A
BRIEFE
INTRODVCTION
TO
GEOGRAPHIE
.
CHAP.
1.
A
generall
description
and
division
of
Geography
.
TOpographie
is
a
particular
description
of
some
small
quantity
of
Land
,
such
as
Land
measurers
sett
out
in
their
plots
.
Chorographie
is
a
particular
description
of
some
Country
,
as
of
England
,
France
,
or
any
shire
or
prouince
in
them
:
as
in
the
Vsuall
and
ordinary
mappe
.
Geography
is
an
art
of
science
teaching
vs
the
generall
description
of
the
whole
earth
,
of
this
especially
wee
are
now
to
speake
of
,
and
also
Chorography
as
a
part
vnder
it
conteyned
:
both
,
excellent
parts
of
knowledge
in
them selues
,
and
affoording
much
profit
and
helpe
in
the
vnderstanding
of
history
&
other
things
.
The
parts
of
Geography
are
two
.
-
Generall
,
which
treateth
of
the
nature
,
qualities
,
measure
,
with
other
generall
properties
of
the
earth
.
-
Speciall
,
wherein
the
seuerall
countrys
and
coasts
of
the
earth
are
deuided
and
described
.
Of
the
generall
in
the
first
place
,
and
more
at
large
then
of
the
other
,
because
it
is
more
difficult
,
and
hard
to
bee
vnderstood
,
and
yet
of
necessary
vse
,
for
the
vnderstanding
of
the
other
.
This
generall
tract
may
bee
parted
into
fiue
particular
heads
.
-
1
of
the
properties
and
affections
of
the
earth
.
-
2
of
the
parts
of
it
in
generall
.
-
3
of
the
Circles
of
it
.
-
4
of
the
distinction
and
diuision
of
it
accordinge
to
some
generall
conditions
and
qualities
of
it
.
-
5
of
the
measuringe
of
it
.
These
in
theire
order
.
CAP.
2.
Of
certaine
generall
properties
of
the
earth
.
IN
Geography
when
wee
name
the
earth
wee
meane
not
the
earth
taken
seuerally
by
it selfe
,
without
the
seas
and
waters
.
But
vnder
one
name
both
are
comprised
,
as
they
are
now
mingled
one
with
another
and
doe
both
together
make
vp
one
entire
and
round
body
.
Neither
doe
wee
diue
into
the
bowels
of
the
earth
,
and
ente●
into
consideration
of
the
naturall
qualities
,
which
are
in
the
substance
of
Earth
and
water
,
as
coldnes
,
drinesse
moisture
,
heauines
,
and
the
like
,
but
wee
looke
only
vpon
the
out
side
,
contemplating
the
greatnesse
,
scituation
,
distances
,
measuringe
,
and
other
such
affections
which
appeare
in
the
superficies
of
it
,
to
the
eyes
of
our
bodies
and
mindes
:
These
then
of
the
earth
and
water
together
,
rules
are
to
bee
knowne
,
1
The
earth
and
the
water
doe
make
one
globe
,
i.
e
,
one
round
or
sphericall
body
.
The
naturall
place
of
the
water
is
to
bee
aboue
the
earth
,
and
soe
it
was
in
the
first
creation
of
it
,
compassing
,
the
earth
round
aboute
as
appeares
Genes.
1.
9.
But
for
the
vse
of
〈◊〉
and
all
other
liuing
creatures
,
God
made
a
separation
of
them
caussing
the
waters
to
sinke
downe
into
huge
hollow
channells
,
prepared
to
receaue
it
,
that
so
the
drie
land
might
appeare
aboue
it
.
Notwithstanding
which
separation
,
they
doe
both
still
remaine
together
,
not
couering
one
another
as
〈◊〉
first
,
but
intermingled
one
with
another
,
and
that
soe
exactly
as
they
now
make
but
one
round
body
,
whereas
at
first
they
made
two
.
Here
therfore
are
two
poynts
to
be
proued
,
1.
That
they
are
one
globe
.
2.
that
this
one
is
round
.
1
They
are
one
globe
hauing
the
same
Center
or
middle
pointe
,
and
the
same
surface
or
conuexe
superficies
.
which
will
appeare
by
these
reasons
.
1
Common
experience
.
Take
a
lumpe
of
earth
and
any
quantity
of
water
,
and
let
them
both
fall
downe
together
vpon
the
earth
from
some
high
place
,
wee
see
that
in
the
descent
they
doe
not
seuer
,
but
keepe
still
together
in
on
streight
line
,
which
could
not
bee
,
if
the
earth
and
water
were
two
seuerall
round
bodies
hauing
seuerall
centers
.
As
for
example
suppose
them
to
bee
two
globes
and
let
(
a
)
bee
the
Center
of
the
earth
and
(
b
)
the
center
of
the
water●
from
(
c
)
some
high
place
aboue
the
earth
hurle
downe
earth
and
water
,
I
say
the
earth
will
part
from
the
water
in
going
downe
and
the
earth
will
fall
downe
vpon
(
d
)
&
the
water
vpon
(
e
)
but
this
is
contrary
to
experience
&
ergo
the
supposition
is
false
.
2
The
shadow
which
in
Eclipses
is
cast
vpon
the
Moone
by
the
earth
and
the
water
,
is
but
one
and
not
two
,
&
therefore
the
body
is
so
likewise
.
This
will
appeare
in
the
proofe
of
the
next
point
,
v.
2.
2
That
both
earth
and
water
are
one
round
body
,
〈◊〉
square
,
long
,
hollow
,
or
of
any
other
figure
.
This
is
proued
by
diuerse
reasons
.
1
By
Eclipses
;
when
the
earth
,
stands
iust
betweene
the
Sunne
and
the
Moone
,
then
doth
the
shadow
of
the
earth
falling
vpon
the
Moone
darken
it
wholy
or
in
part
.
Now
as
is
the
fashion
of
the
shadow
,
such
is
the
figure
of
the
body
,
whence
it
falls
,
but
the
shadow
of
the
earth
and
water
cast
vpon
the
Moone
is
round
,
and
also
one
,
therefore
they
are
round
and
also
one
body
.
2
By
the
orderly
and
successiue
appearing
of
the
starres
,
as
men
trauile
from
North
to
South
,
or
from
South
to
North
;
by
sea
or
land
.
For
as
they
goe
by
degrees
,
they
discouer
ne●
starres
,
which
they
saw
not
before
,
and
loose
the
sight
of
them
they
did
,
which
could
not
bee
if
the
earth
were
not
round
,
As
for
example
,
let
(
X.
O.
R.
)
the
inward
Circle
bee
the
earth
,
(
Q.
S.
P.
)
the
outward
,
the
Heauen
:
they
cannot
see
the
starre
(
S
)
which
dwell
vpon
the
earth
in
(
X
)
but
if
they
goe
Northward
vnto
(
O
)
they
may
see
it
.
If
they
goe
farther
to
(
R
)
they
may
see
the
starre
(
P
)
but
then
they
loose
the
sight
of
the
starre
(
Q
)
which
being
at
(
X
)
and
(
O
)
they
might
haue
seene
.
Because
,
as
it
appeares
in
the
figure
,
the
earth
riseth
vp
round
betweene
(
R
)
and
(
X
)
.
3
By
the
orderly
and
successiue
rising
of
the
Sunne
and
starres
,
and
settinge
of
the
same
.
Which
appeare
not
at
the
same
time
to
all
countryes
,
but
vnto
one
after
another
.
As
for
example
,
let
(
F.
C.
B.
)
be
the
Circle
of
the
earth
,
(
D.
E.
A.
)
the
Circle
of
the
heauen
from
East
to
west
,
let
(
A
)
bee
the
Sunne
or
a
starre
.
When
the
Sunne
(
A
)
is
vp
,
and
shines
vpon
them
that
dwell
in
(
B
)
hee
is
not
risen
to
them
that
dwell
in
(
C
)
againe
when
hee
is
risen
higher
and
is
come
to
(
E
)
and
so
shines
vpon
those
that
dwell
in
(
C
)
hee
is
not
yet
vp
to
them
that
dwell
in
(
F
)
.
Againe
when
hee
setts
in
the
West
.
in
(
D
)
and
so
is
out
of
sight
to
the
inhabitants
in
(
B
)
hee
is
yet
vp
to
them
that
dwell
in
(
C
)
and
(
F
)
.
Which
shews
plainely
the
earth
is
round
.
4
By
the
different
obseruations
of
Eclipses
.
One
and
the
same
Eclipse
appearing
sooner
to
the
Easterly
Nations
then
those
that
lye
farther
west
.
which
is
caused
by
the
bulke
of
the
earth
swelling
vp
betweene
.
As
for
example
.
Let
(
X.
O.
)
bee
the
Circle
of
the
earth
,
and
the
greater
the
Circle
of
the
heauen
from
East
to
West
.
Let
(
P.
Q.
)
bee
the
body
of
the
Sunne
,
(
W.
S.
)
of
the
Moone
in
the
eclipse
by
reason
of
the
earth
betweene
it
and
the
Sunne
.
It
is
manifest
that
the
inhabitants
in
(
O
)
shall
see
the
eclipse
before
the
inhabitants
in
(
X
)
by
certaine
houres
,
according
as
the
distance
betweene
(
X
)
and
(
O
)
is
more
or
lesse
.
They
that
dwell
in
(
O
)
shall
see
it
in
(
S
)
they
that
dwell
in
(
X
)
see
it
not
till
it
come
to
(
W
)
a
great
deale
higher
.
5
That
the
water
is
round
besides
the
naturall
weight
and
moisture
of
it
,
which
being
apt
to
yeeld
and
runne
abroad
,
will
not
suffer
some
places
to
ly
high
,
and
some
low
,
like
hills
,
&
dales
,
but
though
it
be
made
rough
and
vneuen
by
tempest
,
doth
presently
returne
to
their
naturall
smoothnesse
and
euennesse
:
I
say
besides
this
:
it
is
cleare
by
common
experience
;
for
if
wee
stand
on
the
land
,
and
see
a
ship
goe
forth
to
sea
,
by
degrees
wee
loose
the
sight
of
it
,
first
of
the
bulke
then
of
the
must
,
and
all
.
So
also
one
the
other
side
they
that
are
at
sea
by
degrees
do●
loose
or
gaine
the
sight
of
the
Land
:
As
for
example
.
Let
(
A
)
bee
some
steeple
vpon
the
land
(
B
)
a
shipp
at
sea
:
He
that
stands
at
(
A
)
shall
by
little
and
little
loose
the
sight
of
the
ship
,
as
shee
goes
out
,
&
gett
sight
of
her
as
shee
comes
in
.
Both
first
and
last
hee
shall
haue
the
sight
of
the
top
mast
(
B
)
when
hee
sees
nothing
else
.
Because
the
sea
riseth
vp
betweene
his
sight
and
the
ship
.
These
reasons
and
experiments
may
suffice
to
proue
the
roundnesse
of
the
earth
and
water
;
which
might
bee
farther
demonstrated
by
shewing
the
falshood
of
all
other
figures
regular
or
irregular
that
can
be
giuen
vnto
it
:
that
it
is
neither
square
,
nor
three-cornerd
,
nor
Piramidall
,
nor
conicall
on
Taperwise
,
nor
Cylindricall
like
a
barley
rowle
,
nor
hollow
like
a
dish
,
nor
of
any
other
fashion
,
as
some
haue
imagined
it
to
bee
of
.
Wee
come
to
this
second
rule
.
2
The
tops
of
the
highest
hills
,
and
bottoms
of
the
lowest
vallies
although
in
seuerall
places
they
make
the
earth
vneven
,
yet
being
compared
to
the
vast
greatnesse
of
the
whole
,
doe
not
at
all
hinder
the
roundnesse
of
it
.
Among
all
Geometricall
figures
the
sphaetiall
or
the
round
is
the
most
perfect
,
and
amongst
all
naturall
bodies
the
heauen
is
the
most
excellent
.
It
was
therefore
good
reason
the
most
beautifull
body
should
haue
the
most
perfect
and
exquisite
shape
.
Exact
roundnesse
then
is
not
found
in
any
body
,
but
the
Heauens
;
the
earth
is
round
as
was
showed
before
,
but
not
precisely
,
with
out
all
roughnes
and
inaequality
of
its
surface
.
There
are
hills
like
warts
and
vallies
like
wrinkels
in
a
mans
body
;
and
that
both
for
ornament
and
vse
.
Yet
is
there
such
vnformity
in
this
varietie
,
as
that
there
is
no
notable
and
sensible
inaequa●ity
made
in
the
earth
by
Hills
and
vallies
.
No
more
then
if
you
should
lay
a
sly
vpon
a
smooth
Cartwheele
,
or
a
pinnes
head
vpon
a
greate
globe
.
Now
that
this
is
soe
appeares
by
Sense
and
Reason
.
By
Sense
thus
,
If
wee
stand
on
a
hill
or
in
a
plaine
,
when
wee
may
discrie
the
country
round
about
15.
or
20.
miles
:
wee
may
behold
the
b●im
or
edge
of
the
earth
round
about
vs
to
bee
in
a
manner
euen
and
streight
,
euen
there
,
where
the
country
is
very
hilly
,
and
full
of
mountaines
.
So
th●t
a
farre
of
their
height
makes
but
a
little
alteration
and
difference
from
the
plaine
Countreys
,
when
wee
behold
all
togeather
a
farre
of
:
though
when
wee
come
neere
,
the
alteration
seemes
more
sensible
.
By
reason
thus
,
the
thicknesse
of
halfe
the
earth
is
(
as
shall
be
shewed
about
4000
miles
,
now
the
plumb
height
of
the
highest
mountaines
,
is
not
accounted
aboue
a
mile
and
a
halfe
,
or
two
miles
at
the
most
.
Now
betweene
two
miles
and
foure
thousand
,
there
is
no
sensible
proportion
,
and
a
line
that
is
foure
thousand
and
two
miles
long
,
will
not
seeme
sensibly
longer
then
that
which
is
foure
thousand
;
as
for
example
.
Let
(
O
)
be
the
center
of
the
earth
,
(
XW
)
a
part
of
the
circle
of
the
earth
which
runneth
by
the
bottomes
of
the
hils
and
superficies
of
champion
and
even
plaines
(
WO
)
or
(
XO
)
is
the
semidiam●ter
or
halfe
the
depth
of
the
earth
.
(
S
)
is
a
hill
rising
vp
aboue
that
plaine
of
the
earth
,
(
WS
)
is
the
plumb
height
of
the
hill
.
I
say
that
(
WS
)
doth
not
sensibly
alter
the
length
of
the
line
(
OW
)
;
for
(
WS
)
is
but
two
miles
.
(
WO
)
4000
miles
,
and
two
to
4000
alters
not
much
more
,
then
the
breadth
of
a
pinne
to
the
length
of
a
pearch
.
So
a
line
drawne
from
(
O
)
the
center
to
(
S
)
the
top
of
the
hill
,
is
in
a
manner
all
one
with
a
line
drawen
to
(
W
)
the
bottome
of
the
hill
.
The
third
rule
.
3
The
earth
resteth
immovable
in
the
very
midst
of
the
whole
earth
.
Two
points
are
here
to
be
demonstrated
.
First
that
the
earth
standeth
exactly
in
the
midst
of
the
World
.
Secondly
that
it
is
immoveable
.
The
former
is
proved
by
these
reasons
.
1
The
naturall
heavinesse
of
the
earth
and
water
is
such
,
as
they
will
never
cease
mooving
downewards
till
they
come
to
the
lowest
place
;
Now
the
center
or
middle
point
of
the
world
is
the
lowest
place
,
and
ergo
they
must
needs
moue
thither
,
as
for
example
.
Let
(
O
)
be
the
center
of
the
world
,
(
C
D
E
)
the
heauens
:
it
is
manifest
that
the
lowest
place
from
the
heauens
on
all
sides
is
(
O
)
.
S●uppose
the
earth
to
be
in
(
A
)
or
in
(
B
)
some
where
out
of
the
center
.
I
say
it
is
not
possible
(
vnlesse
it
be
violently
held
vp
)
that
it
should
abide
there
,
but
it
will
descend
till
it
come
to
(
O
)
the
middle
point
.
2
If
the
earth
stood
any
where
but
in
the
midest
we
should
not
see
halfe
the
heauens
aboue
vs
,
as
now
we
alway
doe
,
neither
could
there
be
any
Aequinox
,
neither
would
the
daies
and
nights
lengthen
and
shorten
in
that
due
order
and
proportion
in
all
places
of
the
World
as
now
they
doe
;
againe
Eclipses
would
never
fall
out
but
in
one
part
of
the
heavens
,
yea
the
Sunne
and
Moone
might
be
directly
opposite
one
to
another
and
yet
no
Eclipse
follow
,
all
which
are
absurd
.
As
for
example
,
let
the
center
of
the
World
be
(
O
)
let
the
earth
stand
in
(
A
)
,
a
good
way
distant
from
the
center
,
it
is
manifest
that
the
greater
halfe
of
the
Heauens
(
C
I
B
)
will
alwaies
be
aboue
,
and
the
lesse
halfe
(
C
D
B
)
below
,
which
is
contrary
to
experience
.
Thence
also
it
followes
that
the
daies
and
nights
will
never
be
equall
,
for
the
Sunne
(
B
)
will
be
alwaies
longer
aboue
the
earth
whil'st
he
moues
from
(
B
)
to
(
C
)
then
below
,
mouing
from
(
C
)
to
(
B
)
.
Againe
the
Sunne
(
B
)
may
stand
iust
opposite
to
the
Moone
(
X
)
and
yet
noe
Eclipse
follow
,
the
earth
which
makes
the
Eclipse
,
standing
out
of
the
midst
.
3
The
shadowes
of
all
bodies
on
the
earth
would
not
fall
in
that
orderly
vniformity
as
they
now
doe
:
for
if
the
earth
stood
towards
the
East
,
the
shadowes
would
be
shortest
before
noone
,
if
toward
the
west
afternoone
,
if
towards
the
North
,
the
shadowes
would
still
fall
Northward
,
if
towards
the
South
,
Southwards
,
all
which
experience
shewes
to
be
false
.
As
for
example
,
let
the
earth
stand
Eastwards
in
(
A
)
the
shadow
of
any
body
vpon
the
earth
,
as
of
the
body
vnder
(
E
)
will
be
shorter
in
the
morning
when
the
sunne
is
in
(
C
)
,
then
at
noone
when
the
sunne
is
in
(
X
)
.
If
the
earth
stand
Southward
in
(
W
)
the
shaddow
of
any
body
will
alwaies
fall
south
,
as
it
doth
in
the
figure
(
Y
)
and
(
Z.
)
The
second
thing
to
be
proued
was
that
the
earth
is
immoueable
.
where
wee
must
vnderstand
a
double
motion
,
Streight
,
or
Circular
.
For
the
first
it
is
cleare
that
with
out
supernaturall
violence
it
cannot
bee
moued
in
any
streight
motion
,
that
is
,
vpward
downewarde
,
or
toward
any
side
;
it
cannot
bee
shoued
out
of
his
place
.
For
the
Second
,
whether
abiding
still
in
his
place
it
may
not
moue
rounde
,
the
question
is
disputed
,
and
maintained
one
both
sides
.
Some
affirme
it
may
,
and
doth
:
who
thinke
there
is
greater
probabilitie
the
earth
should
mooue
round
once
a
day
,
then
that
the
Heauens
should
:
by
reason
of
the
incredible
swiftnesse
of
the
heauens
motion
,
scares
conpetible
to
any
naturall
body
;
and
the
more
likely
Slownesse
of
the
earths
mouing
.
Others
deny
it
grounding
theire
opinion
vpon
Scripture
,
which
affirmes
the
earth
to
stand
fast
,
so
as
it
cannot
bee
moued
;
and
vpon
Sence
,
because
wee
perceaue
it
not
to
moue
,
and
lastly
vpon
reasons
drawne
from
things
hurled
vp
,
and
let
fall
vpon
the
earth
.
The
arguments
on
both
sides
wil
bee
more
easie
to
bee
vnderstood
by
the
figure
that
followes
.
In
this
figure
it
is
manifest
,
that
the
earth
in
the
midest
,
cannot
●oue
by
any
streight
motion
,
vpward
towarde
(
N
)
or
sideward
toward
(
M
)
or
any
other
way
out
of
its
proper
place
,
and
therefore
that
opinion
of
Copernicus
and
others
,
that
the
earth
should
moue
round
once
ayeere
in
such
a
Circle
as
(
M
P
R
)
is
most
improbable
&
vnreasonable
.
And
reiected
by
the
most
.
But
although
it
cannot
moue
streight
,
it
may
moue
round
.
For
though
it
be
a
m●rueilous
great
body
of
vnconceaueable
weight
,
yet
being
equally
poised
on
euery
side
,
there
is
nothing
can
hinder
its
Circular
motion
:
As
in
a
Globe
of
Lead
,
or
any
other
heauy
substance
,
though
it
were
40.
Fadome
in
compasse
,
yet
being
set
vpon
his
two
Poles
,
it
would
easily
bee
turned
round
eu●n
with
a
touch
of
ones
little
finger
.
And
therefore
it
is
concluded
that
this
circular
motion
is
not
impossible
.
The
probabilitie
of
it
is
thus
made
plaine
.
The
whole
circuit
of
the
Heauens
,
wherein
are
the
fixed
Starrs
is
reckoned
by
Astronomers
to
bee
1017562500.
that
is
a
Thousand
and
seauenteene
Millions
of
〈…〉
les
,
fiue
hundred
sixty
two
thousand
,
and
fiue
hundred
miles
.
Let
this
bee
the
compasse
of
the
Circle
(
N
M
O
Z.
)
So
many
miles
doth
the
Heau●ns
moue
in
one
day
,
till
the
same
point
come
to
the
place
from
whence
it
went
;
as
till
(
N
)
moue
round
,
and
come
to
(
N
)
againe
.
This
being
the
motion
of
the
whole
day
24
,
●ou●es
how
m●ny
miles
will
(
N
)
moue
in
one
houre
?
●t
will
moue
423
〈◊〉
4●7
and
a
halfe
.
i.
e.
Forty
two
Millions
three
hundred
ninty
eight
thousand
,
foure
hundred
thirty
seuen
miles
and
an
halfe
.
So
many
miles
will
(
N
)
moue
in
one
houre
,
from
(
N
)
to
(
M.
)
A
motion
so
swi●●
that
it
is
vtterly
〈…〉
dible
.
Farre
more
likely
it
is
,
the
circuit
of
the
earth
(
A
S
X
V
)
being
about
24000.
i.
e.
twenty
foure
thousand
〈…〉
les
〈◊〉
or
lesse
,
it
should
moue
round
once
aday
For
then
one
point
as
(
N
)
should
moue
in
one
houre
from
(
X
)
to
(
V
)
but
a
thousand
miles
,
which
motion
although
it
bee
swifter
then
any
arrow
or
bullet
from
a
Cannons
mouth
,
yet
is
it
incomparably
flower
then
that
of
the
Heauens
,
where
so
many
Millions
are
posted
ouer
in
an
houre
.
Now
for
the
saluing
of
all
the
caelestiall
Phaenomena
,
or
appearances
,
the
truth
is
the
same
,
if
wee
suppose
the
earth
to
moue
,
as
if
wee
beleeue
it
to
stand
still
.
The
riseing
of
the
Sunne
and
Starres
,
the
motions
of
all
the
Planets
,
will
keepe
Correspondence
that
now
.
Nor
neede
wee
feare
logging
,
or
that
steples
and
towers
would
totter
downe
,
for
the
motion
is
regular
,
and
steady
without
rubbes
,
and
knocks
.
As
if
you
turne
a
globe
about
,
it
will
goe
steadyly
,
and
a
fly
will
set
fast
vpon
it
,
though
you
moue
it
apace
.
Besides
the
whole
body
the
ayre
is
carryed
about
with
the
whi●linge
of
the
earth
,
so
that
the
earth
will
make
noe
winde
,
as
it
turnes
swiftly
about
;
as
a
wheele
will
,
if
it
bee
turned
apace
.
Notwithstanding
all
this
,
most
are
of
another
opinion
,
that
the
earth
standeth
still
without
all
motion
,
rest
rather
befittinge
so
heauy
and
dull
a
body
then
motion
.
The
maine
reason
brought
to
establish
it
is
this
.
Let
a
stone
bee
throwne
downe
out
of
the
ayre
from
(
W
:
)
if
the
earth
stand
still
,
it
is
manifest
it
will
fall
vpon
(
X
)
iust
vnder
it
;
as
wee
see
it
doth
by
common
experience
,
a
stone
will
fall
downe
from
any
height
vpon
the
place
wee
aymed
at
,
but
let
the
earth
moue
,
the
stone
will
not
light
vpon
(
X
,
)
but
some
where
else
as
one
(
S
:
)
for
(
X
)
will
bee
moued
away
,
and
gone
to
(
U.
)
So
againe
let
two
peices
of
ordinance
that
will
shoote
at
equall
distance
bee
discharged
one
iust
towards
the
East
,
the
other
towards
the
West
;
if
the
earth
moue
(
as
they
say
it
doth
)
towards
the
West
,
the
bullet
that
is
discharged
Eastward
will
fly
farther
then
that
Westward
.
For
by
the
contrary
motion
of
the
earth
hee
will
gaine
ground
.
But
experience
hath
proued
this
to
bee
false
,
shewing
that
the
bullets
,
will
both
fly
at
equall
distance
.
To
salue
thi●
answere
is
made
that
the
earth
by
its
swist
motion
carries
with
it
and
that
steadily
not
only
all
bodies
resting
or
moueing
vpon
it
,
but
also
the
whole
Sphaere
of
Aire
(
W
E
Q
)
with
all
things
whatsoeuer
that
are
moued
in
it
naturally
or
violently
,
as
clouds
,
birds
,
stones
hurled
vp
or
downe
,
arrowes
,
bullets
,
and
such
like
things
violently
shott
forth
:
as
may
appeare
in
the
figure
.
The
fourth
rule
.
4
The
earth
,
though
it
bee
of
exceeding
greate
quantity
being
considered
in
itselfe
,
yet
being
compared
to
the
Heauens
,
especially
the
higher
sphaeres
,
is
of
noe
notable
bignes
,
but
may
be
accounted
as
a
point
or
pricke
in
the
middest
of
the
world
.
That
the
earth
is
noe
bigger
then
a
point
or
pinns
head
in
comparison
of
the
highest
heauens
will
easily
appeare
vnto
vs
,
by
these
reasons
.
1
The
starres
which
are
many
times
bigger
then
the
earth
,
seeme
yet
to
vs
to
bee
noe
bigger
then
a
greate
pinns
head
,
or
such
like
quantity
;
therefore
much
lesse
shall
the
earth
appeare
to
bee
of
any
sensible
magnitude
.
2
Wee
alwaies
beholde
halfe
the
heauens
aboue
vs
,
which
could
not
bee
if
the
earth
had
any
sensible
proportion
to
the
heauen
.
3
All
obseruations
of
hights
and
distances
of
the
coelestiall
bodies
,
which
are
made
on
the
superficies
of
the
earth
,
are
as
exact
,
and
true
,
as
if
they
were
made
in
the
very
centre
of
the
earth
.
Which
were
impossible
,
vnlesse
the
thicknes
of
the
earth
were
insensible
in
regard
of
the
Heauens
.
4
All
Sunn
Dialls
which
stand
on
the
superficies
of
the
earth
,
doe
as
truely
cast
the
shadowes
of
the
houres
,
as
if
they
stood
in
the
Center
.
As
for
example
.
The
starre
(
S
)
appeares
like
a
point
or
pricke
to
them
that
dwell
in
(
A
)
wherefore
the
earth
(
O
X
)
will
appeare
much
lesse
to
the
sight
of
him
that
should
behold
it
from
(
S
)
,
nay
it
would
not
bee
seene
at
all
.
Againe
halfe
the
Heauens
(
B
F
E
)
are
alwayes
seene
to
them
that
dwell
in
(
A
)
wanting
some
two
minutes
,
betweene
(
E
D
)
and
(
B
C
)
which
difference
is
alltogether
insensible
.
Againe
if
wee
obserue
the
height
of
the
starre
(
S
)
aboue
the
Horizon
(
B
E
)
it
will
bee
all
one
namely
(
B
S
)
whether
wee
obserue
it
in
the
topp
of
the
earth
in
(
A
)
or
in
the
middle
in
(
O.
)
For
,
(
A
)
and
(
O
,
)
are
so
little
distant
one
from
another
,
that
(
A
S
,
)
and
(
O
S
)
will
bee
paralell
lines
,
and
bee
esteemed
but
〈◊〉
one
line
.
The
fourth
reason
concerning
Dialls
,
is
cleare
by
the
framing
and
constructio●
of
them
:
wherein
either
the
lower
end
of
the
Cocke
(
or
Gnomon
)
whereat
all
the
houre
lines
meet
,
or
the
vpperend
and
knobb
(
as
in
many
Dialls
)
is
supposed
to
bee
the
Center
of
the
earth
.
CAP.
3.
Of
the
parts
of
the
terrestriall
Globe
.
THe
properties
of
the
earthly
Globe
haue
beene
handled
in
the
former
chapter
wee
come
now
to
the
parts
,
which
are
two
in
generall
.
-
Earth
-
Water
Both
containe
vnder
them
more
particular
parts
to
be
knowne
.
The
more
notable
parts
of
the
Earth
are
these
.
-
1
A
Continent
or
maine
Land
,
or
as
some
call
it
firme
Land
,
which
is
not
parted
by
the
Sea
running
betweene
.
-
2
An
Iland
,
a
land
compassed
about
with
waters
.
-
3
A
Peninsula
,
a
land
almost
surrounded
by
waters
saue
at
one
place
,
where
it
ioynes
by
anarrow
necke
of
land
to
the
Continent
;
this
is
also
called
Chersonesus
.
-
4
An
Isthmus
,
a
streight
necke
of
land
which
ioynes
two
countreys
together
,
and
keepes
the
Sea
from
compassing
the
one
.
-
5
A
Promontorie
or
head
land
running
farre
out
into
the
Sea
like
a
wedge
.
-
All
easie
to
bee
knowne
without
any
definition
.
-
6
A
Mountaine
-
7
A
Valley
-
8
A
Champion
plain
-
9
A
Wood
The
more
notable
parts
of
the
Water
are
these
-
1
Mare
the
Sea
,
or
Ocean
,
which
is
the
gathering
together
of
all
waters
.
-
2.
Fretum
a
streight
or
narrow
sea
running
betweene
two
lands
.
-
3
S●nu●
a
Creeke
,
Gulfe
,
or
Bay
,
when
the
sea
runnes
vp
into
the
bosome
of
the
land
by
a
narrow
enterance
but
openeth
it
broader
when
it
is
within
;
if
it
bee
very
litell
it
is
called
a
Hauen
,
Portus
.
-
4
Lacus
a
Lake
,
a
little
sea
with
in
the
land
hauing
riuers
running
into
it
,
or
out
of
it
,
or
both
.
If
it
hath
neither
it
is
calldd
Staguum
a
standing
Poole
,
also
Palus
;
a
senne
.
-
5
Fluvius
a
Riuer
,
which
from
the
pleasantnesse
is
also
called
Amnis
;
from
the
smalnesse
of
it
Rivus
.
CAP.
4.
Of
the
circles
of
the
earth
.
IN
a
round
body
as
the
earth
is
,
there
can
be
no
distinction
of
parts
,
&
places
,
without
the
helpe
of
some
lines
drawen
or
imagined
to
be
drawen
vpon
it
.
Now
though
there
are
not
,
no●
can
be
any
circles
truly
drawen
vpon
the
earth
,
yet
because
there
is
a
good
ground
in
nature
and
reason
of
things
for
them
,
we
must
imagine
them
to
be
drawen
vpon
the
earth
,
as
truly
as
we
see
them
described
vpon
a
Globe
or
in
a
plaine
paper
.
Further
this
must
be
noted
,
that
all
circles
on
the
earth
haue
the
like
opposite
vnto
them
conc●aved
to
be
the
Heavenes
,
vnder
which
they
are
directly
scituated
.
Thus
knowen
,
the
circles
that
wee
are
to
take
the
speciall
notice
of
are
of
two
sorts
,
-
Greater
and
-
Lesser
.
The
greater
circles
are
those
which
devide
this
earthly
globe
into
equall
halfes
or
Haemispheres
.
The
lesser
are
those
which
devide
it
into
two
vnequall
parts
,
one
bigger
,
another
lesse
.
Of
the
former
sort
there
are
foure
,
the
-
1
Aequator
.
-
2
Meridian
.
-
3
Horizon
.
-
4
Zodiack
,
or
Eclipticke
.
1
The
Aequitor
or
Aequonoctiall
li●e
,
is
a
li●e
dra●●●
iust
in
the
midst
of
the
earth
,
from
East
to
West
,
which
compasseth
it
as
a
girdle
doth
a
mans
body
,
and
devideth
it
into
two
equall
parts
,
one
〈◊〉
the
North
side
,
the
other
on
the
South
The
two
points
in
the
earth
that
are
every
way
fa●hest
distant
from
it
North
,
&
South
are
called
the
Poles
of
the
earth
which
doe
directly
stand
vnder
the
two
like
points
in
the
Heaven
,
so
called
because
the
Heaven
turnes
about
vpon
them
,
as
the
Earth
doth
in
a
Globe
that
's
set
in
a
frame
.
This
circle
is
of
the
first
&
principall
note
and
vse
in
Geography
,
because
all
measurings
for
distances
of
places
and
quarters
of
the
Earth
are
reckoned
in
it
,
or
from
it
.
It
is
called
the
Aequinoctiall
,
because
when
the
Sunne
in
the
Heavens
co
〈…〉
es
to
be
directly
over
that
circle
in
the
earth
,
the
daies
&
nights
are
of
equall
length
in
all
parts
of
the
world
.
Marriners
call
it
by
a
kind
of
excellency
,
The
line
.
Vpon
the
Globe
it
is
easily
discerned
being
drawen
bigger
then
any
other
circles
from
East
to
West
,
and
with
small
divisions
.
2
The
Meridian
,
is
a
line
that
is
drawen
quite
crosse
the
Aequinoctiall
,
and
passeth
through
the
Poles
of
the
Earth
,
going
directly
North
and
South
.
It
is
called
the
Meridian
,
because
when
the
Sunne
stands
just
over
that
circle
it
is
Meridies
i.
d.
noone
day
.
It
may
be
conceaued
thus
,
at
noone
day
,
when
it
is
just
twelue
a
clocke
,
turne
your
face
towards
the
South
,
and
then
imagine
with
your selfe
two
circles
drawen
,
one
in
the
Heavens
,
passing
from
the
North
iust
over
your
head
through
the
body
of
the
Sunne
downe
to
the
South
,
and
so
round
vnder
the
earth
vp
againe
to
the
North
Pole
.
Another
vpon
the
surface
of
the
earth
passing
through
your
feete
just
vnder
the
Sunne
,
and
so
compassing
the
earth
round
till
it
meete
at
your
feete
againe
,
and
these
are
Meridians
answering
one
to
another
.
Now
the
Meridian
is
not
one
only
,
as
was
the
Aequinoctiall
,
but
many
still
varying
according
to
the
place
wherein
you
are
,
as
for
example
.
At
London
there
is
one
Meridian
,
at
Oxford
another
,
at
Bristow
another
,
&
so
along
Eastward
or
Westward
.
For
it
is
noone
at
London
sooner
then
at
Oxford
,
and
at
Oxford
sooner
then
at
Bristow
.
Vpon
the
globe
there
are
many
drawen
,
all
which
passe
through
the
poles
,
and
goe
North
and
South
,
but
there
is
one
more
remarkeable
then
the
rest
,
drawen
broad
with
small
divisions
,
which
runneth
through
the
Canary
Ilands
,
or
through
the
Ilands
of
Azores
Westward
of
Spaine
,
which
is
counted
the
first
Meridian
in
regard
of
reckoning
and
measuring
of
distances
of
places
O●●
from
another
;
for
otherwise
there
is
neither
first
nor
last
in
the
round
earth
.
But
some
place
must
bee
appointed
where
to
beginne
the
account
:
and
those
Ilands
haue
beene
thought
fittest
,
because
no
part
of
the
World
that
lay
westward
was
knowne
to
the
Ancients
further
then
that
:
and
as
they
began
to
reckon
there
,
we
follow
them
.
This
circle
is
called
in
greeke
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
3
The
Horizon
is
twofold
-
Sensible
or
appearing
.
-
Intelligible
or
true
.
The
Sensible
or
appearing
Horizon
is
the
space
of
the
earth
so
farre
as
in
an
ope●
plaine
,
or
vpon
some
Hill
a
man
may
see
round
about
him
.
The
brim
or
edge
of
the
earth
further
then
which
you
cannot
see
,
that
is
the
Horizon
,
or
as
some
call
it
the
Finitor
.
Because
finet
or
terminat
visum
,
it
setts
the
limits
or
bounds
to
your
sight
,
beyond
which
nothing
can
bee
seene
vpon
the
earth
.
This
is
greater
or
lesser
,
according
as
the
height
of
the
eye
aboue
the
plaine
superficies
of
the
earth
,
is
more
or
lesse
.
The
most
exact
triall
hereof
is
at
Sea
,
where
there
are
no
mountaines
nor
any
vnequall
risings
of
the
water
to
hinder
the
sight
,
as
there
are
at
land
.
For
example
let
(
B
A
F
)
be
the
superficies
of
the
Sea
and
let
a
mans
eye
bee
placed
in
(
X
)
aboue
the
Sea
;
as
the
eye
stands
higher
or
lower
so
will
the
distance
seene
be
more
or
lesse
,
as
if
the
hight
of
(
X
A
)
be
6
foot
which
is
ordinary
the
height
of
a
man
,
the
eye
looking
from
(
X
)
to
(
B
)
shall
see
2
miles
and
3
quarters
,
if
(
X
)
be
20
foote
high
(
B
A
)
will
bee
fiue
〈◊〉
Navigation
●
.
229.
miles
,
if
40
foote
7
miles
,
if
50
foote
8
miles
.
So
that
from
the
mast
of
a
ship
50
foote
high
,
a
man
may
see
round
about
at
sea
8
miles
every
way
,
toward
(
B
G
)
and
(
F
)
,
So
farre
may
the
water
it selfe
be
seene
,
but
any
high
thing
on
the
water
may
be
seene
farther
,
16
,
or
20
miles
according
as
the
height
is
as
the
ship
at
(
C
)
may
be
seene
from
(
X
)
as
far
more
as
it
is
from
(
A
)
to
(
B
)
.
There
can
be
therefore
no
certaine
quantity
and
space
set
downe
for
this
sensible
Horizon
,
which
continually
varies
according
to
the
height
of
the
eye
aboue
the
plaine
ground
or
sea
.
This
Horrizon
is
not
at
all
painted
on
the
globe
nor
can
be
.
The
intelligible
or
true
Horizon
is
a
line
which
girts
the
earth
round
in
the
midst
,
and
divides
it
into
two
equall
parts
or
Hemispheares
the
vppermost
vpon
the
the
top
&
middle
point
Whereof
wee
dwell
,
and
that
which
is
vnder
vs
.
Opposite
to
this
in
the
Heavens
is
another
Horizon
,
which
likewise
cuts
the
Heaven
into
two
Hemispheres
,
the
vpper
and
the
lower
.
Aboue
which
circle
when
any
starre
or
the
Sunne
is
moued
,
it
then
riseth
vnto
vs
,
and
setteth
vnto
those
that
dwell
opposite
vnto
vs
,
and
so
on
the
contrary
,
you
may
conceiue
it
best
thus
,
if
standing
vpon
a
hill
,
or
some
open
place
,
where
you
may
perfectly
see
the
setting
of
the
Sunne
,
you
marke
when
the
Sun
is
halfe
gone
out
of
your
sight
,
you
may
perceiue
the
body
of
the
S●nne
cut
in
two
,
as
it
were
by
a
line
,
going
along
through
it
,
the
halfe
aboue
is
yet
seene
,
that
vnderneath
is
gone
out
of
your
sight
.
This
line
is
but
a
p●ece
of
the
Horrizon
,
which
if
you
conceiue
to
be
drawen
vpward
about
the
World
from
the
West
to
the
North
,
and
so
by
East
and
South
,
to
West
againe
you
haue
the
whole
Horrizon
described
.
This
circle
is
not
drawen
vpon
the
body
of
the
globe
,
because
it
is
variable
;
but
stands
one
the
outside
of
it
,
beeing
a
broad
circle
of
wood
couered
with
paper
on
which
are
sett
the
moneths
and
days
of
the
yeare
both
in
the
old
and
new
Calender
,
and
also
the
12
signes
,
and
the
points
of
the
compasse
.
All
which
are
easily
discerned
by
the
beholdinge
.
The
vse
of
this
Horizon
is
not
so
much
in
Geographie
as
in
Astronomie
.
The
Zodiake
is
a
circle
which
compasseth
the
earth
like
a
●●lt
,
crossing
the
●quator
slopewise
,
no●
streight
as
the
Meridians
doe
.
Opposite
to
it
in
the
Heauens
is
another
circle
of
the
same
name
,
wherein
are
the
12.
signes
,
and
in
which
the
Sunne
keepes
his
owne
proper
course
all
the
yeare
long
,
neuer
d●●lining
from
●t
on
the
one
side
or
other
.
The
vse
hereof
in
Geography
is
but
litle
only
to
shew
what
people
they
are
ouer
whose
heads
the
Sunne
comes
to
bee
once
or
twice
a
yeare
;
who
are
all
those
that
dwell
with
in
23.
degrees
of
the
Aequator
;
for
so
much
is
the
declination
,
or
sloping
of
the
Zodiacke
.
This
circle
is
also
called
the
Eclipticke
line
,
because
when
the
Sunne
and
Moone
stand
both
in
this
circle
opposite
each
to
other
,
then
there
happens
an
Eclipse
of
the
Sunne
or
Mone
,
vpon
a
globe
it
is
easily
discerned
,
by
the
sloping
of
it
from
the
Aequator
,
and
the
diuisions
of
it
into
12.
parts
,
and
euery
of
those
12.
into
30.
degrees
.
These
are
the
greater
circles
:
the
lesser
follow
;
which
are
all
of
one
nature
,
and
are
called
by
one
generall
name
:
sc.
Parallels
,
because
they
are
so
drawen
on
each
side
of
the
Aequator
,
as
they
are
●quidistant
vnto
it
euery
way
.
Many
of
this
kinde
are
drawne
vpon
the
globe
(
as
is
easie
to
●e●
seene
)
and
may
bee
conceaued
to
bee
drawne
vpon
the
earth
:
but
there
are
only
two
sorts
cheifely
to
bee
marked
:
namely
the
-
Tropickes
and
the
-
Polar
circles
.
The
tropickes
are
two
,
parallel
circles
distant
on
each
side
of
the
Aequator
23.
degrees
shewing
the
farthest
bounds
of
the
Sunns
declination
North
or
South
from
the
Aequator
,
or
the
midest
of
heauen
.
And
therefore
they
are
called
tropickes
a
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●ertendo
,
because
when
the
Sunne
comes
ouer
these
lines
,
hee
either
turnes
away
from
vs
,
as
in
the
Summer
,
or
turnes
toward
vs
againe
as
in
the
winter
:
There
are
then
two
of
them
vid.
-
1
The
Tropicke
of
Cancer
which
lies
on
the
North
side
of
the
Aequator
,
to
which
when
the
Sunne
comes
,
it
makes
the
longest
day
in
Summer
.
-
2
The
Tropicke
of
Capricorne
,
lying
Southward
of
the
Aequator
,
to
which
when
the
Sunne
comes
,
it
makes
the
shortest
day
in
winter
.
The
Polar
circles
are
two
parallels
drawne
by
the
poles
of
the
Zodiacke
compassinge
about
the
poles
of
the
world
,
being
distant
from
them
euery
way
23
degrees
.
These
are
two
.
1
The
Articke
Circle
that
compasseth
about
the
North
Pole
:
it
is
so
called
because
that
in
the
Heauens
(
where
vnto
this
in
the
earth
lies
opposite
)
runs
through
the
constellation
of
the
great
Beare
,
which
in
greeke
is
called
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
2
The
Antarticke
circle
that
compasseth
about
the
South
Pole
,
&
is
placed
opposite
vnto
the
former
.
All
these
with
the
former
are
easily
known
vpon
the
Globe
by
these
descriptions
,
&
names
vsually
added
vnto
them
.
But
because
maps
are
of
an
esier
price
,
&
more
common
vse
then
Globes
,
it
will
be
needfull
to
shew
how
all
these
circles
,
which
are
drawne
most
naturally
vpon
a
round
Globe
,
may
also
as
truly
,
and
profitably
for
knowledge
and
vse
be
described
vpon
a
plaine
paper
.
Whereby
we
shall
vnderstand
the
reason
of
those
lines
which
we
see
in
the
vsuall
Mapps
of
the
world
,
both
how
they
are
drawne
,
and
wherefore
they
serue
.
Vnderstand
therefore
,
that
in
laying
downe
the
globe
vpon
a
plaine
paper
,
you
must
imagine
the
globe
to
be
cut
in
two
halfes
through
the
midst
,
and
so
to
be
pressed
downe
flat
to
the
paper
;
as
if
you
should
take
a
hollow
dish
,
and
with
your
hand
s●ui●ze
the
bottom
down
,
till
it
lie
●lat
vpon
a
bord
or
any
other
plaine
thing
for
then
will
those
circles
that
before
were
of
equall
distance
,
runne
closer
together
towards
the
●i●st
.
After
this
conceit
,
vniversall
Maps
are
made
of
two
fashions
,
according
as
the
globe
may
be
devided
two
waies
,
either
cutting
quite
through
by
the
meridian
from
North
to
South
,
as
if
you
should
cut
an
apple
by
the
eye
and
the
stalke
,
or
cutting
it
through
the
Aequinoctiall
,
East
and
West
,
as
one
would
divide
an
apple
through
the
midst
,
betweene
the
eye
&
the
stalke
.
The
former
makes
two
faces
,
or
hemispheares
,
the
East
and
the
West
hemispheare
.
●he
latter
makes
likewise
two
Hemisph●ares
,
the
North
and
the
South
Both
suppositions
are
good
,
and
besitting
the
nature
of
the
globe
:
for
is
touching
such
vniversall
maps
,
wherein
the
world
is
repre●●nted
not
in
two
round
faces
,
but
all
in
one
square
plot
,
the
ground
wherevpon
such
descriptions
are
founded
,
●s
l
〈…〉
naturall
and
agreeable
to
the
globe
for
it
supposeth
the
〈◊〉
to
be
like
a
Cylinder
(
or
role
of
bowling
allies
)
which
imagination
,
vnlesse
it
be
well
qualified
,
is
vtterly
false
,
and
makes
all
such
mappes
faulty
in
the
scituation
of
places
.
Wherefore
omitting
this
,
we
will
shew
the
description
of
Of
this
Hypothesis
se●
〈◊〉
errors
of
navigation
.
the
two
former
only
,
both
which
are
easie
to
be
done
.
CAP.
5.
Of
divers
Distinctions
,
and
Divisions
of
the
earth
.
NExt
after
the
Circles
of
the
Earth
,
wee
may
not
vnfitly
handle
the
seuerall
Divisions
and
distinctions
which
geographers
make
of
the
parts
,
and
inhabitants
of
the
earth
,
These
are
many
,
but
wee
will
briefely
runne
them
ouer
.
1
The
first
and
most
plaine
is
by
the
Coasts
of
the
Heauens
,
and
rising
,
and
Setting
of
the
Sunne
,
so
it
is
distinguished
into
the
-
East
where
the
Sunne
ariseth
.
Oreins
,
Ortus
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
-
West
where
the
Sunne
goeth
downe
.
occidens
.
-
North
:
betweene
both
fromwards
the
Sunne
at
Noone
.
Septentrio
.
-
South
:
betweene
both
towards
the
Sun
at
Noone
.
Meridies
.
These
foure
are
called
the
cheife
or
Cardinall
quarters
of
the
world
.
They
with
the
others
betweene
them
are
easily
knowne
but
are
of
more
vse
to
Mariners
then
to
vs
,
Wee
may
rather
take
notice
of
those
other
names
which
by
Astrono
mers
Geographers
Divines
and
Poets
are
giuen
vnto
them
.
Who
somtime
call
the
East
the
right
hand
part
of
the
world
,
sometime
the
West
,
sometime
the.
North
,
&
sometime
South
.
the
diuersity
is
noted
in
these
verses
,
Ad
Boream
terrae
.
Sed
Coeli
mensor
ad
Austrum
.
Praco
Dei
exortum
,
videt
,
occasumque
Poeta
.
That
is
Geographers
looke
to
the
North
,
Astronomers
to
the
South
.
Priests
turne
them
to
the
East
,
&
Poets
to
the
West
.
This
serues
for
vnderstanding
of
Authors
,
where
in
any
mention
is
made
of
the
right
or
left
part
of
the
World
,
if
for
example
●e
be
a
poet
,
he
means
the
South
by
the
right
hand
,
the
North
by
the
left
:
because
a
poet
turnes
his
face
to
the
West
,
and
so
reckons
the
quarters
of
Heauen
and
Earth
.
2
The
second
distinction
is
by
the
notable
differences
of
heat
and
cold
,
that
are
observed
on
the
earth
,
this
is
the
the
division
of
the
Earth
by
Zones
or
Cirdles
,
which
are
parts
of
the
Earth
,
wherin
heat
and
cold
doe
remarkably
increase
or
decrease
.
Those
Zones
are
5.
1
The
hot
or
burning
Zone
(
Zona
torrida
)
which
containes
all
that
space
of
earth
,
that
lieth
betweene
the
two
Torpicks
,
supposed
heretofore
(
but
falsly
as
after
experience
hath
shewed
)
to
be
inhabitable
by
reason
of
heat
,
the
Sunne
continually
lying
ouer
some
part
of
it
.
2.
3
The
temperate
Zones
wherein
neither
heat
nor
cold
is
extreame
but
moderate
:
these
are
two
,
one
on
the
North
side
of
the
Aequator
betweene
the
Articke
circle
,
and
the
Torpicke
of
Cancer
,
another
on
the
South
side
betweene
the
Torpicke
of
Capricorne
,
and
the
Antarcticke
circle
.
4.
5
The
cold
,
or
Frozen
Zones
,
wherein
cold
for
the
most
part
is
greater
then
the
heat
,
these
likewise
are
two
,
one
in
the
North
,
betweene
the
Arcticke
circle
,
and
the
North
Pole
,
another
on
the
South
betweene
the
Antarctick
circle
and
the
South
Pole
.
These
of
all
parts
of
the
earth
are
worst
inhabited
,
according
as
extremity
of
cold
is
alwaies
a
greater
enemy
to
mans
body
,
then
extremity
of
heat
.
3
The
third
distinction
is
by
the
shadowes
,
which
bodies
doe
cast
vpon
the
earth
,
iust
at
nooneday
;
for
these
doe
not
alwaies
fall
one
way
but
diuersly
according
to
their
divers
scituation
vpon
the
Earth
.
Now
in
respect
of
the
shadowes
of
mens
bodies
,
the
inhabitants
of
the
earth
are
divided
into
the
1
Amphiscij
(
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
whose
shadow
at
noone
day
fall
both
waies
,
sc.
to
the
North
when
the
Sunne
is
Southward
of
them
,
&
to
the
South
when
the
Sunne
is
Northward
,
and
such
are
those
people
that
doe
dwell
in
the
hot
Zone
.
For
the
Sunne
goes
ouer
their
heads
twice
a
yeare
,
once
Northward
another
time
Southward
,
when
the
Sunne
is
just
ouer
their
heads
they
are
called
Ascij
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
without
shadow
.
2
Heteroscij
(
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
whose
shadowes
doe
alwaies
fall
one
way
,
namely
alwaies
towards
the
North
,
as
those
that
dwell
in
the
Northerne
temperate
Zone
,
or
alwaies
to
the
South
,
as
those
that
dwell
in
the
Southerne
temperate
Zone
.
3
Periscij
(
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
whose
shadowes
goe
round
about
them
,
as
those
people
who
dwell
in
the
two
cold
Zones
,
for
as
the
Sunne
never
goes
downe
to
them
after
he
is
once
vp
,
but
alwaies
round
about
,
so
doe
their
shadowes
.
4
The
fourth
distinction
is
by
the
scituation
of
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Earth
,
compared
on
with
another
:
who
are
called
either
.
-
1
Perioeci
(
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
such
as
dwell
round
about
the
Earth
in
one
and
the
same
paralell
,
as
for
example
vnder
the
Tropicke
of
Cancer
.
-
2
Antoeci
(
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
such
as
dwell
opposite
to
the
former
in
another
Paralell
of
the
same
distance
from
the
Aequator
.
As
those
vnder
the
Tropicke
of
Capricorne
.
-
3
Antipodes
(
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
who
dwell
●ust
vnder
vs
theire
feete
opposite
to
ours
.
5
The
fifth
distinction
is
of
the
Length
and
Breadth
of
the
Earth
and
places
vpon
it
:
these
may
bee
considered
two
wayes
-
1
Absolutely
,
and
so
the
-
Longitude
or
Length
of
the
Earth
is
its
Circuit
,
and
Extension
from
East
to
west
,
-
Latitude
or
breadth
of
it
,
is
the
whole
Circuit
and
Compasse
of
it
from
North
to
South
:
-
2
Comparatiuely
comparinge
one
places
scituation
with
another
,
and
so
the
-
Longitud
of
a
place
,
is
the
distance
of
it
from
the
first
Meridian
going
through
the
Canary
Ilands
,
Eastward
.
Whereby
wee
know
how
farre
one
place
lies
East
or
West
from
another
.
-
Latitude
of
a
place
,
is
the
distance
of
it
from
the
Aequator
towards
the
North
or
South
.
Whereby
wee
know
how
farre
one
Place
lies
Northward
,
or
Southward
of
another
.
The
Longitude
must
be
reckoned
by
the
degrees
of
the
Aequator
,
the
Latitude
by
the
degrees
of
the
Meridian
.
For
example
,
in
these
two
Haemisphaeres
,
the
longitude
of
the
whole
earth
is
from
(
C
)
to
(
A
)
and
(
B
)
in
the
Aequator
.
The
latitud
is
from
(
N
)
to
(
S
)
,
and
from
(
Q
)
to
(
P
)
the
North
and
South
poles
,
and
this
reckoned
in
any
meridian
.
The
first
meridian
is
(
A
N
B
S
)
which
goes
by
the
Canary
Ilands
,
the
Aequinoctiall
is
(
A
B
C
A
)
.
Now
I
haue
a
Citty
giuen
sc.
(
D
)
I
would
know
in
what
longitude
and
latitude
it
is
.
For
the
longitude
I
consider
what
meridian
passeth
through
it
,
which
is
the
meridian
(
N
D
S
)
which
crosseth
the
Aequinoctiall
in
(
I
)
at
15
degrees
,
wherefore
I
say
that
(
D
)
stands
Eastward
from
the
first
Meridian
15
degrees
.
So
I
finde
that
the
Citty
(
ε
)
is
150
degrees
Eastward
,
(
G
)
195
,
and
(
F
)
345.
For
the
Latitude
I
consider
what
paralell
runnes
through
(
D
E
G
)
or
(
F
)
and
I
finde
the
30
to
passe
by
(
D
)
45
by
(
E
)
the
15
by
(
F
)
the
45
Southward
by
(
G
)
and
those
numbers
are
the
latitude
of
the
place
that
are
distant
from
the
Aequator
,
(
C
A
B
)
.
6
The
sixth
Distinction
is
by
the
Length
or
shortnesse
of
the
Day
in
Summer
time
in
seuerall
Quarters
of
the
earth
.
And
this
diuision
is
by
Climates
(
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
)
which
are
seuerall
spaces
of
the
earth
contained
betweene
two
Paralells
,
in
the
which
the
longest
day
in
Summer
exc●edes
that
in
another
Paralell
,
by
halfe
an
Houre
.
There
is
a
greate
deale
of
Confusion
and
difference
betweene
the
late
and
and
ancient
Geographers
about
the
distinction
and
diuers
reckonings
of
the
Climats
.
It
is
not
worth
the
labour
to
recount
theire
opinions
and
Calculations
:
thus
much
is
plaine
,
and
easie
to
bee
knowne
.
There
are
24.
Climats
in
which
the
Day
encreaseth
by
halfe
houres
,
from
12.
houres
to
24.
There
are
likewise
6.
Climats
in
which
the
day
encreaseth
by
moneths
,
from
one
moneth
to
sixe
,
that
is
halfe
a
yeare
.
Vnder
the
Aequator
the
day
is
alwayes
twelue
houres
longe
,
but
as
you
goe
from
it
towards
the
Pole
,
the
Day
lengthen●
still
till
it
comes
to
a
Those
th●●
dwell
vnder
the
Pole
haue
not
past
3.
or
4
moneths
profund
as
●ene●ras
darke
night
,
for
when
the
Sun
is
in
Libra
&
Pisces
being
then
nigh
,
the
Horizon
it
sends
forth
to
them
a
glimmering
light
not
vnli●e
to
the
twilig●●
or
d●wning
of
the
day
in
a
morning
a
little
before
the
Suns
rising
Muns●er
lib.
1.
cap.
day
halfe
a
yeare
long
.
Now
in
what
degrees
of
latitude
euery
on
of
these
Climats
beginne
and
end
,
shall
appeare
by
this
table
following
.
7
The
seaventh
and
lost
distinction
of
the
earth
is
taken
from
the
scituation
of
it
in
respect
of
the
Heavens
,
and
especially
the
Sunnes
motion
.
In
regard
whereof
Some
parts
or
inhabitants
of
the
Earth
are
said
to
be
or
dwell
in
a
Right
Spheare
,
some
in
a
paralell
Spheare
,
and
others
in
an
oblique
or
crooked
Spheare
.
They
dwell
(
in
Sphaerarecta
)
in
a
right
or
streight
Spheare
who
dwell
iust
vnder
the
Aequinoctiall
,
whose
Horizon
is
paralell
to
the
Meridians
,
but
cutts
the
Aequator
at
right
Angles
.
They
dwell
in
paralell
Spheares
,
who
dwell
iust
vnder
either
of
the
Poles
,
whose
Horizon
is
parallell
to
the
Aequator
,
but
cuts
all
the
Meridians
at
right
Angles
:
and
the
latter
is
sometime
called
a
Paralell
Spheare
.
They
dwell
(
in
Sphaera
obliqua
)
in
a
crooked
Spheare
,
who
inhabite
any
place
betweene
the
Aequinoctiall
and
the
Pole
,
whose
Horizon
cuts
the
Aequator
,
the
Paralells
,
and
the
Meridians
at
oblique
or
vnequall
angles
.
1
The
vse
of
this
table
is
easie
.
In
the
first
Columne
are
contained
the
names
and
number
of
the
Climats
.
In
the
second
the
Paralells
which
enclose
it
on
each
side
,
and
deuide
it
in
the
middest
.
For
the
paralells
here
are
drawne
by
eueryhalfe
houres
encrease
.
The
third
Columne
is
the
length
of
the
Day
in
Summer
,
in
euery
Climate
,
which
from
12.
houres
encreaseth
by
halfe
houres
to
24.
houres
after
by
moneths
,
from
one
moneth
to
sixe
.
The
fourth
containes
the
degrees
of
latitude
,
how
farre
euery
climate
lies
from
the
Aequinoctiall
.
The
fist
contaynes
the
space
or
breadth
of
euery
Climate
,
how
many
degrees
or
minutes
it
takes
vp
vpon
the
Earth
.
The
sixt
containes
so●e
notable
places
by
which
the
Climats
passe
.
2
Hereby
it
is
easie
to
know
what
the
longest
Day
is
in
any
Place
of
the
worlde
whose
latitude
is
knowne
.
Or
contrarily
the
longest
Day
being
knowne
to
know
the
latitude
For
example
Oxford
hath
latitude
52.
0.
degrees
longitude
24.
0.
In
the
table
I
finde
that
52.
degrees
of
Latitude
lie
in
the
9th
Climate
wherein
the
day
is
16.
houres
and
a
halfe
longe
,
so
much
I
say
the
Day
is
at
Oxford
in
Summer
.
The
place
of
Oxford
in
the
Haemisphaere
is
at
(
U.
)
3
Vpon
Globes
the
Climats
are
not
vsually
described
,
but
are
noted
out
vpon
the
brazen
Meridian
.
So
also
in
vniversall
mappes
they
are
seldome
drawne
,
to
avoide
confusion
of
many
lines
together
but
they
are
many
times
marked
out
on
the
limbe
or
edge
of
the
mappe
,
CAP.
6.
Of
the
measuring
of
the
earth
.
WEE
are
now
come
to
the
last
point
concerning
the
measuring
the
Earth
,
which
is
two
fold
,
either
of
the
-
W●●●e
earth
.
-
2
Severall
parts
thereof
,
and
their
distance
one
from
another
.
Concerning
the
first
it
is
but
a
needlesse
labour
to
recount
the
diversity
of
opinions
that
haue
beene
held
from
time
to
time
by
learned
Geographers
,
What
is
the
compasse
and
depth
of
the
earth
.
This
may
be
seene
in
●ues
de
vsu
Globe
,
part.
3.
cap.
2.
and
in
Clavi●s
on
Sacrobosco
with
others
.
They
all
differ
so
much
one
from
another
,
that
there
is
no
certainty
in
trusting
any
of
them
.
The
most
common
and
received
opinion
is
that
the
circuit
of
the
earth
is
21600
miles
,
reckoning
〈◊〉
miles
for
every
degree
,
and
then
the
depth
or
Diameter
of
the
Earth
shall
be
6877
English
miles
,
containing
5000
foote
in
a
mile
.
Th●
means
wherby
the
circuit
and
Diameter
of
the
earth
are
found
out
are
Principally
two
.
1
By
measuring
North
or
South
,
●nder
one
Meridian
some
good
quantity
of
ground
,
threescore
or
an
hund●●d
miles
(
or
two
for
the
more
certainty
)
for
in
those
petty
observations
of
small
distances
,
there
can
be
no
certaine
working
.
This
may
be
done
,
though
it
be
laborious
,
yet
exactly
without
any
sensible
error
by
a
skilfull
workeman
,
plotting
it
out
vpon
his
paper
,
with
due
heed
taken
,
that
〈◊〉
often
rectifie
the
variation
of
the
needle
(
by
which
he
travells
)
vpon
due
observation
,
and
that
all
notable
ascents
and
descents
,
with
such
winding
and
turning
as
the
necessity
of
the
way
causeth
,
be
reduced
to
one
streight
line
.
By
this
means
wee
shall
know
how
many
miles
in
the
Earth
answering
to
a
degree
in
the
Heauens
;
if
exact
observation
by
large
instruments
be
made
to
finde
the
elevation
of
the
pole
,
in
the
first
place
where
wee
begin
to
measure
,
and
the
last
where
wee
make
an
end
.
Besides
this
way
of
measuring
the
circumference
of
the
Earth
,
there
is
none
other
that
hath
any
certainty
of
obseration
in
it
.
That
by
Eclipses
is
most
vncertain
;
for
a
little
error
in
a
few
minuts
of
time
(
which
the
observers
shall
not
possibly
avoide
)
breeds
a
sensible
and
fowle
error
in
the
distance
of
the
two
places
of
observation
.
That
of
Erat●sthenes
by
the
Sunne
beames
,
and
a
shadow
of
a
stile
or
gnomon
set
vpon
the
Earth
,
is
as
bad
as
the
other
.
For
both
the
vncertainty
of
the
calculation
in
so
small
quantity
as
the
shadow
and
the
gnomon
must
needs
haue
,
and
the
difficulty
to
obserue
the
true
length
of
the
shadow
,
as
also
the
false
supposition
wherevpon
it
proceeds
,
taking
those
lines
for
Parllells
which
are
not
,
doe
manifestly
shew
the
reckoning
hereby
made
to
be
doubtfull
and
not
sure
.
2
The
second
is
by
measuring
the
semidiameter
of
the
Earth
:
For
as
the
circumference
makes
knowne
the
diameter
,
so
doth
this
the
circumference
.
This
may
be
done
by
observ●tion
made
vpon
some
great
hill
,
hard
by
the
sea
side
.
The
invention
is
of
Maurolycus
Abbot
of
Mess●va
in
Sicili●
,
but
it
hath
beene
perfitted
,
and
more
exactly
performed
by
a
worthy
Mathematician
Ed.
W.
who
himselfe
made
proofe
of
it
.
By
this
art
was
the
〈…〉
idiameter
of
the
Earth
●ound
ou●
to
be
1831262●
foote
:
which
allowing
5000
foot
to
a
mile
is
●662
&
a
halfe
miles
,
which
doubled
is
the
whole
Diameter
7325
miles
.
The
circuit
of
the
earth
shall
be
2●030
miles
,
and
one
degree
containes
63
61/36
miles
,
which
is
almost
64
miles
.
Which
as
it
exceeds
the
ordinary
account
,
so
may
wee
rest
vpon
it
as
more
exact
then
any
other
.
2
The
second
point
concerninge
the
measuringe
of
particular
distances
of
places
one
from
another
is
thus
performed
.
First
vpon
the
Globe
it
is
most
easie
.
With
a
payre
of
Compasses
take
the
distance
betweene
any
two
places
howsoever
scituated
vpon
the
Globe
,
and
apply
the
distance
so
taken
to
the
Aequator
,
&
see
how
many
degrees
it
takes
vp
;
those
degrees
turned
into
miles
shew
the
distance
of
the
two
citties
on
from
another
.
Vpon
vniuersall
mapps
theire
is
a
little
more
difficulty
in
finding
the
distance
of
places
which
here
must
bee
considered
in
a
threefold
difference
of
scituation
:
-
1
Of
Latitude
only
.
-
2
Of
Longitude
only
.
-
3
Of
Latitude
and
Longitude
together
.
1
If
the
two
places
differ
only
in
Latitude
,
and
lie
vnder
the
same
Meridian
if
the
places
lie
both
on
one
side
of
the
Aequator
,
the
differences
of
the
latitudes
:
or
the
summe
of
both
latitudes
added
together
,
if
one
place
lie
North
and
another
South
,
being
turned
into
Miles
giues
the
true
distance
.
2
If
the
places
differ
only
in
Longitude
,
and
lie
both
vnder
one
parallel
of
latitude
the
difference
of
longitude
turned
into
miles
proportionably
accordinge
to
the
latitude
of
the
paralell
,
giues
the
true
distance
.
3
The
distance
of
places
differing
both
in
latitude
and
longitude
may
thus
bee
found
out
first
let
there
bee
drawne
a
semicircle
vpon
a
right
diameter
noted
with
(
A
B
C
D
)
whereof
(
D
)
shall
bee
the
Center
.
The
greater
this
Semi-circle
is
made
,
so
much
the
more
easie
will
bee
the
operation
;
because
the
degrees
will
bee
la
〈…〉
.
Then
this
Semicircle
being
drawne
,
and
accordingly
devided
,
imagine
that
by
the
helpe
of
it
,
you
desire
to
find
out
the
distance
betwixt
London
and
Ierusalem
,
which
Citties
are
knowne
to
differ
both
in
longitude
&
latitude
.
Now
,
that
the
true
distance
betwixt
th●se
two
places
may
be
found
out
,
you
must
first
substract
the
lesser
longitude
out
of
the
greater
,
so
shall
you
find
the
differences
of
their
longitudes
,
which
is
47.
degrees
.
Then
reckon
that
difference
vpon
the
Semi-circle
,
beginning
at
(
A
)
&
so
proceed
to
(
B
;
)
&
at
the
end
of
that
difference
,
make
a
marke
with
the
leter
(
ε
)
vnto
which
point
by
your
ruler
,
let
aright
line
be
drawne
from
(
D
)
the
center
of
the
Semi
circle
.
This
being
in
this
sort
performed
,
let
the
lesser
latitude
be
sought
out
which
in
32
degrees
,
in
the
fore
said
semicircle
,
beginning
your
accompt
from
the
point
(
E
)
and
so
proceede
towards
(
B
)
,
and
at
the
end
of
the
lesser
latitude
let
another
point
be
marked
out
with
the
letter
(
G
)
,
from
which
point
,
let
there
be
drawen
a
perpendicular
line
which
may
fall
with
right
Angles
vpon
the
former
line
drawen
from
(
D
)
to
(
ε
)
,
and
where
it
chanceth
to
fall
,
there
marke
out
a
point
with
the
letter
(
H
)
:
This
being
performed
let
the
greater
latitude
which
is
51
degrees
32
minuts
,
be
sought
out
in
the
semicircle
beginning
to
reckon
from
(
A
)
towards
(
B
)
and
at
the
end
of
that
latitude
set
another
point
signed
out
by
the
letter
(
I
)
from
whence
let
there
be
drawen
another
perpendicular
line
that
may
fall
with
right
angles
vpon
the
diameter
(
AC
)
:
&
here
marke
out
a
point
with
the
letter
(
K
)
,
this
done
take
with
your
compasse
the
distance
betwixt
(
K
)
and
(
H
)
which
distance
you
must
set
downe
vpon
the
diameter
(
AC
)
placeing
the
one
foot
of
your
compasse
vpon
(
K
)
and
the
other
towards
the
center
(
D
)
,
and
there
marke
out
a
point
with
the
letter
(
L
)
;
then
with
your
compasse
take
the
shorter
perpendicular
line
(
G
H
,
)
and
apply
that
widenesse
vpon
the
longer
perpendicular
line
(
I
K
,
)
placing
the
one
foote
of
your
compasse
at
(
I
,
)
which
is
the
bounds
of
the
greater
latitude
,
and
extend
the
other
towards
(
K
)
,
and
there
make
a
point
at
(
M
)
,
then
with
your
compasse
take
the
distance
betwixt
(
L
)
and
(
M
)
,
and
apply
the
same
to
the
semicircle
,
Placing
the
one
foot
of
your
compasse
in
(
A
)
and
the
other
towards
(
B
)
,
&
there
marke
out
a
point
with
the
letter
(
N
)
,
now
the
number
of
degrees
comprehended
betwixt
(
A
)
and
(
N
)
will
expresse
the
true
distance
of
the
two
places
,
which
will
bee
sound
to
be
39
degrees
:
which
being
multiplied
by
60.
and
so
converted
into
miles
according
to
the
former
rules
,
will
produce
2340.
which
is
the
distance
of
the
said
places
.
FINIS
.