
when
the
Enemy
is
approached
vnto
the
foote
of
the
Wall
,
to
vndermine
or
pierce
it
,
or
to
enter
a
Breach
already
made
,
&
cannot
be
well
repulsed
by
other
meanes
or
cannot
be
offended
from
aloft
,
shooting
out
of
a
Morter
or
other
Perior
,
Bals
of
stone
,
old
iron
,
or
any
other
murthring
shot
or
granadoes
and
Fire-workes
.
Some
of
them
haue
their
Trunnions
in
the
midst
,
other
moreaft
,
and
some
euen
with
their
Breeches
being
fortified
with
mettall
about
½
of
the
height
of
the
Mouth
of
the
Chamber
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
⅓
of
that
Calibre
at
the
Mouth
of
the
Peece
;
They
are
of
seuerall
lengths
in
Chase
,
for
some
are
two
,
and
others
are
three
Dyametres
of
their
Mouthes
Bore
in
length
.
They
may
bee
loaded
either
with
Cartouches
or
with
loose
powder
,
allowing
¼
.
part
of
the
weight
of
the
Shot
,
shooting
vpon
any
mountare
aboue
40
degrees
,
but
with
½
shooting
leuell
or
downewards
,
alwayes
putting
home
a
good
wadde
betweene
the
Powder
and
Shot
vnlesse
it
be
a
Fire-ball
,
which
the
Powder
in
the
Peece
is
to
fire
in
her
discharge
;
for
then
the
Fire-worke
must
lye
in
the
loose
powder
,
and
haue
a
wadd
before
it
,
and
some
vse
for
euery
hundred
the
Shot
weigheth
proportionally
to
abate
5
,
which
Alexander
Bianco
liketh
not
:
The
proportion
for
loading
them
must
be
ordered
according
to
the
strength
of
the
Peece
and
Powder
,
and
waight
of
the
Shot
,
and
is
also
accordingly
as
the
Mounture
and
distance
is
more
or
lesse
,
if
the
Shot
bee
a
Granado
made
of
Potters
earth
baked
,
or
of
Glasse
,
the
1/20
part
of
their
weight
will
be
sufficient
powder
to
blow
them
out
with
little
or
no
danger
of
breaking
:
for
if
they
should
haue
so
much
powder
as
that
the
ball
is
forced
to
breake
within
the
Peece
;
or
if
any
pinne-hole
or
vent
should
chance
to
be
in
a
mettailine
Granado
,
so
as
that
the
powder
within
it
be
fired
;
the
Peece
would
not
onely
breake
and
teare
the
carriage
,
but
also
endanger
him
that
giueth
fire
,
and
frustrate
the
seruice
:
As
was
prooued
by
M.
Kenuins
indiscreete
practise
in
his
late
Maiesties
Morter
Peece
,
breaking
it
,
and
also
thereby
indangering
the
spectators
;
wherfore
if
the
Granado
be
of
cast
mettall
,
it
were
best
to
be
couered
ouer
with
the
ordinary
coating
,
to
stop
such
vents
as
is
hereafter
mentioned
:
Then
will
1/10
part
of
the
weight
of
the
Shot
in
corne
powder
be
sufficient
.
But
if
it
bee
loaded
with
a
solide
Stone
shot
,
then
⅙
or
½
rather
of
the
weight
thereof
in
corne
powder
may
be
allowed
,
the
more
powder
,
the
lesse
mounted
,
as
we
haue
already
said
.
Now
hauing
shewed
the
proportion
of
powder
,
fitting
each
sort
of
Shot
and
Mounture
,
it
will
not
be
amisse
to
shew
how
to
order
and
mannage
the
same
Morter-peece
,
Gunner-like
.
First
then
the
Chamber
is
to
bee
well
sponged
and
cleansed
before
the
putting
in
of
the
powder
,
whether
you
loade
it
with
loose
powder
or
Cartouch
turning
the
Mouth
neere
vpright
;
the
powder
being
so
put
into
the
Chamber
,
ther
must
be
a
wad
put
in
either
of
hay
or
Okam
,
&
after
a
Tampkin
of
Willow
or
other
soft
Wood
;
such
as
may
,
together
with
the
powder
that
was
first
put
in
,
fully
fill
vp
the
whole
Chamber
thereof
,
that
there
may
bee
no
vacuity
betweene
the
powder
and
wadd
,
or
wadd
and
shot
;
after
which
the
shot
shall
be
also
put
in
at
the
Mouth
with
a
wadd
after
it
;
especially
if
the
Peece
be
not
much
mounted
,
least
the
shot
goe
out
too
soone
,
and
the
wadd
between
the
Tampkin
and
the
Shot
,
is
not
onely
to
saue
the
shot
from
the
Tampkins
breaking
of
it
,
but
also
to
auoide
vacuities
,
which
are
very
dangerous
for
the
Peece
by
second
expansions
.
Hauing
then
resolued
vpon
the
premisses
concerning
the
Peece
,
Shot
,
&
Powder
,
as
before
is
shewed
,
and
vpon
the
distance
and
Mounture
for
the
Marke
,
as
hereafter
the
Rules
and
Tables
following
shall
direct
;
then
for
the
bending
and
disposing
it
to
the
assigned
seruice
:
Obserue
first
to
lay
a
straight
Ruler
vpon
the
mouth
of
the
Peece
,
and
vpon
it
place
a
Quadrant
or
other
Instrument
crosse-wise
to
set
the
Peece
vpright
to
auoide
wide
shooting
,
and
then
placing
them
fore-right
to
eleuate
it
into
the
resolued
degree
of
Monuture
to
auoyde
short
or
ouetshooting
accordingly
,
as
the
Tables
and
examples
following
will
leade
you
:
for
hauing
made
one
shot
,
you
may
thereby
proportion
the
rest
,
considering
whether
you
are
to
shoote
with
or
against
the
wind
,
or
whether
it
blowe
towards
the
right
or
left
hand
,
and
whether
weakely
or
strongly
;
and
so
accordingly
to
giue
or
abate
the
aduantage
or
disaduantage
:
which
iudgement
,
not
Rule
must
induce
,
and
yet
by
helpe
of
the
Notes
following
,
of
mine
owne
experience
late
made
in
one
of
his
Maiesties
Morter
Peeces
,
and
by
these
Tables
,
any
iudicious
Gunner
may
with
a
Shot
or
two
first
made
out
of
the
Peece
hee
with
practise
may
very
much
helpe
himselfe
.
Captaine
Vffano
his
Table
for
a
Morter
Peece
to
shoote
therewith
by
the
twelue
Poynts
of
the
Gunneers
Quadrant
.
And
Poynts
|
Paces
|
0
|
100
|
1
|
248
|
2
|
377
|
3
|
468
|
4
|
534
|
5
|
570
|
6
|
583
|
7
|
566
|
8
|
532
|
9
|
468
|
10
|
377
|
11
|
243
|
12
|
000
|
Mine
owne
Notes
of
practise
in
a
Morter
peece
that
shot
a
stone
shot
of
5
inches
in
Dyametre
high
.
The
Morter
Peeces
Chamberbeing
2
½
inches
at
the
Mouth
therof
,
and
three
inches
deep
,
and
the
rest
of
her
Chase
being
10
inches
deepe
,
which
I
discharged
with
three
ounces
of
powder
there
being
little
wind
.
degrees
|
yards
|
Skores
|
At
45
|
750
|
37
½
|
At
50
|
710
|
35
½
|
At
55
|
675
|
33
½
|
At
60
|
620
|
31
|
At
65
|
575
|
28
¾
|
At
70
|
480
|
24
|
At
75
|
360
|
18
|
At
80
|
270
|
13
|
A
Table
out
of
Vffano
for
the
Morter
Peeces
,
Randons
made
for
euery
degree
betweene
the
Leuell
and
90
degrees
.
degr.
|
paces
|
degr.
|
0
|
100
|
89
|
1
|
122
|
88
|
2
|
143
|
87
|
3
|
164
|
86
|
4
|
285
|
85
|
5
|
104
|
84
|
6
|
224
|
83
|
7
|
243
|
82
|
8
|
262
|
81
|
9
|
280
|
80
|
10
|
297
|
79
|
11
|
314
|
78
|
12
|
331
|
77
|
13
|
347
|
76
|
14
|
363
|
75
|
15
|
377
|
74
|
16
|
392
|
73
|
17
|
406
|
72
|
18
|
419
|
71
|
19
|
432
|
70
|
20
|
445
|
69
|
21
|
457
|
68
|
22
|
468
|
67
|
23
|
479
|
66
|
24
|
490
|
65
|
25
|
500
|
64
|
26
|
510
|
63
|
27
|
518
|
62
|
28
|
524
|
61
|
29
|
529
|
60
|
30
|
534
|
59
|
31
|
539
|
58
|
32
|
543
|
57
|
33
|
549
|
56
|
34
|
552
|
55
|
35
|
558
|
54
|
36
|
562
|
53
|
37
|
568
|
52
|
38
|
573
|
51
|
39
|
477
|
50
|
40
|
580
|
49
|
41
|
582
|
48
|
42
|
583
|
47
|
43
|
584
|
46
|
44
|
582
|
46
|
45
|
582
|
46
|
The
vse
of
the
former
Table
.
The
vse
of
the
Table
may
bee
thus
explained
.
Hauing
once
made
knowne
the
distance
the
Peece
did
shoote
at
any
Monuture
giuen
.
As
for
example
:
suppose
at
53
degrees
which
conueyed
the
shot
700.
paces
,
and
you
desire
to
know
how
far
she
would
shoote
at
60
degrees
.
Now
because
700
degrees
is
not
at
all
in
this
Table
,
but
against
60
degrees
there
standeth
529
paces
.
Therefore
say
by
the
Rule
of
3
,
if
562
the
number
against
53
degrees
giueth
700
paces
,
what
shall
529
the
number
against
60
degrees
giue
,
multiplying
700
by
529
,
and
diuide
the
product
by
562
,
and
the
Quotient
will
be
649
¼
fere
,
the
number
of
paces
which
the
said
Morter
Peece
will
shoote
at
60
degrees
Monuture
being
alike
loaded
,
and
hauing
such
like
accidents
as
it
had
when
it
was
shot
off
at
52
degrees
,
and
so
for
any
other
number
of
paces
or
degrees
,
or
distances
assigned
.
The
second
sort
of
this
fourth
and
last
kind
of
Ordnance
,
are
the
Pettards
,
which
are
short
Peeces
of
late
yeares
deuised
and
practised
to
make
ouertures
into
Townes
,
Cities
and
Forts
by
breaking
open
their
Ports
&
Gates
,
and
blowing
vp
of
Bridges
and
Walls
by
meanes
of
the
force
of
powder
fired
.
Of
these
there
are
of
seuerall
formes
and
magnitudes
,
euen
as
they
are
of
seuerall
vses
and
for
different
seruices
;
especially
in
grcatnes
when
great
force
is
requisite
.
Some
of
them
are
cast
in
shape
not
much
vnlike
the
fashion
of
a
Grocers
or
Apothecaryes
spice
Morter
,
and
some
are
tapered
much
like
a
Coopers
water
pay
le
,
little
deeper
then
the
Dyametre
of
their
mouthes
,
but
being
not
aboue
¼
in
Dyametre
at
their
bottome
or
breech
of
their
mouthes
Calibre
,
and
in
thicknes
of
mettall
½
of
the
Dyametre
at
their
breech
,
and
lessening
in
thicknes
towards
their
mouths
.
Their
magnitudes
are
some
to
hold
but
one
pound
of
powder
or
lesse
;
and
others
to
hold
50
lb.
or
more
,
and
they
vsually
allow
4
lb.
of
Brasse
,
or
5
lb.
of
iron
to
cast
a
Pet.
for
one
pound
of
powder
,
and
250
pound
of
Brasse
,
or
300
pound
for
a
Pettard
that
shall
hold
50
pound
of
powder
,
vsing
those
proportions
diminished
for
lesser
,
and
augmented
for
greater
.
The
Pettard
is
sometimes
to
be
vsed
in
places
accessible
and
inaccessible
,
Suppose
then
we
are
to
Pettard
a
Port
or
Gate
vnto
which
we
may
approach
,
in
that
case
a
skrewed
hooke
is
to
bee
let
into
the
Port
,
vpon
which
the
pettard
with
her
Planchier
or
Matria
is
to
be
hanged
,
as
in
the
13
figure
at
●
is
representd
.
The
Plāshier
is
at
least
to
be
3
inches
thick
,
arm'd
with
iron
plates
to
defend
it
from
splitting
,
it
is
also
to
be
vnder
propped
with
the
forked
Rest
,
&
stayed
in
the
ground
at
the
hinder
end
to
hinder
the
reuerse
thereof
.
Pettards
are
to
be
loaded
with
fine
corne
powder
,
the
finer
corned
the
better
being
very
hard
beaten
in
,
by
little
and
little
at
once
with
iron
drifts
or
such
like
,
of
the
iust
height
of
the
Dyametre
of
each
places
concaue
of
the
Pettard
,
vntill
it
be
full
within
one
finger
breadth
of
the
top
,
and
then
some
vse
to
make
a
hole
through
the
powder
vnto
the
bottome
with
apyke
head
or
such
like
,
into
which
hollownes
they
put
in
certaine
quils
filled
with
raw
quicke-siluer
.
Lastly
,
they
couer
the
mouth
thereof
with
a
waxed
cloath
,
being
cut
of
the
iust
breadth
of
the
inside
of
the
mouth
of
it
,
&
fill
vp
also
the
rest
that
is
yet
empty
with
molten
waxe
,
mingled
with
hempe
cut
,
or
with
●oe
rather
.
They
tunneling beneath a fortress wall to place a mine
Tract
.
2.
Cap.
3.
Comment
il
fault
.
armer
et
conduire
vne
mine
.
Wie
eine
minen
zu
leitten
vndt
zu
verwahren
.
the entrance to the tunnel
galerie
.
various tools and devices useful for conducting a siege
Tract
.
2.
Cap.
6.
Forme
et
vsage
de
quelques
instrumens
ingenieux
pour
vne
entreprise
.
Form
vndt
gebrauch
ettlicher
instrumenten
zu
einer
empresa
nutzlich
zu
gebrauchen
tools for constructing a petard
Tract
.
2.
Cap.
7.
Comment
il
fault
charger
et
attacher
le
petart
.
Wie
ein
petart
zu
laden
vnd
an
zu
hangon
.
But
if
we
be
to
Pettard
a
Port
vnto
which
wee
cannot
approach
to
hang
the
Pettard
thereon
,
then
make
a
little
woodden
horse
with
4
wheeles
or
Trucks
lyned
with
Cloath
or
Wooll
to
auoide
making
noyse
,
the
Handle
whereof
is
to
carry
the
said
Pettard
,
being
at
the
least
40
foote
long
,
with
a
Counterpoyze
at
the
other
end
,
hauing
the
Planchier
fastned
close
before
the
mouth
of
the
Pettard
,
with
the
crochet
or
vnderprop
to
place
the
same
as
close
and
flat
against
the
Port
as
is
possible
,
and
the
aftmost
end
of
the
staffe
or
prop
made
firme
against
some
stake
in
the
ground
(
to
stay
the
reuerse
)
so
alwaies
that
it
belong
enough
to
reach
ouer
the
dike
or
drawbridge
to
be
driuen
close
,
that
the
Pettard
may
be
firmed
against
the
Gate
.
Then
so
loded
and
firegiuen
to
the
slow
vent
or
pype
with
the
slow
receipt
,
the
retrait
may
haue
time
to
be
oblikely
made
,
least
her
reuerse
supprize
the
Pettardier
before
he
canget
out
of
the
danger
therof
.
The
figures
and
discourse
following
as
well
for
the
accessible
as
for
the
inaccessible
Ports
here
annexed
,
will
make
that
which
we
haue
said
the
better
vnderstood
.
placing a petard
CHAP.
XV.
Of
seuerall
wayes
to
preuent
the
effectuall
working
of
Petards
.
DIuers
and
seuerall
meanes
there
are
also
to
preuent
the
placing
and
effectuall
working
of
the
said
Pettards
:
whereof
a
word
or
two
in
briefe
.
The
first
is
by
a
kind
of
strong
iron
Gridiron
or
Grate
so
placed
before
the
Port
,
somewhat
distant
,
as
3
or
4
feete
off
,
that
the
Planchier
of
the
Pettard
cannot
come
close
enough
to
the
Gate
:
for
that
the
Ayre
betweene
it
and
the
Pettard
will
doubtlesse
make
the
action
therof
to
be
of
little
or
no
effect
:
otherwise
to
spoyle
the
Pettardier
and
Assistants
neere
,
a
falltrap
being
let
go
with
a
buckle
tricker
when
the
Pettardier
shall
either
tread
vpon
a
draw-bridge
or
bord
couered
with
earth
,
which
will
pull
out
the
buckle
,
and
so
it
will
let
a
great
circle
with
iron
works
by
a
spring
fall
violently
vpon
his
head
;
likewise
they
impeach
the
hanging
and
propping
Pettards
by
certaine
points
of
iron
about
3
feete
long
placed
vnder
the
Draw-bridge
,
which
when
it
is
drawne
vp
,
stands
out
and
impeacheth
,
the
placing
of
them
against
it
.
In
like
sort
by
a
trap-draw-bridge
which
will
fall
downe
as
soone
as
the
Pettardier
shall
tread
thereon
,
and
slide
him
and
his
Pettard
into
the
dyke
;
so
also
if
a
paire
of
compasses
of
iron
with
teeth
on
the
legges
haue
their
head
with
a
ioynt
fastened
aboue
to
the
stone
worke
of
the
Port
,
so
that
as
soone
as
the
bridge
or
bord
which
holds
the
compasses
and
teeth
open
,
is
vnloosed
by
treading
thereon
,
they
are
forced
together
by
strong
springs
most
violently
,
which
terribly
will
claspe
and
teare
him
in
most
miserable
manner
.
Another
is
by
two
semicircles
with
sawteeth
to
claspe
together
as
soone
as
the
Pettardier
sets
foote
on
the
false
bord
or
bridge
to
vnhitch
the
springholds
.
Also
a
cord
being
fastned
to
the
outpost
end
of
the
loose
bridge
,
which
by
the
Pettardiers
stepping
theron
,
vnlooseth
the
hold
,
so
a
number
of
stones
will
thereby
all
fall
on
his
head
and
beate
out
his
braines
.
So
also
a
false
Port
with
3
or
4
feet
or
more
of
vacuitie
betweene
it
and
the
true
Port
,
rising
higher
then
the
true
Port
in
greues
hoisted
vp
as
a
Percullis
,
and
shall
fall
when
the
Pettardier
steppeth
on
the
false
bridge
;
likewise
by
a
false
or
loose
bridge
which
shall
pull
a
tricker
that
shall
let
downe
a
snaphance
,
and
giue
fire
vnto
20
or
30
loaded
muskets
,
whose
mouthes
shall
be
seene
through
the
Port
,
and
discharge
themselues
vpon
the
Pettardier
and
his
assistants
,
As
the
figures
in
the
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
and
13
Chapters
of
the
second
book
intituled
Recuil
de
plusieurs
Machines
millitaires
will
more
manifest
vnto
the
eye
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
How
and
with
what
instruments
you
may
breake
the
Pyles
Palesadoes
,
Grates
,
Percallises
,
and
Chaunes
,
or
such
like
iron
or
wood-worke
to
lay
them
open
for
entry
.
TO
breake
Palisadees
,
Grates
,
Barres
,
and
such
like
enclosures
of
any
Towne
,
Cassle
,
Fo●●●or
strong
house
.
The
instrument
that
is
noted
with
A
,
which
is
a
wrench
that
being
aplyed
and
fastned
as
the
figure
sheweth
,
wil
teare
open
strong
Bars
,
Or
the
Saw
B
,
in
sawing
asunder
the
ioynts
,
Or
the
Crow
C
,
whose
Clouen
soot
being
gotten
betweene
the
〈◊〉
,
will
forcibly
disioynt
them
,
Or
els
Axlike
wedge
D.
But
if
the
enterprize
bee
to
be
secretly
executed
without
noyse
of
strokes
of
tooles
,
then
a
fire
wheele
in
such
manner
fastned
,
prymed
and
fired
,
and
fixed
as
the
figure
sheweth
,
wil
sone
make
way
,
if
it
be
wel
ordered
,
for
the
purpose
,
as
hereafter
in
this
Chapter
shall
be
directed
.
The
same
instruments
are
to
be
applyed
vnto
Barres
of
Gates
,
of
Townes
and
Castles
,
if
they
may
be
approached
secretly
.
For
else
there
can
bee
no
better
way
to
make
ouerture
then
by
battery
with
great
Ordnance
,
which
from
far
will
soone
make
a
breach
aswell
in
Ports
which
are
vsually
fortified
with
barracadoes
and
other
defences
,
but
may
be
therby
soon
battered
to
make
sufficient
breach
to
enter
by
,
yea
were
it
in
bulwarks
or
Curtins
as
hereafter
shall
bee
shewed
,
more
at
large
.
If
you
would
force
a
great
Port
of
a
Towne
secretly
,
there
is
another
meanes
besides
the
Pettard
already
spoken
of
,
namely
the
Skrew
Nut
marked
E
,
and
his
skrewbarre
A
,
with
,
which
in
turning
the
winlase
X
,
it
will
soone
breake
open
the
Port
so
that
the
backestay
be
fast
and
strong
enough
.
Now
if
it
be
strengthned
with
chaines
of
iron
within
,
although
they
were
great
and
strong
,
yet
by
the
skrew
spindles
4
and
5
,
turning
the
Nut
B
,
by
the
winlase
&
spykesthereof
,
and
so
in
like
manner
the
iron
Burs
and
Grates
may
be
broken
asunder
or
pulled
out
with
the
Pinchers
C
,
and
the
drawing
hammer
D
,
and
the
mallet
of
hard-wood
I
,
and
the
short
Axe-wedge
2
,
Next
to
those
instruments
the
drift
bridge
betweene
them
represented
was
inuented
to
reach
ouer
a
dyke
and
to
put
any
Towne
or
Fort
to
the
Scalado
,
it
is
not
much
vnlike
the
Cartbridge
vsed
for
the
Pettard
,
as
before
may
be
seene
in
his
Chapter
,
but
that
it
is
not
so
great
and
heauy
as
it
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
How
to
Dispart
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
that
is
truely
and
equall
bored
in
the
middest
of
the
Mettall
thereof
.
OF
all
things
belonging
vnto
a
Gunner
,
the
chiefest
is
to
bring
the
Mettal
of
his
Peece
euen
;
which
the
Gunners
call
disparting
:
wherefore
the
dispart
for
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
,
whose
concaue
Cillinder
or
Bore
lyeth
equall
and
truely
in
the
midst
of
her
Mettal
,
is
nothing
els
but
to
equall
the
difference
betweene
the
thicknes
of
the
mettal
that
the
Base
Ring
hath
in
Semidiamette
more
then
the
femidyametre
at
the
Muzzle
Ring
,
without
which
equall
difference
applyed
vpon
the
vpmost
of
the
mettalls
on
the
Muxzle
Ringeyther
had
(
or
guessed
at
with
discretion
,
)
it
is
impossible
to
direct
a
Peece
to
any
marke
,
to
make
a
shot
to
an
assured
good
effect
:
The
dispart
is
many
wayes
to
bee
found
.
First
in
such
Peeces
as
are
not
Chambred
by
a
priming
iron
,
put
downe
to
the
lower
part
of
the
Bore
in
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
making
a
marke
vpon
it
euen
in
height
with
the
highest
of
the
mettall
vpon
the
Base
Ring
,
then
carrying
the
same
measure
vnto
the
Mouth
,
and
placing
it
vpright
with
the
lower
end
of
the
priming
iron
iust
on
the
lower
part
of
the
Bore
there
;
Then
looke
how
much
the
mark
,
so
made
on
the
pryming
iron
,
reacheth
higher
then
the
vpper
part
of
the
mettall
of
the
Muzzle
Ring
,
so
much
is
the
length
of
the
dispart
to
bee
placed
vpon
the
highest
of
the
mettall
there
:
Or
els
taking
the
Dyametres
of
the
Base
Ring
,
and
also
of
the
Muzzle
Ring
with
a
paire
of
Caliber
compasses
,
or
by
guyrding
or
otherwise
,
and
the
halfe
of
their
Dyametres
is
the
true
length
of
the
dispart
to
be
placed
vpon
the
highest
of
the
mettall
on
the
Muzzle
Ring
as
is
aforesaid
.
As
for
example
,
suppose
the
Dyametre
of
the
Base
Ring
to
be
24
inches
,
and
the
Dyametre
of
the
Muzzle
Ring
to
be
18
inches
,
the
difference
is
6
inches
,
the
halfe
whereof
3
inches
,
is
the
length
of
the
dispart
sought
.
Or
take
the
compasse
in
inches
&
parts
at
the
Basering
,
and
diuide
it
into
3
equal
parts
,
and
doe
the
like
at
the
Muzzle-ring
.
And
the
halfe
of
their
difference
will
be
the
dispart
for
any
Peece
that
is
truely
bored
.
Or
rather
hauing
guirded
the
Peece
at
the
Base
and
Muzzle
ring
,
looke
how
many
times
22
quarter
of
inches
are
therein
contained
,
so
many
times
7
quarters
of
inches
doth
the
Dyametres
containe
.
And
the
halfe
of
the
difference
of
those
two
Dyametres
is
the
due
dispart
sought
.
Or
els
take
a
Rule
or
staffe
,
and
lay
it
crosse
vpon
the
Basering
of
the
Peece
,
and
then
take
a
lyne
and
plummet
,
and
hold
it
that
it
may
hang
close
:
first
to
the
one
side
of
the
Peece
,
and
then
to
the
other
side
thereof
,
marking
also
vpon
the
Rule
or
staffe
,
where
the
lyne
toucheth
at
both
times
,
that
the
string
onely
touch
the
sydes
of
the
Peece
without
any
bending
,
Then
lay
that
Rule
and
Measure
to
the
mouth
:
likewise
looke
what
the
ouer
measure
commeth
vnto
,
take
the
halfe
of
that
measure
for
the
due
dispart
.
Now
for
Chamber
Peeces
,
there
can
bee
no
certaine
generall
Rule
giuen
for
their
disparts
:
for
they
must
be
ordered
according
to
the
forme
of
the
Chamber
and
orelowe
or
Hall
of
the
Peece
;
whether
it
be
Sling
,
Base
,
Fowler
,
or
Port
Peece
.
But
euery
discreet
and
vnder
standing
Gunner
,
when
he
seeth
the
Peece
,
may
by
what
hath
beene
sayde
,
know
what
to
doe
therein
:
for
Port
Peeces
,
and
Fowlers
they
onely
shoote
stone
,
and
not
iron
shot
.
CHAP.
XVIII
.
Of
certaine
faults
committed
in
Forreigne
Foundings
of
Ordnance
.
THe
industrious
Gunner
may
by
that
which
hath
beene
said
,
take
true
knowledge
of
all
sorts
of
Ordnance
,
as
well
Antient
as
Moderne
,
and
also
vnderstand
the
reasons
,
grounds
,
and
vses
of
them
,
and
of
any
others
which
shall
hereafter
be
seruiceably
inuented
,
and
so
be
able
to
iudge
of
the
goodnesse
and
defects
of
any
Peece
whatsoeuer
,
to
make
choyce
of
the
best
;
and
in
time
of
neede
to
make
vse
of
the
worst
;
yet
it
is
not
imposed
vpon
the
Gunners
Office
to
practize
Foundings
of
Ordnance
,
although
it
bee
one
of
the
most
necessary
Sciences
of
these
times
in
vse
,
which
was
neuer
bred
among
the
common
sort
of
men
,
as
other
handy-crafts
were
,
for
that
they
must
not
onely
be
conuersant
and
expert
in
the
Mathematickes
,
but
also
trayned
vp
thereto
from
their
childhood
if
they
will
be
excellent
for
ready
handines
therein
,
which
makes
mee
and
others
wonderously
maruell
,
that
so
necessarie
a
science
should
bee
no
better
respected
amongst
vs
,
and
that
that
there
is
no
more
care
taken
to
bring
vp
expert
Founders
of
Ordnance
for
times
to
come
,
in
this
war-like
age
.
But
if
we
shall
well
examine
the
most
vsed
Foundings
in
Europe
:
namely
,
those
of
Lisbon
,
Malaga
,
Barcelona
,
Naples
,
Cicillia
,
Cremes
,
Millan
,
Genoa
,
Venice
,
Mellines
and
Vtrecht
:
in
which
by
reason
of
their
continuall
practise
they
might
easily
haue
become
excellent
&
expert
,
yet
whether
it
be
by
negligence
ignorance
,
or
els
by
the
too
much
haste
made
by
those
that
haue
the
charge
and
command
of
those
Foundings
,
it
is
apparant
that
they
commit
great
and
absurd
faults
therein
.
Some
of
their
Peeces
(
and
not
a
few
)
are
bored
awry
,
their
Soule
not
lying
in
toe
widst
of
the
body
of
Mettall
;
some
are
crooked
in
their
Chase
,
other
of
vnequall
bores
,
some
too
light
towards
the
Breech
turne
their
mouthes
downewards
in
their
discharge
,
and
so
endanger
their
owne
Vawmures
and
Defences
:
insomuch
that
my selfe
and
other
good
Gunners
in
time
of
seruice
could
hardly
finde
means
to
remedy
that
fault
,
eyther
by
hanging
waight
vpon
the
Pommell
or
Cascabell
,
or
by
wedging
it
vnder
at
the
fore
Transom
of
her
Carriage
:
others
are
too
heauy
also
in
their
Breech
,
by
placing
the
Trunnions
too
much
aftwards
,
that
Coynes
can
hardly
be
drawne
,
but
by
the
extraordinary
strength
to
manage
and
weigh
them
vp
behind
,
or
lay
her
vnder
mettall
without
putting
a
long
leauer
in
her
mouth
.
Some
and
a
great
many
Peeces
are
come
forth
of
the
Furnace
spoongy
,
or
full
of
hony-combes
and
flawes
,
by
reason
that
the
mettall
runneth
not
fine
,
or
that
the
moulds
are
not
throughly
dryed
,
or
well
nealed
:
whereby
eyther
the
Gunner
that
serueth
with
them
is
much
endan
.
gered
,
they
being
as
bad
or
worse
to
serue
with
,
as
those
that
are
too
weake
and
poore
in
mettall
:
for
if
they
be
loaded
with
so
much
powder
as
is
ordinary
for
those
sorts
of
Peeces
(
as
may
often
happen
when
such
Gunners
load
them
,
as
are
either
ignorant
or
negligent
in
examining
their
defects
)
they
will
either
breake
,
split
,
or
blowingly
spring
their
mettalls
,
and
(
besides
that
mischiefe
they
doe
)
they
will
be
made
vtterly
vnseruiceable
euer
after
.
Wherefore
to
auoyd
those
dangers
&
faults
,
Gun-Founders
may
do
well
to
conferre
one
with
another
,
and
also
with
vnderstanding
and
experienced
Gunners
thereupon
,
who
with
the
hazard
of
their
liues
haue
often
seene
into
those
inconueniences
:
yet
thus
much
I
dare
say
to
the
due
commendations
of
our
English
Gunnefeunders
,
that
the
Ordnance
which
they
of
late
yeares
haue
cast
,
as
well
for
neatnes
,
as
also
for
reasonable
bestowing
and
disposing
of
the
mettall
,
they
haue
far
excelled
all
the
former
or
forreigne
aforementioned
founders
.
But
it
is
to
be
feared
that
there
being
so
few
of
that
profession
here
imployed
for
Founding
of
Brasse
Ordnance
;
(
only
Mr.
Pitts
and
his
Brother
,
and
Mr.
Philips
,
and
as
yet
so
few
or
none
brought
vp
to
learne
it
vnder
them
,
)
as
that
it
is
like
that
hereafter
there
may
bee
a
great
want
of
honest
and
skilfull
Gunnefounders
in
England
,
the
inconuenience
that
els
may
hereafter
so
befall
,
I
hope
will
bee
foreseene
and
preuented
in
good
time
.
Le
Sieur
du
Praisac
in
his
13
Chapter
of
his
Military
Discourses
,
aduiseth
Founders
to
haue
a
speciall
care
for
the
temper
and
Allayes
of
the
mettalls
,
the
inward
cleannes
of
the
moulds
and
nealing
of
them
well
,
and
to
their
Caps
and
Cauities
to
anoint
them
with
cleane
grease
,
and
to
guard
and
binde
them
well
with
iron
,
to
dry
them
and
settle
them
firmely
,
and
for
the
due
placing
of
the
Trunnions
,
as
is
shewed
in
the
22
Chapter
hereof
,
that
they
may
so
neerely
equiballance
one
end
with
the
other
,
that
one
Gunner
with
a
Leuer
or
Handspyke
may
rayse
or
imbase
it
vpon
her
Cariage
,
eyther
for
the
draining
or
putting
in
Coynes
to
direct
them
,
or
lay
them
vnder
mettalls
,
The
running
of
the
mettall
not
fine
or
too
cold
,
and
the
mould
not
well
nealed
,
or
the
mettalls
not
well
incorporated
;
either
of
these
causeth
flawes
,
crackes
,
spungynes
,
or
hony-combs
in
the
mettall
of
the
Peece
,
whereby
great
danger
often
ensueth
.
CHAP.
XIX
.
Concerning
the
League
and
Alligation
or
mixture
of
Mettals
to
Found
great
Ordnance
.
FOr
the
Natural
viscuosity
,
softnes
,
&
dulnes
of
the
colour
of
Copper
,
there
hath
for
the
Foundings
of
Ordnance
beene
many
Alloyes
,
Leagues
,
or
Alligations
of
other
mettalls
by
seuerall
Founders
vsed
as
their
diuers
colours
and
tempers
doe
manifest
.
True
it
is
,
that
the
proper
Alloy
for
Copper
,
is
fine
Cornish
Tinne
,
when
as
you
would
haue
your
worke
subiect
to
the
Hammer
,
or
els
it
will
not
be
reduced
to
such
subtilty
;
as
to
endure
the
fire
,
or
to
make
vessells
off
.
But
when
as
it
shall
be
accompanyed
as
shall
herein
bee
hereafter
mentioned
,
it
doth
not
onely
change
the
name
,
also
the
aspect
and
Nature
thereof
,
as
to
bee
called
Ordinary
Brasse
,
Bell-mettall
,
or
els
Brasse
for
Ordnance
,
Brasse
ordinarily
is
made
onely
by
Tinne
,
Copper
,
and
Lapis
Caliminaris
.
Bell
mettall
with
more
Tiune
and
some
Latton
,
for
Bells
,
Mortars
,
and
for
Ordnance
,
As
Biringuccio
sayth
,
12
pound
of
Tinne
for
100
pound
of
Copper
,
for
Bels
23
or
20
pound
of
Tinne
for
100
pound
of
Copper
to
cause
the
better
sound
,
and
accordingly
as
they
are
to
be
greater
or
lesse
,
wherein
I
intend
not
here
to
giue
any
other
Rule
;
but
to
mixe
them
by
waight
,
and
measure
,
as
discretion
and
iudgement
shall
induce
.
But
more
particularly
for
Ordnance
,
I
haue
thought
fitting
to
relate
the
opinions
of
such
worke-masters
and
Authors
as
I
haue
receiued
instructions
from
.
Ierome
Rosselli
,
saith
,
that
for
16
lb.
of
Copper
,
10
lb.
of
Tinne
,
and
8
lb.
of
Latton
,
and
that
the
Tinne
giueth
hardnes
,
and
sothereth
the
Copper
and
Latton
,
and
that
the
Latton
giueth
them
colour
together
,
adding
the
more
force
to
resist
the
vehemency
of
the
powder
fired
in
them
,
so
that
they
make
the
Peeces
that
are
cast
of
that
mixture
to
be
faire
and
strong
.
Alexander
Bianco
in
his
Millitarie
saith
,
that
the
best
Allegations
of
those
Mettals
for
Ordnance
,
is
for
100
lb.
of
Copper
,
20
lb.
of
Tinne
,
and
5
lb.
of
Brasse
or
Latton
is
to
be
mixed
.
Diego
Vffano
in
his
Instruction
de
Artillerie
sayth
,
that
the
best
Legature
for
Ordnance
is
100
lb.
of
Copper
,
8
lb.
of
Tinne
,
and
5
lb.
of
Latton
,
and
10
lb.
of
Sow-lead
,
affirming
that
Lead
being
tough
and
cold
,
maketh
it
also
become
hard
.
And
Sicur
du
Prissac
in
his
Military
discourses
saith
,
that
the
French
Founders
vnto
euery
100
lb.
of
Copper
doe
either
adde
20
lb.
of
Bell
mettall
,
(
which
is
25
lb.
of
Tinne
and
Lead
,
for
100
lb.
of
Copper
or
Brasse
)
or
else
10
lb.
of
soft
Tinne
to
each
100
pound
of
Copper
.
CHAP.
XX.
Of
the
Powders
or
Earths
to
make
the
Moulds
to
cast
in
Brasse
Ordnance
.
FOr
the
Foundings
of
Great
Ordnance
,
there
are
speciall
sorts
of
Earthes
,
whereof
the
Moulds
and
Modells
are
compounded
either
to
cast
in
Brasse
or
iron
,
wherof
it
behooueth
to
seeke
the
best
,
namely
that
are
able
to
resist
the
fire
and
receine
the
melted
mettalls
,
so
that
they
may
render
them
to
bee
cast
and
Founded
neatly
without
being
subiect
eyther
to
be
diminished
,
crackt
or
peeled
when
they
shall
be
nealed
,
which
is
such
a
matter
as
without
experience
cannot
be
done
well
.
The
rather
be
cause
that
Earth
in
it selfe
generally
taken
cannot
safely
be
chosen
,
the
colours
thereof
is
no
sufficient
signe
:
for
we
see
some
earth
to
be
white
,
some
blacke
,
some
yellow
,
and
others
red
;
and
of
each
some
are
good
,
some
bad
.
But
none
of
them
can
by
their
colours
be
assuredly
said
or
chosen
for
good
in
effect
:
for
there
may
bee
some
of
each
of
those
colours
good
;
yet
all
earths
being
eyther
fat
or
leane
,
or
soft
,
or
grosse
,
or
viscuous
,
whereof
the
leane
soone
turneth
vnto
dust
,
without
holding
together
,
which
also
are
a
long
time
drying
,
and
are
but
of
little
continuance
for
strength
.
The
Fat
and
viscous
Earths
shrinke
and
chappe
,
and
doe
soone
breake
by
their
naturall
brittinesse
,
and
doe
often
grow
crooked
by
the
vneuennesse
of
their
mixture
or
temper
,
whereby
they
become
crooked
in
the
Mould
,
and
so
warpe
the
patterne
it selfe
:
so
that
it
is
rare
that
such
a
Peece
should
come
neatly
or
well
out
of
the
mould
:
Where
upon
we
may
conclude
that
good
Earths
are
neyther
Fat
nor
Leane
,
but
betweene
both
,
and
of
a
fine
and
subtill
graine
or
mould
,
which
soone
dryeth
and
remaineth
firme
,
without
breaking
,
being
able
to
resist
the
vehemency
of
the
fire
;
and
such
Earthes
are
most
commonly
of
a
yellow
or
red
colour
:
but
relying
not
vpon
the
colour
,
prooue
the
quality
of
your
Earths
with
iudgement
,
and
so
will
experience
the
Mistrisse
of
Art
be
your
best
Tutour
to
direct
you
to
the
best
powders
,
which
must
be
the
first
foundation
of
your
worke
.
But
to
finde
such
as
are
fit
for
your
worke
,
it
behooueth
you
to
sinke
diners
pits
or
caues
vnder
ground
,
which
haue
not
beene
much
stirred
.
And
after
you
haue
begun
your
worke
,
and
compounded
your
Earthes
in
a
banke
or
heape
,
and
wet
and
moystened
them
like
a
paste
,
begin
then
to
beat
them
with
a
rod
of
Iron
,
as
the
Potters
vse
to
doe
their
Claye
.
Then
take
two
third
parts
of
the
whole
quantity
,
and
mixe
it
with
lynt
of
Linnen
cloth
and
then
beate
the
same
againe
together
vntill
they
bee
well
incorporated
,
that
they
may
appeare
all
one
substance
,
and
if
any
small
stones
should
chance
to
fall
amongst
it
to
picke
them
out
or
bruise
them
as
small
as
may
be
thereby
,
and
so
the
powders
being
well
tempered
may
serue
for
your
moulds
and
formes
.
Some
if
they
cannot
haue
such
Earths
as
they
would
,
content
themselues
,
with
such
as
they
can
get
,
which
when
they
haue
tempered
into
paste
,
they
dry
,
and
then
beate
and
remoysten
;
others
mixe
it
with
burnt
sand
and
ashes
;
others
hauing
but
weake
Earths
,
temper
them
with
water
wherein
burnt
salt
is
dissolued
,
mixing
therwith
Scales
or
Lymmel
of
iron
finely
beaten
and
searced
.
And
lastly
,
some
mixe
therewith
Horse
or
Oxe
dung
,
and
some
vsed
sedge
and
straw
finely
chopt
and
mealed
,
each
to
his
best
liking
,
endeauouring
to
preuent
the
ill
accedents
that
may
hinder
the
good
successes
of
their
workes
.
CHAP.
XX.
Of
making
of
Moulds
for
the
Founding
of
Ordnance
.
man building cannons
And
hauing
so
prepared
and
resolued
of
what
kind
,
and
what
sort
of
that
kind
the
Ordnance
is
,
you
intend
to
Cast
you
are
then
first
to
make
a
Moddell
or
perfect
patterne
thereof
,
eyther
of
Timber
,
or
of
Earth
(
or
both
)
with
all
the
Mouldures
,
Ornaments
,
and
Compartiments
,
euen
as
you
would
haue
the
Peece
to
be
,
which
you
must
thinnely
anoynt
with
soft
hogs
grease
,
and
then
couer
it
ouer
with
a
Colume
of
the
aforesaid
tempered
earth
,
made
and
dryed
by
little
and
little
,
augmenting
it
vntill
it
bee
of
a
competent
strength
&
thicknes
;
This
Colume
must
be
to
betaken
into
two
or
more
parts
,
to
the
end
to
take
the
said
Modell
or
patterne
out
of
it
,
and
it
is
to
be
fortified
on
the
out
side
with
Plates
of
iron
as
long
as
the
Chase
of
the
Peece
,
and
with
iron
wyres
an
inch
each
from
other
,
and
lastly
with
iron
hoopes
a
foote
or
two
asunder
,
to
knocke
off
and
on
as
occasion
shall
require
.
There
must
also
bee
a
smooth
and
equall
Cillinder
,
whose
Dyametre
must
be
iust
the
height
of
the
Bore
,
and
made
of
the
same
earth
moulded
vpon
a
strong
Iron
square
Barre
,
and
vpon
a
cord
woulded
about
the
same
,
therewith
to
make
the
soule
or
concaue
hollow
Cillinder
of
the
Peece
,
by
placing
it
(
by
helpe
of
the
Base
and
Muzzle-ring
)
exactly
in
the
midst
of
the
vacuity
of
the
outermost
Colume
,
which
when
the
Patterne
or
Modell
shall
bee
taken
out
,
will
remaine
hollow
to
receiue
the
mettall
that
must
make
the
body
of
the
Peece
.
All
these
must
be
well
ioyned
ted
together
,
polished
smooth
,
and
dryed
and
nealed
,
that
the
mettall
berune
fine
,
may
come
off
,
smooth
and
neate
.
Lastly
,
the
patterne
of
the
Breech
,
with
all
the
Mouldures
,
and
Cascabell
is
in
like
manner
to
bee
couered
ouer
by
little
and
little
with
the
same
tempered
earth
,
which
must
afterwards
be
luted
neatly
and
strongly
to
the
Breech
end
of
the
outter
Colume
:
All
which
Mouldures
,
Rings
,
Armes
,
Deuices
,
Flowers
,
Trunnions
,
Dolphins
and
Circles
may
be
at
pleasure
added
therevnto
,
vpon
the
patterne
eyther
in
waxe
,
earth
,
or
playster
,
and
so
the
perfect
impression
thereof
be
receiued
by
the
concauity
of
the
outward
Colume
,
keeping
still
the
due
prescribed
proportion
of
the
Peeces
,
according
to
the
kind
and
sort
thereof
.
CHAP.
XXII
.
Of
the
place
,
measure
,
and
vse
of
the
Trunnions
.
THe
Trunnions
in
peeces
not
Camber
bored
ought
to
be
thus
placed
,
diuide
the
whole
length
of
the
Chase
of
the
peece
into
7
equall
parts
,
and
at
3
of
those
parts
from
the
Basering
forwards
,
in
the
imaginary
right
line
that
procéedeth
from
the
lower
part
of
the
Mettall
at
the
Breech
,
to
the
vpper
part
of
the
Mettall
at
her
Mouth
,
must
the
place
of
the
Centre
of
the
Trunnions
be
,
and
so
shall
there
be
4/7
of
the
length
of
her
Chase
from
the
Centre
of
her
Trunnions
forwards
to
her
Muzle
,
&
3/7
backwards
to
her
Breech
,
except
it
be
for
a
Taper
bored
or
Cambred
peece
,
for
which
the
Trunnions
must
be
placed
more
backwards
,
because
the
thicknes
of
mettall
to
the
breechwards
is
greater
in
compared
proportion
then
it
is
in
equall
bored
Peeces
,
which
would
otherwise
become
breech
heauy
,
&
so
be
troublesome
to
manage
,
and
it
must
be
so
ordered
for
these
sequent
reasons
.
First
for
her
better
fortitude
,
Namely
to
take
hold
the
more
firmely
in
the
Mettall
of
her
body
,
and
not
lye
directly
against
the
concauo
Cillinder
of
the
Bore
.
Secondly
,
that
being
somewhat
vnder
it
,
they
will
the
better
support
the
great
:
waight
of
the
mettall
:
and
lastly
,
that
therby
they
may
be
onely
so
much
heauier
towards
their
Breech
as
may
be
sufficient
to
keepe
her
steady
in
her
discharge
,
and
not
be
too
vnweldy
,
but
conueniently
approaching
neere
equiballancing
for
the
mounting
and
mannaging
thereof
,
which
the
Germane
and
Spanish
Founders
doe
somewhat
seeme
to
helpe
,
by
placing
Dolphins
somewhat
more
towards
their
breeches
:
and
some
others
haue
thought
to
remedy
it
by
placing
of
strong
Rings
in
Staples
of
cast
mettal
in
stead
and
liew
of
these
Dolphins
.
But
for
such
Peeces
as
haue
neither
Dolphins
nor
Rings
to
mount
or
dismount
by
them
,
a
Leauer
being
put
into
their
Mouthes
and
a
rope
fastned
at
the
mouth
vnto
theoutward
end
therof
,
and
vnto
the
Pomell
or
Cascabell
at
the
breech
,
thoy
are
to
be
thereby
equibalancingly
slinged
tomount
or
dismount
them
conueniently
.
The
Trunnions
ought
next
the
body
to
be
in
Dyametre
one
Calibre
of
her
proper
bore
in
thicknes
,
and
also
one
in
length
,
onely
lessening
1/30
of
a
Calibre
,
tapering
by
little
and
little
towards
their
outward
end
of
them
.
There
are
fiue
things
especially
to
be
regarded
in
casting
of
mettall
.
The
first
is
to
make
the
formes
and
moulds
duely
.
The
second
that
they
be
well
nealed
with
Charcoales
or
dry
wood
.
The
third
to
place
them
well
in
the
Pit
.
The
fourth
is
to
melt
the
mettall
to
runne
well
and
fine
.
The
fift
to
be
sure
to
put
asmuch
mettall
into
the
furnace
as
may
be
sufficient
to
fill
the
moulds
;
and
euery
mould
(
that
is
to
be
filled
with
Brasse
or
any
other
Mettall
)
must
haue
spyralls
or
vents
:
for
there
is
no
place
(
although
called
empty
)
so
voyd
,
but
it
is
filled
with
Ayre
,
by
meanes
whereof
if
the
hot
meltes
,
substance
come
to
meete
with
the
Ayre
there
inclosed
,
not
finding
breathing
vent
,
it
will
breake
the
the
mould
:
wherefore
it
will
be
fit
that
as
vpon
the
one
side
of
the
mould
,
the
mettall
is
to
come
into
it
,
vpon
the
other
side
the
moysture
and
ayre
may
breath
out
without
impeachment
,
that
all
the
emptines
of
the
mould
may
be
filled
with
mettall
.
And
to
that
end
there
must
bee
a
vent
made
that
may
breath
out
the
ayre
from
the
top
to
the
bottome
of
the
mould
,
concluding
that
by
giuing
the
more
and
the
larger
enteries
vnto
the
moulds
and
vents
,
the
better
and
more
faire
will
your
matter
bee
cast
off
.
And
so
much
for
Foundings
of
Brasse
Ordnance
.
CHAP.
XXII
.
How
to
examine
,
search
,
and
to
finde
whether
any
peece
of
Ordnance
be
well
and
duly
made
,
and
of
what
Kinde
,
and
Sort
it
is
.
THe
principall
thing
that
a
Gunner
ought
to
looke
vnto
,
when
hee
is
to
take
many
Peeces
of
Ordnance
into
his
charge
,
is
first
to
search
and
examine
how
they
are
Fortified
,
and
whether
they
be
sound
and
safely
seruiceable
,
and
whether
they
be
of
the
kinde
of
Cannons
of
Battery
,
Culuerings
,
or
Periors
,
and
then
to
know
of
which
sort
each
Peece
is
of
that
Kinde
,
and
then
whether
they
be
ordinary
,
re-inforced
,
or
lessened
in
their
Fortification
of
Mettall
,
and
whether
they
be
Cambred
,
either
equall
or
Taper-bored
,
and
with
,
or
without
an
Orlow
or
Rellish
,
be
they
of
cast
yron
or
of
Brasse
mettall
:
and
of
what
heights
their
Bores
are
,
and
how
much
Powder
they
are
each
of
them
to
shoote
,
with
any
Shot
,
be
it
of
Lead
,
Iron
,
Stone
,
Granado
,
or
other
Fire-workes
or
Bales
.
Secondly
,
that
he
looke
how
the
Spunges
,
Ladles
,
Rammers
,
and
Waddhookes
,
are
fitted
and
conditioned
,
so
that
there
may
be
no
defect
or
default
in
them
:
And
finding
all
those
things
well
,
hee
is
to
place
them
all
on
the
right
side
of
the
Cariages
of
the
Peeces
they
belong
vnto
,
so
that
the
Ladles
and
Spunges
be
turned
towards
the
mouthes
,
and
the
Rammers
and
Waddbookes
towards
the
Breech
of
their
proper
Peeces
.
Then
by
putting
a
Rammer
with
his
staffe
into
the
Peeces
Concaue
Cillinder
as
farre
as
it
will
goe
,
to
know
whether
that
Peece
be
cleare
,
loaded
,
or
Cambered
,
and
equall
or
taper-boared
,
with
Relish
,
or
not
,
or
haue
any
foulenesse
got
into
her
Concaue
Cillinder
,
which
hee
shall
perceiue
if
hee
make
a
marke
vpon
the
staffe
,
at
the
mouth
of
the
Peece
,
and
pulling
it
out
when
it
will
goe
no
further
in
,
and
by
laying
it
vpon
the
out-side
of
the
Mettall
,
if
it
reach
to
the
Touch-hole
or
not
,
for
if
it
doe
not
reach
thither
,
it
is
either
loaded
or
cambred
,
or
else
some
foulenesse
is
gotten
into
her
.
And
if
he
finde
or
perceiue
nothing
to
be
within
,
yet
he
shall
take
her
Ladle
,
and
put
it
into
her
as
far
as
hee
can
,
and
mouing
it
lightly
about
the
lower
part
and
bottome
of
her
concaue
,
giuing
two
or
three
ietts
,
to
receiue
into
the
same
,
the
dust
or
small
stones
or
foulenes
if
any
be
in
her
,
which
he
shall
continue
,
drawing
out
the
Ladle
and
emptying
it
,
vntill
hee
perceiue
there
remaineth
no
more
within
her
to
be
drawne
out
:
Then
placing
the
Ladle
in
his
place
,
let
him
also
take
her
Spunge
,
and
spunge
her
well
;
to
draw
out
all
the
moysture
,
rust
.
Verdegreace
,
or
foulenesse
,
vntill
she
be
cleane
:
then
search
also
her
Touch-hole
,
with
a
Pryming-iron
,
whether
shee
be
therein
cleane
,
cloyed
.
or
haue
any
foulenesse
gotten
into
it
.
That
done
,
then
may
he
with
a
common
search
vpon
a
staffe
,
hauing
two
or
three
round
Pease
,
poynted
springs
that
beare
out
,
vnlesse
they
be
forced
close
put
into
the
concaue
Cillinder
vnto
the
bottome
,
all
along
to
examine
her
within
whether
there
be
any
flawes
,
crackes
,
hony-combes
,
pynneholes
,
sinders
,
or
other
faults
:
and
the
Sunne
shining
cleare
,
if
the
mouth
be
turned
against
the
Sunne
beames
,
they
may
by
a
Looking-glasse
well
pollished
,
or
with
a
bright
sword
,
be
reuerberated
into
her
concaue
Cillinder
:
so
that
those
faults
may
bee
therein
most
easily
discerned
;
or
else
in
close
weather
or
roomes
,
a
Wax
or
other
Candle
lighted
,
being
fastned
vpon
the
end
of
a
Cane
,
staffe
,
or
halfe
Pyke
,
her
faults
may
bee
spyed
,
if
the
same
bee
put
into
her
hollow
Cillinder
,
and
carefully
looked
for
all
along
,
the
Gunners
eye
being
therefore
imployed
diligently
at
the
mouth
of
the
Peece
.
Wherein
if
he
espye
any
creuises
,
flawes
,
cracks
,
or
Hony-combes
,
hee
may
assure
himselfe
that
Peece
is
dangerous
both
for
breaking
by
recharging
of
her
too
speedily
after
her
discharge
,
as
well
for
her
debillity
by
meanes
of
those
defects
or
faults
,
disabling
her
to
endure
or
resist
her
ordinarie
loading
,
or
allowance
of
Powder
to
be
fired
in
her
,
as
also
least
in
such
Cauernes
,
flawes
,
or
Hony-combes
,
some
of
the
Wad
,
Carthouch
,
foulenes
,
furre
,
or
Powder
,
lye
smothering
therein
,
and
so
vpon
recharging
,
Fire
,
the
Powder
that
should
loade
her
,
vnlesse
shee
be
well
spunged
with
wet
spunges
,
with
a
great
deale
of
handinesse
,
care
,
and
diligence
,
to
bee
assured
to
haue
fully
extinguished
the
fire
that
shall
so
smother
,
before
you
recharge
her
.
Besides
,
much
discretion
and
iudgement
is
to
be
vsed
in
the
allowance
of
Powder
,
as
in
the
manner
of
loading
such
Peeces
,
notwithstanding
they
be
otherwise
double
fortified
or
re-inforced
Peeces
,
yet
to
allow
them
(
according
as
they
are
thereby
more
or
lesse
weakened
)
so
much
more
or
lesse
Powder
,
as
if
they
were
of
the
lessened
poore
,
or
slender
,
fortified
Peeces
of
the
same
kinde
and
sort
.
It
may
many
times
happen
that
he
may
meete
with
Peeces
that
are
wider
at
the
mouth
,
then
in
the
rest
of
her
bore
within
,
which
is
often
found
in
Peeces
that
haue
beene
long
,
and
many
times
vsed
to
shoote
Shott
of
Iron
or
stone
,
whereby
the
mouthes
become
enlarged
,
worne
,
and
wider
,
by
reason
of
the
frequencie
and
vehemencie
of
their
discharges
,
whereby
the
Gunner
may
be
deceiued
,
if
he
take
his
measure
for
his
Shot
by
the
Callibre
of
her
mouthes
,
for
by
that
meanes
the
Callibre
of
their
bores
within
being
lower
or
lesser
,
it
may
cause
the
Shott
to
sticke
by
the
way
,
and
then
a
vacuity
being
in
her
betweene
the
Powder
and
the
Shott
,
they
will
endanger
the
Peece
to
breake
,
which
may
soone
bee
examined
with
the
Crossett
,
described
in
the
19
Figure
α
,
whereby
Shott
for
such
Peeces
may
be
safely
chosen
seruiceable
,
according
to
the
Callibres
of
their
narrowest
places
,
giuing
abatement
of
1/20
of
that
height
(
though
the
Shott
be
round
,
and
not
ouall
)
for
a
conuenient
vent
,
whereof
more
hereafter
shall
be
spoken
.
If
he
chance
to
meete
with
a
Peece
that
is
crooked
in
her
Chase
,
which
is
a
hard
matter
to
be
otherwise
remedred
,
then
by
sending
her
to
the
Furnace
to
be
new
Founded
:
But
if
by
necessity
a
Gunner
must
needes
serue
with
such
a
Peece
,
then
must
he
take
a
Shott
for
her
so
lowe
,
that
it
be
sure
not
to
be
hindred
in
the
going
out
thereof
,
in
her
discharge
.
And
besides
,
he
must
accordingly
(
as
the
crookednesse
lyeth
)
lay
the
Peece
so
much
the
contrarie
way
awry
,
ouer
,
or
vnder
the
direction
of
the
vpper
part
of
the
Mettall
more
or
lesse
,
as
her
bending
and
crookednesse
is
more
or
lesse
;
the
which
after
two
or
three
Shotts
made
in
her
,
the
Gunner
shall
bee
better
directed
then
by
many
words
.
CHAP.
XXIIII
.
How
to
measure
or
Tertiate
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
,
to
know
how
much
Powder
she
is
able
to
beare
for
her
due
Charge
.
THe
best
vnderstanding
experienced
Forreigne
Gunners
,
doc
call
the
measuring
and
examining
of
the
fortification
of
Mettall
in
a
Peece
,
Tertiating
,
because
it
is
chiefly
to
be
measured
and
examined
in
the
three
principall
parts
of
each
Peece
:
namely
,
at
the
breech
,
at
their
Trunnīons
,
and
at
the
mouth
.
Now
that
euery
industrious
Gunner
may
be
assured
of
the
fortitude
of
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
,
and
so
the
more
safely
and
boldly
allow
vnto
her
a
due
loading
,
and
proportion
of
powder
,
for
proofe
and
seruice
,
that
she
may
without
danger
performe
her
vtmost
execution
,
I
haue
in
the
18
figure
α
described
three
Cannons
,
and
three
Culuerings
,
with
the
measures
of
their
mettalls
(
their
proper
Bores
being
their
proper
Scale
)
at
their
Breeches
or
Chambers
,
&
at
their
Trunnions
,
and
at
their
Mouthes
.
The
vppermost
of
both
which
,
is
the
figure
of
a
Re-inforced
or
double
fortified
,
the
two
middlemost
of
an
Ordinary
,
and
the
two
vndermost
of
a
Lessened
Peece
,
both
Cannons
,
and
Culuerings
,
with
all
their
measures
.
By
which
also
their
sorts
,
and
all
other
Ordnance
in
their
due
measures
,
will
be
the
better
conceiued
and
manifested
.
As
for
example
there
is
a
Culuering
that
shooteth
an
iron
shot
of
17
lb.
waight
with
13
lb.
of
corne
powder
,
which
is
⅘
of
the
waight
of
her
shot
;
and
the
question
is
whether
she
may
be
able
to
beare
so
much
powder
,
or
if
neede
were
more
,
which
cannot
be
well
answered
without
the
examining
or
tertiaring
her
mettall
.
But
hauing
already
searched
her
,
as
in
the
precedent
Chapter
is
shewed
,
and
found
her
sound
and
free
,
except
the
defects
therein
mentioned
,
you
may
measure
and
tertiate
her
to
answer
the
question
as
followeth
.
First
,
with
a
Ruler
,
draw
a
right
line
vpon
a
paper
slate
or
flat
smooth
Previous
error
not
modified
boord
,
as
in
the
said
18
figure
is
described
from
A
to
B
,
Then
with
a
paire
of
Compasses
with
strait
or
reuersed
poynts
,
take
the
Dyametre
or
widenes
of
the
Bore
of
the
peece
,
and
place
that
measure
from
A
towards
B
at
C
,
which
space
betweene
A
and
C
,
you
must
diuide
into
two
equall
parts
,
and
then
with
the
compasses
opened
to
one
of
those
parts
,
set
the
same
vpon
another
right
line
,
as
at
the
poynt
D
,
and
with
the
other
foote
draw
a
circle
,
which
will
be
truely
equall
in
Dyametre
vnto
the
height
of
the
Bore
,
as
may
appeare
by
the
Circle
AFCQ
,
and
equall
to
the
right
line
AC
.
Then
with
a
paire
of
Caliber
Compasses
take
the
thicknes
or
Dyametre
of
the
mettall
of
the
Breech
at
the
Touch-hole
:
which
distance
betweene
the
poynts
,
you
must
diuide
into
two
equall
parts
,
and
then
the
Compasses
beeing
opened
to
one
of
them
(
and
one
foote
set
in
D
with
the
other
)
describe
the
other
Circle
GH
,
which
shall
be
equall
to
the
circumference
of
the
mettall
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
so
the
thicknes
of
the
mettall
or
distance
between
the
said
2
circles
will
shew
the
quantity
betweene
F
and
H
,
and
E
and
G.
And
seeing
that
the
distance
from
F
to
H
is
equall
to
the
distance
from
E
to
F
,
which
is
the
Dyametre
of
the
height
of
the
Bore
,
he
may
be
therefore
sure
that
it
is
an
Ordinary
or
Common
fortified
Culuering
.
But
whether
it
bee
either
a
Bastard
or
an
extraordinary
Culuering
,
it
cannot
bee
knowne
by
the
fortification
,
but
by
the
length
therof
;
being
longer
then
the
ordinary
,
it
is
called
,
therefore
an
extraordinary
Culuering
,
&c.
and
being
shorter
then
the
Ordinary
,
it
is
therefore
called
a
Bastard
Culuering
.
Now
then
this
being
found
to
be
an
ordinary
Culuering
,
shee
will
beare
〈◊〉
of
the
weight
of
her
shot
in
Canon
powder
,
which
amounteth
vnto
13
lb.
9
oz.
But
to
bee
more
assured
of
her
fortitude
,
the
measure
of
her
mettall
may
be
likewise
taken
at
her
Trunnions
,
and
Necke
as
followeth
.
At
the
Cornish
or
Ring
before
her
Trunnions
with
a
paire
of
Calibre
Compasses
,
you
may
take
the
Dyametre
of
the
body
of
mettall
there
,
as
you
did
before
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
also
diuide
the
distance
betweene
the
points
or
ends
of
the
compasses
into
two
equall
parts
:
with
the
compasses
opened
to
one
of
those
parts
,
setting
one
foote
in
D
,
make
with
the
other
the
circle
IL
,
and
if
you
finde
7/1
of
the
bore
,
it
is
the
proportionall
fortification
for
an
ordinary
Culuering
;
and
the
like
may
bee
done
for
the
Necke
,
which
the
circle
MN
will
equalize
and
represent
,
and
the
distance
from
F
to
N
being
½
of
the
height
of
her
bore
,
and
the
due
thicknes
of
the
mettall
for
an
ordinary
Culuering
at
the
Necke
,
confirmeth
the
former
measures
and
proofes
.
But
if
in
taking
the
Measures
aforesaid
,
there
had
bin
found
in
her
Chamber
at
the
Touch-hole
from
F
to
H
the
thicknes
of
one
Dyametre
of
the
bore
,
and
〈◊〉
more
,
it
had
beene
a
signe
the
Peece
to
be
double
fortified
or
re-inforced
,
hauing
also
at
the
Trunnions
FL
1/16
,
&
at
the
Necke
FN
9/16
of
the
height
or
Calibre
of
her
Bore
,
Then
she
shooting
an
Iron
shot
of
17
lb.
would
haue
endured
also
17
lb.
of
Cannon
corne
powder
to
be
loaded
with
,
and
be
fired
within
her
without
danger
.
And
this
would
so
haue
conueyed
the
shot
further
then
the
ordinary
could
haue
done
,
vpon
like
degrees
of
Mounture
.
Contrariwise
,
if
the
circles
there
had
beene
found
,
that
from
F
to
H
,
but
⅞
of
her
Calibre
of
the
bore
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
at
the
Touch-hole
but
¾
for
FL
,
and
at
the
necke
from
F
to
N
but
7/16
of
the
height
of
her
bore
.
Then
she
appeareth
to
be
one
of
the
lessened
or
slender
fortified
Culuerings
,
and
must
be
allowed
but
12
lb.
9
oz.
of
Cannon
corne
to
conuey
her
Iron
shot
of
17
lb.
which
vpon
like
eleuation
will
not
cary
a
shot
so
far
as
the
Ordinary
,
much
lesse
as
the
extraordinary
Culuerings
could
haue
done
.
In
this
selfe
same
manner
all
sorts
of
Peeces
of
the
second
kind
are
to
bee
measured
and
Tertiated
with
this
consideration
and
allowance
withall
,
That
the
Demy
Culuering
hath
1/16
,
and
the
Saker
1/●●
,
and
the
Faulcon
⅙
more
mettall
comparatiuely
then
the
whole
Culuering
hath
.
And
so
much
for
the
sorts
of
the
second
kind
of
Ordnance
.
Likewise
vpon
the
other
side
of
the
same
figure
,
the
Measures
of
the
Ordnance
are
thus
described
.
measuring the mouths of various cannons
Tract
.
3.
Cap.
2
fig.
1.
Chambre
1
Calibre
.
Kammer
1
Calibre
.
Canon
renforcee
.
gesterkte
Carthounē
.
Chamb.
⅞
.
Kammer
⅞
.
Canon
comun
gemeine
Carth.
Chambre
¾
Kammer
¾
Canon
amoindrt
veriungte
Carth.
Comment
il
fault
mesurer
les
pieces
d'artillerie
.
Wie
das
geschutz
zu
viesieren
.
la
chambre
1
Calibre
.
die
kammer
1
Calibre
.
Colubrince
Commune
Gemeine
Colubkine
Chambre
1
Cal.
⅛
Kammer
1
Cal.
⅛
Colubrine
rēforcee
.
gestärckte
Colubri●zc
Culebrinarrefarcada
Chambre
⅞
Kammer
⅞
Colubrine
amoindrie
.
Veriungte
Colubrine
.
The
double
fortified
or
re-inforced
Canons
of
Batterie
,
haue
one
whole
Dyametre
of
their
bore
in
thicknes
of
mettall
at
her
Touch-hole
,
and
11/16
at
her
Trunnions
,
and
7/16
at
her
necke
.
The
ordinary
Canons
of
Batterie
is
⅞
in
their
Chambers
,
〈◊〉
at
their
Trunnions
,
and
⅛
at
their
Neckes
of
the
Dyametre
of
the
Bores
in
thicknesse
of
mettall
.
The
Lessened
Canons
of
Batterie
is
¾
at
the
Chamber
,
at
the
Trunnions
9/16
and
at
the
necke
5/16
of
the
Dyametre
of
their
Bores
in
thicknesse
of
mettall
,
whose
poorenes
and
debility
of
mettall
,
although
they
be
to
shoote
an
Iron
shot
of
about
60
lb.
yet
they
cannot
endure
aboue
25
lb.
½
of
fine
powder
,
or
31
lb.
of
common
powder
.
Whereas
the
Re-inforced
Canon
of
Battery
can
endure
to
burne
34
lb
½
of
fine
powder
or
43
½
of
common
powder
.
And
so
the
Ordinary
Canon
of
Batterie
will
endure
30
lb.
of
fine
,
or
39
lb.
of
common
powder
.
But
if
the
Gunner
when
he
should
measure
or
tertiate
any
Peece
,
hath
not
Calibre
compasses
,
he
may
doe
it
sufficiently
with
a
cord
or
string
,
by
guirding
the
Peece
at
the
Touch-hole
,
at
the
Trunnions
and
at
the
Necke
,
taking
½
part
thereof
for
the
Dyametre
of
the
body
of
her
mettall
in
each
places
,
Thus
:
The
Canon
or
ordinary
Culuerings
haue
about
11
Dyametres
of
their
bore
about
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
at
the
Trunnions
8
Dyametres
,
and
at
the
necke
6
Dyametres
in
their
circumferences
.
But
the
Common
or
Ordinary
Canons
of
batterie
haue
but
9
Dyametres
at
the
Touchhole
,
and
at
their
Trunnions
7
½
,
and
at
their
necks
5
2/5
in
the
circumference
of
their
mettalls
there
.
Lastly
,
the
Demy
Canons
are
but
⅞
of
their
bores
in
thicknes
of
mettall
at
the
Touch-hole
:
I
need
not
to
insist
vpon
the
rest
of
the
measures
,
nor
of
the
Re-inforced
Ordinary
or
Lessened
,
onely
I
may
say
that
as
they
all
tend
to
none
other
end
,
but
to
make
knowne
the
force
and
feeblenes
of
any
Peece
,
to
allow
her
a
conuenient
charge
of
Powder
,
that
they
may
performe
their
best
and
vtmost
force
most
safely
:
for
if
you
giue
any
Peece
more
then
her
due
charge
in
powder
,
you
indanger
the
Peece
your selfe
,
and
the
seruice
expected
,
but
if
you
giue
lesse
she
cannot
doe
sufficient
execution
.
The
force
and
richnes
,
and
the
defects
and
poorenesse
of
the
Powder
,
is
likewise
to
bee
well
knowne
for
10
lb.
of
one
powder
may
doe
more
execution
then
12
lb.
of
another
,
wherefore
encrease
or
abatement
must
bee
accordingly
made
to
or
from
the
quantity
,
that
is
ordinarily
allowed
,
according
to
the
strength
thereof
,
more
or
lesse
,
whereof
I
intend
to
speake
more
particularly
in
the
chapter
of
the
making
and
proouing
of
Powder
.
But
yet
I
will
conclude
with
a
briefe
and
industrious
way
to
measure
a
Peece
as
is
by
the
19
figure
α
represented
:
First
draw
a
right
line
,
as
the
line
CD
,
then
take
the
widenesse
of
the
bore
of
the
Peece
with
a
paire
of
straight
poynted
compasses
,
and
set
both
the
poynts
in
the
said
right
line
from
C
towards
D
,
as
CF
which
will
be
the
height
or
widenesse
of
the
bore
of
the
Peece
.
Then
with
a
paire
of
Calibre
compasses
take
the
Dyametre
of
the
mettall
at
the
breech
,
which
being
also
set
in
the
same
right
line
from
C
towards
D
as
CE.
Lastly
,
diuide
EE
into
two
equall
parts
at
A
,
so
will
FA
or
EA
be
the
thicknes
of
the
mettall
at
the
breech
.
The
like
may
be
done
at
the
Trunnions
or
Mouth
.
CHAP.
XXV
.
To
finde
whether
the
Concaue
Cillinder
of
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
bee
in
the
midst
of
her
mettall
,
if
not
where
the
thickest
or
thinnest
of
the
Mettall
is
,
and
the
difference
thereof
,
and
of
the
longest
and
shortest
distances
from
the
Axis
of
the
mettall
to
the
Axis
of
the
bore
,
with
their
Larges
and
Disparts
.
BEfore
I
proceede
any
further
,
it
will
not
be
amisse
here
to
shew
the
vse
of
Paralell
Squire
described
in
the
19
figure
α
,
which
is
an
instrument
requisite
to
finde
&
examine
whether
that
any
Peece
hath
more
mettal
vpon
one
side
of
her
then
on
the
other
.
The
same
is
of
two
perches
or
peeces
made
square
of
good
seasoned
wood
planed
straight
and
smooth
,
ioyned
at
the
end
with
two
trauers
peeces
truely
let
in
and
well
closed
in
their
ioynts
,
so
that
as
one
of
the
pearches
may
come
neerer
or
goe
further
off
from
the
other
as
the
Peece
to
be
measured
shall
require
alwayes
,
keeping
the
two
pearches
exactly
paralell
one
to
the
other
,
and
so
locked
with
shrew
pinnes
and
nuts
,
as
that
they
may
not
boudge
without
his
will
that
vseth
them
.
These
pearches
haue
in
each
of
them
5
or
6
skrewes
with
pins
of
brusse
or
Iron
,
that
the
one
pearch
being
put
into
the
Cillinder
of
the
bore
of
a
Peece
of
Ordnance
,
the
pins
and
skrewes
with
their
halfe
round
heads
may
so
beare
vpon
the
lower
side
of
the
bore
,
that
it
may
hold
vp
the
pearch
close
to
the
vpper
side
therof
,
all
along
euen
to
the
Touch-hole
.
Then
by
the
Trauerses
,
locking
the
Perch
that
is
without
,
that
the
further
end
may
touch
&
rest
vpon
the
Basering
,
and
the
vpper
pinnes
also
touch
the
Cornish
frieze
,
and
other
eminent
rings
of
the
outside
.
Then
turning
the
said
instrument
round
about
,
all
the
concaue
or
soule
within
and
about
the
mettall
or
body
without
side
of
the
Peece
,
if
you
finde
it
to
touch
all
parts
equally
in
such
reuolution
,
you
may
be
assured
the
Peece
is
truely
bored
in
the
midst
of
the
mettall
;
but
if
it
touch
not
equally
but
bee
stayde
or
stiffe
vpon
one
side
,
and
loose
,
that
the
pinnes
beare
or
tooch
not
one
the
other
,
it
is
certaine
that
the
side
where
it
is
loose
,
is
thinner
in
mettall
,
then
the
other
where
it
goeth
stiffe
or
stayeth
.
man examining several cannons with various tools
Tract
.
3.
Cap.
2.
fig.
2.
Kreutzstenglein
.
Croisetta
.
Eschelle
pour
examin
le
ba●●n
de
la
piece
sil
et
droit
ou
non
Eine
leitteren
darauff
erforschet
ob
der
lauff
an
einem
stuck
gleich
oder
vngleich
ist
.
Cecij
est
explique
desoubs
chap.
5.
Disses
is
t
drunder
im
5.
Cap.
erckläret
Comment
il
fault
mesurer
vne
piece
.
Wie
ein
stuck
soll
visieret
werden
.
bouche
.
rictal
.
bouche
.
netal
.
la
cueilliers
de
charge
.
●undloch
.
mor●luch
.
Die
ladschauffel
.
Regla
pour
signer
le
,
lignes
droitte
.
Zoll
stab
daran
die
serack
linien
zu
zihen
.
The
same
being
done
aswell
for
the
Brech
as
for
the
Mouth
,
and
transferred
accordingly
vpon
a
boord
with
Plumets
in
the
centres
of
each
circle
,
&
one
in
the
perpendicular
Dynametre
of
the
middle
line
of
the
boord
,
whose
lower
end
must
be
somewhat
hollowed
,
that
it
may
bee
the
better
applyed
vpon
the
roundnesse
of
the
mettall
of
the
breech
and
muzzle
of
the
Peece
,
as
the
figure
thereof
may
sufficiently
explaine
,
it
would
bee
too
tedious
,
and
not
opera
pretium
further
to
describe
the
perpendicill
,
or
to
demonstrate
the
same
,
although
I
haue
prepared
for
any
friends
that
defire
it
.
Note
for
as
much
as
it
is
very
difficil
to
reclaimc
such
Peeces
from
shooting
awry
,
or
ouer
or
vnder
,
without
these
curious
preparations
:
And
because
they
are
not
safely
to
be
shot
in
,
without
very
good
and
mature
consideration
of
their
weakenes
and
danger
,
for
if
an
ordinary
charge
of
powder
be
fyred
in
such
a
Peece
,
the
weaker
fortified
part
would
not
be
able
to
resist
the
force
thereof
,
but
be
in
great
danger
to
breake
and
split
:
therefore
I
would
aduise
euery
Gunner
that
shall
be
appoynted
to
serue
with
such
a
Peece
,
aswell
for
his
safety
as
for
his
credite
,
eyther
with
or
without
reclaiming
those
Errors
,
not
to
load
her
with
more
powder
then
if
shee
were
no
better
fortified
in
any
place
then
she
is
in
the
weakest
part
,
her
surplussage
at
the
thickest
,
being
no
better
helpe
to
strengthen
the
thinnest
of
her
mettall
;
then
if
she
were
in
all
places
weake
alike
.
Yet
to
examine
the
mettall
of
any
Peece
doe
thus
also
,
Mount
the
mouth
of
the
Peece
vpon
a
skidde
or
peece
of
Timber
,
and
hauing
from
the
vpper
part
of
the
mettall
,
made
foure
markes
,
or
diuided
the
circumference
of
the
Base
and
Muzzle
Riggalls
or
Rings
into
4
quadrants
from
the
mouth
to
the
Breech
,
hauing
stretched
a
chalke
line
layd
vpon
two
of
those
marks
each
with
his
match
,
striking
with
that
line
,
4
lines
alongst
vpon
the
outside
of
the
body
of
the
peece
,
and
hauing
a
great
care
that
they
betruely
lined
;
Then
take
a
strait
rod
and
put
it
into
the
mouth
of
the
Peece
,
holding
it
close
to
the
side
of
the
concaue
directly
within
it
as
the
lines
directeth
,
the
one
line
whereof
lying
directly
,
his
opposite
will
lye
directly
vnderneath
it
,
and
the
other
two
lines
will
bee
stretched
on
both
the
sides
of
the
Peece
.
Then
take
your
Quadrant
,
and
place
one
side
thereof
euen
with
the
rod
,
and
looke
what
degree
the
perpendicular
plumlyne
cutteth
thereon
,
and
so
turning
the
peece
,
that
one
of
the
syde
lines
may
then
lye
vpright
,
if
the
plumblyne
then
fall
vpon
the
same
degree
at
each
line
of
such
application
vpon
them
all
,
the
Peece
is
then
truely
bored
.
Lastly
,
there
may
also
for
that
purpose
be
an
Iron
or
Brasse
Instrument
with
a
ioynt
in
the
midst
called
Double
Calibres
with
foure
legges
like
the
figure
here
described
,
which
by
putting
them
into
the
concaue
of
the
Peece
,
and
turning
it
round
within
the
bore
,
clasping
the
other
legge
without
to
the
mettall
of
the
Peece
,
the
distance
betweene
the
other
two
legges
without
will
shew
the
thicknesse
of
the
Peece
in
each
part
,
and
shew
,
with
applying
all
the
openings
vnto
an
inch
Rule
or
scale
of
equall
parts
,
whether
the
Peece
bee
thicker
vpon
one
side
then
on
another
,
being
alike
distant
from
the
mouth
of
the
Peece
,
and
how
much
and
where
.
measuring the thickness of a cannon
Which
differences
of
thicknesse
and
thinnesse
of
her
mettall
,
wry
boring
or
vneuen
lying
,
of
the
concaue
Cillinder
or
Soule
in
her
body
or
Mettall
being
so
made
knowne
.
The
Large
lyne
and
Large
it selfe
,
together
with
her
due
dispart
,
and
lying
of
the
Axis
,
for
such
a
Peece
may
be
found
as
followeth
.
CHAP.
XXII
.
To
Dispart
a
Peece
of
Ordnance
,
whose
Bore
lyeth
horizontally
awry
,
and
the
Axis
thereof
being
parallell
to
the
Axis
of
the
Mettall
.
SVppose
that
the
Bore
of
the
Peece
lyeth
awry
so
much
of
the
Horizontall
Dyametre
square
,
as
w
v
,
or
of
the
circumferences
of
the
mettall
at
the
mouth
,
as
m
n
,
or
at
the
Breech
as
t
r
,
here
represented
by
the
two
paralell
right
lines
,
one
v
b
m
t
,
being
the
verticall
semidiametre
of
the
middle
of
the
mettall
at
the
Breech
,
and
v
b
m
at
the
mouth
.
And
w
h
o
u
t
the
other
parallell
,
whereof
w
h
is
the
verticall
semidiametre
of
the
middle
of
the
bore
both
at
Breech
and
Mouth
,
and
h
n
the
verticall
thickenesse
therein
of
the
mettall
of
the
mouth
,
and
h
t
the
verticall
thicknes
of
the
mettall
at
the
greatest
ring
at
the
breech
.
The
difference
of
b
m
for
h
n
being
added
vnto
the
difference
of
m
r
from
t
r
,
augmented
by
the
lyne
of
the
vsuall
dispart
r
m
(
the
difference
at
the
vpper
part
of
the
mettall
at
the
Breech
and
Mouth
)
will
compound
and
make
the
due
dispart
little
or
nothing
differing
from
the
vsuall
dispart
,
but
must
be
placed
vpon
n
perpendicularly
paralell
to
m
r
,
which
shall
direct
the
sayde
Peece
to
make
an
assured
good
shot
,
the
visuall
line
passing
from
the
Gunners
eye
by
t
and
n
vnto
the
marke
to
be
shot
at
,
by
the
10
definition
,
and
the
65
Theoreme
.
But
if
the
Bore
or
Soule
of
the
Peece
lye
awrye
,
the
Axis
thereof
not
being
paralell
with
the
Axis
of
the
Mettall
.
As
if
the
Bore
at
the
Touch-hole
were
as
the
circle
x
byd
.
and
the
Bore
at
the
mouth
,
as
e
g
h
f
,
and
the
Axis
of
the
Bore
passeth
from
v
at
the
breech
vnto
w
at
the
mouth
horizontally
leuell
with
the
Axis
of
the
mettall
;
Then
shall
the
Dispart
be
of
such
length
,
as
in
the
former
ordinary
manner
,
but
the
dispart
lyne
vpon
the
mettall
at
the
breech
will
passe
directly
from
poynt
z
,
vnto
the
poynt
n
at
the
mouth
of
the
peece
,
to
make
a
perfect
shot
with
such
a
peece
at
any
marke
assigned
.
CHAP.
XXVII
.
To
Dispart
a
Peece
of
Ordnance
,
whose
Centre
of
the
Bore
lyeth
perpendicularly
awry
,
eyther
aboue
or
vnder
the
Centre
of
the
midst
of
the
mettall
,
and
yet
the
Bores
Axis
being
paralell
with
the
Axis
of
the
Mettall
.
SVppose
that
the
bore
of
the
peece
assigned
lyeth
awry
so
much
of
the
perpendicular
Dyametre
,
as
a
b
aboue
the
Axis
of
the
mettall
,
yet
being
paralell
thereunto
,
or
as
much
as
the
circumference
m
o
or
b
n.
Herein
the
two
verticalls
being
in
one
same
line
,
both
of
the
middle
of
the
bore
,
and
also
of
the
middle
of
the
mettall
;
therefore
the
visuall
dispart
must
be
placed
vpon
the
vppermost
part
of
the
mettall
of
the
mouth
,
and
the
visuall
line
must
passe
from
the
Gunners
eye
by
the
vpper
part
of
the
mettall
at
the
Breech
,
and
by
d
the
vpper
part
of
the
mettall
at
the
mouth
,
and
will
there
serue
to
make
a
good
shot
as
if
the
Axis
of
the
Bore
had
lyen
in
the
Axis
of
the
mettall
;
and
so
the
like
may
be
said
if
it
were
in
the
perpendicular
Dyametre
,
vnder
the
Centre
of
the
mettall
at
the
breech
and
mouth
,
as
a
c
,
which
may
suffice
.
But
if
the
Concaue
of
the
Bore
lye
awry
,
and
not
paralell
to
the
Axis
of
the
mettall
;
as
if
the
circle
r
i
s
t
represent
the
bottome
of
the
bore
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
the
circle
r
k
s
w
represent
the
bore
at
the
mouth
,
and
the
Axis
thereof
passing
from
b
at
the
breech
to
c
at
the
mouth
,
crossing
the
Axis
of
the
mettall
at
a
and
lying
vertically
in
one
same
plane
therewith
.
three sets of concentric and overlapping circles, with various labeled points
But
if
the
Circle
r
k
s
w
be
the
Bore
at
the
breech
,
and
r
i
s
v
the
bore
at
the
mouth
.
Then
shall
the
thicknes
of
the
mettall
at
the
Mouth
i
d
differ
the
thicknes
of
the
mettall
at
the
breech
k
e
the
full
quantity
of
d
f
the
true
dispart
for
the
same
Peece
to
bee
set
vpon
the
verticall
point
d.
As
d
f
,
to
make
a
good
shot
at
a
marke
assigned
.
For
take
i
d
,
the
mettall
at
the
mouth
out
of
k
e
the
thicknes
of
mettall
at
the
breech
,
and
there
will
rest
i
e
equall
to
d
f
,
for
the
dispart
sought
,
by
the
10
Definition
,
and
the
8
Demand
.
CHAP.
XXVIII
.
To
Dispart
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
,
whose
Axis
of
the
Bore
lyeth
awry
not
leuelly
nor
vertically
,
the
Axis
of
the
Mettall
not
being
paralell
thereunto
.
AS
suppose
first
that
the
bore
at
the
breech
bee
represented
by
the
excentricke
circle
d
g
e
f
,
and
at
the
mouth
by
the
excentricke
circle
o
f
p
g
,
and
the
Axis
of
the
bore
the
right
line
a
d.
The
outmost
circle
of
the
mettall
at
the
breech
by
the
concentricke
Circle
q
r
y
w
x
,
and
the
outmost
circle
of
the
mettall
at
the
mouth
by
the
concentricke
circle
s
t
z
:
So
shall
the
thicknesse
of
the
mettall
at
the
breech
be
3
q
,
and
the
thicknes
of
the
mettall
at
the
mouth
bee
2
t
,
which
space
or
quantity
2
t
being
taken
out
of
3
q
leaueth
4
q
the
dispart
required
,
to
be
set
vertically
vpon
the
mouth
at
the
poynt
t
,
because
the
same
is
the
point
in
the
outmost
mettal
of
the
mouth
that
is
vertically
ouer
d
,
the
Centre
of
the
bore
at
the
mouth
,
and
the
large
line
shall
be
q
t
:
for
that
q
is
right
and
vertically
ouer
the
Centre
of
the
bore
vpon
the
outmost
mettall
at
the
breech
,
and
q
s
will
be
the
dispart
line
and
part
of
the
sight
line
that
must
passe
from
the
Gunners
eye
by
the
poynt
q
on
the
Mettall
at
the
breech
,
and
by
the
point
5
the
top
of
the
dispart
,
set
vpon
the
point
:
at
the
mouth
,
and
so
extending
it selfe
vnto
the
Centre
of
the
marke
assigned
to
be
shot
at
;
The
like
may
bee
said
if
b
were
the
Centre
of
the
bore
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
c
the
Centre
of
the
bore
at
the
mouth
:
For
then
would
r
s
be
the
large
line
,
and
r
4
the
dispart
line
,
and
4
s
the
dispart
,
each
reciprocally
answering
the
forenamed
measures
,
being
only
placed
alike
on
the
contrary
side
which
may
suffice
.
But
if
d
were
the
Centre
of
the
bore
at
the
Touch-hole
,
and
a
were
the
Centre
of
the
bore
at
the
mouth
.
Then
would
3
s
be
the
thicknes
of
the
mettall
at
the
mouth
,
which
being
taken
out
of
2
r
the
thicknes
of
the
mettall
at
the
breech
,
there
will
rest
6
r
to
be
set
vertically
vpon
the
vpmost
mettall
of
the
mouth
at
s
,
because
s
is
the
verticall
point
there
ouer
d
the
Centre
of
the
bore
at
the
mouth
of
the
Peece
,
so
shall
6
r
or
8
,
7
equall
thereunto
be
the
length
or
heigh
of
the
dispart
,
and
r
s
shall
be
the
large
line
,
vpon
the
mettall
passing
from
the
breech
to
the
mouth
;
and
r
7
shall
bee
the
dispart
line
,
part
of
the
sight-line
that
passeth
from
the
Gunners
eye
by
the
points
r
and
7
,
and
extendeth
vnto
the
Centre
of
the
marke
assigned
,
by
the
10
definition
and
the
said
8
Demand
.
CHAP.
XXIX
.
Of
the
Larges
,
and
the
Large
Line
in
wry
bored
Peeces
.
HAuing
already
shewed
how
to
finde
whether
the
Peece
assigned
were
equally
bored
in
the
midst
of
the
mettall
,
if
not
where
the
thickest
and
thinnest
of
the
mettall
lyeth
,
it
resteth
now
to
shew
also
how
to
find
her
middle
line
,
or
highest
of
her
mettall
at
the
breech
and
muzzle
,
as
also
her
large
and
large
line
in
a
peece
that
is
bored
or
cast
awry
.
The
Middle
line
is
none
other
thing
,
but
an
imaginary
Right
line
supposed
to
passe
vpon
the
highest
of
the
mettall
of
a
Peece
of
Ordnance
from
her
Base
ring
to
her
Muzzle
ring
,
directly
and
vertically
ouer
the
Axis
of
the
body
of
mettall
of
that
Peece
,
which
by
the
perpendicill
aforesaid
is
easily
found
by
placing
the
two
corners
K
and
L
seuerly
vpon
the
Base
and
Muzzle
rings
in
such
sort
as
that
the
plummet
belonging
to
the
line
n
,
o
,
may
hang
directly
ouer
the
same
line
,
and
being
let
downe
,
vntill
the
poynt
thereof
doe
touch
vpon
the
surface
of
the
mettall
there
,
make
poynts
or
pricks
at
each
place
,
I
say
then
that
those
points
will
be
directly
ouer
the
Axis
of
the
Mettall
of
that
Peece
,
betweene
which
points
if
a
Chalke
line
be
stretched
and
striken
,
or
a
right
line
imagined
to
passe
,
the
same
shall
be
the
middle
line
of
that
Peece
.
Now
to
finde
the
Large
lyne
,
and
the
Large
it selfe
,
in
such
Peeces
as
are
bored
,
or
cast
a
wry
:
Hauing
found
the
midle
Line
,
and
the
Plummet
hanging
so
directly
ouer
n.
o.
vpon
the
said
markes
;
and
hauing
found
the
Excentricke
circles
of
the
thickest
,
and
thinnest
of
the
Mettall
,
at
the
Breech
,
and
Mouth
,
and
described
them
vpon
the
Perpendicill
,
as
is
afore
shewed
,
with
their
Perpendicular
lines
paralell
to
n.
o.
letting
downe
their
Plumets
,
each
in
his
proper
place
seuerally
,
so
that
it
hang
directly
ouer
his
owne
Perpendicular
line
,
and
that
the
point
of
the
Plumet
also
touch
the
Superficies
of
the
Mettall
,
and
there
at
each
touch
,
make
a
marke
and
stretch
a
chalke-line
betweene
them
,
from
the
Base
to
the
Muzzle
rings
,
and
strike
a
line
vpon
the
Mettall
therewith
,
or
else
imagine
a
right
line
to
passe
betweene
them
;
I
say
,
that
line
will
bee
Vertically
ouer
the
Axis
of
the
Bore
,
of
that
Peece
;
and
is
the
Large
line
sought
,
and
the
distance
betweene
the
extremes
of
the
midle
line
formely
found
,
and
this
Large
line
vpon
the
Base
and
muzzle
rings
noted
,
are
the
Large
it selfe
:
and
so
is
that
Peece
reclaimed
and
prepared
to
auoid
wide
shooting
.
Now
it
resteth
also
to
reforme
her
ouer
,
or
vnder
shooting
,
whose
cause
may
by
the
former
sections
bee
conceined
,
and
by
the
perpendicill
easily
,
and
readily
found
and
performed
thus
:
First
,
vpon
the
marke
vnder
o
,
where
the
plumet
touched
,
place
a
due
Dispart
for
her
,
as
if
she
were
truely
bored
;
then
if
the
Centre
of
her
Bore
,
at
her
breech
bee
found
by
the
instrument
,
to
be
vnder
the
Centre
of
the
Bore
,
at
her
Muzzle
;
the
difference
thereof
,
is
then
to
bee
substracted
,
from
the
leuell
height
of
the
Dispart
.
But
if
the
Centre
of
the
Bore
at
the
breech
,
bee
higher
then
the
same
at
the
mouth
,
then
that
difference
must
be
added
,
and
placed
vpon
the
marke
of
the
Large
,
at
the
muzzle
,
with
that
addition
,
or
abatement
;
and
so
the
visuall
line
,
must
passe
from
the
Large
,
at
the
breech
,
by
the
top
of
that
Dispart
there
placed
,
which
will
auoyd
all
ouer
,
or
vnder
shooting
in
that
Peece
.
CHAP.
XXX
.
To
finde
the
waight
of
any
Shot
by
the
Diametre
thereof
,
as
well
Arithmetically
,
and
Geometrically
,
as
Tabularly
,
and
by
Scale
,
and
Compas
.
THe
weight
of
the
Shot
,
being
a
fit
Index
for
the
Gunner
,
to
allow
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
her
due
charge
of
powder
;
is
therefore
most
necessary
to
bee
made
knowne
,
or
first
sought
;
and
because
a
Gunner
,
cannot
at
all
times
when
the
weight
of
a
Shot
is
required
,
haue
Ballance
and
weights
about
him
,
to
waigh
the
same
;
therefore
,
it
shall
not
bee
a
misse
,
here
to
set
downe
,
how
hee
may
know
the
same
,
to
a
sufficient
neerenesse
,
by
the
height
of
the
Dimetre
,
or
circuit
of
the
circomference
thereof
;
And
that
also
for
varietie
sake
,
as
well
Arithmetically
,
and
Geometrically
,
as
Tabularly
,
and
by
Scale
,
and
Compas
.
The
first
thing
to
be
done
in
Arithmeticall
working
,
is
to
finde
the
solide
square
inches
,
contained
in
the
Ball
,
or
Shot
assigned
;
which
may
bee
thus
found
,
multiply
the
measure
of
the
knowne
inches
of
the
height
,
or
Dyametre
thereof
Cubickly
,
and
then
againe
multiply
that
Cube
by
11
,
and
diuide
the
last
product
by
21
,
and
the
number
in
the
Quotient
,
will
expresse
how
many
solid
square
inches
of
Mettall
,
or
Stone
is
contained
in
the
Globall
body
of
that
Shot
:
If
then
you
know
,
how
much
one
square
inch
of
the
Mettall
,
or
Stone
assigned
weigheth
,
you
may
then
soone
know
the
whole
Shots
weight
sought
,
(
for
cast
Iron
4
ownces
allowed
for
each
inch
square
,
commeth
neere
the
matter
)
and
the
proportion
of
Iron
to
Lead
may
be
as
30
to
56
:
And
ordinary
Stone
to
Lead
,
as
18
to
72
,
and
Stone
to
Iron
,
as
18
to
48
,
tollerable
accepted
.
But
to
come
more
precisely
neere
the
trueth
(
although
spunginesse
)
and
the
difference
of
each
Mine
from
other
,
and
infinite
accidents
,
vary
the
proportions
betweene
their
capacities
,
and
weights
,
and
doe
hinder
it
.
The
table
following
will
sufficiently
helpe
,
in
the
meane
space
,
I
will
giue
one
example
to
illustrate
the
precedent
rule
.
As
for
example
,
it
is
required
to
finde
thereby
the
solid
square
inches
,
in
a
Shot
of
4
inches
and
½
in
height
;
the
neere
Cube
of
4
½
being
neere
91
,
which
I
multiply
by
11
,
&
the
product
I
finde
to
be
1001
,
which
I
diuiding
by
21
,
finde
in
the
Quotient
47
inches
,
and
⅔
of
an
inch
more
,
for
the
solid
content
of
that
Shot
,
which
if
it
were
of
Iron
,
by
such
allowance
as
aforesaid
,
it
would
weigh
11
lb
,
&
about
15
ounces
,
but
by
the
first
Table
following
,
it
would
be
12
lb.
and
12
ounces
,
and
by
the
sequent
treble
Table
for
Lead
,
Iron
,
and
Stone
Shots
;
it
is
found
to
bee
but
12
lb.
and
10
ounces
,
wherein
appeareth
also
that
a
Leaden
Shot
,
would
bee
17
lb.
and
15
ounces
,
which
by
the
first
Table
,
would
bee
found
19
lb.
and
12
ounces
.
But
for
easinesse
,
some
(
and
because
it
may
for
any
Iron
Shot
be
wrought
by
memory
,
by
a
man
of
any
small
practise
)
doe
vse
onely
to
diuide
the
Cube
of
the
Shot
by
8
,
and
take
the
Quotient
for
poundes
,
and
each
vnitie
of
the
remainder
for
2
ounces
,
and
so
the
Cube
of
4
½
being
91
,
as
aforesaid
,
and
diuided
by
8
,
the
Quotient
will
bee
11
lb.
and
the
3
remaining
will
bee
6
ounces
:
The
like
in
all
kindes
may
bee
done
for
Stone
Shot
,
by
the
rule
of
3
onely
,
saying
,
if
48
the
proportion
of
Iron
,
giue
202
ounces
,
what
shall
18
the
proportion
for
stone
giue
?
76
ounces
,
which
will
bee
4
lb.
and
12
ounces
for
the
weight
of
the
Stone
Shot
,
that
is
4
inches
and
½
in
height
.
But
the
most
artificiall
,
and
exact
Arithmeticall
working
of
all
such
questions
,
for
all
vsuall
Mettalls
and
Stones
,
is
according
to
the
next
Table
,
wherein
,
I
haue
imitated
the
Lord
Marchistones
Table
,
in
his
Rabdolagia
,
applying
this
vnto
ounces
,
and
inches
,
which
are
our
vsuall
knowne
weights
and
measures
:
Whereas
his
was
for
Cochleas
,
or
Spoonefulls
,
and
Drames
,
more
vsed
by
Physitians
,
then
knowne
in
Gunners
practises
;
yet
,
for
his
two
first
Theoremes
,
and
Problemes
,
I
haue
followed
them
,
because
their
workes
are
easie
,
and
excellent
.
The
first
Probleme
.
By
the
inches
of
the
capacitie
,
of
the
Mettall
,
or
Stone
named
,
to
finde
the
ounces
of
the
weight
thereof
.
The
first
Theoreme
.
As
a
1000
to
the
inches
of
the
capacitie
,
or
solid
measure
of
the
Mettall
,
or
Stone
named
;
So
is
the
lowest
number
of
the
Colume
,
of
the
same
Mettall
,
or
Stone
,
to
the
ounces
of
the
weight
thereof
.
The
first
Example
.
Let
there
be
an
Iron
Shot
of
8
inches
high
,
which
by
solid
measuring
,
(
as
aboue
is
taught
)
is
found
to
containe
268
inches
,
and
⅔
:
By
the
said
first
Theoreme
,
as
1000
,
to
268
½
,
so
is
4333
the
lowest
number
of
the
Colume
measuring several cannonballs
Tract.
3.
cap.
5.
Mesure
qui
montre
le
pois
des
balles
selon
leur
calibre
.
Mas
darauff●●
gewicht
der
kugcln
nach
●ere
.
Calibro
verzeichnet
.
Patron
duquel
en
haste
on
peult
Calibrer
diuerses
sortes
de
balles
Model
durch
welchen
in
cill
vnderschiedliche
kugeln
konuen
Calibrert
werden
Pour
montrer
combien
de
vent
il
faillt
donner
a
la
balle
Wee
viel
lufft
man
einer
kugcln
geben
muss
.
of
Iron
,
vnto
1162
ounces
which
being
diuided
by
16
(
the
ounces
of
the
Haberdepoise
,
)
amounteth
vnto
72
lb
,
and
10
ounces
the
weight
sought
.
The
second
Example
.
Let
an
ordinary
Stone
shot
,
of
the
same
height
and
measure
be
propounded
,
containing
as
aforesaid
,
268
inches
⅓
,
say
,
by
the
same
first
Theoreme
,
as
1000
is
to
268
⅕
,
so
will
1420
the
lowest
number
of
the
Colume
,
of
ordinary
stone
thereof
,
bee
to
382
ounces
,
which
the
Stone
shot
weyeth
;
they
being
reduced
into
pounds
by
deuision
thereof
by
16
,
will
amount
to
23
lb.
14
ounces
,
the
weight
of
Stone
shot
sought
.
The
second
Probleme
.
By
the
ounces
of
the
weight
of
any
Mettall
,
or
Stone
named
,
to
finde
what
number
of
solid
inches
it
is
in
capacitie
.
The
second
Theoreme
.
As
1000
to
the
ounces
of
weight
of
any
Mettall
,
or
Stone
named
,
so
is
the
most
right
hand
number
of
the
Line
,
of
the
same
Mettall
,
or
Stone
,
to
solid
inches
of
the
capacitie
thereof
.
The
first
Example
.
Let
there
be
a
Shot
of
Iron
of
8
inches
Dyametre
,
weying
1162
ounces
,
and
wee
desire
to
know
,
how
many
solid
inches
it
containeth
:
By
the
second
Theoreme
,
as
1000
to
1162
,
so
is
230
the
most
right
hand
number
,
in
the
Line
of
Iron
to
268
,
fere
the
solid
inches
contained
therein
.
The
second
Example
.
Let
there
bee
a
Shot
of
ordinary
Stone
,
whose
weight
by
the
second
example
of
the
first
Theoreme
,
will
be
23
lb.
and
14
ounces
,
whereof
the
solid
inches
is
required
:
By
the
second
Theoreme
,
as
1000
is
to
382
ounces
the
weight
,
so
is
710
the
most
right
hand
number
,
of
the
line
of
ordinary
Stone
,
to
270
fere
the
solid
inches
required
;
exactnesse
by
Table
,
is
not
to
bee
expected
.
A
Table
for
the
Weights
,
and
Measures
,
of
Mettalls
,
and
Stones
.
Gold
.
|
1000
|
810
|
670
|
645
|
380
|
420
|
410
|
170
|
130
|
120
|
Quicksil
.
|
1392
|
1000
|
950
|
820
|
678
|
568
|
550
|
210
|
150
|
140
|
Lead
.
|
1650
|
1150
|
1000
|
910
|
740
|
675
|
635
|
250
|
160
|
160
|
Siluer
.
|
1785
|
1340
|
1248
|
1000
|
820
|
710
|
750
|
270
|
200
|
180
|
Brasse
.
|
2225
|
1680
|
1448
|
1345
|
1000
|
925
|
850
|
320
|
240
|
200
|
Iron
.
|
2588
|
1930
|
1670
|
1535
|
1190
|
1000
|
930
|
380
|
260
|
230
|
Tinne
.
|
2725
|
2045
|
1765
|
1640
|
1280
|
1160
|
1000
|
420
|
280
|
250
|
Marble
.
|
6780
|
5120
|
4278
|
4090
|
2216
|
2784
|
2642
|
1000
|
710
|
680
|
Ord.
sto
.
|
9960
|
7415
|
6405
|
5948
|
2650
|
4020
|
3828
|
1530
|
1000
|
710
|
|
13200
|
7880
|
6798
|
6315
|
4958
|
4333
|
4067
|
1645
|
1420
|
1000
|
CHAP.
XXXI
.
The
Geometricall
finding
the
Dyametre
,
for
the
weight
of
any
Shot
assigned
.
HAuing
a
Shot
of
one
pound
,
2
lb.
or
3
lb.
weight
of
the
Mettall
,
or
stone
assigned
;
if
it
bee
of
one
pound
,
diuide
the
Dyametre
thereof
into
4
equall
parts
,
and
5
such
parts
,
will
make
a
Dyametre
for
a
Shot
of
the
said
Mettall
,
or
Stone
,
that
shall
weigh
iust
two
pound
.
And
diuide
the
Dyametre
of
a
Shot
,
that
weigheth
iust
2
lb.
into
7
equall
parts
,
and
8
such
parts
,
will
make
a
Dyametre
for
a
shot
of
3
lb.
weight
.
And
diuiding
the
Dyametre
of
a
shot
of
3
lb.
weight
,
into
10
equall
parts
,
and
11
such
parts
,
will
make
shot
of
4
lb.
weight
.
And
diuide
the
Dyametre
of
a
shot
of
4
lb.
into
13
parts
,
14
such
parts
,
will
make
a
Dyametre
for
a
shot
of
5
lb.
weight
.
And
diuiding
the
Dyametre
of
a
shot
of
5
lb.
weight
,
into
16
equall
parts
,
17
such
parts
,
will
make
a
Dyametre
of
a
shot
,
that
will
weigh
6
lb:
And
so
diuiding
each
next
Dyametre
into
3
parts
equall
more
then
the
next
lesser
was
diuided
into
,
and
it
will
with
one
part
added
frame
a
Dyametre
of
a
shot
,
that
will
weigh
iust
one
pound
more
;
and
so
you
may
proceed
infinitely
,
increasing
,
or
decreasing
,
by
taking
one
part
lesse
,
then
it
is
appointed
to
be
diuided
into
,
for
1
lb.
lesse
,
and
the
next
into
3
lb.
lesse
,
to
abate
one
from
the
remainder
,
infinitely
decreasing
it
.
A
second
Geometricall
way
.
Hauing
exactly
the
Dyametre
of
a
shot
that
weigheth
one
pound
;
first
describe
a
Circle
,
whose
Dyametre
shall
bee
iust
equall
thereunto
,
and
diuide
it
into
4
Quadrants
,
with
two
Dyametres
,
cutting
each
other
in
the
Centre
Orthogonally
,
then
take
the
Chord
of
the
whole
Quadrant
,
or
of
90
Degrees
,
that
is
,
extend
your
Compasses
,
from
one
extreame
of
a
Dyametre
,
to
the
next
,
as
in
the
figure
following
:
Take
the
distance
A.
B
,
being
supposed
the
Dyametre
of
a
shot
,
or
ball
of
iust
one
pound
weight
,
which
distance
being
set
in
the
continued
right
line
D.
B.
f.
g.
h
,
and
from
E.
to
f
,
then
will
D.
f.
bee
the
Dyametre
of
a
shot
of
2
lb
,
and
then
opening
the
Compasses
from
A.
to
f
,
and
setting
the
same
from
E.
to
g.
Againe
,
taking
the
distance
from
A.
to
g
,
and
setting
it
from
E.
to
h
,
so
likewise
taking
the
distance
A
h.
with
the
Compasses
,
and
setting
the
same
from
E.
to
i
,
and
so
continuing
vntill
you
haue
proceeded
as
farre
as
you
will
:
You
shall
finde
if
D.
B.
were
the
Dyametre
of
1
lb.
that
D.
f.
will
be
the
Dyametre
of
2
lb
,
and
D.
g.
will
be
the
Dyametre
of
a
shot
of
3
lb
,
and
D.
h.
of
4
lb
,
D.
i.
5
lb
,
D.
k.
of
6
lb
,
and
D.
l.
of
7
lb
,
and
D.
m.
of
8
lb
,
&c.
and
lastly
,
D.
q.
of
12
lb
,
whereby
you
may
proceede
in
like
manner
infinitely
.
ten nested circles
Or
else
you
hauing
a
Dyametre
of
1
lb
,
double
that
Dyametre
will
make
a
Dyametre
of
8
lb
,
and
treble
the
Dyametre
of
one
pound
,
will
make
a
Dyametre
of
27
lb.
and
the
quadruple
,
or
4
times
the
same
will
make
a
Dyameter
of
a
shot
of
64
lb
,
and
5
Dyametres
,
will
make
a
Dyametre
of
a
ball
of
125
lb:
and
fiue
times
the
Dyametre
of
a
shot
of
1
lb
,
will
make
a
Dyametre
of
a
shot
,
that
will
weigh
216
lb.
It
resteth
now
,
to
shew
how
to
finde
the
meane
diuisions
betweene
those
extreames
,
as
for
the
Dyametre
of
a
shot
of
2
lb
,
3
lb
,
4
lb
,
5
lb
,
6
lb
,
7
lb
,
and
more
:
so
as
by
such
progressions
,
you
may
proceed
from
pound
to
pound
,
vntill
you
come
to
the
last
tearme
,
for
extreame
of
216
lb.
Neuerthelesse
,
the
same
manner
of
working
will
proceed
infinitely
;
the
former
mentioned
sixe
Dyametres
,
being
marked
vpon
one
and
the
same
right
line
,
you
must
at
the
end
of
them
,
draw
another
right
line
Orthogonally
,
and
set
therein
two
such
Dyametres
,
as
at
C
,
and
from
thence
draw
another
right
line
paralell
to
the
first
,
from
C.
to
K
,
then
put
one
foote
of
your
Compasses
in
C
,
and
make
a
quarter
of
a
Circle
from
B.
to
D
,
that
done
,
plant
a
pinne
,
or
needle
in
C
,
and
then
draw
from
the
Center
C.
lines
through
all
the
diuision
of
the
Dyametres
,
marked
vpon
the
right
line
A.
B
,
so
shall
you
haue
sixe
diuisions
to
be
diuided
:
The
first
being
diuided
already
,
abideth
as
it
was
,
and
is
the
Dyametre
of
a
shot
,
or
ball
of
one
pound
;
but
the
second
diuision
,
is
to
bee
in
the
circumference
,
diuided
into
7
parts
equally
;
because
it
containeth
the
second
Dyametre
vnto
8
,
from
1
to
8
,
for
adding
1
to
7
,
it
maketh
8
;
the
third
diuision
is
into
19
equall
parts
,
which
being
added
to
the
8
,
maketh
27
;
the
fourth
,
shall
bee
diuided
into
37
equall
parts
,
which
together
with
the
27
,
maketh
64
;
the
fift
space
shall
bee
diuided
into
61
equall
parts
,
which
together
with
the
64
,
amount
vnto
125
;
and
lastly
,
the
sixt
space
must
be
diuided
into
91
equall
parts
,
vnto
which
adding
the
125
,
you
shall
make
a
Dyametre
,
for
a
shot
of
216
lb.
iustly
.
an arc, a small circle, and various labeled points
Now
for
as
much
,
as
these
diuisions
are
deficill
,
to
make
well
within
so
small
a
Quadrant
,
you
may
therefore
describe
a
greater
,
as
the
Quadrant
K.
E
,
wherein
the
diuisions
are
more
distinct
,
then
in
the
lesser
they
can
bee
;
further
you
may
note
,
that
Fire-balls
,
Granadoes
,
and
other
Globous
Artifices
;
must
haue
the
same
proportion
in
their
Grandures
,
from
their
Ball
of
one
pound
,
which
may
bee
exactly
considered
:
and
so
by
this
method
,
you
may
make
Balls
of
Lead
,
Brasse
,
Stone
,
Granadoes
,
Fire-balls
,
and
all
other
Sphericall
workes
,
of
what
weight
you
will
,
hauing
one
of
one
pound
first
to
lead
you
,
according
to
the
precedent
instructions
.
A
Table
whereby
,
and
by
the
Inch
sight-rule
,
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
betweene
sixe
foot
,
and
fifteene
foot
in
length
,
may
bee
mounted
to
any
Degree
of
the
Quadrant
,
vnder
twenty
Grades
as
well
as
by
the
Quadrant
it selfe
,
or
by
any
other
Instrument
whatsoeuer
.
|
6
Foot
.
|
½
|
7
Foot
.
|
½
|
8
Foot
.
|
½
|
9
Foot
.
|
½
|
10
Foot
.
|
½
|
11
Foot
.
|
½
|
12
Foot
.
|
½
|
13
Foot
.
|
½
|
14
Foot
.
|
½
|
15
Foot
.
|
Gr.
|
Inch.
|
|
1
|
1
,
2
|
1
,
3
|
1
,
4
|
1
,
5
|
1
,
6
|
1
,
7
|
1
,
8
|
1
,
9
|
2
,
0
|
2
,
1
|
2
,
2
|
2
,
3
|
2
,
4
|
2
,
5
|
2
,
6
|
2
,
7
|
2
,
8
|
2
,
9
|
3
,
0
|
2
|
2
,
5
|
2
,
7
|
2
,
9
|
3
,
1
|
3
,
3
|
3
,
5
|
3
,
6
|
3
,
8
|
4
,
0
|
4
,
2
|
4
,
5
|
4
,
7
|
5
,
0
|
5
,
2
|
5
,
4
|
5
6
|
5
,
8
|
5
,
9
|
6
,
0
|
3
|
3
,
7
|
4
,
0
|
4
,
3
|
4
,
6
|
4
,
9
|
5
,
3
|
5
,
5
|
5
,
7
|
6
,
0
|
6
,
3
|
6
,
7
|
7
,
1
|
7
,
4
|
7
,
7
|
8
,
0
|
8
4
|
8
,
8
|
9
,
0
|
9
,
2
|
4
|
5
,
0
|
5
,
4
|
5
,
8
|
6
,
2
|
6
,
5
|
7
,
0
|
7
,
5
|
7
,
9
|
8
,
0
|
8
,
8
|
9
,
2
|
9
,
6
|
10
,
0
|
10
,
4
|
10
,
8
|
11
,
2
|
11
,
6
|
12
,
0
|
12
,
4
|
5
|
6
,
2
|
6
,
8
|
7
,
4
|
7
,
8
|
8
,
2
|
8
,
7
|
9
,
3
|
10
,
0
|
10
,
5
|
11
,
0
|
11
,
5
|
12
,
0
|
12
,
5
|
13
,
0
|
13
,
6
|
14
,
2
|
14
,
8
|
15
,
2
|
15
,
6
|
6
|
7
,
5
|
8
,
2
|
8
,
9
|
9
,
4
|
9
,
9
|
10
,
4
|
11
,
0
|
11
,
9
|
12
,
6
|
13
,
4
|
14
,
6
|
14
,
8
|
15
,
0
|
15
,
7
|
16
,
4
|
17
,
1
|
17
,
8
|
18
,
3
|
18
,
8
|
7
|
8
,
7
|
9
,
5
|
10
,
4
|
10
,
9
|
11
,
7
|
12
,
1
|
12
,
8
|
13
,
8
|
14
,
5
|
15
,
3
|
16
,
0
|
16
,
7
|
17
,
4
|
18
,
2
|
19
,
0
|
19
,
9
|
20
,
8
|
21
,
●
|
21
,
8
|
8
|
10
,
0
|
10
,
8
|
11
,
9
|
12
,
3
|
13
,
3
|
13
,
8
|
14
,
2
|
15
,
8
|
16
,
6
|
17
,
5
|
18
,
3
|
19
,
2
|
20
,
0
|
20
,
8
|
21
,
6
|
22
,
7
|
23
,
0
|
24
,
2
|
24
,
6
|
9
|
11
,
3
|
12
,
3
|
12
,
5
|
13
,
7
|
14
,
5
|
15
,
1
|
15
,
5
|
17
,
7
|
18
,
7
|
19
,
7
|
20
,
6
|
21
,
5
|
22
,
4
|
23
,
4
|
24
,
4
|
25
,
0
|
25
,
8
|
26
,
6
|
27
,
●
|
10
|
12
,
3
|
13
,
0
|
13
,
8
|
15
,
4
|
16
,
7
|
17
,
7
|
18
,
7
|
19
,
8
|
20
,
8
|
21
,
9
|
22
,
9
|
24
,
0
|
25
,
0
|
26
,
0
|
27
,
0
|
27
,
8
|
27
,
9
|
29
,
2
|
30
,
8
|
11
|
13
,
7
|
14
,
8
|
16
,
3
|
17
,
0
|
18
,
4
|
19
,
4
|
20
,
4
|
21
,
7
|
21
,
7
|
24
,
0
|
25
,
4
|
26
,
8
|
27
,
4
|
28
,
5
|
29
,
6
|
31
,
1
|
32
,
6
|
33
,
3
|
34
,
0
|
12
|
15
,
0
|
16
,
2
|
17
,
5
|
18
,
7
|
20
,
0
|
21
,
1
|
22
,
2
|
23
,
5
|
24
,
8
|
26
,
2
|
27
,
6
|
29
,
0
|
30
,
0
|
31
,
2
|
32
,
4
|
33
,
7
|
35
,
0
|
36
,
2
|
37
,
4
|
13
|
16
,
2
|
17
,
6
|
18
,
5
|
20
,
3
|
21
,
6
|
22
,
9
|
24
,
2
|
25
,
6
|
26
,
9
|
28
,
2
|
30
,
0
|
31
,
6
|
32
,
4
|
33
,
9
|
35
,
2
|
36
,
5
|
37
,
8
|
39
,
2
|
40
,
6
|
14
|
17
,
4
|
18
,
9
|
20
,
3
|
21
,
8
|
23
,
3
|
24
,
6
|
25
,
9
|
27
,
5
|
28
,
9
|
30
,
4
|
32
,
0
|
33
,
6
|
34
,
8
|
36
,
5
|
37
,
8
|
39
,
0
|
40
,
0
|
41
,
9
|
43
,
6
|
15
|
18
,
6
|
20
,
2
|
21
,
7
|
23
,
3
|
24
,
9
|
26
,
3
|
28
,
1
|
29
,
4
|
30
,
9
|
32
,
8
|
34
,
3
|
35
,
8
|
37
,
2
|
38
,
3
|
40
,
4
|
41
,
9
|
43
,
4
|
45
,
0
|
46
,
6
|
16
|
19
,
8
|
21
,
5
|
23
,
1
|
24
,
8
|
26
,
5
|
28
,
1
|
29
,
8
|
31
,
4
|
33
,
0
|
35
,
0
|
36
,
8
|
38
,
4
|
39
,
8
|
41
,
5
|
43
,
0
|
44
,
8
|
46
,
2
|
47
,
9
|
49
,
6
|
17
|
21
,
2
|
22
,
8
|
24
,
0
|
26
,
3
|
27
,
9
|
29
,
8
|
31
,
2
|
33
,
5
|
34
,
9
|
37
,
1
|
38
,
9
|
40
,
0
|
42
,
4
|
44
,
0
|
45
,
8
|
47
,
3
|
49
,
0
|
50
,
8
|
52
,
6
|
18
|
22
,
4
|
24
,
1
|
25
,
9
|
27
,
8
|
29
,
9
|
31
,
5
|
33
,
0
|
35
,
4
|
36
,
8
|
38
,
9
|
41
,
2
|
43
,
8
|
44
,
8
|
46
,
5
|
48
,
2
|
50
,
0
|
52
,
8
|
53
,
7
|
55
,
6
|
19
|
23
,
5
|
25
,
3
|
26
,
9
|
29
,
3
|
31
,
4
|
33
,
2
|
34
,
8
|
37
,
5
|
38
,
7
|
40
,
2
|
43
,
5
|
45
,
7
|
47
,
0
|
48
,
8
|
50
,
6
|
52
,
0
|
52
,
9
|
55
,
5
|
58
,
6
|
20
|
24
,
6
|
26
,
7
|
28
,
7
|
30
,
8
|
32
,
8
|
34
,
9
|
36
,
9
|
38
,
9
|
41
,
0
|
42
,
1
|
45
,
8
|
47
,
6
|
49
,
4
|
51
,
3
|
53
,
4
|
55
,
4
|
57
,
4
|
59
,
5
|
61
,
6
|
A
Table
,
shewing
the
Height
and
Weight
of
Iron
,
Lead
,
and
Stone-shot
,
accuratly
and
newly
calculated
by
the
Author
,
and
applyed
to
our
assize
of
English
Measure
of
Inches
and
Parts
,
and
to
the
Haberdepoize
Weight
of
16
Ounces
to
the
Pound
:
With
the
Description
of
my
Gunners
Scale
.
Ynches
high
|
Quarters
.
|
Iron
poun
|
Ounces
.
|
Lead
pou
|
Ounces
.
|
Stone
pou
|
Ounces
.
|
1
|
0
|
⅛
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
1
¼
|
1
|
¼
|
0
|
0
|
6
|
0
|
3
|
2
|
⅜
|
0
|
0
|
9
|
0
|
4
½
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
13
|
0
|
5
1
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
11
|
0
|
7
|
1
|
1
|
9
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
9
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
12
|
3
|
2
|
14
|
4
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
3
|
12
|
5
|
0
|
1
|
4
|
1
|
4
|
12
|
6
|
9
|
1
|
8
|
2
|
6
|
1
|
8
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
3
|
7
|
5
|
9
|
14
|
2
|
7
|
4
|
0
|
8
|
15
|
11
|
5
|
2
|
13
|
1
|
10
|
10
|
15
|
15
|
3
|
10
|
2
|
12
|
10
|
17
|
15
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
14
|
14
|
21
|
5
|
5
|
9
|
5
|
0
|
17
|
5
|
24
|
12
|
6
|
3
|
1
|
20
|
1
|
30
|
0
|
7
|
8
|
2
|
23
|
2
|
35
|
10
|
8
|
14
|
3
|
26
|
6
|
39
|
9
|
10
|
10
|
6
|
0
|
30
|
0
|
45
|
0
|
11
|
4
|
1
|
34
|
0
|
51
|
0
|
12
|
12
|
2
|
38
|
0
|
57
|
0
|
14
|
3
|
3
|
42
|
0
|
63
|
0
|
15
|
12
|
7
|
0
|
48
|
0
|
72
|
0
|
17
|
10
|
1
|
53
|
0
|
79
|
8
|
19
|
14
|
2
|
58
|
0
|
87
|
0
|
21
|
12
|
3
|
64
|
0
|
96
|
0
|
24
|
0
|
8
|
0
|
72
|
10
|
106
|
8
|
26
|
12
|
1
|
●8
|
0
|
117
|
0
|
28
|
8
|
2
|
87
|
3
|
130
|
8
|
32
|
8
|
3
|
95
|
0
|
141
|
8
|
35
|
10
|
9
|
0
|
101
|
0
|
150
|
0
|
37
|
10
|
1
|
109
|
6
|
161
|
8
|
40
|
4
|
2
|
121
|
10
|
181
|
13
|
44
|
2
|
3
|
132
|
11
|
198
|
5
|
49
|
8
|
10
|
2
|
138
|
0
|
2●7
|
0
|
51
|
10
|
0
|
164
|
2
|
246
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
11
|
0
|
184
|
0
|
275
|
8
|
69
|
8
|
2
|
216
|
0
|
324
|
0
|
81
|
0
|
12
|
0
|
240
|
0
|
360
|
0
|
90
|
0
|
13
|
0
|
305
|
0
|
457
|
8
|
114
|
8
|
14
|
0
|
389
|
2
|
583
|
8
|
146
|
8
|
THe
Vse
of
this
Table
in
the
left
margent
,
is
to
find
out
the
height
of
your
Shot
in
the
two
first
Collume
of
inches
,
and
quarters
of
inches
:
Then
if
is
be
an
Iron
shot
,
ouer
against
the
height
so
found
in
the
two
second
Collumes
vnder
the
tytles
of
Iron
pounds
and
Ounces
,
you
shall
finde
the
waight
thereof
.
The
like
may
be
vnderstood
,
if
the
shot
be
of
Leade
,
by
the
two
third
Collumes
,
or
of
Sone
,
by
the
two
last
collumes
,
each
vnder
his
proper
title
,
and
ouer
against
the
height
assigned
.
As
for
example
;
For
,
an
Iron
shot
of
8
inches
,
the
weight
will
appeare
to
be
72.
pound
10
ounces
;
and
if
it
were
of
Lead
,
it
would
be
found
106
pound
8
ounces
;
but
if
of
Stone
,
then
would
it
be
but
26
pound
12
ounces
,
which
may
suffice
.
The
Description
of
my
Gunners
Seale
,
is
to
be
made
in
Brasse
by
M.
Allen
:
And
in
Wood
,
by
M.
Nathaniell
Gors
of
Rateliffe
.
IT
is
a
square
Rule
of
one
foote
in
length
,
made
eyther
of
Brasse
,
Boxe
,
or
other
fine
grayned
Wodde
that
will
not
warpe
:
Vpon
one
side
or
square
whereof
I
haue
set
the
height
of
all
sorts
of
Iron
shot
,
from
1
pound
to
100
pound
weight
:
And
of
Stone
shot
to
37
pound
:
And
of
Lead
shot
to
150
pound
weight
:
Each
distinguished
from
an
other
by
the
Letter
I.
for
Iron
,
S.
for
Sone
,
and
L.
for
Lead
shot
,
and
their
Weights
and
Measures
accomodated
vnto
our
English
Haberdepoiz
weight
of
16
ounces
to
the
pound
,
and
to
our
Foote
of
assize
of
12
Inches
to
the
Foote
.
The
second
side
hath
twelue
Inches
of
assize
,
each
diuided
by
Paralells
and
Dianonall
lines
,
into
100
equall
parts
,
distinctly
to
take
any
Number
from
1
to
1000
,
from
thence
,
with
a
paire
of
Compasses
.
The
third
,
hath
Sinicall
and
Logarithmall
deuisions
,
exceeding
necessary
for
the
Gunners
practise
,
as
hereafter
shall
more
plainely
appeare
.
The
fourth
,
hath
deuisions
proportionall
to
the
right
Ranges
and
Randons
of
any
Peece
of
Ordinance
vpon
any
Mounture
from
degree
to
degree
;
and
the
number
of
Inches
that
any
Peece
betweene
6
and
15
foot
long
requireth
to
mount
her
to
any
degree
of
mounture
,
vnder
20
degrees
,
as
well
or
better
then
by
the
Quadrant
;
as
the
Table
following
will
also
explane
.
several tools of measurement
Tractat.
3.
cap.
13
fig.
1
La
facon
forme
de
repartement
des
quadrant
;
Form
vndt
abtheillung
der
quadranten
.
CHAP.
XXXII
.
Of
the
rule
of
Callibres
,
and
of
the
difference
betweene
the
heights
of
the
Bore
and
Shot
for
any
Peece
,
which
is
called
the
vent
or
due
abatement
to
shoote
with
safety
,
and
most
aduantage
therewith
.
FOrasmuch
as
it
is
an
excellent
quality
in
a
Gunner
to
be
expert
and
ready
in
the
Heights
and
Calibres
of
Bore
and
Shot
for
Ordnance
,
and
to
retaine
them
in
memory
,
rather
by
reason
then
by
roate
,
they
being
the
ground
and
Scale
from
which
all
the
Measures
and
Proportions
for
all
parts
,
as
well
of
the
Peece
and
her
Cariage
,
as
of
the
Powder
,
Shott
,
and
distance
,
or
the
way
of
the
Shot
are
deriued
and
vnderstood
,
as
by
the
precedent
&
sequent
discourses
may
appeare
:
But
because
most
English
Gunners
haue
hitherto
generally
as
well
for
the
greatest
as
the
smallest
,
or
meane
sorts
of
Ordnance
chosen
the
Shot
for
them
all
,
one
quarter
of
an
inch
lower
then
the
height
of
their
Bores
;
which
the
best
experienced
Gunners
of
late
yeares
disliking
,
haue
for
a
generall
proportion
chosen
rather
one
twentieth
part
of
the
height
of
the
Bore
to
be
abated
for
a
due
height
of
the
Shot
vent
,
affirming
that
in
the
Faulcon
and
small
peeces
the
abatement
of
¼
of
an
inch
is
too
much
,
and
for
the
Canon
¼
of
an
inch
is
too
little
,
and
that
1/20
of
the
Diametre
of
the
Bore
will
be
a
reasonable
abatement
for
all
Peeces
,
be
they
higher
,
or
lower
,
which
being
by
Arithmatick
so
easily
found
,
will
not
require
any
example
.
CHAP.
XXXIII
.
Of
the
Gunners
,
Quadrant
,
and
Triangle
,
with
their
Degrees
and
Poynts
,
whereby
either
to
Leuell
,
or
else
to
Mount
,
or
Imbase
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
,
to
any
degree
or
poynt
assigned
.
THe
Gunners
Quadrant
is
a
Geometricall
Instrument
,
made
of
brasse
or
fine
grained
wood
,
containing
in
the
circumference
one
quarter
of
a
circle
,
diuided
into
90
equall
parts
or
degrees
in
the
outmost
limbe
,
and
in
the
second
limbe
within
into
the
12
poynts
of
the
Gunners
quadrant
,
hauing
within
the
same
also
a
Geometricall
Quadrate
,
with
each
side
diuided
into
12
equall
parts
,
and
those
each
of
them
subdiuided
by
meanes
of
paralels
and
Dyagenalls
into
10
equall
parts
,
so
that
each
side
will
be
thereby
found
distinctly
deuided
into
120
equall
parts
,
fitly
seruing
to
take
all
Geometricall
Mensurations
,
of
distances
,
heights
,
breadthes
,
and
depthes
,
accessible
and
inaccessible
,
by
the
directions
hereafter
mentioned
.
The
degrees
and
also
the
poynts
being
principall
helpes
for
the
Gunners
practise
,
to
shoote
at
the
most
certainty
both
by
the
right
line
,
and
also
vpon
the
aduantage
of
any
Randon
to
and
at
any
Marke
assigned
,
to
a
probable
or
assured
good
effect
;
as
by
the
Tables
,
Scale
,
and
directions
following
,
will
more
plainly
appeare
,
and
by
the
21
Figure
hereof
marked
wherein
each
Quadrant
,
(
but
that
which
is
marked
with
4
)
hath
a
strait
Ruler
about
2
foot
long
,
ioyned
either
firmely
,
or
by
a
Groue
doue-tayled
vnto
one
of
the
sides
of
Semidiametres
thereof
.
Now
to
plant
any
Peece
leuell
,
hauing
put
the
said
Ruler
in
close
vnto
the
lower
side
of
the
Mettall
,
within
the
Coucaue
Cillinder
of
the
Bore
thereof
,
then
mount
or
imbase
the
Peece
in
her
Cariage
,
vntill
the
plummet
fall
directly
vpon
the
other
side
of
the
Quadrants
fiduciall
edge
,
by
meanes
of
drawing
out
,
or
putting
in
the
Quoyns
as
reason
will
direct
you
:
so
will
the
Axis
of
the
Bore
or
Concaue
Cillinder
thereof
,
bee
found
to
lye
directly
leuell
,
or
paralell
to
the
Horizontall
plane
:
you
may
also
without
a
Quadrant
leuell
any
Peece
duly
founded
by
holding
a
plumb
line
vpright
afore
the
mouth
of
the
Peece
,
and
mounting
or
imbasing
her
by
meanes
of
her
Quoynes
,
vntill
the
line
shall
appeare
only
to
touch
the
Flat
of
the
Mettall
at
the
mouth
aboue
,
and
below
alike
:
So
will
the
Axis
of
the
Soule
that
is
to
cut
the
flat
of
her
mouth
at
right
Angles
,
the
plumb
line
being
paralell
or
equi-touching
,
the
same
flat
be
found
to
bee
paralell
to
the
plane
of
the
Horizon
,
or
truly
leuell
as
was
required
:
But
if
by
the
said
Quadrant
you
would
mount
the
peece
to
any
degree
or
poynt
of
the
Quadrant
,
then
you
are
to
mount
or
imbase
her
in
her
Cariage
,
by
drawing
or
putting
in
of
her
Quoynes
more
then
before
so
much
,
vntill
the
plumb
line
of
the
Quadrant
appeareth
freely
(
the
Ruler
being
put
into
her
mouth
as
before
)
to
hang
directly
ouer
the
degree
or
point
assigned
.
And
the
like
may
be
said
concerning
the
imbasing
of
any
peece
;
as
in
the
21
Figure
α
at
2
for
the
12
poynts
and
at
3
for
the
90
degrees
A
B
C
and
E
M
N
,
And
also
concerning
the
leuell
at
4
,
to
leuell
peeces
,
and
to
finde
the
vpper
part
of
the
mettall
:
And
lastly
,
to
mount
and
imbase
the
peece
by
the
helpe
of
the
plumb
line
;
And
by
the
whole
circle
at
5
,
deuided
into
48
equall
parts
,
making
in
each
Quadrant
thereof
the
12
poynts
of
the
Gunners
quadrant
.
The
like
may
be
done
with
the
sight
Rule
,
by
the
Table
hereof
.
CHAP.
XXXIIII
.
Of
a
new
deuise
by
any
Staffe
,
to
leuell
,
mount
,
and
imbase
any
Peece
.
ALso
any
Peece
may
with
a
field
Linstock
,
Rammer
,
or
Spunge
,
or
other
Staffe
be
mounted
to
any
degree
of
the
Quadrant
,
being
thus
prepared
.
First
,
marke
from
one
end
of
that
Staffe
a
distance
,
equall
vnto
the
height
of
the
Pomell
or
Caskabell
of
the
Peece
the ballistic arc of cannonballs
Tract
.
2.
Dial.
9.
Quelle
piece
sera
de
plus
lointaine
portee
celle
du
hault
ou
celle
du
pied
d'vne
tour
.
Welches
stuck
am
weittesten
trägt
das
so
oben
oder
das
so
vnden
am
thurn
abychet
a cannon aimed at a fortification
Tract
.
3.
Cap
12
et
15
Mire
commune
rez
les
metaux
de
1000
pas
.
Gemeine
visier
vber
die
frisen
auff
1000
schritt
.
Poinct
du
niueau
de
l'ame
de
500
pas
.
Visier
der
wogen
auff
500
schritt
.
placed
leuell
vpon
her
Platforme
,
and
then
take
the
distance
betweene
the
Centre
of
the
Trunions
and
the
Pomell
or
Caskabell
,
which
make
or
imagine
a
semidiametre
of
a
Circle
,
and
diuide
it
by
Dyagonalls
and
Paralels
,
or
otherwise
into
1000
equall
parts
.
Lastly
,
out
of
the
Table
of
Sines
,
take
the
number
answering
vnto
euery
degree
out
of
the
said
1000
parts
,
and
set
that
distance
from
the
said
marke
downwards
.
And
if
the
totall
Syne
of
the
Table
be
100000
,
omit
the
two
last
figures
of
each
number
thereof
towards
the
right
hand
,
and
if
it
be
10000000
,
then
omit
foure
figures
of
each
number
you
finde
in
that
Table
,
and
the
remaining
number
will
shew
how
many
of
those
1000
equall
parts
are
to
be
set
downwards
from
the
marke
beneath
the
said
leuell
for
each
seuerall
degree
:
Then
drawing
also
10
Paralels
and
Dyagonalls
from
the
first
degree
to
the
second
,
and
from
the
second
to
the
third
,
&c.
successiuely
continued
from
each
to
his
next
,
noting
euery
degree
with
Arithmeticall
characters
;
so
may
you
from
6
minutes
to
6
minutes
by
those
right
synes
mount
the
Peece
,
so
set
forth
for
any
Peece
which
it
shall
be
prepared
for
.
This
may
also
be
described
vpon
such
a
staffe
without
the
Table
of
synes
in
a
mechanicall
maner
thus
:
If
you
describe
a
Quadrant
or
Quarter
of
a
circle
with
a
semidiametre
,
equall
to
the
distance
from
the
centre
of
the
Trunions
,
to
the
centre
of
the
Pomell
or
Caskabell
,
and
deuide
the
Arch
of
that
quadrant
into
90
equall
parts
or
degrees
,
and
then
from
each
degree
,
letting
a
right
line
fall
perpendicularly
vpon
the
base
side
of
the
said
quadrant
.
And
lastly
,
each
of
those
right
lines
being
thence
transferred
from
the
said
first
marke
downwards
vpon
the
said
staffe
,
and
marking
them
with
Arithmeticall
figures
for
each
degree
,
thereupon
making
also
Paralels
and
Diagonalls
,
as
aforesaid
you
may
thereby
Geometrically
and
mechanically
marke
the
same
from
6
to
6
minutes
as
before
.
The
vse
of
them
are
plaine
and
easie
,
for
if
you
bring
downe
the
centre
of
the
Caskabell
or
Pomell
of
the
Peece
to
any
number
of
degrees
thereon
,
so
marked
,
for
that
peece
,
you
setting
the
lower
end
of
the
staffe
to
the
Platforme
being
euen
,
although
it
be
rising
or
descending
backwards
:
I
say
then
the
Axis
of
the
bore
of
that
Peece
will
be
found
to
be
eleuated
vnto
the
degree
assigned
:
If
you
bee
to
imbase
the
Peece
,
those
lynes
and
number
also
set
aboue
the
first
named
marke
,
will
performe
the
like
office
there
in
the
thing
required
.
CHAP.
XXXV
.
How
to
finde
the
right
line
or
right
range
of
any
Shot
discharged
out
of
any
Peece
,
for
euery
eleuation
,
by
any
one
Right
or
dead
Range
giuen
for
the
Peece
assigned
.
IF
the
Range
giuen
be
the
right
Range
,
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
if
the
Tabular
number
found
in
the
Table
of
dead
Ranges
for
the
degree
of
the
Range
giuen
,
giue
the
number
of
knowne
measures
in
that
Range
:
what
shall
the
Tabular
number
of
the
Table
of
right
Ranges
,
proper
to
the
degree
assigned
giue
.
And
hauing
multiplied
and
deuided
them
duly
,
the
fourth
number
will
be
the
right
Range
,
or
right
line
for
the
Peecesought
.
Example
1.
SVppose
you
are
to
seeke
the
right
Range
of
30
degrees
for
that
Peece
,
whose
dead
Range
for
30
degrees
is
giuen
or
knowne
to
be
2200
paces
by
it
,
multiply
the
Tabular
number
of
right
Ranges
for
30
degrees
,
which
is
695
,
and
diuide
the
product
by
2150
,
the
Tabular
number
for
30
degrees
in
the
Table
of
dead
Ranges
,
and
the
Quotient
will
bee
711
paces
for
the
line
or
right
Range
of
that
Peece
,
mounted
and
discharged
at
30
degrees
eleuation
.
Example
2.
SVppose
the
leuell
right
Range
is
giuen
,
and
the
right
Range
for
30
degrees
mounture
bee
sought
,
say
,
if
192
the
first
number
in
the
Table
of
right
Ranges
,
giue
695
the
Tabular
number
thereof
for
30
degrees
,
what
shall
197
paces
the
leuell
right
Range
giuen
giue
,
multiply
the
third
by
the
second
,
and
deuiding
by
the
first
,
and
the
Quotient
,
will
be
713
paces
for
the
right
Ranges
sought
,
the
difference
is
that
Tables
cannot
be
so
exactly
calculated
,
but
by
omitting
small
fractions
,
small
differences
will
grow
apparant
,
by
working
one
question
or
example
diuers
wayes
,
which
let
suffice
.
CHAP.
XXXVI
.
To
finde
how
much
of
the
Horizontall
line
is
contained
directly
vnder
the
right
line
,
or
right
Range
of
any
Shot
,
made
out
of
any
Peece
at
euery
eleuation
assigned
.
HAuing
by
the
last
Chapter
found
the
number
of
paces
,
the
Peece
will
carie
her
Shot
in
a
right
line
being
duly
discharged
,
at
any
Eleuation
assigned
,
multiply
the
same
by
the
right
Sine
of
the
complement
of
the
degree
of
Mounture
,
and
deuide
the
product
by
the
whole
Sine
,
and
the
Quotient
will
bee
the
number
of
paces
(
or
such
like
measures
)
contayned
in
the
leuell
,
directly
vnder
the
right
Range
sought
.
Example
.
BE
it
propounded
how
to
finde
what
part
of
the
Horizontall
line
lyeth
,
directly
vnder
the
right
Range
of
the
Peece
assigned
at
30
degrees
eleuation
,
the
right
Range
at
30
grades
by
the
precedent
,
being
found
to
bee
713
paces
,
and
the
right
sine
of
60
grades
,
the
complement
of
30
being
866
,
being
multiplied
together
,
and
the
product
deuided
by
1000
,
the
whole
sine
leaueth
in
the
Quotient
617
,
for
the
number
of
paces
lying
directly
vnder
the
right
Range
sought
.
CHAP.
XXXVII
.
To
finde
how
much
of
the
Horizontall
line
lyeth
vnder
the
crooked
Range
of
a
Shot
,
made
out
of
any
Peece
at
any
Eleuation
assigned
.
THe
crooked
range
is
so
much
as
the
course
or
way
of
the
Shot
,
as
it
goeth
helically
betweene
the
right
Range
,
and
the
naturall
or
perpendicular
motion
,
or
before
it
make
the
first
graze
;
And
may
bee
thus
found
either
by
deducting
of
the
leuell
distance
contained
directly
vnder
the
right
line
or
right
Range
of
any
Shot
made
,
(
found
by
the
last
Chapter
)
out
of
the
dead
Range
thereof
found
by
the
Chapter
before-going
:
For
the
remainder
will
be
the
paces
or
other
measures
,
lying
directly
vnder
the
crooked
range
.
Example
1.
THe
Peece
supposed
to
be
mounted
to
30
degrees
,
is
found
to
conuey
the
Shot
2300
paces
to
the
dead
range
or
first
graze
of
the
Shot
,
and
it
also
conuayeth
the
Shotte
617
paces
in
the
leuell
vnder
the
right
Range
,
which
deducted
out
of
the
said
dead
Range
,
there
remaineth
1683
paces
,
which
lyeth
directly
vnder
the
Crooked
range
,
in
the
Horizontall
line
the
thing
sought
.
CHAP.
XXXVIII
.
Of
the
violent
,
crooked
,
and
naturall
motion
,
or
course
of
a
Shot
discharged
out
of
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
assigned
.
BY
the
third
and
fourth
suppositions
of
the
second
book
of
Tartaglia
his
Nouascientia
,
euery
body
equally
heauie
(
as
a
Globall
Shot
)
in
the
end
of
the
violent
motion
thereof
,
being
discharged
out
of
a
Peece
of
Ordnance
(
so
it
be
not
in
the
perpendicular
line
right
vp
or
downe
)
the
crooked
Range
shall
ioyne
to
the
right
Range
,
and
to
the
naturall
course
or
Motions
,
and
bee
betweene
them
both
:
So
for
example
,
the
right
Range
being
all
the
line
a
b
of
the
Figure
following
,
and
c
d
the
naturall
motion
.
He
saith
B
C
will
being
the
mixt
or
crooked
Range
ioyne
,
and
bee
contingent
to
them
both
in
the
poynts
b
and
c
,
wherein
c
will
be
the
furthest
part
of
the
crooked
course
or
range
from
the
Peece
so
directed
,
and
d
the
end
of
the
naturall
motion
thereof
.
And
in
his
seauenth
proposition
of
the
same
booke
hee
prooueth
,
That
euery
Shot
equally
heauy
great
or
little
,
equally
eleuated
aboue
Horizon
,
or
equally
oblique
or
leuelly
directed
,
are
among
themselues
like
and
proportionall
in
their
distances
,
as
the
Figure
following
sheweth
:
as
A
E
F
is
like
and
proportionall
in
the
right
and
crooked
Ranges
,
vnto
A
H
I
,
and
in
their
distances
or
dead
Ranges
A
F
vnto
A
I.
And
in
his
fourth
,
fifth
,
and
sixth
propositions
of
the
same
booke
,
he
proueth
that
euery
Shot
made
vpon
the
leuell
,
hath
the
crooked
range
thereof
equall
to
the
Arch
of
a
Quadrant
,
or
quarter
of
a
Circle
;
and
if
it
bee
made
vpon
any
eleuation
aboue
the
leuell
,
that
then
it
will
make
the
crooked
Range
to
be
more
then
a
Quadrant
,
and
that
if
it
be
made
imbased
vnder
the
leuell
,
that
then
the
crooked
Range
thereof
will
be
an
Arch
lesse
then
a
Quadrant
,
as
the
three
last
figures
following
doe
represent
.
several ballistic arcs, with inscribed angles
And
lastly
in
his
ninth
Proposition
of
the
same
booke
,
he
vndertaketh
to
proue
,
if
one
Peece
be
shot
off
twice
,
the
one
leuell
and
the
other
at
the
best
of
the
Randon
,
that
the
right
Range
of
the
leuell
,
is
but
one
quarter
of
the
right
Range
of
the
best
:
And
that
the
dead
Range
of
the
leuell
is
but
1/10
of
the
dead
Range
of
the
best
Randon
,
whereto
he
that
desireth
further
demonstration
,
may
haue
recourse
,
and
examine
his
demonstrations
of
those
propositions
in
his
said
second
booke
of
his
Noua
Scientia
.
A
Diagram
for
the
Randons
of
a
Saker
vpon
each
of
the
first
six
Points
,
according
to
Alessandro
Bianco
.
measuring several ballistic arcs
Now
to
finde
at
what
distance
from
the
platforme
whereon
the
Peece
is
to
be
discharged
,
the
course
of
the
Bullet
will
cut
the
aspect
of
euery
Mounture
(
which
will
helpe
when
a
marke
shall
bee
without
the
right
Range
of
the
Peece
in
the
aspect
of
its
eleuation
,
aboue
the
Horizon
)
to
make
a
faire
Shot
at
first
by
taking
a
greater
aduantage
of
mounture
:
as
suppose
a
Marke
eleuated
15
degrees
,
to
be
distant
700
paces
.
By
the
last
Diagram
open
the
Compasses
,
vntill
the
aspect
cut
the
poynt
of
Mounture
,
then
applying
the
same
vnto
the
scale
vnder
it
,
you
shall
thereby
finde
at
what
distance
it
cutteth
the
Randon
required
.
Alexander
Bianco
his
Table
of
Randons
for
the
sixe
first
Poynts
reduced
.
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
Falconet
.
|
375
|
637
|
795
|
855
|
892
|
900
|
Falcon.
|
550
|
935
|
1166
|
1254
|
1309
|
1320
|
Minion
.
|
450
|
765
|
954
|
1026
|
1071
|
1080
|
Saker
.
|
625
|
1062
|
1325
|
1425
|
1487
|
1500
|
Demi-Culuering
.
|
725
|
1232
|
1537
|
1653
|
1725
|
1740
|
Culuering
.
|
750
|
1275
|
1590
|
1710
|
1785
|
1800
|
Demi-Cannon
.
|
625
|
1062
|
1325
|
1425
|
1487
|
1500
|
Whole
Cannon
of
7.
|
675
|
1147
|
1431
|
1489
|
1606
|
1620
|
Double
Cannon
of
8.
|
750
|
1275
|
1690
|
1710
|
1785
|
1800
|
A
Table
of
secant
ranges
.
0
|
1000
|
1
|
1000
|
2
|
1000
|
3
|
1001
|
4
|
1002
|
5
|
1003
|
6
|
1005
|
7
|
1007
|
8
|
1009
|
9
|
1013
|
10
|
1015
|
11
|
1018
|
12
|
1023
|
13
|
1026
|
14
|
1030
|
15
|
1035
|
16
|
1040
|
17
|
1045
|
18
|
1051
|
19
|
1057
|
20
|
1064
|
30
|
1154
|
40
|
1305
|
50
|
1555
|
60
|
2000
|
70
|
3923
|
80
|
5758
|
90
|
Infinite
|
The
vse
of
these
Tables
.
FIrst
by
Bianco
his
Table
,
hauing
resolued
vpon
the
poynt
of
Mounture
,
looke
against
the
name
of
the
Peece
,
and
right
vnder
that
poynt
,
in
the
common
Angle
,
you
shall
finde
the
number
of
Paces
of
her
Randon
sought
.
The
Table
of
Secant
Ranges
are
proportionall
numbers
,
whose
vse
by
the
examples
before
mentioned
,
are
plainely
manifest
,
which
let
suffice
.
CHAP.
XXXVIII
.
How
to
loade
a
Peece
of
Ordnance
Gunner-like
.
THe
Peece
being
mounted
,
and
duly
planted
on
his
Platforme
,
and
well
prouided
with
all
things
in
readinesse
for
seruice
,
as
of
powder
,
Shot
,
Ladle
,
Spunge
,
Ramer
,
Wad-hooke
,
Wadds
,
and
Tampions
.
The
Gunner
must
place
his
Linstock
to
Lee-wards
,
or
vnder
the
winde
,
and
hauing
cleared
the
peece
and
Touch-hole
;
he
must
spunge
his
peece
very
well
standing
on
the
right
side
of
the
peece
,
and
drawing
out
his
Spunge
,
let
him
giue
it
two
or
three
blowes
vpon
the
Month
on
the
out-side
of
the
peece
,
to
beate
off
the
foulenesse
and
dust
it
hath
gathered
within
:
then
his
assistant
declining
the
powder
or
boudge
barrell
aside
,
he
shal
thrust
in
his
Ladle
to
fill
it
,
striking
off
the
heaped
powder
,
giuing
a
shogge
to
shake
downe
the
surplusse
:
and
it
being
so
filled
and
striked
,
put
in
the
Ladle
downe
to
the
bottome
of
her
Concaue
Cillinder
vnto
the
Touch-hole
,
but
at
the
first
putting
of
the
Ladle
(
so
filled
)
into
the
Mouth
of
the
peece
,
slide
in
the
Ladle
staffe
,
so
that
the
vpper
side
may
keepe
vppermost
all
the
way
,
and
when
it
is
ariued
to
the
bottome
of
the
Bore
,
then
hee
laying
his
right
thumb
vpon
the
said
vpper
side
of
Ladle
staffe
,
neere
the
Mouth
of
the
peece
,
and
turning
the
said
staffe
so
much
,
vntill
the
said
thumb
vnremoued
vpon
the
staffe
be
found
directly
vnder
the
same
;
then
giuing
two
or
three
shakes
,
and
bearing
vp
the
Ladle
,
that
the
powder
may
bee
turned
out
,
or
goe
out
cleane
,
and
that
the
Ladle
bring
no
powder
back
therewith
,
for
that
were
a
foule
fault
for
a
professed
Gunner
to
commit
.
Then
shall
he
put
the
powder
home
softly
,
with
the
Rammer
that
is
at
the
end
of
the
Ladle
staffe
;
putting
in
a
good
Wadd
,
and
thrust
it
home
to
the
powder
,
giuing
three
or
foure
hard
strokes
,
which
wil
gather
the
scattered
pouder
together
,
and
driue
close
the
same
,
and
the
rest
to
the
bottome
of
the
Chamber
the
Assistant
,
hauing
a
finger
vpon
the
Touch-hole
all
the
whilst
:
And
then
put
in
the
Shot
which
with
a
Rammer
he
must
put
softly
home
,
and
afterwards
another
Wadd
of
Hay
,
Grasse
,
Weedes
,
Okham
,
or
such
like
:
And
againe
,
giue
two
or
three
good
strokes
with
the
Spunges
Rammer
head
:
But
if
the
Peece
doe
require
two
or
three
Ladles
of
powder
,
it
must
bee
all
put
in
before
any
Wad
,
in
that
maner
as
the
first
was
mentioned
,
and
so
in
all
other
things
.
And
then
place
the
Boudge
or
powder
barrell
to
wind-wards
,
and
couer
it
safe
with
some
Hide
,
garment
,
or
cloath
:
alwayes
auoyding
to
stand
before
the
mouth
of
the
Peece
,
but
on
the
right
side
thereof
in
loading
her
for
feare
offurther
danger
.
And
lastly
,
the
Peece
is
to
bee
layd
to
the
marke
and
prymed
and
fired
,
and
so
will
his
Peece
said
to
be
loaded
Gunner-like
.
CHAP.
XXXIX
.
Whether
the
longer
Peeces
out-shoote
the
shorter
,
and
why
the
Culuerings
shoote
farther
then
the
Cannon
and
the
Demy-Culuering
then
the
whole
Culuerings
,
&c.
NEuerthelesse
,
that
the
eighth
Theorem
of
this
booke
affirmeth
,
that
The
longer
the
Peece
the
stronger
the
stroke
,
which
is
most
true
,
yet
must
it
require
this
moderation
,
that
all
proportions
be
agreeable
in
the
longer
Peeces
,
namely
that
the
proportion
of
the
height
of
bore
,
and
fortitude
of
mettall
,
and
charge
of
powder
,
be
correspondent
one
to
the
other
,
as
in
my
Exposition
vpon
one
of
Mr.
Digges
his
Questions
is
related
:
For
if
the
Fortitude
of
mettall
be
wanting
,
and
so
vnable
to
resist
the
force
of
powder
due
to
load
your
Peece
withall
,
in
respect
of
her
length
&
height
,
so
that
the
Shot
may
be
come
iust
to
her
Mouth
in
that
instant
,
that
all
the
Powder
shall
be
perfectly
fired
,
or
that
by
reason
of
her
shortnesse
(
she
hauing
fortitude
)
the
Shot
be
gone
out
before
the
powder
in
her
be
all
perfectly
fired
,
there
is
neither
of
them
both
can
performe
so
much
as
they
otherwise
would
doe
,
if
their
proportions
of
height
,
length
,
and
fortitude
had
beene
correspondent
one
to
another
.
And
there
must
also
bee
a
respect
had
vnto
the
force
of
the
powder
vsed
,
that
there
may
bee
a
conuenient
correspondencie
betweene
the
proportion
of
it
to
the
rest
:
For
otherwise
,
a
Peece
being
loaded
with
a
proportionall
Charge
of
worser
powder
,
may
shoote
further
,
then
if
shee
were
loaded
with
as
much
in
waight
of
better
powder
,
by
reason
of
the
disproportionalities
afore
said
.
It
was
experienced
,
as
Luigo
Coluado
in
his
21
Chapter
mentioneth
,
that
an
extraordinary
Culuering
of
48
Dyametres
of
her
bore
in
length
,
being
loaded
with
a
Charge
of
powder
vsually
allowed
to
Culuerings
(
proportioned
to
the
waight
of
her
Shott
)
did
shoote
fewer
paces
,
then
afterwards
when
8
dyametres
of
her
length
was
cut
off
from
her
Mouth
to
her
Breech
wards
.
And
then
also
6
dyametres
more
being
likewise
cut
off
,
and
in
like
sort
,
shee
being
loaded
and
discharged
at
the
third
time
,
conuayed
her
Shot
farther
then
either
at
the
first
or
second
,
whereby
and
by
the
14
Theorem
hereof
,
with
the
said
exposition
,
all
will
most
plainly
appeare
both
Theorically
and
Practically
:
But
the
olde
errour
of
the
Rule
of
Flat
,
as
some
Gunners
haue
called
it
,
and
taught
it
to
others
:
I
thought
fit
to
warne
you
of
being
a
sight
Rule
,
deuided
into
inches
,
to
set
on
the
breech
of
any
Peece
,
to
mount
her
to
any
angle
vnder
30
degrees
,
by
a
like
certaine
number
of
inches
,
and
parts
,
for
Peeces
of
all
lengthes
,
which
is
not
onely
impossible
,
but
also
absurd
:
As
I
haue
shewed
before
in
the
76
Page
,
where
I
shall
speake
of
the
good
vse
that
may
be
made
of
the
inch
Rule
for
that
purpose
,
with
my
Table
for
the
same
in
the
93
Page
.
two cannons
Tract.
2.
dial.
20.
Quelle
sera
de
plus
grande
portee
la
Colubrine
ou
le
Canon
.
Welches
stuck
am
weitesten
trägt
die
Colubrina
oder
du
Carthaunen
En
tel
poinct
la
Colubrine
portera
7000
pas
.
quelque
peu
plus
ou
moins
.
In
solcher
erhöhung
trägt
die
Colubrina
vngefchrlich
7000
schritt
.
Le
canon
6000
pas
.
Die
Carthaun
6000
schritt
.
CHAP.
XL.
Of
shooting
Mira
Comune
,
or
by
the
Mettalls
of
the
Peece
,
and
the
difference
betweene
shooting
so
,
and
by
the
due
dispart
.
ALthough
the
difference
of
making
a
Shot
to
a
Marke
,
by
the
highest
of
the
Mettall
at
her
breech
and
muzzell
,
and
by
the
continued
aspect
of
the
Axis
of
her
bore
,
is
so
vncertaine
,
according
to
the
length
of
the
Peece
,
and
the
differences
betweene
the
Dyameter
of
the
Base
and
Muzzell
Rings
,
that
no
certaine
proportion
can
be
generally
assigned
:
yet
for
most
Peeces
it
hath
beene
well
obserued
,
that
the
Peece
directed
by
her
Mettall
,
will
shoote
about
twice
as
farre
,
when
the
Marke
is
leuell
,
or
the
sight
line
being
paralell
to
the
Horizon
,
as
it
will
doe
vpon
the
laying
it
leuell
by
the
dispart
Quadrant
or
Axis
of
her
Bore
,
the
incertainty
thereof
depending
vpon
the
Angle
,
it
maketh
more
or
lesse
aboue
the
Horizon
,
which
for
each
Peece
may
best
be
found
,
by
the
differences
of
the
disparts
of
seuerall
Peeces
that
are
of
equall
lengthes
,
but
is
accepted
or
guessed
to
be
generally
to
shoote
twice
the
distance
Mira
Comune
,
as
it
will
doe
vpon
the
true
leuell
Axis
:
But
that
Rule
is
seldome
exact
,
for
the
difference
is
somtimes
fiue
gr.
and
other
sometimes
seauen
degrees
,
and
sometimes
neither
,
euen
as
the
Mounture
vpon
the
Mettall
,
&
the
leuell
of
the
Axis
will
(
being
precisely
examined
)
make
manifest
.
And
therfore
to
shoote
with
any
Peece
Mira
Comune
,
or
by
the
Mettalls
,
the
difference
or
Mount
about
the
leuell
,
which
the
mettall
causeth
being
considered
,
and
exactly
examined
,
will
shew
the
Angle
of
the
Peeces
Mounture
,
with
which
you
must
repayre
to
the
following
Tables
of
proportionall
Mountures
,
for
the
seuerall
Randons
vpon
each
poynt
or
degree
of
the
Gunners
Quadrant
,
which
is
thus
easily
to
to
be
appropriated
vnto
any
Peece
,
hauing
made
one
Shotte
with
her
at
a
Mounture
certaine
,
and
finding
her
proper
dead
Range
for
the
same
,
which
reuerted
to
the
giuen
Eleuation
,
will
soone
yeeld
the
Range
required
.
As
for
example
,
suppose
that
by
examination
it
be
found
out
,
that
by
reason
of
the
rancknes
or
eminencie
of
the
Muzzle
ring
,
and
length
of
the
Chase
of
the
Peece
,
the
direction
by
the
Mettalls
at
the
Breech
and
Muzzle
ring
,
to
mount
the
Peece
higher
then
it
would
,
if
the
Azis
of
her
Bore
were
duly
directed
by
a
true
dispart
,
vnto
any
Marke
assigned
by
sixe
degrees
,
and
let
it
be
imagined
that
the
Marke
is
eleuated
sixe
gr.
aboue
the
Horizon
,
so
found
by
the
Quadrant
:
And
lastly
,
let
it
bee
giuen
at
that
mounture
,
the
Peece
did
shoote
850
paces
for
her
dead
Range
:
the
question
is
,
how
farre
the
same
Peece
would
conuay
the
like
Shott
with
like
loading
and
accidents
,
if
she
were
by
the
highest
of
her
Mettalls
at
Breech
and
Muzzle
,
directed
to
the
same
Marke
.
Say
then
if
722
,
the
number
in
the
Table
of
dead
Ranges
against
sixe
gr.
giue
850
paces
,
the
measure
of
the
Shott
made
in
her
at
fixe
degrees
mounture
,
what
shall
1394
the
number
against
12
degrees
mounture
giue
,
multiplying
the
third
of
these
three
numbers
by
the
second
,
deuiding
the
Product
by
the
first
,
the
Quotient
1534
paces
,
will
so
much
better
answere
to
the
question
then
Mr.
Smithes
rule
can
doe
.
CHAP.
XLI
.
Of
shooting
by
the
Despart
or
Axis
of
the
Bore
(
in
right
hored
Peeces
,
called
by
some
Gunners
erroniously
the
poynt
Blanke
)
as
farre
as
it
curreth
a
Shot
in
a
right
line
.
THis
kinde
of
shooting
called
(
poynt
blanke
)
is
so
farre
as
a
marke
is
within
the
strait
line
of
the
Peece
,
which
for
some
Eleuations
or
Mountures
,
is
much
more
then
for
others
,
for
that
the
more
a
Peece
is
mounted
,
the
farther
she
conuayeth
her
Shot
in
the
right
range
,
except
it
could
bee
shot
perpendicularly
downwards
,
which
(
as
I
haue
already
in
my
first
booke
called
,
The
Art
of
great
Artillerie
shewed
)
may
therefore
in
Peece
giuen
,
yeeld
infinite
poynt
blankes
.
But
bee
the
Mounture
giuen
,
and
the
mark
within
the
right
line
,
or
right
Range
of
the
Bullets
course
(
that
is
within
that
space
of
the
Shots
right
course
)
as
it
may
be
said
to
goe
straite
(
or
insencibly
crooked
)
or
so
farre
as
it
accompanieth
the
continued
Axis
of
the
Mettal
,
in
right
bored
Peeces
,
or
of
the
Soule
in
the
wry
bored
(
which
is
the
cause
that
in
such
a
Shots
there
is
more
seldomer
failing
,
then
in
any
other
manner
of
shooting
whatsoeuer
)
this
kinde
of
shooting
being
made
by
the
Dispart
,
so
maketh
the
errour
to
be
no
more
then
the
distance
betweene
,
the
visuall
line
directed
from
the
middle
poynt
of
the
said
Axis
,
and
the
visuall
line
that
passeth
from
the
Gunners
eye
,
except
accidents
cause
the
contrary
,
it
being
directed
by
the
highest
of
the
Mettall
of
the
Base
ring
,
and
by
the
top
of
the
dispart
vnto
the
assigned
Marke
.
Now
forasmuch
as
the
length
of
the
Peece
and
the
variety
of
the
Powder
by
the
eighth
Theorem
,
breedeth
the
difference
of
force
,
swiftnesse
,
and
vehemencie
of
the
Shott
and
stroke
of
the
Bullet
:
it
is
therefore
impossible
to
giue
generall
certaine
Rules
for
the
right
Ranges
,
without
some
experience
in
that
Peece
bee
first
made
,
found
thus
.
If
many
Papers
or
Cloathes
be
set
in
the
right
line
or
way
of
the
Shotte
,
betweene
the
Mouth
of
the
Peece
and
the
Marke
,
then
making
an
orderly
shott
with
a
full
Bullet
directed
to
some
Marke
,
setting
a
sticke
in
each
place
,
with
the
top
thereof
right
in
the
Centre
of
the
hole
which
the
shott
went
through
at
euery
paper
:
You
shall
thereby
perceiue
where
the
shott
did
first
begin
to
decline
,
and
how
much
at
each
distance
,
which
being
measured
,
will
very
much
informe
the
Gunner
both
for
leuell
Batteries
,
and
shooting
at
randon
,
and
vpon
aduantage
,
in
the
meane
space
the
Table
following
will
for
right
ranges
helpe
.
A
Table
of
the
proportions
of
right
Ranges
,
or
poynt
blanks
.
0
|
192
|
1
|
209
|
2
|
227
|
3
|
244
|
4
|
261
|
5
|
278
|
6
|
285
|
7
|
302
|
8
|
320
|
9
|
337
|
10
|
354
|
20
|
424
|
30
|
693
|
40
|
855
|
50
|
1000
|
60
|
1140
|
70
|
1220
|
80
|
1300
|
90
|
1350
|
The
vse
of
the
Table
,
with
example
.
Hauing
foundby
experience
that
at
6
degrees
of
Mounture
the
Peece
assigned
Shot
200
paces
in
a
right
,
or
insencible
crooked
line
,
and
would
know
how
farre
the
same
Peece
will
shoote
in
a
straite
line
,
being
mounted
to
10
degrees
,
say
by
the
Table
,
if
278
the
number
,
against
6
gr.
giueth
200
paces
,
what
will
354
the
number
therein
against
10
degrees
giue
,
278
paces
.
CHAP.
XLII
.
Of
shooting
vpon
the
Aduantage
or
Randome
at
a
Marke
,
beyond
the
right
line
of
the
Peeces
reach
,
or
right
Range
of
the
Shot
:
and
of
the
dead
Range
for
any
Peece
at
euery
degree
.
AS
in
the
last
Chapter
wee
haue
saide
for
the
right
Range
,
so
must
we
also
say
for
the
dead
Range
,
which
consisteth
of
the
addition
of
the
right
and
crooked
Ranges
together
into
one
,
and
then
called
the
dead
Range
,
which
is
the
whole
distance
from
the
Platforme
,
vpon
which
the
Peece
assigned
is
discharged
,
vnto
the
first
fall
or
graze
of
the
Bullet
,
vpon
the
leuell
line
,
or
Horizontall
Plane
,
by
reason
the
different
lengthes
of
the
Peeces
,
and
strength
of
the
powder
encreaseth
or
deuinceth
the
course
or
fury
of
the
Shot
,
and
therefore
more
difficult
to
bee
found
,
but
only
by
experience
,
or
by
Diagrams
,
Tables
,
or
Scales
made
from
experiments
.
Now
although
it
bee
very
difficult
,
and
a
thing
vncertaine
also
,
to
ariue
herein
to
exactnesse
,
without
some
experiments
made
with
the
assigned
Peece
and
Powder
:
Yet
to
come
to
a
necessary
neerenesse
at
first
(
farre
surer
then
by
vncertaine
guessing
)
either
by
the
Table
here
annexed
by
my
Scale
or
Rule
,
grounded
vpon
often
obseruations
and
tryall
,
I
hauing
made
200
shott
for
it
,
you
hauing
the
right
range
,
for
the
Mounture
assigned
by
the
former
dead
Range
,
of
the
Shott
for
the
Mounture
required
.
Note
where
the
Shots
course
cutteth
the
Angle
of
euery
Mounture
,
for
that
Peece
and
powder
giuen
in
this
manner
:
First
,
take
the
right
Range
of
the
Peece
experimented
from
the
right
Range
for
the
Mounture
assigned
,
and
diuide
the
remainder
in
such
reason
,
as
the
said
Angle
of
Mounture
is
to
the
Angle
of
the
complement
thereof
,
and
to
the
Quotient
adde
the
said
right
Range
found
,
and
the
off
come
there
of
,
will
bee
the
dead
Range
for
that
Peece
,
Powder
,
and
Mounture
assigned
.
As
for
example
,
let
it
be
supposed
,
that
a
Peece
mounted
at
30
degrees
,
shot
300
paces
in
the
right
Range
,
and
3000
at
the
dead
Range
,
I
desire
to
know
the
dead
Range
at
40
degrees
.
A
Table
of
the
proportions
of
dead
Ranges
.
Gr.
|
Pa.
|
0
|
192
|
1
|
298
|
2
|
404
|
3
|
510
|
4
|
610
|
5
|
722
|
6
|
828
|
7
|
934
|
8
|
1044
|
6
|
1129
|
10
|
1214
|
11
|
1396
|
12
|
1394
|
13
|
1469
|
14
|
1544
|
15
|
1622
|
16
|
1686
|
17
|
1744
|
18
|
1792
|
19
|
1849
|
20
|
1917
|
25
|
2013
|
30
|
2185
|
35
|
2249
|
40
|
2289
|
42
½
|
2296
|
45
|
2289
|
52
½
|
2283
|
60
|
1792
|
67
½
|
1214
|
75
|
1000
|
85
½
|
192
|
90
|
0
|
To
doe
this
the
plainest
mechanicall
way
,
is
to
diuide
that
dead
Range
into
any
number
of
parts
at
pleasure
,
which
set
out
in
a
line
,
at
one
end
of
that
right
line
,
make
an
angle
by
the
23
proposition
of
the
1
of
Euclide
demonstrated
herein
,
and
from
the
other
end
thereof
erect
a
perpendicular
line
by
the
11
proposition
also
there
mentioned
,
vntil
it
intersect
the
line
that
framed
the
Angle
giuen
,
and
note
well
how
many
such
parts
it
containeth
,
and
multiply
the
parts
of
the
dead
Range
by
the
parts
,
that
the
line
that
framed
the
Angle
containeth
,
and
then
diuide
the
product
by
the
number
of
parts
you
diuided
the
line
of
the
dead
Range
into
,
and
the
Quotient
will
bee
the
Secant
Range
,
which
knowne
,
(
as
imagine
,
for
the
secant
Range
was
found
1555
paces
,
and
for
the
dead
range
2000
paces
giuen
)
Say
if
1555
giue
1000
the
whole
sine
,
what
shall
1000
the
dead
range
giue
,
643
⅕
,
the
right
signe
of
the
Angle
,
the
Peece
must
be
mounted
vnto
,
vpon
the
aduantage
,
to
shoote
1000
paces
for
her
dead
range
.
CHAP.
XLIII
.
How
to
order
and
direct
a
Peece
,
and
amend
an
ill
Shott
that
was
made
either
by
the
Mettall
,
leuell
,
right
line
,
or
aduantage
,
or
Mount
.
IF
leasure
will
not
permit
to
vse
the
Ruler
and
Beuill
,
then
the
Gunner
may
by
his
iudgement
,
according
to
the
Charge
and
proportion
of
the
Peece
,
take
such
a
marke
as
he
guesseth
neerest
,
and
likest
to
be
best
for
the
purpose
;
if
it
prooue
to
strike
on
't
iust
,
then
hee
hath
his
desire
:
for
vsing
like
Powder
,
Shott
,
and
hauing
like
temper
and
accidents
,
he
shall
alwayes
make
thereby
the
like
Shot
.
But
if
the
Shott
went
too
high
,
hee
shall
then
direct
the
peece
in
like
sort
againe
,
and
lay
some
small
thing
,
as
discretion
will
guide
him
vpon
the
highest
of
the
muzzle
ring
,
and
bring
it
and
the
highest
of
the
Base
ring
in
one
,
with
the
first
point
or
marke
,
doing
so
,
or
more
or
lesse
vntill
he
hit
the
marke
desired
,
and
the
same
may
be
tryed
by
bringing
the
peece
vpon
the
first
marke
,
which
without
doubt
hee
shall
attaine
vnto
with
reasons
Rule
as
afore
.
And
if
the
first
Shott
be
vnder
or
short
,
he
must
doe
as
before
ordering
and
directing
his
peece
in
like
manner
,
sauing
that
before
the
peece
be
remoued
,
hee
must
lay
some
little
thing
on
the
highest
part
of
the
mettall
at
the
breech
,
and
then
by
helpe
of
the
Quoynes
,
shee
being
imbased
or
mounted
more
or
lesse
,
as
occasion
requireth
,
vntill
the
highest
of
the
mettall
at
the
Mouth
and
Breech
with
that
helpe
,
and
the
first
marke
become
together
into
one
right
line
.
And
so
is
the
peece
ordered
for
the
shooting
by
Mira
Commune
,
vnlesse
fault
bee
by
loading
of
the
powder
too
much
or
too
little
,
&c.
And
although
other
accidents
may
misleade
him
therein
,
yet
either
of
those
faylings
are
also
to
bee
reformed
by
the
Beuell
Quadrant
represented
in
the
25
figure
.
As
if
the
Gunner
by
the
mettall
take
his
marke
so
,
that
the
Shot
fall
short
:
To
correct
the
same
,
after
the
peece
at
the
next
Shott
,
is
placed
as
before
,
hee
may
then
by
the
said
Beuell
quadrant
eleuate
her
one
degree
or
poynt
higher
.
As
if
shee
were
formerly
at
sixe
poynts
or
degrees
,
shee
may
now
be
set
at
7
,
and
then
giuing
fire
,
if
it
strike
the
marke
,
hee
may
alwayes
order
it
in
the
same
manner
afterwards
.
But
if
it
were
too
high
,
little
,
or
much
,
hee
must
accordingly
diuide
that
difference
betweene
the
sixth
and
seauenth
poynt
or
degrees
by
discretion
(
by
the
lighting
of
the
last
Shot
.
)
And
if
it
were
too
low
,
then
proceeding
in
the
same
manner
,
to
adde
to
the
sixth
poynt
,
with
iudgement
:
and
so
may
assure
himselfe
hee
may
be
like
to
get
reputation
thereby
.
But
if
he
be
to
order
a
peece
to
shoote
by
the
leuell
of
the
Soule
,
or
Axis
of
the
Bore
horizontally
,
then
place
a
peece
of
boord
,
within
or
vpon
the
bottome
of
the
bore
at
the
muzzle
,
as
in
the
precedent
Chapter
betweene
the
said
long
Ruler
and
Beuell
Quadrant
,
raising
or
imbasing
her
with
Handspeeks
and
Quoynes
,
vntill
the
plumb
line
of
the
said
Beuill
,
hang
directly
in
the
midst
thereof
:
So
will
the
Soule
or
Axis
of
the
Bore
lye
directly
leuell
or
paralell
with
the
Horizon
.
Then
taking
away
the
Ruler
and
Beuill
,
and
taking
by
the
highest
of
the
mettall
at
the
breech
and
muzzle
,
direction
to
lay
her
right
,
and
to
what
marke
they
respect
for
height
;
note
that
for
after
vses
,
and
giuing
then
fire
,
he
may
attaine
therein
his
desire
.
Forasmuch
as
opportunity
will
not
alwayes
permit
to
place
the
same
on
the
Mouth
as
aforesaid
.
The
Gunner
may
keepe
that
thicknesse
or
dispart
in
his
hands
,
and
take
his
leuell
by
the
mettall
as
the
fashion
is
,
vntill
thereby
he
discerne
the
marke
,
and
them
both
to
bee
in
one
right
visuall
line
.
And
then
setting
on
the
dispart
vpon
the
muzzle
ring
duly
,
and
bringing
downe
the
mouth
of
the
peece
vntill
the
said
marke
,
and
the
top
of
the
dispart
,
and
the
highest
of
the
mettall
at
the
Breech
become
all
three
in
one
right
visuall
line
:
then
take
off
the
said
dispart
,
and
note
what
marke
will
then
bee
in
one
right
line
,
with
the
midst
or
highest
of
the
mettall
at
the
breech
&
muzzle
,
which
will
be
much
vnder
the
first
marke
,
and
it
will
so
serue
euer
after
to
make
a
shott
,
to
an
assured
good
effect
at
the
same
marke
,
and
with
the
same
peece
,
from
the
same
plat-forme
.
The
like
is
to
be
done
in
shooting
at
a
marke
,
eleuated
to
any
degree
about
the
leuell
:
As
also
for
such
marks
as
are
beyond
the
distance
of
the
right
line
or
right
range
,
by
allowing
an
addition
of
a
Minute
,
Degree
,
or
Poynt
of
eleuation
,
for
aduantage
more
or
lesse
,
as
need
shall
be
,
vntill
the
Shot
hit
right
,
and
as
reason
will
direct
.
As
for
example
,
a
Saker
is
to
shoote
at
a
marke
eleuated
vnto
15
degrees
,
it
being
distant
from
the
plat-forme
1325
Geometricall
paces
5
feete
to
the
pace
.
But
being
mounted
to
the
second
poynt
,
or
15
degrees
,
she
will
shoote
but
1062
paces
in
her
dead
range
,
and
in
her
best
Randon
she
will
conuay
a
shott
but
600
paces
,
in
a
right
line
,
wherefore
it
being
almost
300
paces
short
of
the
dead
range
for
15
degrees
,
and
aboue
700
paces
short
of
her
right
range
vpon
her
best
Randon
,
I
must
by
my
Gunners
Scale
,
or
by
the
Diagram
of
Randons
in
the
27
precedent
Chapter
,
by
the
perpendicular
raised
from
the
Base
at
1325
paces
,
finde
what
randon
crosseth
the
aspect
of
the
second
point
,
which
will
be
thereby
found
to
be
the
fifth
points
Randon
.
If
then
I
shall
mount
the
said
Saker
vnto
the
fifth
poynt
:
so
then
I
may
expect
her
said
Randon
,
to
strike
or
come
neere
to
that
marke
,
that
shall
be
eleuated
to
the
aspect
of
the
second
poynt
,
or
15
degrees
,
at
the
distance
of
1325
paces
,
and
so
after
2
or
3
shotts
at
that
aduantage
attaine
my
desire
.
This
is
the
ordinary
manner
of
shooting
vpon
aduantage
of
any
Mounture
whatsoeuer
,
alwayes
obseruing
the
meanes
how
to
draw
as
neere
the
Enemie
as
can
be
.
In
generall
,
you
may
obserue
,
that
in
taking
ayme
by
the
highest
of
the
mettall
,
without
consideration
of
the
disparture
,
if
the
visuall
line
thereof
aspect
the
marke
,
the
shott
will
bee
alwayes
too
high
within
the
right
range
,
contrary
to
the
Gunners
diseigne
,
which
should
be
to
ruinate
the
Foote
of
the
defence
in
Batteries
the
sooner
to
ouerthrow
the
wall
,
also
to
facillate
the
entery
of
the
Breach
,
but
singly
to
shoote
at
a
Troope
of
Horse
or
Squadron
of
Foote
,
and
especially
in
grauelly
or
stony
places
it
were
not
amisse
purposely
to
shoote
short
to
light
vpon
the
stones
,
to
beate
them
so
vp
,
as
that
the
raysing
of
the
grauel
and
stones
may
do
the
more
execution
,
entering
trauerse-wise
amongst
the
Enemie
.
But
in
a
plaine
or
leuell
Champion
,
and
amongst
Battalions
of
men
the
Peece
should
be
so
bended
and
directed
,
as
that
her
shot
may
passe
by
the
midst
or
thickest
of
them
,
guirdle
height
:
and
so
it
may
cut
off
a
hundred
,
or
whole
Ranke
or
File
of
Men
at
once
,
and
breake
their
Orders
and
Rankes
,
whereby
those
that
fall
on
their
Faces
will
hardly
elcape
,
but
shooting
ouer
,
profiteth
nothing
at
all
,
but
is
meerely
lost
.
To
amend
a
wide
shot
,
if
it
went
too
much
towards
the
right
hand
,
then
remoue
the
dispart
,
or
take
the
large
of
your
sight
line
somewhat
more
towards
the
left
hand
at
the
muzzle
ring
,
keeping
the
former
height
,
or
letting
the
Dispart
stand
as
before
,
and
take
your
marke
as
before
,
onely
remooue
your
eye
a
little
more
towards
the
right
hand
vpon
the
Base
ring
:
And
so
likewise
doe
contrariwise
,
if
the
fault
of
the
short
aforesaid
went
too
much
towards
the
left
hand
:
and
so
you
shall
assuredly
amend
the
former
shooting
,
vnlesse
some
of
these
ouer-ruling
causes
or
accidents
cause
the
contrary
,
namely
her
Soule
or
Concaue
bore
,
not
being
strairt
and
right
,
or
lying
a
wry
in
the
body
of
the
mettall
,
for
then
the
fault
is
not
in
the
Gunner
,
but
in
the
Gunne
,
which
hee
must
with
iudgement
and
good
discretion
rectifie
,
as
hath
bene
already
shewed
in
the
44.
Chapter
hereof
.
She
will
shoot
wide
also
if
the
Trunions
lye
not
directly
the
one
against
the
other
:
as
also
if
the
platforme
lye
awry
one
side
higher
then
the
other
:
or
if
the
Gunner
take
not
his
ayme
,
so
that
the
visuall
line
that
passeth
from
his
eye
to
the
marke
:
or
if
one
wheele
be
higher
then
the
other
,
or
if
one
wheele
be
stiffe
and
the
other
iocond
,
or
be
squatted
with
any
rub
in
the
reuerse
of
the
Peece
,
or
run
vpon
soft
,
and
the
other
vpon
hard
ground
;
or
if
the
Cariage-maker
haue
made
the
Cariage
leane
,
or
hang
more
vpon
one
,
then
the
other
side
:
If
the
Naue
be
too
wide
,
that
the
Peece
shake
therby
in
her
discharge
,
and
reuerse
:
or
if
the
tayle
of
the
Cariage
rest
harder
on
the
plat-forme
vpon
one
side
more
then
on
the
other
,
when
the
shott
is
too
lowe
for
the
Peece
,
and
at
the
deliuery
toucheth
vpon
one
side
.
And
lastly
the
vehemency
of
the
wind
being
sidewise
,
ouer-rules
it
to
the
contrary-side-ward
,
&c.
But
if
the
Shot
fall
to
short
or
too
farre
,
that
happeneth
by
the
force
or
feeblenesse
of
the
Powder
,
or
vnskilfulnesse
of
the
Gunner
,
not
directing
his
peece
as
he
ought
,
or
in
ignorance
,
or
by
mistaking
the
distance
to
the
marke
he
would
shoote
at
.
CHAP.
XLIIII
.
How
the
Gunner
may
be
assured
to
make
a
good
Shott
.
SOmetimes
the
occasions
offer
to
require
,
that
the
Peece
be
curiously
directed
,
and
precisely
bended
to
dismount
a
Peece
of
the
Enemies
that
galleth
shrewdly
,
or
at
a
single
mark
,
or
at
the
Loope
,
Tronier
,
Cassamat
,
Horseman
,
Boat
,
or
other
secret
place
assigned
,
that
else
would
impeach
the
appointed
seruice
and
deseigne
:
For
which
the
Gunner
ought
to
haue
an
entire
and
perfect
knowledge
of
the
condition
and
quality
of
his
Peece
,
by
experience
made
by
former
practises
in
her
;
otherwise
it
wil
be
vncertaine
and
vnlikely
,
that
he
at
the
first
shot
,
out
of
a
Peece
,
wherein
they
neuer
practized
,
to
make
an
assured
good
shott
:
and
then
in
loading
her
,
to
haue
great
care
so
to
put
home
the
Powder
,
Shott
,
and
Wadd
as
that
the
powder
may
fire
at
once
,
that
the
Peece
reuerse
not
vnrulily
,
it
being
a
certaine
thing
,
that
the
more
slowe
the
powder
is
in
firing
within
the
Peece
,
the
greater
will
her
reuerse
be
,
and
the
shott
also
of
the
lesse
force
in
execution
.
And
likewise
the
reasonable
putting
home
of
the
Shott
and
Wadds
,
neither
too
hard
nor
too
easie
,
but
that
the
Ball
may
gently
with
a
conuenient
vent
,
onely
enter
in
close
vnto
the
Powder-wadd
.
And
lastly
,
hee
may
direct
his
Peece
by
the
Quadrant
Beuill
inch
rule
,
or
other
former
directions
,
taking
his
ayme
directly
by
the
highest
of
the
Mettall
vnto
the
assigned
mark
,
or
with
a
due
dispart
placed
vpon
the
poynt
of
the
muzzle
ring
,
which
highest
parts
may
there
and
at
the
Base
ring
also
,
with
a
small
line
be
noted
for
the
visuall
line
to
passe
vertically
ouer
them
:
And
then
giuing
fire
,
let
him
not
doubt
of
an
assured
good
effect
,
hauing
a
diligent
hand
in
preuenting
the
accidents
that
are
to
be
prouided
for
,
as
in
the
43
Chapter
hereof
are
mentioned
,
to
auoyd
side
,
ouer
,
or
vnder
shooting
,
and
considering
well
that
such
a
good
shott
made
,
gaineth
the
Gunner
much
loue
and
honour
.
The
fittest
Peeces
for
that
purpose
,
are
either
the
Culuering
,
Demy
Culuering
,
and
Saker
,
or
the
Cannon
,
Demi-Cannon
,
and
Minion
.
Such
a
Shott
ought
to
be
made
knowne
to
the
Generall
of
the
Army
,
who
should
therefore
liberally
reward
the
Gunner
that
made
the
same
,
not
onely
to
encourage
him
,
but
others
also
,
afterwards
to
doe
the
like
,
or
better
if
it
were
possible
.
Louis
Collado
in
his
Manuall
Practise
of
Artillery
,
writeth
,
that
at
the
Siege
of
Siena
there
was
a
Peece
lodged
vpon
the
great
Church
,
from
which
the
besieging
Army
receiued
much
domage
:
but
in
the
end
a
Germaine
Gunner
made
a
shott
thereat
,
who
at
the
first
did
not
onely
dismount
the
same
Peece
,
but
also
made
the
Gunner
thereof
,
and
those
that
were
about
him
,
flye
together
in
the
ayre
to
their
destruction
:
the
which
Marquis
de
Martinian
,
the
Generall
of
the
Army
seeing
,
it
pleased
him
to
take
a
Chayne
of
gold
from
his
owne
necke
,
and
to
giue
it
vnto
the
Gunner
that
made
the
shot
,
for
his
reward
,
which
did
not
only
reioyce
him
,
but
encouraged
all
the
rest
of
the
Gunners
to
endeuour
diligently
,
so
to
purchase
the
like
honour
and
reward
,
when
like
occasions
were
presented
.
CHAP.
XLV
.
How
to
make
Ladles
and
Spunges
for
euery
sort
of
Ordnance
.
various instruments for firing and cleaning cannons
Tractat.
3.
Cap.
3.
De
demij
can
ronforce
Zur
halben
gesterckten
Carth.
De
canon
renforce
.
Zur
gesterckten
Carth.
●ampon
Der
stempfel
.
Canon
commun
gemcine
Carthau
Canon
amoindri
geschwechte
Carthaun
lanade
●mesure
et
proportion
des
cuieilliers
a
charger
.
Lass
vndt
proportion
der
ladtschauffelen
.
De
quart
de
Canon
renforce
Zum
gesterckten
quart
De
commun
quart
.
Zum
gemeinten
q.
Du
quart
amoindri
Zu
veriungten
quart
De
demij
canon
comun
Zur
halben
gem
.
Carth.
Demi
canon
amoindri
halbe
geschwechte
Carth
De
piece
enchambre
ou
cacampanee
.
Zu
veriungten
oder
zu
gespitzten
kammern
.
For
double
fortified
Cannons
,
to
charge
them
with
two
Ladle-fulls
,
they
are
to
be
two
dyametres
and
a
halfe
of
their
Shott
in
length
from
the
head
of
the
Ladle
staffe
,
which
shall
be
one
dyamere
more
of
plate
,
which
must
goe
about
the
said
head
:
The
Brasse
plate
must
be
in
breadth
two
dyametres
vnto
the
said
head
where
each
side
must
haue
halfe
a
dyametre
more
,
to
enclose
the
head
of
the
Ladle
staffe
within
the
plate
.
The
Button
or
head
of
the
Ladle-staffe
must
be
one
dyametre
,
and
of
such
height
or
thicknesse
,
that
it
together
with
Brasse
plate
may
bee
equall
to
the
height
of
the
Shott
(
due
vent
being
abated
)
for
Spunges
,
their
buttons
or
heads
are
to
be
made
of
soft
fast
wood
,
as
Aspe
,
Birch
,
Willow
,
or
such
like
,
and
to
be
one
dyametre
,
and
⅔
in
length
,
&
not
aboue
⅔
of
a
dyametre
of
the
shots
height
:
The
rest
being
couered
with
rough
Sheepes
skinne
wooll
,
and
all
,
be
nayled
thereon
with
Copper
nayles
,
so
that
together
they
may
fill
the
Soule
or
Cauity
of
the
Peece
.
The
Button
or
head
of
the
Rammer
,
must
be
turned
of
hard
wood
in
length
1
dyametre
,
and
⅓
of
such
height
or
thicknesse
,
that
it
may
fitly
enter
into
the
Peece
the
shots
vent
allowed
:
it
were
the
better
for
fashion
&
strength
:
if
the
⅓
next
the
staffe
were
handsomly
turned
with
abatement
,
and
a
Ferrill
,
or
Circle
of
Brasse
fitted
thereupon
,
to
saue
the
Head
from
cleauing
,
when
as
with
force
we
shall
ramme
the
Shott
home
.
All
these
Heads
or
Buttons
must
be
pierced
⅔
,
with
a
hole
for
the
staffe
an
inch
or
more
dyametre
,
wher-into
the
staffe
must
be
fastned
:
and
the
staffe
must
euer
be
so
long
,
that
it
must
be
at
the
least
one
foote
longer
then
the
Cauity
or
Soule
is
deepe
.
For
the
ordinary
Canon
,
the
Ladle
must
be
of
the
same
bredth
,
but
must
not
surpasse
2¼
dyametres
of
the
shott
in
length
:
and
for
the
lessened
Cannons
two
dyametre
onely
to
loade
at
twice
,
all
according
to
the
fashion
,
length
,
and
breadth
,
as
is
shewed
in
the
20
figure
α
,
with
the
manner
of
fastning
them
vpon
the
staues
;
wherein
also
the
fashions
as
well
of
the
Heads
or
Buttons
,
as
of
the
Ladles
and
Rammers
,
are
so
represented
to
the
eye
,
that
the
discreete
Gunner
shall
neede
no
other
instruction
therein
:
Where
the
description
for
the
Demy-Cannons
,
which
are
of
the
same
measures
and
proportion
as
afore-said
are
these
,
hauing
respect
to
their
owne
proper
Bores
.
The
Ladle
for
Culuerings
and
Demy-Culuerings
,
haue
foure
dyametres
of
their
proper
Shots
in
length
,
and
two
in
breadth
.
The
Sakers
,
Faulcons
,
&
Falconers
,
which
may
with
one
Ladle
fulbe
load
at
once
,
may
haue
their
Ladles
of
7
dyametres
,
&
½
dyametre
of
their
Shots
in
length
,
besides
that
Couerture
of
the
Head
of
the
staffe
:
and
of
breadth
2
,
as
all
the
rest
haue
.
For
Periors
,
which
vsually
haue
Chambers
,
with
ore
loes
½
or
¼
lesse
in
bore
,
then
their
Chase
contayneth
,
to
them
3
times
the
dyametre
of
their
Chamber
may
be
allowed
for
length
of
their
Ladles
.
Now
if
it
should
chance
you
were
(
hauing
no
Ladles
not
Ballance
ready
)
commanded
to
loade
a
Cannon
,
or
any
other
Peece
in
haste
:
First
,
put
the
rammer
into
the
Peece
vp
to
the
Touch
hole
,
and
marke
,
the
staffe
,
euen
with
the
mettle
at
the
mouth
of
the
Peece
,
and
then
pull
it
out
3
dyametres
,
for
the
Cannon
,
and
3
½
for
the
Culuering
,
and
4
for
the
Saker
Falcon
,
&c.
and
marke
there
another
marke
,
which
is
the
place
that
the
Powder
must
supply
in
the
Chamber
:
And
then
take
Paper
,
Parchment
,
or
Cloath
,
as
long
as
the
distance
betweene
the
two
markes
wrapped
round
,
being
of
height
equall
to
the
bore
of
the
Peece
,
1/20
lesse
,
fasten
the
same
with
mouth
glew
,
or
sow
the
sides
and
bottom
,
and
fill
the
same
with
powder
,
and
powre
it
into
the
Peece
,
putting
it
gently
home
,
doe
so
vntill
you
see
the
last
made
marke
,
to
be
equall
to
the
flat
of
the
mouth
,
the
Rammer
head
being
home
vnto
the
Powder
,
then
put
in
your
Wadd
and
Shott
,
as
else-where
is
taught
.
CHAP.
XLVI
.
How
to
make
Bridges
ouer
great
or
small
Riuers
,
to
passe
an
Armie
with
the
Ordnance
,
and
other
Cariages
ouer
the
same
.
OFten
times
it
so
happeneth
,
that
passages
are
stopped
,
and
not
to
be
recouered
,
especially
about
Riuers
for
want
of
Bridges
,
or
else
some
Marrish
or
Moorish
place
interposeth
:
Wherefore
to
bee
prepared
in
all
Accidents
,
especially
to
passe
the
Ordnance
ouer
a
Riuer
,
that
one
Bridge
or
Moore
may
be
speedily
made
,
either
with
Boats
placed
12
or
14
foote
asunder
,
and
moored
by
Ankors
fast
a
head
and
a
sterne
,
especially
where
the
Riuer
ebbeth
and
floweth
,
else
if
they
be
but
fast
a
head
,
it
may
serue
they
must
at
such
distance
be
layd
in
a
right
line
,
to
ride
crosse
the
whole
breadth
of
the
Riuer
,
at
the
place
appointed
.
And
then
betweene
each
two
next
Boats
,
place
3
beames
of
Timber
,
being
18
foote
in
length
,
whereof
14
foot
must
be
to
reare
betweene
the
2
next
Boats
at
each
end
,
two
foot
must
be
to
beare
vpon
the
Boate
,
which
Boats
must
be
of
euen
height
or
nigh
,
and
the
Beames
are
to
be
layd
6
or
7
foote
wide
,
each
from
other
,
that
the
bridge
may
be
10
or
12
foote
broade
,
as
well
to
conuay
ouer
the
Horse
and
Foote
as
the
Ordnance
,
Cariages
,
and
all
other
necessaries
belonging
to
the
Armie
,
for
the
surety
and
strength
of
which
,
there
must
vpon
euery
Boate
be
also
three
other
peeces
of
Timber
of
such
length
,
that
it
may
at
each
end
reach
3
foote
ouer
the
Boates
side
,
vnto
which
the
three
Beames
aforesaid
,
must
be
fast
pinned
with
Tree-nayles
and
yron
bolts
,
with
forelockes
and
keyes
,
to
make
them
fast
one
to
another
.
These
Beames
and
Timbers
are
to
be
conered
ouer
with
Planks
two
inches
thick
,
or
one
inch
and
a
halfe
at
least
,
and
17
or
18
foote
in
length
,
the
description
of
which
may
be
seene
in
the
17
figure
at
α.
But
if
any
boggy
or
muddy
space
be
betweene
the
Riuer
and
the
fixed
ground
,
so
that
the
Ordnance
cannot
be
brought
nor
drawne
neere
enough
vnto
the
Bridge
,
then
that
part
must
be
filled
vp
with
such
things
as
are
fittest
to
make
it
firme
,
whether
it
be
with
Faggots
and
Earth
,
or
Chalke
or
stones
,
pyling
the
sides
with
Timber
driuen
in
,
vntill
they
reach
into
firme
ground
at
the
bottome
for
foundation
,
and
to
reuest
it
then
with
boords
or
walls
,
according
to
the
time
intended
,
it
shall
last
and
continue
,
that
thereby
the
way
may
be
firme
land
and
euen
.
But
if
any
doubt
be
that
the
Enemie
will
supprise
this
Bridge
,
to
make
himselfe
Master
of
the
Riuer
then
at
each
end
thereof
,
a
halfe
Moone
,
or
Reddout
,
or
Fort
,
with
Ordinance
to
doe
murther
,
and
fire-works
must
be
prepared
to
preuent
him
,
and
therein
besides
the
side
of
the
Bridge
,
may
bee
palissadoed
with
long
strong
sharpe
poynted
sparrs
fastned
,
thereto
to
secure
it
that
way
.
Also
a
continuall
and
a
carefull
eye
must
be
cast
vpon
euery
part
of
the
Bridge
,
that
if
any
accident
of
defect
be
in
any
place
,
it
may
be
speedily
repayred
and
amended
:
and
a
Rayle
on
ech
side
would
be
needfull
for
a
stay
.
A
Bridge
also
may
in
like
manner
be
made
with
Truncks
,
as
is
represented
in
the
said
Figure
at
β
And
also
to
be
linkt
vpon
one
great
vessell
,
with
a
falling
defensiue
poynted
pallisado
,
as
therein
likewise
at
4
,
is
represented
,
and
vpon
Cask
,
Cables
,
&c.
which
I
omit
,
being
rather
proper
vnderstandings
for
the
Enginier
.
CHAP.
XLVII
.
How
to
defend
a
Fortresse
besieged
,
and
the
order
,
and
what
prouisions
of
Amunition
will
be
necessary
for
the
defence
thereof
.
AFortresse
besieged
being
well
defended
,
may
returne
to
enioy
her
former
liberties
,
which
the
better
to
doe
,
it
will
be
necessary
to
make
plaine
,
cut
downe
,
and
ruine
whatsoeuer
shall
be
hiding
and
hurtfull
,
within
halfe
a
mile
or
more
round
about
the
Fort
,
be
they
Bankes
,
hollow
wayes
,
Hedges
and
Dykes
,
of
Lanes
,
Bushes
,
Trees
,
Houses
,
Mills
,
Gardens
,
Conduits
,
and
such
like
obstacles
,
as
not
onely
hide
them
,
but
hurt
you
also
.
Next
looke
that
the
Place
bee
well
victualed
,
according
to
the
number
,
for
man
and
beast
,
fitting
for
defence
,
and
necessary
vse
thereof
fixe
moneths
,
which
is
the
longest
time
a
Fort
can
be
like
to
hold
out
,
without
succour
or
supply
from
abroad
.
Also
Amunition
must
not
be
wanting
,
at
least
so
much
as
may
furnish
the
Flankers
and
Artillery
,
which
must
be
as
safe
and
couertly
placed
as
may
be
,
and
not
to
be
easily
choaked
or
dismounted
.
For
Amunitions
,
precise
proportions
cannot
be
prescribed
,
because
each
day
ministreth
new
necessities
,
and
as
the
Enemy
abroad
raiseth
or
maketh
new
workes
.
Within
Men
and
Munition
may
be
reasonably
paralelled
with
1/10
of
the
besiegers
.
Then
to
looke
that
the
Counterscarp
(
which
is
the
shield
of
the
Fortresse
)
be
duly
flanked
,
couert
,
and
capable
,
that
the
false
Ports
and
wayes
for
Sallyes
,
be
safe
,
close
,
lowe
,
and
commodious
for
issue
.
That
the
the
Parrapets
be
of
Turffe
,
or
vnburned
Bricke
,
that
the
platformes
for
the
Ordnance
be
euen
,
and
the
Planks
close
ioyned
,
that
their
Reuerses
cause
not
errours
,
and
be
also
capable
for
the
Gunners
and
Labourers
to
trauerse
their
Ordnance
euery
needfull
way
vpon
them
.
The
number
of
your
Garison
may
also
be
estimated
by
the
quantities
of
the
places
,
to
be
defended
by
the
out-workes
you
would
hold
,
by
the
intrenchments
imagined
requisite
,
and
Sallyes
you
purpose
to
make
.
Now
after
the
proportion
of
a
Place
whereas
60
Peeces
will
be
requisite
,
12
of
them
may
be
Cannon
,
to
beate
downe
,
and
batter
the
Defences
and
Trenches
of
the
Enemies
,
and
to
make
therewith
Counter-Batteries
,
to
dismount
the
Enemies
Ordnance
;
And
8
of
them
may
be
Demy
Culuerings
,
&
10
Demy
Cannons
,
they
being
lighter
,
are
more
easie
to
mannage
,
and
10
Sakers
,
to
keepe
the
Enemie
continually
play
to
hinder
their
works
,
offend
their
Centinells
,
beat
the
entrances
of
the
Trenches
,
impeach
their
Approaches
,
and
for
that
they
are
light
,
they
may
be
remoued
easily
and
quickly
from
one
place
to
another
,
yea
out
of
the
Ports
with
some
Drakes
,
to
rake
the
Enemies
trenches
,
from
some
part
of
the
Falsebray
.
And
lastly
,
20
Falcons
and
Falconets
for
Field
Peeces
,
are
necessary
,
and
may
be
able
to
serue
,
not
onely
vpon
the
Ramparts
and
Walls
,
but
also
at
the
entries
of
a
Breach
,
and
at
single
Marks
,
Horse
,
man
,
or
Boat
.
CHAP.
XLVIII
.
To
make
a
Counter-battery
vpon
a
Bulwarke
,
from
whence
without
danger
of
discouering
or
dismounting
the
Enemies
Ordnance
,
abroad
may
be
dismounted
.
SVch
Counter-batteries
are
not
to
bee
made
without
great
labour
and
charges
,
neither
can
euery
Bulwarke
yeeld
a
sufficient
roome
for
that
purpose
,
without
demolishment
of
some
buildings
and
houses
about
the
same
(
which
in
a
time
of
neede
,
must
not
be
stood
vpon
)
as
in
the
10
Figure
at
β
the
whole
structure
thereof
is
represented
.
All
the
place
must
then
be
of
that
capacity
,
that
from
the
Parrapet
to
the
foote
of
the
sholde●
positioning cannons to defend a fortress
Tract.
2
Dial.
II.
Comrnent
il
faut
ordonner
l'artillerie
pour
la
defence
dune
Ville
Wie
das
geschuts
Zur
Defension
einer
Stattsoll
gestellet
Werden
.
positioning cannons to attack a fortress
Tract
.
2.
Dial.
II.
Comment
il
fault
loger
des
pieces
seeretes
en
vn
bastion
.
Wie
heimliche
stuck
in
einer
pasteijen
zu
gebrauchen
tracing the ballistic arcs of several cannonballs
Tractat.
3.
Cap.
13.
fig.
2.
Comment
il
fault
appliquer
le
quadrant
.
Wie
der
quadrant
an
zusch
lagen
.
Poinct
du
nueau
.
Punct
der
Wagen
.
there
may
40
foote
of
ground
,
and
for
the
thicknesse
thereof
it
must
●e
21
or
22
foote
,
with
27
or
30
foote
for
reuerse
,
for
each
Peece
making
almost
100
foote
in
all
,
and
leauing
yet
thirty
foote
more
at
least
from
the
said
reuerse
to
the
other
Parrapet
of
the
same
Bulwarke
,
to
the
end
there
may
he
no
impeachment
,
but
that
the
Troopes
may
march
and
passe
to
the
defences
required
freely
.
And
hauing
also
roome
to
plant
three
Peeces
of
Ordnance
vpon
each
of
the
Shoulders
of
the
same
,
which
will
also
require
65
some
of
ground
at
the
least
:
The
Trouniers
or
Loopes
are
to
be
3
foote
broad
within
,
and
distant
20
foote
one
from
another
:
Hauing
within
the
Platformes
3
foote
of
Barb
,
and
without
9
foote
of
breadth
,
and
euery
where
8
foote
of
height
.
These
three
loopes
must
haue
a
counter
loope
at
the
Parapet
of
the
Bulwarke
,
hauing
in
the
midst
4
within
6
,
and
without
8
foote
in
breadth
and
deepe
,
that
it
be
euen
with
the
Terraplene
.
Now
from
these
Loopes
there
must
be
,
as
we
haue
said
so
much
roome
,
that
within
the
Shouldrings
there
may
be
3
Peeces
distant
20
foote
asunder
.
Now
two
or
three
of
these
Shouldrings
discharge
their
three
Peeces
,
trauersing
croswise
to
the
Enemies
Batteries
,
beating
so
vpon
them
,
that
they
must
be
forced
to
quit
the
place
:
And
although
the
Euemie
abroad
may
beate
the
Couertures
of
the
outmost
Loopes
,
yet
can
they
neither
for
the
inner
Loopes
,
not
the
Peeces
within
,
come
to
touch
any
of
them
:
But
you
may
note
that
such
Batteries
cannot
be
made
in
a
narrow
or
straight
place
,
as
I
haue
said
without
demolishing
structures
,
and
raising
the
ground
so
,
that
it
be
leuell
with
the
Terraplene
of
the
Bulwarke
,
which
would
otherwise
be
too
small
for
that
purpose
.
And
hauing
finished
them
,
they
are
not
to
serue
for
one
place
onely
,
but
they
may
turne
those
Shouldrings
and
defences
,
and
make
the
Peeces
thunder
about
on
all
sides
where
the
Enemie
would
settle
himselfe
.
CHAP.
XLIX
.
Of
certaine
reasons
that
causeth
a
Shott
,
though
well
directed
to
erre
in
her
discharge
,
and
be
faulty
at
the
Mark
wide
,
short
,
or
ouer
.
THere
are
very
many
causes
and
accidents
that
may
make
a
Shott
well
directed
,
to
deuiate
from
the
expected
course
.
The
first
is
,
when
as
the
Soule
or
bore
of
the
Peece
lyeth
awry
in
the
Body
or
Mettall
thereof
,
or
that
the
Chase
or
vacant
Cillinder
(
the
director
of
the
Shott
)
is
not
straite
;
wherefore
the
Gunner
may
receiue
disgrace
,
but
hauing
examined
and
found
the
fault
,
hee
is
to
supply
the
defect
by
discretion
and
skill
.
And
if
the
Trunions
also
be
not
duly
placed
directly
in
a
dyagonall
lyne
with
the
Axis
of
the
Peece
,
it
will
be
wide
:
likewise
if
the
Platforme
bee
vnequall
,
as
higher
vpon
one
side
then
the
other
.
Also
if
the
Gunner
lay
the
highest
of
the
mettall
at
mouth
and
Breech
,
it
will
shoot
ouer
if
it
be
within
distance
:
if
one
wheele
be
higher
then
another
,
also
if
one
wheele
goe
stiffer
then
the
other
;
or
if
one
wheele
meete
with
a
squat
by
a
stone
,
or
otherwise
when
the
Naues
be
one
longer
&
wyder
then
the
other
,
when
one
wheele
reuersing
goeth
on
soft
ground
,
the
other
on
harder
,
when
the
Cariage
or
Trunion
eares
are
higher
&
lower
one
then
another
:
if
the
Cariage
be
too
wyde
,
so
that
the
Peece
lyeth
not
fast
the
rein
,
but
starteth
in
her
discharge
:
if
the
Shot
be
not
equally
round
,
or
the
bore
of
the
Peece
not
lying
strait
,
but
more
on
the
one
side
of
the
mettall
then
the
other
.
The
vehemencie
of
the
winde
,
with
,
against
,
or
aside
,
may
driue
the
Shot
forward
,
backe
it
,
or
deuie-at
it
,
aside
,
the
thicknesse
and
thinnesse
of
the
ayre
,
the
heating
and
cooling
,
the
sleight
or
hard
ramming
of
the
Powder
,
putting
home
or
short
the
shott
.
And
lastly
,
the
want
of
skill
and
experience
:
All
these
,
and
many
more
,
may
be
causes
of
the
fayling
of
a
Shott
at
an
assigned
Marke
,
which
I
thought
fit
here
to
note
at
last
,
not
to
minister
matter
of
excuse
to
ignorant
,
negligent
,
carelesse
Gunners
,
but
to
aduise
the
discreete
Gunner
to
haue
a
vigilant
eye
,
and
consideration
of
all
,
or
as
many
of
those
accidents
with
reason
,
&
of
the
former
directions
,
to
auoyd
or
amend
them
as
wel
as
he
can
at
first
.
To
faile
at
the
first
shott
,
if
he
be
not
acquainted
with
the
Peece
and
Marke
is
passable
;
and
at
the
second
to
fayle
is
pardonable
,
but
to
faile
of
a
faire
shott
at
the
third
time
,
is
too
much
,
and
argues
but
little
iudgement
and
discretion
in
such
a
Gunner
.
CHAP.
L.
How
to
conduct
a
Mine
vnder
ground
,
to
blow
vp
a
place
,
and
to
prepare
a
Gallerie
,
to
passe
the
Dyke
to
the
foote
of
the
Breach
.
THe
vse
of
Mining
is
ancient
,
and
was
commonly
vsed
by
the
Persian
,
Greeke
,
Parthian
,
Romanes
,
and
other
Nations
,
that
haue
mannaged
great
warres
,
and
no
meruaile
,
for
that
the
same
is
the
easiest
,
and
most
proper
meanes
to
force
a
place
:
But
Pietre
Nauarro
a
Spaniard
,
was
the
first
that
inuented
the
Fowrne
and
the
vse
of
Powder
therein
,
for
which
and
some
other
seruices
the
Emperour
Charles
the
fifth
,
gaue
him
the
name
of
a
Conde
,
and
great
rewards
besides
.
Yet
neuerthelesse
,
there
is
nothing
more
dangerous
for
such
as
worke
in
these
Mines
,
by
reason
the
Counter-mines
of
the
Enemie
:
so
that
if
there
be
any
suspition
of
countermining
,
it
will
not
be
amisse
to
diuert
the
course
with
all
dexterity
,
either
toward
the
right
or
left
hand
,
as
the
occasion
of
the
Place
will
permit
.
And
forasmuch
as
according
to
the
naturall
effects
of
feare
,
it
behoueth
the
besieged
to
seeke
out
the
shortest
and
neerest
way
possible
,
to
offend
the
Enemie
abroad
by
Countermine
or
otherwise
.
The
Mine-Master
then
may
sinke
his
Mine
,
and
conduct
the
same
either
as
in
the
16
Figure
at
α
,
is
described
by
the
letters
from
A
by
B
to
C
,
or
as
the
other
4
square
angular
course
,
and
there
to
prepare
the
Fourne
,
which
may
be
armed
with
powder
in
Barrels
,
so
that
giuing
Fire
thereunto
by
a
Trayne
,
he
blow
vp
the
Place
and
the
Enemies
aboue
it
:
And
to
the
end
the
same
hurt
not
the
Pyoners
or
Worke-men
that
digge
and
trauell
therein
?
it
will
bee
needfull
to
lyne
the
same
with
sparres
and
bords
framed
accordingly
,
seauen
foote
in
height
,
and
5
foote
in
breadth
,
but
it
must
be
couered
with
2
inch
planke
,
to
keepe
vp
the
earth
:
But
if
the
ground
be
moyst
or
full
of
Springs
,
a
gutter
with
2
descent
must
bee
made
,
that
the
water
may
runne
to
some
lower
euacuation
;
if
that
cannot
be
,
a
Well
at
the
mouth
of
the
Mine
must
be
made
for
a
receptackle
for
all
the
Springs
to
runne
into
by
their
gunters
,
and
Pumpsor
Forcers
,
are
to
be
set
sufficient
to
mount
the
water
,
that
it
may
after
finde
a
current
to
runne
away
.
But
if
there
be
any
suspition
of
Countermining
;
then
alwayes
forwards
in
your
intended
course
,
you
may
bore
long
holes
in
the
earth
with
your
long
ground
Awgars
vsed
for
such
purposes
,
and
pierce
holes
on
all
sides
,
also
to
know
vpon
what
part
from
you
the
Enemie
worketh
,
which
cannot
be
done
so
priuate
,
but
so
the
noyse
of
their
Mattocks
and
Shouels
will
soone
be
hard
by
those
pierced
holes
,
when
you
come
neere
their
workes
:
if
by
those
meanes
you
heare
nothing
by
reason
that
the
besieged
had
ended
their
Countermines
before
you
began
,
and
he
watching
them
heareth
you
worke
,
those
piercers
being
but
12
or
15
foote
long
,
will
discouer
the
danger
by
boring
thorough
the
solid
earth
,
to
the
hollownesse
of
their
Countermine
;
and
so
you
shall
haue
Counteraduantage
of
the
Enemies
counter-minings
.
My
Cosmodelite
before
represented
,
is
an
excellent
instrument
,
and
for
that
purpose
I
thinke
the
best
extant
.
Now
being
come
right
vnder
the
place
to
bee
blowne
vp
,
and
made
the
Fourne
arched
vpwards
higher
then
the
Mine
place
,
therein
sufficient
powder
,
either
in
Barrellor
Troughes
,
you
must
also
stop
closely
and
strongly
the
mouth
of
the
Fourne
,
very
diligently
,
looking
it
be
so
close
that
no
ayre
breath
out
,
but
at
one
small
hole
wherein
the
Trayne
runneth
in
to
giue
fire
thereunto
;
vnto
which
he
that
giueth
fire
,
must
looke
that
the
Match
of
the
Trayne
,
bee
not
too
long
before
the
powder
take
,
as
also
to
see
it
bee
not
too
short
,
and
so
to
giue
fire
too
soone
,
that
is
,
before
he
be
gotten
into
some
place
of
safety
out
of
the
blast
and
ruines
,
least
hee
pay
the
wages
of
improuidence
.
The
meanes
then
to
set
the
matter
a
worke
,
needes
no
long
discourse
,
being
very
commonly
knowne
,
onely
to
aduise
that
the
enterance
into
the
Mine
for
height
and
breadth
as
aforesaid
,
may
be
as
close
and
secret
from
the
Enemie
as
may
be
,
and
that
in
his
proceeding
on
,
he
must
deminish
those
measures
in
such
manner
,
that
in
the
midst
it
be
but
5
foote
high
,
and
4
foote
broad
:
And
the
neeret
you
come
to
the
end
,
so
much
the
lesse
giue
in
breadth
,
so
that
euen
to
the
comming
in
to
the
Furne
it
must
be
close
and
narrow
,
that
you
may
onely
get
the
powder
thereinto
.
Aboue
all
things
,
the
Mine-Master
before
he
begin
,
must
be
sure
to
know
the
true
measure
and
distance
,
with
the
height
or
depth
of
the
place
intended
to
bee
Mined
,
bee
it
aboue
or
vnder
the
leuell
of
the
place
hee
beginneth
,
most
precisely
taking
exact
notice
of
all
his
windings
,
turning
,
and
angles
,
which
he
maketh
from
the
beginning
to
the
end
,
as
well
aboue
and
vnder
the
leuell
of
the
right
line
,
passing
thence
right
vnder
the
Place
,
as
towards
the
right
and
left
side
thereof
:
Otherwise
his
labour
will
not
onely
be
deficill
,
but
also
vncertaine
and
most
dangerous
:
there
being
foure
principall
causes
to
impeach
the
effectuall
working
thereof
.
First
,
the
ill
stopping
of
the
Fourne
:
Secondly
,
the
weakenesse
of
the
sides
by
countermines
or
Cauernes
.
Thirdly
,
by
failing
of
the
Trayne
by
moysture
or
ill
contriuing
.
And
fourthly
,
the
most
important
,
is
,
that
the
Frame
whereupon
the
Barrels
stand
,
be
not
placed
too
low
,
as
vnder
the
leuell
of
the
enterance
,
which
it
must
euer
exceede
,
because
the
quality
of
fire
is
alwayes
to
ascend
.
And
so
obserning
euery
15
or
20
paces
,
how
high
,
or
lowe
,
or
wide
on
any
side
you
are
gone
,
aboue
or
vnder
the
leuel
strait
line
.
Two
of
the
greatest
shames
to
Souldiers
,
being
either
to
lose
any
peece
of
Ordnance
,
by
negligence
or
ill
guarding
them
:
Or
the
fayling
of
a
Mines
due
effect
.
And
for
making
great
or
small
Galleryes
to
passe
a
dyke
vnto
a
Breach
couertly
,
be
the
dyke
watered
or
dry
,
the
maner
is
described
in
the
precedent
Figure
with
the
Myne
▪
and
may
be
made
ready
in
seuerall
parts
,
to
be
set
together
speedily
by
ioynts
,
fitted
for
that
purpose
,
for
the
easier
cariage
also
:
And
they
must
be
couered
ouer
with
Faggots
,
earth
,
&
greene
Hides
to
preuent
fiting
them
.
CHAP.
LI.
Of
the
Guindall
,
Windlas
,
and
Ginne
;
or
Martinet
,
Krow
,
and
Handspyke
,
and
Leuer
,
and
the
endlesse
Screw
.
THe
Guindall
or
Windlas
,
is
a
conuenient
ingenious
inu●●tion
,
to
mount
a
peece
of
Ordnance
,
or
heaue
aloft
waighty
matters
,
and
is
represented
in
the
24
Figure
,
with
the
Crow
of
Iron
,
or
Goates-footed
Handspyke
,
and
Leauers
,
accompanied
with
the
Ginne
or
Martinet
,
which
will
lift
vp
the
Axtrees
,
when
the
Peece
is
vpon
her
Cariage
mounted
,
to
take
off
,
or
put
on
the
Wheeles
,
to
grease
,
or
ease
,
or
mend
what
is
amisse
about
them
.
The
Guindall
is
thus
made
of
a
peece
of
Tymber
,
sixe
inches
square
in
the
feete
,
or
with
three
young
dry
Oken
Sparres
,
about
12
or
15
foote
long
,
ioyned
together
at
the
top
with
an
yron
bolt
,
passing
through
Iron
Ferrills
,
vpon
which
bolt
a
double
pulley
is
hanged
,
and
at
the
lower
end
of
each
Sparre
another
yron
Ferrill
,
and
a
Pyke
of
yron
is
placed
to
keepe
the
feete
from
all
slipping
,
almost
at
the
lower
end
of
two
of
those
legges
or
Sparres
,
a
peece
of
a
Sparre
about
4
or
5
foote
long
,
is
fastned
betweene
them
,
and
also
3
foote
from
the
end
,
a
Rowle
and
Windlas
,
with
halfe
round
yrons
,
are
clasped
to
those
2
legges
or
spartes
,
and
aboue
that
2
or
3
other
peeces
of
sparres
:
In
that
Rowle
,
are
4
mortis
holes
,
for
Handspykes
,
pierced
thorough
,
whereby
they
with
2
or
4
Handspykes
turne
that
Rowle
which
hath
an
end
of
a
rope
4
or
5
times
,
or
more
about
it
,
and
the
other
end
reeued
in
the
said
Pulley
,
so
continued
vnto
another
double
pulley
,
with
a
hole
or
hooke
to
take
hold
,
or
seize
a
Rope
that
hath
slung
the
Peece
,
appointed
to
be
mounted
into
her
Cariage
:
Or
else
the
Frame
may
cannon in a sling beneath a system of scaffolds and pulleys
Instruments
pour
le
seruice
des
pieces
.
Tract.
3.
cap
8.
Der
zu
dem
geschutz
gehörig
hebzeug
.
Martinet
.
Winde
.
Guindal
.
der
bock
oder
heber
.
Pied
de
cheure
.
Leuies
.
pebel
gejss
fuss
.
Eschelette
.
hebleiterlein
.
be
of
3
square
Tymbers
,
the
head
of
two
of
them
ioyning
at
the
top
together
,
and
the
rest
for
the
other
legge
and
parts
,
may
by
the
sight
of
the
said
24
Figure
,
be
framed
and
vnderstood
sufficiently
.
two wheels and an axle driven by a crankshaft
The
Ginne
or
Martinet
is
another
instrument
,
seruing
to
lift
vp
the
Peece
with
her
Cariage
,
and
all
her
furniture
from
the
ground
with
one
mans
strength
,
when
the
Gunner
would
change
a
bad
wheele
,
or
the
like
,
or
put
a
wheeleon
vpon
the
Axiltree
,
or
take
it
off
for
any
purpose
,
the
proportion
of
this
Engin
for
the
vse
of
Ordnance
,
is
that
it
ought
to
be
about
2
foote
long
,
and
8
inches
square
,
or
there-abouts
:
the
Viceron
is
of
yron
forked
,
to
take
hold
,
and
with
his
teeth
is
wound
vp
by
a
handle
,
with
a
spurre
of
fewe
teeth
,
it
will
lift
a
great
waight
,
multiplying
the
force
proportionally
,
according
to
the
height
of
the
secret
wheele
,
and
of
the
said
spurre
(
contained
in
the
distance
of
the
handle
,
from
the
centre
of
the
spurre
)
or
to
semidiametre
of
the
handles
circular
reuolution
,
dyametrally
multiplied
by
the
reasons
betweene
the
spurre
and
wheele
.
That
Viceron
commeth
out
of
the
midst
of
the
said
square
case
of
wood
,
at
the
top
thereof
,
and
by
his
Fork
or
Esse
,
taketh
hold
of
whatsoeuer
is
fitted
to
bee
lifted
vp
.
The
Scaletta
with
the
rest
may
be
easily
made
,
vnderstoode
,
and
vsed
,
as
in
the
said
24
Figure
is
described
.
And
for
the
same
or
any
the
like
purpose
,
the
endlesse
Scrue
of
Archimedes
here
aboue
represented
,
is
of
infinite
effect
being
duly
applyed
.
CHAP.
LII
.
How
to
draw
a
Peece
of
Ordnance
vp
to
the
top
of
a
steepe
and
rough
hill
or
mountaine
.
HOw
to
get
a
Peece
of
Ordnance
vp
to
the
top
of
a
steepe
Mountaine
the
best
manner
is
,
that
which
may
bee
seene
represented
in
the
23
Figure
,
by
meanes
of
the
Capstane
:
As
suppose
D
to
be
the
top
of
a
Mountaine
,
the
Peece
being
at
the
foote
thereof
,
ABC
to
be
the
crabbed
and
rough
crooked
way
,
by
which
the
Peece
must
bee
gotten
vp
,
drawne
with
a
long
Cable
or
strong
Hawser
,
by
Pullyes
or
Blocks
,
with
sheeuers
to
make
a
Battery
against
the
Tower
F
,
betweene
D
and
C
:
For
the
better
effecting
of
which
,
the
Gunner
and
Enginer
after
they
haue
taken
good
notice
of
the
Place
,
and
made
the
passage
smooth
and
euen
,
they
may
place
the
Capstane
behind
D
,
fastning
it
surely
that
the
same
may
not
ouer-master
the
great
poyze
of
the
Peece
:
And
then
in
conuenient
places
of
the
crooked
way
(
if
there
be
no
Trees
there
to
serue
the
turne
,
which
would
be
great
helpes
if
there
were
)
there
must
great
Pyles
by
force
bee
driuen
into
the
ground
,
to
fasten
the
Hawser
in
good
and
strong
Pullyes
,
by
or
in
which
the
said
Cable
or
Hawser
,
must
passe
the
vpper
part
thereof
,
being
fastned
to
the
spindle
of
the
Capstane
,
and
the
lower
end
thereof
vnto
the
tayle
transom
of
the
Cariage
or
Rings
neere
the
same
,
at
each
side
one
.
Lastly
,
foure
or
more
men
turning
the
Capstane
about
,
with
the
Barres
thereof
,
shall
first
make
the
Peece
to
mount
vp
vnto
the
first
Pulley
or
Block
at
A
,
where
it
must
be
first
scotched
,
vntill
the
Blocke
be
taken
away
,
by
taking
out
the
Pinne
or
Axis
of
the
she
euer
,
and
then
the
Peece
is
to
be
tauersed
towards
the
second
Block
or
Pully
B
,
and
so
to
the
third
C
,
and
then
to
the
desired
place
neere
D.
It
were
also
needfull
to
haue
a
small
Truck
,
as
well
to
beare
the
Tayle
vp
from
staying
against
rough
stubs
or
stones
in
the
way
,
as
also
to
helpe
the
motion
,
Labourers
also
must
be
readily
attending
neere
vnto
the
Peece
,
as
well
to
aduance
and
helpe
the
Motion
,
by
heauing
and
shouing
the
same
,
as
to
trauerse
the
Peece
the
rightest
and
best
way
,
as
occasion
shal
require
,
as
in
the
said
23
Figure
may
bee
seene
.
And
after
each
Pully
,
hath
performed
his
office
,
let
a
man
be
ready
there
with
greace
,
vineger
or
Lye
,
to
annoyot
the
end
of
the
Axtree
,
that
it
may
soke
into
the
Naue
,
least
the
waight
of
the
Peece
in
that
Motion
fire
,
and
also
to
haue
an
eye
to
each
of
the
Pullyes
,
that
the
Cable
breake
not
.
And
if
any
danger
of
its
breaking
be
perceiued
,
then
to
giue
warning
to
them
aboue
to
stay
,
and
to
them
alow
to
scotch
,
vntill
the
Cable
be
changed
or
amended
.
But
if
the
hill
be
so
rough
and
steepe
,
that
the
meanes
aforesaid
will
not
doe
it
.
Then
take
the
Peece
out
of
her
Cariage
,
and
either
lay
it
vpon
a
blocke
Cariage
,
or
on
a
Sled
with
Trucks
,
and
lay
plankes
along
in
her
way
where
it
is
rough
,
and
vse
then
the
Capstane
and
Pullyes
as
aforesaid
.
You
may
also
vse
for
the
same
purpose
Archimedes
endlesse
Scrue
,
represented
in
the
51
Chapter
.
transporting a cannon up a mountain
Tractat.
3.
Cap.
14
Comment
on
peult
moner
vne
piece
d'artillerie
sur
vne
montaigne
Wie
ein
stuck
auff
einem
berg
zu
zihen
.
CHAP.
LIII
.
How
the
Traine
of
Artillery
and
Ordnance
should
be
ordered
with
their
Cariages
in
a
iourney
,
or
vpon
a
March.
THe
whole
Trayne
of
Artillery
,
one
body
deuided
into
two
parts
Van
and
Rier
,
is
wholy
vnder
the
command
of
the
Master
,
or
Generall
of
the
Ordnance
,
or
in
his
absence
vnder
his
Lieutenant
or
Braue
,
imagine
then
that
the
Army
be
with
suspition
according
to
aduise
,
to
be
set
vpon
by
the
way
,
both
in
the
Van
and
the
Reire
.
Then
were
it
fit
500
Horse
deuided
into
two
Troopes
,
should
aduance
,
to
discouer
all
the
Coast
of
the
Champion
,
with
the
dangerous
wayes
,
Woods
,
Thickets
,
and
such
like
,
by
which
the
Army
must
passe
,
after
these
2000
Foote
,
should
march
as
well
for
Couerture
as
guard
of
the
Ordnance
.
And
they
also
to
be
deuided
into
two
squadrons
,
furnished
with
all
necessaries
of
defence
.
After
them
the
Trayne
of
Artillery
,
with
the
Ordnance
,
marching
with
their
Conducters
,
Waggons
,
and
Cariages
of
Powder
,
Shot
,
and
Tanpions
,
or
Wadding
,
Coynes
,
and
Beds
,
together
with
a
reasonable
number
of
Pyoners
,
and
some
Marriners
,
and
such
like
spare
people
,
to
bee
ready
to
make
Couerts
and
defences
for
the
Ordnance
and
Gunners
,
or
to
cut
wood
,
to
plaine
the
wayes
for
the
Van
to
passe
with
foure
field
Peeces
,
ready
mounted
in
their
Cariages
,
with
all
their
necessaris
,
as
Ladles
,
Spunges
,
Rammers
,
Crowes
,
Leauers
,
Ropes
,
Tables
,
and
breechings
,
with
experienced
Gunners
,
Gentlemen
of
the
Ordnance
,
Mattrosses
,
and
Conductors
.
After
follow
the
Munition
and
Engins
,
seruing
for
the
vse
and
defence
of
the
Rier
of
Artillery
,
with
the
Boats
and
Bridges
,
and
then
againe
follow
8000
Foote
,
and
after
them
the
great
Ordnance
,
either
in
the
Cariages
with
fore-Cariages
,
or
else
vpon
block
Cariages
,
whose
wheeles
being
higher
,
makes
the
draught
the
easier
.
And
lastly
,
follow
3
or
4
Field
Peeces
ready
mounted
,
accompanied
with
all
their
necessaries
and
apurtenances
of
Powder
,
Shott
,
Instruments
,
and
Attendants
.
After
which
there
march
2000
foote
more
,
that
are
for
Couerture
and
defence
of
the
Ordnance
and
Riere
of
the
Trayne
:
these
are
followed
with
500
Horse
to
close
vp
the
Army
,
whose
Charge
,
is
,
to
see
that
the
Rier
of
the
Trayne
bee
not
set
vpon
at
vnawares
,
suddainly
,
or
vnprouided
.
The
Army
then
Marching
in
this
Order
,
The
Enemie
shall
finde
the
Van
and
Riere
,
and
also
the
Body
furnished
with
force
in
all
places
.
And
being
alwayes
so
prouided
with
the
Trayne
of
Artillery
diuided
into
2
parts
,
yet
remaining
one
Body
:
so
furnished
,
as
that
no
doubt
but
a
good
and
a
happy
issue
wil
succeede
such
good
equipage
,
well
guarded
with
Horse
and
Foote
,
prouided
for
defence
of
the
Artillery
,
to
march
without
danger
,
but
in
large
capable
Champions
.
This
Trayne
may
bee
shortned
,
the
Van
taking
the
right
hand
,
and
the
Rier
the
left
,
and
the
Trayne
betweene
both
,
equall
in
Front
with
Van
and
Rier
,
and
so
Marching
more
compact
,
it
will
be
the
stronger
:
as
in
the
6
Figure
at
α
,
by
the
letters
ABC
is
represented
to
the
eye
.
CHAP.
LIIII
.
How
to
draw
Ordnance
if
Cattell
be
wanting
,
by
the
strength
of
Pyoners
or
Labourers
.
ARtillery
or
Ordnance
,
being
the
principall
instrument
of
the
Warres
,
requireth
a
great
strength
of
Cattell
,
either
of
Horse
or
Oxen
,
to
transport
them
from
place
to
place
,
which
being
wanting
,
must
in
a
iourney
bee
suppled
by
Pyoners
and
Labourers
:
as
imagine
that
16
Peeces
were
to
bee
imployed
against
a
Place
to
bee
forced
,
consideration
must
be
had
(
Cattell
being
wanting
)
how
those
Peeces
,
whereof
6
are
Demy-Canons
,
4
are
Demy-Culuerings
,
and
6
are
Field
Peeces
,
that
shoote
6
l.
ball
,
and
how
all
the
prouision
that
belongeth
vnto
them
,
as
Powder
,
Shott
,
Waddings
,
and
Cordage
,
&c.
may
be
transported
thither
,
the
Place
to
be
forced
being
scituate
in
a
rough
,
stonie
,
and
hilly
ground
,
by
Pyoners
and
Labourers
onely
,
sparing
the
Souldiers
for
other
seruices
.
The
Amunition
and
Persons
that
must
carie
them
readily
,
are
first
to
bee
confidered
of
:
As
600
Shott
for
the
Demy-Cannon
at
30
l.
each
Shott
,
will
be
18000
l.
loaded
in
Wheele-barrowes
2
Shot
,
in
a
Barrowe
which
will
be
60
l.
for
a
Man
,
and
will
require
300
Men
to
driue
them
.
Also
600
Demy-Culuering
Shot
of
10
l.
loading
8
Shott
in
a
Barrow
,
will
require
75
Men
,
each
man
carrying
80
l.
And
900
Shot
for
the
6
Field
Peeces
of
6
l.
each
Shot
,
putting
13
Shot
in
a
Barrow
,
will
bee
caried
by
69
Men
,
each
man
carying
78
l.
except
3
of
those
men
,
which
shall
carie
14
Shot
a
peece
,
that
is
,
84
l.
each
of
them
:
So
all
the
Shot
will
be
caried
by
444
Men.
The
strongest
men
which
carie
most
,
are
loaded
with
the
waight
of
lesse
then
a
bushell
and
a
halfe
of
Wheat
for
each
man
in
a
Wheelebarrow
,
which
hee
may
easily
driue
.
Then
for
the
Demy-Cannon
,
loading
them
with
18
l.
of
powder
for
each
Shot
,
will
for
the
600
Shott
amount
to
10800
l.
euery
man
carying
80
l.
in
a
bagge
,
will
require
135
men
.
And
for
the
600
Demy-Culuering
,
allowing
each
Shott
8
l.
of
powder
,
will
come
to
4800
l.
each
man
carying
80
l.
60
men
will
transport
the
same
.
And
for
the
900
Shot
,
for
the
6
Field
Peeces
,
allowing
5
l.
for
each
Shott
in
powder
,
that
will
amount
vnto
4500
l.
which
at
60
l.
for
each
man
to
carie
,
will
requite
56
men
,
&
a
Boy
to
carie
the
odde
20
l.
of
powder
ouerplus
,
which
will
amount
almost
vnto
180
barrells
of
powder
,
each
barrell
contayning
112
l.
nete
.
And
for
the
Furniture
of
the
Peeces
,
the
Figure
5
α
,
sheweth
the
manner
of
drawing
them
by
3
lines
or
traces
equally
deuided
,
according
to
the
number
of
men
that
are
to
draw
them
,
so
that
the
Demy-Cannon
with
her
Cariage
,
waighing
6000
l.
reckoning
60
l.
for
euery
man
to
draw
,
it
will
then
require
100
men
,
and
so
the
sixe
,
sixe
hundred
men
.
a cannon drawn by a team of laborers
a cannon drawn by a team of horses
Tract
.
2.
Dial.
3.2
.
laborers transporting munitions
Comment
il
fault
pour
f●●te
de
che●●●dy
Condu●●●
t●ent
les
muretion
,
que
l'●●●tillerie
.
Tract
.
2.
Dial.
22.
Wie
in
mangel
der
pfer
de
heides
●●●●ition
vndt
geschutz
vart
zu
bringon
.
a cannon atop a cart
Tract
.
2.
Dial
:
3.
Canon
en
chariot
.
Carthaun
auff
einem
lastwagen
a train of artillery on the march
Tract.
2.
dial
:
5.
Comment
le
train
de
l'artillerie
doibt
marcher
force
en
campagne
large
.
Wie-das
geschutz
in
einem
wei
:
dem
feldt
ordentlich
bei
einan
:
der
zihen
soll
.
artillery encamped in a laager
Wie
das
geschutz
mitt
seiner
zu
gehor
soll
in
seinom
guartier
losiert
werden
.
Tract
.
2.
Dial.
5.
Comment
le
train
de
l'artillerie
doibt
estre
loge
en
son
quartier
.
The
4
Demy-Culuering
Cariage
,
and
all
waighing
about
2400
l.
will
require
40
men
,
to
draw
each
of
them
,
so
160
men
will
at
60
l.
for
each
man
serue
to
draw
them
.
The
6
Field
Peeces
with
their
Cariages
,
waighing
about
2400
l.
a
Peece
,
will
each
of
them
require
30
men
,
so
the
6
will
be
drawne
by
180
men
,
each
man
drawing
60
l.
Now
forasmuch
as
there
may
be
cause
often
to
dismount
and
remount
a
Peece
by
the
way
in
the
iourney
,
it
will
therefore
bee
fit
to
haue
ready
the
Gyndall
or
Winlas
,
and
the
Martinet
or
Gynne
,
&
when
they
are
to
be
drawn
vp
any
steepe
hill
,
then
also
the
Capstone
Cable
&
Pullyes
in
the
2
last
Chap.
described
,
must
also
be
caried
,
all
which
may
be
caried
by
40
men
with
ease
:
so
that
for
the
Cariage
and
transportation
of
all
these
Amunitions
in
any
iourney
(
where
Cattell
are
not
to
bee
had
)
may
bee
caried
and
drawne
by
1675
men
and
a
Boy
without
any
difficulty
.
It
may
also
be
demanded
,
because
in
such
an
expedition
,
that
many
other
things
will
be
needfull
to
bee
transported
for
the
Ordnances
vse
:
As
Iron-workes
,
Nayles
,
Crowes
,
Hooes
,
Fore-Cariages
,
Grease
,
and
such
like
:
But
seeing
they
may
more
easily
bee
deuided
amongst
the
Labourers
,
there
resteth
for
them
no
difficulty
of
transportation
.
And
for
the
better
drawing
of
the
Ordnance
for
each
Fore-cariage
,
a
long
Transome
or
Whiping-tree
must
be
fastned
afore
it
,
as
betweene
A
and
B
is
described
,
that
the
3
Ropes
or
Traces
may
bee
placed
equidistantly
,
farre
enough
asunder
to
auoyde
trouble
,
and
because
the
Traces
will
be
some
of
them
too
long
,
an
other
Trauers
or
Whiping-tree
,
or
two
may
in
the
midst
,
or
in
conuenient
places
be
fastned
to
those
,
or
else
other
Traces
rather
may
goe
betweene
Whiping-tree
and
Whiping-tree
,
to
keepe
the
so
long
Traces
from
swaying
,
with
too
much
trouble
to
stagger
the
men
in
drawing
,
and
so
hinder
their
draughts
.
And
three
men
behinde
would
be
needfull
to
guide
the
Cariage
in
the
bendings
and
turnings
of
the
way
.
Vpon
the
Traces
also
each
man
must
haue
a
double
Cord
fastned
to
the
Traces
,
which
hee
must
put
ouer
his
shoulder
Scarff-wise
,
and
laying
his
next
hand
on
the
Tract
,
hee
may
so
draw
with
all
aduantage
.
And
for
Horse
or
Oxen
,
allowing
each
Horse
to
draw
500
l.
and
each
draught
Oxe
600
l.
The
same
may
easily
be
thereby
found
how
many
Cattell
will
be
requisite
to
transport
the
aforesaid
,
or
any
other
assigned
quantity
of
Munition
for
any
iourney
.
The
manner
of
the
Mannaging
,
whereof
is
represented
in
the
said
5
Figure
at
β.
And
the
carying
of
the
Shott
and
powder
in
Wheelebarrowes
and
Bagges
,
is
deciphered
in
the
said
5
Figure
at
V.
And
lastly
,
the
description
of
a
Peece
ready
furnished
for
a
iourney
,
with
Cariage
and
Fore-cariage
,
Ladles
,
Spunge
,
Ramers
.
&c.
is
in
the
same
Figure
represented
at
δ.
CHAP.
LV.
How
many
Priuiledges
the
Trayne
of
Artillerie
haue
more
then
ordinary
in
Marching
and
Lodging
.
IF
it
happen
that
in
Marching
,
any
other
Cariage
offer
to
aduance
before
any
of
those
of
the
Traynes
Cariages
(
except
the
Treasurers
Cariage
)
then
the
Master
of
the
Ordnance
hath
power
to
command
&
compell
the
contrary
by
Priuiledge
,
whereof
they
enioy
more
then
others
,
because
of
the
extraordinary
waight
of
the
Ordnance
and
Shott
,
and
for
that
they
haue
charge
of
the
principall
instrument
of
the
Warres
,
and
therefore
hath
the
first
Ranke
,
without
contradiction
,
and
ought
to
haue
the
best
Quarter
and
Lodging
,
and
to
be
first
setled
therein
.
And
in
March
in
a
Champion
they
of
the
Trayne
of
Artillery
,
are
to
match
more
close
and
short
,
then
doth
the
Vant
or
Reire
betweene
which
two
and
the
Batallion
,
they
are
alwayes
ranged
or
placed
,
as
may
appeare
in
the
6
Figure
at
α.
And
the
Generall
or
Master
of
the
Ordnance
,
is
to
haue
care
that
his
Trayne
bee
timely
lodged
,
to
haue
time
to
prouide
all
commodities
needfull
.
And
if
it
were
possible
that
they
may
be
so
lodged
,
as
to
discouer
the
whole
Champion
about
them
,
whereof
these
aduantages
would
arise
:
First
,
that
they
may
discouer
all
approaches
:
secondly
,
that
the
Campe
may
bee
the
better
defended
thereby
.
And
thirdly
,
the
Enemie
aduancing
to
giue
an
assault
to
the
Campe
,
they
may
by
them
the
better
be
repulsed
.
But
for
their
Lodging
,
the
order
represented
in
the
said
6
figure
at
β
,
it
must
be
obserued
.
First
,
that
betweene
the
Retrenchments
made
with
certaine
Chaines
of
the
Munition
,
and
with
the
empty
Cariages
and
Fore-cariages
,
they
may
bee
enclosed
,
so
that
there
may
be
roome
and
space
,
that
the
Footemen
appointed
for
their
guard
and
defence
,
may
if
neede
be
skirmish
,
which
for
that
purpose
,
hold
the
places
therein
marked
ABCD
,
hauing
25
paces
breadth
at
the
least
.
And
secondly
,
that
the
Peeces
of
Aduice
,
whereof
there
are
alwayes
3
or
4
,
regarding
all
the
wayes
of
the
Enemies
Auenewes
which
are
euer
ready
charged
and
fitted
in
all
things
.
And
lastly
,
that
the
Cariages
of
powder
be
lodged
in
the
middle
,
as
about
the
centre
or
midst
of
the
other
Cariages
,
as
you
may
see
by
the
letters
FGHI
.
CHAP.
LVI
.
Shewing
how
to
waigh
a
Peece
of
Ordnance
,
or
a
Ship
sunke
vnder
water
,
and
the
proportions
of
all
Mettalls
and
Ordinary
stone
,
what
,
or
how
much
they
will
waigh
in
the
Ayre
,
and
how
much
in
the
water
.
IT
being
a
certaine
thing
,
that
whatsoeuer
is
heauier
then
so
much
water
,
as
the
body
of
the
matter
thrusteth
out
of
the
place
will
sinke
,
and
being
lighter
then
so
much
water
will
swim
,
as
Nicholas
Tartaglia
hath
not
only
well
collected
from
the
learned
Archimedes
,
but
also
calculated
not
onely
the
proportions
of
all
the
ordinarie
sorts
of
Stones
and
Mettalls
,
whether
in
Ayre
or
Water
,
according
as
they
poyze
in
both
;
And
also
notably
expressed
their
surrounded
accidents
,
in
his
Treatise
intituled
by
him
Nouo
Scientia
,
wherein
he
deliuereth
as
followeth
.
Namely
,
that
ordinary
Free
stone
,
waighing
93
l.
in
the
Ayre
,
will
waigh
but
48
l.
in
the
water
,
which
is
neere
as
2
is
to
1
betweene
the
Free
stone
and
water
.
And
that
Marble
stone
that
waigheth
7
l.
in
the
Ayre
,
will
waigh
but
5
l.
in
the
water
,
which
is
neere
7
to
two
,
betweene
the
Marble
and
the
water
.
And
Iron
and
Tinne
that
in
the
Ayre
waigheth
19
l
,
will
waigh
16
l.
in
the
Water
:
so
Iron
or
Tinne
is
to
water
,
as
19
is
to
3.
And
Brasse
waighing
in
the
Ayre
65
l
,
will
in
Water
waigh
but
55
l
,
and
so
Brasse
is
to
water
,
as
65
to
10.
And
Lead
and
Siluer
waighing
in
Ayre
30
l
,
will
waigh
in
Water
but
27
l
,
so
Lead
and
Siluer
are
to
water
,
as
10
to
1.
And
lastly
,
Gold
in
Ayre
being
17
l.
waight
,
will
in
the
Water
waigh
16
l.
so
Gold
is
to
Water
as
17
to
1.
And
in
the
first
declaration
of
his
said
Booke
,
he
sheweth
how
by
a
Concaue
Globe
of
Glasse
,
hauing
a
hole
to
put
in
a
mans
head
vnder
it
,
being
set
in
a
Frame
of
Tymber
in
the
forme
of
the
Frame
of
an
Houreglasse
,
with
a
Winlas
,
Rope
,
and
waight
thereat
to
sink
.
A
man
entered
into
that
Frame
,
to
the
bottome
of
the
Sea
,
or
other
deepe
water
,
his
head
being
within
the
said
Concaue
,
Glasse
,
Globe
(
wherein
he
may
both
see
and
breath
,
being
no
water
can
enter
into
the
same
.
)
And
when
he
will
againe
rise
to
the
top
or
surface
of
the
water
,
vnwinding
the
Rope
(
being
long
enough
)
the
frame
and
his
body
in
it
,
will
in
like
manner
mount
vp
as
hee
pleaseth
:
and
the
waight
remaining
at
the
bottome
of
the
water
,
and
the
Rope
going
through
the
bottome
of
the
Frame
,
it
will
guide
it
to
goe
vp
vpright
.
And
in
his
second
declaration
thereof
,
he
setteth
downe
the
principall
impediments
,
that
vsually
hinder
in
the
waighing
of
a
Shippe
,
or
other
heauie
thing
sunke
vnder
water
.
First
,
if
it
be
docked
,
or
haue
made
his
bed
,
or
impression
at
the
bottome
.
Secondly
,
if
it
be
filled
or
couered
with
Sand
or
Oaze
,
so
that
sufficient
Ropes
cannot
be
fastned
thereunto
to
sling
the
same
.
Thirdly
,
how
to
get
the
thing
sunke
,
to
seperate
it selfe
from
the
bottome
of
the
water
,
where
Ayre
cannot
come
betweene
,
which
will
be
harder
to
cause
such
seperation
,
in
muddy
,
oazy
,
or
sandy
ground
,
then
in
grauelly
or
stony
rocky
bottomes
;
yea
,
and
with
more
difficulty
to
,
in
very
deepe
then
in
shallower
waters
.
And
lastly
,
that
it
is
harder
to
waigh
things
that
haue
beene
long
,
then
such
as
are
but
newly
sunke
,
because
it
and
the
bottome
will
bee
so
ioyned
and
closed
together
,
that
to
seperate
them
,
Nature
refusing
to
let
vacuity
to
come
betweene
them
,
they
at
the
first
will
bee
found
loath
to
depart
.
But
hauing
fastned
Ropes
to
sling
the
sunken
thing
,
either
by
his
helpe
sunke
in
the
said
Frame
,
or
else
by
the
meanes
here
in
this
14
figure
at
β
represented
,
which
may
be
conceiued
,
a
man
entered
into
a
case
of
leather
made
so
thight
,
that
no
water
can
soake
in
,
and
with
a
payre
of
glasse
Spectacles
fast
set
,
and
cemented
close
,
with
a
pype
of
leather
boyed
by
bladders
blowne
,
at
the
brim
or
top
of
the
water
,
whilst
he
fastens
the
Ropes
below
.
Then
2
,
3
,
or
4
vessells
being
ankered
ouer
the
place
,
and
firmely
fastned
together
with
Timber
beames
,
the
slinging
Ropes
also
fastned
to
a
mayne
Tymber
betweene
the
vessels
,
being
deepe
loaded
at
the
first
,
fastned
of
the
said
slinging
Ropes
,
and
after
the
vessells
being
vnloaded
and
lightned
,
will
bee
more
boyant
,
and
waigh
to
their
power
:
Or
else
if
the
slinging
Ropes
bee
fastned
to
their
stems
(
they
being
loaded
forward
)
and
afterwards
the
loading
remoued
aft
,
towards
the
sterne
of
the
vessels
,
they
will
then
waigh
all
their
Force
:
And
where
the
water
heightens
much
,
if
Ropes
be
fastned
at
low-water
,
at
high
water
,
they
will
haue
boyed
the
sunke
thing
,
or
done
their
most
force
and
helpe
they
could
.
two wheels and an axle driven by a crankshaft
Tract
.
3.
Cap.
4.
De
Colubrine
Lur
Colubrinen
.
〈…〉
au
default
de
sa
propre
cueilliers
.
Form
vnd
mass
der
secklein
oder
patrohnen
so
in
mangel
der
rechten
ladtschauffeln
gebraucht
werden
.
Pour
le
Canon
Zur
Caethaunon
Lastly
,
also
if
4
Vessells
bee
fastned
,
so
that
a
square
space
be
betweene
,
and
one
or
two
of
Archimedes
endlesse
Scrues
called
Tripastons
,
here
in
a
liuely
figure
,
represented
with
which
,
hee
said
hee
would
moue
the
world
out
of
his
place
,
if
he
had
a
firme
foundation
to
plant
his
Engin
vpon
Datum
pondus
datis
viribus
mouere
:
There
will
be
therefore
no
doubt
,
but
industry
and
diligence
ioyned
,
will
produce
the
wished
effect
:
and
so
knowing
the
lading
or
waight
of
the
Ordnance
in
the
Ayre
,
as
each
thing
would
waigh
in
a
payre
of
Ballance
,
the
matter
being
Mettaline
,
then
Tartag
his
true
proportions
will
helpe
,
or
if
other
goods
,
then
industry
will
soone
finde
how
much
all
will
waigh
in
water
,
which
let
suffice
at
this
time
.
CHAP.
LVII
.
How
Moulds
,
and
Formars
,
and
Cartredges
are
to
be
made
vpon
them
,
to
Load
and
Charge
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
,
without
any
Ladle
.
HAuing
already
shewed
how
to
loade
any
Peece
with
,
and
without
a
Ladle
:
Now
I
will
shew
how
to
make
Cartredges
ready
for
all
Peeces
,
wherewith
in
time
of
seruice
any
Peece
will
bee
more
speedily
and
certainly
loaded
.
Cartredges
are
either
to
bee
made
with
Canuas
Fustian
,
or
other
linnen
cloath
,
or
with
thicke
strong
Paper
,
especially
of
Paper
Royall
:
which
prepared
,
take
the
height
of
the
bore
of
the
Peece
,
without
the
vent
of
the
Shott
,
and
cut
the
cloath
or
paper
of
the
breadth
of
three
such
heights
;
and
in
length
,
for
the
Cannon
3
,
for
the
Culuering
4
,
and
for
the
Saker
Falcon
,
&c.
4
½
of
the
heights
of
their
proper
Bores
,
and
leauing
in
the
midst
at
the
top
and
bottome
one
other
such
height
,
at
each
place
to
make
a
couer
and
bottome
for
the
Cartredge
,
cutting
each
side
and
end
,
somewhat
larger
,
then
the
strict
measures
appointed
for
the
sowing
or
glewing
of
the
seames
thereof
,
so
much
as
will
counteruaile
the
same
,
hauing
also
a
respect
for
augmenting
and
deminishing
those
measures
,
as
the
powder
shall
bee
better
or
worse
then
ordinary
,
and
also
abating
with
discretion
,
when
as
your
Peeces
shall
be
already
heated
in
fight
,
least
else
you
endanger
the
breaking
or
splitting
of
your
Peece
.
Hauing
resolued
then
for
what
sort
of
Ordnance
your
Cartredges
are
to
serue
,
you
are
accordingly
to
haue
a
Modell
or
Former
of
wood
turned
of
the
height
of
the
Shot
,
and
of
a
conuenient
length
,
longer
then
the
Cartredge
is
to
be
.
Then
if
you
make
them
of
Canuas
,
halfe
a
dyametre
is
to
be
allowed
more
in
breadth
for
the
seames
:
but
if
they
be
made
of
Royall
paper
,
then
hauing
lapped
it
once
about
the
Former
,
leaue
about
½
inch
surplussage
more
then
will
compasse
it
,
which
with
Starch
,
Paste
,
or
mouth
Glew
,
close
about
the
said
Former
,
hauing
some
part
of
the
same
substance
,
fitted
vpon
the
end
of
the
Former
;
first
for
a
bottome
,
which
must
also
be
pasted
or
glewed
close
,
and
fast
to
the
side
of
the
Cartredge
,
so
that
being
dry
,
it
may
hold
the
Powder
fast
,
and
sure
from
spilling
.
And
you
must
remember
first
to
tallow
the
said
Former
,
so
that
the
Cartredge
being
so
moulded
thereon
,
it
may
be
easily
and
without
tearing
,
slipped
off
againe
.
A
patterne
for
these
Cartredges
is
here
in
this
20
figure
represented
.
Now
hauing
shewed
how
the
Cartredges
are
to
be
proportioned
and
made
,
it
resteth
also
to
shew
how
a
peece
of
Ordnance
is
to
be
loaded
with
them
,
wherein
we
are
onely
to
consider
,
that
if
the
Peece
be
Chamber-bored
,
it
must
be
layde
in
a
Scaffeta
,
or
Semicircle
,
or
Cillinder
of
wood
,
of
the
thicknesse
of
the
Orlow
,
or
different
thicknesse
,
or
height
of
the
Mettall
betweene
the
Chamber
.
Also
if
the
Peece
were
Taper-bored
as
the
Drakes
,
and
some
ancient
Cannons
are
,
then
the
Mould
,
must
accordingly
be
made
to
taper
for
the
making
of
Cartredges
for
her
,
and
her
Ladle
must
also
be
cut
tapering-like
,
the
figure
represented
at
T
in
the
last
figure
but
one
;
but
if
the
Peece
be
equall
bored
,
and
the
Cartredge
made
of
Paper
,
then
there
is
no
more
to
doe
,
but
to
put
the
Cartredge
into
the
mouth
of
the
Peece
,
and
with
the
Rammer-head
,
to
put
it
home
,
to
the
bottome
of
the
bore
of
the
Peece
,
with
two
or
three
easie
stroakes
:
and
then
with
a
sharpe
three
squared
Pryming
Iron
,
to
cut
and
pryme
the
Cartredge
,
that
the
Powder
prymed
at
the
touch-hole
,
may
giue
fire
to
the
quick
powder
thereby
.
In
all
other
things
for
wadding
before
and
after
the
Shot
,
and
ramming
home
the
Shot
,
you
are
to
performe
the
vsuall
manner
taught
in
his
proper
place
.
CHAP.
LVIII
.
The
names
of
the
principall
members
,
and
parts
of
a
peece
of
Ordnance
,
as
they
are
to
be
called
and
knowne
by
.
THe
names
,
kindes
,
and
sorts
of
each
Peece
of
Ordnance
,
with
their
differences
,
waight
,
measures
,
and
in
their
fortifications
,
being
already
handled
in
the
precedent
Chapters
hereof
,
needes
not
here
be
repeated
.
But
in
regard
the
most
of
them
haue
speciall
parts
common
,
and
of
like
names
,
I
will
speake
a
word
or
two
thereof
,
and
so
proceede
to
the
manner
of
making
and
proportions
,
belonging
to
the
Cariage
of
each
particular
Peece
,
as
in
the
next
Chapter
will
appeare
.
The
whole
peece
together
,
or
as
much
thereof
as
is
matter
of
Mettall
,
may
by
the
2
definition
of
my
Booke
of
the
Art
of
Artillery
,
be
called
the
body
of
the
Peece
.
The
hollow
Concaue
,
Cillinder
,
or
Bore
of
the
Peece
,
may
be
called
the
Soule
,
by
the
first
of
the
same
.
The
whole
length
of
her
shaft
or
Colume
,
is
the
Chase
.
So
much
of
her
bore
as
containeth
the
Powder
and
Shott
,
is
the
Chamber
,
or
Charged
Cillinder
,
and
the
rest
of
the
same
is
called
her
Guide
or
vacant
Cillinder
.
The
two
spindles
or
eminencies
that
come
out
about
the
midst
of
her
chase
,
whereupon
she
(
in
her
Cariage
)
is
mounted
or
imbased
,
are
called
her
Trunions
.
The
most
afterward
pummell
at
her
breech
,
is
called
the
Casacabell
.
several ships
Tract
.
2.
Dial.
24.
fig.
1
●●mmont
tirer
vn
batteau
enfonce
en
l'eau
.
Wie
ein
versenckten
schiff
auss
dem
wasser
zu
heben
.
a diver retrieving a cannon from underwater
Tract
.
2.
Dial.
24.
fig.
2.
La
maniere
et
trace
des
instruments
pour
tirer
vne
piece
noyee
de
l'eau
.
●he
vndt
mitt
was
instrument
ein
versencktes
stuck
auss
dem
wasser
zu
zihë
The
little
hole
neere
the
breech
,
whereby
she
is
prymed
and
fired
,
before
her
discharge
,
is
her
Touch-hole
.
All
the
Mettall
behinde
the
Touch-hole
is
the
Breech
.
The
greatest
and
most
eminent
Ring
or
Circle
of
Mettall
at
the
Breech
,
is
the
Base
ring
.
The
next
Circle
or
Ring
before
betweene
the
Trunions
and
the
Touch-hole
,
is
the
Reinforc'd
ring
:
the
Circle
or
Ring
next
before
the
Trunions
,
is
the
Trunion
ring
.
And
the
Circle
which
is
formost
,
and
most
ranke
and
eminent
at
her
Mouth
,
is
her
Muzzle
ring
.
Lastly
,
the
Ring
betweene
the
Trunion
Ring
and
the
Muzzle
,
is
called
the
Cornish
ring
,
and
the
part
of
the
Chase
of
her
shaft
contayned
betweene
the
Cornish
and
Muzzle
,
is
called
her
Neck
.
And
all
the
Rings
,
Circles
,
and
eminencies
at
her
Mouth
,
are
called
the
Freize
,
taking
these
names
from
Pillers
or
Columes
,
which
somewhat
represent
the
Chase
of
Ordnance
:
being
in
forme
of
the
Scapus
,
of
a
Piller
or
Colume
so
neerely
,
that
they
take
the
names
of
some
such
part
of
Pillers
,
as
they
neerely
represent
.
CHAP.
LIX
.
Of
the
making
Proportions
and
Measures
of
euery
part
of
a
Field
Cariage
for
any
vsuall
Peece
of
Ordnance
assigned
.
IT
being
most
certainly
a
matter
of
great
importance
for
seruice
,
to
haue
the
Cariages
of
all
the
Ordnance
,
with
their
Wheeles
,
Axtrees
,
and
their
Furnitures
to
be
strong
,
well
proportioned
,
and
neat
,
and
gracefully
wrought
,
so
as
the
Peece
mounted
therein
be
euery
way
so
duly
fitted
,
as
that
in
the
discharge
of
her
Shot
,
nor
in
her
Reuerse
she
may
not
remoue
from
the
Angle
wherein
shee
was
directed
.
Wee
haue
thought
good
here
to
shew
the
due
measures
and
proportions
for
all
Field
Cariages
,
both
by
figures
represented
in
the
19
figure
at
β
,
and
also
by
rules
and
discourse
as
followeth
.
But
first
,
a
word
or
two
of
the
reasons
and
different
opinions
of
some
of
the
best
moderne
Authors
,
that
haue
written
of
this
subiect
.
Louis
Collado
affirmeth
,
that
long
Cariages
are
better
then
short
:
first
for
their
more
agillity
in
reuersing
:
secondly
,
for
the
much
lesse
shaking
of
the
Cariage
,
Axtrees
,
Wheeles
and
Plat-forme
,
saying
,
that
Ordnance
mounted
vpon
short
Cariages
in
a
few
times
discharging
them
,
make
them
vtterly
ruinous
and
vnseruiceable
by
their
passions
in
reuerse
.
But
Alexander
Bianco
commendeth
the
short
rather
then
the
long
Cariages
:
first
,
because
they
then
require
lesse
roome
to
reuerse
in
,
and
that
being
loaded
,
they
are
sooner
brought
againe
to
their
place
of
seruice
:
And
lastly
,
that
a
Peece
shooteth
further
,
being
mounted
vpon
a
short
,
then
it
would
doe
vpon
a
long
Cariage
.
Both
being
moderated
speake
reason
,
as
Peeces
are
yet
accommodated
:
but
because
I
know
that
any
Peece
of
Ordnance
may
without
any
inconuenience
be
so
fitted
,
that
it
with
a
short
Cariage
,
it
shall
lesse
shake
the
Cariage
and
Plat-forme
,
shoote
further
,
and
reuerse
lesse
by
farre
then
in
these
as
now
they
are
fitted
will
do
.
Therefore
although
I
with
Bianco
approue
of
short
Cariages
,
were
they
fitted
for
them
,
and
with
Collado
as
they
are
yet
fitted
:
yet
I
will
here
shew
the
measures
and
proportions
of
late
vsed
,
of
the
best
Cariage-makers
,
and
are
made
according
to
the
directions
of
the
most
experienced
Gunners
,
which
although
it
be
most
particularly
appropriated
to
the
Cannon
,
yet
with
the
destinctions
following
it
may
well
leade
to
the
proportionall
,
making
and
measure
of
a
good
Cariage
,
for
any
vsuall
peece
of
Artillary
whatsoeuer
as
followeth
.
The
sides
and
Cheekes
called
Limbers
,
ought
to
be
of
Elme
or
other
Planke
that
is
not
apt
to
split
and
cleaue
,
which
for
the
Cannon
must
be
once
and
¼
,
and
for
the
Culuering
and
smaller
Peeces
once
and
½
the
the
length
of
the
Peece
,
and
for
each
of
them
,
they
must
be
one
dyametre
of
the
proper
bore
of
the
Peece
in
thicknesse
and
in
breadth
,
at
the
head
of
the
Cariage
,
it
must
be
4
dyametres
,
at
the
first
bending
3
,
and
at
the
tayle
,
2
dyametres
of
the
bore
or
height
of
the
Peece
.
The
Transomes
are
to
be
in
breadth
1
Calibre
,
and
½
of
the
bore
,
and
in
thicknes
one
Calibre
,
except
the
tayle
transomes
,
&
coyne
,
which
must
be
2
Calibres
broad
,
and
5
long
,
where
of
½
Calibre
may
be
let
with
a
mortis
into
the
cheeks
at
each
end
,
and
it
must
haue
a
bar
of
iron
passe
through
the
midst
thereof
from
side
to
side
,
with
a
hole
for
the
Pintle
of
the
Fore
cariage
to
enter
into
;
on
either
side
of
this
transome
there
must
passe
an
yron
bolt
from
one
side
to
the
other
,
with
an
yron
or
rose
on
each
out
side
,
to
hold
them
firme
together
.
The
next
Transom
forwards
is
the
Coyne
Transom
,
which
must
be
4
Calibres
in
length
,
that
is
3
Calibres
betweene
the
Cheekes
,
and
½
of
a
Calibre
,
let
in
at
each
end
into
the
cheeke
,
vpon
this
the
breech
of
the
Peece
is
to
rest
his
bed
and
coynes
.
The
next
forwards
is
called
the
bed
Transom
,
because
the
fore-part
of
the
bed
resteth
thereupon
,
and
the
backer
part
of
it
resteth
vpon
the
coyne
transom
This
is
also
4
Calibres
in
length
,
but
½
Calibre
at
each
end
is
likewise
let
into
the
cheeke
neere
to
the
Axtree
,
so
3
whole
Calibres
thereof
will
be
left
discouered
betweene
the
cheekes
.
The
formost
is
called
the
head
Transom
or
fore-Transom
,
which
is
3
Calibres
,
and
⅓
in
length
,
with
½
at
each
end
also
let
into
the
cheeke
,
and
so
leaueth
2
Calibres
,
and
½
discouered
betweene
the
sides
.
Through
each
of
these
Transoms
there
must
passe
an
yron
bolt
(
at
the
least
,
for
the
greater
sort
of
Peeces
)
from
side
to
side
:
By
meanes
of
these
4
Transomes
all
the
Cariage
is
locked
fast
,
as
into
one
entire
body
,
and
is
plated
and
bound
strongly
with
yron
,
that
the
ioynts
open
not
with
the
vehemencie
of
the
reuerse
.
And
thus
is
the
Cariage
in
his
perfection
,
so
that
if
it
were
armed
with
his
Axtree
and
Wheeles
,
the
Peece
might
be
thereon
mounted
,
and
ready
to
doe
seruice
.
parts of the carriage of a cannon
Tractat.
3.
Cap.
7.
CHAP.
LX.
Of
the
Wheeles
and
Axtree
for
Cariages
for
Ordnance
.
THe
Wheeles
should
bee
in
height
about
½
the
length
of
the
Peece
,
but
in
that
consideration
must
be
had
of
the
height
of
the
Parapet
where
they
are
to
serue
.
And
for
the
Saker
,
Falcon
,
and
smaller
Gunnes
,
the
height
of
their
Wheeles
must
needes
exceede
that
proportion
,
namely
by
1/12
for
the
Saker
and
Minion
and
by
1/6
for
the
Falcon
and
Falconet
,
and
by
1
quarter
for
the
base
.
The
Fellowes
or
Circles
of
Timber-worke
,
must
bee
in
length
4
dyametres
11/16
of
the
bore
,
whereof
there
must
bee
6
to
make
the
whole
circumference
,
and
each
of
them
one
dyametre
in
breadth
,
and
one
in
thicknesse
:
For
the
greater
Peeces
,
they
are
to
be
shod
with
yron
strakes
,
grasped
and
nayled
with
2
or
3
Rankes
of
great
head
Nayles
,
as
in
the
figure
19
at
β
is
represented
.
The
Naue
or
head
is
to
be
in
thicknesse
3
dyametres
,
and
in
length
3
and
one
halfe
,
armed
with
Circles
or
Hoopes
of
Iron
,
and
fastned
with
stayes
of
Iron
,
that
they
stirre
not
from
their
places
,
nor
goe
round
vpon
the
Timber
of
the
Naue
.
The
spoakes
or
Rayes
are
to
be
in
length
3
dyametres
,
namely
so
that
being
let
into
the
Naue
one
halfe
,
and
into
the
Fellowes
one
halfe
,
there
may
bee
2
dyametres
discouered
betweene
the
Naue
and
the
Fellowes
.
There
must
be
12
of
these
Spoakes
in
each
wheele
,
each
one
quarter
of
a
dyametre
square
.
The
Axtree
must
be
1
dyametres
2/●
in
thicknes
.
The
Armes
thereof
shall
be
in
the
thickest
place
one
dyametre
,
and
at
the
ends
thereof
2/3
of
a
dyametre
in
thicknesse
.
And
at
the
place
where
it
pierceth
the
Lymbers
or
sides
of
the
Cariage
,
it
must
be
1
and
a
quarter
in
breadth
,
and
1
2/3
in
height
.
As
by
the
figure
19
β
may
appeare
,
wherein
also
the
places
where
the
Mortis
for
the
Transomes
,
Axis
,
and
Trunions
,
are
marked
with
A
B
C
D
E
F.
And
for
further
explanation
of
that
which
hath
beene
already
said
,
I
will
here
set
downe
the
particular
proportions
vsed
therein
for
the
whole
Culuering
,
wherein
the
measures
for
the
rest
may
the
better
be
vnderstood
:
First
,
for
the
Culuering
,
the
Cariage
shall
be
once
and
a
halfe
of
the
length
of
the
Peece
,
so
that
if
the
Peece
be
32
dyametres
,
the
Cariage
shal
be
48
in
length
,
and
the
Wheeles
11
dyametres
high
.
The
Naue
4
high
and
5
in
length
,
the
Spoakes
4
besides
the
one
halfe
let
in
at
each
end
.
The
Fellowes
two
,
and
the
Arming
one
.
The
Axis
shall
be
in
length
13
dyametres
⅓
,
and
at
the
cutting
of
the
Cariage
therewith
to
bee
2
in
breadth
,
and
2
in
thicknesse
.
The
Limber
Planks
or
sides
of
the
Cariage
must
be
4
and
a
halfe
,
or
5
dyametres
broad
,
one
thicke
,
at
the
Trunions
4
,
and
at
the
Tayle
2
and
a
halfe
;
the
rest
may
be
conceiued
in
the
former
figure
19
,
made
for
the
Cannon
.
Now
to
make
the
Cariage
for
the
Demi-Cannon
or
Demy-Culuering
,
you
may
add
to
their
former
proportions
1/24
,
so
that
in
stead
of
one
dyametre
let
25/24
be
placed
,
which
proportion
should
be
constantly
held
in
all
the
measures
propounded
.
The
like
may
be
said
for
the
Saker
and
Minion
,
in
stead
of
one
take
23/22
,
and
for
the
Falcon
for
one
take
7/6
,
and
for
the
Base
,
&c.
in
stead
of
1
take
10/●
.
And
so
these
measures
being
necessarily
added
,
may
suffice
,
as
well
for
gracefull●
shew
,
as
vsefull
seruice
.
CHAP.
LXI
.
Of
the
making
of
Candlesticks
and
Blinds
,
and
of
great
Saussons
and
little
Saussons
,
and
little
Saucigdes
,
and
of
the
inuentor
and
seruice
of
them
first
vsed
at
Ostend
.
For
biding
of
Ordnance
and
men
behind
them
,
and
to
fill
watered
Dykes
to
approach
a
Breach
.
THe
Candlesticks
are
made
in
the
forme
described
in
the
next
figure
15
at
y
,
and
are
of
such
height
,
as
being
cloathed
with
Blinds
,
of
Canuas
,
Sedge
,
or
such
like
light
things
,
they
may
behind
them
couer
and
hide
those
that
worke
in
the
Trenches
,
o●
labour
in
Batteries
,
hauing
the
one
Poynt
or
Piramis
distant
fr●●
the
other
in
such
sort
,
that
2023
Saucidges
,
or
more
,
or
Bauins
,
or
bundles
o●
Sedge
,
may
be
placed
betweene
them
one
by
another
,
but
of
what
wood
i●
shall
be
best
,
is
not
fit
to
appoint
,
seeing
that
if
it
be
good
,
and
sound
,
and
light
with
all
,
to
transport
with
them
,
ready
cloathed
from
place
to
place
.
These
Candlesticks
are
very
necessary
to
make
Blinds
of
proofe
,
as
were
seene
at
the
Siege
of
Ostend
in
Buckuoy
his
Ramparts
,
where
his
double
and
great
Saucedges
were
not
alone
able
to
couer
the
Fabrick
.
They
may
also
serue
in
ouertures
of
Trenches
,
or
in
passing
ouer
Dykes
,
a●
was
practised
at
Rhinberg
in
the
Spanish
quarter
.
They
being
by
experience
found
to
be
singular
good
,
especially
in
myrie
places
,
in
which
reuesting
them
with
Faggots
,
and
setting
them
accordingly
,
men
may
passe
by
without
any
danger
.
angles of cannon fire during the siege of Ostend
Tract
.
2.
Cap.
2.
Ostende
.
S
Carl
S.
Phdippe
Comment
it
fault
mouuoir
le
saulsisson
Wie
die
salfitzen
fort
zu
bringen
constructing walls of tall grass
Tract
.
2.
Cap.
1.
—
Blindes
.
Blinden
.
spikes set into posts
Chandeliers
.
Leuchter
.
Tract.
2.
dial.
13.
Comment
pour
plus
grande
asseurance
des
pieces
se
fait
vne
double
batterie
Wie
zu
mehrer
verwahrung
der
stuck
eine
doppele
batteria
zumachen
.
CHAP.
LXII
.
How
to
plant
Peeces
of
Ordnance
in
secret
Batteries
,
and
in
double
Batteries
,
so
that
they
may
not
easily
be
dismounted
by
Counter
Batterings
.
IF
the
Peeces
appointed
to
make
a
Batterie
,
be
planted
vpon
a
plat-forme
that
descendeth
behind
,
that
in
their
reuerses
they
may
goe
vnder
the
vawmure
of
the
Tronier
,
the
Troniers
being
vaulted
,
as
in
the
Cassamattes
at
the
157
,
and
158
figures
of
Marlois
is
represented
,
they
must
by
strength
and
by
Tackles
bee
brought
vp
againe
aboue
the
vawmure
of
the
Tronier
,
and
the
ayme
to
bee
readily
taken
before
the
Tronier
be
opened
,
and
fire
giuen
immediatly
after
the
instant
of
opening
it
:
So
will
they
in
their
Reuerses
be
againe
got
vnder
the
vawmute
,
and
bee
free
from
dismounting
,
so
long
as
the
Furne
mouth
&
Vawmure
is
able
to
keepe
from
the
ruine
of
Counter-batteris
.
There
is
also
a
meanes
to
saue
Peeces
from
being
dismounted
,
namely
by
such
double
defences
as
are
represented
in
the
22
figure
β
,
with
such
Battlements
or
Loopes
as
are
there
vnderneath
represented
,
then
onely
obseruing
that
they
be
of
equall
widenesse
,
both
before
and
next
the
Peece
,
and
to
make
them
equally
deepe
enough
,
so
as
the
right
line
that
may
discouer
the
Enemies
Peeces
,
lye
right
through
each
Loope
one
,
then
10
foote
more
backward
or
forward
,
make
such
another
Batterie
:
As
the
said
figure
will
sufficiently
demonstrate
,
so
by
those
two
seuerall
Loopes
the
Peeces
will
be
so
surely
defended
and
hidden
,
that
the
Enemie
shall
very
hardly
discouer
them
,
much
lesse
shoote
so
precisely
,
as
to
dismount
them
through
both
.
CHAP.
LXIII
.
How
to
plant
Ordnance
,
whereas
the
Rampart
is
too
shallow
for
their
Reuerse
,
and
where
earth
is
wanting
.
FOrasmuch
as
such
necessities
may
often
happen
,
it
will
not
bee
amisse
to
shew
how
to
supply
the
same
when
neede
shall
be
:
First
,
for
each
Peece
take
6
Trees
,
high
enough
,
strong
,
and
straight
;
if
6
be
not
sufficient
,
take
9
or
more
for
each
Peece
,
which
driuen
deepe
enough
into
the
ground
to
hold
them
firme
,
and
making
each
of
them
strong
to
carrie
their
burthens
with
Braces
,
Ioyces
and
Plankes
,
making
thereon
a
Plat-forme
20
foote
long
,
and
of
sufficient
breadth
,
that
the
Peeces
may
both
be
mannaged
thereon
,
and
also
play
and
reuerse
freely
,
remembring
that
thereon
a
Peece
will
more
reuerse
vpon
this
being
leuell
,
then
vpon
a
Plat-forme
that
riseth
behinde
,
and
will
therefore
without
sufficient
roome
and
care
,
endanger
the
Peece
by
her
falling
from
aloft
to
the
ground
.
CHAP.
LXIIII.
How
to
make
a
Battery
with
Peeces
enterred
.
THis
manner
of
Batterie
hath
long
beene
vsed
both
in
Italy
and
Hungaria
,
whereof
the
delineation
following
is
a
sufficient
illustration
,
yet
a
word
or
two
thereof
:
First
,
you
may
marke
out
as
much
place
vpon
the
side
of
some
Hill
or
Mount
neere
,
and
raised
of
sufficient
height
,
as
will
suffice
to
receiue
your
Ordnance
,
so
that
they
may
each
stand
20
foote
distant
from
one
another
.
And
then
by
the
ayde
of
Pyoners
&
other
Workmen
,
make
a
Dyke
deepe
11
foot
,
defensible
sufficiently
,
be
it
forwards
,
artificially
,
or
naturally
,
by
thicknes
from
the
bank
or
out-side
of
the
hill
,
to
the
inside
thereof
,
and
so
broad
,
as
that
people
may
passe
behind
the
Ordnance
,
when
they
haue
reuersed
.
And
when
you
haue
made
Plat-formes
,
open
Troniers
or
Loopes
through
the
earth
of
the
side
of
the
hill
,
so
high
,
broad
,
and
deepe
,
as
you
would
haue
them
,
which
is
a
way
so
sure
,
that
the
Towne
walls
cannot
any
way
hinder
you
therein
,
especially
if
it
be
in
a
naturall
firme
mould
of
Earth
,
if
the
blowing
of
the
Peeces
cause
any
of
the
earth
within
the
Trunier
to
fall
,
a
long
Colerake
will
soone
draw
out
the
same
,
and
you
may
also
line
it
with
Watlings
.
cannons firing from a small earthen fort
Tract.
2.
dial
.
15.
●●me
on
fer
a
〈◊〉
batterie
de
●●qs
de
l'aine
.
Wie
von
woll
:
sacken
eine
bat
terie
soll
ge
:
macht
werden
.
CHAP.
LXV
.
How
wanting
all
other
meanes
,
to
make
a
Batterie
by
Woolsackes
.
WHere
none
other
but
grauelly
earth
is
to
be
had
,
thereto
auoyde
the
shottering
,
that
the
Enemies
Ordnance
may
make
by
the
stones
,
to
endanger
the
Camp
,
Woolsacks
,
may
make
the
Sholders
and
Troniers
in
such
manner
,
as
this
figure
11
is
represented
.
This
is
no
new
inuention
,
for
it
hath
long
beene
vsed
by
diuers
Nations
:
now
it
were
necessary
that
these
Sacks
were
17
foote
long
,
and
7
foote
thick
:
And
to
resist
the
Cannon
,
there
should
be
three
in
breadth
to
make
the
Shoulders
or
Parapets
of
the
Troniers
,
and
for
the
Demy-Cannon
2
and
a
halfe
:
And
it
is
to
bee
vnderstood
,
that
the
two
outmost
of
the
three
Sacks
,
must
be
somewhat
shorter
then
that
within
,
to
giue
sufficient
ouerture
for
the
Troniers
without
,
that
the
blowing
of
the
Peeces
endamage
them
not
,
vpon
the
said
ouerture
1
or
2
Woolsacks
should
also
be
layde
to
serue
in
place
of
Blinds
,
for
the
trauersing
and
mannaging
them
the
more
safely
:
if
by
chance
the
Sacks
doe
any
where
take
fire
,
there
must
be
water
and
earth
ready
to
quench
the
same
;
and
to
fasten
these
Woolsacks
,
they
must
be
Pyled
with
Pyles
driuen
into
ground
,
all
firmely
bound
together
.
Also
if
other
Ordnance
then
the
Cannon
or
Demie
,
there
must
be
as
many
more
Sackes
of
Wooll
for
shoulder
defences
,
as
that
all
the
Peeces
may
bee
well
couered
:
as
the
vndermost
of
the
11
figure
next
manifesteth
.
CHAP.
LXVI
.
How
to
place
great
Ordnance
,
both
to
dismount
the
Enemies
Artillerie
,
as
also
how
to
make
a
Batterie
on
the
Curtin
of
the
Place
,
and
when
.
ALthough
it
hath
beene
a
receiued
opinion
,
that
such
Peeces
as
doe
lye
high
on
the
walls
,
are
in
lesse
danger
,
and
haue
more
aduantage
then
such
as
are
alowe
in
the
Champion
plane
,
because
those
aloft
may
more
easily
discouer
those
alowe
then
the
contrary
.
Yet
it
is
found
otherwise
by
experience
,
as
in
the
9
figure
is
seen
,
wher
the
Peeces
alowe
,
playing
alwayes
vnder
the
Peeces
,
aloft
,
doe
and
may
well
embouch
them
,
or
else
not
faile
to
cloy
their
Plat-formes
,
or
beate
their
Cariages
Wheeles
and
Axeltrees
,
and
so
consequently
make
them
vnseruiceable
,
besides
that
if
they
take
them
vnderneath
,
they
often
dismount
those
aloft
,
whereas
those
aloft
cannot
dismount
those
alow
,
for
if
a
Shott
should
light
vpon
the
vpper
part
of
the
Mettall
of
a
Peece
lying
vnder
it
,
it
will
but
glance
away
with
little
danger
of
dismounting
,
whereas
if
a
Shott
light
vnder
a
Peece
from
alow
,
it
either
dangereth
the
dismounting
thereof
,
or
else
the
tearing
of
some
part
of
her
Cariage
or
Wheeles
.
Now
for
that
the
charge
of
making
Batteries
is
great
,
it
requireth
good
husbandry
should
be
therein
vsed
,
and
the
cost
not
vainely
spent
,
for
thereby
will
acrew
encouragement
to
the
Enemie
,
and
discouragement
to
the
party
.
Besides
,
therein
the
Scyte
and
position
of
the
place
besieged
,
is
to
be
well
considered
before
it
can
be
resolued
,
which
is
the
best
way
,
either
to
beleaguer
or
place
the
Battery
thereunto
:
For
a
Place
may
be
assaulted
in
one
place
,
and
yet
battered
in
another
,
and
sometimes
the
Batteries
are
to
be
made
vpon
the
poynt
of
the
Bulwarkes
,
and
sometimes
vpon
the
Curtins
,
euer
ayming
at
victory
,
the
end
of
the
enterprize
vndertaken
.
To
batter
a
place
well
manned
,
as
Forts
and
Castles
,
at
the
Bulwarks
and
Caualeriaes
is
best
,
being
places
of
defence
:
But
in
a
Towne
hauing
cloyed
their
Cassamats
and
defences
,
the
Curtin
is
fittest
to
be
battered
,
because
it
requireth
more
entrenchment
,
and
is
of
lesse
force
in
the
Terraplenes
thereof
.
Graue
and
Tramont
were
battered
vpon
the
Bulwarkes
,
and
Cort
and
Cambray
were
battered
vpon
the
Curtins
,
and
so
each
gotten
,
wherein
the
best
oportunity
,
and
way
is
to
be
taken
,
to
obtaine
the
deseigne
.
And
for
battering
a
place
vpon
the
Curtin
,
18
Peeces
will
be
necessary
,
namely
8
Cannon
,
6
Culuerings
,
and
4
Demy-Culuerings
,
placed
as
in
the
figure
9
at
α
is
shewed
,
wherein
the
8
Cannon
playing
at
right
angles
,
they
are
to
shake
and
batter
,
by
reason
of
the
waight
of
their
Shot
,
the
Culuering
play
trauersly
,
and
to
cut
out
that
which
the
Cannons
haue
battered
,
and
the
Demy-Culuerings
to
play
vpon
the
Flankers
and
defences
,
as
also
to
hinder
the
Sallyes
of
the
besieged
,
and
discouer
and
dismount
their
Ordnance
.
The
distance
that
a
Battery
for
either
should
be
made
,
ought
not
to
be
aboue
120
paces
,
or
150
at
the
most
,
or
at
80
or
90
paces
if
possible
,
the
lesse
the
better
,
yea
though
it
were
at
the
edge
of
the
Dyke
,
for
the
neerer
they
are
,
the
greater
are
their
forces
:
so
as
the
Ordnance
may
be
couert
,
that
the
Gunners
and
Matrosses
may
be
without
danger
of
Musket
shott
,
which
is
best
at
80
or
100
paces
if
you
may
conueniently
approach
so
neere
.
Take
this
by
the
way
into
remembrance
for
a
note
:
That
a
Cannon
at
120
paces
,
will
pierce
a
wall
or
Rampart
meanely
setled
15
or
16
foote
,
and
being
well
setled
onely
10
or
12
foote
,
but
in
close
sandy
ground
20
or
24
foote
deepe
.
And
that
a
Cannon
may
being
well
fortified
,
and
duly
and
discreetly
mannaged
,
be
discharged
100
times
in
one
day
.
Note
also
that
a
Cannon
with
one
shot
made
well
and
orderly
,
will
ruine
more
then
100
Hods
of
earth
can
repaire
:
For
one
man
can
carie
but
100
Hods
of
earth
in
an
houre
,
the
distance
of
130
steps
,
or
not
much
more
.
Further
,
you
may
note
that
1000
Shott
succiactly
made
out
of
10
Cannons
,
will
ruine
more
then
1500
Shot
can
doe
,
being
made
out
of
5
Cannon
.
And
lesse
can
the
Enemie
repaire
the
first
,
then
the
last
:
For
a
Cannon
Shot
made
euery
eight
part
of
an
houre
at
100
paces
distance
,
will
make
as
much
ruine
as
12
men
,
can
keepe
in
repaire
.
Tract
2
Dial.
10.
Comment
il
fault
battre
en
〈◊〉
.
Wie
die
Cortinen
zu
†
beschiessen
.
Tract
.
2.
Dial
:
8.
Les
pieces
sont
de
plus
grand
effect
celles
qui
sont
logees
en
la
campagne
●●elles
qui
se
tiennent
plus
hault
aux
murailles
des
villes
et
forteresses
.
●he
stuck
am
starkesten
die
vndon
im
feldt
oder
●oben
auff
der
statt
mauren
stchon
.
But
if
12
Cannons
be
well
imployed
in
a
Battery
together
the
96
Shott
,
that
they
may
make
in
one
houre
,
will
ruine
farre
more
then
144
men
can
keepe
in
repaire
.
For
14
Cannons
will
ruine
more
then
12
and
16
more
,
then
14
spending
,
but
the
like
quantity
of
Powder
and
Shot
.
Therefore
Ramparts
ought
to
be
augmented
in
thicknesse
,
according
to
the
Batteries
made
,
but
not
in
proportion
,
because
the
inner
part
of
a
Rampart
suffereth
not
so
much
,
nor
is
it
so
easily
ruined
,
as
the
fore-part
thereof
may
be
.
CHAP.
LXVII
.
How
and
when
to
make
a
Battery
vpon
the
poynt
of
a
Bulwarke
,
and
of
the
defences
to
be
made
therein
.
WHen
and
where
the
Curtins
are
short
and
close
,
the
Battery
is
to
bee
made
vpon
the
point
of
the
Bulwarke
and
Caualeriaes
:
But
then
it
requireth
as
many
or
rather
more
Ordnance
then
before
for
the
Battery
of
the
Curtin
was
appointed
.
The
8
Cannon
to
beat
about
the
point
of
the
Bulwarke
,
the
sixe
Culuering
trauersing
more
at
right
angles
with
the
Front
thereof
,
and
the
foure
or
sixe
Demy-culuerings
to
play
vpon
the
Cassamats
,
on
each
side
2
or
3
,
and
they
are
also
to
attend
other
occasions
that
shall
happen
,
as
hath
already
beene
said
,
and
as
the
figure
12
at
α
representeth
together
,
with
such
retrenchments
and
defences
,
as
the
besieged
may
or
should
make
,
being
forced
,
of
which
there
is
no
danger
when
the
Battery
is
made
in
the
Curtin
,
wherein
the
Breach
being
once
made
,
it
may
bee
more
easily
forced
without
any
other
dangers
then
those
of
the
Bulwarkes
and
Cassamats
,
which
are
not
onely
farre
off
,
but
also
to
bee
cloyed
or
dismounted
afore-hand
,
or
else
they
are
opposed
and
encountred
with
the
Demy-culuerings
,
and
other
Peeces
placed
on
the
brinke
of
the
Dyke
,
especially
where
necessity
will
vrge
,
or
occasion
require
,
whereas
in
the
Curtins
there
can
hardly
any
such
retrenchments
bee
made
,
as
in
the
Necks
of
Bulwarks
,
where
with
halfe
Moones
,
in
the
neck
thereof
,
they
may
make
new
resistances
with
a
few
men
,
the
Bulwarke
being
Myned
,
and
the
Towne
imagined
to
be
gained
,
yea
when
fire
shall
bee
giuen
to
the
Trayne
,
which
may
be
perchance
preuented
also
by
countermynes
,
which
cannot
be
so
directly
directed
on
the
breach
of
a
Curtin
,
as
on
the
Bulwarke
whose
necke
is
narrow
,
and
may
soone
be
defended
,
and
retrenched
with
lesse
labour
,
time
,
and
force
,
and
cause
the
assay
lants
to
present
more
men
in
danger
of
blowing
them
vp
by
the
Enemies
Mynes
.
CHAP.
LXVIII
.
How
the
Ordnance
are
to
be
placed
at
the
houre
of
ioyning
of
two
Armies
,
to
offend
the
Enemie
most
.
THis
is
a
poynt
hard
to
be
handled
by
me
that
haue
not
seene
many
Armies
meete
;
but
finding
seuerall
opinions
deliuered
by
others
,
I
haue
thought
fit
to
recite
them
,
&
deliuer
what
to
me
seemes
most
reasonable
,
leauing
each
to
chuse
either
of
them
,
or
any
other
way
as
to
him
shall
seeme
most
fitting
.
Some
say
that
the
Field
Peeces
should
be
placed
in
the
Front
of
the
Bands
,
and
some
that
they
should
be
placed
trauersly
two
and
two
,
or
three
and
three
together
,
on
the
sides
or
flankes
in
the
forme
of
the
Muskatiers
,
couered
with
the
wings
of
the
Horsemen
.
But
it
seemes
to
mee
most
expedient
,
that
certaine
Peeces
should
be
placed
in
the
Front
,
which
may
endomage
the
Enemie
on
all
sides
,
seeking
alwayes
the
places
of
most
aduantage
,
without
danger
of
loosing
any
of
their
Ordnance
,
and
certaine
Peeces
also
to
be
placed
in
the
Flanke
,
some
to
shoote
forth-right
,
and
some
a
Trauers
,
each
3
,
from
other
distance
50
or
100
paces
.
And
then
there
is
no
more
danger
but
in
the
ioyning
to
withdraw
the
Ordnance
,
that
our
Ordnance
hurt
not
our
owne
bands
.
And
that
they
be
alwayes
ready
to
be
Trauersed
,
and
retreated
,
as
neede
shall
require
,
which
may
much
conduce
to
victory
:
But
it
will
seldome
happen
,
that
in
a
Battaile
there
be
such
places
so
commodious
to
be
found
as
were
to
be
wished
,
for
that
most
commonly
we
shall
be
constrayned
to
conforme
our selues
,
according
to
the
present
occasions
,
as
woods
,
hills
,
and
other
vneuen
places
,
for
which
no
other
rule
can
begiuen
,
but
with
great
iudgement
to
seeke
how
to
get
the
aduantage
of
the
Enemie
,
without
being
offended
by
Sunne
,
winde
,
or
dust
,
and
such
like
,
which
though
they
may
be
thought
to
be
small
things
,
yet
they
will
bee
therein
found
to
be
of
great
importance
.
But
I
cannot
be
of
their
opinion
to
haue
all
the
Peeces
on
the
sides
to
be
best
,
for
so
the
Squadrons
meeting
,
ours
shall
be
more
offended
thereby
then
the
Enemies
,
besides
,
that
thereby
this
great
danger
will
arise
,
that
when
the
wings
of
our
Horsemen
would
be
willing
to
aduance
speedily
,
they
will
be
greatly
troubled
with
those
Peeces
so
shot
out
of
the
sides
:
wherefore
the
Generall
,
or
Master
of
the
Ordnance
,
or
his
Lieutenant
,
considering
these
things
,
must
giue
directions
how
the
Ordnance
shall
be
lodged
,
either
all
in
Front
,
all
in
Flanke
,
or
some
in
both
.
cannons exchanging fire across a battlefield
Tract
.
2.
Comment
il
fault
loger
l'artillerie
au
poinct
du
Combatt
.
Wie
das
geschutz
in
der
schlacht
zustellen
.
Dial.
5.
CHAP.
LXIX
.
How
to
fill
vp
a
wet
Dyke
,
whereby
to
approach
the
Breach
made
.
HAuing
already
shewed
how
a
Battery
may
in
diuers
sorts
bee
made
,
and
also
how
to
make
the
Breaches
sufficient
for
entery
,
we
will
now
shew
likewise
,
if
the
Dyke
should
be
deepe
,
and
full
of
water
or
mud
(
that
the
Souldiers
are
thereby
hindered
)
how
the
same
may
best
be
filled
vp
.
Wherefore
,
although
there
be
many
wayes
to
performe
the
same
,
yet
this
in
my
iudgement
is
the
best
;
namely
,
that
when
a
sufficient
Breach
is
once
made
,
that
then
the
Approaches
be
also
immediatly
made
vnder
the
couertures
of
the
Trenches
,
euen
vnto
the
edge
of
the
Dyke
,
and
then
with
Faggots
,
and
earth
,
or
Sausedges
,
(
whereof
we
haue
sufficiently
spoken
already
)
to
fill
it
vp
,
hauing
the
benefit
of
the
ruines
that
the
Cannons
haue
made
of
the
Wall
,
and
Faggots
,
and
Sausedges
which
cannot
be
wanting
,
whereas
either
Gardens
,
Trees
,
or
Woods
are
neere
hand
.
Or
else
if
great
Trees
be
throwne
into
the
Dyke
,
if
they
swimme
,
being
of
Firre
or
dry
light
wood
they
will
,
then
Plankes
layd
vpon
them
(
the
Dyke
being
excessiue
deepe
)
and
on
each
side
of
such
Floats
,
blinds
being
raised
to
hide
the
Passengers
from
sight
of
the
Flanker
,
they
may
thereby
passe
to
the
foote
of
the
Breach
,
euen
as
by
a
Bridge
:
But
ouer
a
small
Riuer
or
narrow
Dyke
a
Bridge
may
be
made
ouer
vpon
a
Boates
,
as
in
the
17
figure
at
β
is
represented
.
But
being
first
well
informed
of
the
quality
of
the
Dyke
,
whether
it
be
of
standing
or
running
water
:
If
it
be
standing
water
,
then
a
dozen
of
light
Float
Bridges
will
helpe
well
;
if
there
be
any
scarpe
on
the
other
side
,
or
else
they
are
worth
nothing
:
But
in
sted
of
them
Floats
being
made
with
two
Fir
poles
or
light
wood
strait
about
15
or
20
foot
long
,
about
the
thicknes
of
a
mans
legge
or
thigh
,
vpon
which
two
sides
may
be
nailed
crosse-wise
ledges
or
boords
of
wood
,
about
3
foote
long
all
along
vpon
them
.
And
so
these
may
each
of
them
be
caried
by
6
men
;
namely
4
at
the
two
ends
,
and
2
at
the
mid
sides
,
as
a
corpse
is
vsually
borne
to
be
buried
.
And
at
both
the
ends
of
those
two
sides
,
there
must
ropes
be
fastned
,
by
which
hese
floating
bridges
shall
be
lanched
,
and
drawne
from
one
side
of
the
Dyke
to
the
other
,
foure
or
sixe
Souldiers
being
gotten
vpon
it
,
resting
them
vpon
their
Pykes
,
which
being
landed
and
passed
ouer
:
the
Souldiers
on
the
other
side
may
draw
,
bake
the
Float
by
the
ropes
at
the
end
next
them
,
and
then
4
or
sixe
more
may
get
vpon
the
same
,
and
the
Souldiers
already
landed
,
may
draw
them
ouer
by
the
ropes
at
their
end
,
and
so
helping
one
another
from
side
to
side
,
many
men
in
a
little
space
of
time
will
be
transported
ouer
.
And
when
as
there
are
a
competent
number
gotten
,
or
the
Floats
drawne
vp
,
may
serue
for
scaling
Ladders
,
or
to
mount
the
Breach
the
better
by
.
But
if
for
the
walls
these
Ladders
or
Floats
be
too
short
,
there
may
at
one
end
of
each
side
be
two
loopes
of
Iron
fastned
,
and
so
firmely
fitted
,
that
the
two
other
ends
of
another
Float
or
Ladder
may
fitly
enter
thereinto
,
and
so
two
or
moe
shall
make
one
Ladder
,
vntill
they
be
found
of
sufficient
length
.
And
lastly
,
we
will
remember
you
of
Ladders
,
of
Cords
,
or
Ropes
,
with
wooden
steps
like
entering
Poope
Ladders
in
Shippes
,
hauing
an
yron
Grapnell
to
throw
ouer
the
wall
,
to
hold
fast
on
the
Vawnure
or
Paraper
.
CHAP.
LXX
.
Of
the
Gunners
seruice
in
generall
.
NOw
forasmuch
as
Ordnance
are
Engins
of
force
,
reason
,
waight
,
and
measure
:
and
the
Gunners
men
exercised
and
experienced
in
them
,
and
their
apurtenances
in
making
plat
formes
,
with
defences
,
Troniers
,
Gabbions
,
Loopes
,
Parapets
of
earth
,
and
Faggots
about
23
or
24
foote
high
of
Faggots
2
foote
high
of
earth
,
bed
vpon
bed
vnto
eleauen
foote
high
,
and
after
3
foote
of
Terraplene
,
to
raise
the
Troniers
and
Loopes
,
so
that
for
the
Cannon
it
be
3
foote
wide
in
the
Barb
within
,
and
12
foote
wide
without
,
the
lower
part
thereof
to
descend
scarpwise
,
the
better
to
discouer
the
Enemies
auenewes
,
and
offend
them
the
more
freely
,
for
auoyding
the
blast
,
and
smoake
,
and
ruine
,
it
would
else
make
:
For
the
Culuerings
2
foote
and
a
halfe
within
,
and
9
foote
without
will
suffice
;
and
for
lesse
Peeces
,
lesse
measures
.
If
the
Battery
be
to
be
made
with
Gabbions
,
they
being
filled
with
earth
without
stones
,
moystened
and
rammed
7
foote
a
peece
in
dyametre
,
3
rankes
betweene
each
2
peeces
,
if
the
place
will
permit
,
or
2
at
the
least
,
and
3
rowes
also
one
before
another
,
setting
one
betweene
two
;
so
if
the
first
ranke
haue
3
,
the
second
will
haue
2
,
and
the
third
one
:
But
it
will
be
hard
to
make
a
safe
Battery
with
Gabbions
,
Cannon
,
or
Culuering
proofe
:
And
each
plat-forme
is
to
haue
30
foote
for
the
reuerse
of
the
Cannon
,
and
27
foote
for
the
Demy-Cannon
,
he
ought
to
see
that
it
bee
leuelled
,
or
rising
1
foote
for
20
backwards
,
the
better
to
stay
the
reuerse
&
facillite
,
the
bringing
the
Peece
being
loaded
to
the
Loope
:
He
ought
to
search
and
examine
the
goodnes
of
the
Peeces
,
their
Ladles
,
Rammers
,
Spunges
,
and
Tampions
,
fitnesse
,
and
roundnesse
of
the
Shot
,
force
and
goodnesse
of
the
Powder
and
Match
:
And
to
see
all
fitted
accordingly
,
and
to
place
the
Powder
couertly
,
hid
safe
from
the
fire
of
his
owne
,
as
also
of
the
Enemies
Ordnance
.
To
see
the
Gunners
take
their
marks
towards
the
vnder
part
,
giuing
each
vnder
Gunner
his
charge
.
In
Plat-formes
,
the
first
plank
next
the
Barbe
should
be
9
foot
long
:
the
second
9
and
a
halfe
;
the
third
10
,
&c.
euery
planke
encreasing
halfe
a
foote
,
to
spread
for
the
Reuerse
,
as
may
be
seene
at
the
first
figure
at
β.
CHAP.
LXXI
.
Of
the
differences
of
our
English
measures
in
Feete
and
Inches
,
from
the
Measures
of
other
Nations
.
And
also
of
the
difference
of
pounds
and
hundreds
.
ALmost
all
Countries
agree
in
this
,
that
12
inches
make
a
foote
,
but
the
length
of
their
seuerall
inches
doe
commonly
so
much
differ
from
one
another
,
as
whatsoeuer
they
speake
or
write
of
Measures
in
feete
and
inches
,
must
not
without
reducement
bee
vnderstood
,
to
agree
with
our
English
foote
and
inch
of
Assize
,
as
the
discourse
and
Table
following
will
make
plaine
,
whereby
it
will
appeare
how
little
Forraigne
translations
,
without
diligent
and
exact
reduction
,
when
they
discourse
of
paces
,
yards
,
feete
,
inches
,
or
other
measures
,
write
they
neuer
so
well
and
truly
of
their
owne
,
can
auaile
vs
.
For
three
inches
at
Vienna
is
3
and
●/10
of
our
English
inches
.
And
3
inches
at
Venice
containeth
3
●/10
of
English
inches
.
Two
Grecian
inches
is
3
English
,
they
hauing
8
inches
in
our
foote
,
so
their
foote
is
equall
with
the
English
foote
of
Assize
.
The
foote
in
Bauaria
wanteth
4/5
of
our
inch
of
the
English
foote
.
The
foote
of
Antwerpe
is
6/10
of
our
inch
,
shorter
then
the
English
foote
.
The
foote
of
Farara
is
15
9/10
of
our
English
inches
.
The
French
foote
de
Roy
is
one
foote
and
4/10
of
an
inch
English
.
The
Tuscan
Brase
is
23
English
inches
.
The
Florentine
Brase
is
22
and
a
halfe
of
English
inches
.
The
Bressian
Brase
is
17
4/10
of
English
inches
.
The
Canne
of
Naples
make
20
English
inches
.
The
Canne
of
Rome
make
22
English
inches
.
The
Millan
Brase
make
23
English
inches
.
The
Loraigne
foote
is
11
⅖
of
our
English
inches
.
Whereby
each
man
may
iudge
how
much
confusion
would
haue
growne
to
the
Reader
,
that
should
haue
read
a
French
,
Italian
,
Germane
,
or
Spanish
Author
,
and
had
no
meanes
to
vnderstand
,
that
there
were
any
difference
in
length
of
the
Measures
of
one
same
name
.
And
the
like
may
be
said
of
the
waights
vsed
of
seuerall
Nations
,
which
with
the
former
of
Measures
,
would
not
onely
haue
a
double
error
,
dangerous
for
practise
,
but
also
confounded
the
Readers
that
suspected
no
such
thing
.
The
pound
Troy
being
about
1
ounce
and
a
halfe
lighter
then
the
pound
Auerdepoyze
,
yet
the
ounce
Troy
being
heauier
then
the
ounce
Auerdepoyze
,
because
Troy
hath
but
12
ounces
,
whereas
Auerdepoyze
hath
16
ounces
in
the
pound
.
The
Kintall
of
Biscay
150
l.
is
but
124
l.
English
.
And
the
great
Kintall
of
Portingall
128
l.
English
,
the
lesser
Kintall
is
112
l.
English
.
The
hundred
subtill
or
small
hundred
,
is
100
l.
The
great
hundred
is
112
l.
One
pound
Troy
waight
is
13
ounces
4
d.
waight
,
19
gr.
½
,
of
a
graine
of
the
Hauerdepoyze
waight
.
By
these
are
all
their
Ordnance
and
Munition
waighed
.
But
in
seuerall
Countries
they
differ
,
as
you
may
see
in
M.
Records
booke
of
Arithmatick
,
called
I
be
Ground
of
Arts
,
whereby
the
Reader
may
iudge
how
necessary
these
differences
are
to
be
knowne
,
and
that
reduction
should
be
duly
made
least
confusion
follow
.
CHAP.
LXXII
.
Of
the
making
of
Salpeter
,
whether
it
be
Naturallor
Artificiall
.
SAlpetre
is
a
body
of
Ayre
,
transformed
into
Earth
,
apt
by
Moysture
to
be
dissolued
,
and
by
Fire
to
be
resolued
vnto
his
first
state
Ayre
,
being
an
Ayrie
substance
,
fixed
in
dry
Earth
,
dissolued
by
Water
,
and
concocted
by
Heat
into
a
solid
substance
,
and
accepted
the
rich
Mine
of
Princes
in
this
Warlike
Age
,
and
by
Philosophers
accounted
a
quintessence
of
Qualities
,
participating
of
all
,
and
yet
simply
no
one
of
them
:
For
being
sharpe
and
salt
,
in
Taste
hote
and
dry
,
it
enioyeth
the
quality
of
Fire
,
and
being
also
hote
and
moyst
,
easily
dissolued
into
Water
,
and
by
fire
tesolued
into
Ayre
,
appeareth
to
be
Ayre
it selfe
:
And
being
white
and
cleare
cooleth
warme
Wine
in
hote
weather
,
being
dissolued
,
and
a
vessell
therewith
put
therein
,
it
approacheth
neere
Water
,
colde
and
moyst
:
And
being
,
it
will
bruse
,
and
be
brought
,
or
be
molten
into
a
hard
stone
:
it
is
also
colde
and
dry
of
the
quality
of
the
Earth
,
enioying
all
the
qualities
,
and
a
conuertible
to
all
the
Elements
.
It
so
becommeth
as
they
say
a
quinta
essentia
.
Salpetre
is
of
two
sorts
namely
,
Artificiall
and
Naturall
.
The
Naturall
Salpetre
is
that
which
groweth
in
continued
Mynes
of
the
Earth
,
or
vpon
Rockes
,
or
in
Vaults
,
on
Walls
,
and
by
Natures
worke
becommeth
perfect
Salpetre
,
whereof
the
store
is
to
small
too
depend
vpon
.
The
Artificiall
Salpetre
(
though
naturally
growing
)
also
requireth
the
helpe
of
Art
to
bring
it
into
true
and
perfect
Petre
,
and
is
found
in
so
many
places
,
as
in
Loame-Floores
,
Mud-walls
,
Sellers
,
Doue
coates
,
Stales
,
Sta
les
,
and
such
like
places
,
whereas
the
rayne
cannot
come
to
dissolue
,
nor
the
Sunne
to
dissolue
the
Ayre
,
substance
,
fixing
and
growing
therein
,
that
with
labour
and
industry
with
Arts
helpe
,
to
cause
aboundant
procreation
,
sufficient
store
may
be
prouided
,
and
Artificially
made
thereby
in
this
manner
.
First
,
for
choyse
of
the
Earth
for
finding
,
it
whether
sufficient
quantity
of
Petre
be
therein
or
not
,
obserue
this
,
Pare
the
Floores
,
and
digge
3
or
4
inches
deepe
therein
:
if
you
finde
the
Earth
full
of
white
and
yellow
specks
,
and
that
hauing
put
a
little
thereof
vpon
the
top
of
your
tongue
:
if
it
yeeld
an
Ayrie
biting
,
or
sharpe
tindge
thereon
,
the
Earth
is
good
,
and
will
be
rich
,
and
yeeld
store
,
according
to
the
more
biting
or
tindging
taste
thereof
.
Then
digge
that
Floore
so
deepe
,
as
you
finde
the
Earth
to
be
good
,
which
in
some
places
will
be
a
yard
,
and
in
others
not
a
foote
deepe
,
vnder
the
vpper
Floore
make
the
Earth
somewhat
small
.
And
put
it
into
halfe
Tubs
loose
,
hauing
a
Taphole
in
the
bottome
of
each
,
which
stop
with
a
staffe
and
couer
,
with
a
wispe
,
that
the
Earth
runne
not
out
,
when
the
liquor
drayneth
.
Then
fill
the
said
halfe
Tubbs
with
water
a
handfull
higher
then
the
Earth
,
and
so
let
it
stand
in
soke
24
houres
,
and
then
draw
out
the
staffe
or
pegge
a
little
,
that
the
water
may
drop
and
drayne
out
thereby
into
another
halfe
Tub
that
must
be
set
vnder
it
of
purpose
to
receiue
the
liquor
,
which
Liquor
keepe
,
and
lay
the
Earth
vpon
the
Floore
,
which
in
six
or
seauen
yeares
will
againe
breed
as
much
more
Petre
therein
,
and
in
some
floores
,
especially
with
helpe
,
in
farre
lesse
space
.
When
you
haue
collected
a
sufficient
quantity
of
such
Salpetre
liquor
(
vnlesse
you
haue
Mother
liquor
)
you
must
of
some
of
it
make
the
Mothers
thus
,
boyle
your
Salpetre
liquor
in
a
Caldron
,
and
scumme
it
(
which
scumme
reserue
)
vntill
the
liquor
being
proued
with
a
knife
,
be
found
ready
to
congeale
;
then
take
off
,
or
else
put
8
or
9
times
as
much
Salpetre
liquor
thereunto
,
and
hauing
made
the
scum
rise
,
and
taken
it
off
,
and
reserue
it
,
let
it
boyle
a
fret
,
vntill
the
liquor
be
againe
able
to
congeale
:
which
if
it
prooue
too
tender
,
it
is
a
signe
it
is
no
boyled
enough
;
and
if
it
be
too
hard
,
then
that
it
is
burnt
too
much
,
and
must
for
the
first
be
more
boyled
,
and
for
the
latter
recouered
with
more
Salpetre
liquor
,
and
renew
the
Worke
:
but
being
found
indifferently
betweene
both
,
take
it
from
the
fire
,
and
put
it
into
halfe
Tubs
,
wherein
good
wood
ashes
are
placed
vpon
a
laying
of
Strawe
vpon
faggot
stick
,
or
Lathes
in
the
bottome
thereof
,
and
let
the
liquor
drayne
through
the
same
,
and
put
it
into
coolers
,
or
brasse
shallow
pannes
to
congeale
,
and
let
it
stand
in
a
coole
roome
,
where
in
two
or
3
dayes
it
will
shoote
out
like
yee
sickles
,
and
keepe
that
for
Roch
Petre
,
and
the
liquor
that
will
not
congeale
,
keepe
for
Mothers
,
to
worke
a
new
for
more
as
before
.
And
this
is
the
order
to
make
Artificiall
Salpetre
:
And
the
scumme
that
rose
in
the
boyling
mixed
with
water
,
and
sprinkled
vpon
Floores
,
will
exceedingly
procreate
Salpetre
in
short
time
.
To
collect
Salpetre
that
naturally
breedes
on
Walls
,
on
Caues
,
in
t
e
Ground
,
or
in
Vaults
.
GAther
the
Petre
together
,
and
adde
thereto
¼
of
quick
Lyme
and
ashes
,
and
put
them
into
a
halfe
Tub
with
a
hole
,
to
drayne
out
water
,
then
put
in
warmed
water
,
and
let
it
so
stand
,
vntill
the
Petre
be
dissolued
;
then
let
it
drayne
out
at
the
hole
by
little
and
little
,
and
filtre
it
if
neede
bee
,
if
it
come
not
cleare
enough
:
and
then
boyle
it
vntill
it
will
congeale
as
aforesaid
.
To
Refine
Salpette
wet
.
TAke
what
quantity
of
Salpetre
you
please
,
and
put
the
same
into
a
cleane
Caldron
and
put
thereto
a
little
faire
water
,
and
boyle
them
together
vntill
it
raise
the
scumme
,
which
take
off
and
keepe
,
and
let
it
congeale
and
shoote
in
coolers
,
as
at
first
it
did
,
and
what
remaines
,
boyle
againe
with
more
cleare
water
vntill
it
congeale
.
To
know
if
Salpetre
be
well
refined
.
TAke
of
it
,
lay
it
on
a
boord
,
and
put
a
coale
to
it
,
if
it
raise
an
Azure
scum
,
it
is
yet
greasie
;
if
it
leaue
pearles
,
it
is
yet
earthie
:
But
if
it
burne
into
the
boord
,
and
leaue
nothing
but
a
blacke
colour
,
and
rise
with
a
long
flamed
ventosity
and
exhalation
,
it
is
well
refined
.
Of
Gunpowder
,
and
to
make
the
vsuall
sorts
thereof
.
FOrasmuch
as
Powder
is
the
Base
and
foundation
of
all
Fire-Engins
,
therefore
I
will
shew
his
preparations
.
There
are
ordinarily
three
sorts
of
Powder
made
,
whereof
one
serues
for
Birding
and
Fowling
,
which
is
quickest
,
being
7
or
8
of
Petre
,
for
one
of
coale
and
of
Brimstone
:
The
second
for
Muskets
and
Pistolls
,
called
fine
Powder
,
which
is
5
or
6
of
Petre
for
one
of
Coale
and
one
of
Brimstone
.
The
third
,
called
Ordnance
Powder
,
is
of
4
or
5
of
Petre
for
one
of
Coale
and
sulpher
:
But
for
seruice
,
there
is
but
two
namely
,
Ordnance
Powder
,
and
fine
Powder
.
There
are
infinite
receipts
for
making
of
Powder
,
but
most
States
haue
enioyned
a
certaine
proportion
amongst
themselues
,
although
much
different
one
from
another
:
wherefore
no
certainty
can
bee
herein
generally
concluded
,
but
euery
man
must
practise
for
his
experience
:
onely
a
word
or
two
I
will
say
thereof
,
namely
,
that
before
the
Receipt
assigned
be
compounded
,
it
is
requisite
for
making
of
good
Powder
,
to
refine
the
Petre
,
to
purge
the
Sulpher
,
and
to
chuse
good
coales
,
made
either
of
Hazle
,
Alder
,
Willow
,
or
Birch
,
Wood
without
Barke
or
Knotts
therein
being
well
burned
.
And
then
to
worke
those
three
Materialls
well
together
:
for
therein
consisteth
a
greater
difference
of
force
,
by
the
difference
in
working
of
them
,
then
is
credible
without
experience
.
It
is
to
be
wrought
together
by
a
Horse-Mill
,
or
Water-Mill
,
or
in
a
Mortar
with
Pestles
,
the
Materialls
kept
moyst
.
The
Compositions
of
Corne-Powder
.
FIue
pound
of
Salpetre
,
one
pound
of
Coales
,
and
one
pound
of
Brimstone
,
fiue
pound
of
Salpetre
very
well
refined
,
as
afore
is
shewed
,
1
l.
of
Willow
,
or
Alder
Coales
wel
burned
,
and
of
Sulpher
well
purged
12
ounces
:
Or
of
sixe
l.
of
Salpetre
,
Sulpher
and
Coale
of
each
one
l.
Or
of
Salpetre
7
l.
Sulpher
prepared
with
Quicksiluer
as
wee
haue
also
shewed
before
:
Or
Floores
of
Sulpher
one
pound
,
&
coales
of
Hazle
halfe
a
l.
Or
if
you
mingle
as
much
quick
Lyme
in
powder
as
Sulpher
,
you
shall
make
powder
that
the
moysture
shall
not
impeach
taking
of
fire
.
Now
seeing
that
it
will
be
to
little
purpose
to
shew
the
Compositions
,
vnlesse
we
also
shew
the
manner
of
making
thereof
,
which
though
the
varieties
both
in
composing
and
making
are
many
,
tending
all
to
one
same
end
,
we
will
therefore
shew
one
reasonable
way
for
small
quantity
.
First
,
put
your
Composition
into
a
brasen
Morter
,
or
of
wood
with
a
brasse
bottome
.
And
take
also
a
brasse
pestle
,
and
beat
it
so
well
together
for
the
space
of
sixe
,
seauen
,
or
eight
houres
,
that
in
cutting
the
same
with
a
knife
,
there
can
none
of
the
Materialls
be
discerned
a
part
,
but
all
well
incorporated
into
one
body
,
alwayes
moystning
the
same
with
a
little
cleare
water
,
strong
Vinegar
,
or
Aqua-vitae
,
so
much
that
the
coales
dust
not
,
and
so
little
,
that
the
composition
in
working
become
not
paste
.
But
if
you
would
haue
your
powder
very
subtill
,
moysten
the
same
with
the
distilled
water
of
the
outer
rynes
of
Oranges
,
and
let
your
sulpher
be
cleare
Sulpher
vine
which
in
the
melting
had
¼
of
Quicksiluer
put
therein
,
and
incorporated
,
finely
beaten
,
and
searsed
with
coales
,
quenched
with
cleare
water
,
wherein
quickely
me
hath
beene
slaked
,
and
either
let
it
stand
to
cleare
,
or
else
be
filtered
:
and
this
moystning
will
make
the
cornes
thereof
become
hard
,
and
not
yeeld
to
moysture
sodainly
.
After
the
composition
is
thus
well
beaten
and
wrought
together
(
the
more
the
better
)
take
a
Syue
with
a
Velome
,
or
Parchment
,
or
Leather
bottome
,
made
full
of
holes
,
of
the
bignesse
you
desire
your
cornes
,
and
put
the
Receipt
or
composition
therein
,
with
2
or
3
short
Rowlers
,
a
little
moystening
it
,
that
the
pousier
or
dust
thereof
flye
not
away
.
And
sifting
them
vpon
a
long
Rowler
,
ouer
a
halfe
Tub
,
so
will
the
short
Rowlers
driuing
the
composition
through
the
holes
,
make
the
cornes
come
out
round
yet
of
seuerall
syzes
,
which
to
bring
to
haue
all
the
cornes
of
one
bignesse
,
you
must
passe
through
seuerall
siues
,
as
they
vse
to
syze
Hayleshott
:
So
shall
your
Cornes
of
euery
syze
bee
equall
.
And
looke
what
in
searcing
and
dusting
rests
vncorned
,
must
bee
seperated
from
the
rest
,
and
new
moystned
and
beaten
,
and
then
againe
sifted
as
before
;
whereof
some
dust
called
Ponsier
,
will
still
remaine
vncorned
,
which
may
serue
excellent
well
to
make
Rockets
with
.
And
these
cornes
may
be
dried
in
the
Sunne
,
or
in
a
warme
place
,
safe
from
fire
.
The
powder
being
dried
must
be
dusted
againe
to
seperate
the
Pousier
from
the
cornes
.
And
to
the
end
the
powder
become
not
moyst
,
it
should
be
kept
also
in
a
dry
warme
place
,
Moysture
and
Age
being
both
enemies
to
powder
:
Moysture
,
by
making
the
Petre
descend
,
or
else
vapour
,
whereby
one
end
of
a
barrell
of
powder
that
hath
stood
long
,
will
be
better
then
the
other
,
and
Age
by
breaking
the
proportion
and
incorporating
by
the
Petres
growing
and
encrease
,
and
by
the
coales
corrupting
together
,
with
the
Sulphers
decaying
by
age
in
quicknesse
to
take
fire
.
And
so
both
through
moysture
and
also
by
Age
powder
will
decay
.
Next
it
must
be
considered
whether
it
be
moyst
or
dry
,
or
wholly
,
or
but
in
part
decayed
,
and
so
accordingly
to
vse
reason
,
with
diligence
to
renue
the
same
.
Seuerall
wayes
to
know
if
Powder
be
decayed
or
no
,
whether
by
moysture
or
age
,
and
are
decayed
in
part
.
IT
is
the
reall
practick
part
of
a
Gunner
,
to
know
his
powder
,
and
whether
it
be
decayed
or
not
,
by
mutation
or
corruption
.
And
there
are
especially
three
ready
wayes
to
finde
the
same
.
The
first
,
is
by
the
sight
;
the
second
,
by
the
feeling
:
and
the
third
and
surest
is
by
firing
it
.
By
sight
if
it
be
not
blacke
and
darke
,
but
bright
,
and
enclining
to
a
tawny
blewish
colour
.
By
feeling
grasping
it
in
the
fist
,
if
it
runne
through
the
fingers
quickly
,
and
auoydeth
the
handling
,
and
cling
not
together
.
By
fire
,
if
fired
it
rise
quick
,
and
spread
in
a
moment
,
smoake
little
,
but
riseth
in
a
cleare
flash
,
vnto
which
adde
further
,
if
it
leaue
no
feces
but
carrie
all
away
,
the
powder
is
good
,
or
else
the
contrary
is
to
be
iudged
.
To
reuiue
or
renew
powder
,
which
is
in
part
thereof
.
OFten
times
in
Forts
,
but
vsually
at
Sea
,
powder
cannot
be
kept
so
farre
from
humid
vapours
,
but
that
it
decayeth
the
same
,
and
maketh
it
of
little
,
and
sometimes
of
no
vse
without
renewing
it
.
And
sometimes
it
may
decay
by
age
as
we
haue
said
.
Let
therefore
the
Gunner
first
proue
the
powder
by
fire
,
and
if
it
make
a
flame
with
a
long
tayle
,
that
is
,
if
it
sleepe
in
its
burning
more
or
lesse
,
then
for
euery
100
l.
aside
4
l.
or
6
l.
as
need
requires
of
refined
Salpetre
thereunto
,
mixing
them
well
together
,
and
put
them
to
be
beat
and
wrought
by
the
space
of
3
houres
together
,
and
then
moysting
,
corning
,
and
drying
the
same
as
aforesaid
,
prouing
it
in
meale
dryed
,
how
it
will
rise
by
firing
:
and
so
doing
,
the
powder
may
be
made
seruiceable
,
if
the
coale
be
not
corrupted
.
Another
proofe
of
powder
to
be
renewed
,
decayed
in
part
.
TAke
a
pynt
,
or
quart
,
or
any
other
measure
of
good
powder
prooned
and
dryed
well
:
Then
take
of
decayed
powder
well
dryed
the
like
measure
,
and
waigh
them
both
,
and
looke
how
much
the
equall
measure
of
good
powder
waighed
more
then
the
decayed
powder
,
adde
so
much
Salpetre
refined
,
as
the
difference
of
their
waights
was
vnto
euery
time
,
so
much
of
the
decayed
powder
,
and
moysten
,
beate
corne
,
and
dry
it
aforesaid
,
and
it
may
being
proued
,
be
found
seruiceable
and
good
powder
:
for
the
Salpetre
onely
wasteth
by
dissolution
,
which
neither
the
coale
nor
brimston
doth
,
wherefore
by
the
rule
of
3
,
you
may
finde
how
much
Petre
any
assigned
quantity
of
decayed
powder
,
will
require
to
renew
the
same
.
To
renew
powder
totally
decayed
.
BVt
if
the
powder
bee
wholly
decayed
,
lay
a
Raysin
frayle
or
Matt
in
a
bottome
topped
,
bucking
Tubb
vpon
Fagots
or
Lath
,
set
on
edge
,
to
keepe
the
Matt
from
the
bottome
,
and
put
in
straw
,
layed
crosse-wise
,
vpon
which
powre
the
decayed
powder
,
then
warme
water
and
put
thereon
,
and
let
it
stand
and
soke
10
or
12
houres
,
that
all
the
Salpetre
may
be
assuredly
dissolued
,
then
let
out
the
liquor
at
the
bottome
top
,
which
filter
and
congeale
into
Petre
,
and
adde
thereto
a
due
proportion
of
coales
and
Sulpher
,
and
make
it
into
powder
as
is
formerly
taught
:
For
the
coales
and
Sulpher
dissoluing
,
will
remaine
behinde
in
the
Straw
,
Frayle
,
or
Matt:
Or
else
if
you
put
the
decayed
powder
in
a
bagge
,
and
boyle
,
or
soke
it
in
warme
water
,
the
Petre
will
soke
out
,
but
some
will
bee
soked
into
the
cloath
of
the
bagge
,
and
with
more
labour
must
be
soked
out
.
Another
manner
to
renew
powder
without
new
making
it
.
TAke
3
l.
of
the
decayed
powder
,
and
diuide
it
into
3
equall
parts
,
which
spread
thinne
vpon
3
Tables
or
smooth
boords
.
Then
dissolue
one
ounce
of
refined
Salpetre
in
a
little
warme
water
by
it selfe
,
and
with
a
hayre
ouer-sprinkle
it
vpon
one
of
the
third
parts
.
Likewise
dissolue
2
z
,
and
sprinkle
it
vpon
one
other
of
the
third
parts
.
And
lastly
,
so
dissolue
3
ounces
of
Salpetre
,
and
sprinkle
vpon
the
third
part
of
the
3
l.
of
decayed
powder
.
Then
dry
the
said
3
parts
or
pounds
of
powder
seuerally
,
and
proue
by
fire
whether
ther
that
which
had
1
z
,
or
that
which
had
3
z.
of
Salpetre
sprinkled
vpon
it
is
best
,
you
may
thereby
know
how
much
Salpetre
will
renew
all
the
whole
quantity
of
decayed
powder
in
the
same
manner
,
without
new
making
the
same
.
To
make
powder
that
shall
not
decay
with
time
.
TAke
what
quantity
of
powder
you
will
,
and
mixe
it
well
with
Aqua-vitae
,
and
make
it
vp
in
Balles
,
and
dry
them
well
in
the
Sunne
,
or
in
a
warme
place
,
and
keepe
them
in
an
earthen
pot
well
glazed
,
vntill
you
haue
cause
to
vse
them
.
Cateneo
saith
,
this
powder
will
neither
decay
,
nor
waste
by
age
.
CHAP.
LXXIII
.
Of
the
making
of
ordinary
and
extraordinary
Matches
,
to
giue
fire
with
vnto
Ordnance
,
or
Artificiall
Fire-workes
,
and
such
like
.
TAke
Ropes
made
of
Towe
,
about
the
bignesse
of
a
Mans
little
finger
,
being
twisted
loosely
,
and
Taw
and
beate
them
with
a
Mallet
vpon
a
stone
,
till
they
be
soft
and
opening
:
Then
put
them
into
a
Caldron
full
of
strong
Lee
,
made
with
ashes
and
quick
Lyme
,
wherein
also
a
quantity
of
Salpetre
or
Mothers
being
put
,
and
when
they
haue
boyled
well
⅔
of
the
liquour
of
the
Lee
consumed
.
Then
draw
out
the
Match
,
and
twist
it
harder
while
it
is
moyst
,
and
afterward
dry
it
vpon
Lynes
,
but
first
draw
them
through
a
hole
,
as
Wyre-drawers
doe
their
Wyre
to
make
it
euen
.
To
make
extraordinary
Match
of
Cotton
,
Yarne
made
Bobbinwise
,
of
a
finger
thicknesse
.
TAke
as
many
threds
of
grosse
Cotton
yarne
,
that
hath
not
taken
Salt-water
by
transportation
or
other
ill
Accident
,
and
worke
them
Bobbinwise
of
a
competent
bignesse
,
and
boyle
them
in
Salpetre-water
,
and
squeese
them
,
and
rowle
them
on
a
Table
,
whereon
Mealed-Petre
,
and
Sulpher
is
spread
,
then
draw
them
through
the
palme
of
your
hand
,
and
then
dry
them
well
.
To
make
Match
that
will
resist
fire
and
water
.
TAke
Salpetre
refined
one
part
Sulpher
part
,
and
put
them
into
a
Pot
with
½
part
of
Camphere
mealed
with
the
Sulpher
,
and
one
part
of
fine
mealed
quick
Lyme
,
with
so
much
Lynseed
oyle
,
oyle
of
Petre
,
a
little
Vernish
liquid
,
to
temper
them
well
together
.
Then
take
of
Cotton
bobbin
Match
as
bigge
as
your
little
finger
,
and
put
it
into
the
mixture
to
soke
ouer
a
sire
,
vntill
it
be
well
imbybed
,
and
haue
soked
vp
the
liquor
.
Then
take
the
Feces
or
remainder
,
and
put
them
in
the
palme
of
your
left
hand
,
and
with
your
right
draw
the
Match
through
it
twice
or
thrice
,
clasping
close
your
fist
,
that
the
Match
may
receiue
the
substance
of
it
thereinto
.
Then
dry
it
vpon
a
line
,
and
keepe
it
for
speciall
vses
,
for
Vaults
,
Mynes
,
and
moyst
weather
.
To
make
a
very
violent
Match
.
TAke
two
ounces
of
Powder
,
4
z.
of
Petre
,
two
ounces
of
Aqua
vitae
,
dissolue
them
ouer
fire
,
and
put
in
your
Cotton
Match
,
to
soke
it
vp
:
if
you
imbibe
the
Ficelles
for
your
Rockets
therein
,
it
will
bee
very
proper
,
you
may
rowle
and
rub
them
in
Meale
Powder
vpon
a
Table
,
dry
them
and
keepe
them
in
a
dry
place
,
which
let
suffice
at
this
time
.
decorative endpiece