ASIA
,
AND
THE
PROVINCES
AND
CITIES
OF
TRADE
THEREOF
.
OF
ASIA
,
AND
THE
PROVINCES
THEREOF
.
CHAP.
XL.
Of
ASIA
,
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
ASIA
,
The
third
division
of
the
World
,
ASIA
.
is
separated
from
EVROPE
by
the
Egean
Propontis
,
and
Euxine
Sea
,
by
Paulus
Maeotis
,
Tanais
,
Duina
,
and
from
AFRICA
by
the
red
Sea
,
and
the
Egyptian
●…stmus
,
as
I
remembred
in
the
beginning
of
this
Worke.
Five
notable
things
have
made
this
Countrey
famous
,
and
Five
notable
things
in
Asia
.
have
giuen
it
the
garland
of
supremacie
over
all
the
other
parts
of
the
World.
●…irst
,
the
Creation
of
Mankind
:
Secondly
,
the
Birth
of
our
Savi●…ur
;
his
Miracles
wrought
,
and
place
of
his
sufferance
:
Thirdly
,
the
Actions
memorized
by
the
holy
Pen-men
of
the
Old
and
New
Testament
:
Fourthly
,
the
famous
Monarchies
of
the
Babylonians
,
Assirians
,
Persians
,
and
Medes
:
And
fifthly
,
being
the
common
Mother
of
us
all
,
from
whence
innumerable
troupes
of
men
issued
to
people
the
other
parts
of
the
unhabited
World
,
of
which
see
other
Authors
further
at
large
.
The
principall
Regions
of
ASIA
,
are
-
1.
Anatolia
.
-
2.
Syria
.
-
3.
Palestina
.
-
4.
Armenia
.
-
5.
Arabia
.
-
6.
Media
.
-
7.
Assiria
.
-
8.
Mesopotamia
.
-
9.
Chaldea
.
-
10.
Persia.
-
11.
Parthia
.
-
12.
Tartaria
.
-
13.
China
.
-
14.
India
.
-
15.
The
Ilands
thereof
.
And
of
these
in
briefe
according
to
my
first
intention
.
CHAP.
XLI
.
Of
Anatolia
,
or
Natolia
in
generall
.
ANatolia
is
limited
on
the
East
with
the
River
Euphrates
,
Anatolia
.
on
the
West
with
Thracius
Bosphorus
,
Propontis
,
Hellespont
,
and
the
Egean
;
on
the
North
with
Pontus
Euxinus
,
on
the
South
with
the
Rhodian
and
Lician
Seas
.
In
this
Countrey
was
anciently
accounted
4000
Cities
and
Townes
,
those
seaven
famous
amongst
the
rest
to
whom
Saint
Iohn
dedicated
his
Revelation
;
but
now
the
ruines
of
them
are
hardly
to
be
seene
,
and
the
Provinces
that
are
found
in
this
Region
are
these
.
First
,
Cilicia
:
secondly
,
Pamphylia
:
thirdly
,
Lycia
:
fourthly
,
Caria
:
fifthly
,
Ionia
:
sixthly
,
Lydia
:
seventhly
,
Molis
:
eighthly
,
Phrygia
minor
:
ninthly
,
Phrygia
major
:
tenthly
,
Bithynia
:
eleventhly
,
Pontus
:
twelfthly
,
Paphlagonia
:
thirteenthly
,
Galatia
:
fourteenthly
,
Cappadocia
:
fifteenthly
,
Licaonia
:
sixteenthly
,
Pisidia
,
and
Armenia
minor
.
Of
these
in
order
.
CHAP.
XLII
.
Of
Cilicia
,
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
CIlicia
is
not
found
at
this
day
to
have
any
Towne
of
Cil●…cia
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
note
or
consequence
in
it
,
save
Alexandria
,
built
by
Alexander
the
Great
,
and
to
distinguish
it
from
Alexandria
in
Egypt
,
is
named
Alexandretta
,
now
known
to
us
by
the
name
of
Scanderone
,
a
famous
Haven
towne
,
Scanderone
,
or
Alexandretta
serving
for
the
scale
to
Aleppo
,
for
●…ll
such
shipping
as
come
thither
,
either
out
of
the
Ocean
or
Mediterranean
,
and
where
the
English
,
French
and
Venetians
have
their
Vice-consuls
to
protect
●…eir
Merchants
goods
and
Ships
,
and
where
all
Merchandize
are
●…ther
landed
or
laden
that
goe
to
or
from
Aleppo
,
of
which
it
●…ill
be
more
proper
that
I
inlarge
,
when
I
come
to
speake
of
A●…ppo
which
is
seated
in
Siria
,
as
I
shall
shew
hereafter
.
CHAP.
XLIII
.
Of
Pamphilia
,
Licia
,
and
Caria
.
ALl
these
have
not
any
thing
now
worthy
note
in
them
,
Pamphilia
,
Lycia
,
and
Caria
.
conducing
to
Trade
and
Merchandizing
,
save
the
aboundance
of
those
goates
upon
whom
grows
that
wooll
whereof
is
made
the
Chamlets
and
Grograms
of
which
I
●…all
have
cause
to
speake
more
at
large
,
when
I
come
to
treat
of
●…e
Trade
of
Angora
,
and
in
the
interim
it
is
to
bee
noted
that
●…ese
Provinces
having
lost
their
former
names
,
are
now
knowne
●…o
us
by
the
name
of
Caramania
,
and
are
at
this
present
under
the
●…ommand
of
the
grand
Seignior
.
CHAP.
XLIIII
.
Of
Ionia
,
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
IOnia
is
the
next
Province
,
wherein
is
that
ancient
Ionia
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
Ephesus
.
famous
Citie
of
Ephesus
much
ruined
from
its
ancient
recorded
beauty
,
famous
for
the
direction
of
an
Epistle
by
Saint
Paul
to
the
inhabitants
hereof
:
famous
also
for
the
Temple
of
Diana
:
and
lastly
,
famous
for
the
buriall
of
S.
Iohn
the
Evan●…elist
,
who
went
heere
alive
into
the
grave
.
But
this
Citie
is
now
be●…ome
a
poore
village
,
and
retaines
no
monument
of
her
pride
●…at
I
could
find
in
Anno
1624
but
a
porch
of
a
Grecian
Church
of
●…lack
Marble
,
wherein
is
excellently
ingraven
the
life
of
our
Sa●…iour
Christ
,
much
admired
by
all
Artists
.
But
now
the
only
Citie
of
Trade
in
this
Province
is
Smyrna
,
one
Smyrna
.
of
the
places
that
strove
for
the
birth
of
Homer
,
and
wherein
was
found
one
of
those
Churches
whereto
S.
Iohn
dedicated
his
Revelation
,
seated
in
the
bottome
of
a
Bay
or
Gulph
,
knowne
to
our
Seamen
by
the
name
of
the
gulph
of
Smyrna
;
and
where
there
is
a
Consull
resident
for
the
English
,
as
also
for
the
French
and
Vene●…ians
to
protect
their
Merchants
and
Trade
,
where
in
Anno
1619
●…n
matter
of
traffique
,
I
noted
these
things
.
CHAP.
XLV
.
Of
SMYRNA
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THE
principall
trade
of
this
Citie
was
within
these
Smyrna
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
few
yeares
transported
hither
from
the
Iland
Scio
,
where
the
consulls
abovesaid
had
their
residents
,
and
from
thence
are
intitled
Consulls
of
Scio
and
Smyrna
,
but
by
reason
that
scale
both
for
sales
and
investments
had
then
a
dependencie
upon
this
,
it
was
found
more
proper
and
lesse
chargeable
to
remove
their
aboad
and
ware-houses
hither
,
and
by
that
meanes
this
became
the
principall
Port
,
the
goodnesse
of
the
harbour
much
furthering
the
same
,
being
both
under
the
command
of
the
Grand
Signior
,
and
within
these
later
yeares
much
inriched
by
the
trade
of
English
,
French
,
and
Venetians
.
The
commodities
that
are
found
here
to
abound
,
and
that
are
Commodities
of
Smyrna
.
hence
transported
into
other
Countries
of
Christendome
,
are
cotton
woolls
,
which
in
great
plenty
grow
in
the
adjoyning
plaines
of
this
Citie
;
also
Galles
for
Diers
,
aniseeds
,
cordovants
,
wax
,
cotton
and
grogram
yarne
,
cute
,
carpets
,
grograms
,
mohers
,
chamblets
,
and
some
fruits
and
drugges
,
raw
Persia
silke
is
likewise
hither
brought
by
land
from
Persia
;
and
all
other
commodities
found
in
Turkie
or
of
that
growth
is
here
to
be
had
,
and
the
commodities
here
vented
from
England
are
Clothes
of
Suffolke
and
Gloster
,
kersies
of
Yorkshire
and
Hampshire
,
lead
,
tinne
,
callicoes
,
pepper
,
Indico
,
and
other
spices
,
which
within
these
late
yeares
wee
had
formerly
from
this
and
other
places
of
Turkie
,
and
which
now
by
the
commoditie
of
the
East
India
trade
and
navigation
,
we
carry
to
them
;
and
from
Venice
is
brought
some
clothp
aper
,
silkes
,
velvets
,
&c.
and
from
France
some
few
clothes
and
paper
,
&c.
The
coynes
currant
of
Smyrna
are
those
of
Constantinople
,
and
The
coines
of
Smyrna
and
accompts
.
generally
those
of
all
that
Empire
,
which
I
shall
shew
when
I
treat
of
that
Citie
,
and
for
that
cause
here
omit
it
,
and
their
accounts
they
also
keepe
here
in
the
same
nature
with
them
,
and
therefore
referre
you
to
that
place
in
both
these
particulars
.
The
waights
of
Smyrna
and
Scio
,
for
they
agree
both
in
one
,
Weights
usuall
of
Smyrna
is
the
quintar
,
which
containes
100
Rotolo's
,
or
42
Oakes
,
and
every
oake
being
400
drams
,
and
every
Lodoro
being
176
drams
,
and
the
pound
haberdepois
hath
beene
found
to
be
148
drams
,
and
the
quintall
of
42
oakes
abovesaid
,
which
produceth
119
li.
English
,
but
in
many
commodities
it
is
found
to
answer
but
117
li.
so
that
●…irca
9●…
drams
is
1
ounce
English
haberdepois
.
They
have
here
in
use
two
measures
,
one
for
linnen
and
ano●…r
Measures
of
Smyrna
and
Scio.
for
woolen
,
but
because
they
neerly
agree
with
Constantino●…
I
will
referre
the
same
to
that
place
.
The
customes
payd
by
the
English
here
and
throughout
all
Tur●…
Customes
of
Smyrna
and
Scio
by
the
English.
by
vertue
of
their
Capitulations
with
the
great
Turke
,
is
onely
●…ree
per
centum
;
and
oftentimes
the
custome-house
of
Scio
and
of
●…yrna
is
in
one
mans
hands
,
and
though
by
their
Capitula●…ns
it
is
so
agreed
,
that
those
goods
that
have
once
payd
custome
●…one
port
,
should
not
pay
any
more
being
thence
exported
to
●…y
other
place
of
his
Dominions
,
and
that
commands
have
been
●…anted
to
that
end
by
the
grand
Signior
at
severall
times
;
yet
the
●…stice
of
that
Countrey
is
so
defective
in
this
particular
,
that
the
●…mmodities
landed
in
Smyrna
,
and
paying
there
three
per
centum
,
●…d
afterward
transported
to
Constantinople
,
pay
there
againe
ano●…er
three
per
centum
,
or
compound
with
the
customer
,
which
●…metimes
is
done
at
1½
per
centum
,
and
sometimes
at
lesse
:
note
By
Venetians
and
French.
●…at
here
as
in
all
parts
of
Turkie
the
Venetians
French
and
Dutch
●…y
five
per
cent
.
two
per
cent
.
more
than
the
English
,
which
is
●…ounded
upon
their
capitulations
with
the
Emperour
.
The
port
charges
of
clearing
a
Ship
in
Smyrna
is
paid
in
com●…odities
Port
charges
of
a
Shippe
.
of
our
Countrey
,
and
was
to
that
end
thus
at
first
regula●…d
;
but
since
converted
into
payment
by
money
,
as
to
the
cadie
●…o
is
to
have
five
pico
of
Venice
cloth
,
and
a
bundle
of
cony-skins
●…r
a
vest
,
which
in
the
infancy
of
our
English
trade
was
here
●…und
to
be
much
requested
.
The
cadies
servant
to
have
3½
pico
english
cloth
.
The
cadies
caya
to
have
3
pico
of
ditto
.
The
cadies
scrivan
to
have
a
chicquine
in
gold
.
The
cadies
pages
to
have
2½
dollers
.
The
Mosur
Bashaw
to
have
1½
pico
cloth
.
The
cadies
Ianisaries
to
have
a
chicquine
.
All
which
charges
amount
in
circas
to
68
dollers
.
To
conclude
,
the
trade
of
this
port
it
is
most
noted
for
the
a●…ndance
of
cottons
which
hence
is
transported
to
England
,
France
,
●…olland
,
and
Italie
,
estimated
yearly
to
be
about
20000
quintall
,
and
found
here
to
grow
in
the
adjoyning
plaines
,
which
they
doe
●…w
as
wee
doe
Corne
,
the
stalke
being
no
bigger
than
that
of
●…heat
,
but
stronger
and
tougher
,
bearing
a
head
,
round
and
bear●…ed
and
hard
as
a
stone
,
which
when
it
is
ripe
it
breaketh
and
is
●…livered
of
a
soft
white
bombast
or
cotton
,
mixed
with
seed
,
which
●…ey
separate
with
an
instrument
,
selling
the
wooll
,
but
reser●…ng
the
seed
for
the
next
harvest
;
see
more
of
this
trade
in
Cy●…us
and
Constantinople
,
to
which
I
referre
the
inquirer
.
CHAP.
XLVI
.
Of
Lydia
,
Eolis
,
Phrygia
minor
and
major
.
ON
the
Northeast
of
Ionia
is
Lidya
,
famous
onely
for
the
Lydia
,
Eolis
,
Phrygia
.
two
rivers
,
Castrus
abounding
with
swannes
,
and
Meander
with
windings
,
from
hence
termed
meanders
;
and
if
some
Authors
may
be
worthy
of
credit
,
the
natives
were
anciently
the
first
known
men
that
gave
beginning
to
Merchandize
,
and
exercised
buying
and
The
first
Merchants
.
selling
,
and
proved
the
originall
of
the
Tuscans
,
whose
supreame
Duke
continues
the
same
to
this
day
,
and
is
one
of
the
greatest
and
most
eminent
Merchants
in
the
world
.
In
Eolis
are
seated
the
two
Misia
Provinces
,
which
hold
not
any
thing
note
worthie
.
In
Phrygia
minor
,
is
not
found
any
thing
at
present
worthy
i●…
Minor.
trade
to
stay
the
course
of
my
penne
;
it
affordeth
the
place
where
the
ancient
and
famous
Citie
of
Troy
was
seated
,
which
cost
the
Troyes
ruines
,
ruin'd
.
Grecians
ten
yeares
siege
to
take
it
,
with
the
losse
of
860000
of
the
Trojans
,
and
666000
of
the
Grecians
,
but
in
Anno
1620
,
I
hardly
saw
the
reliques
of
this
mightie
fabrique
,
though
I
traced
it
for
many
miles
,
and
gave
care
to
all
the
ridiculous
fables
of
those
poore
Grecians
that
inhabite
thereabouts
in
many
villages
which
lie
within
the
compasse
of
her
ancient
walls
,
from
mount
Id●…
to
the
River
Scamander
,
now
onely
a
brooke
not
two
foote
deepe
;
so
that
,
what
Ovid
said
of
old
I
found
by
experience
verefied
,
I
a●…
seges
est
ubi
Tr●…ia
fuit
,
&c.
Neither
In
Phrygia
major
,
doth
not
remaine
any
thing
note
worthie
,
Major
.
Gordion
.
save
a
remembrance
that
Gordion
the
seat
of
Gordius
was
here
found
in
Alexanders
time
,
who
cut
that
knot
with
his
sword
which
he
saw
he
could
not
otherwise
undoe
;
also
Midium
the
seat
of
Midas
,
whose
covetous
petition
was
granted
by
Bacchus
,
Midium
.
to
convert
all
into
gold
that
he
handled
,
and
so
had
like
to
have
eaten
gold
for
meate
,
had
not
his
after
wit
mastered
his
covetous
appetite
,
and
made
him
to
his
repentance
see
his
error
,
&
acknowledge
it
;
and
falling
againe
to
a
second
over-sight
in
judgement
,
as
the
first
was
an
error
in
desire
,
he
preferred
Pans
pipe
before
Apolloes
harpe
,
and
was
rewarded
for
his
small
skill
in
musicke
with
a
comely
paire
of
Asses
eares
:
also
in
this
Province
stood
Colosso
,
to
whom
Saint
Paul
writ
one
of
his
Epistles
;
and
Pesinus
,
where
the
goddesse
Sybile
was
worshipped
,
which
being
brought
〈◊〉
.
into
Rome
,
would
not
stirre
further
than
the
entrance
of
the
river
Tyber
,
which
the
Romans
much
wondred
,
because
the
dominion
of
the
world
was
prophesied
to
that
Citie
that
had
the
custodie
thereof
;
but
the
vestall
Claudias
girdle
performed
that
which
all
the
strength
of
Rome
could
not
,
and
shee
halled
up
both
the
Ship
and
goddesse
,
to
the
wonder
of
the
Citizens
at
that
time
,
and
of
all
the
world
ever
since
,
though
Farre
greater
miracles
are
found
to
be
reported
of
that
Citie
,
and
the
holy
inhabitants
thereof
at
this
day
,
if
the
said
reports
might
gaine
that
credit
now
as
this
miracle
then
did
.
CHAP.
XLVII
.
Of
BITHINIA
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
ON
the
North
side
of
the
Phrygias
is
seated
Bithinia
,
Bithinia
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
which
is
famoused
first
for
the
victory
of
Alexander
against
the
Persians
,
of
whom
he
slew
20000
;
secondly
,
for
mount
Stella
,
where
Pompey
overthrew
Mithridates
,
and
Tamberlain
with
800000
Tartarians
,
encountred
Baiaset
with
500000
,
where
20000
lost
their
lives
,
and
Baiaset
in
his
pride
of
heart
taken
and
●…end
up
in
an
iron
cage
,
against
whose
barres
he
beate
out
his
braines
:
thirdly
,
for
Nice
,
where
the
first
generall
Counsell
was
held
Anno
31●…
to
repell
the
Arian
heresie
;
and
fourthly
,
Calcedon
,
where
the
fourth
generall
Counsell
was
assembled
to
repell
the
Nestorian
heresie
,
where
yet
in
Anno
1620
,
the
Inhabitants
doe
shew
to
strangers
the
place
of
this
assembly
by
tradition
in
manner
of
an
ovall
circle
built
purposely
for
this
occasion
;
and
lastly
,
here
is
Bursa
by
some
Prusa
,
the
seat
of
the
Ottoman
Kings
in
Asia
till
they
gained
Adrianople
in
Europe
,
which
was
done
by
Mahomet
the
first
:
of
the
trade
thereof
a
word
in
my
passage
.
CHAP.
XLVIII
.
Of
BURSIA
in
BITHINIA
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
BURSIA
seated
in
the
bottome
of
a
Bay
knowne
to
the
Turke
by
the
name
of
the
Gulph
of
Bursia
,
being
Bursia
and
the
trade
thereof
.
a
faire
City
and
antiently
the
seate
of
the
Mahumetane
Kings
,
is
now
inhabited
by
Turkes
,
Jewes
and
Greekes
;
who
by
reason
of
their
neighbourhood
,
and
in
the
way
from
Smyrna
to
Constantinople
for
land
travellers
is
found
to
have
some
Merchants
of
quality
,
and
affordeth
quantity
of
Persia
commodities
,
as
brought
hither
from
Eusdrom
and
other
bordering
Townes
of
Armenia
and
Persia
,
principally
occasioned
by
the
immunities
that
have
beene
granted
by
severall
Princes
that
have
here
resided
,
to
the
inhabitants
thereof
:
but
because
the
Venetians
are
found
at
present
to
be
the
prime
traders
hither
,
it
will
not
be
amisse
that
for
the
weights
and
measures
of
the
place
we
should
be
ruled
by
their
observations
which
thence
may
easily
be
reduced
to
ours
.
Their
commodities
afforded
to
forraine
Countries
are
the
same
Commodities
of
Bursia
.
as
Constantinople
,
onely
some
fabriques
I
have
seen
to
have
beene
in
my
time
there
made
of
silks
by
Moores
that
have
been
banished
out
of
Spaine
,
and
come
hither
to
reside
,
as
damaskes
,
taffetas
and
stript
stuffes
,
and
such
like
;
also
commodities
which
the
earth
hath
produced
,
as
aniseeds
,
galles
and
sugars
.
Their
coynes
are
the
same
currant
in
Constantinople
.
100
Rotolos
makes
Venice
sotile
176
li.
and
Venice
grosse
112
li.
Coines
and
Weights
of
Bursia
.
The
Ocha
of
Bursia
is
Venice
sotile
4
li.
The
Rot.
of
Bursia
is
Venice
sotile
9
ounc
.
and
grosse
1
li.
1
o●…
.
1½
li.
The
100
drams
makes
sotile
Venetia
1
li.
which
is
72
metalichi
.
The
100
Kilats
of
Turkey
makes
in
Venetia
87¼
Kill
.
gold
weight
7
metalich
make
oun.
1
gold
weight
in
Venetia
.
And
by
the
English
the
same
is
observed
to
be
within
2
per
cent
.
to
agree
with
the
weight
of
Constantinople
,
as
shal
be
shewed
hereafter
.
There
are
found
here
severall
picos
which
with
the
brace
of
Venetia
is
found
thus
to
agree
.
Measures
of
Bursia
.
Braces
100
of
cloth
▪
scarlet
and
fine
cloth
makes
108
picoes
cloth
here
.
Braces
100
of
course
cloth
common
makes
114
picos
in
Bursia
.
Braces
100
of
cloth
of
gold
makes
in
Bursia
102
picos
.
Braces
1000
of
linens
is
found
to
make
in
Bursia
772
picos
.
And
this
is
noted
to
be
a
greater
pico
than
the
rest
:
but
by
the
observation
of
some
English
they
find
onely
2
picoes
,
one
for
cloth
and
the
other
for
grograms
,
and
do
agree
with
those
of
Constantinople
.
There
is
no
custome
due
upon
goods
in
Bursia
,
it
being
accounted
an
Inland
Towne
;
but
if
sent
thence
to
Smyrna
or
to
Constantinople
,
Customes
of
Bursia
.
and
exported
out
of
the
grand
signior's
dominions
,
it
is
liaable
to
a
custome
,
according
to
the
capitulations
or
priviledge
granted
to
that
Nation
that
transporteth
the
same
:
but
if
those
commodities
bought
in
Bursia
being
carryed
to
Smyrna
or
Constantinople
and
there
sold
,
it
payeth
no
customes
but
a
small
duety
for
registering
,
and
quitting
at
the
custome-houses
of
both
the
said
places
,
as
hath
beene
practised
by
divers
Merchants
.
In
this
Towne
of
late
yeeres
some
English
have
resided
,
and
doe
find
a
faire
and
friendly
quarter
with
the
inhabitants
;
but
they
are
accounted
as
subfactors
to
those
resident
in
Constantinople
and
Smyrna
,
therefore
I
shall
not
need
to
say
further
of
this
place
.
CHAP.
XLIX
.
Of
PONTUS
,
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
ON
the
North
side
of
Bithinia
is
Pontus
,
wherein
is
Pontus
.
found
the
ruines
of
Tom●…s
to
which
Ovid
was
banished
,
and
Pithius
where
Chrysostome
lived
in
exile
:
here
also
ruled
Mithridates
,
who
for
40.
yeeres
withstood
the
Romanes
,
not
more
excellent
in
Warre
then
lear●…ing
and
memory
,
who
spake
22.
languages
,
and
invented
that
●…unterpoyson
from
him
named
Mithridate
;
and
who
at
last
by
the
●…bellion
of
his
sonne
and
the
valour
of
L.
Sylla
,
Lucullus
and
●…ompey
was
vanquished
;
the
last
of
which
erected
a
pillar
upon
a
Pompeys
Pillar
.
●…mall
Iland
at
the
entrance
of
the
black
or
Euxine
Sea
,
which
at
●…is
day
is
knowne
by
his
name
,
and
shewed
by
the
inhabitants
to
●…rangers
as
a
trophey
of
his
Victories
in
these
parts
.
CHAP.
L.
Of
PAPHLAGONIA
and
GALATIA
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
IN
Paphlagonia
I
finde
not
any
City
notable
for
trade
▪
Paphlagonia
and
Galatia
.
nor
other
thing
note
worthy
:
and
as
for
Galatia
,
it
is
observed
that
to
the
people
of
this
Province
did
Saint
Paul
dedicate
one
of
his
Epistles
;
and
here
is
also
sea●…d
the
City
of
Ancira
,
now
commonly
Angora
,
famous
for
the
●…finite
store
of
grograms
,
moheires
and
chamblets
▪
that
are
made
Angora
.
●…ere
and
frabricated
,
and
from
hence
transported
to
Constantino●…e
,
being
16
dayes
journey
distant
;
and
to
Aleppo
having
a
like
re●…otenes
;
and
from
thence
againe
exported
into
all
the
Countries
●…f
Europe
.
In
this
place
the
Venetians
have
a
factorie
to
provide
them
the
●…aid
commodities
,
and
the
English
in
imitation
thereof
about
1624.
did
first
send
thither
two
factors
from
Constantinople
,
to
furnish
themselves
with
these
commodities
at
the
first
hand
:
but
some
of
the
yarne
called
hence
grograme
yarne
,
(
and
not
camels
haire
as
some
Grograms
trade
.
●…ainely
conceive
)
being
lately
brought
into
England
,
ingenious
workemen
were
here
found
that
invented
therewith
Tames
,
and
many
other
stuffes
,
to
the
great
decay
and
prejudice
of
the
Grograme
trade
of
this
Countrey
,
and
of
such
as
lived
thereupon
in
Angora
;
whereupon
the
inhabitants
in
Anno
1630.
petitioned
the
Duana
of
Constantinople
,
that
this
yarne
might
not
be
exported
out
of
the
Kingdome
untill
it
were
put
into
worke
,
and
made
into
stuffes
,
which
was
granted
them
;
but
the
farmers
of
the
grand
signiors
customes
at
Constantinople
conniving
thereat
,
and
suffering
the
same
to
be
exported
,
paying
double
custome
,
which
is
6.
per
cent
.
and
so
it
continued
till
1634.
at
what
time
a
second
stricter
prohibition
with
confiscation
was
proclaimed
and
neerely
lookt
into
,
so
that
what
quantity
is
now
found
to
come
thence
is
by
indirect
meanes
,
and
not
otherwise
,
if
possible
thereby
a
gaine
to
give
life
to
the
grogram
trade
and
the
makers
thereof
in
these
parts
.
There
was
of
late
yeeres
an
offer
made
by
the
Venetian
Ambassadour
resident
at
Constantinople
to
export
500.
of
the
goates
that
beare
this
wool
to
Venetia
,
thereby
in
time
to
bring
this
commodity
in
request
in
their
signorie
;
but
the
Turks
perceiving
their
drift
denyed
the
same
,
least
his
subjects
and
Countrey
might
futurely
be
deprived
of
the
benefit
of
so
excellent
a
commodity
,
had
our
ancestors
foreseene
the
like
discommodity
that
would
have
insued
by
the
exportation
of
English
sheepe
into
Spaine
,
it
may
be
conceived
it
would
never
have
beene
in
those
dayes
permitted
.
The
weights
and
measures
of
this
place
are
the
same
as
are
found
in
Constantinople
,
the
grograme
pico
having
from
this
Towne
its
originall
,
Weights
and
Measures
of
Angora
.
and
is
the
proper
pico
of
this
Countrey
and
City
;
whereby
all
grograms
,
moheires
and
chamblets
are
measured
and
sold
throughout
all
Turkey
,
and
is
in
grograms
found
in
England
to
answere
proportionally
as
24
pico
,
being
a
piece
of
ordnary
grograms
to
make
16.
yards
London
:
for
their
moneys
and
accounts
they
are
found
to
be
the
same
as
in
Constantinople
,
vide
there
.
CHAP.
LI.
Of
CAPPADOCIA
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
ON
the
East
side
of
Galatia
is
Cappadocia
,
the
chiefe
City
is
Erzyrum
,
scituate
on
the
confines
of
Armenia
,
Cappadocia
.
being
held
the
randevous
for
the
Turkish
Militia
in
their
expeditions
to
Persia
;
and
the
place
where
when
the
warre
is
ended
they
are
dismissed
;
here
is
the
entrance
into
the
dominions
of
the
grand
signior
,
and
though
warres
happen
betweene
the
Turkes
and
the
Persians
,
yet
these
barbarous
Nations
are
so
carefull
of
Merchants
and
the
preservation
of
commerce
,
that
the
Merchants
of
both
Countries
,
though
otherwise
the
Provinces
be
at
variance
,
may
here
enter
and
transport
their
merchandize
into
one
anothers
Countrey
,
paying
a
●…all
custome
as
acknowledgment
to
the
Prince
,
carrying
a
Tesca●…
●…or
certificate
thereof
with
them
to
such
other
places
whither
●…ey
goe
,
which
in
it selfe
protects
their
goods
and
persons
from
●…nger
or
confiscation
,
or
other
dueties
▪
so
that
it
is
an
ordinary
●…ing
to
see
Persia
Merchants
with
great
estates
in
Aleppo
and
●…nstantinople
in
the
hottest
of
the
warres
between
their
two
So●…eraignes
,
to
the
shame
,
and
contrary
to
the
custome
of
many
Chri●…an
Princes
,
who
first
prey
upon
the
Merchants
that
inhabit
their
●…ountries
,
making
a
warre
upon
their
estates
and
persons
,
before
●…ey
meddle
with
or
haply
hardly
publish
their
intentions
to
●…eir
Soveraignes
;
the
antient
Tibarenean
custome
being
now
out
●…use
in
Christendome
,
who
are
said
never
to
wage
war
against
any
●…emie
;
but
they
faithfully
certified
them
beforehand
both
of
the
●…me
and
place
of
their
intent
and
fight
;
and
as
it
may
be
conjectu●…d
,
gave
first
a
faire
dismission
to
the
subjects
of
their
enemies
,
and
●…onsequently
to
their
Merchants
.
Here
is
also
Amasia
,
where
the
grand
signiors
eldest
sonne
is
seen
〈◊〉
abide
after
his
circumcision
,
till
the
time
of
his
Fathers
death
,
Amasia
,
●…d
the
beginning
of
his
raigne
:
And
Trabesond
,
formerly
an
Im●…riall
seate
,
now
a
small
City
seated
upon
the
Euxine
or
black
Sea
,
Trabesond
.
●…aving
a
reasonable
good
harbour
,
and
where
the
grand
signior
●…aintaineth
certaine
Gallies
to
scoure
these
coasts
:
here
is
found
●…great
trade
in
summer
for
fish
,
which
to
me
did
much
resemble
●…e
English
herring
,
which
they
take
upon
this
coast
in
good
quan●…ty
,
and
is
by
the
inhabitants
,
who
are
for
the
most
part
Armeni●…s
pickled
and
salted
,
and
so
preserved
and
sent
into
Caffa
,
Con●…antinople
and
other
parts
.
Their
manner
of
salting
,
and
the
mat●…er
wherewith
is
likewise
as
strange
;
for
the
Countrey
affording
●…ot
our
common
known
bay
salt
,
there
is
a
Mountaine
within
Minerall
Salt.
●…me
leagues
of
the
City
,
out
of
which
with
ease
they
digge
a
●…one
,
to
the
eye
appearing
blacke
and
no
way
transparent
;
but
●…eaten
in
marble
morters
with
them
in
use
,
it
becometh
very
●…hite
,
and
is
found
to
preserve
all
Meates
aswell
as
salt
de
bay
,
and
●…r
merchandize
is
carryed
thence
to
Constantinople
and
other
●…ountries
,
and
sold
in
the
stone
unbeaten
by
the
Rotolo
,
Oache
or
●…intar
.
In
this
Countrey
did
inhabit
the
Amazonian
Viragoes
,
Pen●…esilea
one
of
their
Queenes
,
came
with
her
troupes
to
assist
the
●…rojans
,
and
long
after
Thalestris
another
of
their
Queenes
came
●…o
Hyrcania
to
be
Alexanders
bedfellow
,
having
now
no
memory
extant
of
this
feminine
government
.
CHAP.
LII
.
Of
LICONIA
,
PISIDIA
and
ARMENIA
minor
.
IN
Liconia
is
found
the
City
of
Iconium
,
the
regall
seate
of
the
Aladine
Saltans
,
the
ruine
of
Lystra
where
Timothy
Liconia
.
Pisidia
.
Armenia
.
was
borne
,
and
where
Paul
and
Barnabas
healing
a
criple
were
adored
for
Mercury
and
Iupiter
.
In
Pisidia
was
the
famous
battell
fought
betweene
Cyrus
and
Artaxerxes
,
where
Cyrus
lost
his
life
and
the
victory
;
and
out
of
which
Xenophon
made
that
notable
retreit
with
his
Grecians
,
in
despight
of
20000.
which
followed
him
at
the
heeles
.
In
Armenia
minor
is
seated
the
Mountaine
Ararate
,
on
whose
Ararate
.
toppe
the
Arke
is
said
to
rest
after
the
deluge
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
to
have
said
of
Natolia
which
in
generall
for
merchandise
doth
yeeld
these
commodities
,
galles
,
carpets
,
oyles
,
wines
,
cottons
,
wools
and
cotton
yarne
,
grograms
,
grograme
yarne
,
sheep
wools
,
hides
r●…
Commodities
of
Anatolia
.
and
salted
,
and
dry
Cordivants
,
aniseeds
,
goats
wooll
,
soape
,
silke
,
comi●…
seed
,
muscadins
,
cute
,
resins
&c.
and
thus
much
in
generall
of
Natolia
,
which
ere
I
leave
,
a
Word
of
Trapesond
.
CHAP.
LIII
.
Of
TRAPESOND
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
TRapesond
formerly
the
seat
of
an
Empire
,
now
a
Trabesond
.
Province
of
the
grand
signior
is
inhabited
by
Jewes
,
and
Greekes
,
but
principally
by
Armenians
;
the
coines
are
those
common
with
all
Turkey
.
There
is
found
in
Trapesond
in
use
two
weights
,
one
for
spices
,
Weights
in
Trabesond
.
drugges
and
fine
commodities
,
which
is
the
same
with
the
weight
of
〈◊〉
,
which
they
here
brought
into
use
in
their
great
trade
into
this
City
from
Gallata
Caffa
and
other
places
subject
in
those
dayes
to
their
government
;
the
other
for
grosse
commodities
,
is
the
Rotolo
,
100
whereof
is
the
Cantar
,
agreeing
with
that
common
Rotolo
of
Constantinople
,
vide
there
more
.
Their
common
measure
is
a
Pico
agreeing
neere
with
Constantinople
,
Measures
in
Trabesond
.
making
about
26½
inches
English.
CHAP.
LIIII
.
Of
SYRIA
in
generall
and
the
parte
thereof
.
SYria
hath
on
the
East
Euphrates
,
on
the
West
the
mediterranean
Sea
;
on
the
South
Palestine
,
on
the
North
Sil●…cia
,
Syria
.
watered
with
Euphrates
,
which
antiently
passed
through
the
garden
of
Eden
;
and
having
its
sourse
in
the
Mountaines
of
Armenia
,
running
at
this
day
by
Euphrates
.
●…abylon
or
Bagdate
,
disgorgeth
it selfe
into
the
Persian
Sea
,
and
O●…tis
which
arising
on
Mount
Libanus
saluteth
the
walls
of
Silu●…
,
and
disi●…bogeth
in
the
mediterranean
,
and
is
divided
into
3
Pro●…nces
,
viz.
Phenicia
,
Celosyria
and
Sirophaenicia
,
of
which
in
order
.
CHAP.
LV.
Of
Phenicia
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
IN
Phoenicia
is
seated
the
City
of
Ptolemais
,
or
Acr●…
,
Phaenicia
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
or
Acon
,
famous
for
so
many
Christian
Armies
that
have
in
times
past
besieged
it
,
and
which
likewise
added
fame
to
our
Kings
Richard
ceur
de
lion
,
and
Edward
the
first
,
in
which
place
the
Venetians
and
French
have
some
trade
for
waxe
,
hides
,
corne
,
●…ke
;
and
therefore
following
the
observations
made
by
them
in
●…atter
of
weights
and
measures
,
I
find
the
same
to
be
thus
accorded
.
CHAP.
LVI
.
Of
Acria
commonly
S.
●…ohn
de
Acria
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
ACria
being
seated
in
the
bottome
of
the
mediterranean
,
and
now
strugling
with
its
owne
ruines
,
hath
yet
Acria
and
the
trade
therof
.
by
reason
of
its
small
but
commodious
harbour
some
trade
maintained
by
the
French
,
but
principally
by
Venetians
;
who
in
small
vessels
coast
these
parts
,
and
pick
up
some
of
the
Asian
commodities
out
of
these
Villages
and
Townes
bordering
upon
the
Sea
coasts
,
as
both
in
this
place
,
Tripoly
,
Sidon
,
&c.
the
agreements
of
their
weights
and
measures
observed
by
Venetians
,
I
will
insert
.
The
cantar
of
Acria
commonly
called
by
them
the
cantar
Tambaran
Weights
of
Acria
.
makes
sotile
in
Venice
900
li.
which
produceth
in
England
603
li.
Rotolo
1
makes
sotle
pounds
in
Venetia
9
li.
Braces
100
of
cloth
of
gold
and
silke
is
in
Acria
108
pic.
Braces
100
Measures
of
Acria
.
of
cloth
woollen
of
Venetia
is
in
Acria
115
Picos
.
Their
coines
is
generally
the
same
with
all
the
Dominions
of
Coines
.
the
grand
signior
,
which
I
shall
declare
coming
to
treate
of
Constantinople
the
Metropolis
of
that
Empire
,
and
of
Aleppo
the
principall
City
of
trade
in
this
Countrie
,
therefore
shall
not
need
here
to
insist
further
thereupon
.
CHAP.
LVII
.
Of
SIDON
and
the
trade
thereof
.
SIDON
is
now
limited
within
a
narrower
compasse
Sidon
.
than
its
antient
bounds
,
commanded
by
the
Emir
or
Prince
of
the
Drusians
,
the
offspring
of
Christians
,
but
now
hardly
professing
any
religion
at
all
;
it
i●…●…eated
upon
the
same
shore
as
Acria
,
and
where
the
Fench
and
Venetians
maintaine
consulls
,
and
is
better
knowne
to
us
then
Acria
:
and
where
by
their
means
all
westerne
Christians
finde
〈◊〉
reasonable
favourable
protection
in
their
trade
.
The
Countrey
doth
principally
abound
in
corne
,
which
some
Commodities
▪
of
Sidon
.
yeeres
is
hence
distributed
and
dispersed
to
Marselia
,
Lighor●…
and
other
parts
of
Christendome
,
with
galles
,
woolls
,
waxe
,
&c.
Their
coynes
are
principally
Rialls
of
〈◊〉
Spanish
and
Chicquins
in
Coines
common
in
Sidon
gold
,
the
Riall
accounted
for
72
aspers
,
and
the
chickquine
108
aspers
,
but
the
valuation
alters
according
to
the
occasions
of
the
state
and
course
of
traffique
,
therefore
no
great
confidence
can
be
given
thereunto
.
Their
waights
is
the
dram
and
Rotolo
currant
in
these
parts
of
Weights
of
Sidon
.
Asia
,
650
drams
,
making
the
Rotol
.
4
li.
5½
ounces
English.
Rotolo
100
is
their
cantar
q
t
433⅓
li.
English.
Rotolo
1
is
accounted
to
make
there
also
12
ounces
.
Rotolos
110
makes
Rotolos
100
common
in
Aleppo
.
Rotolos
115
makes
Rotolos
100
common
in
Cyprus
.
Their
measures
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
—
—
—
Measures
of
Sidon
.
In
this
tract
lies
the
place
where
Tyre
was
seated
,
now
devou●…
by
the
incroaching
Sea
,
of
whose
ancient
traffique
see
the
66
●…pter
;
and
also
Sarepta
,
where
Elias
who
had
formerly
lived
in
●…ount
Carmell
nigh
adjoyning
,
was
sustained
in
a
famine
by
a
●…dow
whose
sonne
he
raised
from
death
:
other
matters
of
con●…ence
have
not
falne
out
within
my
reading
hapned
in
this
●…uit
,
therefore
hence
I
will
travaile
to
the
next
Province
.
CHAP.
LVIII
.
Of
Syrophoenicia
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
SYrophoenicia
hath
beene
better
beautified
with
Cities
than
now
it
is
,
the
warres
of
Princes
and
time
hath
Syrophoenicia
.
given
a
period
to
many
,
of
which
Antioch
was
famous
both
for
being
the
Metropolis
of
all
Syria
,
and
the
place
where
the
Disciples
of
our
Saviour
were
first
cal●…
Christians
,
now
nothing
but
the
ruines
to
be
seene
upon
those
●…ge
plaines
,
which
doth
lead
from
Alexandretra
to
Aleppo
;
it
●…prehendeth
the
famous
Citie
of
Baruti
,
which
deserves
a
re●…d
for
the
present
trade
thereof
.
CHAP.
LIX
.
Of
BARUTI
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
BARVTI
formerly
called
Iulia
Felix
,
is
a
famous
Mart
Towne
,
yet
much
inferiour
in
trade
to
what
it
Baruti
and
the
trade
thereof
.
hath
formerly
beene
;
neere
this
towne
is
that
noted
Valley
where
it
is
said
Saint
George
by
killing
of
a
Dragon
delivered
the
Kings
daughter
,
in
memoriall
●…ereof
there
was
a
Castle
and
Oratory
here
built
and
conse●…ed
to
him
,
and
whose
name
it
bore
,
whose
ruines
doe
yet
ap●…re
,
if
the
Inhabitants
may
be
beleeved
;
it
is
now
the
common
●…age
for
all
those
Caravans
that
travell
from
Aleppo
,
Damasco
〈◊〉
Ierusalem
to
Cairo
and
Mecca
,
and
thereby
made
a
place
of
●…t
concourse
of
Merchants
.
It
is
subject
to
the
grand
Signior
,
Coines
currant
in
Baruti
.
〈◊〉
therefore
his
coynes
in
silver
and
gold
are
the
currant
coynes
●…reof
,
partaking
of
those
that
are
currant
in
the
neighbouring
●…untries
,
as
all
bordering
Townes
are
found
to
be
.
The
English
●…ve
no
scale
or
residence
here
,
but
the
Venetians
who
prie
with
●…re
industrie
into
these
parts
,
finde
here
a
profitable
traffique
,
●…erefore
in
the
waights
and
measures
thereof
wee
must
sayle
by
●…eir
observations
.
The
cantar
containing
100
Rotolos
of
Baruti
makes
s●…tle
Venetia
Weights
of
Baruti
.
waight
750
li.
and
of
grosse
475.
li.
and
of
English
502
li.
The
Rotolo
makes
Venetia
s●…le
7½
li.
grosse
4
li.
9
ounces
,
English
5
li.
the
cantar
or
100
Rotolos
of
Baruti
is
in
Aleppo
96
Rotolos
,
the
common
waight
and
90½
Rotolos
of
silke
waight
.
Measures
of
Baruti
is
the
pico
,
100
whereof
makes
in
Venetia
Measures
of
Baruti
.
86
Braces
,
and
the
100
Braces
of
Venetia
of
woolen
cloth
makes
in
Baruti
112
or
113
pico's
,
which
is
in
England
(
)
yards
.
The
Towne
of
Amano
lieth
also
in
this
Syrophoenicia
,
and
is
Amano
and
the
trade
thereof
.
found
to
be
a
Towne
of
great
trade
and
confluence
of
Merchants
of
Arabia
,
Persia
,
and
Turkie
;
but
because
I
finde
the
waights
and
measures
thereof
to
accord
with
the
same
that
are
found
in
use
in
Aleppo
,
and
their
coynes
the
common
currant
coynes
of
Turkie
,
I
shall
referre
the
Reader
to
Aleppo
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
CHAP.
LX.
Of
CELOSYRIA
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
CELOSYRIA
doth
not
now
affoord
many
Cities
Celosyria
.
of
note
,
Hieropolis
was
here
famous
for
the
Temple
and
worship
of
the
Syrian
goddesse
;
but
now
Damascus
is
the
principall
scale
and
City
of
this
Province
,
which
requires
for
the
trade
thereof
a
longer
discourse
,
than
my
information
can
guide
me
,
how
ever
what
I
have
gathered
I
shall
here
willingly
insert
.
CHAP.
LXI
.
Of
DAMASCUS
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
DAMASCUS
is
so
pleasantly
seated
,
that
the
impostor
Damascus
and
trade
thereof
.
Mahomet
would
never
enter
into
it
,
least
forgetting
by
the
ravishing
pleasures
of
the
place
,
the
businesse
(
as
he
said
)
he
was
sent
for
,
and
make
this
his
Paradise
;
it
is
seated
in
a
very
fruitfull
soyle
,
bearing
grapes
all
the
yeare
long
,
and
girt
with
curious
and
odoriferous
Gardens
;
being
also
famous
,
first
,
for
her
founders
,
who
were
Abrahams
servants
;
secondly
,
for
the
Temple
of
Zacharias
;
and
thirdly
,
for
the
conversion
of
Paul
,
who
here
first
preached
,
and
escaping
the
traps
of
his
enemies
,
was
let
downe
the
walles
of
the
house
by
a
basket
.
And
in
matter
of
trade
it
still
continueth
a
place
where
all
commodities
of
Turkie
,
Arabia
,
and
India
are
brought
in●…
where
Caravans
of
th●…se
Nations
doe
passe
through
,
going
〈◊〉
Constantinople
,
Bagdat
,
and
Aleppo
,
to
Aegypt
,
Mecha
or
India
,
〈◊〉
so
againe
backe
.
The
currant
coynes
of
this
Citie
is
those
common
with
all
Syria
,
Coines
of
Damsco
.
●…ppo
being
the
principall
,
where
you
may
see
further
for
the
●…eys
of
the
place
.
The
Damasco
cantar
is
in
Venetia
sotile
600
li.
grosse
380.
li.
which
Weights
of
Damasco
.
●…aberdepois
402
li.
yet
observed
to
make
in
some
commodities
●…6
li.
English
,
so
that
by
the
said
Venetian
calculation
which
I
●…e
by
(
because
of
their
residence
there
,
and
their
great
traf●…e
thither
)
100
li.
grosse
Venetia
should
render
26⅓
Rotolos
,
and
〈◊〉
100
li.
sotile
16⅔
Rotolos
Damascino
Rotolo
.
1.
makes
Venice
sotile
〈◊〉
grosse
3
li.
9⅓
ounces
;
Peso
100
Damascino
are
〈◊〉
66
〈◊〉
so●…
Venice
1
li.
metallichi
100
damas
:
gives
in
Venetia
silver
waight
●…¼
ounces
;
Killats
100
Damasco
gives
silver
waight
in
Venetia
90
〈◊〉
:
Killats
100
damasco
gives
by
spice
waight
in
Venetia
106
〈◊〉
:
●…tar
7½
of
damasco
gives
in
Rhodes
cantar
one
,
cantar
one
damasco
●…es
in
Genoa
550
li.
Measures
of
length
is
the
pico
,
which
is
accounted
about
27
〈◊〉
,
Measures
of
Damasco
.
agreeing
thus
with
other
places
.
Pico
100
damasco
,
makes
Venetia
measure
of
cloth
87
brac
;
makes
in
Genoa
24
Canes
of
10
palmes
every
Cane
.
makes
in
Flor●…ce
●…4
〈◊〉
Canes
.
Braces
100
of
cloth
in
Venetia
gives
here
11●…
〈◊〉
.
100
of
silke
Venetia
gives
here
106
pic●…
.
Pico
one
Damasco
make
scarsly
⅞
Brace
of
Venetia
.
The
commodities
comming
hence
are
cottons
of
Syria
,
Saffron
,
Commodities
of
Damasco
.
●…le
,
excellent
blades
for
swords
and
knives
,
wrought
and
raw
silkes
〈◊〉
the
growth
of
this
Countrie
,
oyle
,
●…oney
,
wax
,
〈◊〉
,
Almonds
,
●…es
,
some
drugges
,
rice
,
which
here
are
noted
plentifull
,
besides
〈◊〉
commodities
here
found
and
hither
brought
from
other
Re●…ns
,
which
I
need
not
here
nominate
.
There
is
used
in
Damascus
in
the
buying
and
selling
of
divers
〈◊〉
upon
all
commodities
in
Da●…
.
●…modities
a
certaine
Tare
and
allowance
to
be
given
,
over
and
a●…e
the
weight
,
from
the
buyer
to
the
seller
,
most
especially
●…actised
in
bargaines
of
spices
and
drugges
,
which
as
I
find
them
●…served
by
others
,
I
thinke
good
here
to
shew
;
as
in
Ginger
|
5
per
cent.
105
Rot.
|
Myrrhe
|
5
per
cent.
105
Rot.
|
Maces
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Sugar
candid
|
5
per
cent.
105
Ro.
|
Cinamon
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Wor●…seed
|
5
per
cent.
105
Rot.
|
Cloves
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Zedoaria
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Indico
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Spiknard
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Gallingall
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Mirabolans
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Nutmeggs
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Aloes
epatica
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Lacke
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Cardamom
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Long
pepper
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Turbit
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Cutchenele
|
5
per
cent
.
105
|
Silke
|
10
per
cent
.
110
|
Greeneginger
|
0
per
cent
.
000
|
Ambergreece
|
10
per
cent
.
110
|
Sugars
|
0
per
cent
.
000
|
And
many
others
which
the
Merchant
must
learne
.
|
|
All
these
commodities
are
found
to
have
these
certaine
Tares
,
besides
the
bagges
,
canisters
,
boxes
,
churles
,
and
the
like
,
by
the
custome
and
practise
of
the
place
,
and
for
as
much
as
this
Citie
is
an
inland
Towne
,
wherein
a
Bashaw
is
found
to
command
for
the
grand
Signior
;
there
is
here
a
custome
imposed
upon
all
goods
entring
and
issuing
to
forrainers
and
Merchant
strangers
3⅓
per
cent
.
which
is
payd
in
money
and
not
in
the
same
species
,
according
to
the
customes
of
Alexandria
before
specified
.
And
to
conclude
the
trade
of
this
place
,
I
will
insert
an
old
observation
Agreement
of
the
weight
of
Damasco
with
other
places
of
trade
.
falne
into
my
hands
,
made
upon
the
waights
here
and
the
agreement
therof
with
other
Countries
,
the
certaintie
whereof
I
will
referre
to
triall
.
The
cantar
of
Damasco
making
as
I
said
before
100
Rotolos
,
makes
in
The
cantar
of
Damasco
by
observation
hath
made
in
-
Alexandria
428
Rot.
forfori
.
-
Constantinople
341
Rot.
-
Venice
sotil
:
600
li.
-
Ditto
gross
:
380
li.
-
Ancona
-
517
li.
-
Florence
—
525
li.
-
Rhagusa
—
500
li.
-
Naples
—
566
li.
-
Sicilia
—
576
li.
-
Idem
—
203⅔
Rot.
-
Millan
-
552
li.
-
Genoa
—
570
li.
-
Valentia
-
400
li.
The
Rot.
Damas
:
is
-
in
Valentia
4
li.
11½
ounces
,
and
1
li.
Ual.
is
120
drams
.
The
agreement
of
the
Rotolo
of
Damasco
with
some
other
places
.
-
in
Genoa
5
li.
8½
ounces
,
-
1
li.
Genoa
is
105
dra:
here
.
-
in
Millan
56¼
ounces
,
-
1
li.
Millan
is
208
drams
.
-
in
Sicilia
59
ounces
.
-
in
Naples
5
li.
6
〈◊〉
ounces
,
-
and
1
li.
Naples
is
-
in
Rhagusa
5
li.
-
and
1
li.
Rhagusa
.
-
in
Florence
5
li.
3
ounces
,
-
and
1
li.
Florence
is
112
dr.
The
truth
of
these
observations
I
must
leave
to
the
tryall
of
the
more
expert
,
and
give
you
a
touch
,
what
I
have
gathered
in
the
matter
of
agreement
of
measures
of
length
.
100
Braces
of
cloth
in
Florence
have
made
in
Damasco
99
picos
.
The
agreement
of
the
pico
of
Damascus
with
some
other
places
.
100
pico
of
Damasco
have
made
in
Naples
28½
canes
.
100
pocos
of
Damasco
have
made
in
Sicilia
28¾
canes
.
100
picos
of
Damasco
hath
made
in
Millan
87
braces
.
10
Canes
of
silke
in
Genoa
hath
made
in
Damasco
37½
pico
.
100
pico
of
Damascus
have
made
in
Venice
of
cloth
87
braces
.
100
braces
of
Venice
silke
have
made
in
Damasco
106½
picos
.
And
for
as
much
as
the
English
,
French
,
and
Dutch
are
not
found
at
present
to
have
any
trade
hither
,
and
that
the
Venetians
are
the
onely
westerne
Christian
Merchants
that
here
reside
,
and
have
here
a
Consull
for
the
protection
of
them
and
their
trade
&
goods
,
it
will
fit
me
best
to
borrow
some
of
their
observations
,
and
observe
the
trade
they
now
drive
to
this
Citie
.
The
commodities
which
the
Venetians
then
carie
hither
for
merchandize
,
The
trade
of
the
Uenetians
to
Damasco
.
are
woolen
clothes
,
honey
,
almonds
,
tynne
,
quick-silver
,
leade
,
lattin
wier
,
iron
wier
,
lattin
plates
,
brimston
,
allom
,
wax
,
mastique
,
corrall
,
saffron
,
Flemish
beades
and
bracelets
,
crystall
looking
glasses
,
linnen
of
divers
sorts
,
course
canvas
,
some
few
furres
,
sugars
of
Cyprus
,
writing
paper
,
velvets
,
taffeta's
,
damaskes
and
sattins
,
some
Norimberge
wares
,
corrall
,
beads
,
and
many
such
European
commodities
.
The
commodities
that
they
finde
here
to
make
returnes
of
,
are
these
,
Raw
silke
of
this
Countries
growth
,
and
of
Persia
Ardasse
and
lege
,
Belledine
,
Tripoli
,
Bodovin
,
Baias
and
others
;
also
some
spices
and
some
drugges
,
as
Ginger
,
Cloves
,
Maces
,
Sandoll
,
Incense
,
Myrrhe
,
Nutmegs
,
Indico
,
Gallingall
,
long
Pepper
,
Mirabolans
,
Armoniac
,
Aloes
Epatica
,
Cardamon
,
Turbit
,
sanguis
dragonis
,
Sugar
candid
,
Wormseed
,
Zedoaria
,
Spignard
,
Cynamon
,
Tutia
,
Cottons
,
and
some
cotton
yarne
,
Benjamin
,
Assafetida
,
Manna
,
Camphir
,
Cassia
,
and
the
like
,
of
which
some
are
found
to
be
sold
by
the
cantar
of
Damasco
,
and
some
by
the
Rotolo
:
also
observe
That
Muske
,
Ambergreece
and
pearle
is
sold
by
the
metalico
,
which
is
1½
dram
,
and
Sivet
is
sold
by
a
weight
called
Ongia
,
being
10
drams
,
which
makes
6⅔
metalicos
,
which
makes
sotile
in
Venice
1
ounce
1
sacc
:
and
5
caratts
.
The
Rotolo
is
accounted
here
600
drams
,
but
lege
and
ardasse
is
here
sold
by
a
Rotolo
of
680
drams
,
which
is
7
li.
sotile
Venice
,
but
Damasco
silke
and
all
silke
of
the
growth
of
the
Countrie
is
sold
by
the
Rotolo
of
the
place
of
600
drams
.
These
notes
the
Venetians
have
made
upon
their
weights
and
measures
.
1
Cantar
Damasco
is
sotile
Venice
600
li.
and
grosse
380
li.
1
Rot:
Damasco
is
sotile
6
li.
and
grosse
3
li.
9½
ounces
.
100
Drams
Damasco
is
66½
metigall
sotile
Venice
1
li.
and
of
the
silver
weight
in
Venice
10
ounces
¼
and
5
Caratts
.
100
Drams
makes
silver
weight
in
Venice
12
Marc.
6
ounces
&
½
.
100
Mitigal
Damasco
is
in
Venice
15¼
ounces
and
5
Caratts
.
100
Carat
damasco
is
silver
weight
in
Venice
91
Carat
.
1½
dram
damascin
is
24
carat
damascin
,
the
which
24
carat
is
one
Miticall
damascino
.
Againe
è
contra
The
1000
li.
grosse
in
Venice
makes
in
Damasco
263⅓
Rotolos
.
The
1000
li.
sotile
in
Venice
is
in
damasco
166⅔
Rotolos
.
So
that
the
100
li.
grosse
is
26⅓
Rotol
.
damascine
,
and
the
100
li.
sotile
is
16
〈◊〉
Rotol
.
damascine
.
As
for
the
measure
of
Damasco
,
there
is
but
one
here
in
use
,
and
Measures
of
Damasco
.
is
common
to
all
commodities
,
both
linnen
,
silke
,
and
woolen
,
which
is
the
pico
,
which
by
the
calculation
of
the
Venetians
I
finde
thus
,
100
pico
in
Damasco
is
in
Venice
cloth
measure
braces
87
,
thereby
〈◊〉
estimating
the
said
pico
to
be
almost
⅞
of
brace
Venetian
.
100
Braces
of
cloth
in
Venice
make
in
Damasco
111
in
112
pico
.
100
Braces
of
silke
in
Venice
makes
in
Damasco
106
in
107
pico
;
and
how
they
agree
with
the
measures
of
England
and
other
places
I
have
shewed
before
,
therefore
leaving
Damasco
trade
to
the
judgement
of
the
better
experienced
,
and
finding
the
Caravan
of
Aleppo
ready
to
depart
,
I
am
called
thither
,
where
by
the
way
observing
some
reliques
not
here
worth
mentioning
,
and
where
arriving
you
shall
finde
in
the
next
leafe
what
I
have
there
observed
in
the
matter
and
manner
of
the
trade
thereof
.
CHAP.
LXII
.
Of
Aleppo
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
ALeppo
,
called
in
the
2.
Sam.
8.
3.
Aram
sobab
,
is
now
Aleppo
and
the
trade
thereof
.
the
most
famous
Citie
in
all
the
grand
Signiors
Dominions
,
for
the
wonderfull
confluence
of
Merchants
of
all
Nations
and
Countries
,
that
come
hither
to
traffi●…e
:
It
is
pleasantly
seated
upon
a
Plaine
,
in
the
midst
whereof
doth
rise
a
small
hill
,
whereupon
is
built
a
strong
Castle
that
commands
the
whole
Citie
;
it
hath
in
it
many
Canes
for
lodgings
and
warehouses
for
Merchants
,
which
resembling
small
Forts
being
shut
with
iron
gates
,
defend
the
Merchants
,
and
their
goods
from
all
wrong
or
theft
;
their
streets
are
shut
with
dores
every
night
at
each
end
,
in
the
manner
of
Cairo
,
and
thereby
every
street
becomes
a
defensible
place
by
it selfe
.
There
are
of
all
Easterne
,
Southerne
,
and
Westerne
Nations
Merchants
found
therein
,
many
of
which
injoy
severall
immunities
and
priviledges
,
granted
them
by
their
particul●…●…lations
from
the
grand
Signior
who
is
Lord
hereof
:
the
English
,
Venetians
,
and
French
,
are
found
to
be
great
Traders
hither
,
each
bringing
hither
their
native
commodities
,
&
here
exchange
them
for
Arabian
,
Persian
and
Indian
drugges
,
jems
,
spices
,
and
such
like
commodities
,
●…ongst
which
the
English
are
most
eminent
,
by
reason
that
they
●…t
onely
furnish
this
Citie
with
the
native
commodities
of
En●…and
;
but
also
with
such
as
come
to
them
from
India
and
Persia
〈◊〉
Sea
,
and
which
in
former
dayes
were
from
hence
brought
in●…
England
.
This
Citie
is
seated
about
100
English
miles
from
the
Sea
,
A●…ndretta
or
Scanderone
being
the
Sea
Port
and
Road
whereto
Scanderone
.
●…ll
shipping
,
either
out
of
the
Ocean
or
Mediteranean
come
to
●…de
and
unlade
their
goods
,
and
are
hence
transported
by
Ca●…els
to
Aleppo
;
which
scale
was
formerly
in
Tripoli
,
which
is
a
●…ore
commodious
Port
,
and
neerer
in
distance
;
but
the
way
be●…g
found
more
craggy
,
rugged
,
and
dangerous
,
by
reason
of
the
●…solencie
of
the
Arabians
,
it
was
by
all
Christians
disused
,
and
●…y
consent
the
same
was
heere
setled
.
The
commodities
which
are
found
in
this
Citie
,
are
commonly
Commodities
of
Aleppo
.
●…ll
the
commodities
of
Asia
and
Africa
,
as
spices
of
all
sorts
,
drugs
●…f
all
sorts
,
silkes
of
Persia
,
jems
of
India
,
spices
of
Arabia
,
and
the
●…ommon
commodities
proper
to
the
Countrey
,
as
Grograms
,
grogram
yarne
,
galles
,
Cottons
,
and
cotton
yarne
,
silke
of
Tripoli
,
Bacai
,
Bedovine
,
and
Damasco
,
and
other
sorts
in
great
quantitie
.
The
Weights
used
here
in
particular
,
is
the
dra●…
and
Rotolo
,
as
in
Weights
of
Aleppo
.
most
parts
of
Turkey
;
but
the
Rotolo
is
found
in
many
commodities
to
differ
in
drams
,
according
to
the
custome
in
weight
of
the
place
and
commoditie
.
The
Cantar
is
also
found
to
disagree
in
Rotolo
,
according
to
the
common
and
usuall
weight
of
commodities
,
which
I
will
declare
thereby
to
shew
first
how
they
accord
with
England
and
other
places
of
trrade
,
and
then
how
they
agree
amongst
themselve●…
:
And
first
silke
of
Persia
is
sold
by
the
wesno
,
which
is
30
ne●…her
,
and
〈◊〉
ne●…her
is
120
grains
,
and
every
graine
is
30
drams
,
by
which
accompt
the
wesno
amounts
●…o
3600
drams
,
and
〈◊〉
make
a
cole
.
But
the
common
weight
better
knowne
to
us
is
the
Rotolo
,
which
of
ardesse
and
lege
is
680
drams
,
of
〈◊〉
700
drams
,
and
so
changing
in
other
sorts
of
commodities
,
which
the
Factor
is
to
take
notice
of
.
The
Rotolo
is
also
divided
into
12
ounces
,
and
ounce
1
is
drams
60
,
drams
3600
is
accounted
a
wesno
.
Drams
2400
is
a
botman
,
which
is
the
weight
by
which
silke
is
sold
in
Constantinople
,
and
makes
there
6
oakes
.
Cantar
〈◊〉
is
Rotolos
100
,
making
neere
481
li.
haberdepois
.
Rotolo
1
is
haberdepois
4
,
13
ounces
accounted
and
found
sometimes
4
li.
14
ounces
;
so
that
112
li.
haberdepois
,
is
found
hereby
to
be
Rotolos
22
,
ounces
8.
Rotolos
100
common
weight
,
is
494
li.
8
ounces
haberdepois
which
is
above
4
li.
15
ounces
,
and
so
is
sometimes
found
to
produce
in
some
commodities
.
A
wesno
of
silver
is
100
drams
,
which
is
68
lire
of
Venetia
,
and
it
is
found
that
11
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
full
weight
,
makes
a
wesno
of
silver
heere
.
Silver
,
gold
,
jems
,
&c
,
are
sold
by
the
mitigall
,
which
is
1½
drams
,
which
is
carat
24
English
,
or
grains
96.
Wesno's
of
Aleppo
are
in
buying
of
silke
thus
reduced
into
Rotolos
Wesnos
reduced
into
Rotolos
in
Aleppo
.
and
drams
following
.
Wesno
1
is
Rotolos
5
drams
200.
5
|
26
|
320
|
10
|
52
|
650
|
20
|
105
|
600
|
30
|
158
|
560
|
40
|
●…11
|
520
|
50
|
264
|
480
|
60
|
317
|
440
|
70
|
370
|
400
|
80
|
423
|
360
|
90
|
476
|
320
|
100
|
529
|
280
|
Which
may
bee
inlarged
to
a
greater
number
,
having
purposely
heere
inserted
the
same
for
the
benefit
of
the
ignorant
,
and
learner
.
Now
for
asmuch
as
the
Venetians
have
beene
accounted
the
first
Christian
Traders
into
this
Citie
,
let
us
observe
the
agreements
Aleppo
with
Venetia
.
in
weights
of
this
place
and
Venetia
.
Cantar
1
makes
sotile
Venetia
720
li.
gross
.
456
li.
which
this
way
reduced
to
English
weight
,
is
482
li.
haberdepois
.
Rotol
.
1
Venetia
sotile
li.
7
,
ounces
2
,
sache
2
2/4
gross
.
li.
4
,
ounce
.
6¾
.
Grosse
Venetia
1000
li.
i●…
i●…
Aleppo
cantar
2
,
Rot.
19.
Solite
Venetia
1000
li.
〈◊〉
in
Aleppo
,
cantar
1
,
Rot.
40
;
so
that
100
li.
gross
.
is
Rotol
.
21
&
100
li.
●…ile
is
14
Rotolos
.
Cantar
1
hath
produced
in
Florence
660
li.
Now
it
will
be
necessary
to
note
some
observations
vpon
commodities
weighed
in
Aleppo
,
with
the
●…res
and
allowances
by
Aleppo
notes
of
weighing
.
custome
of
the
place
given
to
the
buyer
.
All
sorts
of
Indico
is
sold
by
the
C●…le
,
which
is
27½
Rotolo
of
720
drams
,
churles
2
,
makes
a
chest
,
allowing
in
accompt
327
li.
to
Indico
.
a
churle
of
neat
Indico
,
and
there
is
allowed
to
the
buyer
3
ounces
per
churle
for
dust
,
and
3
ounces
for
single
shire
,
and
6
ounces
for
double
.
Silke
of
all
sorts
hath
allowance
for
heads
of
skeins
if
course
,
Silkes
.
〈◊〉
in
130
drams
per
wesno
;
if
fine
60
drams
notwithstanding
.
Muske
being
bought
by
the
mitigall
,
out
of
the
Cod
gives
no
al●…wance
,
Muske
.
in
the
Cod
20
per
cent
.
Druggs
of
the
growth
of
this
Countrey
,
are
sold
by
the
Rotolo
Druggs
.
〈◊〉
720
drams
,
and
payes
no
custome
;
but
of
the
growth
of
forreign
●…rts
,
by
Rotolo
of
600
drams
,
and
payes
great
custome
,
as
are
●…mphire
,
aloes
,
Socotrina
.
Silke
also
of
these
Countries
as
Damascus
,
Tripoli
,
Bacas
,
gives
Silke
of
Damasco
.
●…o
allowance
in
tare
being
cleane
silke
.
Oppion
is
sold
drams
110
for
100
drams
,
the
10
drams
being
al●…wed
for
tare
in
that
commoditie
.
Spices
of
all
sorts
are
sold
by
the
Rotolo
of
720
drams
,
and
if
the
Spices
.
●…me
be
ungarbled
,
the
allowance
is
132
for
100
;
but
if
garbled
,
●…10
for
100
notwithstanding
,
as
in
cloves
,
maces
,
cynamon
,
&c.
Galls
have
allowance
for
dust
2
per
cent
.
and
briefly
observe
Galles
.
●…ese
commodities
give
these
tares
to
the
buyer
,
Aloes
epaticum
with
●…e
skin
,
and
aloes
socotrina
,
asaphetida
with
the
skin
,
Bedillio
gives
●…0
in
.
120
:
Cinamon
,
Cubebus
,
Casa
fistula
,
Oculus
Inde
,
Galbanum
,
Spices
.
Maces
,
Oppion
,
Rubarb
,
Manna
,
&c.
10
per
100
;
Camphora
,
Lig●…um
Aloes
,
Nutmegs
,
&c.
5
per
105.
Note
,
that
forasmuch
as
no
English
Merchants
are
permitted
●…o
trade
into
Turkey
but
the
levant
company
,
and
that
this
company
●…re
incorporated
by
especiall
priviledges
in
London
by
the
favour
of
his
Majestie
of
England
,
the
orders
of
that
companie
by
the
traders
hither
to
other
the
Ports
of
Turkey
is
to
bee
observed
,
according
to
their
established
acts
and
ordinances
,
whereto
I
referre
the
inquirer
for
further
information
.
The
Coines
currant
of
Aleppo
is
the
same
common
with
all
the
Coines
of
Aleppo
.
dominions
of
the
great
Turke
;
the
passable
here
is
The
Soltanie
is
medines
80
,
aspers
120
,
sh.
16.
The
Lion
doller
,
med.
50
,
asp
.
80
,
sh.
10.
The
Duccat
,
med.
40
,
asp
.
60
,
sh.
7½
.
Rialls
of
8/8
have
passed
6½
per
cent
.
better
then
lyon
dollers
,
and
1½
℞.
8/8
hath
passed
for
a
soltanie
:
but
this
rule
holds
not
in
these
dayes
,
for
the
warres
and
troubles
of
that
Country
have
altered
these
observations
.
Shes
.
1
is
medin
.
5⅓
,
or
aspers
8
,
and
the
med
.
1
〈◊〉
shes
.
But
these
rules
following
are
more
certaine
and
found
true
.
℞.
8/8
is
found
to
weigh
424
grains
the
single
Rot.
26½
gr
.
The
Crowne
or
single
pistolet
found
to
weigh
53
grains
.
The
Solianie
,
hungar
,
or
chequine
to
weigh
54
graines
.
And
the
Mitigall
is
found
to
weigh
72
graines
.
Their
accounts
are
kept
as
by
a
common
consent
throughout
Accompts
in
Aleppo
.
the
principall
places
of
traffique
in
Turkey
in
dollors
and
aspers
;
the
dollor
containing
80
as
.
at
what
rate
otherwise
soever
the
same
doe
passe
amongst
all
Christians
that
are
Merchants
,
and
here
resident
;
yet
it
is
found
that
the
account
of
the
Countrey
(
as
proper
to
the
revenewes
and
treasure
of
the
grand
signior
,
and
practised
by
the
receivers
of
his
estate
)
is
kept
in
aspers
,
wherein
they
account
to
thousands
,
ten
thousand
and
hundred
thousand
aspers
,
and
so
by
a
cargo
or
loade
of
aspers
which
they
account
to
be
100
thousand
aspers
,
and
at
80
aspers
per
dol.
.
amount
to
1250
dollers
,
o●…
312
li.
10
shil
.
starling
.
There
is
found
in
Aleppo
but
one
measure
or
pico
which
is
27
Measures
in
Aleppo
.
inches
English
or
¾
of
a
yard
,
and
is
the
same
for
linen
and
woollen
,
and
doth
agree
with
the
Venetian
brace
,
used
there
in
cloth
of
gold
and
silke
;
and
the
100
braces
of
cloth
in
Venetia
is
found
to
render
here
106
picos
.
There
is
also
a
pico
found
for
grograms
,
chamblets
and
Moheres
,
but
this
is
the
proper
pico
of
Angera
the
staple
of
that
commodity
,
and
is
found
to
be
but
2
inches
English
incirca
lesse
,
as
I
have
more
at
large
noted
in
that
place
.
As
for
the
customes
of
this
place
they
are
as
in
Constantinople
,
for
the
English
nation
3
per
cent
.
with
some
innovations
crept
i●…
C●…stomes
in
Aleppo
.
by
the
corruption
of
customers
and
forraigners
which
here
are
found
to
be
Jewes
;
and
which
in
this
point
are
loath
to
derogate
from
the
common
manner
of
almost
all
customers
and
forraigners
in
the
World
:
but
the
last
agreement
between
Mustafa
,
Aga
the
customer
and
the
consul
of
the
English
was
thus
,
-
Kerfies
rated
at
medines
14
〈◊〉
per
piece
,
at
3
per
cent
.
-
Broad
clothes
rated
at
medines
120
per
cloth
at
3
per
cent
.
-
Co●…e
skins
the
bundle
50
skins
at
14
dol.
-
Tynne
rated
at
55
Rot.
per
chest
and
3●…
dol.
is
157½
dol.
-
Indico
at
medines
587
per
chest
.
-
Galles
at
12
dol.
per
Rot.
-
Silke
at
medins
6
per
Rot.
-
Grograms
the
balle
at
33
dol.
-
Fillades
per
quintall
at
33
dol.
-
Cotton
wool
per
cent
—
33
dol.
-
Quilts
at
50
dol.
per
ball
.
-
Botanos
at
ball
80
dol.
-
Cordovants
at
ball
8
dol.
-
Turmericke
at
medins
80
per
Rot.
-
Gumdragan●…
at
ball
60
dol.
Note
that
all
spice
as
nut●…egges
,
cloves
,
mace
and
Cynamon
payes
21
per
cent
.
but
to
be
rated
at
14
per
cent
.
lesse
then
the
same
cost
as
being
commodities
of
India
properly
,
-
Nut●…egges
valued
at
medines
—
60.
-
Cloves
per
Rot.
at
—
160.
-
Maces
per
Rot.
at
—
220.
-
Cynamon
per
Rotolo
at
—
90
Pepper
owes
but
halfe
custome
,
and
therefore
rate
it
at
½
lesse
●…hen
it
cost
,
and
then
pay
21
per
cent
.
Before
I
leave
this
place
,
it
will
be
needfull
that
I
doe
more
The
generall
Trade
of
Aleppo
surveyed
in
its
particular
colours
.
●…articularly
survey
the
body
of
the
great
trade
which
is
deen
ex●…rcised
here
at
this
day
;
and
first
for
the
trade
of
the
English
as
the
most
eminent
,
it
is
found
that
this
place
doth
yearely
vent
about
●…6000
English
clothes
of
severall
sorts
,
about
600
quintalls
of
tynne
,
some
furres
,
kerfies
and
other
English
commodities
,
besides
100
The
English
the
prime
traders
to
Aleppo
.
thousand
rialls
of
8/8
brought
yearely
hither
by
them
in
ready
mo●…eys
to
be
invested
in
raw
silke
,
drugges
,
and
other
commodities
of
this
Countrey
:
they
have
here
to
this
end
a
consull
,
who
is
intitu●…ed
of
Syria
and
Cyprus
,
who
hath
here
the
preheminence
of
all
other
Christian
consulls
resident
;
and
in
returnes
of
this
estate
carry
●…ence
great
quantity
of
raw
Persia
silke
termed
and
knowne
to
us
by
the
name
of
Ardasse
and
Lege
,
and
also
Bedovin
Castravan
,
Bele●…in
,
Baias
,
and
other
sort
of
the
growth
of
this
Countrey
;
also
they
carry
hence
great
quantities
of
galls
of
Tocat
,
some
drugges
of
Arabia
,
great
quantity
of
grogram
yarne
and
grograms
,
cottons
and
cotton
yarne
,
and
other
commodities
of
this
place
,
which
investments
were
formerly
in
a
large
nature
in
drugges
,
spices
and
Iems
,
which
●…ow
the
English
furnish
themselves
at
the
first
●…and
from
India
,
&c.
and
though
otherwise
thus
their
returnes
are
thereby
shortned
,
yet
having
a
greater
part
of
their
returnes
in
these
sorts
of
silkes
above
said
,
it
hath
herein
found
a
faire
inlargement
for
the
abatement
made
in
spices
.
The
scale
of
this
City
is
Alexandretta
as
I
noted
before
,
commonly
Scanderone
,
whereto
all
ships
Scanderone
.
come
that
have
businesse
hither
;
and
here
likewise
the
English
have
a
factorie
intituled
a
vice
consull
for
the
effecting
and
preservation
of
their
affaires
here
,
and
for
the
landing
or
lading
of
all
goods
coming
in
or
going
out
from
this
City
;
and
where
also
to
the
same
end
the
Venetians
and
French
have
likewise
their
particular
vice
consulls
to
manage
the
publike
trade
of
their
severall
Nations
.
The
Venetians
I
account
the
next
Merchants
of
consequence
The
Venetians
the
s●…ond
.
here
resident
,
who
bring
hither
great
quantity
of
cloths
Venice
making
,
and
others
of
severall
sorts
,
some
Germaine
commodities
,
as
lattin
plates
,
wier
,
shaven
lattin
,
steele
,
iron
,
silkes
wrought
,
as
sattins
,
damasces
,
velvets
,
taffetas
,
paper
,
and
some
ri●…lls
of
eight
and
Uenetian
chiequens
in
gold
,
with
crystall
looking
glasses
,
quicksilver
and
other
commodities
.
And
hence
in
returnes
thereof
export
silkes
raw
of
all
sorts
,
cotton
wooll
and
cotton
yarne
,
grograms
,
moheires
,
chamblets
,
sundry
sorts
of
drugges
,
spices
,
jems
,
and
galls
,
indico
and
other
such
.
The
French
are
the
next
of
note
that
trade
hither
,
having
to
The
French
the
third
.
that
end
also
a
consull
in
Aleppo
,
and
a
vice
consull
in
Alexandretia
,
and
who
carry
hither
some
few
clothes
of
Languedocke
,
and
of
rialls
of
plate
a
great
quantity
,
which
every
small
Barke
is
found
to
bring
hither
from
Marselia
the
onely
French
port
hither
trading
,
in
return
whereof
they
used
some
yeeres
past
to
carry
hence
abundance
of
raw
silke
of
all
sorts
,
to
the
imports
sometimes
of
600
in
800
bales
upon
a
vessell
:
but
this
their
trade
by
sundry
losses
occasioned
is
now
decayed
,
and
their
shippes
are
onely
laden
with
galles
,
cotton
woolls
,
cotton
yarne
,
grograms
,
some
drugges
,
spices
,
callicoes
,
and
such
.
These
are
then
the
onely
3
Christian
nations
that
have
any
trade
of
moment
here
,
the
trade
driven
here
by
the
Dutch
not
worthy
consideration
;
besides
which
this
Town
is
found
to
be
the
great
magazin
of
all
Persia
,
India
and
Arabia
commodities
;
the
Merchants
whereof
come
hither
in
great
troopes
and
caravans
,
with
their
Camels
laden
with
the
rich
wares
of
those
severall
Countries
,
and
make
their
returnes
in
the
commodities
of
Europe
above-named
,
which
they
buy
and
barter
with
the
English
,
French
and
Venetians
,
which
here
have
their
residence
as
aforesaid
.
To
conclude
then
the
trade
of
this
place
,
and
to
omit
nothing
that
I
have
judged
proper
for
the
demonstration
thereof
,
I
will
insert
the
observations
made
here
by
experience
in
the
weights
and
measures
of
this
place
,
with
the
weights
and
measures
of
some
other
places
of
trade
in
the
elevante
.
It
is
before
noted
that
in
Aleppo
there
is
but
one
quintar
accounted
The
agreement
of
the
cantar
of
Aleppo
with
other
places
.
as
the
common
cantar
of
the
place
,
by
which
all
commodities
are
both
bought
and
sold
;
yet
it
is
to
be
noted
withall
,
that
from
this
quintar
is
many
other
cantars
derived
,
varying
according
to
the
custome
practised
in
the
weight
of
some
speciall
commodities
,
as
I
have
before
likewise
noted
:
now
this
cantar
consisteth
of
100
Rotolos
;
the
common
Rotolo
here
which
is
also
accounted
600
drams
,
though
as
I
have
there
observed
,
severall
commodities
are
weighed
by
a
severall
Rotolo
,
some
consisting
of
600
,
some
680
,
some
700
,
and
some
720
drams
:
therefore
to
explaine
this
point
it
hath
been
observed
that
the
common
cantar
of
Aleppo
containing
100
Rotolos
,
and
each
Rotolo
containing
600
drams
have
made
in
these
Countries
following
:
The
100
Rotolo
of
680
drammes
is
-
In
Naples
—
633
li.
—
6
li.
8
ounces
.
-
Uenetia
sotile
—
720
li.
—
7
li.
2
ounces
2⅖
such
.
-
Uenetia
grosse-456
li.
—
4
li.
9¾
oun.
-
Florence
—
626
li.
—
6
li.
3⅛
oun.
-
Gotile
sotile
—
624
li.
—
6
li.
10
oun.
-
Sicilia
—
691
li.
—
6
li.
10
〈◊〉
oun
.
-
Millan
—
662
li.
—
6
li.
7½
ounces
.
I
have
noted
the
measure
here
in
generall
for
all
commodities
to
The
agreement
of
the
100
picoes
of
Aleppo
with
other
places
.
be
the
pico
in
Cloth
,
the
100
picoes
hath
beene
found
thus
to
concord
with
other
Countries
.
-
100
pico
have
made
in
Uenice
cloth
—
94
braces
.
-
In
Uenice
silke
—
100
braces
.
-
In
●…lorence
—
107½
braces
.
-
In
Genoa
—
28½
Canes
.
-
In
Millan
—
81
braces
.
-
Sicilia
—
31
Canes
1
palme
.
And
thus
much
is
what
I
conceive
needfull
to
have
〈◊〉
●…ning
the
trade
of
this
famous
City
of
Aleppo
.
CHAP.
LXIII
.
Of
TRIPOLIS
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THE
next
and
last
of
note
in
this
Countrey
is
Tripolis
,
Tripolis
in
Syria
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
and
to
distinguish
it
from
that
in
Barbary
commonly
called
(
in
Syria
)
it
hath
in
former
times
been
a
faire
Towne
,
and
injoyed
a
faire
and
commodious
harbour
;
now
ruin'd
,
and
hath
(
as
I
said
before
)
of
late
dayes
been
accounted
for
the
Port
and
Scale
of
Aleppo
,
where
our
Shippes
ever
la●…ed
●…nd
unladen
,
but
since
their
removall
to
Scanderone
it
is
of
little
commerce
:
some
Venetians
are
here
found
to
reside
,
and
who
picke
out
hence
some
small
wade
with
the
inhabitants
of
the
Countrey
,
who
afford●…
them
silke
●…re
growing
,
some
cotton
yarne
and
cotton
wooll
,
some
drugges
,
corne
and
other
commodities
.
Their
weight
agrees
with
that
of
Damasco
,
which
is
Rotolo
100
&
is
a
C●…ntar
d●…scino
,
which
is
Venetia
sotile
li.
600
,
grosse
380
li.
Weights
of
Tripoli
.
which
this
way
should
be
English
li.
402.
but
it
hath
been
found
to
yeeld
416
li
haberdepois
,
drams
52
is
an
ounce
.
Ounces
12
is
a
Rotolo
which
hath
been
found
to
be
4
li.
2
ounc
.
of
haberdepois
,
and
ounces
8
is
an
oake
,
which
hath
been
observed
to
make
out
42¾
li.
haberdepois
.
Their
measure
being
a
Pico
is
somewhat
lesse
then
27
inches
Measures
of
Tripoli
.
English.
Their
moneys
is
generally
the
same
with
all
Turkey
,
but
thus
accounted
—
Coines
in
Tripolis
.
-
Aspers
2
is
a
medin
.
-
Aspers
40
is
¼
Rot.
〈◊〉
.
-
Aspers
160
is
a
Rot.
〈◊〉
.
-
Aspers
140.
is
a
dollor
lion
.
-
Aspers
240
is
a
sultany
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
for
Tripoly
in
Syria
.
CHAP.
LXIV
.
Of
PALESTINE
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
THE
next
Countrey
in
order
is
Palestina
,
having
on
Palestine
.
the
East
Euphrates
,
on
the
West
the
Mediterranean
Sea
;
on
the
North
Phenicia
,
and
on
the
South
Arabia
;
this
Countrey
hath
so
often
changed
its
name
that
it
hath
bin
called
by
6
severall
names
,
1
Canaan
,
2
the
land
of
promise
,
〈◊〉
Israel
,
4
Iudea
,
5
Palestina
,
and
lastly
the
holy
land
;
and
now
divided
into
4
parts
,
Galilea
,
Iudea
,
Idumea
and
Samaria
.
In
Galilea
is
not
found
any
City
either
of
note
nor
trading
,
Galilea
.
though
in
times
past
it
was
famous
for
many
,
as
Bethsaida
the
birth
place
of
Peter
,
Andrew
and
Philip
;
and
Nazareth
second
to
none
,
where
the
Virgin
Mary
was
saluted
with
those
joyfull
tydings
by
an
Angell
:
in
this
Countrey
ariseth
the
two
spring
heads
of
Iord●…
,
Ior
and
Dan
,
of
which
two
that
united
River
doth
derive
Iordan
.
its
name
.
Neither
doth
Samaria
now
afford
any
City
of
commerce
,
though
many
notable
places
were
there
found
in
the
flourishing
dayes
of
Samaria
.
the
Israelites
.
Idumea
is
also
destitute
of
trading
,
though
it
have
the
commodious
Sea
Por●…
I●…ppa
in
it
,
where
our
Westerne
Pilgrims
are
seen
Idumea
.
to
land
and
foot
it
to
Ierusalem
;
where
also
in
times
past
Ionah
took
shipping
to
fly
to
Tarsus
,
and
where
Peter
lying
in
the
house
of
one
Simon
a
Tanner
,
was
in
a
vision
taught
the
conversion
of
the
Gentiles
:
here
also
was
Gasa
where
the
Persians
did
hord
up
in
the
greatnes
of
their
Empire
the
customes
and
tributes
of
their
westerne
dominions
:
take
what
I
finde
in
trade
here
worthy
observation
.
CHAP.
LXV
.
Of
Gasa
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
GASA
hath
beene
more
famous
and
beautifull
then
Gasa
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
now
it
is
,
and
renowned
through
Europe
both
for
a
good
Sea
Port
and
a
good
defence
to
the
westerne
Christians
in
their
warres
here
against
the
Saladin
and
Soldans
of
Aegypt
,
and
for
a
good
seate
of
trade
;
but
all
these
good
things
were
too
good
for
those
Nations
that
have
since
beene
Masters
thereof
:
for
the
goodnesse
of
the
Port
is
●…oyled
by
rubbish
,
the
goodnes
of
the
walles
ruin'd
by
the
wars
,
●…d
the
goodnes
of
the
scale
in
trade
decayed
by
the
neighbou●…g
Townes
scituated
upon
this
coast
.
It
is
seated
in
the
bot●…me
of
all
the
mediterranean
Sea
,
and
sees
yet
a
little
trade
by
the
●…nefit
of
a
creeke
capable
to
receive
small
vessels
,
wherein
the
●…enetians
and
French
picke
out
some
trade
with
their
ready
mo●…ey
:
it
is
a
station
common
to
those
caravans
that
by
land
travell
●…om
Damasco
,
Aleppo
or
Constantinople
to
Ca●…o
,
and
so
backe
〈◊〉
;
and
these
caravans
keeping
their
setled
times
of
progresse
●…d
regresse
,
are
the
cause
of
some
traffique
here
maintained
:
the
●…arrennesse
of
the
neighbouring
deser●…s
drive
som●…
hither
to
in●…bit
,
which
makes
the
Towne
to
be
better
peopl●…
then
other●…ise
it
happily
would
be
,
thereby
inlarging
the
commerce
of
the
●…lace
.
What
observations
therein
I
have
learned
I
must
acknow●…dge
due
to
the
indeavours
of
a
Venetian
Merchant
who
much
●…equented
these
parts
,
which
is
The
commodities
of
this
City
are
Commodities
of
Gasa
.
●…ose
proper
of
the
Countrey
,
and
as
the
place
partaketh
as
a
con●…e
Towne
of
Aegypt
and
Iudea
,
so
it
must
be
understood
that
it
●…oth
participate
of
the
commodities
for
merch
〈◊〉
proper
to
●…oth
of
them
,
as
cottons
,
cotton
yarne
,
silks
,
some
drugges
,
some
spices
,
●…nd
the
like
.
The
coines
here
currant
I
need
not
nominate
,
neither
yet
the
Coines
of
Gasa
.
manner
of
keeping
of
Merchants
accounts
here
;
for
as
seated
in
the
dominions
of
the
grand
signior
;
the
coines
and
accounts
are
the
same
common
with
Constantinople
and
other
parts
of
Turkey
.
The
weight
of
Gasa
is
found
to
be
onely
one
,
composed
of
the
Weights
of
Gasa
.
Rotolo
,
and
100
Rotolos
making
their
cantar
;
which
cantar
by
the
said
observations
make
in
Venetia
800
li.
sotile
,
and
the
1000
li.
gro
.
●…n
Venetia
hath
made
here
191
Rot.
and
the
1000
li.
sotile
Venetia
hath
made
here
125
Rotolos
:
but
because
I
find
a
Country
man
of
our
owne
to
have
made
a
differing
observation
from
this
in
the
point
of
weight
,
which
is
,
that
the
cantar
of
Gasa
will
make
in
London
536
li.
haberdepois
;
I
will
leave
the
experiment
to
that
hand
that
shall
have
cause
to
make
a
further
tryall
.
CHAP.
LXVI
.
Of
TYRUS
,
and
the
ancient
Trade
thereof
.
TYRUS
lieth
also
in
this
Tract
,
or
to
say
more
properly
and
more
truely
did
once
lie
in
this
Tract
,
Of
Tyrus
and
the
ancient
Trade
therof
.
which
for
its
great
splendor
in
traffique
in
time
past
deserveth
here
the
commemoration
thereof
▪
which
I
will
insert
as
I
find
it
noted
by
the
Prophet
Ezech●…
in
chap.
26
and
27
;
the
greatnesse
and
amplitude
o●…
which
trade
now
ruind
and
altogether
desolate
,
serving
for
example
to
all
eminent
Cities
of
traffique
,
that
the
Merchants
Inhabitants
of
those
places
forget
not
GOD
the
giver
of
that
plenty
and
aboundance
;
nor
yet
abuse
the
same
to
their
own
destruction
▪
as
is
shewd
there
it
was
to
the
Tyrians
.
Tyrus
then
in
the
heig●…
of
its
greatnesse
is
recorded
to
have
a
very
great
trade
,
and
so
large
that
it
served
for
a
generall
mart
to
all
the
World
,
and
that
all
Nations
were
furnished
with
their
merchandize
and
commodities
thence
,
which
wonderfully
inriched
the
City
and
increased
the
power
of
the
citizens
;
so
that
she
is
there
termed
the
strong
and
renowned
City
of
the
Sea
,
and
which
was
mightily
inhabited
by
Se●…
men
and
Merchants
,
whose
power
and
greatnesse
in
Navigation
and
trade
is
described
by
many
particulars
in
that
Chapter
;
as
first
that
her
Ship
timber
was
of
the
Firre
trees
of
Hermon
hill
,
and
the
Masts
thereof
was
of
cedar
,
and
brought
from
Libanon
,
and
the
Oares
thereof
were
of
the
oakes
of
Bashan
;
the
Sailes
thereof
was
fine
imbroidered
linen
brought
from
Aegypt
,
and
the
covering●…
(
or
as
Sea-men
terme
it
their
awneings
)
were
of
blew
silke
and
purple
,
brought
from
the
Iles
of
Elishah
:
their
mariners
were
the
Inhabitants
of
Sidon
and
Arvad
,
and
their
Ship-masters
and
Pilots
were
the
wisest
of
the
City
,
and
their
Carpenters
,
shipwrights
and
Calkers
were
the
ancients
of
Gebal
,
and
the
wise
men
thereof
;
and
all
the
Shippes
of
the
Sea
with
their
Mariners
negotiated
in
her
in
the
traffique
of
merchandize
.
Now
those
that
traded
hither
and
were
the
Merchants
thereof
,
and
the
commodities
for
which
they
traded
is
also
recorded
there
,
for
the
Merchants
of
Tarshish
brought
hither
to
the
Faires
all
rich
commodities
,
as
silver
,
iron
,
tynne
,
lead
:
The
Merchants
of
Grecia
,
Italy
and
Cappadocia
furnished
it
with
slaves
for
labour
,
and
with
all
manner
of
vessells
of
brasse
.
The
Merchants
of
Togarmah
brought
hither
to
her
Marts
Horses
and
Mules
for
carriage
.
The
Merchants
of
Dedan
brought
Unicornes
hornes
and
Elephants
teeth
.
The
Merchants
of
Aram
brought
to
her
Faires
emerald
,
corall
,
pearles
,
fine
linen
,
and
purple
imbroidered
workes
.
The
Merchants
of
Israel
brought
honey
,
●…lme
,
oyle
and
wheate
.
The
Merchants
of
Damasco
brought
wines
,
●…ols
,
and
multitude
of
other
rich
wares
.
The
Merchants
of
Dan
●…d
Iavan
brought
iron
worke
,
cassia
,
calamus
.
The
Merchants
of
●…rabia
furnished
it
with
cattell
.
Of
Sheba
and
Ramah
with
spices
●…d
precious
stones
and
gold
:
and
to
conclude
,
all
the
nations
of
●…ose
regions
were
accounted
the
Merchants
that
did
traffique
●…ither
with
all
the
riches
of
their
severall
Countries
,
and
furni●…ed
the
same
with
the
best
of
their
Sea-men
,
and
the
principall
of
●…eir
Ships
for
navigation
:
but
the
Holy
Prophet
in
liew
of
their
●…en
greatnesse
,
prophesied
their
future
miserie
;
instead
of
their
●…en
riches
prophesied
their
future
poverty
,
which
is
there
recor●…ed
to
have
fallen
deservedly
upon
this
City
and
their
inhabitants
●…r
glorying
in
their
owne
strength
and
opulence
,
and
for
deri●…ing
of
the
holy
City
of
Ierusalem
,
by
rejoycing
at
the
visitation
●…nd
fall
which
GOD
had
beene
pleased
to
afflict
her
withall
;
〈◊〉
that
many
yeeres
past
the
said
prophesie
hath
bin
in
her
fulfilled
,
●…s
now
we
see
it
in
these
daies
to
be
;
for
many
nations
hath
●…sen
up
against
it
,
and
the
waves
of
the
Seas
hath
devoured
it
;
the
●…iches
thereof
are
robbed
,
and
the
merchandize
thereof
are
spoy●…ed
:
the
nations
that
have
knowne
the
splendor
of
it
are
risen
up
●…n
astonishment
at
it
,
the
waters
hath
covered
it
,
and
in
fine
the
●…ame
is
brought
to
nothing
,
and
shall
never
hereafter
have
a
bee●…ng
,
which
is
fully
accomplished
in
every
particular
:
therefore
●…et
each
flourishing
City
of
trade
,
and
every
Merchant
exercising
●…raffique
take
warning
by
their
ruine
and
desolation
,
and
by
their
●…ust
and
faithfull
dealing
and
upright
conversation
indeavour
to
divert
the
wrath
of
GOD
from
the
Cities
of
their
habitations
;
and
having
the
sinne
of
the
Tyrians
ever
in
remembrance
,
they
may
thereby
hope
to
avoyd
their
punishment
.
Now
as
for
the
Countrey
of
Iudea
,
I
find
not
that
it
affords
any
eminent
City
of
trade
in
these
our
dayes
,
though
otherwise
it
be
famous
in
Scripture
in
times
past
,
both
for
the
City
of
Bethleem
,
where
our
Saviour
CHRIST
was
borne
,
and
where
it
was
found
the
innocents
did
suffer
for
him
ere
he
suffered
for
them
;
and
also
for
the
City
of
Ierico
,
destroyed
by
the
sounding
of
rammes
hornes
;
Ierico
.
and
lastly
for
Ierusalem
the
City
of
the
Lord
,
built
by
Melchisedec
Prince
and
Priest
of
Salem
,
in
the
Countrey
of
the
Jebusites
;
but
Ierusalem
.
since
that
time
having
been
layen
wast
divers
times
,
and
having
againe
found
new
reedifiers
,
is
now
of
little
consequence
:
here
was
that
most
magnificent
Temple
built
by
Solomon
,
and
the
famous
Temple
of
the
Sepulchre
built
by
Helena
daughter
to
Coilus
a
Brittish
King
,
and
mother
to
Constantine
the
Great
;
the
ruines
thereof
is
yet
much
resorted
unto
both
by
Protestants
and
Papists
,
though
for
sundry
ends
;
which
place
affordeth
now
not
any
trade
to
any
nation
save
to
the
Jewes
,
who
farme
of
the
grand
signior
this
abovesaid
Temple
at
80000
sultanies
yearely
,
and
every
pilgrime
or
other
Christian
entring
,
must
pay
9
sultanies
to
the
said
farmers
for
admittance
;
so
that
the
posterity
of
those
Jewes
make
an
unrighteous
gaine
and
traffique
by
his
death
,
whom
unrighteously
their
fore-fathers
occasioned
to
die
.
CHAP.
LXVII
.
Of
ARMENIA
and
the
Provinces
and
Cities
thereof
.
ARMENIA
hath
on
the
East
Media
,
and
the
Caspian
Sea
,
on
the
West
Euphrates
and
the
Euxi●…
Armenia
.
Sea
,
on
the
North
Tartarie
,
on
the
South
Mesopotamia
;
the
whole
Countrey
is
divided
into
three
Provinces
;
first
,
Colchis
;
secondly
,
Georgia
;
thirdly
,
Turcomania
.
Colchis
lieth
on
the
Euxine
Sea
,
the
Inhabitants
thereof
being
Christians
;
hence
did
Iason
in
the
dayes
of
old
steale
the
golde●…
Colchis
.
fleece
;
and
here
is
also
seene
the
ruines
of
that
famous
Citie
Dioscuria
,
where
by
reason
of
the
many
forraine
Merchants
from
all
Dioscuria
.
Countries
that
here
frequented
,
three
hundred
languages
was
commonly
spoken
and
practised
.
Neither
can
I
finde
in
Georgia
,
earst
called
Iberia
,
any
Citie
of
note
for
trading
.
Turcomania
being
also
as
barren
in
this
kinde
.
Georgia
.
It
is
observed
by
sundry
Authours
that
out
of
this
Province
is
derived
Turcomania
.
the
Name
and
Originall
of
the
Turkes
,
who
here
had
their
off-spring
,
and
who
within
these
three
hundred
yeares
last
past
have
made
themselves
potent
by
their
Armies
,
and
to
the
ruine
of
many
Kingdomes
,
the
present
Grand
Signior
Sultan
Amurath
,
who
The
kingdoms
under
the
Turk
.
in
Anno
1623
,
at
my
being
in
Constantinople
was
proclaimed
Emperour
of
that
Nation
,
hath
under
his
Dominions
and
command
in
chiefe
as
Soveraigne
all
these
Countries
;
first
in
Europe
he
hath
Dacia
,
Grecia
,
all
the
Aegean
Ilands
,
and
Taurica
Chersonesus
;
in
Asia
he
hath
the
Provinces
before
already
described
;
also
Arabia
,
Syria
,
Media
,
Mesopotamia
,
Rhodes
,
Cyprus
,
and
other
Ilands
;
and
lastly
,
in
Africa
he
hath
Aegypt
and
the
Kingdome
of
Tunes
and
Argier
,
and
many
others
of
lesser
consequence
:
and
thus
leaving
Armenia
,
my
next
step
is
to
Arabia
,
which
commeth
now
to
be
handled
.
CHAP.
LXVIII
.
Of
ARABIA
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
ARABIA
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Persian
gulfe
,
Arabia
.
on
the
West
with
the
red
Sea
,
on
the
North
with
Mesopotamia
and
Palestina
,
on
the
South
with
the
Ocean
;
the
Inhabitants
are
extreamly
addicted
to
theft
,
this
●…ade
being
found
to
be
the
best
part
of
their
maintenance
,
the
●…ountry
is
divided
into
three
parts
,
Arabia
deserta
,
Petrosa
,
and
Fe●…x
.
Deserta
.
Arabia
deserta
is
the
place
where
the
people
of
Israel
wandred
●…or
fortie
yeares
under
the
command
of
Moses
;
the
most
eminent
Citie
of
this
Province
is
Bolsora
,
whereto
by
reason
that
it
serveth
Bolsora
.
●…or
through-fare
from
Arabia
to
Aleppo
,
and
Damascus
,
is
found
a
Citie
of
great
concourse
of
many
Merchants
,
and
which
doth
●…rincipally
consist
more
upon
the
commodities
brought
hither
●…rom
other
Countries
,
as
of
India
,
and
other
parts
of
Arabia
,
then
of
any
found
here
to
be
transported
into
other
Countries
;
the
●…urther
trade
thereof
by
reason
of
my
ignorance
I
omit
.
This
Country
by
reason
of
the
theevish
lives
of
the
Inhabitants
and
the
generall
barrennesse
and
infertilitie
thereof
some
Authours
have
observed
in
the
course
of
their
trade
and
merchandizing
,
that
the
sandy
Deserts
are
the
Seas
of
the
Arabian
Merchants
,
the
wild
arabs
their
pirats
,
and
their
Camells
their
shippes
,
usually
carrying
600
li.
for
an
ordinary
burthen
,
and
so
we
finde
them
to
doe
in
the
carriage
of
our
goods
and
wares
from
Scanderone
to
Aleppo
,
and
so
backe
againe
,
a
Camells
load
being
accounted
ten
Cloths
Suffolke
,
which
by
statute
weigh
640
li.
which
with
the
packing
may
be
700
li.
or
els
two
barrels
or
Chests
of
Tynne
found
to
be
incirca
600
li.
and
so
in
other
commodities
.
In
Arabia
Petrosa
I
finde
not
any
Citie
of
trading
:
Esion
Gebor
Petrosa
.
on
the
coasts
of
the
red
Sea
,
where
Salomons
Navie
kept
station
before
the
setting
out
and
at
their
returne
from
Ophir
,
was
once
a
famous
place
,
and
of
great
traffique
,
though
now
it
lies
buried
in
its
owne
ruines
.
In
Arabia
faelix
,
Merchants
should
be
better
welcome
were
Faelix
.
the
Inhabitants
so
beneficiall
to
their
traffique
as
their
commodities
might
be
made
,
for
it
is
esteemed
the
richest
and
pleasantest
part
of
all
Arabia
,
and
indeed
of
all
Asia
,
abounding
with
Gold
,
pearles
,
Balsam
,
Myrrhe
,
Frankinsence
,
and
many
other
precious
drugges
.
Here
is
those
two
notably
noted
Townes
of
Medina
and
Mecha
,
Medina
Talnabi
and
Mecha
.
the
one
the
birth
place
,
the
other
the
burying
place
of
Mahomet
(
who
in
his
younger
yeares
was
a
Merchant
,
and
in
his
elder
a
cunning
impostor
)
where
Christians
are
forbidden
to
enter
,
lea●…
they
should
see
(
as
some
Authours
alledge
)
the
absurdities
of
the
Mahumetane
adoration
of
their
great
Prophets
Sepulcher
,
whose
bodie
inclosed
in
an
iron
chest
,
is
said
by
an
Adamant
to
be
drawne
up
to
the
roofe
of
the
Temple
where
it
hangeth
;
but
herein
many
of
them
are
and
have
beene
for
a
long
time
deceived
,
for
〈◊〉
selfe
and
other
Merchants
that
have
for
some
terme
of
time
resided
in
Turkie
,
and
specially
in
Constantinople
,
know
by
experience
that
the
grand
Signior
doth
yearly
send
a
Carpet
or
rather
tombecloth
of
greene
Velvet
to
cover
the
said
Sepulcher
,
the
old
being
then
taken
away
and
accounted
the
fees
and
vailes
of
their
Priests
and
cleargie
men
that
attend
thereon
,
who
cut
the
same
into
severall
small
pieces
,
and
sell
it
to
the
superstitious
at
extreame
rates
for
precious
reliques
;
the
Tombe
it selfe
being
seated
in
a
Temple
built
in
Mecha
,
of
no
great
magnificence
or
beautie
,
save
the
cost
daily
bestowed
thereupon
in
Lampes
of
silver
and
gold
,
wherein
is
Balsam
and
other
such
rich
odours
,
oyntments
and
oyles
continually
burned
,
and
is
seated
on
the
firme
ground
and
not
in
the
ayre
,
is
above
is
said
,
and
inclosed
within
an
iron
grate
,
wherein
some
by
favour
are
permitted
to
enter
,
from
some
of
whom
I
have
had
this
relation
,
and
is
by
divers
Turkes
that
I
have
knowne
and
that
have
seene
it
and
reported
it
to
be
so
,
and
no
otherwise
:
this
large
circuit
of
ground
hath
not
affoorded
me
much
matter
of
trade
worthy
observation
that
hitherto
hath
come
to
my
hands
;
the
most
pertinent
and
eminent
places
are
Mocha
,
the
Sea-port
of
the
said
Mecha
above-named
,
and
Adam
,
both
on
the
red
Sea
;
of
the
trade
whereof
a
word
,
so
farre
forth
as
I
have
gathered
,
and
then
I
will
conclude
.
CHAP.
LXIX
.
Of
MOCHA
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
MOcha
,
or
Muchi
as
some
name
it
,
is
seated
in
the
red
Sea
,
almost
opposite
to
Zuachen
that
famous
Citie
of
M●…cha
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
trade
on
the
African
shoare
,
and
serveth
as
the
Port
and
scale
to
Meccha
,
the
birth
place
of
Mahomet
the
famous
Prophet
of
these
Countreymen
,
much
heere
resorted
unto
by
Turkes
,
Moores
,
Arabians
,
and
other
Nations
professing
this
superstitious
religion
;
it
is
frequented
by
divers
Merchants
,
especially
Arabians
and
Egyptians
that
take
it
in
their
way
to
Aden
,
Ormus
,
India
,
or
the
like
;
and
also
much
frequented
by
Mahumetane
Pilgrims
,
who
in
blind
devotion
come
this
way
to
Meccha
to
pay
their
vowes
to
their
ungodly
Patron
.
It
is
subject
to
the
grand
Signior
,
and
acknowledgeth
his
coines
Coines
in
Mocha
.
●…r
the
currant
in
this
place
in
matter
of
trade
,
which
is
the
asper
●…mmon
with
all
Turkey
.
Whereof
60
is
here
accompted
for
a
Riall
of
〈◊〉
Spanish
.
An
hundred
is
accompted
for
a
Soltanie
,
chiquine
or
sheriffe
.
The
common
gold
here
currant
8
sh.
sterling
.
Their
weights
heere
used
partake
also
somwhat
of
the
common
Weights
in
Mocha
.
●…eight
in
appellation
used
throughout
all
Turkey
,
which
is
the
●…am
,
10
whereof
is
accounted
here
an
ounce
.
-
14
Ounces
is
a
Rotolo
.
-
24
Rotol
.
is
a
fracello
,
which
is
25
li.
12
ounces
English.
-
15
Fracellos
makes
a
cantar
,
or
as
they
terme
it
,
-
1
Bahar
,
making
English
incirca
,
386
li.
The
Measures
here
is
the
pico
,
accounted
incirca
26½
ynches
Measures
in
Mocha
.
●…nglish
,
other
notes
have
not
falne
into
my
hand
of
this
place
,
●…erefore
hence
I
will
bend
my
course
to
Aden
.
CHAP.
LXX
.
Of
ADEN
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
ADen
is
the
strongest
and
fairest
Towne
of
Arabia
foelix
,
Aden
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
scituated
in
a
valley
and
incompassed
most
part
with
hills
of
marble
,
upon
which
it
is
conceived
it
never
raineth
;
it
lieth
on
the
North
side
of
the
entrance
of
the
red
Sea
,
reaching
60
miles
further
inwards
then
the
opposite
cape
Guardefu
;
it
is
fortified
with
5
strong
Castles
,
kept
by
Garrisons
,
and
within
late
yeares
surprized
by
the
Bashaw
of
Aegypt
,
for
the
grand
Signior
,
in
whose
obedience
it
now
quietly
remaineth
by
the
death
and
slaughter
of
the
naturall
Soveraigne
therof
:
it
is
now
by
the
industry
of
man
from
a
firme
land
become
an
Iland
,
and
yet
commanded
by
a
strong
Castle
,
the
residence
of
the
Governour
seated
on
an
adjoyning
hill
.
It
is
accounted
to
have
6000
houses
in
it
,
inhabited
by
sundry
Nations
;
or
more
properly
a
miscelanie
of
Indians
,
Persians
,
Ethiopians
,
Arabians
,
and
Turkes
which
heere
doe
reside
for
the
benefit
of
that
great
trade
and
commerce
that
is
exercised
in
this
Citie
.
The
Portugals
had
once
got
the
possession
thereof
,
and
were
masters
of
it
for
some
few
yeares
;
but
finding
the
charge
of
the
Garrison
to
exceed
the
benefit
afforded
by
the
trade
and
neighbouring
confines
,
they
willingly
surrendred
the
place
to
a
Moore
;
who
paying
them
for
some
yeares
certaine
tribute
,
they
seated
as
a
Soveraigne
to
command
the
same
,
who
ruled
heere
till
the
Turkes
became
to
be
masters
thereof
.
This
Citie
is
now
the
principall
Magazine
for
the
commodities
of
Persia
,
India
,
and
Arabia
,
and
affording
naturally
great
store
of
Druggs
,
as
Myrrhe
,
Balsame
,
Manna
,
and
many
sorts
of
spices
:
The
heat
of
this
place
is
so
excessive
in
the
day
time
,
that
all
the
bargaines
and
contracts
made
heere
amongst
Merchants
,
is
done
by
night
,
as
the
cool●…st
season
to
effect
the
same
.
Now
for
the
coines
heere
currant
,
the
weights
and
measures
heere
in
use
and
other
needfull
further
observations
of
the
trade
of
this
place
,
I
am
inforced
to
be
silent
in
,
and
referre
the
same
to
the
more
experienced
,
to
bee
hereafter
added
,
as
occasion
shall
serve
heereunto
.
CHAP.
LXXI
.
Of
Assyria
,
Mesopotamia
,
and
Chaldea
,
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
ASsyria
hath
on
the
East
Media
,
on
the
West
Mesopotamia
,
Assyria
,
Mesopotamia
,
and
Chaldea
.
on
the
North
Armenia
minor
,
on
the
South
a
part
of
Persia
;
in
which
I
find
no
Citie
at
present
of
any
note
:
heere
is
seene
to
this
day
the
ruines
of
that
Ni●…iveh
whose
walles
were
of
three
dayes
iourney
in
compasse
about
,
one
hundred
foot
high
,
and
thirtie
foot
broad
,
and
beautified
with
1500
Towres
of
200
foot
high
;
through
which
ran
the
famous
River
of
Euphrates
,
and
to
which
place
was
Ionas
sent
to
preach
;
heere
being
120000
persons
found
so
ignorant
in
the
things
of
God
,
that
they
are
said
in
Scripture
not
to
know
the
right
hand
from
the
left
.
In
Mesopotamia
is
seated
Caramit
a
famous
Towne
and
Bashawlike
Mesopotamia
.
of
the
grand
Signior
whose
commerce
is
unknowne
unto
us
by
reason
of
its
scituation
;
in
Genesis
12
it
is
called
Padan
Haran
,
and
is
the
place
where
Abraham
dwelt
after
he
had
left
Vr
;
and
in
this
Countrey
was
Abraham
borne
,
and
to
which
place
hee
sent
his
servant
to
choose
a
wife
for
his
sonne
Isaac
;
and
here
in
some
Authors
opinion
,
(
which
in
this
description
I
followed
,
did
Paradise
stand
.
Paradise
.
In
Chaldea
wee
find
many
Cities
to
have
beene
of
old
;
and
amongst
Chaldea
.
others
Babel
,
famous
for
the
confusion
of
Languages
that
heere
happened
in
building
that
stupendious
Edifice
which
was
raised
5164
paces
high
,
and
who
had
its
basis
and
circumference
equall
to
that
heighth
;
it
is
now
much
lessened
of
its
ancient
greatnes
,
and
from
Babel
it
became
first
Babylon
,
and
now
Bagdat
,
Babylon
,
now
Bagdate
.
a
Bashawlike
of
the
grand
Signior
,
through
which
runs
the
River
Euphrates
,
which
is
in
part
the
cause
of
her
present
traffique
which
dayly
is
found
to
be
maintained
by
the
helpe
of
Aleppo
,
where
is
kept
(
by
the
intercourse
of
Merchants
,
and
the
commoditie
of
Caravans
,
and
intelligence
of
Pigeons
carrying
letters
)
a
neighbourlike
commerce
;
Bagdate
oftentimes
venting
into
the
land
,
what
Aleppo
doth
receive
by
Seas
.
CHAP.
LXXII
.
Of
BABYLON
,
now
BAGDATE
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
BAbylon
,
now
Bagdate
,
was
at
first
founded
by
Nimrod
,
Babylon
,
and
the
trade
therof
.
but
never
finished
till
that
warlike
Semiramis
tooke
it
in
hand
whose
walls
were
60
miles
in
circuit
,
200
foot
high
,
and
75
foot
broad
,
seated
upon
the
River
Euphrates
,
in
those
daies
a
faire
and
beautifull
Citie
,
now
having
almost
lost
all
that
splendor
and
glory
it
then
justly
boasted
of
:
Many
famous
accidents
have
heere
happened
;
heere
died
Alexander
the
great
,
after
which
his
body
lay
eight
dayes
ere
his
ambitious
Captaines
could
have
leasure
to
give
it
a
fitting
buriall
;
heere
it
is
also
said
that
when
this
place
was
taken
by
Zopyrus
the
Macedonian
with
his
Grecians
,
it
was
full
three
dayes
ere
one
part
thereof
tooke
notice
of
the
conquest
,
since
which
it
hath
beene
subject
to
severall
soveraignes
,
and
it
is
at
this
day
a
Towne
of
very
great
traffique
,
betweene
which
and
Aleppo
are
many
Caravans
found
to
travell
with
many
1000
Camels
laden
with
sundry
commodities
,
the
rich
commodities
of
India
brought
from
Ormus
by
Sea
to
Balsara
,
seated
as
the
maritime
Port
of
the
Citie
in
the
Persian
Gulfe
,
and
so
up
the
River
Euphrates
hither
,
and
hence
to
Aleppo
,
Damasco
,
and
other
Countries
,
which
againe
returnes-them
in
exchange
the
commodities
of
Turkey
,
Aegypt
,
and
Europe
.
In
this
Countrey
,
and
generally
through
many
parts
of
Turkey
,
●…igeons
Letter
,
or
newes
Carriers
.
they
have
a
custome
to
give
advice
of
their
affaires
by
pigeons
,
which
serve
Merchants
here
for
Posts
;
and
hereby
the
English
are
found
in
Aleppo
to
have
advice
from
Alexandretta
,
which
is
accompted
100
miles
,
in
24
houres
,
and
hereby
the
Caravans
heere
travailing
give
from
time
to
time
advice
of
their
journeys
and
successe
,
which
is
done
in
this
manner
:
when
the
hen
dove
sitteth
and
hath
young
,
they
take
the
cocke
pigeon
and
put
him
into
a
cage
,
whom
(
when
hee
is
by
the
Caravan
carried
a
dayes
iourney
off
)
they
set
at
liberty
,
and
he
straight
flieth
home
to
his
mate
;
when
by
degrees
they
are
thus
perfectly
taught
:
the
Carriers
and
Merchants
on
any
accident
fasten
a
letter
about
one
of
their
necks
,
and
they
being
freed
without
any
stay
hasten
to
the
place
from
whence
they
were
brought
,
and
such
as
at
home
doe
watch
their
returne
,
(
clime
their
hole
and
take
away
their
Letter
)
are
certified
of
the
mind
of
their
friends
,
or
any
other
tidings
,
after
a
very
speedy
manner
.
The
commodities
of
this
place
,
are
the
common
commodities
before
Comm●…dities
of
Babylon
.
nominated
in
Aleppo
,
and
their
coines
currant
,
are
the
same
that
are
found
throughout
Turkey
,
as
subject
to
one
and
the
same
Soveraigne
;
but
the
coines
of
Persia
are
found
heere
likewise
to
passe
currant
for
their
value
,
and
so
doth
also
their
gold
without
Coines
of
Babylon
.
exception
;
it
being
a
received
custome
in
Trade
,
that
frontier
Townes
of
Trade
admit
the
coines
of
the
bordering
Inhabitants
and
Regions
.
The
weights
of
Babylon
knowne
amongst
us
is
the
dram
,
mitigall
,
Rotolo
,
and
Cantar
.
Weights
of
Babylon
.
Their
Rotolo
hath
been
observed
to
make
1
li.
10
ounces
English
,
and
our
112
li.
English
hath
made
here
68
Rotolos
.
Their
measure
in
length
common
in
this
place
is
the
pico
found
to
bee
by
triall
about
27
ynches
English.
Measures
in
Babylon
.
To
conclude
this
Countries
relation
;
from
hence
came
the
3
Wise
men
called
of
the
East
,
who
worshipped
Christ
and
presented
him
with
guifts
,
and
the
inhabitants
hereof
are
said
to
bee
the
first
inventers
of
Astronomic
and
Astrologie
;
and
therefore
hence
have
all
such
the
title
of
Chaldeans
,
and
for
other
matter
of
trade
,
here
is
only
found
the
famous
Towne
of
Mosull
,
scituated
on
the
River
Euphrates
,
abounding
with
Forrests
of
Galls
,
so
much
required
and
requested
by
divers
throughout
the
world
:
and
now
to
MEDIA
.
CHAP.
LXXIII
.
Of
MEDIA
,
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
MEdia
is
limited
on
the
East
with
Parthia
;
on
the
West
Media
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
with
Armenia
,
on
the
South
with
Persia
,
and
on
the
North
with
the
Caspian
Sea
;
being
absolutely
the
greatest
Sea
of
all
others
that
hath
no
commerce
with
the
Ocean
,
by
some
called
the
Hircanian
Sea
,
and
by
some
the
Sea
Bacchu
,
of
a
Towne
of
that
name
thereon
bordering
.
The
chiefe
Cities
of
this
Countrey
is
Sultania
,
famous
for
the
Sultania
.
faire
Mosque
in
the
East
;
Sumachia
,
the
strongest
of
all
the
rest
,
taken
by
the
Turkes
in
Anno
1578
,
and
now
the
seat
of
a
Turkish
Bashaw
;
Eres
,
Ardovile
,
Shervan
,
Bacchu
,
and
some
others
;
and
lastly
,
the
most
eminent
Tauris
,
of
the
trade
hereof
see
heereafter
.
Likewise
in
this
Tract
is
comprehended
the
Province
of
Albania
,
Tauris
.
now
Zairia
,
little
beholding
to
the
industry
or
labour
of
the
Husbandman
,
yet
of
its
owne
accord
yeelding
for
one
sowing
,
most
times
two
,
and
sometimes
three
reapings
:
the
chiefe
Citie
is
Caucasiae
Portae
,
built
hard
upon
the
hill
Caucasus
,
one
of
the
best
fortified
Townes
of
the
East
,
now
called
Derbent
,
a
strong
Derbent
.
Citie
invironed
with
two
walls
,
and
fortified
with
iron
Gates
;
yet
neverthelesse
taken
it
was
by
the
grand
Signior
in
his
last
wars
against
the
Persians
,
vnder
whose
command
it
now
remaineth
,
being
now
accounted
one
of
the
keyes
of
this
kingdome
,
and
the
common
entrance
into
Persia
;
and
lastly
in
this
Countrey
Phidon
an
Argive
in
Anno
mundi
3146
is
said
to
find
out
the
use
of
weights
and
measures
;
which
knowledge
and
concordance
by
this
Tract
I
covet
to
obtaine
.
And
to
conclude
,
a
word
of
the
Trade
of
this
Countrey
in
the
The
Weight
of
Derbent
is
the
Mone
,
which
is
3
li.
11
ounces
Venice
sotile
.
generall
;
I
find
that
the
Moscovia
company
were
the
first
that
sought
the
knowledge
thereof
in
these
parts
;
for
upon
their
discovery
of
Moscovia
,
they
traded
downe
the
River
Volga
to
Astracan
,
and
thence
in
Barks
sailed
with
their
English
commodities
to
Bacchu
,
Derbent
,
and
other
places
on
the
Caspian
Sea
,
and
since
some
of
the
East
India
Company
have
more
narrowly
traced
it
,
and
have
observed
the
same
more
particular
:
the
principall
commodities
proceeding
hence
is
the
raw
silke
made
at
Gilan
,
Zahaspa
,
Rastiguan
,
Chiulfall
,
and
others
,
now
knowne
unto
vs
by
the
name
of
Persia
,
Ardasse
,
and
Lege
silkes
,
and
from
this
last
the
dealers
in
silke
here
are
throughout
Asia
commonly
termed
Chiulfallins
.
CHAP.
LXXIIII
.
Of
TAURIS
and
the
trade
thereof
.
TAuris
,
is
the
Metropolis
of
Media
,
and
the
summer
seates
of
the
Persian
Sophies
containing
16
miles
in
Tauris
and
the
trade
thereof
.
compasse
,
and
including
100
thousand
Inhabitants
;
it
hath
within
late
yeares
beene
three
times
conquered
by
the
Turkes
,
and
hath
as
often
againe
returned
to
the
Persians
,
under
whom
now
it
resteth
:
first
,
by
Selimus
,
then
,
by
Soliman
the
magnificent
,
and
lastly
,
by
Osman
Generall
to
Amurath
the
third
;
it
is
now
in
the
possession
of
the
Persian
,
and
strongly
fortified
,
and
seated
in
a
cold
,
yet
wholsome
Countrey
,
the
Inhabitants
more
addicted
to
the
making
of
silke
,
than
to
the
sword
;
distant
six
dayes
journey
from
the
Caspian
Sea
;
and
indeed
incompassed
by
severall
great
Townes
of
note
,
whose
manuall
labours
are
famoused
over
the
world
,
as
first
Eres
,
whence
came
the
fine
silke
called
the
Mamodean
,
now
out
of
use
;
then
Gilan
abounding
with
lege
silke
;
Sumachia
,
abounding
in
excellent
carpets
,
Gilan
&
Bilan
.
Sumachia
.
Arasse
.
whereto
the
people
wholly
addict
themselves
;
then
Arasse
,
the
most
eminent
and
opulent
Citie
in
the
trade
of
merchandise
throughout
all
Servania
,
partly
by
the
abundant
growth
of
silke
there
nourished
,
and
hence
called
Arasse
,
vulgarly
Ardasse
(
2000
summes
yearly
going
hence
to
Aleppo
in
Syria
)
and
partly
by
the
growth
thereof
;
Galles
,
cottons
,
wooll
,
allom
,
some
spices
,
drugges
,
and
sundry
other
commodities
;
so
that
to
make
this
place
the
happie
scale
of
merchandise
,
Nature
having
plaid
her
part
,
there
wanteth
onely
peace
betweene
the
Kings
of
Persia
and
Turkie
,
which
at
present
is
denied
them
:
the
further
manner
of
trade
of
that
place
,
I
am
constrained
for
want
of
due
information
to
omit
,
and
referre
what
I
have
thereof
collected
to
PERSIA
.
CHAP.
LXXV
.
Of
PERSIA
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
PERSIA
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
River
Indus
,
Persia
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
on
the
West
with
Tygris
and
the
Persian
gulfe
,
on
the
North
with
the
Caspian
Sea
,
and
the
River
Oxus
,
and
on
the
South
with
the
maine
Ocean
,
the
people
are
much
addicted
to
hospitalitie
and
poetry
;
in
their
complements
lordly
,
in
their
apparell
phantasticall
,
in
their
expences
magnificent
,
and
in
their
lives
lovers
of
learning
,
nobilitie
,
and
peace
.
This
Empire
containeth
these
severall
Provinces
.
-
1
Persis
.
-
2
Sussiana
.
-
3
Caramania
.
-
4
Gedrosia
.
-
5
Drangiania
.
-
6
Arica
.
-
7
Arachosia
.
-
8
Parapomisus
.
-
9
Saccha
.
-
10
Hircania
.
-
11
Ormus
.
Of
all
which
in
briefe
,
and
no
further
than
may
concerne
my
present
purpose
.
In
Persis
now
called
Far
,
having
the
gulfe
of
Persia
to
the
South
Persis
Far.
limit
,
Caramania
for
the
East
,
Susiana
for
the
West
,
and
Media
for
the
North
,
was
seated
Persepolis
the
ancient
seat
of
this
Empire
,
which
Alexander
at
the
request
of
his
Curtisan
Laies
commanded
to
be
set
on
fire
,
but
afterward
repenting
him
of
so
great
a
folly
and
so
unworthy
an
act
,
he
reedified
it
,
though
yet
now
having
lost
much
of
its
former
beautie
,
and
giving
place
to
the
famous
Citie
of
Casbin
,
the
residence
of
the
present
Sophies
brought
hither
from
Tauris
by
Sophie
Tamas
.
The
commodities
that
this
Country
is
in
generall
found
to
affoord
Commodities
of
Persi●…
.
for
merchandize
,
is
silkes
of
all
sorts
,
raw
growing
plentifully
in
1
Bilan
,
2
Gilan
,
and
3
Aras
,
some
precious
stones
,
many
sorts
of
drugges
,
wrought
silkes
,
Chamblets
,
Carpets
,
shashes
,
callico's
,
and
many
excellent
Armes
used
in
warre
both
for
horse
and
man
,
which
is
here
so
well
tempered
in
the
framing
and
making
(
with
some
vertuous
simples
)
that
it
makes
it
both
hard
and
excellent
for
use
,
and
preserves
the
same
cleane
from
any
rust
or
perishing
.
CHAP.
LXXVI
.
Of
CASBIN
and
the
trade
thereof
.
CASBIN
is
now
accounted
the
Metropolis
of
Persia
,
Casbin
and
the
trade
thereof
.
and
sometimes
the
residence
of
the
Sophies
,
hither
removed
from
Tauris
,
as
I
said
before
,
it
is
accounted
a
dayes
journey
about
on
horsebacke
,
well
walled
and
fortified
with
a
strong
Fort
,
and
beautified
with
two
faire
Straglios
;
the
walles
whereof
are
made
of
red
marble
,
and
paved
with
Mosacque
worke
;
the
chiefe
street
hereof
is
called
the
attimidan
,
in
figure
four-square
,
each
angle
being
¼
mile
in
length
,
incompassed
with
scaffolds
for
the
people
to
sit
and
behold
the
King
and
his
Nobles
at
their
exercises
of
shooting
,
riding
,
running
,
and
the
like
;
this
Citie
is
seated
in
a
goodly
fertile
plaine
of
three
or
foure
daies
journeys
in
length
,
which
is
furnished
with
neere
two
thousand
Villages
to
supply
the
necessary
uses
thereof
,
which
did
much
in
rich
this
place
before
the
removall
of
the
Persians
Court
to
Hispahan
,
which
is
fourteene
dayes
journey
further
into
the
East
;
three
places
herein
doe
much
adorne
and
beautifie
Three
excellencies
in
Casbin
.
this
place
;
first
,
the
Attimidan
aforesaid
;
secondly
,
the
Kings
palace
,
which
is
so
brave
a
fabrique
,
and
so
richly
furnished
,
that
Europe
can
hardly
match
it
;
and
lastly
,
the
Bassars
which
are
many
in
number
,
which
are
in
the
manner
of
our
Pawnes
in
London
,
where
are
to
be
sold
all
manner
of
Persia
,
India
,
Turkie
,
Moscovian
,
and
Arabia
commodities
,
as
all
rich
Iems
,
Iewells
,
drugges
,
spices
,
silke
Commodities
of
Cosbin
.
wrought
in
Damaskes
,
Velvets
,
and
raw
,
transported
into
other
Countries
;
the
attimidan
serving
the
Merchants
for
an
Exchange
or
place
of
meeting
,
where
every
day
is
seene
a
continuall
faire
,
where
all
manner
of
commodities
is
sold
both
for
backe
and
belly
;
also
Gold-smiths
,
Exchangers
of
moneys
,
and
all
other
professions
,
who
come
hither
and
display
their
commodities
,
as
to
some
publique
Mart.
And
the
moneys
and
currant
coynes
here
passable
amongst
Merchants
,
I
referre
to
the
chiefe
Citie
of
Persia
,
Hispahan
,
the
present
residence
of
the
Persian
Monarch
;
and
I
am
informed
that
the
weights
and
measures
thereof
doe
also
agree
therewith
,
so
shall
not
need
to
inlarge
my selfe
further
in
that
particular
.
CHAP.
LXXVII
.
Of
BALSARA
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
BALSARA
lieth
in
the
bottome
of
the
Persian
gulph
,
Balsara
and
the
trade
thereof
.
and
is
seated
on
the
mouth
of
the
River
Euphrates
,
serving
as
a
Magazin
for
all
the
commodities
of
Arabia
,
India
,
Turkie
,
and
Persia
,
and
as
a
through-fare
for
all
Merchants
travelling
from
one
of
those
Countries
to
another
,
but
especially
for
such
as
here
take
shipping
to
the
Ile
of
Ormus
,
India
,
Arabia
,
&c.
This
towne
was
of
late
yeares
subject
to
the
Persian
,
but
now
in
obedience
to
the
great
Turke
,
and
is
the
last
of
his
Dominions
this
way
:
and
here
it
is
observed
that
the
water
doth
ebbe
and
flow
,
as
with
us
in
England
,
and
in
no
place
els
adjoyning
upon
the
Ocean
Seas
,
the
indraught
may
be
imagined
to
be
the
cause
,
as
it
is
observed
the
like
in
Venice
.
It
hath
beene
noted
in
matter
of
trade
here
,
that
there
is
payd
for
every
summe
of
goods
carried
from
Bagdat
hither
by
water
,
six
sehids
,
and
from
Balsara
to
Bagdat
two
Medins
per
Wesnoe
,
and
100
Wesnoes
from
Balsara
to
Ormus
,
cost
carriage
twenty
Lairins
,
and
the
like
backe
from
Ormus
to
Balsara
.
Hither
alwayes
comes
the
Syria
Caravans
that
are
bound
for
India
,
and
end
their
land
travell
,
and
imbarke
themselves
and
goods
for
the
great
Marts
of
Ormus
and
Cambaia
,
and
here
returning
they
conclude
their
Sea
navigation
,
and
begin
their
land
peregrinations
for
Turkie
,
&c.
The
customes
payable
at
Balsara
as
the
last
port
of
the
grand
Signiors
Customes
paid
at
Balsara
.
Dominions
,
who
conquerd
the
same
from
the
Persian
in
Anno
1550
,
is
1
in
every
14
sehids
for
grosse
commodities
,
but
it
is
1
per
20
or
5
per
cent
.
upon
Cloths
,
silkes
,
and
fine
goods
,
but
here
is
a
tare
of
3
in
10
Wesnoes
allowed
both
in
spices
,
drugges
,
&c.
for
dust
,
and
upon
silkes
for
waste
,
heads
,
and
the
like
.
The
prices
of
commodities
ruled
some
yeares
past
thus
here
.
Prices
of
commodities
in
Bilsara
.
The
Wesnoe
of
Maces
is
worth
in
Balsara
13
duccats
.
The
Wesnoe
of
Nutmeggs
was
worth
6
duccats
.
The
Wesnoe
of
soape
was
worth
15
seheds
.
The
Wesno
of
Almonds
was
24
sehids
.
The
Wesno
of
Galles
was
worth
10
larins
,
and
for
this
weight
of
Wesno
,
it
is
found
that
16
Wesnoes
of
Balsara
make
a
Kintar
of
Aleppo
common
weight
,
but
the
100
Wesnoes
in
the
weight
of
silke
of
Rotol
:
680
dr
:
in
Aleppo
makes
silke
Rot.
529
dr:
28.
The
weight
common
here
in
the
sale
of
commodities
besides
this
Weights
used
in
Balsara
.
Wesno
,
is
the
Maund
which
is
100
Rotolos
,
which
hath
been
observed
to
have
made
500
li.
English
,
which
is
5
li.
a
Rotolo
,
but
I
have
met
with
an
observation
upon
this
place
made
by
some
English
that
have
traveld
hither
,
that
the
112
li.
hath
made
19
Maunds
2¾
Rotolos
,
which
must
be
5
li.
4¼
ounces
English
;
the
difference
I
referre
to
be
rectified
by
the
better
experienced
.
Their
measure
is
found
to
be
about
26
inches
English.
Measures
of
Balsara
.
To
proceed
to
the
next
Province
in
Persia
,
it
is
Cusestan
,
scituated
Eastward
from
Persia
,
called
in
Scripture
Havilah
,
having
in
it
Cusestan
.
Susa
,
a
Citie
where
sometimes
the
Persian
Monarch
abides
in
winter
,
as
being
more
Southerly
than
Ecbatana
;
and
lastly
Casan
,
of
which
a
word
.
CHAP.
LXXVIII
.
Of
CASAN
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
CASAN
is
a
principall
faire
and
famous
Citie
in
this
Countrey
,
but
much
troubled
with
excessive
heate
Casan
and
the
trade
thereof
.
by
reason
of
its
scituation
in
a
pleasant
and
large
plaine
;
it
consisteth
altogether
of
merchandizing
,
and
the
greatest
trade
of
all
the
inland
Countrey
is
found
herein
,
and
most
especially
frequented
by
Indian
Merchants
;
the
Inhabitants
are
in
generall
addicted
to
all
curious
manufactures
,
and
fabrickes
,
as
in
weaving
of
shashes
,
turbants
,
and
girdles
,
in
making
also
of
velvets
,
sattins
,
damaskes
,
curious
and
fine
Ormusins
,
and
Carpets
;
and
indeed
it
is
accounted
the
very
Magazin
Commodities
of
Casan
.
of
all
the
Persian
Cities
,
for
these
commodities
;
here
is
also
to
be
sold
all
manner
of
drugs
,
and
spices
,
pearles
,
diamonds
,
Rubies
,
and
turkeses
,
and
all
sorts
of
silkes
,
both
raw
and
wrought
,
so
that
the
Authour
(
who
in
this
relation
I
follow
)
is
verily
perswaded
that
there
is
more
silke
yearely
brought
into
Casan
,
than
there
is
of
broad
cloth
brought
into
London
.
The
civill
policie
of
this
Citie
is
Policie
of
Casan
.
also
commendable
,
an
idle
person
not
being
permitted
to
live
amongst
them
,
and
the
children
after
six
yeares
old
,
are
presently
set
to
worke
;
here
being
a
Law
to
the
shame
of
Christendome
,
that
every
Inhabitant
must
yearly
give
up
his
name
to
the
Magistrate
,
therewith
declaring
how
and
in
what
manner
he
liveth
,
what
art
he
exerciseth
,
and
if
he
be
found
in
a
falshood
,
he
is
beaten
on
the
fe●…te
,
or
els
imployed
in
some
publique
slavery
,
to
the
example
of
others
:
and
for
other
notes
of
trading
,
see
Hispahan
in
Parthia
.
Caramania
is
the
third
Province
,
the
chiefe
Cities
are
Gadil
,
Cobin
Caramania
.
and
Caraman
,
famous
for
the
excellent
fabricks
here
made
of
Cloth
of
gold
,
and
for
the
best
Semiters
in
the
world
;
and
here
it
was
that
Alexander
being
returned
out
of
India
,
kept
his
Bacchanalian
feasts
.
In
Gedrosia
,
Drangiana
or
Sigestan
,
Aria
now
Sablestan
,
Aracosia
Gedrosia
,
&c.
now
Cabull
,
Parapomisus
,
Saca
and
Hircania
,
I
find
not
any
thing
worthie
the
survey
,
therefore
I
willingly
passe
them
over
and
close
these
Provinces
with
the
Citie
of
Sciras
,
which
is
comprehended
in
this
tract
.
CHAP.
LXXIX
.
Of
SCIRAS
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
SCIRAS
in
times
past
Persepolis
,
built
by
Perseus
,
Sciras
and
the
trade
thereof
.
who
gave
the
name
of
Persians
to
the
Inhabitants
,
was
for
a
long
time
the
seate
Royall
of
this
Empire
,
for
which
cause
Alexander
(
as
is
before
mentioned
)
at
the
request
of
his
Curtizan
Lais
,
commanded
it
to
be
set
on
fire
,
but
afterward
repenting
him
of
so
great
an
over-sight
,
he
reedified
the
same
;
it
is
scituated
on
the
bankes
of
the
famous
River
Bindamir
,
which
courseth
through
the
Kingdome
of
Persia
Bindamir
.
and
Lar
,
and
so
emptieth
it selfe
into
the
Persian
gulfe
,
and
standeth
just
in
the
roade
way
which
leads
from
Hispahan
to
Ormus
;
it
sheweth
yet
many
eminent
signes
and
monuments
of
its
former
glory
,
as
two
very
great
Gates
twelve
miles
distant
asunder
,
shewing
what
the
circuit
was
in
the
time
of
the
Monarchie
;
also
the
ruins
of
a
goodly
Palace
and
Castle
,
built
by
Cyrus
,
having
a
threefold
wall
,
beautified
with
many
spires
and
turrets
;
the
first
twenty-foure
foot
high
,
the
second
forty-eight
foot
high
,
the
last
ninetie
foot
high
,
all
of
free
stone
,
and
formed
in
a
square
with
twelve
gates
of
brasse
on
each
angle
,
with
pales
of
brasse
set
before
them
curiously
wrought
,
testifying
the
magnificence
of
the
founder
.
It
is
now
accounted
one
of
the
most
famous
Cities
of
the
East
,
both
for
traffique
of
Merchandize
and
for
excellent
armour
and
furniture
for
warre
,
which
the
Inhabitants
here
with
wonderfull
cunning
and
art
doe
make
of
iron
and
steele
,
and
the
juyce
of
certaine
hearbs
,
of
much
more
notable
temper
and
beautie
,
than
are
those
which
are
made
with
us
in
Europe
.
The
coynes
here
in
use
being
proper
to
the
whole
Kingdome
and
the
weights
and
measures
not
found
differing
from
the
same
used
in
Ormus
,
the
prime
port
of
this
whole
Kingdome
,
I
shall
not
need
here
further
to
insist
thereupon
,
and
therefore
from
hence
accompanying
the
Caravan
,
I
in
the
next
place
survay
the
said
famous
port
of
Ormus
.
CHAP.
LXXX
.
Of
ORMUS
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THE
last
Province
of
this
Country
is
accounted
to
be
Ormus
and
the
trade
thereof
.
the
Iland
and
Territories
of
Ormus
,
twelve
miles
from
the
Continent
,
small
in
compasse
,
and
very
barren
,
yet
famous
throughout
the
world
for
the
great
trade
there
exercised
by
the
Indians
,
Persians
,
and
Arabians
,
and
other
Nations
,
the
King
thereof
some
yeares
past
was
a
Mahumetan
,
and
drew
by
the
customes
of
this
Citie
140000
sheriffs
yearly
,
since
which
it
became
tributarie
to
the
Portugalls
,
who
fortified
the
same
in
Anno
1506
,
and
for
the
excellencie
thereof
,
the
Arabians
use
to
say
proverbially
:
Si
terrarum
Orbis
,
quaqua
patet
,
annulus
esset
,
Illius
Ormasium
gemma
decusque
foret
;
If
all
the
world
should
bee
a
Ring
,
the
stone
And
gemme
thereof
were
Ormus
Ile
alone
.
Since
which
time
by
the
valour
of
our
English
East
India
Companies
armes
,
this
Iland
hath
beene
reduced
to
the
subjection
of
Ormus
restored
to
the
Persian
by
the
English
valour
.
the
King
of
Persia
,
to
whom
it
is
now
obedient
,
and
still
injoyeth
the
former
splendid
trade
to
all
the
parts
of
the
East
;
here
are
found
the
spices
and
precious
Iems
of
India
,
the
tapestries
,
carpets
,
and
shashes
of
Persia
,
the
grograms
,
mohers
,
and
Chamblets
of
Turkie
,
the
drugges
of
Arabia
;
and
lastly
,
the
●…neys
called
the
larins
of
Persia
,
which
are
here
accounted
as
a
great
and
speciall
Merchandise
,
all
which
be
excellent
helpes
to
make
this
place
a
famous
Mart
and
Magazin
of
all
Easterne
commodities
.
Now
the
cause
that
in
part
mooveth
this
great
trade
hither
,
and
the
great
concourse
of
Merchants
into
this
Iland
,
is
that
twice
yearely
there
Orders
of
Caravans
from
Syria
to
Balsara
.
commeth
a
great
company
of
people
over
land
out
of
Syria
,
Aleppo
,
and
other
those
parts
,
which
are
called
Caffiles
or
Caravans
,
with
all
the
commodities
of
the
mediterranan
Seas
,
which
in
their
journeys
observe
this
order
;
They
have
first
a
captaine
,
and
certaine
hundreds
of
Ianisaries
or
Souldiers
,
which
convey
and
conduct
the
said
Caffilla
or
Caravan
untill
they
come
to
Balsara
,
from
whence
they
travell
by
water
to
Ormus
;
and
this
twice
yearely
hapneth
,
in
Aprill
and
in
September
,
which
constant
times
of
their
departure
thence
thus
knowne
,
their
number
is
oftentimes
augmented
to
6000
,
in
10000
persons
,
with
their
Mules
,
Camells
and
Dromedaries
,
passing
by
Babylon
now
Bagdat
,
and
so
to
Balsara
as
is
abovesaid
;
and
in
this
same
nature
they
travell
at
certaine
set
times
;
in
their
returne
hence
for
Aleppo
,
carrying
with
them
all
manner
of
Merchandise
of
this
place
,
fitting
either
for
Turkie
,
or
the
mediterranean
Sea
;
and
in
which
Caravans
all
nations
are
found
freely
to
travell
,
excepting
the
King
of
Spaines
subjects
,
which
are
very
narrowly
lookt
into
,
though
notwithstanding
they
are
found
oftentimes
to
passe
in
the
names
of
Uenetians
,
French
,
and
other
Nations
,
so
that
when
these
Caravans
doe
come
to
Ormus
,
against
their
comming
there
is
generall
preparation
made
by
all
other
Merchants
of
that
Countrie
,
for
to
have
commodities
in
readinesse
to
barter
and
exchange
with
them
.
The
Iland
it selfe
is
but
small
and
barren
,
and
composed
onely
of
a
salt
rocke
,
whereof
their
houses
and
walles
are
made
;
and
in
Sommer
it
is
found
so
excessive
hot
,
that
the
Inhabitants
are
forced
to
lie
and
sleepe
in
wooden
Cesterns
made
for
the
purpose
,
full
of
water
,
and
all
naked
both
men
and
women
lying
cleane
under
water
,
their
heads
onely
excepted
;
yet
have
they
no
fresh
water
in
the
Iland
,
but
what
they
fetch
from
other
Ilands
in
the
Sea
neere
there
adjoyning
,
which
they
also
keepe
in
cesterns
for
their
use
,
as
is
accustomed
in
some
part
of
Spaine
in
Iarres
,
or
as
they
terme
them
in
Tenajos
.
At
the
last
reduction
of
this
Towne
to
the
Scepter
of
Persia
by
the
ayde
of
the
English
,
they
had
many
immunities
of
trade
granted
them
,
and
to
be
here
free
of
all
custome
,
and
withall
to
draw
the
one
halfe
of
all
the
customes
thereof
;
but
that
good
service
was
soone
forgotten
,
and
they
have
now
onely
the
honour
of
the
good
service
for
their
paines
and
reward
,
and
nothing
els
.
To
this
Citie
and
Iland
,
I
must
adde
the
two
onely
Sea-ports
of
consequence
on
this
coast
,
appertaining
to
the
Crowne
of
Persia
,
which
are
Iasques
and
Gombrone
,
in
which
the
English
have
Iasques
.
Gombrone
.
their
Factories
and
residencie
,
and
is
the
place
where
their
shippes
doe
lade
and
unlade
their
burthens
for
this
Kingdome
,
and
where
also
the
goods
and
commodities
bound
for
Hispahan
,
Casbin
,
Sciras
,
Casan
,
and
Tauris
,
and
generally
for
the
whole
Empire
are
landed
,
and
here
laden
upon
camells
,
dromedaries
,
and
horses
into
those
places
;
and
because
that
I
finde
that
the
coynes
,
measures
and
weights
of
this
place
doe
somewhat
differ
from
them
passable
and
in
use
at
Spahan
and
more
within
the
land
,
I
have
thought
it
needfull
here
to
insert
the
same
,
according
as
I
have
gathered
them
from
those
that
have
frequented
the
places
above
mentioned
,
referring
the
Reader
for
what
is
here
omitted
to
Spahan
it selfe
,
the
Metropolis
of
this
Empire
in
the
following
Chapter
.
The
Coines
then
here
in
use
and
valuation
are
these
:
-
1
Besse
of
copper
is
4
Cosbeggs
.
Coines
currant
in
Gombrone
and
Iasques
and
Ormus
.
-
1
Shahee
of
silver
is
2½
Bessees
,
which
is
4d
d
starling
or
10
cosbegs
.
-
1
Mamothy
silver
is
2
shahees
which
is
8d
d
star
.
or
29
cosbegs
.
-
1
Abashae
of
silver
is
2
mamothies
,
which
is
16
d
star
.
or
40
cosb
.
-
1
Asar
of
gold
is
20
shahees
or
6
shil.
8d
.
starling
.
-
1
Toman
of
gold
is
10
asars
,
which
is
66
shil.
8
d.
star
.
and
this
Toman
is
accounted
50
abashes
or
2000
cosbeggs
.
These
are
the
generall
coines
currant
throughout
Persia
;
to
these
I
must
adde
those
in
use
in
these
parts
above
mentioned
:
The
Riall
of
〈◊〉
Spanish
is
here
a
commoditie
,
and
bought
and
sold
,
and
the
common
estimation
thereof
is
here
130½
cosbegs
or
13
shahees
,
and
somewhat
more
,
which
accounted
at
4
d.
per
shahee
is
little
more
than
4
shil.
4
d.
starling
.
Againe
,
this
Riall
of
eight
passeth
here
for
5¼
la●…rees
,
which
larrees
are
10
d.
star
.
and
by
this
account
the
Riall
of
〈◊〉
is
4
shil.
4½
d.
starling
.
1
Larree
is
5½
saddees
,
each
saddee
being
not
fully
2
d.
star
.
and
each
saddee
accounted
here
for
40
flosses
;
so
that
the
larree
is
here
220
flosses
,
and
every
℞.
of
〈◊〉
is
here
at
Gombrone
and
Iasques
1155
flosses
.
The
common
weight
here
and
throughout
Persia
is
the
dramme
,
96
drams
making
16
ounces
haberdepois
;
so
that
6
drams
makes
the
Weights
of
Ormus
,
Gombrone
and
Iasques
.
said
ounce
,
and
1200
drams
being
a
maund
shaw
,
or
as
we
may
call
it
the
Kings
Maund
,
which
hath
beene
found
to
make
in
England
12½
li.
haberdepois
:
In
weighing
of
silke
,
they
observe
the
maund
Tauris
which
is
½
the
maund
shaw
or
600
drams
,
and
5
Maund
Tauris
is
accounted
here
for
1
maund
of
Sarrat
,
which
by
this
computation
should
make
3000
drams
,
or
500
li.
haber
:
36
maund
shaws
or
72
maunds
Tauris
is
a
load
of
silke
,
which
is
by
the
said
calculation
43200
drams
,
which
is
7200
Ounces
English
making
silke
pounds
300
li.
haberdepois
,
which
is
about
two
coles
of
Aleppo
of
46½
Rotolos
per
peere
.
Their
measure
in
use
here
as
throughout
all
Persia
is
not
found
much
to
varie
,
they
have
in
generall
two
,
which
they
terme
the
Measures
of
Ormus
,
Iasques
,
and
Gombrone
.
Coveda
,
the
short
and
the
long
;
the
long
coveda
is
somewhat
longer
than
the
English
yard
,
accounted
by
some
37
inches
;
and
at
Sciras
and
in
some
other
Cities
it
is
found
to
be
38
inches
,
by
which
all
cloths
,
kersies
,
and
outlandish
manufacturies
are
sold
by
.
The
short
Coveda
is
proper
onely
for
the
manufacturies
of
Persia
,
accounted
to
hold
out
27
inches
,
and
found
agreeable
to
the
pic●…
used
in
Constantinople
and
Aleppo
.
And
thus
leaving
Ormus
and
the
said
port
Townes
of
Iasques
and
Combrone
,
I
will
hence
travaile
to
Parthia
,
wherein
I
find
Hispahan
the
Metropolis
of
Persia
seated
.
The
next
Country
subject
to
the
Crowne
of
Persia
is
Parthia
,
bounded
on
the
East
with
Aria
,
on
the
West
with
Media
,
on
the
P●…ia
.
South
with
Caramania
,
and
on
the
North
with
Hircania
,
and
is
now
in
the
Persian
tongue
called
Erache
.
The
chiefe
Cities
that
are
found
in
this
tract
are
Guerde
,
Irsdie
,
and
last
Hispahan
,
formerly
Hecatompyle
,
the
residence
of
the
present
Sophie
,
and
accounted
of
that
bignesse
,
that
the
Persians
hyperbolly
call
it
,
Halfe
the
world
;
under
which
I
will
comprehend
the
generall
trade
of
Persia
,
so
farre
forth
as
I
have
found
it
observed
.
CHAP.
LXXXI
.
Of
HISPAHAN
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
HISPAHAN
in
times
past
was
called
Hecatompolis
,
Hispahan
and
the
trade
thereof
.
or
the
Citie
of
100
gates
,
which
name
it
may
well
still
retaine
,
seeing
that
the
walles
thereof
containes
a
reasonable
dayes
journey
on
horsebacke
,
it
is
now
become
the
greatest
Citie
in
all
the
Persian
Dominions
,
and
so
much
the
more
populous
and
magnificent
,
as
being
the
common
residence
of
the
Persian
Sophies
;
it
is
strong
by
scituation
,
defended
by
a
high
wall
,
deepe
ditches
,
and
a
good
Castle
;
on
the
west
side
stand
two
stately
Palaces
or
Seraglios
,
for
the
King
and
his
Women
,
farre
exceeding
in
state
and
magnificence
all
others
the
proud
buildings
of
this
Citie
.
The
walles
are
of
red
marble
,
and
pargetted
with
divers
colours
,
and
all
the
Palace
is
paved
with
checkerd
and
fretted
worke
,
and
on
the
same
is
spread
curious
Carpets
both
of
silke
and
gold
;
the
windows
are
of
Alablaster
,
of
white
and
other
spotted
marble
;
the
posts
and
wickets
of
massie
Ivorie
checkerd
with
glistering
blacke
Ebony
,
so
curiously
wrought
in
winding
knots
,
as
may
easilier
stay
than
satisfie
the
eyes
of
the
wondring
beholder
;
to
which
is
added
a
pleasant
Garden
,
wherein
is
seene
a
thousand
fountaines
,
brookes
and
lesser
rivolets
;
and
also
what
may
els
be
wanting
,
to
make
it
fit
for
so
great
a
Monarch
.
The
Inhabitants
of
this
Citie
do
all
their
affaires
one
horsbacke
,
both
publique
and
private
,
going
from
place
to
place
,
they
conferre
one
with
another
on
horsbacke
;
and
so
doe
the
Merchants
buy
and
sell
and
negociate
;
the
difference
here
betweene
the
Gentlemen
and
the
slave
being
,
that
the
slave
never
rideth
,
nor
the
gentleman
never
goeth
on
foote
.
It
is
not
questionable
but
that
this
Citie
,
the
splendor
of
all
Persia
,
the
continuall
residence
of
the
Kings
,
and
inhabited
by
so
many
eminent
persons
,
as
alwayes
attend
this
Monarch
,
but
that
it
is
of
great
trade
and
concourse
of
Merchants
,
and
furnished
not
onely
with
all
the
native
commodities
of
Persia
,
but
also
of
those
of
Arabia
,
Turkie
,
India
and
China
,
hither
brought
in
great
abundance
to
be
exchanged
for
the
native
commodities
of
this
place
:
and
though
it
want
the
commodiousnesse
of
the
Sea
,
yet
by
Caravans
it
is
supplyed
with
all
those
things
that
are
conducible
either
to
beautie
,
necessitie
,
or
ornament
.
The
Caspian
Sea
affoords
it
the
commodities
of
Turky
,
Russia
,
and
Moscovia
and
Iasques
with
Ormus
;
his
two
Sea-ports
in
India
affoords
it
the
commodities
of
India
and
Arabia
;
all
other
commodities
from
either
the
Turke
or
Mogur
is
supplyed
by
Caravans
Dromedaries
and
Camells
:
which
hath
cost
by
late
observations
in
portage
and
cariage
of
commodities
thus
:
The
cariage
of
100
maunds
of
wares
from
Sciras
to
Hispahan
Carriage
of
Commodities
by
Caravans
.
costeth
70
sehids
,
and
from
Spahan
to
Casan
60
sehids
,
from
Hispahan
to
Ormus
by
Scyras
120
sehids
,
and
from
Hispahan
to
Tauris
40
sehids
.
The
common
commodities
of
Hispahan
I
have
already
nominated
,
and
though
all
commodities
in
generall
are
subject
to
rise
and
fall
in
price
amongst
Merchants
,
yet
the
maund
of
cotton
is
here
Prices
common
of
Commodities
in
Spahan
.
commonly
at
12
sehids
,
the
maund
of
Rice
7
Beste
,
the
maund
of
Dragant
2
Beste
,
of
Enapp
2
Beste
,
of
Non
3
Beste
,
of
Laghem
4
Beste
,
of
Anil
40
mamhodies
,
and
the
Cattee
of
sugar
is
worth
400
Tomans
,
which
is
(
)
pound
English.
Their
coines
currant
in
Hispahan
,
and
generally
throughout
all
the
Kingdome
of
the
Sophie
are
of
severall
sorts
,
partly
of
brasse
,
partly
of
silver
and
partly
of
gold
.
The
principall
whereof
is
the
Coines
currant
in
Persia.
Toman
,
which
formerly
hath
beene
accounted
to
be
worth
6
li.
starling
,
since
4
li.
and
by
reason
of
the
late
warres
imbased
,
and
worth
now
onely
3
li.
6
s8
.
8
d.
at
Sea
side
starling
,
and
by
some
accounted
3
li.
12.
sh.
6
d.
This
Toman
is
worth
200
Saheds
or
Shahees
,
14½
or
15
℞.
8/8
span
.
or
10
asures
,
which
have
beene
accounted
4
li.
star.
a
piece
,
a
Mamothy
of
silver
,
is
2½
Bestees
of
copper
.
The
Riall
of
〈◊〉
span
.
is
here
accounted
for
13
Shahees
,
and
1
cosbeg
or
5¼
lorins
.
The
lion
dollor
currant
in
these
parts
is
10
Shahees
,
every
Shahee
is
4
d.
starling
,
or
50
deniers
here
in
account
.
A
Rupias
,
which
is
the
coine
of
the
Mogull
is
abashees
,
4¼
which
is
2
sh.
3
d.
starling
.
A
Mamothy
is
9
cosbegges
or
32
dores
,
or
100
deniers
.
A
Bestee
of
copper
is
4
cosbegges
,
or
20
deniers
.
An
Abaisce
silver
is
2
Mamothies
,
or
20
shahees
,
or
200
deniers
.
A
Chickeene
of
gold
,
sheriffe
or
solton
is
18½
shahees
,
yet
in
some
places
of
Persia
they
passe
for
20
shahees
,
and
in
some
for
24
sha.
An
asure
of
gold
is
20
shahees
,
and
10
asures
is
a
Tomano
3-6-8
d.
st.
A
Larin
is
5½
shahees
,
and
in
some
places
onely
5
about
10
d.
or
10½
d.
starling
,
here
25
cosbeggs
.
A
Fonan
is
9
Cupans
.
A
mitigall
is
3●…½
or
34
shahees
.
A
sadee
is
40
flosses
.
A
shahee
is
10
cosbeggs
.
A
mitigall
is
33½
,
and
in
some
places
34
shahees
.
A
Tanger
is
12
pulls
,
which
is
shahees
.
They
here
keepe
their
accounts
in
sundry
species
and
denominations
,
Accounts
kept
in
Persia.
some
in
Sheriffes
,
some
in
Spanish
Rialls
,
and
some
in
tomans
,
and
some
in
Shahees
:
The
common
account
is
thus
distinguished
.
The
Abashee
is
|
200
deniers
,
or
20
shahees
.
|
The
Mamothy
is
|
100
deniers
,
or
10
shahees
.
|
The
Sadon
|
50
deniers
,
or
5
shahees
:
|
The
Uiste
is
|
20
deniers
,
or
2
shahees
.
|
The
Cosbegge
is
|
5
deniers
.
|
And
those
that
keep
their
account
in
shahees
,
onely
they
reckon
them
to
hundred
thousands
,
and
hundred
thousands
,
as
the
proper
knowne
coine
of
the
Countrey
;
and
this
manner
hath
seemed
the
best
to
our
English
there
resident
,
which
they
account
60
shahees
for
20
sh.
starling
.
The
weights
of
Persia
are
subsistent
of
3
sorts
,
of
the
Dramme
,
the
Weights
currant
in
Persia.
Mitigall
,
and
the
Mand
or
Mandshaw
:
The
dramme
is
the
least
,
100
whereof
makes
66⅔
mitigals
.
The
mitigall
is
the
next
,
100
whereof
makes
150⅓
drams
.
The
mand
or
mandeshaw
is
the
greatest
,
and
makes
1200
mitigals
,
or
else
1800
drams
;
which
hath
made
by
the
observation
of
some
Factors
that
have
resided
there
14
li.
9
ounc
.
haberdepois
.
The
summe
or
cargo
of
silke
is
accounted
here
36
Mandshaw
,
which
accounted
as
above
,
makes
English
524
li.
haberdepois
,
and
is
great
pounds
of
24
ounc
.
incirca
350
li.
But
the
east
India
company
find
it
to
be
300
great
silke
pounds
and
no
more
by
often
triall
:
But
it
is
to
be
noted
that
these
mandshaws
is
found
to
differ
in
many
Provinces
and
Cities
in
Persia
,
and
the
bordering
Countries
,
and
doth
differ
in
many
commodities
;
but
the
mandeshaw
common
of
Persia
is
1200
drams
for
silke
.
The
mandeshaw
of
Tauris
is
but
600
drams
.
The
mandeshaw
of
Syrrat
is
5
maunds
of
tauris
above-named
.
The
maund
of
hispahan
is
accounted
one
and
halfe
mand
of
Sira●…
,
besides
which
they
have
these
weights
in
some
places
;
1
Dubba
is
counted
5
maunds
.
1
Sherway
is
counted
50
maunds
.
1
Rellaij
is
counted
7
maunds
.
1
Maund
is
counted
by
observation
pounds
English.
In
Tauris
also
before
named
,
a
City
in
times
past
of
great
trad●…
,
in
this
Countrey
they
have
2
Mands
,
the
one
of
silke
which
hath
made
by
a
Florentines
observation
5⅝
li.
Florence
,
and
another
for
all
other
commodities
;
the
100
whereof
hath
made
there
by
the
said
observation
264.
li.
Florence
.
The
measures
of
length
used
in
Persia
is
of
2
sorts
,
and
both
of
Measures
used
in
Persia.
them
called
a
Covedo
;
A
long
and
A
short
:
The
long
accounted
to
be
37½
|
inches
English
measure
,
agreeable
to
the
pico
of
Turkey
.
|
The
short
accounted
to
be
27
|
Thus
is
what
I
find
observable
in
the
particular
trade
of
Persia
,
I
will
now
view
it
as
it
stands
in
the
generall
parts
thereof
.
CHAP.
LXXXII
.
Of
the
Trade
in
generall
of
PERSIA
.
THE
trade
of
PERSIA
as
it
is
found
subsistent
in
The
Trade
in
generall
of
Persia.
these
daies
,
consisteth
more
by
an
Inland
then
a
maritime
traffique
;
for
if
the
large
extent
of
the
Sophies
dominions
be
well
considered
,
and
the
neighbouring
regions
whereon
it
bordereth
,
it
will
be
found
that
it
wanteth
many
things
to
make
it
eminent
:
It
is
plentifully
supplyed
of
commodities
,
and
those
also
of
excellencie
,
as
of
silver
in
great
quantity
,
raw
silke
in
aboundance
,
and
of
some
drugges
naturally
growne
:
but
when
the
industry
of
the
natives
is
surveyed
,
it
will
be
soone
discerned
that
the
costly
,
rare
and
rich
carpets
here
made
,
the
curious
and
fine
cotton
clothes
here
wrought
;
for
their
tulbants
,
girdles
,
shashes
,
shireing
and
the
like
,
interwoven
with
silke
,
and
not
seldome
with
silver
and
gold
;
and
the
daily
use
thereof
not
onely
in
PERSIA
it selfe
,
but
throughout
India
,
Arabia
and
Turkey
;
witnesse
to
the
World
the
ingeniousnesse
of
this
Nation
:
the
greatest
want
and
impediment
of
trade
that
they
have
here
is
of
Sea-ports
and
Havens
,
of
which
they
are
much
scanted
;
they
injoyed
once
a
large
tract
of
land
lying
along
the
Caspian
Sea
,
from
Derbent
on
the
one
side
,
bordering
on
the
Turkes
,
to
Deristan
on
the
other
,
bordering
on
the
Tartars
;
but
of
late
daies
the
same
is
much
shortned
,
for
the
grand
signior
hath
laid
Tauris
one
of
his
metropolitan
Cities
for
his
limits
,
and
the
Tartar
hath
entered
as
farre
as
Minerdon
,
so
that
he
hath
onely
left
him
upon
this
Sea
the
Ports
of
Gilan
and
Pismir
,
that
are
of
any
consequence
,
wherein
much
trading
is
not
exercised
,
by
reason
of
the
ill
neighbourhood
of
the
Turkes
,
Muscovits
and
Tartarians
,
coasting
the
Caspian
Sea
.
In
the
Persian
gulph
he
did
i●…joy
the
commodious
and
famous
Towne
and
Port
of
Balsara
,
taken
from
him
by
the
Turkes
about
60
yeares
past
,
and
Ormus
in
the
entrance
of
that
gulph
is
but
lately
reduced
to
his
scepter
by
Iasques
and
Combrone
Ports
belonging
to
the
Persian
,
and
where
the
English
resort
to
.
the
valour
of
the
English
,
though
anciently
belonging
to
his
crowne
.
The
Ports
of
Iasques
and
Combrone
being
the
onely
two
Sea
ports
he
injoyes
upon
that
continent
of
any
quality
,
to
which
and
Ormus
all
the
trade
of
PERSIA
toward
India
is
observed
to
be
driven
,
and
to
which
the
Portugalls
,
Dutch
and
English
resort
unto
for
their
silkes
,
and
others
the
rich
commodities
of
PERSIA
;
and
where
each
of
them
have
factories
and
residencie
for
the
trade
of
this
Countrey
:
now
on
each
side
of
PERSIA
by
land-ward
he
●…s
invironed
by
three
mighty
and
powerfull
Nations
,
with
whom
●…e
is
sometimes
in
warres
and
sometimes
in
peace
,
the
Mogulls
Countrey
and
Tartar
on
the
one
side
,
and
the
Turkes
on
the
other
.
For
the
trade
thereof
;
It
is
observed
that
PERSIA
yeelding
yearly
incirca
12000
coles
of
silke
,
which
is
the
prime
commodity
of
this
Kingdome
growing
principally
and
made
at
Gilan
,
Bilan
,
Mahmody
and
Araste
,
(
which
last
affords
that
sort
of
silke
which
we
call
vulgarily
Ardasse
,
)
the
one
third
part
of
which
is
conceived
to
be
●…ented
into
Turkey
,
transported
by
Camels
into
Aleppo
,
Damasco
,
Constantinople
,
Brussia
in
Natolia
,
and
of
late
daies
to
Smyrna
,
and
●…rom
thence
conveyed
for
the
most
part
into
Europe
,
principally
●…o
England
,
France
and
Italy
,
where
the
same
is
spent
and
consu●…ed
,
in
returne
of
which
they
have
from
Syria
and
those
parts
principally
rialls
of
8/8
Spanish
,
some
gold
and
some
sorts
of
cloth
,
●…oollen
and
silke
stuffes
brought
thither
out
of
Uenice
,
Marselia
and
London
.
Another
third
part
of
the
said
silke
is
carryed
to
and
spent
●…n
Agria
and
the
dominions
of
the
Mogul
,
into
Ormus
,
Iasques
,
&c.
and
thence
by
the
Indians
and
Arabians
into
Sarmacand
,
and
other
the
dominions
of
the
great
Tartar
,
and
into
Astracan
and
other
the
dominions
of
the
Moscovite
,
in
returne
whereof
they
have
the
spices
of
India
,
the
drugges
of
Arabia
,
the
rich
furres
of
Russia
,
and
the
pretious
jems
of
Cathai
,
and
other
the
commodities
of
Tartaria
;
and
the
other
third
part
is
imagined
to
be
spent
for
their
owne
use
and
clothing
at
home
in
their
owne
Countrey
,
so
that
by
vertue
of
this
sole
commodity
which
this
Countrey
thus
abundantly
affordeth
,
and
which
is
so
sought
after
by
all
other
Nations
,
(
and
the
curiosity
and
luxurie
of
this
Nation
in
generall
)
they
have
the
commodities
of
all
other
Countries
in
returne
thereof
brought
unto
them
.
Divers
propositions
have
beene
made
,
and
divers
inventions
proposed
,
and
sundry
treaties
have
beene
set
on
foot
,
onely
to
compasse
the
sole
trade
of
these
silkes
of
PERSIA
,
with
the
Sophie
himselfe
,
who
challengeth
a
property
therein
throughout
his
whole
dominions
.
The
Dutch
have
more
then
once
thrust
at
it
,
and
to
have
it
delivered
at
Astracan
,
and
so
to
be
convaied
against
the
streame
of
Uolga
into
Moscovia
,
and
so
to
Holland
:
but
the
summe
and
stocke
required
was
so
vast
to
compasse
and
mannage
it
,
and
the
propositions
and
passage
so
difficult
and
dangerous
,
that
they
gave
it
over
with
this
opinion
of
the
World
,
that
they
indevoured
to
swim
against
too
great
a
streame
,
and
that
they
had
some
plot
to
set
it
afoote
,
and
never
intended
to
goe
through
with
it
,
or
otherwise
were
not
able
to
compasse
the
same
;
since
which
the
Duke
of
(
)
hath
put
on
for
a
branch
onely
thereof
:
but
when
the
account
came
to
be
made
up
,
his
meanes
was
too
meane
to
goe
through
with
that
small
proposed
part
he
aymed
at
:
and
lastly
the
English
East
India
company
,
(
as
Merchants
measuring
their
actions
with
the
weight
of
their
purses
)
have
more
prosperously
succeeded
;
and
in
Hispahan
have
contracted
with
the
Sophie
for
a
round
quantity
,
who
have
Merchant-like
performed
on
their
parts
the
conditions
agreed
upon
,
so
farre
to
his
good
liking
,
that
by
his
late
Ambassadour
in
England
,
the
whole
yearly
growth
was
tendred
and
offered
to
them
;
but
his
ill
performance
in
the
lesser
,
made
them
question
the
like
in
the
greater
;
and
therefore
to
their
honour
refused
it
.
Now
as
concerning
the
lesser
parts
of
this
Countries
traffique
,
which
consi●…ts
in
the
manufactories
of
this
Kingdome
;
I
passe
them
over
in
silence
as
being
of
lesser
consequence
,
and
hasten
to
Tartarie
the
next
Countrey
,
bordering
upon
the
Persians
.
CHAP.
LXXXIII
.
Of
Tartarie
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
TARTARIE
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
eastern
Tartaria
.
Ocean
,
on
the
West
with
the
Moscovia
and
Moldavia
;
on
the
North
with
the
frozen
Ocean
,
on
the
South
with
the
Caspian
Sea
,
the
hill
Taurus
,
and
the
Wall
of
China
:
it
is
divided
into
these
Provinces
,
Procopensis
Asiatica
,
Antiqua
Zagathai
and
Cathaia
.
In
Tartaria
procopensis
is
found
the
ancient
City
of
Crim
the
seat
of
the
Tartarianrulers
,
whence
this
Nation
had
their
originall
Procopensis
.
and
name
:
also
Oksacou
the
residence
of
the
present
Princes
;
and
lastly
Caffa
the
onely
Sea-port
of
consequence
in
these
parts
,
of
the
trade
whereof
it
wilbe
needfull
I
should
speake
a
word
.
CHAP.
LXXXIIII
.
Of
CAFFA
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
CAFFA
anciently
Theodosia
,
seated
commodiously
Caffa
and
the
T●…ade
of
it
.
for
traffique
in
the
botome
of
the
black
sea
,
was
by
Mahomet
the
great
taken
from
the
Genoes
,
and
is
the
present
scale
for
all
commodities
that
passe
by
Sea
from
Constantinople
,
Trabesond
,
Podolia
,
and
Walachia
by
Danubius
,
and
such
other
places
to
Tartarie
,
Muscovia
,
&c.
The
Countrey
affords
great
aboundance
of
cow
hides
,
furres
,
waxe
,
honey
,
and
a
kind
of
pickled
fish
much
resembling
the
English
herring
here
caught
upon
this
coast
:
also
it
sends
to
Constantinople
some
butter
sowed
up
in
oxe
hides
of
all
colours
and
sluttishly
made
,
which
serves
for
provision
there
to
the
slaves
,
and
the
meanest
sort
of
people
inhabiting
that
large
City
;
also
thence
the
grand
signior
hath
his
principall
timber
for
the
building
of
his
Gallies
,
Shippes
,
and
such
like
other
provisions
.
Caffa
doth
in
matters
of
Merchandize
and
trade
retaine
still
much
of
the
customes
of
the
Genoes
,
to
whom
for
a
long
time
it
was
subject
;
and
so
doth
Thana
,
Sorgat
and
other
principall
Cities
bordering
upon
the
black
sea
,
which
I
will
in
briefe
touch
so
farre
as
I
have
gathered
the
same
when
I
lived
in
Turkey
.
First
then
the
coines
of
Caffa
are
the
same
as
is
currant
throughout
Turkey
,
save
that
the
neighbourhood
of
Tartaria
and
Moscovia
Coines
currant
in
Caffa
.
makes
the
coines
of
those
places
and
Kingdomes
likewise
passe
currant
there
,
as
it
is
found
in
all
frontier
Towns
which
borders
upon
two
Nations
,
and
that
are
either
free
of
themselves
,
or
subject
to
other
;
therefore
for
the
same
I
will
referre
the
Reader
to
the
coines
currant
in
those
bordering
Countries
.
Their
weight
is
a
Rotolo
,
100
whereof
makes
a
Cantar
,
which
answers
The
weight
of
Caffa
.
in
haberdepois
weight
to
70
li.
English
;
which
said
Cantar
is
divided
into
severall
divisions
,
according
to
the
commodity
bought
or
sold
thereby
;
as
sometimes
to
Batmas
,
accounting
7½
Batmas
to
a
Cantar
,
and
12
Rotolos
to
a
Batma
,
and
then
the
Cantar
is
but
90
Rotolos
:
and
sometimes
to
Sommas
and
Saggies
,
as
124
saggies
makes
a
Somma
,
and
10
Somma's
makes
a
Cantar
of
100
Rotolos
above-said
;
and
silke
is
sold
by
this
Somma
,
20
Somma's
to
a
draught
,
which
is
2
Cantars
,
and
is
English
about
140
li.
and
in
Venetia
sotile
weight
212
li.
circa
.
Their
measure
so
farre
as
I
could
learne
is
but
one
,
which
is
the
The
Measures
of
Caffa
.
pico
,
the
100
whereof
made
in
Venetia
by
triall
of
a
friend
silke
braies
130
,
and
this
pico
is
divided
into
8
Rupps
,
as
at
Constantinople
.
They
have
also
a
coine
which
is
called
a
Somma
,
in
which
their
Accounts
in
Caffa
.
accounts
are
kept
,
and
to
which
other
coines
currant
are
reduced
;
and
the
same
is
divided
to
saggis
,
which
they
account
by
45
saggis
to
a
somma
,
and
4
sommes
to
a
soltany
or
checquin
;
and
thus
much
shall
serve
for
the
trade
of
Caffa
.
CHAP.
LXXXV
.
Of
Astracan
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
ASTRACAN
is
in
Tartaria
Asiatica
,
as
I
shall
shew
hereafter
,
seated
in
the
Emboshure
of
the
River
Astracan
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
Uolga
,
having
70
mouthes
and
receives
the
trade
of
all
the
Caspian
Sea
,
into
which
the
said
River
entreth
;
it
hath
a
very
great
confluence
of
Merchants
,
who
by
the
benefit
of
that
Sea
have
here
a
very
great
trade
,
Uolga
bringing
it
all
the
commodities
of
Moscovia
,
Russia
and
Tartaria
and
this
Sea
;
the
commodities
of
Persia
,
Arabia
and
other
Provinces
abutting
thereupon
;
it
is
situate
in
an
Iland
of
12
leagues
compasse
,
defended
by
a
woodden
Castle
and
earthen
walls
,
taken
by
the
Moscovites
in
Anno
1552
from
the
Tartarians
:
it
is
all
winter
shut
up
by
the
immeasurable
cold
,
and
all
traffique
over
and
upon
this
great
streame
is
performed
on
dry
foot
.
The
coines
here
currant
by
reason
of
my
ignorance
I
must
referre
to
the
better
experienced
.
Their
weights
are
here
two
,
a
grosse
for
grosse
commodities
,
and
a
sotile
for
fine
commodities
;
the
grosse
cantar
hath
been
observed
to
The
Weights
of
Astracan
.
have
in
England
yeelded
268
li.
the
small
cantar
hath
made
English
103
li.
now
in
both
these
cantars
there
is
accounted
20
Rotolos
to
a
libb
,
and
5
libbs
to
a
cantar
,
and
12
tochats
to
a
Rotolo
;
which
by
the
ingenious
may
easily
be
reduced
to
the
sotile
English
pound
,
therfore
I
passe
it
over
and
come
in
the
next
place
to
the
measures
.
Their
common
measure
is
a
pico
,
and
the
100
thereof
hath
made
by
observation
in
Venetia
126
braces
of
cloth
measure
,
which
is
in
Measures
of
Astracan
.
England
about
(
—
)
inches
.
Corne
and
all
other
graine
is
sold
by
a
measure
called
the
Chistetto
,
which
in
Venetia
comes
to
make
8
〈◊〉
staios
.
Corne
and
Wine
and
liquid
commodities
is
sold
by
the
but
,
which
is
46
mistaties
,
and
which
also
renders
in
Venetia
3¼
Bigonso
.
Wine
.
In
Tartaria
Asiatica
there
are
few
Cities
;
for
the
inhabitants
by
hords
or
tribes
travaile
with
their
substance
from
one
place
to
Tartaria
Asiatica
another
;
yet
in
this
Tract
is
found
Casan
,
and
Astracan
aforenamed
,
which
is
a
very
great
Towne
of
commerce
,
considering
these
Regions
,
commodiously
seated
,
(
as
I
said
before
)
on
the
mouth
of
the
River
Volga
,
by
which
there
is
passage
found
from
the
Caspian
Sea
in
some
seasons
of
the
yeare
up
to
Mosco
,
and
by
which
way
(
as
I
noted
in
the
trade
of
Persia
)
some
Merchants
of
Christendome
more
then
once
intended
to
transport
the
silkes
,
and
other
the
riches
of
Persia
to
Moscovia
,
and
so
to
Europe
;
but
the
designe
proved
dangerous
and
chargeable
,
by
reason
of
such
potent
Princes
that
border
upon
that
River
;
and
by
reason
that
the
same
must
passe
against
the
currant
streame
,
which
in
winter
is
not
found
passable
by
reason
of
the
frost
,
by
which
and
other
discouragements
the
designe
was
given
over
and
fell
to
nothing
.
In
Tartary
antiqua
,
I
find
not
any
thing
worthy
of
note
,
nor
yet
Tartaria
antiqua
.
Citie
of
import
,
the
inhabitants
living
like
vagabonds
;
onely
it
affordeth
Rubarbe
,
which
is
so
excellent
in
Physicke
by
its
proper
Rubarbe
.
nature
,
that
the
whole
world
is
beholding
to
these
Barbarians
for
the
same
as
a
cure
for
many
diseases
.
CHAP.
LXXXVI
.
Of
Zagathai
and
Cathai
,
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
ZAgathai
containes
sundry
Provinces
,
and
but
few
Cities
;
Zagathai
.
the
most
famous
is
Sarmachand
,
which
gave
both
Sarmacand
.
cradle
and
grave
to
mighty
Tamberlan
,
from
whom
the
Great
Moguls
boast
themselves
to
bee
lineally
descended
.
But
Cathai
is
esteemed
the
richest
and
civillest
Kingdome
of
all
Cathai
.
Tartary
,
the
which
is
furnished
with
sundry
great
and
populous
Cities
,
especially
Cambalu
,
the
residence
of
the
Great
Cham
,
and
Cambalu
.
where
Merchants
of
all
Nations
are
found
to
reside
and
traffique
to
;
as
I
shall
shew
hereafter
.
This
Countrey
is
found
to
abound
with
rice
,
graine
,
wool
,
hempe
,
Rubarbe
,
corrall
,
and
aboundance
of
silkes
,
both
growing
and
Commodities
of
Cathai
.
brought
hither
from
China
and
other
Countries
amounting
to
two
thousand
Cartes
yearely
;
the
Citie
is
held
to
be
30
miles
about
in
compasse
,
and
is
replenished
with
all
Artsmen
(
Astrologers
being
heere
in
great
reputation
)
which
may
(
considering
their
number
found
here
,
being
as
some
write
5000
)
be
more
properly
termed
fortune-tellers
,
or
Gypsies
;
but
these
Countries
resemble
in
customes
the
Moscovite
and
Chinois
,
none
being
permitted
to
search
into
their
Cities
and
manners
,
except
they
come
either
as
Embassadors
or
Merchants
;
yet
what
I
have
gathered
of
the
trade
of
this
Countrey
,
I
will
include
under
the
title
of
Cambalu
,
the
principall
Citie
of
this
Empire
.
CHAP.
LXXXVII
.
Of
CAMBALV
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
CAmbalu
,
the
Metropolis
of
Catai
,
as
Samercand
is
of
Zagathai
,
is
seated
on
the
North-east
border
of
this
Cambalu
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
Countrey
,
containing
both
the
old
and
the
new
City
,
through
which
doth
run
the
famous
River
of
Polisanga
;
it
is
accompted
28
miles
in
compasse
,
or
rather
in
square
,
each
angle
containing
7
miles
,
and
in
every
square
is
placed
three
principall
Gates
which
incloseth
the
Towne
with
earthen
walls
or
rampires
of
10
paces
in
thicknes
,
and
every
Gate
comprehending
a
sumptuous
Palace
,
and
every
angle
having
also
an
excellent
Pallace
,
where
the
Armours
of
the
Garrison
Soldiers
are
kept
,
which
is
1000
Soldiers
at
every
Gate
.
The
Buildings
are
squared
out
proportionably
,
and
every
street
is
drawne
out
to
a
line
,
so
that
every
Gate
yeelds
a
free
prospect
through
the
Citie
to
the
opposite
Gate
,
be
beautified
on
each
side
with
stately
edifices
and
houses
for
the
honourable
of
this
Countrey
.
In
the
midst
of
the
Citie
is
a
sumptuous
Palace
,
wherein
the
grand
Cham
resideth
,
with
all
his
Queenes
and
Children
,
and
wherein
is
placed
a
Bell
,
which
is
tolled
at
certaine
houres
of
the
evening
,
after
which
may
no
man
stirre
out
of
dores
,
untill
the
beginning
of
the
day
following
;
the
largenes
,
rarities
,
curiositie
,
and
richnes
of
this
palace
,
the
partitions
allowed
his
Queenes
,
and
lodgings
appointed
for
his
Children
,
and
their
dayly
attendants
,
and
the
order
,
beauty
,
and
manner
thereof
,
I
willingly
omit
,
as
not
pertinent
to
my
present
purpose
.
Without
this
Citie
walles
are
accounted
12
suburbs
of
3
in
4
miles
long
adjoyning
to
each
of
the
aforesaid
12
gates
,
and
here
all
Merchants
,
strangers
,
and
forreigners
doe
abide
,
each
nation
having
a
severall
Cane
or
storehouse
,
where
they
both
lodge
,
and
exercise
their
Merchandise
and
traffique
one
with
another
,
for
the
commodities
of
these
severall
Countries
,
the
confluence
of
Merchants
here
cannot
choose
but
bee
wonderfull
,
seeing
it
is
reported
that
the
City
is
so
populous
,
that
the
Cham
maintaineth
5000
Astrologers
heere
daily
,
besides
many
thousands
of
Soldiers
both
of
horse
and
foot
that
12000
horse
is
accounted
but
as
his
ordinary
and
daily
Guard
;
besides
which
,
the
neere
neighbourhood
of
Exendu
,
the
principall
place
of
the
grand
Cham
,
seated
not
Exendu
,
and
the
largenes
thereof
.
many
dayes
journey
farre
hence
where
Merchants
are
not
permitted
to
enter
,
is
built
in
a
foure
square
figure
,
every
side
extending
eight
miles
in
length
;
within
this
Quadrant
is
another
,
whose
sides
are
sixe
miles
long
;
and
within
that
another
of
foure
miles
square
,
which
is
accounted
the
very
Palace
it selfe
;
and
betweene
which
severall
walles
are
found
walkes
,
gardens
,
orchards
,
fishponds
,
places
for
all
manner
of
courtly
and
military
exercises
,
and
also
parkes
,
forrests
,
and
chases
,
for
all
manner
of
pleasures
and
game
,
and
the
infinite
number
of
attendants
and
servitours
that
of
necessitie
is
required
to
wait
upon
so
great
a
Prince
,
with
the
officers
thereto
belonging
,
cannot
but
much
increase
the
trade
and
commerce
of
this
Citie
and
place
.
As
for
the
Trade
of
this
Citie
of
Cambalu
,
and
generally
of
all
Tartaria
,
it
is
observed
,
that
the
Countrey
(
though
in
a
large
tract
)
extending
it selfe
upon
the
North
Ocean
;
yet
by
reason
of
the
long
continued
colds
and
frosts
,
the
Inhabitants
have
but
little
benefit
thereof
;
however
it
may
bee
conceived
,
that
the
Moluccos
,
Iapans
,
and
other
Ilanders
thereabouts
in
the
season
of
the
yeare
,
have
here
a
great
traffique
,
and
that
hence
these
Tartarians
are
furnished
with
the
spices
of
India
,
the
jems
of
Pegu
,
and
Bengala
,
and
peradventure
with
other
the
druggs
of
Arabia
:
but
upon
the
Caspian
Sea
,
they
are
the
masters
of
many
good
Sea-Ports
,
besides
Astracan
which
of
late
they
have
lost
to
the
Moscovite
,
as
Zahaspa
Cosmi
,
Melmesuach
,
and
others
;
by
which
is
conveighed
to
them
the
silkes
,
tapestries
,
carpets
,
armes
,
and
excellent
manufactures
of
Persia
,
and
in
the
black
Sea
,
besides
Capha
,
now
in
subjection
to
the
Turkes
,
they
enjoy
the
brave
Ports
of
Curaropo
,
Asow
,
and
others
,
serving
to
conveigh
unto
them
the
commodities
of
Turkey
,
Trabesond
,
Podolia
,
Walacia
,
and
other
Countries
bordering
upon
the
famous
riuers
of
Danubius
.
Now
for
the
other
parts
of
this
large
Empire
,
it
bordereth
on
the
one
side
with
Moscovia
,
with
whom
it
is
now
in
peace
,
though
not
seldome
at
debate
,
from
whence
by
the
benefit
of
traffique
,
which
I
find
observed
not
to
bee
of
any
great
consequence
,
they
have
rich
furres
and
other
the
commodities
of
this
Countrey
.
But
where
it
bordereth
upon
China
,
which
is
for
a
very
large
extent
of
ground
,
by
some
Authors
accompted
400
leagues
,
the
common
report
of
the
strict
lawes
and
customes
of
that
Nation
(
to
debarre
entrance
to
all
strangers
)
should
perswade
me
of
little
traffique
that
way
;
yet
I
find
it
observed
by
some
late
travellers
whose
relation
herein
is
questionable
,
that
the
Citie
of
Cambalu
receiveth
yearely
thence
by
way
of
traffique
,
10000
carts
laden
with
silkes
and
stuffes
of
the
China
fabrique
;
the
truth
thereof
I
referre
to
the
censure
of
the
Reader
.
As
for
the
moneys
currant
in
this
large
Territorie
,
I
find
it
to
Coines
currant
in
Cambalu
,
and
through
Tartaria
Of
the
barke
of
mulbery
trees
.
be
diversly
made
,
yet
neither
of
gold
nor
of
silver
coined
,
but
of
the
middle
barke
of
the
Mulbery-tree
,
which
being
made
firme
,
and
cut
into
divers
and
round
pieces
great
and
little
,
they
imprint
the
Kings
marke
thereupon
,
and
from
this
meane
stuffe
,
the
Emperour
causeth
a
huge
masse
of
moneys
to
bee
yearely
made
at
Cambalu
,
which
sufficeth
for
his
whole
Empire
,
and
no
man
under
paine
of
death
may
coine
or
spend
any
other
money
,
or
refuse
it
in
all
his
Kingdomes
and
Dominions
;
whereby
it
commeth
to
passe
,
that
Merchants
often
comming
hither
from
farre
and
remote
Countries
,
bring
with
them
gold
,
silver
,
pearle
,
and
precious
stones
,
and
receive
the
Kings
money
for
them
;
and
because
the
same
is
not
currant
in
their
Countrey
,
they
therewith
buy
in
this
Empire
other
the
commodities
heere
found
,
which
they
carry
hence
away
with
them
:
the
King
also
payeth
his
stipends
,
officers
and
armies
with
the
said
moneys
,
and
buyeth
whatsoever
else
hee
needeth
with
the
same
,
so
that
no
Prince
in
the
world
can
exceed
him
in
treasure
,
which
is
at
so
easie
a
rate
provided
and
procured
.
Besides
which
,
I
find
it
observed
in
some
parts
of
this
large
Countrey
subject
to
some
subordinate
Kings
,
in
subjection
to
the
Great
Cham
,
that
they
use
in
some
places
pieces
of
polisht
corrall
in
Of
corrall
polished
.
stead
of
money
;
and
in
others
they
have
certaine
twiggs
of
gold
,
in
lieu
of
money
,
which
is
distinguished
by
weight
into
severall
parcels
,
without
stamp
or
Character
,
and
this
is
accompted
in
matters
of
consequence
:
but
they
have
a
lesser
coine
(
if
I
may
so
terme
it
)
made
of
salt
which
they
boile
in
coldrons
for
a
certaine
Of
salt
in
loaves
hardned
.
time
,
which
congealed
they
make
into
lumps
,
like
our
penny
loaves
,
which
being
made
solid
,
is
signed
with
the
Princes
stamp
,
and
passeth
thus
currant
amongst
them
,
&
wherewith
they
provide
themselves
of
all
necessaries
:
in
some
others
I
find
also
that
they
use
purs●…ane
for
money
,
and
weighted
pieces
of
gold
;
for
in
some
Countries
of
this
Empire
silver
mines
are
not
found
,
and
they
give
in
proportion
one
ounce
of
gold
for
five
ounces
of
silver
;
neither
is
it
found
that
in
many
places
of
this
Countrey
that
they
have
the
use
of
letters
;
therefore
the
Merchants
make
their
contracts
and
obligations
in
tallies
of
wood
,
the
halfe
whereof
the
one
keepeth
,
and
the
other
the
other
halfe
,
which
being
afterwards
paid
and
satisfied
,
the
said
tallie
is
restored
;
not
much
unlike
the
custome
of
tallies
in
England
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
to
have
said
of
the
trade
in
generall
of
this
Countrey
,
the
strange
customes
,
manners
,
and
formes
of
government
hinder
all
further
particular
knowledge
of
Trade
to
our
European
Merchants
:
therfore
leaving
thus
this
Empire
and
Citie
,
(
contented
with
this
short
survey
)
I
proceed
to
India
,
of
late
years
become
somewhat
better
known
to
Europe
and
our
Nation
.
CHAP.
LXXXVIII
.
Of
INDIA
,
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
INdia
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
China
,
on
the
West
India
,
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
with
the
River
Indus
,
on
the
North
with
Tartaria
above
mentioned
,
on
the
South
with
the
Ocean
,
taking
his
name
of
Indus
,
a
famous
River
heere
running
1000
miles
ere
it
meet
the
Ocean
;
it
lay
after
the
conquest
thereof
by
Alexander
the
Great
for
many
yeares
undiscovered
,
the
Merchants
only
thereof
were
found
to
bring
their
native
commodities
to
Sarmacand
,
and
Cambalu
aforementioned
,
to
exchange
against
such
commodities
as
those
countries
afforded
,
as
to
the
common
Empories
,
and
likewise
to
Ormus
where
they
provided
themselves
of
all
Egyptian
and
Arabian
commodities
:
by
which
meanes
knowledge
was
got
of
their
countries
;
but
the
great
worth
and
wealth
thereof
was
not
fully
knowne
and
discovered
to
us
till
of
late
yeares
,
by
the
navigation
first
of
the
Portugalls
,
then
of
the
Dutch
and
English
,
this
Countrey
became
better
surveighed
,
finding
that
the
same
afforded
and
abounded
in
all
manner
of
minerals
,
(
lead
and
copper
onely
excepted
)
Commodities
of
India
.
with
all
manner
of
cattell
(
horse
excepted
;
)
with
all
manner
of
precious
stones
,
with
all
manner
of
spices
,
some
druggs
,
and
other
commodities
,
as
in
their
particular
Provinces
shall
bee
more
particularly
remembred
.
The
famous
River
Ganges
runneth
through
this
Countrey
,
to
Ganges
.
which
the
Indians
goe
in
pilgrimage
,
as
if
the
water
washed
in
or
drunk
could
bring
salvation
to
them
:
this
divideth
India
into
two
parts
,
called
India
intra
Gangem
&
India
extra
Gangem
,
both
which
include
many
large
Provinces
and
Kingdomes
;
and
first
India
intra
Gangem
hath
9
principall
Kingdomes
,
which
I
will
briefly
following
some
Authours
opinion
passe
cursorily
through
.
First
Narsinga
,
the
chiefe
City
Maleaper
or
S
t.
Thomas
,
where
Narsinga
.
1.
they
hold
the
body
of
this
Apostle
was
burnt
,
though
the
Spaniards
hold
his
body
was
found
under
I
know
not
how
many
fathome
of
ground
in
Calamana
,
by
devout
Fryers
,
that
after
the
religions
receit
of
the
Sacrament
of
their
wafer
god
,
digged
for
him
and
found
it
;
vide
Mafe
Iesuit
.
The
second
is
Malavar
,
and
the
Malavar
2.
Ballasia
.
3.
Cononor
.
third
Ballasia
,
in
which
are
found
3
famous
Mart
Townes
,
Cochin
and
Calicute
,
and
Conanor
:
the
last
having
a
large
and
safe
Haven
commodious
for
the
trade
of
these
Countries
,
distant
from
Calicute
30
miles
,
and
Calicute
distant
from
Cochin
80
miles
:
Calicute
by
reason
of
its
great
concourse
of
Merchants
is
here
a
famous
Mart
,
and
extendeth
it selfe
for
3
miles
all
along
the
shore
,
principally
affording
to
Christendome
that
sort
of
pepper
taking
its
name
hence
of
Calicute
pepper
,
also
callicoes
cloth
,
and
the
other
sort
of
pepper
of
the
name
of
this
Countrey
of
Malavar
.
The
fourth
is
Cambaia
,
a
famous
Kingdome
,
very
rich
and
populous
,
the
chief
City
is
also
of
the
same
name
,
and
one
of
the
richest
4
Cambaia
.
of
these
Countries
containing
800000
persons
.
The
fifth
is
Mandao
,
wherein
is
the
City
Mandao
,
being
30
miles
in
compasse
,
which
held
out
a
siege
of
12
yeares
against
the
Mogul
,
5
Mandao
.
who
is
King
hereof
,
as
likewise
of
those
former
Provinces
named
.
The
sixth
and
seventh
is
Bengala
and
Aristan
,
where
is
found
the
Cities
of
Cattigan
and
Satigan
,
and
principally
for
trade
that
of
Ben
6
Bengala
.
gala
,
on
the
bankes
of
a
gulph
knowne
by
that
name
;
and
Orissa
inhabited
7
Aristan
.
by
Christians
of
S
t.
Thomas
so
called
,
because
he
converted
them
.
The
eighth
is
Canora
,
under
command
of
the
Mogull
;
the
most
famous
Cities
are
Ultabat
,
Lispor
,
Melinda
,
&c.
8
Canora
.
The
ninth
is
Dellia
,
the
chiefe
City
being
Dellie
,
the
sometimes
residence
of
the
great
Mogull
;
the
other
famous
Cities
are
Tremel
,
9
Dellia
Fatabar
,
and
Chesmer
famous
for
the
studie
here
of
Magiqu●…
:
all
these
mighty
Provinces
have
been
conquered
by
the
Great
Moguls
forces
within
these
90
yeeres
,
to
the
astonishment
of
all
India
.
India
extra
Gangem
containes
12
potent
Kingdomes
,
and
all
under
command
India
extra
Gan
gem
.
of
the
potent
Kings
of
Barma
,
which
cursorily
I
will
also
run
over
.
The
first
is
Macin
,
famous
for
that
sweet
wood
which
this
Countrey
doth
produce
,
called
Aloes
or
lignum
vitae
,
valued
at
its
weight
I
Macin
Lignum
Uitae
.
in
pure
silver
,
serviceable
onely
here
for
the
pompous
funeralls
of
great
Princes
;
the
chief
City
for
trade
is
the
said
Macin
.
The
second
is
Aracan
,
wherein
is
the
City
of
Ava
,
which
2
Aracan
.
Ava
.
through
the
World
is
so
famous
for
the
aboundance
of
gems
.
The
third
is
Camboia
,
famous
for
the
City
of
Camboia
,
a
place
of
great
traffique
,
which
affords
plenty
of
gold
,
silver
,
aloes
,
and
many
3
Camboia
.
other
commodities
of
great
worth
.
The
fourth
is
Cauchin
China
,
aboundeth
with
the
like
commodities
4
●…auchin
China
.
brought
to
Cauchin
China
,
the
chiefe
City
of
this
Kingdome
,
and
much
frequented
by
Merchants
of
all
Countries
for
Porcelane
and
China
dishes
here
made
,
and
much
in
esteeme
and
use
in
these
Countries
.
The
fifth
is
Barma
,
made
famous
onely
within
60
yeares
,
for
the
Princes
hereof
have
vanquished
all
the
former
Kingdomes
,
and
5
Barma
.
made
them
tributaries
to
this
Kingdome
and
this
Scepter
.
The
sixth
is
Siam
,
once
the
Lady
of
all
India
,
now
subject
to
Barma
;
the
principall
Cities
are
Mollacia
in
compasse
20
miles
,
a
Town
Siam
of
great
resort
for
Merchants
,
for
the
traffique
of
spices
,
and
now
in
subjection
to
the
Portugals
:
the
next
is
Siam
,
scituate
on
the
River
Mean
,
which
every
yeere
overfloweth
the
Countrey
for
120
miles
:
and
lastly
Odin
,
on
the
River
Cuipomo
,
on
which
200000
boates
are
found
daily
to
be
set
on
worke
,
and
containes
400000
families
:
and
is
now
knowne
the
residende
of
that
famous
and
fortunate
King
of
Barma
before-mentioned
.
The
seventh
is
Pegu
,
which
gives
name
to
a
principall
City
,
7
Pegu.
having
a
rich
soile
and
harberous
Sea
shore
,
the
principall
known
Haven
is
Mar●…ban
;
and
here
is
also
Lasmin
a
City
of
great
commerce
.
This
Countrey
hath
suffered
much
by
sword
,
pestilence
and
famine
,
within
these
late
yeares
,
and
is
now
as
the
rest
a
Province
of
this
a
foresaid
powerfull
King
of
Barma
.
Now
having
thus
survaid
India
in
the
generall
and
in
grosse
,
as
it
is
divided
into
Kingdomes
and
Provinces
,
it
will
be
requisite
it
should
next
be
surveyed
in
the
particular
,
so
farre
as
it
may
concerne
our
present
purpose
,
which
is
the
commerce
and
trade
thereof
,
so
farre
forth
as
it
is
at
this
day
knowne
to
our
Nation
,
wherein
I
could
wish
my
experience
better
to
shew
the
particulars
thereof
,
in
consideration
of
the
large
extent
of
ground
that
is
comprized
under
this
name
of
India
,
stretching
it selfe
from
Taurus
to
the
Ocean
one
way
,
and
from
China
to
Persia
,
which
is
neere
4000
miles
another
way
,
at
which
place
it
wil
be
fittest
for
me
to
begin
my
trade
,
and
see
what
may
be
observed
therein
.
Yet
before
I
enter
into
this
discovery
,
and
give
a
particular
relation
of
such
materialls
,
wherewith
trade
is
in
it selfe
practised
through
this
large
tract
of
Lands
,
Ilands
and
Seas
;
and
before
I
shew
the
matter
wherewith
this
trade
is
in
all
this
Countrey
driven
,
it
will
not
be
improper
I
should
also
see
who
they
principally
are
that
manage
this
trade
,
and
to
whom
this
great
traffique
appertaineth
,
either
as
they
are
natives
and
here
borne
,
or
as
they
are
strangers
and
here
are
induced
to
reside
,
attracted
thereto
by
the
sole
motive
of
the
great
commerce
and
rich
commodities
found
either
naturally
here
growing
,
or
artificially
here
made
and
produced
.
This
Countrey
then
as
I
said
before
aboundeth
in
the
generall
with
all
manner
of
mineralls
,
copper
and
lead
excepted
;
with
all
Commodities
of
India
in
generall
.
sorts
of
cattell
,
Horses
excepted
,
with
all
manner
of
spices
,
with
many
sorts
of
drugges
,
cotton
cloth
,
precious
stones
,
&c.
to
which
may
be
added
the
want
of
Wine
and
Wheate
that
here
they
have
,
that
so
this
Countrey
might
be
beholding
in
some
sort
to
others
,
as
others
are
for
her
commodities
to
this
.
These
being
then
the
prime
commodities
wherewith
trade
is
here
maintained
,
I
will
note
the
traders
and
native
Merchants
that
are
here
resident
,
which
properly
I
may
account
to
be
of
5
severall
sorts
,
all
acknowledging
severall
rites
,
religions
and
customes
;
and
therefore
partake
of
so
many
severall
formes
and
manners
in
the
mannaging
of
their
affaires
of
merchandizing
.
The
Gentile
Merchants
are
the
first
,
and
are
found
of
great
eminencie
in
some
parts
of
this
Tract
.
The
Merchants
in
generall
trading
in
India
.
The
natives
Christians
converted
by
the
discipline
of
S
t.
Thomas
are
the
second
,
who
in
many
places
are
found
to
mannage
a
great
and
ample
trade
through
this
Countrey
:
the
third
are
the
Mahumetans
,
Persians
and
Tartarians
,
especially
since
the
great
victories
of
the
Mogur
found
here
also
of
grat
quality
and
estates
.
The
4th
are
the
Jewes
,
who
live
strag
lingly
dispersed
over
and
through
all
the
parts
of
this
Countrey
,
and
in
every
Princes
dominions
exercise
the
same
.
The
5th
are
Moores
and
Arabians
,
who
some
200
yeares
past
,
seased
on
some
Haven
Townes
here
alongst
this
coast
,
driving
the
natives
unto
the
inland
parts
,
and
at
this
day
are
seene
to
be
very
great
Merchants
.
The
6th
are
the
Portugals
,
who
possessing
some
few
Sea-townes
commodious
for
traffique
,
bragge
of
the
conquest
of
the
whole
Countrie
,
which
they
are
in
no
more
possibility
intirely
to
conquer
and
possesse
,
then
the
French
were
to
subdue
Spaine
when
they
were
possessed
of
the
Fort
of
Perpignan
,
or
the
English
to
be
Masters
of
France
when
they
were
onely
Soveraignes
of
Calis
.
And
now
to
the
Cities
of
this
Tract
,
where
at
this
day
is
found
a
trade
to
be
practised
,
and
first
of
Diu.
CHAP.
LXXXIX
.
Of
DIU
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THE
Towne
and
Iland
of
DIU
lyeth
about
20
Diu
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Leagues
from
the
famous
River
Indus
,
and
not
farre
distant
from
the
firme
land
;
it
is
now
subject
to
the
Portugals
,
who
have
conquered
both
the
Iland
and
Town
from
the
King
of
Cambaia
,
and
so
fortified
it
,
as
it
is
conceived
to
be
now
invincible
.
This
Towne
hath
a
very
good
and
great
Haven
,
and
therein
is
found
a
great
concourse
of
Merchants
of
all
Nations
,
as
Turks
,
Persians
,
Arabians
,
Armenians
,
and
others
of
sundry
Countries
;
and
because
of
the
continuall
traffique
thereof
,
it
is
accounted
the
best
and
most
profitable
revenue
the
King
of
Spaine
hath
in
all
India
,
for
that
the
Banians
,
Guserats
,
Rumos
and
Persians
,
which
traffique
in
Cambaie
,
and
from
thence
to
the
red
Sea
and
Mecca
,
doe
both
discharge
their
wares
and
take
in
their
lading
here
at
DIU
,
by
reason
of
the
commodious
situation
thereof
,
as
lying
at
the
entrance
of
Cambaia
,
and
from
DIU
it
is
shipt
and
sent
to
Cmabaia
,
and
so
brought
backe
againe
to
DIU
.
The
commodities
of
this
place
and
this
coast
are
first
,
fine
cotton
Commodities
of
Diu
,
and
that
Coast.
linen
of
sundry
sorts
,
which
they
call
Ioryms
,
Sluyers
,
and
Lamparads
,
and
which
we
call
by
the
generall
name
of
callicoes
,
also
Cocos
oyle
,
India
nuts
,
butter
,
pitch
,
tarre
,
sugar
candie
,
iron
good
store
,
and
most
excellent
and
faire
leather
,
which
is
artificially
wrought
with
silkes
of
all
colours
,
both
flowers
and
personages
;
and
which
is
in
India
much
esteemed
to
lay
upon
beds
and
tables
,
instead
of
carpets
and
coverlets
:
they
make
also
here
all
sorts
of
curious
desks
,
cupboords
,
chests
,
boxes
,
standishes
,
and
a
thousand
such
like
devises
in
wood
,
guilded
with
variety
of
colours
,
wrought
with
imagery
and
mother
of
pearl
,
which
are
carried
hence
throughout
all
India
;
but
especially
to
Goa
and
Cochin
,
against
the
time
that
the
Portugall
Ships
come
thither
to
take
in
their
lading
to
goe
homewards
.
Other
observations
of
the
further
trade
of
this
place
I
referre
to
Goa
,
the
Metropolis
of
India
in
possession
of
the
Portugals
,
to
which
all
the
other
forts
possessed
by
the
Portugals
,
in
some
sort
have
a
reference
in
the
matter
and
manner
of
their
trade
.
CHAP.
XC
.
Of
CAMBAIA
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
CAMBAIA
the
principall
Citie
of
the
Kingdome
so
Of
Cambaia
and
the
trade
thereof
.
called
,
is
a
faire
and
large
Citie
,
and
contained
some
yeares
past
800000
persons
;
it
is
seated
on
the
imbosure
of
the
famous
River
Indus
,
and
there
the
River
inlargeth
it selfe
to
a
great
breadth
,
till
it
come
to
the
Iles
of
Vacas
,
having
the
Iland
of
Diu
on
the
one
side
,
and
the
Cities
of
Deman
and
Surrate
on
the
other
:
it
is
absolutely
the
greatest
Citie
of
trade
in
these
parts
,
and
therein
is
a
Factorie
seated
for
the
traffique
in
these
Countries
of
the
English
and
Dutch
East
India
Companies
:
here
is
also
found
great
concurrencie
of
Merchants
as
well
of
Christians
,
as
of
Persians
,
Arabians
,
and
Armenians
,
but
the
natives
which
are
called
the
Gusarates
and
Banians
,
are
esteemed
the
greatest
and
most
politique
Merchants
of
all
India
,
and
held
in
subtiltie
equall
with
any
Nation
under
the
Sunne
.
The
commodities
for
traffique
that
this
Country
either
naturally
Commodities
of
Cambaia
.
affoordeth
,
or
is
artificially
here
fabricated
,
is
corne
,
rice
,
and
such
graine
,
Butter
and
Oyle
,
wherewith
for
their
abundance
they
furnish
all
the
Countries
round
about
them
;
also
great
quantitie
of
cotton
linens
are
here
made
,
which
we
terme
callicoes
of
all
sorts
,
called
by
them
Canequins
,
Boffettas
,
Iarins
,
Cautares
,
and
others
of
sundry
kinds
of
making
,
from
the
very
coursest
wherewith
they
make
their
sayles
for
shipping
,
to
the
finest
,
which
are
by
us
known
by
the
name
of
Calico
Lawnes
;
also
here
are
made
sundry
fine
carpets
called
Alcatiffes
and
Banquies
;
also
many
sorts
of
coverlets
,
called
Codorins
;
also
many
manufactures
of
wood
carved
and
imbellisht
,
some
with
mother
of
pearle
,
and
some
with
silver
and
such
like
;
also
here
are
found
sundry
sorts
of
pretious
stones
,
as
Spinalls
,
Rubies
,
Granads
,
Iacints
,
Amatists
,
Chrysolits
,
Amber
,
Agats
,
Iasper
;
also
sundry
drugges
,
as
Opium
,
Camphora
,
Bangue
and
sandallwood
,
sugars
,
and
lastly
and
principally
Anil
or
Indico
is
here
growing
prepared
and
made
readie
,
and
from
hence
carried
throughout
the
whole
world
:
the
principall
places
in
this
Country
affoording
the
same
is
,
Bianny
,
Fetterbarre
,
Sherkis
,
Lahore
,
and
other
places
thereabouts
.
To
this
place
I
should
adde
the
famous
Port
of
Surrat
and
Baroche
,
Surrat
and
Baroche
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
being
as
is
Cambaia
under
subjection
of
the
great
Mogull
,
and
seated
in
this
tract
,
which
because
in
matters
of
traffique
I
doe
not
finde
to
varie
from
the
former
,
I
willingly
omit
,
and
therefore
comprehend
them
under
this
Chapter
and
title
,
proceeding
to
the
currant
coines
weights
and
measures
found
in
use
and
practised
in
these
Cities
,
as
in
subjection
to
one
and
the
same
Prince
,
who
is
soveraigne
thereof
.
The
ancient
currant
and
generall
coyne
of
this
Countrey
is
the
Coins
of
Cambaia
and
Moguls
Country
.
Mahmudy
,
stamped
by
that
famous
King
Mahmood
in
the
first
conquest
of
these
Countries
,
which
was
accounted
for
(
—
)
Res
of
Portugall
,
and
by
the
English
there
resident
estimated
12
d.
starling
.
But
the
Grand
Mogull
being
the
last
Conquerour
,
prohibited
the
said
coines
of
Mahumdis
,
and
therefore
at
this
day
they
are
found
very
scarse
,
yet
most
frequent
in
Gussurat
.
The
most
currant
coine
now
throughout
his
Territories
being
the
Ruppie
,
of
which
there
are
divers
sorts
,
which
are
,
The
Casanna
Ruppia
which
is
the
common
Ruppia
worth
in
India
¼
mahomudy
,
and
estimated
incirca
2
s.
3d
d
starling
.
The
Iacquerree
Ruppie
,
5
of
which
make
6
Casanna
Ruppies
.
The
soway
Ruppie
—
4
whereof
makes
5
Casanna
Ruppies
.
The
Hondee
Ruppie
of
equall
value
with
the
Casanna
Ruppie
abovesaid
;
and
in
these
last
doe
the
Merchants
of
Gusurat
keepe
their
accounts
:
Besides
which
they
have
for
smaller
coines
currant
Accounts
kept
in
Surrat
and
Cambaia
.
these
:
The
Pice
,
accounting
34
to
the
mamodie
,
which
is
10
d.
starling
.
The
shahee
accounted
to
be
10
Pices
or
10
Cosbeggs
.
And
some
there
are
that
keepe
their
accounts
in
Mahomodis
,
accounting
2½
mahomdy
to
be
one
Hondee
or
Cassanna
Ruppie
,
being
thus
esteemed
for
2
shil.
6
d.
star
.
as
2
Ruppies
are
accounted
for
1
℞
〈◊〉
Spanish
,
though
indeed
not
found
alwayes
of
that
value
,
for
the
Ruppie
is
here
observed
with
the
right
of
a
Princes
coine
,
and
the
R.
〈◊〉
for
a
merchandise
or
commoditie
,
rising
and
falling
:
the
said
Ruppia
in
Agra
is
found
to
passe
for
84
pices
;
but
this
is
thus
most
currant
in
Amadever
,
Lahore
,
and
other
the
places
where
the
Christians
of
Europe
and
others
doe
provide
&
buy
their
Indico
,
&c.
and
there
two
of
the
said
Ruppias
make
in
ordinary
payment
for
Merchandise
1
℞
〈◊〉
of
Spanish
.
There
is
generally
found
throughout
the
Dominions
of
the
Weights
in
Camba●…a
,
Surrat
,
Agria
,
and
the
Mog●…lis
Dominions
.
great
Mogull
two
severall
weights
;
the
one
proper
to
silke
,
and
the
other
for
all
merchandise
besides
,
and
both
of
these
have
their
foundation
upon
a
weight
of
copper
called
as
the
coine
aforesaid
the
Pice
.
A
Pice
in
silke
is
accounted
5½
mitigalls
.
A
mitigall
is
(
)
a
pice
is
about
13
d.
10
Troy.
A
pice
of
silke
is
also
accounted
for
2
Tolls
,
1
Toll
is
12
masses
.
A
seare
of
which
there
is
a
small
and
great
;
the
small
seare
is
ordinarily
used
in
silke
and
accounted
30
Tolls
.
Now
for
the
common
weight
for
all
other
commodities
,
I
will
begin
with
the
seare
which
varies
here
in
severall
parts
of
this
Country
.
A
seare
of
Surrat
is
18
pices
weight
of
copper
money
,
which
is
13⅓
ounces
haber
.
A
seare
of
Agra
called
the
seare
Acoberg
,
is
30
pices
,
which
is
22
ounces
haber
.
A
seare
of
Agra
called
the
seare
Ianquery
is
36
Pices
,
being
the
common
seare
of
all
India
,
and
double
the
Surrat
seare
,
which
is
26
〈◊〉
ounces
.
A
seare
of
Puttana
and
Ganges
is
37
Pices
,
and
those
that
have
made
a
strict
calculation
,
have
found
that
22
common
pices
makes
16
ounces
haberdepois
.
They
have
also
in
use
in
these
Countries
two
Maunds
.
A
maund
small
of
surrat
is
40
seares
of
surrat
,
and
the
said
maund
is
33
li.
haber
.
But
they
have
for
some
commodities
another
maund
in
Surrat
about
27
li.
haberd
.
A
candil
of
Surrat
Cambaia
&c.
is
20
of
the
said
maunds
.
Seares
40
make
a
small
maund
of
33
li.
English.
Seares
40
great
make
a
great
maund
of
54
〈◊〉
li.
English
,
and
some
have
observed
it
to
be
55
li.
English
;
and
this
is
the
maund
of
Agria
.
In
Amadever
this
differenee
is
found
in
the
said
weight
.
Amadever
.
A
maund
is
40
seare
,
which
is
18
pices
and
33
li.
English.
And
the
100
maunds
of
Amadever
is
63
maunds
of
Agria
.
For
gold
,
silver
,
muske
,
civet
,
Besor-stone
they
have
another
weight
which
they
call
the
Toll
,
being
12
masses
,
and
is
7
d.
16
grain
Troy
weight
in
England
,
as
hath
been
observed
both
by
the
English
and
Portugall
Merchants
.
It
is
not
to
be
questioned
but
that
this
so
large
tract
of
Countrey
must
admit
of
more
diversitie
of
weights
,
which
I
am
inforced
to
passe
over
in
silence
by
reason
of
my
ignorance
,
and
referre
what
is
here
omitted
to
the
better
experienced
.
There
is
used
in
these
parts
two
common
measures
,
and
both
called
Me●…sures
in
Camba●…a
,
Surrat
,
Agria
,
and
M●…s
C●…trey
.
a
Covado
,
a
short
and
long
covado
.
The
short
covado
of
Surrat
,
Cambaia
,
&c.
used
in
the
sales
of
many
commodities
,
as
linnen
and
silke
,
is
27
inches
English.
The
long
covado
of
Surrat
used
for
woolen
cloth
is
35
inches
.
But
in
Agra
,
Lahore
,
Dilly
,
Brampore
,
&c.
the
ordinarie
and
common
covado
is
found
to
hold
32
inches
,
and
called
in
some
places
of
this
Country
Elahy
.
At
Puttana
they
have
a
covado
of
38
inches
,
and
by
the
observation
of
some
,
it
hath
beene
found
that
1⅓
covado
of
Puttana
is
5
covados
of
Agra
,
which
makes
4
yards
English.
And
note
that
in
all
the
Moguls
Countrey
they
use
no
concave
measures
for
any
graine
or
liquid
commodities
,
but
sell
the
same
by
weight
,
in
the
same
nature
as
they
doe
all
ponderous
and
massie
commodities
.
They
measure
their
ground
and
dayes
journeys
by
a
measure
which
they
call
a
Corso
,
which
is
one
thousand
five
hundred
geometricall
paces
,
and
is
accounted
in
common
estimation
of
our
late
travellers
a
mile
and
a
halfe
English.
In
this
tract
and
belonging
to
this
Prince
are
many
famous
Townes
of
trade
,
the
chiefest
is
Lahore
,
famous
for
the
Indico
there
growing
,
and
prepared
;
and
for
that
admirable
high
way
Iabore
.
to
Agria
of
twentie
dayes
journeys
,
beset
on
each
side
with
mulberry-trees
,
and
whence
there
departeth
yearely
above
twelve
thousand
Camells
laden
with
spices
to
Hispahan
,
which
are
brought
hither
from
India
.
The
next
principall
towne
is
Amadabar
,
famous
in
these
parts
for
the
great
trade
and
excellent
scituation
thereof
,
and
as
being
Amadabar
.
the
most
eminent
Citie
of
the
Guserats
.
Neither
is
Tutta
here
to
Tutta
.
be
forgotten
,
though
an
Inland
Towne
,
yet
seated
on
the
famous
River
of
Indus
,
and
having
dependancie
and
belonging
thereunto
;
and
that
excellent
Port
of
Lowribander
,
three
Lowribander
.
dayes
journey
distant
from
it
,
on
the
shoare
commonly
intitled
the
Coast
of
Sindie
,
wherein
it
hath
beene
observed
by
our
European
Navigators
,
that
Shippes
may
safely
ride
without
harme
receiving
by
the
wormes
,
which
doth
much
hurt
in
SURRAT
,
and
all
alongst
the
coast
of
India
.
CHAP.
XCI
.
Of
GOA
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
GOa
,
is
the
Metropolis
of
India
,
I
meane
of
those
that
are
Goa
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
under
the
command
of
the
Portugall
or
Spaniard
,
where
the
Viceroy
,
Archbishop
,
and
the
King
his
Consull
,
and
Chancery
doe
reside
;
here
is
also
the
Staple
of
all
India
commodities
,
whereto
Merchants
of
Ara●…ia
,
Armenia
,
Persia
,
Cambaia
,
Pengala
,
Pegu
,
Siam
,
Mallacca
,
Iava
,
Mollucco
,
China
,
and
of
sundry
other
Countries
doe
resort
:
It
is
●…eated
in
an
Iland
of
three
miles
circuit
,
but
is
but
little
distant
●…rom
the
firme
land
;
the
Port
is
capacious
of
good
ships
,
but
if
they
exceed
200
Tunnes
they
unlade
short
of
the
Towne
at
a
place
called
Bardes
,
well
built
with
faire
houses
both
publique
and
pri●…ate
,
after
the
Portugall
manner
,
and
hath
in
it
many
Cloisters
,
Churches
,
and
Frieries
;
but
is
not
fortified
with
any
walls
,
but
the
contrived
and
continued
buildings
of
the
houses
,
serves
both
for
defence
and
inclosure
:
in
the
heart
of
the
City
is
a
Street
called
●…he
Leilon
,
where
a
daily
assembly
is
made
from
7
to
9
in
the
mor●…ing
,
not
onely
of
Merchants
from
all
parts
,
but
also
of
gentry
;
●…nd
during
the
said
houres
the
said
Street
is
replenished
with
all
commodities
and
merchandise
from
all
the
aforenamed
Kingdomes
,
●…et
forth
in
manner
of
our
Faires
in
England
;
which
daily
is
thus
practised
,
and
wherein
the
rich
commodities
of
those
Countries
●…re
vented
and
put
to
sale
;
besides
which
,
there
are
particular
Streets
where
the
native
Indians
doe
dwell
together
,
being
found
to
be
here
great
Merchants
,
and
for
the
most
part
inhabit
neere
together
,
especially
such
as
are
found
to
be
of
one
and
the
same
Art
and
Profession
,
being
bound
by
the
strict
lawes
of
this
Countrey
,
every
man
to
marry
within
his
own
and
the
same
Trade
,
and
to
bring
up
likewise
their
children
in
their
owne
and
the
same
Profession
;
which
law
(
being
strictly
observed
)
giveth
great
perfection
to
all
Arts
heere
practised
:
their
Winter
begins
here
the
last
of
April
,
continuing
till
September
,
and
is
called
Winter
,
not
for
the
cold
,
but
for
the
continuall
raines
that
are
found
all
this
time
;
the
rest
of
the
time
is
accompted
Summer
,
which
●…s
without
raine
,
and
the
pleasantest
of
all
other
seasons
upon
this
Coast.
The
commodities
naturall
of
this
place
is
not
observeable
,
the
Com●…es
o●…
Goa
.
●…land
small
,
and
the
firme
land
plentifull
in
Palme-trees
,
cocus
,
and
the
like
:
the
Citie
is
the
common
Staple
for
all
India
commodities
,
brought
hither
by
others
,
and
here
bartered
and
exchanged
for
other
;
but
of
it selfe
not
affording
any
of
note
or
consequence
.
They
have
heere
two
sorts
of
moneyes
,
a
good
,
and
a
bad
,
and
therefore
in
all
contracts
they
are
as
well
to
bargaine
for
the
money
Coines
curt●…nt
in
Goa
.
that
is
to
be
received
,
as
for
the
commoditie
that
is
to
bee
sold
:
but
because
this
place
is
neighboured
with
sundry
great
Nations
that
traffique
hither
;
it
will
be
fit
I
should
inlarge
my selfe
a
little
further
on
this
subject
.
The
common
moneys
heere
currant
is
called
the
Pardaus
Xeraphin
,
coined
here
,
and
worth
300
Res
of
Portugall
,
and
is
as
much
as
three
testons
,
which
is
English
money
about
foure
shillings
sixe
pence
sterling
.
One
Pardau
is
five
tang
as
,
which
is
an
imaginary
coine
,
and
is
in
both
sorts
of
the
coines
in
use
,
as
accounting
five
tang
as
bad
money
,
being
the
same
in
worth
as
foure
tang
as
of
good
money
.
One
tang
as
is
worth
foure
good
ventins
,
and
five
bad
ventins
,
a
coine
also
imaginary
,
and
not
reall
,
and
is
worth
seaventy
five
basarucos
.
A
vintin
is
worth
15
bad
basarucos
,
and
18
good
basarucos
,
which
is
the
lowest
and
smallest
coine
heere
in
use
.
Three
basarucos
is
worth
two
Res
of
Portugall
money
,
and
by
this
accompt
,
the
Pardu
sheraphin
is
worth
375
basarucos
:
and
these
are
all
the
proper
coines
of
Goa
:
the
other
here
currant
are
The
Persia
larins
is
a
coine
of
very
fine
filver
,
and
worth
110
basarucos
.
The
Pagode
of
gold
worth
about
10
tang
as
,
is
eight
shillings
sterling
.
The
venetiander
of
gold
,
worth
two
pardaus
sheraphin
.
The
St.
Thomas
of
gold
,
worth
8
tang
as
.
The
Riall
of
〈◊〉
called
Pardaus
de
reales
,
worth
commonly
440
Res
of
Portugall
;
but
these
and
the
larins
of
Persia
may
heere
bee
accounted
for
commodities
,
rising
and
falling
in
price
,
as
the
occasions
of
Merchants
inforce
them
.
But
note
that
all
moneys
are
here
paid
and
received
by
the
hands
of
Sheraffs
,
as
is
the
manner
in
Turkey
and
other
Easterne
Countries
,
Sheraffs
.
who
make
good
the
losse
and
dammage
either
in
tale
or
goodnes
for
a
small
consideration
,
and
by
the
Portugals
termed
Cernidors
.
The
weights
common
in
Goa
,
and
along
the
coast
of
India
,
that
is
subject
to
the
Crowne
of
Spaine
,
are
divers
;
the
usuall
knowne
Weights
of
Goa
.
is
as
in
Portugall
the
quintall
and
the
rove
;
and
this
is
most
in
use
for
all
European
commodities
.
But
they
have
in
use
another
proper
,
for
honey
,
sugar
,
butter
,
which
is
called
the
maund
,
being
12
li.
of
the
weight
above
mentioned
.
Another
proper
onely
to
pepper
,
and
other
such
Indian
spices
,
they
have
,
which
they
call
the
Bahar
,
accounted
3
quintals
and
a
halfe
of
Portugall
weight
,
which
by
reason
of
the
neere
concordancie
that
it
hath
with
the
hundred
of
London
,
I
shall
not
need
to
say
any
thing
further
thereof
.
The
measure
of
length
is
the
same
as
is
used
in
Lixborne
.
The
measure
of
graine
,
rice
,
and
such
like
commodities
is
called
a
Measures
of
Goa
.
Medida
,
being
about
a
spanne
high
,
and
halfe
a
finger
broad
,
24
whereof
is
accounted
a
mand
.
Mands
20
,
is
accounted
one
candil
,
which
is
about
14
bushels
Eng.
and
by
this
measure
they
accompt
their
tunnage
in
shipping
;
yet
it
is
found
,
that
some
sort
of
rice
is
heere
sold
by
the
fardo
,
being
round
bundles
wrapt
straw
,
and
bound
about
with
cords
,
and
these
should
weigh
by
the
custome
of
the
place
3½
maunds
.
There
is
upon
this
coast
a
great
trade
in
use
for
pearles
,
which
The
order
how
they
fish
,
and
trade
for
Pearles
.
because
it
is
of
great
moment
in
this
and
other
places
of
India
;
it
will
be
fit
I
should
shew
the
manner
thereof
.
The
fishing
for
pearles
beginneth
yearly
in
March
and
April
,
and
continueth
but
50
dayes
;
but
yet
they
fish
not
alwayes
in
one
place
every
yeare
,
but
change
their
places
by
certaine
appointed
and
setled
orders
amongst
the
principall
that
have
the
oversight
thereof
.
Now
when
the
time
of
this
fishing
draweth
neere
,
then
they
send
very
good
divers
that
goe
purposely
to
discover
where
the
greatest
heapes
of
oysters
are
under
water
,
and
on
the
shoare
opposite
to
that
place
,
there
they
set
up
and
plant
a
village
with
houses
,
and
a
Bazaro
or
market
place
,
of
stone
and
other
materialls
,
which
standeth
as
long
as
the
fishing
time
lasteth
,
and
is
for
that
time
furnished
with
all
things
necessary
,
which
now
and
then
happeneth
to
bee
neere
unto
places
inhabited
,
and
now
and
then
a
far
off
,
according
to
the
place
appointed
for
that
yeares
fishing
.
The
fisher-men
themselves
are
for
the
most
part
Christians
,
natives
of
that
Countrey
;
neither
is
any
other
debarred
from
this
fishing
that
will
,
paying
a
certaine
tribute
or
acknowledgement
to
the
King
of
Spaine
,
and
to
the
Iesuites
who
have
sundry
Churches
upon
that
coast
:
now
during
the
said
fishing
,
there
are
alwayes
maintained
three
or
foure
fasts
or
galliots
armed
to
defend
the
fishers
from
injuries
and
Rovers
.
The
order
of
which
fishing
is
observed
to
be
thus
.
There
are
commonly
three
or
foure
barkes
,
and
their
companies
that
make
consortship
together
,
much
resembling
our
English
pilot-boates
,
having
eight
or
ten
men
in
a
boat
,
and
in
the
morning
they
goe
out
together
from
the
shoare
,
and
anchor
in
15
or
18
fathome
water
,
which
is
the
ordinary
depths
of
this
whole
coast
;
and
being
thus
moored
to
their
Anchor
,
they
cast
a
rope
into
the
Sea
,
and
at
the
end
of
that
rope
usually
make
fast
a
great
stone
,
and
then
they
have
in
readines
a
Diver
,
who
hath
his
nose
and
his
eares
well
stopped
and
annointed
with
oyle
,
and
a
basket
fastened
about
his
necke
,
or
under
his
left
arme
;
then
he
sinketh
downe
by
the
said
rope
to
the
bottome
of
the
Sea
,
and
as
fast
as
he
can
he
filleth
the
said
basket
,
and
being
full
,
he
then
shaketh
the
rope
,
and
his
fellowes
that
hold
the
other
end
,
and
are
in
their
Barke
,
instantly
hale
him
up
with
his
filled
basket
,
and
in
this
wise
they
goe
one
by
one
vntill
they
have
laden
their
said
boat
with
Oysters
;
and
in
the
evening
returning
a
shore
to
the
village
,
every
company
maketh
their
owne
heape
or
mount
of
Oysters
by
themselves
,
one
distant
from
another
in
such
wise
,
that
there
is
seene
a
great
long
row
of
mounts
or
heapes
of
Oysters
,
which
remaine
untouched
untill
such
time
as
the
fishing
be
ended
;
and
at
the
end
whereof
every
company
sitteth
downe
about
their
mount
or
heape
,
and
fall
to
opening
of
them
,
which
they
may
easily
doe
,
because
that
then
they
bee
both
dry
,
dead
,
and
brittle
;
and
if
every
Oyster
should
prove
to
have
pearles
in
them
,
it
would
prove
a
very
good
purchase
unto
them
:
but
many
are
found
to
have
no
pearles
at
all
in
them
;
therefore
when
their
fishing
is
done
,
they
then
perceive
whether
their
said
fishing
and
gathering
proveth
good
or
bad
.
Now
there
are
certaine
men
expert
in
the
choice
and
distinction
of
Pearles
,
which
heere
they
call
Chittini
,
which
set
and
make
the
price
of
Pearles
,
according
to
their
carracts
,
each
carract
being
foure
graines
,
and
these
with
an
instrument
of
copper
having
holes
therein
of
severall
greatnes
serving
to
distingush
the
sorts
,
to
which
also
they
consider
their
beauty
and
goodnes
,
and
then
therof
make
4
severall
sorts
.
The
first
sort
be
the
round
Pearles
,
which
they
call
aia
or
unia
of
Portugall
,
because
the
Portugals
buy
them
:
the
second
sort
which
are
not
round
,
are
called
aia
of
Bengola
:
the
third
sort
,
which
are
not
so
good
as
the
second
,
they
call
aia
of
Canora
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
Kingdome
of
Besnegar
:
the
fourth
and
last
,
and
indeed
the
worst
sort
,
they
call
aia
of
Cambaia
:
and
thus
the
price
being
by
the
men
set
thereon
,
according
to
their
sorts
,
goodnes
,
and
greatnes
,
there
are
Merchants
of
every
Countrey
which
are
ready
with
their
moneys
in
their
hands
to
buy
them
;
so
that
in
few
dayes
,
all
the
said
parcels
are
bought
up
,
according
to
the
said
prizes
set
upon
them
altering
according
to
the
carract
,
beauty
,
and
shape
thereof
.
And
this
is
the
manner
of
the
fishing
,
and
dispersing
of
the
Pearles
throughout
India
,
and
thence
through
the
World
,
so
farre
forth
as
I
thought
good
to
insert
the
same
in
this
place
.
CHAP.
XCII
.
Of
the
Trade
in
generall
practised
alongst
the
Coast
of
INDIA
.
THe
Coast
of
India
knowne
in
these
Regions
,
is
only
The
generall
Trade
of
the
Coast
of
India
.
so
accounted
from
the
Ilands
called
las
Vachas
,
or
from
the
Towne
of
deman
to
the
Cape
of
Comorin
,
not
above
200
miles
in
length
,
wherein
besides
the
Metropolis
Goa
,
is
found
sundry
others
in
subjection
to
the
Crowne
of
Portugall
;
as
first
Daman
to
the
North
of
Goa
;
then
Basain
,
then
Chaul
,
Dabull
,
and
then
Goa
:
and
to
the
South-ward
,
which
some
call
the
coast
of
Mallubar
,
they
hold
Romes
,
Onor
;
Barselor
,
Mangalor
,
Cananor
,
Calicut
,
Cranganor
,
Cochin
,
Coulon
,
and
cape
de
Comeri
,
which
is
accompted
the
last
end
of
the
Coast
of
Mallabar
and
India
,
for
the
better
understanding
of
the
trade
of
these
Sea-ports
,
it
will
bee
needfull
I
should
somewhat
more
particularly
survey
the
same
.
First
then
,
it
is
to
be
understood
that
the
Northerne
part
of
this
Coast
is
held
the
wholsomest
and
purest
ayre
for
habitation
,
the
principall
places
being
Daman
,
Basasen
,
and
Chaul
,
which
are
found
Daman
.
Basas●…
.
Chaul
.
in
themselves
to
have
good
havens
,
whereto
great
traffique
is
maintained
throughout
India
;
the
Countrey
hereabouts
abounding
in
rice
,
pease
,
and
other
graines
,
butter
and
oyle
of
nuts
,
also
cotton
cloth
great
quantity
,
especially
Baroches
,
taking
the
name
from
a
Citie
of
this
coast
;
and
in
Chaul
is
found
very
great
concourse
of
Merchants
and
traffique
to
Ormus
,
Cambaia
,
Sinde
,
Masquate
,
Bengala
,
having
therein
many
rich
Merchants
,
and
ships
of
great
burthen
;
and
heere
is
also
made
divers
kinds
of
silke
stuffes
,
as
grograms
,
sattins
,
taffata's
,
and
such
like
in
such
aboundance
,
that
India
,
and
all
other
places
bordering
,
are
served
therewith
,
and
beholding
thereto
,
which
brings
a
great
trade
to
the
said
Citie
of
Chaul
;
for
they
bring
in
the
raw
silke
of
China
,
and
being
heere
spunne
,
woven
,
and
wrought
,
carry
it
out
againe
,
and
distribute
it
throughout
India
,
and
the
neighbouring
Countries
;
here
also
they
make
faire
and
excellent
wrought
bedsteds
,
boxes
,
desks
,
stooles
,
and
other
woodden
arts
,
which
brings
them
great
profit
,
and
makes
this
place
famous
throughout
these
parts
.
As
for
the
coast
of
Mallabar
,
Onor
is
of
good
esteeme
,
where
Coast
of
Mallabar
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
there
is
a
great
quantity
of
pepper
yearely
laden
by
the
Portugals
factors
,
accounted
the
best
and
fullest
berry
in
all
India
,
the
Countrey
hereabouts
belonging
to
a
Queene
rich
in
pepper
,
who
selleth
the
said
commoditie
only
to
the
Portugals
;
but
receiveth
her
money
6
moneths
beforehand
,
and
at
the
season
delivereth
the
said
contracted
pepper
,
which
by
the
Portugals
is
housed
in
their
Fort
,
which
(
by
her
leave
)
they
have
heere
built
,
till
their
shipping
come
to
fetch
it
away
,
which
is
commonly
but
once
a
yeare
.
Cananor
is
held
the
best
fort
they
have
upon
all
this
coast
,
and
Cananor
.
doth
,
abound
with
rice
and
pepper
,
and
neere
the
fort
is
a
faire
Towne
which
is
plentifully
stored
with
all
the
commodities
of
this
coast
and
shoare
,
especially
abounding
in
all
manner
of
victuals
and
provision
and
masts
for
ships
of
all
sizes
and
sorts
.
Calicut
was
once
the
most
famous
town
of
trade
of
all
this
shore
,
Calicut
.
and
gave
name
not
onely
to
the
sorts
of
pepper
that
here
grow
,
but
also
to
that
sort
of
cotton
cloth
that
was
first
hence
transported
for
Europe
;
but
the
Emperour
the
then
Soveraigne
,
being
enemie
to
the
King
of
Couchin
,
with
whom
the
Portugals
at
their
first
arivall
heere
sided
,
and
prosperd
,
by
that
meanes
,
overthrew
the
great
traffique
of
Calicut
,
and
advanced
the
traffique
of
Cochin
,
whose
Cochin
Soveraigne
by
meanes
of
the
trade
is
now
become
a
mighty
and
rich
Prince
in
this
Countrey
,
the
City
of
Cochin
it selfe
thereby
so
inlarged
,
inriched
,
and
so
well
inhabited
by
Portugals
,
who
are
in
part
the
new
Masters
,
by
native
Mallabars
and
other
Nations
,
and
seated
upon
a
pleasant
River
,
and
injoying
the
commodity
of
a
good
Channell
and
Haven
;
that
it
is
accounted
in
these
parts
for
trade
and
concourse
of
Merchants
the
onely
second
to
Goa
:
here
is
laden
yearely
great
quantity
of
pepper
,
and
a
course
sort
of
cynamon
,
vulgarly
called
de
Matte
,
nothing
comparable
to
cynamon
of
Seylon
accounted
the
best
;
and
hither
come
all
the
Portugall
ships
to
lade
homewards
,
after
that
they
have
unladen
their
European
commodities
in
Goa
,
which
addes
much
to
the
trade
of
this
Citie
.
Two
commodities
hither
imported
do
much
inrich
this
place
,
1
the
great
store
of
silke
that
cometh
hither
raw
from
China
to
be
wrought
,
and
next
the
great
store
of
sugar
that
cometh
from
Bengala
to
be
spent
,
for
which
the
marryed
citizens
are
found
to
pay
no
custome
to
the
King
of
Cochin
,
though
for
all
others
they
pay
4
per
cent
.
but
the
stranger
and
unmarryed
pay
at
Cochin
nothing
to
the
King
;
but
to
the
Portugall
8
per
cent
.
And
because
The
manner
of
the
f●…rming
of
the
pepper
in
India
by
the
Portugals
.
this
great
traffique
for
pepper
is
onely
peculiar
to
some
private
Merchants
or
Farmers
authorized
by
the
Kings
of
Spaine
,
it
will
not
be
unproper
I
should
here
relate
the
manner
thereof
:
It
is
to
be
understood
then
that
the
Kings
of
Portugall
,
the
first
European
traders
into
these
parts
,
in
all
their
navigations
and
discoveries
,
ever
added
the
benefit
of
commerce
towards
the
supportation
of
the
expences
of
their
conquests
;
and
having
here
built
for
conveniencie
of
trade
,
and
protection
of
their
Merchants
,
and
subjects
many
Fortresses
and
Castles
;
they
ever
so
setled
them
,
that
the
commodiousnesse
of
the
Haven
,
Port
or
harbour
,
joyned
to
the
native
commodities
of
the
place
,
might
adde
meanes
and
faire
inducements
to
make
by
traffique
their
conquests
profitable
.
This
coast
then
being
found
to
abound
with
pepper
,
a
principall
commodity
then
requested
in
Europe
,
designed
it
to
be
converted
to
his
peculiar
profit
,
by
all
the
provident
waies
of
a
circumspect
Merchant
;
but
Princes
that
will
imbrace
all
,
sometimes
graspe
but
a
Chi
cro●…o
abrazia
●…oca
strin●…
.
little
;
for
the
same
could
not
be
so
profitably
contrived
,
considering
the
distance
of
way
,
length
of
time
,
and
trust
to
be
committed
to
factors
,
Captaines
of
Forts
,
and
others
;
but
he
found
himselfe
to
come
farre
short
of
his
expectation
in
this
point
,
whereupon
he
was
advised
to
let
out
the
same
to
Farme
,
and
contracted
it
at
certaine
conditions
to
certaine
great
and
eminent
Merchants
,
who
should
stand
in
his
place
strongly
and
amply
priviledged
,
and
should
injoy
a
part
of
the
gaines
for
themselves
,
and
yet
bring
the
greatest
croppe
of
their
labours
into
his
coffers
;
hereupon
it
was
first
let
out
for
five
yeeres
,
the
farmers
and
contracters
binding
themselves
to
send
such
a
stocke
to
India
in
ready
money
,
as
would
extend
for
30
thousand
quintalls
of
pepper
yearely
,
conceived
to
be
in
those
daies
as
much
as
all
Europe
could
annually
vent
in
that
commodity
;
but
then
the
King
was
bound
to
send
his
Ships
to
India
to
lade
the
same
,
in
number
five
Ships
of
sufficient
burthen
yearely
;
the
Farmers
bearing
the
adventure
both
of
their
moneys
outward
,
and
of
the
said
pepper
homeward
,
lading
it
in
India
into
the
said
Ships
at
their
own
costs
and
charges
,
all
which
brought
into
Portugall
,
they
were
to
deliver
to
the
King
at
the
price
of
12
duccats
per
quintall
,
and
what
was
either
cast
away
,
lost
,
or
taken
,
was
to
be
borne
by
the
Farmers
;
the
King
paying
for
no
more
then
what
was
thus
fairely
laid
on
land
into
his
store-house
at
Lixborne
,
neither
yet
payd
he
ready
money
for
the
same
,
but
payd
them
with
their
owne
money
when
the
pepper
was
sold
;
so
that
the
King
without
disbursement
or
hazzard
,
had
and
hath
a
certaine
great
gaine
without
the
losse
of
a
penny
;
in
consideration
whereof
the
farmers
have
many
great
and
strong
immunities
and
priviledges
;
as
first
,
that
no
man
upon
paine
of
death
,
of
what
estate
or
condition
soever
he
be
,
may
any
waies
deale
or
trade
in
pepper
but
themselves
,
which
is
still
strictly
observed
;
secondly
,
that
they
may
not
upon
any
occasion
or
necessity
whatsoever
,
diminish
or
lessen
the
said
ordinary
stocke
of
money
,
nor
the
King
his
said
stint
of
shipping
;
neither
hinder
nor
let
them
in
any
sort
concerning
the
lading
thereof
,
which
is
also
strictly
looked
into
;
for
though
the
pepper
were
for
the
Kings
owne
person
or
proper
account
,
yet
must
the
Farmers
pepper
be
first
laden
;
thirdly
that
the
Uiceroy
,
and
all
other
the
Officers
and
Captaines
in
India
shall
give
them
all
assistance
,
helpe
and
favour
,
with
safe
keeping
guarding
and
watching
the
same
,
with
all
other
needfull
offices
as
shalbe
by
them
required
,
for
the
safety
and
benefit
of
the
said
pepper
:
fourthly
,
that
The
Ships
of
pepper
depart
from
Co●…n
about
the
moneths
of
December
and
Ianu●…ry
.
for
the
lading
and
providing
thereof
,
the
said
Farmers
may
send
their
Factors
into
India
with
their
servants
and
assistants
of
what
nation
soever
they
be
,
(
English
,
French
,
and
Spaniards
onely
excepted
)
and
that
unto
every
place
to
see
the
same
laden
and
dispatched
away
:
and
in
latter
times
it
is
observed
that
they
have
also
farmed
of
the
King
the
ships
and
their
fraightment
,
with
large
conditions
to
build
them
,
and
make
the
provision
of
all
necessaries
for
them
,
and
all
at
their
owne
adventures
;
and
if
the
Ship
come
safe
home
,
they
give
the
King
in
lieu
of
licence
a
certaine
summe
of
money
for
every
Ship
,
and
annually
do
furnish
these
five
Ships
at
their
owne
charges
:
but
for
such
Souldiers
as
are
appointed
to
goe
in
them
,
they
are
bound
to
saile
for
the
King
and
at
his
charge
,
and
have
but
onely
their
meate
and
drinke
at
the
Farmers
charges
,
the
officers
and
saylers
being
placed
therein
by
the
Kings
admiralty
,
which
the
Farmers
may
not
once
deny
or
refuse
;
so
that
the
King
adventureth
nothing
,
neither
in
pepper
nor
in
Shippes
;
but
onely
if
the
Ships
be
cast
away
,
he
loseth
the
money
that
he
should
have
,
and
otherwise
gain
by
the
farm
of
every
Ship
,
if
it
had
returned
safe
;
and
the
profit
of
the
pepper
that
should
have
beene
delivered
him
at
a
certaine
price
,
which
is
the
cause
now
that
the
King
doth
not
send
out
his
Fleets
to
meet
and
waft
them
from
the
Flemish
Ilands
,
as
for
long
time
he
was
accustomed
to
doe
;
and
the
King
is
found
so
nearely
to
look
to
this
Farme
,
that
he
will
not
abate
the
Farmers
a
penny
,
how
great
soever
their
losses
happen
otherwise
to
be
:
And
thus
much
shall
serve
for
Goa
and
the
trade
of
the
Portugalls
in
India
;
now
in
the
next
place
I
will
come
to
the
coast
of
Chormandel
.
CHAP.
XCIII
.
Of
MESULIPATAN
and
the
Trade
thereof
,
with
the
coast
of
CHORMANDEL
.
THE
Coast
of
Chormandel
beginneth
from
the
cape
Negapatan
to
the
Towne
of
Musulipatan
,
between
which
Musulipaton
and
the
trade
of
the
coast
of
Chormandel
said
places
is
found
a
place
called
S
t.
Thomas
,
where
the
Apostle
Thomas
is
said
to
have
preached
salvation
to
these
Nations
and
whose
Tombe
is
had
still
in
great
reverence
to
this
day
amongst
the
native
Christians
of
this
Countrey
:
besides
which
is
found
the
Townes
of
Pettipoly
and
Armagow
,
where
the
English
of
late
have
setled
factories
that
have
dependencie
on
the
factory
of
Mesulipatan
;
under
which
therefore
I
will
include
the
trade
of
this
coast
.
Musulipatan
by
reason
of
the
commodious
scituation
,
is
the
most
eminent
place
of
trade
of
this
coast
,
where
the
English
have
to
that
purpose
planted
a
factorie
,
both
for
providing
and
lading
hence
the
commodities
of
this
Countrey
;
this
place
is
seated
on
the
same
coast
,
or
rather
Istmus
,
as
Goa
is
with
the
Cities
beforemen●…ioned
,
which
are
seated
to
the
eastward
,
as
the
coast
of
Mallabar
●…s
to
the
westward
:
the
pleasantnesse
of
the
adjoyning
River
●…unning
downe
from
Bisnagar
the
Metropolis
of
this
Countrey
,
●…nd
the
goodnesse
of
the
Haven
,
with
the
wholesomenesse
of
the
●…oile
and
the
temperancie
of
the
ayre
,
addes
much
to
the
excel●…encie
of
it
in
matter
of
trade
and
concurrencie
of
Merchants
;
to
which
if
we
adde
the
industry
of
the
inhabitants
,
and
the
fruit●…ullnesse
of
the
Countrey
bearing
many
commodities
naturally
,
it
●…s
not
to
be
reckned
as
the
least
or
the
worst
part
of
trading
in
India
.
From
this
place
and
coast
then
is
found
a
great
trade
,
to
be
driven
into
Bengala
,
Pegu
,
Siam
,
Mallaca
and
to
India
,
and
the
principall
commodities
that
this
City
is
noted
to
be
famous
for
,
is
those
Commoditi●…
of
the
cost
of
Cormandel
.
excellent
fine
cotton
linen
,
made
here
in
great
aboundance
,
and
of
all
colours
,
and
interwoven
with
divers
sorts
of
loome
workes
and
flowers
,
very
fine
and
cunningly
wrought
,
and
therefore
much
worne
in
India
,
and
better
esteemed
there
then
silke
,
as
indeed
being
both
found
finer
and
richer
,
and
used
by
the
greatest
women
in
those
parts
for
their
clothing
,
wherein
is
found
interlaced
oftentimes
threds
of
silver
and
gold
,
and
divers
other
rare
fabriques
of
cotton
,
&c.
The
currant
usuall
coines
in
Mesulipatan
,
Armagon
,
Petipoli
,
Coines
currant
in
Musu●…ipatan
and
coast
of
Cormandel
.
St.
Thomas
,
and
all
alongst
the
coast
is
the
Pagode
of
gold
,
and
the
Mahomody
and
fanan
of
silver
,
and
are
thus
valued
.
A
Pogode
is
worth
15
fanams
,
or
in
English
8
sh.
starling
.
A
fanan
is
9
cashee
,
or
as
some
call
them
cupans
about
6¾
d.
star
.
A
Mamody
is
32
pices
,
or
as
in
some
places
they
are
called
docres
.
A
riall
of
8/2
Spanish
is
here
5
mamodies
or
9
fanans
,
or
5
sh.
And
10
rialls
8/8
is
here
currant
for
6
and
sometimes
for
6½
pagods
.
And
10
R
8/8
are
called
in
these
parts
a
Seare
incirca
50
sh.
star
.
But
in
Armagon
it
is
observed
they
have
this
difference
.
Armagon
.
Rialls
of
8/8
11
are
accounted
for
8
pagods
.
One
pagode
is
accounted
worth
20
fanams
.
And
5
pagodes
here
are
accounted
but
4
in
Mesulipatan
.
The
pagode
by
this
account
may
be
said
to
be
in
value
about
8sh
.
starling
equivalent
with
the
chequin
of
Uenice
,
or
the
sheriffe
of
Aegypt
,
or
sultany
of
Turkey
,
and
the
mamody
accounted
for
12
d.
starling
,
and
the
fanans
about
6
d.
¾
or
7
d.
per
piece
.
Their
common
weight
used
along
this
coast
is
the
candil
,
which
Weights
currant
in
Mesulapa●…
〈◊〉
co●…
of
Co●…mandel
.
in
grosse
goods
is
most
usuall
,
accounted
for
20
Maunds
.
A
Maund
is
40
Seare
or
22½
Masses
,
or
26
li.
14½
oun.
English.
A
Seare
is
17
Kashee
,
which
thus
answers
with
England
.
The
seare
is
twofold
,
as
the
small
seare
is
of
16
Mass
,
and
found
to
be
about
10
li.
English
,
or
as
some
observe
it
10
〈◊〉
li.
and
the
great
seare
is
accounted
as
above
.
And
the
candil
of
20
mands
of
26
li.
14½
ounc
.
haberdepois
,
brings
it
to
be
English
pound
sotile
538
li.
incirca
.
But
this
finds
some
disagreement
with
the
weight
of
Petipoli
,
for
their
candil
is
20
mands
found
to
be
but
26
li.
English
in
all
520
li.
A
mand
is
here
counted
for
5
Uisko
5
li.
3
ounc
.
English.
One
Uisco
(
or
as
the
Portugalls
call
it
fisco
)
is
accounted
8
seares
,
which
is
found
to
be
10
ounc
.
¼
haberdepois
incirca
.
Further
observations
I
find
not
of
the
trade
of
Mesulapatan
,
saveing
that
the
governour
of
this
City
,
having
setled
a
trade
with
the
English
,
and
that
they
should
pay
for
custome
4
per
cent
.
he
afterwards
raised
the
same
to
12
per
cent
.
till
Anno
1614.
one
Floris
,
and
other
English
surprised
the
chiefe
customer
being
the
governours
sonne
,
and
brought
him
aboord
their
Ship
then
in
port
,
who
thereupon
came
to
a
new
composition
restored
the
overplus
taken
,
and
setled
it
for
the
future
at
the
first
agreed
rate
of
4
per
cent
.
as
now
it
standeth
.
CHAP.
XCIIII
.
Of
SATAGAN
the
Metropolis
of
Bengala
,
and
the
trade
of
that
coast
and
the
River
Ganges
.
AT
the
ending
of
the
coast
of
Coromandel
,
beginneth
this
coast
of
Bengala
,
through
the
middle
whereof
Satagan
and
the
trade
of
the
coast
of
Bengala
.
the
famous
River
Ganges
runs
,
making
a
large
bay
or
Gulfe
,
which
carrieth
the
name
of
the
Gulfe
of
Bengala
:
This
Country
is
under
the
command
of
the
great
Mogul
;
whose
coynes
are
here
currant
;
the
holy
and
reverend
opinion
that
the
Gentiles
through
all
India
have
of
this
River
,
and
the
concourse
of
Pilgrims
thereto
,
for
devotion
sake
,
addes
much
to
the
traffique
of
Satagam
,
the
chiefe
Citie
of
this
Countrey
,
which
is
pleasantly
seated
on
another
faire
and
large
River
,
whose
imbosure
is
not
farre
distant
from
the
imbosure
of
Ganges
,
and
upon
which
boats
sayle
by
the
violence
of
the
current
a
hundred
miles
in
fifteene
houres
without
the
helpe
of
sayles
or
oares
,
and
when
the
tyde
turneth
it
,
is
found
to
be
so
violent
that
the
saylers
are
forced
to
make
fast
their
boats
to
certaine
trees
fixed
on
the
shoare
side
,
for
they
are
not
able
to
make
way
against
the
streame
and
current
thereof
.
At
the
entrance
of
this
River
is
a
place
called
Butter
,
which
the
Inhabitants
of
the
Countrey
and
Merchants
there
doe
yearly
build
in
forme
of
a
village
,
of
straw
,
branches
of
trees
,
reeds
,
and
the
like
,
and
is
of
great
largenesse
,
to
which
they
bring
all
manner
of
merchandize
,
to
meet
the
shippes
which
at
certaine
set
times
with
the
Monsoons
come
hither
for
trade
,
who
are
not
able
to
goe
higher
for
want
of
wa●…er
;
and
when
the
shippes
are
gone
with
the
change
of
the
Moun●…oon
,
and
that
yeares
trading
past
,
they
then
burne
their
said
towne
●…nd
houses
,
and
carry
up
their
goods
and
merchandise
to
the
Citie
●…f
Satagan
;
whither
also
all
small
barkes
and
boats
doe
goe
to
●…ade
and
unlade
.
It
is
observable
that
thirtie
or
fortie
sayle
of
great
shippes
of
Commodities
of
the
Coast
of
Bengala
.
●…undry
Countries
and
Nations
doe
here
yearely
at
this
time
finde
●…ading
;
the
principall
commodities
of
this
place
and
the
coast
,
being
Rice
here
growing
in
great
abundance
,
cloth
of
cotton
of
infinite
sorts
,
made
here
in
great
quantitie
,
Lacca
good
store
,
great
plentie
of
sugars
,
Mirabolans
both
dried
and
preserved
,
long
pepper
,
Oyle
of
Zerseline
,
and
many
other
commodities
;
the
Citie
in
it selfe
is
a
faire
Citie
,
and
abounding
with
rich
Merchants
that
trade
to
Pegu
,
Musulipatan
,
Sumatra
,
and
sometimes
to
Cambaia
,
and
the
red
Sea
;
their
time
of
traffique
by
reason
of
the
heat
is
for
the
most
part
here
by
night
,
and
when
they
have
once
burned
their
towne
of
Butter
,
as
hath
been
noted
,
they
then
hire
galliotts
and
boats
,
and
there
with
transport
their
commodities
up
the
River
from
one
Towne
to
another
,
scituated
upon
the
same
,
where
every
day
is
found
in
one
or
other
a
publique
faire
and
market
,
so
that
their
whole
life
is
still
in
motion
and
agitation
,
providing
in
one
place
and
putting
off
in
another
,
here
buying
and
there
selling
.
The
Portugalls
are
found
to
have
some
trade
hither
,
but
those
that
reside
here
are
not
subject
to
much
government
,
but
make
their
will
their
law
;
onely
two
Forts
they
hold
upon
this
coast
,
the
one
they
call
porto
grande
,
the
other
porto
pequenom
,
whereto
there
is
driven
an
orderly
trade
,
and
thereby
that
Nation
is
kept
within
some
order
and
discipline
.
As
for
the
coines
currant
here
,
the
weights
and
measures
here
in
Weights
and
measures
of
the
coast
of
Bengala
.
use
,
I
must
omit
them
by
reason
of
my
ignorance
therein
,
and
therefore
shall
referre
them
to
the
better
skilled
.
Before
I
leave
this
coast
,
I
must
not
forget
a
strange
custome
,
not
onely
here
much
used
,
but
also
alongst
the
coast
of
Mallabar
,
and
in
many
other
parts
of
India
,
which
is
thus
,
if
a
Debtor
breake
Custome
in
India
for
Debtor●…
.
the
day
of
payment
with
his
Creditor
,
and
oftentimes
disappoynt
him
,
then
he
goeth
to
the
principall
of
the
Bramenes
,
and
receiveth
of
him
a
rod
,
with
which
he
approacheth
to
the
debtor
,
and
making
a
circle
about
him
,
chargeth
him
in
the
name
of
the
King
and
the
said
Bramen
,
not
to
depart
till
he
hath
satisfied
the
debt
,
which
if
he
doe
not
,
he
must
then
starve
in
the
place
;
for
if
he
depart
,
the
King
will
cause
him
to
be
executed
;
and
this
is
in
use
in
many
parts
of
India
,
but
especially
where
the
Bramans
are
reverenced
;
it
is
daily
seene
practised
amongst
Merchants
the
natives
of
these
places
.
CHAP.
XCV
.
Of
PEGU
,
and
the
coast
thereof
with
the
trade
.
IN
order
having
passed
the
coast
and
gulph
of
Bengala
,
the
next
in
this
tract
,
is
the
Sea-coast
of
Aracan
,
Peg●…
Pegu
and
the
trade
of
the
coast
thereof
.
and
Sian
,
stretching
it selfe
to
the
Iland
and
Fort
of
Malacca
,
of
which
according
to
the
observations
in
trade
,
as
I
have
collected
,
I
will
in
briefe
touch
.
The
first
on
this
coast
and
shoare
is
Aracan
,
scituated
upon
the
Aracan
.
River
of
Cosnim
,
which
passeth
through
some
part
of
Bengala
,
and
entreth
into
that
gulph
at
this
Citie
,
by
which
commodious
scituation
it
is
found
plentifully
stored
as
well
with
the
commodities
of
that
Countrey
,
as
the
naturall
commodities
of
the
place
it selfe
.
The
next
is
Macoa
,
seated
upon
one
of
the
mouths
of
that
great
Macca
.
and
famous
River
Martaban
,
which
by
ten
mouths
issuing
into
the
Sea
,
gives
a
great
supply
to
this
Countrey
of
all
the
commodities
that
are
found
in
India
,
from
whence
this
mightie
River
hath
its
sourse
.
The
third
is
Pegu
it selfe
,
giving
name
to
the
whole
coast
,
seated
in
like
manner
upon
one
of
the
said
mouthes
,
which
as
being
Pegu.
the
principall
seat
of
the
Princes
of
this
Countrey
,
I
will
a
little
more
particularly
survey
.
The
marvellous
great
tydes
,
and
violent
current
of
this
great
River
is
not
here
to
be
omitted
as
appertaining
to
trade
,
for
it
is
River
of
Martaban
.
found
to
be
in
it selfe
so
swift
,
th●…
neither
winde
nor
oare
can
make
head
or
way
against
it
,
and
because
it
is
found
to
keepe
:
constant
course
of
ebbing
and
flowing
,
therefore
in
their
sayling
they
still
observe
the
tydes
thereof
,
and
when
those
tydes
are
at
highest
,
there
are
certaine
stations
on
the
bankes
whereto
their
boats
galliots
and
barges
are
fastned
,
untill
the
tyde
doe
againe
serve
their
turne
to
proceed
on
their
voyage
:
this
one
thing
more
I
finde
wonderfull
here
,
that
these
tydes
come
not
in
by
a
constant
continued
pace
or
measure
,
but
come
rushing
in
at
the
first
with
a
great
violence
,
with
a
hideous
noise
and
roaring
,
such
as
in
some
lesser
sort
is
seene
in
the
River
of
Roven
,
and
in
our
River
of
Severne
in
England
.
As
for
the
Citie
of
Pegu
it selfe
it
is
divided
into
two
parts
,
in
the
one
the
King
and
his
Nobilitie
resideth
,
lately
built
and
richly
beautified
,
and
therefore
called
the
new
Towne
;
the
other
part
inhabited
onely
by
Merchants
,
Artificers
,
Sea-men
,
and
such
like
,
and
called
the
old
Towne
;
every
house
in
the
old
Towne
where
Merchants
doe
reside
,
hath
a
place
built
strongly
of
bricke
which
as
a
warehouse
serveth
his
occasion
,
called
by
them
Godon
,
espe●…ally
to
prevent
firing
,
which
this
Towne
is
much
subject
to
by
●…ason
of
the
combustible
matter
it
is
made
of
;
the
new
Towne
〈◊〉
walled
about
and
is
a
perfect
square
,
having
twentie
gates
,
five
〈◊〉
each
angle
,
ditched
about
and
watered
,
wherein
many
Crocodills
●…re
kept
for
the
watch
of
the
place
by
night
;
the
walles
are
beau●…fied
with
many
Turrets
for
centinels
guilded
with
gold
;
the
streets
●…re
very
faire
,
straight
as
a
line
,
and
so
broad
as
fifteene
horsemen
●…ay
ride
abrest
on
both
sides
;
at
each
mans
doore
are
set
palme
●…rees
,
which
groveing
makes
a
faire
shew
,
and
thereby
all
passen●…ers
may
walke
daily
in
the
shaddow
from
one
street
to
another
,
●…o
prevent
the
extraordinary
heat
of
the
place
and
climate
:
the
greatest
trade
that
is
found
at
this
day
exercised
in
Pegu
,
is
from
the
coast
of
Cormandell
with
pintados
,
cotton
cloth
,
and
other
bombasins
much
in
request
here
;
but
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
these
Shippes
must
depart
that
coast
by
the
sixt
of
September
,
and
take
the
monsone
winde
,
otherwise
they
lose
their
voyage
for
that
yeare
:
from
Bengala
also
commeth
hither
sundry
shippes
with
cotton
cloth
and
other
such
wearing
commodities
,
which
taking
also
the
season
of
the
winde
arriveth
here
when
the
Cormondel
Shippes
are
ready
to
depart
.
The
principall
harbour
or
port
where
these
Shippes
doe
ride
is
called
Cosmin
,
and
is
the
place
where
the
greatest
Shippes
doe
Anchor
to
lade
and
unlade
their
goods
.
From
Mecca
comes
also
sundry
Shippes
laden
with
woolen
cloth
,
Damaskes
,
Velvets
,
and
Chickens
.
From
Mallacca
comes
many
small
Vessells
laden
with
pepper
,
sanders
,
Porcelan
of
China
,
Camphora
,
and
other
commodities
.
From
Sumatra
commeth
also
sundry
Shippes
with
pepper
and
other
wares
;
all
which
goods
are
very
strictly
looked
into
for
the
payment
of
the
Kings
customes
at
landing
,
which
is
here
payd
in
kind
,
and
amounteth
unto
twelve
per
cent
.
and
the
King
doth
hold
it
for
a
great
affront
to
be
wronged
of
a
penny
of
it
:
Rubies
,
Saphirs
and
Spinalls
paying
here
no
custome
in
or
out
,
as
being
the
proper
commodities
of
the
Countrey
.
For
the
effecting
of
the
trade
and
commerce
of
this
place
,
there
is
ordained
eight
Broakers
or
Tareghes
by
the
Kings
authoritie
,
who
are
bound
to
sell
and
vent
all
the
goods
and
merchandise
comming
to
Pegu
,
for
all
mens
account
of
what
Nation
soever
they
be
,
having
two
per
cent
.
for
their
brokeredge
,
and
are
liable
to
make
good
the
debts
they
make
,
which
no
Merchant
there
resident
can
avoide
;
for
they
will
have
the
said
two
per
cent
.
by
the
Kings
authoritie
granted
them
,
whether
their
helpe
be
taken
or
not
.
In
like
manner
,
there
are
ordained
certaine
Broakers
for
the
buying
of
all
the
commodities
bought
in
Pegu
,
wherein
is
found
amongst
them
such
candid
dealing
,
that
a
stranger
can
hardly
be
wronged
or
abused
,
if
he
have
but
so
much
discretion
to
provide
such
goods
as
may
be
proper
for
the
Countrey
whither
he
sends
them
.
The
commodities
native
of
this
place
and
Countrey
are
these
,
Gold
,
Silver
,
Rubies
,
Saphirs
,
Spinalls
digged
at
Caplan
six
dayes
journey
from
Ava
in
this
Kingdome
,
great
store
of
Benjamin
,
lo●…
pepper
,
lead
,
lacca
,
Rice
,
Niperwine
and
sugar
;
and
many
other
commodities
.
The
manner
of
their
bargaining
as
being
contrary
to
the
Strange
man●…r
of
buying
〈◊〉
selling
in
●…gu
.
custome
and
use
in
most
parts
of
the
world
,
is
here
worth
observing
;
all
their
bargaines
by
their
law
must
be
made
publiquely
and
in
open
assemblies
of
and
before
all
standers
by
,
who
because
they
should
yet
not
know
,
what
is
bidden
or
demanded
for
any
commoditie
,
the
Broakers
either
buyer
or
seller
having
seene
the
commoditie
,
and
liking
of
it
,
putteth
his
hand
under
a
cloth
and
toucheth
the
parties
hand
interessed
,
and
by
nipping
,
touching
and
pinching
of
certaine
joynts
of
each
others
hands
,
they
know
what
is
bidden
and
demanded
without
words
speaking
,
which
these
Broakers
againe
with
the
other
hand
coverd
in
the
like
manner
,
give
notice
of
to
the
party
who
sets
him
on
worke
,
and
either
so
orders
him
to
proceed
to
bid
more
or
lesse
,
or
els
to
give
over
:
and
after
this
manner
are
all
their
contracts
here
made
,
and
afterward
by
the
said
Broaker
registred
accordingly
in
leaves
of
trees
which
with
them
is
used
as
paper
with
us
.
And
when
any
strangers
and
forraine
Merchants
arrive
here
,
these
Broakers
are
bound
by
their
place
to
provide
them
a
house
,
Maids
let
out
to
serue
both
by
day
and
night
service
to
Merchants
.
Magazin
,
and
lodging
,
whilest
they
here
are
resident
,
and
when
the
house
is
taken
,
the
Governour
of
the
Towne
sends
to
know
how
long
time
he
intends
to
stay
with
them
,
and
withall
appointeth
certaine
maides
of
the
Towne
to
goe
to
him
,
that
out
of
them
he
may
make
choise
of
one
whilst
he
remaines
there
,
and
then
having
chosen
one
to
his
minde
,
he
contracts
with
her
friends
for
her
use
for
the
said
time
at
an
easie
rate
,
which
done
he
bringeth
her
to
his
house
or
lodging
,
and
shee
serveth
him
willingly
in
all
his
affaires
both
by
day
and
night
,
as
both
his
slave
and
wife
;
but
then
he
must
take
care
that
during
that
time
he
keepeth
not
company
with
any
other
woman
;
for
so
he
might
incurre
a
great
danger
and
perill
of
his
life
by
the
law
of
the
Countrey
.
Now
when
the
time
of
his
residence
is
expired
,
he
payeth
the
parents
of
the
maid
the
price
agreed
for
,
and
departeth
quietly
away
,
and
shee
returneth
with
credit
to
her
friends
,
being
as
well
esteemed
of
as
ever
shee
was
before
;
and
if
afterward
this
maid
chance
to
marry
,
though
with
the
principallest
of
the
Countrey
,
and
that
the
aforesaid
stranger
should
againe
returne
hither
to
trade
,
he
may
againe
demand
his
woman
,
and
he
shall
have
her
by
the
law
of
the
Countrey
,
without
the
resistance
of
her
husband
,
or
any
shame
unto
him
,
and
shee
remaineth
by
the
stranger
as
long
as
he
abideth
there
,
and
he
travelling
from
thence
,
shee
goeth
home
to
her
husband
againe
,
which
amongst
them
is
held
for
a
most
sure
and
inviolable
law
and
custome
.
The
coine
currant
here
and
throughout
all
this
coast
is
called
Coines
currant
in
Pegu.
Gansa
,
which
is
made
of
copper
and
lead
,
and
is
not
the
proper
money
of
the
King
,
but
every
man
may
stampe
it
that
will
,
and
that
is
able
,
because
it
hath
its
just
value
in
stuffe
and
materialls
;
there
is
much
counterfeiting
of
this
coine
,
but
it
is
soone
discerned
by
the
Broakers
,
tellers
of
money
,
who
readily
spy
it
out
,
and
therefore
not
passable
,
nor
will
not
be
taken
by
any
;
with
this
money
Gansa
you
may
buy
Gold
,
silver
,
Rubies
,
drugges
,
spices
,
and
all
commodities
;
and
no
other
money
is
currant
amongst
them
.
This
Gansa
goeth
by
a
weight
called
a
Biso
,
and
this
name
of
Bise
goeth
for
the
account
of
the
weight
,
and
therefore
a
Bise
of
a
Gansa
is
accounted
by
strangers
there
trading
½
R.
〈◊〉
or
2
shil.
6.
d.
starling
;
and
albeit
that
gold
and
silver
as
all
other
commodities
doe
rise
and
fall
,
yet
this
Bise
never
altereth
in
value
or
estimation
.
Every
Bise
maketh
a
hundred
Gansaes
of
weight
,
and
so
it
doth
come
to
passe
that
the
number
of
the
money
is
Bisa
.
In
this
Countrey
is
also
seated
the
Towne
of
Martaven
,
a
place
Martavan
.
of
great
traffique
,
and
the
last
of
this
coast
;
the
Inhabitants
whereof
are
wonderfull
expert
in
making
of
hard
waxe
,
which
hence
is
dispersed
throughout
India
,
and
into
many
places
of
Europe
;
here
is
also
made
those
great
earthen
Iarrs
or
vessels
which
serve
them
to
keepe
water
,
oyle
,
or
any
other
liquor
,
and
are
much
used
in
India
,
and
aboord
their
shippes
in
stead
of
caske
,
barrells
,
and
such
vessells
,
and
throughout
all
these
Countries
are
called
of
the
name
of
the
place
Martavanas
;
and
in
some
places
by
the
Portugalls
Tenajos
.
CHAP.
XCVI
.
Of
SIAM
and
the
trade
of
the
coast
thereof
.
VNder
the
title
of
Siam
I
will
comprehend
the
Citie
of
Of
Siam
and
the
trade
of
the
coast
thereof
.
Tenaserim
,
a
famous
towne
of
traffique
,
and
the
Metropolis
of
a
Kingdome
;
also
Pottana
,
another
Citie
on
this
coast
,
not
farre
distant
from
Siam
it selfe
,
being
a
place
where
the
English
Merchants
have
a
residence
and
hold
a
Factorie
;
and
lastly
Siam
as
the
principall
,
and
as
one
upon
whom
the
rest
have
a
dependencie
,
both
in
matter
of
government
and
trade
.
This
Citie
then
of
Siam
some
yeares
past
(
as
appeares
by
the
relation
of
that
worthy
Merchant
Raphe
Fitche
,
and
others
)
was
the
prime
of
all
these
and
the
neighbouring
Regions
;
but
being
for
twenty-one
moneths
besieged
by
the
King
of
Pegu
,
who
after
foure
moneths
march
incompassed
it
with
a
million
and
foure
hundred
thousand
Souldiers
,
and
at
length
by
meanes
of
treason
and
not
of
strength
gained
it
,
drove
the
King
thereof
to
that
desperation
that
he
poisoned
himselfe
with
all
his
wives
and
children
;
since
which
time
it
hath
obeyed
severall
Princes
and
beene
subject
to
sundrie
Masters
,
according
to
the
The
fortune
of
Sam
and
Pegu
various
chance
of
warre
,
and
of
this
Countrey
,
which
in
one
age
is
seene
here
so
diversly
to
alter
into
sundry
shapes
;
for
a
petty
King
which
now
commands
one
onely
Towne
or
Province
,
in
a
few
yeares
comes
to
be
a
great
Emperour
over
severall
Kingdomes
,
and
peradventure
that
that
great
Emperour
who
now
commanded
so
many
severall
Nations
,
within
few
yeares
after
is
glad
to
rule
over
a
small
Province
,
Citie
,
or
Iland
,
which
the
Princes
of
Pegu
and
Siam
have
of
late
yeares
to
their
great
griefe
found
too
true
by
experience
.
This
Citie
of
Siam
is
yet
notwithstanding
the
former
suffered
calamitie
,
a
place
of
great
traffique
,
not
onely
hence
to
Cauchinchina
,
Macau
,
Cantor
,
Mallacca
,
Cambaia
and
the
Ilands
,
Sumatra
,
Borneo
,
Banda
and
others
by
Sea
,
but
also
is
much
augmented
by
the
inland
trade
thereof
,
partly
to
Martavan
,
Tenaserim
and
others
,
which
are
seated
on
the
same
Land
,
but
as
seated
on
the
backeside
thereof
,
and
as
injoying
thereby
the
commoditie
of
another
Sea
,
but
the
same
is
found
proper
for
trade
by
its
owne
commodious
scituation
,
being
on
the
bankes
of
that
great
and
famous
River
Menan
,
which
runneth
hither
through
or
rather
thwarteth
India
,
River
Menan
.
arising
in
the
lake
of
Chiamay
,
as
they
terme
it
,
at
least
22
degrees
from
this
Citie
,
where
it
issueth
into
the
Sea
,
and
is
here
found
about
the
moneth
of
March
so
to
overswell
his
bankes
,
and
the
neighbouring
Countrey
,
that
it
covereth
the
earth
for
120
miles
in
compasse
,
and
therefore
the
Inhabitants
are
said
to
retire
themselves
during
this
inundation
to
the
upper
part
of
their
houses
,
so
purposely
made
to
avoide
the
inconveniencie
of
the
waters
,
every
house
then
having
a
boate
or
frigat
belonging
thereto
,
by
which
meanes
they
converse
together
and
traffique
,
as
on
dry
shoare
,
till
the
said
River
returne
to
her
wonted
channell
againe
.
The
Kings
of
this
Countrey
as
indeed
of
all
these
Regions
,
are
for
the
most
part
Merchants
,
who
gave
the
English
admittance
to
trade
and
residence
here
about
1612
;
upon
whom
he
bestowed
also
a
faire
house
for
their
aboad
,
and
ware-houses
to
lay
up
their
merchandise
;
where
since
for
some
yeares
they
have
continued
,
but
of
late
yeares
have
left
it
off
and
discontinued
,
upon
the
little
benefit
this
scale
and
Countrey
affoorded
them
.
The
principall
commodities
of
this
Citie
and
coast
,
are
cottonlinens
of
severall
sorts
,
and
that
excellent
wine
or
distilled
liquour
,
called
Commodities
of
Siam
and
Pattana
.
here
by
the
name
of
Nipe
,
made
of
Cocos
or
India
Nuts
,
and
hence
transported
into
all
parts
of
India
,
and
the
adjoyning
Regions
:
here
is
also
great
quantitie
of
Benjamin
,
and
of
lacc
:
wherewith
the
hard
wax
is
made
that
is
brought
hence
into
sundry
parts
of
the
World
,
also
that
costly
wood
called
by
the
Portugals
palo
dangula
,
and
calamba
,
which
being
good
,
is
weighed
against
silver
and
gold
;
for
rich
perfumes
,
and
the
wood
sapon
used
by
dyers
;
also
heere
is
Camphora
in
great
plenty
,
Bezar
stones
and
gold
in
some
measure
good
store
;
also
heere
is
found
Diamonds
,
Nutmegs
,
and
some
other
Spices
,
which
the
Countrey
of
it selfe
affordeth
for
the
maintenance
of
the
trade
thereof
.
The
coines
here
currant
as
I
am
informed
are
these
following
.
Coines
●…ant
in
Siam
,
and
the
Coast.
The
first
is
a
Taile
which
is
worth
4
Ticalls
,
or
17
shillings
ten
pence
,
or
eighteene
shillings
sterling
.
A
Ticall
is
accounted
4
masse
,
or
4
shil.
4
d.
in
circa
sterling
.
A
masse
is
accompted
4
copans
,
about
13
d.
sterling
.
A
copan
is
accompted
750
cashe
,
or
3¼
d.
sterling
.
A
taile
is
16
masse
,
and
accompted
worth
14
Rials
of
eight
Spanish
.
And
20
taile
is
a
cattee
worth
48
Rials
of
〈◊〉
Spanish
.
And
1
taile
of
Siam
is
worth
2
tailes
of
Iapan
.
And
note
that
in
Pottana
and
elsewhere
on
this
coast
coines
find
little
alteration
in
currant
prizes
and
rates
,
except
upon
some
extraordinary
Coines
at
Potana
.
occasions
,
when
some
of
these
species
are
sought
out
,
and
provided
by
Merchants
to
transport
into
other
places
where
the
same
do
turn
them
better
to
benefit
;
and
note
that
at
Pottana
,
A
masse
is
as
above
worth
4
capans
.
A
capan
worth
4
conderies
.
A
conderie
is
100
cashe
,
which
is
800
cashe
,
which
is
50
more
then
at
Siam
as
is
above
mentioned
.
The
measures
and
weights
are
not
come
to
my
knowledge
.
So
leaving
Sciam
and
the
trade
of
this
coast
,
I
shall
repaire
to
Mallacca
inhabited
and
fortified
by
the
Portugals
,
and
of
great
consequence
in
these
parts
.
CHAP.
XCVII
.
Of
MALLACCA
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
MAllacca
is
the
next
Countrey
to
the
aforenamed
Siam
,
Mallacca
,
and
th●…
trade
the●…
of
.
seated
betweene
the
Coasts
of
Siam
and
Pegu
,
vpon
the
utmost
bound
of
a
long
tract
of
land
,
on
which
is
found
the
Citie
of
Mallacca
in
obedience
to
the
Portugall
,
and
conquered
by
them
in
1511
and
accompted
the
most
profitable
command
of
all
India
next
after
Ormus
,
which
of
late
they
have
lost
,
and
of
Mosambique
:
it
is
commodiously
seated
on
the
River
Gasa
,
which
is
heere
10
miles
broad
,
(
as
some
write
)
and
is
accounted
the
Staple
for
all
India
and
China
commodities
,
and
hath
a
very
great
traffique
to
China
,
Moluccos
,
Banda
,
Iava
,
Sumatra
,
and
all
the
Ilands
bordering
thereabouts
as
also
to
Siam
,
Pegu
,
Bengala
,
coast
of
cormandel
,
and
other
the
parts
of
India
,
wherby
many
ships
are
found
daily
to
be
imployed
,
comming
in
and
going
out
,
there
lading
and
unlading
,
selling
,
buying
,
and
bartering
the
commodities
of
these
Countries
together
;
the
Country
affording
of
it selfe
no
commodities
to
preserve
trade
,
but
all
other
Countries
afford
to
this
(
by
reason
of
its
proper
scituation
for
trade
)
their
native
commodities
;
a
ship
or
two
comming
hither
yearely
from
Lixborne
to
traffique
,
which
thence
departeth
30
daies
sooner
then
the
rest
,
for
India
,
and
is
at
her
returne
found
commonly
the
richest
that
frequent
these
countries
:
and
here
it
is
observable
in
navigation
that
the
monsons
or
trade
Monsons
at
Mallacca
.
winds
here
continue
West
and
North-west
from
the
end
of
August
to
the
end
of
October
,
and
in
November
begins
the
Northerly
and
North-easterly
winds
,
which
blow
till
the
beginning
of
April
,
and
from
May
till
the
end
of
August
,
the
South
and
Southwest
rule
,
according
to
which
,
the
trader
hither
must
direct
his
trade
and
course
,
and
take
the
proper
season
both
for
his
comming
and
going
.
When
Albuquerke
the
vice-King
of
Portugal
tooke
this
Citie
,
finding
it
inhabited
and
frequented
by
Merchants
of
sundry
Nations
,
hee
established
Magistrates
for
both
the
Ethnicks
,
Moores
,
and
Christians
,
with
appeale
onely
reserved
to
the
highest
Soveraigne
the
conquerour
:
one
remarkable
passage
in
this
conquest
,
I
cannot
omit
,
which
was
,
that
an
inhabitant
of
this
place
of
eminent
note
in
this
Citie
,
fighting
naked
in
defence
of
himselfe
and
of
his
native
Countrey
,
was
found
to
bee
wounded
with
many
deepe
and
wide
wounds
;
but
on
his
arme
he
wore
a
chaine
whereto
was
fastened
the
bone
of
a
Iavan
beast
,
called
a
Cabal
,
by
vertue
whereof
,
notwithstanding
all
those
wounds
which
were
many
and
large
,
he
lost
not
one
drop
of
blood
;
but
when
that
chaine
was
taken
from
him
,
his
veines
suddenly
and
at
once
emptied
themselves
both
of
blood
and
life
together
:
the
riches
and
greatnesse
of
the
place
may
by
this
particular
then
happening
bee
considered
,
whenas
the
Kings
tenths
in
the
sacke
thereof
,
come
to
200000
duccats
of
gold
,
the
Soldiers
and
adventurers
satisfied
,
besides
the
concealed
and
pilfered
bootie
,
there
found
and
shared
by
them
.
The
currant
coines
are
not
as
yet
come
to
my
knowledge
;
therfore
Coines
of
the
Citie
Mallacca
.
I
referre
the
same
to
the
better
experienced
.
The
weight
heere
common
in
use
,
(
as
farre
forth
as
I
have
collected
)
Weights
used
in
Mallacca
.
is
the
Cattee
Bahar
,
and
Pecull
,
wherein
I
find
the
observations
made
heereupon
to
disagree
;
some
making
but
one
Bahar
to
be
here
in
use
,
and
some
two
sorts
of
Bahars
,
as
thus
.
One
Bahar
to
be
100
cattees
of
Malacca
,
and
each
Cattee
to
bee
4½
cattees
of
cantar
and
Cauchinchina
which
is
21
li.
English
,
which
thus
estimated
,
must
be
590
li.
English.
A
second
Bahar
they
accompt
to
bee
200
cattees
of
Mallaija
,
which
heere
are
302
China
cattees
,
and
thus
estimated
,
the
same
should
be
400
li.
English.
Againe
,
they
have
a
weight
called
the
Pecull
,
which
is
100
cattees
of
China
,
and
makes
132
li.
English
;
but
if
this
observation
bee
found
true
by
triall
,
the
cattee
must
be
more
then
21
li.
English
,
which
I
referre
to
the
better
experienced
,
this
is
the
late
observation
of
some
of
our
Merchants
trading
into
these
parts
;
but
by
the
observation
of
the
Portugals
I
find
the
weight
to
be
thus
.
In
Mallacca
they
say
are
two
sorts
of
weights
used
,
a
great
and
Weights
of
Mallacca
.
small
,
which
is
composed
of
the
Bahar
.
A
Bahar
great
weight
is
200
cattees
,
or
three
pices
.
One
pice
is
66⅔
cattees
.
A
cattee
is
26
tailes
.
A
taile
is
1½
ounce
Lisborne
weight
.
And
by
this
great
Bahar
they
weigh
pepper
,
cloves
,
nutmegs
,
sanders
,
indico
,
allom
,
sanguis
draconis
,
palo
dangula
,
camphora
,
and
many
other
commodities
.
The
small
Bahar
is
also
200
cattees
.
A
cattee
is
22
tailes
.
A
taile
is
almost
an
ounce
,
5/8
Portugall
all
weight
.
And
by
this
small
Bahar
they
weigh
quicksilver
,
copper
,
vermilion
,
ivory
,
silke
,
muske
,
amber
,
lignum
aloes
,
tynne
,
lead
,
benjamin
,
verdet
,
and
other
commodities
,
&c.
Againe
,
some
observe
that
a
taile
of
Mallacca
is
16
masses
.
And
10¼
masses
is
an
ounce
haberdepois
,
and
1½
ounces
is
16
〈◊〉
masses
,
by
which
masses
they
sell
Bezar
stones
,
and
some
other
commodities
.
I
should
here
proceed
to
surveigh
the
trade
of
this
remaining
tract
and
Coast
,
especially
that
of
Camboia
,
Cauchinchina
,
and
others
but
little
having
falne
into
my
hand
of
the
trade
exercised
there
,
I
willingly
omit
the
same
,
and
next
proceed
to
looke
only
upon
the
traffique
of
China
it selfe
,
and
then
to
the
Ilands
belonging
to
Asia
.
CHAP.
XCVIII
.
Of
CHINA
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
CHina
hath
on
the
East
,
Mare
del
Zur
,
on
the
West
,
China
,
and
the
Provinces
therof
.
India
,
on
the
North
,
a
Wall
extending
1000
miles
in
length
,
betweene
the
Chinois
and
the
Tartarians
,
and
on
the
South
,
the
Ocean
.
The
Trade
of
this
Countrey
is
accounted
very
great
,
the
scituation
of
the
place
,
the
temperature
of
the
ayre
,
the
disposition
of
the
inhabitants
,
the
continuall
peace
that
abides
amongst
them
concurre
to
inlarge
the
same
;
the
many
navigable
Rivers
,
and
the
excellent
fabriques
heere
wrought
,
adde
to
make
it
eminent
,
and
the
commodities
that
it
yeelds
to
maintaine
the
same
are
these
;
barley
,
rice
,
wool
,
cottons
,
olives
,
vines
,
flaxe
,
silke
Commodities
of
China
.
raw
and
wrought
into
infinite
sorts
of
stuffes
,
all
kinds
of
mettall
,
fruits
,
honey
,
waxe
,
sugars
,
Rubarbe
,
porslaine
dishes
,
camphire
,
ginger
,
all
kinds
of
spices
,
muske
,
civet
,
amber
,
and
infinite
aboundance
of
salt
,
which
commoditie
only
in
the
towne
of
Cantor
,
yeelds
custo●…
to
the
Prince
yearely
180000
duccats
.
This
Kingdome
containes
15
large
Provinces
,
each
Province
having
a
Metropolis
besides
many
Cities
of
lesser
note
;
so
that
in
the
The
greatnes
of
China
.
whole
tract
of
this
Countrey
is
accounted
to
be
30
Kingdomes
and
therein
writers
have
mentioned
to
bee
1597
Cities
and
great
Townes
walled
,
1154
Castles
4200
Borroughs
without
walls
,
wherin
Soldiers
are
quartered
,
besides
an
infinite
number
of
villages
and
hamlets
;
the
Metropolis
of
the
whole
Kingdome
being
vulgarly
called
Quinsay
,
and
is
said
to
containe
in
circuit
100
miles
,
having
in
the
midst
thereof
,
a
lake
of
30
miles
compasse
,
in
which
Quinsay
.
are
two
faire
Ilands
,
and
in
them
two
magnificent
Palaces
,
adorned
with
all
necessaries
,
either
for
majestie
or
conveniencie
:
the
lake
is
nourished
with
divers
rivers
,
on
which
is
counted
12000
bridges
,
and
in
many
Cities
here
seated
on
the
bankes
of
great
and
famous
navigable
Rivers
,
are
found
oftentimes
ten
thousand
saile
of
great
and
small
vessels
;
the
King
himselfe
having
in
the
Citie
of
Nanquin
(
accounted
the
second
in
this
Kingdome
)
seated
Nanquin
.
upon
a
faire
and
large
river
(
if
writers
relations
may
have
credit
)
10
thousand
saile
of
ships
of
his
owne
,
and
the
Citie
being
9
leagues
from
the
Sea
,
the
whole
distance
is
found
to
bee
as
it
Ten
thousand
saile
belonging
to
the
King
of
China
in
one
River
.
were
wholly
imployed
and
taken
up
with
Vessels
and
Boats
;
for
therein
the
inhabitants
make
their
abode
,
dwell
,
negociate
,
and
remove
at
their
pleasure
,
from
one
place
and
Citie
to
another
:
It
is
confidently
affirmed
by
all
moderne
travellers
that
have
bene
here
,
that
the
inhabitants
are
not
permitted
to
issue
out
of
this
Kingdome
,
nor
yet
strangers
permitted
to
enter
into
it
;
and
though
for
the
commodiousnes
of
traffique
this
strict
law
find
some
tolleration
for
a
certaine
limited
time
for
the
nativ●…s
to
trade
abroad
,
yet
is
it
most
neerely
lookt
into
on
the
behalfes
of
strangers
,
that
would
enter
into
their
Countrey
:
therefore
(
this
considered
)
though
the
motives
of
trade
and
commerce
bee
many
;
yet
this
inviolable
custome
so
severely
executed
,
hinders
justly
the
particulars
I
should
in
this
place
set
downe
of
the
trade
of
this
mighty
Empire
;
howsoever
,
it
is
observed
that
the
Iapaners
and
some
neighbouring
Ilanders
,
as
also
the
Portugals
,
and
some
other
Christians
,
have
(
by
the
favor
of
the
great
maritime
commanders
in
this
Countrey
,
and
their
owne
faire
deportment
)
procured
a
license
of
trade
in
Canton
,
Macca●…
,
Nanquin
,
and
some
other
Sea-ports
;
but
with
such
strict
limitations
,
as
that
in
some
Cities
it
is
death
for
them
to
lie
or
abide
a
night
either
in
the
Towne
or
in
the
Suburbs
,
but
abord
their
owne
Ships
,
and
in
Canton
where
they
find
the
most
courteous
usage
,
they
may
not
upon
paine
of
death
abide
one
night
within
the
Citie
walls
;
but
as
in
the
morning
their
names
are
regis●…red
at
their
entring
into
the
Citie
;
so
they
come
at
night
and
bl●…t
out
the
same
with
their
owne
hands
:
I
can
then
but
afford
a
taste
of
the
whole
Trade
,
by
a
little
that
I
have
observed
out
of
the
collections
of
others
,
which
must
serve
for
a
modell
to
the
frame
and
foundation
of
what
is
practised
in
other
Cities
throughout
this
Empire
,
which
I
will
comprehend
under
the
title
of
Maccau
,
most
frequented
by
our
Nations
.
CHAP.
XCIX
.
Of
MACCAV
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THe
Iland
and
Towne
of
Maccau
,
(
as
the
place
best
Maccau
and
the
tra●…
thereof
.
knowne
upon
this
Coast
to
our
Nation
)
is
seated
on
the
North
side
of
a
Baye
,
which
is
at
the
mouth
of
the
great
River
of
Canton
,
which
runneth
out
of
the
Lake
of
Quinsay
spoken
of
before
,
opposite
to
which
standeth
the
great
Citie
of
Canton
,
which
I
mentioned
,
as
the
place
where
is
found
the
present
Staple
of
all
the
commodities
of
China
;
and
thither
doe
Merchants
of
all
parts
frequent
to
buy
and
barter
for
other
commodities
,
with
the
restrictions
and
limitations
above
specified
:
and
as
for
Maccau
,
it
is
inhabited
by
Portugals
intermixt
with
the
naturall
Chinees
;
the
principall
of
their
commerce
being
with
the
inhabitants
of
Cantaon
,
from
whence
all
the
commodities
of
China
are
found
to
issue
;
and
heere
the
Portugals
at
the
arrivall
of
their
Ships
,
doe
choose
out
a
Factor
amongst
themselves
,
who
is
permitted
in
all
their
behalfs
,
to
goe
to
trade
for
them
at
Cantoan
,
but
in
the
night
hee
is
to
abide
in
the
Suburbs
under
severe
punishment
,
as
I
have
before
remembred
.
Heere
is
found
a
Ship
to
come
yearely
out
of
India
,
by
a
particular
license
of
the
King
of
Spaine
;
the
Captaines
place
is
ever
bestowed
A
particular
Ship
yearely
touching
here
from
Goa
to
Iapan
.
upon
a
person
of
qualitie
,
in
reward
of
some
former
service
,
as
indeed
all
the
Captains
places
of
the
Fortresses
in
India
are
;
from
Maccau
the
said
ship
then
(
having
dispatcht
her
busines
)
doth
saile
to
Iapan
,
and
there
fully
dischargeth
her
lading
,
and
thence
returneth
againe
to
Maccau
,
and
from
thence
to
Malacca
,
and
so
to
Goa
in
India
;
and
though
this
voyage
of
Iapan
is
ever
granted
by
particular
license
to
some
one
in
particular
;
yet
to
Maccau
and
Mallacca
any
Merchant
may
goe
that
will
;
but
none
may
yet
lade
or
unlade
in
either
place
,
before
such
time
as
these
Ships
termed
of
the
Kings
,
are
fully
dispatched
and
laden
,
and
are
readie
to
depart
for
India
:
it
is
recorded
by
some
Portugals
that
this
Captaines
place
may
be
worth
to
him
for
his
part
200
thousand
duccats
,
and
that
the
said
Ship
is
commonly
1500
Tunnes
in
burthen
,
and
that
the
voyage
continueth
for
three
years
from
India
,
and
so
backe
;
for
in
April
they
set
saile
from
Goa
to
Mallacca
,
where
they
abide
some
season
for
the
winds
or
monsons
,
which
at
certaine
times
blow
certaine
set
moneths
together
;
and
then
from
Mallacca
they
saile
hither
to
Maccau
,
where
they
stay
at
least
nine
moneths
for
the
said
monsons
,
and
then
saile
to
Iapan
,
where
they
must
stay
likewise
certaine
moneths
for
the
dispatch
of
their
businesse
;
and
the
monsons
to
returne
againe
to
Macca●…
,
where
againe
they
stay
,
as
in
their
voyage
outward
:
so
that
by
these
delayes
the
time
of
three
yeares
is
fully
expired
before
they
have
ended
their
voyage
to
and
from
Iapan
;
and
all
the
time
of
this
Captaines
residencie
either
in
Maccau
or
Iapan
,
hee
is
there
accounted
the
chiefe
ruler
and
governour
of
the
place
,
having
the
like
power
as
their
viceroy
in
Goa
,
and
as
the
severall
Captaines
in
their
forts
;
for
that
when
the
one
departeth
from
Maccau
to
Iapan
,
there
commeth
another
from
Goa
to
Maccau
,
to
make
the
same
voyage
after
the
other
hath
performed
his
;
and
when
he
returneth
againe
from
Iapan
to
Maccau
,
the
other
saileth
to
Iapan
,
and
so
the
first
continueth
Governour
againe
at
Maccau
,
vntill
he
departeth
from
thence
to
Mallacca
,
and
so
to
India
;
and
by
this
meanes
,
there
is
alwaies
found
a
Portugall
Governor
at
Maccau
.
The
commodities
in
generall
of
China
,
I
have
mentioned
before
the
particular
and
principall
commodities
of
Cantoan
and
Maccau
,
Commoditi●…s
of
Maccau
and
Canton
.
is
silkes
raw
,
and
silke
wrought
;
the
raw
is
found
to
be
of
three
severall
sorts
,
first
lankin
which
is
the
best
;
the
second
is
fuscan
;
the
third
and
worst
is
lankam
,
and
these
are
knowne
to
us
in
Europe
,
and
beare
price
there
commonly
about
145
or
150
R
〈◊〉
Spanish
,
the
pico
of
lankin
,
the
fuscan
is
worth
140
or
145
R.
〈◊〉
and
the
lankam
is
worth
70
or
75
R
8/8
,
and
all
these
are
counted
unspun
silke
;
but
the
spun
lankin
is
worth
from
150
to
170
R
〈◊〉
the
pico
;
the
spun
fuscan
is
worth
130
or
135
R
〈◊〉
,
and
the
spun
lankam
of
canton
80
R.
〈◊〉
the
pico
:
and
these
I
thought
good
to
mention
as
being
the
principall
commodity
vented
out
of
these
Countries
to
other
places
.
The
commodities
then
wherewith
the
Portugalls
doe
drive
this
Commodities
fit
for
China
.
trade
,
and
which
they
carry
to
Maccau
from
India
is
principally
R
8/8
rialls
of
eight
,
which
in
China
is
cut
into
pieces
,
and
so
paid
out
,
as
I
shall
shew
hereafter
in
payment
of
merchandize
;
also
wines
of
Spaine
and
India
,
olive
oyle
,
velvets
,
which
of
all
other
sorts
of
silke
stuffes
they
cannot
make
,
and
fine
woollen
,
scarlet
cloth
,
whereof
they
have
none
,
nor
yet
can
they
make
any
,
although
they
have
materialls
,
as
sheep
and
wool
plenty
;
also
looking
glasses
,
and
all
sorts
of
drinking
glasses
,
and
Crystall
,
ivorie
,
Elephants
teeth
,
and
sundry
other
commodities
.
The
moneys
or
rather
the
manner
of
payments
made
here
for
Coines
of
China
and
Maccau
commodities
,
differ
from
all
other
Countries
observed
in
this
Tract
,
for
silver
here
in
some
nature
is
accounted
better
than
gold
,
not
in
value
and
worth
,
but
in
currant
esteeme
and
repute
,
as
holding
still
the
same
quality
in
goodnes
,
and
more
apt
and
proper
for
their
use
;
for
the
manner
here
is
that
every
man
carrieth
about
him
his
weight
and
ballance
,
to
weigh
the
silver
he
taketh
or
giveth
in
payment
;
and
hath
also
a
paire
of
sheeres
to
divide
,
cut
and
proportion
his
payment
according
to
his
commodity
;
so
that
for
the
generall
the
commodity
is
fitted
to
the
payment
in
silver
or
piece
of
silver
,
and
not
the
silver
(
as
in
most
places
of
the
World
)
to
the
commodity
or
ware
:
and
this
silver
thus
cut
and
divided
into
small
parcells
,
hath
not
any
Soveraigne
stampe
or
character
thereon
;
nor
is
acknowledged
as
the
peculiar
coine
of
any
Prince
:
but
being
all
reduced
to
one
and
the
same
allay
,
is
passable
at
a
valuable
rate
and
consideration
amongst
the
Merchants
of
Maccau
,
Cantoan
,
and
generally
as
I
am
informed
throughout
all
China
.
Besides
which
they
have
a
Ticall
of
gold
,
esteemed
at
12½
R
〈◊〉
;
and
note
that
the
Ticall
of
silver
of
Siam
is
here
22½
,
and
23
Foras
accounted
a
Tail
of
gold
.
The
payment
of
custome
in
this
place
is
also
seene
to
be
done
in
a
rare
and
seldome
seene
manner
,
for
I
find
it
noted
by
some
to
be
here
the
custome
,
that
a
Ship
entring
into
Maccau
,
the
Kings
officers
cometh
aboard
,
and
measureth
her
breadth
,
length
and
depth
;
and
so
by
a
rule
and
proportion
that
they
use
,
they
cast
up
the
custome
due
by
the
bulke
of
the
Ship
,
by
which
the
same
is
paid
;
and
then
the
Merchants
may
unlade
and
lade
at
pleasure
,
without
concealement
of
any
sort
of
merchandize
whatsoever
they
have
aboard
:
how
true
it
is
I
know
not
,
with
me
it
carryeth
not
any
great
beliefe
,
for
that
by
what
I
have
read
,
the
acutenesse
of
this
Nation
is
such
that
they
cannot
in
so
especiall
a
point
of
trade
possibly
be
so
dull
conceited
,
nor
of
such
grosse
understandings
.
How
farre
the
weights
of
Mollacca
differeth
from
the
weight
of
China
,
I
have
shewed
before
in
the
Chapter
of
Mollacca
,
I
will
now
Weights
of
China
,
Maccau
.
shew
how
the
weights
in
China
are
distinguished
:
I
find
by
the
observations
of
some
English
,
Portugals
and
Dutch
that
have
had
trade
hither
,
the
Bahar
to
be
the
common
weight
of
China
;
but
in
the
concordance
thereof
with
their
owne
they
differ
much
.
The
common
Bahar
of
China
is
300
Cattees
,
which
is
the
same
as
200
Cattees
in
Mollacca
small
weight
,
as
I
have
afore
remembred
,
for
that
three
cattees
of
China
makes
two
catees
of
Mollacca
;
and
this
by
the
calculation
of
some
doth
make
English
386
li.
and
yet
by
some
others
should
produce
in
England
400
li.
A
Cattee
of
China
is
16
Taels
,
which
are
14
Taels
in
Mollacca
,
which
respond
with
20¾
ounces
Haberdepois
,
and
this
way
reduced
the
said
Bahar
is
about
389
li.
in
390
li.
A
Hand
is
12
cattees
small
weight
.
A
Cattee
is
22
Taels
,
and
a
Tael
is
1½
ounces
haberdepois
,
and
this
way
reduced
it
produceth
412
li.
haberdepois
.
Hands
16
and
8
cattees
,
makes
200
cattees
,
which
is
the
Bahar
in
small
weight
;
and
because
these
observations
doe
much
disagree
,
I
referre
the
truth
to
triall
and
experience
;
for
the
calculations
of
English
,
Dutch
and
Portugals
in
this
particular
doe
differ
very
much
,
as
is
before
expressed
.
The
measures
of
the
place
I
am
inforced
to
omit
,
therefore
referre
it
to
the
better
experienced
.
Having
thus
done
with
the
maine
continent
of
Asia
,
and
corsorily
surveyed
the
particular
trade
of
some
of
the
most
eminent
Cities
of
the
Kingdomes
therein
contained
;
being
constrained
by
reason
of
the
remotenesse
of
these
places
,
and
want
of
better
information
,
to
let
the
same
passe
not
so
perfect
as
otherwise
I
could
wish
for
and
desire
,
I
shall
willingly
in
what
is
here
by
me
omitted
,
crave
the
advises
of
the
better
experienced
;
and
that
they
would
adde
by
their
knowledge
and
triall
what
is
either
here
defective
or
altogether
left
out
:
and
thus
leaving
the
continent
(
according
to
my
methode
)
I
will
in
briefe
run
through
some
of
those
Ilands
which
merit
observation
,
and
survey
the
trade
thereof
as
amply
as
my
advisos
will
give
me
leave
.
CHAP.
C.
Of
the
Ilands
of
ASIA
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THe
Ilands
of
Asia
are
either
in
the
orientall
Seas
,
as
Iapan
,
Ilands
of
Asia
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
Seilon
,
Mollucques
,
Iavas
,
Sumatra
,
Borneo
,
the
Philipines
and
others
:
or
in
the
mediterranean
Sea
,
as
Rhodes
,
Ciprus
,
&c.
of
the
trade
whereof
a
word
,
before
I
conclude
this
commerce
of
ASIA
.
CHAP.
CI.
Of
the
Iland
of
Iapan
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
JAPAN
is
scituated
over
against
Canton
in
China
,
Iapan
Iland
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
having
in
length
600
miles
,
but
narrow
in
breadth
,
in
some
places
90
,
and
in
some
but
30
miles
:
it
obeys
66
severall
Soveraignes
,
the
King
of
Tense
holding
the
principall
authority
,
commanding
50
of
the
66
above
mentioned
Kingdomes
,
every
King
,
Lord
and
Master
having
full
power
and
authority
over
the
goods
and
lives
of
the
subjects
,
servants
and
children
subject
unto
him
.
It
was
discovered
by
the
Portugall
Anno
1542
,
and
since
is
much
frequented
by
Jesuites
,
who
in
great
numbers
have
setled
themselves
here
,
and
are
found
to
exercise
trade
and
commerce
,
as
cunningly
and
subtilly
as
any
Jew
elsewhere
in
the
World.
Their
chiefe
Townes
are
Osacaia
,
Bunguin
,
Meaco
,
and
are
the
principall
Ports
frequented
by
Merchants
strangers
:
the
c●…modities
of
this
place
and
Ilands
,
is
silver
in
some
good
measure
●…gged
up
here
,
and
carryed
hence
by
Merchants
to
China
to
exch●…ge
for
silkes
,
and
principally
rice
,
which
is
found
here
growing
in
such
aboundance
,
that
the
King
or
Emperour
draweth
2
millions
of
duccats
yearely
,
out
of
that
which
is
gathered
from
his
owne
possessions
,
which
he
hath
received
as
his
owne
demesne
;
and
at
Firando
F●…rando
.
one
of
the
Ilands
of
Iapan
,
the
English
have
setled
a
factory
for
trade
,
in
1613
by
Capt.
Saris
labour
and
industrie
.
The
civill
warres
that
continually
vexeth
these
Ilands
,
hinders
Coines
currant
in
Iapan
.
an
exact
survey
of
the
materialls
,
whereby
their
trade
is
driven
;
yet
so
farre
as
I
have
collected
I
will
here
insert
.
Their
moneys
currant
for
the
most
part
through
these
Ilands
are
thus
termed
,
and
with
some
small
difference
have
this
value
.
Their
silver
coines
currant
is
A
Tayle
,
A
Mas
,
and
A
Condery
.
A
Tayle
is
a
℞
of
〈◊〉
or
5
sh.
starling
,
or
½
Tayle
of
Siam
;
and
this
A
Taile
is
10
Mas
,
or
100
Conderies
.
A
Mas
is
10
Conderies
,
or
6
d
starling
.
And
in
some
places
the
R
8/8
passeth
for
74
Condereis
onely
and
no
more
.
Their
gold
is
coyned
into
two
small
Barres
of
two
severall
sor●…
,
the
one
is
called
an
Ichebo
,
worth
about
15
in
16
mas
of
silver
;
the
other
is
called
A
Coban
,
worth
from
60
to
68
mas
,
which
may
be
valued
from
30
sh.
to
34
sh.
starling
.
The
warres
that
continually
vexeth
this
Countrey
is
the
cause
of
this
inconstant
rate
and
price
thereof
.
The
weights
in
use
in
Iapan
is
the
Pecull
and
the
Cattee
.
A
Pecull
is
10
Cattees
.
Weights
in
Iapan
.
A
Cattee
is
accounted
by
some
21
ounces
,
and
by
some
20¾
o●…
haberdepois
;
so
that
a
pecul
is
about
130
li.
or
131
li
,
English.
Their
measure
of
length
is
an
Inckhen
or
Tattamy
,
which
is
〈◊〉
.
Measure
of
lengthin
Iapan
.
yards
English
;
25
yards
being
12
Tattamies
.
Their
measure
for
rice
is
thus
accounted
,
A
Gant
is
3
Cocas
,
being
as
much
as
three
English
alepints
.
Measure
for
Rice
and
grain
in
Iapan
.
An
Icke
Gaga
is
100
Gantas
.
One
Ickmagog
is
1000
Ickgogas
.
One
Mangoga
is
10000
Ickmagogs
.
CHAP.
CII
.
Of
SILON
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
SILON
lyeth
in
the
gulph
of
Bengala
,
in
length
250
,
and
in
bredth
140
miles
;
found
so
fruitfull
,
that
the
Iland
Silon
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
grasse
groweth
,
and
the
trees
beare
fruit
all
the
yeare
long
without
intermission
:
it
is
commanded
in
chiefe
by
the
great
Mogul
;
the
principall
Townes
are
Zilan
,
the
Metropolis
of
the
Iland
,
and
Columbo
,
fortified
by
the
Portugals
;
and
as
it
is
conceived
commanding
over
the
best
harbour
in
India
.
For
commodities
it
hath
many
,
and
almost
all
things
that
are
found
in
India
,
through
all
the
severall
Provinces
and
places
Commodities
of
the
Iland
Silon
.
thereof
;
first
it
hath
nutmegs
,
cloves
and
pepper
trees
good
store
,
and
the
best
cynamon
in
all
India
,
which
is
here
had
and
found
growing
in
whole
woods
,
and
hence
dispersed
into
all
parts
of
the
World
:
also
it
affords
all
kinds
of
precious
stones
(
except
dyamonds
)
as
Saphirs
,
Rubies
,
Topasses
,
Spinals
,
Granati
;
also
a
plentifull
fishing
for
Pearl
,
yet
not
accounted
so
good
as
at
Bareim
by
Ormus
;
it
hath
likewise
mines
of
gold
,
silver
,
and
other
mettalls
;
also
iron
,
flax
,
brimstone
,
ivorie
bones
,
and
sundry
other
commodities
.
Here
is
also
a
hil●…
of
that
great
height
,
that
the
Inhabitants
hold
it
the
highest
in
India
,
and
call
it
Adams
hill
,
upon
which
they
say
Paradise
stood
,
and
that
Adam
was
there
created
;
whose
footsteps
,
if
they
may
be
Adams
hill
the
Silon
Paradise
.
beleeved
,
doe
remaine
yet
ingraven
there
in
the
Rocke
,
and
goes
not
out
:
but
the
Inhabitants
being
most
active
in
their
bodies
,
may
be
imagined
to
be
so
also
with
their
tongues
,
for
throughout
India
they
practise
nothing
but
jugling
,
and
Hocus
Pocus
,
and
other
feats
of
activity
;
being
the
most
excellent
mannagers
of
hobbyhorses
,
and
tumbling
,
by
which
trade
they
get
money
throughout
all
the
neighbour
regions
;
and
therefore
not
surveying
this
their
traffique
Siloners
excellent
tumblers
.
further
,
I
will
leave
them
to
their
come
aloft
jack
,
passe
and
repasse
,
and
passe
my selfe
over
to
the
next
Ilands
,
being
those
famous
of
the
Moluccoes
,
the
onely
Ilands
of
all
India
,
affording
in
such
store
and
plenty
,
that
excellent
and
admirable
spice
,
knowne
to
us
by
the
name
of
cloves
.
CHAP.
CIII
.
Of
the
Moluccoes
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THE
Moluccoes
are
five
in
number
,
Mallucco
,
Tarnate
,
Tider
,
Gelolo
and
Macian
,
to
which
may
be
added
Ilands
Moluccos
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
for
neerenesse
in
the
scituation
Banda
,
and
70
other
lesser
Ilands
,
which
submit
themselves
;
and
their
delicious
commodities
to
the
King
of
Terenate
,
at
present
the
most
powerfull
through
all
these
Ilands
.
These
Ilands
are
found
to
have
for
commodities
some
nutmegs
,
especially
in
Banda
,
Commodities
of
the
Moluccos
also
some
maces
;
but
the
principall
commodities
of
all
these
Ilands
is
the
delicate
spice
,
knowne
to
us
by
the
name
of
cloves
,
and
Clovesaboundance
.
found
here
growing
in
so
great
aboundance
,
that
as
it
is
apparent
the
whole
World
is
furnished
from
hence
;
and
all
Merchants
coming
hither
,
and
frequenting
these
Ilands
,
are
found
onely
to
come
for
this
commodity
and
for
nothing
else
.
In
this
number
I
may
also
reckon
the
Amboina
Ilands
,
as
the
Iland
Amboina
it selfe
,
Pollerone
,
Pollowaie
,
Lantore
and
Rosingon
,
abounding
with
Amboina
Ilands
the
selfe
same
commodity
,
and
of
late
yeares
made
infamous
,
by
the
bloody
slaughter
and
but
cherly
tyrannicall
torture
and
death
of
some
English
Factors
,
by
the
Machiavilian
and
matchlesse
villany
of
the
Dutch
;
the
actors
of
which
have
all
of
them
,
or
the
most
part
come
to
untimely
The
matchles
v●…lany
of
the
Du●…h
in
●…he
Amboina
Iles.
and
fatall
ends
(
if
reports
be
true
,
)
thereby
shewing
the
manifest
judgement
of
GOD
in
punishing
their
vilanies
and
wickednes
,
when
as
they
thought
themselves
safe
and
free
from
the
hands
and
justice
of
Man
;
and
for
those
that
as
yet
are
living
,
I
leave
them
to
the
terrour
of
their
guilty
consciences
,
and
without
repentance
to
their
due
punishment
in
the
World
to
come
;
where
an
uncorrupted
and
unpartiall
Governour
and
Fiscall
shall
examine
their
Amboina
proceedings
truely
,
and
reward
them
according
to
their
merits
.
Some
of
these
Ilands
are
now
by
them
commanded
,
having
driven
out
the
Inhabitants
,
and
by
death
cut
off
the
interest
of
the
English
,
who
were
joyntly
partners
with
them
,
both
in
their
conquest
and
trade
;
and
now
there
is
none
left
to
the
English
but
Polerone
,
originally
theirs
,
yet
now
due
to
them
by
a
second
composition
and
agreement
,
who
coming
of
late
to
take
possession
thereof
,
found
that
those
barbarous
and
wicked
Dutchmen
resident
in
the
neighbouring
Ilands
,
had
cut
downe
and
killed
all
the
clove
tr●…s
,
and
other
of
worth
there
growing
,
thereby
depriving
the
English
of
all
their
expected
benefit
,
by
that
last
but
prejudiciall
composition
.
The
coines
currant
in
Molluccos
,
Amboina
,
Banda
,
&c.
and
other
Ilands
,
I
find
not
any
setled
in
use
amongst
them
;
the
Spanish
R
〈◊〉
Coines
cu●…rant
in
Mollucco
,
Banda
,
Amboina
,
&c.
is
the
most
usuall
in
their
payment
for
commodities
,
and
for
the
most
part
they
use
no
other
coines
but
it
:
but
I
find
that
according
to
the
innocencie
of
the
times
past
,
they
barter
and
sell
one
commodity
for
another
,
which
is
yet
the
most
usuall
custome
amongst
them
.
Their
common
weight
in
use
is
the
Bahar
and
Cattee
.
Weights
of
Mollucco
,
Amboina
,
&c.
The
Bahar
of
Amboina
of
Cloves
is
200
Cattees
,
and
is
English
625
li.
which
is
the
great
Bahar
.
This
great
Bahar
is
50
Barrotes
,
every
Barrote
being
12½
li.
haberdupois
.
They
have
also
in
some
of
these
Ilands
a
greater
Bahar
,
being
ten
times
the
former
quantitie
,
making
6250
li.
English.
A
cattee
is
100
Rialls
of
〈◊〉
almost
6
li.
English.
Ten
cattees
of
Mace
is
called
a
small
Bahar
of
Maces
,
and
of
the
value
of
10
Rialls
of
eight
.
100
Cattees
of
Nutmeggs
,
is
a
small
bahar
of
nuts
,
and
is
of
the
aforesaid
value
of
10
Rialls
of
eight
.
100
Cattees
of
Maces
is
called
a
great
bahar
of
maces
.
And
1000
of
Nutmeggs
is
accounted
a
great
bahar
of
Nutmeggs
.
And
note
that
10
bahars
of
nuts
is
accounted
for
1
bahar
of
maces
usually
throughout
all
the
Ilands
.
A
cattee
of
maces
being
commonly
worth
1
℞
〈◊〉
.
And
10
cattees
of
Nutmeggs
commonly
worth
but
also
1
℞
〈◊〉
.
The
Inhabitants
finding
now
their
native
commodities
requested
by
all
other
Nations
,
who
come
from
farre
Regions
to
traffique
with
them
for
the
same
,
have
daily
learned
new
experiments
of
traffique
and
commerce
;
and
whereas
in
former
time
they
exchanged
their
cloves
,
&c.
for
cotton
cloth
&
such
like
to
cloth
them
,
which
yet
is
in
some
use
amongst
them
;
yet
now
they
begin
to
know
the
worth
of
silver
,
and
the
value
of
the
Riall
of
eight
,
●…nd
how
that
hath
power
to
bring
and
provide
to
them
all
other
●…ecessaries
whatsoever
.
Their
measure
of
length
is
distinguished
by
fathoms
and
cubits
,
Measures
of
Molluccos
,
Banda
,
Amboina
,
&c.
Dry
measures
in
Molluccos
,
&c.
●…orrowed
from
their
late
Masters
the
Dutch
and
Portugalls
.
But
their
dry
measures
for
corne
,
graine
,
rice
,
&c.
is
called
a
Can●…on
,
making
about
5½
pints
English.
A
Quoian
is
their
greatest
measure
,
and
is
800
Cantons
.
It
is
to
be
noted
here
,
that
the
Ilands
of
Molluccos
were
first
discovered
by
the
Portugalls
in
their
Navigations
to
these
parts
,
and
●…fterward
finding
them
rich
in
Cloves
,
by
little
and
little
got
foo●…ing
therein
,
partly
by
faire
meanes
,
but
principally
by
building
of
Forts
and
Castles
in
divers
of
them
for
the
better
obtainement
●…nd
preservation
of
the
brave
trade
of
these
Ilands
:
but
of
latter
●…eares
,
the
Hollanders
envying
this
their
ingrossing
of
this
rich
●…ommoditie
,
indevoured
to
supplant
them
,
or
in
default
of
means
●…nd
power
to
effect
that
,
so
to
plant
themselves
,
that
they
might
●…artake
and
share
with
them
in
the
Cloves
,
Nutmeggs
,
and
Maces
,
●…he
onely
commodities
these
Ilands
are
found
to
produce
,
which
●…y
their
policie
,
valour
,
and
craft
,
at
length
hath
so
well
succeeded
with
them
that
now
they
are
Masters
and
Commanders
over
many
Forts
and
strong
Castles
in
these
Ilands
;
as
at
Mallayo
,
Tal●…ucco
and
Tacuma
,
in
the
principall
Iland
of
Ternate
,
at
Mariero
in
Dutch
Forts
and
trade
in
Amboina
.
Tidoro
,
at
Nassaw
in
Timor
,
Mauritus
and
Tabiliola
in
Machian
,
and
which
is
intirely
the
Hollanders
,
2
in
Banda
,
2
in
Amboina
,
Barnefelt
,
in
Bachian
,
and
sundry
others
,
seated
here
and
there
through
the
most
convenientest
and
best
ports
for
trade
and
shipping
in
all
these
Ilands
;
so
that
now
being
become
more
strong
,
potent
,
and
daring
,
they
have
coped
with
the
Portugalls
in
divers
incounters
by
Sea
and
land
,
sometimes
winning
and
sometimes
loosing
,
according
to
both
their
force
and
fortunes
;
in
all
their
occasions
,
adding
violence
to
trade
,
trading
peaceably
where
they
cannot
otherwise
choose
,
and
robbing
and
pilfering
when
and
where
they
cannot
otherwise
make
up
their
mouths
to
profit
;
in
which
practise
of
trade
and
theevery
or
theevish
trade
,
I
leave
them
and
these
Ilands
,
and
come
next
to
Iava
.
CHAP.
CIIII.
Of
IAVAS
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
IN
this
tract
is
found
Iava
major
and
Iava
minor
,
the
greater
being
in
compasse
3000
,
and
the
lesser
2000
miles
;
Iavas
and
the
trade
thereof
.
the
nearnesse
of
these
two
Ilands
to
the
Aequator
,
maketh
these
Counties
so
wonderfull
fertile
,
that
they
are
termed
the
Epitome
of
the
world
.
The
chiefe
Cities
here
are
Pala●…ban
,
Mega
,
Pegar
,
Agaim
and
Ballambua
;
and
in
the
lesser
Iava
,
Basnia
,
Samara
,
Limbri
,
and
others
,
but
their
principall
trade
is
driven
at
Sunda
calapa
,
Bantam
,
Iacatra
now
baptised
by
the
Dutch
Batavia
,
and
lastly
,
Iaparra
;
in
which
three
last
,
the
English
have
residencie
and
Factories
.
The
commodities
of
these
Ilands
,
is
Rice
in
abundance
,
Oxen
,
Commodities
of
Iava
Ilands
.
kine
,
hoggs
,
sheepe
,
Indian
nuts
,
and
all
provisions
for
food
;
also
all
kinds
of
spices
,
as
Cloves
,
Nutmegs
and
mace
,
which
the
natiue
Merchants
transport
to
Mallacca
and
other
neighbouring
Ilands
in
great
measure
,
also
pepper
in
great
quantitie
,
esteemed
farre
better
than
that
of
India
or
Mallabar
,
principally
growing
about
the
straights
of
Sunda
,
of
which
there
is
yearly
laden
hence
about
ten
thousand
Quintalls
English
;
it
hath
also
much
Frankinsence
,
Benjamin
,
Camphora
;
also
Diamonds
,
and
many
other
precious
stones
,
which
are
found
therein
.
The
fittest
and
most
proper
commodities
for
these
Ilands
trade
,
are
divers
and
different
sorts
and
colours
of
cotton
linens
,
which
Commodities
of
India
fit
for
Iavas
.
are
made
at
Cambaia
,
Cormandel
,
and
Bengala
,
called
Serasses
,
Sarampuras
,
Cassus
,
Sa●…eposas
,
blacke
cannequins
,
red
Turrias
,
and
divers
other
sorts
found
made
in
the
places
abovesaid
.
Here
the
Hollanders
are
found
to
be
Masters
of
Iacatra
,
of
late
Batavia
alias
Iaccettra
.
yeares
called
by
them
Batavia
,
the
best
and
greatest
Port
of
their
trade
and
rendevous
in
these
parts
,
where
by
little
and
little
they
have
so
fortified
themselves
,
that
they
prescribe
lawes
to
the
Inhabitants
,
and
indevour
to
debarre
,
both
English
and
all
other
from
injoying
any
benefit
of
the
trade
thereof
.
In
Sunda
(
which
I
account
here
as
the
principall
mart
Towne
and
in
a
manner
the
greatest
in
Iava
major
)
they
have
no
other
Coines
currant
in
Iava
,
Sunda
,
Bantam
,
Iacatara
.
kinde
of
money
than
certaine
copper
pieces
minted
,
which
they
call
Caixa
,
in
the
middle
whereof
is
a
hole
to
hang
them
on
strings
,
for
commonly
they
put
200
or
1000
upon
one
string
,
wherewith
they
make
their
payments
,
as
by
this
following
account
.
A
Satta
is
200
Caixas
.
Five
satas
is
1000
Caixas
,
which
is
a
crusado
Portugall
money
,
or
about
six
shilling
starling
.
The
Merchants
of
Europe
here
resident
keepe
their
accounts
Accounts
in
Iava
,
Bantam
,
Iacettera
.
in
R
8/8
and
pence
,
accounting
60
pence
to
the
R
〈◊〉
Spanish
.
The
weight
at
Bantam
,
Iacetra
,
Iapparra
,
and
at
Sunda
,
is
the
Picull
,
Weights
in
Iava
,
Bantam
,
Iacettra
,
Iaparra
,
Sunda
.
the
Cattee
,
and
Bahar
.
A
Cattee
being
lesse
than
the
Cattee
of
Macau
,
containes
but
20
ounces
English
,
and
the
other
20¾
ounces
.
A
Picull
is
100
Cattees
,
and
consequently
is
125
li.
English.
A
Bahar
is
330
Cattees
of
China
,
of
20
ounces
as
abovesaid
,
and
may
make
in
England
412
li.
Their
measure
for
length
is
(
—
—
)
Measures
in
Iava
,
Bantam
,
Iacetra
,
Iaparra
,
Sunda
.
Their
dry
measures
for
graine
,
rice
,
and
pepper
,
is
a
Timbam
,
and
containes
ten
sackes
,
principally
used
in
Pepper
and
Rice
,
consisting
of
5
piculls
;
so
that
by
this
computation
each
sacke
should
containe
in
weight
62½
li.
English
,
two
sackes
for
a
Pecull
.
The
common
prices
of
commodities
as
I
finde
them
here
observed
,
Prices
of
commodities
in
Iavas
.
are
pepper
of
Sunda
,
is
sold
by
the
sacke
weighing
½
a
picull
or
45
Cattees
of
China
,
each
cattee
being
20
ounces
English
,
at
5000
Caixas
,
and
when
it
is
at
highest
at
6
or
7000
Caixas
,
maces
,
cloves
,
nutmegs
,
white
and
blacke
Benjamin
and
Camphora
,
are
sold
by
the
Bahar
,
good
mace
commonly
sold
for
120
thousand
Caixas
;
the
Bahar
and
good
cloves
after
the
same
rate
,
but
bad
and
foule
cloves
,
are
sold
at
70
or
80000
caixas
the
Bahar
;
Nutmeggs
commonly
sold
for
20
or
25
thousand
Caixas
the
Bahar
,
white
and
black
Benjamin
sold
for
150
or
180
thousand
Caixas
,
and
if
extraordinary
good
,
200
thousand
the
bahar
;
but
how
farre
these
agrees
with
the
now
common
currant
rates
,
I
referre
to
the
better
experienced
.
CHAP.
CV
.
Of
SUMATRA
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
SUMATRA
,
anciently
Traprobana
,
and
Salomons
supposed
Sumatra
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Ophir
,
was
esteemed
the
biggest
Iland
in
the
world
,
but
moderne
experience
hath
found
the
contrary
,
being
onely
700
miles
long
,
and
200
miles
broad
:
The
Aequator
cutteth
through
it
,
so
that
the
Sunnes
vicinitie
,
makes
it
abound
in
severall
precious
commodities
Commodities
of
the
Iland
Sumatra
.
for
traffique
,
as
first
it
hath
Pepper
in
abundance
,
whereof
above
twentie
Shippes
of
burthen
is
hence
yearly
laden
;
also
Ginger
,
Aloes
,
Cassia
,
raw
silke
,
gold
and
silver
,
brasse
,
and
some
other
drugges
.
This
Iland
is
subject
to
many
Princes
,
the
principall
whereof
are
the
Kings
of
Pedor
and
Achin
;
it
is
here
a
custome
that
the
natives
doe
eate
their
slaine
enemies
,
and
did
earst
account
their
sculles
for
a
great
treasure
,
which
they
exchanged
for
other
necessaries
,
he
being
accounted
the
richest
man
that
hath
most
store
of
them
in
his
house
,
this
custome
is
almost
extinguished
,
for
the
trade
of
Merchants
from
other
Countries
thither
,
of
late
yeares
having
brought
silver
and
gold
in
request
amongst
them
,
hath
made
them
since
know
better
.
In
this
Iland
is
found
a
hill
of
brimstone
continually
burning
,
and
two
very
strange
and
admirable
Fountaines
,
the
one
yeelding
pure
Rarities
found
in
Sumatra
.
and
excellent
Balsamum
,
and
the
other
most
excellent
Oyle
.
The
chiefe
Cities
of
this
Iland
,
is
Daren
,
Pasen
,
and
Androgede
,
the
habitation
of
so
many
Kings
,
but
the
principall
places
and
parts
for
trade
knowne
to
the
Europeans
,
are
Dachem
or
Achim
,
Achin
,
Tico
,
Iambe
,
and
Priaman
,
English
Factories
in
Iava
.
Ticko
,
Iambe
and
Priaman
,
all
maritime
and
good
harbours
;
where
the
English
are
found
to
have
residence
and
Factories
;
also
Pedir
,
Campar
and
Manancabo
,
to
the
which
the
Portugalls
generally
doe
trade
;
but
the
Inhabitants
for
the
most
part
transporting
the
native
commodities
of
this
their
Iland
to
Mallucca
,
which
is
not
distant
above
twentie
miles
of
,
are
not
much
troubled
with
the
Portugalls
Commerce
;
though
in
lieu
of
them
the
Dutch
have
of
late
got
footing
and
built
Fortresses
amongst
them
,
to
their
as
great
trouble
,
vexation
,
and
slavery
.
Within
these
few
yeares
these
Ilanders
were
not
knowne
to
have
any
coines
currant
in
payment
for
Merchandise
amongst
them
,
Coines
currant
in
Sumatra
,
Achin
,
Priaman
,
&c.
but
the
sculls
of
their
slaine
enemies
,
as
I
said
before
,
which
they
accounted
as
their
greatest
treasures
,
and
with
which
their
barters
and
exchanges
for
things
necessary
were
made
;
but
now
of
late
the
King
of
Achin
in
imitation
of
other
adjoyning
Princes
,
and
the
so
neere
neighbourhood
of
Mallacca
,
now
in
possession
of
the
Portugalls
,
have
coined
moneys
,
which
in
these
dayes
are
observed
to
be
these
:
A
Masse
,
which
is
here
accounted
for
4
Cappans
,
which
is
12d
d
starling
.
A
Taile
is
16
masses
or
3⅕
R.
8/8
or
starling
money
16
shil
.
A
Cattee
is
8
tailes
in
ordinary
account
,
and
worth
25⅗
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Spanish
or
6li
.
8
shil
.
starling
,
and
sometimes
in
exchange
from
hence
to
other
adjacent
parts
,
they
account
7¼
and
7½
Tailes
to
one
Cattee
.
In
other
parts
of
this
Iland
,
as
Iambe
,
Tico
,
and
Priamon
,
they
Accounts
kept
in
Iava
.
have
no
coines
of
their
owne
,
but
the
most
currant
is
the
Spanish
R
〈◊〉
,
in
which
the
Europeans
keepe
their
accounts
,
and
for
distinction
divide
●…t
to
〈◊〉
●…0
deniers
or
pence
to
a
R.
8/8.
The
common
weight
through
all
Sumatra
is
a
Bahar
,
but
yet
Weights
of
Sumatra
,
Achin
,
Priaman
,
Iambee
.
●…ound
to
vary
in
many
places
,
and
consisteth
of
Cattees
,
which
in
greatnesse
also
varieth
,
and
from
thence
commeth
the
difference
,
●…ut
in
Achin
,
Praman
,
Ticcou
and
Iambe
,
where
the
English
reside
,
●…he
Bahar
is
found
to
be
in
each
of
these
places
200
Cattees
;
every
●…attee
is
29
ounces
English
,
so
that
by
this
computation
the
Ba●…ar
must
make
360
li.
English
sotile
.
The
measures
here
in
use
are
(
—
—
)
Measures
in
Sumatra
.
CHAP.
CVI.
Of
BORNEO
Iland
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THe
next
Iland
in
this
Tract
is
Borneo
,
and
is
equally
divided
Borneo
Iland
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
by
the
equinoctiall
into
two
parts
,
putting
as
it
were
a
bond
betweene
the
dominions
of
the
King
of
Borneo
on
the
Northside
,
and
of
Laus
on
the
South
,
in
compasse
accounted
above
2200
miles
,
and
held
the
greatest
of
all
this
ocean
.
The
Countrey
doth
yeeld
in
great
abundance
,
the
wood
which
we
call
Camphora
;
also
that
wood
knowne
by
the
Portugalls
by
the
Commodities
of
Borneo
Iland
name
of
Polad
'
aguila
;
and
also
that
costly
sweet
wood
which
is
called
Callamba
,
which
being
good
is
weighed
against
silver
and
gold
:
also
here
is
found
some
gold
,
diamonds
,
nutmegs
,
maces
,
agarick
,
and
other
spices
;
and
great
abundance
of
that
excellent
antidote
,
which
in
Europe
is
called
the
Besar
stone
.
It
is
plentifully
stored
with
many
faire
Townes
and
harbours
,
as
Cabura
,
Taioparra
,
Tamorutas
and
Borneo
,
the
Metropolis
and
Townes
of
Borneo
Iland
.
most
magnificent
above
all
the
rest
,
containing
25
thousand
Inhabitants
,
and
seated
in
a
Marish
of
the
Sea
,
after
the
manner
of
Venice
.
Also
Socodana
,
where
many
diamonds
are
found
,
and
where
the
English
some
yeeres
past
had
a
factory
and
residence
,
as
also
the
Socodana
and
Beniermasa
English
Factories
in
Borneo
.
same
in
Beniermasa
,
another
good
Port
in
this
Iland
.
I
have
not
met
with
the
coins
currant
here
in
payment
for
mer●…handize
,
nor
yet
with
the
weights
and
measures
in
use
in
this
Iland
;
therefore
must
referre
the
same
to
the
better
experienced
,
and
to
the
traders
thither
.
CHAP.
CVII
.
Of
CELEBS
Iland
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THe
Iland
Celebs
is
the
next
in
this
Tract
,
not
farre
distant
from
Borneo
Iland
,
through
part
of
which
runneth
Iland
Celebs
and
trade
thereof
.
the
Equator
,
yeelding
by
the
vicinity
of
the
Su●…
the
same
commodities
proper
to
Sumatra
,
Borneo
,
Gilolo
and
others
,
seated
under
the
same
line
;
it
is
subject
to
severall
Princes
,
and
injoyeth
some
eminent
Townes
frequented
by
European
Merchants
,
for
the
sake
of
their
rich
commodities
,
as
Durati
,
Mamaio
,
Tubon
and
Maccasar
,
the
Maccas●…
the
English
Factory
in
Seleb●…
.
chiefest
Port
for
the
trade
and
commerce
of
this
Iland
,
and
where
the
English
have
a
residencie
and
factory
,
and
following
their
observations
made
in
this
place
,
I
find
,
Their
coines
currant
here
in
use
is
found
to
be
the
Mass
,
Cup●…
Coines
currant
in
Celebs
and
Maccasar
.
and
Taile
thus
valued
.
A
taile
is
accounted
for
16
masses
in
currant
value
,
and
is
reckned
to
be
worth
15
rialls
of
eight
.
A
mass
is
a
gold
coine
,
as
is
the
taile
,
and
wants
somewhat
of
5
sh.
or
a
riall
of
〈◊〉
Spanish
.
And
this
mass
is
4
cuppans
,
each
cuppan
esteemed
to
be
about
14d
d
starling
money
;
and
by
this
calculation
the
taile
should
make
starling
3
li.
14
sh.
8
d.
and
by
the
account
of
R
〈◊〉
at
5
sh.
starling
,
the
taile
is
3
li.
15
sh.
starling
.
The
common
weights
in
use
is
the
Ganton
,
Zicoyan
and
Masse
,
Weights
in
Celebs
and
Maccasar
.
thus
agreeing
with
the
English
weight
haberdepois
.
The
Ganton
is
both
a
weight
and
measure
,
in
weight
it
is
found
to
be
about
5
li.
English
,
and
in
measure
about
two
English
gallons
.
A
Mass
in
weight
is
40
Gantons
,
which
is
200
li.
English
,
or
80
gallons
English.
A
Zicoyan
is
20
Masses
in
weight
,
which
is
4000
li.
English
,
or
800
Cantons
of
this
place
.
To
proceed
to
the
rest
of
the
Ilands
in
these
Seas
,
is
a
worke
past
my
skill
,
or
I
thinke
most
mens
els
,
considering
the
multitude
thereof
,
the
Philipins
being
discovered
by
the
Spaniard
in
Ann●…
P●…pins
1564
,
being
in
number
110
thousand
,
as
some
Authors
report
.
Over
against
China
are
also
found
7448
Ilands
,
and
about
India
127000
great
and
small
more
,
which
in
many
places
stand
so
●…igh
one
to
another
,
that
they
seeme
not
onely
to
such
as
are
afarre
off
to
touch
and
to
be
all
as
one
firme
land
,
but
whosoever
passeth
betweene
them
,
may
with
his
hands
touch
the
boughes
of
the
●…es
,
both
on
the
one
and
on
the
other
side
.
Many
commo●…es
are
found
growing
upon
these
Ilands
,
with
which
the
In●…itants
of
many
of
them
,
maintaine
a
Traffique
with
their
●…ghbours
;
the
knowledge
whereof
I
leave
to
the
better
ex●…ienced
.
Now
forasmuch
as
Portugals
,
Dutch
and
English
have
of
late
The
Portugals
the
first
Masters
of
the
trade
of
East
India
,
1498.
●…ares
discovered
those
Countries
of
India
,
and
that
some
of
them
●…ve
since
setled
themselves
by
Forts
and
Castles
there
:
It
will
●…t
be
improper
I
should
here
survey
their
strengths
and
holds
●…ilt
for
defence
,
and
their
factorie
setled
for
traffique
throughout
is
continent
of
Asia
and
the
Ilands
thereof
.
The
Portugals
●…en
were
the
first
that
brake
the
ice
,
and
in
Anno
1498
departing
●…om
Lixborne
,
under
command
of
Vasco
di
Gamma
,
doubled
the
●…e
of
bona
Esperance
,
which
hath
proved
so
successefull
to
them
●…ce
that
time
that
they
have
mastered
,
conquered
and
fortified
●…emselves
beyond
that
cape
in
Soffala
,
Quiloa
,
Mosambique
,
Mom●…a
,
and
in
Ormus
in
the
Persian
gulph
,
lately
againe
lost
.
In
In●…
they
have
the
Castles
and
Townes
of
Diu
,
Daman
,
Basain
,
●…aul
,
Goa
,
Honor
,
Barsola
,
Mongalor
,
Cananor
,
Cronganor
,
Cochin
●…d
Colan
.
In
Silon
they
have
Collumbo
,
bragging
of
one
of
the
●…st
Ports
of
the
World
,
on
the
coast
of
Cormandell
;
they
hold
●…egapatam
and
S.
Thomas
:
In
Bengala
they
have
Porto
pequenio
,
and
●…rto
grande
,
and
Serapure
;
also
Serone
,
Mollucca
;
and
some
holds
〈◊〉
the
Mollucca
Ilands
,
Macao
,
and
Nungasarke
in
Iapan
and
divers
●…hers
;
in
all
which
they
are
found
to
be
both
strong
,
powerfull
,
●…nd
great
,
and
masters
of
all
the
rich
traffique
of
these
places
,
●…hich
thus
for
100
yeares
very
neere
,
they
have
both
peaceably
●…nd
quietly
injoyed
at
their
owne
termes
and
conditions
,
till
the
●…utch
disturbed
them
,
who
seconded
them
in
the
trade
of
India
,
●…ho
were
the
next
who
envying
,
that
this
rich
streame
should
●…nely
run
his
current
to
Lixborne
,
and
that
all
the
pretious
commo●…ities
of
India
should
first
salute
Portugall
,
set
out
from
Amsterdam
The
Hollanders
became
sharers
in
1595.
〈◊〉
Anno
1595
,
and
have
since
so
well
played
their
cards
,
and
plea●…ed
as
some
alledge
so
strongly
with
Cannon
law
and
steele
argu●…ents
,
that
within
30
yeares
they
have
found
themselves
to
be
Masters
and
commanders
.
In
these
Countries
and
Seas
of
28
Forts
●…nd
Castles
,
and
of
44
or
45
factories
,
for
the
preservation
and
pro●…ecution
of
their
trade
and
government
;
the
names
and
draughts
of
which
,
some
of
their
owne
Nation
have
published
to
their
no
lit●…le
honour
,
and
no
small
estimation
;
so
that
it
may
be
imagined
●…hat
their
flood
and
the
Spaniards
ebbe
,
will
in
few
yeares
bring
the
Indies
to
be
more
theirs
then
the
Portugals
,
notwithstanding
their
so
long
possession
.
The
English
Nation
are
the
last
and
least
in
this
trade
and
disco●…ery
,
The
English
Nation
the
last
traders
into
India
,
in
An.
1600.
for
they
imitating
onely
the
Portugals
and
Dutch
in
the
due
●…ules
of
the
prosecution
of
a
trade
,
but
not
in
the
prosecution
of
the
natives
;
begun
their
discoveries
in
Anno
1600
,
under
the
command
of
S
r.
Iames
Lancaster
,
with
4
Shippes
,
the
Dragon
,
Hector
,
Asenton
and
Susan
,
whose
indeavours
have
since
by
the
blessing
of
GOD
,
and
the
good
government
of
that
company
so
well
succeeded
,
that
they
have
sent
forth
above
30
Fleets
or
voyages
;
and
have
setled
their
residence
and
Factors
in
20
or
24
severall
place●…
of
note
,
as
at
Ormus
and
Iasques
,
in
the
entrance
of
the
Persian
gulp●…
,
under
the
Persian
Monarch
at
Cambaia
,
Surrat
and
Agria
,
and
other
places
in
the
great
Moguls
Countrey
,
at
Musulapan
,
Armago●…
Petipoly
,
Pottana
,
Siam
and
other
places
on
the
coast
of
Cormandel●…
and
the
continent
of
Asia
:
at
Achin
,
Ticko
,
Iambe
and
Prianian
,
o●…
the
Iland
Sumatra
,
at
Bantam
,
Iaccettra
and
Iaparra
on
the
Iland
〈◊〉
Iava
,
at
Socodana
,
and
Benier
masa
on
the
Iland
Borneo
;
at
Mogass●…
in
the
Iland
of
Celebs
,
at
Palleron
on
the
Iland
Banda
,
at
Firando
i●…
Iapan
;
and
lastly
in
Amboina
,
Hitto
,
and
other
of
the
Molucco●…
which
they
quietly
injoyed
,
untill
the
traiterous
and
bloody
mind●…
Dutch
did
butcherly
betray
their
lives
,
purposely
to
deprive
them
of
th●…
trade
,
and
to
satisfie
their
unsatiable
blood-thirstinesse
;
as
is
extant
〈◊〉
the
passages
of
that
act
in
severall
languages
in
the
World.
These
are
then
the
onely
three
European
Nations
that
now
contend
and
get
share
amongst
them
;
the
traffique
and
commodities
of
these
easterne
Countries
,
the
Portugals
making
Lixborne
the
scale
of
the
East
India
commodities
;
the
Hollander
making
their
Amsterdam
the
staple
for
their
parts
,
and
the
English
London
for
their
emporium
;
which
within
these
late
yeeres
,
notwithstanding
the
sundry
crosses
and
losses
,
is
increased
to
that
height
and
eminency
,
that
these
Merchants
doe
not
onely
furnish
Italy
,
but
also
Constantinople
,
Aleppo
,
Smyrna
,
and
other
parts
of
Turkey
,
with
all
those
Indian
commodities
,
which
within
lesse
then
these
twenty
yeeres
,
they
brought
from
thence
into
England
,
to
the
prejudice
of
Syria
and
Aegypt
,
and
to
the
enriching
of
the
English
subjects
in
general
:
as
hath
been
most
judiciously
and
at
large
demonstrated
(
by
that
right
honourable
Knight
Sr.
D.
D.
in
severall
particulars
;
as
first
by
the
riall
founders
thereof
;
secondly
by
the
equitie
and
justice
of
the
trade
;
thirdly
by
the
honour
arising
thereby
to
the
English
nation
,
in
the
strength
added
to
the
Navie
Royal
of
this
land
;
fourthly
by
the
former
fortunate
successe
of
it
,
and
the
profit
that
may
be
yet
reaped
thereby
to
the
whole
Kingdome
,
and
to
the
fellowship
of
that
societie
;
besides
the
increase
of
Mariners
,
and
of
arts
and
knowledge
;
fifthly
,
by
farre
discoveries
and
hopes
of
propagation
of
religion
in
those
yet
heathenish
Countries
.
But
leaving
thus
the
Indian
Ilands
,
and
the
further
survey
therof
to
those
late
Masters
of
that
trade
,
I
will
proceed
in
what
is
yet
resting
to
passe
through
,
as
belonging
to
Asia
,
which
are
the
Ilands
of
Ciprus
and
Rhodes
,
seated
in
the
mediterranean
Sea
,
to
which
I
shall
now
hasten
.
CHAP.
CVIII
.
Of
CIPRUS
Iland
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THe
Iland
of
Ciprus
is
accounted
also
belonging
to
Asia
,
Iland
Ciprus
and
the
trade
thereof
.
and
scituated
in
the
Syrian
Sea
;
in
length
200
miles
,
in
bredth
65
;
and
is
60
miles
distant
from
the
shoare
of
Cilicia
,
and
100
from
the
maine
land
of
Syria
.
This
Iland
is
said
to
afford
materialls
to
build
a
Ship
from
the
keele
to
the
topsaile
,
and
fitted
for
the
Sea
,
either
●…s
a
Merchants
vessell
for
transportation
of
goods
,
or
as
a
Princes
●…or
warfare
.
It
affordeth
also
these
commodities
,
as
wine
,
oyle
,
corne
,
sugars
,
cot●…ns
,
Commodities
of
Ciprus
.
honey
,
wool
,
turpentine
,
allum
,
verdigrace
,
salt
,
grograms
,
and
o●…her
commodities
.
The
chiefe
Cities
of
this
Iland
are
Paphos
,
Famagusta
,
Nicosia
,
Lescara
,
Salines
,
and
some
others
;
in
which
Iland
the
English
have
a
factorie
,
for
the
onely
trade
of
cottons
here
in
use
;
and
the
English
English
consul
at
Ciprus
.
consull
resident
in
Aleppo
carryeth
the
title
of
consull
of
Syria
and
of
Ciprus
,
in
which
place
hee
hath
a
vice
consull
to
supply
his
occasions
for
the
preservation
and
maintenance
of
the
English
trading
hither
;
which
are
onely
the
Company
of
Merchants
called
the
levant
or
Turkey
Company
,
as
included
within
their
priviledges
.
The
moneys
of
this
Iland
currant
I
need
not
mention
,
nor
Coines
of
Ciprus
.
yet
their
accounts
,
as
being
the
coines
of
the
Grand
Signiors
,
and
their
accounts
kept
after
the
same
denomination
as
in
Constantinople
.
The
weight
in
use
through
this
Iland
is
the
dram
,
750
whereof
is
Weights
of
ci●…rus
.
the
Rotolo
,
and
100
whereof
makes
a
cantar
,
which
is
accounted
4
per
cent
.
greater
than
the
common
cantar
of
Aleppo
;
and
is
by
calculation
of
such
as
have
resided
there
80
ounces
haberdepois
,
or
5
li.
the
Aleppo
rotolo
yeelding
by
this
computation
4
li.
13
ounces
,
or
77
ounces
:
and
the
quintall
or
Cantar
of
Ciprus
by
this
account
should
be
500
li.
sotile
;
but
I
find
some
observations
made
,
that
upon
some
commodities
that
the
100
Rotolos
of
Ciprus
have
made
in
London
510
and
512
li.
The
Rotolo
of
Ciprus
containes
750
drams
:
and
the
Rotolo
of
Aleppo
is
accounted
720
drams
,
and
62½
drams
makes
1
ounce
,
&
6½
ounces
make
here
an
Oake
:
but
note
that
the
cantar
of
Famagusta
,
is
4
per
cent
.
greater
then
this
generall
cantar
of
the
Iland
,
which
is
above
1½
ounces
per
Rotolo
.
Note
Famagusta
.
This
common
cantar
of
Cyprus
,
I
find
thus
to
respond
with
the
Citie
of
Venice
and
other
places
.
Rotolos
100
of
Cyprus
,
makes
sotile
U●…
780
li.
and
of
gross
480
li.
which
by
this
computation
should
bee
about
522
li.
English
:
but
I
imagine
this
is
accompted
the
c●…tar
of
Famagusta
,
which
is
8
per
cent
.
greater
then
that
of
Aleppo
,
which
deducted
,
being
42
li.
there
resteth
480
li.
haberdepois
,
the
weight
rendred
of
Aleppo
;
so
that
Rotolo
21
in
circa
,
makes
100
li.
gross
,
and
Rotolo
13½
doe
make
100
li.
sotile
;
and
Rotolo
1
is
7½
sotile
or
4
li.
8
ounces
gross
of
Uenice
weight
.
Againe
,
I
find
these
observations
made
on
the
weights
of
Cyprus
,
Weights
of
Cyprus
compared
with
other
places
.
for
cottons
,
viz.
100
Rotolos
of
Cyprus
cottons
,
hath
made
in
Venice
750
li.
which
is
30
li.
lesse
then
the
aforesaid
notes
which
are
meant
of
Famagusta
,
and
hath
made
in
Naples
|
671
li.
|
Bollonia
|
627
li.
|
Montpelier
|
678
li.
|
Barcelona
|
564
li.
|
Sivill
|
589
li.
|
Paris
|
448
li.
|
Marselia
|
567
li.
|
Genoa
|
710
li.
|
Florence
|
656
li.
|
Milan
|
678
li.
|
Avignon
|
570
li.
|
Bridges
|
555
li.
|
Rome
|
631
li.
|
London
|
506
li.
|
The
truth
whereof
,
I
referre
to
the
triall
of
the
experienced
.
Measures
of
length
are
heere
two
sorts
:
first
,
the
pico
,
by
which
is
sold
all
woolen
cloth
,
and
silke
accounted
26½
ynches
,
and
the
Measures
of
Cyprus
.
brace
,
by
which
is
sold
linnen
,
being
〈◊〉
longer
then
the
pico
abovesaid
.
The
100
picos
rendring
in
Venice
125
woolen
braces
and
116
of
silke
braces
.
Wine
is
sold
here
by
the
Cusse
,
7
cusses
makes
6
fetches
of
Venetia
,
which
is
a
candie
barrell
,
so
that
a
cusse
and
a
halfe
,
and
a
Zant
jarre
,
Of
Wine
.
are
of
one
and
the
same
bignesse
.
Oyle
is
sold
by
the
Rotolo
,
which
weighs
2½
oakes
which
is
accompted
for
1000
drams
.
Of
Oyle
.
Graine
is
sold
by
a
measure
called
the
moose
,
which
weigheth
40
oakes
,
and
2½
mooses
,
or
100
oakes
makes
one
staio
in
Venetia
.
Of
Graine
.
Salt
is
sold
by
the
Moose
;
1000
mooses
heere
of
salt
,
makes
14
Mooses
in
the
accompt
of
Uenetia
.
Of
Salt.
Also
some
graine
is
sold
by
the
coffino
,
100
whereof
making
24
in
25
steras
of
Venetia
,
which
is
(
)
bushels
English.
In
this
part
of
Asia
(
following
the
opinion
of
Authors
)
is
Iland
Rhodes
seated
amongst
the
Iles
Archepelago
.
the
Iland
of
RHODES
seated
,
formerly
the
habitation
of
the
Knights
of
S●…
.
IOHN
,
now
a
Beylque
of
the
Turkes
,
and
where
for
the
commodiousnesse
of
the
Port
,
there
is
maintained
a
squadron
of
his
Galleys
yearely
imployed
,
to
cleare
and
protect
those
Seas
:
matter
of
trade
presenting
heere
,
I
have
heere
willingly
omitted
,
and
placed
the
same
amongst
the
Ilands
of
the
Archipelago
;
to
which
place
I
referre
the
Reader
,
and
who
desires
to
see
further
thereof
.
CHAP.
CIX
.
Of
the
Trade
in
generall
of
ASIA
,
as
it
is
found
at
this
day
.
TO
conclude
then
the
Trade
and
Traffique
of
ASIA
Of
the
Trade
in
generall
of
ASIA
.
in
generall
;
it
is
comprehended
within
a
few
principall
Cities
thereof
:
as
first
,
in
the
Grand
Signiors
Dominions
in
Aleppo
,
Smyrna
,
Constantinople
,
Alexandria
,
Balsara
,
and
Baruti
,
and
Damasco
:
in
Persia
Dominions
,
in
Sciras
,
Ormus
,
Casbin
,
Gilan
,
and
Hispahan
:
and
in
India
and
these
Coasts
,
at
Goa
,
Mallacca
,
Siam
,
Pegu
,
Cochin
,
Calicut
,
Mesulapatan
,
and
the
Ilands
of
Iava
,
Iapan
,
Sumatra
,
Moluccos
:
in
Tartaria
,
in
Astracan
,
Capha
,
Sarmacand
,
and
Cambalu
,
&c.
The
Turkish
Nation
affoords
not
many
Merchants
of
note
;
yet
some
are
found
that
from
Constantinople
doe
drive
a
Trade
by
Sea
to
Venice
,
Cairo
,
Trapesond
,
Capha
,
and
some
few
other
places
;
and
some
againe
that
with
Caravans
by
land
drive
a
Trade
from
Aleppo
,
Damasco
,
and
Aegypt
,
to
the
Red
Sea
,
and
to
Mecha
;
but
these
I
may
more
properly
account
Arabians
then
naturall
Turkes
,
who
in
generall
have
beene
esteemed
in
times
past
,
and
yet
are
more
industrious
and
better
vers'd
in
all
manuall
Arts
,
then
in
the
mystery
of
Merchandizing
;
but
now
they
have
well
neere
lost
that
attribute
,
and
wholly
addict
themselves
by
reason
of
their
grand
Signiors
tyranny
,
to
no
further
trade
then
what
necessitie
doth
for
the
most
part
compell
them
,
therefore
not
much
worth
here
further
consideration
.
But
those
severall
Nations
inhabiting
the
large
Coast
of
India
,
Persia
,
and
these
abovementioned
Ilands
,
are
found
to
bee
more
addicted
thereto
and
of
greater
eminencie
,
and
are
found
by
their
traffique
and
commerce
to
have
raised
to
themselves
Estates
in
these
Countries
equall
to
many
of
our
European
Dukes
&
greatest
Earls
,
wherof
the
Gusurets
and
Canarins
,
the
frugall
and
proper
inhabitants
of
India
,
are
accounted
the
chiefest
&
principall
,
occasioned
partly
by
their
excellent
subtilty
in
accounts
and
numbring
,
and
partly
by
the
late
navigations
and
commerce
of
the
Europeans
,
Arabians
,
and
other
remoter
Nations
amongst
them
,
who
bring
them
(
for
the
most
part
)
no
other
commoditie
but
plate
and
silver
in
Rials
of
〈◊〉
which
they
there
exchange
for
the
rich
commodities
of
India
,
as
their
Cloves
,
Maces
,
Nutmegs
,
Pepper
,
Diamonds
,
Emeralds
,
Rubies
,
Pearles
,
and
such
other
,
the
precious
Wares
of
these
Countries
.
The
Persian
Nation
challenge
also
a
large
share
in
this
Trade
of
ASIA
,
occasioned
by
their
excellent
and
industrious
fabriques
,
and
their
naturall
plentie
of
raw
silkes
,
which
from
them
is
aboundantly
transported
and
spread
over
all
the
World
,
and
their
sumptuous
adorning
and
curiositie
of
living
,
drawing
to
them
by
exchange
,
the
riches
and
commodities
of
India
and
China
and
other
places
.
The
Arabians
,
(
as
possessing
a
great
part
of
ASIA
)
may
not
heere
bee
omitted
,
amongst
which
are
found
many
eminent
Merchants
,
not
onely
trading
by
Camels
with
Caravans
from
Turkey
into
Aegypt
and
other
places
,
and
into
the
Red
Sea
,
but
also
from
Aleppo
to
Babylon
,
Balsara
,
and
so
to
the
Persian
gulph
;
and
also
by
Sea
,
not
onely
on
the
Coast
of
Sindy
,
India
,
Cormandell
,
Siam
,
Pegu
,
and
the
Ilands
aforesaid
,
where
many
Mahumetane
Princes
are
found
to
beare
rule
;
but
also
at
Suachem
,
Melinda
,
Brava
,
and
Quiloa
,
and
many
other
parts
and
Ports
of
Africa
Neither
amongst
all
these
above-mentioned
Nations
,
which
are
found
in
the
generall
to
afford
Merchants
of
eminencie
and
note
,
and
to
have
a
Countrey
for
a
particular
residence
to
themselves
,
and
where
their
Princes
doe
beare
Soveraignty
,
are
the
Nation
of
the
Iewes
to
bee
omitted
or
forgotten
,
who
(
though
by
the
curse
of
the
Almightie
)
are
scattered
and
dispersed
as
it
were
over
the
face
of
the
whole
earth
,
and
are
permitted
(
with
some
limitations
and
restrictions
)
their
abode
in
severall
Countries
,
paying
for
their
libertie
,
and
freedome
of
residence
and
commerce
,
both
great
and
large
annuall
contributions
in
sundry
places
;
yet
by
their
ingeniousnes
in
Trade
,
and
their
expertnes
in
Arts
,
and
their
subtilty
in
the
valuation
of
Princes
coines
,
and
their
skill
in
Accompts
,
they
are
found
in
all
these
afore-named
Countries
to
bee
both
eminent
and
rich
Merchants
,
trading
as
well
by
Land
as
by
Sea
through
all
these
afore-named
Countries
,
and
by
their
craft
and
Art
,
raising
to
themselves
eminence
and
great
Estates
thereby
.
I
should
heere
give
a
share
of
this
ASIAN
Trade
to
the
Chinois
,
Tartarians
,
and
other
great
Nations
:
but
my
ignorance
herein
doth
silence
me
.
Therefore
it
shall
content
mee
to
have
surveyed
it
in
the
generall
,
and
to
have
left
behind
mee
what
observations
I
have
beene
able
to
collect
of
the
Traffique
,
and
Traders
of
those
vast
and
large
Territories
and
Countries
,
knowing
that
their
strange
Customes
,
and
the
manner
of
their
Lawes
and
Government
debarres
all
easie
accesse
into
their
Dominions
,
and
what
others
must
not
dare
to
see
,
I
must
not
dare
to
offer
to
recount
.
To
conclude
then
,
having
thus
run
over
and
surveyed
the
generall
Commerce
and
Traffique
of
ASIA
,
I
will
now
turne
my selfe
towards
EVROPE
,
the
last
division
of
the
World
,
and
of
this
Worke
,
and
as
the
best
knowne
to
us
,
and
the
best
reputed
of
Us.
EUROPE
,
AND
THE
PROVINCES
AND
CITIES
OF
TRADE
THEREOF
.
CHAP.
CX
.
Of
Europe
the
last
division
of
the
World
heere
handled
,
and
the
Kingdomes
thereof
.
EUROPE
which
I
have
willingly
omitted
as
Europe
15.
parts
.
last
and
principall
,
commeth
now
to
be
surveied
,
that
the
Trade
thereof
may
the
better
appeare
in
her
particular
Provinces
and
Cities
,
should
be
in
prerogative
of
worth
the
chiefe
and
first
,
but
following
the
custome
of
Merchants
,
I
shew
the
best
last
,
and
the
worst
first
.
Europe
then
is
divided
into
these
Provinces
and
Ilands
.
-
1
Spaine
.
-
2
France
.
-
3
Italie
.
-
4
Belgia
.
-
5
Germanie
.
-
6
Denmarke
.
-
7
Norway
.
-
8
Sweden
.
-
9
Moscovia
.
-
10
Poland
.
-
11
Hungarie
.
-
12
Dacia
.
-
13
Slavonia
.
-
14
Gracia
.
The
Ilands
of
Europe
are
dispersed
through
these
Seas
.
-
1
Greeke
Seas
.
-
2
Egean
Seas
.
-
3
Cretan
Seas
.
-
4
Ionian
Seas
.
-
5
Adriatique
seas
.
-
6
Mediterranean
seas
.
-
7
British
Seas
.
-
8
Northerne
Seas
.
Of
all
which
in
order
,
and
of
each
of
these
Divisions
in
order
.
CHAP.
CXI
.
Of
Spaine
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
SPAINE
the
most
Westerne
Continent
of
Europe
is
invironed
on
all
sides
with
the
Seas
,
exc●…pt
Spaine
.
towards
France
,
from
which
it
is
separated
by
the
Pirenean
Mountaines
,
and
the
Fortresse
of
Pampelona
on
the
North-west
,
and
Perpignan
on
the
South-east
.
The
Commodities
that
this
Country
yeelds
for
Merchandise
,
is
Wines
,
Sugars
,
Oiles
,
Metalls
,
Licoris
,
Rice
,
Silkes
,
Wooll
,
Corke
,
Rosen
,
Commodities
of
Spaine
.
Steele
,
Orenges
,
Limmons
,
Rasens
,
Almonds
,
&c.
Aniseeds
,
Anchoves
,
Soda
Barrellia
,
Figges
,
Tuny
fish
,
Iron
,
Shumacke
,
Saffron
,
Soape
,
Coriander
,
Hony
,
Waxe
,
&c.
Spaine
is
found
at
this
day
to
bee
divided
into
twelve
Provinces
,
which
formerly
were
petty
Kingdomes
;
viz.
1.
Leon
&
Oucedo
,
2.
Navarre
,
3.
Corduba
,
4.
Gallicia
,
5.
Biscay
,
6.
Toledo
,
7.
Murti●…
,
8.
Castile
,
9.
Portugall
,
10.
Valentia
,
11.
Cattelona
,
12.
Aragon
.
Of
which
in
order
,
with
their
Cities
of
note
and
traffique
.
In
Leon
and
Oucedo
I
finde
no
Citie
of
Trade
memorable
,
the
Citie
of
Leon
being
the
principall
,
and
is
the
Principality
belonging
Leon
1.
Oucedo
2.
to
the
Princes
of
Spaine
,
under
the
name
of
Ast●…rias
.
In
Navarre
is
of
note
,
the
Citie
of
Pampelona
famous
for
her
fortification
,
and
not
for
her
negocation
.
Navarre
3.
Corduba
is
accounted
the
most
fertile
soile
of
all
Spaine
,
and
hath
Corduba
for
a
principall
Citie
;
from
whence
commeth
that
excellent
Corduba
.
4.
Cordovant
leather
,
knowne
to
us
.
2.
March●…na
.
a
principall
breeder
of
the
best
Genets
in
Spaine
:
also
3.
Medina
Sidonia
,
whose
Duke
was
principall
Commander
of
that
pretended
Invincible
Armado
1588.
Also
Lucardi
Barameda
a
great
Haven-towne
,
X●…res
which
yeelds
the
Wines
knowne
,
Sherry
Sackes
,
because
the
Spaniards
are
found
to
pronounce
x
as
sh
in
English
:
and
also
Sivill
which
requireth
(
according
to
my
Methode
)
for
her
worth
and
eminency
of
Trade
a
Chapter
by
it selfe
.
CHAP.
CXII
.
Of
Sivill
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
SIVILL
is
accounted
the
fairest
Citie
of
all
Spaine
,
in
compasse
sixe
miles
,
invironed
with
beautifull
Walles
,
and
adorned
with
many
stately
buildings
;
as
Pallaces
,
Churches
,
and
Monasteries
;
one
whereof
is
endowed
with
25000.
Crownes
annuall
rent
.
The
river
Baetis
divides
it
into
two
parts
,
yet
joyned
by
a
stately
Bridge
:
from
hence
the
Spaniards
set
out
towards
the
Westerne
India
,
and
hither
returne
againe
to
unlade
the
riches
of
those
Westerne
parts
of
the
world
,
which
principally
are
found
to
bee
Silver
,
Tobacco
,
Ginger
,
Cottons
,
Sugars
,
Brasill
,
and
Ferinand
Bucqu●…
wood
,
and
so●…
Drugges
.
Here
is
30000.
Genets
maintained
continually
for
the
King
of
Spaine
his
service
;
and
the
Trade
of
this
place
is
of
that
greatnesse
,
that
some
are
of
opinion
,
the
Customes
of
this
Towne
onely
is
wo●…th
unto
the
King
halfe
a
million
of
gold
yearely
;
and
the
Archbishop
of
Sivill
is
held
so
rich
,
that
his
rent
amounts
to
100000
Crownes
yearely
,
and
hath
under
his
Jurisdiction
●…000
.
sm●…ll
Villages
,
and
consequently
,
in
his
whole
Diocese
2000.
Benefices
,
besides
Frieries
,
Nunneries
and
Hospitals
,
and
esteemed
the
next
in
degree
to
him
of
Toledo
:
the
rarities
of
this
place
I
willingly
omit
as
well
knowne
to
our
Nation
.
In
Sivill
,
Madera
,
&c.
the
Merchants
keepe
their
Accounts
by
Marvides
,
Account
kept
in
Sivill
and
Madera
.
of
which
3●…5
.
are
esteem●…d
to
make
a
Duccat
of
Exxᵒ
of
11.
Rialls
,
every
Riall
being
37.
Mal.
and
so
is
but
374.
Mal.
But
our
English
there
resident
keepe
their
Accounts
in
Rialls
of
34.
Mal.
the
Riall
.
Their
currant
monies
are
these
,
A
Duccat
of
Gold
of
Sivill
is
worth
375.
Marvides
accounted
Coines
of
Sivill
.
5.
s.
6.
d.
Ster
.
A
Riall
of
Castile
is
worth
in
Sivill
34.
Marvides
.
and
is
so
worth
throughout
all
Spaine
,
which
is
accounted
6.
d.
Sterling
.
money
.
A
Dobra
currant
is
worth
of
Carlin
money
〈◊〉
Marvides
;
every
1000.
Dobras
are
80.
V.
888.
Marvides
,
and
is
accounted
in
Merchandise
71.
Mar.
and
is
worth
in
Valentia
at
even
hand
4.
Sold.
7.
Den.
1/10
of
Valentia
money
without
charges
of
Exxch.
A
Dobra
of
Castile
is
worth
375.
Marvides
,
or
is
as
above
a
Duccat
of
Gold.
A
Castiliane
of
Merchandise
is
worth
485.
Mervides
,
about
7.
〈◊〉
.
Sterl.
Vide
monies
in
Castile
currant
in
all
Spaine
.
Their
Exxo.
are
made
upon
the
imaginary
Duccat
of
375.
Mar.
Exchanges
in
Sivill
.
payable
in
banco
with
five
per
centum
,
which
is
the
Bancos
salary
,
or
without
the
banco
to
bee
paied
without
the
same
;
and
this
Duccat
is
commonly
tearmed
Ducat●…
de
Or●…
or
de
Peso
;
and
is
worth
,
as
above
,
375.
Mervides
.
In
Sivill
they
●…ake
their
payments
as
following
,
if
you
say
in
Ducate
di
Or●…
or
ae
Castilia
upon
banco
,
those
are
then
paid
in
banco
without
losse
at
all
,
but
if
you
say
to
bee
paid
in
so
many
Duccats
Dor●…
in
Pistolets
forth
of
banco
,
they
will
pay
in
the
said
money
;
but
if
it
be
said
to
pay
in
Carlins
,
it
will
cost
,
and
sometime
¼
per
centum
losse
.
But
because
I
have
at
large
in
the
Tract
of
Exchanges
in
the
Chapters
294.
and
426.
treated
of
the
Exchange
of
this
place
,
therefore
I
will
(
to
avoid
repetition
)
referre
the
Reader
thereunto
for
further
and
ampler
satisfaction
.
There
is
used
in
Sivill
three
Weights
or
Kintars
:
as
first
,
the
Weights
of
Sivill
.
smaller
which
comprehends
112.
l.
of
foure
Roves
of
28.
pounds
a
Rove
.
The
next
is
of
120.
l.
of
foure
Roves
of
30.
l.
to
a
Rove
.
The
last
is
the
great
,
of
144.
l.
of
4.
Roves
of
36.
l.
a
Rove
,
which
last
is
accounted
the
common
Kintar
of
Sivill
,
upon
which
these
observations
have
beene
made
,
which
for
the
certainety
I
referre
to
triall
:
100.
l.
in
Sivill
have
been
found
to
make
in
-
London
—
102.
l.
-
Marselia
—
113
-
Venetia
Sotile
—
152
-
Venetia
Grosse
—
96
-
Sicilia
—
5●…½
-
Lisborne
—
90
〈◊〉
-
Florence
—
129½
-
Antwerpe
—
98
-
Lions
—
97
-
Dansicke
—
117
-
Genoa
Grosse
—
100
Woolles
of
Sivill
is
commonly
heere
bought
about
Michaelmas
,
Spanish
wooll
.
and
they
pay
½
ready
money
,
⅙
at
Christmas
,
and
have
from
March
to
May
for
payment
of
the
rest
,
of
which
heere
is
great
quantity
provided
.
Silke
is
bought
at
Almaria
,
commonly
worth
28.
Pesanti
the
l.
Morisco
,
which
is
18.
s.
Florence
,
for
which
place
it
is
bought
,
and
Raw
Silke
.
this
it
will
cost
1020.
Mar.
the
said
pound
which
is
30.
Rials
,
which
is
performed
betweene
Iune
and
October
,
the
best
time
being
from
Iuly
to
August
by
reason
of
the
heate
,
for
after
that
the
weight
of
silke
will
encrease
.
And
as
for
other
Commodities
heere
found
besides
Wooll
and
Silke
,
it
cannot
properly
bee
said
to
bee
the
Commodities
of
the
place
,
but
for
the
most
are
comprehended
under
the
naturall
Commodities
imported
from
the
West
Indies
,
of
which
this
is
the
principall
Port
and
Scale
in
Europe
,
and
as
a
Countrey
intirely
challenged
by
the
Spaniards
.
Their
common
measure
in
Sivill
is
the
Vare
,
which
hath
beene
Measures
〈◊〉
Sivill
.
observed
,
The
100.
Vares
to
make
in
-
London
—
elles
—
74
-
Anvers
—
123
-
Frankford
—
154
-
Dansicke
—
102
-
Vienna
—
107
-
Lions
—
a.
—
75
-
Paris
—
al.
—
70
-
Genoa
—
Pal.
—
336
-
Roven
—
al.
—
74
-
Lisborne
—
V.
—
74
-
Madera
—
Br.
—
76
-
Venetia
—
133
-
Lucca
—
148
-
Florence
—
151
-
Millan
—
170
Oile
is
bought
here
by
the
Rove
,
64.
Roves
is
in
Venita
one
Miara
,
Of
Oil.
40.
or
41.
Roves
makes
a
Pipe
,
a
Rove
is
8.
Somer
,
a
Somer
is
4.
Quartiles
,
and
a
Quartile
is
⅙
of
a
Stoope
of
Antwerpe
,
and
2.
Pipes
or
81.
Roves
is
25.
or
26.
Florence
Barrels
,
or
252.
Gall.
Gallons
of
English
measure
,
but
Sivill
gage
is
accounted
but
of
these
Pipes
236.
Gallons
,
at
118.
Gallons
the
Pipe.
Corne
is
measured
and
sold
by
the
Caffise
,
which
is
28.
Staos
of
Of
Corne.
Florence
,
and
makes
Bushels
English
(
)
Note
that
S.
Lucar
is
the
Sea
Port
of
this
Citie
,
whereto
all
S.
Lucar
.
shippes
of
burthen
doe
first
come
and
there
lade
and
unlade
,
and
where
the
Officers
of
the
Custome-house
doe
come
aboord
to
take
notice
of
the
goods
both
landed
and
laden
for
the
Citie
of
Sivill
,
where
the
Custome-house
is
,
The
Customes
of
Sivill
are
great
,
and
arise
upon
some
goods
to
Customes
of
Sivill
.
10.
15.
20.
and
upon
most
to
25.
per
cent
which
I
must
referre
to
the
better
experienced
;
onely
it
is
noted
by
some
that
have
treated
of
the
Kings
of
Spaine's
Revenues
,
that
the
Custome-house
yearely
of
this
Citie
doth
yeeld
him
,
as
I
said
before
,
halfe
a
million
of
Gold.
To
proceede
,
in
the
precinct
of
Corduba
lies
Andalusia
,
wherein
I
Andalusia
.
finde
Sivill
to
be
seated
.
Secondly
Granado
,
wherein
the
Citie
of
Granado
,
Mallaga
,
and
Almaria
principall
Cities
are
situated
:
and
Granado
.
Mallaga
.
lastly
,
Estremadura
,
wherein
I
finde
onely
Merida
for
a
Citie
of
note
,
but
not
of
Trade
:
therefore
a
word
of
the
two
former
,
Granado
and
Mallaga
,
better
knowne
to
the
English.
CHAP.
CXIII
.
Of
Granado
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
GRANADO
is
the
ordinary
Parliament
and
Court
of
Justice
for
all
the
Southerne
parts
of
Spaine
,
as
Valiadolid
is
for
the
North
;
and
therefore
it
may
be
imagined
Where
Lawyers
are
found
to
abound
,
little
Trade
is
commonly
concurrent
:
it
is
of
it selfe
a
stately
Towne
,
and
curiously
built
all
of
Free-stone
▪
it
is
fenced
with
a
strong
Wall
,
having
twelve
Gates
,
and
130.
Turrets
;
the
Palace
of
the
late
Morish
Kings
is
the
prime
and
most
magnificent
building
of
this
Citie
,
it
is
●…ated
within
the
Land
,
and
hath
Motr●…ll
for
the
next
Port
,
the
neighbourhood
of
Almeria
and
Mallaga
both
maritime
P●…rts
binder
much
the
Trade
thereof
,
therefore
I
shall
insist
the
lesser
upon
the
Trade
of
this
Citie
,
which
principally
depends
upon
the
Raw
Silke
made
here
and
upon
the
fabriques
wrought
thereof
.
The
Weight
heere
used
is
the
Cantar
of
100.
l.
which
hath
beene
Weights
used
in
Granado
.
observed
by
some
English
to
make
118.
l.
haberdepois
,
and
by
some
Venetians
to
have
made
there
111.
l.
Grosse
and
175.
l.
Sotile
.
The
Measure
is
as
at
Mallaga
.
CHAP.
CIV
.
Of
Mallaga
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
MALLAGA
is
seated
on
the
Mediterranean
shore
,
abounding
in
Reasins
,
and
Wines
that
are
knowne
by
that
name
,
and
thence
vented
to
our
colder
Climate
,
which
makes
this
Towne
famous
for
its
plenty
therein
;
where
touching
Anno
1617.
I
noted
this
observation
,
their
monies
are
generall
with
all
Spaine
,
the
principall
being
A
Riall
,
which
is
34.
Mervides
,
and
is
6.
d.
Sterling
.
A
Pistolet
of
Gold
is
23½
Rials
and
the
Double
being
47.
Rials
.
Coines
in
Mallaga
.
Their
Customes
upon
Merchandise
here
differ
;
for
Sugar
,
Almonds
,
Wine
and
Oiles
are
found
to
pay
Custome
outwards
—
7½
.
per
cent
.
Customes
of
Mallaga
.
Cochoncale
and
other
such
fine
commodities
—
10.
All
Commodities
which
are
found
to
issue
ou●…
ells
—
5.
All
Commodities
transported
from
Port
to
Port
—
2.
Their
Weight
is
the
100.
l.
divided
into
foure
parts
of
25.
l.
which
they
call
the
Rove
,
and
every
pound
is
16.
ounc
.
and
1.
oun.
makes
16.
Weights
of
Mallaga
.
drammes
,
and
each
dramme
28.
graines
:
and
this
100.
l.
or
Kintar
hath
beene
found
to
make
112.
l.
5.
ounc
.
English
;
but
yet
I
finde
some
that
have
made
observations
upon
this
place
alleadge
that
the
100.
l.
of
Mallaga
will
yeeld
in
London
105.
l.
Their
measure
of
length
is
a
Vare
,
which
is
27⅞
inches
by
Rule
.
Measures
of
Mallaga
.
Their
liquid
Measure
for
Wine
and
Oiles
is
a
Rove
,
and
divided
into
8.
So●…bres
:
25.
Roves
makes
a
Pipe
,
and
is
100
,
Gallons
English
.
Their
graine
Measure
is
a
Hanocke
,
and
is
divided
into
twelve
Of
Corne.
Almodos
;
this
Hanocke
is
¼
of
a
Bushell
and
twelve
Gallons
English
,
which
weigheth
by
heape
144.
l.
and
by
stroake
29.
l.
English.
Note
that
Almeria
agreeth
in
Weights
and
Measures
with
Mallaga
Almeria
.
above
named
.
In
Galicia
,
I
finde
onely
Saint
Iames
of
Compostella
famous
for
the
Gallicia
.
s●…pulchre
of
Saint
Iames
which
is
worshipped
with
incredible
devotion
;
and
Baiona
,
commonly
called
the
Groine
,
whereto
some
Q.
Baiona
.
Trade
is
driven
by
the
Merchants
of
England
,
principally
of
Bristoll
,
which
I
briefly
thus
anatomise
.
The
Coines
are
the
same
,
as
used
throughout
Spaine
.
Here
is
in
use
two
Quintals
,
the
one
proper
to
Iron
,
which
is
in
London
122.
l.
and
the
other
called
the
Sutle
Quintall
,
which
is
108.
l.
and
the
Measure
heere
in
use
is
as
in
Bilboaa
following
.
In
Biscay
,
I
finde
Bilboa
and
Saint
Sebastians
,
two
noted
Townes
Biscay
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
of
Trading
,
much
frequented
by
Merchants
,
whereupon
I
have
gathered
these
observations
of
the
Trade
of
these
places
.
The
Coines
are
here
currant
with
all
Spaine
,
which
is
the
Spanish
Riall
,
distinguished
into
white
Quartiles
,
foure
to
a
Riall
,
and
4½
blacke
Quartile
to
a
single
Riall
,
and
accounted
by
34.
Mervides
to
the
said
Riall
.
There
is
heere
in
use
two
Quintars
,
the
one
proper
to
the
Iron
Weights
of
Bilboa
.
here
made
,
which
produceth
in
London
158.
l.
and
the
other
being
the
Sutle
100.
l.
produceth
here
about
111.
to
112.
l.
Their
Measure
heere
of
length
is
the
Vare
;
100.
yards
is
heere
Measures
of
Bilboa
.
109.
Vares
,
and
the
100.
Flemish
Elles
,
whereby
Bayes
are
bought
in
England
is
here
80.
Vares
.
Corne
is
heere
sold
by
the
Hanega
,
and
five
Hanegaes
hath
beene
observed
to
make
a
Quarter
English.
The
Customes
here
are
2½
per
centum
,
and
valued
as
they
shall
bee
Customes
of
Bilboa
.
sold
,
and
not
paid
till
sold
:
but
note
that
no
Commodities
payes
here
any
Custome
but
what
is
either
to
be
eaten
,
drunken
,
or
burned
:
and
if
a
Merchant
hap
to
make
a
bad
debt
of
above
500.
l.
the
Custome
thereof
is
not
paid
at
all
.
In
Toledo
is
the
Citie
of
Toledo
famous
for
its
Archbishopricke
,
Toledo
.
whose
Rents
looke
as
high
as
300000.
Crownes
yearely
;
it
is
seated
in
the
center
of
Spaine
,
but
of
no
great
consequence
in
matter
of
Trade
,
knowne
to
us
,
as
improper
for
the
same
by
its
situation
,
being
an
Inland
Citie
,
and
overtraded
by
Churchmen
.
In
Murcia
,
there
are
three
Townes
of
note
,
Murcia
the
first
as
principall
of
the
Province
;
Cartagena
the
second
,
as
having
a
Murcia
.
Cartagena
.
most
excellent
Haven
,
and
agreeing
in
Weights
and
Measures
with
Alicant
,
that
is
the
third
,
that
hath
choice
Wines
and
good
trading
by
its
commodious
situation
.
Of
the
two
former
I
cannot
say
much
:
in
the
later
having
lived
some
yeares
,
I
observed
these
Rules
in
the
course
and
Trade
of
the
place
.
CHAP.
CXV
.
Of
Alicante
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
ALICANTE
seated
on
the
Mediterranean
shore
,
as
Mallaga
,
Almeria
,
and
Cartagena
are
,
is
of
late
Alicante
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
yeares
become
(
by
reason
of
its
commodious
Roade
)
to
bee
the
Scale
of
the
Citie
of
Valentia
,
where
the
principall
Merchants
thereof
reside
,
and
have
here
their
Factors
and
Respondents
that
negociate
their
affaires
for
them
:
it
affords
Wines
,
Resins
,
Licoris
,
Soda
Barillia
,
basse
ropes
,
Soapes
hence
called
Alicant
Soapes
,
Aniseeds
,
and
such
.
The
Monies
are
those
of
Valentia
,
see
there
farther
.
Merchants
keepe
their
Accounts
here
in
Livers
Solds
and
Deniers
;
Coines
Alicant
.
twelve
Deniers
make
a
Soldo
,
twenty
shillings
a
Liver
,
which
is
accounted
Account
kept
.
to
be
five
s.
Sterl.
as
the
Soldo
three
pence
,
and
the
Denier
a
farthing
.
Their
knowne
great
Weight
is
a
Cargo
,
which
is
10.
Roves
of
24
Weights
of
Alicante
.
l.
and
of
36.
l.
to
the
Rove
:
the
Rove
of
24.
l.
being
18.
Ounces
,
and
the
Rove
of
36.
l.
being
twelve
ounces
,
by
which
is
sold
Pepper
,
Rice
,
Almonds
,
Cloves
,
Spices
,
and
other
commodities
of
value
.
All
grosse
Commodities
are
weighed
by
24.
l.
to
the
Rove
,
and
foure
to
the
Quintall
,
the
Cargo
making
280.
l.
Haberdepois
,
and
the
Quintall
making
96.
l.
in
England
.
All
Sugars
,
Drugges
,
and
Tinne
is
weighed
by
a
small
Quintall
which
is
120.
l.
of
twelve
ounces
to
the
pound
,
which
is
about
18.
or
20.
per
centum
,
lesse
than
the
English
112.
l.
Soda
Barillia
carryed
hence
to
Venetia
to
make
Glasses
,
and
to
Marselia
to
make
hard
Soape
,
hath
beene
found
to
make
a
Cantar
133.
lib.
of
Province
:
but
because
this
diversity
of
Weights
may
seeme
troublesome
to
bee
understood
,
observe
this
generall
Rule
,
96.
li.
of
18.
ounces
is
144.
li.
of
12.
ounces
,
and
is
the
great
Quin●…all
A
generall
rule
in
Alicante
Weights
.
80.
li.
of
18.
ounces
is
120.
li.
of
twelve
ounces
and
is
the
small
Quintall
;
the
difference
found
is
16.
li.
of
18.
ounces
per
libram
,
and
24.
li.
of
twelve
ounces
li.
from
the
great
to
the
small
Quintar
.
Their
common
Measure
is
a
Vare
,
which
is
⅙
lesse
than
the
English
Measures
of
Alicante
.
yard
.
Their
Wine
Measure
is
a
Cantaro
,
which
is
about
12.
quartes
English.
Their
Corne
Measure
is
a
Caffise
,
about
3.
bushels
English.
Their
Custome
is
11.
Deniers
per
centum
Liver
,
which
is
4½
per
cent
.
Custome
.
and
is
payable
8.
Deniers
to
the
Duana
,
and
3.
Deniers
Sisa
,
which
●…s
paid
as
well
by
the
buyer
as
the
seller
,
and
as
often
as
any
goods
●…re
either
bought
,
sold
,
or
bartered
,
so
often
is
the
said
Custome
paid
by
buyer
and
seller
9.
per
cent
.
see
Valentia
farther
.
The
next
is
Castile
,
the
most
prevalent
Province
of
all
Spaine
,
Castile
.
and
whence
the
Spaniards
entitle
themselves
Castilians
,
and
to
which
all
the
other
are
united
,
either
by
conquest
or
intermarriages
;
it
is
divided
into
the
New
and
Old
,
in
which
is
first
the
Citie
of
Segovia
,
whence
comes
our
fine
Segovia
cloth
,
made
by
Wools
that
first
Segovia
.
had
their
originall
from
our
English
Sheepe
.
Secondly
,
Valiadolid
,
Valiadolid
.
an
University
,
which
yeelds
no
commodity
but
English
papisticall
Fugitives
.
Next
Burges
,
famous
as
contending
with
Toledo
for
the
Burges
.
Primateship
of
Spaine
.
Next
Salamanca
,
the
most
famous
Academy
Salamanca
.
of
all
Spaine
;
these
are
in
Old
Castile
.
In
New
Castile
are
found
these
Cities
,
first
Madrid
the
seate
of
the
Kings
of
Spaine
,
and
from
a
late
Madrid
.
Village
become
a
populous
and
large
Citie
.
Secondly
,
Alcala
.
Alcala
.
Thirdly
,
Alcantara
.
And
lastly
the
Escuriall
,
built
by
Philip
the
Second
Escuriall
.
and
which
cost
foure
millions
the
structure
.
In
this
Tract
,
I
have
not
observed
any
eminent
Citie
of
Trading
,
yet
because
the
whole
Country
of
Spaine
in
generall
hath
in
many
things
a
dependency
upon
the
rules
and
orders
in
matter
of
Trade
belonging
hereunto
;
I
will
therefore
to
shorten
my
Worke
as
well
in
the
succeeding
as
in
some
preceding
Townes
give
you
a
touch
of
the
Trade
hereof
under
the
Title
of
Madrid
or
Castile
.
CHAP.
CXVI
.
Of
Madrid
in
Castile
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THe
generall
Coynes
of
Castile
I
account
as
the
generall
Coynes
passing
thoroughout
Spaine
,
which
is
to
be
considered
Castilia
and
the
trade
thereof
.
when
I
treate
of
the
trade
of
any
Citty
under
the
subjection
of
the
King
of
Spaine
.
In
the
then
Court
of
Spaine
being
commonly
in
Madrid
in
Castilia
,
the
duccat
is
worth
375.
marvides
,
and
is
called
by
Coines
of
Castilia
.
some
a
dobra
of
Castile
.
A
Castiliano
is
worth
485.
marvides
.
A
florin
of
Castile
is
worth
265.
marvides
almost
foure
shillings
starlin
.
A
duccat
count
or
quento
of
marvides
is
a
million
.
Quento
.
A
count
or
quento
of
marvides
is
duccats
2666⅔
,
and
at
Dobra
it
is
worth
2739
57/73
dobras
,
which
is
starlin
733.
li.
6.
s.
8.
d.
A
Riall
single
of
Castile
is
worth
34.
marvides
,
which
is
6.
d.
starlin
.
A
quento
of
marvides
is
worth
3258.
Rials
and
three
marvides
.
A
Crowne
of
Castile
is
worth
323
,
marvides
,
but
of
them
you
may
not
make
paiment
but
of
500.
onely
.
The
Duccat
of
Spaine
hath
11.
Rials
of
plate
,
and
every
Riall
as
I
said
before
34.
marvides
,
and
every
Duccat
374.
marvides
,
which
is
5.
s.
6.
d.
English
,
the
Riall
6.
d.
and
the
marvides
lesse
then
our
farthing
:
the
single
Pistolet
of
gold
is
11.
Reals
¾
.
being
400.
marvides
,
which
is
according
to
6.
d.
a
Riall
5.
s.
10½
.
Esterling
.
In
Castilia
they
that
give
mony
upon
Exchange
,
do
agree
to
be
paid
Exchanges
in
Castilia
.
in
Duccats
of
gold
,
or
their
worth
in
gold
or
silver
,
for
if
they
should
not
doe
so
,
they
should
bee
paide
in
base
money
,
which
would
proove
to
be
more
then
five
per
cent
.
losse
.
The
orders
of
the
faires
in
Castile
are
thus
.
The
first
is
the
faire
of
May
,
and
is
made
in
Medina
del
Campo
,
Faires
of
Castilia
.
and
begins
the
first
of
Iune
,
and
lasteth
50.
daies
.
The
second
is
the
faire
of
August
,
and
is
made
in
Medina
de
Ri●…secco
,
and
begins
the
first
of
August
,
and
lasteth
30.
daies
.
The
third
is
the
faire
of
October
,
made
in
Medina
del
Campo
,
and
begins
the
first
of
November
,
lasting
50.
daies
.
The
fourth
is
the
faire
of
Villa
lion
,
begins
the
first
day
of
Lent
,
and
lasteth
twenty
daies
,
but
is
no
faire
of
Exchange
,
the
time
expired
,
there
may
no
goods
be
sould
,
nor
paiments
made
upon
paine
of
forfeiture
of
the
goods
and
monies
.
and
it
is
to
bee
noted
that
the
letters
be
there
fifteene
daies
before
the
time
.
The
paiments
upon
all
the
faires
they
make
in
Banco
,
not
saying
The
paiments
.
●…rth
,
and
they
are
to
remit
in
duccats
de
Or●…
,
in
Or●…
larg●…
,
and
forth
〈◊〉
Banco
,
when
they
say
forth
of
Banco
and
for
ready
money
,
there
〈◊〉
gotten
thereby
one
per
cent
.
and
when
they
say
duccats
of
gold
or
●…e
worth
,
it
is
understoode
in
marvedes
,
375.
for
a
duccat
,
and
when
●…ey
say
forth
of
the
faire
,
it
is
understood
for
ready
money
,
and
●…is
shall
suffice
to
have
said
of
Castilia
in
generall
:
and
as
for
the
●…stome
and
manner
of
their
exchanges
here
practised
,
see
the
chap●…r
426.
of
the
exchanges
of
Spaine
at
the
end
of
this
tract
.
In
Portugall
once
a
famous
Kingdome
,
(
and
the
rather
for
the
Portugall
.
●…rtunate
discoveries
made
in
the
Easterne
Indies
by
the
inhabitants
)
●…ere
is
many
faire
townes
of
trading
,
but
all
of
them
giving
prece●…ency
to
Lixborne
,
the
metropolis
of
this
Kingdome
,
I
shall
willing●…
therefore
omit
the
rest
,
and
inlarge
my selfe
thereupon
:
The
Commodities
of
Portugall
.
●…nerall
commodities
this
Country
abounds
in
are
these
,
Hony
,
●…ine
,
Oyle
,
Allum
,
Fruits
,
Fish
,
white
Marble
,
Salt
,
&c.
and
those
●…any
other
commodities
that
it
is
now
in
great
aboundance
found
to
●…eld
are
the
proper
commodities
of
the
East
Indies
,
such
as
are
●…epper
,
Cloves
,
Sugars
,
Nutmegs
,
Ginger
,
Cottons
,
Callicoes
,
the
Iems
of
●…dia
,
the
Spices
and
drugs
of
Arabia
,
and
the
Silkes
and
fabriques
of
●…rsia
and
China
,
which
though
here
to
bee
had
,
yet
I
have
here
●…mitted
the
mentioning
,
as
not
being
the
native
commodities
of
●…ortugall
.
CHAP.
CXVII
.
Of
Lixborne
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
LIXBORNE
is
accounted
to
bee
seven
miles
in
compasse
,
Lixborne
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
and
to
containe
20000.
families
,
having
67.
towres
upon
the
walls
,
and
22.
gates
to
the
Sea-ward
,
and
16.
to
the
Continent
:
it
is
seated
upon
the
River
Tagus
,
accounted
most
famous
and
commodious
for
traffique
and
commerce
,
from
hence
the
Portugals
set
out
to
the
East
Indies
,
and
hether
doe
returne
againe
with
all
those
Spices
drugs
and
other
the
rich
Merchandise
which
East
India
,
Arabia
,
Persia
and
China
doe
affoord
:
at
the
entrance
of
the
River
Duer●…
stands
Porto
also
,
a
towne
of
good
trade
,
where
the
gallies
used
in
times
past
to
land
the
merchandise
,
and
therefore
is
called
Porta
gall●…rum
,
by
which
meanes
some
authors
doe
inferre
the
whole
countrey
tooke
its
name
of
Portugall
.
But
to
proceede
to
Lixborne
,
I
will
note
what
I
have
observed
thereupon
in
matter
of
traffique
according
to
my
proposed
theame
.
The
coines
in
Portugall
found
currant
are
these
:
Coines
of
Portugall
.
A
〈◊〉
of
gold
,
is
worth
400.
Reas.
A
Duccat
of
Portugall
is
10.
Reals
,
which
is
400.
Reas
,
which
is
five
shillings
starlin
.
A
Riall
is
40.
Res
,
or
6.
d.
starlin
,
a
mill
Reas
is
22.
Rials
.
A
Teston
is
2½
.
Rials
,
or
100.
Res
,
or
15.
d.
starlin
.
A
Vintin
is
20.
Res
or
3.
d.
starlin
.
A
Mirle
of
gold
is
1000.
Res
,
which
is
2½
.
duccats
.
A
single
Riall
Spanish
,
is
2.
Vintins
,
or
4.
Res.
Their
Waights
are
these
,
a
small
and
a
great
,
the
great
C●…
Waights
of
Portugall
.
is
divided
into
foure
Roves
,
and
each
Root
.
is
32.
Reals
,
which
is
128.
li.
at
14.
ounces
per
li.
which
hath
been
found
to
make
in
F●…rence
149.
li.
their
small
Quintar
for
Pepper
and
Ginger
is
neee●…
112.
li.
English
:
the
Rove
or
quarterne
is
28.
li.
the
great
Quintall
holdeth
15.
in
16.
per
cent
.
more
then
the
English
112.
li.
The
King
hath
a
Quintar
for
his
Contractation
house
to
sell
the
Spices
of
India
,
by
which
is
150.
li.
of
Florence
,
and
is
about
114.
li.
English
;
the
great
Cantar
of
Lixborne
making
in
Florence
170.
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
130.
li.
English
,
but
all
fine
goods
is
by
custome
of
the
place
to
b●…
sould
by
the
said
Kings
beame
.
These
observations
upon
the
100.
li.
small
of
Lixborne
,
have
been
made
in
and
yeeld
The
100.
l.
small
of
Lixborne
doth
to
yeeld
in
-
London
—
113½
.
li.
-
Marselia
—
126½
.
li.
-
Venetia
sotle
—
168½
.
-
Venetia
grosse
—
106
〈◊〉
.
-
Sicilia
—
63¼
.
-
Florence
—
149¼
.
-
Antwerpe
—
107¾
.
-
Lions
—
119
〈◊〉
.
-
Civill
—
110¾
.
-
Dansick
—
130½
.
-
Genoa
—
162.
-
Alleppo
—
23.
Rials
-
Alleppo
silke
—
24.
6.
-
Irip.
soria
—
27.
6.
-
Irip.
Barbaria
—
98.
li.
-
Baruti
—
22.
-
Allex.
zera
—
52.
3.
-
Allex.
forsia
—
117.
6.
-
Sei●…
—
102.
10.
-
Constantinople
—
93.
6.
-
Rhodes
—
20.
7.
-
Acria
—
18.
3.
-
Babylonia
—
15.
10.
Ma.
-
Balsera
—
4.
5½
.
Ma.
-
Ormus
—
113.
Which
for
triall
I
referre
to
the
experienced
.
Their
Measures
of
length
,
dry
and
liquid
heere
used
are
these
;
Measures
of
length
in
Portuga●…
.
●…irst
,
their
Measure
of
Cloth
is
the
Covada
,
which
is
neere
¾
of
●…n
English
Yard
;
but
the
Measure
of
Linnen
is
the
Vare
,
and
is
●…n
Ell
,
lesse
naile
of
the
English
Measure
,
by
which
may
bee
made
●…he
computation
for
other
Countries
,
and
by
some
found
to
bee
8.
●…er
centum
lesse
.
The
Measure
of
Corne
is
the
Alquier
,
three
Alquiers
is
a
bushell
,
Of
Corne
in
Portugall
.
〈◊〉
is
8.
Gallons
Winchester
Measure
,
and
five
Alquiers
is
a
Hannep
of
Spanish
Measure
.
The
Measure
of
Salt
is
called
the
Muy
,
and
60.
Alquiers
makes
a
Of
Salt.
ni
Portugall
Muy
,
and
2.
Muyes
and
15.
Alquiers
is
a
Tunne
of
Bristoll
water-mea●…ure
,
which
is
10.
Gallons
Winchester
,
and
40.
of
those
Measures
doe
make
a
Tunne
.
Note
that
4½
Alquiers
of
Lisborne
makes
a
Fanega
or
Hannep
in
Andalusia
,
by
some
observations
,
which
Fanega
is
2.
Staios
and
●…omewhat
more
of
Florence
,
in
such
manner
that
a
Staio
of
Florence
●…ay
be
accounted
halfe
a
Fanega
,
and
an
Alquier
of
Lxiboa
may
bee
●…ccounted
halfe
a
Staio
of
Florence
,
which
makes
(
)
Gal.
Eng.
The
Customes
is
inwards
23.
per
centum
,
that
is
,
to
the
dechima
10.
Customes
of
Lisbor●…
.
●…er
cent
.
to
the
Sisa
10.
per
cent
.
and
to
the
Consolado
3.
per
cent
.
and
●…he
Customes
outwards
is
onely
3.
per
centum
.
These
observations
have
beene
also
made
upon
Measures
of
this
place
;
22.
Alquiers
of
Lisborne
have
made
in
Sicilia
upon
corne
Observations
upon
the
dry
measures
of
Lisb●…
.
〈◊〉
.
generall
Salmo
,
Alquiers
3⅙
have
made
in
Marselia
one
Mina
;
and
●…t
is
to
bee
understood
,
that
the
Muy
of
Corne
and
Salt
are
all
alike
,
but
that
there
is
given
one
in
24.
more
upon
Salt
,
because
the
Salt
●…ooseth
and
not
the
Corne.
The
Tunne
of
Wine
in
Lisborne
is
52.
Almudin
,
and
one
Almudin
is
13.
Cha●…ate
,
&c.
which
is
in
England
(
)
Gallons
.
The
next
Province
is
Valentia
,
giving
name
,
or
taking
it
from
a
〈◊〉
.
Citie
of
the
same
name
,
the
principall
of
this
Province
which
is
seated
some
two
miles
from
the
sea
,
where
there
is
found
an
open
Roade
called
La
Gre●…o
,
and
not
capable
of
great
shippes
,
nor
indeed
safe
for
shippes
of
any
noted
burthen
,
therefore
is
Alicante
become
the
principall
Scale
for
this
Citie
,
in
which
place
having
resided
for
some
time
Anno
1617.
I
shall
touch
the
Trade
thereof
as
observed
by
me
in
those
dayes
.
CHAP.
CXVIII
.
Of
Valentia
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
VALENTIA
the
principall
Citie
of
the
Province
of
Valentia
,
giveth
Rules
to
all
the
adjoyning
places
,
as
Valentia
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
well
for
matter
of
Trade
as
judicature
,
wherein
is
vented
yearely
great
quantity
of
Pepper
,
Tinne
,
Lead
,
Baies
,
Linnens
,
Fish
,
as
Pilchards
,
Herings
,
and
Newland
fish
,
and
such
other
like
Commodities
,
having
their
〈◊〉
current
,
Weights
and
Measures
as
followeth
.
A
Liver
of
Valentia
is
worth
20.
Sold.
of
that
money
,
and
is
〈◊〉
▪
Coines
of
Valentia
.
Sterling
.
A
Duccat
of
Gold
is
21.
Sold.
of
the
said
money
.
A
Castilian●…
is
27.
Sold.
and
4.
Deniers
of
the
same
money
.
A
Liver
of
Valent●…a
is
worth
365.
Mervides
of
Castilia
,
and
changing
them
at
Naples
for
Valentia
18
sold.
4.
Deniers
,
which
with
the
charges
comes
even
,
because
a
Duccat
of
Carlins
is
worth
at
Naples
after
the
rate
of
sold.
18.
Den.
3½
and
this
because
your
money
〈◊〉
at
15.
per
centum
.
Their
greatest
money
is
a
peece
of
6.
sold.
which
is
three
Rials
Castile
,
then
have
they
three
sold.
which
1½
Rials
,
and
the
halfe
of
three
sold.
which
is
18
Deniers
,
which
is
1½
sold.
every
soldo
is
12.
Deniers
,
and
24.
Deniers
is
a
Riall
Costiliano
,
which
is
6.
d.
Sterl.
Their
Accounts
are
kept
by
Livers
sold.
and
Deniers
,
12.
Deniers
accounted
to
a
sold.
and
20.
sold.
to
a
Liver
,
which
is
10.
Rials
Castile
,
Accounts
in
Valentia
.
50
souls
French
and
5.
s.
sterl.
The
Weights
are
these
and
thus
distinguished
.
The
greatest
Weight
is
a
Cargo
or
Load
,
which
is
360.
li.
of
Vilentia
,
Weights
of
Valentia
.
and
hath
beene
found
to
encrease
3.
or
4
per
centum
after
the
Weight
of
Florence
.
This
Cargo
is
accounted
to
bee
12.
Roves
as
well
of
fine
as
grosse
goods
;
a
Rove
sutle
being
30.
li.
and
by
this
Weight
Cargo
fine
.
Ditto
grosse
.
is
weighed
corne
,
sugar
,
oile
,
spice
,
and
other
fine
goods
.
A
Rove
Grosse
is
36.
lib.
and
by
this
is
weighed
Wooll
,
and
such
other
grosse
goods
.
A
Quintar
as
well
the
small
as
great
is
foure
Roves
,
which
makes
120.
li.
of
fine
goods
,
and
144.
li.
of
grosse
goods
,
in
which
observe
this
true
Rule
for
all
the
Weights
of
Valentia
.
98.
li.
of
18.
ounces
to
the
li.
is
144.
li.
of
12.
ounces
to
a
pound
,
and
is
accounted
the
great
Kintar
,
and
Note
in
weights
.
80.
li.
of
18.
ounces
to
the
li.
is
120.
li.
of
12.
ounces
per
li.
the
small
Cantar
:
so
that
the
difference
is
16.
li.
of
18.
ounces
and
24.
l.
●…f
twelve
ounces
from
the
great
to
the
small
,
and
these
two
Weights
●…ave
beene
observed
to
yeeld
in
other
Cities
of
Trade
after
this
●…anner
.
100.
lib.
Sutle
doth
produce
the
first
Rowe
.
100.
li.
Grosse
doth
produce
in
the
second
-
|
Sutle
li.
|
Grosse
li.
|
London
|
96½
|
115¼
|
Marselia
|
107
|
128
|
Venetia
sotile
|
140
|
168
|
Sicilia
|
54
|
64
|
Lisborne
|
84
|
102
|
Florence
|
122
|
147
|
Antwerpe
|
92
|
110
|
Lions
|
101
|
122
|
Civill
|
94
|
113
|
Dansicke
|
110
|
133
|
Mallaga
|
26
Rials
|
31
Rials
|
Barselona
|
104.
l.
|
125.
l.
|
Majorque
|
102
|
124
|
Paris
|
102
|
124
|
S.
M●…llos
|
105
|
128
|
Allepp
|
19.
6.
Rials
|
23.
4.
|
Tripoli
Siria
|
23.
4.
Rials
|
24.
9.
|
B●…ruci
|
18.
8.
|
22.
4.
|
Alexand.
zera
|
44.
5.
|
53.
2.
|
Scio
|
87.
6.
|
105
|
Constantinople
|
79
|
95
|
Rhodes
|
17
|
21
|
Genoa
|
133
|
163
|
Their
Measures
are
these
following
:
Foure
Palmes
of
Valentia
makes
a
Vare
,
which
is
1⅔
Braces
,
of
Measures
of
Valentia
.
Florence
,
and
is
⅚
parts
of
an
English
Yard
;
100.
Vares
after
this
account
may
be
in
London
83.
in
85.
Yards
.
Corne
is
sold
by
the
Caffiso
in
Valentia
,
which
is
twelve
Barsellas
,
Of
Corne.
which
weigh
10½
Roves
of
36.
lib.
●…a
Rove
of
twelve
ounces
per
lib.
which
is
in
Florence
7½
Staios
,
and
37.
Barsellas
is
there
24.
Staios
,
which
is
a
Mayo
,
Barseilas
17.
making
a
generall
Salmo
in
Sicilia
;
and
is
of
the
measure
of
corne
in
England
(
)
Gallons
.
Salt
is
also
sold
by
the
Caffiso
,
which
weighes
18.
l.
of
the
Grosse
Of
Salt.
waight
of
Valentia
,
eight
Caffices
making
one
M●…dino
in
Iui●…e
,
and
one
Caffice
making
3.
bushells
English.
Wine
is
sold
by
the
Cantaro
,
which
is
a
pitcher
,
and
containes
Of
Wines
.
twelve
quarts
of
English
measures
:
note
hat
1480.
Salms
of
wheate
in
Sicilia
have
made
in
Valentia
1840.
Saffici
.
This
Country
affords
,
as
I
said
before
,
hard
Soape
commonly
worth
80.
Rials
a
Kintar
,
rising
and
falling
as
oyles
are
in
request
.
Commodities
of
Valentia
.
Aniseeds
are
worth
about
24.
Rials
the
Rove
,
and
daily
is
transported
for
France
and
England
.
Barillia
is
used
in
making
glasses
,
and
hard
soapes
;
and
worth
16.
to
18.
Rials
per
centum
.
Resins
of
Denia
,
a
small
Village
,
anciently
a
famous
Towne
of
this
Province
;
not
so
well
esteemed
as
Mallaga
fruit
,
is
sold
Genia
.
heere
at
18.
Rials
per
cent
.
and
I
have
paid
here
for
a
whole
shippes
lading
of
200.
Tunnes
,
Anno
1618.
24.
Rials
per
cent
.
proving
commonly
best
when
dearest
.
Almonds
are
heere
also
plenty
,
worth
commonly
twelve
Duccats
a
Cargo
,
which
is
2.
2.
0.
l.
English
,
which
280.
li.
Customes
here
paid
is
9.
per
cent.
4½
by
the
buyer
,
and
4½
by
the
seller
,
and
as
often
as
any
Commodity
is
bought
or
sold
,
so
often
Customes
in
Valentia
.
is
this
Custome
paid
,
being
8.
Deniers
Duana
and
3.
Deniers
Sisa
;
and
if
any
goods
comes
in
to
bee
shipped
out
againe
(
com●…only
called
a
Transito
)
the
generall
Duty
of
foure
Deniers
per
li.
is
onely
paid
and
no
more
.
Their
payments
in
Customes
and
all
other
wayes
are
in
Valentia
monie
,
and
worth
3.
per
cent
.
to
be
converted
into
Spanish
Rials
.
There
is
also
a
Duty
called
a
Mottahecos
,
which
is
a
pound
of
Pepper
on
each
Quintar
,
and
so
upon
other
fine
goods
:
and
this
is
as
much
as
I
remember
needfull
in
this
argument
,
and
so
I
will
proceed
to
the
next
Province
which
is
Cattalognia
;
and
as
for
the
Exchanges
here
practised
,
see
farther
in
the
291.
and
426.
Chapters
.
In
Cattalonia
is
onely
famous
,
the
City
of
Barselona
the
principall
of
this
Province
,
where
having
good
cause
of
the
remembrance
Catalonia
.
of
my
being
heere
by
reason
of
my
imprisonment
in
the
Inquisition
,
Anno
1618.
I
must
according
to
my
Methode
afford
the
Cities
Traffique
,
a
note
of
observation
,
in
acknowledgement
of
their
love
and
paines
in
my
Release
;
moved
thereto
,
partly
by
the
affection
I
had
gained
with
many
the
chiefe
Merchants
,
but
especially
least
the
●…ame
might
deterre
other
English
from
comming
to
traffique
and
inhabite
amongst
them
,
and
furnish
their
〈◊〉
with
English
commodities
which
they
seeme
much
to
desire
,
and
oftentimes
much
stand
in
need
of
.
CHAP.
CXIX
.
Of
Barselona
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
BARSELONA
is
seated
on
the
Mediterranean
shore
,
and
entering
into
that
Golfe
which
is
so
terrible
to
Barselona
.
Navigators
.
In
these
parts
called
The
Golfe
of
Lions
,
it
hath
a
reasonable
commodious
and
safe
Harbour
,
and
the
Citizens
doe
winterly
enlarge
and
lengthen
the
same
by
adding
to
their
Moulde
,
that
shippes
of
burthen
may
come
within
the
same
:
what
I
observed
here
Anno
1618.
I
will
briefly
declare
.
Their
monies
current
in
Merchandise
,
besides
the
Riall
of
Castile
,
Coines
in
Barselona
.
is
a
Liver
which
passeth
heere
at
20.
sold.
and
a
Duccat
of
Gold
of
Castile
is
worth
24.
sold.
of
the
said
money
,
and
the
soldo
is
twelve
Deniers
of
that
money
,
wherein
they
are
found
to
keepe
their
Accounts
.
Their
Cantar
is
a
100.
lib.
which
is
English
92.
lib.
or
thereabouts
,
Weights
in
Barselona
.
and
hath
made
by
observation
in
-
Florence
—
123.
l.
-
Genoa
—
130
-
Valentia
—
106
〈◊〉
-
Marselia
—
104
-
Venetia
Sotle
—
140
Their
Measure
is
a
Canne
consisting
of
eight
Palmes
and
hath
beene
found
to
make
three
Braces
in
Florence
,
and
in
England
found
Measures
of
length
.
to
produce
1
〈◊〉
Yards
English
,
and
in
Naples
hath
been
found
to
make
6⅓
Palmes
.
Corne
is
sould
by
a
Measure
called
the
Quarter
,
one
Salmo
is
foure
Of
Corne.
Quarters
,
sould
alwayes
free
of
all
Customes
,
2½
Quarters
making
a
Carga
or
loade
,
which
is
accounted
360.
li.
as
is
that
Carga
mentioned
aforegoing
in
Valentia
.
Woolles
are
sould
by
the
Rove
,
which
is
30.
li.
making
26
▪
.
li.
of
Venetia
grosse
,
whither
the
same
is
commonly
transported
,
and
in
Florence
36.
lib.
All
grosse
goods
are
sould
by
the
Carga
,
accounted
3.
Kintars
,
which
is
440.
li.
sutle
of
Venetia
,
and
278.
li.
grosse
there
,
which
is
372.
li.
in
Florence
,
and
hath
beene
found
to
make
English
300.
lib.
Haberdepois
.
In
this
Province
lieth
also
Tortosa
a
fine
small
Citie
,
but
the
principall
Tortosa
.
of
the
Inhabitants
being
accounted
as
Moores
were
some
yeares
before
my
being
here
banished
this
Country
,
and
therefore
most
places
lies
waste
,
and
many
Villages
are
here
along
found
without
inhabitants
,
and
the
grounds
to
want
laborers
.
The
next
Province
is
Arragon
,
wherein
is
Tarragon
,
a
fine
and
hansome
Citie
,
but
by
the
banishment
of
many
of
the
inhabitants
,
Aragon
.
as
above
is
said
,
now
made
poore
:
in
my
being
there
in
1618.
I
found
it
most
to
consist
in
making
of
silke
,
here
bought
and
carried
to
Valentia
to
be
wrought
:
The
principall
Citie
hereof
is
Saragosa
,
which
should
challenge
a
more
particular
relation
,
as
being
Saragos●…
.
commodiously
seated
for
traffique
on
the
bankes
of
the
River
of
Ebro
,
but
being
an
Universitie
,
it
were
too
great
an
honour
for
an
inland
towne
to
produce
famous
Schollers
and
em
inent
Merchants
,
yet
in
the
currant
coynes
,
it
is
observed
to
rule
as
in
Valentia
:
and
because
there
is
found
practised
here
a
great
Exchange
,
I
have
inserted
the
same
by
it selfe
,
Chapter
292.
in
the
end
of
this
tract
,
with
all
circumstances
thereunto
apertaining
.
And
these
are
all
the
principall
Cities
of
traffique
found
at
this
day
comprised
within
the
Kingdome
of
Spaine
.
CHAP.
CXX
.
Of
the
waights
and
measures
of
Spaine
reduced
to
the
English
hundred
.
THe
principall
Cities
of
Spaine
and
Portugall
thus
surveyed
;
It
will
not
be
unworthy
our
observation
Waights
of
Spaine
reduced
to
the
100.
li.
of
England
.
first
to
see
how
the
waights
and
measures
of
some
other
lesser
Cities
here
omitted
concurre
with
the
waights
and
measures
of
England
,
and
then
take
a
generall
view
of
the
Trade
which
is
in
generall
found
in
the
compasse
of
those
Kingdomes
,
now
united
and
subiect
to
the
Crowne
of
Castilia
:
First
then
to
beginne
with
the
waights
of
Spaine
and
Portugall
,
I
will
reduce
them
to
the
suttle
100.
li.
of
London
,
which
by
observation
hath
been
found
to
make
in
Sivill
is
108.
li.
by
-
great
quintar
of
144.
li.
of
4.
roves
of
36.
li.
-
smaller
quintar
of
112.
li.
of
4.
roves
of
28.
li.
-
lesser
quintar
of
120.
li.
of
4.
roves
of
30.
li.
Granado
and
Almer●…a
bona
-
104.
li.
is
the
pound
of
16.
Ounces
.
-
89.
li.
is
of
silke
and
copper
of
18.
ounces
.
-
52.
li.
great
waight
for
flesh
,
32.
ounces
.
Castilia
and
Medina
del
campo
98.
li.
Burgos
89.
Rot.
Aragon
and
Barselona
-
102.
li.
-
92.
li.
great
weight
for
Woolen
.
-
126.
li.
small
waight
for
Saffron
.
Valentia
-
102.
li.
by
quintar
of
4.
roves
of
30.
li.
for
Spices
.
-
129.
li.
by
quintar
of
4.
roves
of
36.
li.
the
carga
,
is
those
The
100.
li.
of
London
.
quintars
of
360.
li.
and
the
greater
of
432.
li.
Leon
105.
li.
Saragosa
108.
li.
and
by
the
small
quintar
126.
li.
Sava●…ona
and
Salanico
126.
li.
Viliaco
77.
li.
Note
here
that
the
Ilands
of
the
Canaries
,
and
all
the
Ilands
of
Spaine
use
the
waights
of
Si●…ill
as
aforesaid
,
now
for
the
Kingdome
of
Portugall
100.
li.
London
makes
in
Portugall
Rot.
104.
li.
-
the
great
quintar
of
128.
li.
-
the
small
quintar
of
112.
li.
containing
each
4.
Ro●…es
of
32.
li.
and
28.
li.
Note
here
,
that
there
is
allowance
made
foure
upon
the
hundred
upon
Sugars
,
and
two
and
three
per
cent
.
upon
Cotton
wools
and
such
●…ike
,
the
small
quintar
is
the
waight
of
the
contractation
house
of
the
●…ndies
:
all
spice
is
waighed
thereby
,
but
all
are
waighed
by
the
great
quintall
,
and
reduced
upon
the
lesser
quintar
,
one
quintar
of
Waxe
,
is
one
quintar
and
halfe
of
112.
li.
is
168.
li.
Madera
104.
Rotolos
.
|
or
pounds
by
the
quintar
of
128.
li.
|
Cape
Verde
104.
Rot.
|
Saint
Thomas
104.
Rot.
|
●…uynea
104.
Rot.
|
Morr●…cco
in
Barbary
104.
Rot.
|
Feas
and
suus
in
Barbary
.
92.
li.
Calicut
77.
aracoles
:
note
here
they
sell
by
the
,
Baccar
or
Baharr
,
being
at
Laxborne
foure
great
quintars
of
112.
li.
and
observe
that
the
Baharr
is
foure
quintars
for
120.
aracoles
.
The
Bahar
or
Bahor
is
-
20.
faracoles
of
32.
li.
per
Rove
,
which
at
Lixborne
is
5.
quintals
,
-
480.
aracoles
.
Whereby
it
may
be
discerned
,
that
as
Sivill
hath
given
the
waight
to
the
West
Indies
discovered
by
the
Spaniard
,
so
hath
not
Lixborne
but
in
part
given
the
waight
to
the
East
Indies
,
who
had
amongst
themselves
there
an
eminent
trade
,
and
consequently
their
waight
and
measure
peculiar
to
themselves
,
before
the
Portugall
discovered
the
same
.
As
for
the
measures
of
both
these
Kingdomes
,
as
I
have
done
Measures
of
Spaine
reduced
to
100.
yards
in
London
.
with
the
waight
in
reducing
it
to
the
London
100.
li.
sotle
,
so
will
I
reduce
the
measures
thereof
,
to
the
100.
yards
of
London
which
rendereth
in
The
100.
yards
of
London
is
in
-
Castilia
|
111.
Vares
|
of
4.
quartes
,
and
every
quarto
2.
palmes
.
|
Toledo
|
111.
Vares
|
-
Cades
—
108.
Vares
.
-
Di●…to
for
si●…ke
—
148.
Ells.
-
Andolusia
—
109.
Vares
.
-
〈◊〉
—
57.
Cones
.
-
Saragosa
—
44.
Canes
.
-
Morocco
|
181.
Covad
.
|
Both
these
of
12.
to
one
Cove
.
|
Cap
dalgi●…
|
141.
Covad
.
|
-
Sivilia
—
109.
Vares
.
-
Granado
—
109.
Vares
.
-
Barselona
—
57.
Canes
.
-
Valentia
—
97.
Canes
.
-
Lixborne
—
82.
Vares
.
-
Ditto
for
—
109.
Vares
.
-
Ditto
for
silke
—
96.
Covades
.
CHAP.
CXXI
.
Of
the
Trade
in
generall
of
Portugall
and
the
Kingdome
of
Spaine
.
THe
Navigations
and
discoveries
of
the
Spaniards
and
Protugals
into
the
East
and
West
Indies
,
though
Of
the
trade
in
generall
of
Por●…gall
and
Sp●…e
.
they
carried
to
the
world
,
at
first
the
specious
colors
of
piety
and
Religion
,
by
planting
their
superstition
in
these
heathen
countries
,
yet
ambition
and
profit
was
doubtlesse
the
secret
designe
of
their
intendments
:
Portugall
whose
Kings
first
sought
those
unknowne
Regions
of
the
East
Indies
,
and
seeking
discovered
,
and
discovering
in
part
conquered
;
presently
made
strict
lawes
and
prohibitions
for
any
of
his
Subiects
to
trade
for
certaine
the
richest
commodities
thereof
but
himselfe
,
and
thereupon
s●…tled
his
contractation
house
in
Lixborne
,
where
those
commodities
should
be
sold
,
waighed
and
delivered
,
and
these
bargaines
being
made
by
Commissioners
appointed
by
him
,
were
first
from
thence
called
Royall
Contracts
;
and
thus
for
a
long
time
it
continued
till
his
Subjects
having
made
further
and
ampler
discoveries
of
those
Regions
for
their
better
incouragement
,
and
to
induce
his
people
to
those
Navigations
,
he
permitted
them
afterward
an
ampler
and
larger
libertie
of
that
trade
,
reserving
certaine
particular
commodities
onely
to
his
owne
use
and
benefit
;
neither
did
it
otherwise
appeare
in
the
carriage
of
those
who
were
discoverers
of
the
West
Indies
,
which
we
finde
to
be
the
Spaniards
;
for
though
there
wanted
not
faire
and
plausible
demonstrations
of
winning
the
soules
of
those
poore
people
,
yet
by
millions
they
were
slaughtered
,
butchered
and
slaine
,
making
a
devastation
in
that
Country
of
those
innocent
inhabitants
,
as
if
there
had
beene
no
way
to
the
eternall
life
of
the
soule
but
by
a
present
death
of
the
body
,
aiming
thereby
as
may
bee
conjectured
particularly
at
the
possession
onely
of
their
estates
,
which
by
many
deaths
and
torments
,
was
drawne
from
them
,
and
converted
to
their
owne
and
to
their
Soveraignes
treasury
,
as
appeares
(
to
the
scandall
of
their
Religion
and
of
their
King
)
in
sundry
of
their
owne
Authors
published
in
many
languages
:
these
two
countries
then
thus
discovered
,
and
thus
by
rapine
gotten
and
setled
,
and
since
unitedtogether
under
one
King
,
hath
afforded
the
present
matter
of
trade
to
all
Spaine
and
Portugall
,
which
before
that
time
afforded
not
any
commodities
almost
whereby
●…rade
might
be
as
much
as
discerned
,
much
lesse
maintained
;
and
●…ow
Lixborne
for
the
East
,
and
Sivill
for
the
West
Indies
is
become
the
Staple
for
all
the
rich
commodities
those
two
Countries
doe
afford
,
and
so
continued
till
England
and
Holland
by
their
late
Navigation
shared
with
them
in
the
traffique
and
riches
thereof
,
which
yet
are
seene
to
be
but
as
petty
branches
comming
from
the
principall
channell
;
but
the
West
Indies
affording
to
them
great
quantity
of
Silver
by
the
mines
thereof
,
which
now
is
found
so
aboundantly
plentifull
in
the
world
,
may
be
called
indeede
and
in
effect
,
●…heir
best
commoditie
,
which
ever
since
its
first
coinedge
,
they
have
maintained
in
its
prime
waight
and
finenes
,
which
many
of
their
Politicians
have
gone
about
at
severall
times
to
inhanse
,
as
if
it
would
●…ave
prooved
a
great
benefit
to
their
Commonwealth
,
but
wiser
●…udgements
have
discovered
that
the
raising
of
these
monies
in
Spaine
would
prove
altogether
prejudiciall
to
that
state
,
for
all
these
●…ommodities
that
are
brought
to
them
,
which
for
the
most
part
they
stand
in
great
neede
of
,
being
necessary
either
for
backe
or
belly
would
soone
vanish
,
did
not
these
their
monies
all●…
and
attract
them
:
and
contrariwise
it
may
bee
hence
imagined
,
and
I
thinke
granted
,
that
what
other
Prince
soever
doth
inhanse
his
Silver
or
the
monies
of
his
Countrey
,
it
must
needs
prove
to
his
owne
proper
prejudice
,
and
the
Spaniards
gaine
,
because
they
raise
and
in●…anse
a
commodity
which
is
not
theirs
really
,
but
transported
to
them
at
second
hand
by
Merchants
and
others
,
and
of
which
though
happily
possessing
some
small
Silver
Mines
,
of
their
owne
,
yet
the
grosse
is
still
his
,
so
farre
forth
as
his
quantitie
and
abundance
exceedeth
theirs
.
As
for
the
other
commodities
which
those
Countries
afford
,
ours
and
many
other
nations
were
with
the
same
from
Alexandria
and
Venice
at
first
supplied
,
and
then
hence
,
but
now
having
found
the
way
to
the
spring
head
,
we
daigne
not
to
buy
of
them
at
the
second
hand
,
except
such
,
of
which
their
Princes
reserve
to
themselves
a
peculiar
interest
,
either
by
farming
the
same
to
their
Subjects
or
keeping
the
same
in
their
owne
hands
,
or
by
excluding
all
other
nations
from
the
trade
thereof
,
and
these
we
and
others
are
constrained
to
have
from
them
,
in
which
number
may
be
accounted
Sugars
,
Tobacco
,
Ginger
,
and
some
other
drugges
and
the
commodities
of
the
West
Indies
in
generall
.
Now
for
the
inhabitants
both
of
Spaine
and
Portugall
,
they
are
in
generall
lovers
of
Merchansing
and
traffique
,
neither
so
mu●…
spising
it
as
the
French
,
nor
yet
so
much
addicted
thereto
as
the
〈◊〉
ans
,
yet
more
willingly
adventuring
their
estates
at
sea
than
th●…
who
heerein
are
found
to
distrust
the
providence
of
Almig●…
God
in
a
lawfull
calling
,
and
preferre
their
owne
wisedome
〈◊〉
providence
on
land
before
the
protection
of
the
Almighty
at
〈◊〉
And
as
they
are
well-wishers
to
Trade
,
so
are
they
found
in
a
larg●…
measure
to
practise
it
in
such
Cities
as
occasion
and
commodities
doe
either
present
or
permit
;
for
both
in
Sivill
and
Lisborne
are
found
Merchants
of
great
eminency
,
but
yet
are
such
as
for
the
most
par●…
bend
their
Traffique
into
both
the
Indies
and
no
where
else
,
except
peradventure
a
little
to
Antwerpe
in
Flanders
,
and
into
Naples
,
and
Sicilia
in
the
Mediterranean
seas
,
and
which
seldome
are
noted
to
adventure
their
estates
,
or
have
any
Factors
resident
but
where
their
King
is
chiefe
and
Soveraigne
.
The
Raw
Silkes
,
Wines
,
and
Fruits
of
this
Kingdome
are
the
prime
commodities
of
import
it
now
yeelds
,
as
also
Olives
,
Resins
,
figges
,
almonds
,
&c.
which
the
English
fet●…
from
them
in
great
abundance
;
so
that
it
is
of
late
yeares
observed
,
that
the
Planters
of
these
Fruits
,
and
their
Wine
Merchants
have
by
our
over
greedy
purchasing
of
these
commodities
,
raised
to
themselves
faire
estates
.
Two
things
I
observed
during
my
abode
heere
,
that
are
great
lets
and
impediments
to
the
Trade
of
this
Nation
,
the
one
is
the
banishment
of
the
Moores
that
heere
in
great
numbers
inhabited
,
who
painefully
and
industriously
manured
their
land
,
and
by
their
labour
and
thristy
living
raised
to
their
Landlords
and
to
themselves
good
and
great
estates
,
the
which
now
for
many
thousand
thousand
acres
lies
waste
and
desolate
,
whole
Towne
and
villages
being
depopulate
and
the
Lords
,
Castles
,
and
Man●…urs
appearing
ruined
and
decaied
,
want
the
paines
of
these
poore
people
that
gave
their
Lords
and
Lordships
meanes
of
subsistency
.
The
second
is
the
residence
of
many
Genoa
Merchants
amongst
them
,
who
are
found
in
good
number
to
abide
in
every
good
Citie
,
especially
on
the
Sea-coasts
,
whose
skill
and
acutenesse
in
Trade
farre
surpassing
the
naturall
Spaneards
or
Portugals
,
and
who
by
meanes
of
their
wealth
and
continuall
practise
of
the
Exchanges
are
found
to
devoure
that
bread
which
the
inhabitants
might
otherwise
be
sufficiently
fedde
with
,
and
by
reason
that
the
King
of
Spaine
is
ever
engaged
to
their
Common-wealth
for
great
and
vaste
summes
at
interest
,
hee
is
their
Debtour
not
onely
for
their
monies
,
but
also
for
their
favour
,
which
by
many
immunities
throughout
his
Kingdome
,
hee
is
found
continually
to
require
them
,
and
amongst
the
rest
it
is
observed
,
that
there
is
no
Genoa
Merchant
resident
in
Spaine
in
any
part
,
but
hath
a
particular
Licence
to
export
the
Rials
and
Plate
of
this
Kingdome
to
a
certaine
round
summe
yearly
,
which
they
seldome
use
really
to
doe
,
but
sell
the
same
to
other
Nations
,
that
are
constrained
to
make
their
returnes
in
Plate
for
want
of
other
more
beneficiall
commodities
,
which
for
the
certaine
profit
it
is
found
ever
to
yeeld
●…n
other
Countries
is
often
preferred
before
all
the
other
commodities
of
this
Kingdome
.
A
third
reason
of
hinderance
I
might
●…dde
hereto
,
which
is
the
current
Coine
wherein
all
commodities
are
●…ould
and
bought
;
for
in
many
parts
of
this
Kingdome
,
being
for
●…he
most
part
base
and
of
Copper
and
Brasse
,
which
to
convert
into
●…ials
and
good
money
is
found
to
cost
the
change
in
some
places
5.
●…n
some
10.
in
some
15.
in
some
20.
per
cent
.
which
is
the
first
peny
.
The
great
Customes
also
paid
in
many
parts
of
this
Kingdome
,
is
●…ikewise
a
great
let
and
hinderer
of
Trading
in
generall
;
which
wheresoever
the
same
is
by
the
Soveraigne
levied
,
will
in
a
short
●…ime
and
insensibly
devoure
and
consume
a
flourishing
Traffique
,
●…nd
enforce
the
suffering
Merchant
either
totally
to
give
over
,
●…r
bend
his
Trade
where
hee
shall
finde
the
burthen
thereof
ligh●…er
and
more
easily
to
bee
borne
and
endured
.
Now
as
for
Commodities
which
other
Nations
are
found
to
bring
unto
them
,
and
of
which
they
stand
in
need
of
,
partly
to
supply
their
owne
necessi●…ies
,
and
partly
to
maintaine
their
West
India
Traffique
,
as
this
Eng●…and
brings
them
,
great
store
of
Newlandish
fish
,
Irish
Salmon
,
Pil●…ards
,
Herrings
,
Lead
,
Tinne
,
Calves
skinnes
,
Baies
,
Saies
,
Searges
,
and
●…ther
Englishmanufacturies
;
and
in
returne
have
only
thence
,
wines
,
●…ruit
,
Oiles
,
some
Indico
and
sugars
,
ginger
,
and
the
like
India
commodities
.
East
country
furnisheth
them
with
corne
,
cordage
,
masts
,
pitch
,
●…rre
,
rosin
,
firre-boords
,
and
other
timber
,
and
only
returne
thence
the
commodities
above
named
;
onely
it
is
ever
lawfull
to
him
that
brings
〈◊〉
to
carry
out
Rials
of
Plate
in
returne
thereof
.
France
sends
them
corne
,
linnens
,
Paper
,
and
some
few
petty
manufacturies
,
and
returnes
thence
Plate
,
wine
,
fruits
,
and
some
India
Spices
.
Italie
affords
them
some
Manufactaries
,
of
Silke
,
and
hath
in
returne
some
Raw
Silke
,
SegoviaWools
,
Barillia
,
and
such
like
:
and
herein
is
comprehended
the
generall
Traffique
of
Spaine
at
this
time
:
so
passing
the
Pireneans
,
I
will
enter
into
France
.
CHAP.
CXXII
.
Of
France
,
and
the
Provinces
and
Cities
thereof
.
FRANCE
is
accounted
one
of
the
most
Emin●…
France
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
Kingdomes
of
Europe
,
and
it
is
the
best
that
can
subsist
without
the
helpe
of
others
:
it
is
bounded
on
the
North
with
the
British
Ocean
,
on
the
W●…
with
the
Aquitaine
Sea
,
on
the
South
with
〈◊〉
Mediterranean
Sea
,
on
the
South-east
with
th●…
Alpes
,
on
the
East
with
the
River
Rhine
,
and
an
imaginary
li●…
drawne
from
Strasburge
to
Callais
.
This
Country
affordeth
for
Merchandise
to
her
neighbours
th●…
naturall
notable
commodities
,
Corne
,
Wine
,
and
Salt
;
the
Farme
〈◊〉
Commodities
of
France
.
Salt
onely
yearely
bringing
in
to
the
Kings
coffers
100000.
〈◊〉
besides
which
it
yeeldeth
Oiles
,
Almonds
,
Soapes
,
Canvas
,
〈◊〉
,
Paper
,
Oade
,
Linnen
fine
and
course
,
Nuts
,
Beefes
,
and
of
late
so●…
Stuffes
and
Cloth
made
of
woollen
,
&c.
There
is
reckoned
in
this
Kingdome
25.
Provinces
;
the
notable
Cities
of
Traffique
found
therein
,
I
shall
orderly
handle
.
The
first
Province
is
Aquitane
,
wherein
are
found
the
noted
Cities
of
Tholousa
,
Burdeaux
and
Rotchell
,
of
which
a
word
〈◊〉
Aquita●…ia
.
briefe
.
CHAP.
CXXIII
.
Of
Tholousa
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THOLOUSA
is
the
Parliament
seate
of
Aq●…taine
and
standeth
on
the
bankes
of
the
River
Tholousa
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
Geronde
,
which
hence
runneth
to
the
Wals
of
Burdeux
and
Blay
,
and
so
to
the
Sea
:
it
is
very
plentifull
in
Pastill
or
Wo●…d
,
which
hence
i●…
dispersed
into
severall
Countries
,
the
Country
not
affoording
any
other
notable
Commodity
worth
mentioning
.
Their
Monies
is
the
same
as
throughout
all
France
,
which
in
Coines
and
accounts
.
Paris
the
principall
Citie
of
this
Kingdome
,
I
shall
handle
,
their
Accounts
also
here
kept
,
are
as
through
all
France
in
generall
,
in
Livers
or
Francks
,
Souls
,
and
Deniers
,
12.
Deniers
to
a
Souls
,
20.
Souls
to
a
Liver
or
Franke.
The
100.
li.
or
Kintar
of
Tholousa
hath
beene
observed
in
W●…de
Weights
of
Tholousa
.
for
Diers
to
make
in
England
124.
lib.
and
the
Cargo
by
which
the
same
is
commonly
sold
to
be
372.
lib.
The
Measure
of
this
Country
is
called
the
Aulne
,
and
maketh
Measures
of
Tholousa
.
in
England
42.
inches
by
the
Rule
.
Note
that
in
Tholousa
there
is
a
Cantar
also
of
112.
li.
which
is
in
use
in
all
other
Commodities
,
Woade
excepted
,
sould
by
the
Cargo
,
Woade
of
Tholousa
.
as
above
is
mentioned
,
and
is
hence
sent
to
Narbone
,
and
thence
dispersed
into
sundry
parts
of
the
Mediterranean
seas
.
CHAP.
CXXIV
.
Of
Burdeux
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
BURDEUX
is
seated
upon
the
bankes
of
the
River
Burdeaux
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Geronde
before
mentioned
,
plentifully
abounding
in
those
Wines
which
being
White
and
Claret
are
knowne
by
the
names
of
this
citie
,
here
is
al●…o
neere
this
city
the
little
village
of
le
Greve
,
which
gives
name
to
those
Grave●…
wines
,
which
we
esteem
so
excellent
,
and
between
this
towne
and
Tholousa
lies
those
rich
grounds
which
yeelds
those
sweet
Wines
by
us
knowne
by
the
name
of
High
Country
,
which
the
inhabitants
of
Burdeux
knowing
their
worth
,
would
hinder
the
sale
and
exportation
of
theirs
of
that
growth
,
do
therfore
prohibite
the
same
to
be
landed
,
or
sould
in
their
Towne
●…ill
Chri●…
day
in
the
morning
,
and
●…hen
these
High
Country
Merchants
are
more
busie
in
landing
their
Wines
,
than
they
are
in
attending
their
Masse
;
that
Gabor
or
lighter
being
ever
accounted
free
of
taxe
and
Custome
that
first
setteth
〈◊〉
head
ag●…ound
,
when
their
Masse
bell
ringeth
,
and
then
it
is
lawfull
for
any
man
for
that
day
to
come
aboard
her
and
be
drunke
grasis
.
Here
our
English
have
had
many
priviledges
and
beene
esteemed
as
fellow
Citizens
before
all
other
Strangers
,
but
our
last
Warres
to
the
●…sle
of
〈◊〉
hath
made
them
heere
inferiour
to
all
others
,
and
now
pay
double
their
former
Customes
▪
upon
Wines
,
which
in
courtesie
to
the
Dutch
is
abated
them
and
laid
on
the
English
shoulders
,
which
may
be
remedied
if
his
Majesty
please
;
it
is
otherwise
then
for
Prunes
and
Wines
a
Towne
of
no
great
Trade
,
for
little
traffique
is
heere
else
driven
,
Monies
onely
are
hither
remitted
to
provide
the
same
,
but
no
commodities
else
vendible
of
import
.
In
Anno
1611.
I
here
learned
the
French
Tongue
after
I
had
beene
for
a
while
in
Rotchell
,
so
will
note
in
briefe
,
what
I
observed
thereupon
in
those
my
younger
dayes
.
The
Monies
currant
and
Accounts
kept
are
in
Livers
,
Sold
,
Denlers
,
as
throughout
all
the
Dominions
of
the
French
King.
Monies
and
account
.
Their
Weights
and
Measures
are
as
followeth
.
The
Weight
of
Burdeaux
is
the
Pound
,
100
whereof
is
the
Quintar
,
Weights
of
Burdeaux
.
which
hath
beene
found
to
he
110.
li.
English
and
the
100.
l.
in
London
is
90¼
lib.
here
.
Their
common
Measure
is
an
Alne
which
is
about
English.
From
Burdeaux
I
will
passe
by
Blaie
,
where
I
will
onely
note
a
Measure
of
Burdeaux
.
subjection
of
our
English
shippes
,
which
heere
at
their
going
up
to
English
subjection
at
Blaie
upon
the
river
Geron.
Burdeaux
,
unlade
all
their
Artillery
and
Armes
,
which
by
many
treaties
beweene
the
Kings
of
England
and
France
hath
beene
covenanted
to
bee
disused
,
yet
the
insolency
of
the
Captaine
of
Blaie
,
scorning
the
commandements
of
his
Soveraigne
and
his
treaties
,
holds
still
the
same
in
use
to
the
great
prejudice
of
our
Merchants
trading
to
Burdeaux
.
And
now
to
Rotchell
,
the
place
of
my
first
education
beyond
seas
.
CHAP.
CXXV
.
Of
Rotchell
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
ROTCHELL
hath
beene
of
long
time
accounted
the
Rotchell
and
the
trade
thereof
.
strongest
and
best
fortified
Citie
in
France
,
and
was
〈◊〉
of
late
yeares
in
possession
of
the
Protestants
,
and
was
ever
found
as
a
Sanctuary
for
them
in
their
greatest
dangers
,
it
is
commodiously
seated
for
Trade
on
the
Aquitaine
Ocean
,
thesea
every
tide
flowing
into
the
Citie
,
and
carrying
thereinto
shippes
of
a
reasonable
burthen
:
within
these
late
yeares
the
French
King
hath
besieged
it
,
and
after
a
long
Siege
starved
the
Inhabitants
,
and
by
that
meanes
enforced
the
reduction
,
therefore
what
Trade
it
now
hath
I
am
ignorant
of
,
but
Anno
1611.
there
was
a
great
concourse
of
Merchanti
,
as
being
the
staple
for
all
Spanish
and
English
commodities
for
these
parts
of
France
.
Their
coines
currant
and
forme
of
Accounts
are
the
same
as
throughout
all
France
,
and
their
Weights
are
these
.
The
100.
lib.
of
Rotchell
hath
made
in
London
96.
lib.
English
,
and
by
observation
in
Lions
of
poids
de
la
ville
94.
li.
Weights
of
Rotchell
.
The
Measure
is
the
Alne
,
common
in
name
with
all
France
,
but
Measure
of
Rotchell
.
in
many
places
is
found
to
differ
,
making
here
44.
inches
English.
From
England
is
sent
hither
Butter
,
Calves
skinnes
,
Herings
,
New-found
land
fish
,
and
some
English
manufactuaries
of
cloth
,
&c.
and
hence
is
returned
a
small
Wine
called
Rotchell
Wine
,
but
more
properly
Cogniacke
,
also
Salt
from
the
Isle
of
Re
,
Oleron
,
&c.
and
some
Prunes
and
other
commodities
.
Poictou
is
the
next
Province
,
the
principall
Citie
hereof
is
Poiters
,
Poitou
.
famous
for
the
study
of
the
Civill
Law
,
and
next
to
Paris
for
greatnesse
in
all
France
,
but
of
no
note
in
matter
of
Trade
.
Anjou
is
the
next
,
yeelding
the
best
Wines
in
France
,
the
principall
Anjou
.
Towne
is
Angiers
and
Sanmar
,
the
onely
Protestant
Vniversity
in
France
.
Maine
is
the
next
,
the
principall
Towne
is
Mans.
Maine
.
Touraine
is
the
next
,
the
principall
Cities
are
Blois
,
Ambois
,
and
Touraine
.
Tours
famous
for
giving
a
beginning
to
the
Protestants
of
France
,
and
which
is
noted
for
many
excellent
fabriques
and
Manufactuaries
of
silkes
here
daily
made
,
knowne
to
us
by
the
names
of
Taffe●…ies
,
Plushes
,
and
Tabins
of
Tours
.
Britanie
is
the
next
,
wherein
is
found
Nantes
for
the
situation
Britanie
.
pleasant
,
Rhemes
a
Parliament
seate
;
and
lastly
,
Saint
Mallo
seated
commodiously
for
Trade
upon
the
British
Ocean
.
Giberoy
a
great
Faire
for
these
Countries
,
and
Morlais
affording
that
Linnen
in
great
quantity
knowne
to
us
by
the
names
of
Locrams
.
Locrams
.
S.
Mallos
and
Morlais
.
S.
Mallos
and
Morlais
comprehending
these
three
knowne
sorts
of
Dowlas
,
Tregar
,
and
grasse-cloth
,
also
Noialls
for
saile-cloth
,
and
some
of
other
sorts
here
daily
bought
up
for
ready
monies
,
and
hence
dispersed
into
Spaine
,
England
,
Scotland
,
and
Ireland
.
The
next
is
Normandy
,
in
which
are
found
many
principall
Normandy
.
Townes
of
Trade
,
as
being
commodiously
seated
by
the
neighbourhood
of
the
British
Ocean
;
the
chiefe
is
Cane
,
Deepe
,
New-haven
,
Constance
,
and
lastly
Roven
,
under
the
title
whereof
I
shall
comprehend
the
Trade
of
the
rest
.
CHAP.
CXXVI
.
Of
Roven
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
ROVEN
seated
on
the
bankes
of
the
River
Sein
,
Roven
and
the
trade
of
Normandy
.
and
the
seate
of
the
Parliament
of
Normandy
,
is
one
of
the
principall
Cities
of
Traffique
and
Commerce
in
France
,
having
a
great
concourse
of
Merchants
of
all
these
Northerne
Kingdomes
,
and
is
one
of
the
three
principall
Townes
in
France
where
Exchanges
are
used
.
The
Commodities
that
is
hence
,
and
out
of
Normandy
exported
are
Linnens
course
and
fine
,
buckroms
,
paper
,
cards
,
some
Wines
,
and
Commodities
of
Roven
.
other
petty
manufacturies
.
The
Commodities
sent
thither
from
England
,
principally
Clothes
of
sundry
Countries
,
as
Kerses
of
Devonshire
and
York
shire
,
Baies
of
Coxall
,
Cottons
of
Wales
and
York
shire
,
and
of
late
pepper
,
galles
,
cotton
yarne
,
and
other
Turky
Commodities
also
,
Lead
,
Tinne
,
Fish
,
and
some
India
Commodities
.
The
notes
of
trade
observed
there
at
my
residence
therein
1614
I
shall
briefly
touch
as
I
then
noted
the
same
.
Monies
and
accounts
in
Roven
The
Monies
currant
and
Accounts
kept
are
the
same
as
in
generall
used
throughout
France
,
see
farther
in
Paris
.
The
Kings
beame
is
heere
called
the
Viconte
,
which
is
14.
per
cent
.
Weights
in
Roven
.
greater
than
our
English
112.
lib.
and
some
have
found
it
to
bee
10.
or
12.
li.
by
which
is
weighed
all
Commodities
whatsoever
,
but
I
have
often
found
that
the
112.
lib.
English
hath
made
by
Viconte
98.
li.
and
by
common
beame
101.
li.
The
Measure
is
heere
an
Alne
,
by
which
all
Commodities
of
Measures
in
Roven
.
Woollen
and
Linnen
is
measured
,
and
is
accounted
1¼
yards
English
,
but
those
that
have
made
triall
thereof
finde
it
to
bee
46.
inches
,
but
it
is
here
to
bee
noted
that
in
buying
of
Linnen
cloth
of
this
Country
there
is
allowed
in
the
account
of
Measure
24.
Alnes
for
20.
and
is
called
the
Merchants
Alne
or
measure
,
and
by
the
same
is
oftentimes
here
againe
sould
in
England
,
and
it
is
found
that
Deepe
,
Cane
,
and
some
other
Cities
of
Normandy
afford
also
this
over-measure
;
in
the
sale
of
Normandy
canvas
here
made
,
so
that
it
may
bee
said
this
place
hath
a
great
and
a
small
Alne
,
the
one
exceeding
the
other
20.
per
cent
.
or
120.
for
100.
and
the
smaller
agreeing
with
our
English
Elles
.
Roven
is
found
to
have
3.
Faires
in
a
yeare
,
at
two
Faires
in
Roven
.
whereof
there
is
liberty
given
for
fifteene
dayes
to
buy
and
transport
any
commodities
in
this
Citie
free
of
all
customes
and
taxes
:
provided
the
said
goods
bee
laden
and
departed
downe
the
River
to
a
certaine
limitted
distance
below
the
citie
,
by
fifteene
daies
after
,
otherwise
to
pay
the
custome
as
is
accustomed
.
The
first
Faire
beginneth
the
3.
of
February
,
and
lasteth
fifteene
dayes
.
The
second
beginneth
the
morrow
after
Whitsunday
and
lasteth
fifteene
dayes
.
The
third
is
not
accounted
a
free
Faire
for
customes
as
the
former
,
and
beginneth
the
23.
day
of
October
,
and
continueth
onely
eight
dayes
,
where
note
that
these
dayes
are
accounted
so
many
working
dayes
,
sundayes
and
holydayes
according
to
the
Church
of
Rome
excepted
.
Here
is
in
this
Citie
a
publique
Hall
granted
to
the
English
for
The
English
hall
in
Roven
for
sale
of
woollen
cloth
.
the
sale
of
all
English
woollen
cloth
,
whereto
they
are
enjoyned
to
carry
the
same
and
have
certaine
set
dayes
to
lay
open
and
sell
the
same
,
and
for
the
hire
and
custody
they
pay
a
Duty
of
halledge
or
warehousedome
:
they
have
had
formerly
here
many
immunities
and
priviledges
and
were
accounted
as
halfe
Citizens
,
but
the
civill
warres
of
France
,
the
insolency
of
the
Inhabitants
,
and
the
great
authority
of
their
Court
of
Parliament
dayly
give
new
fashions
and
new
lawes
to
the
English
Merchants
here
resident
.
This
Citie
is
the
prime
of
Trade
in
this
part
of
France
,
and
is
accounted
the
principall
Northerne
Scale
of
Traffique
in
the
French
Domnions
,
for
from
hence
are
exported
great
quantity
,
as
I
said
before
,
of
buckroms
,
canvas
,
fine
and
course
,
playing
cardes
,
boxe
combes
,
paper
,
thred
,
teasles
for
Clothworkers
,
and
some
plushes
,
and
other
stuffes
lately
heere
made
,
and
in
fine
all
the
principall
commodities
of
Normandy
,
Paris
,
and
those
parts
adjoyning
to
the
River
Sein
;
as
for
the
Exchanges
here
used
,
see
Lions
in
the
Tract
of
Exchanges
of
Roven
.
Exchanges
following
,
which
gives
Rules
thereto
in
Chapter
277.
and
Chapter
302.
The
next
division
of
this
Kingdome
is
the
Isle
of
France
,
which
is
Isle
of
France
.
in
the
heart
of
the
French
Dominions
the
principall
Citie
Paris
,
being
the
Metropolis
of
the
Kingdome
heere
situated
,
which
though
it
consist
not
much
in
Trade
,
save
what
may
serve
happily
to
feed
and
clothe
the
Cour●…
and
inhabitants
,
yet
all
the
other
Cities
taking
hence
the
Rule
of
government
for
Traffique
may
challenge
justly
a
Chapter
by
it selfe
.
CHAP.
CXXVII
.
Of
Paris
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
PAris
being
the
principall
Citie
of
France
,
and
the
ordinary
Paris
and
the
trade
thereof
.
residence
of
the
Kings
,
is
esteemed
to
be
ten
miles
in
compasse
,
through
which
the
River
of
Sei●…
doth
gently
runne
,
and
so
to
Roven
,
thence
to
New●…aven
or
Haure
de
grace
,
and
thence
to
our
Brittish
Ocean
.
It
is
not
of
great
consequence
in
matter
of
trade
,
as
neither
affoording
commodities
to
be
exported
,
nor
yet
venting
store
of
commodities
imported
,
though
an
ignorant
French-man
,
which
had
not
seene
further
then
this
City
,
call
it
the
greatest
in
the
world
for
the
trade
found
therein
,
and
for
the
multitude
of
Merchants
,
which
I
imagine
he
understood
shopkeepers
;
some
Cloth
,
Lead
,
Tin
,
Baies
,
and
Stockings
it
venteth
from
England
,
Sattins
,
and
other
silke
,
and
〈◊〉
from
Italy
,
some
small
wares
from
Germany
,
and
that
is
all
the
most
important
.
It
is
one
of
the
three
Cities
in
France
,
where
Exchanges
have
beene
placed
,
Roven
and
Lions
being
the
other
two
,
and
though
I
have
divers
times
bin
here
,
yet
I
could
never
find
any
remarkeable
observations
in
Trade
,
which
indeed
is
no
where
in
France
much
practised
,
because
of
the
base
esteeme
the
French
●…tion
doe
hold
of
Merchants
and
Merchandising
,
every
Cobler
honoring
his
old
shoes
with
the
title
of
sa
marchandise
,
with
as
great
confidence
as
he
that
never
handled
any
commodity
but
Silkes
or
Iewels
,
in
which
foolish
humor
I
will
leave
them
,
and
come
to
my
purpose
.
Paris
giving
rule
in
matter
of
Coine
to
all
other
Cities
of
France
,
I
have
purposely
referred
it
heere
to
avoide
the
reiteration
in
any
other
City
of
this
Kingdome
.
The
least
peece
then
of
Coine
currant
in
France
is
a
Deneire
,
two
Coines
of
France
.
whereof
makes
a
Double
,
and
twelve
thereof
is
a
Souls
;
and
Souls
,
twenty
makes
a
Liver
,
which
some
call
a
Franke
,
and
thus
in
Livers
,
Souls
and
Deneires
their
accounts
are
kept
.
Their
common
Coines
are
peeces
of
8.
Sol.
which
is
the
⅛
of
a
Accounts
in
France
.
French
Crowne
in
Silver
:
a
peece
of
16.
Sold.
which
is
the
quarter
Crowne
,
4.
of
which
makes
64.
Sold
,
accounted
for
a
French
Crowne
,
and
4.
Solds
which
is
of
3.
Livers
Turnois
.
They
have
also
peeces
of
21.
Sold
,
4.
Deniers
,
being
the
〈◊〉
of
the
said
Crowne
,
called
by
some
Testons
,
and
the
½
and
¼
thereof
,
and
as
the
quarter
Crownes
were
at
first
raised
from
15.
Sold
to
16.
Sold
,
and
thereby
the
60.
Sold
to
64.
Sold
,
so
were
the
said
Testons
also
in
proportion
raised
accordingly
.
The
Gold
coines
are
only
two
,
which
is
the
common
Crowne
,
of
3.
Livers
or
60.
Sold
,
and
the
Crowne
of
the
〈◊〉
,
being
3.
Livers
16.
Sols
,
or
76.
Sol.
All
which
Coines
in
their
first
coinage
,
bare
this
true
worth
and
value
,
and
then
were
conceived
to
hold
equality
with
England
:
thus
10.
Sold
to
make
12.
pence
starling
.
20.
Sold
to
make
2.
shillings
starling
,
which
is
their
Liver
.
60.
Sold
to
make
6.
shillings
,
or
72.
pence
,
which
is
the
French
Crowne
.
But
these
in
hanced
to
such
rates
as
the
necessities
of
the
〈◊〉
Note
of
monies
inhansed
lately
〈◊〉
France
.
or
commerce
inforce
them
,
finde
not
now
any
setled
ra●…e
,
but
according
to
the
will
of
the
paier
and
receiver
,
for
hee
that
sels
his
Commodities
in
France
now
for
ready
monies
,
must
contract
if
hee
bee
wise
,
at
what
rate
he
must
have
these
Coines
in
paiment
,
least
he
imagine
he
sell
to
good
profit
,
and
yet
by
experience
find
he
sells
the
same
to
a
great
losse
and
disadvantage
.
And
note
that
since
the
writing
of
the
abovesaid
,
the
peece
of
16.
Sol
,
is
raised
to
20.
Sol.
⅕
in
the
whole
,
which
I
place
heere
as
a
Caveat
for
such
as
shall
have
occasion
to
traffique
into
these
Kingdomes
,
that
he
be
inquisitive
and
circumspect
to
informe
himselfe
in
the
true
worth
and
valew
thereof
er●…●…ee
part
with
his
Comm●…dities
.
The
Quintall
of
Paris
is
100.
li.
which
hath
beene
●…ound
to
produce
Weights
of
Paris
.
in
London
neere
100.
li.
sutle
.
2.
per
cent
.
more
or
lesse
,
which
in
Lions
renders
of
16.
ounces
|
116.
li.
|
In
Venetia
sotile
|
144.
li.
|
100.
li.
sotile
in
Venetia
making
in
Paris
62½
li.
of
15.
ounces
per
li.
The
Carge
or
great
Quintall
in
Paris
is
300.
li.
of
12.
ounces
per
li.
which
makes
in
Florence
487.
li.
but
the
ordinary
Quintall
of
100.
li.
before
named
is
of
15.
ounces
to
a
pound
.
Wine
is
sold
by
the
Cesterne
,
96.
making
a
T●…e
,
and
each
Cesterne
containes
8.
pints
,
so
that
it
may
be
accounted
two
Con●…
of
Florence
,
which
is
(
)
gallons
English
,
see
London
.
They
have
two
measures
in
length
,
one
for
Silkes
,
and
another
for
Measures
of
Paris
.
Linnens
,
the
which
are
(
)
But
note
that
all
Merchants
selling
Silke
stuffes
in
grosse
in
Paris
,
the
same
is
sold
by
the
pound
waight
,
which
is
better
for
the
buyer
,
for
thereby
hee
discerneth
the
waight
of
the
silke
hee
hath
for
his
money
.
Paris
doth
Exchange
with
many
places
,
which
I
heere
omit
,
and
Exchanges
of
Paris
.
place
the
same
amongst
the
Exchanges
in
generall
in
the
Tract
following
at
the
end
of
this
Booke
in
the
Chapters
277.
and
302.
It
may
bee
imagined
that
this
Kingdome
,
considering
the
riches
thereof
should
abound
in
Trade
and
Navigation
,
but
the
better
sort
of
men
medling
not
with
traffique
,
as
conceiving
the
same
to
bee
The
French
not
addicted
to
trade
.
both
ignoble
and
base
,
and
consequently
unfit
for
them
;
leave
the
same
to
such
whose
spirits
are
elevated
to
that
ripenesse
that
they
can
but
onely
be
sorry
for
their
erroneous
opinions
:
their
Navigation
also
is
not
farre
,
the
Marselians
greatest
voyage
being
to
Turkie
,
and
the
inhabitants
of
Rochell
,
Saint
Mallo
and
Rochell
,
seldome
sailing
into
any
regions
further
then
Spaine
,
their
ill
successe
in
Americaes
plantations
,
peradventure
disswading
them
,
but
he
that
shall
wisely
looke
into
the
beautie
of
their
inland
Townes
,
the
riches
of
the
Country
it selfe
,
and
especially
the
plenty
of
Corne
,
Wines
,
Linnens
and
Sal●…
that
France
produceth
;
and
how
much
these
commodities
are
prised
and
sought
after
by
other
Nations
,
will
be
more
willing
to
excuse
the
French
for
their
so
little
desire
to
traffique
into
remote
Regions
.
The
next
Province
is
la
Beause
,
wherein
is
Orleans
a
pleasant
Citie
,
La
Beause
.
and
where
the
nearest
and
most
Elegant
French
tongue
is
conceived
to
be
spoken
,
seated
on
the
Loyer
,
but
affording
little
matter
of
Trade
or
commerce
,
save
that
it
is
found
to
bee
a
great
through-faire
for
all
such
commodities
as
doth
enter
into
the
heart
of
the
Country
,
Orleans
.
as
to
Lio●…s
and
other
Cities
,
upon
the
River
of
Loyer
and
by
this
way
and
hath
a
growth
of
good
Wines
about
it
.
The
next
is
Berry
,
wherein
is
Bourges
seated
as
the
prime
and
principall
Towne
,
who
are
much
addicted
to
Clothing
,
and
where
Berry
.
Bourges
.
great
aboundance
of
Sheepe
are
found
to
pasture
and
feed
.
The
next
is
Burbon
,
wherein
is
contained
Burbon
,
Nevers
and
Burbon
.
Nevers
.
Mollins
.
Mollins
,
wherein
I
never
saw
any
commodities
worth
relation
,
save
those
excellent
instruments
of
Iron
in
small
cases
here
made
in
great
aboundance
,
called
est●…us
,
and
dispersed
thence
over
all
Christendome
.
The
next
is
Bevois
,
the
chiefe
towne
is
Villa
franche
.
Beavois
.
The
next
is
Avergne
,
the
principall
City
is
Clerem●…nt
.
Avergne
.
The
next
is
Limosin
,
the
principall
City
is
L●…moges
.
Limosin
.
The
next
is
Perigort
,
the
chiefe
towne
is
Perigeux
.
The
next
is
Quercu
,
the
chiefe
towne
is
Mo●…lbon
,
one
of
the
Perigort
.
Quercu
.
cautionary
townes
in
the
Protestants
possession
,
and
now
lately
by
the
French
King
reduced
to
his
subjection
.
The
next
is
Daulphine
,
honoured
with
the
title
of
the
Princes
of
France
,
wherein
is
found
Vienna
,
excelling
in
the
art
of
making
Deulphine
.
Vienna
.
sword
blades
:
Valencia
,
a
fine
City
,
watered
with
the
Rhoane
;
and
lastly
Lions
,
once
the
principall
towne
of
traffique
in
all
these
parts
,
Valencia
.
where
having
occasion
of
residence
1616.
I
noted
these
particulars
following
in
Trade
.
CHAP.
CXXVIII
.
Of
Lions
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
LIONS
hath
ever
been
accounted
,
a
famous
Mart
Lions
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Towne
,
and
doubtlesse
before
Navigation
had
its
perfection
,
a
City
of
great
Trade
and
Commerce
,
but
for
as
much
as
all
inland
Townes
must
submit
in
this
point
to
maritime
Cities
by
reason
of
the
commodiousnesse
of
the
Sea
,
which
is
the
greatest
fartherer
of
all
Traffique
,
so
must
this
Towne
now
give
place
to
many
others
that
exceed
her
in
the
point
of
Traffique
.
Their
Mart
for
Trade
here
setled
was
formerly
holden
in
Geneva
,
The
Mart
of
Lions
formerly
in
Geneva
.
and
by
Lewis
the
Eleventh
removed
hither
,
for
the
enriching
o●…
his
owne
Kingdome
,
and
when
Pope
Iulius
the
Second
had
excommunicated
Lewis
the
Twelfth
,
he
commanded
by
his
Apostolicall
authority
that
the
same
should
bee
againe
removed
to
Geneva
,
but
his
Holinesse
herein
was
not
obeyed
,
for
Trade
must
not
be
constrained
but
entreated
,
though
by
Popes
which
would
command
all
things
;
and
therefore
stirred
not
from
hence
,
where
yet
it
continueth
.
This
Towne
is
watered
with
the
streames
of
Rhoane
and
Soane
,
whith
furthers
it
much
for
carriage
:
it
is
most
famous
now
for
the
many
fabriques
of
silkes
here
wrought
and
hence
dispersed
through
all
France
,
and
the
Citizens
to
this
end
have
their
Factours
in
Marselia
,
who
trade
for
them
to
Aleppo
in
Syria
,
to
furnish
them
with
that
commodity
by
land
;
also
they
trade
for
Florence
,
Lucca
,
Millan
,
Mesina
,
and
other
parts
of
Italy
,
but
it
is
onely
for
raw
silkes
,
and
some
such
Commodities
as
these
places
doe
afford
.
I
resided
here
some
yeares
,
and
found
the
greatest
of
their
Trade
to
consist
in
Exchanges
,
as
the
principall
and
most
proper
Towne
of
France
,
thereto
the
Bankers
of
Florence
,
Venetia
,
Lucca
,
and
Naples
having
here
their
Factours
purposely
for
this
occasion
.
From
England
is
here
vented
some
baies
,
tinne
,
lead
,
Cony-skinnes
,
and
but
few
commodities
else
;
and
to
our
Country
it
affordeth
not
any
commodity
worth
mentioning
;
what
I
have
observed
I
shall
onely
touch
and
no
more
.
As
for
Coines
currant
,
and
Accounts
keeping
,
it
is
the
fame
as
throughout
France
.
Coines
and
accounts
in
Lions
.
An
ancient
Marke
in
Exchange
in
Lions
.
There
hath
beene
of
long
time
in
use
an
imaginary
coine
here
currant
in
Exchanges
called
the
Marke
,
which
briefly
to
explaine
is
A
Marke
of
Gold
is
65.
Crownes
of
Marke
or
63.
cro
.
11.
s.
9.
d.
of
gold
in
gold
,
or
62.
crownes
of
Camera
Vec●…ia
of
Rome
,
or
68.
14.
3.
Duccats
currant
of
Venetia
.
And
they
did
use
heere
to
keepe
their
Accounts
by
crownes
of
markes
sold
and
deniers
,
advising
one
Cro.
de
marke
to
bee
20.
solds
of
marke
,
but
is
45.
sold
turnois
,
by
which
crowne
of
marke
they
did
exchange
by
,
as
briefly
for
example
.
They
gave
in
Lions
one
crowne
in
Marke
to
have
in
Florence
57.
or
58.
crownes
,
according
to
the
Cambi●…
.
To
have
in
Rome
56.
duc
.
of
Camera
more
or
lesse
,
as
the
exchange
went.
To
have
in
Naples
72.
duc
.
of
Carlins
more
or
lesse
,
&c.
To
have
in
Palermo
or
Mesina
25.
or
26.
Carlins
,
&c.
To
have
in
Spaine
400.
Mervides
,
according
to
the
rate
of
Exchange
.
To
have
in
Anvers
so
many
grosse
as
the
Exchange
did
permit
.
But
this
custome
being
now
lost
by
the
expulsion
of
the
great
Exchange
now
of
Lions
.
bankers
out
of
this
Towne
in
the
dayes
of
Lewis
the
Twelfth
,
it
is
since
reduced
to
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
of
three
Livers
,
by
which
imaginary
(
for
so
I
call
it
now
as
having
none
to
bee
found
of
that
value
and
rate
)
coine
there
is
now
made
,
and
the
common
and
ordinary
prices
thereof
I
willingly
heere
omit
,
as
having
mentioned
the
same
at
the
end
of
this
Worke
in
the
Chapters
277.
and
302.
and
other
following
,
where
all
the
due
circumstances
of
Exchanges
and
payments
of
monies
are
observed
,
whereto
I
referre
the
Reader
.
It
is
to
be
noted
that
heere
is
observed
foure
Faires
,
in
which
all
payments
either
by
Exchange
,
or
for
Merchandise
are
made
,
which
runne
still
from
three
moneths
to
three
moneths
,
wherein
for
so
many
dayes
rescounters
of
payments
are
made
without
any
money
seene
stirring
,
from
man
to
man
which
is
done
in
a
publique
place
or
Burse
appointed
to
this
purpose
,
as
I
have
touched
in
the
Chapter
of
transferring
of
Billes
of
debts
and
specialties
in
my
Factours
advis●…
:
the
times
and
tearmes
of
which
Faires
are
these
,
First
,
the
Faire
of
Easter
begins
after
the
Octaves
of
Easter
.
The
second
is
the
Faire
of
August
,
being
the
first
Munday
after
Faires
of
Lions
.
our
Ladies
day
in
August
.
The
third
is
the
Faire
of
All
Saints
the
day
after
All
Soules
.
The
fourth
is
the
Faire
of
le
Roies
,
the
day
after
Epiphany
,
and
every
Faire
lasteth
fifteene
daies
that
are
not
holy-daies
,
all
businesse
is
done
in
these
Faires
,
and
all
billes
of
Exchange
,
are
made
and
dated
in
one
day
,
and
two
daies
after
they
make
the
rate
of
the
Exchange
,
which
Faires
are
counted
by
their
payments
.
The
terme
of
their
billes
of
Exchange
hence
are
these
,
Termes
of
the
bils
o●…
exchange
in
Lions
.
From
Lions
to
Florence
,
Rome
,
and
Venice
,
about
30.
daies
,
litle
more
or
lesse
,
according
as
the
Merchant
maketh
the
agreement
every
Faire
,
but
all
the
aforesaid
places
,
for
one
and
the
same
day
.
From
Lions
to
Naples
,
and
Valentia
,
5.
daies
later
than
Florence
.
From
Lions
to
Anvers
as
Florence
.
From
Lions
to
Spaine
,
that
is
,
to
Medina
in
Villalion
,
the
Faire
of
All
Saints
,
and
of
the
apparition
of
Lions
,
they
exchange
for
the
Faire
of
Villalion
of
Midlent
,
and
the
Faire
of
Easter
of
Lions
for
the
Faire
of
May
in
Medina
del
campo
,
as
you
shall
see
more
at
large
in
the
daies
of
payment
of
billes
dated
in
Lions
,
in
the
said
place
of
the
Exchanges
of
this
place
.
They
have
in
Lions
three
beames
,
one
used
in
the
Custome-house
,
Weights
in
Lions
.
which
is
the
Kings
beame
,
which
containes
100.
lib.
the
Quintall
and
is
greater
than
the
second
,
which
is
the
Towne-weight
by
8.
per
cent
.
by
which
all
goods
payeth
custome
that
is
ponderous
.
The
second
is
the
Towne-weight
and
is
100.
lib.
the
cent
.
the
pound
thereof
containing
sixteene
ounces
per
lib.
upon
which
all
calculations
are
made
.
The
third
is
onely
the
Weight
used
for
silke
,
and
is
100.
lib.
the
cent
.
and
the
pound
containing
fifteene
ounces
per
lib.
and
called
The
pound
of
marke
.
The
100.
lib.
of
the
Towne-weight
is
it
whereby
the
observations
have
beene
made
with
other
Countries
,
and
which
by
triall
hath
beene
found
to
render
thus
in
these
places
following
.
In
-
London
—
96.
lib.
-
Marselia
—
104
-
Venetia
sot
.
—
143
-
Ditto
grosse
—
89
-
Sicilia
—
53
-
Lisborne
—
83
-
Florence
—
125
-
Antwerpe
—
90
-
Sivill
—
92
-
Dansicke
—
109
-
Mallaga
—
28.
R.
-
Rome
—
122.
l.
-
Millan
—
131
-
Paris
—
80.
-
Genoa
—
135
-
Almaria
—
120
-
Burges
—
114
-
Rotchell
—
104
-
Deepe
—
94
-
Roven
—
92
And
in
Asia
have
made
these
,
In
-
Aleppo
—
19.
R.
-
Silke
R.
—
20.
9.
-
Tripoli
—
22.
¾
.
-
Dito
Barbar
.
—
81.
l.
-
Baruti
—
18.
¼
.
-
Alex.
zera
.
—
43.
¾
-
Dito
forfor
.
—
96
-
Sci●…s
—
86.
Lod.
-
Constantinople
—
78
-
Rhodes
—
17.
2.
R.
-
Acria
—
15.
½
.
-
Babylonia
—
13.
〈◊〉
.
-
Balsara
—
3.
9.
¼
.
M.
-
Ormus
—
93.
¾
.
lib.
CHAP.
CXXIX
.
How
forraigne
Measures
and
Weights
are
compared
with
Lions
.
I
Finde
a
French
Merchant
to
have
made
these
observations
upon
the
Trade
of
Lions
,
which
I
referre
to
triall
.
100.
lib.
in
Millan
to
have
made
by
triall
in
Lions
69.
lib.
silke-weight
,
the
silke
brace
in
Millan
to
Milla●…
with
Lions
.
render
in
Lions
〈◊〉
of
an
Alne
.
The
Cloth-brace
there
to
render
in
Lions
〈◊〉
of
an
Alne
.
And
20.
sols
of
Millan
calculated
for
10.
sols
turnois
.
100.
lib.
in
Turin
to
render
in
Lions
—
77.
li.
silke-weight
.
The
Ras
which
is
the
measure
to
be
〈◊〉
of
an
Alne
.
Turine
with
Lions
.
The
Florin
in
money
calculated
for
three
sols
turnois
.
The
100.
li.
of
Genoa
to
render
in
Lions
●…2
.
li.
silke-weight
;
9.
palmes
of
Genoa
making
a
Cane
,
1.
palme
〈◊〉
of
an
Alne
.
Genoa
with
Lions
.
The
Spanish
Pistolet
worth
in
Genoa
then
11.
lib.
12.
s.
in
Lions
7.
li.
7.
s.
The
Crowne
of
Gold
in
Gold
of
Italy
worth
in
Genoa
115.
〈◊〉
.
The
100.
lib.
of
Florence
to
bee
in
Lions
—
76¼
silke
waight
,
4.
braces
being
there
a
Cane
,
100.
braces
being
49.
Alnes
Lions
.
Florence
with
Lions
.
The
Crowne
of
Gold
of
Florence
calculated
at
3.
li.
turnois
.
100.
lib.
of
Lucca
sutle
weight
hath
rendred
in
Lions
72½
lib.
silke-weight
.
100.
lib.
of
Lucca
of
Custome-house
weight
made
—
81.
li.
Lucca
with
Lions
.
The
pound
of
which
place
bei●…g
composed
of
12.
ounces
.
And
2.
braces
of
the
said
place
made
in
Lions
1.
Alne
.
100.
li.
of
Bollonia
have
rendred
in
Lions
77
li.
silke
waight
.
The
brace
of
Bollonia
hath
rendred
〈◊〉
of
an
Alne
of
Lions
.
Bollonia
with
Lions
.
The
Liver
thereof
20.
Sols
may
bee
esteemed
at
11.
s.
3.
d.
turnois
.
100.
li.
of
Naples
have
made
in
Lions
68.
li.
of
silke
waight
.
8.
Palmes
make
a
cane
,
and
the
palmes
by
4.
to
make
them
quar●…ers
,
Naples
with
Lions
.
and
divide
by
17.
for
17.
quarters
in
an
Alne
in
Lions
,
which
reduced
into
London
measure
is
.
The
Duccat
may
bee
calculated
for
48.
s.
turnois
,
which
is
4.
10.
sterling
.
The
100.
lib.
Sutle
of
Venetia
made
in
Lions
63½
lib.
silke
weight
.
80.
Braces
of
that
place
silke
makes
in
Lions
43.
Alnes
.
Venetia
with
Lions
.
The
Duccat
may
bee
calculated
at
50.
Sol
turnois
,
which
is
5.
〈◊〉
.
sterling
.
The
100.
li.
of
Mesina
render
at
Lions
70½
.
li.
of
silke
weight
.
The
100
braces
of
Mesina
gives
in
Lions
Alnes
Messina
with
Lions
.
The
Ounce
of
Mesina
gives
by
calculation
in
Lions
The
100.
li.
of
Bergamo
is
in
Lions
68.
li.
silke-weight
.
the
Brace
of
Bergamo
is
5/9
of
an
Alne
,
mult
.
by
5.
divid
.
by
9.
Bergamo
with
Lions
.
the
Liver
of
bergamo
is
6.
per
6.
dr.
tur
.
which
is
sterl.
7½
.
d.
The
100.
li.
of
Mantoa
are
in
Lions
66.
lib.
silke
waight
.
the
brace
is
〈◊〉
of
an
Alne
,
multiply
by
8.
and
divide
by
15.
Mantoua
with
Lions
.
the
Liver
of
Mantoua
is
in
Lions
.
The
100.
lib.
of
Modena
are
in
Lions
77½
li.
silke
waight
.
the
braces
are
the
same
as
in
Mantoua
.
Modena
with
Lions
.
The
100.
li.
of
Antwerpe
are
in
Lions
102.
li.
silke
waight
.
the
Elles
of
Antwerpe
is
〈◊〉
of
an
Alne
,
which
is
done
by
taking
the
Antwerpe
with
Lions
.
⅓
and
¼
of
the
summe
and
adde
them
,
they
make
Alnes
.
the
Liver
of
grosse
may
be
calculated
at
6.
li.
tur
.
12.
s.
sterl.
The
100.
lib.
of
Sutle
have
made
in
Lions
—
96½
lib.
silke
waight
.
the
9.
Yards
in
London
make
in
Lions
7.
Alnes
,
so
that
the
Alne
of
London
with
Lions
.
Lions
is
46.
inches
English.
the
Liver
or
pound
of
London
sterl
.
is
10.
Livers
turnois
.
The
Oake
of
Constantinople
makes
in
Lions
li.
Silke-waights
.
Constantinople
with
Lions
.
the
P●…
of
Constantinople
is
5/9
of
an
Alne
,
mult
.
by
5.
div.
by
9.
the
Piastre
of
Doller
may
be
calculated
at
45.
s.
sterl.
4.
s.
6.
d.
The
Rotolo
of
Aleppo
hath
rendred
in
Lions
4½
li.
Silke
waight
.
The
Rotolo
of
Tripoli
in
Siria
hath
made
4.
lib.
Aleppo
with
Lions
.
The
100.
lib.
of
-
Valentia
in
Syaine
hath
made
in
Lions
—
73½
-
Almeria
—
117
-
Tortosa
—
72
-
Saragosa
—
73½
Spaine
with
Lions
.
lib.
Silke-weight
.
And
130.
Vares
of
Valentia
hath
made
in
Lions
100.
Alnes
.
100.
lib.
of
-
Paris
have
made
in
Lions
of
towne-weight
116
-
Roven
have
made
in
Lions
ditto
—
120.
li.
-
Tholousa
have
made
in
Lions
ditto
—
96
The
weihts
of
dive●…
Cities
of
France
with
Lion●…
.
-
Marselia
hath
made
in
Lions
ditto
—
94
-
Montpelier
hath
made
in
Lions
ditto
—
96
-
Rotchell
hath
made
in
Lions
ditto
—
94
-
Geneva
hath
made
in
Lions
ditto
—
130
-
Besanson
hath
made
in
Lions
ditto
—
116
-
Bourge
in
Bresse
makes
in
Lions
ditto
—
115
-
Avignon
have
made
in
Lions
ditto
—
96
The
Measure
of
Languedocke
is
a
Cane
,
divided
into
8.
Palmes
,
which
Cane
is
1⅔
,
to
reduce
Canes
into
Alnes
,
you
must
adde
⅔
and
they
make
Alnes
.
Now
for
as
much
as
many
other
places
,
that
traffique
in
Silke
,
are
found
to
correspond
with
this
Towne
;
it
will
not
bee
improper
I
should
inserte
them
briefly
heere
,
as
shewing
what
the
100.
lib.
of
these
severall
places
make
Silke
waight
,
or
as
they
terme
it
poids
de
mare
in
Lions
.
of
15.
oun.
.
Padova
|
100.
li.
gives
in
Lion●…
|
73.
li.
|
Regio
|
100.
li.
gives
|
78
|
Callabria
|
100.
gives
|
69
|
Cosensa
|
100.
gives
|
70
|
Raconis
|
100.
gives
|
66½
.
|
Bavearre
|
100.
gives
|
90
|
Aleppo
Rotolo
|
gives
|
4½
|
Tripoli
Rotolo
|
gives
|
4
|
Ancona
|
100.
gives
|
73
|
Placio
|
100.
gives
|
72
|
Marselia
|
100.
gives
|
85
|
Avignon
|
100.
gives
|
68
|
Note
that
the
100.
lib.
of
Marc
or
Silke
waight
in
the
payment
at
Lions
makes
108.
lib.
of
the
Towne
waight
of
Lions
,
the
former
Measures
of
Lions
with
other
places
.
being
fifteene
Ounces
to
a
Pound
,
and
the
latter
being
of
16.
Ounces
to
a
Pound
.
For
the
Measure
of
length
of
Lions
,
I
finde
this
observation
to
have
beene
made
,
that
The
100.
Alnes
in
Lions
make
in
-
-
London
—
98⅓
.
elles
.
-
Anvers
—
163⅝
.
-
Francford
—
204⅝
.
-
Dansicke
—
136
-
Vienna
—
142
-
Paris
—
93⅖
.
-
Roven
—
85¼
.
-
Lixborne
—
98⅓
.
-
Sivill
—
132
〈◊〉
.
-
Madera
—
101⅖
.
-
Venetia
—
177
-
Lucca
—
196
-
Florence
—
200¾
.
-
Millan
—
226⅕
.
-
Genoa
—
472⅞
.
palm
.
-
Spaine
—
135.
Var.
-
Rome
—
130.
braces
.
-
Naples
—
50.
Canes
.
Which
I
referre
to
triall
of
the
experienced
;
and
thus
much
shall
serve
to
have
said
of
Lions
.
The
next
Province
is
Languedocke
;
wherein
is
found
Narbone
,
Languedoc
.
Nismes
,
and
Montpelier
,
three
good
Cities
,
and
which
afford
of
late
daies
,
by
t●…e
industry
of
the
Inhabitants
some
serges
,
saies
,
and
some
fine
cloth
,
of
this
Country
making
;
and
heere
also
growes
that
excellent
Wine
which
takes
his
name
from
the
Towne
of
Frontiniacke
:
and
heere
also
is
that
small
Village
Beaveaire
,
having
in
Iuly
a
Faire
Beaveaire
.
or
Marte
famous
in
these
parts
,
and
resembled
at
my
there
being
1618.
our
Sturbridge
,
beside
which
they
have
yearely
there
other
Faires
but
of
no
great
consequence
.
The
next
Province
is
Provence
,
wherein
is
Arles
,
in
times
past
the
seate
of
some
Romane
Emperours
.
Brignolle
,
whence
our
Prunes
of
Prov●…nce
.
Brignolle
come
,
knowne
to
us
by
the
name
Prunels
from
Brignole
,
whereas
in
the
language
of
this
Country
the
g.
is
not
pronounced
.
Aix
the
Parliament
seate
;
and
lastly
Thollon
,
the
best
Haven
in
France
,
and
most
capacious
,
and
Marselia
famous
in
trade
for
these
Countries
,
of
which
a
word
in
passing
,
and
first
of
Thollon
.
CHAP.
CXXX
.
Of
Thollon
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THollon
enjoying
a
faire
and
capacious
Haven
,
and
esteemed
the
best
,
largest
and
safest
in
the
Mediterranean
Tholl●…n
,
&
the
tra●…e
thereof
.
Sea
,
is
seated
ten
leagues
to
the
Eastward
of
Marselia
,
wherein
the
King
doth
keepe
a
Customehouse
for
Province
,
as
having
not
so
much
power
to
settle
one
in
Marselia
,
by
the
priviledge
or
insolency
of
the
inhabitants
,
who
endevour
still
thus
to
maintaine
that
little
liberty
they
have
.
It
aboundeth
onely
in
Oyles
,
which
hence
is
laden
in
great
aboundance
,
and
dispersed
into
other
Countries
,
as
England
,
Holland
,
and
some
Almonds
,
which
wee
call
Province
Almonds
:
Some
Salt
is
heere
laden
and
brought
from
the
Iles
of
Eres
,
about
three
leagues
hence
,
being
the
proper
Merchandise
of
the
King
,
who
hath
Factors
for
the
sale
thereof
in
every
City
and
Towne
in
France
.
In
this
place
the
monies
are
the
same
as
through
all
France
,
and
the
waights
and
measures
not
much
differing
from
those
of
Marselia
,
which
I
will
there
more
succinctly
handle
,
and
onely
will
shew
the
manner
of
buying
and
providing
heere
of
Oyles
,
as
I
have
observed
my selfe
heere
at
divers
times
during
my
abode
in
this
Towne
and
Countrey
.
Oyles
of
Province
are
heere
and
throughout
all
Province
bought
Province
Oy●…es
how
bo●…ght
and
cast
up
.
by
the
Millrowle
or
Millroe
,
fourteene
of
which
are
accounted
to
a
Tun
of
Oyle
of
252.
gallons
,
yet
if
carefully
looked
unto
at
the
buying
,
and
the
same
truely
measured
,
13½
.
Milroes
will
make
the
said
Tunne
;
the
same
is
sould
commonly
heere
by
the
Florin
,
an
imaginary
coyne
,
and
in
valew
12.
Sol
turnois
;
the
Milroe
of
Oyle
is
commonly
worth
26.
to
30.
Florence
,
the
Caske
of
this
place
cost
ordinarily
18.
Sold
per
Milroe
,
and
the
Custome
outward
is
10.
Sol
per
Milroe
,
and
the
Custome
of
the
place
gives
3.
per
100.
provision
,
and
1.
per
cent
.
for
brokeredge
thereof
.
Now
to
reduce
all
charges
to
a
constant
rate
,
it
hath
been
observed
and
found
true
by
my selfe
and
others
,
that
if
18.
shillings
6.
pence
stariing
be
accounted
for
every
Florin
that
a
Milroe
of
Oyle
shall
cost
the
first
penny
;
so
much
will
the
Tunne
of
Oyle
stand
in
cleare
aboard
of
all
accustomed
charges
.
But
for
as
much
as
this
rule
holds
onely
in
Thollon
,
I
will
insert
Measures
for
Oyles
.
the
particulars
thereof
how
it
is
found
to
accord
with
our
measure
and
waight
in
England
,
because
it
is
a
staple
and
most
requested
commodity
,
and
the
principall
commodity
that
this
Countrey
doth
affoord
.
The
common
measure
then
is
a
Scandall
,
and
of
which
it
is
found
that
4.
Scandals
make
1.
Milroe
,
every
Scandall
being
4¼
.
gallons
English.
and
31½
.
li.
haberdepois
.
1.
M●…roe
is
17.
gallons
English
,
and
is
126.
li.
English.
2.
Milroes
is
a
charge
which
is
34.
gallons
,
or
252.
li.
English.
4.
Charges
makes
a
But
,
which
is
½
.
a
T●…e
,
or
12●…
.
gallons
English
,
and
hath
been
found
to
make
1008.
li.
haberdepois
.
The
Custome
hereof
is
a
Crowne
of
3.
li.
Tur.
upon
every
100.
Milroes
,
and
every
Crowne
is
accounted
5.
Florins
,
or
60.
Sols
.
Wine
is
here
sold
by
the
same
Milroe
,
as
above
is
said
.
For
Wine
.
Almonds
are
sold
by
the
Cargo
of
300.
li.
Marselia
waight
.
Corne
is
sold
by
the
Muyd
and
Mynots
,
24.
Mynots
make
a
Muyd
,
For
Corne.
and
1.
Muyd
is
about
8½
.
quarters
English.
Province
doth
affoord
many
commodities
for
Merchandising
,
which
Commodities
of
Province
.
hence
is
transported
into
severall
Countries
,
as
first
Oyle
as
above
made
and
gathered
in
November
and
December
shipe
for
England
,
Spaine
and
Italie
.
Also
great
quantitie
of
Wools
for
Clothing
,
bought
up
in
May
,
Iune
and
Iuly
,
by
Milanois
,
Genoes
,
Piem●…s
and
Montpelerians
,
which
commonly
beares
14.
in
16.
the
100.
●…oule
,
and
being
washed
and
clensed
,
there
is
lost
in
the
clensing
and
clearing
sometimes
the
one
halfe
thereof
.
Also
great
quantity
of
Scarlet
graine
,
and
powder
of
graine
,
gathered
in
the
Heaths
and
Fields
by
poore
people
,
and
brought
by
them
to
the
Lords
of
their
Territories
,
from
the
Moneth
of
May
,
to
the
Moneth
of
August
,
and
is
worth
greene
about
5.
in
6.
li.
t●…r
.
per
li.
but
being
dried
diminisheth
at
least
〈◊〉
.
thereof
.
Also
Almonds
are
heere
in
great
aboundance
found
growing
,
gathered
in
September
and
October
,
called
(
as
before
is
noted
)
Province
Almonds
for
distinction
sake
,
and
are
commonly
worth
from
12.
to
15.
Crownes
the
Cargo
.
Also
heere
is
yellow
Waxe
in
good
quantity
,
bought
in
October
and
November
,
worth
commonly
from
40.
to
50.
li.
per
cent
.
Also
heere
is
Hony
bought
in
November
and
December
,
worth
commonly
about
22.
in
23.
Cro.
the
Cantar
.
Besides
which
,
heere
are
many
Bed
coverlets
,
and
Wastcoats
made
and
quilted
of
Satin
,
Taffeta
and
Callico
,
and
hence
dispersed
into
severall
Countries
.
To
conclude
,
there
may
bee
laden
in
Tholon
,
Marselia
,
and
generally
throughout
all
Province
,
from
1500.
to
2000.
Tunnes
of
Oyle
yeerely
,
about
400.
Quintalls
of
Almonds
,
about
1800.
to
2000.
Quintalls
of
Wooll
,
about
200.
Quintals
of
Hony
,
and
but
little
Waxe
,
as
being
for
the
most
part
spent
in
their
owne
Countrey
,
principally
in
their
Churches
.
The
Customes
upon
all
commodities
of
the
growth
of
France
,
paieth
Customes
paid
in
Province
.
in
the
Exportation
but
a
●…all
acknowledgement
,
but
all
other
commodities
pay
five
per
cent
.
but
for
Spices
and
all
other
commodities
that
are
brought
in
from
the
Levant
,
there
is
lately
placed
thereon
throughout
all
Province
a
Custome
of
ten
per
cent
.
and
thus
much
for
Thollon
.
CHAP.
CXXXI
.
Of
Marselia
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THe
principall
seate
of
Trade
in
Provence
is
Marselia
,
Marselia
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
famous
for
the
great
concourse
of
Merchants
,
and
for
the
commerce
that
it
maintaineth
with
Turkie
,
Barbarie
,
Spaine
,
France
,
Italy
,
Flanders
and
England
,
it
is
commodiously
scituated
on
the
Mediterranean
Sea
,
enioying
an
excellent
Haven
,
and
a
reasonable
roade
for
shipping
of
all
sorts
,
it
wanteth
to
make
it
perfect
a
course
for
Exchanges
which
heere
is
supplied
by
the
corrent
of
Lions
,
and
governed
onely
thereby
,
to
which
place
each
faire
some
partidos
are
made
,
not
by
the
rules
of
other
places
,
but
by
the
rule
of
Interest
from
the
date
of
the
Bill
,
to
the
time
of
the
next
succeeding
faire
there
.
It
vents
from
England
some
Baies
,
Clothes
,
Lead
and
Tinne
,
Pilchers
,
Hering
white
and
red
,
and
yeerely
about
2000.
in
3000.
tunnes
of
Newland-fish
which
the
English
bring
thither
,
and
they
also
supply
it
with
Moscovia
commodities
,
as
African
hides
,
aboue
ten
thousand
paire
yeerely
,
Tallow
2000.
Quintalls
,
Waxe
1000.
Quintalls
,
besides
other
commodities
of
England
,
as
Calueskins
,
Hides
,
Salmon
and
some
fish
.
It
affoordeth
not
any
commodity
to
bee
sent
abroad
,
save
some
Oyles
,
Wines
,
Wools
,
Almonds
,
and
Verdigrace
,
and
all
others
are
hither
imported
from
other
Countries
,
as
such
as
Alexandria
,
Aleppo
,
Acria
,
Constantinople
,
Naples
,
Leghorne
,
or
the
coasts
of
Spaine
doth
yeeld
;
the
maine
support
of
their
trade
is
the
plenty
of
Spanish
Rialls
,
and
the
licence
heere
for
exportation
,
which
is
the
onely
meanes
whereby
the
trade
of
Turkie
is
preserved
to
them
,
for
from
hence
I
have
seene
100.
thousand
Rialls
of
〈◊〉
.
shipt
publiquely
upon
a
small
Vessell
of
160.
tunnes
for
Scanderone
,
which
hath
been
thence
returned
in
rich
Silks
,
Drugges
and
Spices
.
But
of
late
daies
,
their
successe
in
trade
hath
prooved
so
bad
,
and
their
losses
by
Pirats
so
great
and
so
many
,
that
the
towne
and
Merchants
have
lost
much
of
their
former
splendor
and
fame
,
their
great
Vessels
are
now
become
small
Barkes
,
and
the
great
Merchants
of
Lions
,
Paris
,
Li●…oges
,
Toures
,
and
other
parts
of
France
,
who
had
heere
their
factors
for
to
continue
this
trade
,
have
recalled
them
after
the
sustentation
of
great
losses
,
the
paiment
of
great
sommes
,
for
the
maintenance
of
their
Ambassadour
in
Constantinople
;
and
especially
the
late
inhansement
of
their
monies
,
which
is
the
ruine
and
overthrow
of
all
commerce
whatsoever
.
In
this
place
I
resided
for
some
yeeres
,
and
therefore
will
note
briefly
what
I
observed
needfull
to
my
present
subject
.
The
monies
currant
,
and
the
accounts
kept
accorde
in
all
particulars
with
Paris
,
sometimes
alteration
is
found
in
Coines
by
meanes
Coines
in
Marselia
.
of
the
great
trade
,
and
that
because
both
Italian
and
Spanish
coynes
are
heere
current
;
these
become
sometimes
a
Merchandise
,
and
are
requested
and
inhansed
according
as
occasion
for
transportation
doth
require
,
which
is
more
in
winter
then
in
sommer
,
by
reason
of
their
generall
voyages
made
into
Turkie
,
from
September
to
March
,
and
commonly
not
after
.
The
pound
of
Marselia
is
16.
ounces
,
and
100.
li.
is
the
Quintall
,
Weights
in
Marselia
.
300.
li.
or
three
Quintalls
,
makes
with
them
a
Cargo
.
The
100.
li.
in
Marselia
hath
beene
found
to
produce
in
these
Cities
following
:
In
-
London
—
88½
.
li.
-
Venetia
sotile
—
134.
li.
-
Venetia
gro
.
—
84¾
-
Sicilia
—
50.
li.
-
Lixborne
—
79.
li.
-
Florence
—
114.
li.
-
Anvers
—
86.
li.
-
Lions
—
95.
li.
-
Sivill
—
88.
li.
-
Mallaga
—
24.
Roves
-
Dansicke
—
104.
li.
-
Alleppo
—
18½
.
R.
-
Ditto
silke
—
19¾
.
-
Tripoli
—
21.
1
-
Ditto
barbar
.
—
76.
2
-
Baruti
—
17.
5
-
Alex.
zera
—
41.
6
-
Scio
—
81.
10
-
Constantinople
—
74.
5
-
Acria
—
14.
6½
-
Babylonia
—
12.
5½
.
M.
-
Balsara
—
3.
6.
M.
These
observations
I
have
found
true
by
my
owne
experience
.
Weights
agreed
with
other
places
.
Rotolo
of
Aleppo
,
gave
in
Marselia
|
5.
li.
6.
ounces
|
Rotolo
of
Damasco
gave
|
4½
.
li.
|
Rotolo
of
Tripoli
in
Soria
|
4½
.
li.
|
Rotolo
of
Mantoa
|
5½
.
li.
|
Cantaro
of
Genoa
|
118.
li.
|
Cantaro
of
Cuietavechia
in
Allome
|
130.
li.
|
Cantaro
of
Alicant
in
Barsilia
|
133½
.
li.
|
Rotolos
100.
li.
Malta
in
Oliues
|
200.
li.
|
Loderos
100.
li.
of
Constantinople
|
135.
li.
|
Cantaro
of
Sardinia
in
cheese
|
100.
li.
|
Cantaro
of
Zante
in
corrence
|
116.
li.
|
Cargo
of
Valentia
in
pepper
|
320.
li.
|
Cantaro
of
Argier
|
150.
li.
|
Rotolo
of
Cyprus
in
cottons
|
5¾
.
li.
|
Cantaro
of
Valentia
in
cocheneale
|
88.
li.
|
Hundred
of
London
,
112.
li.
gave
in
Tinne
|
125.
li.
|
And
the
120.
li.
English
▪
stannery
in
Tinne
made
|
134.
li.
|
These
Townes
are
said
to
agree
with
Marselia
in
their
Quintall
,
First
,
Lepanto
100.
li.
Arches
100.
li.
Candia
Sotile
100.
li.
Petras
100.
li.
Rotchell
100.
li.
Tholosa
100.
li.
Montpelier
100.
li.
Avignon
100.
li.
which
I
referre
to
triall
of
him
that
shall
have
occasion
,
because
I
question
the
trueth
of
some
of
them
.
The
Measures
of
length
is
the
Cane
,
which
is
divided
into
eight
Palmes
,
the
Cane
making
2½
.
yards
English.
Measures
of
Marselia
.
Corne
is
sold
by
the
Mine
,
the
Sacke
of
Pisa
,
and
Leghorne
is
found
to
be
1⅘
Mines
of
Marselia
.
The
customes
here
out
and
in
are
1½
per
cent
.
but
the
Citie
by
reason
of
cleansing
the
Harbour
,
and
some
shippes
set
out
against
Pirats
Customes
in
Marselia
.
have
made
the
1½
inwards
3¼
per
cent
.
and
onely
1¼
.
out
,
this
is
meant
of
commodities
of
the
growth
of
the
Countrie
;
but
in
Spices
brought
in
,
as
Pepper
,
Ginger
,
Indico
,
or
such
as
come
not
out
of
the
Levant
,
but
as
they
call
it
,
out
of
the
Ponent
,
or
out
of
the
West
Seas
,
it
paies
the
Kings
custome
which
is
now
about
15.
per
cent
.
besides
the
Cities
custome
above
named
,
and
thus
much
for
Marselia
.
The
next
Province
is
that
of
Avignon
,
the
principall
Citie
thereof
called
by
that
name
,
it
is
a
faire
Towne
,
and
seated
upon
the
River
Avignon
.
of
Rhone
,
but
hath
no
Trade
that
I
could
observe
,
though
I
have
often
beene
there
,
it
is
subject
to
the
Pope
,
and
hee
permitting
Iewes
to
inhabite
heere
,
are
found
the
principall
Pedlers
,
for
Merchants
I
cannot
call
them
.
The
City
is
said
to
have
7.
Palaces
,
7.
Parishes
,
7.
Monasteries
,
7.
Nunneries
,
7.
Innes
,
and
7.
Gates
,
and
other
things
of
note
I
observed
not
,
and
as
for
commerce
,
the
Weights
and
Measures
diff●…r
not
much
from
Marselia
,
and
the
great
custome
here
paid
is
some
prejudice
to
passengers
and
merchandise
that
passeth
from
Provence
to
Lions
,
or
from
Lions
to
Marselia
.
The
next
Province
is
Orange
,
the
capitall
Citie
here
bearing
that
name
,
belonging
to
the
Prince
of
Orange
,
a
strong
Towne
,
and
Orange
.
sweetly
seated
neere
upon
the
Rhone
;
heere
all
Protestants
passengers
are
really
welcomed
,
and
Papists
narrowly
lookt
unto
,
in
requitall
of
the
contrary
courtesie
practised
at
Avignon
not
above
fixe
leagues
off
.
The
next
is
Picardy
,
wherein
I
finde
Amiens
and
Abbevile
for
Picardy
.
Callais
.
faire
Townes
,
but
of
little
or
no
traffique
:
Callais
also
the
inlet
of
France
is
strong
,
but
hath
sent
away
its
Trading
with
the
Staple
,
which
by
the
English
was
planted
and
continued
heere
for
200.
yeares
;
whilest
it
was
in
possession
of
the
English
,
the
French
Kings
were
accustomed
to
have
the
same
put
daily
into
their
remembrance
untill
it
was
regained
;
and
were
it
not
,
that
the
Merchant
adventurers
make
mention
thereof
in
their
Oath
taken
at
the
entrance
into
that
Brotherhood
,
it
is
almost
forgotten
that
ever
it
was
English
,
which
I
the
rather
mention
heere
,
that
some
noble
English
heart
would
daily
put
our
Soveraigne
in
minde
thereof
till
it
returne
againe
to
bee
English
;
in
the
meane
time
a
word
of
the
Trade
thereof
.
CHAP.
CXXXII
.
Of
Callais
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
CALLAIS
formerly
was
the
great
Staple
for
the
Woolles
of
England
,
and
setled
here
Anno
1347.
by
Callais
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Edward
the
Third
,
to
make
good
his
Conquest
after
eleventh
moneths
siege
,
but
afterward
it
was
hence
removed
,
and
this
place
lost
by
Queene
Mary
,
Anno
1557.
after
200.
yeares
possession
of
the
English
,
and
was
by
our
then
Kings
of
England
ever
called
the
Key
that
gave
their
Armies
entrance
into
France
;
the
place
is
not
now
of
any
great
noted
traffique
,
though
it
and
Bollen
adjoyning
be
accounted
the
best
maritime
Ports
in
Picardy
,
opposite
to
Dover
from
whence
this
is
seven
leagues
distant
.
The
Coines
here
currant
are
those
in
generall
of
France
.
The
Weights
here
in
use
are
three
.
Weights
of
Ca●…
.
First
,
is
the
Weight
proper
of
the
Towne
,
the
100.
lib.
whereof
is
in
London
about
92.
lib.
The
second
is
called
the
Merchants
Weight
,
the
100.
lib.
whereof
make
in
London
113.
lib.
and
the
100.
sutle
of
London
is
here
88.
lib.
The
third
is
called
the
English
Wooll-hundred
,
or
Staple
hundred
,
the
100.
lib.
whereof
is
in
London
about
89.
lib.
or
90.
lib.
about
3.
per
cent
.
different
from
the
Towne-weight
.
The
Measure
used
here
is
the
Alne
,
and
makes
in
London
(
)
inches
.
The
next
is
Champaigne
,
wherein
is
Rhemes
the
principall
Citie
,
Champaigne
.
where
the
Kings
of
France
are
annointed
,
and
where
there
is
a
College
for
the
entertainment
of
the
English
,
English
Fugitives
,
Iesuites
I
meane
The
next
is
Burgondy
,
famous
for
Digion
,
which
is
notable
through
France
for
good
mustard
,
a
note
worthy
our
Tukesbury
.
Burgondy
.
The
next
is
Bresse
,
Chastilion
being
the
principall
Citie
,
and
the
last
that
I
shall
handle
appertaining
to
the
King
of
France
,
or
under
B●…esse
.
his
government
.
The
next
in
order
according
to
my
Methode
is
the
Franche
Count
,
the
principall
Citie
thereof
is
Besanson
,
which
in
times
past
strove
〈◊〉
.
for
precedency
of
Trade
with
Lions
,
but
being
an
inland
Towne
she
hath
lost
that
honour
,
the
Inhabitants
of
this
Country
bringing
home
greater
and
more
honourable
titles
,
as
famoused
abroad
for
good
Souldiers
,
knowne
by
the
name
of
Walloons
,
and
now
is
under
the
command
of
Spaine
.
The
Exchanges
of
Placentia
was
once
here
seated
from
Cambery
,
but
the
Merchants
being
not
well
used
returned
to
Placentia
.
100.
lib.
of
Besanson
is
112.
lib.
English.
The
next
is
Loraine
,
the
principall
Citie
is
Nancy
,
yeelding
plenty
of
Corne
,
and
Wine
,
store
of
fresh
water
fish
,
and
salt
,
and
famous
Loraine
.
in
that
it
was
the
Dukedome
of
Godfrey
,
sirnamed
of
Bulloigne
,
which
wonne
Ierusalem
from
the
Saracens
,
and
was
the
first
Christian
crowned
King
of
that
Kingdome
:
and
now
to
Savoy
,
as
partaking
with
the
French
in
the
Trade
as
well
as
in
their
Garbe
.
CHAP.
CXXXIII
.
Of
Savoy
,
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
THe
Dukedome
of
Savoy
comprehends
onely
this
Dutchy
and
the
Principality
of
Piedmont
,
in
the
Savoy
and
the
cities
thereof
.
former
is
Chambery
the
residency
of
the
Duke
,
when
hee
is
in
these
parts
:
in
the
later
is
Nisa
and
Villa
Franca
two
Sea-ports
,
but
not
capacious
nor
safe
for
shippes
of
burthen
;
next
Aste
,
a
great
Mart
for
all
Italian
commodities
:
and
lastly
Turin
,
the
principall
Citie
where
the
Duke
of
Savoy
holds
his
Court
and
residence
;
and
because
in
these
later
yeares
of
Warre
betweene
England
and
France
,
our
English
Factours
from
Marselia
fled
hither
for
succour
,
entertainment
,
and
protection
,
which
they
bountifully
had
of
the
late
Duke
;
I
must
not
passe
over
the
Trade
thereof
without
remembrance
,
nor
be
unmindefull
of
that
bounteous
welcome
they
found
at
his
Highnesse
hands
.
CHAP.
CXXXIV
.
Of
Turine
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
TURINE
being
the
capitall
Citie
of
Piedmont
,
having
Turine
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
Nisa
,
and
Villa
Franca
for
Sea-ports
,
hath
had
many
furtherances
to
make
it
a
great
Citie
of
traffique
;
for
the
Duke
at
severall
times
,
but
lastly
at
the
comming
of
the
English
hether
from
Marselia
,
made
a
Cavidall
or
stocke
for
Trade
of
300000.
cro
.
whereinto
hee
caused
many
of
his
Nobles
to
enter
and
become
Partners
,
but
when
the
stocke
was
made
,
and
published
in
England
and
in
other
Countries
,
this
Dukedome
was
not
found
to
give
vent
to
any
commodities
of
consequence
,
some
fish
,
and
Calve-skinnes
excepted
,
wherewith
to
invest
the
said
Stocke
:
notwithstanding
he
gave
commandement
that
the
English
should
be
kindly
entertained
both
at
Nisa
and
Villa
Franca
,
and
appointed
certaine
lodgings
and
Warehouses
for
them
,
and
their
wares
;
but
Peace
ensuing
shortly
after
with
France
,
the
Factours
againe
returned
to
Marselia
with
due
acknowledgement
of
their
Royall
entertainment
:
the
maine
obstacle
in
Trade
heere
being
the
too
neere
neighbourhood
of
Genoa
the
rich
,
and
of
Leghorne
the
free
,
which
neither
of
the
two
Townes
formerly
mentioned
can
equallize
.
The
Monies
commonly
currant
in
Savoy
are
the
Monies
of
Italy
Coines
of
Savoy
.
and
France
,
as
neighbouring
,
and
the
florin
of
the
Country
accounted
three
sold
turnois
,
which
is
3½
.
d.
English.
Their
Accounts
are
kept
in
Livers
sold
and
deniers
,
as
in
France
;
Accounts
in
Savoy
.
but
in
Nisa
they
account
by
Florins
and
Grosses
,
a
crowne
of
sol
of
France
is
4.
flo.
2.
gro
.
Their
100.
lib.
makes
in
London
about
82.
lib.
and
77.
li.
in
Lions
and
in
Venetia
grosse
66.
in
67.
li.
in
Florence
or
Pisa
135.
l.
Their
Measure
is
a
Ras
both
of
Cloth
and
Silke
,
which
is
halfe
an
Alne
of
Lions
,
and
23.
inches
English
by
the
Rule
.
This
Country
affoordeth
for
Merchandise
Rice
and
corne
,
in
abundance
,
and
some
Silke
wrought
heere
,
and
some
other
commodities
,
but
of
no
great
consequence
,
nor
worthy
mentioning
;
therefore
I
will
forbeare
to
treate
further
of
this
Dukedome
,
and
end
my
French
Commerce
.
Before
I
leave
France
,
and
therewith
Savoy
,
who
doe
in
all
things
Waights
o●…
F●…ance
red●…ced
to
Londo●…
100.
l●…
.
partake
with
the
Garbe
and
manner
of
the
French
,
and
ere
I
enter
into
Italy
,
having
thus
surveied
some
particular
Townes
of
eminency
therein
.
It
will
be
worthy
notice
to
collect
the
Weights
and
Measures
of
such
as
we
have
omitted
,
and
soe
view
the
generall
trade
of
France
;
which
I
will
beginne
in
the
Weights
,
and
reduce
the
same
to
the
100.
li.
sutle
of
London
,
which
is
observed
,
The
100.
li.
of
London
hath
made
in
-
Paris
by
Kings
beame
|
89.
li.
|
Deepe
|
91
|
Burgogne
|
91
|
Roan
by
Vicount
|
88
|
by
ordinary
weight
|
92
|
weighed
by
the
same
and
account
4.
l.
per
cent
.
over
.
|
|
Avignon
|
112.
li.
|
Callais
|
107
|
by
Merchants
weight
|
●…8
|
Engl.
Wooll
weight
|
110
|
Marselia
|
112
|
Aquimort
|
98
|
Mirabell
|
98
|
Abevile
|
91
|
Burdeaux
|
91
|
Lions
by
ordinary
weight
|
107
|
by
Silke
weight
|
98
|
by
Customers
weight
|
90
|
〈◊〉
|
112
|
Montp●…lier
|
112
|
Rotchell
|
112
|
Ditto
by
small
weight
|
115
|
Genoa
|
98
|
by
great
weight
|
82
|
S.
Anthony
|
123
|
Calsada
|
98
|
For
further
instruction
,
here
I
referre
the
ingenuous
to
the
large
Worke
of
Monsieur
Savona
,
who
hath
comprised
all
the
Trading
of
France
into
a
Volume
of
too
great
a
bulke
for
me
to
peruse
it
more
accurately
.
In
like
manner
,
to
abbreviate
my
labour
,
you
well
see
that
the
Me●…sures
of
Fra●…ce
reduced
to
the
100.
yards
o●…
London
.
100.
yards
of
London
maketh
in
these
Townes
following
,
In
Roven
|
77½
.
alns
.
|
Avignon
|
80
|
Orleans
|
48.
ca.
|
Marselia
Silke
|
48
|
Ditto
for
woollen
|
44½
.
|
Paris
,
Rotchell
|
78.
aln
|
Lions
for
Linnen
|
80
|
Dito
for
Silke
|
115.
alnes
.
|
Provence
|
48.
can
.
|
Geneva
|
80.
stabs
.
|
Nantes
,
Abevile
|
110.
alns
.
|
And
so
for
the
most
part
the
same
are
found
through
all
France
,
the
abovesaid
places
onely
excepted
.
CHAP.
CXXXV
.
Of
the
Trade
in
generall
of
France
.
FRom
the
particular
Trade
of
the
Cities
of
France
,
The
generall
Trade
of
France
.
let
us
view
the
trade
in
generall
of
this
Kingdome
,
and
we
shall
not
finde
it
of
any
great
consequence
,
for
heere
it
is
found
that
the
Gentlemen
doe
not
meddle
with
Traffique
,
because
they
thinke
such
Traffique
ignoble
and
base
,
and
so
unfit
for
them
;
which
errour
the
French
no
lesse
dearely
buy
than
doe
some
English
,
to
which
Kingdome
of
late
dayes
they
have
in
some
sort
blowed
over
that
opinion
,
though
some
of
the
better
judgements
of
England
are
reformed
in
that
point
,
and
finde
it
a
most
worthy
,
excellent
,
and
profitable
Calling
:
but
as
the
French
are
found
to
neglect
Merchandising
,
so
are
they
lesse
studious
in
their
Navigations
than
their
neighbours
,
either
Spaniards
,
Dutch
,
or
English
;
which
I
imagine
proceeds
not
out
of
a
desire
to
attempt
,
or
courage
to
performe
,
but
because
they
abound
with
all
things
both
for
plentifull
food
,
and
rich
attire
;
and
if
they
want
any
thing
,
strangers
gladly
bring
it
to
them
,
allured
by
foure
principall
commodities
which
doth
much
enrich
the
Inhabitants
,
which
is
Wines
,
Linnens
,
Salt
,
and
corne
,
being
the
prime
commodities
of
that
Kingdome
;
yet
it
is
found
that
the
Marselians
trade
and
navigate
into
Egypt
,
Aleppo
,
and
Constantinople
,
and
the
Normans
and
Britains
,
into
England
,
Spaine
,
Ireland
,
and
Netherland
:
in
time
of
Warres
they
have
also
some
small
Vessels
at
Sea
,
more
fit
for
piracy
and
theft
than
for
any
great
Warre
of
moment
,
and
their
successe
hath
been
so
ill
in
their
Colonies
in
America
,
that
it
hath
quite
disheartened
them
from
seconding
their
attempts
.
Three
Cities
here
carry
the
greatest
fame
in
Trade
,
Marselia
for
the
Levant
,
Roven
for
the
English
Chanell
,
and
Rotchell
for
the
Ocean
,
this
last
subsisting
by
the
growth
of
their
White
and
Claret
Wines
of
Burdeaux
:
Roan
by
their
petty
manufactories
of
Cardes
,
Pinne●…
,
Combes
,
Paper
,
and
Canvas
:
and
Marselia
by
the
Trade
of
Turky
,
wherein
are
found
Factours
that
doe
imploy
the
estates
of
many
Merchants
resident
within
Lions
,
and
other
inland
townes
of
France
,
which
gives
life
to
most
of
their
Traffique
and
Navigation
in
these
parts
.
Now
it
is
observed
that
England
brings
them
Newland
fish
,
herings
,
pilchers
,
lead
,
tinne
,
cloths
,
ke●…ses
,
cottons
,
or
frises
,
and
have
in
returnes
Wines
from
Burdeaux
,
oyles
and
almonds
from
Marselia
,
and
paper
,
canvas
,
bucroms
from
Roven
,
and
Locrams
from
Morlais
,
the
East
country
and
Holland
brings
them
cordage
,
tarre
,
pitch
,
rosen
,
masts
,
and
firre
timber
,
and
returnes
Wines
from
Burdeaux
,
and
paper
,
canvas
from
Roven
,
and
sal●…
from
Eres
:
Spaine
brings
them
some
spices
,
and
they
returne
them
corne
,
and
linnens
:
Italy
brings
them
some
silke
fabriques
,
&c.
and
they
returne
them
oiles
,
cloth
,
linnen
,
and
the
like
:
Turkie
affords
them
cotton
woolles
,
raw
silke
,
cotton
yarne
,
hides
,
sheepe
woolles
▪
&c.
and
they
send
thither
Rials
of
Plate
,
woollen
cloth
,
and
little
else
;
and
this
is
the
grosse
of
the
present
Trade
of
France
.
CHAP.
CXXXVI
.
Of
Geneva
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
GENEVA
being
a
faire
Citie
and
wholly
in
possession
of
Protestants
,
is
a
Nursery
of
Learning
,
and
withall
Geneva
and
the
trade
thereof
.
no
stepdame
to
Trade
:
it
is
seated
commodiously
,
to
that
end
upon
the
River
Rhone
,
which
within
16.
leagues
after
saluteth
the
Walles
of
Lions
,
and
serveth
out
of
Switzerland
●…o
convey
many
sorts
of
Merchandise
to
it
,
and
to
transport
the
same
thence
to
Lions
,
Valence
,
Avignon
,
Arles
,
to
Provence
,
and
Languedocke
.
Their
Monies
are
as
in
France
,
and
keepe
their
Account
in
Livers
Sold
and
Deniers
Turnois
,
and
heere
also
is
currant
the
Coines
of
the
Coines
in
Genev●…
and
accounts
.
Vnited
Cantons
of
Switzers
,
and
the
coines
of
Savoy
.
The
100.
li.
here
renders
in
London
107.
li.
and
by
some
is
found
Waights
of
Geneva
.
to
agree
with
the
grosse
of
Venice
,
and
making
of
Venice
sotile
158
2/3
li.
Incirca
.
The
Stab
renders
in
London
(
)
and
60.
Elles
here
hath
beene
Measures
of
Geneva
.
found
to
make
in
Venetia
100.
braces
cloth
measure
,
and
106.
bra
.
silke
measures
.
But
it
is
time
that
I
should
forsake
these
petty
Provinces
and
travell
over
the
Alpes
,
and
come
into
Italy
,
which
is
my
next
Taske
.
CHAP.
CXXXVII
.
Of
Italie
,
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
ITALIE
is
girded
round
with
the
Ionian
,
Tyrrhenian
,
Italie
,
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
and
Adriatique
Seas
,
except
it
bee
toward
France
and
Germany
,
from
which
it
is
parted
by
the
Alpes
.
The
Country
in
generall
for
Merchandising
yeelds
Rice
,
silkes
,
velvets
,
sattins
,
taffetaes
,
grograms
,
rashes
,
fustians
,
armour
,
allome
,
glasses
of
all
sorts
,
as
I
shall
mention
in
the
particular
Kingdomes
and
Provinces
thereof
.
Italy
hath
ever
affoorded
eminent
and
ingenious
Merchants
,
yet
such
as
merit
not
really
in
all
things
that
Title
,
because
that
their
Trade
consisteth
more
in
Exchanges
,
which
is
a
branch
of
Merchandising
,
than
in
Adventures
,
which
is
the
principall
point
which
gives
the
Title
to
all
bargainers
,
it
being
a
common
speech
though
unmerchantlike
,
yea
unchristianlike
amongst
them
,
That
they
are
loath
to
trust
God
with
their
Estates
at
Sea
when
they
may
have
the
same
safe
on
shoare
,
as
if
then
it
were
out
of
his
reach
or
protection
.
Italy
is
now
divided
into
10.
Provinces
,
which
affords
many
principall
Cities
of
Trade
,
which
following
my
intended
Methode
I
will
handle
in
order
.
-
1.
The
Kingdome
of
Naples
.
-
2.
The
Papacy
.
-
3.
The
Common-wealth
of
Venetia
.
-
4.
The
Dukedome
of
Florence
.
-
5.
The
Dukedome
of
Millan
.
-
6.
The
Dukedome
of
Mantoa
.
-
7.
The
Dukedome
of
Vrbin
.
-
8.
The
Principality
of
Parma
.
-
9.
The
Estate
of
Genoa
.
-
10.
The
State
of
Lucca
.
In
each
of
which
are
found
many
notable
townes
of
traffique
,
which
as
belonging
unto
severall
Princes
,
will
require
a
more
particular
Survay
,
than
if
otherwise
it
were
commanded
by
one
sole
Soveraigne
;
and
first
of
the
Kingdome
of
Naples
.
CHAP.
CXXXVIII
.
Of
Naples
,
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
THe
Kingdome
of
Naples
,
is
accounted
the
richest
of
Italy
,
abounding
in
severall
commodities
for
Merchandising
,
Naples
and
the
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
as
in
Mines
of
divers
metals
,
in
choise
and
rich
Wines
,
in
Saffron
,
Silkes
raw
and
wrought
,
in
Oyles
,
Brimstone
,
Anyseeds
,
Argalls
,
&c.
heere
I
have
seene
one
field
yeelding
at
one
and
the
same
time
three
severall
crops
,
the
ground
bearing
Corne
,
having
Mulberry
trees
intermixed
,
and
Vines
planted
at
the
foote
of
each
Mulberry
,
which
have
made
excellent
Wines
,
and
this
I
have
observed
for
twenty
miles
riding
together
on
each
hand
of
the
way
,
which
must
needs
bee
pleasant
to
the
beholders
,
and
profitable
to
the
inioyers
and
owners
.
The
Kingdome
of
Naples
is
divided
into
sundry
Provinces
,
which
I
will
onely
nominate
:
as
first
,
Terra
di
Lavoro
,
wherein
is
found
Capua
,
whose
pleasures
did
effeminate
Haniball
,
Cuma
where
one
of
the
Sibills
resided
,
neere
Terra
di
Lavoro
.
which
is
Lacus
Avernus
,
the
stinke
whereof
killeth
Birds
as
they
flie
over
it
,
Baca
,
Nola
and
Puteoli
;
famous
in
times
past
for
many
Antiquities
and
Baths
,
which
in
Anno
1619.
I
curiously
visited
for
divers
daies
,
in
search
of
shaddowes
.
The
next
principall
Towne
is
Gaieta
,
well
fortified
by
the
Spaniards
,
and
where
Burbon
that
ransacked
Stai●…
of
Gaeta
i●…
43
li.
o●…
that
waight
.
Rome
lieth
interred
;
but
the
principall
of
this
Kingdome
is
Naples
:
of
which
,
CHAP.
CXXXIX
.
Of
Naples
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
NAples
the
Metropolis
of
this
Kingdome
,
is
a
very
beautifull
Citie
,
and
estimated
seven
miles
in
compasse
,
Naples
and
the
trade
thereof
.
once
called
Parthenope
,
and
now
Neapolis
,
fortified
with
foure
strong
Castles
in
possession
of
the
Spaniard
,
Castle
Capedna
,
Castle
Ermo
,
Castle
Ov●…
,
and
Castle
Novo
.
It
venteth
out
of
England
,
Baies
,
Saies
,
Serges
,
Fustians
,
Lead
,
Tinne
,
Pilchards
,
Newland-fish
,
red
and
white
Herring
,
some
Cloth
and
other
commodities
;
it
consisteth
much
in
Gentry
,
few
eminent
Merchants
natives
are
heere
found
;
the
taxes
laid
upon
Merchandises
being
so
great
,
that
it
ruines
all
commerce
,
yet
what
I
observed
heere
in
Anno
1619.
I
shall
relate
.
The
currant
Coynes
of
Naples
were
then
,
Coines
of
Naples
.
A
Duccat
of
gold
large
is
worth
in
Naples
11½
.
Carlins
.
A
Duccat
of
Carlins
is
worth
onely
ten
Carlins
,
so
that
100.
Dutcats
of
gold
,
are
worth
115.
Duccats
of
Carlins
.
One
Ounce
is
worth
sixe
Duccats
.
A
Duccat
of
Carlines
is
worth
five
Tarries
.
A
Tarrie
is
worth
20.
graines
.
A
Carlin
is
worth
10.
graines
.
Their
accounts
are
kept
in
Naples
by
Duccats
,
Tarries
and
Graines
,
Account
keeping
.
five
Taries
making
a
Duccat
,
and
twenty
Graines
a
Tarie
;
but
these
are
accounted
Duccats
currant
,
every
110.
Duccats
currant
,
make
100.
Duccats
of
gold
.
The
Waights
of
Naples
are
the
Cantar
and
the
100.
Their
Cantar
Waights
of
Naples
.
of
Naples
is
100.
Rotolos
,
which
is
2.
li.
9⅓
.
ounces
Naples
,
and
by
which
they
weigh
all
their
grosse
goods
,
which
is
in
Florence
32.
ounces
,
and
285.
li.
and
is
196.
li.
haberdepois
.
But
the
100.
li.
hath
been
observed
to
produce
-
in
Florence
—
90.
li.
-
in
Rome
—
93.
li.
-
in
London
—
71.
li.
-
in
Lions
—
68.
li.
-
in
Venetia
—
106.
li.
-
Ditto
grosse
—
82.
li.
-
1.
li.
sutle
is
in
Venice
sotle
—
15¾
.
ounces
.
-
1.
li.
sutle
is
in
Venice
grosse
.
—
9.
ounces
58.
Note
that
in
Gaeta
is
used
another
Quintar
for
some
commodities
grosse
goods
,
which
hath
been
found
to
render
in
Leghorne
254.
li.
and
in
Naples
all
grosse
goods
are
waighed
by
the
great
Cantar
,
and
all
fine
goods
by
the
hundred
.
Their
measure
is
a
Cone
divided
into
8.
Palmes
,
which
is
in
Florence
Measures
in
Naples
.
after
the
opinion
of
some
3⅝
.
Braces
just
,
and
it
hath
been
observed
in
the
measure
of
these
two
places
,
that
46.
Braces
of
Sattin
made
at
Naples
12½
.
Canes
,
so
that
in
stuffes
the
Cane
of
Florence
makes
in
Naples
8.
2
/
23.
Palmes
,
and
consequently
Braces
48⅔
.
made
in
Naples
13.
Canes
3.
Palmes
.
Nine
Palmes
of
Naples
are
in
Lions
just
two
Alnes
,
so
that
the
Cane
make
English
81½
.
inches
by
rule
,
which
is
somewhat
more
then
2¼
.
yards
English
,
without
the
inch
,
and
some
have
found
it
to
bee
2½
.
yards
:
12.
Canes
in
Naples
have
made
in
Lions
21.
Alns
,
so
that
1¾
.
Alns
have
made
a
Cane
in
Naples
.
Many
commodities
are
sould
by
the
Salmo
,
and
16.
Tomolos
is
a
Corne
,
&c.
Salmo
,
which
Tomolo
is
two
Staios
of
Florence
,
and
in
England
Gallons
.
Oyle
in
Callabria
is
sould
by
the
Migliot
,
which
is
132.
ounces
,
or
11.
li.
and
it
requires
2¾
.
Milliots
to
make
a
staio
of
Naples
.
Oyle
.
Note
that
foure
Salmo
in
Oyle
in
Naples
have
made
40.
staios
,
which
are
in
Venice
40.
mari
,
which
are
in
England
(
)
gallons
.
But
Naples
is
more
famous
amongst
Bankers
for
Exchanges
then
amongst
Merchants
for
any
emminent
trade
,
therefore
it
is
needfull
I
annexe
the
Exchanges
thereof
,
according
to
the
custome
practised
in
this
place
,
which
you
shall
finde
in
the
284.
and
343.
Chapters
at
large
,
with
all
circumstances
therennto
belonging
.
The
Customes
of
this
Kingdome
doth
diffe●…
upon
severall
commodities
,
as
some
paies
2½
.
some
4½
.
per
cent
.
and
some
more
and
some
Customes
of
Naples
.
lesse
,
according
to
the
will
of
the
Vice-king
heere
,
commanding
for
the
King
of
Spaine
,
which
by
the
Merchant
is
more
precisely
to
bee
learned
.
The
next
Province
is
Abruzzo
,
wherein
is
Salerne
,
famous
for
Physicke
heere
taught
;
next
Rhegum
,
opposite
to
Mesina
,
and
in
that
Vare
,
Abruzzo
.
the
next
Tarento
,
where
grow
great
quantity
of
Olives
,
and
whereof
Oyle
in
abundance
is
made
.
Taranto
.
The
next
is
the
Province
of
Ottranto
,
wherein
is
found
Brindifie
,
the
most
famous
Havens
in
these
Seas
,
and
Ottranto
and
Galipoli
affoording
Ottranto
.
great
abundance
of
Oyles
and
Cattell
which
last
pay
for
tribute
to
the
Spaniard
100.
thousand
Duccats
yeerely
;
and
for
the
Oyles
they
are
knowne
to
us
by
the
name
of
Apulia
Oyles
,
being
the
last
Province
comprised
in
this
Country
,
and
the
former
Cities
standing
in
Calabria
,
it
will
not
bee
amisse
to
insert
two
or
three
words
of
the
trade
thereof
.
CHAP.
CXL
.
Of
Callabria
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
IN
Callabria
is
seated
Tarento
,
Ottranto
,
Brindise
,
and
Rhegium
,
which
abounding
in
oiles
and
ca●…tle
,
especially
Callabria
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
oiles
,
which
many
English
shippes
doe
lade
in
these
parts
yearely
,
I
will
note
what
I
have
observed
therein
.
Their
Monies
are
the
same
as
in
Naples
,
and
and
currant
throughout
the
Kingdome
.
Coines
of
Callabria
.
Their
Weight
is
the
Quintall
of
a
100.
lib.
which
hath
made
in
-
Venetia
sot
.
—
106.
li.
Weights
of
Callabria
.
-
Venetia
gro
.
—
82.
-
London
—
73.
100.
lib.
in
Callabria
hath
made
in
Venetia
sotl
.
12¾
.
ounces
.
The
Cantar
of
Naples
is
also
sometimes
used
for
grosse
goods
,
and
is
found
to
bee
in
Venice
grosse
186.
lib.
and
observed
to
have
made
in
London
196.
li.
Their
Measure
of
length
is
a
Cane
divided
into
8.
palmes
,
and
hath
Measures
of
Calabria
.
made
cloth
measure
in
Venice
3.
bra
.
and
in
London
(
)
inches
.
The
〈◊〉
of
oile
heere
is
132.
ou
.
which
is
11.
li.
abovesaid
,
Of
oyle
.
and
it
wanteth
2¾
.
li.
of
making
a
Staio
in
Napes
.
The
But
of
oile
in
Callabria
is
500.
Rot.
which
make
in
Naples
43.
in
44.
sta.
which
is
about
25.
caf
.
and
thus
much
shall
serve
for
Callabria
,
a
word
for
Apulia
.
CHAP.
CXLI
.
Of
Appulia
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
APULIA
comprehending
some
of
the
aforesaid
citities
,
also
Le●…hy
,
Barry
,
and
Manfredonia
the
principall
,
Apulia
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
abounding
in
corne
,
oile
,
almonds
,
olives
,
galles
,
wines
,
and
other
commodities
are
sold
thus
.
Corne
is
sold
by
the
Tomelo
,
which
is
two
staios
of
Florence
,
a
cargo
of
corne
being
36.
tomolos
makes
Measures
of
corne
.
in
Flor.
72.
sta
.
and
English
(
)
gallons
.
Barley
is
also
sold
by
the
tomolo
,
but
of
a
lesser
sise
as
containing
1⅓
.
siaio
,
a
cargo
making
also
36.
tomolos
,
which
reduced
to
Florence
measure
is
48
staios
,
and
is
English
(
)
gallons
.
Their
Tomolo
of
Wheate
is
36.
Rotolos
,
which
are
2.
li.
9½
.
ou
.
per
Rotolo
of
Naples
,
which
tomolo
comes
to
be
in
Flor.
100.
li.
6.
ou
.
But
the
Tomolo
of
Barley
,
is
48.
Rotolos
,
which
is
⅓
.
more
than
that
of
Wheate
,
the
cargo
making
3.
Moyas
of
Florence
.
Almonds
are
sometimes
sold
by
the
cantaro
,
and
commonly
worth
here
26.
taries
the
cantar
,
and
sometimes
by
the
tomolo
,
and
Of
almonds
.
of
the
Abrogino
almonds
there
goes
twenty
tomolos
to
a
cantar
,
and
of
the
common
sort
of
almonds
22.
tomolos
.
A
Butte
of
oile
or
wine
of
Pulia
hold
heere
twelve
barrels
,
which
Of
oile
.
have
beene
found
to
make
in
Florence
10.
barrels
,
and
is
in
England
(
)
gallons
.
Oiles
in
Pulia
are
sold
by
the
1000.
l.
which
commonly
cost
about
20.
Tar.
and
yet
sometimes
found
to
be
measured
by
the
Salme
,
accounted
for
10
staios
,
each
staio
waighing
18.
Rotolos
,
so
that
this
way
the
Salmo
of
oyle
comes
to
bee
180.
Rotolos
,
which
reckoned
in
Florence
,
at
2.
li.
7.
ou
.
per
Rotolo
,
makes
Florence
weight
465.
lib.
and
English
(
)
pounds
,
commonly
worth
from
18.
to
22.
tares
a
measure
,
which
comes
to
produce
about
5¼
.
or
5½
.
barrels
in
Florence
.
This
Staio
of
oile
weighs
49.
li.
of
the
weight
of
Pulia
.
Galles
are
here
sold
by
the
Cantaro
,
and
is
196.
li.
of
haberdepois
.
Olives
are
sold
by
the
Tomolo
,
worth
about
5.
car
l.
a
tomolo
,
in
the
time
of
gathering
,
which
is
in
Iune
and
Iuly
,
which
are
put
in
sackes
Of
olives
.
of
sixe
or
6½
.
tomolos
,
and
each
tomolo
of
olive
,
weighes
about
16.
Rotolos
.
A
Salmo
of
wine
is
accounted
to
make
3½
.
barr
.
of
Florence
,
and
is
commonly
worth
10.
carlins
a
salmo
,
and
held
to
bee
incirca
14.
Of
wine
.
ser.
of
Venice
measure
.
A
Car.
or
Cargo
of
corne
of
Pulia
,
hath
beene
observed
to
make
34½
.
fanegs
in
Callais
,
and
in
Lixborne
145.
alquiers
of
tomolos
36.
of
Naples
per
car
.
and
57.
Chil●…s
of
Constantinople
.
But
I
have
staid
too
long
here
,
I
will
passe
to
the
next
Principality
,
which
is
the
Papacy
.
CHAP.
CXLII
.
Of
the
Papacy
,
and
the
Cities
of
Trade
therein
.
THe
Papacy
containes
foure
Provinces
:
first
,
Romandiola
.
Papacy
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
Secondly
,
Marca
Anconitana
.
Thirdly
,
Ducato
Spoletano
.
And
fourthly
,
St
Peters
patrimony
.
And
first
then
in
Romandiolia
,
are
many
principall
Cities
,
and
great
townes
,
of
which
the
first
is
Bollonia
,
the
chiefe
Vniversity
of
Italy
,
Ferara
famous
for
the
Iron
mines
about
it
,
and
within
whose
jurisdiction
stands
Modena
and
Rhegium
,
two
faire
Cities
;
and
last
,
Ravenna
,
once
beautified
with
a
faire
Haven
,
now
choaked
by
age
and
rubbish
;
of
the
Trade
of
these
a
word
and
in
order
.
CHAP.
CXLIII
.
Of
Bollonia
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
BOLLONIA
under
the
command
of
the
Pope
,
is
an
Vniversity
much
frequented
by
Students
of
the
Civill
Bollonia
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
Law
,
it
is
seated
within
land
,
and
is
well
knowne
in
matters
of
Exchanges
,
as
I
shall
shew
in
due
place
,
and
hath
those
Monies
currant
that
acknowledge
the
Popes
stampe
,
as
I
shall
declare
in
Rome
.
Their
Accounts
are
kept
in
Livers
sold
and
deniers
,
12.
deniers
to
a
Accounts
in
Bollonia
.
sol
and
20.
sols
to
a
Liver
,
the
Liver
may
be
accounted
to
bee
incirca
13½
.
d.
sterling
money
,
and
some
are
found
to
keepe
their
accounts
in
duccatons
,
sols
,
and
deniers
,
cast
up
by
12.
and
by
20.
as
above
is
said
.
Their
Weights
common
in
use
are
these
,
Weights
in
Bollonia
.
Their
Quintall
is
100.
li.
which
makes
In
-
London
—
80.
li.
-
Rome
—
100
-
Millan
—
106
-
Florence
—
104
-
Genoa
—
133
-
Lions
—
77
-
Venetia
sot
.
—
120
-
Venetia
gr
.
—
75
1000.
li.
in
Bollonia
have
given
in
Venetia
sutle
1320.
li.
gro.
750.
li
so
that
the
1.
lib.
hath
rendred
their
grosse
9.
ou
.
sutle
14.
ounces
2½
.
sach
.
Their
Measure
is
a
Brace
,
and
is
found
to
bee
about
25.
inches
Measures
in
Bollonia
.
English
,
100.
braces
here
have
made
in
Venetia
cloth
measure
96.
br.
and
of
silke
bra.
90.
braces
.
Corne
is
here
sold
by
the
Corbe
,
100.
whereof
makes
92.
staios
in
Venetia
,
and
100
corbes
in
wine
make
Amf●…ra
Venetiana
12.
and
2.
Corne.
quarters
,
and
in
dry
measures
170.
quartes
,
and
in
London
(
)
gallons
.
From
hence
are
accustomed
to
come
to
other
parts
,
corne
,
almonds
,
oiles
,
wines
,
raw
silke
,
and
sundry
sorts
of
wrought
sattins
,
taffetaes
,
Commodities
of
Bollonia
.
and
other
,
called
hence
Bollonia
silke
,
and
of
Bollonia
making
,
and
to
conclude
this
place
,
heere
are
found
many
eminent
Exchanges
,
the
course
of
which
Exchanging
you
shall
finde
in
the
generall
Exchanges
here
practised
,
vide
Chapter
296.
CHAP.
CXLIV
.
Of
Ferara
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
FERARA
is
the
next
principall
Citie
of
Trade
in
this
circuit
,
famous
for
his
Iron-mines
Ferara
and
the
trade
thereof
.
about
it
,
seated
on
the
bankes
of
the
River
Poe
and
accounted
one
of
the
pleasantest
Cities
in
Italy
,
for
in
the
middest
thereof
is
a
faire
Greene
,
into
which
open
about
twenty
Streets
,
of
halfe
a
mile
in
length
,
and
so
even
and
uniforme
that
thence
the
utmost
●…nds
thereof
may
bee
discerned
;
it
affoordeth
wines
,
oiles
,
olives
,
iron
,
steele
,
and
some
manufactories
of
silke
.
The
Monies
are
as
at
Rome
to
which
this
Citie
appertaineth
,
admitting
but
of
very
little
difference
in
the
rates
current
thereof
.
The
Quintall
of
Ferara
is
100.
li.
which
makes
Venetia
sot.
112½
.
li.
and
Venetia
gr.
72.
lib.
in
London
incirca
75.
li.
haberdepois
,
and
the
100.
Weights
of
Ferara
.
li.
sat
.
Venice
makes
here
87.
li.
and
the
100.
li.
gro.
138.
li.
The
Measure
is
a
Brace
,
100.
braces
makes
in
London
72.
yards
.
Their
Wine
Measure
is
a
Mastello
,
11.
whereof
make
an
Amf●…ra
of
Measures
of
Farara
.
Venetia
,
and
is
in
England
(
)
vide
London
.
Their
Corne
Measure
is
a
stare
,
100.
stares
makes
in
Venetia
37.
sta
.
and
so
much
shall
serve
for
Ferara
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
CHAP.
CXLV
.
Of
Modena
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
MODENA
is
the
next
City
seated
in
this
Tract
,
yeelding
many
fabriques
of
silkes
,
which
it
disperseth
Modena
.
to
its
neighbouring
townes
.
Their
Accounts
are
kept
in
Livers
,
sold
,
deniers
,
12.
deniers
to
a
sold
,
and
20.
sol
to
a
liver
.
Accounts
in
Modena
.
Their
Quintall
is
100.
li.
which
renders
Weights
in
Modena
.
In
-
Lions
—
77.
li.
-
London
—
72.
li.
-
Venetia
sotile
—
109.
li.
-
Venetia
grosse
—
72.
li.
-
Florence
—
98.
li.
The
measure
is
the
Brace
,
the
same
as
in
Mantua
,
and
1.
per
cent
.
Measures
in
Modena
.
longer
then
the
Brace
of
Ferrara
,
and
by
observation
it
hath
beene
found
that
the
100.
Braces
of
Modena
have
made
118.
in
Florence
.
Corne
is
heere
sould
by
the
Staro
,
100.
whereof
makes
93.
or
94.
Stares
in
Venetia
,
and
one
Staio
of
Modena
,
hath
made
2½
.
Staios
in
Florence
,
and
hath
made
in
Venice
three
quarts
,
and
sixe
quarteroli
.
CHAP.
CXLVI
.
Of
Rimano
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
RImno
,
anciently
Ariminum
,
seated
on
the
mouth
R●…ano
,
and
the
Trade
of
it
.
of
the
River
Rubicon
,
affoords
much
silke
,
which
it
partly
sends
abroad
,
and
partly
converts
heere
into
Stuffes
,
also
some
Wines
,
Oyles
,
Corne
:
The
coines
currant
as
in
Rome
,
as
being
subject
to
the
Papacie
,
and
the
accounts
are
kept
in
their
same
denomination
.
The
Quintall
is
the
100.
li.
which
makes
in
London
81.
li.
and
some
have
made
experience
,
that
it
makes
in
Venice
grosse
76.
Their
Measure
is
the
Brace
,
and
is
in
London
27.
inches
bare
.
Waights
▪
Measures
.
Their
Corne
measure
is
〈◊〉
stare
,
100.
making
210.
in
Venetia
,
and
their
Wine
measure
is
a
somo
,
which
makes
in
London
ten
gallons
.
CHAP.
CXLVII
.
Of
Ravenna
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
RAvenna
is
seated
on
the
Adriatique
Sea
,
and
once
beautified
Ravenna
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
with
one
of
the
fairest
Havens
in
the
World
,
where
Augustus
Caesar
alwaies
kept
a
Navy
mand
,
to
defend
these
parts
of
the
Empire
,
now
choaked
up
with
mud
and
rubbish
:
the
neighbourhood
of
Venetia
,
whose
Senators
have
as
well
followed
Mercury
by
Merchandising
,
as
Mars
by
Armes
,
keepes
this
City
from
any
notable
commerce
,
yet
I
will
note
what
I
have
observed
heere
upon
both
in
matter
of
waights
and
measures
.
The
Quintall
of
Ravenna
is
100.
li.
which
gives
Venetia
sotile
●…8
.
li.
Weights
of
Ravenna
.
in
London
,
78.
li.
and
the
grosse
●…00
.
li.
of
Venetia
made
heere
133.
li.
The
measure
is
a
brace
,
100.
braces
of
Cloth
in
Venice
,
is
heere
112.
Measures
of
Ravenna
.
100.
braces
of
silke
in
Venice
,
is
heere
106.
Corne
is
sould
by
the
stare
,
100.
whereof
makes
in
Venice
66⅔
.
staio
,
so
that
3.
staros
Ravenna
,
have
made
the
2.
staios
of
Venetia
;
and
these
are
the
chiefe
Cities
of
Romandolia
.
The
next
Province
is
Marco
Anconitana
,
wherein
is
famous
,
first
Loretto
,
for
the
Pilgrimage
to
our
Lady
Church
,
brought
thither
if
you
Loretto
.
will
beleeve
it
through
the
aire
from
Palestine
,
whereunto
a
great
trade
is
driven
by
the
superstitious
Papists
;
next
is
Adria
,
which
gave
name
to
these
Seas
;
next
Recanti
,
and
Ancona
,
two
faire
Cities
and
of
great
concourse
of
Merchants
,
of
which
first
.
CHAP.
CXLVIII
.
Of
Recanti
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
REcanti
,
Olim
Aelia
Recina
,
as
some
authors
alleage
is
a
faire
City
,
affoording
Corne
,
Oyle
and
Wine
,
and
some
Recanti
in
Istria
.
Silke
for
Merchandise
to
be
exported
:
The
waights
thereof
being
100.
l.
gives
in
Lond.
75.
l.
Waights
.
-
and
in
Florence
—
96½
.
li.
-
In
Venetia
sotile
—
112.
li.
-
In
Venetia
grosse
—
72.
li.
Their
measure
is
a
brace
,
94.
whereof
make
Venetia
brace
100.
li.
Oyle
is
sould
heere
by
the
Miare
,
which
is
the
same
as
that
in
Venetia
.
Measures
.
CHAP.
CXLIX
.
Of
Ancona
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
ANcona
is
a
faire
Citie
,
seated
on
the
hill
Cinerius
,
which
shooteth
into
the
Adriatique
Sea
like
a
Promontory
,
having
Ancona
and
the
trade
.
a
commodious
Haven
built
by
Trajanus
the
Emperour
,
it
is
fruitfull
as
the
rest
of
this
Country
,
affoording
principally
,
Corne
,
Wines
and
Oyles
.
The
Quintall
of
Anconia
is
100.
li.
and
makes
in
London
—
78.
li.
Waights
.
-
In
Venetia
grosse
—
73.
li.
-
In
Venetia
sotile
—
116.
li.
-
In
Florence
—
98.
li.
Their
measure
heere
is
a
brace
,
106.
whereof
have
made
in
Venice
100.
braces
,
10.
cones
of
cloth
in
Florence
have
made
here
37½
braces
.
Measures
.
Ancona
.
Corne
is
heere
sould
by
the
star●…
,
6½
.
have
made
a
somme
in
Florence
.
The
next
Province
is
the
Dutchy
of
Spoletta
,
the
principall
Citie
bearing
the
name
of
Spallata
,
whereof
is
not
any
thing
in
Merchandising
Spallata
.
worthy
the
note
that
I
finde
;
and
their
waights
and
measures
doe
in
all
points
agree
with
Venetia
.
The
last
part
of
this
Country
is
Saint
Peters
Patrimony
,
wherein
are
principall
Cities
of
commerce
,
Civetavechia
,
which
hath
a
pretty
harbour
,
and
neere
which
the
Allom
is
made
,
which
wee
call
Romish
Civetavechia
.
or
Roche
,
and
beere
the
Pope
doth
for
trade
sake
allow
a
Gentleman
the
title
of
Consull
for
the
English
Nation
,
to
see
that
the
Mariners
who
are
apt
enough
to
give
offence
bee
not
wronged
or
abused
,
at
whose
hands
in
Anno
1619.
going
thence
as
a
Merchant
to
Rome
,
I
found
all
curtesies
and
friendship
,
and
passing
through
Pollidor
,
a
pretty
towne
,
in
the
Christmas
Holidaies
,
I
came
to
Rome
,
where
what
I
did
observe
in
matter
of
Trade
,
besides
the
devotion
of
the
season
and
time
,
I
shall
in
the
next
Chapter
declare
.
CHAP.
CL.
Of
Rome
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THis
Citie
in
her
ancient
splendor
,
was
fifty
miles
Rome
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
in
circuit
,
and
had
750.
Towres
that
beautified
her
walles
,
and
inhabited
by
463000.
Families
,
but
now
the
compasse
exceedes
not
ten
miles
,
and
a
third
of
that
is
also
wast
ground
,
and
hath
two
third
parts
of
the
inhabitants
Clergymen
and
Cortesans
which
latter
heere
are
accounted
to
bee
40000.
and
pay
30000.
Duccats
,
yeerely
tribute
,
which
doth
mainetaine
in
Civetavechia
two
Gallies
furnished
,
knowne
by
the
names
of
the
〈◊〉
,
as
the
place
of
their
aboade
in
Rome
,
but
leaving
this
private
Trade
to
the
Virgin
Fri●…rs
,
I
come
to
the
publique
commerce
of
this
Citie
,
which
according
to
my
observation
is
following
.
Rome
and
the
territory
thereof
affoordeth
for
Merchandise
,
Corne
,
Wine
,
Oyle
,
Silke
,
Gl●…ves
,
Al●…me
,
L●…testrings
,
Kidskins
,
and
some
fabriques
made
of
Silke
:
And
from
England
,
it
receiveth
Lead
,
Tinne
,
Baies
,
Saies
,
Stuffes
,
Pilchards
,
Herrings
white
and
red
,
Newland-fish
,
Calveskins
,
●…lt
Salmon
,
〈◊〉
,
Waxe
,
&c.
which
are
landed
at
Civitavechia
,
and
thence
transported
by
boats
and
barkes
to
Rome
,
along
the
so
much
famoused
River
of
Tiber
,
which
passeth
through
the
same
.
The
Coines
of
all
Italy
passe
heere
currant
,
but
the
principall
of
Coines
in
Rome
.
this
Countrey
that
are
currant
is
the
Duccat
,
or
as
they
call
it
the
Crowne
of
Gold
,
which
is
worth
11.
Iulios
or
Paulos
.
The
Crowne
of
Silver
is
worth
10.
Iulios
or
Paulos
,
which
is
100.
Baioches
,
or
400.
quatrins
.
The
Iulio
is
worth
10.
Baioches
or
40.
quatrins
.
The
Baioche
is
worth
40.
quatrins
or
1●…
sol.
4.
den
.
small
money
of
Rome
.
Their
accounts
are
kept
in
Crownes
,
Iulios
,
Baioches
and
quatrins
Accounts
in
Rome
.
as
above
,
and
some
in
Duccats
of
Camera
or
destampe
,
of
which
97.
11.
3.
make
100.
of
Gold.
Their
Quintall
in
Rome
is
100.
and
makes
in
London
—
80.
li.
and
with
other
Countries
is
found
to
be
in
Venetia
sotle
—
119.
li.
Waights
in
Rome
.
In
Naples
|
106.
li.
|
Venetia
grosse
|
75.
li.
|
Florence
|
102.
li.
|
Genoa
|
110.
li.
|
But
note
,
that
of
these
Quintars
of
100.
li.
is
framed
two
different
waights
,
with
allowances
given
thereupon
,
as
in
sale
of
Spices
and
such
like
.
The
Quintar
thereof
is
accounted
to
be
of
the
above
said
waight
160.
li.
And
the
second
for
the
waight
of
grosse
goods
accounted
to
be
250.
li.
to
the
Quintar
,
which
is
to
be
observed
in
the
sale
of
a
commoditie
,
and
therefore
the
commoditie
and
the
waight
whereby
it
is
sould
is
to
be
observed
.
They
use
also
two
measures
in
length
,
the
one
for
Linnen
and
Measures
in
Ro●…e
.
Woollen
,
called
the
Cane
,
divided
into
8.
Palmes
,
and
30.
Cans
is
100.
Braces
Venetia
;
the
other
which
they
call
the
Brace
which
is
3
〈◊〉
.
Palmes
of
the
said
Cane
,
which
Brace
renders
in
Florence
1½
.
Brace
,
the
first
making
in
London
(
)
inches
,
and
the
latter
(
)
inches
.
Co●…ne
is
sould
by
a
measure
,
called
the
Rugio
,
which
renders
in
Genoa
1⅞
.
Mins
,
and
in
Florence
8¾
.
Staios
,
and
is
412.
li.
of
Rome
,
and
is
in
England
(
)
gallons
.
But
by
reason
of
the
great
occasion
that
Clergy-men
from
most
parts
of
Europe
have
to
use
money
in
this
City
,
the
Exchanges
thereof
are
most
worthy
observation
,
therefore
I
have
handled
the
same
in
the
278.
and
326.
Chapters
,
with
all
circumstances
thereunto
belonging
,
to
which
I
refer
you
.
From
Rome
I
will
take
my
way
to
Venetia
,
and
to
that
Republique
,
and
see
what
is
there
note
worthy
in
matters
of
commerce
.
CHAP.
CLI
.
Of
the
Common-wealth
of
Venetia
,
and
the
Cities
of
Trade
therein
.
THe
Common-wealth
of
Venetia
containeth
these
Venetia
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
Provinces
,
La
Marca
Trevigiana
,
Friuli
,
Histria
,
part
of
Dalmatia
,
and
the
Islands
of
Candy
,
Corfu
,
Cephalonia
,
Itheca
,
Xante
,
Lucaia
,
Cythera
,
&c.
In
which
I
finde
these
principall
Cities
of
Trade
,
first
Treviso
,
next
Padua
a
famous
Vniversity
for
Physicke
;
next
Vicentia
,
next
Bressia
which
is
accounted
the
second
for
greatnesse
in
Lombardy
,
next
Verona
,
also
a
faire
Citie
Crema
,
a
strong
Fort
,
Aquilegia
once
of
great
circuit
,
now
devoured
by
the
neighbourhood
of
Venetia
,
Palma
a
moderne
towne
built
by
the
Venetians
within
these
late
years
,
next
is
Cape
de
Istria
,
Pola
,
and
some
others
of
lesser
note
,
and
last
of
all
the
Metropolis
of
all
this
Common-wealth
which
is
Venice
it selfe
;
of
these
,
or
as
many
as
I
have
gathered
any
observation
,
I
shall
declare
.
CHAP.
CLII.
Of
Treviso
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
TREVISO
is
the
principall
Citie
of
that
Province
,
Treviso
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
which
to
the
Venetians
is
knowne
by
Marca
Trevi
giana
,
and
commodiously
seated
for
an
inland
trade
,
the
chiefe
Citie
Venetia
depriving
all
the
rest
of
any
eminent
honour
in
matter
of
Traffique
,
therefore
herein
I
shall
be
the
briefer
,
and
first
,
For
their
coines
currant
,
and
their
Account
kept
,
I
willingly
omit
the
same
,
as
to
bee
found
more
at
large
under
the
Title
of
Venetia
.
As
for
the
Waights
and
Measures
thereof
,
it
will
not
bee
improper
that
I
set
heere
the
agreements
thereof
with
Venetia
,
as
being
seated
within
that
Common-wealth
.
Treviso
is
found
then
to
have
two
severall
Waights
,
a
grosse
and
Weights
of
Treviso
.
sutle
,
in
the
same
manner
as
Venetia
,
which
thus
agree
together
.
100.
li.
grosse
in
Treviso
makes
grosse
in
Venetia
92½
.
li.
100.
li.
sutle
in
Treviso
makes
sutle
in
Venetia
112.
li.
100
li.
sutle
Venetia
gives
in
Treviso
sutle
89½
.
li.
100.
li.
sutle
Venetia
gives
in
Treviso
grosse
58⅓
.
li
100.
li.
sutle
Treviso
makes
grosse
in
Venetia
70.
li.
All
which
considered
,
the
thousands
are
found
thus
to
accord
.
1000.
li.
sutle
Treviso
is
1125.
li.
sutle
Venetia
.
1000.
li.
grosse
Treviso
is
1080.
li.
grosse
Venetia
and
backward
.
1000.
li.
grosse
Venetia
is
926.
li.
grosse
Treviso
.
1000.
li.
sutle
Venetia
is
890.
li.
sutle
Treviso
.
1.
li.
sutle
Treviso
is
sutle
Venetia
13½
.
ounces
.
1.
li.
grosse
Treviso
is
grosse
Venetia
13.
ounces
.
1.
li.
sutle
V●…netia
is
sutle
in
Treviso
10⅔
ounces
.
1.
li.
grosse
Venetia
is
grosse
in
Treviso
11.
ounces
.
The
Measures
of
length
in
Treviso
is
onely
the
Brace
.
Measures
of
Treviso
.
the
100.
cloth
braces
in
Venetia
is
100.
braces
in
Treviso
.
the
100.
silke
braces
in
Venetia
is
94.
braces
in
Treviso
.
Oile
is
sold
here
by
the
Miare
.
Corne
by
the
staio
,
the
100.
staios
here
are
109.
in
Venetia
.
Wine
is
sold
by
the
Cara
,
which
consists
of
10.
consi
,
which
according
to
the
measure
of
Venetia
is
17½
.
quartes
;
the
next
is
Padoua
.
CHAP.
CL●…I
.
Of
Padoua
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
PADOUA
is
a
famous
Vniversity
,
especially
for
Physicke
,
which
affords
not
much
matter
of
Trade
,
yet
Padoua
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
observing
my
intended
Methode
,
I
will
place
here
the
concordancy
of
their
Waights
and
Measures
with
the
capitall
Citie
Venetia
.
Padoua
is
found
to
have
a
grosse
Quintall
,
and
a
sotle
Quintall
,
as
the
Citie
of
Venetia
hath
,
and
found
thus
to
agree
Weight●…
of
Padoua
.
togeth●…r
.
The
100.
li.
sutle
of
Padoua
is
112
〈◊〉
sutle
in
Venetia
.
the
1000.
li.
grosse
of
Padoua
is
1020.
li.
grosse
in
Venetia
.
the
1000.
li.
sutle
in
Padoua
is
1125.
sutle
Venetia
.
the
100●…
.
li.
sutle
in
Venetia
is
889.
sutle
in
Padoua
.
The
brace
in
Padoua
is
the
same
as
at
Treviso
aforesaid
.
Corne
is
sold
by
the
stare
,
three
here
makes
one
stare
in
Venetia
.
Measure
of
Padoua
.
Wine
is
sold
by
the
Cara
,
one
whereof
heere
is
18.
quarts
Venetia
.
Oile
by
the
Miaro
,
which
is
heere
1185.
lib.
grosse
in
Padoua
,
for
other
occurrences
it
is
to
be
referred
to
Venice
.
CHAP.
CLIV.
Of
Vicentia
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
VICENTIA
would
bee
in
matter
of
Trade
of
greater
Vicentia
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
note
were
shee
not
so
neere
neighbour
to
and
under
the
authority
of
Venetia
,
for
which
cause
I
shall
bee
the
briefer
,
and
thus
is
found
to
agree
therewith
.
The
Waights
heereof
doe
precisely
accord
with
Waights
of
Vicentia
.
Padoua
above
mentioned
.
The
Measures
of
Vicentia
are
only
one
which
is
the
brace
,
which
Measures
.
thus
is
found
to
accord
.
100.
braces
of
silke
in
Venice
is
in
Vitentia
92.
braces
:
100.
braces
of
cloth
hath
made
in
Vicentia
98.
braces
.
Corne
is
sold
by
the
stais
,
100.
whereof
doe
make
in
Venetia
33½
.
staio
.
Wine
is
sold
by
the
Caro
,
which
in
Venetia
is
18½
.
quarts
.
Oile
is
sold
by
the
Miaro
,
which
are
40.
Miri
,
which
makes
grosse
weight
in
Venetia
1210.
li.
and
grosse
of
Vicentia
1185.
li.
Heere
is
made
a
fine
kinde
of
raw
silke
,
and
dispersed
abroad
,
fit
for
silke
stuffes
,
called
by
the
name
of
Vicentia
silke
,
100.
li.
thereof
is
93.
li.
in
Florence
.
CHAP.
CLV
.
Of
Bressia
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THe
next
is
Bressia
,
seated
likewise
in
this
Province
,
more
famous
in
her
Archbishop
,
who
Bressia
,
an●…
the
trade
thereof
.
is
an
Earle
,
Marquesse
,
and
a
Duke
,
than
in
any
matter
of
Trade
,
yet
according
to
my
intended
Methode
begunne
,
I
will
compare
the
Waights
and
Measures
hereof
with
Venice
.
Bressia
hath
but
one
Quintall
,
which
containes
Weights
of
Bressia
.
the
100.
li.
of
the
laid
place
.
the
100.
il
.
of
Bresse
is
sutle
Venetia
108.
li.
and
grosse
66⅔
li.
the
100.
li.
grosse
Venetia
is
147.
li.
and
100.
li.
sutle
is
92.
li.
here
.
the
1.
li.
of
Bressia
is
sotle
Venetia
13.
ounces
.
The
Brace
of
Bressia
agrees
with
the
cloth
brace
of
Venice
.
Measures
of
Bressia
.
Corne
is
here
sold
by
the
Soma
,
and
makes
two
staio
in
Venetia
.
CHAP.
CLVI
.
Of
Verona
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
VErona
is
a
faire
Citie
,
and
famous
in
times
past
for
many
notable
things
heere
performed
,
which
I
Verona
.
willingly
omit
,
but
in
matters
of
commerce
I
finde
the
waights
and
measures
thus
to
accord
with
Venetia
.
Verona
is
found
to
have
two
Quintars
,
a
grosse
and
sutle
.
The
100.
grosse
in
Verona
,
is
108.
li.
grosse
in
Venetia
.
Weights
in
Verona
.
The
100.
sutle
in
Verona
,
is
110.
li.
sutle
in
Venetia
.
So
that
the
100.
sutle
in
Venetia
,
makes
sutle
Verona
90½
.
li.
And
the
100.
li.
grosse
in
Venetia
,
makes
sutle
Verona
145½
.
li.
The
Brace
of
Verona
agrees
with
the
Silke
Brace
in
Venetia
.
Measures
in
Verona
.
Corne
is
sould
by
the
Minali
,
100.
whereof
is
in
Venice
45½
.
staies
.
Wine
is
sould
by
the
Brenta
,
which
is
in
Venetia
6.
Sechi
,
and
a
Cara
of
Wine
,
is
in
Venetia
17½
.
quartes
.
Oyle
is
sould
by
the
Miaro
,
which
is
1210.
li.
grosse
,
and
1738.
li.
sutle
,
in
Venetia
,
making
139.
Basces
,
which
are
8.
Brentas
and
11.
Basses
:
where
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
3½
.
Basses
of
Verona
,
is
1.
Miri
in
Venetia
.
CHAP.
CLVII
.
Of
Crema
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
CRema
is
a
strong
Fort
,
and
bordering
upon
Millan
,
where
the
state
of
Venetia
hold
a
Custome
house
for
Crema
,
and
its
trade
.
the
collection
of
their
Customes
upon
such
goods
as
goe
from
these
parts
either
to
Millan
it selfe
,
or
thence
by
transito
to
Lions
or
other
places
.
The
Quintall
of
Crema
,
is
the
100.
li.
thus
agreeing
Weights
in
Crema
.
with
Venice
.
100.
li.
sutle
Venice
,
is
in
Crema
92.
li.
and
100.
li.
grosse
147.
li.
in
150.
li.
100.
li.
in
Crema
,
is
sutle
Venetia
108.
li.
and
grosse
Venetia
66.
in
67.
li.
The
measure
for
length
is
the
Brace
,
which
is
found
to
bee
two
per
cent
.
lesse
then
the
Cloth
Brace
in
Venetia
:
whither
now
it
is
high
Measures
in
Crema
.
time
I
should
repaire
unto
and
survay
the
traffique
thereof
,
as
at
this
day
it
is
found
and
observed
.
CHAP.
CLVIII
.
Of
Venice
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
VENICE
is
the
principall
citie
of
this
Republique
,
and
Venetia
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
is
seated
in
the
bottome
of
the
Adriatique
Sea
,
or
Venetian
gulfe
upon
72.
Islands
,
and
distant
from
the
maine
land
five
miles
,
defended
against
the
fury
of
the
Sea
,
by
a
banke
extending
twenty
Leagues
in
length
,
through
which
there
is
passage
broken
in
seven
places
for
Boates
,
but
no
waies
for
ships
,
but
at
Mallamocco
,
and
the
Castles
of
Lio
,
which
are
found
to
be
strongly
fortified
:
it
is
accounted
to
be
eight
miles
in
compasse
,
and
hath
for
conveniency
of
passage
neere
4000
bridges
,
and
12000.
boates
,
as
some
of
our
moderne
travellers
have
observed
.
It
is
the
onely
place
where
Policie
,
Warfare
and
Merchandising
have
kist
together
,
for
the
most
part
of
those
Clarissimos
which
heere
boast
of
their
quality
,
greatnesse
or
wisdome
,
have
either
in
themselves
or
in
their
auncestors
,
had
their
originall
from
traffique
and
Merchandising
,
many
of
whom
injoying
this
title
of
Noble
families
;
I
have
knowne
in
Constantinople
and
other
parts
as
Merchants
and
Factors
,
who
in
their
youth
exercising
this
Arte
,
doe
afterward
as
their
genius
leades
them
,
either
become
Captaines
and
Providitors
in
Castles
,
Forts
,
or
Cities
,
or
Ambassadors
,
and
so
imployed
into
forraine
States
;
or
lastly
Senators
at
home
governing
the
Common-wealth
,
but
their
worth
being
in
it selfe
sufficiently
knowne
to
the
world
,
I
shall
descend
to
the
subject
in
hand
.
This
Citie
then
hath
for
many
yeeres
had
the
sole
commerce
and
traffique
of
all
the
Mediterranean
Seas
,
and
not
content
therewith
,
have
made
that
Citie
the
common
Mart
of
all
the
commodities
of
Arabia
,
Persia
,
India
,
and
those
Easterne
rich
Countries
by
their
great
trade
to
Alexandria
and
Cairo
,
which
continued
for
many
yeres
;
and
when
the
Grecian
Empire
was
both
in
its
height
and
in
its
descent
,
they
mannaged
the
sole
Trade
thereof
,
till
the
State
of
Genoa
did
looke
thereinto
,
and
by
their
power
and
might
at
Sea
,
shared
with
them
therein
:
but
the
Portugall
finding
the
way
to
India
by
the
Cape
of
Bona
Speransa
,
and
the
English
and
Dutch
Merchants
following
those
leaders
,
now
bring
those
rich
commodities
that
way
straight
to
their
own
homes
,
which
in
former
times
they
were
constrained
to
have
from
this
Citie
at
a
farre
dearer
rate
and
at
a
second
hand
,
since
which
times
,
their
customes
have
decaied
,
their
ships
rotted
and
their
Mariners
,
the
pride
of
their
Commonwealth
all
become
Poltrones
,
and
the
worst
accounted
in
all
those
Seas
.
This
Citie
now
serves
in
matter
of
Trade
for
an
inlet
into
Austria
,
and
upper
Germany
,
which
this
way
it
yet
fits
with
some
spice
,
drugges
,
and
other
Arabian
commodities
,
which
in
part
is
brought
hither
from
Alexandria
,
Aleppo
,
and
Constantinople
,
where
they
still
have
Consuls
and
Factours
,
and
partly
by
a
second
hand
from
England
,
now
thereby
bringing
to
them
those
commodities
which
a
few
yeares
past
wee
had
and
fetched
from
them
,
as
from
the
onely
Citie
and
prime
Marchants
of
Europe
.
The
Commodities
here
found
and
afforded
are
not
many
,
nor
of
much
worth
,
as
some
corne
,
wines
,
oiles
,
rice
,
woollen
cloth
,
paper
,
aniseeds
,
Commodities
of
Venetia
.
argall
,
glasses
for
looking
and
for
drinking
,
quick-silver
,
some
silkes
raw
and
wrought
.
The
Commodities
sent
thither
from
England
is
lead
,
tinne
,
baies
,
furres
,
perpetuanaes
,
searges
,
saies
,
and
some
cloth
,
indico
,
pepper
,
ginger
,
maces
,
cloves
,
Nutmegs
,
&c.
herings
white
and
red
,
pilchards
,
Newland
fish
,
salted
salmon
,
and
such
,
it
serves
in
these
dayes
for
a
Mart
for
the
Commodities
of
Istria
,
Dalmatia
,
Slavonia
,
Austria
,
upper
Germania
,
and
the
Adriatique
seas
,
and
serves
these
parts
againe
with
such
commodities
as
are
either
brought
hither
by
the
English
,
Dutch
,
and
French
from
these
severall
Kingdomes
,
or
from
Alexandria
,
Aleppo
,
Smyrna
,
the
Archepelago
,
and
Constantinople
by
themselves
,
as
the
sole
persons
to
whom
hence
the
Trade
of
Turky
is
permitted
.
Their
Monies
currant
are
these
,
The
Crowne
of
Gold
is
worth
24.
grosses
of
Venetia
.
Monies
of
Venetia
.
A
Liver
of
grosse
is
worth
10.
Duccats
of
Gold
large
.
A
Duccat
of
Gold
is
worth
24.
Deniers
the
Liver
of
Grosses
.
A
Liver
ordinary
of
Venetia
is
worth
of
Florence
lib.
6.
4.
sold
,
which
makes
a
Duccat
in
the
said
place
of
Venetia
,
those
monies
which
heere
are
called
Piccoli
,
are
the
currant
Coine
of
this
Citie
,
and
the
monies
which
heere
are
called
Grosses
,
is
worth
1.
lire
62.
sol
of
piccoli
or
10.
Duccats
,
the
Duccat
is
alwayes
worth
lire
6.
sol
,
4.
of
piccoli
,
or
else
accounted
24.
Grosses
,
and
the
Grosse
is
worth
sol
5.
2.
of
piccoli
,
and
in
the
lire
of
grosses
it
is
accounted
and
reckoned
as
in
Deniers
,
so
that
by
this
may
bee
discerned
to
bee
currant
,
two
sorts
of
Duccats
,
the
one
currant
in
payment
,
which
may
bee
valued
sterl
about
3.
s.
4.
d.
and
the
other
of
banco
,
which
may
be
valued
about
4.
s.
or
4.
s.
2.
d.
as
the
Exchange
will
admit
,
wherein
see
farther
,
the
one
being
20.
per
cent
.
better
than
the
other
.
There
is
found
to
bee
in
Venetia
foure
kindes
of
Weights
,
which
thus
are
distinguished
and
found
to
accord
.
Weights
of
Venetia
.
The
greatest
is
called
The
grosse
pound
,
and
100.
li.
wherewith
all
Woolls
,
brasse
,
metalls
,
fish
,
flesh
,
and
other
grosse
goods
are
weighed
.
The
second
is
the
Gold-waight
used
for
Gold
,
Silver
,
and
Iewels
onely
.
The
third
is
used
in
Gold
and
Silver
thread
,
and
in
nothing
else
.
The
fourth
is
the
pound
,
and
100.
lib.
sutle
,
wherewith
all
silkes
,
spices
,
drugges
,
cottons
,
cotton-yarne
,
and
such
like
fine
goods
are
weighed
by
,
which
thus
are
amongst
them
found
to
accord
and
agree
.
100.
li.
grosse
is
158.
li.
sutle
,
633.
li.
grosse
is
1000.
li.
sutle
.
100.
li.
sutle
is
83½
.
grosse
,
1000.
li.
grosse
is
1580.
li.
sutle
.
1.
li.
grosse
is
sutle
1.
li.
6.
ounc.
5.
sazi
18.
Kr.
1.
li.
sotle
is
grosse
7.
ounc.
2.
sazi
16.
Kr.
100.
li.
of
Silver
or
Gold
thread
is
sutle
116.
li.
8.
ounc
.
1.
Marc
of
Gold
is
sutle
9.
oun.
sazi
2.
Where
note
that
a
Marc
of
Gold
is
8.
oun.
1.
oun.
.
is
4.
quarters
,
1.
quarter
is
36.
Kr.
and
1.
Kr.
is
4
gra
.
so
that
144.
Kr.
is
1.
oun.
and
1152.
Kr.
is
1.
Marc.
1.
li.
sotle
is
12.
oun.
the
1.
ounc
.
is
6.
sazi
,
and
1.
sazi
is
1½
.
dram
,
which
is
3.
sec.
Also
note
that
in
Venetia
there
is
bought
and
sould
divers
commodities
,
some
by
Ballance
,
and
some
by
stalero
,
as
well
in
the
grosse
as
in
the
sutle
Waight
;
and
that
the
ballance
waight
is
greater
than
the
stalero
waight
2.
ib.
per
cent
.
by
the
hundred
more
than
by
the
pound
,
and
the
sutle
Waight
of
the
Ballance
is
greater
than
of
the
staliero
sutle
two
pound
per
cent
.
by
the
hundred
than
by
the
pound
Weight
.
Now
let
us
observe
how
these
two
Waights
the
sotle
and
grosse
responds
with
the
Weight
of
other
Countries
.
The
100.
li.
sutle
have
beene
observed
to
make
the
first
Rowe
Weights
of
Venetia
agreeing
with
other
Countries
.
to
the
left
hand
,
and
the
100.
li.
grosse
the
next
Rowe
.
The
100.
li.
sutle
makes
in
the
first
rowe
,
and
the
1●…0
.
li.
gro
.
makes
in
the
second
rowe
thus
.
Alexandria
zera
|
31.
Rot.
|
50.
Rot.
|
Alexandria
forf
.
|
71.
R
|
112.
R.
|
Alleppo
|
14.
R.
|
21.
R.
|
Archepelago
|
77.
li.
|
121.
li.
|
Anversa
|
64.
li.
|
102.
li.
|
Almaria
|
55.
R.
|
90.
R.
|
Ancona
|
86.
li.
|
136.
li.
|
Bergamo
|
90.
li.
|
145.
li.
|
Bollonia
|
83.
li.
|
132.
li.
|
Baruti
|
13.
R.
|
20.
R.
|
Cyorus
|
13½
.
R.
|
21.
R.
|
Constantinople
|
56.
R.
|
84.
R.
|
Candia
|
li.
|
li.
|
Corfu
.
|
75.
li.
|
117.
li.
|
Cremona
|
96.
li.
|
151.
li.
|
Damascus
|
16⅔
.
R.
|
26⅓
.
R.
|
Ferrara
|
102.
li.
|
139.
li.
|
Florence
|
87.
li.
|
138.
li.
|
Lions
|
70.
li.
|
110.
li.
|
London
|
64.
li.
|
106.
li.
|
Lixborne
|
59.
li.
|
9●…
.
li.
|
Millan
|
92.
li.
|
150.
li.
|
Mantoua
|
93.
li.
|
150.
li.
|
Marselia
|
70.
li.
|
112.
li.
|
Mall●…ca
|
57.
li.
|
90.
li.
|
Napoles
Rema
|
94.
li.
|
149.
li.
|
Naples
Romania
|
78.
li.
|
121.
li.
|
Parma
|
90.
li.
|
148.
li.
|
Piasentia
|
92.
li.
|
150.
li.
|
Paris
|
70.
li.
|
112.
li.
|
Roma
|
84.
li.
|
132.
li.
|
Ravenna
|
●…4
.
l.
|
133.
l.
|
Ragusa
|
83.
l.
|
13●…
.
l.
|
Scio
&
Smyrna
|
62.
R.
|
98.
R.
|
Sivilia
|
63.
l.
|
98.
l.
|
Tripoli
Barbaria
|
59½
.
R.
|
93½
.
R.
|
Turin
|
92.
l.
|
148.
l.
|
Verona
|
90.
l.
|
145.
l.
|
Zante
|
63.
l.
|
100.
l.
|
How
farre
these
may
come
neere
to
trueth
I
must
referre
to
triall
,
therefore
I
deliver
them
here
as
I
received
them
upon
trust
.
The
Measures
of
Venetia
are
two
,
and
both
called
the
brace
.
Measures
in
V●…a
of
length
.
The
first
is
the
Silke
brace
,
by
which
is
measured
all
stuffes
of
silke
,
Damasces
,
Sattins
,
Cloth
of
gold
,
of
silver
,
&c.
The
s●…cond
is
the
Cloth-brace
,
by
which
is
measured
all
Clothes
and
stuffes
made
of
wooll
,
which
is
greater
than
the
former
6¼
per
centum
.
Upon
which
last
braces
100
hath
beene
made
this
concordance
with
the
Measures
of
other
Countries
.
100.
braces
in
Venice
make
in
London
|
55½
.
elles
.
|
Antwerpe
|
92½
.
|
Frankfort
|
115¾
.
|
Dansicke
|
70⅘
.
|
Vienna
|
80½
.
|
Lions
|
56½
.
alns
|
Paris
|
52¾
.
|
Roven
|
48¼
.
|
Lixborne
|
55½
.
var.
|
Sivill
|
75.
|
Madera
|
57.
v.
|
Lacques
|
111.
br.
|
F●…orence
|
113⅔
.
br.
|
Millan
|
123¾
.
br.
|
Genoa
|
267
〈◊〉
.
pal
.
|
The
liquid
Measures
are
these
:
Wines
are
sold
in
Venetia
two
wayes
,
either
in
grosse
,
or
by
retaile
,
Of
wines
.
the
grosse
by
the
Amphora
and
Bigonsa
,
and
by
retaile
,
by
the
Quart
,
the
Sachio
,
and
Lire
,
where
note
that
the
Amphora
is
foure
Bigonsa
,
and
the
bigonsa
is
4.
quarts
,
and
1.
quart
is
4.
sachi
,
and
1.
sachi
is
4.
liras
or
pounds
,
but
buying
the
same
in
grosse
,
that
is
by
the
Amphora
and
the
Sachio
,
1.
Amphora
is
14.
quarts
,
and
1.
bigonsa
is
〈◊〉
.
quarets
and
halfe
.
Oile
is
heere
also
sould
two
wayes
,
first
by
Measure
,
and
next
Of
oile
.
by
the
Waight
of
the
staliero
,
the
Measure
is
called
the
Miro
,
and
is
40.
lib.
and
by
the
grosse
Weight
is
120.
lib.
and
1.
Mira
makes
by
measure
25.
li.
and
by
weight
makes
30.
li.
3.
oun.
Corne
is
sold
by
the
staio
,
which
is
132.
li.
grosse
Venetia
,
and
in
Of
corne
.
Florence
175.
lib.
which
is
divided
to
4/4.
and
to
8/8.
and
to
16/16.
parts
,
by
which
is
made
the
Scandalios
,
the
¼
.
being
32.
lib.
the
〈◊〉
.
16.
lib.
the
〈◊〉
.
8.
li.
of
grosse
.
Their
Accounts
are
kept
in
Venetia
divers
wayes
,
as
by
summe
in
Accounts
in
Venetia
.
Duccats
and
Grosses
,
at
Livers
6.
and
4.
sol
per
ducc
.
accounting
24.
Grosse
to
a
Duccat
.
Others
againe
by
Livers
,
Sols
,
and
Grosse
,
which
are
valued
at
10.
Duccats
the
Liver
,
accounting
20.
sol
to
the
Liver
,
and
12.
Deuters
grosse
to
a
sold.
Others
by
Liver
,
Sol
,
and
Denari
of
Picholi
,
which
Picholi
are
the
common
currant
Money
of
the
Countrie
,
where
note
that
the
Grosses
are
worth
1.
Liver
per
Sol
62.
of
Picholies
or
10
duccats
,
the
Ducc.
is
ever
worth
6.
Livers
4
sol
in
Pechol
,
or
24.
grosse
,
the
grosse
is
worth
sol
5.
2.
pecholi
,
and
●…n
the
pound
of
grosses
,
it
is
the
same
in
Deniers
,
as
I
shewed
before
in
the
Monies
currant
of
the
place
.
The
Exchanges
made
in
Venice
,
I
have
inserted
in
the
281.
and
368.
Chapters
,
together
with
all
circumstances
thereto
belonging
,
Exchanges
of
〈◊〉
.
where
by
the
way
it
is
to
bee
noted
,
that
in
times
past
the
goodnesse
of
their
Monies
both
in
payment
for
Merchandise
,
and
in
payment
for
Bills
of
Exchange
was
alike
and
of
equall
goodnesse
and
value
;
but
these
wise
Senatours
fearing
to
loose
what
they
cannot
keepe
,
I
meane
,
that
little
Trade
they
yet
hold
,
in
comparison
of
what
they
had
,
lost
by
their
providence
and
circumspection
,
set
a
distinction
betweene
the
Monies
pay●…ble
for
commodities
,
which
they
terme
their
currant
Monies
and
out
of
banco
,
and
betweene
Difference
betweene
money
in
banco
and
out
of
●…onc
.
in
Ven●…c
.
21.
per
centum
.
their
Monies
paid
by
Bills
of
Exchange
,
which
they
terme
in
banco
,
which
hath
had
its
originall
upon
such
unfit
grounds
that
the
very
naming
thereof
,
and
the
particular
circumstances
of
this
difference
is
dishonourable
to
this
Republique
,
which
therefore
I
will
omit
,
onely
thus
farre
the
necessity
thereof
is
to
bee
remembred
,
and
to
bee
well
knowne
and
understood
by
all
Merchants
and
Exchangers
that
trade
and
traffique
to
this
Citie
,
that
the
difference
now
at
this
time
holds
in
proportion
betweene
20.
and
21.
per
cent
.
so
that
it
doth
appeare
to
all
men
that
reside
here
,
or
have
any
commerce
into
this
Citie
,
that
their
payments
made
in
banco
,
and
by
Bills
of
Exchange
is
accounted
better
by
neere
21.
per
cent
.
than
the
payments
made
for
commodities
,
bought
and
sold
betweene
Merchant
and
Merchant
.
The
Customes
of
Venice
are
severall
,
altering
upon
many
commodities
,
and
though
the
wisdome
of
this
Republique
doe
manifestly
Customes
of
Venetia
.
discerne
a
great
diminution
of
their
Customes
in
generall
,
yet
it
so
fals
out
that
they
impose
still
greater
,
as
it
were
endeavouring
thus
to
make
up
the
annuall
rents
thereof
,
as
of
late
they
have
done
upon
Corrence
,
under
pretence
,
that
if
the
English
will
come
and
lade
them
in
the
Port
of
Venice
,
or
otherwise
come
thither
laden
,
they
are
then
freed
of
a
new
Impest
which
is
lately
levied
in
Xa●…te
upon
that
commodity
:
but
they
being
of
the
condition
of
many
Princes
,
that
finding
their
Country
enriched
with
an
eminent
commerce
and
a
plentifull
Trade
,
never
leave
imposing
new
Customes
and
Imposts
thereon
,
till
the
Trade
,
and
Customes
,
and
Imposts
,
and
all
other
the
benefits
thereof
are
slipt
out
of
their
fingers
,
and
fled
for
protection
to
some
other
more
friendly
neighbouring
State
,
or
place
,
where
the
same
findes
a
greater
ease
,
and
a
lesser
charge
;
and
that
hath
Venice
,
Anvers
,
Lions
,
and
Genoa
,
lost
that
famous
Trade
,
which
for
many
yeares
hath
made
those
Cities
renowned
,
and
by
their
falland
easie
Customes
hath
Leghorne
,
Marselia
,
Amsterdam
,
and
London
risen
to
that
height
wherin
they
are
now
found
to
be
,
which
if
the
Princes
thereof
doe
wisely
cherish
,
and
content
themselves
with
a
reasonable
Duty
,
such
as
Trade
in
it selfe
may
well
beare
,
and
the
Trader
live
,
and
chearefully
proceed
in
his
negotiations
,
they
may
see
their
Countries
daily
to
flourish
,
and
grow
both
rich
and
renowned
thereby
;
otherwise
Trade
will
insensibly
flie
from
them
,
the
Merchants
will
give
it
over
,
or
finde
out
new
pathes
,
and
divert
it
into
some
other
place
,
shipping
will
in
an
age
rot
and
perish
,
and
Navigation
will
quickly
be
forgotten
,
and
those
Kingdomes
must
have
other
Nations
to
supply
them
at
the
second
hand
,
and
by
strangers
shipping
,
with
those
necessary
commodities
which
the
Country
stands
in
need
of
,
and
the
same
both
at
deare
rates
,
and
to
the
too
late
repentance
of
the
State
it selfe
,
as
may
now
bee
verified
by
this
of
Venetia
,
who
would
with
many
millions
redeeme
that
lost
Trade
,
and
would
with
free
liberty
of
Customes
entertaine
that
Commerce
,
which
they
themselves
peradventure
by
their
too
great
Customes
and
Imposts
levied
thereon
by
little
and
little
in
times
past
have
of
their
owne
accord
wilfully
or
willingly
lost
,
and
thrust
from
them
,
as
I
shall
declare
further
in
the
Trade
of
Leghorne
,
and
other
places
which
have
of
themselves
no
commodity
to
maintaine
a
Traffique
,
vet
have
all
things
and
want
nothing
that
all
other
Countries
can
afford
,
onely
by
the
benefit
and
commodity
of
an
easie
and
light
dutie
of
custome
imposed
upon
Merchandise
by
the
libertie
and
freedome
of
the
place
and
traders
thereinto
;
and
for
as
much
as
this
state
have
by
their
wisedome
made
of
late
daies
divers
subtile
decrees
for
the
benefit
of
their
owne
traffique
,
and
for
the
regaining
of
their
last
trade
which
are
in
themselves
prejudiciall
to
many
other
Nations
,
but
principally
to
the
English
,
I
hould
it
not
improper
in
this
place
to
mention
some
of
the
principall
thereof
,
that
thereby
if
any
the
able
furtherers
of
the
English
traffique
shall
happen
to
peruse
this
Tract
,
fit
remedies
may
bee
enacted
to
meete
these
decrees
,
which
I
may
call
particularly
injurious
to
the
English
Injurious
decrees
of
Venice
against
the
trade
of
the
English
in
the
Levant
seas
.
Subject
and
Merchant
,
and
tending
to
draw
the
whole
trade
of
the
Levant
Seas
to
the
City
of
Venice
onely
,
to
the
generall
prejudice
of
the
shipping
of
His
Majesty
of
England
traffiquing
in
those
Seas
,
which
I
conclude
under
five
points
.
1.
First
,
they
have
considered
the
late
great
Exportation
of
Corrance
out
of
Zant
and
Zeffalonia
(
two
Islands
of
their
Signory
)
into
England
,
and
that
the
principall
Trade
of
the
English
into
their
Signory
is
onely
for
this
Fruite
,
therefore
they
have
of
late
leavied
an
imposition
of
ten
Duccats
upon
every
thousand
of
Corrance
bought
and
shipped
from
the
said
Islands
,
and
of
later
times
have
also
inforced
the
payment
of
the
said
Impost
at
Venice
,
which
formerly
and
at
first
was
free
,
and
have
discharged
their
owne
Subjects
thereof
,
to
the
speciall
dammage
and
prejudice
of
the
English.
2.
Secondly
,
they
have
to
burthen
the
Trade
of
the
English
thither
,
or
rather
seeing
all
the
Trade
of
that
fruit
wholy
sought
out
and
coveted
by
the
English
,
to
which
end
they
use
to
vent
in
those
Islands
some
few
English
commodities
,
they
have
I
say
of
late
,
burthened
the
native
commodities
of
England
brought
into
those
Islands
with
new
Imposts
,
as
leavying
upon
an
English
cloth
7.
duccats
,
upon
100.
waight
of
tinne
2.
duccats
,
and
upon
a
hearsie
2.
duccats
,
and
so
upon
all
other
English
commodities
,
thereby
to
inforce
all
commodities
of
England
to
be
brought
into
the
city
of
Venice
,
and
though
sometimes
English
Merchants
finds
it
necessary
in
those
seas
to
transferre
some
English
goods
out
of
one
English
vessell
into
another
,
and
yet
not
land
the
same
,
when
as
ships
do
happen
to
meet
together
and
to
be
bound
for
severall
Ports
,
yet
the
same
is
not
permitted
them
unles
they
pay
the
said
Impost
abovementioned
,
as
if
the
said
goods
were
there
really
landed
and
sold
,
contrary
to
the
common
custome
of
the
Mediterranean
Seas
.
3.
Thirdly
,
they
have
prohibited
,
that
any
Turky
commodities
should
be
landed
there
out
of
English
shipping
,
or
any
other
commodities
that
are
afterward
to
be
shipped
for
the
Kingdome
of
England
,
which
for
the
conveniency
of
English
shipping
,
the
English
Merchants
trading
into
those
Seas
have
often
occasion
of
:
but
they
doe
compell
the
English
first
to
send
such
goods
and
wares
to
the
Citie
of
Venice
,
purposely
there
to
pay
the
duty
of
custome
and
the
duty
of
cottinio
,
before
they
will
suffer
them
to
ship
the
same
for
England
.
4.
They
have
made
an
act
for
the
imployment
of
their
owne
shipping
and
Mariners
,
and
for
the
restraint
of
all
forreiners
,
that
no
commodities
of
the
parts
of
Turky
may
bee
brought
into
any
the
Signory
of
the
State
of
Venice
,
but
onely
in
Venetian
shipping
,
wherein
they
have
been
found
to
have
beene
so
strict
and
severe
,
that
if
any
English
ships
happen
to
bee
fraighted
either
by
their
owne
Subjects
,
or
by
the
Merchants
of
any
other
Nation
when
any
of
their
owne
shipping
are
in
Port
,
or
happen
to
come
into
the
Port
,
or
within
the
space
of
twenty
daies
after
,
upon
the
firming
of
a
bare
Protest
against
the
said
ship
so
fraighted
,
they
have
no
law
nor
remedie
left
them
in
law
to
recover
any
fraight
money
,
due
for
the
said
goods
so
laden
by
them
.
5.
Fiftly
,
they
will
not
permit
nor
suffer
no
English
ship
to
relade
at
Venice
except
they
come
first
fully
laden
thither
,
neither
will
they
suff●…r
freedome
of
Trade
from
Venice
to
any
parts
of
the
Levant
for
●…he
English
Nation
,
neither
in
their
owne
nor
yet
in
the
shipping
belonging
to
the
Venetians
,
but
doe
straightly
prohibit
and
forbid
it
,
as
also
they
doe
prohibit
the
bringing
in
of
some
particular
commodities
by
any
whatsoever
,
themselves
and
their
Subjects
onely
excepted
.
6.
To
these
I
might
adde
some
others
,
but
I
will
conclude
it
with
this
last
poynt
of
slight
and
fallacious
subtilty
some
yeeres
past
,
when
as
the
Signory
of
Venice
had
heere
a
permission
from
His
Majestie
of
Englana
to
contract
with
divers
Merchants
for
their
shippes
to
serve
against
the
Spaniards
in
the
Gulfe
of
Venice
;
when
the
said
service
was
performed
,
and
that
they
came
to
receive
their
contract●…d
payment
,
they
raised
their
monies
12.
percentum
above
the
rate
of
the
same
at
the
time
of
their
agreement
,
by
which
rate
,
His
Majesties
Subj●…cts
came
to
lose
a
great
summe
of
money
by
the
said
service
,
to
their
great
prejudice
,
and
to
the
great
dishonor
of
that
so
Honourable
Seigrory
.
Having
by
these
few
particulars
given
the
ingenious
Reader
a
taste
of
these
present
policies
enacted
by
this
state
of
late
for
the
supportation
of
their
decaying
Trade
,
and
also
given
a
touch
of
the
subtilties
used
by
them
to
preserve
that
little
that
is
yet
remaining
,
and
their
indevours
to
augment
the
same
,
I
will
now
in
a
word
view
the
state
of
the
present
traffique
of
this
Cirie
.
It
is
not
to
bee
questioned
,
but
that
this
Citie
hath
in
all
Ages
The
present
T●…ade
of
Venice
survaied
.
affoorded
many
eminent
Merchants
,
and
hath
not
beene
ashamed
to
make
Merchandising
a
proppe
and
supportation
to
their
Nobilitie
,
which
amongst
them
is
intituled
Clarissimi
so
that
this
their
Schoole
of
Commerce
hath
affoorded
such
apt
Schollers
,
and
which
have
so
notably
profited
therein
,
that
they
have
with
as
much
honor
worne
the
gowne
,
as
valiantly
handled
the
sword
;
and
he
that
shall
heedfully
peruse
their
Histories
shall
finde
that
not
a
few
of
them
,
have
with
generall
approbation
both
of
their
Subjects
and
neighbou●…s
strooke
the
principall
stroake
in
the
governement
of
that
Dukedome
.
The
fit
situation
of
their
Citie
,
the
large
extent
of
their
maritime
coasts
,
the
common
aptnes
and
addiction
of
the
Citisens
hath
much
furthered
the
great
Traffique
of
the
same
,
what
it
hath
beene
in
times
past
,
when
their
potency
and
Opulency
was
at
the
highest
,
and
when
they
set
out
and
gave
imployment
both
in
warre
and
peace
to
300.
saile
of
Gallies
,
besides
all
other
sort
of
vessels
;
I
referre
to
their
owne
Histories
.
Their
then
rich
trade
to
Aegypt
for
the
commodities
of
India
,
Arabia
,
and
to
Constantinople
and
Alleppo
for
the
commodities
of
Grecia
,
Armenia
and
Persiae
,
to
Germanie
,
France
,
Flanders
and
England
,
for
the
commodities
of
those
Countries
,
must
needs
make
this
Citie
famous
for
the
Traffique
thereof
;
but
their
covetous
appetite
,
that
could
not
bee
satisfied
with
this
same
,
and
the
great
wealth
each
in
particular
drew
thereby
,
envied
to
themselves
that
honour
,
which
all
other
Cities
of
the
World
was
constrained
to
give
them
for
their
great
customes
imposed
,
joyned
with
the
accidents
of
that
age
and
time
brought
them
to
the
present
state
of
traffique
wherein
now
they
are
found
to
bee
,
which
is
at
present
comprehended
within
a
narrow
scantling
,
for
their
trade
to
Aegypt
is
vanished
,
and
seene
onely
in
the
reliques
thereof
,
for
though
in
Alexandria
and
Cairo
they
maintaine
Consuls
,
serving
in
outward
appearance
for
the
protection
of
their
Merchants
,
yet
indeede
they
serve
to
little
purpose
,
as
having
lost
the
former
famous
trade
of
Alexanaria
and
Cairo
in
Sidon
,
Acria
,
Smyrna
and
other
places
of
Turkie
;
they
have
their
Consuls
,
as
also
their
Agent
in
Constantinople
and
Consull
in
Alleppo
,
which
now
are
the
principall
who
give
life
to
their
designes
,
as
indeed
the
places
where
their
trade
is
of
greatest
eminency
,
yet
it
is
not
so
great
but
may
be
fathomed
within
a
small
line
,
and
as
many
things
have
notably
concurred
in
the
losse
of
their
former
traffique
abroad
and
in
other
kingdomes
(
as
the
discovery
of
India
by
the
Portugall
,
the
subversion
of
the
Greeke
Empire
by
the
Turks
,
and
the
favourable
countenance
of
some
of
the
late
Kings
of
England
to
their
owne
Subjects
,
for
their
incouragement
in
trade
,
and
their
generall
inclination
thereto
,
so
they
in
themselves
have
been
chiefely
wanting
to
themselves
,
and
have
suffered
a
losse
to
fall
in
sensibly
vpon
them
;
that
hath
been
the
greatest
ruine
of
their
traffique
,
comprised
within
the
mystery
of
these
their
new
Imposts
,
and
the
decay
of
the
shipping
and
Navigators
,
which
that
Prince
must
ever
carefully
avoid
that
would
have
his
Countrey
and
Subjects
thrive
thereby
;
and
having
now
lost
all
their
trade
to
all
other
places
(
the
dominions
of
the
great
Turke
onely
excepted
their
Shippes
and
Gallies
are
decayed
,
and
their
Mariners
fled
from
them
,
some
sparkes
are
seene
yet
to
remaine
,
but
the
great
fire
of
their
mighty
traffique
being
extinguished
,
it
will
not
be
needfull
for
mee
to
rake
the
ashes
,
and
observe
further
that
little
cole
that
is
yet
resting
unconsumed
amongst
them
.
CHAP.
CLXIX
.
Of
Florence
,
and
the
Cities
of
that
Dukedome
.
THe
Dukedome
of
Florence
,
containeth
the
greater
Florence
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
part
of
Tuskany
,
and
now
may
be
said
to
be
comprehended
under
the
Signorie
of
the
great
Duke
,
with
the
Republique
of
Pisa
and
Sienna
,
the
principal
marine
port
wherof
is
Leghorne
,
which
may
be
accounted
the
best
and
one
of
the
greatest
townes
of
traae
in
all
the
Mediterranean
Seas
,
and
not
onely
thus
continued
and
preserved
by
the
industry
of
the
inhabitants
alone
,
but
of
other
Nations
,
which
by
reason
of
the
great
immunities
and
priviledges
of
the
place
,
and
the
freedome
given
to
strangers
and
Merchants
,
and
principally
because
all
sorts
of
Merchandise
may
bee
heere
landed
free
of
all
customes
duties
and
imposts
,
this
scale
is
growne
to
that
height
,
that
it
is
famous
throughout
all
the
Mediterranean
and
Ocean
Seas
.
In
this
Republique
I
finde
onely
foure
Cities
of
consequence
that
challenge
in
matter
of
commerce
my
observation
which
is
,
Florence
it selfe
the
principall
Citie
of
this
Dukedome
;
next
Siena
,
then
Pisa
,
and
lastly
the
abovementioned
Towne
of
Leghorne
.
These
Countries
affoords
for
Merchandise
,
some
Marble
,
Rice
,
Commodities
of
Tuscame
.
Wines
,
Oyles
,
quantitie
of
Silkes
,
both
raw
and
wrought
in
stuffes
,
famous
for
their
fabriques
throughout
Europe
,
as
Sattins
,
Taffetaes
,
Velvets
,
Grograines
,
Plushes
and
the
like
,
called
commonly
of
Florence
.
From
England
is
heere
vented
Pepper
,
Cloves
,
Maces
,
Indico
,
Callicoes
,
as
being
Eastindia
commodities
,
and
Lead
,
Tinne
,
Clothes
,
Bayes
,
Sayes
,
Serges
,
Perpetuanes
as
native
;
and
the
English
also
bring
hither
Herings
white
and
red
,
Pickled
Salmon
,
Newland-fish
,
Pilchards
,
Calveskins
and
many
other
commodities
.
The
Duke
of
Florence
hath
ever
been
found
to
bee
a
great
lover
of
The
Duke
of
Florence
a
great
Merchant
.
Merchants
and
Merchandising
,
and
is
conceived
to
be
at
this
day
the
greatest
Merchant
in
Europe
,
forgetting
not
that
his
Ancestors
did
raise
themselves
by
traffique
to
the
greatnes
and
height
hee
now
doth
hold
;
and
to
this
end
is
found
in
Leghorne
a
stocke
properly
running
in
trade
for
his
account
,
which
is
imploied
in
traffique
as
occasion
of
profit
upon
Merchandise
doth
present
it selfe
.
CHAP.
CLX
.
Of
Florence
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THe
Citie
of
Florence
is
seated
neere
the
confluence
of
two
Rivers
,
Arne
and
Chiane
,
and
is
a
very
faire
Florence
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
Citie
,
and
abounding
with
publique
and
private
buildings
of
great
beauty
,
and
therefore
by
some
supposed
to
be
called
Florencia
,
a
situ
Florenti
;
it
is
in
compasse
sixe
miles
,
and
is
the
residence
of
the
Duke
,
who
heere
hath
a
sumptuous
Pallace
:
the
greatest
part
of
the
trade
thereof
doth
consist
in
the
fabriques
of
Silkes
that
heere
are
made
,
and
are
hence
properly
called
,
and
in
the
Exchanges
heere
used
and
practised
by
Bankers
,
for
all
parts
of
Europe
,
the
inhabitants
having
lost
the
honour
of
Merchandising
,
which
anciently
they
had
,
when
eminent
Factors
from
hence
were
sent
into
Flanders
and
England
and
to
other
countries
to
reside
,
who
mannaged
a
very
great
trade
,
now
totally
decaied
what
I
have
found
from
others
or
observed
my selfe
:
in
Anno
1619.
when
I
was
heere
I
shall
set
downe
for
the
present
occurrences
of
the
place
.
The
Merchants
doe
heere
keepe
their
accounts
in
Livers
,
Sold
and
Accounts
in
Florence
.
Deniers
,
12.
Deniers
making
a
Sol
,
and
20.
Sol
a
Liver
;
and
others
againe
in
Crownes
,
Sol
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
of
Livers
7½
.
per
Crowne
,
accounting
12.
Deniers
to
a
Sol
,
and
20.
Sol
to
a
Crowne
,
but
all
their
commodities
are
sould
by
Livers
,
Sold
,
and
Denieres
of
their
monies
,
and
to
reduce
Livers
into
Crownes
,
multiply
by
2.
and
divide
by
15.
because
15.
halfe
Livers
make
a
Crowne
,
and
to
reduce
the
said
Livers
into
Duccats
,
〈◊〉
is
to
be
taken
.
The
Coynes
currant
are
the
Duccats
of
Florence
and
the
Picols
.
The
Duccat
is
worth
7.
Livers
or
70.
Bolognini
.
Coines
currant
in
Florence
.
The
Crowne
is
worth
7½
.
Livers
in
Picholi
,
whereas
the
custome
is
different
from
other
Countries
,
wherein
the
Crowne
of
gold
is
not
found
to
have
any
constant
rate
with
the
currant
money
of
the
place
,
and
is
adjusted
therewith
according
to
the
rate
of
the
Exchange
.
The
Liver
is
20.
Sold
,
and
accounted
to
be
nine
pence
starling
.
The
Duccat
being
7.
Livers
,
is
accounted
their
5.
s.
3.
d.
starlin
.
The
Seudo
or
Crowne
of
7½
.
Livers
,
is
consequently
5.
s.
7½
.
starlin
.
The
Liver
is
also
divided
to
12.
Chraches
,
whereof
8.
is
a
Iulio
,
which
is
6.
d.
starling
;
5.
Quatrins
is
a
Cr●…ch
,
and
60.
Craches
makes
a
Liver
.
Divers
observations
have
beene
made
upon
the
Weights
of
Florence
,
Waights
of
Florence
.
which
is
the
100.
li.
or
Quintall
of
12.
ounces
to
a
pound
,
the
most
noted
I
will
here
insert
,
and
referre
the
truth
to
him
that
hath
a
cause
of
triall
,
because
I
have
received
them
upon
trust
.
This
100.
li.
then
hath
beene
found
to
produce
in
these
places
.
The
100.
li.
of
Florence
hath
rendred
in
Anvers
|
73.
lib.
|
Lions
|
76.
|
Dansicke
|
88.
|
Venetia
sotle
|
114.
|
Venetia
grosse
|
71.
|
Siena
|
103.
|
Pulia
|
104.
|
Lucca
|
102.
|
Bollonia
|
95.
|
Ferrara
|
101.
|
Padoua
|
117.
|
Millan
|
103.
|
Cremona
|
113.
|
Roma
|
98.
|
Genoua
|
108.
|
Marselia
|
91.
|
Barselona
|
71.
|
Valentia
|
96.
|
Granado
|
66.
|
Sivill
|
75.
|
Lixborne
|
92.
|
Paris
sutle
|
90.
|
Paris
grosse
|
112.
|
Brussia
|
78.
|
London
|
78.
|
Ancona
|
98.
|
Mai●…rke
|
92.
|
Sicilia
settle
Rot.
|
44.
|
and
grosse
R.
|
48.
|
Tunes
|
100.
|
Alleppo
—
R.
|
15¾
.
R.
|
Ditto
Silke
|
16¾
.
|
Tripoli
Soria
|
19.
|
Ditto
Barbaria
|
67¾
.
|
Baruti
|
152.
|
Alex.
zera
|
36.
2.
|
Alex.
for
fori
|
81.
6.
|
Scio
&
Smyrna
|
71.
|
Constantinople
|
64.
|
Rhodes
|
14.
3.
|
Acria
|
12.
8.
|
Babylonia
|
10.
10.
|
Balsara
|
5.
00½
.
M.
|
Ormus
|
75.
10.
|
As
of
Weights
formerly
compared
,
so
doe
I
finde
the
brace
of
this
place
whereby
all
commodities
are
measured
,
and
upon
the
Measures
of
Florence
.
100.
braces
of
Florence
hath
beene
made
these
observations
,
and
to
make
The
Cane
is
4.
braces
and
the
100.
braces
are
in
London
|
49.
ells
|
Anvers
|
81.
|
Frankford
|
102.
|
Dansicke
|
67.
|
Vienna
|
71.
|
Lions
|
49.
|
Paris
|
46.
alns
|
Roven
|
42.
|
Lisborne
|
49.
vares
|
Sivill
|
24.
|
Madera
|
50.
|
Venice
|
88.
bra
.
|
Lucca
|
97.
|
Millan
|
112.
|
Genoa
|
235.
pal
.
|
Note
that
all
Wrought
silkes
are
heere
bought
by
the
pound
weight
,
and
not
by
the
Cane
nor
Brace
above
mentioned
.
Wine
is
sold
by
the
Cogne
,
which
are
10.
bar
.
and
1.
barrell
is
40.
Of
wine
.
Metadels
,
or
20.
botles
,
or
fl●…sht
,
each
boile
being
2.
metadels
,
the
barrell
is
to
weigh
120.
li.
Oile
is
sold
by
the
Orcio
,
which
is
a
barrell
,
and
containes
32.
metadels
,
Of
〈◊〉
.
which
ought
to
weigh
85.
li.
Graine
is
sold
by
the
Moggio
,
and
is
staio
24.
and
the
staio
is
50.
li.
Of
corne
.
Salt
is
also
sold
by
the
staio
,
which
waighes
72.
li.
Of
salt
.
The
agreement
of
the
Staio
of
Corne
I
finde
thus
computed
with
other
Cities
.
Agreement
of
dry
measures
of
E●…nce
.
Staios
3¾
.
of
corne
in
Florence
is
1.
sache
of
Venetia
.
staios
3.
in
Florence
make
1.
sache
in
Pisa.
staios
2⅘
.
in
Florence
make
in
Plombine
1.
staio
.
staios
8¾
.
in
Florence
make
in
Rome
1.
Rotolo
.
staios
10½
.
in
Florence
makes
in
Palermo
a
generall
salmo
.
staios
13.
in
Florence
makes
in
Misnia
a
grosse
salmo
.
staios
1½
.
in
Florence
is
in
Naples
1.
tomolo
,
16.
tom
.
is
a
salm
.
there
.
staios
6½
.
in
Florence
is
in
Ancona
1.
som●…
of
Corne.
Mogia
1.
in
Florence
is
in
Arles
10½
.
sesterces
.
staios
3.
in
Florence
is
in
Marselia
2.
mines
.
staios
60.
in
Florence
is
in
Brittany
a
tunne
of
Corne.
I
have
beene
the
lerarg
in
the
Waights
and
Measures
of
Florence
because
I
shall
have
occasion
to
accord
other
Cities
to
this
,
andtherefore
to
make
this
the
more
absolute
,
I
have
added
the
follo
wing
concordancy
of
the
dry
Measures
of
this
place
with
other
Countries
following
,
which
I
referre
to
the
better
experienced
for
due
triall
.
CHAP.
CLXI
.
Of
the
dry
Measures
of
severall
Cities
in
Italie
,
with
other
Cities
in
the
Mediterranean
Seas
.
NOw
for
as
much
as
I
finde
it
very
difficult
to
accord
so
many
Cities
in
the
Measures
of
Corne
,
Salt
,
Wine
,
&c.
Agreement
of
dry
measures
of
sun●…ry
cities
of
Italic
,
&c.
I
will
here
adde
what
I
have
collected
therein
,
which
properly
may
best
follow
the
preceding
agreement
of
the
drie
Measure
of
Florence
.
First
then
a
Mine
of
Corne
in
Avignon
is
1.
staio
of
Pisa.
An
Anne
of
Lions
is
8.
staios
of
Florence
,
which
Anne
of
Lions
is
there
accounted
6.
buccalls
.
A
Quarter
of
England
is
11.
staios
of
Florence
.
A
Mogio
of
Graine
in
Florence
is
3.
Annes
in
Lions
,
which
Mogio
is
accounted
10.
sesterces
there
and
the
same
in
Provence
.
Alquiers
104.
of
Portugall
are
40.
Buccets
of
Lions
.
1.
Muy
of
Orleans
&
12.
in
13.
Mines
makes
13.
buccets
of
Lions
.
1.
Tunne
of
graine
either
in
Picardy
or
Normandy
,
to
bee
laden
aboard
their
shippes
is
16.
Mins
,
which
are
2
〈◊〉
.
in
Moggios
,
which
are
24.
Mines
,
and
the
24.
Mins
there
are
3
〈◊〉
.
Moggio
of
Florence
,
and
1.
Mine
of
the
said
places
is
3½
.
staios
incirca
of
Florence
.
1.
Tunne
of
Corne
laden
in
Britanny
,
is
accounted
to
hold
and
make
60.
staios
of
Florence
.
1.
Fanega
in
Callais
is
2
〈◊〉
.
staios
of
Florence
.
1.
Salme
generall
of
Cicilia
is
in
Portugall
Alquiers
22½
.
the
said
Salmo
of
Cicilia
is
11¼
.
staios
in
Florence
.
the
grosse
Salmo
of
Sicilia
is
17
per
cent
.
greater
than
the
generall
.
the
Salmo
of
Callabria
is
6.
tumelles
of
Noples
.
the
Tomolo
of
Naples
is
2.
staios
of
Florence
.
the
Carro
of
Apulia
is
3.
Moggio
of
Florence
.
Alquiers
4½
.
of
Lixborne
are
1.
fanega
in
Andalusia
.
1.
fanega
is
2.
staios
of
Florence
and
a
little
more
,
so
that
the
staio
of
Florence
may
bee
accounted
the
fanega
and
alquier
of
Lisborne
2⅙
.
staio
.
1.
Mogio
of
Florence
makes
in
Arles
4
〈◊〉
.
sesterces
.
And
in
Marselia
doth
make
2.
sesterces
.
The
Sato
of
Venice
comes
to
make
1.
sacke
of
Pisa
or
little
lesse
.
the
Mine
of
Corne
of
Genoa
are
4½
.
staio
of
Florence
.
the
Sestercies
5.
of
graine
in
Avignon
,
are
1
salmo
of
Cicilia
.
A
Carre
of
Corne
in
Pulia
is
in
Callais
34½
fanega
,
and
makes
in
Lisborne
145.
alquiers
of
36.
tomolos
of
Naples
the
Carre
.
The
500.
Retibe
of
Corne
in
Alexandria
is
in
Leghorne
1090.
sacks
.
the
staio
63
of
Corne
of
Ferrara
makes
just
a
Carro
,
and
this
Carro
makes
in
Constantinople
57.
Caffise
.
The
Retibe
of
Alexandria
is
in
Leghorne
6⅕
.
staios
.
the
Cillaa
of
Chavallo
is
3.
staios
of
Florence
.
1.
Tunne
of
graine
in
Britanny
is
60.
staios
of
Florence
.
the
Caffise
of
Corne
in
Valentia
in
Spaine
is
⅔
.
of
a
generall
Salme
of
Cicilia
.
Sestiers
10½
.
of
Arles
is
in
Florence
1.
Moggio
.
And
as
for
the
Tomolo
of
Naples
,
I
finde
this
observation
in
the
agreement
thereof
:
36
Tomolos
of
Na
ples
which
is
1.
Carr
,
hath
made
in
Venice
|
22½
.
stai
.
|
Istria
|
22¾
.
|
Segnia
|
68¼
.
quart.
|
In
●…ll
Dalmatia
|
22¼
.
stai
.
|
Ragusa
|
19¼
.
|
Cattarro
|
22½
.
|
Ferme
Marca
|
9
1/10.
somo
.
|
Co●…fu
|
14¾
.
moza
.
|
Candia
|
97.
mesn
.
|
Canca
|
14¾
.
moza
.
|
Alexandria
|
7.
rib
.
|
Tripoli
Barbaria
|
5.
|
Caffise
and
3.
Iubes
|
|
Z●…rbe
|
5¼
.
caf
.
|
Millan
|
3.
mos.
|
Parma
|
45½
.
sta.
|
Modena
|
26.
|
Rimene
|
10⅚
.
|
Cesena
|
13.
|
Ravenna
|
34.
|
Forli
|
21½
.
|
Ferrara
|
62½
.
|
Mantoua
|
56½
.
|
Bollonia
|
24½
.
corbe
.
|
Florence
|
80.
stai
.
|
Genoa
|
16
〈◊〉
.
mine
.
|
Padoua
|
34⅛
.
stai
.
|
Treviso
|
20⅞
.
|
Vicentia
|
24⅛
.
|
Verona
|
50
min.
|
Bressia
|
12½
.
som.
|
Bergamo
|
19.
stai
.
|
Cremona
|
11⅜
som.
|
Mirandola
|
26.
stai
.
|
For
other
particulars
of
these
Measures
I
have
observed
the
same
in
such
other
place
as
my
Collections
permitted
.
As
for
the
Exchanges
of
Florence
,
which
heere
are
found
daily
practised
for
great
summes
,
I
referre
the
particulars
thereof
to
the
282.
and
400.
Chapters
of
this
Tract
with
all
the
circumstances
thereto
belonging
,
and
therefore
hence
come
to
Pisa
the
second
City
of
Trade
in
Toscanie
.
CHAP.
CLXII
.
Of
Pisa
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
PISA
is
the
second
Citie
in
the
Dukedome
of
Tuscanie
,
seated
in
the
entrance
of
the
River
Arnus
into
the
Pisa
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
Sea
which
commeth
downe
from
Florence
and
watereth
the
Walles
thereof
.
Heere
is
the
Custome-house
,
placed
by
the
Florentine
for
all
goods
that
are
landed
at
Leghorne
,
and
enters
into
his
Country
,
or
laden
in
Florence
,
and
going
this
way
out
of
his
Country
,
so
that
though
Leghorne
bee
free
of
all
Customes
,
yet
the
Duke
losing
little
thereby
save
what
the
Towne
it selfe
can
vent
,
which
is
but
small
,
for
it
is
but
as
a
Scale
and
Port-towne
to
this
Citie
,
and
the
rest
of
his
Territories
.
Heere
is
also
kept
his
principall
Courts
of
Iustice
,
and
the
Knights
of
Saint
Stephen
have
here
their
Alberge
,
thereby
keeping
his
Subj●…cts
from
going
to
Malta
to
bee
there
enrolled
,
the
Duke
by
these
meanes
using
his
best
art
to
make
this
Citie
have
some
splendour
,
which
by
the
strict
subjection
of
the
Inhabitants
the
Citie
otherwise
is
wholly
deprived
of
.
Those
goodly
Buildings
which
it
vet
sheweth
testifies
its
ancient
magnificency
,
and
many
things
Anno
1619.
I
observed
therein
of
note
,
though
improper
to
the
subject
,
which
beares
in
many
places
the
reliques
of
that
greatnesse
it
once
had
,
by
its
command
over
divers
Provinces
,
and
the
Warres
it
maintained
for
a
long
time
together
against
both
the
Venetians
and
Genoues
;
but
to
my
business
.
The
Monies
,
Waights
,
and
Measures
and
Accounts
of
Florence
are
here
onely
in
use
,
and
therefore
shall
not
need
to
reiterate
.
Weights
.
Onely
the
Corne
measure
is
a
Sacco
,
which
is
3.
staios
of
Florence
.
The
Wine
measure
is
a
barill
Cornuto
,
which
is
1½
.
bar
.
Florence
,
so
Measures
.
that
7.
bar
.
Cornuto
is
10½
.
bar
.
in
Florence
,
which
is
in
Candia
45.
mistate
,
and
makes
in
Naples
cogno
1.
which
is
1½
.
but.
For
Custome
of
the
place
,
this
hath
beene
observed
,
that
a
bagge
Customes
in
Pisa.
of
p●…pper
from
landing
at
Leghorne
to
the
dispatch
in
the
Custome-house
here
is
about
a
crowne
of
gold
per
balle
,
and
herrings
English
have
charges
from
the
arrivall
at
Leghorne
untill
dispatched
in
the
Custome
house
of
Pisa
15.
sold
of
gold
the
bar
.
of
4000.
herrings
;
and
the
like
for
other
commodities
in
generall
.
The
customes
of
the
place
is
ordinary
4.
cratches
per
liver
.
CHAP.
CLXIII
.
Of
Siena
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THis
City
hath
beene
of
more
note
and
greater
consequence
in
times
past
,
but
falling
under
the
command
Siena
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
of
the
Florentine
,
they
deprived
them
of
all
their
trade
and
ancient
glory
;
it
is
an
inland
towne
,
adorned
with
beautifull
both
publique
and
privare
Buildings
,
their
great
Church
hath
the
Monuments
reserved
of
all
the
Popes
,
and
of
our
famous
Countryman
Sir
Iohn
Haukwood
,
who
did
the
Florentine
such
good
and
valiant
service
,
that
they
have
heere
honoured
his
memory
with
a
stately
Monument
:
here
is
observed
to
be
spoken
the
best
Tuscan
Language
in
Italie
;
and
further
I
could
not
note
materiall
Anno
1619.
Accounts
heere
and
the
Monies
current
are
the
same
as
in
Florence
.
In
Siena
they
have
two
Quintals
,
the
one
of
100.
li.
wherewith
Waights
in
Siena
.
all
fine
goods
are
waighed
,
being
incirca
3.
per
cent
.
lesse
than
the
100.
li.
of
Florence
.
The
other
is
for
Woolles
and
some
grosse
commodities
,
which
containeth
150.
li
of
the
former
100.
The
Braces
and
Measures
agree
with
Florence
formerly
mentioned
,
Measures
in
Siena
.
other
notes
of
Trade
in
this
Dukedome
I
have
not
met
withall
,
therefore
will
passe
hence
to
the
Dukedome
of
Millan
,
and
will
omit
the
rest
to
Leghorne
,
the
onely
Sea
Port
of
note
belonging
hereunto
.
CHAP.
CLXIV
.
Of
the
Dukedome
of
Millan
.
THe
Dukedome
of
Millan
being
under
command
of
the
Spaniard
,
is
rich
in
Natures
gifts
,
as
esteemed
Dukedome
of
Millan
.
the
Garden
of
Italie
,
affoording
plenty
of
Corne
,
Rice
,
Wines
,
Oiles
,
Silkes
raw
and
wrought
,
and
sundry
other
commodities
,
it
hath
therein
also
many
faire
Cities
,
the
principall
whereof
are
,
First
,
Millan
the
principall
of
the
whole
Dutchy
.
Secondly
,
Pavia
.
Thirdly
,
Alexandria
de
la
Pallia
.
Fourthly
,
Cremona
.
And
fithly
,
Como
;
of
as
many
of
which
as
is
needfull
,
I
shall
touch
the
particulars
.
CHAP.
CLXV
.
Of
Millan
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
MILLAN
is
a
faire
Citie
and
the
greatest
of
Lombardy
,
the
Castle
whereof
is
accounted
impregnable
,
it
is
Millan
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
very
populous
,
and
containes
seven
miles
in
circuit
,
it
is
furnished
in
matter
of
Trade
with
many
great
Merchants
,
or
rather
as
I
may
more
properly
call
them
,
Shopkeepers
,
abounding
in
many
rich
manufacturies
of
Silkes
,
and
iron
for
sword
blades
,
cannons
for
Muskets
and
Pistols
,
&c.
as
silke
stockins
,
chamlet
,
fustians
,
gold
thread
,
and
sundry
other
commodities
here
dispersed
into
Savoy
,
France
,
and
other
adjoyning
Countries
.
Their
Accounts
are
kept
in
Millan
by
pounds
,
shillings
,
and
d.
Or
as
they
call
them
Livers
,
Sol
,
and
Deniers
,
12.
Deniers
make
a
Accounts
in
Millan
.
Sol
,
and
20.
Sol
a
Liver
,
which
Liver
may
be
sterl.
12.
pence
,
as
I
shall
shew
in
the
Tract
of
Exchanges
,
in
280.
and
410.
Chapters
.
Their
Coines
currant
in
Millan
are
these
:
A
Duccat
of
gold
of
Millan
is
incirca
100.
Sol
of
that
money
.
Coires
in
Millan
.
A
Crowne
of
gold
of
the
Sunne
is
worth
about
96.
or
98
Sol.
A
Crowne
of
gold
Italian
is
5.
Livers
and
6.
Sol
Imperiall
.
A
Duccat
of
gold
of
Livers
5.
and
18.
Sol
is
Livers
6.
Imperiall
.
A
Duccat
Imperiall
is
esteemed
4.
Livers
.
A
Duccat
of
Millan
,
or
Imperiall
of
Livers
4
per
Ducc.
and
so
they
count
it
in
Exchange
,
the
which
they
pay
in
Crownes
of
Italie
at
101.
Sol
per
Ducc.
Note
that
the
Crowne
in
Millan
runnes
in
Merchandise
for
Sol
110.
and
the
Duccat
for
the
same
.
Note
also
that
the
Imperiall
Coines
are
the
currant
of
this
Country
,
but
French
,
Italian
,
and
Spanish
,
passe
heere
also
in
Merchandise
,
as
being
placed
betweene
the
two
former
,
and
subject
to
the
last
.
The
Weigh
,
of
Millan
is
the
Pound
,
and
the
100.
li.
which
is
the
Weights
in
Millan
.
Quintall
,
which
100.
li.
is
In
Venetia
sotile
|
108.
li.
|
Venetia
grosse
|
66.
|
Florentia
|
97.
|
Genoa
|
106.
|
Lions
|
69.
|
London
|
70.
|
In
Millan
they
have
two
Braces
,
the
Cloth
,
and
the
Silke
,
upon
the
100.
Braces
silke
hath
beene
made
these
observations
,
and
to
have
Measures
of
Millan
.
made
In
London
|
43.
elles
.
|
Antwerpe
|
72.
|
Frankford
|
90.
|
Dansicke
|
60.
|
Vienna
|
63.
|
Lions
|
44.
alnes
.
|
Paris
|
41.
|
Genoa
|
209.
palm
.
|
Roven
|
37.
aln
.
|
Lixborne
|
43.
var.
|
Sivill
|
58.
|
Madera
|
44.
|
Venetia
|
78.
brac
.
|
Lucque
|
86.
|
Florence
|
88.
|
Which
I
referre
to
the
experience
of
him
that
shall
have
occasion
to
make
triall
heerein
farther
,
and
so
I
will
proceed
to
Cremona
;
as
for
the
Exchanges
here
practised
I
referre
you
to
the
generall
Exchanges
of
Millan
.
Chapter
thereof
in
the
end
of
this
Tract
,
videlicet
280.
and
410.
Chapters
.
CHAP.
CLXVI
.
Of
Cremona
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
CREMONA
is
the
second
City
of
Trade
in
this
Cremon●…
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
Durchie
,
which
endeavoureth
by
the
industry
of
the
Inhabitants
to
imitate
and
second
Millan
in
her
manufacturies
of
silke
,
gold
thread
,
&c.
Their
common
Waight
is
the
Pound
and
the
100.
Waights
.
li.
which
hath
by
triall
beene
found
to
make
in
Venetia
sotle
104.
l.
and
by
the
grosse
of
Venetia
65.
in
66.
li.
in
Florence
86.
li.
Their
Measure
is
the
Brace
,
agreeing
the
same
as
that
of
Florence
.
Measures
.
Oile
is
sold
by
the
Carigas
,
18.
thereof
is
1000.
li.
Venetia
in
●…ile
cariga
,
15.
is
accounted
for
a
1000.
li.
of
Cheese
in
Venetia
.
Carigas
11.
is
accounted
of
Hony
8
〈◊〉
staies
of
Venetia
.
CHAP.
CLXVII
.
Of
Como
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
COMO
is
made
more
famous
by
the
Lake
whereon
it
is
seated
,
being
50.
miles
about
,
than
by
the
trade
Come
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
thereof
,
though
it
may
well
be
imagined
the
same
doth
adde
a
good
furtherance
thereto
by
the
benefit
and
commodity
thereof
,
and
by
transporting
of
wares
to
neighbouring
places
seated
thereabout
.
The
Weight
thereof
is
the
Pound
,
and
100.
lib.
which
hath
beene
observed
to
produce
in
Venice
sutle
108.
and
grosse
67.
li.
which
in
Weights
.
London
is
72.
li.
haber
depois
,
or
thereabout
.
Their
Measure
is
a
Brace
accounted
to
be
.
Corne
is
sold
by
the
Mosa
,
which
are
here
14.
pesos
,
and
every
peso
Measures
.
is
10.
li.
at
30.
●…un
.
per
li.
which
in
Venetia
is
378.
lib.
sutle
,
which
is
205.
li.
grosse
,
so
that
the
said
14.
pesos
is
in
Venetia
1
〈◊〉
.
staios
;
and
thus
have
I
done
with
the
Dutchy
of
Millan
,
and
proceed
to
Mantoua
and
the
Dukedome
thereof
.
CHAP.
CLXVIII
.
Of
Mantoua
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
MANTOUA
hath
some
other
Cities
of
quality
Mantoua
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
subject
thereto
,
but
being
debarred
from
the
Sea
,
and
invironed
with
potent
neighbours
that
hinder
the
commerce
thereof
,
I
will
therefore
reduce
what
I
have
collected
note
worthy
to
the
City
of
Mantoa
it selfe
,
which
is
a
very
faire
and
strong
Towne
,
invironed
on
three
parts
with
a
Lake
of
good
breadth
,
and
with
a
strong
Wall
on
the
rest
,
through
this
Lake
runneth
a
River
that
leadeth
into
Poe
which
is
a
famous
streame
in
these
part
,
and
much
enricheth
this
Country
,
and
furthereth
the
Trade
of
this
Dutchy
.
The
chiefe
Commodities
of
this
Dukedome
is
certaine
fabriques
Commodities
of
Mantou●…
.
of
silkes
,
such
as
are
Taffataes
,
Sattins
,
Chamblets
watered
,
and
the
like
.
Their
Accounts
are
kept
in
Livers
,
Sold
,
and
Deniers
,
12.
Deniers
making
a
Sol
,
and
20.
Sols
a
Liver
,
5.
of
which
Livers
maketh
a
Duccat
Accounts
in
〈◊〉
.
of
gold
large
9.
12.
Sol
making
a
Duccaton
of
Mantoa
,
or
115.
sol
of
Millan
which
is
accounted
(
)
sterl.
They
waigh
in
Manto●…a
by
a
Peso
,
and
by
the
100.
li.
25.
li.
being
Waights
in
Manto●…
.
the
P●…so
,
and
100.
lib.
the
Quintall
,
which
hath
made
in
Venice
sutle
108.
li.
and
V●…nice
grosse
66
〈◊〉
.
lib.
in
Florence
98.
li.
and
in
London
by
observation
of
some
71.
li.
haberdepois
.
Their
Measure
of
length
is
the
brace
,
which
doth
agree
with
the
cloth
brace
of
Venice
within
a
small
matter
.
Measures
in
Mantoa
.
Corne
is
sold
by
the
staio
,
100.
whereof
are
in
Venetia
40.
staios
and
1.
staio
weighes
about
80.
li.
of
Mantoa
waight
.
In
this
Dukedome
is
also
Aste
,
where
is
yearely
kept
a
great
and
notable
Faire
for
many
sorts
of
Merchandise
,
where
many
immunities
Aste
a
Faire
.
are
granted
to
Merchants
,
during
the
time
that
the
said
Faire
doth
continue
,
and
is
held
in
the
beginning
of
September
,
and
thus
much
I
have
observed
of
this
Dutchie
.
CHAP.
CLXIX
.
Of
Uibin
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
VRBIN
is
a
faire
Citie
,
seated
on
the
bottome
of
the
Vrbin
,
and
the
Trade
thereo●…
.
Apenine
,
where
it
hath
for
Sea
Ports
Pisaur●…
and
Fa●…
,
the
English
heere
doe
enjoy
many
immunities
,
and
sundry
priviledges
,
the
originall
whereof
did
arise
in
the
Raigne
of
Henry
the
sixth
of
England
,
who
created
the
Duke
of
this
place
a
Knight
of
the
noble
Order
of
the
Garter
;
and
he
to
requite
the
Honour
to
himselfe
done
,
returned
it
thus
to
the
said
King
his
Subjects
,
it
now
affoordeth
the
common
commodities
of
other
parts
of
Italie
which
it
also
followeth
in
matter
of
trade
.
Their
accounts
are
heere
kept
in
Livers
,
Sold
and
Denieres
,
12.
Deniers
Accounts
in
Vrbino
.
making
a
Soldo
,
and
20.
Sold
a
Liver
.
The
currant
coines
of
this
place
are
the
Romaine
,
and
doe
as
in
most
parts
of
these
Italian
Principalities
partake
of
one
anothers
coines
,
which
passeth
currant
with
some
small
distinction
from
one
Citie
to
another
.
The
waights
is
heere
the
pound
,
and
the
Quintall
being
100.
lib.
Weights
.
which
produceth
in
Venetia
s●…tle
112½
.
and
grosse
72.
li.
and
hath
produced
in
London
77.
li.
haberdepois
.
Their
measure
of
length
is
the
Brace
,
the
100.
Braces
of
Cloth
in
Venice
rendring
heere
94.
Braces
,
and
the
100.
Braces
of
Silke
,
rendring
Measures
in
Vrbino
.
heere
102.
in
103.
Braces
,
which
is
in
England
(
)
inches
.
CHAP.
CLXX
.
Of
Parma
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
PARMA
,
the
chiefe
Citie
of
this
Principality
,
affoording
Parma
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
the
commodities
common
with
the
rest
of
Italie
,
doth
over
and
above
affoord
that
excellent
Cheese
knowne
through
Europe
by
the
name
of
Parmesane
,
it
is
not
noted
for
any
eminencie
in
trade
,
the
greatest
fame
that
of
late
it
obtained
was
by
being
subject
to
that
Alexander
Farnese
who
was
Duke
thereof
,
and
made
such
a
noise
in
the
Netherlands
,
during
his
regencie
there
,
to
his
Masters
great
expence
,
but
to
little
purpose
,
for
trade
observe
that
their
accounts
are
kept
in
Livers
Sold
and
Deniers
,
Accounts
in
Parma
.
12.
Deniers
to
the
Sold
,
and
20.
Sold
to
the
Liver
,
which
is
(
)
starling
.
The
Coynes
currant
of
Parma
are
.
The
Waight
is
the
pound
of
12.
ounces
,
and
100.
li.
to
a
Quintall
,
Waights
in
Parma
.
which
is
in
England
about
60.
li.
and
in
Venice
sotile
.
Their
Measure
is
the
Brace
,
agreeing
with
the
Brace
of
Florence
,
Measures
in
Parma
.
and
now
to
Placentia
,
also
subject
to
this
Principalitie
.
CHAP.
CLXXI.
Of
Placentia
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
PLACENTIA
is
a
commodious
Citie
for
trade
,
and
Placentia
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
feated
properly
to
that
end
upon
the
River
Poe
,
affoording
the
ordinary
commodities
of
Italie
,
but
in
nothing
so
famous
as
for
the
Faires
in
Exchanges
heere
quarterly
kept
,
to
which
place
all
Italy
,
Germany
and
other
Countries
doe
make
their
Exchanges
,
rather
for
the
Fatres
,
then
for
any
commodities
wherein
they
intend
to
have
the
said
monies
invested
,
and
for
the
monies
of
the
Country
there
is
no
account
had
therein
thereof
,
but
onely
of
that
wherein
the
Exchanges
is
made
,
which
is
called
the
Crowne
of
Marcque
,
wherein
onely
Accounts
in
Placentia
.
Bankers
and
Exchangers
doe
keepe
the
account
of
this
Citie
,
and
of
those
Crownes
,
their
accounts
are
framed
in
Crownes
,
Sold
and
Deniers
of
Marcque
,
as
I
have
more
at
large
treated
of
in
severall
Chapters
of
Exchanges
,
vide
276.
and
382.
and
others
following
,
which
by
reason
of
the
great
concurrencie
I
have
there
amply
specified
,
and
to
which
I
refer
you
.
The
waight
of
Placentia
is
the
pound
,
and
100.
li.
the
Quintall
,
Waights
in
Placentia
.
which
a
100.
li.
is
in
Ven●…ce
grosse
,
66.
li.
Venice
sutle
,
108.
li.
and
by
that
computation
in
London
sutle
pound
72.
li.
incirca
.
Their
measure
is
a
Brace
,
which
is
27.
inches
English
,
in
this
Principalitie
Measures
in
Placentia
.
is
Mirandola
accounted
,
of
which
a
word
passando
.
CHAP.
CLXXII
.
Of
Mirandola
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
MIRANDOLA
being
a
Citie
also
belonging
to
Mirandola
,
and
trade
thereof
.
this
Principalitie
,
I
thought
good
to
insert
in
my
way
what
I
have
observed
in
the
waights
and
the
measures
thereof
.
The
waight
of
Mirandola
is
the
li.
12.
ounces
,
Measures
.
100.
li.
whereof
is
a
Quintall
,
and
found
to
be
haberdepoise
75.
li.
The
measure
is
the
Brace
,
found
to
be
26½
.
inches
English
,
and
so
much
for
Mirandola
,
and
now
to
Leghorne
,
therewith
to
finish
the
Waights
.
trade
and
commerce
of
Tuscany
,
and
of
these
petty
Dukedomes
.
CHAP.
CLXXIII
.
Of
Leghorne
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
LEGHORNE
is
accounted
the
strongest
moderne
Leghorne
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Citie
in
the
Mediterranean
Seas
purchased
not
many
yeeres
past
for
120000.
Duccats
of
the
Genoes
,
by
the
Dukes
of
Tuscanie
,
who
reedifying
,
or
rather
building
a
new
Citie
to
the
old
,
new
fortified
and
walled
the
same
,
giving
safe
conduct
to
all
men
of
what
quality
and
degree
soever
to
live
heere
,
so
that
at
the
first
it
was
a
sanctuary
for
all
Theeves
,
Pirats
,
Murtherers
and
wicked
Rascalls
,
and
because
heere
was
also
granted
a
liberty
in
conscience
;
the
Towne
was
also
stored
with
all
Religions
,
but
as
the
Citie
became
populous
,
and
Merchants
being
graunted
a
freedome
in
Customes
,
the
place
became
in
a
short
time
to
be
filled
with
Inhabitants
,
and
to
adde
to
these
immunities
,
there
were
dwellings
for
seven
yeeres
given
to
any
that
would
come
hither
to
reside
,
and
all
such
should
be
free
from
all
arrests
or
punishments
for
acts
committed
in
all
other
Countries
,
of
what
nature
soever
they
were
found
to
bee
,
and
by
these
meanes
at
first
,
and
since
by
the
incouragement
of
the
great
Duke
of
Florence
it
is
become
one
of
the
principall
Townes
of
trade
in
all
those
Seas
,
and
is
properly
accounted
the
Scale
of
the
Florentine
dominions
;
in
matters
of
commerce
it
is
ruled
by
Pisa
and
Florence
,
which
are
the
principall
Cities
of
this
Dutchie
,
and
which
yeelds
the
commodities
that
drives
the
traffique
of
this
place
,
the
principall
notes
that
I
observed
at
my
being
in
this
place
in
severall
Voyages
,
are
as
followeth
.
Their
accounts
are
kept
in
Livers
,
Sold
and
Deniers
,
12.
Deniers
to
a
Soldo
,
and
20.
Soldo
accounted
to
a
Liver
,
which
is
nine
pence
Accounts
in
Leghorne
.
starling
.
Their
monies
are
those
of
Florence
,
which
currant
is
the
Duccat
of
10½
.
Iulies
,
or
of
seven
Livers
,
which
is
five
shillings
three
pence
Coines
as
in
Florence
.
starling
,
and
a
Scudo
or
Crowne
of
gold
,
is
7½
.
Livers
,
and
one
Crowne
of
gold
,
in
gold
,
or
as
they
say
,
de
Oro.
in
Oro.
is
8.
Livers
.
Also
note
that
12.
croches
make
a
Liver
which
is
9.
d.
8.
Craches
make
a
Iulio
,
which
is
6.
d.
sterl
.
5.
Quadrius
make
a
Crache
,
60.
Crache
a
Liver
.
3.
Quadrins
make
a
Sol.
To
bring
Duccats
of
Florence
of
seven
Livers
the
Duccat
into
Crownes
of
Gold
of
Florence
of
7½
.
Iul.
per
cro
.
divide
by
15.
and
substract
the
quotient
from
the
summe
divided
,
and
the
remainder
is
your
demand
.
Againe
,
to
bring
Crownes
of
gold
of
Florence
of
7½
.
Iul.
into
Duccat
of
7.
Livers
,
divide
by
14.
and
the
quotient
added
to
the
summe
divided
will
answer
your
desire
.
There
is
ever
found
betweene
the
Monies
of
Florence
and
the
money
of
Leghor●…
,
a
L●…gio
,
which
being
both
subject
to
one
Prince
is
conceived
by
some
that
the
same
may
be
removed
by
Merchants
,
if
they
would
endeavour
it
,
but
they
that
are
well
versed
in
the
Trade
of
this
place
hold
the
contrary
opinion
,
therefore
I
will
omit
the
reasons
given
on
both
sides
,
and
advise
him
that
hath
monies
in
Florence
and
is
resident
in
Leghorne
to
make
the
best
use
thereof
,
and
take
the
benefit
of
the
Laggio
as
the
currant
rate
will
permit
him
,
till
the
businesse
may
bee
better
rectified
and
the
controversie
by
an
equality
may
be
decided
and
determined
.
The
Weight
is
the
same
as
in
Florence
,
the
Pound
12.
ounces
,
and
the
Quintall
is
100.
lib.
which
is
English
75.
lib.
but
some
commodities
Waights
in
Florence
.
are
found
to
be
sould
by
the
Quintall
of
150.
li.
which
is
113.
li.
English
,
and
some
by
a
Quintall
of
160.
li.
as
fish
,
woolles
,
and
which
is
121.
li.
English
,
the
English
112.
lib.
making
about
147½
.
li.
of
this
plac●…
.
Note
that
150.
li.
is
here
a
Kintar
of
Allome
,
and
is
113⅞
.
li.
English.
151.
li.
makes
a
Kintar
of
Sagar
is
114⅔
.
li.
English.
16●…
.
li.
makes
a
Kintar
of
fish
,
is
121⅔
.
li.
English.
100.
lib.
is
a
Kintar
of
all
other
commodities
,
and
is
75
〈◊〉
.
li.
English
,
and
is
108.
li.
in
Genoa
.
The
Measure
of
this
place
is
the
brace
,
4.
braces
making
a
Cane
,
Measures
in
Flore
.
50.
Canes
is
200.
braces
,
and
found
to
bee
100.
Elles
of
London
,
observed
by
some
,
5.
Canes
to
make
11.
Yards
English.
Their
Corne
measure
is
a
Stare
,
3.
stares
is
a
sacke
,
and
3
〈◊〉
.
sackes
is
a
salmo
:
or
41.
stares
is
a
salmo
,
and
this
salmo
is
accounted
a
London
quarter
.
Also
they
have
another
Measure
called
a
Maggio
,
and
8.
sackes
or
24.
stares
is
a
Maggio
,
and
a
stare
of
good
corne
hath
beene
noted
to
weigh
50.
li.
From
England
is
vented
heere
baies
,
faies
,
serges
,
cloths
,
perpetuanies
,
lead
,
tinne
,
Calve-skinnes
,
hides
,
O●…tracan
bides
,
salt
,
salmon
,
pilcherds
,
English
commo●…
〈◊〉
ven
ted
.
n
Leghorne
.
caviar
,
herrings
,
tallow
,
also
pepper
,
ginger
,
mace
,
cloves
,
nutmegs
,
indico
,
and
such
India
commodities
.
This
place
being
the
greatest
Scale
of
Trade
in
Tuscanie
is
found
hence
to
be
sent
into
other
parts
,
oiles
,
wines
silkes
raw
and
wrought
,
Commodities
of
Tuscanie
.
rice
,
aniseeds
,
argall
,
and
all
other
Italian
commodities
.
All
goods
entring
heere
to
be
sold
are
not
liable
to
the
payment
of
Custome
for
a
yeare
,
but
if
kept
a
full
yeare
,
doe
then
pay
a
Custome
,
Custome
in
the
Port
o●…
Legborne
.
and
if
sale
present
not
in
that
time
,
the
Merchant
may
ship
the
same
out
againe
without
any
charges
,
but
if
for
the
advance
of
his
commodity
hee
send
the
same
into
other
parts
of
the
Dutchy
of
Florence
,
then
the
Custome
is
to
bee
paid
at
Pisa
,
as
is
there
mentioned
,
to
which
I
referre
the
inquirer
,
and
leaving
Tuscanie
I
will
passe
over
to
Genoa
.
CHAP.
CLXXIV
.
Of
Genoa
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
THE
State
of
Genoa
comprehends
Finali
,
Sarasena
,
and
Noli
,
Cities
of
small
import
,
the
Metropolis
Genoa
,
and
the
trade
thereof
Genoa
being
the
Mistris
of
this
Republique
,
being
accounted
eight
miles
in
compasse
,
and
inhabited
by
the
greatest
Mony-mongers
or
U●…urers
in
the
World
,
who
if
they
would
not
distrust
God
with
their
wealth
by
Sea
,
would
easily
become
and
bee
accounted
famous
Merchants
;
their
Usury
is
excessive
,
and
hath
more
than
once
brought
the
King
of
Spaine
into
their
bookes
for
vaste
summes
of
money
,
and
hee
having
the
tricke
of
failing
in
his
payments
,
and
performance
,
hath
beene
observed
to
have
satisfied
them
in
blanco
in
lieu
of
being
paid
in
banco
,
but
I
referre
this
to
them
that
are
constrained
to
suffer
,
and
draw
to
my
observations
being
such
as
I
have
gathered
upon
this
Citie
.
This
Citie
would
proove
the
most
famous
in
all
these
Seas
for
Trading
,
were
not
the
Inhabitants
such
noted
Politicians
,
and
great
biters
by
Exchange
,
that
no
strangers
can
live
among
them
,
for
they
envie
the
great
commerce
practised
in
Leghorne
their
neighbour
,
and
yet
may
exceed
Leghorne
,
would
their
greedy
covetousnesse
permit
them
,
and
suffer
Merchants
to
bring
their
goods
thither
upon
small
charges
,
but
that
Soveraigne
must
not
expect
a
plentifull
Trade
that
will
have
also
a
great
Custome
paid
him
upon
all
good
,
and
hee
that
desires
to
lose
the
Traffique
of
his
Country
needs
no
other
way
to
doe
it
but
by
imposing
heavie
Customes
upon
Merchants
,
and
their
commodities
,
but
to
their
better
considerations
I
referre
this
point
,
and
publish
to
the
world
their
owne
common
Proverbe
which
admirs
hardly
any
Merchants
to
live
or
thrive
amongst
them
,
Genoa
fatta
per
noi
,
their
Citie
is
onely
made
for
themselves
.
In
Genoa
they
keepe
their
Accounts
in
Livers
,
Sold
,
and
Deniers
Accounts
in
Genoa
.
currant
,
the
Denier
being
12.
to
a
Sol
,
and
20.
Sol
to
a
Liver
,
which
is
120.
Raies
of
Portugall
,
and
16.
d●…sterling
.
Their
currant
Monies
are
divers
,
as
bordering
upon
so
many
neighbours
,
the
most
currant
is
the
Deniers
,
12.
to
a
Soldo
.
Monies
in
Genoa
.
-
Soldos
4.
makes
a
Cavalet
.
-
Cavalets
5.
or
Sols
20.
make
a
Liver
,
which
is
16.
d.
ste.
-
Livers
4.
Sold
8.
is
a
crowne
.
-
Sold
7.
den
.
6.
is
a
Spanish
Riall
of
6.
d.
sterling
.
-
Sola
90.
is
a
crowne
of
Gold.
-
Duccat
in
Silver
is
4.
liver
,
16.
sol
being
6.
〈◊〉
.
5.
d.
sterl.
-
Duccat
currant
is
4
,
Livers
,
sterling
5.
s.
4.
d.
circa
.
-
Duccat
of
Gold
is
68.
Sold
of
Gold.
-
Lire
3.
So's
1.
makes
a
Riall
of
Eight
.
-
Lire
4.
13.
4.
of
Genoa
hath
made
1.
ducc
.
in
Leghorne
.
Their
Weight
is
the
Pound
of
12.
〈◊〉
.
and
the
Quintall
is
100.
li.
ditto
which
is
called
the
Sutle
Quintar
,
and
the
Grosse
Quintar
is
150.
Waights
in
Genoa
.
lib.
thereof
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
lib.
sutle
Venice
,
and
this
Grosse
Quintar
agrees
with
the
Grosse
Weight
of
Venice
,
betweene
which
two
places
these
notes
have
beene
observed
,
that
100.
lib.
Sutle
Genoa
makes
Sutle
in
Venetia
105.
li.
100.
li.
grosse
Genoa
is
grosse
Venetia
100.
li.
sutle
157
〈◊〉
.
li.
The
said
100.
lib.
hath
made
in
London
71.
lib.
circa
and
92½
.
Leghorne
.
And
the
150.
li.
their
Grosse
Quintar
is
London
105.
li.
circa
.
And
the
112.
li.
London
hath
made
here
143.
li.
And
by
proofe
100.
li.
in
Florence
hath
made
here
109.
li.
The
Grosse
Quintar
is
150.
li.
of
18.
●…ces
per
li.
by
which
is
sold
cottons
,
and
cotton-yarne
,
comin
,
and
aniseeds
,
bony
,
rice
,
brasse
,
lead
,
tinne
,
soape
,
and
woolles
,
and
some
other
commodities
.
Their
Measure
of
length
is
the
Cane
containing
9.
palmes
,
which
9.
palmes
have
made
4.
braces
of
Florence
,
and
the
measure
is
for
silkes
Measures
in
Genoa
.
and
stuffes
,
but
10.
palmes
in
Linnen
makes
a
Cane
,
and
is
in
Fiorence
4.
braces
,
and
the
said
Cane
by
observation
hath
made
in
Venice
3½
.
braces
of
cloth
,
and
3
〈◊〉
.
of
silke
braces
,
and
upon
the
100.
palmes
have
beene
made
these
observations
,
and
to
have
rendred
In
London
|
27.
yards
.
|
Anvers
|
34.
elles
.
|
Frankford
|
43.
|
Dansicke
|
23¾
|
Vienna
|
30●…
.
|
Lions
|
21.
alnes
.
|
Paris
|
19.
|
Roven
|
18.
|
Lixborne
|
20¾
.
vares
.
|
Sivill
|
28.
|
Madera
|
21.
|
Venice
|
37.
bra
.
|
Lucca
|
41½
.
|
Florence
|
42.
|
Millan
|
47.
|
1.
Cane
is
in
Barselona
1⅗
.
Canes
.
9.
Parmes
in
Genoa
is
in
Florence
1
1/16.
Canes
.
1.
Cane
in
Genoa
is
in
London
2⅞
.
yards
.
Note
that
it
hath
beene
observed
that
five
Palmes
hath
made
almost
an
Ell
English
,
or
25.
palmes
6.
elles
and
½
.
and
100.
palmes
thus
is
26¼
.
elles
and
50.
yards
have
made
here
17.
canes
.
Corne
is
here
sould
by
the
Mine
,
whereof
64.
make
the
100.
Saches
at
Pisa
,
and
100.
Mins
make
137½
.
staios
in
Venetia
,
and
the
Mine
Of
corne
.
payes
6½
.
sold
for
custome
in
Genoa
,
and
weighes
270.
lib.
and
halfe
a
Mine
is
called
a
Corno
,
the
Quarter
of
Harwich
measure
hath
made
here
2½
.
Mines
,
but
the
London
quarter
not
so
much
.
Oile
is
sold
by
the
barrell
,
7½
.
barrels
making
a
Neapolitan
but
,
called
here
Botta
dimena
.
Of
oile
.
Wine
is
sold
by
the
Meserole
,
and
5.
Meseroles
is
a
Botta
dimena
,
and
2.
barr
.
make
1.
Mes●…ole
which
is
also
100.
Pints
,
so
that
500.
Pints
Of
wine
.
of
Wine
make
a
Botta
dimena
.
All
goods
entring
into
Genoa
payes
for
Consolato
of
the
River
6.
deniers
per
liver
,
and
is
paid
by
the
buyer
,
according
to
the
price
bought
,
if
a
contract
bee
not
made
with
the
seller
for
the
discharging
of
it
.
And
hee
that
lands
Commodities
heere
in
his
owne
name
and
cannot
make
sale
thereof
,
hath
had
formerly
leave
to
carry
the
same
out
againe
without
paying
any
charges
,
but
this
privilege
is
now
disanulled
.
Many
silke
fabriques
are
heere
made
common
with
all
Italie
,
the
principall
being
Velvets
,
watred
Chamlets
,
&c.
sould
by
the
pound
weight
,
as
is
usuall
through
Italie
.
This
Citie
is
famous
for
the
Exchanges
heere
practised
,
as
doth
Exchanges
.
more
fully
appeare
in
the
Chapter
of
the
Exchanges
heere
in
use
,
vide
Chapter
279.
and
so
forward
,
where
all
circumstances
are
inserted
and
now
to
Lucca
.
CHAP.
CLXXV
.
Of
Lucca
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
LUCCA
is
the
principall
Citie
of
this
Republique
,
and
is
pleasantly
seated
on
the
River
Serchio
,
in
Lucca
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
compasse
about
3.
miles
in
a
plaine
,
the
walles
being
adorned
with
trees
,
makes
the
Citie
appeare
to
the
Traveller
to
be
in
a
Wood
,
till
approaching
neere
the
bulwarkes
,
give
testimony
of
her
strength
,
and
that
these
trees
are
planted
upon
the
walls
where
the
Citisens
in
summer
walke
for
shade
:
it
doth
wholy
consist
upon
the
Fabriques
heere
made
of
Silke
,
such
as
is
Damasces
,
Sattins
,
Taffetaes
,
&c.
which
hence
is
vented
into
forraine
countries
,
which
are
all
sould
by
the
pound
waight
,
according
as
is
accustomed
in
Italie
,
and
as
for
other
matters
in
trade
what
I
observed
in
1619.
is
thus
.
Their
accounts
are
kept
divers
waies
,
some
in
Livers
,
Sold
and
Deniers
of
Picholi
,
as
in
Florence
,
12.
Deniers
to
a
Sol
,
and
20.
Sol
to
Accounts
in
Lucca
.
a
Liver
;
some
againe
in
Crownes
,
Sold
and
Deniers
of
gold
,
of
Livers
7½
.
per
Crowne
,
accounted
by
12.
and
20.
as
is
abovesaid
,
but
Silkes
are
sould
by
so
many
Duccats
the
pound
,
so
that
to
reduce
Duccats
into
Crownes
,
the
number
of
Duccats
is
to
be
multiplied
by
foure
,
and
divide
the
proceede
by
71.
adding
what
may
rest
with
the
Duccats
,
and
they
shall
be
Crownes
of
7½
.
Livers
.
Note
that
to
bring
Duccats
of
Florence
,
or
as
they
tearme
them
Piastres
,
of
seven
Livers
the
Duccat
,
into
Crownes
of
gold
of
Florence
,
of
7½
.
per
Crowne
,
divide
by
15.
and
substract
the
quotient
from
the
summe
divided
,
and
the
remainder
is
the
demaund
.
Againe
,
to
bring
Crownes
of
gold
of
Florence
,
of
7½
.
into
Duccats
,
of
7.
Livers
divide
by
14.
and
the
quotient
added
to
the
summe
divided
will
answere
your
desire
.
Againe
,
to
bring
Livers
of
Lucca
into
Crownes
of
Lucca
or
Duccats
of
Florence
,
take
the
summe
of
Livers
,
and
adde
as
many
more
unto
them
,
the
product
being
divided
by
15.
then
the
same
are
Crownes
of
Lucca
of
7½
.
Livers
,
I
say
,
Livers
for
Crownes
and
Duccats
of
Florence
,
of
7.
Livers
per
Duccat
,
for
that
the
Crowne
of
Lucca
and
duccat
of
Florence
,
re●…all
one
in
valew
,
but
in
the
Liver
of
Lucca
and
in
that
of
Florence
,
is
some
difference
,
because
the
Liver
of
Florence
is
7½
.
per
cent
.
greater
then
that
of
Lucca
.
Note
also
that
75.
Bolonius
make
a
Florence
duccat
of
7.
Livers
,
and
79.
Bolonins
make
a
Lucca
duccat
,
by
which
they
account
in
sale
of
Silke
.
The
Crowne
is
commonly
thus
charactered
|
C.
|
The
Piastre
or
Duccat
is
thus
|
D.
|
The
Liver
is
thus
|
L.
|
The
Sol
is
thus
,
and
the
Denier
|
d.
|
Their
Monies
common
is
that
of
Florence
currant
,
called
Bolonini
,
the
Crowne
of
gold
is
7.
Livers
,
10.
Sol
in
Picoli
as
at
Florence
.
Monies
in
Lucca
.
The
Ducatone
is
worth
7.
Livers
,
and
is
called
the
Crowne
of
silver
,
but
the
Exchanges
is
made
by
Ducatons
,
Solds
and
deniers
as
more
fully
doth
appeare
in
the
283.
Chapter
of
Exchanges
practised
in
this
Citie
,
to
which
in
that
particular
I
referre
you
.
They
have
in
Lucca
two
waights
,
one
of
the
Ballance
waight
,
whereby
all
goods
are
bought
and
sould
,
and
the
other
whereby
Weights
in
Lucca
.
Merchants
doe
pay
the
customes
by
,
wherein
is
about
12.
percen
.
difference
.
The
Ballance
pound
is
12.
ounces
,
100.
li.
whereof
hath
made
in
Lions
72½
.
li.
the
customers
pound
is
also
12.
ounces
,
100.
li.
thereof
hath
rendred
in
Lions
by
triall
81.
li.
The
ballance
100.
hath
made
in
Florence
97.
li.
The
measure
of
Lucca
is
a
Brace
,
which
is
23.
inches
of
London
,
Measure
in
Lucca
.
and
two
Braces
have
made
an
Alne
of
Lions
,
and
vpon
this
100.
Braces
hath
been
made
these
observations
,
that
it
rendereth
In
-
London
|
50.
Ells
|
Antwerpe
|
83
〈◊〉
.
|
Frankferd
|
104⅙
.
|
Dansicke
|
69⅙
.
|
Vienna
|
72½
.
|
Lions
|
50⅙
.
alnes
|
Paris
|
47½
.
|
Roven
|
43½
.
|
Lixborne
|
50.
Vare
|
Civil
|
67½
.
Vare
|
Madera
|
51
〈◊〉
.
Vare
|
Venetia
|
90.
Braces
|
Florence
|
102.
Braces
|
Millan
|
115.
Braces
|
Genoa
|
240⅓
.
Palmes
|
Silkes
have
been
thus
sould
in
Lucca
:
Account
of
sale
of
silkes
in
Lucca
.
Damasces
were
sould
at
4.
Duccats
and
18.
Sold
the
pound
.
Sa●…tine
were
sould
at
4.
Duccats
and
14.
Sold
the
pound
.
Rich
Taffeta
sould
at
4.
Duccats
16.
Sold
the
pound
.
It
is
heere
to
be
noted
that
in
Lucca
there
is
paid
¼
.
more
for
the
colours
then
for
blacks
,
therefore
the
custome
is
to
adde
for
the
colours
that
are
in
the
parcell
¼
.
to
the
Weight
reducing
them
all
to
one
weight
and
price
,
as
if
they
were
all
blackes
;
where
also
is
to
bee
observed
,
that
Crimsons
and
Carnalions
pay
10½
.
Livers
over
and
above
the
¼
.
before
mentioned
,
but
being
mixt
with
other
colours
,
and
that
either
the
ground
or
the
flowre
(
as
in
Damasces
)
bee
of
another
colour
,
then
they
pay
but
the
halfe
of
10.
Livers
besides
the
above
mentioned
¼
.
or
fourth
in
Weight
.
Moreover
for
the
most
part
of
those
silkes
made
here
,
they
are
generally
reduced
to
7.
braces
per
li.
either
Saitins
,
double
Taffetaes
,
or
Damaskes
,
and
if
they
passe
7.
braces
,
they
are
held
advantageable
to
the
Buyer
in
the
Measure
,
if
under
7.
braces
they
are
held
the
richer
,
and
lesse
advantage
to
the
Buyer
,
the
principall
observations
may
bee
collected
to
lie
in
the
richnesse
of
the
colour
,
and
the
goodnesse
of
the
silke
.
CHAP.
CLXXVI
.
Of
the
Weights
of
Italie
reduced
to
the
Weight
of
London
.
HAving
thus
runne
through
many
particular
Cities
of
Waights
of
Italie
reduced
to
London
.
Trade
in
Italie
,
and
therewith
noted
the
particular
observations
that
hath
come
into
my
hands
,
appertaining
to
the
Trade
of
those
places
,
I
judge
it
expedient
ere
I
leave
it
,
to
collect
heerein
on
the
Weights
and
Measures
of
these
and
other
Cities
,
as
I
finde
them
observed
by
industrious
hands
,
and
because
they
are
there
calculated
to
the
Standard
of
sundry
places
one
of
another
,
I
hold
it
fitting
to
reduce
them
to
the
English
,
wherefore
I
will
take
the
London
100.
li.
sutle
for
the
denomination
which
I
intend
heere
to
make
use
of
,
which
I
have
noted
to
make
according
to
these
observations
:
The
100.
lib.
of
London
hath
made
in
Rome
|
127.
li.
|
Florence
|
121.
of
12.
ounces
.
|
Bollonia
|
51.
of
30.
ounces
.
|
Millan
|
137.
of
12.
o.
most
used
.
|
Pavia
|
137.
of
12.
o.
being
13.
of
the
other
.
|
Cremona
|
58.
of
28.
o.
for
flesh
.
|
Recanti
|
132.
|
Ditto
gold
thread
|
108.
|
Verona
|
86.
for
gold
thred
137.
l.
|
Bressia
|
177.
for
Veni
.
gold
131.
|
Naples
|
115.
for
Veni
.
gold
.
129.
|
Romagnia
|
115.
for
Veni
.
gold
.
129.
|
Savoy
|
132.
by
small
weight
.
188
|
Carpi
Mirandola
|
141.
li.
incirca
.
|
Parma
Plaisencia
|
Lucca
Mantoua
|
Forli
Carmia
|
Acquilla
Crema
|
Come
Piedmont
|
|
Raviano
|
127.
li.
|
Faensa
|
Modena
|
Riman●…
|
Ravenna
|
Rhagusa
|
|
Candia
|
133.
li.
for
gold
thread
.
|
Or
elles
|
85.
Rot.
the
100.
is
a
Cantar
.
|
The
Weights
thus
reduced
,
I
will
also
in
the
same
methode
reduce
the
Measures
of
Italie
to
the
English
yard
,
the
100.
whereof
is
Measures
of
Italie
reduced
to
London
.
found
to
answer
in
these
places
thus
.
The
100.
Yards
of
London
are
in
Venetia
woollen
|
135.
brac
.
|
Istria
|
135.
|
Piran
silke
|
142.
|
Florence
silke
|
163.
|
for
woollen
|
155.
elles
.
|
Rome
|
44.
canes
.
|
Ditto
for
woollen
|
140.
brac
.
|
Lucca
.
|
160.
|
Rhogusa
|
160.
|
Ferrara
|
142.
|
Mantua
|
142.
|
Ancona
|
142.
|
Bollognia
|
142.
|
Modena
|
142.
|
Parato
|
142.
|
Cesena
|
142.
|
Carpi
|
142.
|
Mirandola
|
142.
|
Verona
|
139.
|
Ditto
cloth
gold
|
144.
|
Ditto
cloth
|
115.
|
Trevira
|
135.
|
Bergamo
|
135.
|
Vrbino
|
135.
|
Pesaro
|
137.
|
Ditto
for
cloth
|
142.
|
Calabria
|
44½
.
canes
|
Candia
|
144.
pich
.
|
Parma
|
145.
br.
|
Ditto
for
cloth
|
121.
|
Ravenna
|
155.
|
Corfu
|
155.
|
Genes
|
163.
|
Ditto
for
silke
|
384.
pal
.
|
woollen
at
9.
pal
.
|
82½
.
can
.
|
linnen
at
10.
pal
.
|
38⅓
.
|
Vicentia
woollen
|
131.
bra
.
|
Ditto
for
silke
|
107.
|
Naples
|
145.
cones
|
Ditto
for
silke
|
44⅓
.
|
Padona
cloth
|
135.
bra
.
|
Ditto
for
silke
|
109.
|
Millan
for
linnen
|
160.
|
Ditto
for
silke
|
188.
|
Ravenna
|
149.
|
Bressia
|
135.
|
Croma
|
135.
|
Recanti
|
135.
|
Cremona
|
135.
|
Lacaia
|
135.
|
Palermo
|
45½
.
canes
.
|
Puglia
for
cloth
|
41.
|
Ditto
for
silkes
|
44.
|
Zara
|
149.
|
These
are
such
as
I
have
collected
,
the
truth
whereof
I
must
referre
to
the
better
experienced
,
for
I
am
not
ignorant
,
that
some
of
these
agree
not
with
the
particular
recited
Chapters
of
the
Trade
of
the
said
places
,
yet
notwithstanding
,
finding
a
reasonable
ground
of
the
said
observations
by
other
judgements
,
I
have
willingly
passed
them
heere
in
the
same
manner
,
which
I
referre
to
better
triall
.
CHAP.
CLXXVII
.
Of
the
Trade
in
generall
of
Italie
.
NOw
having
runne
through
the
principall
places
of
Traffique
in
Italie
,
in
the
particular
,
let
The
trade
in
generall
of
Italie
observed
.
us
note
a
word
or
two
in
the
generall
,
concerning
not
onely
the
Traders
,
but
also
Navigation
which
is
seene
in
many
places
to
bee
meanes
whereby
Trade
it selfe
is
preserved
and
performed
.
In
Italie
then
not
onely
the
Gentlemen
,
but
even
the
Princes
entitled
doe
professe
themselves
to
bee
Merchants
,
without
any
indignity
to
their
quality
or
place
,
which
many
of
our
Country
Gentiles
and
Nobles
(
with
leave
may
I
speake
it
)
foolishly
disdaine
,
and
onely
permit
retailing
of
goods
to
men
of
the
inferiour
sort
,
and
Shopkeepers
,
but
retaine
yet
the
grosse
ever
in
their
owne
and
servants
hands
,
and
by
this
course
they
are
found
not
onely
to
keepe
the
Patrimonies
descended
to
them
by
their
ancestours
,
but
also
are
daily
found
to
encrease
the
same
,
while
our
Gentlemen
prodigall
in
expence
,
and
ashamed
to
make
honest
gaine
,
and
exercise
an
honest
calling
,
oftentimes
not
onely
destroy
their
Families
,
but
ruine
themselves
and
not
seldome
their
Posterities
.
Amongst
the
Merchants
of
Italie
then
,
the
Venetians
are
the
chiefe
who
in
times
past
enjoyned
every
ship
thence
departing
in
Trade
to
carry
one
of
their
Gentlemen
or
Clarissimo
who
was
allowed
him
his
diet
and
passage
,
but
this
wisedome
of
their
ancestours
is
now
laid
aside
,
and
the
charges
thereof
which
is
still
collected
,
is
in
every
such
Vessell
begged
by
some
poore
Clarissimo
or
other
,
so
that
their
Traffique
and
Navigation
is
thereby
much
decaied
,
and
the
Mariners
and
most
expert
of
their
Seamen
imployed
in
their
shipping
are
for
the
most
part
Grecians
.
The
Florentine
is
the
next
,
the
Duke
whereof
is
heere
to
bee
remembred
,
who
is
the
most
eminent
Merchant
,
and
here
not
seldome
imploies
his
owne
and
others
shippes
for
Corne
,
Salt
,
or
other
necessary
provisions
for
his
Dukedome
and
his
owne
store
,
thereby
incouraging
his
Subjects
to
trade
and
adventure
abroad
:
two
principall
things
are
observed
which
doe
much
enrich
the
Merchants
of
Italie
,
the
first
is
their
frequent
Exchanging
,
wherein
they
are
the
best
versed
in
the
World
;
the
other
is
the
Trade
of
their
Silkes
,
wrought
by
the
industry
of
the
Silke-worme
,
which
wrought
into
fabriques
are
thence
dispersed
throughout
Europe
,
and
some
parts
of
Asia
,
but
these
are
fetched
from
them
by
others
,
and
not
exported
by
themselves
,
partly
by
the
over
great
affection
that
they
have
to
their
native
homes
,
and
their
little
desire
they
have
to
travaile
abroad
,
but
principally
for
want
of
good
shippes
of
burthen
,
for
excepting
some
few
Vessels
in
Venetia
,
Naples
,
and
Leghorne
,
all
the
Merchants
of
Italie
cannot
shew
a
ship
of
100.
tunnes
.
Naples
is
a
large
and
rich
Country
,
and
Genoa
rich
,
though
of
little
extent
,
yet
the
great
number
of
Nobility
in
the
former
,
and
the
great
usury
practised
in
the
latter
hath
reduced
them
to
a
neglect
of
all
Trade
,
what
the
bosome
of
their
Country
doth
naturally
vent
that
they
traffique
with
,
and
these
being
in
themselves
rich
induce
other
Nations
to
bring
them
those
few
things
they
want
,
for
though
Italie
as
it
now
stands
acknowledgeth
many
Soveraignes
,
yet
one
Country
supplying
another
,
stands
in
need
of
little
from
Forainers
,
so
that
it
may
be
said
,
while
they
have
peace
they
have
plenty
;
some
provisions
of
fish
,
corne
,
and
cloth
,
England
doth
furnish
them
,
and
in
returnes
have
only
their
silke
fabriques
,
oiles
,
and
some
few
other
commodities
,
so
that
putting
aside
the
Trade
driven
thither
by
the
English
,
as
being
of
greatest
consequence
,
the
Trade
of
the
Spaniard
,
French
,
or
Dutch
,
is
but
small
,
and
but
of
little
moment
amongst
them
;
which
in
particular
may
bee
thus
surveied
;
for
Venice
I
have
given
you
the
anatomy
of
the
Trade
thereof
,
now
in
the
waine
,
and
almost
at
the
last
breath
,
save
where
it
is
preserved
by
their
new
devised
Edicts
,
and
the
naturall
growing
Corrence
,
and
by
their
small
Trade
to
Constantinople
,
Cairo
,
and
Alleppo
by
sea
,
and
to
Austria
,
Dalmatia
,
Istria
,
Italie
,
and
into
the
upper
Germanie
by
land
:
the
next
part
of
this
Trade
of
Italie
is
challenged
by
Naples
,
which
in
it selfe
affords
rich
silkes
,
corne
,
oile
,
and
wines
,
with
which
they
seeme
to
bee
contented
,
for
they
covet
not
much
to
traffique
among
themselves
,
nor
yet
with
others
further
than
for
their
meate
,
and
drinke
,
and
clothing
,
which
to
the
poorer
sort
is
most
wanting
.
The
Papacy
her
share
in
the
Trade
of
Italie
is
not
worth
the
nomination
,
no
more
is
Mantua
,
Vrbin
,
and
those
other
petty
Signiories
.
The
Tuscans
rightly
demand
a
part
,
and
it
shall
be
granted
them
,
both
in
their
Florentine
fabriques
,
and
in
their
privileged
Towne
of
Leghorne
,
but
I
may
feare
it
will
not
last
long
,
for
the
Dukes
growing
both
rich
and
covetous
,
and
daily
encroching
upon
those
liberties
,
at
first
liberally
given
to
strangers
Merchants
in
Leghorne
,
and
who
every
day
are
seene
to
lay
some
new
petty
duties
upon
the
goods
there
,
as
for
Genoa
,
were
they
as
truely
wise
for
the
good
of
their
Common-wealth
as
they
are
found
to
bee
to
themselves
,
they
are
of
ability
to
doe
better
,
and
to
have
that
Trade
their
neighbours
now
deprive
them
of
.
Millan
likewise
struggles
for
interest
herein
,
and
shall
have
it
by
my
consent
,
but
it
shall
bee
onely
in
their
Iron-workes
,
which
the
Cantons
serve
themselves
with
,
and
in
their
fabriques
of
silke
which
Lions
doth
helpe
them
to
vent
.
Lucca
may
bee
offended
in
my
silence
,
but
this
Cities
peace
may
further
that
Trade
which
otherwise
her
owne
or
her
neighbours
warres
would
utterly
ruine
,
you
may
see
then
of
how
many
parts
and
members
this
rich
and
pleasant
Italie
is
composed
,
and
how
the
Trade
thereof
stands
at
this
instant
;
it
enjoyeth
a
generall
peaceable
and
quiet
inland
Traffique
,
consisting
for
the
most
part
more
of
branches
bred
within
her
owne
bowels
than
of
forraine
helpes
,
their
naturall
growing
corne
,
silke
,
graine
,
and
oile
,
induce
them
thereto
,
and
the
benefit
practised
by
Exchangers
induce
the
rich
to
use
that
Trade
onely
and
no
other
,
wherein
I
will
for
this
time
leave
them
,
and
in
the
next
place
turne
my
head
and
hand
to
the
survaying
of
the
Netherlands
.
CHAP.
CLXXVIII
.
Of
Flanders
,
and
the
Netherlands
,
or
the
seventeen●…
Provinces
,
and
their
Cities
.
I
Will
heere
for
good
Methode
sake
in
the
first
place
take
a
view
of
the
17.
Provinces
,
which
are
The
seventeen
Provinces
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
found
this
day
to
containe
4.
Dukedomes
,
1.
Limburge
,
2.
Luxenburge
,
3.
Gelderland
,
4.
Brabant
;
then
1.
Marquisate
,
which
is
of
the
Holy
Empire
;
next
7.
Earldomes
,
which
are
1.
Flanders
,
2.
Artois
,
3.
Heinalt
,
4.
Nemurs
,
5.
Zutphen
,
6.
Holand
,
7.
Zeland
;
and
lastly
5.
Baronies
,
1.
Westfresland
,
2.
Virecht
,
3.
Overysell
,
4.
Machlin
,
and
5.
Groineing
,
of
all
which
briefly
.
In
the
Dutchy
of
Limburge
,
which
I
account
the
first
Province
,
is
Liege
or
Luycke
as
the
principall
Citie
,
whose
Trade
I
must
referre
Limburge
.
Liege
.
to
the
better
experienced
in
these
Countries
,
and
the
like
for
the
Citie
Limburge
seated
on
the
River
Weser
.
In
the
Dutchy
of
Luxenburge
,
the
chiefe
Citie
being
Luxenburge
,
seated
on
the
River
of
Elze
,
in
this
Country
is
the
famous
waters
Luxenburge
.
of
Spa
,
where
many
sicke
men
are
found
to
drive
a
great
healthfull
but
costly
Traffique
:
heere
is
also
Sidan
,
the
seate
of
the
Duke
of
Bullion
,
but
of
small
commerce
.
Sidan
.
In
the
Dutchy
of
Gelderland
the
chiefe
Citie
is
Nimmegen
,
seated
on
the
branch
of
the
Rhine
,
called
the
Whael
,
and
doth
much
abound
Gue●…derland
.
Nimmegen
.
in
cattle
,
as
affoording
fit
pasturage
thereto
.
In
the
Dutchy
of
Brabant
,
I
finde
noted
many
principall
Cities
,
as
first
Levaine
,
the
second
Bruxels
,
the
third
is
Bergen
ap
Zome
,
the
Brabant
.
Lovaine
.
Bruxels
.
fourth
Mastrech
,
the
fifth
Breda
,
in
all
which
is
found
by
the
industry
Mastri●…t
.
Breda
.
of
the
inhabitants
a
reasonable
traffique
,
but
being
ignorant
in
many
necessary
particulars
,
I
will
also
referre
it
to
the
more
learned
and
better
experienced
.
In
the
Marquisate
is
found
Antwerpe
,
by
which
all
the
former
Cities
are
governed
in
trade
,
which
by
reason
of
the
greatnesse
of
Marquisate
.
Antw●…rpe
.
the
traffique
in
times
past
,
was
therein
accounted
the
first
and
principall
of
the
knowne
World
,
wherein
I
shall
observe
according
to
my
former
method
,
these
necessary
particulars
of
traffique
following
.
CHAP.
CLXXIX
.
Of
Antwerpe
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
ANTWERPE
is
accounted
the
principall
Citie
of
Antwerpe
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
trade
that
is
subject
to
the
Archduke
in
all
these
parts
,
and
having
had
the
prerogative
above
all
others
in
times
past
;
neither
yet
to
this
day
being
so
decaied
but
that
in
many
particulars
it
giveth
rule
to
all
or
the
most
of
the
Neighbouring
Cities
round
about
,
which
considered
to
abbreviate
my
taske
,
I
thinke
it
will
not
bee
improper
that
I
comprehend
the
trade
of
all
those
Provinces
that
are
under
this
governement
in
this
circuite
to
this
particular
Citie
.
Antwerpe
then
being
seated
upon
the
River
of
Sheld
,
which
by
eight
channels
cut
,
runneth
through
this
Citie
,
is
conceived
to
be
eight
miles
in
compasse
,
some
of
these
channels
being
able
to
hold
100.
great
ships
which
made
the
same
more
commodious
for
the
transport
and
carriage
of
wares
to
any
part
thereof
.
The
former
and
ancient
trade
of
this
Citie
was
great
and
eminent
,
and
occasioned
as
some
have
observed
by
three
meanes
,
and
had
its
decaies
also
by
three
occasions
.
First
,
by
reason
of
two
free
Martes
holden
yeerely
,
continuing
five
and
forty
daies
,
during
which
time
,
no
man
either
in
his
person
or
in
his
goods
could
be
arrested
or
molested
for
either
debt
or
otherwise
.
Secondly
,
by
reason
that
the
King
of
Portugall
having
discovered
the
East
Indies
in
Anno
1500
and
diverted
the
course
of
trade
driven
by
the
Venetions
from
Alexandria
,
and
the
Red
Sea
to
his
Port
of
Lixborne
,
kept
heere
his
factors
and
sent
hither
those
Indian
commodities
to
seeke
their
vent
,
and
this
first
drew
the
English
Merchant
Adventurers
from
Bridges
hither
to
reside
.
The
third
was
the
Warres
that
fell
betweene
the
French
and
Charles
the
fifth
,
which
brought
hither
many
Gentlemen
from
villages
and
petty
townes
for
safety
sake
here
to
reside
and
build
.
Now
as
the
causes
of
her
rising
have
beene
noted
to
bee
three
,
so
the
causes
of
the
losse
of
that
trade
may
be
reduced
also
to
three
.
First
,
the
Warres
heere
,
and
in
generall
in
these
Provinces
betweene
the
Spaniard
,
and
the
Dutch
Nation
,
wherein
this
Citie
suffered
pilledging
,
and
indured
the
commaund
of
new
Lawes
.
Secondly
,
the
abrogation
of
part
of
those
Priviledges
that
were
graunted
heere
to
the
English
Merchant
Adventurers
and
others
,
and
the
new
and
great
customes
imposed
upon
their
goods
and
Merchandise
.
Thirdly
,
the
Navigation
of
the
English
and
Dutch
to
the
East
Indies
,
whereby
the
Portugall
factors
decreasing
thereby
,
and
the
Cities
of
London
,
in
England
,
and
Amsterdam
in
Holland
increasing
thereby
,
were
also
sharers
in
the
India
trade
and
commodities
,
leaving
by
this
meanes
this
Citie
bare
and
to
subsist
upon
the
traffique
of
her
owne
inhabitants
,
in
that
nature
as
now
the
same
is
found
to
be
.
Their
Accounts
are
heere
kept
by
Livers
,
Sol
and
Deniers
,
which
they
terme
Pounds
,
Shillings
and
Pence
of
grosses
,
12.
grosses
making
a
Accounts
in
Antwerpe
.
Sold
,
and
20.
Sold
a
Liver
or
pound
Flemish
,
which
may
be
accounted
12.
shillings
starlin
,
or
by
their
computation
240.
grosses
,
by
which
species
they
doe
make
their
Exchanges
with
all
other
Cities
.
The
currant
monies
heere
and
in
generall
through
all
the
Arch
Dukes
countries
are
,
besides
the
Spanish
and
Imperiall
these
currant
Coines
in
Antwerpe
.
are
Doights
,
foure
makes
a
Stiver
,
and
ten
Stivers
is
a
shilling
starlin
,
two
Blankes
makes
a
Stiver
and
halfe
.
Stivers
6.
makes
a
shilling
Flemish
.
Stivers
,
20.
makes
a
Guilder
,
which
is
three
shillings
foure
pence
Flemish
.
Shillings
,
20.
makes
a
pound
,
which
is
6.
Guilderns
.
Pound
,
100.
Flemish
makes
60.
Pound
English
,
so
that
20.
Stivers
is
or
may
be
computed
for
two
shillings
starlin
,
and
one
pound
Flemish
for
12.
shillings
starlin
,
and
then
20.
shillings
starlin
is
33.
shillings
4.
pence
Flemish
.
The
Waight
of
this
Country
is
the
pound
of
16.
ounces
,
and
the
100.
lib.
of
that
pound
which
is
their
Quintar
,
which
rendreth
in
Waights
in
Antwerpe
.
London
104.
li.
and
thereupon
it
comes
as
some
imagine
,
that
upon
Spices
the
tret
of
4.
li.
upon
104.
li.
was
allowed
heere
to
the
buier
,
for
the
English
being
supplied
hence
in
those
daies
with
their
spices
,
found
the
100.
lib.
there
to
give
heere
in
the
Citie
of
London
104.
li.
made
that
allowance
heere
willingly
,
as
desiring
the
100.
li.
there
,
would
yeeld
them
a
neat
100.
li.
heere
and
take
the
same
by
the
factory
without
further
allowance
or
garble
,
which
was
not
then
The
conceived
originall●…
our
treat
in
London
.
in
use
.
Many
observations
have
beene
made
upon
the
waight
and
measure
of
this
Citie
,
which
being
reduced
into
a
generall
table
by
Master
Malines
,
and
the
same
being
there
accorded
with
all
the
principall
Cities
in
the
World
,
I
will
referre
you
thereunto
for
larger
satisfaction
,
and
content
my selfe
according
to
my
method
to
insert
the
same
as
I
finde
it
,
with
some
other
particular
places
,
because
I
have
found
some
errors
in
the
said
concordance
.
The
Waight
then
in
use
in
Antwerpe
being
the
100.
li.
neat
,
hath
Weights
of
Antwerpe
compared
with
that
of
other
places
.
been
observed
to
have
rendred
thus
,
In
London
|
104
li.
|
Marselia
|
115¼
.
|
Venice
sotle
|
155.
|
Ditto
grosse
|
97¾
.
|
Sicilia
|
68.
|
Lixborne
|
84½
.
|
Florence
|
132½
.
|
Lions
|
110.
|
Sivil
|
101
7/2.
|
Dansicke
|
120.
|
O●…mus
|
108.
Rot.
|
Alleppo
common
|
22.
8.
R.
|
Ditto
silke
waight
|
24.
0.
R.
|
Tripoly
Soria
|
27.
2.
R.
|
Tripoly
Barbaria
|
97.
R.
|
Baruti
|
21.
9.
R.
|
Alexandria
Zeroi
|
51.
9.
R.
|
Alexandria
Forsia
|
116.
5.
R.
|
Constantinople
|
92.
R.
|
Rhodes
|
20.
1.
R.
|
〈◊〉
|
18.
1.
R.
|
Babylon
|
15.
6.
R.
|
And
what
other
inlargements
is
here
wanting
,
I
willingly
omit
,
and
referre
the
same
to
Lex
Mercatoria
.
Now
in
the
same
manner
it
will
bee
needfull
I
doe
calculate
the
Measures
of
Antwerpe
compared
with
tho●…e
〈◊〉
other
Countries
.
Measures
of
Antwerpe
,
which
is
the
Ell
,
which
also
by
observation
hath
made
in
these
places
.
Acria
|
115.
pico
.
|
Alleppo
|
108.
pico
.
|
Argtere
|
136
covad
.
|
Allexandria
|
124.
pico
.
|
Amsterdam
|
101.
ells
.
|
Barselona
|
43.
canes
.
|
Bridges
|
98⅔
.
ells
.
|
Candia
|
108.
pico
.
|
Castile
|
78.
vares
.
|
Constantinople
|
113.
pico
.
|
Corfu
|
116.
braces
.
|
Damasco
|
111.
pico
.
|
Dansicke
|
122.
ells
.
|
Florence
Cloth
|
116.
ells
.
|
Ditto
for
silke
|
102½
.
braces
.
|
Genoa
|
122.
braces
.
|
Hamburgh
|
122.
ells
.
|
Holland
|
103½
.
ells
.
|
Lixborne
long
|
63.
vares
.
|
London
for
linnen
|
60.
ells
.
|
Ditto
for
Wollen
|
75.
yards
.
|
Ditto
for
Frises
|
59.
goads
.
|
Lucca
|
120.
braces
.
|
Millan
for
Silke
|
141.
braces
.
|
Naples
for
Silke
|
33½
.
can
.
|
Paris
|
59.
alns
.
|
Roven
|
58.
alns
.
|
Sivil
|
83½
.
vares
.
|
Venice
for
Wollen
|
101⅔
.
braces
.
|
Ditto
for
Silke
|
101⅔
.
braces
.
|
Valentia
|
73.
canes
.
|
Vrbin
|
101.
braces
.
|
Note
that
this
is
for
the
common
measure
of
Antwerpe
,
besides
which
they
use
another
Elle
for
silke
,
and
these
Ells
make
of
that
but
98½
.
Ells.
The
other
measure
of
sundry
commodities
heere
in
use
are
these
.
Beere
is
sould
in
Antwerpe
by
the
Barrell
,
which
is
accounted
throughout
Flanders
and
Brabant
to
be
54.
stoopes
,
the
81.
whereof
Of
beere
.
is
in
Dansicke
a
fatte
,
and
containes
there
180.
stoopes
;
but
50.
stoopes
of
Antwerpe
make
the
barrell
of
Lubecke
,
and
the
English
gallon
of
beere
is
2.
stoopes
of
Flanders
and
1⅔
.
stoopes
of
Amsterdam
.
Corne
is
heere
sould
by
a
measure
called
th
Vertule
,
and
37½
.
Vertules
is
a
Last
of
Corne
in
Amsterdam
and
10¼
.
quarters
in
London
,
vide
Of
corne
.
there
further
.
Wine
is
sould
by
the
Ame
,
the
stoope
and
the
Butte
,
and
is
found
thus
to
accord
together
;
1.
Ame
is
50.
stoopes
,
and
one
stoope
is
sixe
Of
wine
.
pound
,
and
a
Butte
is
152.
stoopes
;
so
that
by
this
rule
6.
Ames
which
is
300.
stoopes
,
or
1800.
li.
is
in
London
252.
gallons
,
so
that
the
Ame
is
by
this
calculation
found
to
be
42.
gallons
,
and
the
stoope
is
about
3⅓
.
quarts
of
London
Wine
measure
,
or
as
some
account
it
about
7.
pints
,
vide
London
for
more
certaintie
.
The
Exchanges
practised
in
this
place
are
great
,
and
for
very
great
summes
of
money
,
especially
when
as
the
King
of
Spaine
hath
any
Exchange
of
Antwerpe
.
generall
disbursements
in
this
Country
,
by
reason
of
his
continuall
Armies
heere
in
action
maintained
against
the
Dutch
,
the
particulars
whereof
I
have
inserted
in
the
end
of
this
tract
,
in
the
Chapter
289.
and
in
the
Chapter
435.
and
some
others
following
,
where
I
have
at
large
declared
the
practise
and
use
among
the
Merchants
of
that
place
,
in
the
calculation
thereof
,
whereto
I
referre
the
inquisitive
.
As
for
the
generall
present
trade
of
this
Countrie
I
shall
comprise
it
with
the
trade
of
the
Netherlands
,
in
the
181.
Chapter
following
.
The
first
Earldome
accounted
one
of
the
seventeene
Provinces
is
Flanders
,
so
called
peradventure
,
à
flando
,
as
lying
open
to
the
Windes
,
divided
into
Imperialem
Galicam
,
and
Te●…tonicam
.
The
chiefe
Cities
of
Trade
therein
is
first
Gaunt
,
whose
Wall
is
Gaunt
.
seven
miles
in
compasse
,
the
two
Rivers
of
Sheld
and
Leye
running
through
the
same
,
and
makes
in
it
26.
Islands
,
which
are
joyned
together
by
an
hundred
Bridges
,
and
had
not
her
often
seditions
ruinated
her
beauties
,
shee
might
have
beene
Queene
of
all
the
Cities
of
Europe
,
and
heere
Iohn
Duke
of
Lancaster
was
borne
,
commonly
in
Histories
called
Iohn
of
Gaunt
.
The
second
Citie
is
Bridges
,
once
the
most
famous
Mart
Towne
of
Europe
,
where
sundry
Nations
for
many
yeares
kept
both
their
Bridges
.
Magasines
and
Factours
,
for
the
sale
and
providing
of
all
the
principall
commodities
of
the
World
,
now
much
decaied
of
its
former
splendour
by
reason
of
the
removall
of
the
English
Merchant
venturers
,
and
of
other
Nations
to
Antwerpe
,
about
the
yeare
1503.
it
is
seated
about
three
leagues
from
the
Sea
upon
a
faire
and
deepe
artificiall
chanell
,
filled
with
the
waters
of
all
the
neighbouring
and
adjoyning
streames
and
fountaines
,
which
chanells
in
this
Country
are
very
frequent
by
reason
of
the
levell
of
the
ground
in
generall
,
which
doth
both
further
the
Traffique
of
the
Cities
and
enricheth
the
Inhabitants
.
There
is
in
this
Country
accounted
foure
principall
Sea-ports
,
which
giveth
entrance
by
Sea
into
this
part
of
Flanders
.
The
first
is
Dunkirke
,
the
Inhabitants
whereof
doe
in
times
of
Dunkirke
.
Warre
infest
the
Seas
by
the
name
of
Freebooters
,
and
because
most
of
their
Warres
is
with
the
Dutch
,
whom
they
account
Heretiques
,
the
Iesuites
and
other
the
Romish
religious
rablement
of
this
place
,
joyne
with
these
Pirats
,
and
bestow
thus
the
charity
of
the
ignorant
Secular
towards
the
ruine
and
rapine
of
their
fellow
Country-men
and
Christians
,
an
evident
testimony
of
the
goodnesse
and
zeale
of
their
devout
Orders
.
The
second
is
Scluse
,
seated
at
the
mouth
of
the
chanell
of
Bridges
,
Scluse
.
commanding
a
faire
Haven
capable
of
500.
Saile
of
good
shippes
,
and
is
now
subject
to
the
States
,
and
was
taken
from
the
Archduke
Anno
Dom.
1604.
with
whose
welfare
it
cannot
stand
to
suffer
the
King
of
Spaine
to
enjoy
any
safe
and
large
Harbour
in
those
Seas
;
or
adjoyning
Coasts
.
The
third
Port
is
Newport
,
famoused
in
these
our
daies
by
the
Newport
.
great
Battell
fought
neere
it
Anno
Dom.
1600.
betweene
the
Archduke
Albertus
and
the
States
,
the
Victorie
being
acknowledged
to
bee
gotten
next
under
God
,
by
the
valour
and
courage
of
the
English
and
their
valiant
Commanders
.
The
fourth
Sea-port
of
this
Country
is
Ostend
,
which
held
out
a
siege
against
the
Archduke
of
three
yeares
and
three
moneths
,
Ostend
.
which
hath
made
it
for
ever
famous
to
Posterity
.
In
this
Country
of
Flanders
,
properly
belonging
to
the
French
,
and
whose
language
is
therein
still
used
,
is
found
the
Cities
of
Lisle
,
accounted
the
third
Towne
of
Traffique
in
all
the
Netherlands
,
Lisle
.
and
to
the
Inhabitants
thereof
,
some
inferre
the
first
invention
of
laying
of
colours
with
oile
,
of
making
of
Worsted
Saies
,
and
many
other
Stuffes
,
which
to
this
day
is
seene
to
come
thence
.
Next
is
Doway
an
University
.
Then
Torney
,
which
was
surprised
and
taken
by
our
Henry
the
8.
Anno
Dom.
1513.
to
whom
the
Citizens
paid
100000.
crownes
Torney
.
for
their
ransome
,
and
it
was
restored
afterward
to
the
French
for
the
same
600000.
crownes
,
and
from
him
finally
taken
by
Charles
the
Fifth
.
Besides
these
there
are
accounted
in
Flanders
35.
Townes
,
and
1178.
Villages
of
lesser
note
,
which
I
willingly
passe
over
briefly
,
as
intending
to
comprehend
the
trade
thereof
in
a
Chapter
by
it selfe
.
The
second
Earldome
is
Artois
,
containing
twelve
Townes
of
consequence
,
and
750.
Villages
,
the
chiefe
whereof
is
,
Artois
.
The
Towne
of
Arrasse
,
whence
our
Tapestry
and
cloths
of
Arras
have
had
their
invention
and
first
originall
.
Then
Saint
Paul
,
the
Earle
thereof
Lewis
of
Luxenburge
plaied
S.
Paul.
so
often
fast
and
loose
with
Lewis
the
Eleventh
of
France
,
with
Edward
the
fourth
of
England
,
and
with
Charles
of
Burgundy
,
that
hee
kept
them
for
many
yeares
at
continuall
strife
,
which
Duke
Charles
at
length
requited
with
the
losse
of
his
head
and
Earldome
.
The
next
Earldome
is
Henalt
,
comprehending
950.
Villages
,
and
Henalte
.
24.
Townes
of
note
.
The
most
eminent
being
Camberay
,
taken
by
the
Spaniards
from
Cambray
.
the
French
by
the
Earle
of
Fuentes
Anno
1595.
accounted
a
free
Towne
.
Then
Mons.
The
next
is
Bevais
,
at
a
Pillar
whereof
beginne
all
the
wayes
leading
into
France
,
made
all
of
paved
stone
by
Brunhault
the
French
Bevais
.
Queene
.
The
next
Earldome
is
Namurce
,
containing
180.
Villages
,
and
but
4.
Townes
of
note
.
Namurce
.
Namurce
is
the
principall
,
this
Country
hath
for
Merchandise
great
store
of
Graine
of
all
sorts
,
and
is
enriched
with
Mines
of
Iasper
,
and
all
sorts
of
Marble
,
and
so
abundant
in
Iron
that
it
is
incredible
,
making
the
Inhabitants
thereby
both
wealthy
and
laborious
,
and
it
is
found
moreover
to
produce
a
coale
wonderfull
in
Nature
,
as
kindled
by
water
,
and
quenched
by
oile
.
Zutphen
is
the
next
Earldome
,
being
onely
a
Towne
seated
on
the
River
Issell
,
of
good
strength
,
taken
from
the
Spaniard
Anno
Dom.
Zutphen
.
1590.
at
the
Siege
whereof
was
slaine
that
Honourable
Knight
Sir
Philip
Sidney
,
of
whom
was
said
,
Dignae
legi
scribis
,
facis
,
&
dignissima
scribi
:
Scripta
probant
doctum
te
tua
,
facta
probum
.
Thou
writ'st
things
worthy
reading
,
and
didst
doe
Things
that
are
even
most
worthy
writing
too
,
Thy
workes
thy
learning
praise
,
Thy
deeds
thy
goodnesse
raise
.
The
next
Earldome
is
Holland
,
in
circuite
180.
miles
,
no
part
of
Holand
.
which
is
distant
from
the
Seas
three
houres
journey
,
and
comprehendeth
400.
Villages
,
and
23.
Townes
.
The
chiefe
whereof
is
Dort
,
where
Anno
1618.
was
held
a
Nationall
Dort.
Synod
against
the
Arminians
.
Secondly
Harlem
,
where
Printing
was
invented
.
Harlem
.
Thirdly
Leiden
,
an
University
consisting
of
41.
Islands
,
to
which
there
is
passage
,
partly
by
boates
,
but
principally
by
40.
wooden
Bridges
,
and
by
110.
of
stone
,
the
rarity
whereof
being
the
first
Citie
of
consequence
I
noted
in
these
parts
Anno
1625.
I
could
not
chuse
then
but
a●…mire
,
and
here
in
this
Towne
is
a
Castle
said
to
bee
built
by
Hengist
the
Saxon
at
his
returne
out
of
England
,
if
their
stories
may
be
credited
.
The
next
Towne
is
Delph
,
a
place
of
residence
for
the
Merchant
Adventerers
of
England
,
where
I
was
Anno
1625.
admitted
into
that
Delph
.
Society
whose
w●…lfare
I
am
bound
to
desire
,
and
whose
prosperity
I
wish
may
still
encrease
:
and
though
these
Citizens
have
since
upon
some
discontent
enforced
them
to
remove
to
Roterdam
,
yet
considering
the
Towne
is
composed
altogether
of
Brewers
,
and
that
men
so
qualified
are
subject
to
forget
themselves
,
it
may
be
imagined
they
have
since
slept
upon
it
,
and
would
peradventure
regaine
their
companies
at
a
greater
charge
than
can
by
any
but
by
their
wisdomes
be
imagined
.
The
next
is
Alkmer
,
famous
for
the
defeat
which
the
Duke
of
Alkmer
.
Alva
received
before
it
,
to
his
great
losse
of
reputation
,
and
to
this
Cities
honour
.
The
next
is
Roterdam
,
famous
in
giving
life
to
Erasmus
,
and
noted
Roterdam
.
for
lovers
of
the
English
Traffique
,
in
giving
lately
free
and
worthy
privileges
to
the
Merchant
Adventerers
of
England
,
who
from
Delph
lately
remooved
hither
to
reside
,
to
the
future
prejudice
of
those
Brewers
.
Lastly
Amsterdam
,
as
the
now
honour
of
all
these
Countries
for
matter
of
Commerce
and
Traffique
,
who
hath
raised
it selfe
to
Amsterdam
.
that
height
of
Trade
by
the
industry
,
policy
,
and
wealth
of
the
Inhabitants
,
that
1000.
saile
of
shippes
have
beene
seene
at
one
Tide
to
goe
in
and
out
,
and
as
one
of
their
owne
hath
it
.
Quod
Tagus
atque
Hamus
vehit
&
Pactolus
,
in
〈◊〉
Vere
,
bunc
,
congestum
,
dixeru
esse
●…ocum
.
What
Tagus
,
Hemus
,
and
Pactolus
beare
,
You
would
conjecture
to
be
heap'd
up
here
.
Now
for
the
manner
and
matter
of
their
Traffique
,
I
shall
note
the
same
such
as
I
have
observed
it
at
my
there
residency
in
1625.
above
mentioned
.
CHAP.
CLXXX
.
Of
Amsterdam
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
AMSTERDAM
is
now
by
the
late
addition
of
the
New
to
the
Old
a
faire
Citie
,
strong
and
beautifull
,
Amsterdam
,
and
the
Trade
thereof
.
the
River
Tay
flowing
like
a
large
and
calme
sea
on
the
North
side
thereof
,
and
the
River
Amster
of
which
and
the
word
Dam
this
Citie
is
named
,
running
from
the
South
through
three
Lakes
entreth
this
Citie
,
and
passing
through
it
,
falleth
into
the
River
Tay
on
the
North
side
.
This
Towne
doth
consist
of
5.
principall
Streets
,
through
which
the
water
doth
runne
,
and
are
divided
therewith
,
in
which
shippes
,
barges
,
and
boates
,
of
all
kindes
are
found
both
to
come
and
goe
continually
,
either
to
lade
or
unlade
,
which
is
not
onely
beneficiall
to
the
Inhabitants
,
but
also
commodious
and
beautifull
.
The
Trade
of
this
Citie
is
much
enlarged
since
the
passage
of
Antwerpe
was
stopped
,
and
the
Trade
of
the
Inhabitants
to
the
East
and
West
Indies
,
occasioned
by
their
industrie
,
their
love
to
Navigation
,
and
not
the
least
by
a
great
plenty
of
Monies
which
they
deliver
out
at
easie
rates
at
interest
as
wanting
land
,
or
other
meanes
to
put
out
the
same
to
better
benefit
,
nothing
being
left
them
but
Commerce
and
Navigation
to
imploy
the
same
,
and
of
late
daies
England
,
and
other
neighbouring
Countries
are
found
to
have
their
estate
going
at
interest
according
to
the
custome
of
the
place
,
which
is
8.
per
cent
.
whereas
in
their
owne
Countries
4.
and
5.
per
cent
.
is
as
much
as
the
same
will
yeeld
them
.
But
for
the
Coines
,
Weights
,
and
Measures
,
as
I
observed
them
,
I
shall
here
insert
,
and
referre
the
rest
to
the
better
experienced
.
They
keepe
their
Account
as
in
Antwerpe
,
by
which
all
these
parts
Accounts
in
Amsterdam
.
were
regulated
in
former
time
for
what
concerned
Traffique
.
Their
Monies
have
also
a
correspondency
with
Antwerpe
coines
,
Monies
of
Amsterdam
and
all
the
Netherlands
.
but
inhansed
or
debased
as
they
see
occasion
by
reason
of
their
great
yearely
disbursements
,
and
ordinarily
the
same
is
found
to
bee
as
in
the
Account
of
Antwerpe
,
so
as
that
their
Liver
or
Pound
,
which
is
twenty
shillings
Flemish
,
may
be
accounted
twelve
shillings
sterling
.
Florins
6.
makes
that
Pound
of
20.
stivers
per
florin
Stivers
120.
m●…kes
a
Pound
of
Grosse
.
6
stivers
a
Flemish
shilling
.
Stivers
5.
is
accounted
as
much
as
6.
d.
sterl
.
or
5.
sold
turnois
.
Stiver
1.
●…s
a
sold
turnois
.
A
G●…osse
is
6.
deniers
turnois
.
Catolus
gulden
is
20.
stivers
,
2.
shillings
sterling
,
or
20.
sols
turnois
.
Besides
these
as
the
currant
monies
of
the
Country
,
All
Coines
of
Europe
doe
passe
heere
currantly
for
their
value
,
and
are
received
and
paid
in
payments
for
Merchandise
accordingly
.
Their
Weight
is
the
Pound
,
100.
whereof
makes
their
Quintall
,
Waights
of
Amsterdam
.
which
100.
or
Quintar
is
held
in
London
to
be
incirca
111.
English
,
yet
some
alleage
that
the
same
truely
calculated
will
not
produce
above
108.
li.
sutle
,
and
for
the
concordancy
see
further
.
Their
Measures
is
the
Ell
,
which
reduced
to
Yards
English
is
Measures
in
Amsterdam
.
found
to
bee
134.
Elles
for
100.
Yards
of
London
,
and
the
100.
Elles
of
London
are
here
167½
.
Elles
,
so
that
the
100.
Elles
heere
makes
in
London
about
74.
Yards
,
or
60½
.
Elles
incirca
,
and
40.
Flemish
Elles
make
in
England
24.
Elles
.
In
the
Exchanges
this
place
is
governed
by
Antwerpe
,
rising
and
falling
according
to
their
p●…esent
occasions
and
the
value
currant
Exchanges
in
Amsterdam
.
of
their
Monies
,
which
is
often
inhansed
,
and
debased
,
it
being
very
frequently
observed
in
this
Citie
and
the
rest
subject
to
the
Netherlands
or
to
the
Vnited
Provinces
,
that
when
they
have
occasions
of
great
Receits
,
they
are
decryed
in
value
,
and
raised
againe
where
they
have
occasions
by
their
Warres
,
or
otherwise
of
great
disbursement
,
according
to
which
diversity
of
need
full
occasions
,
the
Exchange
of
the
place
is
observed
to
alter
,
therefore
therein
cannot
bee
prescribed
any
direct
Rules
,
though
for
the
most
part
it
is
found
by
common
difference
to
bee
about
3.
per
cent
.
worse
than
the
Exchanges
practised
in
Antwerpe
.
Now
for
the
100.
lib.
Weight
heere
in
use
,
I
finde
the
same
thus
by
observation
of
some
friends
to
answer
and
agree
with
these
Weights
of
Amst●…dam
with
other
Cities
.
places
,
as
In
Antwerpe
|
107.
li.
|
Conixburgh
|
132.
|
Constantinople
|
93.
Rot.
|
Coppenhagen
|
102.
lib:
|
Dansicke
|
126.
|
Flanders
in
generall
|
117.
|
Florence
|
133.
|
Hamburgh
|
102.
|
London
|
110.
|
Lions
ordinary
|
118.
|
Mantua
|
155.
|
Marselia
|
119.
|
Melvin
|
131.
|
Millan
of
12.
ounc
.
|
151.
|
Stokholme
|
127.
|
Venice
sutle
|
167.
|
Venice
grosse
|
103.
|
Vienna
|
90.
|
Naples
|
128.
|
Norinburge
|
99.
|
Paris
|
98.
|
Portugall
|
113.
|
Prague
|
93.
|
Ragusa
|
140.
|
Revell
|
126.
|
Roven
by
Viconte
|
97.
|
Rotchell
small
|
118.
|
Rome
|
139.
|
Sa●…tomer
|
117.
|
Saragosa
|
119.
|
Sivill
small
weight
|
113.
|
Sicilia
12.
ounc
.
|
161.
|
Stralsont
|
98.
|
Tholouse
|
118.
|
Verona
|
95.
|
Vrbin
|
144.
|
And
thus
much
shall
serve
for
the
concordancy
of
the
Weights
here
practised
.
The
Measure
of
length
heere
in
use
is
●…n
Ell
,
which
thus
is
found
Measures
of
Amsterdam
with
other
Cities
.
to
make
with
other
places
,
I
say
the
100.
Elles
doth
yeeld
In
Alleppo
|
106.
pico
|
Argiere
|
135.
covad
.
|
Allexandria
|
122.
pico
.
|
Antwerpe
|
99.
elles
.
|
Conixburge
|
123.
|
Constantinople
|
111½
.
pico
.
|
Florence
for
silke
|
101.
brac
.
|
Genoa
|
120.
brac
.
|
Grenado
|
82.
vares
.
|
Hamburgh
|
121.
elles
.
|
Lixborne
short
|
82.
vares
.
|
Rome
|
33.
c●…es
.
|
Valentia
|
72.
can
.
|
London
|
59.
elles
.
|
Ditto
woollen
|
73½
yards
.
|
Lions
linnen
|
59.
alnes
.
|
Marselia
woollen
|
33.
can
.
|
Middleburgh
|
99.
elles
.
|
Millan
linnen
|
118.
bra
.
|
Norinburgh
|
118.
elles
.
|
Paris
|
58.
alns
.
|
Prague
cloth
|
109.
elles
.
|
Rh●…gusa
|
118.
bra
.
|
Roven
|
57.
alns
.
|
Sivill
|
82.
vares
.
|
Stokholme
|
123.
elles
.
|
Besides
these
Measures
of
length
,
the
concave
Measures
are
in
use
.
Corne
is
heere
sold
by
the
Laste
,
which
containes
24.
small
barrels
,
each
barrell
1½
.
Muydens
or
Muys
,
each
Muyden
containes
1
〈◊〉
.
sackes
,
each
sacke
being
three
archetelings
,
which
is
3
〈◊〉
.
shepels
,
so
that
the
laste
of
corne
containes
108.
shepels
,
and
this
laste
is
observed
to
make
Antwerpe
|
37
〈◊〉
.
vertules
.
|
Burdeaux
|
38.
boisea●…x
.
|
Bridges
|
17½
bootes
.
|
Cyprus
|
40.
medinos
.
|
Embden
|
55.
werps
.
|
Hamburgh
|
83.
shepels
.
|
Lixborne
|
225.
alquiers
.
|
London
|
10.
quarters
.
|
In
Pulia
|
36.
timans
.
|
Rhegi●…
|
42.
loopes
.
|
Roven
|
40.
mines
.
|
Rotchell
|
128.
boisea●…x
.
|
Roterdam
|
87.
archetelins
.
|
Sivill
|
54.
henegas
.
|
Sicilia
|
38.
medinos
.
|
Venice
|
32.
stares
.
|
Sweden
|
23.
measures
.
|
Copenbaven
|
23.
barrels
.
|
For
the
Measures
of
Wine
,
Oile
,
Beere
,
and
other
liquid
commodities
,
I
referre
you
to
Malines
and
others
better
experienced
therein
,
and
proceed
forward
to
the
description
of
the
remainder
of
the
Vnited
Provinces
.
Zealand
is
the
next
and
last
Earldome
of
the
seventeene
Provinces
,
consisting
of
seven
Islands
,
the
remainder
of
15.
which
the
seas
Zealand
.
are
said
to
have
devoured
.
The
chiefest
Cities
of
these
seven
are
these
.
First
Middleburgh
,
which
from
nothing
grew
great
by
the
residence
of
the
English
Merchant
Adventerers
,
and
now
by
their
removall
Middleburgh
.
hence
is
now
almost
come
to
nothing
againe
;
by
this
Citie
and
Stoade
,
and
many
other
places
may
easily
bee
discerned
the
benefit
that
a
Trade
brings
to
a
Citie
or
country
,
therefore
my
praiers
shall
ever
bee
,
that
London
may
never
loose
that
great
reputation
it
hath
gained
by
commerce
throughout
the
World.
The
next
Citie
is
Flushing
,
famous
in
that
it
was
the
first
that
the
Low-country
men
got
from
the
Spaniard
,
and
being
cautionary
to
Flushing
.
the
English
,
Sir
Philip
Sidney
was
the
first
Governour
thereof
.
Then
Brill
,
Tergouse
,
Brever-haven
,
to
all
which
my
curiosity
lead
me
in
1625.
in
that
my
Northerne
Voyage
.
Westfrisland
is
the
first
Barony
,
and
accounted
one
of
the
seventeene
Provinces
,
wherein
is
found
for
principall
Townes
Lewardin
.
Well
frisland
.
Next
,
Harlingham
,
then
Zeutsen
,
and
some
other
Sea-ports
.
Vtrecht
is
the
next
Barony
,
containing
therein
the
Townes
of
Utreicht
.
Rhenen
,
Wicket
,
Amsford
,
Montfort
,
and
Vtrecth
the
principall
Citie
,
and
a
pleasant
Bishopriche
,
it
is
accounted
the
most
excellent
seate
in
all
these
Countries
,
whereto
are
found
many
Ferries
for
passages
,
for
it
is
said
,
that
a
man
may
easily
goe
hence
in
one
day
to
any
one
of
59.
walled
Townes
equally
distant
from
this
Citie
,
or
to
any
of
26.
Townes
to
dinner
,
and
returne
againe
at
night
to
bed
,
which
is
both
strange
and
true
.
Overissell
is
the
next
,
from
whence
comes
our
Linnens
bearing
Oversell
.
this
name
,
the
chiefe
Cities
are
Swall
,
Campen
,
and
Daventer
.
Mailin
is
the
next
,
famous
in
her
famous
Nunnery
,
where
are
Mailin
.
sometimes
found
1600.
Nunnes
,
who
may
at
their
pleasure
leave
the
Cloister
and
marry
,
as
indeed
it
is
fittest
for
them
.
The
last
Province
is
Groineing
,
the
chiefe
Townes
being
that
of
Gro●…neing
.
Old-haven
and
Keykirke
,
and
these
bee
all
the
principall
Cities
of
Traffique
in
the
said
seventeene
Provinces
.
Now
for
the
abbreviating
of
my
Worke
,
I
have
comprised
in
short
the
Weight
,
Measures
,
and
Trade
of
this
populous
and
rich
Country
thus
according
to
my
intended
Methode
.
The
particular
Weights
and
Measures
of
the
chiefe
Cities
of
these
Waights
in
generall
of
the
Netherlands
reduced
to
the
100.
li.
in
London
.
seventeene
Provinces
for
brevity
sake
I
have
thought
good
here
by
themselves
to
reduce
to
the
Waight
and
Measures
of
London
.
And
first
for
the
100.
li.
haberdepois
of
England
what
it
produceth
in
these
Cities
.
In
Bridges
|
98.
lib.
|
Gante
|
104.
|
Audmarte
|
106.
|
Amsterdam
|
90.
|
Ypres
|
104.
|
Dixmude
|
104.
|
Lislle
or
Lile
|
106.
|
Flanders
in
generall
|
106.
|
Abevile
|
90.
|
Alder
|
87.
|
Lovaine
|
96.
|
Malmes
|
95.
|
Halste
|
104.
|
Poppering
|
104.
|
Doway
|
106.
|
Holand
|
95.
|
Torney
|
104.
|
St.
Maur
|
106.
|
Guelderland
|
95.
|
Zeland
|
95.
|
Walsond
|
95.
|
Arschot
|
96.
|
Barow
ap
some
|
94.
|
Brussels
|
96.
|
Cortericke
|
106.
|
Hartegen
bosh
|
96.
|
The
reduction
of
their
Measures
to
the
English
100.
yards
is
thus
Measures
in
generall
of
the
Netherlands
reduced
to
the
100.
yards
of
London
.
found
to
accord
therewith
,
as
the
100.
yards
in
London
make
In
Bridges
|
126.
elles
.
|
Dunkirke
|
135.
|
Gante
|
130.
|
Honsooten
|
135.
|
Andemarte
|
130.
|
Ysingham
|
130.
|
Bolduc
|
135.
|
Da●…e
|
130.
|
Brussels
|
135.
|
Ypres
|
130.
|
Lovaine
|
135.
|
Sluse
|
130.
|
Liege
|
153.
|
Mastricht
|
139.
|
Covin
|
93.
|
Lisle
or
Lile
|
125.
|
Cambray
|
125.
|
Amsterdam
|
134.
|
Doway
|
125.
|
Harlem
|
125.
|
He●…t
|
126.
|
G●…lderland
|
139.
|
Oversels
|
139.
|
Middleburgh
|
135.
|
Flushing
|
138.
|
Vere
|
125.
|
Romerswald
|
132.
|
Artois
in
generall
|
131.
|
Tourney
|
144.
|
Holand
in
generall
|
138.
|
CHAP.
CLXXXI
.
Of
the
trade
ingenerall
of
Flanders
,
and
of
the
Netherlands
.
NOW
let
us
consider
the
generall
Trade
and
Navigation
of
Flanders
,
I
meane
first
that
part
Of
the
trade
ingenerall
of
the
Netherlanders
and
Flanders
.
thereof
as
is
subject
to
the
States
,
and
called
the
Netherlands
,
and
then
the
trade
of
Flanders
,
as
at
this
day
it
is
observed
and
found
in
obedience
to
the
Archduke
.
First
then
,
these
Netherlanders
,
or
〈◊〉
,
are
of
late
yeares
become
notable
Mariners
,
and
have
undertaken
,
and
fortunately
atchieved
many
dangerous
and
long
Navigations
;
every
particular
Citie
having
both
many
and
great
shippes
belonging
thereunto
:
and
in
some
places
,
where
houses
are
deare
and
scarce
,
I
have
seene
whole
families
live
in
Lighters
,
and
such
Vessels
,
wherein
they
eate
,
drinke
,
and
sleepe
,
and
have
their
continuall
habitation
,
their
children
,
like
Water-r●…s
,
seene
continually
dabling
in
the
water
,
of
which
element
,
for
the
most
part
,
their
countrey
is
subsistent
.
They
are
accounted
better
for
Northerne
designes
and
voiages
,
by
reason
of
their
Countries
cold
situation
,
than
for
Southerne
,
yet
their
late
〈◊〉
the
East
and
West
Indies
,
and
their
good
successes
there
demonstrate
they
can
also
accommodate
themselves
to
the
hotter
clymates
.
Their
trade
is
generally
throughout
the
world
in
imitation
of
their
neighbours
the
English
Nation
,
whose
steppes
for
many
yeares
they
have
followed
,
onely
in
Turkie
they
have
but
small
traffique
,
by
reason
their
countrey
wants
those
commodities
that
are
fit
and
proper
for
that
Empire
,
such
as
Clothes
,
Lead
,
Tin
,
the
maine
Staple
of
the
English
trade
thither
.
As
for
their
iudgement
in
traffique
,
it
is
singular
,
by
reason
their
want
of
many
necessities
both
for
backe
and
belly
,
inforceth
them
to
pay
nearer
into
Co●…
than
other
nations
that
live
in
a
more
fruitfull
and
fertile
countrey
;
and
the
easie
rates
that
Money
is
to
be
found
at
interest
,
addeth
some
helpe
to
their
inventions
:
they
were
few
yeares
past
accounted
of
a
heavie
and
du●…er
●…mper
;
but
the
Italians
who
in
foreseeing
wisedome
and
providence
,
would
be
throughout
the
world
accounted
for
Pro●…
,
were
by
them
made
〈◊〉
,
as
wise
after
the
deed
too
late
repenting
.
For
when
they
came
first
to
〈◊〉
their
trade
in
Flanders
,
they
tooke
yong
youths
of
that
nation
to
be
their
Cashiers
,
and
to
copie
their
letters
,
whereby
they
came
to
learne
the
secrets
of
their
trade
,
and
afterwards
to
the
Italians
great
prejudice
,
exercised
it
themselves
,
and
not
contented
therewith
,
as
it
were
thus
depriving
them
of
the
trade
of
Flanders
,
but
they
followed
them
into
Italie
,
and
there
living
as
sparingly
as
they
,
and
dispersing
themselves
into
sundry
Provinces
,
and
principall
townes
,
have
given
a
great
blow
to
their
great
traffique
in
Italie
;
and
that
which
addes
much
to
their
knowledge
and
gaine
is
,
that
they
covet
still
to
buy
all
commodities
at
the
Well
head
(
as
Marchants
say
)
and
where
that
commoditie
hath
its
first
originall
,
and
where
the
same
is
cheapest
,
and
then
transport
them
not
so
much
to
their
owne
homes
,
as
elsewhere
where
the
same
is
dearest
,
and
not
shaming
to
retaile
any
commoditie
by
small
parts
&
parcels
,
which
both
English
Merchants
and
Italians
disdaine
to
doe
in
any
countrey
whatsoever
;
by
which
meanes
they
are
come
now
to
that
height
,
that
though
by
nature
they
want
all
things
,
yet
by
industry
and
Marchandising
,
they
not
onely
supply
their
owne
defects
,
but
also
many
of
their
neighbours
wants
and
necessities
,
as
I
could
instance
in
sundry
particulars
.
Neither
must
I
omit
one
custome
here
used
,
and
not
found
I
thinke
elsewhere
in
the
world
,
that
whilst
the
Husband
sports
idly
at
home
,
their
Women
are
oft-times
seen
to
be
the
Marchants
,
and
in
some
Provinces
here
saile
from
Citie
to
Citie
,
to
compasse
their
affaires
abroad
,
as
they
for
the
most
part
are
found
to
manage
it
at
home
:
for
in
their
shops
they
sell
all
;
and
take
account
of
all
,
and
it
is
no
reproach
to
the
men
to
be
never
enquired
after
about
these
businesses
of
trade
,
who
take
monies
of
their
wives
for
daily
expense
,
and
gladly
so
passe
their
time
over
in
idlenesse
.
Now
forasmuch
as
Bridges
hath
been
the
Citie
where
in
times
past
this
great
traffique
was
cohabitant
,
it
will
not
bee
amisse
a
little
to
looke
backe
upon
it
and
those
times
,
and
see
the
glory
of
it
in
its
luster
then
,
and
the
decay
thereof
in
its
ruine
now
.
It
is
recorded
by
Iacobus
Marchantius
,
that
L●…dovicus
Crassus
in
The
ancient
staple
of
Bridges
.
Anno
1323.
granted
a
Staple
to
Bridges
,
which
his
sonne
Mal●…us
confirmed
:
which
Staple
was
a
priviledge
of
staying
all
forraigne
commodities
in
the
place
,
except
the
seller
and
bringer
chose
rather
to
returne
whence
they
came
.
This
Citie
hath
an
eminent
market
place
,
with
a
publicke
house
for
the
meeting
of
all
Marchants
at
The
original
of
Burses
,
of
places
of
meeting
for
Merchants
,
which
in
England
is
now
termed
the
Exchange
.
noone
and
evening
:
which
house
was
called
the
Burse
,
of
the
houses
of
the
extinct
familie
Bursa
,
hearing
three
purses
for
〈◊〉
armes
,
ingraven
upon
their
houses
,
from
whence
these
meeting
places
to
this
day
are
called
Burses
in
many
countries
,
which
in
London
wee
know
by
the
name
of
the
Royall
Exchange
,
and
of
Britaines
Burse
.
Fifteene
Nations
in
the
height
of
this
trade
,
had
each
their
severall
houses
or
colledges
here
,
namely
,
the
Marchants
of
England
,
Scotland
,
France
,
Castilia
,
Portugall
,
Arragon
,
Navar
,
Catalonia
,
Biscaia
,
the
Hans
Cities
of
Germanie
,
as
Lubecke
,
Hamburg
,
Rostock
,
Dantsicke
,
Riga
,
Revel
,
and
divers
others
Cities
.
Then
the
Marchants
of
Venetia
,
Florence
,
Genoa
,
Lucca
,
Millan
,
and
others
.
Now
then
,
these
Nations
having
by
this
meanes
each
here
a
residence
,
supplyed
this
Citie
of
Bridges
with
the
particular
commodities
of
their
countries
,
as
first
,
the
Italians
they
brought
Chamblets
,
Grograins
,
threed
of
Silke
,
Silver
and
Gold
,
and
Clothes
made
thereof
,
also
Iewels
,
Wines
of
Candia
,
Allome
,
Brimstone
,
Oyles
,
Spices
and
Drugs
of
all
sorts
,
which
they
had
by
their
trade
of
Egypt
,
India
,
Arabia
and
Grecia
.
2.
The
French
brought
Salt
,
Wines
,
White
and
Red
,
Paper
,
Linnens
,
and
some
Oyles
.
3.
The
English
Wooll
,
Lead
,
Tin
,
Beere
,
and
some
Wollen
clothes
,
for
vailes
for
women
used
in
those
dayes
.
4.
The
Scots
brought
Skinnes
of
Sheepe
,
and
Conies
,
and
such
like
.
5.
The
Spaniards
and
Portugals
brought
Graine
for
Scarlet
Die
,
Gold
,
Silver
,
Raw
Silke
,
some
Drugges
and
Spices
.
6.
The
Germanes
,
Danes
and
Pollackes
brought
Honey
,
Waxe
Corne
,
Salt-peter
,
Woolles
,
Glasse
Furres
,
Quick
silver
Rhenish
wines
,
Timber
for
building
,
and
the
like
.
And
7.
Flanders
yeelded
to
these
,
Horses
,
Cattle
Butter
,
Cheese
,
Herrings
,
and
other
Sea-fish
,
Wollen
and
Linnen
Clothes
,
Tapestry
of
great
beautie
and
varietie
,
excellent
Pictures
,
and
other
Manufactaries
.
And
by
this
great
concourse
of
Nations
,
Flanders
gave
the
name
to
all
the
Netherlands
.
To
increase
yet
this
trade
,
Burdges
in
Anno
1414.
got
a
priviledge
,
that
they
who
were
free
of
that
citie
by
gift
,
buying
,
birth
,
or
marriage
,
should
be
free
from
all
confiscation
of
their
goods
,
which
exceedeth
the
priviledges
of
any
other
Citie
in
the
Netherland
:
for
those
of
Ipre
having
the
like
,
yet
loose
it
upon
any
force
offered
to
the
Prince
.
This
trade
thus
continued
till
the
yeare
1485.
when
as
it
began
to
decay
,
partly
by
the
narrownesse
and
unsaftie
of
the
Port
of
Sluce
,
and
the
River
leading
from
thence
to
Bridges
;
and
partly
by
the
fame
of
the
large
and
commodious
River
Scaldis
at
Antwerpe
,
and
partly
by
the
Civil
warres
then
afoot
in
this
countrey
:
First
then
the
Portugall
having
taken
Callicut
in
the
East
Indies
,
carried
the
Spices
of
India
to
the
Faires
of
Antwerpe
in
anno
1503.
and
contracting
with
that
Citie
,
drew
the
Fuggero
and
Welfarts
,
two
potent
Germain
families
of
Merchants
thither
.
After
which
the
Merchants
of
Florence
,
Lucca
,
and
the
Spindas
of
Genoa
seated
themselves
there
,
as
also
the
Marchant
Adventurers
of
England
in
anno
1516.
and
many
of
other
Nations
were
invited
thither
by
the
priviledge
of
marriage
dowries
,
which
became
shadowes
to
many
frauds
:
for
when
husbands
either
brake
in
their
life
time
,
or
be
found
Bankerout
in
death
,
the
wives
are
preferred
to
all
debters
in
the
recoverie
of
their
dowrie
.
And
thus
farre
he
sheweth
the
rising
and
falling
of
the
trade
of
Burges
,
and
how
it
came
to
bee
removed
and
setled
in
Antwerpe
;
and
how
since
also
it
hath
been
lost
and
departed
thence
,
I
have
shewed
in
another
place
:
and
this
is
as
much
as
I
have
thought
good
to
insert
of
the
trade
in
generall
of
Netherland
,
concluding
,
that
though
the
countrey
be
of
small
extent
,
and
bee
barren
of
rich
commodities
either
to
preserve
or
maintaine
a
trade
,
yet
the
industrie
of
the
inhabitants
hath
made
them
potent
,
wealthy
,
and
great
Merchants
,
and
now
at
this
day
they
traffique
to
all
parts
of
the
habitable
world
,
with
the
commodities
of
other
countries
,
which
by
their
endevours
and
paines
they
make
and
purchase
to
be
as
if
naturally
and
really
the
same
were
their
owne
.
Now
for
the
generall
trade
of
Flanders
,
so
farre
forth
as
it
is
in
obedience
to
the
Archduke
,
or
more
properly
to
the
Kings
of
Spaine
,
it
must
be
granted
,
that
it
holds
not
any
equalitie
at
this
day
with
that
part
in
subjection
to
the
States
.
Antwerpe
as
the
principall
Citie
of
which
the
Flemings
did
,
and
might
justly
boast
,
is
now
,
as
then
,
the
chiefest
;
but
the
former
splendor
is
now
and
long
agoe
lost
:
for
it
had
the
preheminence
,
and
was
one
of
the
chiefe
Cities
of
traffique
in
the
world
;
but
is
now
onely
the
chiefe
of
this
jurisdiction
.
What
it
could
formerly
herein
challenge
,
it
hath
now
lost
:
for
if
the
trade
thereof
be
well
observed
,
it
will
be
discerned
,
it
lookes
not
so
high
by
many
millions
as
it
then
did
,
the
Merchants
the
inhabitants
partake
of
one
of
the
qualities
of
the
Spaniard
Merchant
,
which
they
have
since
their
reduction
to
that
Scepter
,
learned
thence
,
and
this
is
never
or
very
seldome
to
traffique
or
adventure
their
estates
into
any
other
Princes
dominions
,
but
where
their
Lord
is
Soveraigne
.
Which
rule
found
here
,
as
in
all
Spaine
for
the
most
part
true
,
and
granted
,
it
must
be
confessed
their
trade
cannot
possibly
be
of
any
great
consequence
:
for
such
is
the
nature
of
a
free
and
uncontrouled
Commerce
,
that
no
Countrey
or
Nation
how
remote
or
distant
soever
,
can
give
limit
or
bound
thereto
.
Whereupon
it
may
be
inferred
,
and
as
by
proofe
at
this
day
it
is
found
observeable
,
their
generall
traffique
is
small
,
and
consisteth
more
by
a
laborious
industry
of
the
inhabitants
at
home
,
than
by
their
great
adventures
by
sea
abroad
,
their
greatest
navigations
extending
but
to
Spaine
,
and
in
some
second
adventures
thence
to
India
,
and
that
for
no
great
matter
,
and
otherwise
they
trouble
not
,
neither
the
East
nor
West
,
neither
the
North
nor
the
South
parts
of
the
World
,
no
nor
hardly
as
farre
as
into
France
,
England
,
or
into
Netherlands
,
the
nearest
neighbours
(
when
at
amitie
)
for
any
great
matter
of
moment
.
The
principall
meanes
whereby
their
small
traffique
is
now
maintained
to
them
,
is
by
their
severall
sorts
of
cunning
and
artificiall
Fabrickes
and
Manufactaries
,
which
every
towne
of
any
note
is
notable
for
,
such
as
are
Hangings
of
Arasse
,
Tapestrie
,
some
sorts
of
stuffes
of
Silke
,
and
of
Wollen
and
Linnen
,
and
in
exchanges
to
purchase
which
,
the
English
,
French
,
and
other
the
neighbouring
Nations
bring
them
Wollen
Cloathes
,
Wines
,
and
some
other
needfull
provisions
which
they
want
,
to
supply
their
occasions
,
and
the
necessities
of
those
Armies
as
are
for
the
most
part
seene
to
bee
fed
,
maintained
and
clothed
in
this
Countrey
.
Dunkerke
their
onely
and
best
Sea-port
,
affoords
some
shipping
,
but
so
poorely
set
on
worke
by
way
of
Merchandising
,
that
they
find
their
best
traffique
to
consist
of
thieverie
and
boothalling
against
both
their
friends
,
and
their
enemies
the
Netherlanders
,
which
yet
they
are
so
far
unable
really
to
set
out
●…o
anycompetencie
of
strength
,
that
the
Iesuites
and
other
the
devoter
Orders
of
Friers
,
are
oftentimes
induced
to
set
their
helping
hand
thereto
,
this
way
oftentimes
spending
in
uncharitable
actions
and
blood-shed
,
the
charitable
almes
of
the
poore
and
deluded
multitude
:
and
how
well
this
trade
hath
thriven
with
these
irreligious
Ecclesiasticall
Orders
,
their
great
late
losses
by
their
owne
reports
sufficiently
witnesse
to
the
world
.
So
leaving
the
Antwerpians
to
endevour
the
regaining
of
their
lost
traffique
,
and
the
Dunkerke
Free-booters
,
and
their
holy
partners
to
the
recoverie
of
their
late
dammage
by
some
more
honest
Commerce
,
I
will
here
leave
Flanders
,
and
hence
travell
further
into
this
continent
,
and
survey
the
particular
trade
of
the
famous
Empire
of
Germanie
.
CHAP.
CLXXXII
.
Of
Germanie
and
the
provinces
thereof
.
HAVING
briefly
run
through
Flanders
,
and
Germanie
and
the
Provincos
.
the
Vnited
Provinces
,
and
reduced
the
trade
thereof
into
two
principall
Cities
,
that
is
to
Antwerpe
for
Flanders
,
and
the
other
Provinces
subject
to
the
Spaniards
;
and
to
Amsterdam
for
Holland
,
and
the
other
Cities
subject
to
the
States
.
i
must
bee
constrained
in
a
manner
to
use
the
same
methode
in
the
survey
of
the
trade
of
Germanie
,
reducing
the
traffique
of
the
lesser
to
the
greater
Cities
;
the
greatest
being
also
not
much
knowne
to
our
Nation
for
any
eminencie
this
way
,
as
being
in-land
,
to
which
our
English
(
whose
traffique
principally
consists
at
sea
,
and
consequently
in
maritime
townes
)
have
but
little
knowledge
of
,
though
otherwise
eminent
,
as
being
farre
distant
from
it
.
Germanie
then
is
bounded
on
the
West
with
France
,
and
Belgium
,
on
the
North
with
Denmark
Germanie
bounded
.
and
her
seas
,
on
the
East
with
Sprusia
,
Poland
,
and
Hungarie
,
and
on
the
South
with
the
Alpes
.
This
Countrey
doth
affoord
to
the
Merchant
for
transportation
,
many
notable
Commodities
,
as
Silver
,
Copper
,
Tin
,
Iron
,
and
Lead
,
by
Commodities
of
Germanie
.
their
Mines
;
Corne
,
Wines
,
Allome
,
Quick-silver
,
Armes
of
all
sorts
,
divers
Manufoctaries
,
as
Linnen
,
Wollen
,
Silkes
,
&c.
and
sundry
other
commodities
.
Three
sorts
of
Cities
are
sayd
to
be
contained
in
this
Empire
,
the
Hans-townes
72.
first
are
those
that
are
called
Hans-townes
,
which
are
such
as
enjoy
large
priviledges
and
immunities
,
and
are
thought
to
be
about
72.
in
number
,
and
for
the
most
part
are
found
either
to
border
upon
the
seas
,
or
to
be
seated
upon
great
and
navigable
Rivers
,
being
for
the
most
part
rich
,
and
of
reasonable
Commerce
and
trade
,
or
famous
and
noted
for
some
one
particular
Art
,
Fabricke
,
or
Manufactorie
.
The
second
sort
are
called
Imperiall
Cities
,
and
accounted
free
in
Imperiall
Cities
60.
respect
of
their
great
prerogatives
,
as
in
coyning
of
Monies
,
and
knowing
no
Lord
,
but
ruled
by
the
Imperiall
lawes
;
for
which
they
acknowledge
and
pay
a
contribution
yearly
to
the
Emperour
,
whom
they
account
their
Protector
,
and
these
are
found
to
be
about
sixtie
in
number
.
The
third
are
such
as
are
held
by
inheritance
by
some
Princes
,
as
Principalities
.
is
Heidelberg
,
Vienna
,
and
others
of
which
are
accounted
in
this
Empire
in
circa
(
—
)
and
may
bee
called
Principalities
.
There
is
also
found
in
this
Empire
conducing
to
traffique
,
(
besides
the
lesser
)
foure
great
navigable
Rivers
,
that
inrich
these
Hans-townes
,
Imperials
,
and
Principalities
,
communicating
the
commodities
of
one
Citie
to
another
,
and
at
last
to
the
Sea-ports
,
where
the
same
is
last
of
all
vented
into
forraigne
kingdomes
.
The
prime
whereof
is
Danubius
,
which
in
running
1500
miles
,
doth
receive
above
60
navigable
rivers
,
and
disgorgeth
it selfe
into
Danubius
.
the
Euxine
or
Blacke
sea
.
The
second
is
the
Rheine
,
running
800
miles
through
Germanie
Rheine
.
and
Belgia
,
disgorgeth
it selfe
into
the
Germane
Ocean
,
taking
in
Albis
,
which
is
accounted
navigable
for
400
miles
,
(
and
some
others
)
Albis
.
and
is
the
third
river
of
this
countrey
.
The
fourth
is
Odera
,
running
300
miles
in
length
,
issueth
out
in
the
Baltique
sea
;
besides
which
there
is
many
other
of
lesser
note
,
as
Odera
.
Weser
,
E●…se
,
and
others
in
themselves
found
to
be
great
Rivers
,
inriching
divers
parts
of
this
countrey
,
though
farre
inferior
to
the
former
.
Lastly
,
this
Empire
is
found
to
containe
twentie
large
Provinces
,
which
by
reason
of
my
little
insight
therein
,
I
will
cursorily
post
over
,
and
referre
the
same
where
I
am
defective
,
to
the
better
learned
.
East-Frisland
is
accounted
the
first
Province
,
wherein
is
found
the
Cities
of
Oldenburg
,
Ammerdun
,
and
lastly
Emden
,
which
for
its
East
Frisland
.
former
eminencie
in
trade
,
I
cannot
so
slightly
passe
over
without
a
word
of
the
trade
thereof
.
CHAP.
CLXXXIII
.
Of
Emden
and
the
trade
thereof
.
EMDEN
hath
been
in
times
past
of
farre
greater
Emden
and
the
trade
thereof
.
trade
than
now
it
is
:
It
was
for
some
yeares
the
seat
of
the
English
Marchants
Adventurers
,
but
the
civill
warres
about
Religion
,
raised
between
the
Citizens
and
their
Count
,
was
in
part
the
cause
of
the
decay
of
the
trade
thereof
.
This
Citie
lies
in
the
utmost
border
of
the
Empire
,
and
only
divided
by
the
River
Emse
from
the
Netherland
:
and
by
an
Inland
sea
from
West
Frisland
,
being
one
of
those
Provinces
.
In
the
Summer
it
is
found
a
pleasant
Citie
,
but
in
Winter
as
if
drowned
in
the
Seas
,
and
all
the
fields
covered
with
water
,
makes
it
to
appeare
as
an
Iland
in
the
waters
.
As
for
the
Monies
currant
,
and
forme
of
accounts
kept
here
by
Merchants
,
I
omit
that
to
the
place
of
the
coynes
and
accounts
of
Germanie
in
generall
,
noted
hereafter
.
In
the
mean
time
it
is
to
be
observed
,
that
the
weights
and
measures
in
use
are
these
.
The
common
weight
of
Emden
is
the
pound
of
(
)
Weight
of
Emden
.
the
quintall
or
100.
pound
makes
in
London
Their
common
measure
of
length
is
an
Ell
,
wherewith
they
measure
Measure
of
Emden
.
Linnen
,
Wollen
,
and
Silkes
in
generall
,
the
100
whereof
hath
beene
observed
to
make
in
London
48
〈◊〉
elles
,
and
the
100
yards
of
London
to
have
made
thereabout
162.
or
163.
elles
.
Corne
is
here
measured
by
the
Werpe
,
55
werpes
make
10
quarters
of
London
,
or
a
Last
of
Amsterdam
;
but
61
werpes
is
here
a
Last
,
consisting
of
4
werpes
great
of
15
〈◊〉
Barrels
the
werpe
.
Westphalia
is
the
next
,
containing
in
it selfe
a
large
tract
,
and
Westphalia
.
producing
those
Acornes
in
abundance
,
which
feed
their
Swine
,
and
which
affoords
those
Gammons
which
are
accounted
so
excellent
a
dish
.
The
Northerne
part
of
this
Countrey
is
Bremen
,
wherein
is
found
the
towne
of
Breme
,
as
the
principall
:
then
Clappenburgh
,
Exenburgh
belonging
to
the
Duke
of
Saxonie
.
Then
Collonia
,
wherein
is
sayd
to
bee
the
bodies
of
the
three
wise
men
which
came
from
the
East
to
worship
our
Saviour
.
And
this
belongs
to
the
Bishoprick
of
Collen
.
Here
is
also
Warendorpe
and
some
others
belonging
to
the
Bishop
of
Munster
,
and
Boport
,
E●…gers
,
Coblents
,
and
Triers
,
belonging
to
the
Bishop
of
Triers
:
of
the
principall
of
which
a
word
passando
.
CHAP.
CLXXXIIII
.
Of
BREME
and
the
trade
thereof
.
BREME
is
one
of
the
Hans-townes
,
so
called
for
the
Breme
and
the
trade
thereof
.
freedome
of
the
trafficke
here
practised
,
strongly
fortified
,
five
miles
distant
from
the
sea
,
the
River
Visurge
serving
to
convey
all
commodities
thither
,
as
running
through
the
Citie
,
neere
which
lies
that
small
but
well
knowne
towne
of
Ossenbridge
,
noted
for
the
great
quantities
Ossenbridge
of
narrow
linnen
cloth
that
is
thence
conveied
to
England
and
other
countries
.
It
is
reported
that
in
this
Citie
the
Custome
was
first
raised
in
swearing
and
inhansing
of
new
commers
by
Bread
&
Salt
,
and
of
infranchising
them
into
their
Citie
,
by
paying
a
certaine
mulct
,
or
fine
in
good
liquor
to
the
rest
of
the
company
which
is
now
a
generall
received
custome
in
all
the
Hans-townes
of
Germanie
,
and
become
part
of
the
traffique
thereof
.
The
commonweight
of
Breme
is
the
pound
of
(
—
)
Ounces
the
100.
Weight
in
Breme
.
pound
thereof
hath
rendred
in
London
(
)
pound
.
The
common
measure
for
length
is
the
Ell
,
which
agreeth
with
Measures
in
Breme
.
the
Ell
above
mentioned
in
Emden
.
But
in
Ossenbridge
it
is
found
that
the
100
yards
London
makes
84
elles
there
in
circa
,
and
100
elles
of
London
is
here
in
Ossenbridge
about
105
elles
.
CHAP.
CLXXXV
.
Of
COLLEN
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
COLLEN
commonly
for
distinction
called
in
Latine
Collen
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Colonia
Agrippina
,
is
a
very
faire
Citie
,
whereto
is
found
great
concourse
of
Marchants
,
neare
to
this
Citie
did
Caesar
with
incredible
expedition
make
a
Bridge
over
the
River
Rheine
,
neare
which
the
towne
is
at
present
situated
,
which
more
terrified
the
barbarous
enemie
,
than
the
report
of
his
valour
.
The
Archbishop
of
this
Citie
,
is
the
second
Especiall
Elector
of
the
Empire
,
and
C●…ancellour
of
Italie
.
Here
is
sayd
to
be
the
bodies
of
the
three
wise
men
which
came
from
the
East
to
worship
our
Saviour
,
vulgarly
called
the
three
Kings
of
Collen
,
whose
bodies
were
translated
by
Helena
the
mother
of
Constantine
,
unto
Constantinople
;
and
from
thence
by
E●…storsius
Bishop
of
Millain
transported
to
Millain
;
and
finally
,
brought
hither
by
Rinoldus
the
Bishop
of
this
place
.
The
Commonweight
of
Collen
is
the
pound
of
(
)
the
100
whereof
Weight
of
Collen
.
hath
been
observed
to
have
made
in
London
110
pound
.
The
common
measure
of
length
is
the
Ell
here
in
use
:
the
100
Elles
whereof
have
been
observed
to
make
in
London
60
Elles
.
Measures
of
Collen
.
Exchanges
of
Cullen
.
Here
are
great
Exchanges
practised
in
this
Citie
as
proper
and
fit
thereunto
,
by
reason
of
the
rich
Bankers
and
Merchants
that
are
found
here
to
reside
,
the
which
I
have
largely
declared
in
the
chapter
290
●…f
Exchanges
of
this
place
in
the
end
of
this
worke
:
wherefore
it
will
be
here
needlesse
to
insert
the
same
.
The
third
Province
is
Cleveland
,
containing
the
Earldome
of
Cleve
,
Cleveland
.
the
Dutchies
of
Gulicke
and
Berge
;
wherein
are
found
the
faire
Cities
of
Cleve
,
Calker
,
Wesel
,
Emericke
,
Aken
,
Gulicke
,
Dulkins
,
and
others
which
I
omit
for
brevitie
.
The
fourth
Province
is
Alsatia
,
wherein
is
found
the
townes
of
Psaltberge
,
Wesenberge
,
Colmar
,
and
principally
the
famous
Citie
of
Alsatia
.
Strasburge
:
of
which
a
word
.
CHAP.
CLXXXVI
.
Of
Strasburge
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
STRASBVRGE
is
one
of
the
Imperiall
Cities
before
Strasburg
and
the
trade
therof
.
mentioned
,
seated
a
Musket
shot
from
the
river
Rheine
,
whereto
there
is
a
channell
cut
for
conveyance
of
all
commodities
.
There
is
here
also
a
woodden
Bridge
over
the
Rheine
,
but
very
weak
,
and
of
no
great
strength
.
The
circuit
of
the
citie
may
be
about
8
miles
,
wel
fortified
,
&
is
famous
for
manie
rarieties
,
the
principal
being
their
Clocke
,
which
cost
so
many
years
labour
to
perfect
,
and
the
Steeple
of
the
Cathedrall
Church
is
numbred
amongst
the
seven
miracles
of
the
world
,
for
its
excellent
structure
and
beautie
.
The
curtesie
of
the
inhabitants
to
strangers
,
is
not
to
bee
forgoten
:
And
here
they
are
accustomed
at
the
Cities
cost
,
to
give
all
Handicrafts
entertainment
,
that
they
may
either
teach
if
expert
,
or
learne
if
ignorant
;
by
which
meanes
they
are
found
to
have
confluence
of
Artisans
,
which
doth
both
much
further
their
Cities
stocke
,
and
inricheth
the
inhabitants
.
In
Strasburg
are
found
two
weights
,
a
grosse
and
sotile
,
and
by
observation
it
hath
been
found
that
the
100
pound
sutle
of
London
Weights
of
Strasburg
.
●…ath
made
here
incirca
70
in
71
pound
of
the
grosseweight
for
grosse
goods
of
16
ounces
the
pound
:
and
107
pound
sutle
weight
of
12
ounces
the
pound
,
by
which
they
use
to
weigh
all
fine
commodities
,
as
Drugges
and
Spices
,
as
Sugers
,
Pepper
,
Cloves
,
Maces
,
Cynamon
,
Almonds
Dates
,
and
the
like
.
The
treasure
of
length
of
Strasburge
is
the
Ell
,
which
is
in
London
Measures
of
Strasburge
.
(
)
inches
.
Their
coines
currant
is
the
Bohemico
grosse
or
Blaphace
,
which
is
three
crutfers
,
one
cruster
is
two
pence
,
and
one
pey
is
two
hellers
,
and
one
heller
is
two
orchins
,
by
which
coins
they
keep
their
account
.
Vide
further
chap.
206.
The
fifth
Province
is
Franconia
,
divided
into
eight
parts
,
the
lower
Palatine
is
the
first
part
,
wherin
is
found
Worms
,
Spiers
,
and
Heidelberge
,
Franconia
.
the
chief
Citie
belonging
to
those
Princes
.
Bacarac
famous
Bacarac
.
for
the
excellent
Rhenish
wines
here
growing
,
Co●…b-Openham
,
Frankendale
,
and
others
.
The
second
part
is
Wittenberge
,
the
chiefe
townes
are
Toubing
,
Wittenberge
.
2.
Stutgard
the
Dukes
seate
,
3.
Marlach
and
others
.
Stutgard
The
third
part
is
Auspach
,
2.
Haibram
and
others
.
Auspach
.
The
fourth
is
Baden
,
wherein
is
the
Citie
Baden
,
Durlach
and
others
.
Baden
.
The
fifth
is
Ments
,
wherein
is
Lantse●…
,
Beinge
,
and
others
.
Ments
.
The
sixth
is
Bainberge
,
a
faire
Citie
,
and
some
others
.
Bainsberge
.
The
seventh
is
Westberge
,
a
Citie
,
and
Arustime
,
and
others
.
Westberge
.
The
eighth
part
belongs
to
the
Emperour
,
wherein
is
found
Noremberge
,
Norimberge
.
the
fairest
and
richest
Citie
of
Germanie
,
and
seated
in
the
centre
thereof
:
and
also
here
is
Frankeford
,
seated
on
the
river
Menus
,
Francfort
.
famous
for
the
two
Book-marts
here
kept
annually
,
in
Mid-le●…t
and
Mid-September
.
A
word
of
the
most
eminent
of
these
before
I
proceed
to
the
next
province
.
CHAP.
CLXXXVII
.
Os
Wormes
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
WORMES
is
a
towne
of
great
antiquity
,
and
yet
wanteth
not
magnificence
in
her
buildings
:
Wormes
and
the
trade
therof
On
the
west
side
thereof
growes
in
great
abundance
those
Wines
knowne
to
us
by
the
name
of
Rheni●…
.
It
is
more
famous
for
the
many
Imperiall
Parliaments
held
here
of
old
,
than
it
is
for
trade
,
therfore
I
shal
not
have
cause
to
insist
much
hereupon
.
Neare
to
this
Citie
stands
the
Citie
of
Frankendale
,
a
new
,
moderne
,
strong
,
faire
and
beautifull
piece
,
which
hath
made
it selfe
famous
in
the
late
warres
of
these
parts
:
these
coasts
affoording
the
most
excellent
wines
above
mentioned
here
in
great
plentie
abounding
:
and
are
found
to
grow
especially
on
the
west
side
of
the
river
,
which
is
the
prime
commoditiè
of
the
inhabitants
both
of
the
Citie
and
Province
.
The
weights
and
measures
here
are
found
to
accord
with
Spiers
,
to
which
I
referre
the
enquirer
.
CHAP.
CLXXXVIII
.
Of
Spiers
and
the
trade
thereof
.
SPIERS
is
halfe
a
mile
from
the
Rheine
,
seated
in
a
Spiers
and
the
trade
thereof
.
plaine
on
the
West
side
of
the
said
River
,
having
more
antiquitie
than
beautie
;
and
yet
more
beautie
than
trade
.
Here
the
Imperiall
Chamber
is
held
,
in
which
Court
the
differences
of
the
Empire
are
judged
,
and
the
Electors
themselves
may
bee
called
hither
to
triall
of
law
.
The
weights
and
measures
are
these
:
First
for
the
weights
of
Weights
of
Spiers
.
this
place
,
the
common
is
the
pound
of
16
ounces
,
or
32
lootes
,
of
which
is
made
two
several
quintals
,
one
of
100
pound
,
another
of
120
pound
;
and
the
100
pound
here
is
in
London
111
pound
,
&
the
100
pound
of
London
is
about
88
pound
here
of
32
lootes
per
pound
.
Measures
of
Spiers
.
The
measure
of
length
used
is
the
Ell
,
which
is
in
London
(
)
inches
.
CHAP.
CLXXXIX
.
Of
Heidelberg
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THE
Citie
of
Heidelberg
is
seated
in
a
plaine
invironed
Heidelberg
&
the
trade
thereof
.
on
three
parts
with
high
mountaines
,
the
fourth
part
open
,
and
beholding
the
River
;
from
which
it
is
a
mile
distant
,
and
to
which
it
conveyeth
all
commodities
by
a
small
river
that
runnes
by
the
walles
thereof
.
This
is
an
Vniversitie
.
and
the
chiefe
seate
of
the
Palsgraves
,
and
hath
not
been
much
famoused
for
the
trade
therof
,
the
weights
&
measures
here
in
use
are
these
.
The
weight
common
in
use
here
is
the
pound
of
16
ounces
,
of
which
Weights
of
Heidelberg
.
is
made
three
severall
hundreds
or
quintars
,
the
first
of
100
pound
for
fine
goods
,
the
second
of
120
pound
for
grosse
goods
,
and
the
third
of
132
pound
for
provision
of
food
,
as
Butter
,
Flesh
,
&c.
The
100
pound
hath
been
found
to
make
in
London
108
pound
,
and
the
100
sutle
makes
then
here
about
92
in
93
pound
.
The
measure
of
length
is
an
Ell
,
which
makes
in
London
(
)
inches
.
Measures
of
Heidelberg
.
CHAP.
CXC
.
Of
Norimberg
and
the
trade
thereof
.
NORIMBERG
is
seated
in
a
barren
soyle
,
Norimberge
&
the
trade
therof
.
yet
this
defect
is
supplyed
by
the
industry
of
the
inhabitants
.
It
is
absolute
and
of
it selfe
,
and
accounted
one
of
the
Imperiall
Cities
of
the
Empire
,
and
the
richest
of
all
the
rest
:
the
inhabitants
by
their
subtill
inventions
in
Manuall
workes
,
and
cunning
Arts
,
with
the
incouragement
they
daily
give
to
〈◊〉
,
draw
thereby
the
riches
of
other
countries
to
them
.
Every
childe
though
but
seven
or
eight
yeares
old
,
is
here
put
to
worke
,
and
is
inabled
thereby
to
get
his
owne
livelihood
;
and
by
this
meanes
is
all
Europe
filled
with
the
triviall
commodities
of
this
Towne
,
knowne
by
the
name
of
Norimberg
ware
,
which
makes
the
Citie
rich
,
strong
and
powerfull
:
their
trade
is
not
great
otherwise
,
and
the
weights
and
measures
in
use
are
these
.
There
is
here
but
one
pound
in
use
,
as
in
Spiers
,
of
which
is
also
Waight
of
Norimberge
.
composed
two
severall
〈◊〉
agreeing
with
it
,
and
as
there
I
mentioned
,
with
London
.
Their
measure
of
length
is
the
Ell
,
both
for
Linnen
and
Wollen
,
contrary
Measure
of
Norimberge
.
to
the
custome
of
most
cities
of
Germanie
,
the
100
elles
whereof
hath
been
found
to
make
in
London
63
elles
,
and
the
100
yards
of
London
to
have
made
here
138
elles
.
The
place
is
famous
also
for
the
great
Exchanges
that
are
practised
Exchanges
of
Norimberg
.
therein
,
which
I
have
at
large
handled
in
Chapter
298
,
with
all
circumstances
thereto
belonging
.
CHAP.
CXCI.
Of
Frankfort
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
FRANKFORT
is
a
free
Citie
of
the
Empire
,
famous
for
the
common
Assemblies
here
Frankfort
and
the
trade
therof
.
of
the
Electors
for
the
choyce
of
the
Emperour
,
and
for
their
two
annuall
Faires
,
as
also
for
many
Parliaments
of
the
Empire
held
here
.
It
is
seated
upon
the
Mane
,
which
runneth
through
the
same
,
dividing
the
Citie
into
two
parts
,
which
is
united
by
a
goodly
Bridge
.
It
is
strongly
incompassed
with
a
double
wall
,
and
is
seated
in
a
large
plaine
,
the
streets
narrow
,
and
the
houses
built
of
Timber
and
Clay
:
here
is
in
this
towne
Sanctuary
for
Bankerouts
for
the
space
of
foureteene
dayes
,
which
is
never
without
some
guests
and
company
,
from
some
one
adjoyning
Citie
or
other
.
And
if
in
those
foureteene
dayes
they
cannot
compound
or
escape
,
then
by
all
wiles
they
will
get
out
of
the
priviledges
thereof
,
and
entring
in
againe
,
begin
their
fourteene
dayes
over
againe
;
and
thus
some
are
found
to
doe
for
sixe
moneths
,
or
a
yeare
together
.
There
is
found
in
their
Marts
or
Faires
,
a
great
trade
and
concourse
of
Merchants
,
but
it
is
principally
famous
for
Bookes
,
which
from
all
parts
of
Europe
are
brought
hither
,
printed
and
dispersed
hence
,
the
towne
consisting
much
upon
printing
,
and
other
manuall
Arts.
The
weights
and
the
measures
in
use
are
The
weight
of
this
place
is
the
pound
of
16
ounces
,
of
which
is
Weights
of
Frankfort
.
made
three
severall
hundred
,
or
quintals
,
which
agreeth
with
that
of
Heidelberg
before
mentioned
;
and
as
that
also
with
London
,
Lipsicke
,
Friburgh
,
Vlme
,
Iffan
,
Isuff
,
Basle
,
Costute
and
Domstetter
,
holding
also
in
each
of
the
sayd
towns
,
the
sayd
concordancie
,
therfore
here
need
no
further
repetition
.
Frankefort
is
found
to
have
two
severall
measures
for
length
,
the
Wollen
&
the
Linnen
ell
,
differing
about
2
per
cent
.
so
that
the
100
ells
Measures
of
Frankfort
.
for
Linnen
here
,
gives
in
London
48
ells
,
and
the
100
ells
in
Wollen
gives
about
49
ells
London
:
and
the
100
yards
of
London
readers
here
of
linnen
169
ells
,
and
of
wollen
168¾
in
circa
.
The
Exchanges
here
practised
are
great
,
which
I
have
handled
in
the
Chapter
298
at
large
with
all
due
circumstances
.
Exchanges
of
Frankfort
.
Helvetia
.
The
sixt
Province
is
Helvetia
,
wherein
are
contained
the
thirteen
Cantons
of
the
warlick
Switsers
,
preserving
their
liberties
by
their
valour
,
notwithstanding
their
potent
neighbours
.
The
chiefe
of
their
Cities
is
Zurich
,
2
B●…l
,
an
Vniversitie
,
3
Constance
,
famous
for
the
Councell
here
held
in
anno
1414.
4.
Berne
,
5.
Vpbaden
,
the
ordinary
place
for
the
common
assembly
of
the
said
Cantons
,
6
Lucerne
,
and
others
,
and
of
the
trade
of
the
principall
of
these
,
a
word
in
passing
.
CHAP.
CXCII
.
Of
Zurich
and
the
trade
thereof
.
ZURICH
is
seated
on
the
Lake
Ze●…isca
,
which
Zuricke
and
the
trade
therof
.
divideth
the
same
into
two
parts
,
which
againe
is
united
by
three
faire
Bridges
,
the
middlemost
serving
as
a
meeting
place
for
Merchants
:
which
lake
runneth
into
the
brooke
Limachus
,
which
passeth
to
●…aden
,
and
so
into
the
Rheine
,
carrying
Boats
,
by
which
commodities
are
transportable
,
the
weights
and
measures
in
use
are
.
The
Moneyes
currant
in
the
Switsers
Cantons
,
I
shall
note
in
the
Weights
of
zurick
.
place
of
the
coines
of
the
Empire
:
the
weight
then
here
is
,
the
pound
of
16
ounces
,
of
which
is
made
the
100
pound
,
and
the
120
pound
,
and
it
is
found
that
the
100
pound
sutle
of
London
turnes
here
93¼
pound
.
The
measure
of
length
is
here
an
Ell
,
the
100
whereof
renders
in
Measures
of
Zurick
.
London
52
elles
,
or
thereabouts
.
CHAP.
CXCIII
.
Of
BASIL
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
BASIL
lieth
upon
the
river
of
Rheine
,
which
divideth
Basil
and
the
trade
thereof
.
it
into
the
lesser
and
the
greater
Basil
:
it
was
once
an
Imperiall
Citie
,
but
now
is
joyned
to
the
Cantons
of
Switserland
.
It
is
a
famous
Vniversitie
,
and
much
frequented
by
Students
,
the
benefite
of
the
Rheine
running
hence
through
Germanie
,
communicates
the
commodities
of
this
Citie
to
all
other
seated
thereupon
.
Basil
is
found
in
weights
to
have
but
one
pound
,
equall
with
Frankfort
Weight
of
Basil
.
and
Heidelberg
,
of
which
is
composed
three
severall
quintars
,
one
of
100
pound
,
another
of
120
pound
,
and
the
third
of
132
pound
,
and
agrees
with
London
,
as
you
shall
finde
in
Heidelberg
and
Frankeford
aforementioned
.
The
Measure
of
length
of
Basil
is
the
ell
for
Linnen
and
Wollen
,
the
Measure
of
Basil.
100
elles
whereof
renders
in
London
48
elles
,
and
the
100
yards
of
London
hath
been
observed
to
give
here
167¼
elles
.
The
seventh
Province
is
Valesia
,
seated
wholly
amongst
the
Alpes
.
Valesia
.
Sittin
is
the
onely
walled
towne
of
this
Province
.
Boetia
is
the
eighth
,
in
which
is
Chur
the
Metropolis
of
the
Grisons
,
Boetia
.
and
here
is
the
Voltolin
taken
by
the
Spaniards
1622.
Suevia
is
the
ninth
,
wherein
is
found
the
Cities
of
Vlme
,
2
Ausburg
,
Suevia
.
3
Norlinghen
,
4
Ravensperge
,
and
others
,
of
some
of
which
,
as
most
notable
,
a
word
.
CHAP.
CXCIIII
.
Of
Ausburg
and
the
trade
thereof
.
AVSBVRG
is
a
free
Citie
of
the
Empire
,
governed
Ausburg
and
the
trade
therof
.
by
a
Senate
of
Citizens
:
it
is
seated
upon
the
Northerne
mouth
of
the
Alpes
,
in
a
fruitfull
plaine
of
Corne
and
Pastures
,
it
is
strong
and
well
fortified
,
and
beautified
with
many
houses
of
free
stone
of
sixe
or
seven
stories
high
.
In
this
Citie
lived
those
famous
Merchants
of
the
family
of
Fuggers
,
who
have
built
here
many
publicke
buildings
,
&
many
private
,
which
at
a
reasonable
〈◊〉
are
let
to
the
poorer
inhabitants
.
Here
is
also
a
magnificent
building
for
the
meeting
of
Merchants
,
in
manner
of
our
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
called
commonly
the
〈◊〉
.
There
are
two
〈◊〉
rivers
which
runne
through
the
suburbs
,
which
are
commodions
for
trasportation
of
Corne
and
Wines
which
this
Countrey
of
Schwaben
or
Suevia
yeeldeth
in
great
quantitie
.
This
Citie
is
also
famous
for
the
consession
here
made
of
their
faith
by
the
Protestant
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
the
Emperour
in
anno
(
)
The
〈◊〉
of
Ausburg
is
the
pound
of
16
ounces
,
the
100
pound
being
Weight
of
Ausburg
.
the
〈◊〉
,
makes
in
London
109
pound
,
and
this
agrees
with
Munchen
,
Wesell
,
〈◊〉
,
and
some
others
of
Germany
.
The
measure
of
length
is
here
the
ell
,
found
two
fold
,
one
for
Wollen
,
Measure
of
Ausburg
.
and
the
other
for
Linnen
and
Silke
,
which
because
it
very
neerly
agreeth
with
Frankefort
,
of
which
I
have
made
mention
before
,
I
passe
the
same
over
.
Bavaria
is
the
tenth
Province
,
the
chiefe
townes
are
Munchen
on
Bavaria
.
the
river
●…ser
,
and
the
Dukes
seat
,
2.
〈◊〉
,
an
Vniversitie
,
3
Ratisbona
,
4
Pass●…
,
5
Salsburg
,
and
many
other
great
Cities
.
Northgola
or
the
Vpper
Pal●…
is
the
eleventh
,
and
belongeth
totally
to
the
Pala●…es
of
the
Rheine
,
the
chiefe
townes
are
A●…berg
,
Northgola
.
whose
Silver
mines
yeelds
yearly
〈◊〉
thousand
Crownes
rent
to
the
Princes
Coffers
.
2
Newberg
and
others
.
Austria
is
the
〈◊〉
,
wherin
is
found
the
famous
Cities
of
Vienna
,
〈◊〉
Austria
.
on
〈◊〉
,
one
of
the
most
beautifull
townes
of
Germanie
;
and
walled
,
as
stories
say
,
with
the
monyes
that
Leopold
the
Duke
had
for
King
Richard
the
first
his
Ransome
,
being
by
him
taken
in
his
returne
through
Palestine
.
2
Gratse
,
from
whence
the
present
Emperours
Gratse
.
have
their
name
.
3.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
the
〈◊〉
of
〈◊〉
.
4.
Newark
the
chiefe
of
Carniolo
,
and
in
Tirolis
is
found
the
Citie
of
Inspurg
,
Tiroll
Bolsan
,
and
Trent
,
famous
for
the
Counsell
here
held
,
and
here
concluded
after
40
yeares
lingring
,
and
politicke
delayes
.
CHAP.
CXCV.
Of
Vienna
and
the
trade
thereof
.
VIENNA
is
at
present
the
seat
of
the
Germane
Emperours
,
Vienna
&
the
trade
thereof
.
and
is
now
the
〈◊〉
of
this
Countrey
against
the
〈◊〉
of
the
〈◊〉
,
who
have
more
than
once
is
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
it
;
on
the
North
side
runneth
the
river
of
Dano●…
;
which
here
divideth
it selfe
〈◊〉
three
〈◊〉
,
incompassing
a
good
space
of
ground
,
&
then
meeting
againe
;
and
all
this
is
again
united
by
three
stone
bridges
,
one
containing
29
arches
,
another
57
arches
,
and
the
third
15
arches
,
each
arch
being
60
foot
asunder
.
Here
are
many
Merchants
of
great
quality
,
that
have
their
factors
in
Venetia
,
Florence
,
and
other
parts
of
Italie
,
to
supply
them
with
the
Fabricks
of
Silks
made
there
,
such
as
are
Sattins
,
Damasces
,
Taffata
,
Velvets
,
cloth
of
Gold
,
and
such
like
.
The
weight
in
use
here
is
the
pound
,
which
is
in
some
commodities
Weights
of
Vienna
.
divided
into
32
Lootes
,
in
some
into
128
quints
,
and
in
some
unto
an
512
pfenning
,
of
which
pound
the
quintar
is
made
,
which
is
100
pound
,
which
doth
render
in
London
about
123
pound
incirca
,
and
therewith
is
also
found
Idra
and
Erford
to
agree
,
the
100
pound
of
London
making
here
81●…
pound
.
Their
measure
for
length
is
two
,
one
in
Linnen
,
and
the
other
in
wollen
:
Measures
of
Vienna
.
the
100
yards
in
London
makes
here
in
linnen
103
ells
,
and
in
Cloth
and
Silke
113
elles
.
There
is
here
,
as
being
the
Court
of
the
Emperour
,
a
great
Exchange
Exchanges
of
Vienna
.
in
use
,
and
they
are
found
to
account
and
Exchange
by
●…ix
Dollers
of
8.
shil
.
Flemish
,
and
by
Ducats
of
gold
of
12
shil
.
Flemish
.
The
kingdome
of
Bohemia
is
the
thirteenth
,
wherein
is
accounted
about
780
Cities
,
walled
Townes
and
Castles
,
the
chiefe
whereof
Bohemia
.
is
Prague
,
the
Metropolis
of
this
kingdome
,
2.
Eger
,
3
Budeis
,
4
Melmuke
,
Pilsen
,
and
others
,
and
in
this
tract
is
found
Prestan
the
chiefe
Citie
of
Silesia
,
also
Gorlits●…
the
chiefe
Citie
of
Lusatia
,
and
Brin
and
Preslan
.
Gorlitse
.
Olmuts
.
Olmuts
the
chiefe
of
Moravia
;
but
the
trade
of
Bohemia
I
will
comprise
under
the
title
of
Prague
here
following
,
as
being
the
Metropolis
thereof
.
CHAP.
CXCVI.
Of
Prague
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THe
Citie
of
Prague
includeth
three
townes
,
as
new
Prague
,
old
Prague
,
and
a
Citie
inhabited
by
Iewes
,
Prague
&
the
trade
thereof
.
incompassed
with
one
wal
neither
strong
nor
beautifull
:
the
river
Molda
doth
run
throgh
the
same
,
but
is
not
navigable
,
nor
commodious
for
carriage
or
transportation
of
merchandise
,
to
which
the
inhabitants
are
not
much
addicted
,
Corne
and
Wi●…e
being
the
prime
commodities
the
Countrey
affoordeth
,
and
timber
in
abundance
,
of
which
the
walles
of
their
houses
are
for
the
most
part
made
,
and
that
in
whole
pieces
as
the
same
grow
,
and
not
so
much
as
the
barke
thereof
taken
away
.
The
weight
of
Prague
is
the
pound
of
16
ounces
:
the
100
li.
sutle
of
Weight
of
Prague
,
and
of
Bohemia
.
London
hath
made
here
about
83
pound
,
Pasau
and
Regenborge
agreeing
also
therewith
,
as
doth
also
the
most
part
of
this
Countrey
.
Their
measure
is
the
Ell
,
of
which
they
have
two
,
one
in
Linnen
,
Measures
of
Prague
and
of
Bohemia
.
and
the
other
in
Cloth
and
Silke
;
the
100
yards
of
London
hath
made
in
Linnen
148
elles
,
and
in
●…llen
160
elles
.
Vide
coynes
currant
in
Bohemia
.
Brandenburg
is
the
fourteenth
,
wherein
is
reckoned
50
Cities
,
and
64
walled
Townes
,
the
chiefe
of
which
is
Brandenburg
,
then
Brandenburge
.
Frankefort
for
distinction
called
upon
Oder
,
next
Berlin
,
the
residence
of
the
Marque●…
,
and
H●…velburg
seated
upon
Havel
,
and
many
others
of
consequence
,
whereof
little
is
come
to
my
observation
,
therefore
I
will
in
silence
passe
them
over
.
Pomerian●…
is
the
fifteenth
Province
,
wherein
is
found
Statin
the
Pomeriana
.
Wallen
.
residence
of
the
Prince
,
and
Metropolis
of
this
Countrey
,
then
Wallen
,
once
the
famous
Mart-towne
of
all
these
Countries
,
the
Russians
,
Danes
,
Saxons
,
&
Vandals
had
here
their
particular
streets
of
abode
for
Commerce
and
trade
,
but
ruind
by
warre
,
the
trade
was
removed
to
Lubecke
,
where
yet
in
some
measure
it
is
found
to
continue
still
.
Meklinburg
is
the
16
Province
,
wherin
is
found
the
Cities
of
Malchan
,
then
Sternberg
,
next
Wismar
,
and
some
others
.
Meklinburg
.
Saxonie
is
the
seventeenth
Province
,
wherein
is
found
to
be
many
Cities
of
note
;
the
principall
is
first
Erford
,
one
of
the
fairest
in
Saxony
Germanie
,
2
〈◊〉
,
an
Vniversitie
for
Physicians
,
3
Smalcold
Famous
for
the
Protestant
league
here
made
,
4
Dresden
,
seated
on
the
Albis
,
and
the
Dukes
Magasin
for
warre
and
Armes
,
for
●…0000
horse
and
foot
ever
in
readinesse
at
a
dayes
warning
.
5
Lipsicke
,
an
Vniversitie
,
which
yearly
doth
yeeld
the
Duke
for
custome
of
〈◊〉
,
Drunke
,
and
transported
20000
pound
steerling
.
6
Wittenberg
an
Vniversitie
,
and
the
chiefe
seat
of
the
Elector
of
〈◊〉
,
and
7
Maidenberg
,
where
it
is
sayd
Luther
studied
Divinitie
.
Of
some
of
these
a
word
.
CHAP.
CXCVII
.
Of
Lipsicke
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
LIPSICKE
is
seated
in
a
plaine
of
●…ost
〈◊〉
Lipsick
&
the
trade
thereof
.
Come-ground
,
the
streets
faire
,
and
the
chiefe
houses
built
of
free
stone
of
foure
roofes
high
:
it
is
accounted
also
an
Vniversitie
,
but
found
to
bee
of
no
great
note
,
by
reason
of
the
neighbourhood
of
Wittemberg
:
they
have
for
some
trespasse
lost
those
great
priviledges
that
they
formerly
enioyed
,
and
therfore
their
trade
is
not
accounted
great
,
they
may
now
neither
fortifie
their
towne
,
nor
winde
a
horne
in
their
night
watches
,
as
other
Cities
in
Germanie
doe
,
nor
yet
use
Red
Wax
in
their
publicke
Seales
or
Contracts
,
which
are
all
of
them
accounted
in
Germanie
of
signes
of
freedome
.
The
weights
and
measures
in
use
are
these
.
The
weight
is
the
pound
,
of
which
is
made
three
quintars
,
one
of
Waights
of
Lipsicke
.
100
pound
,
another
of
120
pound
,
and
a
third
of
132
pound
.
Vide
more
hereof
in
Frankefort
and
Heidelberg
,
with
which
it
is
found
to
accord
.
Lipsicke
hath
two
measures
,
one
for
wollen
,
and
the
other
for
linnen
,
14
per
Cent.
difference
:
For
the
100
yards
of
London
doth
make
in
Measures
of
Lipsicke
.
wollen
commodities
160
elles
,
and
in
linnen
140
elles
.
The
Merchants
here
account
by
Markes
of
32
grosse
,
and
the
grosse
Accounts
and
exchange
of
Lipsick
.
being
12
heller
;
but
they
exchange
by
Florins
of
Breslow
,
30
to
have
posito
in
Norimburg
32
Florins
,
and
in
Vienna
34
Florins
.
CHAP.
CXCVIII.
Of
Wittenberg
and
the
trade
thereof
.
WITTENBERG
is
seated
on
a
plaine
sandie
ground
,
accounted
an
Vniversitie
,
wherein
they
Wittenberge
&
the
trade
of
Saxony
.
proverbially
say
,
a
man
shall
meet
nothing
but
Wh●…res
,
Schollers
,
and
Swine
,
which
shewes
that
the
inhabitants
have
little
trade
,
as
living
for
the
most
part
by
the
Students
,
and
peradventure
by
the
flesh
of
Swine
and
Women
,
but
by
what
weight
and
measure
the
same
is
proportioned
to
them
,
I
am
to
seeke
,
therefore
referre
the
same
to
the
next
Merchant
that
shall
have
occasion
to
make
his
observation
thereupon
.
CHAP.
CXCIX
.
Of
Dresden
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
DRESDEN
is
a
faire
town
and
strongly
fortified
,
Dresden
and
the
trade
therof
,
in
which
the
Elector
of
Saxonie
keepes
his
court
:
it
is
famous
for
the
magnificent
Stables
and
Armories
which
the
Duke
keepes
here
in
a
continuall
readinesse
,
the
river
of
Elve
divides
the
towne
into
two
parts
,
the
new
and
the
old
,
which
is
very
strong
both
by
Art
and
Nature
,
and
accounted
the
strongest
moderne
Citie
in
Germanie
,
the
inhabitants
are
much
addicted
to
trade
,
and
the
river
doth
much
further
their
endevours
;
but
Nature
affoording
them
a
rich
soyle
,
takes
away
much
of
their
edge
:
for
it
is
ever
found
that
the
barren
soyle
affoords
to
the
inhabitants
the
greatest
incouragement
.
Their
weights
and
measures
are
,
Dresden
,
Misen
,
and
all
Saxonie
is
found
to
have
three
weights
,
and
Weights
of
Saxony
.
the
100
pound
of
London
made
of
Zigostatica
,
or
the
Princes
weight
,
96
pound
of
16
ounces
it
made
92
pound
of
Merchants
weights
of
16
ounces
,
and
144
pound
of
the
common
weight
of
12
ounces
.
Their
measures
of
length
is
two
,
agreeing
with
Lipsick
above
mentioned
,
Measures
of
Saxony
.
in
which
I
need
not
further
to
insist
.
Brunswicke
is
the
eighteenth
Province
,
wherein
is
Brunswicke
the
principall
Citie
;
secondly
,
Wolfinbotle
,
where
the
Duke
commonly
Brunswicke
.
resideth
;
thirdly
,
Alberstade
,
then
Luneburg
,
and
some
other
of
lesse
note
.
CHAP.
CC.
Of
Brunswicke
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
_
〈◊〉
comprehends
in
one
five
several●…
Brunswicke
and
the
trade
thereof
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
free
Imperiall
towne
,
strongly
fortified
●…e
●…es
with
two
,
and
in
some
places
with
〈◊〉
walles
,
and
incompassed
with
the
river
〈◊〉
Ancor
:
the
inhabitants
are
found
addicted
to
trade
〈◊〉
the
morning
,
but
their
intemperance
at
night
takes
aw●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●…hereof
:
they
are
great
Husband-men
,
the
earth
answ●…
〈◊〉
●…r
labours
,
whichyeelds
them
plenty
of
Corn
,
both
for
themselves
,
and
their
neighbours
wants
,
the
earth
yeelding
them
rich
reward
to
their
labours
,
and
their
after
noones
houres
spent
in
good
fellowship
,
makes
me
imagine
there
may
bee
some
trade
amo●…
〈◊〉
;
which
in
particular
I
permit
the
reader
in
silence
to
co●…
CHAP.
CCI.
Of
Luneburg
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
LVNEBVRG
is
a
free
Imperiall
Citie
,
over
which
the
Duke
of
Luneburg
challengeth
a
superioritie
:
it
is
Luneburg
and
the
trade
therof
.
found
to
be
fairly
built
of
Brick
,
and
well
and
strongly
fortified
for
its
safeguard
and
defence
,
with
deepe
Ditches
,
and
thicke
Mudd
walles
.
It
is
most
famous
for
the
naturall
fountaine
of
Salt
here
found
,
over
which
is
built
a
spacious
house
,
that
containes
52
Roomes
,
and
every
roome
hath
Salt
fountain
in
Luneburg
.
eight
severall
Caldrons
of
Lead
,
wherein
is
boyled
eight
tunnes
of
Salt
daily
,
the
profit
whereof
is
divided
into
three
severall
parts
:
one
part
to
the
Citie
,
one
to
the
Duke
of
Luneburg
,
and
another
to
a
Monastery
,
and
some
other
adjoyning
Earks
:
their
trade
is
not
otherwise
of
very
great
consequence
.
The
nineteenth
Province
is
Hassia
,
wherein
is
found
the
Cities
of
Dormstade
,
then
Marburg
an
Vniversitie
,
and
some
others
.
Hassia
.
Veteravia
is
the
twentieth
Province
,
wherein
is
the
Cities
of
Friburg
,
Veteravia
.
then
Hanan
,
next
Dullinburg
,
Nassan
,
Catzenbogen
,
and
some
others
of
lesser
note
.
CHAP.
CCII.
Of
Friburg
and
the
trade
thereof
.
FRIBVRG
is
of
round
forme
,
invironed
altogether
with
high
mountaines
,
having
within
Friburg
&
the
trade
thereof
.
it
many
●…ults
●…nd
cave●…
to
goe
und●…
〈◊〉
,
through
whic●…
〈…〉
of
the
Citie
〈…〉
Mines
found
i●…
〈…〉
at
certaine
houres
are
〈◊〉
●…cke
by
the
●…nd
of
a
Bell
:
their
worke
is
for
the
〈◊〉
by
night
,
and
their
rest
is
by
day
,
and
the
residence
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Silver
Mines
in
Friburg
.
more
under
ground
than
above
in
their
houses
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●…of
belongs
in
halfe
to
the
Citizens
,
and
halfe
to
the
El●…
〈◊〉
●…om
the
Countrey
appertaineth
.
The
weighs
in
use
in
Friburg
is
the
pound
,
of
which
is
made
Weights
of
Friburg
.
three
severall
quintars
,
one
of
100
pound
,
second
of
〈◊〉
●…nd
,
third
of
132
pound
,
agreeing
with
Frankefort
and
H●…
〈◊〉
●…d
Lipsicke
;
as
before
.
The
long
measure
is
the
Ell
,
which
is
(
)
inches
〈◊〉
.
In
this
tract
is
also
comprehended
the
three
●…periall
Cities
of
Measures
of
Friburg
.
Stoade
,
Hamburg
,
and
Lubecke
,
which
acknowledging
no
Soveraigne
,
being
free
and
Hans-townes
,
I
shall
here
touch
,
and
first
of
Stoade
.
CHAP.
CCIII
.
Of
Stoade
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
STOADE
is
an
ancient
Citie
,
and
one
of
the
free
Stoade
and
the
trade
therof
.
Cities
of
the
Empire
,
and
one
of
those
Sea
Towns
which
from
the
priviledge
of
traffique
with
their
neighbours
are
called
Hans-townes
:
it
is
commodiously
seated
for
traffique
upon
the
river
Elve
,
in
which
streame
they
maintaine
certaine
Buyes
to
guide
the
entring
shippes
:
the
English
Merchant
Adventurers
had
for
a
while
here
their
residence
,
forced
thereto
by
the
discourteous
usage
of
the
Hamburgers
;
and
before
their
arrivall
this
Towne
was
so
poore
,
that
they
sold
the
priviledge
of
coining
of
monies
,
and
some
other
such
rights
to
Hamburg
,
by
whose
company
they
grew
rich
,
not
without
the
envie
and
impoverishment
of
the
Hamburgers
,
who
often
attempted
,
th●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
N●…●…ces
〈◊〉
〈…〉
,
〈◊〉
●…s
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
gri●…
〈…〉
●…ll
by
〈◊〉
prohi●…
〈…〉
●…gion
:
so
then
●…ng
〈◊〉
〈…〉
●…y
never
left
,
till
partly
by
f●…
〈…〉
●…ats
,
they
laboured
their
returne
,
w●…
〈…〉
●…formed
,
and
where
to
this
day
it
is
found
〈◊〉
〈…〉
●…idence
and
Court.
The
present
trade
of
〈…〉
pending
much
upon
the
priviledg●…●…at
they
〈…〉
●…tion
and
choyce
of
all
the
Rhenish
wines
passing
by
the●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
their
acco●…
pounds
,
shillings
and
pence
,
but
they
Coins
of
Stoade
.
ha●…
〈◊〉
●…als
,
and
〈◊〉
as
I
●…ll
shew
hereafter
.
Their
C●…
〈◊〉
these
.
〈◊〉
money
here
and
in
Hamburg
is
two
pence
.
3●…
〈◊〉
●…s
a
Doller
,
which
is
5
shillings
4
pence
there
.
4●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
8
pence
,
makes
a
Spanish
Riall
of
6
pence
sterling
.
1
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
33
Stivers
,
and
is
4
shillings
4
pence
sterling
,
〈◊〉
1
〈◊〉
16
stivers
,
which
is
two
shillings
8
pence
Flemish
.
7●…
markes
is
20
shillings
.
I
say
20
shillings
Flemish
of
that
money
.
Thei●…
●…ight
is
the
pound
of
16
ounces
,
100
pound
is
their
quintar
,
Weights
in
Stoad
.
wh●…
〈◊〉
made
in
London
107
,
and
some
have
observed
109
pound
T●…
〈◊〉
●…re
is
the
Ell
,
as
in
Hamburg
following
.
Measures
in
Stoade
.
CHAP.
CCII.
Of
Hamburg
and
the
trade
thereof
.
HAMBVRG
is
a
free
Citie
of
the
Empire
,
and
Hamburg
&
the
trade
thereof
.
one
of
them
which
enioy
the
priviledge
of
a
Hans-towne
,
and
for
the
building
and
populousnesse
much
to
bee
praised
:
the
●…ate
house
is
a
beautifull
Fabricke
,
and
the
Exchange
where
Merchants
doe
meet
together
,
is
likewise
a
pleasant
place
.
The
haven
is
guarded
and
shut
up
with
an
Iron
chaine
,
the
Citie
it selfe
compassed
with
a
deepe
ditch
,
and
on
the
East
and
North
sides
with
a
double
ditch
and
wall
.
Water
is
conveyed
into
the
same
from
a
hill
distant
some
miles
off
:
it
is
seated
on
a
large
,
plaine
,
and
sandie
soyle
,
and
adorned
with
●…e
Churches
,
and
sixe
gates
;
on
the
South
side
it
is
washed
with
the
river
〈◊〉
,
which
also
putteth
a
branch
into
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
▪
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
North
east
the
river
Alster
runneth
by
to
▪
〈…〉
〈…〉
〈…〉
〈◊〉
all
the
●…tie
of
their
〈…〉
〈◊〉
the
other
Sea-bordering
Cities
,
〈…〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
have
for
the
most
●…t
broad
●…d
〈…〉
large
hall
,
the
lower
part
whereof
on
bo●…
〈…〉
ware-h●…
,
and
in
the
●…per
part
,
lying
〈…〉
their
chiefe
houshold
stuff●…
is
placed
,
and
espec●…
〈…〉
of
English
P●…wter
,
which
being
kept
bright
,
makes
〈…〉
to
them
that
passe
by
,
so
that
their
〈◊〉
promise
〈…〉
outwardly
than
they
have
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
present
〈…〉
tie
is
great
,
principally
by
reason
of
the
residen●…
〈…〉
Merchants
,
and
some
quantitie
of
shipping
of
reaso●…
〈…〉
found
belonging
to
the
Citi●…ns
.
The
weigh●…
of
〈◊〉
is
the
pound
,
of
whi●…
〈…〉
120
Weights
of
Hamburg
.
pound
,
their
quintar
,
divided
into
three
〈…〉
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
of
10
pound
to
the
stone
,
●…0
〈…〉
the
Skip
pound
,
which
is
the
second
,
and
20
Lispond
of
15
〈…〉
the
said
300
pound
,
which
is
the
third
;
so
that
it
may
be
〈◊〉
●…perly
sayd
to
be
two
〈◊〉
,
one
of
120
pound
,
another
of
300
pound
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
of
length
is
an
Ell
,
wherewith
they
mea●…
both
Me●…e
of
Hamburg
.
〈◊〉
,
W●…
,
and
〈◊〉
the
100
●…of
hath
been
fo●…
〈◊〉
●…ke
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
about
48
,
〈◊〉
for
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
the
100
yards
of
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●…ound
to
yeeld
here
about
,
162
or
163
yards
,
〈◊〉
●…ith
〈…〉
before
mentioned
.
The
Merchants
here
are
found
to
exchange
for
London
by
the
Exchange
in
Hamburg
.
pound
sterling
,
and
for
all
other
places
upon
the
Rex
Doller
,
of
54
sh.
Lapisto
,
or
54
stivers
.
A
Doller
is
here
noted
to
be
worth
three
whitpence
,
one
whitpeny
to
Doller
.
be
18
shillings
,
one
shilling
to
be
12
pence
,
and
one
peny
two
hellers
.
Corne
is
here
measured
by
the
Schepel
,
ninetie
making
a
Last
,
Of
Corne.
and
83
Schepels
making
a
last
of
Corne
in
Amsterdam
,
or
10
quarters
English.
CHAP.
CCV
.
Of
Lubeck
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
LVBECKE
is
an
Imperiall
and
free
Citie
,
and
one
of
those
that
are
accounted
Ha●…-towns
;
Lubeck
and
the
trade
therof
.
it
is
seated
on
the
top
of
a
faire
and
spacious
Hill
,
upon
the
very
crowne
whereof
is
a
beautifull
Church
,
from
whence
leadeth
〈…〉
〈…〉
〈…〉
〈…〉
〈…〉
the
mariti●…
〈…〉
〈…〉
distant
fro●…
th●…
to●…
〈◊〉
〈…〉
of
Bric●…●…aving
〈…〉
〈…〉
●…alles
.
The
government
of
th●…
〈◊〉
〈…〉
●…heir
neatn●…
〈◊〉
garden●…●…eous
〈…〉
,
civilitie
of
manners
,
and
strict
execution
of
〈…〉
is
conveyed
hither
by
pipes
;
and
Brewers
,
that
〈…〉
most
〈◊〉
constrained
to
live
together
in
one
〈…〉
of
〈…〉
●…ater
in
his
owne
ho●…
al●…
〈…〉
●…tants
〈◊〉
con●…ained
●…o
liv●…
a
st●…
by
〈…〉
●…hey
are
set
on
worke
,
and
provided
for
.
This
〈…〉
ten
Churches
,
one
whereof
being
a
decayed
〈…〉
to
an
Armorie
of
all
Amunitions
for
〈…〉
,
being
the
principall
,
and
seated
〈…〉
very
summer
●…f
this
hill
,
whereon
the
〈…〉
〈…〉
this
Citie
at
present
is
great
,
partly
by
the
industrie
of
〈◊〉
●…tants
,
and
partly
by
reason
of
the
commodiou●…●…tion
Beere
o●…
Lubeck
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
&
the
neighbourhood
of
th●…
●…ique
sea
〈…〉
〈…〉
●…ous
for
the
〈◊〉
,
an●…
〈◊〉
tran●…
〈◊〉
〈…〉
by
some
〈…〉
〈…〉
〈…〉
The
common
weight
of
Lubeck
is
a
pound
,
of
which
is
made
a
Centiner
Waights
of
Lubeck
.
and
a
Skippound
:
for
112
pound
is
the
centiner
or
quintar
;
the
stone
10
pound
,
and
32
stone
to
the
Skip
pound
,
which
is
320
pound
,
and
the
20
Lispound
of
16
pound
marke
is
also
accounted
for
a
Skip
pound
,
which
is
in
London
(
)
pounds
.
The
measure
of
length
of
Lubeck
is
the
Ell
,
120
elles
whereof
makes
in
London
60
elles
,
and
the
100
yards
London
hath
made
here
160
Measures
of
Lubeck
.
elles
in
circa
.
In
Lubeck
corne
is
measured
by
the
last
,
96
Schepels
making
a
Last
,
Of
Corne.
which
is
10¼
quarters
of
London
,
and
85
schepels
is
found
to
make
a
Last
in
Amsterdam
.
Lasts
7
of
18
Barrels
in
Lubeck
is
found
to
make
100
sackes
of
Salt
,
being
122
smal
Barels
for
the
100
sacks
at
Ar●…iden
in
Zealand
,
which
is
found
to
be
7½
lasts
of
18
Barrels
of
salt
in
London
,
but
accounted
by
the
weigh
in
London
to
make
11½
weyes
,
and
it
is
accounted
40
Bushels
to
a
Wey
,
water
measure
of
ten
gallons
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
the
B●…
which
is
50
Stoopes
of
Antwerpe
,
CHAP.
CCVI.
〈◊〉
the
Coin●…
〈◊〉
in
genera●…
CONSIDERING
the
pri●…
〈…〉
ning
●…rrant
●…anie
.
of
monies
●…d
〈…〉
of
Germanie
to
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
that
〈…〉
to
sundry
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
that
are
〈…〉
within
this
Empire
,
it
will
pro●…
〈…〉
bour
to
my
confessed
ignorance
,
〈…〉
down
all
the
coyns
found
currant
th●…
beside
〈…〉
accidents
of
warre
,
necessities
,
trad●…
〈…〉
taintie
in
all
certaine
rules
and
Ed●…
〈…〉
on
for
an
uniforme
val●…
to
bee
coyn●…
〈…〉
for
currant
,
through
all
this
Empire
;
yet
beca●…
〈…〉
omit
what
I
have
in
this
poynt
gathered
,
I
will
〈…〉
sam●…
〈◊〉
leave
the
truth
to
try
all
and
experience
:
A●…
〈◊〉
I
〈◊〉
this
part●…
〈◊〉
of
C●…
〈◊〉
will
not
bee
〈◊〉
in
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
accou●…●…ept
in
th●…●…ntrey
.
〈…〉
kept
by
〈…〉
〈…〉
coynes
:
〈◊〉
of
〈…〉
is
〈…〉
the
second
is
by
florins
,
batchers
,
and
crutchers
,
the
florin
being
accounted
for
15
batches
,
and
the
batch
for
4
crutchers
,
the
third
is
by
florins
,
sold.
and
deniers
,
12
deniers
being
a
soldo
,
and
20
soldoes
a
florin
,
the
florin
may
be
valewed
at
3
shil.
4
pence
starling
,
or
33
sh.
4
pence
tarine
,
and
the
batch
at
2
shil
.
starl.
and
in
payments
of
merchandise
,
note
that
a
florin
is
accounted
for
a
common
silver
guilden
,
of
which
there
is
no
such
coine
found
,
being
meerely
imaginary
,
as
is
the
same
coine
of
markes
of
Collen
and
Lubecke
,
likewise
imaginary
,
or
at
least
not
now
coined
,
nor
in
use
.
Now
for
the
currant
coines
,
observe
that
first
in
Stoad
,
Hamburg
,
Coines
in
Stoad
.
Hamburg
,
and
Lubecke
.
and
Lubecke
before-named
,
the
gold
Rhenish
guilde●…
was
worth
,
when
these
notes
were
taken
,
28
〈◊〉
silver
misen
grosse
,
or
worth
36½
lubecke
shil
.
and
the
Imperiall
doller
was
worth
33
lubecke
sh.
A
common
silver
giulden
was
worth
28
lubeck
shillings
.
A
french
crowne
of
gold
was
worth
44
lubecke
shil
.
An
English
angel
was
worth
two
dollers
and
a
quarter
and
〈◊〉
lubecke
shillings
;
or
to
say
otherwise
,
it
was
worth
12
flemish
shillings
and
4
lubeque
shillings
.
Lubecke
shil.
7½
,
made
an
English
shilling
starl.
Lubecke
shill.
6
,
〈…〉
〈…〉
〈…〉
of
〈…〉
is
〈…〉
33
●…rkes
〈…〉
〈…〉
〈…〉
confines
of
the
Empire
and
the
Low
〈◊〉
〈…〉
E●…den
was
wo●…th
〈◊〉
,
an
〈…〉
〈…〉
〈…〉
understan●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
stiver●…
〈◊〉
was
〈…〉
●…ch
crowne
was
worth
3
flemish
guil●…
.
●…d
6
stive●…
〈…〉
as
also
ó
lubecke
shillings
make
one
shilling
●…ish
,
〈…〉
it
is
to
be
●…ted
,
that
Princes
and
Cities
doe
coine
〈…〉
,
which
are
found
often
in
their
value
to
differ
〈…〉
●…ildens
.
●…ine
,
〈…〉
,
and
in
those
parts
,
they
haue
current
coines
〈…〉
small
pieces
stamped
,
called
copstackes
,
and
a
Coines
〈◊〉
in
Breme
,
Ofdenburg
,
&c.
doll●…
〈…〉
●…rth
4
〈◊〉
●…ckes
or
55
groats
,
a
french
crowne
was
wor●…
〈…〉
●…nd
on●…
●…pstacke
10
stivers
or
12
groats
,
and
this
〈…〉
a
little
more
than
an
English
penny
,
a
sesling
was
wor●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●…cke
shilling
,
and
they
have
here
halfe
seslings
.
〈◊〉
●…cke
,
a
doller
was
36
maria
grosse
,
which
are
of
equall
Coins
currant
in
B●…nswicke
.
weig●…●…th
24
silver
misen
grosse
,
also
9
maria
grosse
make
8
lubeck●…
shil
.
〈◊〉
doller
was
worth
18
spitzgrossen
,
whereof
〈◊〉
wo●…
●…ia
g●…e
.
〈◊〉
●…rg
,
Le●…sicke
,
〈◊〉
and
in
all
the
Electorate
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈…〉
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
bouring
territories
to
the
c●…
of
〈…〉
ler
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
silver
grossen
,
which
are
the
sam●…
〈…〉
or
3●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
.
A
Rhemish
gold
guilden
was
worth
27
silver
gros
.
and
the
Philip
doller
was
of
the
same
value
.
A
common
silver
guilden
was
esteemed
at
21
silver
grosse
.
A
french
crowne
at
33
silver
gros
.
A
Spanish
pistolet
at
32
silver
gros
.
A
halfe
Millres
at
36
sil
.
gros
.
the
hungarian
duccat
at
30.
A
short
and
long
crusado
at
35
silv
.
gros
.
A
Rose
noble
at
3
〈◊〉
dollers
,
the
English
angel
at
2¼
doller
;
the
silver
grosse
was
worth
more
then
2
pence
,
and
about
2¼
pence
starl.
And
for
the
small
Coines
,
a
Grosse
was
worth
4
driers
,
and
1
drier
2
dreyhellers
,
and
1
dreyheller
was
worth
a
pfeninge
and
halfe
,
and
12
pfeninge
made
a
grosse
,
and
two
schwerd
grossen
made
one
schneberger
.
In
generall
through
all
the
upper
parts
of
Germany
,
a
doller
was
esteemed
at
18
batsen
,
a
silver
guilden
at
15
,
a
Philips
doller
at
20
,
a
Coines
currant
through
the
upper
parts
of
Germany
.
french
crowne
at
24
〈◊〉
,
a
gold
crowne
of
Italie
at
24
,
a
silver
Itolen
crowne
at
22½
batsen
,
a
Rhenish
gold
guilden
through
higher
Germany
was
worth
27
silver
misen
grosse
,
a
silver
guilden
there
as
in
Saxony
at
21
gros
.
the
bats
.
may
be
accounted
3
pence
English
,
and
4
creizers
make
〈◊〉
●…ts
,
4
pfeminge
make
a
cretzer
,
and
three
cretzers
make
a
zwelver
,
〈…〉
silver
〈◊〉
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
have
〈…〉
〈◊〉
common
payme●…●…hich
p●…
〈…〉
〈◊〉
occasions
,
and
this
being
none
of
t●…
〈…〉
●…ners
doe
carry
out
the
Coines
of
the
E●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●…mmodities
〈◊〉
●…he
Empire
,
and
there●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
moneys
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
to
receive
〈…〉
than
th●…
commonly
do
otherwise
passe
at
.
The
Kingdome
of
Bohemia
,
as
also
that
of
Hung●…
〈…〉
Coines
of
the
Empire
in
the
same
value
〈◊〉
at
first
coin●…
〈…〉
〈◊〉
of
〈◊〉
.
consent
of
both
those
nations
,
but
it
is
to
bee
unde●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
well
in
those
free
Cities
,
and
by
those
free
Princes
〈…〉
priviledge
of
coining
,
there
is
alwaies
stamped
cer●…
〈…〉
money
that
onely
passeth
currant
in
their
iurisdict●…
〈◊〉
●…ther
;
and
these
passing
in
the
Kingdome
of
Bo●…
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
to
be
these
;
First
,
3
potchandels
make
one
●…zer
,
ni●…
〈◊〉
●…ne
potchandel
make
foure
weissgrosse
,
and
30
grosse
of
M●…ia
o●…
●…sse
make
a
doller
,
also
here
Merchants
reckon
two
hellers
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
and
fixe
pfenings
for
a
grosse
,
and
60
grosse
for
a
shocke
,
and
●…osse
for
a
marke
.
〈◊〉
●…zerland
it
is
found
that
divers
of
the
Cantons
〈◊〉
●…yne
〈…〉
〈◊〉
●…hich
passe
currant
among
themselves
the
p●…
of
whic●…●…ts
are
found
to
be
in
Ba●…
,
●…rich
,
and
Sc●…
●…he
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
w●…reof
I
will
onely
note
.
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●…oine
is
the
Rappen
munts
,
where●…●…ed
a
〈…〉
●…retzers
:
and
20
plaparts
,
or
60
cretzers
make
a
common
guilden
,
and
3
pfeninge
make
a
cretzer
.
At
Zurich
it
is
found
that
6
pfenings
make
a
shilling
,
and
may
bee
worth
a
penny
starling
,
&
3
pfenings
make
a
sickerling
;
two
great
finfers
of
Basil
,
and
one
little
finferlin
makes
a
bats
of
Basil
,
and
in
like
manner
5
finferlins
make
a
bats
,
and
5
finfers
2
bats
.
But
my
worke
were
endlesse
to
runne
through
the
particular
coines
currant
,
and
stamped
in
every
particular
place
of
this
Empire
,
therefore
this
shall
suffice
for
a
tast
of
the
variety
;
and
whosoever
carrieth
any
merchandise
into
these
countries
,
let
him
bee
sure
to
know
the
true
worth
of
the
monies
hee
receiveth
for
the
same
,
lest
he
prove
in
conclusion
a
loser
by
his
trafficke
.
CHAP.
CCVII.
The
Weights
of
Germany
reduced
to
the
100
li.
of
London
.
THE
Next
thing
in
order
to
bee
handled
is
the
Waights
in
generall
of
Germany
reduced
to
the
100
li.
〈◊〉
London
.
Waights
and
Measures
of
the
Cities
of
Trade
in
this
Empire
,
which
I
have
in
part
touched
already
〈◊〉
〈…〉
,
the
●…est
or
as
many
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●…me
●…hin
my
collections
I
shall
here
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●…ingenious
and
better
skill'd
m●…
adde
the
〈◊〉
.
And
〈◊〉
for
the
weight
,
which
here
I
have
redu●…
to
th●…
〈◊〉
.
sutle
of
London
,
the
which
is
found
to
yield
in
|
li.
|
●…berg
|
88
|
〈◊〉
|
89
〈◊〉
|
●…ce
|
88
|
●…rge
|
91
|
●…piers
|
88
|
●…leberge
|
92
|
●…ke
|
92
|
●…ge
|
92
|
〈◊〉
|
116
|
〈◊〉
The
〈◊〉
of
Lo●…
doth
〈◊〉
in
|
92
|
●…ienna
|
81
|
Statin
|
92
|
Erford
|
81
|
Ipsburge
|
81
|
Salsburge
grosse
|
79
|
●…itto
small
|
108
|
●…bech
|
92
|
●…tsen
|
133
|
●…ostuts
|
92
|
Mison
of
16
ou●…
.
li.
|
96
|
Of
〈◊〉
.
the
li.
|
142
|
Of
Merchants
waigh●…
|
92
|
Munchen
|
91
|
Wessell
|
91
|
Saxony
in
generall
|
96
|
Norlinghen
|
91
|
Francfort
|
92
|
Breslow
|
116
|
Canoli
|
83
|
Domstreder
|
92
|
Regenberge
|
83
|
Loosen
|
141
|
Offen
|
92
|
Basile
|
92
|
Paslow
|
83
|
Hamburge
|
92
|
Copenghen
|
9●…
|
Basill
|
92
|
Zuricke
|
94
|
Wallo●…s
countrey
|
〈◊〉
|
CHAP.
CCVIII
.
Of
Measures
of
Germany
reduced
to
the
Measures
of
London
.
HAving
done
with
their
Weights
in
generall
,
I
will
doe
the
same
for
their
long
Measures
in
generall
,
which
I
will
Measures
of
Germany
.
reduce
to
the
100
Yardes
of
London
,
and
note
that
the
same
hath
beene
observed
to
have
produced
in
these
Cities
of
Germanie
.
Embden
|
163
ells
.
|
Lubecke
|
160
el.
|
Munster
|
80
el.
|
Collen
|
160
el.
|
Erford
|
218
el.
|
Francfort
|
169
●…cloth
|
〈◊〉
|
80
〈◊〉
.
|
Norimberge
|
160
el.
|
〈◊〉
silke
|
138
el.
|
Vienna
for
linnen
|
103
el.
|
Ditto
for
silke
|
113
el.
|
Prague
|
14●…
el.
|
Ditto
for
〈◊〉
|
160
el.
|
Vlme
|
160
el.
|
Ditto
for
wollen
|
128
el.
|
Lipsicke
|
160
el.
cloth
|
Ossenbrigs
|
84
els
.
|
Breme
|
163
el.
|
Hamburge
|
163
el.
|
Basill
|
167
el.
|
Bantson
|
148
el.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
el.
|
●…lle
|
〈◊〉
el.
|
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
|
〈◊〉
el.
cloth
|
Ditto
〈◊〉
|
138
el.
|
〈◊〉
long
〈◊〉
.
|
1●…
el.
|
Ditto
short
measures
|
1●…3
el.
|
Zearech
|
〈◊〉
el.
|
Statin
|
〈◊〉
el.
|
Ocermond
|
●…1
el.
|
Wismar
|
157
el.
|
Gripswald
|
163
el.
|
The
rest
I
willingly
omit
for
brevity
sake
,
and
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
to
the
triall
of
the
better
experienced
.
CHAP.
CCIX.
Of
the
trade
in
generall
of
Germany
.
THe
particular
Trading
of
severall
Cities
being
〈◊〉
observed
,
it
will
not
bee
amisse
a
little
to
looke
〈◊〉
the
Trade
in
generall
of
Germany
,
and
therewith
〈◊〉
Navigation
The
generall
trade
of
Germany
.
of
this
nation
,
by
which
wee
finde
,
〈◊〉
in
all
Cou●…
almost
the
same
is
principally
maintained
.
The
Cities
then
found
on
the
Sea-cost
on
the
North-side
of
Germany
,
have
very
great
ships
;
yet
more
fit
for
great
stowedge
and
burthen
,
than
either
for
saile
or
defence
;
and
therefore
oftentimes
to
this
end
fraighted
by
the
Netherlanders
.
Neither
can
I
attribute
much
commendations
to
the
Germaine
Mariner
,
for
those
Seas
in
good
part
,
and
the
Balticke
sea
altogether
,
are
found
free
of
pirates
and
piracies
,
which
is
the
chiefe
reason
why
their
ships
are
found
in
the
generall
to
be
so
ill
armed
,
either
defensive
or
offensive
,
and
in
one
thing
they
concurre
with
the
Dutch
,
to
the
shame
of
the
Christians
profession
,
that
there
is
never
found
any
prayers
used
aboard
their
ships
,
neither
morning
or
evening
,
contrary
to
the
laudable
custome
and
godly
exercise
of
our
English
mariners
,
who
constantly
use
prayer
and
Psalmes
,
at
least
foure
times
in
foure
and
twenty
houres
,
which
is
at
the
setting
of
the
foure
quarterly
watches
of
the
day
and
night
.
These
Maritime
Cities
are
for
the
most
part
either
Hans-townes
or
free
Cities
,
because
they
enioyed
of
old
in
all
neighbour
Kingdomes
,
great
priviledges
of
buying
any
Commodities
,
as
well
of
strangers
as
Citizens
,
and
of
selling
their
owne
to
either
at
pleasure
,
and
to
bring
in
or
carry
out
all
commodities
by
their
owne
ships
,
with
like
immunities
equall
to
Citizens
in
all
the
said
do●…nions
,
and
no
lesse
preiudiciall
to
others
,
than
advantageous
to
themselves
and
in
London
they
were
wont
to
dwell
together
in
the
house
●…lled
the
S●…il-yard
,
and
there
enioyed
these
and
many
other
priviledges
,
which
now
for
many
yeares
have
ly●…
dead
;
partly
by
reason
the
English
found
not
these
,
or
the
like
priviledges
in
these
free
Hans-townes
;
and
partly
,
by
reason
they
have
found
●…re
commodious
to
make
use
of
their
owne
shipping
,
as
in
these
●…es
it
is
found
they
do
.
Notwithstanding
all
this
,
yet
it
is
observed
that
the
Germanes
in
general
apply
themselves
very
industriously
to
all
Trafficke
by
land
,
but
the
free
Cities
on
the
sea
coasts
doe
but
coldly
exercise
it
by
sea
;
Be●…
〈◊〉
found
to
be
spent
and
exported
amongst
themselves
in
〈◊〉
●…dible
measure
and
quantity
,
with
an
extraordinary
gaine
,
〈◊〉
therefore
noted
for
one
of
the
prime
commodities
of
this
empire
,
bringing
profit
not
onely
to
private
men
,
but
also
to
Prin●…
●…nd
to
free
States
,
there
being
no
Merchandize
in
the
world
that
●…ore
easily
findes
a
buyer
in
Germany
,
than
this
:
for
other
commodities
,
it
is
observable
that
Germany
sends
into
Italy
Linens
,
corne
and
waxe
;
it
sends
into
England
Bords
,
Iron
,
Diaper
,
Rhenish
wines
,
and
Norimberg
wares
,
which
can
hardly
be
called
commodities
;
into
Spaine
they
send
Linens
,
waxe
,
brasse
,
copper
,
cordage
,
mastes
,
gunpowd●…
and
this
is
their
principall
Exportation
.
Now
for
their
Impo●…tions
,
Italy
returnes
them
Silkes
of
all
kindes
;
England
Lead
,
Tin
,
a●…
wollen
cloths
;
and
Spaine
returnes
them
Spanish
wines
,
fruits
,
eiles
,
salt
some
wools
,
and
other
commodities
.
I
formerly
noted
,
that
the
English
had
their
Staple
at
Embden
,
the
Count
whereof
used
them
well
and
courteously●…
,
but
warres
growing
betweene
England
,
and
Spaine
,
the
place
grew
dangerous
for
them
:
for
their
goods
were
oftentimes
taken
,
and
themselves
made
prisoners
,
even
in
the
mouth
of
the
harbour
;
wherupon
they
removed
to
Hamburg
,
where
being
oppressed
with
new
impositions
,
and
being
denied
the
exercise
of
their
religion
,
they
removed
also
thence
,
and
setled
their
Staple
at
Stoade
.
Then
also
our
English
had
their
Staple
at
Dansick
in
Prusen
,
for
the
kingdome
of
Poland
;
but
when
the
Dansickers
under
pretence
of
the
Suevian
warre
,
exacted
of
them
a
Doller
for
each
wollen
Cloth
,
and
as
much
proportionally
upon
all
other
commodities
;
and
afterwards
,
though
the
warre
being
ended
,
yet
would
remit
nothing
of
the
same
;
and
withall
,
forbad
the
English
,
by
a
law
decreed
,
to
live
in
Poland
,
the
commodities
whereof
were
onely
sold
there
,
lest
they
should
learne
the
language
,
and
finde
out
the
mysterie
of
that
trade
and
Countrey
:
And
lastly
,
when
as
they
exacted
as
much
weekly
of
an
Englishman
dwelling
in
their
Citie
,
as
they
did
of
a
Iew
dwelling
there
amongst
them
,
the
English
thereupon
made
agreement
with
the
Senate
of
Melvin
for
11
yeares
,
to
pay
them
six
grosse
for
each
Cloth
brought
in
,
and
accordingly
for
all
other
goods
,
and
to
pay
as
much
more
in
the
Citie
of
Kettle
to
the
Duke
of
Pri●…
for
his
giving
them
free
passage
to
Melvin
;
●…d
so
●…is
meane●…
they
setled
their
Staple
in
Melvin
:
whereupon
the
D●…kers
being
offended
with
the
Citizens
of
Melvin
,
and
the
Hamburgers
no
lesse
with
those
of
Stoade
,
procured
all
the
free
Cities
by
a
publique
writing
to
out-law
not
onely
Melvin
and
Stoade
for
receiving
the
〈◊〉
to
the
common
prejudice
of
the
rest
,
but
also
Coningsberg
,
the
〈◊〉
of
the
Duke
of
Prussen
,
and
the
free
Citie
of
Lubeck
for
favou●…g
the
English
in
this
their
course
,
and
for
permitting
them
being
strangers
,
to
sell
their
goods
to
any
other
than
the
Citizens
of
each
severall
Citie
.
But
how
these
differences
came
afterward
to
be
reconciled
,
and
their
Staples
removed
thence
,
I
have
shewed
in
o●…
〈◊〉
.
And
being
now
entred
to
speake
of
the
trade
of
Pr●…
Germane
Trade
of
Pru●…ca
.
Province
,
but
of
late
yeares
annexed
to
the
Crowne
of
Poland
,
which
of
it selfe
is
of
great
importance
,
it
will
not
bee
amisse
to
inlarge
my selfe
upon
some
particulars
thereof
.
The
English
〈◊〉
are
found
to
bring
thither
great
quantitie
of
Tin
,
Lead
,
and
●…ollen-Cloathes
,
and
other
commodities
,
and
to
bring
thence
hard
and
liquid
Pitch
,
Hempe
,
Flax
,
Cables
,
Masts
for
ships
,
Boords
,
&
Timber
for
building
,
Linnen
Cloth
,
Wax
,
Minerall
salt
,
which
in
Poland
they
digge
out
of
pits
like
great
stones
,
and
the
same
being
put
to
the
fire
,
is
made
pure
,
and
being
blacke
his
colour
is
more
durable
,
〈◊〉
lesse
subject
to
giving
againe
than
our
boyled
Salt.
Also
th●…
bring
thence
Pine
Ashes
for
making
of
Sope
,
commonly
known
to
us
by
the
name
of
Sope-Ashes
,
and
Corne
in
great
quantitie
;
yet
the
English
are
found
seldome
to
have
need
of
their
Corne
for
the
use
of
England
,
which
many
times
of
their
owne
they
transport
to
other
nations
;
but
they
buy
it
as
the
free
Cities
doe
,
to
transport
it
to
other
Countries
,
which
the
Low-countrey
men
do
also
buy
as
well
for
themselves
,
as
to
serve
Spaine
,
and
other
Countries
therewith
,
so
great
a
quantity
thereof
is
hence
dispersed
into
all
parts
of
Europe
.
Amber
is
also
brought
from
thence
,
but
not
gathered
neither
at
Amber
.
Melvin
nor
Dansicke
,
as
some
imagine
,
but
on
the
sea
side
of
Koningsperg
,
where
,
as
I
said
,
the
Duke
of
Prusen
holds
his
Court
,
and
so
all
along
the
coast
of
Curland
;
where
,
howsoever
it
lies
in
great
quantitie
on
the
sands
of
the
sea
,
it
is
as
safe
as
if
it
were
lockt
up
in
ware-houses
,
since
it
is
death
for
any
to
take
up
the
least
piece
thereof
,
and
being
onely
by
the
law
accounted
to
bee
the
proper
commodity
of
the
Duke
,
to
whom
the
same
appertaineth
.
And
this
being
as
much
as
I
have
thought
requisite
to
handle
concerning
the
trade
of
Germanie
in
the
generall
,
or
of
the
Imperiall
Cities
and
Hans-townes
in
particular
,
I
wil
proceed
to
the
next
kingdome
,
which
in
order
is
Denmarke
,
and
to
the
principall
Cities
,
and
particular
trade
thereof
.
CHAP.
CCX
.
Of
Denmarke
,
and
the
Provinces
and
Cities
thereof
.
DENMARKE
hath
on
the
East
Mare
Balticum
,
on
the
West
the
Germa●…
Denmarke
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
Ocean
,
on
the
North
Sweden
,
on
the
South
Germany
.
This
Countrey
doth
afford
for
Merchandise
,
Fish
;
Tallow
,
hides
,
and
having
abundance
of
Oxen
,
50000
are
said
to
be
sent
hence
yearely
to
Germany
,
also
Buck-skins
,
armours
of
all
sorts
,
furniture
for
shipping
,
Bords
,
such
as
Wainscot
,
firrewood
,
&c.
This
Kingdome
now
containes
Ci●…bricke
,
Chersonesse
,
the
Ilands
of
the
Balticke
,
and
part
of
Scandia
,
and
first
this
Chersonesse
is
divided
into
foure
Provinces
.
Halsatia
is
the
first
,
wherein
are
found
the
Cities
of
Niemunster
and
Bramsted
,
and
is
the
title
of
the
second
Sonne
of
Denmarke
.
Holsatia
.
Dithmars
is
the
second
Province
,
wherein
are
found
the
Cities
of
Dithmars
.
Marne
and
Meldorpe
,
the
Inhabitants
of
this
last
esteemed
so
wealthy
,
that
they
are
said
to
cover
their
houses
with
copper
.
Slesia
is
the
third
,
wherein
are
of
note
Sleswicke
,
2.
Goterpe
,
and
3.
Londen
a
haven
towne
.
Slesia
.
Iuitland
is
the
fourth
,
the
townes
of
note
are
Rincopen
,
2.
Nicopen
,
3.
Holne
,
4.
and
Arhansen
.
Iuitland
.
The
Balticke
Ilands
are
35
in
number
,
but
of
them
4
are
found
to
Baltick
Ilands
.
be
of
principall
note
,
1.
Seeland
,
2.
Fionia
,
3.
Borneholme
,
and
4.
Fimera
,
of
which
a
word
.
In
Seeland
is
found
thirteene
Cities
,
the
chiefe
whereof
is
Haffen
the
Kings
seat
,
and
the
onely
Vniversity
in
Denmarke
,
knowne
to
Seeland
.
other
nations
by
the
name
of
Copenhagen
,
that
is
Mercatorum
portus
,
or
the
Merchants
haven
:
Secondly
Elsinour
,
standing
on
the
sea
side
,
Copenhagen
.
in
which
towne
the
Merchants
that
have
passed
,
or
are
to
passe
the
Elsinour
.
Sound
,
do
pay
their
customes
to
the
King
:
And
thirdly
Rotchilt
,
the
Sepulcher
of
the
Danish
Kings
,
betweene
this
Iland
and
the
firme
land
of
Scandivonia
is
the
passage
called
the
Sound
towards
Moscovia
,
which
did
formerly
yield
unto
this
King
a
great
yearely
profit
,
but
now
much
decayed
since
the
English
found
out
the
Northerne
passage
into
Russia
.
This
Sound
is
in
breadth
3
miles
,
and
commanded
on
Scandia
side
by
the
castle
of
Helsenburg
,
and
on
this
Iland
by
that
of
Cronburg
,
both
castles
of
good
defence
.
In
Fionia
is
found
eight
Townes
,
the
principall
whereof
Osell
Fionia
.
Scomberge
and
others
.
In
Bornholmia
is
a
principall
Citie
Barnholme
.
Bornholme
.
In
Fimeria
.
is
found
the
City
of
Peterborne
,
and
is
the
Iland
in
which
that
famous
Mathematician
Tic●…
Bra●…
built
an
artificiall
tower
,
Fimeria
.
wherein
he
studied
the
Mathematicks
,
and
wherein
are
still
reserved
many
of
his
rare
Mathematicall
instruments
.
Scandia
is
the
last
part
of
this
Kingdome
,
lying
part
of
it
on
this
Scandia
.
side
,
and
part
beyond
the
Articke
circle
,
so
that
the
longest
day
in
the
more
Northerne
part
is
about
three
moneths
,
and
containes
the
Kingdomes
of
Norway
,
Swethland
,
and
part
of
Denmarke
;
the
part
of
it
belonging
to
Denmarke
is
divided
into
three
Provinces
,
1.
Halandia
,
2.
Schonia
,
and
3.
Blesida
.
In
Halandia
is
Halanesoe
.
Halandia
.
Scania
.
In
Scania
is
the
City
of
Londis
a
faire
haven
,
Falsgerbode
and
the
castle
of
Elsimbourg
,
one
of
the
keyes
of
the
Sound
before
mentioned
,
and
the
seas
are
here
said
sometimes
so
to
abound
with
hering●…
,
that
ships
are
scarse
able
with
wind
and
Oare
to
breake
through
them
,
and
the
Countrey
is
the
pleasantest
of
all
Denmarke
.
In
Blesida
is
found
the
City
of
Malmogia
,
and
the
strong
castle
of
Blesida
.
Colmar
against
the
Swedlander
.
The
principall
trade
of
this
Kingdome
is
contained
in
Coppenhagen
and
Elsinour
,
therfore
under
the
title
of
these
two
I
will
comprehend
the
Trafficke
of
this
Kingdome
.
CHAP.
CCXI.
Of
Coppenhagen
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
COPPENHAGEN
is
the
Seat
of
the
Kings
of
Coppenhagen
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Denmarke
in
winter
,
and
may
bee
interpreted
the
Merchants
haven
,
on
the
East
side
is
the
Kings
palace
or
castle
,
which
bordereth
on
the
sea
shore
,
where
the
haven
is
found
to
be
,
the
sea
being
not
farre
distant
from
the
North
side
thereof
:
the
City
is
of
a
round
forme
,
affording
little
beauty
,
as
being
but
meanly
built
of
wood
and
clay
,
and
the
castle
of
stone
.
Here
are
found
some
Merchants
,
yet
for
the
most
part
of
no
great
eminence
:
for
the
Countrey
affoordeth
norich
commodities
that
may
allure
others
thither
,
or
serve
to
bee
transported
to
other
regions
,
whereby
a
gaine
may
be
expected
.
The
Monies
of
this
kingdome
commonly
currant
is
the
Doller
,
Coins
of
Coppenhagen
.
and
shilling
;
two
Danish
shillings
making
one
Lubecke
shilling
,
and
66
Danish
shillings
accounted
for
a
Rix
Doller
,
which
is
five
shillings
Sterlin
.
Their
accounts
are
kept
by
markes
of
16
shillings
Danish
.
Accounts
in
Denmarke
.
Their
exchanges
are
here
practised
by
the
Rix
doller
above
mentioned
,
the
common
currant
coine
of
these
countries
.
Their
measures
and
weights
I
will
briefly
observe
by
themselves
,
and
therefore
hasten
to
Elsinour
.
Measures
and
weights
,
&c.
CHAP.
CCXII.
Of
Elsinour
and
the
trade
thereof
.
ELSINOVR
of
it selfe
is
but
a
poore
Village
,
but
much
frequented
by
Sea-men
by
reason
of
his
Elsinour
and
the
trade
therof
.
neighbourhood
to
that
straight
Sea
called
the
Sound
,
where
the
King
of
Denmarke
hath
layd
so
great
impositions
upon
all
shippes
and
goods
comming
out
or
going
into
the
Baltique
sea
,
as
this
sole
profit
surpasseth
farre
all
the
revenewes
of
his
kingdome
:
the
strong
Castle
of
Cronburge
lies
in
this
village
upon
the
mouth
of
this
straight
,
to
which
on
the
other
side
of
this
narrow
sea
in
the
kingdome
of
Norway
,
another
Castle
is
opposite
,
called
Elsburg
,
which
two
are
the
Keepers
of
this
straight
,
that
no
ship
can
passe
in
,
or
come
out
of
the
Baltique
sea
without
their
leave
,
and
consequently
without
due
payment
of
this
Imposition
.
On
the
south
side
of
Cronburge
Castle
is
the
largest
Road
for
shippes
,
toward
the
Baltique
sea
where
the
King
is
sayd
to
have
his
lodgings
,
which
cannot
choose
but
bee
a
delectable
prospect
to
all
men
,
but
especially
to
him
:
for
shippes
goe
in
and
out
here
by
Fleets
of
hundred
,
and
hee
is
certaine
,
that
none
doe
passe
either
way
but
according
to
their
burthen
and
loading
,
addes
somewhat
to
his
treasurie
.
The
haven
is
capable
to
contain
a
great
Fleet
,
for
it
hath
Cronburge
Castle
on
the
North
side
,
the
Castle
of
Elsburge
on
the
East
side
,
and
Seeland
,
the
chiefe
Iland
of
the
kingdome
on
the
West
side
,
and
the
Iland
Fimeria
,
or
Wherne
on
the
south
side
,
in
which
I
noted
before
,
that
Tycho
Brahe
the
famous
Mathematician
had
his
residence
.
The
Danes
conceive
this
Iland
to
be
of
such
importance
,
as
they
have
a
Fable
,
that
Henry
the
seventh
of
England
offered
for
the
possession
of
it
,
as
much
Scarlet
Cloth
as
would
cover
the
same
,
with
a
Rose
Noble
at
the
corner
of
each
Cloth.
If
any
such
offer
were
made
,
doubtlesse
the
wisedome
and
judgement
of
that
Prince
,
knew
how
to
make
that
Iland
being
fortified
,
peradventure
to
returne
him
his
charges
againe
with
good
interest
;
but
it
is
not
credible
,
by
reason
that
it
cannot
benefit
a
forraine
Prince
whose
territories
lyeth
out
of
the
Sound
,
by
which
hee
must
needs
enter
those
beforementioned
Castles
commanding
the
entrance
,
though
it
might
prove
more
beneficiall
to
some
Prince
bordering
upon
the
Baltique
seas
,
and
to
whom
the
sea
is
open
for
passage
.
CHAP.
CCXIII.
Weights
in
generall
of
Denmarke
reduced
to
that
of
London
.
NOW
for
the
Weights
of
this
Kingdome
,
they
are
found
to
differ
in
many
places
:
so
many
as
have
come
to
my
hand
,
I
have
reduced
to
the
sutle
hundred
of
London
,
which
sutle
hundred
is
found
to
produce
in
these
Cities
of
traffique
and
some
others
adioyning
.
|
i.
|
Aldar
|
87
|
Coppingham
|
92
|
Cracon
|
119
|
Dansicke
|
116
|
Hamburg
|
92
|
Wilde
|
116
|
Elsinour
|
92
|
|
li.
|
Lubecke
|
92
|
Melvin
|
120
|
Revel
|
116
|
Rhiga
|
116
|
Statar
|
108
|
Stralsont
|
88
|
Bergen
Norway
|
92
|
Where
it
is
to
bee
noted
,
that
generally
in
Coppenhagen
,
and
in
most
parts
of
Denmarke
,
they
have
a
great
and
a
small
hundred
,
one
of
112
pound
to
the
hundred
,
and
another
of
120
pound
to
the
hundred
,
accounted
twelve
stone
of
ten
pound
to
the
stone
:
Also
they
have
a
Skip-pound
,
32
stone
of
ten
pound
the
stone
,
or
20
Lispound
of
16
marke
pound
is
a
Skip-pound
,
and
20
times
16
pound
is
320
pound
.
CHAP.
CCXIIII
.
Measures
in
generall
of
Denmarke
reduced
to
London
.
AS
I
have
done
with
their
weights
,
so
will
I
proceede
with
Measures
ingenerall
of
Denmark
.
their
measures
,
reducing
them
to
the
hundred
yards
English
,
and
makes
in
Arsnis
|
166⅔el
|
Breme
|
162½el
|
Breslow
for
cloth
|
148
el
|
Ditto
for
Silkes
|
160
el
|
Conixborough
|
166
el
|
Lubecke
|
160
el
|
Munster
|
80
el
|
Ockermond
|
141½el
|
Revel
|
166
el
|
Rhosticke
|
158⅕el
|
Wisinar
|
157¾el
|
Dansicke
|
162½el
|
Doinin
|
163
el
|
Embden
|
163
el
|
Gripswould
|
163
el
|
Hamburgh
|
163
el
|
Melvin
|
162
el
|
Narva
|
166
el
|
Osenbrighs
|
84
el
|
Rhiga
.
|
166
el
|
Statin
.
|
141½el
|
And
thus
much
shall
serve
to
have
said
for
the
measures
of
this
Countrey
,
whereto
I
have
added
the
measures
of
some
other
the
adioyning
eminent
Cities
of
trade
and
Commerce
.
CHAP.
CCV
.
Trade
in
generall
of
Denmarke
.
TO
conclude
,
the
trade
of
Denmarke
driven
by
the
inhabitants
,
is
not
great
,
their
countrey
partly
not
The
generail
trade
of
Denmark
.
affoording
commodities
for
Merchandises
;
and
their
seas
,
I
meane
principally
the
Baltique
,
not
being
for
many
moneths
in
the
yeare
navigable
for
frost
.
The
inhabitants
are
frugall
in
food
and
apparrell
,
and
therefore
not
much
addicted
neither
to
Silkes
nor
Spices
,
and
the
great
traffique
and
concourse
of
other
nations
,
through
the
Sound
,
that
furnisheth
them
with
all
necessaries
,
makes
the
inhabitants
lesse
desirous
to
saile
abroad
to
fetch
the
same
at
the
first
hand
.
Stockefish
and
other
salted
Fish
they
send
into
forraigne
Countries
,
and
so
also
they
doe
their
Oxen
and
cattell
in
great
quan●…ty
,
besides
the
commodities
which
the
countrey
doth
natu●…lly
afford
,
mentioned
in
the
former
part
of
this
countries
de●…ription
;
neither
have
I
heard
any
great
fame
of
their
Naviga●…ons
or
Mariners
,
which
principally
saile
Northward
,
and
little
to
●…e
Southward
,
though
otherwise
it
is
conceived
that
next
to
the
●…nglish
their
Vessels
are
the
strongest
built
to
indure
the
blasts
of
●…he
colder
climates
,
and
the
scorchings
of
the
warmer
regions
;
yet
●…f
late
daies
I
have
understood
,
they
have
undertaken
some
new
●…iscoveries
and
trade
into
the
East
Indies
,
which
they
have
since
ful●…y
performed
,
to
the
great
incouragement
of
such
as
shall
fol●…ow
them
.
CHAP.
CCXVI
.
Of
Norway
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
NORWAY
is
bounded
on
the
North
with
Lappia
,
Norway
,
and
the
cities
thereof
.
on
the
East
with
the
Dofri●…e
mountaines
,
on
the
other
parts
with
the
seas
.
The
chiefe
commodities
of
this
Countrey
is
Stock-fish
,
Nidrosia
.
rich
furres
,
traine
Oile
,
pitch
,
and
takling
for
ships
,
as
masts
,
caples
,
deal-boards
,
firre
,
and
the
like
.
Townes
are
here
thinne
,
and
the
houses
therein
poore
and
miserable
.
Bergen
,
one
of
the
4
ancien●…
Marts
of
Europe
.
The
chiefe
of
those
that
are
,
is
Nidrosia
,
the
Arch-bishops
seat
of
Norway
,
Iseland
,
and
Groinland
:
The
second
is
Bergen
,
one
of
the
foure
ancient
Mart
townes
of
Europe
;
the
other
three
being
London
in
England
,
Nomgrade
in
Moscovia
,
and
Bridges
in
Flanders
;
and
all
of
these
but
London
are
decayed
,
for
this
Bergen
hath
yeelded
to
Wardhouse
;
Nouegrade
,
by
reason
of
the
charge
of
navigation
through
the
Balticke
into
the
Northerne
passage
,
hath
given
way
to
Saint
Nicholas
,
and
Bridges
being
deprived
of
her
trafficke
by
Antwerpe
,
it
is
now
also
removed
to
Amsterdam
,
for
the
Hollanders
by
blocking
up
the
haven
,
but
especially
by
keeping
of
Bergen
up
Zome
,
have
such
a
command
over
the
river
,
that
no
vessel
can
passe
or
repasse
without
their
licence
.
But
to
proceed
:
Finmarch
also
appertaineth
Finmarke
.
to
this
kingdome
,
and
both
to
the
Dane
:
the
chiefe
Cities
are
Saman
,
secondly
Hielso
,
both
Sea-townes
,
but
the
principall
is
Wardhouse
,
Wardhouse
.
seated
in
the
very
Northerne
end
of
all
the
countrey
,
being
a
town
of
little
trade
,
but
great
concourse
of
shipping
,
that
this
way
are
bound
for
Moscovia
,
which
must
needs
touch
here
,
and
it
is
so
called
,
as
seated
in
a
little
Iland
called
Ward
.
In
Bergen
in
Norway
the
common
waight
is
a
pound
,
the
100
li.
of
Weight
in
Bergen
.
London
hathbeene
found
to
make
there
92
li.
but
weighing
with
a
sling
,
as
they
doe
,
is
found
to
be
very
uncertaine
.
The
measure
is
The
particulars
of
the
trade
of
this
Countrey
,
here
necessarily
to
be
handled
,
I
am
inforced
to
omit
,
by
reason
of
my
ignorance
,
therefore
intreat
the
better
experienced
to
supply
my
defect
therein
.
CHAP.
CCXVII
.
Of
Swethland
,
and
the
Cities
of
trade
thereof
.
SWETHLAND
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Moscovia
,
on
the
West
with
the
Dosrine
hills
,
on
Swethland
and
the
cities
thereof
.
the
North
with
the
frozen
Seas
,
and
on
the
South
with
the
Balticke
seas
.
The
Commodities
that
this
Countrey
affordeth
for
merchandise
is
Lead
,
copper
,
silver
,
drawne
out
of
Commodities
of
Sweden
.
their
mines
,
and
it
aboundeth
also
with
hides
of
Buckes
,
Goats
and
Oxen
,
tallow
,
Tarre
,
Malt
,
Barley
,
rich
furres
,
and
the
like
.
It
containeth
five
Provinces
,
Lappia
,
Bodia
,
Finland
,
Gothland
and
Sweden
;
of
all
which
a
word
.
In
Lappia
I
finde
not
any
City
of
note
,
being
cold
and
comfortlesse
.
Lappia
.
In
Bodia
is
the
towne
of
Virei●…
and
Helsinga
.
In
Finland
are
many
strong
townes
populous
and
rich
,
Albo
and
Bodia
.
Finland
.
Narve
,
both
of
great
strength
;
also
those
two
strong
Cities
of
Veburg
and
Ruiallia
,
which
cost
the
Sweden
100000
crownes
yearely
the
keeping
,
by
nature
defending
his
owne
,
and
offending
his
Enemies
Teritories
.
In
Gothland
stands
the
chiefe
City
of
this
kingdome
,
Stockholme
,
Gothland
.
seated
in
the
waters
,
after
the
manner
of
Venice
,
and
the
residence
of
the
Sweden
King
,
next
Lodusi●…
a
towne
of
great
trafficke
,
then
Waldburge
and
Colmar
,
two
impregnable
Cities
.
In
Sweden
are
the
chiefe
Cities
of
Vpsall
a
Bishopricke
,
second
Sweden
.
Nicopea
,
a
sea
town
of
good
strength
;
third
Copperdole
,
most
famous
for
its
abundance
of
brasse
,
which
is
here
in
such
plenty
,
that
there
are
found
400
brasse
pieces
in
the
castle
of
Stockholme
;
under
which
I
will
comprehend
the
trade
of
Sweden
.
CHAP.
CCXVIII
.
Of
Stockholme
and
the
trade
thereof
.
BEcause
I
intend
upon
the
generall
trade
of
Eastland
to
handle
some
particular
Cities
belonging
to
the
Stockholme
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
crowne
of
Sweden
therefore
I
shall
be
the
briefer
upon
the
trade
of
this
City
of
Stockholme
the
Metropolis
of
this
kingdome
.
Stockholme
then
being
the
residence
of
this
King
,
whose
armes
of
late
were
so
prevalent
in
Germany
is
accounted
famous
in
those
Northerne
regions
for
the
great
concourse
of
Merchants
and
traffique
here
daily
practised
,
seated
in
watry
marishes
,
after
the
manner
of
Venetia
,
and
supposed
to
be
built
upon
piles
,
and
therefore
beares
in
their
language
some
construction
thereof
,
which
not
unproperly
may
beare
in
our
ancient
English
the
same
sense
:
It
is
situated
in
part
upon
the
lake
of
Meller
,
and
in
part
on
the
East
sea
,
out
of
which
the
great
trade
of
shipping
to
this
place
doth
come
and
enter
by
a
deepe
and
narrow
channell
,
spacious
and
commodious
for
ships
of
the
greatest
burthen
;
but
the
fort
of
Waxholme
on
the
one
side
of
the
passage
,
and
the
fort
of
Digne
so
fitly
seated
opposite
to
the
same
in
the
narrowest
of
the
gut
and
straight
,
command
the
whole
channell
,
and
guard
the
lake
and
City
,
and
no
Vessell
is
suffered
either
to
goe
in
or
out
,
but
here
have
their
conge
and
admission
:
It
is
besides
fortified
with
a
strong
castle
,
wherein
is
found
for
the
defence
thereof
foure
hundred
pieces
of
brasse
Artillery
;
and
for
the
beauty
therof
,
it
is
adorned
with
many
goodly
private
and
publike
bu●…ldings
,
the
Kings
palace
being
more
renowned
for
the
antiquity
,
than
stately
structure
thereof
.
The
Commodities
for
transportation
found
in
this
City
are
Commodities
of
Stockholme
.
principally
Iron
,
Steele
,
Copper
,
Wyer
,
all
sorts
of
graines
,
Lead
and
other
Mineralls
,
Honey
,
Waxe
,
Tallowe
,
Hides
,
and
the
like
:
which
is
hence
dispersed
into
all
parts
of
these
Northerne
Climats
.
The
Moneyes
in
use
generally
currant
throughout
the
Kingdome
Monies
currant
in
Swethland
.
of
Sweden
,
is
the
Doller
,
which
is
divided
into
markes
,
and
eight
markes
makes
a
doller
,
and
this
marke
is
divided
into
clipping
,
so
that
two
clippings
make
a
marke
,
and
a
clipping
is
accounted
for
9½
stivers
Flemish
,
and
by
this
doller
they
exchange
with
other
neighbouring
Countreyes
,
and
it
is
valued
in
sterling
money
at
(
)
The
weight
in
use
or
this
place
is
the
pound
,
and
the
100
pound
Weights
of
Stockholme
.
of
London
hath
produced
here
116
li.
they
have
here
also
two
shipponds
,
the
one
the
proper
shippond
of
this
place
,
which
is
320li
.
of
the
said
weight
,
and
the
other
shippond
is
340
li.
the
proper
shippond
of
Dansicke
of
34
stones
,
as
there
in
the
chapter
of
Dansicke
appeares
,
and
this
quintar
or
pound
is
found
to
agree
with
Narva
Riga
,
Revell
,
Dansicke
,
and
some
townes
of
trade
in
the
Balticke
sea
.
The
common
measure
of
length
here
used
is
the
Ell
,
and
is
the
Measure
of
Stockholme
.
same
in
all
Sweden
,
except
some
principall
townes
of
this
tract
hereafter
noted
,
and
the
100
yards
of
London
doth
produce
166
ells
&
〈◊〉
,
but
note
that
in
Barrow
in
Sweden
this
ell
is
found
to
be
very
uncertaine
,
for
the
bignes
of
a
mans
head
is
measured
about
with
a
rope
,
and
this
they
account
for
an
ell
,
so
that
here
a
great
head
may
bee
some
benefit
to
a
Merchant
,
for
by
this
rule
the
greatest
loggerhead
shall
have
consequently
the
largest
measure
.
Corne
is
here
sold
by
a
measure
,
called
a
Loop
,
23
loops
doth
make
a
Of
Corne.
Last
in
Amsterdam
,
or
10
quarters
in
London
.
CHAP.
CCXIX.
Of
Moscovia
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
MOSCOVIA
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Moscovia
and
the
Cities
therof
.
Tartaria
,
on
the
West
with
Livonia
,
Lituania
,
and
part
of
Sweden
;
on
the
North
with
the
fr●…
Ocean
,
and
on
the
South
with
the
Caspian
sea
the
Turkes
,
and
Palus
Meotis
.
This
countrey
affoordeth
for
Merchandise
Commodities
of
Moscovia
.
Furres
of
many
sorts
,
Flax
,
Hempe
,
Whales
grease
,
Honey
,
Wax
,
Canvas
,
Ropes
,
Cables
,
Caviare
,
Astracan
bides
,
Tallow
,
raw
bides
,
and
B●…gars
.
The
many
rivers
that
are
found
to
bee
in
this
Countrey
,
doth
Famous
Rivers
of
Moscovia
.
much
further
trading
in
generall
;
First
,
Tanais
,
which
disburdeneth
it selfe
into
Palus
Meotis
;
secondly
,
Duino
,
which
entreth
into
the
Scythian
seas
at
the
Abbey
of
S.
〈◊〉
,
where
our
English
since
the
discoverie
of
the
Northerne
passage
,
use
to
land
and
disperse
themselves
into
all
parts
of
this
vaste
Empire
.
Thirdly
,
Boristenes
that
entreth
into
Pontus
Euxinus
.
Fourthly
,
Onega
,
which
openeth
it selfe
into
the
Baltique
sea
.
And
lastly
,
Volga
,
which
with
no
lesse
than
70
mouthes
disgorgeth
it selfe
into
the
Caspian
.
This
Empire
is
divided
into
9
principall
Provinces
,
which
together
with
the
chiefe
townes
thereof
,
I
shall
onely
touch
.
Novogradia
is
the
first
,
the
chiefe
Towne
being
Novegrade
,
seated
on
the
Dunia
,
and
once
one
of
the
foure
ancient
Mart-townes
of
Novograde
.
1.
Europe
,
now
of
late
decaied
since
the
discovery
of
the
new
passage
unto
the
towne
of
S.
Nicholas
by
the
river
of
Obye.
Plescovia
is
the
second
,
wherein
is
the
Citie
Plescoue
,
the
onely
Plescovia
.
2.
walled
Citie
in
Moscovia
,
and
yet
of
no
great
eminence
.
Valadomira
is
the
next
,
having
also
a
towne
of
that
name
.
Valadomira
.
3.
Rhesan
is
the
fourth
,
wonderfull
plentifull
in
Corne
,
that
neither
Rhesan
.
4.
can
birds
fly
,
nor
horses
run
through
it
for
thicknesse
,
the
chiefe
towne
Rhesan
was
the
Metropolis
of
Russia
,
it
is
the
first
part
of
Moscovia
,
abounding
in
Graine
,
H●…y
,
Fish
,
and
Fowle
without
number
.
Servia
is
the
fifth
,
the
chiefe
townes
are
Staradub
and
Pativola
.
Permia
is
the
sixth
,
the
chiefe
Citie
is
Sick●…iardley
,
abounding
in
Servia
.
5.
Permia
.
6.
Stagges
.
Candora
is
the
seventh
.
Candora
.
Petrosa
is
the
eighth
:
in
both
these
countries
the
inhabitants
doe
Petrosa
.
live
under
ground
,
and
have
for
halfe
the
yeare
together
perpetuall
day
,
and
the
other
halfe
yeare
perpetuall
night
,
as
situated
beyond
the
Artique
.
Moscovia
is
the
ninth
,
and
so
named
of
the
principall
Citie
of
Moscovia
.
Mosco
,
being
about
five
miles
round
,
having
therein
16
Churches
,
of
which
the
one
halfe
are
made
of
wood
and
durt
,
as
most
of
the
houses
are
:
the
Emperours
palace
standeth
in
the
middest
,
and
Mosco
.
fortified
with
three
Bulwarkes
and
17
turrets
,
and
continually
guarded
with
25000
Souldiers
.
This
is
the
most
populous
province
of
all
this
great
Empire
:
for
it
extendeth
2000
miles
in
length
.
Besides
these
,
there
are
yet
some
petty
provinces
wherein
are
Smalensko
.
found
the
townes
of
Smalensko
,
then
Toropiers
,
next
Coloprigod
,
Landiskron
,
and
some
others
of
lesser
note
,
which
I
willingly
omit
,
till
my
information
be
better
.
The
trade
of
the
English
was
here
begun
in
the
time
of
Queene
Elizabeth
of
England
,
and
Basiliades
King
in
this
Countrey
,
about
the
yeare
1575
,
and
within
ten
yeares
after
it
was
perfectly
setled
;
and
because
the
trade
of
Moscovia
is
confined
to
a
small
circuit
in
these
vaste
dominions
,
it
will
not
bee
improper
that
I
comprehend
the
same
under
the
title
of
the
Metropolis
of
this
kingdome
Mosco
.
CHAP.
CCXX
.
Of
Mosco
and
the
trade
thereof
.
MOSCO
is
the
Metropolis
of
all
this
Mosco
and
the
trade
thereof
.
large
kingdome
,
to
the
which
the
Emperour
some
yeares
past
repaired
,
as
most
fit
for
the
government
of
so
large
an
Empire
,
accounted
the
midst
of
all
his
dominions
.
It
is
pleasantly
seated
on
the
river
Mosca
,
running
into
Tanais
,
where
it
loseth
its
name
,
and
passing
Assow
,
disgorgeth
it selfe
into
the
Palus
Meotis
,
&
so
to
the
Euxine
.
About
fiftie
yeares
past
,
it
was
esteemed
ten
miles
in
circuit
,
and
in
its
height
of
greatnesse
then
burned
by
the
Tartars
,
wherein
80000
persons
were
consumed
,
and
since
reduced
to
five
miles
compasse
,
beautified
with
16
Churches
,
some
of
stones
,
some
of
timber
and
earth
,
and
with
the
Palace
of
the
great
Duke
situated
in
the
very
heart
thereof
,
enriched
with
the
branches
of
two
rivers
for
use
and
ornament
,
which
water
two
strong
forts
that
defend
the
place
.
At
the
Abby
of
S.
Nicholas
the
Patron
of
this
country
upon
the
river
of
S.
Nicholas
.
Dunia
,
or
Obby
,
the
English
Merchants
use
to
land
,
and
thence
disperse
themselves
to
Smalensko
,
Novo
groad
,
hither
and
into
all
the
other
parts
of
this
vast
Empire
,
amongst
whom
they
finde
kinde
entertainment
,
and
by
the
favour
of
the
Prince
,
have
larger
immunities
granted
unto
them
than
to
anyother
nation
,
their
traffiquing
attributed
to
the
never
dying
fame
of
Queene
Elizabeth
in
whose
dayes
the
trade
was
here
first
setled
;
and
to
the
plausible
behaviour
of
the
English
Merchants
ingenerall
.
The
Merchants
here
are
observed
to
keepe
their
accounts
in
severall
Accounts
in
Moscovia
.
manner
;
some
,
as
the
English
,
by
Rubbles
and
pence
,
or
as
the
inhabitants
terme
them
,
Muskofkins
,
200
whereof
making
a
Rubble
,
which
is
accounted
2
Rix
Dollers
.
Some
againe
,
as
the
Dutch
,
and
other
nations
,
by
Rubbles
,
Grevens
,
and
Moskofkins
or
pence
,
accounting
20
pence
to
a
greven
,
and
ten
grevens
to
a
Rubble
,
which
is
most
in
use
here
,
this
Rubble
being
found
an
imaginary
coyne
,
&
not
reall
.
The
currant
monies
here
is
a
Capecke
,
in
value
a
stiver
Flemish
,
and
Co●…nes
currant
in
Moscovia
.
somewhat
more
than
an
English
peny
:
for
ten
Capeckes
is
a
grevene
,
which
the
English
call
12
pence
sterlin
,
because
that
ten
grevens
is
a
Rubble
,
which
is
10
shillings
sterlin
.
Three
Capeckes
they
call
an
Altine
,
by
which
name
all
receipts
and
payments
are
made
in
bargaining
and
contracts
,
33
Altines
and
one
Capecke
making
a
Rubble
.
At
Archangel
is
found
practised
amongst
the
Merchants
an
Exchange
Exchange
at
Archangell
.
for
Monies
,
rising
and
falling
,
according
as
the
Russe
Monies
are
observed
to
be
plentifull
or
scarce
:
the
English
sometimes
among
themselves
giving
11
shillings
,
and
11
shillings
6
pence
sterlin
in
England
for
the
Rubble
here
;
and
the
monies
commonly
taken
there
in
August
,
to
be
paid
in
London
the
last
of
December
following
.
The
weight
of
Moscovia
common
in
use
is
the
Pood
for
fine
goods
,
Waight
of
Mescovia
.
and
the
Bercovet
for
grosse
goods
,
the
one
being
derived
from
the
other
.
By
the
Pood
is
weighed
Silke
Bever-wooll
,
Yefts
,
&c.
and
is
accounted
for
40
pound
Russe
weight
:
and
three
pood
hath
been
observed
to
make
112
pound
English
,
which
by
this
computation
should
make
37⅓
,
pound
haberdupois
,
and
all
goods
there
bought
by
the
pood
is
10
per
cent
.
losse
in
England
.
By
the
Bercovet
is
weighed
Tallow
,
Hempe
,
Cable-yarne
,
Coile
,
or
Lard-ropes
,
and
all
grosse
commodities
,
and
is
a
Russe
Ship-pound
:
10
poods
makes
a
Bercovet
,
which
makes
360
pounds
sutle
haberdupois
,
so
that
all
goods
being
bought
there
by
the
Bercovet
or
Ship-pound
is
held
10
per
cent
.
profit
:
for
commonly
the
English
Merchants
reckon
the
over-weight
to
pay
the
fraight
of
the
same
goods
so
bought
.
The
measure
in
length
here
generally
used
,
is
called
an
Archine
,
Measures
in
Moscovia
.
being
a
Brabant
ell
and
½
a
nayle
,
or
something
more
than
●…of
an
English
yard
,
reckoned
by
the
English
Merchants
there
resident
two
per
cent
.
more
,
and
may
be
in
circa
28
inches
,
so
that
the
100
Archines
may
produce
in
London
77
in
78
yards
,
and
the
100
yards
bee
here
128●…
Archine
,
or
thereabout
.
The
native
commodities
of
this
countrey
in
generall
I
have
already
Commodities
of
Moscovia
.
nominated
,
it
will
not
be
amisse
I
should
more
particularly
view
them
and
the
ordinarie
rates
they
carry
in
price
,
together
with
the
particular
markes
whereby
their
goodnesse
and
qualitie
is
discerned
.
Their
most
precious
commodities
and
merchandise
hence
exported
by
forraignenations
,
are
their
rich
Furres
,
the
principall
is
the
Sables
,
bought
commonly
by
the
Tymber
,
which
containes
40
skins
,
Sables
.
which
must
be
large
and
well
coloured
,
and
are
found
of
all
prices
,
as
in
goodnesse
,
from
15
to
20●…
Robbles
the
Tymber
.
Black
Fox
skins
is
knowne
amongst
all
Northerne
Merchants
for
the
richest
Furre
in
the
world
,
and
is
here
found
in
great
store
,
bearing
Black
Fox
.
price
as
in
largenesse
and
growth
from
5
to
200
Robbles
peece
.
Otter
skins
are
here
found
plenty
,
by
reason
of
the
many
rivers
of
Otters
.
this
countrey
,
accounted
the
region
of
springs
and
streames
,
sold
by
the
Tymber
of
40
skins
,
from
5
Robbles
to
40
Robbles
the
Tymber
.
Minikins
are
also
sold
by
the
Tymber
of
40
skins
,
and
commonly
sold
about
6
Robbles
the
Timber
.
Minikins
.
Martins
are
also
sold
by
the
tymber
of
40
skins
about
15
Robbles
the
Martins
.
tymber
,
rising
as
found
in
richnesse
of
haire
.
Ermins
sold
also
by
the
Tymber
of
40
skins
,
about
2
Robbles
per
Ermins
.
tymber
.
Grawerte
or
Squirrels
sold
by
the
thousand
,
as
in
goodnesse
from
14
Robbles
to
30
Robbles
the
thousand
.
Squirels
.
Red
Foxes
by
the
10
skins
,
at
12
to
15
Nobbles
the
10
skins
.
Foxes
red
and
white
and
dun
.
White
Foxes
by
the
piece
about
5
Altins
the
piece
.
Dun
Foxes
by
the
piece
,
about
40
Altins
the
piece
,
Sable
rands
sold
by
the
paire
,
from
2
to
6
Robbles
the
paire
.
Bever
wooll
is
a
Staple
commoditie
also
of
this
kingdome
,
and
sold
by
the
pound
about
2●…
Robbles
per
pound
.
Bever
.
Bever
Wombes
also
by
the
pound
,
being
a
thin
skin
&
well
grown
,
is
commonly
worth
1½
Robble
per
pound
.
These
are
the
ordinary
Furres
which
their
Northerne
clymate
affoords
for
Merchandise
,
the
next
found
here
are
these
.
Yellow
Wax
is
here
found
made
by
the
industry
of
the
Bee
and
hands
of
man
in
great
aboundance
,
sold
by
the
pood
,
which
is
40
Bee
Wax
.
pound
here
,
the
hardest
and
best
coloured
beares
price
here
commonly
about
4
in
5
Robbles
the
pood
.
Tallow
is
sold
by
the
Berquet
,
which
is
10
poode
,
being
clean
white
Tallow
.
and
hard
about
7
in
8
Robles
the
berquet
.
Tarre
is
sold
by
the
Hogshead
,
being
thicke
as
the
best
is
commonly
Tarre
.
worth
(
)
per
Hogshead
of
(
)
gallons
English.
Trayne
oyle
is
sold
by
the
Barrel
,
which
is
halfe
a
hogshead
,
and
discerned
Traine
.
by
its
clearnesse
without
grounds
,
and
of
a
whitish
colour
about
4
robble
per
Barrel
of
gallons
English.
Hempe
is
sold
by
the
berquet
of
10
poods
being
cleane
and
greene
Hempe
.
beares
price
commonly
from
3
to
5
Robles
the
10
pood
.
Flax
is
sold
by
the
Bercovet
the
bright
silver
colour
is
held
the
best
,
Flax.
commonly
about
7
robbles
the
Bercovet
.
Cable
yarne
is
sold
by
the
Bercovet
,
and
being
well
spun
,
round
and
Cable
yarne
.
not
too
much
twisted
from
67½
robble
the
Bercovet
.
Coyles
or
Tard
ropes
by
the
Bercovet
about
7
robbles
the
Bercovet
:
Coiles
.
where
note
,
that
the
English
and
other
nations
hither
trading
,
buy
here
great
quantity
of
Hempe
,
and
spin
it
out
there
into
yarn
,
to
save
the
charges
of
fraight
:
every
1000
pood
doth
cost
about
100
or
110
robbles
charges
;
and
if
the
hempe
prove
good
,
there
is
found
neere
●…losse
,
if
bad
,
so
much
more
,
and
worth
,
being
in
Cable
yarne
,
as
I
said
above
from
6
to
7●…
robbles
the
Bercovet
.
Dryed
Cow-hides
being
large
and
weightie
,
are
sold
by
the
hundred
Cowe
hides
.
hide
,
worth
from
40
to
44
robbles
the
hundred
.
Red
Evits
by
the
paire
at
2½
rubbles
per
paire
,
and
sometimes
sold
Evyts
.
by
the
pood
,
at
40
robbles
per
pood
:
and
note
that
the
white
are
commonly
worst
esteemed
b●…
〈◊〉
in
price
.
Losh
hides
are
sold
by
the
piece
,
the
largest
and
not
worm-eaten
Losh
hids
.
is
the
best
,
from
6
grevens
to
5
rubbles
the
piece
,
as
in
goodnesse
.
Duckes
feathers
sold
by
the
pood
,
as
in
goodnesse
from
3
to
5
rubble
,
Feathers
.
the
pood
.
Caviare
is
also
a
principall
commoditie
here
sold
by
the
pood
,
and
Caviar
.
commonly
worth
40
Altines
the
pood
.
Course
Linnen
is
made
here
in
great
quantitie
sold
by
the
1000
Archine
Linnens
.
of
½
yard
,
and
¼
the
broad
from
15
to
20
robbles
the
1000
Archine
,
as
it
is
found
in
finenesse
.
Some
other
commodities
this
countrey
affoordeth
which
I
omit
,
as
of
no
great
consequence
.
CHAP.
CCXXI
.
Of
the
trade
in
generall
of
Moscovia
.
THE
excellent
commoditie
of
the
great
Rivers
Of
the
trade
in
generall
of
Moscovia
.
that
in
all
places
of
this
large
Empire
are
found
to
water
and
enrich
this
Countrey
,
should
much
incite
this
nation
to
the
trade
of
Merchandise
;
but
it
is
often
found
,
that
where
nature
is
most
liberall
in
her
furtherances
,
the
inhabitants
prove
most
backward
in
their
endevours
;
the
naturall
coldnesse
of
the
clymate
inclosing
the
people
into
their
warme
stoves
,
and
the
neighbourhood
of
the
Tartars
(
who
in
some
respects
resembling
dogges
,
neither
suffering
the
Moscovians
to
traffique
,
nor
yet
traffique
themselves
)
by
their
continuall
harrying
of
the
countrey
,
and
the
often
incursions
and
warres
of
the
Swedens
,
may
in
some
sort
serve
them
for
a
reasonable
excuse
;
yet
it
is
found
that
these
warres
prove
main
helps
somtimes
to
their
traffick
,
especially
in
Furres
,
for
their
bodies
thereby
inured
to
cold
and
hardnesse
,
make
the
pastime
of
hunting
a
profitable
exercise
in
the
worst
season
of
the
yeare
,
the
rest
of
their
Merchandise
come
to
them
very
neere
in
the
same
kinde
:
for
it
wholly
dependeth
upon
Manufactories
and
labour
for
their
cordage
,
linnens
and
yarne
they
have
from
the
earth
,
as
their
hides
,
tallow
,
and
wax
upon
the
same
:
their
Caviare
and
Traine
oyle
,
and
some
other
such
by
Fishing
,
so
that
it
may
be
supposed
they
are
more
addicted
to
husbandry
and
fishing
,
than
to
merchandising
.
The
English
about
the
yeare
of
1575
first
discovered
the
trade
,
and
found
here
good
entertainment
,
and
great
priviledges
from
the
then
raigning
Prince
,
and
the
first
discoverers
were
in
London
incorporated
into
a
Societie
of
Merchants
by
the
name
of
the
Moscovia
Companie
,
by
grant
of
Queene
Elizabeth
;
which
companie
hath
since
been
subject
to
some
alterations
and
contingencies
in
their
trade
,
by
reason
of
certaine
crosse
accidents
happening
therein
;
but
being
in
England
ordered
by
the
advice
of
a
Governour
,
Deputie
;
and
certaine
selected
Committies
,
and
in
Moscovia
by
an
Agent
,
who
regulate
Mr.
Henry
Garaway
Alderman
being
at
present
Governour
.
the
same
,
by
whose
wisedome
they
have
of
late
so
prudently
setled
their
trade
in
general
,
and
reformed
their
passed
errours
,
that
it
is
now
seene
to
flourish
,
and
in
likelihood
to
increase
daily
to
the
particular
benefite
of
that
company
,
and
the
good
both
of
this
and
that
Kingdome
in
generall
.
CHAP.
CCXXII
.
Of
Polonia
,
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
POland
is
limitted
on
the
East
with
Boristhenes
,
Poland
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
which
parteth
it
from
Moscovia
,
on
the
West
with
Vistula
,
which
parteth
it
from
Germany
,
on
the
North
with
the
Baltique
sea
and
Sinus
Frinicus
,
on
the
South
with
Hungary
.
The
chiefe
merchandise
which
this
country
Commodities
of
Poland
.
affordeth
for
transportation
,
is
Barley
,
Oates
,
Amber
,
Waxe
,
Hony
,
Hemp
,
Pitch
Tarre
,
Rosin
,
and
some
cordage
,
and
other
commodities
.
The
chiefe
rivers
,
is
first
Vistula
,
navigable
400.
miles
,
and
endeth
Rivers
of
Poland
.
in
the
Baltique
sea
,
Niger
,
Ruben
,
Bog
,
Mimel
,
and
others
.
The
Provinces
are
counted
to
be
11.
and
the
principall
Townes
therein
are
as
followeth
.
Luconia
is
the
first
,
in
length
500
miles
,
in
bredth
160
miles
,
where
are
Riga
an
Archbishopricke
,
2
Derpt
,
a
towne
of
great
commerce
,
Ruialia
Luconia
.
and
Narve
,
two
strong
townes
.
Lituania
is
the
second
,
abounding
in
beasts
,
which
yeeld
the
inhabitants
Lituania
.
furs
for
commodities
,
the
chiefe
cities
are
Vilna
,
second
Vilcomire
and
Brestia
.
Volinia
is
the
third
,
wherein
is
found
Kiovia
and
Circassta
.
Volinia
.
Samogitia
is
the
fourth
,
the
chiefe
towne
is
Camia
.
Samogitia
.
Podolia
is
the
fifth
,
affording
three
harvests
of
one
sowing
,
the
Podolia
.
chiefe
city
is
Camiensa
,
held
invincible
,
seated
on
high
rocks
,
Orkacow
,
Wincecsa
,
and
others
.
Russia
Nigra
is
the
sixth
wherein
is
found
,
Leinburge
,
Grodeck
,
&c.
Russia
.
Prussia
or
Spruce
,
wherein
is
upon
the
Sea-coast
Amber
found
,
the
Prussia
.
chiefe
cities
are
Dansicke
a
famous
Mart
,
especially
for
all
sorts
of
graine
,
1000
measures
,
whereof
being
here
daily
sold
,
2
Regiomount
,
or
Conisberge
,
a
famous
Vniversity
.
3
Heilsperge
,
4
Manberge
,
5
Angenberge
,
6
Cul●…e
,
and
others
.
Podlasia
is
the
8
wherein
is
Ticocksin
,
the
place
where
the
Kings
Podlasia
.
treasure
is
reserved
,
Biesco
,
K●…isen
,
and
others
.
Masovia
is
the
9
,
the
prime
city
being
Marckesowe
.
Masovia
.
Poland
is
the
10
wherein
is
the
Metropolis
of
Polonia
which
is
Cracovia
,
seated
pleasantly
on
the
river
Vistula
,
here
is
also
the
cities
of
Poland
.
Lublin
,
Guisua
,
Siradia
and
others
,
and
of
the
principall
of
these
,
or
others
seated
in
this
Tract
,
as
followeth
.
CHAP.
CCXXII
.
Of
Cracovia
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
CRacovia
is
the
chiefe
and
Metropolis
of
all
the
Kingdome
Cracovia
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
of
Poland
where
the
King
and
his
Councell
have
their
continuall
residence
;
it
is
seated
in
a
plaine
,
having
mountaines
on
all
sides
,
but
somewhat
distant
,
it
is
compassed
with
two
strong
walls
of
stone
,
and
a
dry
ditch
,
the
building
is
very
faire
,
of
free-stone
4
stories
high
,
but
covered
with
tiles
of
wood
or
shingles
,
it
is
of
round
forme
,
in
the
midst
whereof
stands
a
large
quadrangular
marquet
place
,
wherein
is
seated
the
Cathedrall
Church
,
and
the
Senate
house
for
the
city
,
about
which
are
many
shops
for
Merchants
,
upon
the
East
side
of
the
city
,
is
the
Kings
castle
,
faire
and
well
built
on
a
hill
,
lying
open
on
the
South
side
,
without
any
building
above
the
wall
,
on
the
East
side
are
the
King
and
Queens
lodgings
,
on
the
North
side
lodgings
for
feasting
,
on
the
West
a
Chappel
where
the
Kings
are
interred
:
it
hath
not
receiv'd
any
great
fame
for
merch●…ndising
,
many
Scotch-men
have
attained
to
some
estate
here
by
trading
,
but
it
may
more
properly
be
called
pedlerising
than
merchandising
,
for
they
have
a
moveable
Magasin
which
they
transport
by
horse
,
from
towne
to
towne
wherein
their
commodities
are
inclosed
;
and
not
a
few
such
are
found
to
have
begun
this
traffique
at
first
by
their
backes
,
and
afterwards
by
horses
,
their
coynes
currant
with
their
weights
and
measures
I
will
here
insert
.
It
is
not
above
300
yeeres
since
the
Polonians
used
silver
coynes
stamped
;
for
before
that
time
,
they
did
traffique
with
little
pieces
Coynes
currant
in
Polonia
.
of
uncoyned
silver
,
and
by
the
exchange
of
skins
,
and
other
such
commodities
,
but
at
this
day
they
make
all
contracts
by
silver
guildens
,
but
have
no
such
reall
coyne
amongst
them
,
the
coynes
currant
are
these
:
A
Gold
Ducket
,
knowne
by
the
name
of
Polander
is
of
the
same
valew
which
the
Hungarian
Ducket
,
and
worth
70
polish
grosse
,
a
silver
Guilden
or
Florin
is
worth
30
polish
groshe
,
which
is
2
shillings
starling
,
a
doller
in
specie
is
worth
40
polish
groshe
;
but
in
all
contracts
for
buying
and
selling
,
the
doller
is
accounted
36
groshe
:
a
Creitzer
is
worth
3
potchanels
,
18
deniers
make
1
grosh
:
〈◊〉
grosh
of
Poland
or
Bohemia
,
is
worth
7
potchanels
:
16
whites
make
one
Ort
,
4
Orts
make
a
doller
,
valewed
in
starling
mony
foure
shillings
foure
pence
.
The
common
weight
of
Cracovia
is
the
pound
,
136ˡ'
whereof
i●…
Weights
of
Cracovia
.
here
accompted
a
Quintar
,
which
makes
in
London
,
114ˡ'
circa
,
and
the
100ˡ'
of
London
,
hath
yeelded
here
about
120ˡ'
but
the
common
pound
is
reduced
to
a
stone
of
40ˡ'
to
a
stone
,
and
to
a
shippond
,
which
is
ten
of
the
said
stones
.
The
common
measure
of
length
is
—
an
ell
which
is
〈◊〉
an
English
Measures
of
Cracovia
.
ell
,
but
they
sell
their
linnen
by
shockes
which
produceth
57½
ells
English
the
shocke
.
CHAP.
CCXXIV.
Of
Dantzke
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
DAntzke
is
a
very
faire
City
,
standing
at
the
foot
of
a
great
mountaine
that
hangs
over
it
,
the
famous
river
Vistula
Dantzke
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
passing
by
it
on
the
East
side
,
and
running
towards
the
North
,
falls
into
the
Baltique
sea
,
a
little
Brooke
enters
the
City
on
the
South
side
,
and
runs
through
it
toward
the
North
,
affording
many
commodities
to
the
City
:
as
first
a
faire
water
Conduit
,
where
by
a
Mill
the
waters
are
drawne
into
a
Cesterne
,
and
thence
by
pipes
serving
every
private
citizens
house
,
then
a
Corne
mill
for
the
Senate
(
besides
their
private
mils
)
which
affords
them
in
every
houre
a
golden
guilden
throughout
the
yeere
to
their
publike
treasury
,
and
besides
many
other
mills
;
it
hath
one
for
sawing
of
boords
and
timber
,
having
an
iron
wheele
,
which
not
onely
driveth
the
●…aw
,
but
hooketh
in
,
and
turneth
the
boords
to
the
saw
without
the
helpe
of
hands
;
the
corne
Garners
of
this
towne
are
also
faire
,
remarkeable
and
many
in
number
,
wherein
the
citizens
do
lay
up
the
●…orne
comming
out
of
Poland
,
and
according
to
the
wants
of
Europe
,
●…arry
it
into
many
Kingdomes
,
and
many
times
relieve
fruitfull
Provinces
in
time
of
casuall
dearth
,
into
which
Garners
under
a
great
penalty
no
man
may
carry
either
fire
or
candle
lighted
,
by
a
Law
enacted
amongst
them
.
The
city
is
compassed
with
one
wall
,
yet
containes
three
severall
cities
,
governed
by
three
distinct
Senates
,
out
of
which
one
chiefe
●…nate
is
chosen
to
governe
the
whole
City
,
and
according
to
the
Romane
superstition
they
have
St.
George
for
their
Protector
,
whose
●…ed
crosse
they
carry
,
in
their
flags
,
as
doth
also
England
,
Genoa
in
Ita●…
,
and
the
Island
,
Scio
,
in
the
arches
;
the
City
is
seated
about
one
●…glish
mile
from
the
Baltique
shoare
,
the
port
being
called
Dermind
,
●…here
the
ships
of
burthen
doe
ride
to
lade
and
unlade
their
com●…odities
;
and
the
City
being
acknowledged
,
a
free
towne
is
found
〈◊〉
coyne
monies
,
which
as
I
finde
observed
,
I
shall
note
here
,
toge●…her
with
the
weights
and
measures
here
in
use
.
Their
accompts
are
kept
here
in
sundry
manners
;
the
common
●…eing
by
polish
Guilders
of
30
grosse
and
12
pence
to
a
groshe
.
Accounts
kept
in
Dansicke
.
But
Merchants
buy
commodities
here
by
the
great
Marke
of
60
grosse
,
●…nd
by
the
lesser
of
15
grosse
,
and
also
by
the
doller
of
35
grosse
,
of
〈◊〉
stivers
the
grosse
.
Their
monies
currant
being
thus
accompted
:
One
great
marke
Coines
currant
in
Dansicke
.
〈◊〉
two
polish
Guilders
;
one
polish
guilder
,
is
worth
two
lesser
●…arkes
;
one
lesser
marke
worth
15
grosse
,
and
the
grosse
18
pence
,
●…esides
which
,
they
coine
Hungarian
duckets
of
gold
,
as
they
doe
〈◊〉
Poland
,
and
they
have
two
coynes
in
gold
called
a
milres
,
and
halfe
〈◊〉
milres
;
and
each
milres
is
three
dollers
and
two
ses●…int
,
36
polish
grosse
●…aking
here
a
doller
.
The
weight
of
Dansicke
in
use
is
the
pound
for
fine
goods
,
the
100ˡ'
Wei●…hts
of
Dantzke
.
〈◊〉
London
making
here
116
l
'
.
Besides
which
,
they
have
a
skippond
and
●…pond
thus
distinguished
;
16
marke
pound
is
one
lispond
,
and
20
●…pond
makes
one
skippond
by
the
small
stone
of
24ˡ'
for
spices
&c.
But
they
have
also
a
great
stone
to
weigh
grosse
wares
,
as
Flaxe
,
●…xe
,
and
the
like
of
34ˡ'
whereof
10ˡ'
to
the
skippond
of
340
l
'
.
The
measure
for
length
of
this
City
,
is
the
ell
,
the
100
ells
whereof
Measures
of
Dansicke
.
makes
in
London
about
49
ells
,
and
the
100
yards
of
London
doth
here
render
162
or
163
ells
incirca
.
The
measure
of
Beere
in
Dansicke
is
the
fatt
which
containes
180
stoopes
which
is
accompted
81
stoopes
of
Antwerp
.
The
measure
of
corne
here
,
is
the
Last
which
containes
61
shepells
,
56
whereof
makes
a
Last
in
Amsterdam
,
or
10¼
quarternes
English
London
,
4
sheppells
make
one
mudd
,
which
is
the
shippond
before
mentioned
of
34
l
'
.
Merchants
for
the
most
part
throughout
all
Eastland
are
found
to
Accompts
in
Eastland
.
keepe
their
accompts
in
Florins
,
or
Guilderns
and
in
groshes
and
deniers
,
accompting
12
deniers
to
the
groshe
,
and
20
groshe
to
the
Guilderne
or
Florine
.
CHAP.
CCXXVI
.
Of
Elbin
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
ELbin
is
but
a
small
,
yet
a
faire
City
,
and
of
late
daies
i●…
compassed
with
walls
,
growne
great
and
large
by
the
trade
and
residence
of
the
English
merchants
,
which
Elbin
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
since
,
upon
some
grievance
and
discontentment
are
hence
removed
:
in
this
City
lies
the
grosse
of
the
trade
of
Prussen
,
especially
for
all
the
gruffe
goods
of
that
Dukedome
;
it
once
appertained
to
the
Tentonique
knights
,
but
now
to
the
Kings
of
Poland
,
and
who
for
the
present
,
the
citizens
acknowledge
for
their
Protector
,
and
otherwise
it
yeelds
him
but
little
obedience
,
being
of
it selfe
a
free
City
:
from
this
City
towards
the
North-east
,
is
a
channell
that
runneth
up
to
Coninxburghe
,
the
seat
of
the
Dukes
of
Prusland
,
by
which
all
commodities
are
transported
and
conveyed
from
the
one
to
the
other
.
The
coines
currant
,
and
the
manner
of
their
accompts
here
kept
,
I
have
touched
before
,
and
the
weight
in
use
in
this
place
,
is
the
Weights
of
Elbin
.
pound
40
whereof
makes
the
stone
,
and
10
stone
of
40ˡ'
makes
the
shippond
,
which
is
400
l
'
,
which
is
350ˡ'
of
their
great
weight
,
and
the
100ˡ'
of
London
hath
beene
found
to
make
here
120
l
'
.
The
Last
of
Wheate
is
here
accompted
for
5200ˡ'
The
measure
of
length
in
this
place
in
use
,
is
the
Ell
,
and
the
10●…
yards
of
London
is
found
to
make
here
163
ells
.
There
are
also
in
this
Measures
of
Elbin
.
Tract
found
for
eminent
cities
of
trade
,
Coninxburghe
,
Stettin
,
Starlsont
,
Reuel
,
Rhiga
,
of
which
a
word
or
two
,
and
first
of
Coninxburgh
.
CHAP.
CCXXVI
.
Of
Coninxburgh
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
COninxburgh
,
vulgarly
Queensburgh
,
and
in
Italian
Coninxburgh
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Mont
Royall
,
is
the
Metropolis
of
this
Dutchie
,
seated
upon
an
In-let
of
the
Baltique
sea
,
and
washed
with
the
pleasant
river
of
Piegol
,
it
is
found
to
have
an
Academie
for
Sciences
,
and
well
stored
with
Merchants
from
all
the
Northerne
parts
of
the
world
;
and
here
the
Merchants
of
Prusen
keepe
their
Factors
for
the
venting
of
their
in-land
commodities
:
upon
this
shore
is
also
found
in
some
quantitie
that
excellent
Amber
,
which
the
inhabitants
call
Bernstein
,
which
in
English
may
bee
translated
the
Burning
stone
,
of
which
some
writers
make
three
sorts
,
the
first
comming
from
certaine
Gummie
trees
,
the
second
made
by
art
of
gold
and
silver
,
and
other
ingredients
,
and
the
third
this
sort
comming
naturally
from
the
bottome
of
these
seas
,
which
for
6
months
are
frozen
up
,
and
deny
the
sea-man
and
merchant
the
use
of
navigation
.
The
Monies
and
Accounts
here
in
use
are
mentioned
before
:
and
the
common
weight
used
amongst
Merchants
is
the
stone
,
containing
Weights
of
Coninxburg
.
40
pound
,
and
10
stone
makes
a
Ship
pound
,
of
400
pound
,
and
the
100
pound
Haberdupois
of
London
,
doth
yeeld
here
about
120
pound
,
or
121
pound
:
besides
which
,
they
have
also
the
Ship-pound
of
Dansicke
in
use
for
some
commodities
of
350
pound
,
but
this
weight
is
to
be
avoyded
by
the
stranger
,
as
being
ever
accounted
too
favourable
to
the
Citizens
.
The
common
measure
of
length
is
the
Ell
here
for
all
Commodities
Measures
of
Coninxburg
.
measurable
:
the
100
yards
of
London
hath
made
here
by
observation
166
〈◊〉
in
circa
.
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
to
have
sayd
of
this
Citie
;
from
whence
proceeding
,
I
come
next
to
Rhiga
and
Revel
two
eminent
Cities
also
in
this
tract
.
CHAP.
CCXXVII
.
Of
Rhiga
and
the
trade
thereof
.
RHIGA
is
the
principall
Citie
of
Livonia
,
or
Liffland
,
Rhiga
and
the
trade
thereof
.
seated
neere
the
Emboseure
of
the
river
Dunia
,
strengthened
with
an
exceeding
strong
wall
,
many
Ordnance
to
defend
it
against
all
enemies
,
and
bordering
upon
the
Liffeland
sea
:
it
was
formerly
the
chiefe
residence
of
the
Tentonick
Knights
,
and
then
and
now
reinforced
by
the
Garison
of
Dunmund
,
accounted
one
of
the
impregnable
fortes
of
this
Northerne
clymate
,
where
all
shippes
entring
are
searched
,
and
pay
a
certaine
Toll
,
or
Dutie
:
the
inhabitants
curious
for
the
preservation
of
their
libertie
,
acknowledge
the
King
of
Poland
for
their
Protector
,
to
whom
they
pay
a
yearly
contribution
,
but
else
are
governed
by
their
owne
ancient
lawes
and
priviledges
which
they
enjoyed
from
the
Knights
their
old
masters
,
at
the
resignation
of
this
countrey
to
that
King.
The
commodities
of
this
Countrey
for
merchandising
and
exportation
,
Commodities
of
Rhiga
.
is
Corne
,
and
graine
of
all
sorts
,
Hempe
,
Flaxe
,
Hony
,
Waxe
,
Rosen
,
Tarre
,
Horses
,
and
all
sorts
of
rich
Furres
,
as
Martins
,
Ermins
,
Sables
,
Bevers
,
and
the
like
,
not
wanting
any
necessary
for
nourishment
save
Wine
and
Oyle
,
which
forraine
nations
doe
bring
them
.
The
weight
in
use
is
the
pound
,
20
pound
whereof
makes
a
Lispound
,
Weights
of
Rhiga
.
and
20
Lispound
makes
a
Ship-pound
,
and
12
Ship-pound
being
4000
pound
,
is
accounted
a
Last
of
Rie
both
here
and
at
Nerva
,
and
the
100
pound
of
London
hath
been
observed
to
make
here
116
pound
.
The
measure
is
the
Ell
agreeing
with
the
Ell
in
use
in
Revel
,
Coninxburgh
,
Measures
of
Rhiga
.
and
Nerva
,
100
yards
London
making
166½
in
circa
.
The
coines
and
accounts
differ
not
much
here
in
value
from
the
Coines
in
Rhiga
.
others
before
mentioned
,
yet
found
to
differ
in
appellation
:
for
the
Rix
Doller
,
and
the
Marke
Lupes
is
here
all
one
,
which
makes
two
Swedens
or
common
Markes
,
and
one
Sweden
is
8
Lups
shillings
:
one
Lups
is
2
shillings
,
one
shilling
is
12
pence
,
and
one
peny
is
two
hellers
.
CHAP.
CCXXVIII
.
Of
Revel
and
the
trade
thereof
.
REVEL
is
nothing
inferiour
for
trade
to
Rhiga
,
situated
on
the
North
part
of
the
Baltique
seas
,
famoused
in
these
Revell
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Northerne
countries
for
the
safetie
and
commodiousnesse
of
the
haven
:
it
is
well
stored
of
Merchants
that
frequent
the
place
for
the
traffique
of
the
commodities
thereof
,
nominated
in
the
aforegoing
Chapter
.
The
inhabitants
stand
much
upon
their
ancient
priviledges
granted
them
by
their
old
masters
Tentonique
Knights
,
and
acknowledging
the
King
of
Swethland
for
Protector
,
to
whom
they
yeeld
obedience
,
the
keeping
of
which
cost
him
100000
Crowns
yearly
,
as
naturally
defending
his
own
,
and
offending
his
neighbours
teritories
.
This
Citie
in
one
thing
hath
a
larger
freedome
than
Rhiga
,
and
is
the
same
as
in
Lubeck
for
coyning
of
monies
,
which
they
doe
foure
square
,
yet
are
bound
to
stampe
the
same
of
the
same
worth
and
value
as
the
currant
coynes
of
Poland
,
therefore
I
shall
not
need
further
to
insist
thereupon
.
Their
common
weight
is
a
pound
,
their
Ship-pound
is
400
pound
,
Weights
of
Revell
.
and
the
100
pound
of
London
makes
here
116
pound
.
There
is
found
some
Exchanges
practised
in
these
parts
by
the
mark
Exchanges
of
Revell
.
Swedens
of
16
shil
.
and
by
the
mark
Lups
of
32
shil
.
&c.
Their
common
measure
of
length
is
the
Ell
,
agreeing
with
that
of
Measures
of
Revell
.
Coninxburgh
and
Rhiga
,
the
100
yards
London
making
by
computation
in
circa
166½
ells
here
.
Narva
also
seated
in
this
tract
,
agreeth
in
weights
and
measures
with
Revel
,
therefore
I
shall
not
need
to
insist
further
thereupon
.
CHAP.
CCXXIX
.
Of
Stralsont
and
the
trade
thereof
.
STralsont
lies
also
in
this
tract
,
and
is
found
seated
on
the
Baltique
sea
,
opposite
to
the
Iland
of
Raugie
,
Stralsont
and
the
trade
thereof
.
where
the
late
K.
of
Sweden
first
landed
in
his
invasion
of
the
Empire
:
●…it
is
now
subject
to
the
Duke
of
Pomeran
,
and
in
whose
cause
it
hath
endured
a
long
and
straight
siege
;
but
being
well
and
strongly
fortified
,
by
suffering
,
it
over-came
,
and
is
now
accounted
a
famous
Mart
in
these
Northerne
parts
for
Graine
,
Pitch
Tarre
,
Rosen
,
Hony
,
Wax
,
Hides
,
Tallow
,
and
the
like
.
Here
passeth
in
Merchandise
the
monies
of
Norway
,
Denmarke
,
Sweden
and
Germany
,
of
all
which
I
have
spoken
,
and
the
Duke
hath
also
a
peculiar
coine
,
which
is
stamped
in
equall
value
to
the
Imperial
Doller
,
as
above
is
sayd
.
The
weight
of
Stralsont
is
the
pound
,
10
whereof
is
accounted
for
Weight
of
Stralsont
.
a
stone
,
and
16
for
a
Lispound
,
and
the
100
pound
in
London
hath
produced
here
about
88
in
89
pound
.
The
measure
of
length
is
the
Ell
,
and
is
found
to
agree
with
the
Measures
of
Stralsont
.
Ell
of
Statin
,
as
is
shewed
hereafter
.
I
must
not
here
omit
a
word
in
memorie
of
the
ancient
Citie
of
Iulin
,
seated
in
this
Dutchie
,
and
which
once
was
the
principall
Citie
Iulin
.
of
trade
in
all
this
sea
:
for
here
the
Vandals
,
Saxons
,
Muscovites
,
Poloniant
,
Swedes
,
English
,
Danes
,
and
Germanes
had
their
severall
quarters
of
residencie
for
Commerce
;
and
all
the
commodities
of
these
Countries
were
brought
hither
by
these
nations
.
It
is
noted
,
that
the
inhabitants
were
the
last
of
all
these
Northerne
people
,
that
embraced
the
Christian
Religion
,
by
reason
that
being
in
the
height
of
their
prosperitie
,
perceiving
the
Gospel
of
Christ
to
thrive
and
increase
in
all
their
neighbouring
territories
,
strictly
prohibited
,
that
no
stranger
whatsoever
here
resident
,
should
embrace
the
same
,
nor
that
any
should
as
much
as
mention
any
new
religion
unto
them
;
but
in
these
latter
dayes
their
great
traffique
is
lost
,
and
they
are
become
religious
according
to
the
superstition
of
that
religion
they
use
,
and
since
have
suffered
much
by
the
vexations
of
the
continuall
warres
of
the
Danes
,
and
appeares
now
for
the
most
part
ruined
,
where
I
wil
leave
it
,
and
passe
thence
to
the
next
town
of
Pomeran
.
CHAP.
CCXXX
.
Of
Stettin
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THis
Stettin
is
the
Capitall
Citie
of
Pomeran
,
situated
Stettin
and
the
trade
thereof
.
upon
the
river
of
Oder
,
in
pleasant
&
delightsome
soyle
,
and
carrieth
in
these
Northerne
Regions
that
renowne
,
that
from
hence
the
Dukes
of
Stettin
in
Pomerland
have
their
appellation
.
The
Citie
abounds
in
all
commodities
for
merchandise
that
the
neighbouring
Countries
affoord
;
and
of
it selfe
it
yeeldeth
to
merchants
the
commodities
common
to
Prusson
,
Sweden
,
and
Polonia
.
For
its
defence
,
it
is
strengthned
on
all
sides
with
ramparts
,
ditches
,
and
good
artillery
;
the
river
of
Oder
is
beautified
with
many
usefull
and
necessary
bridges
,
the
one
whereof
is
purposely
made
to
lead
to
the
Granaries
and
store-houses
,
where
the
corne
and
graine
,
either
for
store
or
exportation
,
is
laid
up
,
and
where
their
Arsenalls
are
seated
,
in
which
their
warlike
provision
is
kept
,
and
where
vessels
of
all
sorts
both
for
the
sea
and
river
is
seene
daily
to
be
fabricated
,
beside
the
severall
Churches
&
Colledges
that
adorne
this
city
,
the
Dukes
Palace
must
be
accompted
as
the
principall
ornament
,
built
of
that
art
and
sumptuousnesse
,
that
it
gives
not
place
to
the
most
excellent
in
Italy
,
in
fine
,
Statin
is
not
to
be
accompted
the
least
of
the
hauns-townes
,
and
though
the
Prince
be
daily
there
resident
,
yet
it
proveth
no
way
prejudiciall
to
the
priviledges
thereof
.
The
commodities
of
this
City
are
for
merchandising
,
such
as
all
the
Commodities
of
Stettin
.
East
Countrey
affordeth
,
viz.
Tarre
,
Pitch
,
Rosen
,
Hony
,
Waxe
,
Hides
,
Graine
,
and
all
kind
of
Furres
.
The
weight
of
this
City
is
divided
into
two
kinds
,
derived
from
the
pound
weight
here
in
use
,
the
quintar
is
accompted
112ˡ'
of
this
Weights
of
Stettin
.
place
,
and
that
is
the
first
,
and
the
second
is
the
stone
,
which
is
also
of
two
sorts
:
as
a
stone
of
10ˡ'
being
the
small
stone
,
and
a
stone
of
21ˡ'
accompted
the
great
stone
,
and
it
hath
beene
observed
that
the
10ˡ'
of
London
Haberdupois
hath
yeelded
here
incirca
92
l
'
.
The
common
measure
in
use
for
length
is
called
the
Ell
,
as
the
usuall
denomination
thereof
in
all
the
East
parts
,
and
the
100
yards
of
Measures
of
Stettin
.
London
hath
beene
observed
to
produce
here
about
141
ells
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
to
have
said
of
these
cities
,
which
I
have
intitled
under
the
names
of
Poland
and
Eastland
,
though
in
themselves
acknowledging
severall
distinct
Princes
,
having
taken
that
liberty
to
my selfe
in
my
first
method
,
rather
narrowly
to
observe
the
maritime
shoares
and
the
principall
cities
seated
thereupon
,
though
acknowledging
divers
Soveraignes
,
than
precisely
to
follow
the
limits
and
bounds
of
Princes
dominions
according
to
the
largenesse
and
extent
of
their
command
and
power
.
CHAP.
CCXXXI
.
Of
the
Weights
and
Measures
of
Eastland
,
to
that
of
London
.
NOw
,
for
as
much
as
there
be
many
other
eminent
cities
of
trade
which
in
particular
I
have
willingly
omitted
to
handle
,
therefore
according
to
my
observed
order
I
will
contract
them
here
,
and
shew
how
the
weight
and
measures
of
London
doe
agree
,
and
are
found
to
accord
together
.
And
first
,
I
finde
it
observed
,
that
the
100ˡ'
of
haberdupois
in
London
,
doth
make
in
these
townes
following
,
viz.
in
The
agreement
of
100ˡ'
London
to
divers
of
Poland
.
|
l'
|
Stralsont
as
I
said
,
|
88
|
Statin
|
92
|
Revell
|
116
|
Dansicke
|
116
|
Coni●…xburghe
|
120
|
Rhig●…
|
116
|
Thore●…
and
Narv●…
|
116
|
Cracovia
|
120
|
Elbin
|
120
|
Wild
|
116
|
And
thus
much
shall
serve
for
the
weights
in
generall
of
Eastland
,
and
as
for
the
measures
,
take
here
the
same
observations
made
upon
Agreement
of
the
100
yards
London
to
divers
of
Poland
.
100
yards
of
London
which
produceth
in
|
Els.
|
Embde●…
|
163
|
Hamburg
|
162½
|
Brem●…
|
163
|
Lubecke
|
160
|
Munster
|
86½
|
Ossenbridges
|
84
|
Wismar
|
156½
|
Coninxburge
|
166●…
|
Rhiga
and
Revel
|
166●…
|
Rhostique
|
158
|
Gripswald
|
163
|
Donim
|
163
|
Stattin
|
141
|
Dansicke
|
163
|
Ocermond
|
141
|
Melluine
|
161
|
Nerva
|
166
arsius
.
|
CHAP.
CCXXXII
.
Of
corne
measures
of
Eastland
reduced
to
that
of
other
Countries
.
THis
Country
is
above
all
other
commodities
abounding
in
corne
,
which
hence
is
transported
into
all
parts
of
Europe
;
it
will
not
be
amisse
,
to
see
what
observations
have
been
Corne
measure
in
Eastland
.
made
upon
the
measure
thereof
,
here
in
use
,
and
concurrent
with
other
places
.
Schepels
60
in
Da●…tzke
,
make
a
Last
,
and
4
makes
a
Mudde
,
which
is
the
skippo●…d
of
340
l
'
,
as
you
finde
it
there
noted
.
Werpes
61
makes
a
Last
in
Embden
,
or
15●…
barrels
of
4
werpes
.
Schepels
90
make
a
Last
in
Hamburge
.
Schepels
96
makes
a
Last
in
Lubecke
.
Schepels
96
makes
at
Fameren
a
Last
.
Schepels
96
makes
a
Last
in
Hileger
haven
in
Denmarke
.
Barrels
42
makes
a
Last
in
Coppen-haven
.
Barrels
36
makes
a
Last
in
Ebeltorffe
donie
:
Quarters
10●…
makes
a
Last
in
London
;
but
in
lading
of
shi●…
,
quarters
five
are
accompted
for
one
tun
lading
.
Now
let
us
see
how
these
respond
together
,
and
how
these
agree
With
the
agreement
therof
with
other
countries
.
with
the
Last
of
Corne
in
Amsterdam
,
upon
which
I
finde
these
notes
,
and
that
the
same
maketh
in
Da●…zke
|
56
●…chepels
.
|
Embden
|
55
Werpe●…
.
|
〈◊〉
|
85
Schepels
.
|
Lubecke
|
85
Schepels
.
|
Fameren
|
78
Schepels
.
|
Hylegher
|
80
Schepels
.
|
Coppenhaven
|
23
small
Barrels
.
|
Ebolltorffe
|
23
Barrels
.
|
Sweden
|
23
Barrels
.
|
Coninxburgh
|
6/7
of
a
l●…st
,
for
the
6
lasts
are
7
at
Amsterdam
.
|
Melvin
|
〈◊〉
of
a
Last
.
|
Statin
|
〈◊〉
of
a
Last
.
|
Rhiga
|
42
Loopes
,
Rostique
and
Mechburgh
measure
of
Lubecke
|
Antwerpe
|
37
2
Vertales
|
Brussels
|
10½
Muden
&
Diffring
in
all
places
of
Brabant
|
Middleburgh
|
40
Sackes
41½
to
the
last
in
Zealand
.
|
Roterdam
,
Delft
.
|
87
Achtellins
.
|
Gronninghen
|
33
Muddes
.
|
London
|
10¼
quarters
and
5
quarters
to
a
Tun.
|
CHAP.
CCXXXIV
.
Of
the
trade
in
generall
of
Poland
and
Eastland
.
HAving
thus
surveyed
the
trade
of
this
Countrey
Of
the
trade
in
generall
of
Poland
and
Eastland
.
in
some
particulars
,
it
will
not
bee
amisse
to
looke
upon
it
in
the
generall
.
The
revenewes
both
of
the
King
and
Gentlemen
is
here
esteemed
but
moderate
,
and
scarce
sufficient
to
maintaine
a
plentifull
table
,
and
to
exchange
with
merchants
for
Wines
and
Spices
,
which
they
yet
much
covet
,
as
also
they
doe
forraigne
stuffes
of
Silks
and
Cloth
:
I
have
noted
that
this
kingdome
aboundeth
with
Beasts
as
well
wilde
as
tame
,
and
yeeldeth
excellent
horses
,
not
great
,
but
quicke
,
nimble
and
stirring
;
it
aboundeth
also
in
flesh
,
fowle
,
and
water-fish
,
and
in
all
kinde
of
pulse
and
graine
;
it
is
found
also
towards
the
Carpatian
mountaines
of
Hungarie
to
have
some
mines
of
Gold
and
Silver
,
of
Iron
and
Brimstone
,
it
yeeldeth
also
in
aboundance
,
plentie
of
honey
found
in
hollow
trees
,
besides
the
husband-mans
Hives
:
it
yeeldeth
moreover
Wax
,
Flax
,
and
Linnen
clothes
made
thereof
,
Hempe
,
Pitch
of
both
kindes
,
Masts
for
ships
,
Boards
and
timber
,
rich
Furres
,
Salt
digged
out
of
the
earth
,
Amber
,
Sope-ashes
,
and
Rie
in
aboundance
,
which
hath
made
Danzke
famous
throughout
Europe
.
No
marvell
then
if
Merchants
bring
unto
them
Silkes
from
Italy
,
Cloth
from
England
,
Wines
from
France
and
Spaine
,
and
the
very
Spices
and
Drugges
from
India
,
since
they
not
onely
sell
them
at
good
prices
,
but
also
bring
thence
such
pretious
and
staple
commodities
.
Poland
it selfe
is
found
within
land
and
Prussia
with
their
immunities
subject
to
this
kingdome
,
is
found
to
have
the
principall
traders
therein
inhabiting
,
yet
have
they
but
few
shippes
,
using
strangers
to
export
their
commodities
.
For
the
rest
of
the
Polanders
they
are
observed
to
live
content
with
their
owne
,
and
not
by
way
of
Merchandising
to
stir
much
abroad
;
yet
are
they
not
rich
,
because
they
want
the
above
sayd
commodities
,
which
the
proud
Gentlemen
and
Nobilitie
of
these
countries
buy
deere
,
and
wil
have
,
though
brought
from
farre
unto
them
,
and
they
are
noted
to
have
so
little
Gold
and
Silver
,
as
despising
all
in
respect
of
it
,
they
sell
the
rich
commodities
of
their
countrey
at
a
low
rate
,
especially
those
which
are
for
daily
food
,
and
thereby
made
unfit
to
bee
exported
.
The
people
themselves
are
not
much
addicted
to
trafficke
into
remote
regions
,
nor
to
travell
farre
out
of
their
owne
Countries
,
yet
in
imitation
of
other
their
neighbours
,
they
sometimes
trade
with
their
rich
Furres
into
other
countries
,
of
whom
I
have
observed
some
to
come
to
Constantinople
,
rather
making
a
rangeing
voyage
,
than
comming
with
intent
to
trade
and
reside
.
Wherein
they
cannot
be
much
blamed
,
in
regard
that
they
have
in
plenty
all
things
that
naturally
is
wanting
to
mankinde
,
if
they
can
bee
contented
therewith
:
but
the
inhabitants
of
Pomerland
,
East
countrey
,
&c.
are
observed
to
be
more
ingenious
,
and
farre
more
addict
to
traffick
and
commerce
,
and
have
some
vessels
fitter
for
transport
and
carriage
than
for
warfare
,
but
yet
most
proper
for
their
grosse
commodities
and
large
stowage
,
however
their
winter
colds
depriving
them
of
almost
halfe
the
yeares
trafficke
:
the
other
halfe
wherein
their
seas
are
navigable
,
cannot
make
them
any
competent
amends
and
their
Merchandise
being
altogether
grosse
,
cannot
give
them
therfore
the
attribute
of
Eminent
Merchants
.
CHAP.
CCXXXIIII
.
Of
Hungarie
and
the
principall
Cities
thereof
.
HVngarie
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
Transilvania
and
Valachia
,
on
the
West
with
Austria
,
on
the
North
Hungarie
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
with
Poland
,
on
the
South
with
Sclavonia
,
&c.
This
kingdome
now
stands
divided
betweene
the
Grand
Signiour
and
the
Hungarians
:
the
great
Turke
enjoyes
Buda
,
seated
on
Danubius
,
once
the
Metropolis
of
this
kingdome
Buda
.
and
Court
of
the
Kings
,
also
Guilia
Pest
,
Alba
Regalis
,
called
by
them
Wisenberge
,
next
quinque
Ecclesiae
,
Rab
,
and
some
others
of
lesser
note
.
In
the
Hungarians
possessions
are
these
principall
Cities
,
Presberge
Presberg
.
the
present
Metropolis
of
this
Countrey
;
second
Strigonium
,
3
Agraria
,
4
Comara
in
an
Iland
of
that
name
,
5
Tertax
,
6
Canista
,
7
Zegith
,
before
which
Soliman
the
great
Turk
ended
his
dayes
,
and
some
others
of
lesser
consequence
.
This
Countrey
doth
much
abound
in
cattle
sufficient
to
feed
all
Germany
,
the
store
is
so
great
,
that
they
yearly
sell
to
their
neighbours
Commodities
of
Hungarie
.
80
or
100
thousand
Oxen
,
they
have
also
some
Copper
,
and
Tin
,
some
quantitie
of
Corn●…
,
Hony
,
wax
,
and
such
like
commodities
,
and
from
hence
to
Constantinople
I
have
seene
Hides
,
Butter
&
Cheese
,
that
in
great
aboundance
have
come
out
of
these
parts
through
the
Black
sea
.
Further
matter
of
trade
hath
not
remarkeably
fallen
into
my
hands
,
therefore
for
the
currant
coines
of
this
Countrey
,
with
their
weight
and
measures
in
use
,
I
must
referre
to
the
better
experienced
,
and
hence
travell
to
Dacia
and
the
rest
of
those
provinces
comprehended
within
that
circuit
.
CHAP.
CCXXXV
.
Of
Dacia
and
the
Provinces
and
Cities
thereof
.
DAcia
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Euxine
,
on
the
West
with
Hungary
,
on
the
North
with
the
Carpathian
Dacia
and
the
cities
therof
.
mountaines
,
on
the
South
with
He●…us
dividing
it
from
Greece
.
The
rivers
that
inrich
this
Countrey
are
Danubius
,
2
Aluta
,
3
Salvata
,
4
Cockle
,
5
Morus
,
and
some
others
.
The
commodities
that
this
countrey
affoordeth
for
merchandise
,
is
Butter
,
Cheese
,
Hony
,
Wax
,
Hides
,
Oxen
,
Tallow
,
and
warlicke
Commodities
of
Dacia
.
horses
of
great
worth
.
The
provinces
are
these
,
and
are
all
under
the
command
of
the
Grand
Signiour
.
Transilvania
the
chiefe
townes
thereof
are
,
1
Wisenberg
,
2
Clansenberg
,
3
Bristitia
,
4
Fogares
,
and
others
,
and
now
in
possession
of
Transilvania
.
1.
Bethlem
Gabor
the
Vaviode
thereof
.
Moldavia
is
the
next
,
the
chiefe
Cities
are
Saccania
,
the
second
is
Falsing
,
3
Kilim
,
4
Chermon
,
&c.
under
a
Vaviod
who
is
tributary
to
Moldavia
.
2.
the
great
Turke
.
Valachia
is
the
third
province
,
the
principall
townes
whereof
are
1
Salnium
,
2
Praclaba
3
Terg●…vista
,
the
Vaviods
seat
,
who
is
tributary
Walachia
.
3.
to
the
Turke
.
This
countrey
abounds
in
mines
of
Gold
,
Silver
,
Iron
,
Salt-pits
,
Wines
Cattle
,
and
Brimstone
,
and
esteemed
the
richest
of
these
provinces
.
Servia
is
the
fourth
,
and
hath
these
Cities
.
1
Stoneburg
the
seate
of
Servia
4.
the
Despot
,
tributary
to
the
Turke
,
2
Somandria
,
3
Belgrade
a
famous
towne
,
which
cost
the
great
Turkes
much
blood
and
money
the
getting
,
and
was
accounted
before
as
the
Bulwarke
of
Christendome
on
this
side
.
Rasia
is
the
fifth
,
the
chiefe
Citie
is
Bodin
,
a
famous
Mart.
R●…sia
.
Bulgaria
is
the
next
,
wherein
is
found
Sophia
,
the
seat
of
the
Beglerbeg
of
Greece
,
who
hath
under
him
21
Sansakes
.
Next
is
Nicopolis
,
Bulgaria
.
and
some
others
of
lesser
note
.
Bosna
is
the
last
province
,
wherein
is
Casachium
and
●…siga
,
the
residence
Bosna
.
of
their
former
Despots
.
All
which
affoord
not
further
matter
of
trade
:
for
where
the
great
Turke
once
commandeth
,
traffique
is
accounted
very
rare
,
and
is
seldome
found
of
import
,
and
being
ignorant
in
that
little
there
is
,
I
am
constrained
to
omit
it
.
CHAP.
CCXXXVI
.
Of
Sclavonia
,
and
the
Provinces
and
Cities
thereof
.
SClavonia
hath
on
the
East
,
the
River
of
Drinut
,
Sclavonia
.
and
a
line
drawne
from
thence
to
the
S●…a
,
on
the
West
a
part
of
Italy
:
on
the
North
,
Hungary
;
and
on
the
South
,
the
Adriatique
sea
.
The
commodities
that
this
country
doth
afford
Commodities
.
for
merchandise
,
are
Horses
for
service
,
Cattell
,
Oxen
,
Hides
,
Tallow
,
Butter
and
Cheese
,
and
hath
some
Mines
of
Silver
and
Gold
now
in
the
great
Turkes
possession
.
The
Provinces
and
Cities
of
note
in
Sclavonia
are
these
.
Illyria
,
now
by
the
Turkes
called
Windismarque
hath
in
it
Zatha
seated
upon
Danubius
,
2
Zackaocs
,
3
Windisgreets
and
others
.
Illyria
.
Dalmatia
is
the
second
Province
,
the
chiefe
City
is
Ragusa
scituated
on
the
Adriatique
Sea
,
formerly
a
towne
of
great
traffique
Dalmatia
.
and
riches
,
and
now
tributary
to
the
Turke
;
next
is
Scium
3
Zara
,
both
seated
on
the
Sea
shoare
,
and
subject
to
the
Venetions
:
4
Spallatta
,
a
Sea-towne
,
from
whence
to
Venice
,
that
State
keepeth
many
Gallies
for
transportation
of
Merchants
goods
,
and
by
reason
of
an
unreasonable
fraight
by
them
taken
,
they
stand
to
the
hazards
and
adventures
thereof
,
which
they
did
to
their
cost
in
Anno
1619
,
my selfe
being
in
Naples
when
as
the
Duke
d'ossuna
then
Vice-king
,
tooke
two
of
these
their
gally
grosses
laden
with
a
rich
booty
as
was
reported
to
the
import
of
300000
Cro.
which
the
state
of
Venice
were
enforced
to
make
good
principally
to
Merchants
Turks
of
Constantinople
,
to
whom
the
greatest
part
thereof
did
at
that
time
appertaine
,
and
who
are
found
at
this
day
to
be
the
greatest
traders
this
way
.
The
next
towne
is
Scodra
,
famous
for
the
resistance
it
made
against
the
Turkes
,
and
last
,
Lissa
,
famous
here
for
the
sepulchre
of
Scanderbeg
,
whose
bones
were
digged
up
,
and
worne
by
the
Turkes
at
the
taking
of
this
City
,
as
conceiving
them
to
be
of
excellent
vertue
to
make
them
partake
of
his
good
fortunes
:
This
Province
being
now
divided
betweene
the
Venetians
and
the
Turke
.
Croatia
is
the
next
,
the
chiefe
townes
are
Gardisca
,
seated
on
the
Croatia
.
river
Savut
,
2
Brumon
,
3
Novegrade
,
4
Sisgith
,
and
lasty
Petrovia
;
this
country
is
now
subject
in
part
to
the
Venetians
,
and
in
part
to
the
Austrians
,
of
the
trade
of
the
most
principall
of
this
in
briefe
,
and
first
of
Rhagusa
and
Spallatta
.
CHAP.
CCXXXVII
.
Of
Rhagusa
and
Spallatta
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THe
trade
of
Sclavonia
is
at
this
day
but
of
small
accompt
,
and
little
to
our
Nation
:
the
two
cities
of
Spallotta
and
Rhagusa
seated
therein
,
merit
the
principall
consideration
.
Rhagusa
then
,
formerly
called
Epidaurus
,
being
scituated
on
the
Rhagusa
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Adriatique
sea
a
common-wealth
of
great
traffique
and
riches
,
was
in
times
past
of
farre
greater
fame
and
name
,
both
in
trade
and
navigation
than
now
it
is
:
for
from
hence
was
the
originall
of
those
great
ships
here
built
,
and
in
old
time
famous
,
as
then
vulgarly
called
Argoses
,
properly
[
](A10821-e301300-b)*
*
Rhaguses
.
Rhaguses
,
the
last
which
they
were
noted
to
have
,
they
lent
Philip
the
second
King
of
Spaine
,
in
1588
to
invade
England
and
had
her
buriall
in
our
Brittish
seas
,
and
may
all
others
so
thrive
,
that
envie
the
prosperity
of
England
,
since
which
,
I
heare
not
of
any
they
have
of
any
consequence
.
They
now
pay
12000
Duckets
yeerely
to
the
Turke
for
a
tribute
of
that
trade
and
liberty
they
now
injoy
,
which
notwithstanding
is
of
no
great
consequence
.
The
countrey
affords
not
any
commoditie
of
moment
for
our
Nation
,
and
wee
onely
send
thither
some
blew
Hampshire
Kersies
,
some
Lead
,
Tynne
,
and
little
else
.
The
Monies
thereof
are
such
as
passe
current
through
the
state
of
Monies
currant
in
Rhagusa
.
Venice
,
and
Turkie
their
neighbours
,
and
their
owne
being
in
correspondence
therewith
,
and
a●…mpted
by
grosses
.
Grosses
6
is
a
Liver
|
Grosses
62
is
a
Venice
Chicquin
|
Grosses
59
is
a
Hungar
|
Grosses
40
is
a
Naples
Ducket
|
Grosses
38
is
a
Riall
▪
|
Grosses
59
is
also
a
Sultanie
,
accompted
in
England
for
8
star
.
|
Grosses
1
is
2
Gassets
|
|
A
Gasses
is
2
Saldes
|
|
The
Weight
is
a
pound
of
(
)
℥
and
100ˡ'
is
the
quintall
.
Weights
of
Rhagusa
.
The
100ˡ'
is
English
80
l
'
|
1
l
'
Rhagusa
is
9
℥
gros
.
Ven.
|
and
is
Venice
sutle
120
l
'
|
1
l
'
Rhagus
.
is
14
℥
sac
.
2
〈◊〉
sutle
.
|
and
is
Venice
grosse
76ˡ'
|
|
The
Measure
is
the
Brace
,
which
agreeth
with
the
Brace
of
Venice
:
thus
the
100
cloth
Braces
is
in
Ragusa
124
,
and
of
silke
116
Brac.
and
Measure
of
Rhagusa
.
is
in
England
(
)
inches
.
Note
that
the
weights
and
measures
of
Spallata
doe
wholly
agree
with
those
in
Venetia
,
therefore
I
neede
not
to
say
further
thereof
in
Spallata
.
this
place
;
and
by
the
way
,
note
,
that
for
the
weights
of
Rhagusa
,
I
find
this
observation
made
:
the
100
Rot.
of
Alexandria
Zero
is
in
Rhagusa
260ˡ'
the
100ˡ'
forfori
is
in
Rhagusa
116
l'
the
100
℞
laidin
,
is
in
Rhagusa
165
l'
the
100
℞
of
Damietta
,
is
in
Rhagusa
120
l'
,
the
100
℞
of
Roma
,
is
in
Rhagusa
666
l'
,
the
100
℞
of
Baruti
is
in
Rhagusa
625
l'
the
100
℞
Damasco
,
is
in
Rhagusa
600
l'
,
the
100
℞
of
Tripost
in
Soria
,
is
in
Rhagusa
500
l'
,
the
100
℞
of
Alleppo
is
in
Rhagusa
600
l'
,
the
100
℞
of
Rhodes
and
Gasa
,
is
in
Rhagusa
666⅓
l'
,
the
100
℞
of
Cyprus
,
is
in
Rhagusa
625
l'
,
the
100
℞
of
Bursia
in
Natolia
,
is
in
Rhagusa
146
l'
the
100
℞
of
Constantinople
,
is
in
Rhagusa
146
l'
,
and
the
100
l'
in
Rhagusa
doth
make
as
followeth
:
In
Puglia
|
39
℞
|
Puglia
|
110
l'
|
Rome
|
101
|
Florence
|
105
|
Perosa
|
95
|
Siena
|
108
|
Acquilla
|
107
|
Lansan●…
|
106
|
Vrbino
|
106
|
Crema
|
111
|
Piemont
|
101
|
Forli
|
111
|
Faensa
|
110
|
In
Cesena
|
106
l'
|
Ricanati
|
107
|
Camerino
|
108
|
Bollonia
|
110
|
Lucca
|
106
|
Millano
|
111
|
Verona
|
108
|
Bressia
|
111
|
Ferara
|
106
|
Modena
|
109
|
Genoa
|
114
|
Fanno
|
106
|
Further
matter
worthy
mentioning
that
concernes
either
the
weight
,
measure
,
or
trade
of
this
place
I
have
not
observed
,
therefore
I
passe
it
over
;
and
hence
take
my
journey
to
Grecia
,
the
next
place
which
challengeth
my
survey
.
CHAP.
CCXXXVIII
.
Of
Greece
,
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
GREECE
,
accounted
the
mother
of
Arts
and
Greece
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
Sciences
,
is
bounded
on
the
East
with
the
Egeansea
,
the
Hellespont
,
Propontis
,
and
Thracian
Bosphorus
,
on
the
West
with
Italy
and
the
Adriaticke
sea
,
on
the
North
with
the
mountaine
Hemus
,
and
on
the
South
with
the
Ionian
sea
,
and
is
now
intirely
subject
to
the
Grand
Signiour
.
The
generall
commodities
found
here
,
and
transported
hence
,
Commodities
.
are
Wines
,
Oyles
,
Copper
,
Vitrioll
,
Brimstone
,
Silkes
,
raw
and
wrought
,
as
into
Velvets
,
Damaskes
,
Grograines
of
Goats
haire
,
or
wooll
,
Cute
,
Aniseeds
,
Cominseeds
,
Currants
,
Sopes
,
Carpets
,
Cottons
,
&c.
The
chiefe
Rivers
navigable
are
Cephisus
,
rising
in
Epirus
,
and
Rivers
in
Greece
.
setting
in
the
Egean
sea
,
Erigon
,
and
Aliemon
,
rising
both
in
Macedonia
,
and
issuing
in
Thermaicus
sinus
,
then
Sirmon
in
Migdonia
,
Alicus
and
Nisus
in
Thracia
,
and
some
others
.
The
principall
provinces
are
seven
,
and
the
Cities
therein
are
as
Peloponnesus
,
or
Morea
.
followeth
,
Peloponnesus
is
the
first
,
dividing
it selfe
into
sixe
lesser
parts
,
wherein
is
found
the
Cities
of
Elis
,
Olimpia
,
now
ruined
,
though
once
famous
;
then
the
Cities
of
Corona
and
Modona
,
the
now
flourishing
Townes
of
this
Province
:
here
was
also
in
times
past
Thebes
,
Lacedemon
,
Sparta
,
Argos
,
Nemea
,
Corinth
,
now
a
villedge
called
Crato
,
all
now
gone
and
ruined
,
and
here
is
now
of
note
in
matter
of
traffique
in
this
circuit
,
found
onely
Modon
,
Corona
,
before
named
,
and
Pretrasse
,
and
some
others
of
lesser
consequence
,
whereto
Merchants
doe
frequent
for
traffique
sake
.
Of
the
trade
whereof
a
word
.
CHAP.
CCXXXIX
.
Of
Modona
,
Corona
,
and
Petras
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THese
three
Cities
as
situated
on
the
same
shores
,
Modona
,
Corona
,
and
Petras
,
and
the
trade
therof
.
and
subject
to
the
same
customes
,
and
found
abonnding
in
Corne
,
Wines
,
Oyles
,
and
Currants
,
Galls
,
Aniseeds
,
Silke
,
and
such
like
,
which
I
have
thought
good
to
put
into
one
member
,
to
abbreviate
my
taske
.
In
Petros
there
hath
been
of
many
yeares
a
trade
maintained
by
the
endevours
of
the
English
,
who
here
by
authority
of
the
Grand-Signiour
Petras
.
have
a
protecting
Consull
resident
,
who
hath
the
title
of
the
Consull
of
the
Morea
:
and
here
is
vented
from
England
some
Clothes
of
Suffolke
,
Sarges
,
Tin
,
Lead
,
&c.
In
exchange
whereof
they
transport
Exchange
.
hence
these
commodities
aforenamed
,
Corne
and
Oyle
being
by
their
lawes
prohibited
transportation
,
but
by
the
connivence
of
Officers
found
permitted
notwithstanding
.
The
monies
of
these
places
is
currant
with
those
of
Turkie
,
and
those
of
Venetia
,
as
possessors
and
borderers
,
which
they
account
Monies
of
Morea
.
by
the
Turkish
coines
,
as
in
Dollers
and
Aspers
.
Aspers
80
accounted
to
a
Doller
,
or
℞
〈◊〉
which
is
the
best
commoditie
:
aspers
120
accounted
to
a
Sultany
Hungar
or
Checquine
,
which
coynes
are
found
to
rise
oftentimes
10
,
20
,
or
30
per
cent
.
in
aspers
,
as
the
occasion
of
trade
,
or
misgovernment
too
oftentimes
doth
permit
.
The
weight
of
Petros
is
the
pound
of
12
ounces
,
ordinarily
making
11
drams
to
an
ounce
,
3ˡ'
making
their
oake
,
which
is
4ˡ'
2
℥
Weights
of
Morea
.
English
,
or
400
drams
here
.
132ˡ'
makes
their
quintall
,
which
is
117ˡ'
London
;
but
their
Silke
is
sold
by
a
pound
of
15
℥
.
which
is
1¼
pound
abovesayd
:
and
it
hath
been
found
that
112ˡ'
English
have
made
in
Petras
126ˡ'
the
sack
of
Currants
commonly
weighing
of
their
weight
140
l
'
,
which
in
Zant
hath
produced
in
circa
118
l
'
.
100
l
'
of
Petras
hath
been
found
to
make
in
Venice
sotile
130
l'
,
and
in
the
grosse
weight
of
Venice
83½
l'
,
which
thus
computed
may
be
88
in
90
l'
haberdupois
of
London
.
The
measures
of
these
places
are
two
for
distinction
of
length
,
First
the
Silke
Pico
is
found
to
be
25
inches
English
,
and
the
Cloth
Pico
Measures
of
Morea
.
27
inches
by
the
rule
in
England
.
Oyles
is
sold
by
a
measure
called
the
Liver
and
weigheth
7½
l'
,
Of
Oyles
.
20
whereof
is
found
to
make
a
Candye
Barrell
,
which
must
hold
15
Gallons
English.
which
should
be
112½
l'
haberdupois
.
Corne
is
here
sold
by
the
Bachel
,
whereof
9
and
⅖
●…hath
been
noted
Of
Corne.
to
make
in
England
8
Bushels
Winchester
measure
.
From
Petras
it
will
not
bee
improper
that
I
trace
the
Dalmatian
shore
,
and
survey
the
Cities
seated
on
the
maritime
coast
,
and
found
in
the
gulph
of
Venice
,
purposels
omitted
in
the
Chapter
of
Dalmatia
,
as
more
proper
to
this
place
;
and
then
proceed
to
the
rest
of
the
Greciam
provinces
.
CHAP.
CCLX
.
Of
Catarro
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THough
in
this
tract
then
Rhagusa
and
Spallato
be
the
principall
Cattarro
and
the
trade
therof
.
Cit●…es
of
trade
knowne
to
our
Merchants
of
London
,
yet
now
coasting
this
Dalmatian
shore
,
it
will
not
be
improper
that
I
take
a
generall
view
of
such
eminent
Cities
of
note
as
are
observable
in
this
tract
,
the
next
of
consequence
being
Catarro
,
seated
in
a
gulph
bearing
the
name
of
the
Citie
,
enjoying
a
commodious
harbour
and
safe
from
all
windes
,
but
not
enjoying
any
great
trade
,
by
reason
of
the
too
neere
neighbourhood
of
Rhagusa
yet
the
place
doth
affoord
for
Merchandise
which
is
exported
to
Venetia
,
and
to
other
places
in
that
gulph
,
Wax
,
Hony
Tarre
and
Pitch
or
Rosen
,
some
minerals
or
colours
for
Painters-tallow
and
candles
Cordo●…ts
and
sheepe
Skinnes
,
Figges
,
Almonds
,
Nutt
,
and
some
other
commodities
for
victuall
.
The
Monies
here
,
and
generally
throughout
all
this
coast
,
are
Monies
in
Cattarro
,
those
currant
in
the
State
of
Venetia
,
and
the
dominion
of
the
great
Turke
,
of
which
more
is
sayd
in
its
due
place
.
The
weight
here
used
is
the
pound
,
and
the
100
l'
here
is
in
Venetia
Weights
in
Cattarro
.
sutle
133
l'
,
as
hath
been
observed
,
and
may
be
about
90
l'
English
and
the
sayd
pound
is
16
℥
.
And
the
sayd
100
pound
of
Catarro
hath
made
in
Sicilia
127
pound
,
and
the
100
pound
of
Sicilia
hath
made
here
78
pound
,
and
the
grosse
Salmo
of
Sicilia
hath
made
here
4
stares
,
the
100
pound
of
Catarro
hath
been
also
observed
to
yeeld
in
Lansano
,
and
other
parts
of
Pulia
117
pound
.
The
measures
of
Catarro
are
,
Measures
of
Cattarro
.
From
Catarro
I
will
take
my
passage
to
the
next
Citie
neighbouring
,
the
most
important
being
Sebenico
.
CHAP.
CCXLI.
Of
Sebenico
and
the
trade
thereof
.
SEBENICO
is
also
found
on
this
shore
,
and
seated
upon
Sebenico
and
the
trade
therof
.
the
river
of
Cherca
,
abutting
on
the
gulph
of
Venetia
,
and
having
a
commodious
harbour
lockt
from
all
dangers
of
windes
by
sundry
small
Ilands
,
Caprano
and
Standica
being
the
principall
,
Tina
a
faire
Citie
lies
upon
this
river
more
into
the
land
,
which
addes
to
the
trade
of
this
place
,
and
were
it
not
for
the
continuall
piracie
of
Rovers
upon
this
coast
,
and
especially
amongst
these
Ilands
,
the
trade
therof
would
doubtlesse
increase
daily
,
and
grow
,
by
reason
of
its
commodious
situation
,
to
a
great
height
;
yet
notwithstanding
this
difficultie
,
it
affoordeth
for
merchandise
exportable
,
Wax
,
Hony
in
great
plentie
,
tallow
,
hides
and
cheese
,
excellent
Oyle
of
Olives
,
and
strong
Wines
,
Figs
and
some
other
fruit
.
This
Citie
of
Sebenico
is
found
to
have
two
severall
weights
Weights
of
Sebenico
.
commonly
in
use
;
the
one
for
the
weighing
of
fine
goods
,
and
the
other
for
grosse
goods
.
The
first
being
called
the
sutle
hundred
,
consisting
of
100
pound
,
is
in
England
80
pound
haberdupois
.
The
second
called
the
grosse
quintar
of
100
pound
,
doth
also
produce
in
London
128
pound
haberdupois
.
The
measure
of
length
in
use
is
the
Pico
,
which
is
accounted
to
Measures
of
Sebenico
.
bee
about
23
inches
English
,
and
is
about
10
per
cent
.
lesse
than
the
cloth
brace
of
Venice
.
This
note
hath
beene
made
between
the
weight
of
Venice
and
Sebenico
.
-
100
pound
sutle
Sebenico
is
sutle
in
Venetia
120
pound
.
-
100
pound
grosse
Sebenico
is
grosse
in
Venetia
120
pound
.
-
100
pound
sutle
Venice
is
sutle
in
Sebenico
83
pound
.
-
100
pound
grosse
Venice
is
grosse
in
Sebenico
83
pound
.
-
1
pound
sutle
in
Venice
is
in
Sebenico
10
ounces
.
-
1
pound
sutle
Sebenico
is
in
Venetia
sutle
14
℥
2⅖
sases
.
And
so
leaving
Sebenico
I
come
to
Scutari
.
CHAP.
CCXLII.
Of
Scutarie
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
SCutarie
is
accompted
the
Metropolis
of
Albania
,
and
situated
upon
a
Lake
,
called
the
Lake
of
Scutarie
,
or
Scutary
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
Scodra
,
through
which
the
river
of
Bolon●…
runneth
,
and
so
to
the
Sea
,
neere
the
gulph
of
Lodrin
,
and
included
in
the
gulph
of
Venetia
;
but
being
now
as
the
other
cities
of
this
Tract
in
subjection
to
the
Grand
Sigr
;
the
trade
thereof
is
much
decayed
,
and
the
city
ruin'd
from
its
ancient
splendour
and
beautie
,
yet
the
industry
of
the
inhabitants
,
doth
afford
some
silke
made
here
;
also
waxe
,
hony
,
hides
,
cordovante
,
and
some
other
skins
for
merchandise
.
In
Scutary
is
used
two
sorts
of
weights
,
a
grosse
and
a
sotile
;
the
grosse
The
weights
of
Scutary
.
hundred
of
100ˡ'
is
in
England
108ˡ'
in
circa
haberdupois
,
by
which
all
grosse
commodities
are
weighed
,
and
the
sotile
hundred
,
by
which
all
fine
commodities
are
weighed
,
is
English
64
l
'
,
and
it
hath
beene
observed
,
the
1000ˡ'
sotile
of
Venice
,
hath
made
here
grosse
664
l'
,
and
the
1000
l'
grosse
here
in
Scutary
,
hath
made
in
Venice
1600
l'
.
The
measure
of
length
here
in
use
,
is
the
pico
observed
to
accord
Measures
of
Scutary
.
with
Venice
thus
:
the
100
braces
of
cloth
hath
made
here
112
picho
,
and
the
100
braces
of
silke
in
Venice
,
hath
made
here
106
picho
,
which
in
England
must
be
accompted
for
(
27
)
inches
.
All
sort
of
graine
is
sold
by
the
stare
not
onely
in
Scutary
,
but
also
Of
Graine
.
in
Boiano
,
seated
on
the
mouth
of
this
river
,
and
the
100
stares
make
in
Venice
66⅔
stares
which
is
in
England
(
)
accompting
by
this
computation
every
three
stares
of
Scutary
to
make
two
stares
in
Venice
.
And
thus
leaving
Scodra
with
this
short
survey
,
with
the
applause
due
to
it
,
for
its
excellent
situation
and
strength
,
I
hence
passe
to
Valona
,
or
Avalona
.
CHAP.
CCXLIII
.
Of
Valona
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
VAlona
is
also
a
faire
commodious
city
,
seated
on
the
shoare
,
betweene
the
cape
of
Languetta
,
and
Valona
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
the
cape
of
C●…rion
and
is
appos●…
to
the
〈◊〉
of
Ottranto
,
and
occomped
the
entrance
into
the
gulph
of
Venice
;
and
though
it
be
in
subject
〈◊〉
to
the
Turkes
,
who
are
not
alwaies
found
friends
to
traffique
,
yet
by
the
industry
of
the
inhabitants
,
it
affords
for
merchandise
to
be
exported
,
raw
silke
powder
of
berry
or
graine
,
for
dying
of
rich
colours
,
w●…xe
,
hony
Rose●…
,
cottons
,
carpets
,
●…rdovants
,
some
salt
fish
,
which
they
call
sarrache
,
and
other
such
commodities
in
good
quantity
.
The
weight
here
,
is
the
pound
,
of
which
the
quintar
is
composed
,
Weights
of
Valona
.
being
100
l'
which
hath
beene
found
to
produce
in
England
88
in
90
l'
haberdupois
,
and
hath
made
in
Venice
,
from
whence
I
gather
my
notes
for
these
townes
133
l'
sotile
,
so
that
the
pound
of
Valona
makes
sutle
in
Venice
16
onnces
,
and
the
pound
sotile
there
,
makes
in
Valona
but
9
ounces
.
The
measure
of
length
here
in
use
,
is
the
picho
,
common
in
name
Measures
of
Valona
.
throughout
all
the
grand
Sig●…ours
Dominions
;
the
100
braces
silke
measure
of
Venice
making
in
Valona
105
to
105
picho
,
which
is
in
London
(
)
yards
English.
And
the
100
braces
of
cloth
in
Venice
,
makes
here
112
pichos
,
and
having
done
with
Avalona
,
I
proceede
in
the
next
place
to
survey
the
trade
of
Larta
.
CHAP.
CCXLIV
.
Of
Larta
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
LArta
is
a
pretty
commodious
towne
for
traffique
,
seated
on
a
gulph
,
which
beares
the
name
of
the
towne
,
Larta
and
the
trade
thereof
.
having
two
points
of
a
land
fortified
,
that
commands
the
entrance
into
the
said
gulph
out
of
the
Mediterranean
sea
,
and
is
seated
also
on
this
shoare
,
betweene
the
Ilands
of
Corfn
and
Santa
Manra
;
it
is
as
the
rest
of
the
cities
aforegoing
,
subject
to
the
grand
Sig
r.
and
doth
afford
for
merchandise
to
be
exported
great
store
of
Sheepe
skins
,
and
Cordovanis
,
raw
silke
,
by
us
knowne
by
the
name
of
Morea
silke
,
powder
of
Berry
for
Dyers
:
Cottons
,
Wa●…ce
,
Hony
,
Pottargot
in
great
aboundance
;
being
the
rowe
of
the
Mullet
in
great
quantity
caught
in
this
gulph
of
Larta
.
The
weight
here
in
use
,
is
the
pound
,
100
l'
whereof
doth
make
Weights
in
Larta
.
the
quintar
,
and
is
found
to
produce
in
London
88
l'
in
89
pounds
.
The
measure
of
length
is
the
picho
agreeing
with
the
picho
before
Measure
of
Larta
.
mentioned
used
in
Valona
.
And
now
I
come
to
Lepanto
the
next
towne
of
consequence
.
CHAP.
CCXLV
.
Of
Lepanto
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
LEpanto
is
seated
in
the
entrance
of
the
gulph
Lepanto
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
of
Lepanto
made
famous
to
posterity
by
the
Sea
Victory
obtained
by
the
Christians
over
the
Turkes
,
and
the
overthrow
of
their
fleet
herein
1571
,
it
is
here
opposite
to
the
city
of
Petras
which
is
seated
on
the
right
side
of
the
entrance
in
this
gulph
,
as
Lepanto
is
on
the
left
.
It
is
subject
to
the
grand
Turke
,
whose
coines
are
here
currant
,
as
I
shall
have
occasion
to
speake
of
more
at
large
,
when
I
handle
the
trade
of
Constantinople
the
metropolis
of
all
his
dominions
.
This
place
affordeth
for
merchandise
which
is
hence
exported
into
other
parts
,
silke
raw
,
called
by
us
Morea
silke
,
powder
of
graine
,
or
berry
for
Diers
,
hony
,
waxe
cottons
,
correns
,
cheese
,
wines
,
graine
,
Oyles
,
Galls
,
Aniseedes
,
and
some
other
commodities
.
In
Lepanto
.
is
used
two
severall
weights
,
the
one
called
the
grosse
Weights
of
Lepanto
.
weight
,
agreeing
with
the
grosse
weight
of
Venice
,
which
in
England
is
about
107
l
'
,
the
other
agrees
with
the
weight
of
Petras
,
by
which
is
sold
silke
,
graine
,
waxe
,
and
some
other
commodities
;
and
by
the
grosse
weight
is
sold
,
woolls
,
cottons
,
hony
,
cheese
,
and
all
manducable
commodities
;
but
the
Correns
here
,
are
usually
sold
by
the
bagge
or
sacke
,
at
so
many
aspers
a
sacke
or
bagge
,
the
which
bagge
ought
to
weigh
140ˡ'
Petrasin
,
the
which
140
l
'
,
is
of
Venice
sotile
182
l
'
,
which
is
haberdup●…is
120ˡ'
or
121ˡ'
incirea
,
where
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
200
l'
petrasin
,
make
260
l'
sotile
Venice
,
which
is
174
l'
English
,
and
is
the
staro
of
Correns
in
Venice
;
againe
,
note
,
that
the
100
l'
petrasin
,
or
the
100
l'
in
Lepanto
of
Petras
weight
,
is
about
86
l'
haberdupois
,
which
is
130
l'
sotile
in
Venice
,
and
83
l'
grosse
,
and
the
pound
petrasin
,
makes
grosse
Venice
10
ounces
by
observation
.
The
100
l'
sutile
of
Venetia
,
yeelds
here
petrasin
77
l'
.
The
100
l'
grosse
of
Venetia
,
yeelds
here
petrasin
121½
.
The
measure
is
here
found
to
be
the
picho
,
agreeing
with
the
pich●…
Weights
of
Lepanto
.
of
Larta
and
Valona
aforementioned
.
Before
I
passe
out
of
this
gulph
,
it
will
not
be
unproper
,
that
I
insite
the
bottome
thereof
,
where
Caranto
a
small
Villedge
,
now
supplies
the
place
of
that
ancient
and
famous
Corinth
,
a
City
commodious
for
the
command
of
a
brave
trade
,
as
enjoying
two
famous
Ports
into
two
different
Seas
,
seated
formerly
on
the
Istmos
,
enjoying
a
double
harbour
,
one
of
each
side
thereof
,
the
one
whereof
regarding
Asia
,
and
the
other
beholding
Italy
,
and
by
the
commodiousnesse
of
which
situation
,
the
Citie
in
a
short
time
,
came
to
a
great
largenesse
.
Acrocorinth
was
but
little
distant
thence
,
on
the
top
of
an
adjoyning
mountaine
,
upon
which
mountaine
was
seated
the
famous
Temple
of
Venus
,
neere
which
was
that
notable
fountaine
discovered
by
the
impression
of
the
foot
of
Pegasus
,
as
the
Ancients
did
feigne
.
This
Corinth
was
destroyed
and
ruined
by
L.
Mummins
,
because
the
inhabitants
had
irreverently
,
and
unworthily
handled
the
Embassadours
The
ancient
Corinth
.
of
the
Romanes
952
yeeres
after
the
first
building
thereof
,
by
Allettus
the
sonne
of
Hippottes
.
In
this
continent
,
if
the
memory
thereof
may
not
here
be
improper
,
was
the
Citie
of
Misene
the
dwelling
of
Agame●…on
,
where
Misene
.
the
Temple
of
Iuno
stood
so
much
famoused
,
both
for
the
antiquity
and
devotion
thereof
,
neere
which
was
the
Lake
of
Lerno
,
where
Hercules
slew
the
Lernian
seven
headed
Hidra
:
Here
was
also
Argos
Argos
.
built
,
by
that
all
everseeing
Argos
,
so
much
celebrated
by
ancient
Poets
:
likewise
Epidaurus
,
renowned
for
the
Temple
of
Esculapius
,
Epidaurus
.
filled
with
the
tables
of
those
that
had
beene
healed
by
him
,
the
sicke
who
entred
into
the
Temple
to
be
cured
,
were
to
sleepe
there
a
night
,
and
imagined
that
Esculapius
healed
them
,
during
that
their
repose
and
sleepe
.
Here
is
also
Lacedemon
,
by
some
called
Sparta
,
now
Misithie
formerly
great
and
powerfull
,
girt
not
with
walles
,
but
with
the
vertue
Sparta
.
of
the
inhabitants
:
not
renowned
for
the
magnificencie
of
publique
workes
,
but
the
discipline
,
instruction
,
and
the
manner
of
their
living
.
Here
was
also
those
pleasant
Arcadian
plaines
,
and
Arcadian
plaines
.
the
places
where
the
Olympian
games
were
solemnized
;
with
divers
Olimpians
.
other
memorable
antiquities
,
which
the
injurie
of
time
hath
eaten
out
and
consumed
;
wherefore
I
here
omit
them
,
and
returne
again
to
my
purpose
and
prosecute
my
methode
.
CHAP.
CCXLVI
.
Of
Salonica
and
the
trade
thereof
.
OF
Modon
,
Coron
,
and
Petras
,
the
three
prime
Cities
of
Morea
,
I
have
already
handled
,
now
Salonica
and
the
trade
thereof
.
there
rests
a
word
of
the
trade
of
this
ancient
and
famous
Citie
of
Solonica
,
anciently
called
Thessalonica
;
to
the
inhabitants
whereof
Saint
Paul
writ
one
of
his
Epistles
:
it
is
yet
a
rich
and
large
Citie
,
and
the
residence
of
the
S●…giac
of
Macedonia
under
the
Grand
Signiour
.
The
present
inhabitants
are
Greekes
,
Turkes
,
and
principally
Iewes
;
who
are
here
found
to
be
very
rich
and
eminent
Merchants
,
80
Synagogues
of
them
being
accounted
to
bee
in
this
towne
employing
themselves
in
severall
Arts
and
Merchandising
.
It
is
seated
in
the
bottome
of
a
gulph
called
by
the
Cities
name
;
and
by
the
demurre
that
happened
in
the
English
trade
to
Turkie
some
yeares
past
,
these
Iewes
and
inhabitants
,
and
some
Moores
banished
out
of
Spaine
,
have
here
set
up
some
Loomes
,
and
made
cloth
,
in
imitation
of
our
English
Suffolke
clothes
,
which
hath
proved
a
great
detriment
to
the
sale
of
Hampshire
kersies
;
once
vented
in
great
quantity
generally
throughout
Turkie
,
and
especially
in
these
parts
;
besides
which
sort
of
cloth
now
here
made
,
and
hence
taking
name
,
the
place
affoordeth
the
generall
commodities
of
the
Morea
,
as
pouder
of
Berry
Orgrame
for
Diers
,
Wools
,
Cottons
,
Wax
,
Hony
,
Cordovants
,
Aniseeds
,
and
the
like
.
The
weights
here
in
use
are
two
,
the
one
called
the
quintar
turcesco
,
Weights
of
Salonica
.
and
the
other
the
quintar
petrafin
.
The
quintar
turcesco
of
100
pound
makes
in
English
pounds
119
pound
to
120
pound
in
Venice
grosse
112
pound
,
in
Venice
sotil
176
in
178
pound
.
The
quintar
or
100
pound
Petrasin
make
English
88
l'
as
is
before
mentioned
:
by
this
all
silke
,
powder
of
graine
,
and
other
fine
goods
are
sold
;
and
by
the
quintar
turcesco
is
wooll
,
cotton
,
cavlare
,
wax
,
hony
,
and
some
other
grosse
commodities
sold
and
weighed
.
The
measures
of
length
is
the
Picho
,
which
is
27
inches
English
,
Measures
of
Salonica
.
and
the
hundred
braces
of
cloth
in
Venice
holds
here
112
picho
,
and
the
hundred
braces
of
silke
in
Venice
,
holds
here
106
picho
.
Ne●…re
this
Citie
is
the
Towne
of
Siderocapse
,
so
well
knowne
to
Syderocapse
rich
in
mines
of
gold
.
the
Turkes
for
the
rich
mines
of
gold
there
adjoyning
,
from
which
the
great
Turke
doth
monthly
draw
for
his
own
share
above
20000
Dollers
besides
the
charges
.
Neare
the
entrance
of
the
gulph
of
Salonica
is
found
the
high
and
craggie
hill
of
Athos
,
now
the
holy
mountaine
;
whereon
is
found
Mount
Athos
.
foure
and
twenty
monasteries
of
Colloires
,
or
religious
Grecian
Friers
,
with
such
devotion
and
zeale
,
that
the
Turkes
themselves
not
onely
admire
their
quiet
living
,
but
oftentimes
communicate
to
their
necessities
,
giving
them
gifts
and
almes
.
Here
it
is
reported
the
ancient
learning
of
many
Greeke
Fathers
●…es
buried
,
or
at
least
immured
,
till
by
some
divine
hand
they
may
bee
freed
and
dispersed
through
Christendome
.
And
now
to
the
rest
of
the
Provinces
of
this
fruitfull
and
famous
Countrey
.
The
next
province
is
Achaia
,
wherein
was
that
famous
Athens
,
Achaia
.
Athens
.
Marathron
.
Megara
.
Thebes
.
Thermopila
.
now
Salines
,
also
Marathron
,
where
Darins
was
overthrowne
.
Then
Megara
,
famous
in
times
of
old
.
Thebes
built
upon
the
river
Cephisus
:
here
is
also
the
straights
of
Thermopilae
25
foot
in
bredth
,
defended
by
300
Spartans
against
Xerxes
to
the
losse
of
30000
of
his
men
.
Here
is
also
the
mount
Helicon
and
Parnassus
,
Parnassus
.
famoused
amongst
Poets
,
and
the
Pythian
Citie
accounted
the
midst
of
all
the
world
,
and
many
other
remarkeable
places
,
which
were
here
in
times
past
,
all
having
yeelded
to
age
,
and
therefore
merit
not
a
longer
stay
,
or
a
more
serious
survey
of
the
trade
thereof
.
Epyrus
is
the
next
province
,
wherin
was
found
famous
,
1
Antigonia
,
Epyrus
.
2
Casiope
,
3
Ambrasia
and
others
now
ruined
and
or
no
account
.
Albania
is
the
next
,
wherein
is
1
Albanopolis
,
2
Sfetigrade
,
3
Durazzo
,
Albania
.
a
strong
towne
,
4
Croia
,
under
whose
walles
Amurath
the
second
died
;
now
affoording
little
knowne
trade
unto
us
.
Macedonia
is
the
next
,
wherein
is
Scidra
,
Adessa
,
Eribea
,
all
faire
Macedonia
.
Cities
,
but
little
knowne
to
the
English
for
matter
of
trade
:
onely
it
is
not
to
be
forgotten
,
that
this
countrey
is
famous
for
Philip
and
Alexander
the
great
his
sonne
;
who
from
hence
had
their
originall
.
Thessalie
is
the
next
province
,
where
the
Cities
of
Tricca
,
Lomia
,
Thessalia
.
Demetria
,
Pharsalia
and
others
stood
,
now
also
ruind
and
forgot
.
Migdonia
is
the
next
province
,
wherein
was
Stagira
,
next
Apollonia
,
Migdonia
.
Nepolis
,
Antigonia
,
who
also
are
now
all
ruined
;
giving
preheminence
to
Thessalonica
,
now
called
Salonica
,
seated
in
a
Bay
of
that
name
,
as
I
have
mentioned
in
the
chapter
beforegoing
.
Thracia
is
the
last
province
comprised
in
Grecia
,
wherein
is
Thracia
.
found
the
Cities
of
Sestos
opposite
to
Abidos
upon
the
Hellespont
,
famous
for
the
loves
of
Hero
and
Leander
,
and
now
the
Castles
or
keyes
of
Constantinople
,
Abdera
the
birth
place
of
Democritus
,
who
spent
his
life
in
laughing
,
Calipolis
situated
on
the
northerne
promontorie
of
the
Chersonesse
,
the
first
towne
that
ever
the
Turkes
took
Calipolis
.
in
Europe
,
Trajanopolis
,
founded
by
Tra●…anus
,
and
Adrianopolis
built
by
Adrianople
.
Adrian
the
Emperour
,
and
by
Bajaset
taken
in
1362
,
and
made
the
seat
of
his
Empire
,
till
the
taking
of
Constantinople
about
90
yeeres
after
,
and
Pera
,
a
city
of
the
Genowaies
opposite
to
Constantinople
:
and
lastly
,
Pera.
here
is
found
the
famous
City
of
Constantinople
it selfe
the
Metropolis
of
Greece
,
and
the
present
seat
of
the
Emperors
of
the
Turkes
,
wherein
having
resided
for
some
yeeres
,
and
finding
that
it
comprehendeth
most
part
of
the
traffique
of
his
European
Dominions
,
it
will
not
be
amisse
for
mee
to
observe
it
in
a
particular
Chapter
,
as
well
meriting
the
same
.
CHAP.
CCXLVII.
Of
Constantinople
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
CONSTANTINOPLE
,
the
seat
and
residence
of
the
great
Turke
,
is
situated
Constantinople
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
upon
the
streame
that
passeth
from
the
Euxine
seas
,
to
the
Meditorranean
,
and
thereby
reaping
the
benefit
of
all
that
the
winds
can
convey
thither
,
both
from
the
black
and
white
seas
,
as
they
terme
them
:
It
is
not
more
commodious
for
Merchandise
,
than
for
to
be
the
head
of
an
Empire
,
affronting
Asia
,
and
behind
it
Europe
,
whereof
it
is
accompted
the
uttermost
limit
,
esteemed
to
be
20
miles
in
circuit
,
and
comprehending
700000
living
soules
,
as
some
have
conceived
,
which
would
grow
innumerable
,
did
not
the
grand
Signiours
armies
yeerely
,
and
the
plague
once
in
three
or
foure
yeeres
sweepe
away
abundance
of
them
.
It
was
first
built
by
Pausanias
,
a
Lacedemonian
captaine
,
660
yeeres
before
Christ
,
and
by
him
called
Bisantium
,
afterward
ruined
by
●…everus
,
and
in
Anno
313
reedified
by
Constantine
the
Great
,
and
made
the
seat
of
his
Empire
,
and
by
him
beautified
and
adorned
with
magnificent
buildings
and
curious
ornaments
,
and
called
Constantinople
,
then
it
fell
into
the
hands
of
the
Latins
,
from
them
to
the
Grecians
,
and
lastly
,
in
1453
to
the
Turkes
,
who
now
command
it
,
upon
which
some
have
made
this
observation
:
That
the
first
Emperour
of
the
Latins
who
commanded
it
was
a
Baldwin
,
and
so
was
he
also
,
that
lost
it
,
also
that
it
was
built
by
a
Constantine
,
the
sonne
of
a
Helena
,
a
Gregory
being
Patriarch
and
lost
by
a
Constantine
,
the
sonne
of
a
Helena
,
a
Gregory
being
Patriarch
,
and
as
it
was
gained
by
a
Mahomet
,
so
have
the
Turkes
a
Prophesie
,
that
a
Mahomet
shall
lose
it
.
The
City
is
formed
in
manner
of
a
triangle
,
or
more
fitly
,
as
we
see
the
composition
of
a
Harp
,
having
its
two
largest
angles
bordering
on
the
seas
upon
a
point
that
stretcheth
it selfe
into
the
sea
,
and
the
third
,
which
is
the
least
part
incompassed
with
a
strong
tripled
wall
,
incompassed
with
dry
deepe
ditches
for
defence
,
and
stengthened
with
sundry
towers
now
daily
ruined
,
for
the
Turkes
hold
but
few
cities
fortified
,
either
by
walls
or
bulwarkes
,
save
some
principall
places
,
frontiers
,
or
such
like
.
It
hath
many
goodly
moderne
buildings
,
and
amongst
the
rest
,
many
Canes
for
Merchants
strangers
to
abide
;
and
Besesternes
for
Canes
.
them
to
make
sales
of
their
commodities
in
,
it
hath
also
many
goodly
Besesternes
.
Mosces
,
or
Turkish
Churches
,
and
that
anciently
of
Santa
Sophia
converted
to
their
irrelegious
devotion
,
is
not
the
least
,
though
onely
the
now
standing
Chancell
of
the
first
building
,
neere
which
is
the
grand
Signiors
Palace
,
in
the
very
point
of
the
angle
incompassed
for
3
miles
in
circuite
with
a
high
wall
,
and
fortified
with
many
100
peeces
of
Ordnance
:
this
city
,
the
common
mart
of
all
commodities
of
this
Empire
receiving
and
distributing
what
either
comes
or
goes
;
the
Merchants
of
London
about
1580
here
began
to
have
some
trade
,
and
brake
the
ice
by
their
land
travell
hither
through
Hungary
;
afterward
it
was
setled
by
the
benefit
of
the
sea
;
and
the
first
English
ship
that
came
hither
,
was
about
1585
,
with
an
Embassadour
to
refide
;
who
obtained
here
such
favour
by
the
recommendation
of
Queene
Elizabeth
,
that
her
subjects
in
their
treaty
and
capitulations
,
had
many
immunities
and
privileges
granted
them
,
and
amongst
the
rest
,
a
toleration
of
their
Religion
,
freedome
to
their
persons
and
estates
,
and
that
their
customes
should
onely
be
3
in
the
hundred
out
,
and
3
in
,
whereas
all
other
Christians
there
resident
,
paid
5
per
cent
'
.
Since
which
time
,
the
English
have
here
driven
a
great
trade
,
under
protection
of
divers
Embassadours
,
that
have
here
resided
,
which
have
had
their
Election
,
Salary
,
and
Maintenance
from
a
society
of
Merchants
incorporated
in
England
under
the
great
Seale
:
first
,
by
the
said
Queene
Elizabeth
,
and
confirmed
afterward
with
new
priviledges
by
our
deceased
Soveraigne
King
Iames
:
and
lastly
,
by
our
present
King
Charles
under
the
Title
of
Merchants
of
England
,
trading
the
levant
seas
,
wherein
was
at
first
comprehended
the
Easterne
Indies
,
the
dominions
of
the
great
Turke
,
and
also
the
Signorie
of
Venice
;
this
company
deriving
their
originall
from
the
company
of
Barbary
Merchants
,
which
about
this
time
,
by
reason
of
the
civill
warres
of
Moroco
and
Fesse
,
began
to
decay
,
and
within
a
short
time
come
to
nothing
,
and
who
afterward
searching
more
advisedly
into
the
trade
of
these
Easterne
countries
,
this
Company
setled
a
Consul
in
Alleppo
,
and
a
vice
Consul
in
Tripolie
the
then
principall
seate
of
Syria
with
the
titles
of
Syria
and
Cyprus
:
also
they
placed
another
Consull
in
Chios
,
intitled
of
Scio
,
Smirna
,
and
the
Arches
:
as
another
Consull
since
in
Argier
,
and
another
in
T●…
,
and
the
last
in
Petras
in
Morea
,
strengthened
with
command
from
the
Port
and
Durano
of
the
grand
Signior
,
not
onely
for
their
peaceable
living
,
but
also
for
the
quiet
enjoying
of
these
priviledges
granted
unto
them
as
above
is
said
.
The
commodities
that
this
place
at
first
affoorded
to
our
Nation
,
and
which
hence
in
those
dayes
were
brought
into
England
,
were
Commodities
found
in
Constantinople
.
Grograins
,
Chamblet
,
Moher
,
Persia
silke
,
Gold
in
great
quantity
,
Carpets
,
Aniseeds
,
Cottons
,
Galles
,
some
Pepper
,
Indico
,
and
other
spices
,
which
now
by
the
benefit
of
our
East
India
trade
,
we
send
thither
in
farre
greater
aboundance
than
ever
wee
had
them
thence
;
and
those
are
yet
the
common
Staple
commodities
of
this
countrey
.
The
commodities
which
at
first
this
company
did
send
to
Constantinople
,
were
Lead
Tin
,
and
principally
a
sort
of
blew
Kersies
,
called
Commodities
sent
from
England
to
Constantinople
.
Hampshire
,
&
Stoplists
,
and
some
few
clothes
of
Suffolk
,
Furs
of
Martins
,
Cony
,
Fitchos
,
Sables
,
and
such
:
and
now
those
kersies
〈◊〉
altogether
out
of
use
,
and
converted
into
clothes
of
Suffolk
Glosters
Coventries
,
and
the
like
,
which
they
send
in
colours
dyed
&
drest
,
to
the
number
of
eight
or
ten
thousand
clothes
yearly
;
&
now
we
also
supply
their
markets
with
Indico
,
pepper
,
cloves
,
maces
,
antmegs
,
ginger
,
calicoes
,
and
other
East
India
commodities
.
The
Merchants
here
residing
,
keepe
their
accounts
as
almost
is
accustomed
over
all
Turkie
,
in
Dollers
and
aspers
,
whereof
80
aspers
Accounts
in
Constantinople
.
is
accounted
a
doller
and
though
in
merchandise
it
doth
passe
at
90
,
100
,
or
110
,
or
150
asp
.
as
I
have
knowne
it
;
yet
the
standard
of
the
doller
in
accounts
alter
not
of
80
asp
.
to
a
doller
,
nor
of
the
120
asp
.
to
a
Sultany
.
The
coynes
currant
in
Constantinople
,
are
those
proper
to
the
whole
Empire
;
which
is
principally
the
Sultany
in
gold
,
which
agrees
Coines
currant
in
Turkie
.
with
the
Hungar
,
Venice
,
Ch●…quine
,
and
Sheriff
of
Barbary
passing
for
120
asp
.
and
the
doller
of
Germany
▪
the
Rial
of
〈◊〉
Spanish
passeth
for
80
asp
.
so
that
the
1
〈◊〉
Rial
of
〈◊〉
is
a
Sultany
of
gold
;
how
beit
of
late
dayes
silver
is
found
more
plentifull
,
and
gold
more
scarce
,
so
that
the
sayd
Sultany
,
Hungar
or
〈◊〉
is
worth
1
〈◊〉
doller
,
and
10
,
20
or
30
asp
.
more
or
lesse
,
as
the
same
is
demanded
and
sought
after
:
also
here
are
found
other
dollers
,
both
of
Italy
and
Germany
,
to
passe
for
a
considerable
value
,
as
the
L●…
doller
at
75
asp
.
and
the
Germane
Ses●…ine
at
70
asp
.
&c.
and
in
fine
,
most
sort
of
currant
coins
in
the
world
,
if
found
good
silver
,
finde
here
a
reall
price
in
payments
of
merchandise
.
The
weights
used
amongst
Merchants
are
these
,
A
Graine
is
the
least
,
4
makes
a
quillat
.
Weights
in
Constantinople
.
A
dram
is
16
graines
,
of
which
all
the
weights
of
these
countries
are
composed
.
An
Tusdrome
is
100
drams
,
and
is
1
l'sotile
Venice
,
or
72
mitagales
here
.
A
Lodero
is
176
drams
about
132
l'
haberdupoit
19
℥
An
Oake
is
400
drams
,
which
is
neere
2
l'
12
℥
.
or
10
℥
.
Loderot
100
is
accounted
to
be
42
Oakes
,
and
called
a
quintar
;
which
quintar
is
accounted
to
be
118
in
120
l'
sutle
English.
A
Batman
is
60
akes
,
which
is
2400
drams
,
or
16⅓
l'
Engl.
By
which
weight
silke
is
here
bought
,
making
10
great
l'
〈◊〉
℥
per
Batman
,
Batman
7
and
Oakes
2
makes
a
quintal
,
which
is
120
l'
English.
Lode●…
13
and
drams
112
makes
a
Batman
:
all
silke
is
sold
by
the
Batman
,
and
yet
weighed
by
the
Lodero
;
so
also
is
Grograine
yarne
and
other
To
bring
Loderos
into
Oakes
.
commodities
sold
by
the
Oake
,
yet
weighed
by
Lodero
.
To
bring
therefore
Loderos
into
Okes
,
doe
thus
,
posito
,
you
have
14
Loders
,
and
would
know
how
many
Okes
it
produceth
;
First
multiply
your
14
Loderos
by
44
,
which
produceth
616
:
then
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
for
the
C.
will
remaine
6
which
is
Okes
:
then
multiply
the
16
you
cut
off
by
4
,
and
it
makes
64
,
which
is
drams
,
and
so
your
14
Loders
is
6
Okes
64
drams
,
and
so
do
of
any
other
summe
given
.
Drammes
-
720
-
700
-
680
are
accounted
Rotolos
of
silke
and
other
commodities
in
Aleppo
,
according
to
the
custome
in
sale
of
that
commoditie
which
is
to
bee
noted
:
and
this
dram
is
16
Killats
.
A
Mitigall
is
1
〈◊〉
Drams
,
which
is
24
Killats
20
Mitigals
of
gold
is
3
℥
English.
A
Chicquine
Sultanie
or
Hungar
is
18
Killats
or
Carats
.
Rotolos
3
〈◊〉
and
20
Drammes
in
Aleppo
is
a
Batman
in
Constantinople
,
foure
hundred
Drammes
making
an
Oake
consisting
of
foure
Yusdromes
or
pounds
,
ten
ounces
to
the
yusdrome
,
and
ten
drammes
to
the
ounce
;
and
hereby
I
have
estimated
neere
fourtie
eight
drams
to
sixteene
ounces
haberdupois
.
Where
note
,
that
here
(
as
in
Aleppo
)
severall
commodities
are
sold
by
a
severall
Oake
,
as
there
by
severall
Rotolo
,
as
the
Oake
of
Saffron
is
here
120
drams
,
and
no
more
;
and
so
in
others
.
Weights
of
Constantinople
,
with
other
Countries
.
Now
having
considered
this
weight
in
it selfe
,
let
us
consider
it
as
it
is
found
to
agree
with
other
Cities
of
trade
,
which
may
best
be
done
upon
the
100
Loderos
as
the
knowne
beame
;
here
the
Oake
,
and
Batman
and
Rotolo
being
fained
and
compounded
thereof
.
London
|
120
l'
&
found
by
often
triall
but
to
be
117
&
118
l'
|
Aleppo
|
24
2
℥
|
Ditto
silke
℞
|
25
2
℥
|
Tripoli
Suria
|
29
4
℥
|
Tripoli
Barbaria
500
Loders
in
Constantinople
make
in
|
104
l'
|
Bar●…ti
|
23
6
℥
|
Alex.
Zera
|
56
|
Alex.
Forfori
In
●…ergams
160
li.
In
Crom●…
163
li.
|
125
l'
|
Rhodes
|
22
℞
|
Acria
|
19
6
|
Babylonia
|
16
8¾
|
Balsora
|
4
8⅓
|
Milan
,
and
Verona
,
|
|
and
Mantua
|
163
l'
|
Lucca
|
157
l'
|
Genoa
|
160
li.
|
Florence
|
151
li.
|
Venice
sotle
|
176
li.
|
Venice
grosse
|
112
li.
|
Cairo
|
123
Rot.
|
Cyprus
|
25½
Rot.
|
Corfu
|
112
li.
|
Lorta
and
Cattarro
|
132
li.
|
Rhigusa
and
Spallato
|
146
li.
|
Mesina
grosse
|
62
Rot.
|
Sicilia
sotle
|
69
Rot.
|
Naples
and
Puglia
|
60
Rot.
|
Anchona
.
|
148
li.
|
Rome
and
Bolonia
|
146½
li.
|
The
measures
of
lengtth
in
Constantinople
used
in
trade
,
are
Measures
of
Constantinople
.
three
,
and
all
called
Picos
:
the
first
is
the
Cloth
Pico
:
foure
whereof
hath
been
observed
to
make
three
yards
English
,
and
is
about
26½
inches
,
and
if
heedfully
noted
,
twenty
seven
inches
very
neare
.
The
second
is
the
Grograine
or
Chamblet
Fico
,
containing
24
inches
,
and
observed
to
make
24
pico
16
yards
English.
The
third
is
the
linnen
pico
,
which
is
onely
the
former
doubled
:
and
note
that
in
the
measuring
here
of
all
commodities
of
length
,
here
is
no
allowance
made
nor
given
in
curtesie
,
as
the
inch
is
over-plus
in
England
;
but
the
sayd
picos
are
found
to
bee
made
flat
of
Iron
,
and
no
more
allowance
given
than
the
thicknesse
of
the
pico
at
the
end
,
which
commonly
exceeds
not
the
thicknesse
of
an
English
shilling
.
Corne
is
sold
by
a
measure
concave
,
called
the
Killow
,
and
weigheth
about
20
Oahes
;
and
it
hath
been
observed
,
that
8⅔
of
a
Killow
is
Corne
measure
a
London
quarter
,
and
doth
make
a
Salmo
in
Lighorne
;
and
five
Killows
in
Zant
make
6
Bushels
English.
Wine
and
Oyle
,
and
almost
all
liquid
commodities
is
sold
by
a
meter
,
Wine
&
Oyle
.
which
makes
8
Oakes
and
is
accounted
⅔
of
a
gallon
English.
Note
that
in
Constantinople
all
fuell
to
burne
,
fruit
,
fish
,
flesh
,
and
for
the
most
part
all
commodities
are
sold
by
weight
,
and
very
few
by
the
concave
measures
,
which
is
a
good
benefite
to
the
provident
.
Observe
that
Scio
doth
agree
with
these
measures
and
weights
;
and
so
also
should
Smyrna
by
the
observations
of
Merchants
,
some
yeares
past
;
but
some
difference
is
now
found
peradventure
crept
in
by
the
abuse
of
the
weighers
,
and
the
falshood
of
beames
;
and
this
difference
is
found
more
grosse
upon
cottons
and
galls
,
than
upon
any
other
commodity
which
may
proceed
both
from
the
foulenesse
of
the
first
,
and
the
greennesse
of
the
later
,
which
I
referre
to
the
reformation
of
the
more
judicious
.
The
customes
paid
in
Constantinople
is
divers
:
as
the
Italians
,
and
Customes
in
Constantinople
.
other
frankes
and
Iewes
pay
upon
all
commodities
,
both
outward
and
inward
,
5
per
cent
.
The
Turkes
themselves
are
free
from
all
customes
.
The
English
and
Dutch
pay
3
per
cent
,
inward
,
and
as
much
outward
,
upon
all
commodities
,
and
this
is
paid
in
species
,
and
not
in
mony
,
except
that
the
Merchants
doe
compound
,
as
oftentimes
they
doe
,
with
the
customer
,
that
an
indifferent
rate
be
made
upon
the
commodities
,
and
upon
that
rate
is
3
per
cent
.
taken
accordingly
.
Miseteria
.
Note
,
that
over
and
above
this
custome
paid
by
agreement
and
capitulation
of
forraine
Princes
for
their
subjects
,
there
is
paid
upon
all
ponderous
commodities
a
duty
of
1½
per
cent
.
and
upon
all
measureable
commodities
is
paid
1
per
cent
.
and
these
customes
are
called
Miseteries
,
and
ever
paid
betweene
the
buyer
and
the
seller
,
the
Turke
,
if
happening
to
be
either
,
is
ever
exempted
,
which
duty
,
both
by
the
buyer
and
seller
is
paid
to
the
Brokers
,
who
repay
it
to
the
Farmer
thereof
,
and
both
〈◊〉
for
the
collectour
,
and
is
a
rent
setled
for
the
maintenance
of
an
Hospitall
founded
by
Sultan
Achmet
,
as
hoping
by
this
new
custome
levied
upon
strangers
,
and
thus
disposed
of
to
charitable
uses
to
gaine
heaven
at
the
charges
of
Christians
.
Gallata
.
Opposite
to
the
City
of
Constantinople
,
is
the
City
Gallatta
,
formerly
Cornubisantium
,
and
in
times
past
belonging
to
the
Genoes
,
who
in
the
declining
state
of
the
Grecian
Empire
were
possessors
of
this
City
,
and
many
other
in
this
Empire
both
of
great
trade
and
consequence
which
are
now
in
the
possession
of
the
grand
Signiour
,
betweene
which
a
river
now
runneth
,
wherein
all
shipping
finde
both
a
safe
and
convenient
harbour
,
and
in
which
all
the
Westerne
Christians
,
either
English
,
French
,
Dutch
,
or
Vendian
Merchants
have
their
common
residencie
,
intermixt
with
Grecians
,
Iewes
,
Armenians
and
some
few
Turkes
,
where
also
is
placed
a
custome-house
opposite
to
another
on
Constantinople
side
,
both
commonly
farmed
by
one
and
Emin
.
theselfe
same
Emine
or
Farmer
,
who
is
the
Receiver
of
the
Grand
Signiours
customes
,
which
are
found
commonly
payable
,
the
one
halfe
in
aspers
,
of
80
aspers
to
a
doller
,
and
the
other
halfe
in
sultaines
of
gold
,
or
otherwise
,
as
the
Farmer
and
Merchant
can
agree
for
,
and
compound
the
same
.
I
have
shewed
before
,
how
that
the
Company
of
English
Merchants
The
governement
of
the
trade
of
the
English
in
Constantinople
.
incorporated
by
the
name
of
the
society
of
the
levant
Company
in
England
,
doe
elect
and
nominate
an
able
and
skilfull
,
well
qualified
man
in
Merchants
affaires
,
who
with
his
Maiesties
consent
and
approbation
resideth
here
,
as
Leger
Ambassadour
,
to
protect
both
the
said
Companies
Factors
,
and
their
Estates
here
in
matter
of
trade
,
whose
charges
and
salary
is
paid
and
defraied
wholly
by
the
said
Levant
Company
,
and
for
the
honour
of
the
English
Nation
,
and
as
necessary
to
his
Port
,
and
the
said
Companies
traffique
through
the
grand
Signiours
Dominions
,
they
are
found
also
to
maintaine
at
present
,
and
to
pay
salarie
to
6
Consuls
in
6
severall
places
of
this
Empire
,
and
to
wait
upon
these
and
their
Factors
,
they
give
pay
to
40
Ienisaries
20
druggermen
,
or
Interpreters
:
6
Secretaries
:
3
Ministers
,
besides
Mr.
Alderman
Garaway
at
present
being
governor
,
and
Mr.
William
Cockaine
Deputy
,
to
whom
I
owe
this
gratefull
acknowledgement
,
as
to
those
who
have
lent
me
their
ready
furtherance
in
this
worke
.
sundrie
other
needfull
officers
.
And
for
the
government
of
this
trade
in
England
,
they
have
a
Governour
,
who
is
alwaies
yeerely
chosen
in
London
,
and
is
ever
one
of
the
most
eminent
of
the
said
Company
,
then
a
Deputy
,
and
thirdly
a
Husband
,
in
which
last
,
the
said
Company
have
for
some
yeeres
honoured
my
employment
,
and
thought
my
paines
worthy
their
acceptatic●…
,
and
these
in
consideration
of
their
care
,
have
a
yeerely
courtesie
or
gratuity
for
their
paines
:
also
to
these
is
added
a
Secretarie
,
accomptant
,
and
some
other
officers
receiving
salarie
,
and
for
the
better
regulating
of
this
trade
,
and
as
assistants
to
the
above
said
,
they
have
a
Treasurer
,
and
18
Committies
yeerely
chosen
,
and
are
ever
the
greatest
traders
,
and
the
most
eminent
of
the
said
Societie
,
and
commonly
the
deepest
interessed
in
the
generall
trade
;
and
in
this
nature
hath
it
continued
since
the
first
erection
and
incorporation
of
this
Society
in
〈◊〉
1585
,
by
Queene
Elizabeth
,
whose
love
to
her
Merchants
protured
them
in
Turkie
many
priviledges
,
and
granted
them
in
England
the
immunities
aforesaid
.
Now
for
the
levying
and
supportation
of
this
charge
annually
thus
happening
,
and
for
the
raising
of
the
present
that
is
given
to
the
grand
Signiour
,
at
the
change
of
every
Ambassadour
,
there
is
levied
a
lanto
upon
the
Merchandise
,
either
imported
or
exported
,
in
or
out
of
Turkie
,
upon
the
members
The
English
nation
the
greatest
traders
into
Turkie
of
Christians
.
of
the
said
Company
,
which
in
England
is
called
by
the
name
of
impositions
,
and
in
Turkie
,
by
the
name
of
consoledge
,
which
the
said
Company
doe
impose
upon
themselves
,
and
set
the
same
either
higher
or
lower
,
as
their
occasions
and
necessitie
of
their
charge
doth
require
,
and
these
are
the
most
eminent
of
all
the
Merchants
Christians
that
traffique
hither
.
The
second
eminent
traders
into
this
city
,
are
the
Venetians
,
and
The
Venetians
being
the
second
.
the
subjects
of
that
Signiory
,
to
protect
whom
,
and
for
reasons
of
estate
,
because
of
their
neere
neighbourhood
,
that
Common
wealth
maintaines
here
an
Ambassadour
,
commonly
intitled
the
Bailo
,
together
with
10
Consuls
in
sundrie
parts
of
the
grand
Signiours
dominions
,
together
with
60
Ienisaries
,
30
druggermen
,
and
sundry
other
officers
,
which
are
all
paid
and
defraid
out
of
the
office
of
Cottinio
,
in
Venice
,
from
whence
also
issueth
all
avenies
,
and
other
losses
and
charges
that
happen
for
the
preservation
and
maintenance
of
the
trade
of
Turkie
,
or
the
liberties
and
immunities
granted
thereto
throughout
all
the
Grand
Signiors
Dominions
.
The
third
eminent
traders
into
this
Citie
,
are
the
French
,
and
The
French
being
the
third
,
the
subjects
of
that
crowne
:
to
protect
whom
,
and
also
for
preser
varion
of
amitie
setled
between
them
,
that
King
maintaineth
here
an
Embassadour
,
together
with
twelve
Consuls
,
dispersed
into
sundry
parts
of
this
Empire
;
together
with
80
Ianisaries
,
34
Druggermen
,
and
sundry
other
Officers
,
all
payd
and
defrayed
out
of
the
Coffers
of
the
French
King
,
who
willingly
contributeth
the
charge
for
the
ease
of
his
Merchants
,
and
hath
but
small
leviations
upon
them
for
the
same
.
The
fourth
and
last
is
the
Dutch
Nation
,
who
in
some
manner
are
The
Dutch
being
the
last
and
least
.
found
to
have
some
traffique
hither
;
to
which
end
that
State
maintaineth
in
this
City
an
Embassadour
,
whom
they
intitle
their
Orator
,
besides
whom
they
have
onely
three
Consulships
,
twelve
Ianisaries
,
ten
Druggermen
,
and
some
other
Officers
dispersed
through
the
Grand
Signiors
dominions
,
whose
charge
is
borne
by
the
state
of
the
Merchants
of
that
nation
,
trading
hither
at
a
tanto
per
cent
,
and
not
by
the
purse
of
the
sayd
provinces
.
Besides
these
,
some
small
trade
is
driven
here
by
the
subjects
of
the
King
of
Poland
,
as
also
by
the
subjects
of
the
King
of
Hungary
,
and
by
the
Emperours
subjects
;
who
each
of
them
have
here
their
Embassadours
:
but
the
trade
thereof
is
of
so
little
consequence
,
and
subject
to
such
change
and
variation
by
reason
of
the
warre
and
peace
,
which
sometimes
is
truely
observed
,
and
sometimes
againe
as
little
regarded
,
that
it
merits
no
great
consideration
in
this
place
.
As
for
the
traffique
driven
here
out
of
Armenia
,
Moscovia
.
,
Tartaria
,
Egypt
,
Georgia
,
Persia
,
and
other
Countries
of
Asia
,
and
Affrica
,
I
passe
them
over
in
silence
,
having
handled
them
particularly
in
those
severall
kingdomes
;
to
which
I
referre
the
reader
.
Now
the
trade
of
other
Nations
hither
I
have
noted
,
it
is
not
unproper
I
should
give
a
touch
of
the
trade
of
the
inhabitants
of
The
trade
of
the
citizens
of
Constantinople
.
this
Citie
into
other
places
:
foure
sorts
of
people
are
found
hence
to
use
a
traffique
such
as
are
the
native
Greekes
,
Turkes
,
the
Armeniant
,
and
the
Iewes
.
The
Iewes
bend
much
of
their
trade
into
the
land
,
as
to
Adrianople
with
English
Clothes
,
Tinne
and
Spices
,
brought
hither
by
other
nations
:
To
Angora
for
grograines
,
Mohers
,
and
grograine
yarne
:
to
Salonica
and
other
Cities
in
Peloponnesus
for
silkes
and
other
manufactories
.
the
Armenians
drive
most
of
their
trade
into
Georgia
,
Armenia
and
Persia
for
raw
silkes
,
galles
,
and
some
drugges
;
and
carry
thither
Clothes
,
Tinne
,
and
other
European
commodities
,
and
Rials
of
silver
.
The
Turkes
bend
their
traffique
to
Venice
with
grograines
and
Chamblets
,
and
other
commodities
of
Dalmatia
and
Slavonia
;
and
thence
returne
Sattins
,
Velvets
,
and
some
Wollen
clothes
,
and
Venice
gold
:
then
to
Mecca
,
Damasco
,
and
Cairo
,
with
European
commodities
;
sometimes
by
sea
,
but
oftner
by
land
;
and
bring
thence
Iems
,
Spices
,
Drugges
,
and
Callicos
,
and
other
Indian
commodities
.
The
Greekes
for
the
most
part
found
to
bee
either
shop
keepers
,
and
so
cannot
be
tearmed
Merchants
;
or
else
Mariners
,
which
saile
to
Capha
,
to
Da●…ius
,
to
the
Arches
,
Cyprus
,
and
Alexandria
;
and
these
are
noted
to
drive
some
small
trade
,
that
it
merits
not
here
any
further
observation
.
Having
thus
as
briefly
and
succinctly
as
I
could
,
handled
the
trade
of
the
maine
continent
of
Europe
;
and
being
come
to
this
Citie
of
Constantinople
,
one
of
the
most
eminent
and
fairest
Cities
,
not
onely
of
Europe
,
but
also
of
the
whole
world
,
whose
trade
I
have
also
duely
&
yet
briefly
related
:
It
is
now
high
time
for
me
to
looke
homewards
;
and
so
leaving
this
famous
Citie
,
saile
downe
the
Thracian
Bosphorus
to
the
Hellespont
,
leaving
in
view
and
sight
on
Europe
side
the
once
famous
Galipolis
,
the
late
Station
for
the
Galipolis
.
Grand
Signiors
Gallies
;
whose
materials
either
for
the
matter
or
for
the
manner
of
traffique
,
differs
not
from
this
used
in
the
Citie
of
Constantinople
it selfe
,
though
otherwise
it
yeeldes
to
the
Merchants
for
transportation
good
quantitie
of
raw
Hides
,
sheepes
wooll
,
Aniseeds
,
and
some
other
commodities
;
and
taking
aboord
me
one
qualified
here
who
according
to
the
custome
of
the
place
supplies
the
roome
of
generall
Consull
for
all
westerne
nations
,
I
saile
with
him
to
the
Castles
of
Sestos
and
Abidot
,
the
now
keyes
of
this
sea
and
sayd
Citie
,
famoused
by
the
ancients
for
the
sad
and
disastrous
love
of
Hero
and
Leander
;
where
staying
three
dayes
to
cleare
my
Vessell
,
according
to
the
manner
of
each
that
would
depart
hence
,
discharging
101
Dollers
6
aspers
to
the
Custome-houses
of
Constantinople
and
Galatta
,
and
to
the
Captaine
of
these
Castles
,
and
here
124
Dollers
54
aspers
more
,
I
and
my
ship
are
cleered
&
discharged
hence
:
and
being
freed
,
and
my
sailes
flowne
,
I
begin
to
descry
the
Arches
,
and
there
survey
what
Ilands
of
note
and
consequence
I
finde
in
those
seas
,
leaving
behinde
me
the
maine
continent
of
Europe
;
and
having
thus
performed
my
land-travaile
,
and
fully
discovered
and
layd
open
the
traffique
and
commerce
thereof
I
am
called
upon
in
the
next
place
,
to
survey
the
trade
of
the
principall
Ilands
comprehended
under
this
part
of
the
world
Europe
.
CHAP.
.
CCXLVIII
.
Of
the
trade
of
the
Isles
seated
in
the
Egean
,
Ioniam
,
Mediteranean
and
Adriatique
Seas
.
THe
first
Island
falling
in
view
,
comming
out
of
the
Helespont
is
the
Isle
of
Tenedos
opposite
to
Troy
,
Tenedos
.
which
hath
a
prettie
towne
in
it
,
and
inriched
with
excellent
wines
.
The
next
is
Samothracia
in
the
Egean
sea
,
affording
Samothracia
.
at
S●…ia
a
good
harbour
for
ships
and
nought
else
of
consequence
.
Lemnos
is
the
next
in
the
said
seas
affording
that
soveragine
Minerall
Lemnos
.
against
infection
called
Terra
Sigillata
,
the
earth
thereof
is
made
into
little
pellets
,
and
sealed
with
the
Turkes
Character
,
and
so
dispersed
Terra
Sigillata
.
over
all
Christendome
for
an
excellent
Antidote
.
Scio
or
Chios
is
the
next
of
note
,
affording
that
excellent
Gumme
,
Scio.
called
Mastique
,
which
in
Iuly
and
August
the
inhabitants
doe
force
out
of
trees
,
by
making
of
deepe
incisions
into
the
barke
thereof
,
with
sharpe
instruments
,
out
of
which
the
juyce
dropping
is
afterward
hardned
like
unto
a
bright
Gum
,
and
in
September
following
gathered
,
which
Mastique
is
farmed
of
the
Grand
Signiour
,
as
his
Mastique
.
peculiar
commoditie
,
and
therefore
ever
maintained
at
a
constant
price
,
and
hence
dispersed
throughout
the
world
.
CHAP.
CCXLIX
.
Of
SCIO
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
I
Have
already
declared
in
the
trade
of
Smyrna
,
Scio
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
how
that
of
late
daies
the
principall
seate
of
traffique
was
in
this
Iland
in
the
towne
of
Scio
,
where
a
Consul
for
the
English
and
other
nations
did
reside
;
but
finding
the
Port
of
Smyrna
seated
on
the
continent
more
proper
for
lading
of
Cottons
and
Cotton-yarne
,
and
other
grosse
goods
,
the
principall
commodities
of
this
seate
,
they
removed
their
habitation
thither
,
and
with
them
is
that
trade
that
was
here
also
removed
,
yet
in
that
it
was
found
a
place
where
great
concourse
of
Merchants
was
found
,
we
owe
it
a
touch
of
its
weights
and
measures
,
&c.
Accompts
were
and
are
kept
in
dollers
of
80
aspers
,
and
of
Aspers
as
Accompts
in
Scio.
in
Constantinople
.
The
monies
are
the
same
ingenerall
mentioned
in
Constantinople
,
save
that
commerce
,
doth
often-times
make
them
be
here
2
or
3
per
cent
.
better
esteemed
.
The
weights
here
,
are
derived
from
the
dra●…
of
Turk●…
that
I
Weights
of
Scio.
mentioned
in
Constantinople
.
100
drammes
make
a
Rotolo
,
which
is
19
〈◊〉
℥
V●…ca
sotile
.
400
drams
make
an
Oake
.
100
Rotolos
make
a
quintar
,
accompted
in
circa
118ˡ'
English
,
and
should
hold
as
in
Smirna
120
l
'
,
but
daily
experience
findeth
the
contrary
,
both
here
and
in
Smirna
,
not
making
above
118ˡ'
sotile
haberdupois
.
Their
measures
are
here
two
,
the
linnen
picho
q
t.
26
ynches
,
and
the
Measures
in
Scio.
cloth
picho
usuall
in
Constantinople
of
27
ynches
,
for
other
passages
,
vide
further
Constantinople
and
Smirna
.
I
will
now
proceed
to
the
rest
of
those
Islands
in
these
seas
,
which
are
first
Lesbos
,
in
which
,
Mitylena
is
noted
for
the
principall
towne
,
Le●…bos
.
where
was
borne
Sapph●…
,
the
inventresse
of
the
sapphique
verse
,
Pittacus
,
one
of
the
Sages
of
Greece
,
Arion
the
Dolphin
harper
,
and
which
have
famoused
this
Island
to
posterity
.
Negroponte
is
the
next
,
where
the
Sea
ebbeth
and
floweth
7
times
Negroponte
.
a
day
,
which
because
Aristotle
cold
not
unriddle
,
he
here
drowned
himselfe
:
the
chiefe
City
is
Col●…his
,
Caristia
and
others
.
Here
is
also
Seiros
,
Salamis
,
the
12
Sporades
,
also
Delos
,
where
Seir●…
Salamis
.
Delos
.
Samos
.
Oracles
were
given
to
the
Petitioners
,
and
the
53
Islands
of
Ciclades
,
which
afford
nothing
note
worthy
:
also
Samos
the
habitation
of
that
fortunate
infortunate
Policrates
,
and
Coos
the
birth-place
of
Coo●…
.
Apelles
and
Hippocrates
,
then
Pathmos
where
S
t.
Iohn
wrote
his
Revetions
Pathmos
.
being
confined
hither
by
Domitian
,
which
are
now
of
small
accompt
,
save
onely
in
their
number
,
and
so
I
come
in
the
next
place
to
Rhodes
.
CHAP.
CCL
.
Of
Rhodes
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THE
same
of
this
Iland
and
Citie
is
sufficiently
knowne
through
Europe
;
and
Rhodes
and
the
trade
therof
.
the
valour
of
the
ancient
Knights
the
masters
thereof
sufficiently
restified
,
in
the
defence
thereof
;
it
now
(
in
matter
of
traffique
)
by
reason
of
the
commodious
harbour
and
situation
daily
increaseth
,
and
many
Merchants
Christians
are
found
to
frequent
the
place
by
day
;
but
must
by
night
get
lodging
in
the
suburbs
,
so
fearfull
are
the
Turkes
of
the
losse
or
surprisall
of
this
place
,
which
cost
them
so
much
blood
in
the
gaining
.
This
Citie
is
a
Mart
for
most
of
the
commodities
of
the
Arches
,
as
of
Corne
,
Wines
,
Oyles
,
Rasins
,
Wax
,
Honey
,
Cordivants
,
some
cotton
Commodities
of
Rhodes
.
woolls
,
and
yarne
and
stuffes
made
thereof
,
as
Dimitties
,
Vermilion
,
and
as
also
some
Damaskes
and
other
stuffes
of
silke
,
&c.
Their
accounts
are
kept
in
aspers
,
onely
amounting
by
increase
,
after
the
manner
of
the
great
Turkes
treasures
,
to
hundred
and
Accounts
in
Rhodes
.
thousand
,
and
so
to
Loads
or
cargo
,
which
is
100000
aspers
.
Their
Movies
is
the
same
as
throughout
Turkie
,
all
other
coines
being
rather
esteemed
here
as
a
commoditie
than
a
coyne
:
for
they
Coine
currant
in
Rhodes
.
rise
and
fall
according
to
contract
,
so
that
in
all
bargaines
here
,
the
price
of
the
money
by
the
buyer
as
well
as
the
price
of
the
commodity
by
the
seller
,
must
be
agreed
upon
.
Their
weight
is
a
Rotolo
:
the
quintar
is
100
Rotolos
,
which
Rotolot
100
doe
make
in
England
536
l'
,
and
by
consequence
the
Rotolo
of
Weights
in
Rhodes
.
Rhodes
is
haberdupois
5l'
6
℥
.
in
circa
,
and
hath
made
in
Venice
800
l'
sotle
,
and
506
l'
grosse
by
observation
;
and
in
Genoa
hath
made
762
pound
sotle
,
in
Florence
701
pound
,
in
Rome
676
pound
,
in
Rhagusa
666
pound
.
Their
measure
is
a
Cone
which
is
about
84
inches
English.
Other
Measures
in
Rhodes
.
notes
have
not
come
to
my
hands
,
therefore
from
hence
I
will
saile
to
Candia
,
anciently
Creete
.
CHAP.
CCLI
.
Of
Candia
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THis
Iland
is
situated
in
the
mouth
of
the
Egean
Candia
and
the
trade
therof
.
Seas
,
and
is
very
fruitfull
in
these
commodities
which
it
affordeth
for
Merchants
;
first
,
Muskadels
,
whereof
there
is
above
2000
tonnes
yearely
exported
,
then
in
Sugars
refin'd
,
and
hence
called
Commodities
of
Candia
.
Candid
,
in
Gummes
,
Honey
,
Waxe
,
Sugars
,
Dates
,
Olives
,
Apples
,
Oranges
,
Lemons
,
Reysins
,
but
deficient
in
corne
.
The
chiefe
Cities
herein
are
Candia
,
the
Metropolis
,
Canea
,
Rhetmio
,
Sittia
,
and
Suda
not
to
be
forgotten
,
being
the
best
harbour
Suda
a
brave
Harbour
.
in
all
these
Seas
,
&
capable
to
receive
1000
saile
of
ships
.
The
coynes
of
Venice
is
here
current
with
little
difference
,
and
Coines
currant
in
Candia
.
their
accounts
kept
as
there
,
and
twice
a
yeare
the
Gally
grosses
from
Venice
come
hither
to
furnish
the
inhabitants
with
all
those
commodities
which
nature
hath
denied
them
of
,
and
which
other
,
Germany
,
Italy
,
France
,
or
England
can
afford
them
.
There
is
here
used
two
weights
,
or
two
quintals
,
as
in
Venice
,
a
Weights
in
Candia
.
sotile
and
a
grosse
quintar
,
which
is
found
thus
to
agree
with
the
said
Citie
of
Venice
.
100
li.
grosse
of
Candia
is
110
li.
grosse
Venice
,
&
118.
li.
Engl.
100
li.
sutle
of
Candia
,
is
114
li.
sutle
Venice
,
&
76
li.
English.
100
li.
grosse
of
Venice
,
makes
here
about
90
li.
grosse
.
100
li.
sutle
of
Venice
,
make
here
about
86
in
87
li.
sutle
.
There
is
here
also
used
two
picos
,
a
cloth
pico
,
and
a
silke
pico
,
Measures
in
Candia
.
100
braces
cloth
in
Venice
,
is
here
in
cloth
106
picos
,
(
)
100
braces
silk
in
Venice
is
here
also
100
pico
silk
,
which
by
observation
hath
made
in
London
(
)
inches
.
Muskadels
are
here
sold
by
a
measure
called
the
Mestach
,
100
Of
Wines
.
Mestach
of
cleare
Malvoise
,
makes
24
quarts
of
the
Begonso
measure
in
Venice
,
or
21
of
the
Sechio
measure
,
which
is
in
England
,
(
)
gallons
.
To
proceed
then
in
the
Ionian
Iles
,
I
finde
next
Cerigo
,
which
Cerigo
.
is
plentifull
in
Marble
,
and
out
of
the
Castle
of
the
chiefe
towns
of
this
Ile
,
was
Helena
the
wife
of
Menelaus
stolne
by
Paris
,
where
during
my
abode
here
,
the
Castelan
did
shew
me
,
and
lodged
me
in
the
chamber
whence
as
he
would
have
me
beleeve
,
she
was
ravished
;
but
if
it
were
so
,
her
lodging
I
am
confident
was
better
then
mine
,
for
a
soft
boord
was
my
best
bed
,
&
God
knowes
with
what
sorry
coverings
and
appurtenances
.
The
Strophades
or
strivali
,
are
the
next
,
giving
onely
a
poore
Strivast
.
livelihood
to
some
few
Greeke
Colonies
or
●…ryers
.
And
then
Cursalari
,
noted
onely
as
silent
spectators
to
the
battell
Cursalari
.
of
Lepanto
,
fought
in
Anno
1571.
neere
them
.
Then
Corfu
the
key
of
the
Venetian
State
,
being
in
the
center
Corfu
.
of
their
dominions
by
Sea
,
of
which
a
word
by
the
way
.
CHAP.
CCLII
.
Of
Corfu
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THis
Iland
having
the
principall
towne
of
that
Corfu
and
the
trade
therof
.
name
,
is
now
reputed
to
be
one
of
the
bulwarkes
of
Christendome
,
and
the
key
of
the
Venetian
State
,
and
is
a
reasonable
fruitfull
Iland
,
specially
in
waxe
,
honey
,
wine
,
oyle
,
and
some
other
commodities
.
Their
monies
and
accounts
as
in
Venetia
.
Their
weight
is
two
as
in
Venice
,
a
sotile
and
a
grosse
pound
,
and
quintar
,
which
thus
is
found
to
agree
together
:
Weights
in
Corfu
.
100
li.
sutle
of
Corfu
,
makes
sutle
Venice
,
133
li.
&
90.
li.
London
.
100
li.
grosse
of
Corfu
makes
grosse
Venice
.
Their
measure
in
Corfu
is
a
brace
,
which
is
(
)
English
inches
.
Measures
in
Corfu
of
Corn.
Their
corne
measure
is
a
Moija
,
which
is
4
degalatros
,
which
is
1½
.
stai●…
of
Venetia
,
and
in
England
is
(
)
gallons
.
Wine
is
sold
by
the
Iarre
,
4
whereof
makes
a
quart
in
Cerfu
,
which
makes
of
the
Sechio
measure
in
Venetia
,
6
Sechis
,
an●…
jar●…s
Wine
and
2
and
⅚
.
makes
one
quart
Venetian
in
wine
,
which
is
in
England
(
)
gallons
.
Salt
is
sold
by
the
M●…yetta
,
1000
whereof
makes
in
Venice
23.
Salt.
in
24
Moya
incirca
,
and
in
London
(
)
bushels
.
Then
comes
in
view
Saint
Maur●…
,
where
stood
a
Temple
,
famous
for
curing
unfortunate
Lovers
,
but
the
medicine
was
by
Saint
Maur●…
.
casting
themselves
headlong
into
the
Sea
,
and
so
I
imagine
they
may
be
cured
in
any
Country
else
whatsoever
:
the
chiefe
town
is
S.
Maur●…
,
inhabited
by
Iewes
only
.
There
resteth
yet
of
note
in
these
Seas
,
the
Ilands
of
Itheca
,
now
called
Val
de
campare
,
being
50
miles
in
compasse
,
and
〈◊〉
.
North-east
from
the
Iland
of
Sephalonia
,
being
66
miles
in
compasse
,
and
wherein
are
found
the
townes
and
havens
of
Argustoli
,
Guiscard●…
and
N●…llo
,
and
on
the
South
East
thereof
,
is
the
Iland
of
Zante
or
Zacynthus
,
about
40
miles
in
compasse
,
fortified
Zefal●…ia
.
with
a
strong
Castle
on
the
East
side
,
which
commands
the
town
of
Zante
,
and
the
harbour
thereunto
adjoyning
,
the
trade
Zant.
whereof
I
here
for
brevity
sake
comprise
together
.
CHAP.
CCLIII
.
Of
the
Iland
of
Zante
,
Zeffalonia
,
and
Ithecea
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
HAving
before
treated
of
these
Ilands
,
and
their
situation
,
I
now
come
to
the
trade
thereof
,
as
Zante
,
Zeffalonia
,
and
trade
therof
.
found
at
the
times
of
my
being
there
which
was
in
Anno
1619.
and
Anno
1624.
with
the
needfull
observations
remarkable
thereupon
.
The
commodities
that
these
three
Ilands
do
yeeld
for
merchandise
,
Commodities
of
these
Ilands
.
are
Honey
,
Waxe
,
Oyles
,
Wines
,
and
Corance
,
of
which
last
here
is
found
growing
such
abundance
,
that
some
yeares
the
English
have
laden
here
3000
tonnes
and
upwards
,
besides
what
the
Dutch
,
French
,
and
other
Countries
do
export
,
and
is
computed
to
yeeld
to
the
inhabitants
300000
Chequins
incirca
yearly
,
&c.
and
to
the
Signorie
of
Venice
for
custome
,
which
is
hereon
very
great
40000
Chequins
.
Of
these
Corance
,
Sefalonia
doth
yeeld
the
greatest
quantity
,
but
is
commonly
the
smallest
,
and
least
esteemed
:
Zante
doth
Corants
in
Zant
,
Seffalonia
and
The●…ca
.
next
yeeld
a
lesser
proportion
,
but
a
better
and
larger
sort
:
Ithaca
,
vulgarly
Theaca
,
doth
commonly
produce
the
best
and
fairest
,
but
withall
,
the
fewest
in
quantity
.
The
commodities
that
this
place
doth
vent
comming
from
England
,
is
little
,
some
Cloaths
,
Perpetuan●…s
,
Sarges
,
Lead
and
Tinne
,
and
some
Fish
of
New-found
land
,
also
some
Herrings
and
Pilchards
,
but
the
principall
commodity
brought
hither
is
Rials
Spanish
,
with
which
these
Corance
above
said
are
usually
provided
and
bought
,
and
no
other
commoditie
is
so
welcome
amongst
them
.
Their
moneyes
currant
are
those
of
the
Signior
of
Venice
,
as
being
under
their
government
,
and
especially
the
Rials
Spanish
,
Coines
currant
in
Zant
,
&c.
which
is
hither
by
the
English
brought
in
great
quantity
,
and
also
by
all
such
other
nations
as
have
occasion
of
this
fruit
.
Their
accounts
are
kept
by
the
Ilanders
,
as
in
Venice
,
but
by
the
Merchants
Strangers
here
resident
,
in
Dollers
,
which
are
those
Accounts
in
Zant
,
&c.
Rials
of
〈◊〉
.
and
gassets
80
to
a
doller
.
Their
weight
is
the
pound
of
12
ounces
,
and
the
quintart
is
Weights
of
Zant
,
&c.
100
li.
and
found
thus
to
agree
with
Venice
and
other
places
.
100
li.
sotile
of
Venice
makes
here
63½
li.
in
these
Ilands
.
100
l.
grosse
of
Venice
,
agrees
with
the
common
100
l.
hereof
.
The
pound
sotile
in
Venice
,
makes
here
7
ounces
,
2
sac
.
16
per
c.
Corance
are
here
bought
by
the
1000
li.
which
by
the
computation
of
concordancie
,
specified
in
this
tract
,
should
be
sutle
English
1070
li.
which
is
grosse
of
London
9.
C.
2.
6
li.
but
either
by
the
deceit
of
weights
,
the
falshood
of
staying
,
or
the
fraud
of
factors
,
it
commonly
produceth
not
so
much
by
2
or
3
per
cent
.
and
this
mischiefe
is
increased
to
that
height
of
late
yeares
,
that
it
is
found
often
times
to
produce
but
9
C.
grosse
,
or
about
1020
li.
sutle
English
,
but
let
them
that
are
herein
guilty
,
indeavour
to
amend
it
in
the
future
for
their
credit
sake
:
for
the
100
li.
grosse
Venice
,
is
never
found
to
yeeld
lesse
then
107
or
106
li.
in
England
,
and
what
is
found
wanting
thereof
to
their
principals
,
commeth
by
all
probability
by
their
default
.
Their
measure
is
the
brace
,
and
found
to
be
twofold
in
use
,
the
long
brace
being
for
Cloth
,
Linnens
,
&c.
agreeing
with
the
Measures
in
Zante
,
&c.
cloth
brace
in
Venice
,
and
found
to
be
27
inches
English
,
and
the
short
brace
for
silkes
to
be
6
in
7
per
cent
.
the
lesser
oile
is
sold
by
a
measure
called
the
liver
,
and
should
weigh
13
li.
English
,
10
Of
Oiles
.
whereof
makes
a
candie
barrell
.
Wine
is
sold
by
a
measure
called
a
Iarre
3½
is
a
candie
barrell
.
Of
Wines
.
Corne
is
sold
by
the
measure
called
a
Bachelo
,
3
whereof
is
a
staro
,
and
weigheth
44
li.
and
5
killowes
make
6
Bachellos
,
which
Of
Corn.
Bachello
hath
been
observed
to
be
in
England
gallons
,
and
a
Moya
of
corne
here
makes
2
staro
in
Venetia
,
and
7
Iarres
of
wine
here
,
makes
3
quarts
in
Venetia
.
Customes
of
Zant
,
&c.
The
customes
of
these
Ilands
some
few
yeers
past
upon
Corance
,
were
small
,
till
the
Venetians
perceiving
the
trade
of
that
City
to
decay
,
thought
to
augment
the
revenues
by
the
customes
of
the
fruit
of
these
Ilands
,
which
accordingly
they
have
effected
,
for
seeing
the
English
to
covet
the
same
unmeasurably
,
which
at
first
the
vulgar
judged
they
used
in
the
dye
of
their
cloathes
,
or
which
was
worst
,
in
the
feeding
of
their
Swine
,
and
finding
on
a
time
,
sundry
ships
of
burthen
laden
therewith
,
and
ready
to
depart
,
their
departure
was
stayed
till
the
Merchants
were
compelled
to
pay
5
Duckets
,
which
is
25
sh.
star
.
the
1000
li.
upon
which
the
Merchants
English
made
complaint
in
England
therof
to
his
Majestie
deceased
,
and
for
the
taking
away
of
that
custome
,
it
was
thought
fit
to
put
as
much
more
here
in
England
thereupon
,
by
way
of
an
imposition
,
which
hath
been
found
to
be
so
far
from
gaining
a
remedy
,
that
the
same
continues
in
England
,
contrary
to
the
first
intent
,
and
the
State
of
Venice
hath
added
10
D.
more
to
the
former
,
as
imagining
England
cannot
subsist
without
this
commodity
,
at
what
charge
or
discommodity
whatsoever
,
yet
it
is
now
levied
with
this
proviso
,
that
the
Corance
be
laden
in
a
vessell
that
doth
come
hither
purposely
to
lade
them
,
but
if
she
landeth
her
outward
fraught
in
Venice
,
or
the●…
thereof
,
and
then
commeth
hither
,
she
is
freed
therof
,
as
I
have
shewed
in
the
trade
of
that
City
.
CHAP.
CCLIIII
.
Of
the
Ilands
of
the
Adriaticke
seas
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THe
Ilands
found
in
these
Seas
are
many
,
as
Absyrtides
;
Adriatique
Ilands
.
secondly
,
Cherso
,
Vegea
,
Grissa
,
Lesina
,
Cursola
,
Brassia
,
Lissa
,
and
Zara
,
all
the
rest
are
small
,
and
appertaining
to
the
Signior
of
Venice
.
The
commodities
that
are
hence
exported
for
Commodities
merchandise
,
is
wood
for
fuell
,
Wines
,
Graine
,
Cattell
,
and
some
●…iles
.
CHAP.
CCLV.
Zara
and
the
trade
thereof
.
ZAra
being
for
the
goodnesse
of
its
harbour
,
conceived
one
of
the
best
of
the
abovesaid
,
though
Zara
and
the
trade
therof
.
small
in
circumference
,
yet
most
commodious
for
trading
,
therefore
I
will
note
what
is
observeable
therein
,
and
make
it
the
principall
of
the
rest
,
to
which
the
trade
of
all
the
others
may
be
reduced
.
Their
moneyes
I
account
the
same
as
used
in
Venice
,
and
the
Dalmatian
and
Slavonian
coynes
are
here
passable
,
by
reason
of
Monyes
of
Zara.
their
situation
,
which
is
bordering
all
along
that
continent
.
Their
weights
are
two
,
a
grosse
and
sotile
,
as
is
used
in
Venetia
,
Weights
of
Zara.
but
found
thus
to
agree
together
.
100
li.
sotile
of
Zara
is
Venetia
sotile
120
li.
English
,
80
li.
100
li.
grosse
of
Zara
,
is
Venetia
grosse
120
li.
English
,
128
li.
100
li.
sutle
Venetia
,
is
grosse
83
li.
Zara.
100
li.
grosse
Venetia
,
is
grosse
83
li.
Zara.
Their
common
measures
of
length
,
is
a
brace
29
inches
London
,
Measures
of
Zara.
the
100
braces
cloth
in
Venice
,
makes
here
112
braces
,
and
the
100
braces
silke
in
Venice
is
here
106
or
107
braces
,
most
of
the
other
Ilands
concurre
with
this
in
weight
and
measure
.
Now
●…ling
hence
,
and
getting
out
of
these
Ilands
into
the
Mediterranean
Seas
,
in
which
survaying
the
most
eminent
of
the
European
Iles
therein
contained
:
I
finde
in
the
first
ranke
the
Ilands
of
Sicilia
,
Malta
,
Corsica
,
Sardinia
,
Majorque
,
Minorque
,
and
some
others
now
comming
to
be
handled
,
and
first
for
Sicilia
.
CHAP.
CCLVI.
Of
Sicilia
and
the
Cities
of
trade
thereof
.
SIcilia
,
anciently
for
its
fertility
in
corne
,
accounted
Sicilia
and
the
Cities
therof
.
the
granary
of
Rome
,
is
held
to
be
700
miles
in
compasse
,
and
is
beautified
with
sundry
Rivers
and
Cities
,
which
I
shall
handle
in
order
as
my
methode
requireth
.
The
commodities
exported
Commodities
hence
for
merchandise
,
and
here
abounding
,
are
Wines
,
Oyles
,
Ho●…y
,
Wa●…
,
〈◊〉
,
Sug●…s
,
Salt
,
All●…
,
Corall
,
Agats
,
and
some
other
G●…es
,
and
wonderfull
fruitfull
in
all
sorts
of
graine
,
also
it
hath
some
mines
of
gold
and
silver
,
also
good
quantity
of
silke
is
here
made
,
which
is
exported
,
both
raw
and
wrought
,
into
divers
fabriques
:
here
is
also
famous
the
hill
Hibla
for
Bees
and
Honey
,
and
Mount
Aetna
for
its
continuall
burning
Mount
Hibla
▪
Mount
Aetna
.
Division
into
3
Provinces
.
and
evaporating
of
flames
.
The
Country
is
divided
into
3
Provinces
,
the
first
is
Vallis
de
Notto
,
wherein
the
City
of
Syracusa
stands
,
once
containing
22
miles
in
circuit
,
and
the
Metropolis
of
this
Iland
,
and
some
others
.
The
second
Province
is
Masara
,
wherein
is
the
Cities
of
M●…ntreal
,
2
Gergenti
and
Palermo
,
now
the
chiefe
City
of
Sicilie
,
whereto
I
will
reduce
the
trade
of
this
part
of
the
Iland
.
CHAP.
CCLVII
.
Of
Palermo
and
the
trade
thereof
.
PAlermo
,
anciently
Panormus
,
and
a
colony
of
the
Ph●…icians
,
is
now
the
chiefe
City
of
Sicilia
,
and
Palermo
and
the
trade
therof
.
the
seat
of
the
Spanish
Viceroy
,
don
Ferdinando
de
Castro
,
being
Viceroy
at
my
being
here
in
1619.
from
whom
I
and
my
company
received
so
much
honour
,
that
I
cannot
without
ingratitude
,
forget
in
this
place
to
commemorate
his
noblenesse
:
the
City
is
situate
on
the
west
cape
of
the
Iland
,
and
is
beautified
with
large
streets
,
delicate
buildings
,
strong
walles
,
and
magnificent
Palaces
and
Temples
:
here
I
found
a
Dutch
Gentleman
attendant
upon
the
said
Viceroy
,
who
was
intituled
the
English
Consull
,
from
whom
I
gathered
these
my
observations
in
the
trade
of
this
place
and
Iland
.
Their
accounts
are
here
kept
by
ounces
,
taries
,
and
graines
.
Accounts
in
Palermo
and
al
Sicilia
.
One
ounce
is
30
taries
.
One
tarie
is
20
graines
.
Their
moneyes
are
also
ounces
,
taries
,
and
graines
,
accounted
one
Monys
currant
in
Sicilia
.
ounce
to
be
30
taries
,
which
is
5
Florins
,
of
carlins
1●…
the
Florine
.
One
tarie
to
be
20
graines
,
and
is
12
sol.
6
den
.
small
money
.
One
tarie
to
be
two
Carlins
.
One
Carlin
to
be
10
grains
,
and
is
12
li●…res
.
One
graine
is
6
Picholies
,
and
is
7●…
den
.
money
Siciliano
:
One
poncto
is
8
picholis
.
A
duccat
of
gold
is
worth
13
taries
.
Note
that
for
the
money
which
they
pay
by
bils
of
Exchange
,
they
give
allowance
1●…
.
per
cent
.
for
bad
money
.
It
is
to
be
observed
that
throughout
all
the
Kingdom
of
Sicilia
,
there
is
but
one
weight
in
use
,
onely
in
Mesina
excepted
,
which
Weights
in
Palermo
.
I
shall
shew
in
its
due
place
:
now
this
weight
of
Sicilia
in
generall
is
the
Rotolo
of
(
30
)
ounces
,
which
is
2●…
li.
Siciliano
,
100
Rot.
making
the
cantar
,
which
100
li.
hath
been
observed
to
have
made
in
London
173
li.
circa
,
or
properly
in
grosse
to
say
,
1
C.
2
Some
have
found
it
to
yield
184
lib.
English.
quarters
4
li.
incirca
,
and
in
Venetia
sotile
,
to
have
produced
260
li.
or
Venice
grosse
163
li.
circa
,
and
hath
been
found
to
render
in
Florence
225
in
230
li.
but
yet
by
the
calculation
I
made
,
it
should
be
but
221
li.
just
,
it
is
in
Rhagusa
218
li.
in
cattarro
78
li.
Alexandria
Zera
,
83
Rot.
dito
forfori
185
Rot.
in
Damasco
43½
.
Rot.
&c.
Their
measure
of
length
is
the
cane
,
which
is
in
London
about
Measure
of
length
.
80
or
81
inches
by
the
rule
,
which
is
2¼
.
yards
English
;
this
cane
is
divided
into
8
palmes
,
which
is
about
10
inches
,
the
cane
making
3
cloth
braces
in
Venetia
.
Corne
which
is
the
prime
commodity
of
this
place
and
kingdome
,
Of
Corn.
is
sold
by
the
Salmo
,
of
which
there
is
the
grosse
salme
,
and
the
generall
Sicilian
salmo
,
which
is
the
small
salmo
,
upon
which
generall
salme
,
these
observations
have
been
made
,
and
that
the
same
is
found
to
agree
thus
with
these
countries
.
-
In
Ragusa
staro
3●…
.
-
Dalmatia
staro
3●…
.
-
Ancona
somma
1½
.
-
Ric●…i
somma
1●…
.
-
R●…ine
staro
1●…
.
-
Bolonia
corbe
3½
.
-
In
Andalusia
5
〈◊〉
.
-
In
Portugall
22½
Alquiers
.
-
In
Florence
11¼
staios
.
-
In
Avignon
5
sesteros
.
-
In
Venetia
3
staros
and
1
quarter
.
-
In
Pisa
11
18
staros
.
-
Bergamo
staro
13.
-
Milan
mesni
4⅛
.
-
Genoa
measure
2
〈◊〉
.
-
In
Ferrara
staro
9.
-
In
Tripoli
cafesi
15.
-
In
Tunis
cafice
51.
-
Alexandria
ribebe
1
li.
1.
-
Candia
measures
14.
-
Corfu
mosi
2⅓
.
-
Catarro
staro
3¼
.
-
Verona
minali
7
quartero
.
-
Vicensia
staro
9¼
.
-
Padua
staro
9¼
.
-
Treviso
staro
3.
-
Modena
staro
3
〈◊〉
.
-
Parma
staro
6½
.
-
Mirandola
staro
3
1/7.
The
grosse
salmo
of
Palermo
and
Sicilia
hath
been
observed
to
make
in
Spalatt●…
|
staro
4.
|
Ragusa
|
staro
3
〈◊〉
.
|
Segnia
|
quart.
12.
|
Arbe
|
staro
4.
|
Istria
|
staro
4.
|
Padua
|
staro
12.
|
Vincentia
|
staro
12.
|
Ferrara
|
staro
11.
|
Forli
|
staro
3
quarteroli
14.
|
Belonia
|
corbe
4
〈◊〉
.
|
Mantua
|
staro
10.
|
Cremona
|
sommas
2.
|
Bergamo
|
staro
16.
|
Verona
minali
|
8
&
11½
quartroli
.
|
Brassia
|
sommas
2
〈◊〉
.
|
Millan
|
Mesini
5
1/9.
|
Florentia
|
staro
14.
|
Wherin
I
have
been
somwhat
the
larger
by
reason
of
the
generall
use
of
this
measure
in
the
Levant
Seas
.
Note
that
both
the
grosse
and
generall
Salmo
are
divided
into
16
Tomelos
,
and
that
the
grosse
Salmo
is
greater
then
the
generall
Salmo
about
17
per
cent
.
and
observe
that
the
ordinary
charges
of
corne
here
bought
is
3
taries
,
and
15
grains
the
salmo
,
but
if
corne
be
above
18
taries
per
salmo
,
it
payes
also
a
new
impost
,
which
is
per
salmo
.
Salt
is
also
sold
by
the
salmo
,
which
in
Trappano
is
made
in
Of
Salt.
great
quantity
,
where
at
my
being
here
I
observed
to
be
as
great
as
3
ordinary
salmos
,
of
Corne
,
divided
also
into
16
tomelos
,
which
made
Sicilia
weight
about
7
Cantaros
.
Oile
is
here
sold
by
the
cantaro
,
which
is
2¾
barr
.
of
Florence
,
Of
Oiles
.
and
hath
made
180
li.
English.
The
custome
of
the
Iland
is
commonly
9
and
10
per
cent
.
but
Customes
of
Sicilia
.
fish
and
other
commodities
for
food
pays
12
per
cent
.
Palermo
is
also
a
place
of
great
Exchanges
,
which
briefly
at
Exchanges
.
my
being
there
did
run
thus
with
other
places
,
alwaies
noting
that
all
bils
comming
from
abroad
,
pay
one
Carlin
per
ounce
to
make
good
money
:
and
they
exchange
by
ponctos
as
I
have
noted
elsewhere
:
and
they
give
in
Palermo
160
pomutos
incirca
,
With
Naples
.
to
have
in
Naples
a
duccat
Corrant
,
and
their
account
is
made
as
in
the
particular
of
Naples
is
expressed
.
They
give
in
Palermo
26
or
27
Carlins
,
to
have
in
Rome
a
ducc
.
de
Camera
.
With
Rome
.
They
gave
in
Palermo
which
is
6
taries
accounted
,
and
1
Carlin
per
With
Valencia
.
ounce
more
,
to
have
in
Valentia
10
sold.
3.
den
.
and
a
crown
of
12
taries
,
is
20
solds
,
and
a
duccat
of
13
taries
,
is
there
estimated
for
21
sold.
With
Messina
and
Siracusa
,
and
other
places
of
the
kingdome
,
With
Mesina
.
they
exchange
with
the
crown
and
the
same
moneyes
.
This
note
of
Equality
or
Par
,
I
also
learned
here
for
currant
.
For
Valentia
sold
9
dc
.
10¾
.
per
Florin
.
For
Barselona
sol.
11
d.
3⅖
.
per
Florin
.
For
Majorca
sold
14
d.
10½
.
per
Florin
.
:
and
for
the
aforesaid
places
,
they
consider
the
interest
,
to
him
that
takes
by
Exchange
at
the
rate
of
one
carlin
per
ounce
,
which
they
recover
accordingly
,
for
the
other
particular
circumstances
thereof
,
I
referre
the
reader
to
the
end
of
this
tract
,
where
the
Exchanges
of
this
place
and
Mesina
is
largely
handled
,
and
as
the
same
may
more
amply
there
appeare
in
the
Chapters
419.
420.
421.
422.
423.
424.
and
425.
with
all
particular
circumstances
,
wherto
I
desire
to
be
referred
for
better
satisfaction
.
And
in
the
next
place
survay
the
trade
of
Messina
the
second
eminent
City
of
traffique
in
this
Iland
.
CHAP.
CCLVIII.
Of
Messina
,
and
the
trade
therof
.
THe
last
Province
of
this
Kingdome
and
Island
is
Mona
,
wherin
are
Cities
of
Nicosia
in
the
Messina
and
the
trade
therof
.
Midland
,
Milaso
on
the
North
Promontory
,
and
Messina
in
the
face
opposite
to
Reggio
in
Calabria
,
which
fare
hath
in
times
past
been
accounted
to
be
very
dangerous
by
reason
of
those
anciently
accounted
perils
,
Scilla
and
Charybdis
,
the
one
a
Sand
,
and
the
other
a
Rock
,
opposing
each
other
at
the
entrance
thereof
,
now
not
so
much
feared
by
our
Seamen
by
being
more
expert
:
this
towne
is
the
most
eminent
towne
of
trade
in
all
this
Island
,
and
inhabited
by
many
Merchants
,
which
the
benefit
of
the
Haven
doth
much
further
,
and
the
commodiousnesse
of
the
situation
,
and
the
privileges
and
the
immunities
of
the
yeerly
Fairs
much
augmenteth
.
The
Commodities
proper
hereto
,
as
also
to
the
whole
Island
,
as
also
the
manner
of
keeping
their
Accounts
,
I
have
noted
,
but
Monies
finding
some
variation
,
and
diversity
by
reason
of
trade
,
I
will
here
briefly
touch
the
same
,
first
then
A
crown
of
gold
of
Italie
,
is
worth
14
taries
.
Coines
currant
in
Messina
.
A
crown
of
the
place
they
account
,
12
taries
.
A
Tarie
as
in
Palermo
,
20
graines
,
is
2
carlins
.
An
Ounce
is
as
in
Palermo
,
30
taries
.
A
Groine
is
5
pecholies
.
A
Florence
duccat
did
passe
for
11
taries
,
4
gr
.
A
duc
.
of
Camera
of
Rome
,
for
12
taries
6
gr
.
A
duc
.
of
Carlins
of
Naples
,
for
10
taries
16⅔
gr
.
A
crowne
of
Marcque
is
12
taries
.
A
liver
grosse
of
Venice
is
3
ounces
,
21
taries
,
and
1
gr
.
One
pound
of
grosse
of
Anvers
is
1
●…ance
and
10
taries
.
Marvedes
29½
of
Spaine
,
is
one
tarie
.
And
a
pound
starlin
is
here
(
)
The
weights
of
Messina
is
found
to
be
two
,
the
first
being
the
Note
:
grosse
Cantar
,
wherby
is
weighed
all
manner
of
food
,
as
flesh
,
cavier
,
fish
,
Tonnies
,
cheefe
,
&c.
which
is
noted
to
be
10
per
cent
.
greater
then
the
second
Cantar
,
and
hath
produced
by
computation
pound
English
196
,
in
198
pound
,
and
the
smaller
Cantar
contains
as
the
former
100
Rotolos
of
30
ounces
,
or
2½
pound
Sicilano
,
doth
agree
with
the
summe
mentioned
in
Palermo
,
as
being
the
common
weight
of
all
the
Island
,
and
accounted
(
as
I
said
before
)
to
be
173
lib.
but
found
by
experience
of
some
English
Merchants
,
184
lib.
which
I
referre
to
triall
,
and
they
account
20
pesos
to
make
a
sotele
cantar
,
and
22
peso
the
grosse
,
which
is
the
generall
Cantar
of
Palia
.
Their
Measures
is
the
same
as
mentioned
in
Palermo
,
which
is
Measures
in
Messina
.
the
cane
divided
into
8
palmes
for
length
,
and
the
salmo
divided
into
16
tomelos
for
corne
and
so
forth
,
as
I
have
more
at
large
handled
under
the
Chapter
of
Palermo
,
as
serving
for
great
use
to
the
Merchants
that
traffique
in
the
Mediterranean
Seas
.
All
Stuffs
of
Linnen
or
Woollen
(
measurable
)
of
this
Kingdome
,
Customes
of
Messina
.
selling
or
not
selling
pay
at
Messina
6½
per
cent
.
All
Commodities
of
waight
from
without
the
Kingdome
,
selling
or
not
selling
pay
at
Messina
3
per
cent
.
Remmoving
from
ship
to
ship
pays
,
3
per
cent
.
or
3¼
,
all
Merchandise
that
is
conveyed
out
of
the
Kingdom
,
at
the
Port
of
Messina
,
pays
6⅓
per
cent
.
unlesse
at
the
Fairetime
,
when
as
some
Faires
of
Messina
.
commodities
pays
lesse
then
some
others
,
so
that
Silke
then
pays
only
3
per
cent
.
I
have
noted
an
old
printed
observation
between
London
and
Messina
to
be
thus
,
which
I
referre
to
the
triall
,
that
the
100
lib.
of
Palermo
is
in
London
,
172
lib.
the
100
lib.
of
Messina
in
Silke
makes
silke
weight
in
London
43½
,
and
the
Rotolo
of
Palermo
,
hath
made
in
London
,
1
lib.
9
ounces
,
the
100
yards
hath
made
44
〈◊〉
Canes
,
and
that
the
Cane
hath
made
in
London
2
1/4
yards
or
Ells
1
1/2
goad
of
Freezes
and
Cottons
,
and
thus
I
will
leave
this
City
and
Iland
,
and
sail
to
Malta
.
Malta
is
the
next
Island
of
note
in
these
Seas
,
famoused
more
Malta
.
by
the
Knights
the
now
possessors
,
then
by
any
traffique
that
is
found
therin
,
it
is
the
place
where
Saint
Paul
suffered
shipwrack
,
and
where
hee
shook
the
Viper
from
his
hand
into
the
flame
,
which
yet
the
inhabitants
would
perswade
travellers
hath
left
some
vertue
and
relickes
therof
behinde
him
,
which
I
referre
to
the
relation
of
others
,
it
aboundeth
in
Cotton-wooll
,
Oranges
,
Lemons
,
Citrons
,
Hony
,
Waxe
,
and
some
other
fruits
,
the
townes
of
note
are
〈◊〉
,
Saint
Hermes
,
and
Malta
and
some
others
.
Corsica
is
the
next
,
and
seated
opposite
to
Genoa
,
to
whom
it
Corsica
.
belongeth
being
300
miles
in
compane
,
Bastia
is
the
chief
City
,
and
the
residence
of
the
Genoese
Governour
,
with
a
commodious
Haven
and
a
strong
Garrison
,
the
principall
Ports
for
shipping
,
are
Saint
Florence
in
the
Northern
part
,
and
Saint
Boniface
in
the
South
;
the
commodities
therof
are
,
Oiles
,
Figs
,
Reisins
,
Wines
,
Hony
,
Wax
,
Allom
,
Box-wood
,
Iron
,
good
Horses
,
and
fierce
Mastives
,
little
other
Commodities
it
affordeth
not
,
their
weights
and
measure
agreeth
with
Genoa
.
Sardinia
is
the
next
,
and
accounted
550
miles
in
circuit
,
&
subject
to
the
Spaniard
,
divided
into
two
parts
,
first
,
Cape
Luggudory
Sardinia
.
towards
Corsica
,
and
secondly
Cape
Cagliares
towards
Afrique
,
it
affordeth
for
Merchandise
corne
in
good
plenty
,
and
Oiles
in
reasonable
manner
,
but
abundant
of
all
sorts
of
cattle
,
as
appeareth
Commodities
of
Sardinia
.
by
the
great
abundance
of
Hides
and
cheese
,
which
in
an
homely
manner
is
made
here
,
and
hence
dispersed
through
Italie
,
Spain
,
and
other
Countries
:
there
is
here
many
towns
,
such
as
is
Bossa
,
Sainta
Reparata
,
Alquilastro
,
and
lastly
,
Callary
the
Metropolis
,
of
which
a
word
:
together
with
the
trade
therof
.
CHAP.
CCLIX
.
Of
Callary
and
the
trade
therof
.
CAllary
is
the
principall
City
of
this
Iland
,
opposite
Callary
and
the
trade
therof
.
to
Afrique
,
the
seat
of
the
Spanish
Vice-kings
,
enjoying
a
goodly
Haven
,
and
much
frequented
by
Merchants
,
and
is
an
Archbishops
See
,
and
well
stored
with
eminent
Citizens
.
Their
monyes
are
generally
the
monyes
of
Valentia
in
the
Kingdome
Monyes
of
Callary
.
of
Spain
,
but
they
have
proper
to
the
Island
,
some
Copper
or
black
monyes
,
to
which
the
duccats
and
livers
of
Valentia
are
reduced
,
and
their
Accounts
are
kept
in
the
same
manner
,
as
in
that
City
.
The
common
weight
is
the
pound
,
consisting
of
12
ounces
,
Weights
in
Sardinia
.
100
li.
thereof
being
their
quintar
,
is
English
88
in
89
li.
and
in
Marselia
101
li.
in
Florence
,
125
li.
circa
.
Their
common
measures
is
a
Vare
and
a
Brace
,
the
Vare
found
to
agree
with
Valentia
,
and
the
Brace
with
Florence
,
the
first
used
Measures
in
Sardinia
.
in
cloth
and
linnen
,
and
the
latter
in
silkes
,
&c.
Further
observations
on
the
trade
of
this
Iland
,
hath
not
come
to
my
hand
,
therfore
I
will
hence
saile
to
the
next
Ilands
,
which
are
those
of
Majorca
and
Minorca
.
CHAP.
CCLX
.
Of
Majorca
and
Minorca
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
MAjorca
is
seated
also
in
these
seas
300
miles
in
circuit
,
Majorca
and
Minorca
,
and
the
trade
therof
.
and
30
miles
distant
from
the
continent
of
Spaine
,
the
principall
City
is
Majorca
,
an
Vniversity
,
and
the
seate
of
the
Spanish
Viceroy
.
Minorca
is
9
miles
distant
from
Majorque
,
and
150
miles
in
compasse
,
wherein
is
Minorca
and
Iava
,
the
principall
townes
,
but
Mahon
therein
is
found
to
be
an
excellent
Port
,
able
to
containe
500
sayle
of
very
great
ships
in
safety
from
all
weathers
,
whatsoever
.
This
Country
affordeth
for
merchandise
,
Commodities
of
Majorca
,
〈◊〉
&c.
Corne
,
Wines
,
Oiles
,
this
last
being
the
principall
commodity
of
this
country
,
which
the
English
doe
here
lade
above
500
tunnes
yearely
,
and
some
times
more
,
and
hence
exported
by
them
,
if
the
Spaniard
have
not
otherwise
occasion
for
it
for
his
own
use
,
for
from
hence
provisions
are
made
for
all
the
Eastern
and
Westerne
Navigators
.
Their
moneyes
have
reference
to
those
currant
in
Spaine
,
and
principally
in
Barselona
and
Valentia
,
and
they
account
Monyes
in
Majorca
.
7
Rials
Spanish
,
and
two
Marvedes
to
make
a
liver
here
,
by
which
their
accounts
are
kept
,
being
in
liures
,
sold
,
and
denieres
,
Accounts
.
12
deniers
to
the
sold
,
and
20
sold
to
the
liver
,
which
liver
is
3
s.
8
d.
star
.
but
all
commodities
are
here
sold
by
the
sold
,
20
making
a
liver
,
which
may
be
accounted
3
s.
8
d.
starling
as
aforesaid
,
and
they
account
17
doublers
is
a
Riall
Span.
Their
weight
is
Weights
of
Majorca
.
in
Majorca
and
Minorca
two
,
the
one
the
Rotolo
,
which
100
Rotolos
makes
a
cantar
,
called
the
cantar
Barbaresco
,
which
is
117
li.
of
the
other
weight
,
which
they
call
a
cantar
of
Majorca
or
Majorina
,
and
consists
of
104
li.
The
cantar
barbaresco
hath
made
-
in
Pisa
and
Florence
141
li.
-
in
Venetia
,
sutle
—
163
li.
-
in
Venetia
grosse
—
103
li.
-
in
London
—
110
li.
The
cantar
Majorca
which
is
104
li.
hath
made
in
Valentia
116
li.
104
li.
cantar
Major
.
-
in
Forence
—
120
li.
-
in
Venetia
sotile
—
140
li.
-
in
Venetia
grosse
—
110
li.
-
in
Genoa
—
130
li.
-
in
London
—
117
li.
Some
commodities
are
also
sold
by
the
cargo
of
three
cantares
,
Car●…
.
but
each
cantar
contains
104
li.
by
which
cargo
is
Pepper
,
Ginger
,
Sinamond
,
Rise
,
Spices
,
and
other
things
,
and
the
cargo
hath
made
in
Venice
420
li.
sotile
,
by
the
cantar
barbaresco
is
weighed
,
wooll
,
hides
,
skins
,
metals
,
lead
,
tinne
,
and
such
grosse
goods
,
and
fine
goods
by
the
other
quintar
,
or
the
cargo
aforesaid
.
Their
measure
of
length
is
a
cane
,
which
hath
made
in
London
,
67
in
68
inches
,
which
is
1⅞
.
yards
London
measure
.
Measures
in
Majorca
,
&c.
Their
measure
of
Oiles
is
a
quarter
,
or
quartano
,
12
whereof
is
contained
in
an
Odor
or
skin
of
Oyle
,
and
212
quartans
I
have
found
here
in
1617.
to
be
a
tunne
of
236
gallons
,
and
214.
a
tunne
of
252
gallons
or
thereabouts
,
and
41¼
.
quartans
,
hath
made
in
Venice
,
one
Miara
,
and
in
Alexandria
hath
weighed
5
cantars
,
and
20
Rotolos
.
Oiles
are
commonly
laden
at
Porcupin
,
and
were
found
in
my
time
to
have
there
these
charges
for
custome
,
8
doublers
per
Of
Oiles
,
and
how
they
are
laden
,
and
the
account
therof
made
up
in
Majorca
.
lieur
,
which
is
7
Rialls
,
and
2
Marved.
Spanish
,
and
17
doblers
,
as
I
said
before
,
being
a
Riall
,
for
part
3
doblers
per
oder
for
measuring
3
den
.
per
oder
for
pipes
at
3
livers
the
pipe
,
for
sea
custome
at
9
dob
.
per
liver
,
brokered
at
1
den
.
per
liver
for
halledge
of
the
pipes
at
5
sh.
the
pipe
,
stoadge
at
8
den
:
the
pipe
,
barkedge
to
Parcapin
2
sol.
6
den
.
the
pipe
,
provision
according
to
the
custome
of
the
place
,
at
3
per
cent
.
A
briefe
of
all
which
charges
may
be
comprehended
in
this
rule
,
certainely
observe
that
accounting
214
quartans
to
a
tunne
,
and
for
every
soldo
that
a
quartane
doth
cost
here
first
penny
,
if
you
reckon
47
sh.
6.
d.
starling
for
every
the
said
soldo
,
so
much
infallibly
will
your
tunne
of
oyle
stand
you
in
cleare
abord
of
all
charges
,
and
thus
much
out
of
my
owne
triall
I
have
thought
good
to
insert
in
lading
of
Oiles
in
this
place
.
Neare
unto
these
Ilands
are
the
Ilands
of
Ivisa
,
100
miles
in
Ivisa
.
circuit
,
the
chiefe
City
is
Ivisa
,
the
chiefest
commodity
that
it
affordeth
,
is
salt
,
of
the
trade
of
which
a
word
.
CHAP.
CCLXI
.
Of
Ivisa
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
THe
Iland
of
Ivisa
,
the
chiefe
City
whereof
▪
being
Ivisa
and
the
trade
therof
.
Ivisa
,
consisteth
wholy
in
making
of
salt
,
which
is
here
sold
by
a
measure
called
the
Modino
,
which
weigheth
in
summer
by
the
weight
of
Valentia
,
which
is
here
in
use
,
is
33
cantars
,
and
in
winter
,
36
cantar
grosse
,
of
the
said
place
of
Valentia
,
and
corresponds
with
other
places
thus
,
-
in
Majorca
it
maketh
cantars
38.
Of
Salt.
-
in
Florence
staros
50
in
52.
-
in
Genoa
●…me
.
9
in
9½
.
-
in
Valentia
Caffico
8.
-
in
Flanders
,
100
Lutos
,
which
is
in
Ivisa
13
Modini
.
-
in
London
(
)
bushels
.
Their
measures
and
weights
I
must
referre
to
the
better
skild
.
Here
is
also
Fromentary
,
Pantcleria
and
Lipara
Iles
,
with
the
Les●…er
Islands
of
the
Mediterranean
seas
.
Iles
of
Naples
,
as
Capra
,
Ischia
,
Progitu
,
Elba
,
Gades
or
Cales
,
and
some
others
which
I
passe
by
,
and
so
saile
into
the
Ocean
,
and
observe
the
Ilands
thereof
.
CHAP.
CCLXVII
.
Of
the
Ocean
Ilands
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
BEing
entred
into
these
seas
,
I
will
begin
with
the
Northern
Islands
.
most
Northerne
Ilands
thereof
,
and
so
drawing
towards
England
,
the
place
of
our
abode
,
and
there
determinate
my
traffique
and
peregrination
.
In
the
north
then
the
report
is
credible
,
that
the
end
of
nature
and
of
the
world
is
,
wherein
by
late
discovery
are
found
these
Ilands
:
first
,
Sir
Hugh
Willougbbies
Iland
,
who
Willougbbies
.
by
his
death
gave
life
and
knowledge
to
us
of
this
Iland
,
searching
here
a
new
way
to
China
,
Cathai
,
and
Molluccos
:
then
there
is
Nova
Zembla
only
discovered
,
else
not
famous
for
any
thing
.
Nova
Zemb●…
.
Next
,
Frisland
,
subject
to
the
King
of
Denmarke
,
and
much
Frisland
.
frequented
by
Dutch
,
English
,
and
French
for
fish
here
taken
in
great
abundance
in
the
summer
season
onely
.
Then
have
we
Island
or
Ici●…land
,
plentifull
in
Ling
;
the
chiefe
townes
are
Hallen
Island
.
and
Schasholton
,
and
subject
to
the
King
of
Sweden
.
Then
Gronland
,
seated
under
the
Northerne
cold
Zone
,
where
their
Gronland
.
longest
summers
daies
is
3
moneths
and
a
halfe
,
abounding
in
fish
,
of
which
there
is
a
society
now
incorporated
in
London
,
by
the
name
of
Greeneland
Company
:
the
trade
whereof
principally
consisteth
in
the
fishing
of
Whales
,
for
Fi●…es
and
Oiles
,
and
onely
lasteth
the
summer
season
,
and
no
longer
,
and
then
they
are
inforced
to
returne
,
by
reason
of
the
extremity
of
the
cold
and
frosts
.
Now
to
come
out
of
these
cold
Seas
to
the
Ocean
,
as
into
more
temperate
Regions
,
I
meet
in
my
way
with
the
O●…cades
,
Orchades
32.
or
Iles
of
Orkney
,
being
32
in
number
,
the
principall
of
which
is
Pomonia
,
stored
with
Tinne
and
Leade
,
next
〈◊〉
,
then
Pomonia
.
Shetland
,
anciently
imagined
the
last
Iland
of
the
world
,
and
called
Thule
.
Then
the
Hebrides
,
which
are
44.
the
prime
whereof
is
Ila
,
abounding
Hebrides
44.
in
red
Deare
.
2
Iona
famous
for
the
Sepulchers
of
the
Scottish
Kings
.
3
Mula
,
whose
inhabitants
are
called
the
red
shankes
,
the
rest
as
of
little
note
I
omit
.
Then
the
Sorlings
,
which
are
145.
the
principall
being
Armath
,
Sorlings
145.
Agnes
,
Sampson
,
and
Silly
,
the
name-giver
to
the
rest
and
others
.
Here
I
meet
also
with
5
Ilands
,
which
cannot
be
comprised
within
the
former
account
,
first
the
Ile
of
Man
:
which
is
ten
Man
.
miles
in
length
,
and
10
in
bredth
,
abounding
in
flaxe
,
hempe
,
●…ates
,
barley
,
and
wheat
,
and
some
cattell
;
the
chiefe
townes
are
Ballac●…ri
and
Russin
or
Castleto●…e
.
Then
appeares
the
Ile
of
Anglesey
,
which
is
accounted
a
shire
Anglesey
.
of
Wales
,
in
length
24.
in
bredth
17
miles
,
and
for
its
abundant
fertility
in
all
things
,
is
called
by
the
neighbouring
shires
,
M●…
Cimbri
,
the
mother
of
Wales
,
as
having
plenty
of
all
food
and
other
provision
necessary
to
preserve
the
life
of
man
,
out
of
which
is
yearely
sent
3000
head
of
cattell
to
supply
the
wants
of
other
Countries
adjoyning
,
together
with
a
good
quantity
of
corne
,
butter
,
cheese
,
&c.
the
same
had
in
times
past
360
Towns
and
Villages
,
now
it
hath
but
one
of
consequence
remaining
,
called
Beaumares
,
commodious
for
trade
,
as
commanding
a
faire
,
Beaumares
.
safe
,
and
capacious
haven
and
roade
,
to
which
as
being
the
place
of
my
birth
,
I
owe
this
gratefull
remembrance
.
Iarsey
is
the
Iarsey
.
next
,
in
compasse
20
miles
,
the
chiefe
townes
are
S.
Hillarie
and
Saint
Mollo
,
abounding
in
sheep
,
&c.
Then
Garnsey
,
20
miles
distant
Garnsey
.
from
Iarsey
,
rich
in
good
harbours
,
the
chiefe
towne
is
S.
Peters
.
The
last
is
the
Ile
of
Wight
,
being
20
miles
long
,
and
12
Wight
.
broad
;
the
principall
townes
being
Yarmouth
,
Newport
,
and
Bradring
,
it
is
well
fortified
and
strengthened
against
all
forraine
attempts
whatsoever
.
There
be
also
some
other
petty
Ilands
round
about
this
shore
,
but
I
will
passe
them
to
come
to
those
of
greater
note
and
consequence
,
which
are
Ireland
and
great
Britaine
,
the
last
Ile
&
place
,
both
of
this
my
travell
&
traffique
.
CHAP.
CCLXIII
.
Of
Ireland
and
the
Provinces
thereof
.
IReland
standeth
West
of
Britaine
,
containing
in
Ireland
and
the
Provinces
therof
.
length
400
miles
,
and
in
bredth
200
miles
,
injoying
this
prerogative
by
nature
,
that
no
venomous
Serpent
will
neither
live
here
,
if
brought
from
other
Regions
,
nor
yet
doth
naturally
breed
here
:
it
is
divided
into
5
Provinces
,
which
according
to
my
former
methode
,
I
will
in
order
touch
,
and
see
what
townes
of
note
they
containe
.
Munster
is
the
first
,
wherein
is
found
the
Cities
of
Limerick
,
seated
on
the
bankes
of
Shenin
,
2
Corke
,
3
Kinsall
and
4
Waterford
:
Munster
1.
the
first
ground
that
ever
I
trod
on
out
of
my
native
soyle
,
being
about
13
or
14
yeares
old
,
and
then
began
to
be
imployed
by
my
Parents
in
trade
of
merchandising
.
Connaght
is
the
second
Province
,
the
chiefe
Cities
are
Dunrattie
and
Gall●…aie
;
the
third
City
in
Ireland
,
both
for
fairenesse
,
Co●…ght
2.
largenesse
,
and
for
pleasant
dwellings
and
situation
.
Vlster
is
the
third
Province
,
the
chiefe
townes
are
Dundale
,
2
Dungannon
,
3
Armath
,
an
Archbishopricke
,
4
Dongall
,
&
5
Landes
Uls●…
3.
derry
,
lately
built
,
&
peopled
by
the
Citie
&
Citizens
of
London
.
Meth
is
the
fourth
,
the
chiefe
towns
are
Kelly
,
2
Tri●…
,
and
lastly
,
Tredagh
,
a
fine
town
,
where
also
I
refided
in
these
my
yonger
Math
4.
yeares
of
travell
and
first
imployment
in
traffique
.
Lemster
,
is
the
last
Province
,
wherin
is
found
the
Cities
of
Mer●…rge
,
Philips
town
,
Kildare
and
Dublin
,
of
the
trade
whereof
〈◊〉
Lemster
5.
word
.
CHAP.
CCLXIIII
.
Of
Dublin
,
and
the
trade
therof
.
DVblin
is
seated
on
the
liffe
,
being
the
Metropolis
of
Of
Dublin
and
the
trade
therof
.
Ireland
,
and
the
residents
of
the
Lord
Deputy
for
the
King
of
England
,
who
is
Soveraigne
here
,
it
being
also
an
Archbishopricke
and
an
Vniversity
.
The
commodities
the
country
doth
afford
for
merchandise
,
Commodities
of
Ireland
.
are
these
,
first
,
the
country
abounds
in
cattell
,
each
affords
tallow
and
hides
in
great
abundance
,
which
is
hence
exported
to
Spaine
,
France
,
and
Italy
,
also
Salmon
is
here
caught
good
store
in
Iuly
,
August
,
and
September
,
which
is
salted
and
exported
,
and
in
summer
,
the
quantity
is
so
great
in
some
parts
of
this
Iland
,
that
the
servants
doe
covenant
with
their
masters
,
they
must
not
feed
thereon
but
certaine
daies
in
the
weeke
.
Herrings
are
here
also
caught
,
and
accounted
the
best
,
as
also
Pilchards
in
August
,
September
,
and
October
,
and
thence
vented
to
Spaine
,
France
,
and
into
the
straights
of
Gibralter
;
here
is
also
some
butter
,
cheese
,
pipe
slaves
,
Calve-skins
,
and
other
commodities
of
late
daies
prohibited
to
be
exported
by
the
lawes
of
the
Kingdome
.
The
coines
of
this
Kingdome
in
the
standard
,
carrieth
a
concurrence
Coines
of
Ireland
.
with
those
of
England
,
which
also
are
here
current
for
the
value
,
as
being
subject
to
one
and
the
same
Scepter
,
yet
in
distinction
of
the
true
and
reall
worth
,
are
found
thus
intituled
.
The
pound
of
Ireland
consisteth
of
20
shillings
Irish
,
yet
in
sterling
is
accounted
but
15
shillings
.
The
shilling
by
this
account
is
but
9
d.
sterling
,
and
the
sixe
pence
Irish
is
4½
d.
sterling
.
Here
is
also
an
Exchange
found
and
practised
,
but
not
for
any
Exchanges
of
Ireland
.
forraigne
part
,
saving
England
,
and
principally
for
London
and
Bristoll
,
commonly
running
at
8
d.
upon
the
pound
,
and
when
most
,
at
12
d.
per
li.
which
is
5
per
cent
.
Dublin
,
and
in
generall
,
all
Ireland
,
hath
the
measures
and
Weights
and
Measures
as
in
England
.
weights
of
England
in
use
in
their
trassique
,
and
agreeing
therewith
in
all
particulars
,
I
need
not
insist
further
therein
.
Now
a
word
of
the
trade
in
generall
of
Ireland
,
as
it
is
found
observeable
in
these
daies
.
The
daily
conversation
of
the
English
nation
,
and
the
late
unpartiall
and
found
administration
of
justice
in
this
country
,
hath
Of
the
trade
in
generall
of
Ireland
.
redeemed
this
Iland
from
the
jawes
of
barbarisme
,
wherein
it
was
ready
to
fall
and
suffer
a
ruine
,
and
since
by
little
and
little
,
peace
being
firmely
established
,
hath
brought
the
inhabitants
to
a
desire
of
inriching
themselves
,
and
this
desire
hath
so
well
been
seconded
by
their
industry
,
that
I
may
say
it
hath
brought
store
and
plenty
into
their
dwellings
,
which
hath
hitherto
met
with
so
good
a
successe
,
that
wheras
few
yeares
past
,
this
Country
was
with
all
necessaries
supplied
out
of
Englands
and
Scotlands
abundance
,
it
now
returneth
that
courtesie
,
and
contributeth
some
yeares
not
onely
to
the
wants
of
both
,
but
to
the
wants
of
Spaine
,
France
,
and
some
other
adjoyning
Countries
,
for
now
it
is
found
that
the
Earth
and
Seas
addes
to
the
inhabitants
labour
and
paines
,
as
first
the
Seas
and
Rivers
in
their
season
affords
them
great
plenty
of
Cod-fish
,
Hake-fish
,
Pilchards
,
Herrings
,
and
these
of
both
the
largest
,
best
,
and
in
abundance
,
which
they
take
,
kill
,
and
salt
,
and
so
disperse
as
a
merchandise
into
France
,
Spaine
,
England
,
Scotland
,
and
other
Countries
.
Then
the
earth
yeelds
them
a
good
breed
of
cattell
,
especially
sheepe
and
oxen
,
in
such
store
,
that
they
have
thereof
in
great
abundance
,
as
also
of
Hides
,
Woolles
,
Tallow
,
Butter
,
Cheese
,
and
Beefe
,
and
the
Wooll
,
they
by
manufacturies
convert
into
Cloth
,
Mantles
,
Rugges
,
Frises
,
and
Yarne
,
whereof
it
is
reported
that
there
commeth
yearely
to
the
town
of
Manchester
in
Lancashire
,
to
be
there
woven
into
stuffes
,
at
least
two
hundred
thousand
weight
fine
and
coarse
:
besides
which
,
the
bowels
of
the
earth
yeelds
them
Lead
,
Iron
,
and
Tinne
,
and
by
their
owne
industry
they
have
many
other
manufacturies
,
as
also
pipe-staves
,
waxe
,
honey
,
furres
,
hempe
,
linnen
cloth
,
salt
,
and
some
others
:
all
this
considered
,
what
should
want
here
to
make
them
eminent
Merchants
,
but
shipping
and
skill
in
the
Art
of
Navigation
,
and
a
desire
to
imploy
their
talents
in
forraine
Countries
,
which
yet
is
not
seen
to
be
perfected
amongst
them
:
nature
having
to
this
end
fitted
them
with
many
goodly
Ports
and
navigable
Rivers
,
and
will
in
time
I
hope
fit
them
with
an
inclination
to
second
by
their
endeavours
,
what
is
so
plentifully
bestowed
by
her
upon
them
,
which
by
little
and
little
may
be
brought
to
passe
by
the
conversation
and
direction
of
the
civilised
English
,
that
daily
are
seene
to
come
and
reside
amongst
them
:
and
thus
leaving
Ireland
,
and
my
good
wishes
to
the
increase
of
her
traffique
,
I
hence
passe
over
to
Scotland
,
(
a
part
of
Britan
)
and
view
the
present
trade
thereof
.
CHAP.
CCLXV.
Of
Scotland
,
and
the
Provinces
and
Cities
thereof
.
SCotland
is
the
Northern
part
of
Brittain
,
and
Scotland
and
the
trade
therof
.
separated
from
England
,
by
the
River
Tweed
and
Salwaie
,
and
the
Chenio●…-hils
,
extending
from
thence
to
the
other
,
which
being
a
Kingdome
,
and
varying
in
the
manner
of
trade
from
England
;
I
have
thought
good
here
to
insert
by
it self
.
The
Commodities
that
this
Country
affordeth
for
Merchandise
Commodities
of
Scotland
.
are
coarse
Clothes
,
Freezes
,
Fish
salted
,
Hides
,
Tallow
,
Lead
,
Oare
,
some
Graine
,
Feathers
,
and
other
Commodities
,
as
Sea-coale
,
Allome
,
Iron
,
&c.
This
Country
is
divided
into
two
parts
,
the
high-land
and
the
low-land
,
and
the
same
into
severall
Sherifdomes
,
or
Provinces
,
in
which
are
found
these
Towns
of
consequence
.
CHAP.
CCLXVI.
Of
Edenburgh
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
FIrst
Edenburgh
,
wherein
,
is
seated
the
Kings
Palace
,
Edenburgh
and
the
trade
therof
.
and
the
Court
of
Iustice
,
consisting
principally
of
one
street
of
a
mile
in
length
,
whereto
doth
lead
many
other
pretty
Lanes
,
making
the
whole
neer
three
miles
in
circuit
,
the
second
Town
is
Glasco
,
an
Archbishops
See
,
and
an
Vniversity
;
the
third
is
Saint
Andrews
in
Fiffe
,
honourd
with
many
Prerogatives
;
fourthly
,
Sterling
:
then
is
Perth
,
Aberdon
,
Dondes
,
Saint
Iohn's
Town
,
and
some
others
of
lesser
note
.
Their
currant
Monyes
in
Merchandise
is
the
proper
Coynes
of
Monyes
of
Scotland
.
that
Kingdome
both
in
Gold
and
Silver
,
which
are
usually
found
to
be
in
Gold
Pieces
of
|
22
shill.
sterl.
|
Pieces
of
|
11
shill.
sterl.
|
Pieces
of
|
5
6
d.
sterl.
|
Pieces
of
|
2
9
d.
sterl.
|
Pieces
of
|
4
4●…
d.
sterl.
|
In
Silver
,
first
Pieces
of
|
1
shill.
1½
d.
sterl.
|
Pieces
of
|
½
the
¼
and
⅛
therof
.
|
Pieces
of
|
9-9
d.
being
⅔
of
the
13
d.
½
ster
.
one
Mark.
|
Pieces
of
|
½
which
is
4½
d.
being
〈◊〉
of
the
above
said
.
|
-
Againe
,
13●…
d.
sterl.
is
Scotch
Marke
,
or
13
shill.
4
d.
Scotch
.
-
6⅔
is
a
Scotch
Noble
,
6
shill.
8.
-
20
d.
sterl.
is
1½
Mark
Scotch
.
or
1
pound
Scotch
of
20
shill.
-
20
shill.
sterl.
is
18
Soctch
Marks
.
Besides
which
are
here
found
currant
the
Coynes
of
England
,
and
hee
that
would
see
further
into
the
intrinsecall
value
and
weight
of
these
Coynes
either
of
Silver
and
Gold
,
must
have
recourse
to
a
Proclamation
set
out
by
our
Soveraigne
King
Iames
deceased
,
dated
in
1609
,
which
will
also
shew
their
conformitie
to
the
Coynes
of
England
in
waight
and
goodnesse
,
and
the
currant
value
and
estimation
therof
through
this
Kingdome
.
Here
is
practised
for
England
an
Enchange
for
monyes
as
is
Exchanges
in
Scotland
.
done
upon
the
Scotch
Mark
for
12
pence
sterling
in
London
,
&c.
Their
Accounts
are
now
kept
severall
ways
,
some
following
the
custome
of
England
,
by
sterling
pounds
,
shillings
and
pence
,
and
Accounts
in
Scotland
.
some
by
their
own
ancient
manner
also
in
pounds
,
shillings
&
pence
Scottish
,
20
pence
sterling
being
their
pound
,
13
d.
½
being
their
Mark
,
and
pence
Scottish
,
of
which
they
had
some
black
or
copper
Monyes
,
as
Babaes
,
esteemed
by
them
for
six
pence
,
wherof
two
made
a
penny
sterling
,
Placks
which
they
esteemed
for
four
pence
,
but
three
of
them
made
a
penny
sterling
,
and
lastly
,
pieces
called
hard-heads
,
esteemed
by
them
at
1½
pence
,
but
eight
of
them
made
a
penny
sterling
mony
,
and
some
of
these
are
yet
currant
amongst
them
.
They
have
in
generall
(
as
is
also
the
custome
of
England
)
but
Weights
of
Scotland
.
one
weight
for
weighing
of
their
Merchandise
,
and
for
buying
and
selling
throughout
the
Kingdome
,
which
is
the
pound
of
16
ounces
,
100
of
which
pound
makes
their
Quintall
,
which
is
found
to
make
.
In
London
and
all
throughout
England
108
lib.
haberdup●…is
,
and
the
100
li.
London
sotile
is
found
to
render
here
92
lib.
incirca
,
or
the
112
lib.
to
give
103●…
lib.
or
thereabouts
.
Their
common
Measure
in
length
for
Linnens
,
Cloth
,
Silke
,
or
Measures
of
length
.
Stuffs
,
is
an
Ell
common
in
use
throughout
Scotland
,
which
is
about
4
per
cent
.
differing
from
our
English
yard
,
as
being
greater
,
120
for
100.
so
that
wheras
we
allow
36
inches
to
the
yard
by
Rule
,
their
Ell
may
make
incirca
34½
inches
,
it
having
beene
observed
by
Traders
hither
,
that
75
yards
in
London
or
Ells
,
60
Ells
hath
made
here
72
Scotch
Ells
,
but
in
their
hundred
by
tale
in
measure
they
account
six
score
or
120
for
100.
In
other
Measures
of
Corn
,
Coal
,
Salt
,
or
liquid
measures
of
Beer
,
Ale
,
Wines
,
Oiles
,
and
such
like
,
imitate
the
better
experienced
to
supply
my
defects
therin
,
for
I
hasten
now
towards
England
,
and
so
to
London
,
the
City
of
my
aboad
,
and
the
end
of
my
present
labours
,
and
by
the
way
wil
observe
that
the
Inhabitants
of
this
Country
,
are
much
addicted
both
to
Trade
and
Navigation
,
and
have
many
good
helps
and
furtherances
there
both
by
the
naturall
and
artificiall
Commodities
of
the
Country
,
and
the
good
Ports
of
the
same
,
so
that
in
briefe
I
may
conclude
,
this
Kingdome
,
to
be
more
addicted
to
Traffique
and
Navigation
then
the
Irish
,
and
yet
not
so
much
as
the
English
,
which
yet
by
the
gracious
aspect
of
our
Soveraigne
is
seen
daily
to
increase
,
and
may
in
time
come
to
a
greater
perfection
.
CHAP.
CCLXVII
.
Of
Brittaine
,
and
the
Provinces
and
Cities
thereof
.
HAving
now
set
my
foot
upon
the
happy
shoare
,
and
Brittain
and
the
Provinces
therof
.
run
through
the
trade
of
most
of
the
greatest
knowne
Cities
of
Commerce
and
Traffique
in
the
World
,
give
me
leave
to
survay
the
distinct
ports
of
this
Kingdome
,
that
I
may
not
do
lesse
to
our
own
then
in
this
Tract
I
have
done
to
other
Forrain
Countries
.
Brittain
then
the
Queen
of
Islands
is
found
to
be
in
circuit
1836
miles
,
extending
it selfe
(
comprehending
England
,
Wales
,
and
Scotland
as
of
one
entire
Island
,
which
wee
now
know
by
the
name
of
Great
Brittain
)
800
miles
,
being
divided
into
3
parts
,
as
into
England
and
Wales
,
whose
trade
wee
have
now
in
hand
,
and
Scotland
whose
traffique
we
have
already
declared
.
CHAP.
CCLXVIIII
.
Of
Wales
,
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
WAles
then
being
the
second
part
of
this
division
,
is
bounded
on
all
sides
with
the
seas
,
except
the
East
,
where
it
is
separated
from
Of
Wales
and
the
Cities
therof
.
England
by
the
River
Dee
,
and
a
line
drawn
to
the
river
Wie
,
but
by
some
by
Claud
Offa
,
or
Offas
ditch
,
or
more
proper
by
interpretation
,
Offas
Hedge
or
Rampire
,
beginning
at
the
influx
of
Wie
,
into
Severne
,
reaching
unto
Chester
for
84
miles
,
where
the
River
of
Dee
entreth
into
the
Sea
.
The
Country
is
in
many
places
mountainous
and
barren
,
yet
able
of
its
selfe
to
subsist
without
assistance
of
any
neighbourhood
,
partly
by
the
industry
of
the
inhabitants
,
and
partly
by
the
plenty
of
some
of
the
shires
thereof
,
the
most
fruitfull
affording
supply
to
others
that
are
found
the
most
barren
&
deficient
.
The
commodities
which
this
Country
doth
yeeld
and
vent
abroad
for
merchandise
,
are
first
cattell
in
abundance
,
bred
in
generall
through
the
whole
Country
,
waxe
,
honey
,
herrings
white
Commodities
of
Wales
.
and
red
,
butter
and
cheese
in
great
plenty
,
woolles
also
in
some
measure
;
also
this
Country
is
well
stored
with
Mines
of
Silver
,
Lead
,
Lead
●…are
,
Cole
,
and
some
Tinne
,
Milstones
and
good
quarries
of
freestone
for
building
,
Hides
,
Calfeskins
,
Frises
,
Baies
,
some
linnens
,
and
great
quantity
of
cottons
,
knowne
by
the
name
of
welsh
Cottons
and
plaines
,
which
in
Oswestry
,
seated
in
Shropshire
,
is
every
Munday
(
as
the
common
●…rie
of
all
Wales
)
vented
in
great
abundance
,
and
thence
dispersed
throughout
England
,
and
so
thence
is
shipped
and
conveyed
to
supply
the
defects
of
Normandy
,
Britaine
,
and
Picardy
,
and
of
late
have
found
a
current
vent
in
Spaine
,
Turkie
,
and
other
countries
:
therefore
I
would
incourage
my
countrymen
to
goe
on
in
their
manufactures
of
woolls
seeing
that
nature
hath
done
her
part
to
give
them
the
materials
,
their
industry
must
be
added
,
and
that
will
soon
bring
forward
the
art
,
and
all
these
conjoyned
,
will
bring
a
benefit
for
a
reward
of
all
,
and
to
all
of
them
.
Wales
is
found
at
this
day
to
containe
4
circuits
for
the
administration
of
Iustice
,
1
Fl●…t
,
〈◊〉
,
〈◊〉
shires
being
the
first
,
●…nor
,
Glamorg●…
,
and
Breck●…cke
shires
being
the
Foure
Circuits
in
Wales
.
second
,
Cardigan
,
C●…then
,
and
〈◊〉
shires
,
being
the
third
,
Meri●…
,
Ca●…narvan
,
and
the
Ile
of
Anglesey
,
the
fourth
,
also
to
containe
4
Diocesse
for
Ecclesiasticall
discipline
,
and
these
comprehended
in
twelve
shires
,
wherein
is
also
found
1
Chase
,
Foure
Dioceses
.
Twelve
Shires
.
13
Forrests
,
36
Parkes
,
99
Bridges
,
230
Rivers
,
1016
Parishes
,
wherein
are
noted
to
be
56
market
townes
,
being
no
Cities
,
and
in
them
41
Castles
,
and
4
Cities
,
being
the
seats
of
so
many
Bishops
,
as
1
Saint
Davids
in
Pembrokeshire
,
2
Bangor
in
Carnarvanshire
,
3
Assaph
in
Flintshire
,
4
Landaffe
in
Glamorganshire
:
Lastly
,
the
inhabitants
are
accounted
men
of
faithfull
carriage
one
to
another
,
most
especially
in
a
strange
Country
,
and
to
strangers
in
their
owne
,
and
use
a
peculiar
language
that
hath
remained
without
alteration
or
commixture
with
any
other
in
the
world
,
from
the
originall
thereof
to
this
day
.
And
lastly
,
to
their
everlasting
praise
and
commendation
,
have
for
many
yeares
valiantly
withstood
all
their
enemies
by
their
owne
proper
valour
,
and
being
joyned
to
the
Crowne
of
England
,
have
beene
found
to
be
true
and
loyall
to
the
same
,
and
have
so
continued
in
all
amity
,
love
,
and
faithfulnesse
.
CHAP.
CCLXIX
.
England
and
the
Cities
thereof
.
ENgland
is
the
principall
part
of
Britaine
and
now
the
last
in
my
labours
,
bounded
on
the
East
with
England
and
the
Cities
therof
.
the
Germane
,
on
the
West
with
the
Irish
,
on
the
South
with
the
British
Oceans
,
and
on
the
North
with
Scotland
,
as
is
afore
mentioned
.
The
Ornaments
of
this
Country
hath
in
times
past
beene
expressed
unto
us
by
this
verse
,
Anglia
,
M●…ns
,
Pons
,
Fons
,
Ecclesia
,
Famina
,
Lana
.
England
is
stord
'
with
Mountains
,
Bridges
,
Woll
,
With
Churches
,
Rivers
,
Women
beautifull
.
But
these
are
not
the
commodities
that
Merchants
looke
after
,
therefore
I
will
shew
you
in
his
proper
place
,
those
commodities
which
England
doth
naturally
afford
for
merchandise
,
and
in
the
meane
season
,
it
will
not
be
improper
that
I
runne
over
the
Provinces
of
this
kingdome
,
and
the
rein
see
what
particulars
may
be
gathered
out
of
each
,
conducing
other
to
traffique
,
or
to
the
honour
and
commoditie
of
the
Country
,
and
thereto
adde
also
the
Provinces
of
Wales
,
purposely
omitted
for
this
place
.
The
Provinces
or
more
properly
the
shires
of
England
and
Wales
,
according
to
Cam●…en
,
whom
I
gladly
follow
in
this
description
,
are
these
.
The
first
is
Cornewall
,
in
it self
a
barren
and
mountanous
country
,
but
the
bosome
thereof
incloseth
rich
mines
of
Tinne
,
which
Cornwall
.
for
the
excellence
thereof
,
is
famous
throughout
the
world
,
also
therewith
is
digged
gold
and
silver
,
and
a
certaine
stone
is
found
upon
the
earth
of
it selfe
transparent
,
and
naturally
formed
into
angles
and
points
,
which
if
found
in
forraine
countries
,
would
be
held
admirable
:
here
is
also
upon
this
coast
taken
Pilchards
and
Herrings
in
great
abundance
,
which
the
inhabitants
do
salt
and
dry
in
the
smoake
,
and
so
transport
into
France
,
Spaine
,
and
Italie
,
to
good
advantage
:
the
sea-coast
is
beautified
with
many
Townes
,
and
Havens
,
capable
of
many
ships
,
Famouth
being
the
chiefe
,
and
here
is
found
that
famous
Mount
Michael
,
by
the
inhabitants
called
Cana
,
which
hath
for
many
ages
beene
noted
for
its
steepenesse
and
antiquity
.
The
second
is
Devonshire
,
no
lesse
rich
in
veines
of
Tinne
,
and
withall
beautified
with
many
Towns
and
good
havens
then
the
Devon.
2.
former
,
Ex●…
being
the
principall
Town
,
and
an
inland
Citie
,
but
Dartmouth
and
Plimouth
the
best
havens
,
this
last
being
from
a
poore
fishing
village
▪
become
to
be
a
f●…ire
towne
,
by
reason
of
the
Castle
and
commodiousnesse
of
the
haven
,
and
the
rather
it
is
to
be
mentioned
,
as
giving
birth
to
Sir
Francis
Drake
,
Knight
,
who
in
our
fathers
dayes
accomplished
at
Sea
so
many
notable
exploits
,
and
was
the
chiefe
glory
of
that
age
for
Navigation
.
The
third
is
Dorsetshire
,
Dorchester
being
the
chiefe
town
,
and
Waiemouth
the
chiefe
haven
.
Dorset
.
3.
Somersetshire
is
the
fourth
,
happy
in
the
fruitfull
soile
,
rich
pastures
,
Somerset
.
4.
multitude
of
inhabitants
,
and
commodity
of
havens
:
the
chiefe
townes
are
Bridewater
,
next
Bath
,
famous
for
those
medicinall
Bathes
there
found
,
and
lastly
Bristoll
,
incompassed
with
a
double
wall
seated
on
the
River
Severne
,
beautified
with
many
faire
private
and
publike
buildings
,
and
next
to
London
and
Yorke
it
is
preferred
to
all
other
Cities
of
England
,
but
in
amplitude
of
traffique
,
shipping
,
and
eminence
of
Merchants
,
next
to
London
it selfe
,
and
else
in
my
opinion
second
to
none
.
Wiltshire
is
the
fifth
,
altogether
an
inland
Country
,
the
chiefest
Wiltshire
5.
towns
are
Malmsbury
,
famous
for
the
cloths
of
wooll
made
here
,
Salisbury
for
the
Bishopricke
,
and
Wilton
of
old
,
the
chiefe
of
this
County
,
now
a
little
village
.
Hampshire
is
the
sixth
,
wherein
is
found
the
little
faire
City
of
Hampshire
6.
Southampton
,
Winchester
the
pleasant
,
and
Portsmouth
the
onely
now
Garison
towne
of
England
.
Barkshire
is
the
seventh
,
wherein
is
found
the
towne
of
Newbery
,
Barkshire
7.
famous
for
clothing
,
and
Windsore
for
the
Kings
Castle
,
and
where
the
ceremony
of
the
Knights
of
the
Garter
is
solemnised
.
Surry
is
the
eighth
,
wherin
is
seen
O●…lands
and
Richmond
,
two
beautifull
&
stately
Pallaces
,
belonging
to
the
Kings
of
England
.
Surrey
8.
〈◊〉
Sussex
is
the
ninth
,
Chichester
being
the
chiefe
City
,
&
R●…ie
the
Sussex
9.
chiefe
sea
town
.
Kent
is
the
next
,
rich
in
Medows
,
Pastures
,
Groves
,
Apples
,
and
Kent
10.
Cherries
,
wherin
is
found
seated
the
Cinque
Ports
,
Deptford
,
the
Kings
yard
for
the
building
of
his
ships
,
Rochester
the
seat
of
a
Bishop
,
●…ltham
and
Greenwitch
,
two
Palaces
of
the
Kings
,
Dover
a
famous
Sea
Port
,
and
one
of
the
Keys
of
this
Iland
,
and
lastly
,
Canterbury
,
the
prime
of
this
County
,
and
the
seat
of
the
Archbishop
and
Metropolitane
of
all
England
.
Glocestershire
is
the
11
,
the
principall
Townes
are
Tewksbury
,
Glocester
11.
famous
for
Cloth-making
,
and
Glocester
the
chief
of
the
County
,
here
are
also
found
the
famous
Hils
of
Cotswold
,
upon
which
great
flocks
of
sheep
are
found
to
feed
,
yielding
that
excellent
Wooll
,
so
much
esteemed
amongst
all
nations
.
Oxfordshire
is
the
12.
which
is
a
fruitfull
County
,
both
in
Oxford
12.
corne
and
pasture
,
and
wherein
is
found
Woodstocke
,
a
house
of
the
Kings
,
and
an
inclosed
Parke
with
a
stone
wall
,
imagined
the
first
in
this
land
,
and
Oxford
,
an
Vniversay
famous
through
the
world
,
and
chiefe
of
this
Iland
.
Buckinghamshire
is
the
13.
wherein
is
found
the
good
towns
Buckingham
13.
of
Ailsbury
,
S●…nistratford
,
and
Buckingham
,
the
principall
of
this
County
.
Bedfordshire
is
the
next
,
and
shewes
the
towne
of
Bedford
for
Bedford
14.
the
first
of
this
County
.
Hertfordshire
is
the
15.
wherein
is
the
stately
house
of
Theobalds
,
Hertfordshire
15
a
house
of
the
Kings
,
Saint
Albans
,
a
faire
through-fare
,
and
Hertford
the
principall
of
the
County
.
Middlesex
is
the
16.
wherein
is
found
the
Kings
Palace
,
Hampton
Middlesex
16.
Court
,
and
London
,
the
prime
Citie
of
this
kingdome
,
and
the
Chamber
of
the
Kings
of
England
,
so
famous
abroad
in
forraine
Countries
,
that
it
needs
no
mans
commendation
:
it
is
beautified
with
sundry
Colledges
,
for
the
study
of
the
Municiple
lawes
,
with
the
Churches
of
Westminster
and
London
,
besides
divers
others
,
with
the
Hall
of
Westminster
,
where
the
Parliaments
extraordinary
,
and
Courts
of
Chancery
,
Kings
Bench
,
and
other
Courts
are
ordinarily
kept
,
with
the
two
Pallaces
of
White
Hall
and
Saint
Iames
,
with
an
Exchange
or
Burse
for
Merchants
to
meet
in
,
with
a
sumptuous
and
wonderfull
Bridge
of
free-stone
,
besides
many
other
excellent
private
and
publique
edifices
.
Essex
is
the
next
,
abounding
in
pasturedge
,
corne
,
and
saffron
,
Essex
17.
and
in
which
is
found
Chelmsford
the
chiefe
towne
,
Colchester
,
〈◊〉
,
and
others
abounding
with
●…ayes
,
sayes
,
and
other
new
dropery
,
and
lastly
,
Harwich
,
a
safe
haven
for
ships
.
Suffolke
is
the
next
,
which
affords
quantity
of
butter
,
cheese
,
Suffolke
18.
and
cloths
,
known
by
the
names
of
Suffolke
cloth
,
wherin
is
found
S.
Ed●…ds
B●…y
,
and
Ipswich
,
which
hath
a
commodious
haven
.
Northfolke
is
the
19.
a
large
champaine
Country
,
abounding
Norfolke
1●…
in
C●…ies
and
Sheepe
,
affording
the
two
good
haven
townes
of
Linne
and
Yarmouth
,
and
Norwich
,
the
first
of
the
County
,
which
deserves
to
be
numbred
amongst
the
chiefest
Cities
of
England
.
Cambridgeshire
is
the
20
,
which
is
found
to
abound
in
corne
,
Cambridge
20.
and
wherein
is
seene
the
Vniversity
of
Cambridge
,
and
Ely
famous
for
being
the
seate
of
a
Bishop
.
Huntingtonshire
is
the
21.
the
chiefe
towne
being
Huntington
.
Huntington
21.
Northamptonshire
is
the
22.
abounding
in
corne
,
Peterborough
Northampton
22.
being
here
the
seate
of
a
Bishop
,
and
Northampton
the
chiefe
Citie
.
Leycestershire
is
the
23.
abounding
in
corne
,
Leicester
the
chiefe
towne
is
more
famous
for
the
antiquity
,
then
for
the
beauty
Leicester
23.
thereof
.
Rutlandshire
is
the
24.
and
accounted
the
least
County
in
this
kingdome
,
Vppingham
being
the
chiefe
towne
.
Rutland
24.
Lincolnshire
is
the
25.
rich
in
corne
and
pasture
,
abounding
with
Lincoln
25.
fish
and
fowle
;
Lincolne
once
a
great
City
,
is
yet
the
greatest
in
this
County
.
Nottinghamshire
is
the
26.
wherein
is
Nottingham
,
the
chiefe
Nottingham
26.
towne
,
and
the
Forrest
of
Sherwood
,
feeding
many
fallow
and
red
Deare
.
Darbishire
is
the
27.
the
chiefe
City
is
Darby
,
famous
for
the
Ale
thereof
;
in
this
County
are
also
many
Mines
of
leade
,
Darby
27.
and
other
minerals
.
Warwickshire
is
the
28.
wherein
is
found
Warwicke
,
the
prime
City
,
and
Coventry
a
faire
walled
City
,
and
accounted
the
Warwick
28.
fairest
inland
City
of
this
Iland
,
wherein
now
great
quantity
of
cloth
is
made
.
Worcestershire
is
the
29.
wherein
is
found
the
City
of
Worster
,
Worcester
29.
famous
now
for
clothing
,
and
the
seate
of
a
Bishop
.
Staffordshire
is
the
30.
which
affordeth
Salt-pits
,
and
Wels
,
Stafford
30.
and
Coals
,
taken
out
of
the
earth
,
stone
,
and
Lichfield
being
the
principall
Towns
of
the
County
.
Shropshire
is
the
31.
wherin
is
found
Ludlow
,
of
more
beautie
then
antiquity
,
honour'd
with
a
Councell
and
Court
of
Iustice
for
Shropshire
31.
Wales
,
and
a
Palace
for
the
Princes
therof
,
Shrewsbery
the
chief
of
this
County
,
much
inriched
by
their
trade
for
Cottons
and
Frises
,
with
their
neighbours
the
Welsh
,
whom
yet
notwithstanding
they
greatly
affect
not
.
Cheshire
is
the
32.
abounding
in
pastures
,
and
in
excellent
Cheeses
hence
transported
throughout
England
,
it
hath
Chester
for
the
Chester
32.
chief
City
seated
on
the
River
Dee
.
Herefordshire
is
the
33
,
and
boasteth
to
be
for
its
fertility
and
abundance
of
all
things
the
first
Shire
in
England
,
Hereford
is
Hereford
33.
the
chiefe
Citie
,
and
Le●…ster
justly
boasteth
of
the
sheeps
wooll
,
feeding
in
those
grounds
,
with
which
no
part
of
Europe
can
equallize
.
Yorkeshire
is
the
thirty
fourth
,
and
the
largest
County
of
Yorkshire
34.
all
England
,
abounding
in
corne
,
pasture
,
and
meadowes
,
yeelding
clothing
by
the
industry
of
the
inhabitants
in
abundance
;
Yorke
being
the
chiefe
City
,
and
the
second
in
England
,
and
the
seate
of
an
Archbishop
,
here
is
a
Court
of
Iustice
held
for
the
neighbouring
Marches
,
according
to
that
of
Ludlow
;
in
this
County
is
also
the
towne
of
Hull
,
seated
on
the
River
of
Humber
,
where
are
found
Merchants
of
good
quality
,
and
here
is
also
the
Castle
of
Scarborough
,
where
in
the
adjoyning
sea
is
the
great
fishing
found
annually
for
herrings
.
Richmond
is
the
35.
in
which
is
found
mountaines
to
yeeld
Richmond
35.
plentifull
leade
,
pit-coales
,
and
some
brasse
,
and
the
chiefe
City
of
this
County
is
called
Richmond
.
The
Bishopricke
of
Durham
is
the
36.
pleasant
in
Meadowes
,
Durham
36.
Pastures
and
Groves
,
and
aboundeth
in
sea
coales
,
which
is
digged
out
of
the
earth
,
Durham
is
the
chiefe
City
.
Lancashire
is
the
37.
wherein
is
Manchester
,
an
old
towne
inriched
Lancashire
37.
by
the
industry
of
the
inhabitants
,
by
cloth
of
linnen
and
woollen
,
the
City
of
Lancaster
being
the
first
of
the
Shire
.
Westmerland
is
the
38.
the
chiefe
towne
is
Kendall
,
famous
Westmerland
38
for
making
of
cloth
of
wooll
.
Cumberland
is
the
39.
affording
Mines
of
brasse
,
and
some
Cumberland
39.
veines
of
silver
,
and
blacke
leade
in
abundance
,
Carlile
being
the
principall
towne
,
here
are
found
apparent
ruins
of
that
wall
which
the
Romans
built
,
to
keep
out
the
Picts
from
making
incursions
upon
the
Britans
,
being
as
it
seemes
,
then
so
poore
,
as
they
cared
not
to
subdue
them
.
Northumberland
is
the
40.
wherein
is
found
the
sea
towne
of
Northumber
.
40
Newcastle
,
which
affords
such
abundance
of
seacoale
,
that
the
same
is
thence
transported
into
many
kingdomes
of
the
world
:
here
is
also
Barwicke
,
one
of
the
strongest
fortified
townes
of
Barwick
.
England
,
formerly
strengthened
against
the
incursions
of
the
Scots
,
by
a
strong
garrison
of
souldiers
,
and
now
dismissed
by
the
happy
union
of
England
and
Scotland
.
Having
thus
briefly
run
over
the
shires
of
England
,
it
will
be
necessary
I
should
here
adde
the
like
cursorie
view
of
woolles
,
comprehended
under
the
government
of
England
,
and
included
within
the
same
limit
,
and
omitted
to
this
place
,
as
being
parts
of
the
said
kingdome
,
which
I
finde
to
be
in
number
these
.
Anglesey
I
account
the
first
,
which
I
have
touched
amongst
Shires
of
Wales
.
Anglesey
1.
the
Ilands
,
being
esteemed
a
County
of
Wales
,
having
Beawmaris
for
the
principall
town
of
the
County
.
Flintshire
is
the
second
,
plentifull
in
corne
and
pasture
,
famous
Flint
2.
for
the
Spring
of
Holy
Well
,
called
here
S.
Winifreds
Well
,
and
Flint
towne
being
the
chiefest
of
the
County
.
Denbishire
is
the
next
,
affording
some
mines
of
leade
,
wherein
De●…igh
3.
is
found
Wrexham
that
boasts
of
its
holy
tower
,
and
musicall
Organs
,
and
Denbigh
,
the
chiefe
of
this
County
.
Carnarvanshire
is
the
next
,
anciently
called
Snoden
Forrest
,
before
Car●…van
4.
that
Wales
was
reduced
to
Counties
,
wherein
is
found
the
high
hils
,
the
alpes
of
Britaine
,
also
Aberconwaie
,
a
strong
and
faire
little
towne
;
Bangor
the
seate
of
a
Bishop
,
and
Carnarvan
the
chiefe
of
this
Province
,
famous
for
the
birth
place
of
Edward
the
second
,
and
the
first
Prince
of
Wales
of
English
bloud
.
Merionethshire
is
the
next
,
a
mountainous
Country
,
affording
Merioneth
5.
notwithstanding
good
pasture
for
cattell
.
The
chiefe
towne
is
Balla
,
a
poore
towne
yet
principall
of
these
Mountenars
.
Montgomeryshire
is
the
next
,
having
the
chiefe
towne
of
the
Montgomery
6.
same
name
.
Cardiganshire
is
the
seventh
,
and
hath
the
towne
of
Cardigan
Cardigan
7.
for
the
chiefe
towne
of
the
County
.
Pembrokeshire
is
the
eighth
,
Pembroke
is
the
chiefe
towne
,
and
here
a
long
necke
of
land
makes
a
haven
,
called
Milford
Haven
,
Pembrock
8.
then
which
Europe
hath
not
a
more
Noble
,
more
safe
,
or
more
large
,
with
many
creekes
and
safe
roades
,
wherein
1000
saile
may
ride
out
of
sight
one
of
another
,
and
made
the
more
famous
by
the
landing
of
Henry
the
seventh
.
Caermardenshire
is
the
next
,
abounding
in
corne
,
sheepe
,
and
in
pit
coale
,
Caermarden
being
the
chiefe
towne
.
C●…marden
9.
Glamorganshire
is
the
next
,
Cardiffe
is
the
chiefe
town
,
having
a
commodious
haven
for
shipping
.
Gla●…gan
10.
Monmouthshire
is
the
next
,
wherein
is
found
Chepstow
and
Monmouth
,
Monmouth
11.
the
last
glorious
in
giving
life
to
Henry
the
fifth
,
Conquer●…
of
France
.
Brecknockshire
is
the
next
,
Brecknocke
being
the
chiefe
towne
.
Brecknock
12.
Radnorshire
is
the
next
and
last
,
wherein
is
found
Radnor
for
the
chiefe
towne
.
These
are
in
briefe
the
shires
of
Wales
.
Radnor
13.
To
observe
now
my
former
method
,
having
particularly
thus
surveyed
the
continent
,
let
me
now
search
into
those
commodities
which
England
in
generall
affords
for
merchandise
,
and
is
thence
exported
into
forraine
Regions
,
as
being
the
principall
motives
of
trade
in
all
kingdomes
which
it
produceth
severall
waies
.
First
,
by
manufacturies
it
yeeldeth
,
woollen
cloths
of
all
Commodities
in
England
.
sorts
,
broad
and
narrow
,
known
and
called
by
the
name
of
severall
shires
,
also
Perpetuanes
,
Bayes
,
Sayes
,
Sarges
,
Cottons
,
Kersies
,
Buffins
,
Mocados
,
Grogram
,
Sattins
,
Calimancaes
,
Velvets
,
Plushes
,
Worsteds
,
Fustians
,
Durances
,
Tukes
,
and
infinite
others
;
there
is
made
in
this
Iland
,
yearely
250000
clothes
by
computation
,
and
by
this
may
be
guessed
the
quantity
of
the
rest
of
other
sorts
,
also
Furres
and
skins
,
as
Cony
skins
,
Squirrell
skins
,
Fitches
,
Calfe
skins
,
Hides
,
and
sundry
others
.
Also
it
produceth
by
mines
,
and
out
of
the
earth
,
1
Tinne
1200000
li.
yearely
,
l●…de
,
800
fodres
yearely
,
aliome
800
tunnes
yearely
,
Copperes
500
tunnes
yearely
,
Iron
of
all
sorts
,
800
fur●…aces
daily
set
on
worke
,
besides
Ordnance
of
Iron
,
and
such
like
,
sea
coale
yearely
(
)
chaldrons
,
salt
,
(
)
tunnes
,
also
all
manner
of
graine
,
Oates
,
Pease
,
Barley
,
Rie
,
and
Wheate
in
great
plenty
,
also
linnen
cloth
,
all
iron
wares
,
Tallow
,
Leather
,
Glasse
,
and
Glasses
of
all
sorts
,
Venice
gold
and
silver
,
traine
oyle
,
Salmons
,
Pilchards
,
and
Herrings
,
Hake
,
Conger
,
and
Haberdine
,
Hops
,
Wood
,
Butter
,
Cheese
,
Beere
,
Salt-peter
,
Gunpowder
,
Hony
,
Waxe
,
Alablaster
,
and
some
other
stones
,
Woolles
,
Wolfills
Yarne
,
Yernsey
,
&c.
and
to
conclude
,
many
other
good
and
rich
commodities
is
here
found
.
The
beauty
and
wealth
of
this
kingdome
is
demonstrated
in
Beauty
of
England
.
325
Rivers
,
8
therof
being
great
and
Navigable
for
some
miles
,
whereon
is
found
857
Bridges
,
30
Chases
,
55
Forrests
,
745
Parkes
,
here
are
also
reckoned
26
Deanries
,
60
Archdeaconries
,
544
dignities
and
Prebends
,
5439
Parochiall
benefices
,
besides
Improprtations
Six
Circuits
.
and
Vicaredges
,
and
the
whole
divided
into
6
circuits
for
the
administration
of
Iustice
,
into
22
Episcopall
Dioces
for
Ecclesiasticall
discipline
,
and
into
two
Archbishoprickes
,
under
whom
the
rest
are
subordinate
:
and
lastly
,
into
40
shires
,
over
each
of
which
,
is
a
yearely
Sheriffe
appointed
,
who
is
to
assist
the
Itinerary
Iudges
in
executing
Iustice
,
and
to
gather
in
the
Kings
amercements
:
and
these
shires
are
divided
into
hundreds
,
and
these
hundreds
into
tithings
,
and
to
conclude
,
in
England
is
found
145
Castles
,
9527
Parishes
,
besides
Chappels
whereof
585
are
market
Towns
,
and
22
Cities
,
the
principall
wherof
are
these
,
1
Oxford
,
2
Cambridge
,
both
being
Vniversities
,
3
Excester
in
Devonshire
,
4
Norwich
in
Norfolke
,
5
Bristoll
watered
by
Severne
,
accounted
the
second
for
trade
in
this
Country
,
6
Yorke
,
on
the
River
Vre
,
accounted
the
second
City
for
beauty
and
greatnesse
in
England
;
and
lastly
,
London
,
under
which
I
will
comprise
the
trade
of
this
whole
Iland
.
CHAP.
CCLXX.
Of
London
,
and
the
trade
thereof
.
LOndon
,
the
Metropolis
of
England
,
the
prime
City
of
trading
this
day
in
the
world
,
is
pleasantly
seated
London
and
the
trade
therof
.
on
the
River
of
Thames
,
which
divideth
it
into
two
parts
,
her
circuit
may
be
8
miles
,
wherein
is
found
122
Parish
Churches
,
with
the
Pallace
of
the
King
,
the
houses
of
the
Nobility
,
Colledges
for
the
study
of
the
Lawes
,
and
divers
other
stately
publique
edifices
,
and
may
contain
400000
people
.
Here
have
their
residencie
,
the
rich
and
most
eminent
Merchants
of
this
Iland
,
whom
divers
Princes
of
Merchants
of
London
.
this
Kingdome
have
incorporated
into
severall
societies
and
companies
,
partly
to
incourage
their
indeavours
,
and
partly
in
reward
of
the
discoveries
of
those
Countries
and
Regions
,
whereof
they
take
their
name
,
and
by
the
power
and
immunities
granted
them
,
doe
make
acts
and
orders
for
the
benefit
of
commerce
in
generall
,
and
of
their
Companies
in
particular
.
The
ancientest
of
which
companies
have
had
their
originall
and
continuance
since
Edward
the
first
his
raigne
,
called
the
Company
Merchant
Adventurers
,
and
their
originall
and
places
of
residencie
.
of
Merchants
adventurers
,
grounded
at
first
upon
the
exportations
of
wooll
onely
as
the
prime
and
staple
commodity
of
this
kingdome
,
since
which
it
is
grounded
upon
clothing
,
into
which
this
wooll
is
now
converted
,
for
he
at
the
request
and
being
in
league
with
the
Cities
and
Townes
of
Flanders
,
made
Brudges
,
which
was
then
the
greatest
Mart
of
Christendome
,
the
staple
for
〈◊〉
woolls
,
where
it
continued
for
15
yeares
,
when
as
by
some
discontent
with
the
Flemmings
,
and
by
experience
seeing
what
the
benefit
of
these
staples
were
,
removed
them
from
Brudges
to
England
,
and
for
the
ease
,
as
well
of
his
subjects
,
in
bringing
their
woolls
into
those
parts
,
as
of
such
forraine
Merchants
as
came
to
buy
the
same
,
he
placed
his
staples
at
Exon
,
Bristoll
,
Winchester
,
Westminster
,
Chichester
,
Canterbury
,
Norwich
,
Lincolne
,
Yorke
,
and
Newcastle
,
for
the
kingdome
of
England
;
at
Caermarden
for
Wales
;
at
Dublin
,
Waterford
,
Corke
,
and
Tredath
for
Ireland
,
and
enacted
that
no
English
,
Irish
,
or
Welshman
,
should
transport
this
stapled
commodity
,
(
nor
not
by
licences
,
if
any
such
should
be
granted
)
on
paine
of
confiscation
,
during
the
Kings
pleasure
.
Lastly
,
he
allured
over
hither
divers
Flemmings
,
which
taught
our
nation
the
making
of
cloth
,
who
are
now
growne
the
best
cloth
workers
in
the
world
,
and
to
incourage
them
in
that
Art
,
in
the
27
of
his
raigne
,
it
was
by
statute
enacted
to
be
fellony
,
to
transport
hence
woolles
unwrought
.
Now
when
England
had
thus
for
some
time
enjoyed
the
benefit
of
these
staples
,
he
removed
the
same
to
Callais
,
which
he
had
then
conquered
,
and
which
he
desired
to
inrich
:
from
hence
they
were
at
severall
times
and
occasions
removed
,
now
to
one
,
now
to
another
towne
in
Belgium
,
and
still
happy
was
that
Towne
in
whaat
Country
soever
where
the
said
Company
kept
a
house
for
their
traffique
and
residence
,
the
confluence
of
all
people
thither
to
buy
,
infinitely
inriching
it
.
Antwerpe
for
a
long
time
enjoyed
their
company
,
till
upon
some
discontents
between
Henry
the
seventh
,
and
Maximilian
,
Arch
duke
,
they
removed
thence
,
but
at
their
return
again
,
they
were
received
by
the
Antwerpians
with
solemn
processions
,
Princely
triumph
,
sumptuous
feasts
,
rare
banquettings
,
and
expressions
of
much
joy
,
and
more
love
:
here
they
continued
till
the
surprisall
and
sacke
of
this
towne
by
the
Spaniards
,
in
Anno
(
)
where
by
reason
of
the
wrongs
and
hard
measure
there
received
,
they
removed
into
two
places
,
the
one
to
Middleborough
,
the
other
to
Stoade
,
afterward
from
Middleborough
to
Delph
,
and
from
Delph
,
now
to
Rotterdam
,
where
they
have
lately
seated
themselves
,
with
many
immunities
granted
them
,
and
a
Pallace
appointed
them
for
their
residence
;
the
other
from
Stoade
by
some
vicissitude
of
change
,
is
now
placed
at
Hamburge
,
where
also
they
have
many
priviledges
,
and
the
said
Company
being
now
inlarged
,
and
all
new
Draperie
comprised
therein
,
they
intend
to
implant
more
factories
in
other
places
,
and
this
is
the
most
ancient
of
all
our
Societies
,
which
is
observed
to
be
governed
beyond
the
Seas
in
the
said
places
,
by
a
deputy
and
certaine
assistants
,
and
in
England
by
a
Governour
,
Deputy
,
and
certaine
assistants
,
Sir
Thomas
Mouls●…
Knight
,
and
Alderman
,
being
the
present
Governour
,
to
whose
worth
and
government
,
I
owe
here
this
acknowledgement
,
as
being
a
member
of
this
so
ancient
and
worthy
a
society
.
The
next
to
these
are
the
Barbary
Merchants
,
which
had
their
originall
in
Henry
the
sevenths
time
,
being
indeed
the
age
wherein
Barbary
Merchants
their
originall
and
ruine
.
our
nation
did
begin
,
by
imitation
of
the
Portugals
and
Spaniards
,
to
discover
new
regions
:
and
this
flourished
and
continued
till
the
end
of
Queene
Elizabeths
raigne
,
wherein
it
fell
when
as
civill
warres
was
not
in
Morocco
and
Fesse
,
amongst
the
pretenders
to
that
Empire
.
Out
of
whose
ashes
about
that
time
,
did
rise
the
Levant
Company
,
Levant
Merchants
&
their
originall
.
or
Turky
Merchants
,
and
by
their
Discoveries
and
Trade
first
made
the
Traffique
into
the
Signorie
of
Venice
,
and
then
to
the
Dominions
of
the
Great
Turk
,
including
as
then
within
their
privileges
the
East
Indies
Navigation
which
was
as
then
known
to
them
only
by
Land
,
and
to
the
Portugals
by
Sea
.
since
which
the
said
Indies
are
raised
to
a
great
and
eminent
Company
,
and
by
themselves
incorporated
,
imploying
in
a
joynt
stocke
,
a
great
Capitoll
,
by
which
trade
and
stock
they
have
built
many
warlike
Ships
,
and
brought
all
those
Indian
Commodities
to
our
East
India
Merchants
&
their
originall
homes
,
which
before
were
brought
to
us
by
other
Nations
,
both
which
Companies
now
supplyeth
our
Land
,
and
by
their
second
transportation
many
other
Countries
,
with
those
rich
Commodities
,
which
Venetia
,
Turkie
,
Arabia
,
Egypt
,
Persia
,
China
,
and
India
yieldeth
,
and
is
found
governed
in
England
by
Sir
Maurice
Abbot
Knight
and
Alderman
,
and
by
Master
Henry
Garraway
Alderman
,
the
former
Governour
of
the
East
India
Company
,
and
the
latter
of
the
Turkie
Company
,
to
which
are
joyned
certain
Committees
and
Assistants
,
to
whose
worth
and
government
I
also
here
do
owe
this
acknowledgment
,
as
being
now
both
a
member
,
and
intrusted
with
a
particular
charge
in
both
the
said
Companies
.
Other
Countries
and
Companies
in
the
latter
end
of
Queen
Moscovi●…
,
Eastland
,
Greenland
,
French
and
Spanish
Merchants
&
their
originals
.
Elizabeths
Raigne
,
and
some
in
the
beginning
of
Kings
Iame's
Raigne
have
beene
discovered
,
setled
,
and
continued
,
as
to
the
Northward
the
Muscovy
Company
,
the
East-land
Company
,
the
Greenland
Company
,
and
of
late
dayes
,
there
is
erected
a
Company
for
France
,
governed
here
by
Sir
Iames
Cambell
Knight
and
Alderman
,
to
whom
also
I
owe
this
acknowledgment
as
being
a
member
therof
;
and
now
there
is
also
in
agitation
a
Patent
for
a
Company
for
Spain
,
of
which
also
when
confirmed
,
I
may
also
intitle
my self
a
member
.
These
Companies
then
and
Societies
,
besides
others
not
at
all
incorporated
,
incouraged
by
sundry
Privileges
,
granted
unto
them
,
governe
themselves
by
setled
Acts
and
Orders
,
under
certain
chosen
Governours
,
Deputies
,
and
a
selected
number
of
Assistants
,
which
have
been
found
to
be
so
profitable
to
these
Kingdomes
by
exporting
the
native
Commodities
therof
,
by
setting
the
poor
on
work
,
by
building
of
many
brave
Ships
and
by
importing
hither
of
sundry
necessaries
both
for
use
and
ornament
,
that
the
benefit
thereof
cannot
here
be
certainly
expressed
.
But
one
particular
in
the
Levant
Merchants
may
in
part
demonstrate
the
great
benefit
that
the
rest
may
produce
,
for
it
was
found
that
in
our
last
Voyage
to
Cales
,
and
to
the
Isle
of
Rhee
,
they
were
the
Owners
of
20
great
sayle
of
Ships
that
served
in
both
those
Voyages
,
and
it
is
probable
that
they
are
Owners
of
30
sayle
more
,
which
one
with
the
other
may
containe
12
or
13000
tuns
of
burthen
,
&
which
may
have
for
further
defence
1200
pieces
of
Ordnance
at
the
least
,
and
imploy
about
4000
or
5000
Sailers
yeerly
,
besides
Porters
,
Weighers
,
Bargmen
,
Lightermen
,
Carmen
,
which
cannot
be
lesse
then
2000
or
3000
persons
more
,
and
they
are
found
,
if
report
may
gaine
credit
to
pay
his
Majesty
by
way
of
customes
and
imposts
above
50000
li.
yeerly
,
partly
outwards
by
their
Exportations
of
Cloth
,
Tinne
,
&
other
commodities
,
and
partly
Inwards
by
the
importation
of
Silks
,
Cottons
Galls
,
Grograms
,
Spices
,
Drugs
,
Corance
,
and
other
Levantine
commodities
,
this
being
then
briefly
to
shew
the
benefit
of
a
well
governed
trade
,
and
the
profits
arising
therby
to
the
Common-wealth
,
I
leave
it
to
others
to
consider
the
generall
good
accruing
to
this
Iland
,
by
all
the
rest
of
the
said
Companies
and
Societies
of
this
Kingdom
,
and
come
in
the
next
place
,
according
to
my
method
,
to
handle
the
other
principall
parts
of
Traffique
comprised
in
this
City
,
and
generally
of
all
this
Kingdome
.
The
Coines
of
this
City
and
Kingdome
are
partly
of
Gold
,
and
Coines
currant
in
England
of
●…lver
.
partly
of
Silver
,
as
in
other
Countries
the
principall
in
use
are
these
.
The
Silver
currant
Coines
are
Pieces
of
|
5
shil
.
sterl.
Crown
.
|
Pieces
of
|
26
d.
|
Pieces
of
|
12
d.
called
shillings
|
Pieces
of
|
6
d.
|
Pieces
of
|
4
d.
3
d.
2
d.
1
d.
ster
.
|
Which
are
accounted
4
farthings
to
a
penny
sterling
,
12
ob
.
to
a
shilling
,
5
shillings
to
a
Crown
,
4
Crowns
,
or
20
shillings
to
a
pound
sterling
.
The
Gold
coines
currant
are
Pieces
of
|
22
shill.
ster
.
|
Pieces
of
|
11
shill.
ster
.
Of
Gold.
|
Pieces
of
|
5
shill.
6
d.
|
Pieces
of
|
2
shill.
9
d.
the
〈◊〉
of
22
shill.
|
Also
Pieces
of
|
20
shill.
|
Pieces
of
|
10
shill.
|
Pieces
of
|
5
shill.
|
Pieces
of
|
2
s.
6
d.
the
〈◊〉
of
20
sh.
|
Accounted
also
in
the
former
accounts
of
pounds
,
shillings
and
pence
sterling
,
the
goodnesse
and
finenesse
,
and
intrinsecall
value
may
be
more
particularly
knowne
by
a
Proclamation
in
Anno
1609
,
published
by
our
deceased
Soveraigne
King
Iames
,
to
which
I
refer
the
Reader
,
or
otherwise
to
a
Table
inserted
in
the
end
of
this
Chapter
of
the
equality
and
valuation
therof
with
the
Coines
of
sundry
other
Countries
.
Their
accounts
are
kept
throughout
England
,
by
pounds
,
shillings
,
and
pence
sterling
,
accounting
12
pence
to
the
shilling
,
and
Accounts
in
England
.
20
shillings
to
the
pound
,
but
the
accounts
of
the
revenues
of
the
Kingdome
have
been
,
and
yet
are
in
some
Offices
kept
in
Marks
,
containing
13
shill.
4
pence
,
per
Mark.
CHAP.
CCLXXI.
Of
Weights
used
in
England
.
THe
weight
commonly
used
in
and
through
England
,
is
two
,
the
Troy
weight
,
and
the
Haberdupois
Weights
in
England
.
weight
.
The
Troy
pound
consists
of
12
ounces
,
the
ounce
Troy
weight
.
of
20
peny
weights
,
the
peny
weight
of
24
grains
,
and
serveth
only
for
Bread
,
Gold
,
Silver
,
and
Electuaries
,
eight
pound
accounted
to
the
Gallon
,
&
by
consequence
16
li.
to
the
Peck
,
32
pound
to
the
halfe
Bushell
,
and
64
to
the
Bushell
,
and
hereby
weight
and
measure
is
reduced
one
into
another
.
Wet
Measures
are
also
derived
from
this
pound
Troy
,
both
on
Weight
with
measure
.
Land
and
within
Shipboard
,
as
also
Corn
and
Grain
,
as
above
is
specified
,
for
first
this
pound
of
12
ounces
,
made
into
a
concave
measure
is
named
a
Pint
,
eight
of
the
said
Pints
,
or
eight
pounds
make
a
Gallon
of
either
Wine
,
Ale
,
Beere
,
or
Corn
,
according
to
the
Standard
of
the
Exchequer
,
and
the
Acts
of
Parliament
of
11
and
12
of
Henry
the
Seventh
.
From
hence
is
also
drawn
the
measure
Assise
of
all
vendible
Assise
.
Caske
,
each
Hogshead
to
contain
63
Gallons
,
every
Terce
84
,
every
Pipe
126
,
and
every
Tun
252
Gallons
.
From
hence
ariseth
also
the
measure
for
Fish
,
the
Salmon
Butt
is
to
be
84
gallons
,
the
barrell
42
gallons
,
the
Herring
barrell
to
be
32
gallons
,
the
Eele
barrell
to
be
42
gallons
,
the
Soape
barrell
to
be
32
gallons
,
and
the
halfe
,
and
firkin
of
these
to
be
accordingly
.
The
second
weight
is
the
Haberdepois
pound
,
which
consisteth
Haberdupois
.
of
16
ounces
,
which
are
lesser
ounces
then
the
former
,
for
these
16
ounces
make
but
14
ounces
and
a
halfe
,
and
2
penny
weight
of
Troy
,
used
in
the
mint
,
where
136
li.
haberdepois
subtile
,
is
but
100
li.
sutle
Troy.
By
the
haberdepois
or
averdupois
weight
,
is
all
commodities
weighed
,
which
beareth
the
name
of
garble
,
and
whereof
issueth
a
garble
or
waste
,
also
butter
,
cheese
,
tallow
,
waxe
,
and
other
commodities
,
and
7
li.
of
this
weight
is
accounted
to
the
gallon
of
wheate
,
as
is
14
li.
the
pecke
,
28
li.
the
halfe
bushell
,
and
56
li.
to
the
bushell
.
The
7
li.
averdupois
is
102
ounces
Troy
,
according
to
which
Troy
and
Haberdupois
compared
for
the
weight
of
bread
.
rate
the
quarter
of
wheate
must
weigh
448
li.
averdupois
,
and
so
14
li.
averdupois
,
and
16
li.
11
ounces
Troy
,
doe
accord
in
one
,
or
56
li.
averdupois
,
and
67
li.
8
ounces
Troy
,
and
note
that
as
one
penny
sterling
is
the
1/20.
part
of
an
ounce
Troy
,
so
thereby
is
found
that
7
li.
12
sh.
sterling
,
is
84
ounces
,
and
halfe
,
and
2
penny
weight
of
Troy
,
and
6.
li.
18
sh.
sterling
,
is
82¾
.
ounces
and
one
penny
Troy
,
from
the
which
two
assises
,
the
white
,
wheaten
,
and
houshold
breads
are
calculated
and
drawne
.
From
the
averdupois
weight
is
also
drawne
the
true
weight
of
cheese
and
butter
,
called
the
Waighe
,
which
is
112
li.
averdupoi●…
,
Cheese
weight
to
the
hundred
,
and
the
two
hundred
is
224
li.
containing
32
cloves
,
and
every
clove
is
7
li.
the
Waighe
of
Suffolke
cheese
being
256
li.
and
the
waighe
of
Essex
cheese
336
li.
averdupois
.
The
sacke
of
wooll
formerly
so
famoused
by
the
staplers
,
did
Wooll
weight
.
weigh
364
li.
averdupois
,
two
waighes
of
wooll
,
make
a
sacke
,
and
12
sacks
make
a
laste
.
The
last
of
herrings
containeth
10
thousand
,
and
every
thousand
Herrings
measure
.
containe
ten
hundred
,
and
every
hundred
six
score
or
120.
Leade
,
is
sold
by
the
foder
,
the
loade
being
175
li.
and
the
Lead
weight
.
fother
maketh
accordingly
19½
.
hundred
of
112
li.
per
cent
.
It
is
also
to
be
noted
,
that
of
this
pound
of
16
ounces
averdupois
,
Three
Quintars
in
England
used
.
is
made
in
England
,
three
severall
quintals
,
for
weighing
of
sundry
sorts
of
merchandise
.
The
first
is
a
hundred
of
five
score
,
or
100
li.
just
,
and
this
is
called
the
hundred
sutle
,
whereby
is
sold
,
spices
,
drugges
,
and
other
Num.
1
100
li.
fine
commodities
,
which
are
accounted
by
the
pound
,
and
to
which
is
added
by
the
seller
,
an
allowance
of
4
li.
upon
104
li.
taken
from
the
overplus
received
from
Antwerpe
weights
in
times
past
in
spices
,
as
I
have
said
elsewhere
,
and
called
by
the
name
of
Tret
,
yet
by
some
alledged
to
be
an
allowance
in
garbled
commodities
.
The
second
is
a
hundred
of
fivescore
and
twelve
,
or
112
li.
Num.
2.
11●…
l●…
.
the
halfe
hundred
being
56
li.
the
quarter
28
li.
&c.
to
which
all
the
aforesaid
weight
is
adjousted
,
and
by
which
all
commodities
are
weighed
,
and
all
fine
commodities
afterward
reduced
to
the
sotle
hundred
,
and
by
this
are
sold
all
grosse
goods
,
Grocery
,
Saltery
,
&c.
The
third
is
a
hundred
of
sixscore
of
the
said
averdupois
pound
,
Num.
3.
120
l
by
which
Tinne
is
weighed
to
his
Majesties
Farmers
,
and
some
few
other
commodities
,
and
is
called
the
stannery
hundred
.
This
pound
averdupois
hath
in
it selfe
a
division
of
16
ounces
,
and
thereof
is
formed
other
weights
,
as
sometimes
a
stone
of
8
li.
7
li.
10
li.
14
li.
16
li.
20
li.
sometimes
a
todde
of
7
li.
8
li.
10
li.
sometimes
a
clove
of
20
li.
28
li.
32
li.
and
such
like
,
which
is
still
found
to
be
made
out
of
this
pound
of
averdupois
of
16
ounces
,
and
every
ounce
of
8
drams
,
and
every
dram
60
graines
.
Raw
silke
of
Persia
or
Turky
,
is
sold
also
by
this
pound
,
but
then
it
is
accounted
a
pound
of
24
ounces
,
or
a
pound
and
a
halfe
of
the
abovesaid
;
all
which
is
requisite
his
learning
that
is
either
to
buy
or
sell
in
England
,
that
he
may
know
not
onely
the
true
weight
of
his
commodity
,
but
also
the
denomination
thereof
,
and
how
many
pound
or
ounces
is
contained
therein
.
Having
now
shewed
the
distinction
of
the
troy
and
averdupois
weight
,
and
how
they
agree
together
,
and
having
calculated
most
of
the
weights
of
this
booke
to
the
hundred
sutle
,
I
will
also
shew
here
how
the
112
li.
is
found
to
respond
with
some
other
Countries
,
as
being
the
weight
common
in
use
amongst
Merchants
,
and
in
notes
of
commodities
observed
abroad
.
The
112
l.
London
is
in
Europa
.
Marselia
|
125
li.
|
Venetia
sotile
|
164
li.
|
Venetiagrosse
|
104
li.
|
Sicilia
|
62
li.
|
Lisb●…ne
|
100
li.
|
Florence
|
143
li.
|
Anverse
|
106
li.
|
Lions
|
118
li.
|
Sivill
|
110
li.
|
Dansick
|
129
li.
|
Bridges
|
112
li.
|
Asia
,
Africa
.
Alepp●…
|
22●…
Rot.
|
Aleppo
Silke
|
24
Rot.
|
Tripoli
suria
|
27½
Rot.
|
Tripoli
barbaria
|
97
Rot.
|
Alexandria
zera
|
51.
9
Rot.
|
Alexandria
forfar
|
116
Rot.
|
Scio
and
Constantin●…
|
101
Rot.
|
Rhodes
|
20.
4.
Rot.
|
Acria
|
18.
1.
Rot.
|
Babylonia
|
15.
6
M.
|
Balsola
|
—
|
Ormus
|
108.
7
li.
|
I
need
not
further
inlarge
my self
herein
by
reason
of
the
many
Tables
found
in
this
Book
,
wherby
the
said
weight
of
112
li.
may
easily
be
reduced
to
any
eminent
place
of
the
World
,
and
for
as
much
as
our
English
Gold
and
Silver
is
weighed
and
valued
by
the
pound
Troy
,
I
shall
here
following
insert
how
the
same
concurres
and
agrees
with
most
of
the
eminent
Cities
in
the
World
,
in
their
Coines
both
of
Silver
and
Gold.
It
is
observed
then
in
most
Countries
abroad
as
with
us
in
England
,
that
Gold
and
Silver
is
coined
and
minted
by
a
peculi●…
Troy
weight
for
gold
and
silver
compared
with
other
Countries
.
weight
only
proper
therunto
,
which
in
many
great
Cities
and
Countries
of
trade
I
have
purposely
omitted
,
that
I
might
both
●…cilitate
this
my
labour
,
and
in
one
place
reduce
them
together
to
the
pound
Troy
used
,
especially
to
that
purpose
in
England
;
therfore
if
I
prove
here
somewhat
the
larger
,
it
is
but
what
the
seriousnesse
and
due
circumstances
of
the
matter
requireth
.
The
weight
then
used
in
this
case
in
England
is
the
pound
Troy
,
and
that
which
in
use
in
most
other
Countries
is
the
Mark
which
as
well
as
〈◊〉
can
I
will
here
abbreviate
,
now
this
pound
Troy
consisting
of
12
ounces
,
and
the
ounce
of
20
peny
weights
,
and
the
peny
weight
of
24
grains
,
the
100
li.
of
these
abovesaid
pound●…
being
vsed
for
the
Standard
of
Gold
and
Silver
in
this
〈◊〉
hath
been
observed
to
make
in
Antwerp
|
112
marks
-
each
mark
being
8
Ounces
.
-
1
O●…ce
being
20
peny
weight
.
-
1
Peny
weight
32
grains
.
|
Adler
|
86
li.
|
Cairo
|
105●…
Besses
.
|
Ancona
|
116
marks
.
|
Aqu●…la
|
79½
li.
|
Ausburg
|
118
marks
.
|
Bavaria
|
116
marks
.
|
Bohemia
|
99
marks
.
|
Catalonia
|
112●…
marks
.
|
Colen
|
118
marks
.
|
Constantinople
|
99
marks
.
|
Crema
|
116
marks
.
|
Dansick
|
118●…
marks
.
|
Florence
|
158½
marks
.
-
1
Mark
8
Ounces
.
-
1
Ounce
is
8
grosses
.
-
1
grosse
is
3
deniers
.
-
1
de●…er
is
24
g●…s
.
|
Frankford
|
118
marks
.
|
Fr●…burg
|
116
marks
.
|
Genoa
for
Gold
130
Marks
-
1
mark
is
〈◊〉
ounces
.
-
1
ounce
24
de●…iers
.
-
1
denier
is
24
grains
.
Genoa
for
Silver
86½
pounds
-
1
pound
is
12
ounces
.
-
1
ounce
is
24
deniers
.
-
1
denier
is
24
grains
.
Hungary
|
99
marks
.
|
Lipsich
|
118
marks
.
|
Lions
|
1●…6
marks
|
Paris
idem
|
126
marks
-
1
mark
in
France
is
8
ounces
-
1
ounce
is
8
grosses
.
-
1
grosse
is
3
deniers
.
-
1
denier
is
24
grains
.
|
Millain
|
118
marks
.
|
Narsinga
|
97
marks
.
|
Naples
|
86½
pound
-
1
pound
Naples
is
12
ounces
.
-
1
ounce
is
8
Octavos
.
|
Persia
|
98
Minas
.
|
Peru
|
99½
Cillats
.
|
Piemont
|
111
marks
.
|
Meison
|
118
marks
|
Saxony
idem
|
118
marks
-
A
mark
of
Mesen
is
8
ounces
.
-
1
ounce
is
24
deniers
.
-
1
denier
,
or
peny
is
found
to
be
-
24
momenta
or
grains
.
|
Burgas
|
120
marks
.
|
Franconia
|
116
marks
.
|
N●…rrimberg
|
116
marks
-
1
mark
Norimberg
is
16
loots
.
-
1
loot
is
4
quints
.
-
1
quint
is
4
pence
primes
or
numulies
.
-
1
peny
is
4
sesterties
.
|
Turky
|
98
marks
.
|
Turin
|
111
marks
.
|
Vicentia
|
116
marks
.
|
Vienna
|
98
marks
.
|
New
Spain
,
America
,
98½
marks
.
|
Spain
in
generall
121
marks
.
-
1
mark
Spanish
is
50
Castellianos
.
-
1
Castelliano
is
8
tomines
.
-
1
tominos
is
8
grains
,
and
this
mark
is
29700
marks
,
or
873½
Rials
,
or
792
Duckets
.
Trevis●…
|
117
marks
.
|
Vlme
|
116
marks
.
|
Weselburg
|
115
|
-
Venice
-
Verona
116½
mark
.
-
1
mark
Venice
is
8
ounces
.
-
1
ounce
is
4
quarts
or
silices
.
-
1
quarta
36
Carrats
or
Siliquas
.
-
1
Carrat
is
4
grains
.
Rome
|
116½
mark
-
1
mark
Roman
is
8
ounces
.
-
1
ounce
is
8
drams
.
-
1
dram
is
3
scruples
.
-
1
scruple
is
2
obolos
.
-
1
obole
is
3
siliquas
.
-
1
siliqua
is
4
grains
or
primi
.
|
Lisbone
|
121
mark
.
-
1
mark
Portugal
is
8
ounces
.
-
1
ounce
is
8
octavos
.
-
1
octavo
is
4½
grains
.
|
These
are
all
the
stan●…ards
of
the
coines
both
of
gold
and
silver
that
I
have
met
withall
,
and
the
particulars
whereto
the
said
weights
are
distinguished
,
which
may
so
farre
be
needfull
to
the
traffique
of
Countries
,
that
thereby
every
Merchant
stranger
may
know
of
what
goodnesse
and
reall
value
those
coines
are
stamped
and
coined
for
,
and
what
the
same
will
yeeld
and
afford
him
in
his
owne
City
or
place
of
residence
.
Vpon
this
troy
weight
doth
also
depend
in
Physicke
,
all
Weights
used
in
Physick
&
their
parts
.
drugs
and
simples
,
administred
by
way
of
potions
,
which
according
to
the
custome
practised
amongst
Physitians
,
is
thus
distinguished
into
parts
.
One
Ses
quilibra
is
1½
.
pound
.
or
18
ounces
.
One
pound
is
2
selibra
or
12
ounces
.
One
selibra
is
2
quadrans
or
6
ounces
.
One
quadran
is
a¼
of
a
li.
or
3
ounces
.
One
sescuntia
is
1½
.
ounce
or
12
drams
.
One
ounce
is
8
drams
.
One
dram
is
3
scruples
or
60
graines
.
One
scruple
is
20
graines
.
One
obolus
is
½
.
a
scruple
or
10
graines
.
Now
according
to
this
agreement
of
the
weights
of
silver
The
reduction
of
some
forraigne
currant
Coines
to
the
English
sterlin
.
and
gold
,
I
will
here
reduce
the
value
of
some
forraigne
coines
,
to
the
English
sterlin
.
The
crowne
of
Camera
of
Rome
is
sterlin
—
00
li.
07
s.
o
d.
The
sols
Of
Genoa
is
sterlin
—
00
01
6.
The
duccat
of
Venice
of
6
li.
4
sols
is
sterlin
—
04
6.
The
duccat
of
Naples
is
—
sterlin
—
04
9.
The
crowne
of
gold
of
Florence
is
—
sterlin
—
06
0
The
20
sols
of
Millan
is
—
sterlin
—
01
0.
The
Carlin
of
Cicilia
is
—
sterlin
—
00
3.
The
sol
of
grosse
of
Antwerpe
is
—
sterlin
—
00
7¼
.
The
lire
of
Valencia
,
Barselona
and
Saragosa
is
—
05
6
The
liver
or
franke
of
France
is
sterlin
—
02
0
The
florin
of
Turin
and
Savoy
is
sterlin
—
00
3⅜
.
The
34
Marvedes
or
single
,
Royall
of
Spaine
is
sterlin
00
6.
The
40
Res
of
Lisborne
in
Portugall
is
sterlin
—
00
6.
The
lire
of
Bollonia
is
—
sterlin
—
01
3½
.
The
crowne
of
Lucca
is
—
sterlin
—
05
9.
The
florin
of
Noremburgh
and
Franckford
,
sterlin
3
4.
The
Chequin
of
Turky
is
—
sterlin
—
7
10.
Where
note
that
in
Europe
,
the
exchange
ever
maketh
the
accounted
value
of
their
coines
with
us
,
which
are
seene
sometimes
to
differ
much
from
the
abovesaid
rules
,
yet
according
to
the
estimation
of
our
English
minte
,
this
carrieth
a
neere
concordancy
,
&
therfore
I
have
the
rather
thought
fit
to
insert
it
in
this
place
.
I
have
in
many
places
of
this
Book
shewed
how
the
100
li.
sutle
doth
agree
with
London
,
and
in
the
leaf
aforegoing
,
shewed
how
the
112
li.
doth
also
respond
with
some
of
them
:
now
I
will
shew
by
a
new
invented
Table
out
of
the
Works
of
Master
Hunt
Pounds
forrain
to
pounds
English
redu●…
.
the
Arithmetician
,
a
method
reducing
the
pounds
of
forraigne
Counties
to
the
pound
of
London
,
which
I
finde
thus
.
|
M
|
D
|
Ancona
—
|
13
|
10
|
Antwerp
—
|
24
|
25
|
Archipelago
—
|
497
|
448
|
Acquilla
—
|
143
|
100
|
Avignon
—
|
11
|
10
|
Ausburg
—
|
19
|
20
|
Barselona
—
|
91
|
10
|
Besenson
—
|
91
|
100
|
Bridges
—
|
1
|
1
|
Burgois
—
|
23
|
25
|
Calice
—
|
24
|
25
|
Castile
—
|
51
|
50
|
Cicilia
—
|
37
|
25
|
Colen
—
|
19
|
20
|
Corfu
—
|
497
|
448
|
Dansick
—
|
29
|
24
|
Deep
—
|
359
|
400
|
Ferrara
—
|
133
|
100
|
Florence
—
|
131
|
100
|
Frankford
—
|
396
|
448
|
Genoa
—
|
141
|
100
|
|
M
|
D
|
Geneva
—
|
81
|
100
|
Lipsich
—
|
99
|
100
|
London
troy
—
|
29
|
24
|
London
averd
—
|
127
|
120
|
Lubeck
—
|
389½
|
448
|
Lions
—
|
21
|
20
|
Lisbone
—
|
83
|
100
|
Marselia
—
|
497
|
448
|
Naples
—
|
71
|
50
|
Norrimberg
—
|
396
|
448
|
Paris
—
|
19
|
20
|
Padua
—
|
33
|
25
|
Parma
—
|
34
|
25
|
Presla●…
—
|
538½
|
448
|
Rochel
—
|
81
|
100
|
Roan
—
|
127
|
100
|
Sicilia
—
|
250¼
|
448
|
Sivil
—
|
439
|
448
|
Tholousa
—
|
491
|
448
|
Venice
grosse
,
—
|
423
|
448
|
Venice
sotle
—
|
151
|
100
|
Vienna
—
|
256
|
448
|
For
the
understanding
of
this
Table
,
note
that
one
pound
of
London
is
in
Ancona
〈◊〉
of
a
pound
,
and
so
in
the
rest
〈◊〉
is
1
and
〈◊〉
first
then
against
the
names
of
the
places
are
two
numbers
,
as
against
Avignon
,
you
have
11
for
to
multiply
,
and
10
for
divis●…
,
or
11
for
numerator
,
&
10
for
denominator
,
multiply
then
pounds
of
Avignon
by
11
,
and
divide
it
by
10
,
and
they
are
pounds
of
London
,
so
do
for
other
places
as
the
Table
directs
.
CHAP.
CCLXXII
.
Of
measures
used
in
England
.
HAving
now
done
with
the
Weights
of
England
,
Measures
in
England
.
whereby
all
Merchandise
of
weight
is
weighed
;
I
come
now
to
those
measures
that
are
in
use
through
the
Kingdome
of
England
,
which
are
three
:
the
first
is
the
yard
,
the
common
measure
1
A
Yard
.
of
all
woollen
cloth
,
stuffes
,
silkes
,
and
such
like
,
which
is
composed
of
three
foot
,
every
foot
being
12
inches
,
and
every
inch
3
barly
cornes
,
so
that
the
yard
doth
containe
36
inches
,
and
there
is
in
the
measure
of
all
commodities
given
in
measure
,
an
inch
,
which
doth
make
the
yard
to
be
37
inches
,
when
computed
with
the
measure
of
other
Countries
.
The
second
is
an
elle
,
wherewith
all
linnens
are
measured
,
2
An
Ell.
and
it
containeth
44⅔
.
inches
,
or
45
inches
by
the
rule
,
and
herewith
is
also
allowed
an
inch
,
for
measure
by
custome
of
the
Country
.
The
third
is
a
goade
,
onely
used
in
welsh
Frizes
,
Frizadoes
,
and
3
A
Goad
.
the
like
,
being
the
ancient
measure
of
Wales
,
and
as
some
imagine
,
of
England
,
before
the
setling
of
the
yard
wand
,
and
by
the
inch
rule
is
found
to
be
(
55
inches
)
at
this
time
.
In
London
there
is
found
a
custome
both
in
weighing
and
measuring
The
courtesies
of
Londo●…
.
of
some
commodities
not
found
or
practised
in
any
other
place
,
and
called
beyond
Seas
,
the
courtesies
of
London
;
the
which
is
first
in
commodities
weighed
by
4
in
104
li.
allowed
and
called
tret
,
which
I
have
noted
before
;
next
by
2
li.
allowed
upon
Tret
.
every
draught
and
commodity
,
which
exceedeth
336
li.
or
three
hundred
grosse
,
called
cloffe
,
and
lastly
in
the
measure
of
Cloffe
.
broad
cloth
by
retaile
in
Drapers
shoppes
,
allowing
to
the
buyer
,
a
shaftnet
upon
each
yard
,
in
lieu
of
the
inch
before
specified
,
which
is
as
much
as
is
in
length
at
the
yards
end
,
from
the
bottome
Shaftnet
.
of
the
wrist
,
to
the
end
of
the
thumbe
,
which
commonly
may
be
about
5
in
6
inches
in
length
,
according
to
the
dimension
of
the
hand
.
I
have
already
shewed
what
agreement
some
of
these
measures
,
especially
the
yard
hath
with
the
measures
of
length
of
many
other
places
:
it
is
requisite
I
should
also
here
shew
how
our
English
Elle
is
found
to
respond
with
other
Countries
,
which
I
finde
to
be
by
the
observations
of
some
ingenious
Merchants
thus
,
Antwerp
|
166⅔
Ells.
|
Frankford
|
208⅔
Ells.
Measures
of
London
compared
.
|
Dansicke
|
138⅓
Ells.
|
Vienna
|
145
Ells.
|
Lions
|
101⅔
aln
.
|
Paris
|
95
aln
.
|
Roan
|
103
aln
.
|
Lisbone
|
100
Vares
.
|
Sivil
|
135
Vares
.
|
Madera
Iles
|
103
2/7
Braces
.
|
Venice
linnen
|
180
Braces
.
|
Venice
Silk
|
196
Braces
.
|
Lucques
|
200
Braces
.
|
Florence
|
204
Braces
.
|
Millain
|
230
Braces
.
|
Genoa
|
480⅚
Pal.
|
Bridges
|
164
Ells.
|
Arras
|
165
Ells.
|
Callice
|
157
alns
.
|
Norrimberg
|
174
Ells.
|
Rome
|
56
Cans
.
|
Colen
|
208
Ells.
|
Lisle
|
166
Ells.
|
Mastriche
|
157
Ells.
|
How
true
these
observations
are
I
must
referre
to
triall
by
experience
,
and
forasmuch
as
I
would
not
omit
any
materiall
collection
that
might
adde
to
the
perfection
of
this
knowledge
,
which
doth
oftentimes
so
much
concern
Merchants
in
their
negotiations
;
I
have
here
also
inserted
M.
Hunts
table
of
respondency
Measures
Forrain
to
English
measure
reduced
.
of
other
Countries
,
Measures
of
length
to
the
above
said
English
Ell
and
Yard
.
|
M
|
D
|
Antwerp
—
|
3
|
5
|
Arras
—
|
23
|
35
|
Bridges
short
—
|
25
|
41
|
Castile
—
|
20
|
27
|
Calice
—
|
150
|
157
|
Colen
—
|
25
|
52
|
Frankford
—
|
25
|
52
|
Flemmish
Ells.
—
|
6
|
10
|
French
alns
—
|
6
|
5
|
Florence
—
|
25
|
47
|
Gant
long
—
|
50
|
77
|
Gant
short
—
|
25
|
41
|
Genoa
—
|
150
|
721
|
Lions
—
|
|
1
|
London
yard
—
|
4
|
5
|
Lisbone
and
Lisle
—
|
50
|
83
|
|
M
|
D
|
Lucca
—
|
5
|
8
|
Malins
—
|
3
|
5
|
Mastriche
—
|
100
|
173
|
Madera
—
|
25
|
26
|
Millain
—
|
50
|
57
|
Norrimberg
—
|
100
|
137
|
Paris
—
|
19
|
20
|
Roan
—
|
100
|
103
|
Rome
—
|
14
|
25
|
Sivil
—
|
20
|
27
|
Venice
long
—
|
5
|
9
|
Venice
short
—
|
25
|
49
|
Vienna
—
|
20
|
29
|
Vincentia
—
|
100
|
133
|
The
use
of
the
former
table
is
three-fold
,
first
,
to
know
what
proportion
one
of
our
London
Elles
will
beare
unto
any
of
the
Use
of
the
former
Table
threefold
.
measures
of
the
aforesaid
places
,
which
is
thus
performed
,
looke
the
place
in
the
table
posito
Florence
,
against
it
you
shall
finde
these
two
numbers
,
25.
under
the
title
of
M.
which
signifieth
Multiplicate
,
and
47
under
the
title
of
D.
which
signifieth
divisor
,
divide
then
the
greater
by
the
lesser
,
viz.
47
by
25.
the
quotient
is
1
and
22
is
the
remainder
,
which
is
numerator
to
25.
making
the
fraction
22/25.
so
that
our
Elle
at
London
is
at
Florence
1
of
their
measures
,
and
22/25.
parts
thereof
,
and
so
in
the
rest
.
Secondly
,
it
reduceth
forrain
measures
to
the
London
Elle
thus
,
2
Use.
posito
the
question
were
;
how
many
Ells
are
there
in
387
of
the
measures
of
Dansicke
,
then
look
Dansicke
,
against
which
you
shall
finde
two
numbers
,
the
first
is
20
your
multiplicate
,
the
second
27
your
divisor
,
the
order
of
the
question
then
is
thus
,
Thirdly
and
lastly
,
it
reduceth
Ells
of
London
,
to
any
of
the
aforesaid
3
Use.
forraigne
measures
,
posito
in
597
Ells
of
London
,
how
many
Lucca
braces
doe
they
containe
?
to
doe
this
,
looke
lucca
in
the
table
,
and
right
against
it
you
have
the
two
numbers
of
5
and
8.
and
note
by
the
way
,
that
in
questions
of
this
nature
that
you
multiply
by
the
second
number
under
D.
and
divide
by
the
first
under
M.
multiply
therefore
597
by
8.
and
divide
by
5.
and
the
quotient
is
955⅓
.
of
the
braces
or
measures
of
Lucca
.
And
this
shall
suffice
concerning
measures
of
length
,
the
truth
of
which
tables
I
referre
to
the
inquisition
of
the
curious
.
There
is
also
in
use
in
England
,
divers
measures
,
for
severall
distinct
commodities
,
which
orderly
I
will
here
observe
.
First
,
a
measure
whereby
land
is
measured
,
and
this
hath
some
Measure
of
land
in
use
.
correspondence
with
all
things
that
are
measured
by
a
square
proportion
in
bredth
and
length
,
and
this
done
also
by
the
afore
mentioned
yard
,
which
beginning
from
the
least
part
and
is
thus
reckoned
.
Grains
3
|
is
an
inch
.
|
Inches
12
|
a
foot
.
|
Foot
3
|
a
yard
.
|
Feet
3
inches
9
,
|
an
ell
.
|
Yards
5½
is
|
a
perch
.
|
Perch
1
in
breadth
|
a
farthindole
.
|
and
40
in
length
|
Farthindole
2
|
is
half
an
acre
.
|
Farthindole
4
|
is
an
acre
.
|
40
Rod
in
length
is
a
Furlong
,
8
Furlongs
is
a
Mile
English
,
which
is
320
perches
,
1760
yards
,
5280
foot
,
or
63360
inches
,
note
that
a
Rod-land
,
Yard-land
,
and
Farthendale
is
onething
.
So
that
hereby
it
may
be
discerned
,
that
a
foot
being
12
inches
every
way
,
as
12
in
length
and
12
in
breadth
,
making
12
times
12
is
144
inches
,
and
so
in
the
yard
which
is
3
foot
in
breadth
,
&
3
foot
in
length
,
which
is
9
foot
,
is
1286
inches
,
and
Board
,
Glasse
,
Hangings
,
&c.
thus
is
Board
,
Glasse
,
Pavement
,
Hangings
,
Wainscot
,
and
the
like
Commodities
measured
in
England
.
Next
let
us
observe
dry
Measures
in
themselves
,
for
so
farre
Dry
measures
of
grain
.
forth
as
they
concurre
with
weight
,
I
have
noted
before
,
dry
measure
principally
is
for
grain
.
|
Gallons
|
Potles
|
Quarts
|
Pints
.
|
The
Gallon
is
found
to
be
by
the
Statute
of
England
,
|
1
|
or
2
|
or
4
|
or
8
|
A
Peck
is
|
2
|
or
4
|
or
8
|
or
16
|
Half
a
Bushell
is
|
4
|
or
8
|
or
16
|
or
32
|
A
Bushell
is
|
8
|
or
16
|
or
32
|
or
64
|
A
Strike
is
|
16
|
or
32
|
or
64
|
or
128
|
A
Cornock
is
|
32
|
or
64
|
or
128
|
or
256
|
A
Quarter
is
|
64
|
128
|
or
256
|
or
512
|
A
Way
is
|
384
|
768
|
1536
|
3072
|
A
Last
is
|
640
|
1280
|
2560
|
5128
|
It
is
here
to
be
noted
,
that
severall
commodities
are
measured
by
a
severall
different
measure
:
as
for
example
,
Corne
is
measured
by
the
quarter
,
which
contains
8
bushels
as
above
is
mentioned
,
five
quarters
making
a
tunne
lading
,
and
10
quarters
to
a
laste
,
but
yet
10¼
.
or
10½
.
goes
for
a
last
of
Holland
,
so
also
in
salt
,
which
is
sold
by
the
weight
,
which
is
40
bushels
water
measure
of
tenne
gallons
;
yet
note
that
in
Plimouth
,
and
in
some
other
Sea-ports
of
England
,
they
measure
by
a
bushell
alien
measure
,
whereof
24
makes
a
tonne
,
and
8
doth
make
a
quarter
,
so
three
quarters
make
one
tunne
,
and
every
bushell
is
18
gallons
,
so
that
a
tunne
of
salt
at
Plimouth
,
is
greater
than
a
weigh
of
London
,
by
32
gallons
.
And
note
that
as
in
salt
,
so
also
in
corne
,
they
have
2
measures
,
the
water
measure
,
large
for
shipboord
,
and
the
land
for
shop-measure
,
the
difference
in
some
places
,
as
from
6
to
7.
also
from
3
to
4.
which
is
to
be
observed
.
The
next
measure
observable
is
liquid
measures
,
which
in
England
Liquid
measures
in
England
.
are
found
to
vary
much
,
and
to
be
of
divers
kindes
,
both
in
the
quantity
it selfe
,
and
in
the
commodity
or
liquor
,
which
I
will
here
for
method
sake
collect
together
thus
.
|
Gallon
|
Potles
.
|
Quart.
|
Pints
.
|
Of
Ale.
-
Ale
the
Firkin
ought
to
be
-
Kilderkin
of
Ale
ought
to
be
-
Barrell
of
Ale
ought
to
be
|
8
|
or
16
|
or
32
|
or
64
|
16
|
32
|
64
|
128
|
32
|
64
|
128
|
256
|
Of
Be●…
-
Beer
the
Firkin
ought
to
be
-
Kilderkin
of
Beer
-
Barrell
of
Beer
|
9
|
or
18
|
or
36
|
or
72
|
18
|
36
|
72
|
144
|
36
|
72
|
144
|
288
|
Of
Wine
.
-
Kilderkin
of
Wine
ought
to
be
-
Barrell
of
Wine
to
be
-
Hogshead
of
Wine
to
be
-
A
Tertian
of
Wine
-
Butt
or
Pipe
of
Wine
-
Turn
of
Wine
|
18
|
or
36
|
or
72
|
or
144
|
31
|
62
|
124
|
248
|
63
|
126
|
252
|
504
|
84
|
168
|
336
|
672
|
126
|
252
|
504
|
1008
|
252
|
504
|
1008
|
2016
|
Of
Sope.
-
A
Firkin
of
Soap
ought
to
be
-
A
Kilderkin
to
be
-
A
Barrell
to
be
|
8
|
or
16
|
or
32
|
or
64
|
16
|
32
|
64
|
128
|
32
|
64
|
128
|
256
|
Of
Ecles
and
Sal●…
on
.
-
A
Firkin
of
Salmon
and
Eels
to
be
-
A
Barrell
ought
to
be
-
A
Butt
ought
to
be
|
10½
|
21
|
42
|
84
|
42
|
84
|
168
|
236
|
84
|
164
|
236
|
572
|
Of
O●…le
.
-
A
Tun
of
Oile
and
Hony
ought
to
be
-
A
Pipe
of
Oiles
to
be
-
A
Hogshead
to
be
-
A
Rundlet
to
be
|
252
|
504
|
1008
|
2016
|
126
|
252
|
504
|
1008
|
63
|
126
|
252
|
504
|
18½
|
37
|
74
|
148
|
But
note
that
the
custome
of
London
sometimes
is
found
to
disagree
with
the
statute
in
the
measures
of
some
commodities
,
as
in
oyles
it
is
observed
,
that
236
gallons
which
by
Merchants
is
called
the
civill
Gadge
,
is
sold
ordinarily
for
a
tunne
,
and
not
252
gallons
,
as
above
is
mentioned
.
Now
for
as
much
as
cloth
,
tynne
,
lead
,
and
some
other
commodities
,
A
declaration
of
the
Standard
for
cloth
making
made
in
the
fourth
yeer
of
King
Iames.
are
the
staple
of
the
trade
of
England
,
and
that
divers
good
lawes
have
been
enacted
for
preservation
of
the
said
commodities
in
their
true
nature
:
It
will
not
be
unproper
that
I
mention
here
some
heads
of
such
orders
as
have
been
made
,
and
principally
for
the
true
making
of
cloth
,
being
the
prime
of
the
native
commodities
of
England
.
The
sacke
of
wooll
then
of
which
our
English
cloth
is
made
,
doth
containe
as
I
said
before
364
li.
the
tod
of
wooll
is
28
li.
13
toddes
making
a
sacke
,
every
tod
being
4
nails
,
and
every
naile
being
7
li.
This
sacke
of
wooll
is
accounted
to
Sack
of
wooll
.
make
4
standard
clothes
of
cleane
wooll
,
called
sorting
clothes
,
weighing
60
li.
the
cloth
,
and
being
24
yards
long
of
6½
.
quarters
broad
.
Now
in
the
weight
is
to
be
observed
that
the
clothes
be
well
scoured
,
thicked
,
milled
,
and
fully
dryed
:
and
in
the
measure
that
the
same
be
measured
by
the
yard
and
inch
,
within
the
list
,
concerning
the
bredth
,
all
which
I
will
for
the
benefit
of
cloth-traders
insert
in
this
following
collection
.
|
Bredth
.
|
Weight
.
|
Measures
.
|
Kent
,
Yorke
,
and
Reading
clothes
of
|
6½
.
qu.
|
86
li.
|
30
&
34
yds
.
|
Suffolke
,
Norfolke
,
and
Essex
clothes
of
Breadth
,
weights
and
Measures
of
English
clothes
.
|
7
quar.
|
80
li.
|
29
&
3●…
yds
.
|
Worster
,
Coventry
,
and
Hereford
cloths
of
|
6½
.
qu.
|
78
li.
|
30
&
33
yds
.
|
Wiltshire
,
Gloster
,
Oxen.
Somerset
of
|
7
quar.
|
76
li.
|
29
&
32
yds
.
|
Suffolke
sorting
clothes
|
6½
.
qu.
|
64
li.
|
23
&
26
yds
.
|
All
sorting
clothes
of
divers
shires
of
|
6½
qu.
|
60
li.
|
24
&
26
yds
.
|
Broad
cloth
,
Taunt
.
Bridgwaters
&
Dunst.
|
7
quar.
|
30
li.
|
12
&
13
yds
.
|
Broad
and
narrow
of
York
shire●…of
|
4
quar.
|
30
li.
|
24
&
25
|
Devonshire
,
Kersies
and
dossens
of
|
4
quar.
|
13
li.
|
12
&
13
|
Check
.
Kersies
,
strait
and
plaine
grayes
|
4
quar.
|
24
li.
|
17
&
18
|
Ordinary
penistons
or
forests
,
|
5½
.
qu.
|
28
li.
|
12
&
13
|
Sorting
penistons
of
|
6½
qu.
|
35
li.
|
13
&
14
|
Washers
of
Lancashire
,
and
others
.
|
|
17
li.
|
17
&
18.
|
See
further
the
said
statute
for
the
manner
of
making
of
all
the
said
woollen
clothes
,
and
orders
for
workmen
,
with
the
viewing
,
searching
,
and
all
other
needfull
circumstances
there
and
therunto
belonging
,
for
further
direction
whereto
I
referre
you
.
As
for
Tinne
,
which
is
also
one
of
the
staple
commodities
of
this
Tinne
in
England
.
kingdome
:
many
good
orders
are
enacted
for
the
true
casting
and
assay
thereof
,
and
is
accounted
as
the
Princes
peculiar
commodities
,
farmed
to
certaine
Merchants
,
who
have
the
sole
prehemtion
thereof
,
and
thereto
belongeth
a
peculiar
weight
called
the
stannery
weight
,
the
hundred
thereof
making
120
li.
sutle
haberdupois
,
as
I
said
before
.
Lead
is
also
one
of
the
staples
of
this
Iland
,
Lead
in
England
.
knowne
throughout
all
the
parts
of
the
world
,
and
is
in
England
sold
likewise
by
a
particular
weight
called
the
foder
,
which
is
19½
.
hundred
of
112
li.
to
the
hundred
,
and
making
sutle
pounds
2184
li.
for
other
the
staple
commodities
of
England
,
I
need
not
further
insist
,
referring
the
same
to
the
search
of
the
inquisitour
at
his
owne
leisure
.
I
have
already
noted
that
sundry
commodities
are
in
England
weighed
and
measured
by
sundry
&
distinct
weights
and
measures
,
the
principall
thereof
being
of
silver
and
gold
.
I
have
already
shewed
as
the
standard
of
our
English
coines
,
and
shewed
how
the
same
agreeth
with
other
places
,
then
of
salt
,
wine
,
and
corne
,
which
in
the
next
place
I
meane
here
to
shew
,
and
withall
demonstrate
how
the
same
holdeth
correspondency
with
other
Countries
,
which
in
most
Cities
I
have
omitted
as
purposely
intended
here
to
be
inserted
by
it selfe
,
as
reducing
all
others
to
the
City
of
London
.
Corne
then
as
the
most
necessary
commodity
,
is
sold
,
as
I
have
Corn
measure
with
other
Countries
.
shewed
before
in
England
,
by
the
quarter
,
accounting
five
quarters
for
one
tunne
lading
ordinarily
,
though
otherwise
10¼
.
quarters
,
is
a
last
of
corne
,
and
this
last
then
of
corne
doth
make
:
In
Embden
55
Werpes
,
whereof
61
made
a
last
,
there
,
or
15½
.
barrels
of
4
Werpes
.
In
Hamburgh
83
schepels
,
whereof
90
make
a
last
there
.
In
Lubecke
85
schepels
,
whereof
96
make
a
last
.
In
Dansicke
56
schepels
,
whereof
60
there
make
a
last
,
the
4
schepels
make
one
muid
,
which
is
the
skippound
of
340
li.
In
Fameran
78
schepels
,
whereof
96
to
the
last
.
In
Haleger
haven
in
Denmarke
,
80
schepels
,
96
to
the
last
.
In
Coppen
haven
23
small
barrels
,
whereof
16
to
the
last
.
In
Ebbetorff
Danic
23
barrels
,
whereof
36
to
the
last
.
In
Nelbogge
23
barrels
,
whereof
42
to
the
last
.
In
Sweden
23
barrels
.
Conixburgh
6/7.
of
a
last
,
the
6
last
are
7
at
Amsterdam
.
In
Milain
〈◊〉
.
of
a
last
.
In
Statin
in
Pomerland
,
6/7.
of
a
last
.
In
Riga
42
loopes
.
In
Antwerpe
37½
.
Vertules
.
In
Bruxels
10½
.
mudden
,
and
differing
in
all
places
in
Brabant
.
In
Gant
4
mudds
,
7
halsters
of
12
to
one
mudd
is
55
halsters
.
In
Bridges
7½
hoot
.
In
Dunkirke
18
Rasiers
water
measure
.
In
Middleburg
40
sackes
is
41½
.
to
the
last
in
all
Holland
.
In
Dort
28
sackes
.
In
Rotterdam
and
Delph
,
87
atchtelings
.
In
Schoon
haven
88
achtelings
.
In
Enchusen
,
Horne
,
Medenblicke
,
42
sackes
.
In
Groennighen
33
mudds
.
In
Tenell
58
loopes
.
In
Callais
18
Rasiers
.
In
Roven
20
untill
30
mines
,
every
mine
is
4
bushels
.
In
Rotchell
128
bushels
,
4
to
every
sestier
.
In
Bourdeux
38
Boiseaux
,
whereof
33
to
the
last
.
In
Sivil
54
Haneges
,
a
last
is
4
Ca●…is
of
12
Haneg●…
.
In
Lixborne
225
alquiers
,
whereof
240
to
the
last
,
or
4
Moyos
of
60
alquiers
to
the
Moyo
,
and
so
in
all
the
Ilands
of
Portugall
.
In
Venice
32
stares
.
In
Genoa
23½
.
Minas
.
In
Sicilia
38
Medinos
of
6
Moyos
.
In
Puglia
32
Cara
36
timans
.
In
Ciprus
40
Medinos
of
2
cipros
.
In
Amsterdam
a
last
,
and
it
is
observeable
here
,
that
corne
is
found
so
farre
to
differ
in
goodnesse
,
that
the
measure
of
this
place
will
weigh
of
East-land
wheate
156
li.
of
French
wheate
180
li.
of
Sicilia
wheate
224
li.
and
of
Africa
236
li.
and
this
last
o●…
Amsterdam
is
27
Moyos
or
Muddens
,
each
mudden
is
4
schepels
,
or
every
last
is
29
sackes
,
and
each
sacke
3
achtelings
,
so
that
a
last
may
be
said
to
be
108
schepels
or
87
atchtelings
.
Now
for
as
much
as
salt
is
not
a
native
commodity
of
our
Country
,
we
must
borrow
the
originall
of
the
measure
thereof
Measure
of
Salt
compared
with
other
places
.
from
these
places
which
produceth
the
greatest
quantity
or
from
those
Cities
which
hold
the
principall
staple
thereof
.
It
will
be
necessary
then
we
bring
it
to
the
great
hundred
of
Zeland
,
which
is
accounted
for
4
small
hundred
,
and
because
it
is
the
best
knowne
in
all
places
,
they
measure
their
salt
with
barrels
,
18
barrels
to
a
last
,
and
7
last
to
the
hundred
,
which
is
126
barrels
.
In
Armuyden
in
Zeland
,
they
reckon
8
〈◊〉
weighs
for
one
hundred
:
every
weigh
is
11½
.
sackes
,
every
sacke
4
measures
,
and
15
waighs
of
Browadge
salt
,
makes
the
great
hundred
.
The
sacke
of
salt
of
Arminden
,
being
122
small
barrels
,
for
the
100
sacke
shall
be
my
computation
,
and
it
maketh
in
In
Browage
4/7.
parts
of
one
hundred
of
28
moyos
,
and
12
sackes
to
the
moyo
,
also
by
charges
or
loads
,
ten
load
to
the
hundred
,
and
48
moyos
or
moys
to
the
last
of
21
barrels
.
In
Lixborne
25
moyos
.
In
Saint
Mary
Port
28
moyos
.
In
Saintubal
20
Cays
.
In
Calis
22
Cays
.
In
Saintlucar
21
Cays
.
In
Gaunt
108
sackes
or
barrels
.
In
Antwerpe
144
vertels
of
24
to
the
last
,
and
6
last
to
the
hundred
,
and
the
white
salt
is
measured
with
a
lesser
measure
of
12
upon
100.
In
Dunkerke
92
water
measures
,
or
104
land
measures
.
In
Ostend
98
measures
.
In
Damme
and
Axels
102
measures
.
In
Bridges
104
measures
.
In
Ypres
144
measures
.
In
Rotterdam
100
whereof
6
make
one
mud
of
18
to
the
100.
In
Amsterdam
,
Vtricht
,
Druenter
102
schepels
.
In
Calis
in
France
130
barrels
,
19
to
the
last
,
but
20
by
fraighting
.
In
Roven
and
almost
all
France
6½
.
Muyes
.
In
Hamburgh
7
last
,
whereof
80
barrels
makes
100.
In
Denmarke
,
6⅔
.
last
.
In
Sweden
111
tunnes
or
barrels
,
16
to
the
last
.
In
Emden
100
barrels
,
14
to
the
last
.
In
Lubecke
,
7
lasts
of
18
barrels
.
In
London
,
7½
.
lasts
of
18
herring
barrels
,
but
by
weighs
11½
.
In
Venice
and
Prian
,
70
Mose
.
Pit-coale
is
a
commodity
peculiar
and
native
,
and
is
sold
by
Measure
of
Sea
coal
compared
with
other
places
.
the
Chalder
,
which
must
be
taken
from
the
measure
of
Newcastle
,
where
the
greatest
quantity
of
coales
is
found
,
and
they
measure
there
by
the
Chalder
,
filled
up
whereof
7½
.
Chalder
is
a
last
,
and
is
measured
in
giving
21
for
20.
the
correspondence
thereof
is
,
The
last
of
Newcastle
of
7½
.
chalder
is
-
London
and
Yarmouth
10
chalders
.
-
Roven
100
barrels
giving
104
for
100.
-
Bridges
and
Oastend
100
measures
for
Oats
.
-
Dort
12
hort
,
also
by
weighs
of
144
li.
of
24
stone
,
of
6
li.
-
Gaunt
144
sackes
,
or
24
muds
.
-
Alst
200
muds
.
-
Antwerpe
175
Vertils
.
-
Condet
44
Muys
the
80
makes
a
cherke
.
-
Zeland
68
herring
barrels
.
-
Middleburgh
by
weigh
of
180
li.
-
Amsterdam
13⅓
.
L●…ot
of
38
measures
.
Wines
are
sold
in
England
by
the
tunne
of
252
gallons
,
and
by
Measures
of
Wine
.
reason
of
the
diversity
of
wines
of
the
growth
of
sundry
countries
comming
to
England
,
it
is
fit
I
should
set
downe
how
the
tunne
of
252
gallons
doth
correspond
with
other
places
.
It
then
makes
in
Antwerp
6
ames
,
containing
300
stoopes
,
every
stoope
weighing
6
li.
called
a
stone
,
every
●…me
being
50
stoopes
,
or
42
gallons
,
and
every
stoope
being
9½
.
pintes
English.
In
Paris
and
Orleance
,
4
hogsheads
lacking
10
stoopes
,
every
hogshead
312
stoopes
,
and
at
Paris
36
sextiers
,
each
sextier
being
4
quarts
,
every
quart
two
pints
,
is
288
pints
and
each
pinte
is
2
chapins
.
In
Burdeaux
4½
.
hogsheads
.
In
Lixborne
5½
hogsheads
.
In
Auxere
in
Burgundy
3
punchons
.
In
Poito●…
2¼
.
pipes
.
In
Coniaque
2
pipes
or
4
hogsheads
.
In
Ay
and
Artois
,
4⅔
.
hogsheads
.
In
Seres
or
Canary
,
2
pipes
of
150
stoops
or
1
But
and
〈◊〉
.
every
But
is
in
Antwerpe
,
158
stoopes
,
they
measure
by
the
Rove
of
30
li.
is
5
stoopes
of
Antwerpe
,
which
is
about
5
〈◊〉
gallons
,
and
every
But
containeth
30
Roves
,
and
the
pipes
containe
30
Roves
of
28
li.
weight
.
In
Condado
is
2
Buts
.
In
Madrid
2
pipes
lacking
16
stoopes
,
or
about
19
gallons
.
In
Sivil
56¼
.
Rove
of
Romani
,
a
Rove
is
8
somers
,
every
somer
is
4
quartils
,
every
quartil
is
〈◊〉
.
of
a
stoope
,
of
Antwerpe
,
which
is
about
1½
.
pintes
English
,
and
they
doe
deliver
27
and
28
Roves
in
a
pipe
,
but
of
oile
measure
by
40
and
41
Roves
in
a
pipe
.
In
Ansoy
or
Bastard
2
pipes
16
stoopes
for
the
said
6
ames
.
In
Lixborne
37½
.
almudes
of
1½
.
Rove
of
Sivil
,
every
almudas
is
12
covados
or
somer
at
Sivill
,
cavado
is
4
quarts
oile
measure
by
alqueri
or
cantar
,
every
alqueri
is
6
covados
,
every
cantar
is
4
stoopes
of
Antwerpe
,
or
4½
.
gallons
English.
In
Algorne
34
starre
.
In
Florence
16⅔
.
barrels
of
20
fiaschi
or
18
stoopes
of
Antwerpe
,
the
3
barrels
is
one
starre
,
and
each
starre
is
54
stoopes
of
Antwerpe
,
or
64
gallons
English.
In
Rome
7½
.
brontons
,
every
Bront
is
96
Bocals
or
13½
.
Rubes
or
stones
of
10
li.
of
30
ounces
in
one
Brent
,
or
42
stoopes
of
Antwerpe
for
honey
the
pound
being
44
ounces
.
In
Candia
80
mostaches
in
a
But
of
34
and
35
mostaches
of
3¼
.
stoopes
of
Antwerpe
or
circa
4¼
.
gallos
English.
In
Bollonia
13
corbes
incirca
19½
.
gallons
English
each
corbe
.
In
Padua
1
and
1/25.
Cara
,
the
oile
is
by
the
Millier
of
1185
li.
is
in
Antwerpe
1100
li.
makes
152
stoopes
in
a
But.
In
Venice
80
Mostati
,
the
38
make
one
But
,
and
76
make
an
amphora
,
16⅘
.
quarti
Besonts
measure
the
4
one
Bigonts
,
Bigonte
is
a
French
hogshead
,
one
quart
18
stoopes
of
Antwerpe
,
15
〈◊〉
.
quar●…
measure
,
Secchio
or
small
measure
of
4
Tischaufer
.
Amphora
-
4
Bigonts
or
Bigontins
.
-
16
quarti
bigots
measure
.
-
18
〈◊〉
.
quarti
secchio
.
Lagol
is
a
punchon
,
amphora
is
2
ames
,
which
is
84
gallons
,
and
for
oile
,
they
measure
by
amphora
also
,
and
for
honey
,
but
most
by
millier
of
1210
li.
In
Verona
1½
.
cara
.
14
Brents
,
every
brent
is
16
bases
.
Oile
by
the
millier
of
1738
li.
is
8
brenten
&
11
bases
In
Ferrara
12
mastilli
of
8
sechio
,
each
mastilli
is
21
gallons
.
In
Vicentia
1
1/26.
cara
,
and
the
oile
by
the
millier
of
Venice
.
In
Treviso
11
consi
,
the
10
consi
makes
one
carra
.
In
Corfu
and
Zante
37
Zare
or
Sare
,
and
each
Sare
is
neere
6½
.
gallons
In
Istria
15
Venas
,
neere
17
gallons
.
In
Prian
12
Vrnas
,
each
Vrna
is
21
gallons
.
In
Tunes
60
matali
of
32
Rotolos
,
every
matali
making
about
4¼
.
gallons
English.
In
Tripoli
in
Barbary
45
metares
of
42
Rotolos
,
and
each
metara
being
somewhat
more
then
5½
.
gallons
English.
In
Constantinople
180
almes
,
each
alme
being
about
20
pintes
,
and
96½
almes
of
oile
here
,
is
at
Venice
a
Millier
.
In
Callabria
8
Salmes
.
In
Puglia
8
salmes
,
are
French
barrels
,
oile
also
8
salmes
,
every
salme
is
10
star
,
each
star
is
32
pignatoli
.
Hereto
it
will
not
be
unfit
I
should
adde
Malines
his
observation
upon
these
wet
measures
in
generall
.
The
Romans
in
times
past
,
called
the
wet
measure
by
ounces
,
as
we
doe
now
the
weight
;
accounting
ten
ounces
ponderales
,
for
12
ounces
mensurales
,
so
Sestarius
Bonianorum
was
18
ounces
weight
measure
,
and
21
〈◊〉
.
ounces
mensurales
or
wet
measure
.
Now
this
custome
of
measuring
and
correspondencie
of
wet
measure
and
weight
is
yet
in
use
in
sundry
places
:
As
at
Meyson
in
Saxony
,
20
ounces
ponderales
,
make
24
ounces
mensurales
.
Also
at
Lipsich
,
32
ounces
wet
measures
,
goes
to
26½
.
ounces
weight
measure
,
the
difference
of
correspondence
being
of
5
to
6.
This
is
further
demonstrated
in
many
commodities
.
As
a
hogshead
of
wine
weigheth
500
li.
the
caske
50
li.
so
that
in
net
wine
there
is
450
li.
Also
a
hogshead
of
corne
weigheth
400
li.
the
caske
50
li.
the
net
corne
is
350
li.
so
that
by
this
computation
,
the
tunne
of
wine
weigheth
1800
li.
and
with
the
caske
2000
li.
and
the
tunne
lading
of
corne
,
weigheth
1600
li.
and
with
the
caske
1800
li.
So
that
for
the
la●…ing
of
a
ship
,
by
weight
and
measure
,
these
observations
are
to
be
noted
.
Two
tunnes
are
accounted
for
one
last
,
so
two
tunnes
of
wine
Observations
for
the
lading
of
a
ship
by
weight
and
measure
.
is
4000
li.
and
somewhat
more
,
and
in
hogsheads
there
should
be
but
⅔
.
parts
of
a
last
.
At
Dort
in
Holland
they
call
a
great
vessell
,
a
rod
of
wine
,
which
weighed
4500
li.
as
a
last
of
corn
,
comparin●…
these
4500
li.
mensurales
by
reduction
of
6
to
5.
as
above
is
noted
,
are
3750
li.
ponderales
,
is
12½
.
ames
,
now
if
you
account
the
gallon
of
wine
of
Antwerpe
to
weigh
6
li.
the
capacity
of
this
vessell
is
15
ames
,
being
750
gallons
.
The
rod
is
a
rod
quadrant
,
of
10
foot
long
,
and
10
foot
broad
,
and
one
foot
deep
,
every
foot
containing
7½
.
gallons
Antwerpe
measure
,
or
4⅔
.
foot
Cubice
.
And
this
is
as
much
as
I
thinke
fit
to
insert
in
this
place
concerning
the
wine
measures
of
England
,
with
other
Countries
,
for
other
liquid
commodities
,
the
table
aforegoing
will
more
largely
demonstrate
.
The
Exchanges
practised
in
England
,
and
principally
in
London
,
The
Exchanges
of
London
.
are
confined
within
a
narrow
scantling
,
being
but
as
a
Riv●…let
issuing
out
of
the
great
streame
of
those
Exchanges
that
are
used
beyond
the
Seas
,
and
therefore
limited
but
to
some
few
places
,
as
to
Antwerpe
for
Flanders
,
to
Roven
and
Paris
for
France
,
to
Amsterdam
and
Rotterdam
for
the
Netherlands
,
to
Dansicke
for
the
East
Country
,
to
Venice
for
Italie
,
to
Edenburgh
for
Scotland
,
to
Dublin
for
Ireland
,
all
the
other
parts
of
the
Exchanges
practised
in
England
,
have
their
derivation
hence
,
and
he
that
would
exchange
for
any
other
forraigne
Country
(
these
aforenamed
excepted
)
must
first
have
recourse
hither
,
and
by
a
secondary
exchange
,
have
his
desire
fulfilled
,
all
which
exchanges
,
and
the
manner
how
the
same
are
calculated
,
and
the
places
with
which
London
hath
in
former
time
been
seen
to
exchange
.
I
have
at
large
demonstrated
in
the
443
,
444
,
445
,
446
,
and
447
chapters
of
this
ensuing
treatise
:
whereto
for
better
satisfaction
I
will
referre
the
reader
.
CHAP.
CCLXXIII
.
Of
the
trading
in
generall
of
England
.
WHen
I
consider
the
true
dimensions
of
our
Of
the
trade
in
generall
of
England
.
English
traffique
,
as
at
this
day
to
me
it
appeareth
to
be
,
together
with
the
inbred
commodities
that
this
Iland
affordeth
to
preserve
and
maintaine
the
same
,
with
the
present
industry
of
the
natives
,
and
the
ability
of
our
Navigators
:
I
justly
admire
both
the
height
and
eminencie
thereof
:
but
when
againe
I
survey
every
kingdome
and
great
City
of
the
world
,
and
every
petty
Port
and
Creeke
of
the
same
,
and
finde
in
each
of
these
some
English
prying
after
the
trade
and
commerce
thereof
,
then
againe
I
am
easily
brought
to
imagine
that
either
this
great
traffique
of
England
is
at
its
full
perfection
,
or
that
it
aymes
higher
then
can
hitherto
by
my
weake
sight
be
either
seene
or
discerned
:
I
must
confesse
,
England
breeds
in
its
owne
wombe
,
the
principall
supporters
of
its
present
splendor
,
and
nourisheth
with
its
owne
milke
the
commodities
that
gives
both
lustre
and
life
to
the
continuance
of
this
trade
,
(
which
I
pray
may
neither
never
decay
,
nor
yet
have
the
least
dimination
.
But
England
being
naturally
seated
in
a
northerne
corner
of
the
world
,
and
herein
bending
under
the
weight
of
too
too
ponderous
a
burthen
,
cannot
possibly
alwaies
,
and
for
ever
finde
a
vent
for
all
those
commodities
that
are
seene
to
be
daily
imported
and
brought
within
the
●…mpasse
of
so
narrow
a
circuit
,
unlesse
there
can
be
(
by
the
policy
and
government
of
the
state
)
a
meane
found
out
to
make
this
Iland
either
the
common
Emporium
and
staple
of
all
Europe
,
or
at
least
wise
of
all
these
our
neighbouring
northerne
Regions
.
The
staple
commodities
of
England
,
such
as
are
Clothes
,
Lead
,
Tynne
,
some
new
late
draperies
,
and
other
English
Reall
and
Royall
commodities
,
shipped
hence
in
former
times
,
yeelded
by
their
returnes
from
forraigne
parts
,
all
those
necessaries
and
wants
we
desired
,
or
stood
in
need
of
:
but
the
late
great
traffique
of
this
Iland
hath
been
such
,
that
it
hath
not
onely
proved
a
bountifull
Mother
to
the
inhabitants
,
but
also
a
courteous
Nurse
to
the
adjoyning
neighbours
:
for
what
in
matter
of
traffique
they
have
lost
,
we
have
been
found
to
have
gained
,
and
what
they
have
wanted
,
or
have
been
noted
to
have
supplied
them
with
.
Hath
the
proud
and
magnificent
City
of
Venice
lost
her
great
The
reall
worth
of
the
English
trade
.
traffique
and
commerce
with
India
,
Arabia
,
and
Persia
?
England
hath
got
it
,
and
now
furnisheth
her
plenteously
with
the
rich
commodities
thereof
.
Hath
all
Italie
lost
Venice
,
that
fed
it
with
those
dainties
?
London
now
supplieth
her
place
,
and
is
found
both
to
cloth
and
nourish
it
.
Hath
France
almost
lost
the
excellent
commodities
of
Constantinople
,
Alexandria
,
and
Aleppo
,
and
generally
of
Turky
?
London
can
and
doth
furnish
it
.
Nay
,
is
Turky
it selfe
deprived
of
the
precious
spices
of
India
?
England
can
and
doth
plentifully
afford
them
.
Will
you
view
Moscovia
,
survey
Sweden
,
looke
upon
Denmarke
,
peruse
the
East
Country
,
and
those
other
colder
regions
,
there
shall
you
finde
the
English
to
have
been
,
the
inhabitants
from
the
Prince
to
the
peasant
,
weares
Englands
woollen
livery
,
feeds
in
English
pewter
,
sauced
with
English
Indian
spices
,
and
send
to
their
enemies
sad
English
leaden
messengers
of
death
.
Will
you
behold
the
Netherlands
,
whose
eyes
and
hearts
envy
Englands
traffique
,
yet
they
must
perforce
confesse
,
that
for
all
their
great
boasts
,
they
are
indebted
to
London
for
most
of
their
Siria
commodities
,
besides
what
other
wares
else
they
have
of
English
growth
?
Will
you
see
France
,
and
travell
it
from
Marselia
to
Callais
,
though
they
stand
least
in
need
of
us
,
yet
they
cannot
last
long
without
our
commodities
.
And
for
Spaine
,
if
you
pry
therein
from
the
Princes
Palace
to
the
poore
mans
Cottage
,
he
will
Voto
,
a
dios
,
there
is
no
clothing
comparable
to
the
English
Baye
,
nor
Pheasant
excelling
a
seasonable
English
red
Herring
.
The
East
India
Company
of
London
,
are
yearely
seen
to
visite
The
East
India
Company
.
Persia
,
frequent
India
,
and
traffique
in
Arabia
,
and
the
coasts
thereof
,
and
for
our
English
commodities
,
and
some
other
exported
hence
,
they
are
found
to
import
Pepper
,
Cloves
,
Maces
,
Nutmegs
,
Cottons
,
Rice
,
Callicoes
of
sundry
sorts
,
Bezar
stones
,
Aloes
,
Borax
,
Calamus
,
Cassia
,
Mirabolans
,
Mirrhe
,
Opium
,
Rhubarbe
,
Cinamond
,
Sanders
,
Spicknard
,
Muske
,
Civet
,
Tamerinds
,
pretious
stones
of
all
sorts
,
as
Diamonds
,
Pearles
,
Carbuncles
,
Emeralds
,
Iacincts
,
Saphirs
,
Spinals
,
Turques
,
Topases
,
Indico
,
and
Silkes
,
raw
and
wrought
into
sundry
fabriques
:
Benjamin
,
Camphir
,
Sandalwood
,
and
infinite
other
commodities
,
and
though
in
India
and
these
parts
,
their
trade
equaliseth
not
,
neither
the
Portugals
nor
the
Dutch
,
yet
in
candid
,
faire
,
and
Merchant-like
dealing
,
these
Pagans
,
Mahumetans
and
Gentiles
,
hold
them
in
esteeme
farre
before
them
,
and
deservingly
have
here
the
Epithete
of
far
more
currant
and
square
dealers
.
And
although
for
the
present
this
trade
and
Company
doe
suffer
under
some
adverse
clouds
,
and
grone
under
some
unkinde
losses
by
the
falshood
of
the
Netherlanders
,
and
sad
accidents
at
sea
,
yet
their
adventures
and
acts
are
praise
worthy
,
and
their
faire
indeavours
for
Englands
honour
in
point
of
trade
,
meriteth
due
commendations
,
and
just
applause
.
The
Turky
Company
of
London
,
for
its
height
and
eminency
,
is
The
Turkie
Company
.
now
second
to
none
other
of
this
land
,
for
not
yearely
,
but
monethly
,
nay
almost
weekly
their
ships
are
observed
to
goe
to
and
fro
,
exporting
hence
the
clothes
of
Suffolke
,
Gloster
,
Woster
,
and
Coventry
,
dyed
and
drest
,
Kersies
of
Hampshire
and
Yorke
,
Lead
,
Tynne
,
and
a
great
quantity
of
the
above
said
India
spices
,
Indico
and
Callicos
,
and
in
returns
thereof
import
from
Turkie
,
the
raw
silkes
of
Persia
,
Damasco
,
Tripoly
,
&c.
Galles
of
Mosolo
and
Toccat
Chamblets
,
Grograms
,
and
Mohayrs
of
Angora
,
Cottons
,
and
Cotton
yarne
of
Cyprus
and
Smirna
,
and
sometimes
the
Iemmes
of
India
,
and
drugges
of
Egypt
,
and
Arabia
,
the
Muscadins
of
Candia
,
the
Corance
and
Oiles
of
Zante
,
Zeffalonia
,
and
Morea
,
with
sundry
others
,
and
in
all
these
parts
are
accounted
also
second
to
none
,
nor
give
place
to
any
nation
,
neither
in
the
greatnesse
of
their
traffique
,
nor
yet
in
their
faire
and
Merchant-like
performance
.
The
ancient
company
of
the
Merchant
Adventurers
of
London
,
The
Merchant
Adventurers
.
hold
the
same
proportion
in
the
integrity
of
their
dealings
,
and
in
the
squarenesse
of
their
performance
with
both
the
afore
named
:
their
excellent
government
,
and
their
ancient
orders
preserved
and
maintained
,
is
every
where
both
applauded
and
commended
.
The
Cities
of
Hamburgh
,
Rotterdam
,
and
others
in
the
Netherlands
by
their
submissive
seeking
for
their
residence
,
and
their
privileges
and
immunities
granted
them
during
that
time
,
is
a
sure
testimony
that
speaks
their
welcome
every
where
,
and
an
assured
token
of
that
Cities
decay
.
that
they
leave
from
England
,
they
furnish
them
with
clothes
of
sundry
shires
,
&
some
other
commodities
monethly
,
as
by
the
shortnesse
of
their
navigation
they
finde
it
needfull
and
proper
to
their
traffique
,
and
from
thence
furnish
England
with
Tapestries
,
Diaper
,
Cambriques
,
Hollands
,
Lawnes
,
Hoppes
,
Mather
,
Steele
,
Rhenish
wines
,
and
many
other
manufacturies
,
as
Blades
,
Stuffes
,
Sope
,
Lattin
,
Wier
,
and
plates
,
&c.
and
here
also
this
nation
is
accounted
the
most
current
and
onely
Merchant-like
nation
that
traffique
or
have
commerce
amongst
them
.
The
East
country
Merchants
,
and
the
Moscovia
Company
,
doe
The
Eastland
and
Moscovia
Company
.
also
challenge
a
part
in
this
great
trade
of
England
,
and
adde
some
perfection
to
the
traffique
of
the
City
of
London
:
neither
doth
their
faire
dealing
there
,
come
behinde
any
of
their
fellow
citizens
,
nor
are
they
there
lesse
esteemed
then
any
other
forraigne
nation
there
resident
.
They
export
hence
principally
,
cloth
,
as
the
best
commodity
,
as
also
tinne
,
leade
,
with
some
other
spices
of
India
,
and
other
Southerne
commodities
,
and
returne
thence
,
ashes
,
clapbord
,
copper
,
deales
,
fish
,
rich
furres
,
masts
,
pipe
staves
,
rye
,
timber
,
wainscot
,
wheate
,
fustians
,
iron
,
latine
linnen
,
mathers
,
quicksilver
,
flaxe
,
hempe
,
steele
,
caviare
,
cordage
,
hides
,
honey
,
tarre
,
ropes
,
tallow
,
pitch
,
waxe
,
rosin
,
and
sundry
others
.
What
shall
I
say
to
the
French
Company
,
the
Groenland
Company
,
the
Merchants
trading
into
Spaine
,
Barbary
,
Geanny
,
Benin
,
Italie
,
Scotland
,
and
Ireland
,
but
that
they
also
challenge
a
great
interest
in
the
traffique
of
this
City
and
Kingdome
,
for
the
French
Merchants
carry
hence
,
English
clothes
,
Kersies
,
and
Bayes
,
The
French
Merchants
.
Galles
,
Silke
,
and
Cottons
of
Turky
,
and
for
the
same
returne
,
Buckrams
,
Canvas
,
Cards
,
Glasse
,
Graine
,
Linnens
,
Salt
,
Claret
and
white
Wines
,
Woade
,
Oiles
,
Almonds
,
Pepper
,
some
silke
stuffes
,
and
some
other
petty
manufacturies
.
The
Merchants
trading
into
Spaine
,
carry
hence
bayes
,
sayes
,
The
Spanish
Merchants
.
serges
,
perpetuanos
,
leade
,
tynne
,
herrings
,
pilchards
,
salmon
,
newland
fish
,
calfe
skins
,
and
many
other
commodities
,
and
in
returns
furnish
England
thence
with
wines
of
Xeres
,
Mallaga
,
Bastard
,
Candado
●…nd
Aligant
,
Rosins
,
Olives
,
Oiles
,
Sugars
,
Sopes
,
Aniseeds
,
Liquoris
,
Soda
barillia
,
Pate
,
and
sundry
west
India
commodities
:
neither
have
the
Spanish
and
Portugall
any
ill
opinion
in
the
dealing
and
traffique
of
the
English
nation
,
for
though
of
all
other
nations
,
they
have
the
best
conceit
and
opinion
of
their
owne
greatnesse
,
and
punctuall
worth
,
and
have
of
late
exchanged
the
name
of
Mercader
into
Cargador
,
(
how
unproper
I
refer
to
their
own
language
)
yet
account
they
the
English
(
after
themselves
)
the
principall
and
fairest
dealing
Merchants
in
the
world
.
The
Merchants
of
England
trading
into
Naples
,
Sicilia
,
Genoa
,
Leghorne
and
Venice
,
&c.
which
here
I
tearme
Italie
,
are
not
observed
The
Italian
Merchants
.
to
have
any
joynt
society
or
company
,
yet
to
the
honour
and
benefit
of
this
Kingdome
and
City
therof
,
transport
hence
,
bayes
,
sayes
,
serges
,
perpetuanos
,
kersies
,
lead
,
tyn
,
cloth
,
and
many
other
native
commodities
,
besides
pepper
,
indico
,
cloves
,
and
other
Indian
commodities
in
great
abundance
,
and
for
returnes
thence
,
have
clothes
of
gold
and
silver
,
satins
,
velvets
,
taffataes
,
plushes
,
tabins
,
damaskes
,
al●…me
,
●…yles
,
glasse
,
aniseeds
,
rice
,
Venice
gold
and
silver
,
great
quantity
of
raw
silkes
,
of
sundry
sorts
,
and
divers
other
commodities
;
and
here
likewise
all
other
forraigne
nations
give
willingly
place
to
the
English
,
as
the
prime
and
principall
Merchants
that
either
abide
amongst
them
,
or
negotiate
with
them
.
I
need
not
to
insist
here
upon
the
reliques
of
that
famous
Barbary
trade
,
nor
yet
mention
the
petty
adventures
of
the
English
to
Guyny
and
Benny
,
though
that
otherwise
they
are
concurrent
to
the
traffick
of
this
nation
,
neither
need
I
nominate
the
homeland
commerce
of
this
kingdome
to
Scotland
and
Ireland
,
neither
goe
about
to
particularise
the
large
traffique
of
this
Iland
to
their
late
Plantations
of
New
found
land
,
Sommer
Ilands
,
Virginia
,
Barbados
,
and
new
England
,
and
to
other
places
which
rightly
challenge
an
interest
in
the
present
trade
and
traffique
of
this
kingdome
.
Therfore
omitting
what
may
be
further
said
in
this
point
,
and
having
thus
survayed
the
trade
of
this
Iland
in
the
particular
,
and
shewed
the
commodities
exported
and
imported
by
every
noted
Company
and
Societie
,
I
shall
now
speake
a
word
concerning
the
Navigation
of
this
Nation
,
which
is
one
of
the
maine
and
principall
meanes
by
which
this
traffique
is
observed
to
be
preserved
unto
them
at
this
day
.
I
shall
not
need
to
looke
backe
into
former
ages
,
nor
trouble
The
navigation
of
the
English
famous
,
my selfe
to
search
after
old
records
that
expresse
the
worth
of
the
English
nation
at
sea
in
the
times
of
old
;
it
sufficeth
me
to
understand
,
and
know
that
these
present
times
wherein
we
live
,
is
not
any
waies
inferiour
(
in
this
point
)
to
the
former
,
nor
the
reall
value
nor
valour
of
the
English
any
wayes
decayed
or
altered
from
its
former
ancient
greatnesse
,
to
its
present
splendor
:
what
they
have
done
,
let
Histories
remember
,
and
what
they
now
doe
,
let
the
world
witnesse
and
testifie
throughout
Europe
.
What
Creeke
or
Port
in
Europe
have
they
not
sought
out
and
throughout
Europe
.
found
?
nay
how
many
of
them
have
fought
against
hunger
,
cold
,
and
all
extremities
,
to
finde
new
northerne
passages
to
the
southerne
Regions
,
and
though
the
South
Seas
,
and
a
great
part
of
America
be
at
this
day
debarred
to
them
and
to
their
Navigation
,
In
America
.
yet
their
wils
herein
are
more
bounded
to
their
Princes
pleasure
in
a
faithfull
obedience
to
his
treaties
and
peace
with
that
Don
that
challengeth
those
vast
Countries
,
then
any
way
in
feare
of
his
greatnesse
,
or
his
navall
power
at
Sea
,
as
may
well
witnesse
their
Attempts
,
Navigations
,
and
Plantations
in
many
parts
of
that
Country
not
limited
or
forbidden
by
that
treaty
.
As
for
their
Navigations
to
Africa
,
begin
at
Alexandria
in
Egypt
,
In
Africa
.
and
so
saile
to
Tunes
,
Argire
and
Seuta
,
and
thence
alongst
the
coast
of
Guiny
and
Benyn
,
to
cape
Bona
,
Esperansa
,
then
to
Mombasa
,
Melinda
,
Brava
,
Cape
,
Guarde
fuy
,
and
into
the
red
sea
gulfe
,
and
tell
me
where
is
it
that
they
have
not
beene
,
or
what
place
or
Port
is
not
acq●…ainted
to
them
.
And
if
you
survey
the
Maritime
shore
of
Asia
,
and
beg
in
at
Sues
in
the
aforesaid
Gulfe
,
an●…
In
Asia
.
so
to
Aclon
,
Dieu
,
Cambaia
,
Ormus
,
Surrat
,
Goa
,
Cochin
,
Mesulapatam
,
Pegu
,
Camboi
,
Cauch
,
China
,
Maccau
,
and
to
the
utmost
bounds
of
China
,
and
the
Iles
of
Iapan
,
and
Cathay
,
and
all
the
adjacent
Ilands
they
have
all
borne
for
many
yeares
,
both
well
acquainted
to
our
sea
men
,
and
not
unfrequented
by
our
Merchants
and
traders
,
and
for
the
Casplan
Sea
,
the
Euxine
and
the
other
parts
of
Asia
comprised
from
thence
by
Constantinople
to
Scanderone
,
and
so
to
Alexandria
,
every
weeke
brings
us
tidings
of
the
currant
advises
of
those
places
.
To
conclude
then
by
what
hath
been
said
,
may
be
clearely
discerned
,
the
present
height
and
amplitude
of
our
English
commerce
,
and
the
greatnesse
of
Englands
Navigations
,
the
continuation
whereof
my
devotions
shall
ever
second
,
and
my
prayer
shall
be
,
that
neither
our
fained
friends
,
nor
yet
our
sroward
foes
,
may
ever
have
just
cause
to
rejoyce
at
the
decrease
,
nor
least
diminution
thereof
.
Having
thus
happily
ended
my
peregrination
,
and
drawn
out
the
utmost
bounds
and
limits
of
this
my
Mappe
of
Commerce
,
and
concluded
there
the
manner
and
matter
of
the
generall
and
particular
traffique
of
most
of
all
the
eminent
Cities
and
Countries
of
the
world
,
I
will
now
here
cast
anchor
,
and
finish
in
this
place
my
voyage
,
till
the
next
faire
gale
doth
offer
and
present
it selfe
,
to
imbarke
both
my
time
and
pen
in
the
survey
and
calculation
of
the
Exchanges
of
Europe
,
as
at
this
day
they
are
seen
practised
amongst
the
Merchants
of
Christendome
.
FINIS
.
EXCHANGES
,
CHAP.
274.
Of
Exchanges
in
generall
,
and
of
the
Method
and
manner
thereof
,
and
how
calculated
in
any
place
in
Christendome
.
I
Have
in
the
tenth
Chapter
of
this
Map
Exchange
in
Generall
.
of
Commerce
,
shewed
,
that
to
make
this
Treatise
absolute
and
compleate
,
the
Method
and
manner
how
all
Exchanges
are
framed
and
calculated
is
perfectly
to
be
knowne
and
learned
,
and
there
also
declared
the
necessity
of
this
knowlege
with
all
circumstances
depending
thereupon
.
Now
by
reason
that
I
have
in
all
the
afore
mentioned
Cities
of
this
Map
,
(
wherein
,
either
custome
,
time
,
or
commodity
of
Trade
,
Exchanges
of
moneys
have
beene
setled
,
and
where
the
said
Exchanges
are
daily
used
and
practised
)
omitted
the
forme
,
manner
and
calculation
thereof
,
together
with
all
the
particular
circumstances
rebuisite
and
necessary
to
the
explanation
of
this
mystery
of
Exchanging
,
I
have
in
this
place
thought
good
to
allot
it
(
as
worthily
meriting
)
a
peculiar
discourse
at
large
by
it self
,
which
here
I
conceive
it
most
proper
to
bee
inserted
:
and
because
that
my
experience
in
the
exactnesse
required
may
not
be
peradventure
sufficient
,
to
lead
me
through
in
every
particular
point
and
needfull
circumstance
;
I
have
therefore
judged
it
no
blemish
to
my
knowledge
to
be
instructed
by
those
excellent
and
judicious
Bankers
,
Geo.
Baptista
Zuccetta
,
a
merchant
of
Genoa
,
and
Cla●…dio
Boiero
,
a
merchant
of
Lions
,
whose
endevours
herein
are
worthy
commendations
,
and
whose
laborious
presidents
and
preceding
labours
,
where
I
find
my selfe
defective
in
this
taske
and
Labyrinth
,
I
willingly
follow
.
Places
in
use
,
and
those
as
are
apt
for
exchanges
,
are
such
,
where
Merchants
in
some
fit
and
competent
number
,
doe
meet
and
are
What
are
places
of
Exchanges
.
assembled
for
the
benefit
and
behoofe
of
trade
and
negotiation
,
which
at
this
present
day
are
observed
to
be
many
,
yet
withall
are
noted
not
to
be
so
firmely
setled
,
but
that
the
same
admits
sometimes
an
alteration
and
change
,
varying
according
as
the
dew
occasions
of
Commerce
,
and
traffique
in
that
place
requires
,
either
by
the
decay
of
the
trade
there
,
or
by
the
encrease
of
the
trade
of
another
place
more
fit
and
proper
thereunto
.
Some
places
againe
are
observed
to
be
(
if
I
may
so
tearme
it
)
the
Staples
of
Exchanges
,
and
yet
notwithstanding
hath
its
dependency
Som
cities
are
the
Staples
of
Exchanges
.
upon
the
Exchanges
of
other
places
,
and
which
else
are
not
found
to
comprehend
any
other
manner
of
traffique
,
having
onely
certaine
times
or
faires
,
setled
and
confirmed
by
the
custome
of
Exchangers
,
in
which
,
and
to
which
Bils
of
Exchange
,
are
either
dated
,
expire
,
or
are
renewed
,
in
which
Nature
,
and
of
which
sort
Placentia
is
accounted
the
most
notable
for
all
Italy
and
other
places
,
where
indeed
Exchanges
are
found
to
have
a
certain
kind
of
being
,
yetacknowledgeth
its
real
existence
from
other
places
and
Cities
,
Besanson
in
Burgondie
,
Spossa
in
the
River
of
Genoa
,
Camberay
in
Pied●…d
,
and
some
others
were
in
former
times
observed
to
be
of
this
kind
,
whose
Exchanges
did
totally
depend
upon
the
partidos
of
Exchanges
,
made
in
other
countries
,
and
these
sometimes
of
such
,
as
had
the
same
concordancy
in
the
currant
coins
of
the
Exchange
,
and
sometimes
a
discrepancie
.
And
for
as
much
as
it
is
observed
,
that
some
other
Cities
where
no
set
Exchanges
are
found
,
sometimes
challengeth
by
the
necessity
The
Exchanges
of
some
cities
depends
upon
the
Exchanges
of
som
others
.
of
traffique
and
Commerce
,
a
course
of
Exchanging
with
these
or
the
like
places
,
and
yet
hath
none
setled
therein
,
then
and
in
such
cases
is
it
seene
,
that
the
Metropolis
,
or
principall
Cities
of
these
countries
,
prescribes
both
the
Rule
,
rate
,
and
condition
thereto
,
as
if
Vicentia
,
Verona
,
or
Padoua
,
would
frame
an
Exchange
with
Placentia
,
it
is
observable
,
that
the
rate
of
Venice
,
in
which
estate
these
said
places
are
found
to
be
,
and
who
have
their
moneyes
of
one
and
the
selfe-same
goodnesse
and
value
,
give
the
rule
,
rate
,
and
condition
thereto
.
So
in
Pavia
,
Como
,
and
other
townes
in
the
Dutchy
of
Millan
,
as
in
Millan
it selfe
,
so
in
Bristoll
,
Yorke
,
Chester
or
H●…ll
,
or
other
townes
in
England
,
as
in
the
City
of
London
,
the
principall
of
that
Iland
,
so
have
the
Cities
of
France
,
their
rule
from
Lions
,
all
places
of
Flanders
from
Antwerpe
,
and
so
have
the
like
in
other
places
and
Countries
.
Now
for
as
much
as
Exchanges
then
are
not
found
current
in
all
places
,
Exchangers
,
Bankers
,
and
Merchants
have
setled
a
common
The
chiefe
cities
of
Exchanges
.
course
of
Exchanging
,
in
some
certaine
particular
and
principall
places
,
the
which
are
observed
in
these
daies
chiefly
to
bee
these
,
as
namely
in
Italy
thirteene
.
For
Italie
13.
-
Rome
.
-
Genoa
.
-
Millan
-
Naples
.
-
Barri
.
-
Mesina
.
-
Bollonia
.
-
Venice
.
-
Florence
.
-
Lucca
.
-
Lechie
.
-
Palermo
.
-
Bergamo
.
&c.
For
France
3
-
Paris
.
-
Lions
.
-
Roan
&c.
For
Spaine
6
-
Valentia
.
-
Barselona
.
-
Alcala
.
-
Saragosa
.
-
Sivill
.
-
Medina
delcampo
.
For
Portugall
Lisborne
onely
.
For
Flanders
Antwerpe
onely
.
For
England
London
onely
.
For
Germany
5
-
Vienna
.
-
Noremberg
.
-
Colonia
.
-
Augusta
.
-
Francford
.
&c.
Besides
which
,
some
others
of
lesser
note
,
are
observed
to
have
an
Exchange
currant
,
but
by
reason
,
that
in
some
sort
,
they
have
in
most
of
the
principall
points
,
a
dependancie
upon
some
of
these
,
and
a
concordance
with
them
;
they
are
by
most
Authors
neglected
,
and
therefore
shall
be
by
me
heere
wholly
omitted
.
In
the
next
place
it
is
considerable
that
many
of
these
before
Many
Cities
practice
Exchanges
by
one
and
the
same
monyes
&c.
mentioned
Cities
,
are
found
to
practice
their
Exchanges
,
in
one
and
the
selfe
same
moneyes
,
Coines
,
and
denominations
,
as
doth
Lechie
,
and
Barry
,
which
are
included
in
Naples
,
as
Naples
it selfe
,
Palermo
and
Mesina
comprehended
in
Sicilia
,
Valentia
,
Saragosa
,
and
Barselona
,
in
Catalonia
,
Sivil
,
Alcala
,
&
Medina
del
Campo
in
Castilia
,
Francford
,
Noremberge
,
Colonia
,
and
Augusta
in
Germany
,
and
so
in
some
others
.
What
thing
this
Exchange
is
properly
in
it selfe
found
to
bee
,
What
Exchange
is
,
&c.
as
also
what
a
Bill
of
Exchange
is
,
and
the
due
ceremonies
and
strict
rules
thereof
,
together
with
the
commodiousnesse
,
necessity
,
and
first
reall
intent
of
the
same
,
I
have
shewed
in
the
tenth
Chapter
,
which
briefly
here
,
may
not
unproperly
bee
defined
by
the
word
it selfe
,
as
it
is
aptly
expressed
in
our
English
tongue
,
which
extendeth
it selfe
into
two
parts
;
as
first
,
an
Exchanging
of
one
sort
of
Moneyes
to
another
,
and
secondly
an
Exchanging
from
one
Citie
or
countrey
to
another
,
in
which
is
also
considerable
,
both
a
rate
and
tearme
wherein
,
and
whereby
this
is
brought
to
conclusion
and
perfection
,
which
are
principally
observed
to
be
performed
Rates
,
termes
,
Faires
,
and
Vsances
of
Exchange
.
by
certaine
faires
or
usances
,
accustomed
in
the
Art
of
Exchanging
,
and
which
are
set
downe
,
by
Merchants
,
Bankers
and
Exchangers
,
at
their
assemblies
and
meetings
,
in
a
faire
and
regular
Order
,
by
a
certaine
course
of
Iustice
,
and
by
peculiar
lawes
and
ordinances
amongst
themselves
,
both
which
faires
and
the
rates
and
tearmes
thereof
,
have
a
constant
expiration
and
determination
,
within
certaine
monthes
,
as
the
Vsances
have
,
that
are
likewise
included
within
the
rules
of
the
said
Faires
,
which
are
found
also
to
end
and
determine
within
certaine
prefix't
daies
,
according
to
the
received
custome
of
those
two
Cities
,
wherein
the
said
Exchanges
are
found
mutually
and
respectively
to
be
both
setled
and
placed
.
Moreover
,
in
the
practice
of
Exchanging
,
Bankers
and
Exchangers
,
are
found
to
observe
this
custome
amongst
themselves
in
What
is
observed
in
Exchaning
in
the
usual
manner
therof
.
the
usuall
manner
of
Exchanging
from
one
place
to
another
,
that
is
,
the
One
propounds
his
Money
in
a
whole
number
or
denomination
,
and
the
Other
consequently
and
necessarily
in
a
fraction
,
broken
Number
,
or
lesser
denomination
,
in
which
contract
or
Bargaine
,
it
is
imagined
,
that
those
two
,
either
persons
or
places
,
would
negotiate
one
and
the
self-same
thing
,
so
that
the
one
would
be
the
Seller
,
and
the
other
the
Buyer
thereof
,
to
performe
which
,
it
is
questionlesse
needfull
,
that
he
that
hath
the
thing
,
makes
the
rate
and
price
,
the
which
shall
happen
without
any
contract
,
or
difference
of
much
or
little
,
and
as
it
chanceth
in
the
sale
of
any
commodity
,
so
falleth
it
out
in
the
Exchanges
of
Moneyes
,
for
of
the
two
places
that
would
Exchange
,
the
one
propounds
a
grosse
summe
,
and
the
other
the
condition
and
price
in
a
lesser
summe
,
which
may
either
admit
an
encrease
,
or
decrease
in
estimation
or
value
,
according
as
they
fall
to
agreement
,
upon
the
lesser
or
greater
esteeme
of
the
said
some
propounded
,
the
use
of
which
is
exemplified
thus
.
If
Placentia
would
Exchange
with
any
other
place
,
the
said
Placentia
,
Example
.
or
as
Exchangers
tearme
it
,
the
said
Faire
,
or
fiera
propounds
and
gives
alwayes
the
intire
summe
,
or
greater
denomination
,
and
by
consequence
,
the
other
that
would
exchange
therewith
,
gives
the
other
which
is
the
lesser
denomination
.
This
Summe
which
I
thus
tearme
an
intire
or
whole
denomination
,
falles
in
some
places
to
be
,
sometimes
one
Crowne
,
and
in
other
places
sometimes
100
Crownes
,
Florins
or
Duccats
,
the
same
is
likewise
found
to
be
practised
betweene
any
two
places
;
Exchanging
,
for
each
place
giveth
either
a
Denomination
intire
of
one
to
one
other
,
or
of
one
hundred
to
another
Hundred
,
or
else
of
a
lesser
divident
then
one
,
or
then
one
hundred
,
which
I
here
tearme
the
fraction
,
broken
number
,
or
smallest
denomination
,
as
shalbe
more
plainely
expressed
in
the
calculated
Tables
following
.
Now
as
touching
the
monyes
which
are
thus
given
as
intire
or
What
an
intire
summe
Exchanges
is
,
and
what
a
broken
number
or
fraction
.
whole
summes
,
Videlicet
,
One
or
One
hundred
,
these
are
either
found
to
be
Crownes
,
Ducats
,
Pounds
,
Florins
,
&c.
according
to
the
received
quality
of
the
grosse
and
whole
monyes
,
which
that
place
is
found
to
have
current
,
that
would
give
,
so
in
like
manner
it
falleth
out
in
the
smaller
or
lesser
denomination
,
in
the
places
that
would
take
,
which
in
themselves
is
also
various
,
and
consequently
of
divers
sorts
,
as
pence
,
sols
,
deniers
,
&c.
as
shall
also
appeare
by
the
said
Table
.
And
though
it
fall
out
to
be
the
custome
,
that
one
place
giveth
Liberty
of
Exchanging
to
the
judicious
.
an
Exchange
in
grosse
monyes
,
and
another
place
in
small
,
(
as
is
before
related
,
)
and
that
this
grosse
and
small
monyes
be
of
such
or
such
a
quality
and
kind
,
This
observation
and
Rule
prescribed
notwithstanding
,
is
not
alwayes
necessary
,
but
that
Exchangers
may
,
(
though
I
confesse
it
is
seldome
seene
)
at
their
pleasure
propound
,
the
one
or
the
other
differing
or
contrary
hereunto
,
and
that
the
wise
and
judicious
Exchanger
may
for
his
profit
,
ease
or
commodity
,
propound
his
owne
intentions
,
and
thereby
(
if
he
can
)
obtaine
a
beneficiall
bargaine
or
issue
,
according
to
his
desired
designe
and
plot
.
As
for
example
.
If
it
should
be
said
,
that
Exchanges
may
be
made
in
a
method
Ignorant
exchangers
censure
the
judicious
of
varying
from
the
custome
of
Exchanging
.
differing
from
this
or
the
common
rule
,
or
contrary
to
that
way
that
hath
beene
received
and
taken
,
some
would
soone
censure
him
of
folly
that
should
be
of
that
opinion
,
and
conceive
such
a
one
to
be
little
versed
in
exchanging
affaires
,
that
should
either
propound
or
seeke
to
performe
such
a
thing
,
but
yet
no
great
heed
is
to
be
taken
,
to
the
raw
conceits
and
childish
opinions
of
such
selfe-willd
Merchants
,
which
may
for
the
most
part
,
be
said
to
be
either
drench'd
in
ignorance
,
or
drowned
in
Envy
;
because
that
a
skilfull
Merchant
,
may
(
as
I
have
alledged
)
frame
his
Exchanges
as
he
fees
good
,
and
to
his
owne
commodity
,
the
which
very
oftentimes
is
observed
tobe
done
by
others
,
and
practised
daily
by
those
of
this
Cittie
of
excellent
judgements
.
In
example
whereof
,
posito
,
I
would
Exchange
Genoa
with
Naples
,
Example
.
betweene
which
two
places
,
the
use
and
custome
is
,
that
Genoa
giveth
the
intire
summe
,
or
greater
denomination
,
which
is
the
Crowne
of
gold
,
for
the
which
Naples
gives
the
Graine
135.
a
little
more
or
lesse
,
I
demande
,
why
may
not
Genoa
give
that
whole
summe
,
which
is
the
Crowne
of
4.
livers
,
as
it
is
accustomed
to
give
with
other
places
,
and
estimating
the
same
by
120
graines
Naples
,
and
thereby
the
Exchange
will
prove
to
be
equall
with
the
first
manner
before
mentioned
.
And
further
,
why
may
not
the
contrary
be
practised
,
Naples
giving
the
whole
denomination
,
which
may
be
Ducats
,
one
,
for
sold
66.
8.
d.
and
so
vary
in
as
many
formes
as
they
please
,
wherein
I
confesse
I
never
yet
found
any
Exchanges
made
,
neither
doe
I
know
any
true
reason
that
the
common
customes
should
be
altered
,
though
I
have
thought
good
to
note
the
same
here
,
that
each
knowing
Merchant
,
may
boldly
use
which
he
please
,
for
to
him
that
truely
understands
the
value
and
course
of
both
the
places
Exchanging
,
there
will
appeare
no
difficultie
therein
,
and
I
wish
that
those
,
which
knowe
no
other
wayes
but
their
owne
,
content
themselves
within
the
limits
of
their
owne
manner
and
understanding
,
and
suffer
others
of
better
judgements
,
without
their
censure
,
to
follow
their
owne
,
when
it
is
to
their
benefit
or
commodity
.
CHAP.
275.
The
declaration
of
the
Table
of
Exchanges
following
.
THE
Table
of
Exchanges
of
the
Cities
here
following
,
are
formed
and
disposed
in
this
nature
,
first
,
Declaration
of
the
Table
of
Exchanges
.
in
the
front
thereof
there
is
placed
the
name
of
the
Towne
or
Citie
Exchanging
,
and
in
what
Region
or
Countrie
seated
;
secondly
,
the
manner
and
method
wherein
the
accounts
in
that
Citie
is
kept
by
Exchangers
:
thirdly
,
the
quality
of
the
monies
in
use
is
observed
,
and
in
what
coine
imaginarie
or
reall
that
Citie
is
accustomed
to
make
its
Exchange
,
with
the
others
there
mentioned
;
fourthly
,
underneath
that
,
is
orderly
set
down
the
names
of
all
the
other
places
,
the
which
by
a
line
,
are
found
to
be
joyned
and
knit
together
;
and
lastly
,
in
the
midst
of
the
line
is
written
the
name
of
the
place
and
Citie
it selfe
,
for
which
the
said
Table
in
the
said
leafe
is
made
:
as
for
example
,
in
the
first
leafe
,
which
is
for
Placentia
in
Italy
,
where
besides
the
name
of
the
place
it selfe
is
found
these
words
(
Placentia
Exchangeth
with
)
the
which
words
,
by
reason
of
the
including
line
drawne
from
the
highest
to
the
lowest
,
hath
reference
to
every
one
of
the
names
of
the
other
places
which
are
so
included
together
,
so
that
it
is
to
be
understood
,
as
that
Placentia
Exchangeth
with
Lions
,
Placentia
Exchangeth
with
Rome
,
with
Genoa
,
&c.
and
so
in
the
rest
from
one
to
another
.
Next
to
every
one
of
the
said
names
of
places
,
followeth
the
species
or
monyes
Exchanged
either
by
an
entire
and
whole
summe
,
or
by
a
broken
and
lesser
denomination
,
which
the
place
in
the
Table
giveth
in
Exchange
by
proportion
with
the
other
,
to
whose
name
the
said
monyes
are
placed
and
put
unto
,
as
to
say
,
Placentia
Exchangeth
with
Lions
100
Crowns
,
that
is
understood
,
that
in
Exchanging
betweene
Placentia
and
Lions
,
100
Crowns
of
Placentia
are
supposed
and
put
by
an
Equivalencie
or
in
Value
to
that
quantity
or
summe
of
money
,
which
is
found
to
be
noted
in
Lions
following
,
as
in
the
said
Example
,
Placentia
Exchangeth
with
Lions
Crowns
100.
for
Cro.
97.
¾
.
so
likewise
is
it
to
be
understood
,
that
in
the
said
Exchanges
that
for
every
100.
Crowns
of
Placentia
,
or
of
Fiera
,
or
of
Marke
,
it
is
as
much
to
say
,
as
Lions
counterpayeth
or
giveth
97.
〈◊〉
.
of
his
Crownes
,
that
is
,
of
the
Sunne
.
Also
Placentia
Exchangeth
with
Genoa
Crown
1.
for
sol.
67.
10.
d.
that
is
to
say
,
that
Placentia
Exchanging
with
Genoa
it
giveth
(
or
as
I
said
before
,
it
selleth
)
Crown
1.
of
Marke
to
have
in
Genoa
,
Sol.
67.
10d
.
of
Gold
,
and
in
the
same
manner
the
rest
of
the
said
places
are
to
be
understood
,
and
wheras
the
rates
or
prizes
of
these
Exchanges
,
may
here
be
found
to
disagree
from
the
currant
rates
of
the
same
in
sundry
places
,
at
this
very
day
and
time
,
yet
that
cannot
take
away
the
benefit
that
Though
the
Tables
of
Exchanges
differ
from
the
present
rates
,
yet
the
use
thereof
is
not
any
way
lessened
.
may
redound
to
Merchants
,
by
the
use
thereof
,
nor
prejudice
the
labour
or
judgement
of
him
that
calculated
the
said
Table
,
because
we
see
by
experience
,
that
the
rates
of
Exchanges
doe
hourly
differ
,
and
the
moneys
also
are
found
to
rise
,
and
fal
daily
in
sundry
places
,
upon
which
,
these
Exchanges
have
their
groundworke
and
foundation
,
and
though
a
Table
were
calculated
precisely
to
this
present
day
,
and
time
,
yet
ere
the
same
could
be
published
it
would
find
a
disagreement
in
divers
places
.
CHAP.
276.
The
Use
of
the
Table
of
Exchanges
.
THe
Method
being
thus
understood
,
the
use
thereof
The
use
of
the
Table
of
Exchanges
,
by
three
Examples
.
is
easily
comprehended
,
which
by
three
examples
,
I
shall
illustrate
and
make
plain
,
where
by
the
way
,
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
in
the
exchanging
of
any
sum
of
moneyes
whatsoever
,
the
rates
me
ntioned
in
this
Table
,
are
not
observable
,
save
onely
for
the
example
sake
,
and
for
instruction
in
the
contract
,
that
may
be
made
thereupon
,
but
the
rate
agreed
upon
,
and
by
which
the
exchange
is
conditioned
by
both
the
giver
and
taker
,
is
the
true
and
firme
rule
,
wherby
the
question
is
to
bee
wrought
,
notwithstanding
for
the
first
Example
,
wee
will
propound
a
question
by
a
contracted
price
,
according
First
Example
.
to
the
currant
rates
mentioned
in
this
said
Table
,
and
that
from
Naples
,
a
Merchant
would
exchange
Ducat.
738.
4.
10.
with
Placentia
,
and
the
price
of
the
exchange
,
shall
be
that
which
is
mentioned
,
in
the
Table
of
Naples
,
with
the
towne
of
Placentia
,
where
it
is
found
,
that
Naples
exchangeth
with
Placentia
at
Graines
133
for
a
Crowne
.
By
these
three
numbers
in
the
Tables
mentioned
,
I
work
thus
then
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
saying
,
if
133
graines
,
give
1
Crowne
,
how
many
doe
738
Duc.
4.
10.
give
,
and
working
Arithmetically
according
to
the
said
Rule
,
it
makes
555
Crownes
11
,
3.
of
Marke
in
Credit
to
be
given
in
Fiera
of
the
said
Placentia
.
For
a
second
Example
,
I
will
propound
,
that
Naples
would
exchange
500
Duc.
with
Placencia
at
Sold.
18.
2.
d.
&c.
This
example
Second
Example
.
considered
,
will
not
bee
found
to
differ
from
the
former
,
save
that
in
the
former
Naples
gave
the
lesser
or
broken
number
,
and
in
this
,
Naples
gives
the
whole
and
intire
number
,
nowithstanding
which
the
rule
is
not
found
to
differ
,
as
in
other
the
like
questions
in
simple
exchanges
,
wherein
is
to
be
observed
that
Sol.
18.
and
Den.
2.
of
Valentia
,
are
paid
for
1
Duccat
of
Naples
,
and
by
that
price
and
rate
,
I
would
know
,
how
many
Livers
of
that
Money
of
Valentia
the
proposed
summe
of
500
Duc.
in
Naples
come
unto
,
and
by
that
which
we
find
in
the
Table
by
the
same
Rule
of
Three
,
I
say
,
If
one
Ducat
is
worth
18
sol.
2
Den.
How
many
shall
500
be
worth
,
and
by
working
the
question
,
it
makes
454
livers
,
3
s.
4
d.
And
so
much
Credit
will
500
Duc.
of
Naples
give
at
the
price
afore
mentioned
,
thus
.
All
other
Exchanges
have
their
resolutions
as
these
two
former
,
but
yet
sometimes
it
is
true
,
some
accident
may
interpose
,
Third
Example
.
which
may
cause
the
question
to
have
a
double
working
,
as
if
I
shold
say
,
that
Genoa
would
Exchange
with
Venetia
Crownes
1000
of
Livers
4.
to
Livers
7
lib.
10
Sol.
of
that
money
,
and
the
Credit
is
required
in
Duccats
.
Now
then
because
the
simple
Exchange
gives
the
money
in
Livers
,
you
must
make
another
reckoning
to
reduce
the
same
into
Ducats
;
but
yet
for
all
this
,
neither
in
this
,
nor
in
any
other
case
,
would
I
have
but
one
account
made
,
the
which
may
bee
done
by
the
rule
multiplied
:
I
say
then
,
if
1
Crowne
bee
worth
7.
10.
Den.
and
that
6
s.
4
Den.
is
worth
one
Ducat
,
how
many
Ducats
will
a
1000
Crowns
make
?
and
by
working
the
question
,
it
will
bee
found
to
make
1209
Duc.
13.
6
d.
for
credit
,
which
from
Genoa
will
be
produced
by
a
thousand
Crownes
in
Venice
,
the
question
being
well
observed
,
it
will
bee
found
to
bee
wrought
in
this
manner
.
It
is
to
be
noted
,
that
in
what
place
soever
the
Moneyes
are
accounted
by
Livers
,
Sol.
and
Den.
or
as
we
say
,
in
England
by
Pounds
,
shillings
,
and
pence
,
it
is
accounted
by
20.
and
by
12.
because
that
Sol.
or
shil.
20.
make
a
Liver
,
or
Pound
,
and
12
deniers
or
pence
makes
a
Soldo
or
Shilling
,
the
same
rule
also
holds
in
those
places
,
whose
greatest
moneyes
are
imaginary
and
faigned
,
or
who
keepe
not
this
orderly
succession
,
as
are
the
Ducats
of
Catalonia
,
of
Castilia
,
of
Rome
,
and
of
Portugall
,
also
those
Crowns
,
who
have
no
proper
parts
,
also
the
Ducatons
in
what
countrey
soever
,
and
the
F●…orins
in
Germany
,
all
these
I
say
,
which
ought
to
succeed
in
20
,
and
12.
That
is
,
in
Solds
,
and
Deniers
,
or
Shillings
and
pence
,
and
each
of
the
other
sorts
of
moneyes
shall
be
accounted
according
to
the
property
of
that
countrey
,
and
as
shall
bee
signified
,
in
the
front
of
the
following
table
of
that
place
,
amongst
which
there
are
some
which
are
commonly
resolved
,
by
the
more
principall
of
their
owne
moneyes
,
as
the
Exchange
of
Sicilie
with
Catalonia
,
Castilia
,
Portugall
,
Brabant
and
England
,
and
howsoever
they
make
their
Exchange
,
either
by
the
Sicilian
Florin
,
or
by
the
Duccat
,
notwithstanding
the
parcell
is
resolved
in
Ounces
,
Tarins
,
Graines
and
Picholes
,
which
is
throughly
declared
in
the
following
Tables
.
And
lastly
,
for
as
much
as
the
termes
and
daies
of
Bils
of
Exchange
,
are
found
in
many
countries
,
to
differ
in
length
of
time
,
and
are
limited
of
divers
daies
,
and
that
the
rates
,
rising
and
falling
of
Exchanges
have
a
course
set
by
a
continuall
meeting
of
Exchangers
,
and
their
opinions
in
equality
of
value
,
I
have
thought
good
to
insert
the
same
with
some
other
needfull
circumstances
of
this
Art
of
Exchanging
,
at
the
end
of
the
Tables
,
to
which
I
refer
the
learner
,
where
also
he
shall
find
at
large
,
how
most
of
these
Exchanges
,
are
cast
up
,
and
reckoned
from
one
place
to
another
,
and
now
I
will
proceed
to
the
Tables
themselves
,
as
I
find
them
calculated
by
the
said
Geo.
Bapt.
Zucetta
,
and
others
following
him
.
CHAP.
277.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
,
a
place
of
Faires
or
Fiera
of
Exchanges
in
Italie
.
THis
Towne
is
considered
,
as
a
Faire
or
Staple
of
Exchanges
,
and
not
as
a
Citie
of
Traffique
;
and
therefore
there
is
no
esteeme
made
of
the
current
The
Exchanges
of
Placentia
.
Money
of
the
place
,
but
onely
of
that
which
is
made
by
Exchanging
,
which
are
Crownes
of
Marke
;
in
which
Moneys
,
Bankers
and
Exchangers
doe
onely
treat
and
account
in
;
and
the
same
is
held
by
Crownes
,
Sold.
and
Deniers
of
Marke
.
And
in
the
custome
of
Exchanges
here
in
use
,
it
giveth
the
entire
and
whole
summe
to
all
other
places
,
being
either
Crownes
One
,
or
Crownes
one
hundred
.
Placentia
doth
exchange
with
Lions
|
Crowne
100
|
for
|
96¾
Crowne
|
Rome
|
Cro.
100
|
for
|
99
〈◊〉
Ducc.
|
Genoa
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
67.
10
Sol.
of
Gold
|
Millan
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
134.
9
Sol.
|
Venice
|
Cro.
100
|
for
|
130
Ducc.
|
Florence
|
Cro.
100
|
for
|
109
〈◊〉
Cro.
|
Luccha
|
Cro.
100
|
for
|
116¾
Duccatons
|
Naples
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
134
Grains
|
Lechie
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
135½
Grains
|
Bari
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
135
Grains
|
Palermo
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
029
Carlins
|
Mesina
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
029¼
Carlins
|
Anu
.
&
Coll.
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
128
Grosses
|
London
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
81
〈◊〉
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
24
Sold.
|
Saragosa
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
24
Sol.
6
Den.
|
Barselona
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
24
Sol.
4
Den.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
432
Marvedes
|
Lixborne
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
482
Rais
|
Bolonia
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
119
Duccatons
|
Bergamo
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
118¾
Duccatons
|
Francfort
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
103
〈◊〉
Quarentins
.
|
In
the
382
Chapter
,
the
Reader
may
finde
how
these
Exchanges
are
cast
up
and
calculated
.
CHAP.
278.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
,
Paris
,
and
Rouen
,
in
France
.
IN
Lions
,
Paris
,
Rouen
,
and
through
all
France
,
they
keepe
their
accounts
in
Livers
,
Sols
,
and
Deniers
,
The
Exchanges
of
Lions
.
&c.
Turnois
,
and
they
here
doe
Exchange
in
Crownes
of
the
Sun
,
and
Deniers
of
the
Sun
,
this
Liver
is
also
called
in
some
places
of
France
,
a
Franke
,
and
three
Livers
or
Frankes
is
accounted
for
the
said
Crowne
of
the
Sun
,
and
the
Crowne
of
Italy
by
a
decree
and
standard
of
the
countrey
passeth
at
58
Sol.
of
the
said
Crowne
.
And
in
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
it
giveth
the
entire
and
whole
summe
or
number
,
either
one
Crowne
,
or
one
hundred
Crowns
of
the
Sol.
Lions
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Crowne
100
|
for
103½
Crownes
|
Rome
|
Cro.
100
|
for
99
〈◊〉
Ducc.
|
Genoa
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
66.
½
Sol.
of
Gold
|
Millan
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
115.
Sol.
|
Venice
|
Cro.
100
|
for
116¾
Duc.
Banko
.
|
Florence
|
Cro.
100
|
for
106
〈◊〉
Cro.
|
Luccha
|
Cro.
100
|
for
117½
Duccatons
|
Naples
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
124
Grains
|
Lechie
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
122½
Grains
|
Bari
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
123
Grains
|
Palermo
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
29½
Carlins
|
Mesina
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
29¼
Carlins
|
Antw.
&
Col.
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
096
Grosse
|
London
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
62
Pence
sterling
|
Valentia
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
23
Sol.
10
Den.
|
Saragosa
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
23
Sol.
8
Den.
|
Barselona
|
Cro
—
1
|
for
24
Sol.
|
Siv
.
al
Med.
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
436
Marvedes
|
Lixborne
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
485
Raies
|
Bollonia
|
Cro.
100
|
for
119½
Ducatons
|
Bergamo
|
Cro
—
100
|
for
118
〈◊〉
Ducatons
|
Francford
|
Cro
—
1
|
for
104
Quarentins
|
Vide
chap.
302
and
so
following
of
the
calculation
of
the
Exchanges
of
this
place
.
CHAP.
279.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
in
Italy
.
IN
Rome
,
the
Bankers
and
Exchangers
keepe
their
accounts
in
Crownes
,
Iulios
,
Baiochs
and
Quatrins
,
and
The
Exchanges
of
Rome
.
they
Exchange
in
Ducats
,
Sols
,
and
deniers
of
Camera
.
The
Crowne
of
the
abovesaid
money
is
worth
10
Iulios
,
or
100
Baiochs
,
or
else
400
Quatrins
;
the
Iulio
is
10
Baioch
,
or
else
40
Quatrins
,
and
the
Baioch
is
4
Quatrins
.
The
Duccat
of
Camera
according
to
the
old
value
,
is
worth
2
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
more
than
the
Cro.
of
Gold
,
so
that
100
duc
.
are
102
〈◊〉
Crownes
.
In
the
custome
of
Exchange
amongst
Merchants
,
the
place
giveth
the
Broken
number
to
all
Italy
,
excepting
to
the
Kingdome
of
Naples
,
to
Sicilia
,
Bollonia
,
and
Bergamo
,
and
to
all
others
it
giveth
the
whole
number
,
which
is
either
by
one
Ducat
or
by
a
100
Ducats
.
Rome
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Duc.
97¾
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Lions
|
Duc.
97½
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Genoa
|
Duc.
97
〈◊〉
|
for
100
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Duc.
97¼
|
for
100
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Venice
|
Duc.
85⅕
|
for
100
Ducats
.
|
Florence
|
Duc.
91¼
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Lucca
|
Duc.
84
|
for
100
Duccatons
|
Naples
|
Duc.
100
|
for
135
Ducca
.
|
Lecchie
|
Duc.
100
|
for
134
〈◊〉
Duccats
.
|
Barri
|
Duc.
100
|
for
134
〈◊〉
Duc.
|
Palermo
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
14
15
Tarins
.
|
Mesina
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
14
17.
Tarins
.
|
Antw.
&
Col.
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
125
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
87½
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
242.
Sol.
|
Saragosa
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
23
Sol.
8
Den.
|
Barselona
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
23
Sol.
10.
Den.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
440
Marvedes
.
|
Lixborne
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
482
Raies
.
|
Bolonia
|
Duc.
100
|
for
119
Duccatons
.
|
Bergamo
|
Duc.
100
|
for
119½
Duccatons
.
|
Francfort
|
Duc.
1
|
for
103
Quarentins
.
|
Vide
how
these
are
calculated
,
Chap.
326.
and
so
following
.
CHAP.
280.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Genoa
,
the
Metropolis
of
Liguria
.
IN
Genoa
,
Exchangers
keepe
their
accounts
in
Livers
,
The
Exchanges
of
Genoa
.
Sol.
and
Deniers
current
,
and
they
exchange
in
Livers
,
Sols
,
and
Deniers
of
Gold.
The
Monyes
current
,
is
it
that
is
the
common
in
use
;
of
which
,
the
Crowne
of
Gold
is
worth
Sol.
90.
and
in
times
past
was
worth
le●…e
:
The
Monyes
of
Gold
are
imaginarie
,
and
valued
according
as
the
Faires
of
Exchanges
permit
;
of
which
,
the
Crowne
of
Gold
is
alwayes
worth
68
Sol.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
this
place
giveth
the
whole
summe
to
all
,
excepting
Placentia
and
Lions
,
the
which
are
either
one
Crowne
,
or
100
Crownes
;
the
which
Crownes
are
accounted
of
Gold
for
all
the
●…laces
,
excepting
Milan
,
Venice
,
and
Germanit
,
to
which
they
are
accustomed
to
give
the
Crowne
of
4
Livers
current
.
Genoa
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Sold.
66
of
Gold
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Sol.
66.
4
of
Gold
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Rome
|
Crow
.
100
of
Gold
|
for
98½
Duc.
|
Millan
|
Cro.
1
of
4
Liv.
cor.
|
for
119
Sold.
|
Venice
|
Cro.
1
of
4
Liv.
cor.
|
for
7
Liv.
10
Sol.
Piccho
.
|
Florence
|
Cro.
100
of
Gold
|
for
106¼
Crowne
.
|
Luccha
|
Cro.
100
of
Gold
|
for
118
Duccat
.
|
Naples
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
134
Graines
.
|
Lechie
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
135
Graines
.
|
Barri
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
134½
Graines
.
|
Palermo
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
29
〈◊〉
Carlins
.
|
Mesina
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
29½
Carlins
.
|
Antw.
&
Col.
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
124
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
83
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
Sol.
23
9.
|
Saragosa
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
Sol.
23.
10.
|
Barselona
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
Sol.
23.
8.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
Marved.
436.
|
Lixborne
|
Crow
.
1
of
Gold
|
for
Raies
470.
|
Bollonia
|
Cro.
100
of
Gold
|
for
Ducat
.
118½
.
|
Bergamo
|
Cro.
100
of
Gold
|
for
Ducat
.
118⅓
.
|
Francfort
|
Cro.
1
of
4
Liv.
cor.
|
for
Quarentin
.
92.
|
Vide
Chap.
360.
how
the
Exchanges
of
this
place
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
281.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Milan
,
in
Lombardie
.
IN
Milan
,
Exchangers
keepe
their
Accounts
in
Livers
,
Solds
,
and
Deniers
Imperiall
,
and
some
in
Crownes
,
Sols
,
The
Exchanges
of
Milan
.
and
Deniers
of
Gold.
The
Monyes
current
,
is
accounted
the
Imperiall
Monyes
:
there
is
also
the
Crowne
of
Gold
,
of
no
setled
price
,
but
now
worth
Sol.
135.
The
Cr●…e
of
6
Livers
,
is
it
which
some
doe
use
in
Exchange
with
Genoa
.
The
Crowne
of
117
Sol
,
is
in
use
for
the
Exchange
of
Venetia
.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
this
place
giveth
the
broken
number
to
Placentia
,
Lions
,
and
sometimes
to
Genoa
,
and
to
all
the
other
the
whole
number
,
which
is
either
One
or
100
Crownes
of
Gold
,
excepting
onely
to
Venetia
,
which
is
of
Sol.
117.
as
aforesaid
.
Milan
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Sold.
134
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Sold.
135
〈◊〉
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Rome
|
Gold
Crow
.
100
|
for
98¼
Duc.
|
Genoa
|
Gold
Crow
.
1
|
for
Liv.
4.
10
current
.
|
Venice
|
Cro.
1
of
117
Sol.
1
|
for
Liv.
7.
6.
|
Florence
|
Gold
Cro.
100
|
for
Crow
.
105.
|
Luccha
|
Gold
Cro.
100
|
for
117
Duccat
.
|
Naples
|
Gold
Cro.
100
|
for
133
Ducc.
|
Lecchie
|
Gold
Cro.
100
|
for
134
Ducc.
|
Barri
|
Gold
Cro.
100
|
for
133
〈◊〉
Ducc.
|
Palermo
|
Gold
Crow
.
1
|
for
29¼
Carlins
.
|
Mesina
|
Gold
Crow
.
1
|
for
29⅓
Carlins
.
|
Antu
.
&
Col.
|
Gold
Crow
.
1
|
for
124
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Gold
Crow
.
1
|
for
84
〈◊〉
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Gold
Crow
.
1
|
for
24
Sol.
|
Barselona
|
Gold
Crow
.
1
|
for
23.
9.
Sol.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Gold
Crow
.
1
|
for
434
Marved.
|
Lixborne
|
Gold
Crow
.
1
|
for
465
Raies
.
|
Bollonia
|
Gold
Cro.
100
|
for
118
Ducatons
.
|
Saragosa
|
Gold
Crow
.
1
|
for
23.
10.
Sol.
|
Bergamo
|
Gold
Cro.
100
|
for
118
Ducatons
.
|
Francfort
|
Gold
Crow
.
1
|
for
103
Quarentins
.
|
Vide
Chap.
440.
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
282.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Venice
,
in
the
Adriatique
Seas
.
IN
Venetia
they
keepe
their
accounts
in
Livers
,
Sols
,
The
●…anges
of
Ven●…
.
and
Deniers
of
Picchol
,
and
some
in
Livers
,
Sols
,
and
Deniers
Grosse
,
and
others
in
Ducc.
and
Grosses
.
The
Monyes
which
here
is
called
Piccholi
,
is
the
current
Monyes
of
the
place
.
The
Monyes
which
we
here
call
Grosse
,
is
worth
1
Liver
,
Sol.
62
of
Picchols
,
or
10
Ducats
.
The
Ducat
is
alwayes
worth
Livers
6.
Sol.
4
of
Picchol
,
or
else
accounted
24
Grosses
.
The
Gross
is
worth
Sol.
5.
2
d.
of
Picchol
,
and
in
the
Liver
of
Grosses
,
it
is
accounted
and
reckned
as
in
Deniers
.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
it
giveth
the
broken
number
onely
to
Placentia
,
Lions
,
Genoa
,
Millan
,
and
Bolognia
,
and
to
all
the
rest
,
the
whole
number
,
either
by
one
Ducat
,
or
by
100
Ducat
.
Venetia
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Duc.
129
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Lions
|
Duc.
129½
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Roma
|
Duc.
100
|
for
77½
Ducat
.
|
Genoa
Liv.
Pic
|
Duc.
7.
10
|
for
1
Cr.
of
4
Liv.
current
,
|
Millan
Liv.
Pic.
|
7.
6.
5.
|
for
1
Cro.
of
117
Sol.
|
Florence
|
Duc.
100
|
for
82
Crownes
.
|
Naples
|
Duc.
100
|
for
101
Ducats
.
|
Lucche
|
Duc.
100
|
for
100¼
Duccats
.
|
Barri
|
Duc.
100
|
for
09
9¼
Duc.
|
Palermo
|
Duc.
1
|
for
Tarins
11
2.
|
Mesina
|
Duc.
1
|
for
Tarins
10.
18.
|
Antw.
&
Col.
|
Duc.
1
|
for
91
Grosse
.
|
London
|
Duc.
1
|
for
60
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Duc.
1
|
for
Sol.
17
6.
|
Saragosa
|
Duc.
1
|
for
Sol.
17
8
|
Barselona
|
Duc.
1
|
for
Sol.
17
10.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Duc.
1
|
for
Marvedes
320.
|
Lixborne
|
Duc.
1
|
for
Raies
.
350.
|
Bolonia
|
Duc.
115
|
for
Duccatons
.
100.
|
Bergamo
|
Duc.
100
|
for
Duccatons
117.
|
Francfort
|
Duc.
100
|
for
Florins
127.
|
Lucca
|
Duc.
100
|
for
Duccatons
91●…
.
|
Vide
Chap.
368.
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
283.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Florence
,
the
ducall
City
of
Toscany
.
IN
Florence
the
Exchangers
keepe
their
accounts
in
Livers
,
Solds
,
and
Deniers
,
Picholi
,
and
Exchange
in
The
Exchanges
of
Florence
.
Crownes
Sols
,
and
Deniers
.
The
Moneyes
which
is
here
called
Pichol
,
is
the
money
currant
of
the
place
,
the
Crowne
is
alwayes
worth
Livers
7
,
Sol.
10
of
Piccol.
wherein
the
custome
of
other
places
is
divers
,
in
which
the
Crowne
of
gold
,
with
the
currant
Moneyes
,
and
here
the
variety
is
accorded
by
the
Exchange
.
They
use
also
a
Duccat
which
is
worth
Livers
7.
or
else
Bolonini
70.
In
the
use
of
Exchanging
it
giveth
the
broken
number
to
Lyons
,
Placentia
,
Genoa
,
Millan
,
and
Venice
,
and
to
all
others
the
intire
or
whole
number
found
to
be
either
one
Crowne
or
100
Crownes
.
Florence
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Crownes
105
|
for
|
100
Crownes
.
|
Lions
|
Cro.
105½
|
for
|
100
Crownes
.
|
Roma
|
Cro.
100
|
for
|
96
Ducats
.
|
Genoa
|
Cro.
106
|
for
|
100
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Millano
|
Cro.
106¼
|
for
|
100
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Venetia
|
Cro.
82
〈◊〉
|
for
|
100
Ducats
|
Luccha
|
Cro.
100
|
for
|
112
Ducatons
.
|
Naples
|
Cro.
100
|
for
|
130
Ducats
.
|
Lecchia
|
Cro.
100
|
for
|
129
Duccats
.
|
Barre
|
Cro.
100
|
for
|
129
〈◊〉
Duccats
.
|
Palermo
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
28
〈◊〉
Carlins
.
|
Mesina
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
28
〈◊〉
Carlins
.
|
Antu
.
&
Colon.
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
118
Grosse
.
|
London
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
80
Pence
starl.
|
Valentia
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
23
4
Sold.
|
Saragosa
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
23
6
Sol.
|
Barselona
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
23
2
Sol.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
432
Marvedes
.
|
Lixborne
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
460
Rais
|
Bolonia
|
Cro.
100
|
for
|
115
〈◊〉
Duccatons
|
Bergamo
|
Cro.
100
|
for
|
115
Duccatons
.
|
Francfort
|
Cro.
—
1
|
for
|
98
Quarentins
.
|
Vide
Chap.
400
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
284.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lucca
,
a
Republique
in
Toscanie
.
IN
Lucca
,
Exchangers
doe
keepe
their
accounts
,
in
The
〈◊〉
o●…
〈◊〉
.
Livers
,
Sol.
and
Deniers
of
Piccols
,
and
doe
Exchange
in
Ducatons
,
Sol.
and
Deniers
the
Monyes
here
called
Piccols
,
is
the
current
Coine
of
the
place
.
The
Crowne
of
Gold
is
alwayes
worth
Liv.
7.
Sol.
10.
of
Piccols
:
as
in
Florence
,
the
Ducaton
is
worth
7.
Liv.
of
Piccol
,
and
is
commonly
called
the
Crowne
of
Silver
.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
it
giveth
the
broken
number
to
Placentia
,
Lions
,
Genoa
,
Millan
,
and
Venetia
,
and
to
all
other
the
entire
or
whole
,
which
is
one
Ducaton
or
100
Ducatons
.
Lucca
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Ducatons
117¼
|
for
|
100
Crow
.
|
Lions
|
Ducatons
—
118¼
|
for
|
100
Crow
.
|
Roma
|
Duc.
119
|
for
|
100
Duc.
|
Genoa
|
Duc.
118
|
for
|
100
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Duc.
118½
|
for
|
100
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Venetia
|
Duc.
-92
|
for
|
100
Ducats
.
|
●…lorence
|
Duc.
113
|
for
|
100
Crow
.
|
Naples
|
Duc.
100
|
for
|
114
Ducats
.
|
Lucca
|
Duc.
100
|
for
|
114
〈◊〉
Ducats
.
|
Barri
|
Duc.
100
|
for
|
115
Ducats
.
|
Palermo
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
|
24½
Carlins
.
|
Mesina
|
Du.
—
1
|
for
|
24½
Carlins
.
|
Antu
.
&
Col.
|
Du.
—
1
|
for
|
102
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Du.
—
1
|
for
|
67
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Du.
—
1
|
for
|
20
Sol.
|
Saragosa
|
Du.
—
1
|
for
|
19.
10
Sol.
|
Barselona
|
Du.
—
1
|
for
|
19.
11
Sol.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Du.
—
1
|
for
|
365
Marvedes
.
|
Lixborne
|
Du.
—
1
|
for
|
395
Raies
|
Bollonia
|
Duc.
100
|
for
|
Ducatons
100
〈◊〉
|
Bergamo
|
Duc.
100
|
for
|
Ducatons
99½
|
Francfort
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
|
85
Quarentins
.
|
CHAP.
285.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
,
the
Metropolis
of
that
Kingdome
.
IN
Naples
,
the
Exchangers
keepe
their
Accounts
in
Ducats
,
Tarins
,
Graines
,
and
Cavalls
,
which
are
accounted
The
Exchanges
of
Naples
.
in
5
,
10
,
and
12
foll
.
The
Ducat
is
5
Tarins
,
or
100
Graines
,
or
else
1200
Cavalles
;
the
Tarine
is
accounted
20
Graines
,
or
240
Cavalles
,
and
the
Graine
is
12
Cavalles
.
Besides
which
,
there
is
in
use
another
sort
of
Monyes
current
,
which
are
Carlins
,
Cinquins
,
and
Torneses
.
The
Carline
is
10
Graines
,
or
halfe
a
Tarine
;
from
whence
,
10
Carlins
maketh
the
Ducat
.
The
Cinquine
is
2
〈◊〉
Graine
,
of
which
,
4
maketh
the
Carline
,
and
40
the
Ducat
.
The
Tornese
is
6
Cavalles
,
of
which
,
5
makes
a
Cinquine
,
20
makes
a
Carline
,
40
the
Tarine
,
and
200
the
Ducat
.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
it
gives
the
broken
number
to
all
Italy
and
Lions
,
Palermo
onely
excepted
,
and
to
all
others
it
giveth
the
whole
number
,
which
is
either
one
Ducat
,
or
100
Ducats
.
Naples
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Grain
.
133
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Roma
|
Ducat
.
136
|
for
100
Duc.
|
Lions
|
Grain
.
135½
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Genoa
|
Grain
.
135
|
for
1
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Ducc.
134½
|
for
100
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Venetia
|
Duc.
100
〈◊〉
|
for
100
Duc.
|
Florence
|
Duc.
131
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Lucca
|
Duc.
113½
|
for
100
Ducatons
.
|
Lecchie
|
Duc.
100
|
for
100¼
Ducats
.
|
Barri
|
Duc.
100
|
for
99¼
Ducats
.
|
Palermo
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
174
Gra.
of
8
Pic●…
.
|
Mesina
|
Duc.
96
of
6
Tar.
|
for
100
Ducats
.
|
Antu
.
&
Col.
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
88
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
66½
Pence
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
18.
2
Sols
.
|
Saragosa
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
18
Sols
.
|
Barselona
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
17.
10
Sol.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
330
Marved.
|
Lixborne
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
346
Raies
.
|
Bollonia
|
Ducc.
114
|
for
100
Ducatons
.
|
Bergamo
|
Ducc.
100
|
for
88
Ducatons
.
|
Francfort
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
76
Quarentines
.
|
Vide
Chap.
342.
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
286.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lecchie
in
Calabria
.
IN
Lecchie
the
Exchangers
keepe
their
accounts
and
The
Exchanges
o●…
●…ie
.
have
their
Moneyes
as
in
Naples
,
the
Metropolis
of
that
Kingdome
,
which
is
in
Duccats
,
Tarins
,
grains
,
and
Cavallies
accounted
in
5
,
20
and
12
,
and
in
Exchanging
it
differs
not
much
from
the
customeof
Naples
,
specified
in
the
former
leafe
.
Lecchie
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
gra
.
134
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
gra
.
136
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Roma
|
gra
.
137
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Genoa
|
gra
.
135
|
for
1
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
gra
.
134
|
for
1
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Venetia
|
Duc.
101
〈◊〉
|
for
100
Duc.
|
Florence
|
Duc.
131
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Lucca
|
Duc.
116
|
for
100
Ducaton
.
|
Naples
|
Duc.
102
|
for
100
Ducat
.
|
Barri
|
Duc.
100
|
for
100½
Ducats
.
|
Palermo
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
22¾
Carlins
.
|
Mesina
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
23
Carlins
.
|
Antu
.
&
Col.
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
87
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
61
Pence
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
17.
10.
Sols
.
|
Saragosa
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
18
Sol.
|
Barselona
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
18.
1.
Sol.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
328
Marved.
|
Lixborn
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
348
Raies
.
|
Bollonia
|
Grain
.
115
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Grain
.
114
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Francfort
|
Duc.
—
1
|
for
75
〈◊〉
Quarentines
.
|
CHAP.
287.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Barri
in
Puglia
.
IN
Barri
their
Accounts
and
Monyes
are
the
same
as
are
in
use
in
Naples
,
mentioned
in
the
former
Leafe
,
The
Exchanges
of
Barri
.
and
the
custome
in
Exchanging
also
,
is
neere
conformable
thereto
.
Barri
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Gra.
133
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Gra.
135
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Rome
|
Gra.
137
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Genoa
|
Gra.
134
|
for
1
Crowne
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Gra.
134
〈◊〉
|
for
1
Crowne
of
Gold.
|
Venice
|
Duc.
101
|
for
100
Ducats
.
|
Florence
|
Duc.
130
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Lucca
|
Duc.
115½
|
for
100
Duccatons
.
|
Naples
|
Duc.
101
〈◊〉
|
for
100
Ducc.
|
Lecchie
|
Duc.
100
|
for
99½
Ducc.
|
Palermo
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
22⅘
Carlins
.
|
Mesina
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
23
Carlins
.
|
Antw.
&
Col.
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
88
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
62
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
Sol.
18.
|
Saragosa
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
Sol.
17.
10.
|
Barselona
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
Sol.
18.
2.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
330
Marvedes
.
|
Lixborne
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
345
Raies
.
|
Bolonia
|
Grain
.
114
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Grain
.
112
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Francfort
|
Ducat
.
1
|
for
75
Quarentins
.
|
CHAP.
288.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Palermo
,
in
Sicilia
.
IN
Palermo
Exchangers
keepe
their
accounts
in
Ounces
,
Tarins
,
Grains
and
Picchols
,
the
which
is
successively
The
Exchanges
of
Palermo
.
accounted
in
30
,
20
,
and
6.
and
others
there
be
that
keepe
their
accounts
in
Crowne
of
moneyes
in
Tarins
,
Graines
,
and
Pichols
,
and
these
account
it
by
12
,
20
,
and
6.
The
Ounceis
30.
Tarins
,
or
600
Graines
,
or
3600
Pichols
,
the
Tarineis
20
Graines
,
or
120
Pichols
,
and
the
Graine
is
6
Pichols
.
Besides
which
there
is
a
Crowne
in
Moneyes
which
is
12
Tarins
or
240
Grains
,
or
1440
Pichols
,
the
Ducat
is
13
Tarins
or
else
260
Graines
or
1560
Piccoles
,
The
Florin
is
6
Tarins
,
or
120
Grains
,
or
720
Pichols
,
the
Carlin
is
½
a
Tarine
,
or
10
Grains
,
or
60
Pichol
.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
it
giveth
the
broken
number
to
all
Italy
,
and
to
Lions
,
and
to
all
other
places
giveth
the
whole
number
,
which
is
sometimes
one
duccat
,
or
one
Florin
,
or
1
Ounce
,
or
one
hundred
Ounces
.
Palermo
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Carlin
.
|
29⅓
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Carl.
|
29½
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Roma
|
Carl.
|
29¾
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Genoa
|
Carl.
|
29½
|
for
1
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Carl.
|
29⅗
|
for
1
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Venetia
|
Carl.
|
24¼
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Florence
|
Carl.
|
28
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lucca
|
Carl.
|
25
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Naplesgra
.
|
dipicc
.
|
172
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Lecchie
|
Carl.
|
23
|
for
1
Ducats
.
|
Barri
|
Tarin
.
|
11.
8
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Mesina
|
Ounc
.
|
100
|
for
101½
Ounces
.
|
Antu
.
&
Col.
|
Duc.
|
1
|
for
106
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Duc.
|
1
|
for
73
Pencesterl
.
|
Valentia
|
Flor.
|
1
|
for
9.
8.
Sols
.
|
Saragosa
|
Flor.
|
1
|
for
9
,
10
Sol.
|
Barselona
|
Flo.
|
1
|
for
Sol.
9.
7.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Flor.
|
1
|
for
185
Marved.
|
Lixborn
|
Flor.
|
1
|
for
196
Raies
.
|
Bollonia
|
Carl.
|
25
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Carl.
|
25¼
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Francfort
|
Duc.
|
1
|
for
89
Quarentines
.
|
Vide
Chap.
419.
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
289.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Mesina
,
in
the
Faire
of
Sicilia
.
IN
Mesina
,
the
accounts
are
kept
,
and
the
Moneyes
The
Exchanges
of
Mesina
.
that
are
current
,
are
the
same
as
in
Palermo
aforementioned
,
only
excepting
in
the
Exchange
thereof
with
Naples
,
it
giveth
a
whole
Number
,
which
are
found
to
be
of
100
Duccats
.
This
place
and
Palermo
,
are
accounted
to
Exchange
with
Placentia
or
Lions
,
to
give
more
one
Carlin
per
Ounce
,
by
the
name
of
making
good
the
moneyes
,
so
that
,
he
that
here
is
to
pay
Moneyes
by
Exchange
for
the
said
places
,
must
pay
61
Carlins
per
Ounce
.
Mesina
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Carl.
29
〈◊〉
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Carl.
29
〈◊〉
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Roma
|
Carl.
29
1
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Genoa
|
Carl.
29½
|
for
1
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Carl.
29
〈◊〉
|
for
1
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Venetia
|
Carl.
22
〈◊〉
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Florence
|
Carl.
28¼
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lucca
|
Carl.
25
〈◊〉
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Naples
|
Ducc.
100
|
for
96½
Duc.
of
6
Tarins
.
|
Lecchie
|
Tarin
.
11.
14
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Barri
|
Carl.
23½
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Palermo
|
Ounce
100
|
for
102
Ounces
.
|
Antu
.
&
Col.
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
107
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
72
Pence
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Florin
.
1
|
for
Sol.
9.
9.
D.
|
Saragosa
|
Florin
.
1
|
for
Sol.
9.
10.
D.
|
Barselona
|
Florin
.
1
|
for
Sol.
9.
8.
D.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Florin
.
1
|
for
190
Marved.
|
Lixborne
|
Florin
.
1
|
for
200
Raies
.
|
Bollonia
|
Carl.
25¼
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Carlin
25
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Francfort
|
Duccat
.
I
|
for
90
Quarentines
.
|
Vide
Chap.
419.
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
290.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Antwerpe
,
in
Brabant
,
and
Collen
in
Germany
the
lower
.
IN
both
these
places
the
Exchangers
keepe
their
accounts
The
Exchanges
of
Antwerp
and
Colonia
.
in
Livers
,
Sols
,
and
Deniers
of
Grosses
,
so
that
their
Grosses
are
there
accounted
,
as
their
Deniers
or
Pfening
.
And
in
the
custome
of
the
Exchanges
of
these
two
places
,
they
give
the
broken
number
to
all
other
places
,
London
only
excepted
,
which
they
give
not
by
the
Grosse
,
but
by
the
Sol.
or
shilling
.
Antwerp
&
Colonia
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Grosse
125
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Gro.
128
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Roma
|
Gro.
130
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Genoa
|
Gro.
129
|
for
1
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Gro.
127
|
for
1
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Venetia
|
Gro.
94½
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Florence
|
Gro.
112
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Luccha
|
Gro.
104
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Naples
|
Gro.
91
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Lecchia
|
Gro.
90½
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Barri
|
Gro.
90
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Palermo
|
Gro.
107½
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Mesina
|
Gro.
107
|
for
1
Duc.
|
London
|
Sold.
34
1/●…
|
for
1
Pound
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Gro.
107
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Saragosa
|
Gro.
109
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Barselona
|
Gro.
112
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Gro.
106¾
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Lixborne
|
Gro.
102
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Bolonia
|
Gro.
104
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Gro.
105
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Francfort
|
Gro.
78
|
for
1
Floren.
of
65
quar.
|
Vide
Chap.
435.
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
291.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
London
,
the
Metropolis
of
England
.
IN
London
,
and
throughout
all
England
,
Exchangers
The
Exchanges
of
London
.
keepe
their
Accounts
in
Pounds
,
Shillings
,
and
Pence
Sterling
,
and
cast
it
up
,
as
in
other
places
,
by
Livers
,
Sols
,
and
Deniers
,
by
12
and
20.
And
in
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
it
giveth
the
Exchange
to
all
places
by
the
broken
number
of
Pence
Sterl.
Antuerpe
and
Colonia
onely
excepted
,
with
which
two
places
it
exchangeth
by
the
Pound
of
Sterling
Money
,
above
specified
.
London
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
Starl
.
|
Pence
64
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Pence
64
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Roma
|
Pence
66
|
for
1
Duc.
|
Genoa
|
Pence
65
|
for
1
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Pence
64
〈◊〉
|
for
1
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Venetia
|
Pence
50
|
for
1
Duc.
in
Banco
.
|
Florence
|
Pence
61
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lucca
|
Pence
53½
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Naples
|
Pence
50
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Lecchie
|
Pence
50½
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Barri
|
Pence
51
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Palermo
|
Pence
57½
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Mesina
|
Pence
56½
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Antu
.
&
Col.
|
Pounds
sterl.
1
|
for
34½
Shill.
Flem.
|
Valentia
|
Pence
57½
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Saragosa
|
Pence
59
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Barselona
|
Pence
64
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Pence
58½
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Lixborne
|
Pence
53½
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Bollonia
|
Pence
53⅓
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Pence
52
|
for
1
Ducaton
.
|
Francfort
|
Fence
59½
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Vide
Chap.
443.
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
292.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Valentia
,
the
Metropolis
of
Valentia
.
IN
Valentia
and
in
all
the
Kingdomes
of
Valentia
,
in
Spaine
Merchants
doe
keepe
their
accounts
in
Livers
The
Ex●…
o●…
Valentia
Sols
and
Deniers
,
the
current
moneyes
of
the
place
,
are
Rials
and
Deniers
,
and
Ryals
ten
are
accounted
for
a
Liver
,
so
that
halfe
a
Riall
is
a
Soldo
,
〈◊〉
Duccat
is
here
imaginary
,
and
accounted
for
10
〈◊〉
Rials
,
and
accounted
21
Sols
.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanges
of
this
place
,
it
giveth
the
broken
number
,
to
all
Italie
,
Spaine
and
Germany
,
and
to
all
other
places
the
intire
number
,
either
of
one
Duo
.
or
100
Duc.
The
Castiliano
is
also
here
found
in
use
for
an
imaginarie
Coine
,
in
the
ancient
custome
of
Exchanging
with
Sivill
,
and
accounted
worth
27
Sol.
4
Deniers
.
Valentia
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Sol.
23.
6
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Sol.
23.
8
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Rome
|
Sol.
24.
2
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Genoa
|
Sol.
23.
10
|
for
1
Crowne
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Sol.
23.
9
|
for
1
Crowne
of
Gold.
|
Venice
|
Sol.
17.
10
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Florence
|
Sol.
23.
0
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lucca
|
Sol.
20.
2
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Naples
|
Sol.
18.
0
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Lecchie
|
Sol.
18.
2
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Barri
|
Sol.
18.
1
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Palermo
|
Sol.
9.
6
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Mesina
|
Sol.
9.
7
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Antw.
&
Col
|
Ducc.
1
|
for
106
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Ducc.
1
|
for
72
〈◊〉
d.
sterl.
|
Saragosa
|
Duc.
100
|
for
102
Duccat
.
|
Barselona
|
Duc.
100
|
for
101
〈◊〉
Duccat
.
|
Siv
.
al.
&
Med.
|
Sol.
20.
3
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Lixborne
|
Ducc.
100
|
for
100⅓
Duccat
.
|
Bolonia
|
Sol.
20.
3
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Sol.
20.
4
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Francfort
|
Sol.
14
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Vide
Chap.
426.
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
293.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Saragosa
,
in
Catalonia
.
IN
Saragosa
,
Merchants
keepe
their
accounts
as
in
Valentia
afore
mentioned
,
and
have
the
same
Monyes
,
saving
that
the
Duccat
passeth
here
in
account
for
22
The
Exchanges
of
Saragosa
.
Sols
,
or
11
Rials
.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
it
giveth
the
broken
number
to
all
Italy
,
and
to
all
the
whole
number
,
which
is
found
to
be
either
one
Duccat
or
100
Duccats
.
Saragosa
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Sol.
23.
8
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Sol.
23.
11
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Rome
|
Sol.
24.
3
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Genoa
|
Sol.
23.
9
|
for
1
Crowne
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Sol.
23.
8
|
for
1
Crowne
of
Gold.
|
Venice
|
Sol.
17.
9
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Florence
|
Sol.
22.
10
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lucca
|
Sol.
20.
1
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Naples
|
Sol.
17.
10
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Lecchie
|
Sol.
18.
1
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Barri
|
Sol.
18.
0
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Paler●…
|
Sol.
9.
8
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Mesina
|
Sol.
9.
9
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Antw.
&
Col.
|
Ducc.
1
|
for
105
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Ducc.
1
|
for
73
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Duc.
100
|
for
103
Duccat
.
|
Barselona
|
Duc.
100
|
for
102
Duccat
.
|
Siv
.
al.
&
Med.
|
Duc.
100
|
for
105
Duccat
.
|
Lixborne
|
Ducc.
100
|
for
108
Duccat
.
|
Bolonia
|
Sol.
20.
2
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Sol.
20.
1
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Francfort
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
95
Quarentins
.
|
Vide
Chap.
426.
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
293.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Barselona
the
Metropolis
of
Catalonia
.
IN
Barselona
,
the
use
of
account
keeping
,
and
the
monoyes
are
the
same
as
is
specified
in
Valentia
,
excepting
,
The
Exchanges
of
Barselona
.
that
the
Duccat
is
here
accounted
Sol.
24
,
which
is
twelve
single
Rials
.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
this
place
giveth
the
broken
number
to
all
other
places
,
excepting
to
Antuerpe
,
Colonia
,
London
,
Lixborne
,
and
Germany
,
to
which
it
giveth
the
whole
number
,
which
is
found
to
be
either
one
Duc.
or
100
Duc.
Barselona
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Sol.
23.
10
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Sol.
24
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Rome
|
Sol.
24.
4
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Genoa
|
Sol.
24.
2
|
for
1
Crowne
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Sol.
24.
1
|
for
1
Crowne
of
Gold.
|
Venice
|
Sol.
18.
2
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Florence
|
Sol.
23.
0
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lucca
|
Sol.
20.
2
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Naples
|
Sol.
18.
3
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Lecchie
|
Sol.
18.
2
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Barri
|
Sol.
18.
1
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Palermo
|
Sol.
9.
10
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Mesina
|
Sol.
9.
9
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Antw.
&
Col.
|
Ducc.
1
|
for
103
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Ducc.
1
|
for
72
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Duc.
103
|
for
100
Duc.
|
Saragosa
|
Duc.
104
|
for
100
Duccats
.
|
Siv
.
al.
&
Med.
|
Duc.
106
|
for
100
Duccats
.
|
Lixborne
|
Ducc.
100
|
for
104
Duccats
.
|
Bolonia
|
Sol.
20.
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Sol.
20
2
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Francfort
|
Duc.
1
|
for
96
Quarentines
.
|
Vide
Chap.
426.
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
295.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Sivil
,
Alcala
,
Medina
del
Campo
,
and
other
places
in
Castilia
.
IN
these
parts
,
and
generally
throughout
Spaine
,
Merchants
doe
keepe
their
accounts
in
Marvedes
;
yet
The
Exchanges
of
Sivil
,
Alcala
,
Medina
del
Campo
.
&c.
notwithstanding
,
for
the
benefit
of
Exchanging
,
they
have
an
imaginarie
Duccat
,
which
Duccat
is
accounted
375
Marvedes
.
The
Crowne
of
Gold
is
ever
worth
400
Marvedes
,
and
the
single
Riall
ever
worth
34
Marvedes
.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
this
place
giveth
the
broken
number
to
all
Italy
and
Lions
,
but
to
all
other
places
the
whole
number
,
found
to
be
either
simply
the
single
Duccat
,
or
100
Duccats
.
There
is
also
of
old
in
use
an
imaginarie
Coine
,
called
the
Castiliano
,
where
with
these
places
doe
exchange
with
Valentia
,
and
is
485
Marvedes
.
Sivil
,
Alcala
,
and
Medina
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Marved.
440
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Marv.
445
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Rome
|
Marv.
450
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Genoa
|
Marv.
442
|
for
1
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Marv.
438
|
for
1
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Venice
|
Marv.
330
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Florence
|
Marv.
430
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lucca
|
Marv.
370
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Naples
|
Marv.
337
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Lecchie
|
Marv.
334
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Barri
|
Marv.
333
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Palermo
|
Marv.
180
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Mesina
|
Marv.
175
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Antu
.
&
Col.
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
105
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
72
Fence
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
Sol.
19.
8.
|
Saragosa
|
Ducc.
100
|
for
104½
Duccat
.
|
Barselona
|
Ducc.
100
|
for
108
Duccat
.
|
Lixborne
|
Ducc.
100
|
for
109
Duccat
.
|
Bollonia
|
Marv.
372
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Marv.
368
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Francfort
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
88
Quarentines
.
|
Vide
Chap.
426.
how
these
are
calculated
.
CHAP.
296.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lixborne
in
Portugall
.
IN
Lixborne
and
throughout
Portugall
,
Merchants
accounts
are
kept
in
Rais
,
beside
which
,
they
have
an
imaginary
Duccat
,
which
is
accounted
for
foure
hundred
The
Exchanges
of
Li●…borne
.
Rais.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
this
place
giveth
a
whole
number
to
Anuers
,
Colonia
,
London
,
and
Germanie
,
which
is
onely
upon
the
said
one
Duccat
,
and
to
all
other
places
it
giveth
on
Exchange
by
a
broken
number
.
Lixborne
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Res
472
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Res
480
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Rome
|
Res
483
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Genoa
|
Res
476
|
for
1
Crowne
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Res
475
|
for
1
Crowne
of
Gold.
|
Venice
|
Res
354
|
for
1
Ducat
.
|
Florence
|
Res
465
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lucca
|
Res
397
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Naples
|
Res
350
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Lecchie
|
Res
352
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Barri
|
Res
348
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Palermo
|
Res
190
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Mesina
|
Res
193
|
for
1
Florin
.
|
Antw.
&
Col.
|
Duc.
1
|
for
104
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Duc.
1
|
for
69
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Duc.
105
|
for
100
Duc.
|
Saragosa
|
Duc.
104¾
|
for
100
Duccats
.
|
Barselona
|
Ducc.
103
〈◊〉
|
for
100
Duccats
.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Duc.
106
|
for
100
Duccats
.
|
Bolonia
|
Res
400
|
for
—
1
Duccaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Res
388
|
for
—
1
Duccaton
.
|
Francfort
|
Ducc.
1
|
for
89
Quarentines
.
|
CHAP.
297.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Bollonia
in
Italy
.
IN
Bollonia
some
are
found
to
keepe
their
accounts
in
Livers
,
Sols
,
and
Deniers
,
and
others
in
Duccatons
,
Sols
,
The
Exchanges
of
Bollonia
.
and
Deniers
.
And
in
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
this
place
giveth
the
broken
number
to
Placentia
,
Lions
,
Rome
,
Genoa
,
Millan
,
Florence
,
and
Luccha
,
and
to
all
others
the
whole
number
,
which
is
the
Duccaton
,
either
one
or
one
hundred
.
Bollonia
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Duccatons
117
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Lions
|
Duccat
.
119¾
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Rome
|
Duccat
.
120
|
for
100
Duccat
.
|
Genoa
|
Duccat
.
118
|
for
100
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Mill●…
|
Duccat
.
117
|
for
100
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Venice
|
Duccat
.
100
|
for
114½
Duccats
.
|
Florence
|
Duccat
.
116
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Lucca
|
Duccat
.
101
|
for
100
Ducatons
.
|
Naples
|
Duccat
.
100
|
for
113
〈◊〉
Duccats
.
|
Lecchie
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
112
Graines
.
|
Barri
|
Duccat
.
100
|
for
112
〈◊〉
Duccats
.
|
Palermo
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
24½
Carlins
.
|
Mesina
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
24
〈◊〉
Carlins
.
|
Antu
.
&
Col.
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
103
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
67
Pence
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
Sol.
20.
2
d.
|
Saragosa
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
Sol.
20.
0.
|
Barselona
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
Sol.
20.
1
d.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
370
Marved.
|
Lixborne
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
395
Raies
.
|
Bergamo
|
Duccat
.
100
|
for
101
Duccatons
.
|
Francfort
|
Duccat
.
1
|
for
87
Quarentines
.
|
CHAP.
298.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Bergamo
,
in
Lombardie
.
IN
Bergamo
,
Merchants
accounts
are
kept
in
Livers
,
The
Ex●…s
of
B●…
.
Sols
,
and
Deniers
of
Piccholis
,
and
the
Exchangers
in
Duccatons
,
Sols
,
and
Deniers
.
The
Money
of
Piccholi
,
is
the
current
Coine
of
the
place
,
and
the
same
as
is
in
use
in
Venetia
.
The
Duccaton
is
worth
7
Livers
of
Piccolis
,
so
that
1
Sol.
of
Duccaton
is
worth
7
Sol
of
Piccols
,
so
likewise
the
Denier
of
Duccaton
is
worth
7
Deniers
of
Piccoli
.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
this
place
giveth
the
broken
number
to
Placentia
,
Lions
,
Rome
,
Genoa
,
Millan
,
Venetia
,
Florence
,
Luccha
,
Naples
,
and
Bollonia
,
and
to
all
other
places
the
whole
number
,
which
is
found
to
be
the
Duccaton
.
Bergamo
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Duccaton
117
〈◊〉
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Lions
|
Duccaton
117
〈◊〉
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Rome
|
Duccaton
118
|
for
100
Duc.
|
Genoa
|
Duccaton
117
〈◊〉
|
for
100
Crow
.
of
Gold.
|
Millan
|
Duccaton
117
〈◊〉
|
for
100
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Venice
|
Duccaton
87
|
for
100
Duccats
.
|
Florence
|
Duccaton
111
〈◊〉
|
for
100
Crownes
.
|
Luccha
|
Duccaton
100
〈◊〉
|
for
100
Duccat
.
|
Naples
|
Duccaton
88½
|
for
100
Ducc.
|
Lecchie
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
112
Graines
.
|
Barri
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
110
Graines
.
|
Palermo
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
25
Carlins
.
|
Mesina
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
24
〈◊〉
Carlins
.
|
Antu
.
&
Col.
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
104
Grosses
.
|
London
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
67
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
Sol.
20.
|
Saragosa
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
Sol.
20.
1
d.
|
Barselona
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
Sol.
20.
2
d.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
370
Marved.
|
Lixborne
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
390
Raies
.
|
Bollonia
|
Duccaton
100⅓
|
for
100
Duccatons
.
|
Francfort
|
Duccaton
1
|
for
86¼
Quarentins
.
|
CHAP.
299.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Francfort
,
Norimberg
,
Augusta
,
and
Vienna
in
Germanie
.
IN
these
places
,
Merchants
are
found
to
keepe
their
accounts
in
Florins
,
Sols
,
and
Deniers
,
as
by
20
and
12.
The
Exchanges
of
Francfort
,
Norimberg
,
Augusta
,
and
Vienna
.
the
Florin
being
20
Sols
,
or
60
Quarentines
.
The
Quarentine
is
in
some
places
called
the
Craizer
,
which
is
4
Pfenings
,
so
that
12
Pfening
makes
one
Sol.
In
the
custome
of
Exchanging
,
these
places
gives
the
whole
number
,
which
is
the
Florin
,
to
London
,
Antuerpe
,
Colonia
,
and
Valentia
,
and
to
all
others
gives
the
broken
number
,
which
is
the
Quarentine
.
Francfort
,
Norimberg
,
Augusta
,
and
Vienna
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
|
Quarentine
102
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Lions
|
Quarent
.
103
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Rome
|
Quarent
.
104
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Genoa
|
Quarent
.
191
|
for
1
Cro.
of
4
li.
curr
.
|
Millan
|
Quarent
.
102
〈◊〉
|
for
1
Cro.
of
Gold.
|
Venice
|
Flor.
—
126
|
for
100
Duccat
.
|
Florence
|
Quarent
.
96
|
for
1
Crowne
.
|
Luccha
|
Quarent
.
86
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Naples
|
Quarent
.
77
|
for
1
Ducc.
|
Lecchie
|
Quarent
.
77
|
for
1
Ducc.
|
Barri
|
Quarent
.
78
|
for
1
Ducc.
|
Palermo
|
Quarent
.
90
|
for
1
Ducc.
|
Mesina
|
Quarent
.
89
〈◊〉
|
for
1
Ducc.
|
Antu
.
&
Col.
|
Flor.
of
65
quar.
1
|
for
80
Grosse
.
|
London
|
Florin
.
—
1
|
for
50
d.
sterl.
|
Valentia
|
Florin
.
—
1
|
for
Sol.
13.
8
d.
|
Saragosa
|
Quarent
.
96
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Barselona
|
Quarent
.
97
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Siv
.
al.
Med.
|
Quarent
.
87
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Lixborne
|
Quarent
.
86
|
for
1
Duccat
.
|
Bollonia
|
Quarent
.
88
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
Bergamo
|
Quarent
.
87
|
for
1
Duccaton
.
|
CHAP.
300.
Of
the
Termes
of
payments
in
generall
of
Bills
of
Exchange
.
TO
make
these
Tables
compleat
,
and
the
Rules
of
The
termes
of
payment
of
Bills
of
●…xchange
,
●…e
.
these
Exchanges
to
be
truly
and
rightly
understood
,
it
is
observable
,
that
as
all
Exchanges
have
a
setled
rate
and
price
,
by
which
the
taker
taketh
,
and
the
giver
by
covenant
giveth
it
;
so
is
there
likewise
a
certaine
positive
terme
,
and
time
limitted
,
wherein
,
and
at
which
day
expired
,
the
factor
of
the
taker
,
or
his
assigne
,
repayeth
the
covenanted
summe
to
the
factor
,
or
assigne
of
the
giver
thereof
,
which
●…rme
or
time
is
of
differing
space
of
dayes
prefixed
:
the
common
terme
or
times
by
which
all
Bills
in
Exchanges
are
made
,
are
found
usually
to
be
five
;
which
is
,
first
,
at
sight
of
the
Bill
;
secondly
,
at
Vsance
;
thirdly
,
at
double
Vsance
;
fourthly
,
at
halfe
Vsance
;
and
fifthly
,
at
Marts
,
Faires
,
&c.
which
five
Termes
in
Exchanges
are
thus
understood
.
First
then
,
at
sight
,
or
so
many
dayes
after
sight
,
is
understood
to
be
so
long
a
terme
or
time
,
as
the
Bill
of
Exchange
will
be
after
the
1.
At
Sight
.
deliverie
going
to
that
place
,
where
it
is
covenanted
that
the
same
should
be
payd
;
and
upon
the
shew
and
sight
thereof
,
or
at
so
many
dayes
after
,
as
is
specified
therein
,
it
must
be
payd
and
answer'd
accordingly
.
Secondly
,
at
Vsance
,
is
understood
to
be
of
a
different
terme
and
space
of
time
;
sometimes
consisting
of
8
dayes
,
as
from
Rome
〈◊〉
.
At
〈◊〉
.
to
Naples
;
sometimes
of
10
dayes
,
as
from
Genoa
to
Rome
;
sometimes
of
30
dayes
,
as
from
London
to
Roven
,
to
Antuerpe
,
to
Middleburgh
,
to
Amsterdam
,
and
so
to
other
places
;
sometimes
of
60
dayes
,
or
two
moneths
,
as
from
London
to
Hamburgh
,
from
Antuerpe
to
Rome
,
and
to
Venice
,
and
to
Florence
,
to
Naples
,
to
Palermo
,
and
so
to
other
places
:
sometimes
againe
,
Vsance
is
understood
to
be
90
dayes
,
or
three
moneths
,
as
from
London
to
Venice
,
Florence
,
Naples
,
&c.
according
to
the
severall
customes
of
the
said
distant
severall
places
,
where
the
Bills
of
Exchanges
are
made
,
and
ever
accounted
from
the
date
of
the
said
Bill
.
Thirdly
,
at
double
Vsance
;
which
,
considering
the
said
places
,
is
understood
to
be
double
the
former
space
of
single
Vsance
,
being
〈◊〉
.
At
〈◊〉
V●…e
.
●…ther
of
8
,
10
,
30
,
60
,
or
90
dayes
doubled
,
according
to
the
custome
of
the
place
where
the
Bill
is
made
and
accounted
also
from
the
date
of
the
said
Bill
.
Fourthly
,
at
halfe
Vsance
,
this
is
understood
to
bee
halfe
the
abovesaid
,
4.
At
halfe
Vsance
.
first
limited
terme
or
time
,
according
(
as
I
said
before
)
to
the
common
custome
of
that
place
where
the
Bill
is
made
,
and
accounted
also
from
the
date
of
the
Bill
.
Fiftly
,
at
Martes
or
Faires
,
which
by
Italians
and
Spaniards
is
5.
At
Faires
and
Martes
.
called
La
Fiera
,
and
this
space
of
time
for
paiment
of
Bils
is
understood
to
be
at
some
certaine
daies
,
accounted
for
Faires
in
the
said
places
,
where
the
Bils
are
made
to
be
paiable
,
as
is
found
in
Placentia
quarterly
foure
times
of
the
yeere
;
the
like
observed
generally
in
Lions
,
and
in
Castile
,
at
three
times
of
the
yeere
,
accounted
as
in
three
Banks
1o
i'
las
Fieras
de
Vilaleon
.
2
o
de
Medina
del
Campo
,
3o
de
Medina
del
Rio
Sieco
,
which
places
are
as
publike
Martes
,
whereto
Merchants
doe
use
to
give
and
take
,
sometimes
to
benefit
themselves
by
Exchanges
,
as
in
the
abovesaid
places
,
and
sometimes
to
buy
commodities
,
and
supply
their
occasions
,
as
is
used
twice
a
yeere
for
some
Martes
in
Germany
,
as
I
have
touched
more
largely
in
the
description
of
the
trade
of
the
said
Cities
.
CHAP.
301.
How
the
rates
and
Prices
in
Exchanges
are
setled
.
THe
next
thing
considerable
yet
to
bee
handled
How
the
Rates
and
prizes
of
Exchanges
are
setled
.
for
the
explanation
of
these
Tables
of
Exchanges
,
is
the
rate
and
price
it selfe
,
for
seeing
that
so
many
Merchants
of
great
eminencie
,
whose
estates
are
continually
traversed
from
one
countrey
to
another
,
and
from
one
Coyne
to
another
,
doe
daily
and
constantly
give
and
take
as
their
occasion
,
and
the
rates
of
the
Exchanges
,
conduce
to
their
profit
,
it
may
be
conceived
,
that
their
great
purses
,
should
prescript
the
rule
and
rate
thereto
,
which
is
seene
so
variously
to
alter
,
and
daily
to
rise
and
fall
by
the
continuall
current
of
those
and
others
that
use
this
Mystery
,
yet
notwithstanding
,
it
is
not
found
that
they
have
any
determinate
power
or
stroake
,
in
giving
the
price
therto
,
though
itmust
be
confessed
,
that
such
have
a
conducing
hand
,
so
far
forth
as
it
may
be
found
,
that
their
opinion
concurre
with
the
universal
opinions
of
the
rest
,
interessed
in
this
mysticall
body
of
Exchanges
,
and
therefore
to
explaine
my selfe
,
it
may
fitly
here
bee
demanded
,
how
these
rates
and
prizes
of
Exchanges
come
to
be
set
,
and
then
continued
,
or
how
it
coms
to
passe
that
the
same
are
seen
so
frequently
to
vary
and
alter
,
in
forraine
parts
:
whereto
I
answer
,
that
the
Bankers
in
Italy
,
Spaine
and
France
,
being
now
adayes
found
to
be
the
onely
great
takers
and
deliverers
of
monyes
,
have
at
the
times
of
the
payments
of
Exchanges
,
in
the
principall
places
aforesaid
,
(
as
namely
,
at
Lions
in
France
,
Madrid
,
and
in
other
places
of
Spaine
,
Florence
,
Genoa
,
Venetia
,
and
such
other
places
in
Italy
)
a
constant
meeting
,
and
there
by
certaine
tickets
in
writing
,
deliver
every
man
his
opinion
,
what
the
price
of
the
Exchange
ought
to
be
for
all
places
:
Then
exchanging
for
the
next
Faire
or
time
of
payment
in
every
the
said
places
,
and
according
to
the
same
,
the
calculation
is
cast
up
,
by
the
Medium
;
that
is
to
say
,
if
there
be
seven
or
more
Voices
or
Tickets
,
the
said
seven
are
added
together
,
and
the
seventh
part
is
the
Medium
;
and
if
there
be
ten
,
then
the
ten
being
cast
up
,
the
tenth
part
is
the
Medium
;
and
so
for
greater
or
lesser
numbers
accordingly
:
wherein
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
these
Bankers
doe
observe
,
how
the
plentie
of
Monyes
lyeth
by
Exchange
,
how
the
occasions
of
Princes
may
helpe
or
hinder
,
either
by
great
Receits
,
or
great
disbursements
;
how
the
Trade
and
commerce
of
Negotiators
and
Merchants
is
concurrent
and
effective
;
and
therein
they
are
found
to
concurre
,
in
setting
the
said
Rates
and
Prices
for
their
owne
commoditie
and
advantage
:
and
from
this
Spring
,
is
observed
to
arise
the
Maine
Ocean
of
all
the
Exchanges
of
Christendome
;
in
which
,
this
of
our
Countrey
of
England
hath
but
a
small
share
,
as
being
onely
a
Branch
derived
from
the
principall
Channell
.
CHAP.
302.
Of
the
Par
in
Exchanges
.
THe
next
thing
observable
here
,
is
the
losse
and
gaine
Of
the
Par
in
Exchanges
,
which
is
two
.
accruing
by
these
Exchanges
practised
amongst
Merchants
:
to
distinguish
which
,
and
for
the
finding
out
the
realitie
thereof
,
every
giver
and
taker
applyeth
his
studie
to
finde
out
the
true
and
reall
Par
of
Exchanges
;
whereby
it
is
manifested
,
both
what
the
gaine
and
losse
is
,
and
who
is
the
gainer
and
who
is
the
loser
.
Now
this
Par
in
Exchanges
may
be
here
properly
(
in
the
generall
)
said
to
be
of
two
distinct
kindes
;
the
one
as
appertaining
to
the
State
and
Prince
,
and
belonging
to
the
profit
and
losse
of
the
Kingdome
;
and
the
other
to
the
Merchant
or
Exchanger
,
and
appertaining
to
the
profit
and
losse
of
his
private
estate
and
interest
:
the
first
,
I
hold
proper
and
fit
the
knowledge
of
Counsellors
and
States-men
;
and
the
other
,
is
proper
and
fit
the
knowledge
of
the
Trading-Merchant
:
the
finding
out
of
both
which
Par's
in
Exchanges
,
is
thus
.
The
first
Par
in
Exchanges
,
which
I
tearme
here
the
Princes
Par
,
1
Princes
Par.
or
the
Soveraignes
Value
for
Value
,
is
grounded
upon
the
weight
,
finenesse
,
and
valuation
of
the
Monyes
of
each
severall
Kingdome
,
Citie
,
or
Place
;
the
severall
Standards
thereof
so
equally
proportioned
,
so
truly
and
justly
by
the
art
of
the
Mint
rectified
,
that
each
Prince
his
Coine
,
in
Exchanges
,
may
have
its
due
allowance
,
according
to
the
goodnesse
and
finenesse
,
coursenesse
and
badnesse
thereof
:
and
therefore
herein
to
make
and
to
settle
this
above-named
Par
exactly
betwixt
one
Kingdome
and
another
,
we
are
to
examine
and
compare
,
not
onely
the
weight
and
finenesse
of
our
owne
Coines
as
they
are
in
themselves
,
but
also
the
weight
and
finenesse
of
those
of
other
Princes
and
Countries
,
with
the
reall
proportion
that
happeneth
therein
,
not
onely
betweene
our
owne
Gold
and
Silver
,
but
also
betweene
the
Gold
and
Silver
of
other
Countries
:
This
examination
,
comparison
,
and
proportion
,
duly
,
rightly
,
and
really
examined
,
compared
,
and
proportioned
,
and
no
difference
,
inequalitie
,
or
disproportion
found
or
admitted
therein
,
then
may
our
Exchanges
run
at
one
and
the
same
price
and
rate
,
both
for
Gold
and
Silver
,
taking
the
denomination
according
to
the
valuation
of
the
Monyes
of
each
Countrey
and
Kingdome
;
hereby
finding
how
much
●…ne
Silver
or
Gold
our
owne
Pound
Sterling
containeth
,
and
what
quantitie
of
other
Monyes
,
either
of
France
,
Italy
,
Germanie
,
Netherlands
,
Eastland
,
&c.
this
Kingdome
is
to
have
in
Exchange
,
to
countervaile
the
same
,
in
the
like
weight
and
finenesse
,
answerable
to
our
owne
,
be
it
by
the
P●…nd
,
Doller
,
Duccat
,
Crowne
,
or
any
other
reall
or
imaginarie
Coine
,
giving
alwayes
a
Value
for
Value
,
and
receiving
the
like
;
which
,
by
reason
of
the
great
consequence
depending
thereon
,
I
here
call
the
Prince
his
Par
,
in
the
exchanges
of
his
Monyes
by
Bills
of
Exchange
with
other
Countries
and
Kingdomes
.
The
second
Par
,
I
call
the
Merchants
or
Exchangers
Par
in
Bills
2
Merchants
Par.
of
Exchange
,
and
is
grounded
partly
upon
the
Soveraigne
or
Princes
Par
above
mentioned
,
but
principally
upon
the
current
value
of
the
said
Coines
,
the
plentie
and
scarcitie
thereof
,
the
rising
and
falling
,
inhansement
and
debasement
of
the
same
:
and
therefore
such
Merchants
as
are
Exchangers
,
doe
endevour
by
certaine
rules
of
Exchanges
,
to
equalize
the
valuation
of
the
Monyes
of
one
Prince
or
Countrey
with
another
:
And
therefore
every
man
that
delivereth
his
Money
in
one
Countrey
,
or
Place
,
to
have
it
in
another
,
is
and
ought
to
be
ever
curious
,
to
understand
either
the
losse
or
gaine
that
commeth
thereof
;
which
is
onely
and
properly
distinguished
by
the
knowledge
and
finding
out
of
this
Par
,
afore
mentioned
.
For
finding
out
of
which
,
it
is
requisite
for
him
that
remitteth
,
to
know
either
by
his
owne
advice
,
judgement
,
or
otherwise
,
how
much
the
Crowne
,
Doller
,
Duccat
,
or
Pound
whence
he
remitteth
,
is
worth
in
the
place
whither
he
would
make
his
remittance
unto
.
As
for
example
,
having
Money
in
Lions
in
France
,
which
I
would
remit
for
Antuerpe
,
I
ought
to
know
how
much
the
Crowne
of
France
is
really
worth
in
Antuerpe
:
as
presuppose
,
that
the
Crowne
of
France
,
of
67
Souls
,
or
3
li.
7
Souls
Tournois
,
is
worth
by
exchange
,
according
to
the
course
thereof
,
100
Grosse
there
;
I
would
then
know
that
the
reall
Crowne
of
60
Souls
or
3
li.
Turnois
(
the
Crowne
wherein
Exchanges
are
made
)
is
worth
,
multiplying
and
dividing
as
the
rule
requireth
,
it
will
appeare
to
be
Souls
89
37/67
Grosse
,
which
is
indeed
the
true
value
of
the
Crowne
:
if
then
the
Bill
of
Exchange
be
made
for
lesse
then
89
37/67
Grosse
per
Crowne
of
3
li.
Turnois
,
there
is
a
losse
thereby
;
and
if
for
more
,
there
is
a
gaine
thereby
:
so
that
it
is
hereby
evident
,
that
89
37/67
Grosse
is
the
Par
in
Exchanges
betweene
these
two
Countries
,
in
the
Crowne
of
France
,
and
in
the
Grosse
of
Antuerpe
;
the
which
rule
may
serve
as
example
in
remittances
for
all
other
places
:
for
it
is
not
otherwise
to
be
imagined
,
that
any
positive
rule
can
be
set
downe
herein
,
considering
the
diversitie
of
species
,
which
,
as
I
said
before
,
dayly
riseth
and
falleth
,
and
the
price
of
the
Exchanges
,
which
every
day
,
according
to
presenting
occasions
,
likewise
altereth
,
found
to
be
sometimes
at
one
rate
,
and
sometimes
at
another
.
And
this
Par
is
the
matter
whereupon
all
Merchants
Exchanges
for
profit
and
losse
is
grounded
,
and
is
the
Par
,
or
Value
for
Value
,
which
in
this
following
Tract
I
principally
and
fundamentally
ayme
at
.
Now
the
last
thing
considerable
in
this
place
,
and
now
to
be
observed
,
is
the
method
,
forme
,
and
manner
,
how
the
Accounts
of
these
divers
Exchanges
,
from
one
Countrey
to
another
,
is
betweene
one
Merchant
and
another
cast
up
and
calculated
;
which
indeed
principally
is
the
worke
of
the
Fen
,
and
the
hand
of
the
Arithmetician
;
which
as
a
necessarie
adjunct
,
and
needfull
furtherance
to
the
Mysterie
of
Exchanging
,
I
have
hereto
inserted
,
and
have
herein
pitched
upon
the
principall
places
here
mentioned
,
willingly
omitted
the
least
and
rest
of
them
,
having
fitted
(
to
such
as
I
have
conceived
the
most
worthy
)
apt
questions
and
their
solutions
,
from
one
Towne
or
Citie
to
another
,
with
the
denomination
of
their
severall
accounts
and
species
,
the
manner
of
the
briefe
calculations
thereof
,
and
the
short
proofe
of
each
prescribed
rule
and
position
,
adding
for
conclusion
to
each
generall
Citie
of
Exchanges
,
some
examples
of
orders
and
Commissions
,
given
and
received
,
in
draughts
and
remittances
,
made
according
to
the
common
custome
&
use
of
the
place
,
omitting
some
other
principall
points
,
wherein
I
might
have
enlarged
both
this
matter
and
subject
,
that
the
ingenious
head
and
hand
of
the
learner
may
have
roome
and
scope
to
worke
upon
according
either
to
his
desire
,
capacity
,
or
inclination
.
CHAP.
303.
Of
Examples
upon
the
Exchanges
practised
at
Lions
,
and
how
the
same
are
calculated
.
I
Have
formerly
noted
,
that
the
payments
of
Bills
of
Examples
upon
Exchanges
in
Lions
.
Exchanges
at
Lions
is
onely
in
use
foure
times
a
yeare
,
which
are
,
first
,
-
1
The
payments
of
Roys
,
beginning
the
6
of
March
after
their
stile
,
and
continueth
the
rest
of
that
moneth
.
-
2
The
payments
of
Pasques
,
or
Easter
,
the
6
of
Iune
.
-
3
The
payments
of
August
,
the
6
of
September
.
-
4
The
payments
of
All-Saints
,
the
6
of
December
.
The
acceptance
of
all
Bills
of
Exchange
here
,
is
alwayes
made
the
The
custome
of
acceptation
of
Bills
of
Exchange
in
Lions
.
first
day
of
the
moneth
of
each
payment
:
which
acceptances
hold
in
themselves
both
a
promise
and
assurance
of
the
payment
of
the
summe
included
in
the
said
Bills
so
accepted
:
And
because
there
is
no
other
time
accustomed
wherein
Bills
of
Exchanges
are
accepted
,
the
Merchants
here
resident
have
invented
,
by
meanes
of
a
little
Booke
,
away
of
registring
their
severall
Bills
,
which
they
commonly
call
in
French
a
Bilan
;
in
which
Booke
,
or
Bilan
,
they
accustomarily
A
Bilan
.
use
to
make
a
little
Crosse
or
marke
upon
each
Bill
there
registred
,
and
thus
orderly
accepted
.
But
if
the
partie
to
whom
the
same
is
presented
,
make
a
question
whether
he
shall
accept
it
or
not
,
and
demandeth
time
to
thinke
upon
it
,
then
they
placeupon
that
Bill
so
there
registred
the
letter
V
,
signifying
in
French
,
Voir
la
lettre
,
or
the
Bill
seene
;
and
if
in
conclusion
he
refuse
the
same
,
either
because
he
holdeth
not
the
partie
that
charged
the
same
sufficient
,
or
solvent
,
or
for
any
other
just
occasion
,
they
commonly
note
the
same
in
their
Billan
with
S
and
P
,
signifying
that
the
same
is
Soubs
Protest
,
that
is
,
under
Protest
:
The
which
Bilan
of
Acceptations
,
Draughts
,
and
Remittances
,
thus
quoted
and
thus
registred
,
I
observed
at
my
residence
in
that
Citie
,
to
carry
so
much
credit
amongst
the
Merchants
of
the
place
,
as
if
the
same
had
beene
done
with
witnesses
by
a
publique
Notarie
.
The
third
day
of
the
moneth
of
the
said
payments
,
the
price
of
The
price
setled
for
the
succeeding
Faires
.
the
Exchange
is
cut
and
setled
,
as
well
for
the
succeeding
course
of
Eions
it selfe
,
as
for
all
the
principall
exchanging
places
of
Christendome
;
in
all
which
it
is
found
,
that
Lions
gives
the
Law
and
rule
,
ordering
in
some
sort
the
price
of
all
other
places
,
excepting
for
Placentia
.
The
sixth
day
al
the
Merchants
residing
upon
the
place
,
appear
Descounters
or
transferring
of
bils
of
Exchange
,
and
debts
in
L●…ns
in
certain
publike
rooms
neer
the
Burse
,
or
place
of
daily
meeting
with
their
Booke
or
Bilan
,
containing
both
their
Debit
and
Credit
,
of
both
depts
and
Bils
of
Exchanges
,
and
there
addresse
themselves
to
one
another
,
and
to
whom
they
are
indepted
,
intimating
unto
them
,
to
transferre
parcels
,
or
as
they
terme
it
Virer
partie
,
and
give
for
Debtor
one
or
more
,
who
doth
owe
and
stands
indepted
unto
them
,
the
like
summe
or
parcell
,
the
which
being
accepted
by
the
Creditors
,
the
sum
is
respectively
registred
,
and
noted
in
the
Bilan
abovesaid
,
and
after
that
time
;
that
parcell
is
understood
to
be
transfer'd
,
and
remaineth
entirely
upon
the
Risgoe
,
perill
and
fortune
of
the
party
that
did
accept
the
same
,
and
in
this
manner
here
I
have
observed
a
Million
of
Crownes
hath
in
a
morning
beene
paid
and
satisfied
without
the
disbursement
of
a
Denier
in
money
,
and
therefore
to
this
purpose
all
Merchants
resident
here
,
or
their
servants
for
them
are
compelled
in
this
manner
,
to
appeare
with
their
Bilon
,
thus
to
satisfie
accounts
with
their
Creditors
,
and
make
good
their
paiments
,
or
in
default
of
this
appearance
,
are
by
the
custome
of
the
place
declared
as
Bankrupts
,
and
this
in
briefe
is
the
remarkeable
custome
of
Lions
in
matters
of
Exchanges
upon
every
paiment
.
It
now
remaineth
I
should
shew
the
rules
how
the
Exchanges
Rules
of
casting
up
the
Exchanges
in
Lions
.
are
made
in
this
place
,
for
at
every
paiment
,
the
current
moneyes
of
the
place
are
found
encreasing
,
or
decreasing
being
sometimes
worth
,
from
one
paiment
to
another
2
per
cent
.
or
2
〈◊〉
more
or
lesse
,
to
understand
then
these
rules
,
I
will
first
lay
downe
some
Examples
for
the
helpe
of
those
that
are
not
well
acquainted
with
the
custome
of
this
Citie
.
Presuppose
that
a
Merchant
hath
taken
in
Banco
455
Livers
,
at
2½
per
cent
.
from
the
paiments
of
Roys
,
as
they
call
it
,
or
Kings
,
untill
the
paiment
of
Pasques
or
Easter
,
and
to
know
what
the
Exchange
may
amount
unto
,
at
the
rate
abovesaid
,
doe
this
briefly
the
〈◊〉
of
the
said
455
Lib.
is
first
to
be
taken
,
and
then
the
¼
of
the
said
tenth
,
shall
be
the
Exchange
,
forasmuch
as
the
tenth
of
an
hundred
is
ten
,
and
the
¼
of
ten
is
2½
which
is
the
Exchange
afore
.
mentioned
,
At
2½
per
Cent.
and
therefore
¼
of
the
tenth
is
to
be
taken
,
as
for
example
.
Againe
a
Debtor
oweth
unto
his
Creditor
Lib.
3141.
16.
6
d.
to
pay
at
the
rate
of
2⅔
per
cent
.
for
Exchange
,
the
which
most
facilie
At
2
〈◊〉
.
and
briefly
is
thus
performed
,
take
the
〈◊〉
of
the
said
sum
,
&
of
the
proceed
〈◊〉
and
of
the
〈◊〉
the
⅓
,
adding
the
said
fifth
to
the
⅓
.
And
thus
the
value
of
the
said
Exchange
is
found
out
,
as
here
followeth
.
The
reason
of
this
brevity
is
,
that
if
from
100
,
one
taketh
as
is
before
said
⅕
of
1/10
and
〈◊〉
of
the
said
⅕
the
product
of
the
said
〈◊〉
with
the
〈◊〉
,
gives
just
2
〈◊〉
as
is
above
specified
.
Againe
at
2
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
how
much
amounteth
the
Exchange
of
Lib.
842.
17.
6.
you
must
here
take
〈◊〉
of
a
1/10
and
a
1/10
of
the
said
adding
the
two
last
products
the
Exchange
will
appeare
,
as
Againe
a
Debtor
oweth
to
his
Creditor
lib.
1435.
17.
8d
.
to
be
paid
at
the
rate
of
2
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
for
the
Exchange
,
to
doe
this
,
take
At
2⅓
.
the
〈◊〉
part
of
the
said
sum
,
and
of
his
Product
〈◊〉
and
of
the
〈◊〉
the
〈◊〉
adding
the
said
〈◊〉
to
the
said
〈◊〉
and
the
Exchange
will
appeare
.
Againe
at
2¼
per
cent
.
what
will
the
Exchange
of
7661
lib.
17.
Sols
amount
unto
,
to
doe
which
,
the
⅕
of
〈◊〉
and
the
〈◊〉
of
the
said
〈◊〉
is
At
2
〈◊〉
.
to
be
taken
,
adding
the
⅕
and
the
〈◊〉
and
it
giveth
the
Exchange
.
Againe
,
at
3
per
Cent.
I
would
know
the
Exchange
of
7000
lib.
At
3.
per
Cent.
herein
take
¼
of
1/10
and
⅕
of
the
said
¼
,
adding
the
two
last
products
,
it
giveth
the
Exchange
:
as
example
,
Also
presuppose
,
that
a
Merchant
hath
sold
some
goods
for
the
At
2
〈◊〉
.
value
of
5312.
10.
li.
at
a
yeares
time
,
conditionally
to
have
the
allowance
of
2½
per
Cent.
for
every
payment
,
what
ought
the
Buyer
to
give
the
Seller
at
the
said
terme
?
in
this
case
consider
,
that
2½
per
Cent.
for
a
payment
,
is
10
per
Cent.
for
the
yeare
;
and
therefore
the
1/10
is
to
be
taken
,
and
to
be
added
to
the
totall
,
and
it
giveth
li.
5843.
15.
But
I
have
stayed
upon
this
point
too
long
,
and
therefore
will
omit
further
Examples
,
and
will
onely
insert
a
briefe
Method
of
these
forme
of
Exchanges
,
in
this
place
,
because
the
ingenious
may
make
it
serve
his
occasions
in
any
Countrey
,
where
Monyes
are
either
given
or
taken
at
interest
,
serving
as
compendious
Tables
,
for
casting
up
of
any
Exchange
here
,
or
of
interest
elsewhere
,
for
any
space
and
terme
of
time
whatsoever
,
and
fitly
serveth
as
a
necessarie
introduction
to
what
I
shall
here
further
insert
,
as
concerning
the
Exchanges
made
by
Lions
for
other
Countries
.
CHAP.
304.
Briefe
Rates
of
Exchanges
in
Lions
,
which
may
serve
for
the
Rates
of
Interests
in
many
other
places
.
FIrst
,
at
½
per
Cent.
take
1/10
of
a
1/10
,
and
the
½
of
the
last
〈◊〉
shall
Rates
of
Exchange
in
Lions
and
may
serve
for
rates
of
interest
in
many
other
Cities
.
be
the
rate
and
summe
of
the
Exchange
propounded
and
demanded
.
At
⅓
per
Cent.
take
a
1/10
of
a
1/10
,
and
a
〈◊〉
of
the
last
1/10
,
is
the
Exchange
.
At
⅔
per
Cent.
|
take
a
1/10
of
a
1/10
,
and
⅔
of
the
last
1/10
is
the
Exchange
.
|
At
¼
per
Cent.
|
1/10
of
a
1/10
,
and
¼
of
the
last
1/10
is
the
Exchange
.
|
At
¾
per
Cent.
|
¾
of
a
1/10
,
and
the
1/10
shall
be
the
Exchange
.
|
At
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
of
the
1/10
of
a
1/10
shall
be
the
Exchange
.
|
At
⅖
per
Cent.
|
⅖
of
the
1/10
of
a
1/10
shall
be
the
Exchange
.
|
At
1
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
of
a
1/10
shall
be
the
Exchange
.
|
At
1
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
|
1/10
of
a
1/10
and
〈◊〉
of
the
last
1/10
,
adding
the
two
last
.
|
At
1⅓
per
Cent.
|
1/10
of
a
1/10
and
〈◊〉
of
the
last
1/10
,
adding
the
⅓
and
1/10.
|
At
1⅔
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
of
a
1/10
shall
be
the
Exchange
.
|
At
1¼
per
Cent.
|
⅛
of
a
1/10
shall
be
the
Exchange
.
|
At
1
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
|
½
and
¼
of
the
1/10
of
a
1/10
shall
be
the
Exchange
.
|
At
1
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
|
1/10
of
a
1/10
and
⅜
of
the
last
1/10.
|
At
2
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
of
a
1/10
shall
be
the
Exchange
.
|
At
2
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
of
a
1/10
and
〈◊〉
of
the
said
〈◊〉
,
adding
the
〈◊〉
and
⅕
.
|
At
2
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
|
⅕
of
a
1/10
and
〈◊〉
of
the
said
〈◊〉
.
|
At
2
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
|
¼
of
a
1/10
shall
be
the
Exchange
.
|
At
2¼
per
Cent.
|
⅕
of
a
1/10
and
〈◊〉
of
the
said
½
,
adding
the
⅕
and
〈◊〉
.
|
At
2¾
per
Cent.
|
¼
of
a
1/10
and
the
1/10
of
the
said
¼
.
|
At
3
per
Cent.
|
¼
of
a
1/10
and
⅕
of
the
said
¼
,
adding
the
¼
and
〈◊〉
.
|
At
3
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
of
a
1/10.
|
At
3
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
|
¼
of
a
1/10
and
〈◊〉
of
the
said
〈◊〉
,
adding
the
¼
and
〈◊〉
.
|
At
3¾
per
Cent.
|
¼
of
a
〈◊〉
and
½
of
the
said
¼
,
adding
the
¼
and
〈◊〉
.
|
At
4
per
Cent.
|
⅕
of
a
〈◊〉
.
|
At
4
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
|
¼
and
⅕
of
|
At
5
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
of
a
1/10.
|
At
5½
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
of
a
1/10
and
1/10
of
the
said
〈◊〉
,
adding
the
〈◊〉
and
〈◊〉
.
|
At
6
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
of
a
1/10
,
and
⅕
of
the
said
〈◊〉
shall
be
the
Exchange
.
|
At
6¼
per
Cent.
|
1/10
of
a
¼
of
a
¼
shall
be
the
Exchange
.
|
At
6⅔
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
or
a
〈◊〉
of
one
〈◊〉
.
|
At
7⅕
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
of
1/10
and
½
of
the
said
½
.
|
At
8⅓
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
.
|
At
10
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
.
|
At
12½
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
.
|
At
15
per
Cent.
|
1/10
and
½
of
the
said
1/10
,
adding
the
whole
.
|
At
16⅔
per
Cent.
|
〈◊〉
.
|
At
17½
per
Cent.
|
1/10
and
twice
the
〈◊〉
the
one
of
the
other
of
the
said
1/10.
|
At
20
per
Cent.
|
⅕
.
|
At
22½
per
Cent.
|
⅕
and
of
〈◊〉
of
the
said
⅕
adding
giveth
the
Exchange
.
|
At
25
per
Cent.
|
take
the
¼
.
|
The
reason
why
I
have
beene
induced
to
set
downe
the
briefe
The
reason
and
benefi●…
of
these
rules
,
as
well
in
Lions
as
else
where
.
method
of
calculating
the
Exchanges
here
is
,
that
as
it
is
to
be
understood
that
the
rate
of
the
Exchange
at
the
payment
is
regulalated
for
the
next
ensuing
payment
from
that
day
,
so
must
it
also
be
understood
that
the
neerer
the
time
is
,
to
the
day
of
the
next
paiment
ensuing
,
the
lesser
consequently
is
the
rate
of
the
Exchange
,
for
that
paiment
to
be
accounted
,
and
because
in
many
contracts
that
are
made
there
in
private
bargaines
,
between
merchant
and
merchant
,
it
is
oftentimes
found
that
the
time
of
payment
prefixed
by
agreement
is
sometimes
2
,
3
,
or
4
,
or
more
Fairs
or
payments
to
come
and
succeed
,
and
thereto
is
oftentimes
to
be
considered
the
remaining
time
running
to
the
first
payment
ensuing
,
therefore
in
this
case
,
I
have
for
the
easier
and
better
reckoning
of
him
that
sels
a
commodity
,
and
of
him
that
doth
buy
the
same
,
set
downe
the
easiest
and
briefest
way
how
to
make
his
account
of
the
time
to
runne
,
which
here
I
have
set
downe
to
the
common
terme
of
10
payments
,
which
at
2
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
makes
25
per
cent
.
CHAP.
305.
Examples
of
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
,
with
the
profit
of
the
profits
thereof
.
THe
declaration
of
these
rules
is
best
demonstrated
by
examples
,
which
here
following
my
intended
Example
of
Exchange
,
with
the
profit
of
the
profit
therof
,
in
the
nature
of
intererest
upon
interest
.
method
,
for
the
better
understanding
thereof
,
I
here
purpose
to
insert
,
the
question
being
:
That
if
a
Creditor
receiveth
not
each
payment
,
the
Exchange
that
is
due
to
him
,
the
Debitor
〈◊〉
●…o
●…ke
him
good
the
same
,
as
if
it
were
the
principall
,
for
Example
.
I
would
know
what
shall
Lib.
1560
,
15
Sol.
give
for
profit
at
the
rate
of
two
½
per
cent
.
for
three
paiments
,
valuing
the
said
Exchange
,
with
the
principall
at
the
price
abovenamed
.
First
it
is
to
bee
noted
,
that
if
by
the
rules
above
mentioned
,
the
profits
of
the
said
summe
at
2½
per
cent
.
for
one
paiment
coms
to
Lib.
39.
0.
4.
d.
that
some
is
to
be
added
to
the
principall
,
and
then
it
doth
amount
unto
Lib.
1599.
15.
s.
4.
d.
out
of
which
must
be
drawne
the
Exchange
of
the
second
paiment
,
and
adde
that
likewise
to
the
principall
,
and
out
of
that
,
the
Exchange
,
of
the
third
,
and
adding
that
in
the
same
manner
,
and
it
giveth
1680-15
.
as
by
example
following
doth
appeare
.
And
in
this
manner
the
account
of
the
profits
of
the
Exchange
,
of
Lions
may
be
made
for
any
time
whatsoever
,
and
forasmuch
as
the
rate
of
the
Exchange
,
for
a
paiment
in
a
continued
summe
,
may
alter
,
therefore
I
will
lay
downe
one
Example
more
,
which
Posito
may
be
7450
put
out
by
the
Exchange
of
Lions
for
a
yeere
,
or
4
payments
:
The
first
payment
falling
to
be
at
2¼
,
the
second
at
2⅓
,
the
third
at
2
〈◊〉
and
the
fourth
paiment
at
2
〈◊〉
,
which
accordingly
cast
up
,
and
continued
with
the
profit
of
the
profit
added
to
the
principall
,
it
will
amount
to
8203
lib.
6.
6
d.
as
following
,
shall
appeare
by
the
example
.
Now
forasmuch
as
these
Rules
have
affinity
with
the
interest
used
Interest
paid
.
upon
rebate
in
many
countreyes
,
continued
by
the
yeere
from
one
to
another
,
called
by
us
,
interest
upon
interest
,
it
will
be
needlesse
further
to
insist
thereupon
,
and
therefore
before
I
proceed
to
the
Exchange
of
Lions
,
I
must
not
omit
to
shew
one
particular
circumstance
much
in
use
upon
this
place
,
which
is
the
account
of
discounting
,
which
falles
out
in
many
occasions
,
but
principally
when
a
Merchant
doth
here
sell
his
commodities
at
4
,
6
,
or
10
payments
time
,
and
that
he
would
pay
the
same
at
any
payment
,
before
the
prefixed
time
,
at
a
covenanted
rate
,
an
example
or
two
in
this
kind
I
will
also
shew
,
serving
for
other
countries
also
,
where
the
like
manner
of
discounting
is
used
,
with
a
briefe
manner
,
how
the
same
is
easily
cast
up
,
contrary
to
the
method
of
many
of
our
common
arithmeticians
.
CHAP.
306.
Of
the
Account
of
Discounts
or
rebates
,
and
the
manner
thereof
,
used
as
well
in
Lions
,
as
in
many
other
places
of
trade
.
AMerchant
selleth
a
commodity
for
Lib.
3709
,
1259
paiable
at
a
yeere
,
to
discount
at
pleasure
at
2
per
Accounts
of
discounts
or
rebates
in
Lions
,
and
elsewhere
.
Cent.
for
a
paiment
,
or
Faire
,
now
if
the
buyer
pay
the
same
content
,
or
in
ready
money
,
how
much
ought
the
seller
to
rebate
him
for
discounte
for
the
4
paiments
or
faires
at
the
said
price
?
To
doe
this
succinctly
and
briefly
,
I
first
draw
the
discounte
of
the
said
Lib.
3709
,
12
,
9
at
108
per
cent
.
and
then
multiplie
the
said
summe
by
2
,
and
of
the
product
take
⅓
of
a
1/9
or
more
facilie
,
3
thirds
,
the
one
of
the
other
,
the
last
whereof
,
shall
bee
the
discount
of
the
said
parcell
,
and
so
much
must
the
seller
rebate
to
the
buyer
,
the
which
discount
deducted
from
3709.
12
,
d.
6.
there
resteth
3434
Lib.
17
,
0
d.
which
the
buyer
ought
to
pay
in
ready
money
,
the
which
for
better
declaration
,
I
will
lay
downe
by
example
,
with
the
proofe
of
the
rule
,
for
the
triall
of
the
certainty
thereof
.
Now
the
reason
why
out
of
108
per
Cent.
there
must
three
thirds
Example
proved
.
be
taken
one
out
of
the
other
,
is
,
because
that
8
(
which
is
the
discounte
or
Rebate
)
is
contained
13½
times
in
108
,
the
which
13½
doubled
,
are
27
,
and
therefore
must
be
divided
by
27
,
or
for
the
briefer
and
readier
way
,
take
⅓
of
a
〈◊〉
or
three
thirds
one
out
of
the
other
,
and
therefore
to
make
the
proofe
,
take
1/10
of
the
said
3434.
17
0.
and
in
drawing
⅕
of
the
said
〈◊〉
,
the
rest
giveth
274.
15
,
9
,
Lib.
which
declareth
that
the
rule
is
well
and
rightly
made
.
Because
that
in
this
manner
of
discounting
,
or
as
we
terme
it
,
of
Rebating
,
the
time
and
price
is
found
diversly
to
alter
,
I
will
set
downe
a
briefe
table
for
the
casting
up
of
any
summe
,
for
any
Faire
or
payment
,
and
an
example
or
two
for
the
understanding
thereof
,
thereby
the
better
to
come
to
the
maine
and
principall
point
of
our
account
of
Exchanges
.
CHAP.
307.
The
Table
of
casting
the
Accounts
of
discounts
,
or
Rebatements
.
-
IMprimis
,
At
101
per
cent
,
divide
by
101.
-
At
101¼
per
cent
.
divide
by
81
,
or
take
〈◊〉
●…f
a
1/9
A
table
for
casting
up
all
accounts
of
discounts
or
rebatements
.
-
At
102
per
cent
.
divide
by
51.
-
At
102
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
divide
by
41.
-
At
102
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
for
38
〈◊〉
divide
by
77
,
or
take
1/7
of
one
1/10
-
At
104
per
cent
.
divide
by
26
,
or
take
½
of
a
1/13.
-
At
105
per
cent
.
divide
by
21
,
or
take
½
of
a
1/7.
-
At
106
per
cent
.
for
17
〈◊〉
divide
by
53.
-
At
106¼
per
cent
.
divide
by
17.
-
At
107½
per
cent
.
for
14⅓
divide
by
43.
-
At
108
per
cent
.
for
13
〈◊〉
divide
by
27
or
take
〈◊〉
of
a
〈◊〉
.
-
At
108
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
divide
by
13.
-
At
100
per
cent
.
divide
by
11
,
or
take
〈◊〉
.
-
At
112
per
cent
.
for
9
〈◊〉
divide
by
28
,
or
take
¼
of
one
1/7.
-
At
112
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
divide
by
9
or
take
〈◊〉
-
At
113
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
for
8
〈◊〉
divide
by
17.
-
At
114
per
cent
.
for
8
〈◊〉
divide
by
57.
-
At
115
per
cent
.
for
7
〈◊〉
divide
by
23.
-
At
116
per
cent
.
for
7¼
divide
by
29.
-
At
116⅔
per
cent
.
divide
by
7
,
or
take
1/7.
-
At
117½
per
cent
.
for
6
5/7
divide
by
47.
-
At
118
per
cent
.
for
6
5/9
divide
by
59.
-
At
120
per
cent
.
divide
by
6
or
take
⅙
.
-
At
122½
per
cent
.
for
5
4/9
divide
by
49.
or
take
a
1/7
of
a
1/7.
-
At
125
per
cent
.
divide
by
5
or
take
⅕
.
For
the
better
understanding
of
the
precedent
Table
,
note
that
for
Example
,
to
take
the
discount
at
122½
,
I
divide
the
22
〈◊〉
,
in
2
,
Example
of
discounting
or
Rebate
.
which
make
45
,
and
the
like
of
the
100
,
making
200
,
which
divided
by
45
,
the
product
giveth
4
4/9
,
and
so
many
times
22½
are
contained
in
100
,
and
because
that
the
discount
or
Rebate
is
alwayes
upon
the
100
,
one
more
is
to
be
added
thereto
,
which
makes
5
4/9
,
so
that
the
said
22½
are
contained
5
4/9
in
122½
,
and
therfore
it
must
be
divided
by
4
4/9
,
the
which
to
do
,
it
is
needfull
,
that
all
the
same
be
put
into
ninthes
,
multiplying
by
9
,
as
well
the
summe
out
of
which
the
discount
is
to
be
made
,
as
the
said
5
4/9
,
amounting
to
49
for
Divisor
,
and
for
to
divide
by
49
,
as
the
briefest
and
shortest
way
,
take
the
1/7
of
a
〈◊〉
,
because
that
7
times
7
,
makes
49.
Againe
to
draw
the
discount
at
105
per
cent
.
I
divide
100
by
5
,
taking
⅕
which
is
20
,
to
the
which
number
,
I
alwayes
adde
one
Another
Example
of
discounting
at
105.
for
the
reason
beforementioned
,
making
thereby
21
for
divisor
,
and
for
to
divide
by
21
,
you
must
take
⅓
of
the
summe
,
which
the
discount
is
to
be
made
of
,
and
the
1/7
of
the
said
⅓
shall
be
the
discount
.
Againe
,
for
to
make
the
discount
at
107
〈◊〉
I
double
7½
in
two
parts
,
which
making
15
,
and
so
of
the
100
,
making
200
,
which
Another
Example
at
107½
.
I
divide
by
15
,
taking
⅕
of
⅕
,
his
product
giving
13⅓
,
to
which
I
adde
1
,
making
thereby
14
〈◊〉
,
and
so
many
times
7½
are
contained
in
107½
,
and
therefore
you
must
divide
the
summe
,
of
the
which
the
discount
must
be
made
,
by
14⅓
,
and
thus
doe
in
al
other
summes
and
parcels
.
CHAP.
CCCVIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Rome
.
I
Have
declared
before
in
the
generall
chapter
of
the
Exchanges
Exchanges
of
Lions
w●…th
Rome
.
of
Lions
,
how
many
Cities
Lions
is
found
to
Exchange
with
,
and
there
also
shewed
the
common
rates
how
the
same
doth
governe
,
which
notwithstanding
is
found
at
every
Faire
,
and
paiment
,
to
alter
,
yet
it
standeth
the
Merchant
so
farre
in
stead
,
that
thereby
he
is
able
to
make
the
account
,
both
of
his
draughts
and
remittances
,
though
otherwise
altering
from
their
noted
prices
,
which
is
the
thing
now
resteth
to
be
handled
,
that
it
may
be
discerned
,
how
the
Exchange
at
Lions
is
cast
up
with
any
other
place
whatsoever
,
and
there
likewise
it
is
observed
,
how
the
Merchants
Exchangers
doe
keepe
their
accounts
,
which
for
the
most
part
is
in
Livers
,
Tournois
,
Sols
and
Deniers
,
12
Deniers
making
a
Sol
,
and
Accounts
kept
in
Lions
.
20
Sols
a
Liver
,
and
yet
some
there
be
,
that
keep
their
accounts
in
Crownes
of
Exchange
,
called
Crownes
of
the
Sun
,
and
is
as
the
L●…
ver
distinguished
into
Sols
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
accounted
by
12
and
20
as
the
former
,
this
Crowne
being
accounted
worth
3
Livers
,
upon
which
the
Exchange
of
the
place
is
made
and
marked
with
Crownes
,
Livers
,
Sols
and
Deniers
;
the
question
then
upon
the
Exchange
of
Lions
with
Rome
is
thus
,
100
Crownes
of
Gold
of
3
lib.
is
given
in
Lions
,
to
have
in
Rome
85
Crowne
.
of
Gold
,
Estampe
or
de
Camera
,
more
or
lesse
,
as
the
Exchange
passeth
,
I
demand
for
Cro.
4520
1●…
6d
.
of
Gold
of
the
Sunne
,
how
many
Crownes
of
Estampe
shall
Lions
have
at
Rome
,
to
know
which
,
you
must
multiplie
the
said
Crownes
of
the
Sun
,
by
85
,
and
from
the
Product
cut
the
two
last
figures
,
the
which
you
must
multiplie
by
20
,
to
make
them
Sols
,
and
then
by
12
to
make
them
Deniers
,
which
will
come
to
be
3842.
10.
7
of
Gold
of
Estampe
which
Lions
ought
to
have
in
Rome
for
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
Gold
,
which
this
calculation
following
maketh
more
apparent
.
Example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
will
appeare
in
the
same
question
Proofe
.
propounded
,
where
Rome
Exchangeth
at
the
same
termes
with
Lions
.
CHAP.
CCCIX
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Florence
.
LIons
Exchangeth
with
Florence
,
and
giveth
100
Crowns
to
have
in
the
said
place
95¾
Crownes
of
Gold
more
or
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Florence
.
lesse
,
I
demand
for
Crownes
1324.
15-0
.
of
Gold
of
the
Sunne
,
how
many
Crownes
of
Gold
I
shall
have
in
Florence
,
to
know
which
,
I
multiply
the
said
Crownes
of
Gold
by
95¾
in
cutting
the
two
last
figures
of
the
Product
,
as
I
did
in
the
precedent
account
,
the
which
are
to
be
multiplied
by
20
and
12
,
to
make
the
fame
Sols
and
Deniers
,
and
I
find
I
must
have
in
Florence
,
Crowns
1268
8-11
of
Gold
,
for
the
said
Crownes
of
the
Sun
Example
.
Facit
Crownes
1268-8-11
which
shall
appeare
,
when
Florence
Exchangeth
with
Lions
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCX
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Lions
with
Lucca
.
LIons
Exchangeth
with
Lucca
,
and
taketh
Crowns
100
to
pay
in
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Lucca
.
Lucca
,
posito
103⅙
of
Livers
7½
the
Crowne
:
I
demand
for
Cro.
1234-5-6
.
of
Gold
of
Sun
,
how
much
must
I
pay
in
the
said
City
of
Lucca
,
to
know
which
,
I
multiply
the
said
sum
of
Crownes
of
the
Sun
by
Cro.
103⅙
and
from
its
Product
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
the
which
I
multiplie
by
20
to
come
to
Sols
,
and
then
by
12
to
come
to
Deniers
,
and
it
wil
make
Crownes
1273-7-2
,
which
I
must
pay
in
the
said
place
of
Lucca
:
Example
.
Note
that
if
in
Lions
it
be
paid
in
money
,
there
is
one
per
cent
.
given
more
,
so
that
receiving
in
the
said
place
of
Lucca
,
the
said
P●…at
made
in
Money
.
Crownes
1273-7-2
in
money
of
the
said
place
,
the
Debtor
shall
be
bound
to
pay
more
Crownes
12.
14.
8
,
which
is
in
all
Crownes
1286-1-10
,
as
for
Example
thus
cast
up
:
The
proofe
of
the
said
Exchange
,
you
shall
find
in
the
account
when
Lucca
doth
Exchange
with
Lions
,
made
by
the
rule
of
three
,
saying
,
if
Crownes
103
〈◊〉
give
100
,
how
many
shall
the
abovesaid
1273-7-2
d.
give
,
which
will
be
Crownes
1234-5-6
.
of
Gold
of
the
Sunne
.
CHAP.
CCCXI.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Naples
.
LIons
exchangeth
with
Naples
,
and
giveth
crownes
100
of
the
Sun
to
have
in
that
place
Duc.
127½
more
or
lesse
of
Taries
,
5
per
●…changes
of
Lions
with
Naples
.
Duccat
,
I
would
know
for
crow
.
2584.
9.
6.
of
Gold
of
the
Sun
,
how
much
Lions
shall
have
credit
for
in
Naples
:
the
which
to
doe
,
you
must
multiply
the
said
summe
of
crownes
by
the
said
127
〈◊〉
Duc.
cutting
the
two
last
figures
of
the
Product
,
the
which
must
be
multiplied
by
5
,
to
make
them
Taries
,
and
then
by
20
,
to
make
them
Graines
,
because
that
the
Duccat
is
worth
5
Taries
,
and
the
Tarie
20
Graines
,
so
that
it
will
give
in
Naples
,
Duc.
3295
,
Tarie
1.
The
proofe
of
the
said
rule
shall
appeare
in
the
Exchange
of
Proofe
.
Naples
backe
with
Lions
.
CHAP.
CCCXII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Palermo
or
Mesina
.
LIons
exchangeth
for
Palermo
or
Mesina
,
and
giveth
1
Crowne
of
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Palermo
and
Mesina
.
Gold
of
the
Sunne
,
to
have
in
the
said
place
posito
38
Carlins
.
I
would
know
,
for
Crownes
4692.
11.
3.
of
the
Sun
,
how
many
Ounces
shall
Lions
have
credit
in
Palermo
or
Mesina
,
first
multiplie
the
said
Cro.
of
the
Sun
by
the
said
28
Carlins
,
the
value
of
the
Crowne
,
and
taking
the
rest
of
the
multiplication
for
parts
of
10
,
because
the
Carlin
is
worth
10
Grains
,
and
the
proceed
shall
be
Carlins
and
Grains
,
to
make
the
which
Ounces
,
you
must
take
▪
in
cutting
the
last
figure
,
because
that
60
Carlins
makes
an
Ounce
,
and
of
that
which
resteth
cut
of
,
adde
with
the
last
figure
,
you
must
take
½
to
make
Taries
,
one
whereof
being
2
Carlins
,
and
30
worth
one
Ounce
,
and
if
you
find
a
rest
of
the
said
Taries
,
you
must
take
½
which
is
10
Graines
,
because
that
one
Tarie
is
worth
10
Grains
,
and
½
of
20
which
is
10
,
to
the
which
must
bee
added
the
resting
Grains
,
if
any
bee
,
so
that
the
said
summe
of
Carlins
will
make
Ounces
2189
Tar.
25
,
Gra.
17
,
and
so
many
Ounces
will
Palermo
or
Mesina
give
,
and
over
and
above
the
said
summe
of
Ounces
,
one
Carlin
per
Ounce
is
given
for
to
make
it
good
money
,
and
to
adde
the
said
Carlin
per
Ounce
in
the
shortest
way
,
it
is
to
bee
considered
that
for
the
said
Ounces
2189
is
given
the
same
summe
of
Carlines
for
the
Laggio
of
the
moneyes
as
they
terme
it
,
which
reduced
into
Ounces
,
cutting
the
last
figure
,
and
taking
⅙
of
the
rest
,
as
hath
been
said
before
,
will
give
Ounces
36
,
resting
two
tens
of
Carlins
,
which
is
twenty
,
to
which
must
be
added
the
last
figure
cut
off
,
and
it
will
be
29
Carlins
,
which
is
14
Taries
,
and
there
will
rest
1
Carlin
,
which
is
10
Grains
,
to
which
must
bee
added
8
Grains
,
for
25
Taries
which
are
with
the
Ounces
,
seeing
that
for
3
Taries
commeth
one
Graine
,
for
Lagio
of
the
said
money
,
and
they
will
be
Ounces
2226-10
.
15
,
and
so
much
will
the
Credit
of
Lions
be
in
Palermo
,
and
because
that
the
said
Carlin
per
Ounce
comes
to
1⅔
per
cent
.
the
account
may
be
made
in
taking
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
of
the
said
su●…me
of
Ounces
,
and
it
will
make
the
same
sum
r
;
as
Example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
shall
appeare
in
the
Exchange
of
P●…eofe
.
Palermo
and
Mesina
backe
to
Lions
.
CHAP.
CCCXIII.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Genoa
.
LIons
exchangeth
with
Genoa
and
giveth
one
Crowne
of
the
Sun
,
to
have
in
that
place
,
posito
of
mony
in
Gold
59
s.
9
d.
I
demand
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Genoa
.
for
Cro.
9432.
9
of
the
Sun
,
how
much
credit
shall
Lions
have
in
Genoa
in
current
money
,
to
doe
which
,
first
multiply
the
said
Crowne
of
the
Sun
by
Sol.
59.
9
d.
and
it
maketh
Sol.
563588.
10
d.
which
reduced
into
Livers
,
makes
Lib.
28179.
8.
10
Money
of
Gold
,
which
divided
by
68
Sol
,
which
is
the
price
of
a
Crowne
of
Gold
in
money
of
Gold
,
and
that
which
resteth
of
the
division
,
you
must
multiplie
by
20
,
to
make
them
Sols
of
Gold
,
and
then
by
12
to
make
them
Deniers
,
and
they
will
be
Crownes
8288.
1.
5
of
Gold
,
the
which
multiply
by
4½
which
is
the
price
at
present
of
the
Crowne
of
Gold
in
current
money
,
and
of
its
product
will
come
Lib.
37296.
6.
4
of
money
current
,
and
so
much
Credit
shall
Lions
have
in
Genoa
,
for
the
said
Crowne
9432.
9
of
the
Sunne
,
and
you
must
note
,
that
the
Livers
of
the
money
of
Gold
cannot
be
reduced
into
current
money
,
unlesse
first
it
be
reduced
to
Crownes
of
Exchange
.
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
is
seene
,
when
that
Genoa
doth
exchange
Proofe
.
for
Lions
.
CHAP.
CCCXIIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Millan
.
LIons
exchangeth
with
Millan
,
and
giveth
a
Crowne
of
the
Sunne
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Millan
:
to
have
in
Millan
posito
118⅓s
,
I
would
know
how
many
Livers
makes
Crownes
1564.
15.
6.
of
Gold
of
the
Sunne
in
Milan
:
To
doe
which
,
you
must
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
by
5
Li.
18.
4.
which
are
the
Sols
118⅓
,
beginning
to
multiply
the
Li.
5
by
the
6
Den.
and
then
by
the
15
which
are
with
the
Crowne
of
the
Sunne
,
the
proceed
of
the
multiplication
shal
be
Li.
9258.
5.
which
shall
be
had
in
Millan
for
the
said
Cro.
of
the
Sunne
:
as
for
example
,
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
shall
be
manifest
in
the
Example
Proofe
.
of
Millan
with
Lions
.
CHAP.
CCCXV.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Lions
with
Venetia
.
LIons
exchangeth
with
Venice
,
and
giveth
100
Crownes
of
Gold
,
Exchange
of
Lions
with
Venetia
.
to
have
there
Duccats
posito
119⅔
of
Livers
6
〈◊〉
per
Duccat
;
I
demand
,
for
Crownes
3549.
10.
of
the
Sunne
,
how
much
credit
shall
Lions
have
in
Venice
:
to
know
which
,
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
by
the
said
119⅔
Duccats
,
and
the
remainder
produced
by
the
said
multiplication
,
shall
be
divided
by
24
,
because
that
the
Duccat
is
worth
24
Grosse
,
and
out
of
that
product
cut
the
two
last
figures
,
the
which
being
multiplyed
by
24
,
to
make
them
Grosses
,
they
will
make
Duccats
4238
1/12
,
which
Lions
shall
have
Credit
in
Venice
for
the
said
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
:
as
Example
.
Facit
4238
Duccat
.
2
Grosse
.
And
the
proofe
of
this
account
shall
be
manifested
by
Example
,
in
the
Exchanges
of
Venetia
back
Proofe
.
for
Lions
.
CHAP.
CCCXVI.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Lions
with
Bolonia
.
LIons
exchangeth
with
Bolonia
,
and
giveth
100
Crownes
of
the
Sun
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Bolonia
.
to
have
in
Bolonia
Crow
.
113
of
Livers
4¾
per
Crowne
;
I
demand
then
,
for
Crow
.
3879.
13.
4.
of
the
Sun
,
how
much
credit
shall
Lions
have
in
Bolonia
:
to
doe
which
,
multiply
the
said
Crownes
of
the
Sun
by
113
,
and
from
the
product
cut
the
two
last
figures
,
then
multiply
them
by
20.
and
12.
to
make
them
Sols
and
Deniers
,
and
it
will
come
to
Crow
.
4282.
6.
5.
in
Bolonia
,
the
which
you
must
bring
into
Livers
,
by
multiplying
them
by
Li.
4.
15.
which
is
the
value
of
the
Crowne
in
Bolonia
,
and
they
make
Li.
20341.
0.
5.
which
Lions
shall
have
credit
for
in
Bolonia
.
The
proofe
hereof
serveth
to
know
how
to
make
the
account
,
when
Bolonia
exchangeth
for
Lions
,
and
is
done
by
the
rule
of
3.
saying
,
if
Cro.
113
give
100
Crowns
,
how
many
shall
4282
Cro.
6.
5
d.
give
?
CHAP.
CCCXVII
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Lions
with
Placentia
.
LIons
exchangeth
with
Placentia
,
and
giveth
119⅔
posito
Crownes
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Placentia
.
of
the
Sunne
,
to
have
in
Placentia
Crownes
100
of
Marc.
I
demand
,
for
Crownes
3489.
15.
of
Gold
of
the
Sunne
,
how
many
Crownes
shall
be
due
to
me
in
Placentia
:
to
find
which
,
I
say
by
the
rule
of
Three
,
if
Crow
.
119
〈◊〉
give
100
Crow
.
of
Marc.
how
many
will
Crow
.
3489.
15.
give
?
the
product
of
which
rule
,
giveth
Crow
.
2916.
4.
6
d.
of
Marc.
and
so
much
shall
be
due
to
me
in
the
said
place
of
Placentia
,
for
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
:
for
example
,
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
seene
,
when
that
Placentia
shall
exchange
with
Lions
.
CHAP.
CCCXVIII
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Lions
with
Antuerpe
.
LIons
exchangeth
with
Antuerpe
,
and
giveth
one
Crowne
of
the
●…nges
of
〈◊〉
with
●…rpe
.
Sunne
to
have
in
Antuerpe
posito
121
〈◊〉
Grosse
;
I
demand
then
,
how
many
Livers
of
Grosses
I
shall
have
there
,
for
Cro.
6895.
11.
3.
To
doe
which
,
I
multiply
the
said
summe
by
the
said
121
〈◊〉
Grosse
,
and
it
giveth
Grosses
836661
,
out
of
which
take
〈◊〉
,
to
make
them
Sols
,
and
they
make
Sols
69721.
9.
which
to
make
into
Livers
,
you
must
cut
the
two
last
figures
,
&
take
the
½
of
the
others
,
and
it
will
come
to
li.
3486.
1.
9.
of
Grosses
,
which
I
should
have
in
the
said
place
of
Antuerpe
,
for
the
above-mentioned
summe
of
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
:
as
by
Example
,
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
will
appeare
,
when
that
Antuerpe
exchangeth
with
Lions
:
and
therein
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
in
the
meaner
of
the
Exchange
that
Lions
maketh
with
Antuerpe
,
the
calculation
will
serve
in
the
same
manner
with
Colonia
;
because
the
same
Monyes
are
used
in
Exchanges
in
the
said
Citie
of
Colonia
as
in
Antuerpe
,
and
the
same
also
is
in
use
in
Amsterdam
,
and
throughout
the
Netherlands
.
CHAP.
CCCXIX.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Lions
with
London
.
LIons
exchangeth
with
London
,
and
giveth
a
Crowne
of
the
Sunne
E●…changes
〈◊〉
Lions
with
London
.
to
have
in
London
posito
Pence
sterling
58
;
I
then
demand
,
for
Crownes
7693.
10.
0
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
,
how
many
Livers
of
Pounds
sterling
shall
I
have
in
London
,
working
the
same
as
the
precedent
rule
,
and
account
from
Lions
to
Antuerpe
,
and
it
will
make
sterling
Pounds
1859.
5.
3
d.
And
so
much
credit
shall
the
same
give
me
in
London
,
as
shall
appeare
by
Example
following
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
shall
appeare
,
when
I
come
to
the
Proofe
.
〈◊〉
Exchanges
of
London
with
this
place
of
Lions
.
Here
also
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
the
account
is
calculated
in
the
same
manner
,
when
either
Paris
,
Roven
,
or
any
other
part
of
Paris
,
Roven
.
France
doth
exchange
for
the
Citie
of
London
,
or
for
any
other
Citie
in
England
.
CHAP.
CCCXX
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Lions
with
Francfort
.
LIons
exchangeth
for
Francfort
,
and
giveth
a
Crowne
of
the
Sunne
to
have
in
the
said
place
Quarentines
posito
95¾
;
I
demand
,
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Francfort
.
for
1500
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
,
how
many
Florins
shall
Lions
have
in
Francfort
:
to
doe
which
,
multiply
the
said
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
by
95¾
,
and
it
maketh
Quarentines
143625
;
to
reduce
which
into
Florins
,
you
must
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
and
then
take
〈◊〉
of
the
others
,
or
else
divide
them
by
60
,
because
that
60
Quarentines
make
a
Florin
,
and
it
giveth
Florins
2393
,
and
4
over-plus
,
which
is
to
be
understood
for
40
,
and
with
the
figure
cut
off
,
makes
45
,
of
which
,
〈◊〉
is
to
be
taken
to
make
Sols
,
because
that
3
Quarentines
is
a
Sol
,
and
then
it
makes
Flor.
2393.
Sol.
15.
which
Lions
ought
to
have
credit
for
in
Francfort
.
Example
.
Desiring
for
proofe
of
the
said
account
,
to
exchange
from
Francfort
to
Eions
,
the
said
Flor.
2393.
15.
at
Quarent
.
95¾
per
Crowne
,
Proofe
.
I
first
put
the
said
Florins
into
Quarentines
,
multiplying
them
by
60
,
and
they
will
be
Quarentines
143625
,
which
divided
by
95¼
,
makes
just
Crow
.
1500
of
the
Sunne
,
as
abovesaid
.
Note
also
,
that
in
Francfort
is
onely
accounted
two
Faires
;
the
first
,
in
Mid-Lent
;
and
the
other
,
in
Mid-September
;
and
if
the
remittance
be
out
of
the
Faire
,
you
may
stay
for
the
said
Faire
,
and
the
Money
must
stay
halfe
a
yeare
,
which
is
here
two
Faires
,
in
satisfaction
whereof
,
is
sometimes
made
good
6
,
sometimes
7
per
Cent.
as
Merchants
can
agree
,
more
or
lesse
.
Note
also
,
that
when
Lions
is
found
to
exchange
with
Norimberg
,
the
account
thereof
is
made
as
above
is
said
,
with
Francfort
.
CHAP.
CCCXXI.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Lions
with
Sivil
.
LIons
exchangeth
with
Sivil
,
and
giveth
crownes
1
of
the
Sun
,
to
have
in
the
said
place
posito
396
Marvedes
:
I
demand
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Sivil
.
then
,
what
credit
I
shall
have
in
Sivill
,
for
Crownes
6792-16-6
d.
delivered
in
Lions
,
at
the
said
price
:
to
doe
which
multiplie
the
said
Crownes
by
396
,
and
they
will
make
Marvedes
2689958
,
to
which
must
be
added
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
for
the
Lagio
of
the
money
,
which
is
5
per
1000
,
and
then
they
will
make
,
Marved
.
2703407
,
and
so
much
shall
Lions
have
credit
in
Sivill
,
as
Example
.
Note
that
when
Lions
doth
Exchange
with
Alcala
,
the
account
is
made
as
the
precedent
with
Sivil
,
and
that
the
proof
of
the
said
Alcala
.
calculation
is
found
true
by
the
Exchange
of
Sivill
,
or
Alcala
with
Lions
.
CHAP.
CCCXXII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Lixborne
.
LIons
exchangeth
with
Lixborne
and
giveth
1
Cro.
of
the
Sun
,
to
have
there
posito
528
Rais
,
I
demand
then
for
Cr.
7893.
4.
6.
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Lixborne
.
of
the
Sun
,
how
many
Res
Lions
shall
have
credit
in
the
said
place
of
Lixborne
,
and
to
know
which
Imultiplie
the
said
Cro.
by
528
,
and
find
that
it
giveth
in
Raes
4167622
,
which
Lions
shall
have
credit
in
Lixborne
,
as
for
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
manifested
,
when
that
Lixborne
shal
exchange
with
Lions
.
CHAP.
CCCXXIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Barselona
.
LIons
exchangeth
with
Barselona
and
giveth
one
Crowne
of
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
Barselona
.
Sun
,
to
have
in
the
said
place
posito
22-8
-
Sols
:
I
demand
for
7822.
12.
6.
Cro.
of
the
Sun
,
which
Lions
doth
remit
to
Barselona
,
how
many
Livers
shall
I
have
,
to
doe
which
,
you
must
multiply
the
above
said
summe
of
Crownes
,
by
lib.
1.
2.
8.
which
is
22-8
d.
beginning
to
multiplie
by
the
Deniers
,
and
then
by
the
Sols
,
which
are
annexed
to
the
Crownes
,
and
the
summe
will
come
to
8865-12-10
,
which
you
shall
have
in
Barselona
for
the
said
summe
of
crownes
of
the
Sun.
Example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
will
appeare
,
when
Barselona
exchangeth
backe
with
Lions
.
It
will
not
be
needfull
I
should
propound
here
any
Examples
,
when
Lions
Exchangeth
with
Valentia
and
Saragosa
,
seeing
that
the
●…tia
and
●…gosa
.
account
is
the
same
as
with
Barselona
above
said
,
and
this
is
as
much
as
I
conceive
requisite
concerning
the
Exchanges
of
Lions
with
other
places
,
to
which
I
could
adde
sundry
Remittances
and
Draughts
in
Exchange
hence
made
to
other
places
,
with
other
such
circumstances
,
but
here
being
already
matter
enough
set
down
,
to
exercise
the
pen
and
head
of
the
ingenious
,
and
of
him
that
will
study
the
Art
and
the
Mystery
of
the
Exchanges
of
this
place
,
I
will
onely
adde
a
word
of
the
Orders
and
Commissions
,
given
and
received
here
in
Exchanges
,
and
an
Example
for
explanation
thereof
,
and
leave
the
rest
to
the
consideration
of
the
studious
.
CHAP.
CCCXXIIII
.
Of
Orders
and
Commissions
given
and
received
for
Draughts
and
Remittances
by
Exchanges
in
Lions
.
BEfore
I
enter
this
vast
subject
of
Orders
and
Commissions
,
Of
Orders
and
Commissions
given
and
received
for
Draughts
and
Remittances
in
Lions
.
I
will
briefly
shew
,
how
the
accounts
of
these
Orders
and
Commissions
are
made
,
being
onely
●…iven
,
by
the
expert
and
subtle
heads
of
Bankers
and
Exchangers
,
conversant
in
the
course
of
Exchanging
,
which
sorts
of
Commission
or
Orders
,
are
wrought
partly
by
the
Rule
of
Three
Direct
,
and
partly
by
the
same
rule
backward
,
and
the
better
to
distinguish
,
those
that
are
made
Direct
,
and
those
that
are
made
backward
,
it
is
requisite
,
that
the
course
and
manner
of
Exchanging
from
one
place
to
another
bee
precisely
knowne
and
learned
,
and
how
that
place
to
which
the
Commission
is
sent
and
given
,
draw
or
remit
either
by
a
certaine
or
uncertaine
rate
,
and
such
Commissions
ought
to
be
made
,
by
the
Rule
of
Three
backward
,
taking
one
of
the
prices
,
which
are
found
for
Divisor
,
and
the
other
two
,
which
are
the
order'd
prices
,
take
for
the
summe
to
divide
by
,
and
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
the
first
price
,
which
is
taken
for
Divisor
,
be
of
the
same
place
as
the
last
,
and
to
know
herein
what
is
meant
by
this
word
certaine
and
uncertaine
,
I
shall
now
declare
it
.
A
Certain
Exchange
is
no
other
,
then
to
give
a
setled
price
,
which
varieth
not
in
Exchanging
,
and
hath
no
change
or
alteration
,
as
it
Certain
price
in
Exchanges
.
is
seene
in
Lions
,
or
in
Placentia
,
which
giveth
alwayes
Cro
,
100
,
or
Cro.
1
,
to
have
in
N●…les
Duccats
130
more
or
lesse
,
and
this
100
Cro.
or
1
Cro.
is
〈◊〉
found
to
alter
,
and
therefore
termed
by
Exchangers
to
be
the
certaine
price
.
Incertaine
Exchange
is
a
price
that
is
observed
unconstant
,
and
Incertaine
price
in
Exchanges
.
which
admits
of
variation
,
which
shall
be
when
the
place
which
Exchangeth
,
giveth
a
number
of
Crownes
,
Ducats
,
or
Sols
,
or
of
any
other
money
which
commeth
not
to
the
iust
sum
of
100
,
or
else
exceedeth
the
same
,
and
therefore
the
same
not
being
firme
and
stable
,
are
named
incertaine
Exchanges
,
as
subject
to
alteration
,
sometimes
more
,
and
sometimes
lesse
,
which
is
rightly
and
well
to
be
considered
and
understood
in
Orders
and
Commissions
of
Exchanges
given
.
When
the
place
then
wherein
the
Commission
is
to
bee
effected
,
giveth
to
the
places
whereto
it
ought
to
remit
,
and
draw
,
to
both
of
them
the
Incertaine
,
the
account
must
be
made
by
the
rule
of
Three
Forward
or
direct
,
taking
for
first
&
second
number
,
the
prices
that
have
beene
ordered
,
and
for
the
last
number
of
the
said
rule
,
take
one
of
the
prices
that
are
found
,
in
such
a
manner
,
that
the
first
Exchange
of
the
said
rule
be
of
the
same
place
as
the
latter
.
Likewise
,
when
the
said
place
where
the
Commission
is
effected
,
giveth
to
the
places
that
it
ought
to
remit
,
and
to
draw
to
both
of
them
the
certaine
,
the
account
thereof
is
made
by
the
said
Rule
of
Three
forward
,
as
by
Example
.
Order
and
Commission
is
given
for
a
Merchant
to
his
friend
at
Lions
,
Example
of
a
Certaine
and
incert●…e
Exchange
.
to
remit
to
Naples
at
Duccats
126½
,
and
to
prevaile
for
Rome
at
85
Crownes
,
or
at
an
other
price
differing
therefrom
,
provided
that
it
may
be
done
without
losse
,
it
is
found
to
remit
to
Naples
at
125
〈◊〉
Duccats
,
I
would
now
know
at
how
much
might
the
same
be
drawn
for
Rome
,
to
the
end
that
this
Commission
be
fully
and
iustly
effected
.
It
is
here
first
to
be
considered
,
that
Lions
giveth
the
price
certaine
to
the
said
two
places
of
Naples
and
Rome
,
and
therefore
by
that
account
,
it
must
be
made
,
by
the
Rule
of
Three
forwards
,
saying
,
if
Ducats
126
〈◊〉
give
Cro.
85
,
the
inordered
price
,
how
many
will
Duccats
125½
give
,
the
price
found
for
Naples
,
and
it
will
come
to
Cro.
84.
4.
4
,
and
at
that
price
you
must
draw
for
Rome
.
By
this
Commission
then
it
is
to
be
understood
,
that
those
of
Naples
will
have
Ducc.
126
〈◊〉
in
remittance
,
in
that
place
,
and
be
Debitors
in
Rome
Crownes
85
;
who
finding
to
remit
at
Ducc.
125
〈◊〉
,
it
giveth
losse
,
receiving
lesse
then
that
which
was
inordred
;
and
making
the
account
in
this
abovesaid
manner
,
it
is
found
,
that
the
Draught
ought
to
be
made
at
Crownes
84.
4.
4.
which
is
to
profit
,
becomming
this
way
a
lesse
Debitor
,
then
that
which
was
inordred
,
which
commeth
to
recompence
the
losse
which
is
made
in
the
remittance
;
As
for
Example
shall
appeare
.
To
proove
this
account
,
by
which
may
bee
clearely
knowne
,
how
this
Commission
remaineth
perfectly
effected
,
doe
in
this
manner
.
P●…
.
Presuppose
,
that
those
of
Naples
have
given
the
Commission
for
Crownes
2000
of
Gold
of
Estampe
,
or
de
Camera
,
which
they
would
draw
for
Rome
,
and
remit
the
value
for
Naples
:
You
must
first
see
how
much
the
said
Crownes
of
Estampe
are
worth
,
in
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
,
at
Crownes
85
per
cent
.
the
inordered
price
,
and
it
will
come
to
Crownes
2352.
18
,
9.
of
Gold
of
the
Sunne
,
out
of
which
you
must
take
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
for
provision
,
and
there
will
remaine
Crownes
2343.
10.
7.
the
which
must
be
remitted
to
Naples
at
the
price
inordered
of
Ducats
126½
per
cent
.
and
it
will
come
to
Duccats
2964½
,
or
thereabout
.
So
that
as
it
doth
appeare
,
the
said
Crownes
2000
of
debt
in
Rome
,
are
made
by
remittance
to
Naples
,
Duccats
2964½
.
Now
then
it
is
to
be
observed
in
the
prices
(
different
from
the
order
given
)
which
are
found
,
that
is
to
say
,
at
Crownes
84.
4.
4.
for
Rome
,
and
at
Duccats
125⅓
for
Naples
,
if
for
the
said
Crownes
2000
by
Draught
to
Rome
,
a
remittance
may
be
made
of
the
abovesaid
Duccats
2964½
;
and
the
better
to
know
it
,
it
must
be
seene
,
how
much
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
Estampe
are
worth
in
Crownes
of
Gold
of
the
Sunne
,
at
Crow
.
84.
4.
4.
per
Cent.
which
will
come
to
Crow
.
2374.
16.
6
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
;
out
of
which
,
taking
the
provision
at
⅖
per
Cent.
there
will
remaine
Crown
.
2365.
6.
7.
which
must
be
remitted
to
Naples
at
the
said
price
,
which
is
found
of
125
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
and
it
will
make
in
Duccats
2964½
,
or
thereabouts
,
by
remittance
to
Naples
;
the
which
sheweth
the
said
Commission
is
perfectly
accomplished
,
in
conformitie
of
the
Order
given
.
For
example
.
I
could
here
adde
many
of
these
Examples
for
the
illustration
of
this
point
of
Commissions
,
but
I
forbeare
to
doe
it
,
because
the
examples
might
prove
tedious
and
intricate
,
and
the
rather
because
I
may
publish
in
this
kind
some
things
that
I
have
already
roughly
drawne
,
if
I
find
that
my
labours
this
way
prove
gratefull
,
and
therefore
touching
other
circumstances
and
questions
that
may
arise
in
the
Exchanges
practised
in
Lions
,
I
will
referre
the
same
to
the
ingenious
lover
of
this
Art
and
Mystery
,
having
set
downe
sufficient
,
to
exercise
both
the
head
and
hand
of
the
studious
,
and
which
may
afford
matter
for
greater
varietie
in
in
its
season
,
therefore
I
will
in
the
next
place
survey
the
Exchanges
practised
in
Rome
,
after
the
same
manner
.
CHAP.
CCCXXV
.
Of
the
Faires
of
Lions
,
wherein
all
Bills
of
Exchange
are
thence
drawne
,
and
there
satisfied
.
LIons
is
noted
to
have
foure
Faires
:
the
manner
of
accepting
The
foure
Faires
of
●…ions
.
of
Bills
of
Exchange
therein
,
I
have
observed
in
the
275
Chapter
;
the
times
of
the
said
Bills
now
resteth
to
be
shewed
.
The
first
Faire
beginneth
in
Lions
the
first
Monday
after
the
Epiphanie
;
and
if
the
same
fall
upon
a
Monday
,
1
Foire
des
Rois.
the
Faire
doth
then
begin
the
Monday
following
;
the
which
lasteth
fifteene
working
dayes
,
excluding
and
excepting
Sundayes
and
holy-dayes
,
the
which
is
designed
for
Merchants
to
doe
their
affaires
:
at
the
end
whereof
(
which
oftentimes
happens
at
Candlemas
)
all
parties
are
made
by
Exchanges
,
and
all
former
remittances
are
payd
and
discharged
.
The
second
,
is
the
Faire
of
Easter
,
which
beginneth
the
Monday
2
Foire
des
Pasque
.
following
the
Octaves
after
Easter
day
,
and
lasteth
15
working
dayes
,
Sundayes
and
holy-dayes
excepted
:
at
the
end
whereof
,
all
former
Draughts
,
payable
in
this
Faire
,
are
satisfied
,
and
all
new
Remittances
and
Draughts
for
other
places
,
are
made
and
framed
from
one
man
to
another
.
The
third
,
is
the
Faire
of
August
,
and
beginneth
the
fourth
of
3
Foire
d'Aust
.
the
said
Moneth
,
and
continueth
as
the
rest
,
15
working
dayes
,
which
oftentimes
happeneth
not
till
the
beginning
of
September
;
wherein
,
as
above
is
noted
,
the
Draughts
made
hither
,
and
Remittances
are
discharged
,
and
new
parties
by
exchange
for
other
places
framed
and
perfited
from
one
to
another
.
The
fourth
,
is
the
Faire
of
All-Saints
,
beginning
the
third
of
4
Foire
des
touts
Saints
.
November
,
continuing
as
the
former
,
15
working
dayes
,
which
sometimes
happeneth
on
the
beginning
of
December
;
and
therein
the
Merchants
use
to
discharge
all
former
Bills
that
come
hither
from
other
places
,
and
frame
new
Remittances
and
Draughts
hence
to
other
Cities
,
betweene
man
and
man.
For
it
is
here
to
be
noted
,
that
all
Bills
of
Exchanges
,
and
for
the
most
part
all
Bills
of
Debt
have
in
this
Citie
no
other
time
of
payment
,
receit
,
or
discharge
,
but
during
these
foure
principall
afore-mentioned
Times
or
Faires
.
CHAP.
CCCXXVI
.
Of
Examples
of
the
Exchanges
practised
in
Rome
,
and
how
the
same
are
calculated
.
I
Have
shewed
in
the
generall
Exchanges
of
Rome
,
with
how
many
places
the
same
is
found
to
exchange
Exchanges
practised
in
Rome
,
and
first
with
Lions
.
with
;
and
there
also
shewed
the
common
Rates
how
the
same
doth
governe
,
which
every
day
is
so
observed
to
alter
,
that
no
set
Rule
can
be
peremptorily
layd
downe
for
the
same
;
yet
it
is
in
it selfe
so
beneficiall
,
that
thereby
the
ignorant
may
make
his
calculation
,
either
in
his
Draughts
,
or
Remittances
:
The
way
of
making
which
account
,
now
remaineth
to
be
handled
,
observing
the
same
with
so
many
other
places
,
as
may
be
fit
to
understand
the
ground
thereof
.
It
is
also
there
noted
,
for
the
understanding
of
what
is
to
follow
,
that
Bankers
and
Exchangers
in
Rome
doe
keepe
their
accounts
in
Crownes
of
Stampe
or
Camera
,
Sols
,
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
named
of
the
Eight
Stampe
,
which
are
numbred
by
20
and
12
,
because
that
20
Sols
of
Gold
makes
a
Crowne
,
and
12
Deniers
a
Sol.
The
Crowne
of
Stampe
being
worth
|
12
|
Iulies
.
|
The
Crowne
in
Money
worth
|
10
|
And
the
Iulio
worth
|
10
|
Baiocs
.
|
CHAP.
CCCXXVII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Lions
.
FIrst
then
,
Rome
exchangeth
with
Lions
,
and
giveth
Crownes
85
of
Gold
of
the
Eight
Stampe
,
to
have
in
the
said
Citie
Exchange
of
Rome
with
Lions
.
of
Lions
Crownes
100
of
the
Sunne
;
I
demand
,
for
Crownes
3842.
10.
7.
of
Estampe
,
how
many
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
shall
Rome
have
in
Lions
:
To
know
which
,
you
must
say
by
the
rule
of
Three
,
If
Cro.
85
give
100
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
,
how
much
will
3842.
10.
7
Cr.
give
?
and
it
will
come
to
Cro.
4520.
and
the
remainder
of
the
Divident
multiply
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
Sols
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
and
it
will
be
Crownes
4520.
12.
5
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
that
Rome
ought
to
have
in
Lions
for
the
said
summe
:
as
for
example
;
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
,
when
Lions
doth
exchange
Proofe
.
with
Rome
.
CHAP.
CCCXXVIII
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Rome
with
Placentia
.
ROme
exchangeth
with
Placentia
,
and
giveth
posito
99¼
Crownes
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Placentia
:
of
Gold
of
Estampe
,
to
have
here
Crownes
100
of
Marc.
I
demand
,
for
Crownes
1382.
5.
8.
of
Estampe
,
how
many
Crownes
of
Marc.
Placentia
shall
have
?
You
must
reduce
the
price
and
the
summe
of
Crownes
into
Deniers
,
multiplying
the
same
by
20
and
by
12
,
and
adding
15
for
the
¾
of
a
Crowne
,
then
say
by
the
rule
of
Three
,
If
the
Deniers
come
at
of
the
said
price
,
give
Crownes
100
of
Marc.
how
many
will
the
Deniers
come
of
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
give
?
and
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
them
Sols
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
in
doing
which
,
they
will
amount
to
Crownes
1385.
14.
11.
of
Marc.
which
must
be
had
in
the
said
place
of
Placentia
for
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
Estampe
,
as
may
be
seene
by
the
following
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
,
when
Placentia
doth
exchange
Proofe
.
with
Rome
.
CHAP.
CCCXXIX
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Florence
.
ROme
exchangeth
with
Florence
,
and
giveth
posito
Crownes
92¼
of
Gold
Estampe
,
to
have
in
this
place
100
Crownes
of
Gold
;
Exchange
of
Rome
with
Florence
.
I
demand
,
for
Crownes
1476.
2.
3.
of
Estampe
,
what
credit
shall
Rome
have
in
the
said
Florence
?
To
know
which
,
you
must
reduce
(
as
afore
is
said
)
the
price
and
the
summe
of
Crownes
into
Deniers
of
Gold
,
multiplying
by
20
and
by
12
,
and
adding
5
Sol
for
the
¼
Crowne
;
then
say
by
the
rule
of
Three
,
If
the
Deniers
come
of
the
said
price
,
give
Crownes
100
of
Gold
,
how
many
will
the
Deniers
of
the
abovesaid
summe
of
Crownes
give
?
and
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
have
Sols
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
it
will
appeare
to
come
to
Crownes
1600.
5.
2.
of
Gold
:
and
so
much
credit
must
Rome
have
in
Florence
.
As
for
example
:
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
,
when
as
Florence
doth
exchange
Proofe
.
againe
with
Rome
.
CHAP.
CCCXXX
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Rome
with
Venetia
.
ROme
exchangeth
with
Venice
,
and
giveth
Crownes
73
〈◊〉
posito
of
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Venice
.
Estampe
,
to
have
in
that
place
Ducc.
100
de
Banco
of
Livers
6⅕
per
Ducc.
I
demand
,
for
Cro.
850.
15.
8.
of
Estampe
,
what
credit
in
Banco
shall
I
have
at
Venice
:
to
doe
which
,
I
must
reduce
,
as
in
the
precedent
accounts
,
the
price
and
the
summe
of
Crownes
into
Deniers
of
Gold
,
multiplying
the
same
by
20
and
by
12
,
and
adde
10
Sols
for
the
½
Crow
.
and
then
say
by
the
rule
of
Three
,
If
the
Deniers
come
of
the
price
,
give
Ducc.
100
,
how
many
will
the
Deniers
give
me
,
that
come
of
the
abovesaid
summe
of
Crownes
?
and
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
24
,
to
bring
them
into
Grosse
,
because
that
24
Grosses
are
worth
in
the
said
City
of
Venice
1
Ducc.
of
Li.
6⅕
,
then
it
will
make
Ducc.
1157½
,
which
Rome
hath
credit
at
Venice
:
as
for
example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
may
be
discerned
,
when
as
Venetia
Proofe
.
doth
exchange
with
Rome
backe
.
CHAP.
CCCXXXI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Millan
.
ROme
exchangeth
with
Millan
,
and
giveth
posito
Crown
.
87
〈◊〉
of
Estampe
,
to
have
in
that
place
Crow
.
100
of
Livers
5.
Sol.
17.
Exchange
of
Rome
with
Millan
.
per
Crowne
;
I
demand
,
for
Crow
.
2140.
16
of
Estampe
,
how
many
Livers
of
Millan
shall
I
have
?
First
,
reduce
the
price
and
the
Crownes
into
Sols
of
Gold
,
multiplying
them
by
20
,
and
to
the
multiplication
adde
16
Sol.
for
〈◊〉
of
a
Crowne
,
and
then
say
by
the
rule
of
Three
,
If
the
Sols
comming
of
the
price
,
give
Crow
.
100
,
how
many
will
the
Sols
comming
of
the
abovesaid
summe
of
Crownes
give
?
and
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
them
Sols
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
they
will
make
Crown
.
2438.
5.
4d
.
the
which
you
must
reduce
into
Livers
,
by
multiplying
them
by
Li.
5.
17.
and
they
will
make
Li.
14263.
17.
2d
.
which
I
must
have
at
Millan
for
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
Estampe
;
as
appeareth
plainely
by
this
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
apparent
,
when
Millan
shall
exchange
with
Rome
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCXXXII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Naples
.
ROme
Exchangeth
with
Naples
,
and
giveth
cro
.
100.
of
gold
of
Excha●…ges
of
Rome
with
●…ples
.
estampe
,
to
have
in
that
place
,
posito
Ducc.
135⅔
,
I
demand
for
cro
.
2346.
15.
4
of
estampe
,
how
many
Duc.
shall
I
have
,
to
doe
which
you
must
multiply
the
said
summe
of
crow
.
by
grai
.
135⅔
per
crowne
,
seeing
it
is
the
same
graines
135⅔
per
crow
.
as
in
Ducc.
135⅔
per
cent
.
because
the
Duccat
is
worth
in
Naples
graines
100
,
and
of
the
product
will
come
graines
318377
,
of
the
which
you
must
cut
the
two
last
figures
,
to
make
them
Duc.
and
it
then
maketh
duc.
3183
Taries
3
grain
.
17
,
and
these
Taries
and
graines
make
grai
.
77
because
that
the
Tarie
is
worth
g●…a
.
20
and
so
much
you
are
to
have
in
Naples
for
the
said
crow
.
of
estampe
,
as
appeares
by
this
Example
following
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
is
seene
when
as
Naples
doth
exchange
this
summe
backe
with
Rome
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCXXXIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Genoa
:
ROme
exchangeth
with
Genoa
,
and
giveth
posito
Crownes
101
Exchanges
of
Ro●…e
with
Genoa
.
of
gold
of
estampe
to
have
in
the
said
place
Crownes
100
of
gold
of
Italie
,
I
demand
for
Crownes
4000
10.
of
gold
of
estampe
,
what
credit
shall
Rome
have
at
Genoa
,
you
must
first
reduce
the
said
Crownes
of
estampe
into
Crownes
of
gold
of
Italie
,
at
the
rate
of
Crownes
100
of
estampe
,
for
Crownes
102½
of
gold
,
and
therefore
you
must
multiply
by
102½
in
cutting
the
two
last
figures
,
the
which
you
must
multiply
by
20
,
and
by
12
,
and
they
will
make
Crownes
4100.
10.
3
of
gold
of
Italy
,
then
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
;
if
101
Cro.
give
100
cro
.
what
shall
4100
cro
.
10.
3
give
,
and
it
will
come
to
crow
.
4059.
18.
3
of
gold
in
gold
of
Italy
,
and
for
to
reduce
them
into
livers
,
you
must
multiply
them
by
livers
4
〈◊〉
(
the
valew
of
a
Crowne
of
gold
)
and
in
so
doing
,
it
will
come
to
lib.
18269.
12.
1
current
mony
,
that
Rome
shall
have
credit
in
Genoa
for
the
said
Crownes
of
estampe
,
as
for
Example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
Rule
is
more
apparently
demonstrated
,
when
Genoa
doth
Exchange
this
parcell
backe
with
Rome
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCXXXIIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Palermo
or
Mesina
.
ROme
Exchangeth
with
Palermo
or
Mesina
,
and
giveth
1
crow
.
of
gold
of
estampe
to
have
in
one
of
the
two
said
places
,
posito
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Palermo
and
Mesina
.
carl
.
29⅕
,
I
would
know
then
for
cro
.
4000.
10.
6
,
what
credit
in
Ounces
shall
Rome
have
in
Palermo
or
Mesina
,
to
doe
which
you
must
multiply
the
said
crow
.
by
29⅓
,
and
the
product
will
be
carlins
117348.
7.
2.
the
which
must
be
reduced
into
Ounces
,
by
cutting
the
last
figure
,
and
by
taking
the
⅙
of
the
rest
,
and
the
48
remaining
are
Carlins
,
of
which
taking
the
½
,
and
they
shall
be
Taries
,
and
in
thus
working
,
it
will
make
ounces
1955
,
Taries
24
,
grains
7
and
picolies
2
,
which
Rome
must
have
credit
for
in
one
of
the
aforesaid
places
,
for
the
above
mentioned
crownes
of
estampe
,
as
is
aparent
by
the
following
Example
,
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
when
Palermo
or
Mesina
Proofe
.
shall
exchange
backe
with
Rome
.
CHAP.
CCCXXXV
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Antwerpe
.
ROme
Exchangeth
with
Antwerpe
,
and
giveth
one
crowne
to
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Antwerpe
.
have
in
the
said
Citie
of
Antwerpe
posito
114
grosse
,
I
demand
then
,
for
crow
.
2000.
17.
8
,
how
many
pounds
in
grosse
,
or
grosses
,
shall
Rome
have
credit
in
Antwerpe
,
to
doe
this
,
you
must
multiply
the
said
summe
of
crownes
by
●…14
,
and
of
the
product
will
come
grosses
228100
,
the
which
reduced
into
pounds
Elemish
will
make
lib.
950.
8.
4.
and
for
so
much
shall
Rome
have
credit
in
the
said
Citie
of
Antwerpe
,
as
for
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
demonstrated
when
this
parcell
Proofe
.
is
Exchanged
backe
from
Antwerpe
to
Rome
,
and
note
that
when
Rome
shall
exchange
with
Francfort
,
Amsterdam
,
or
any
other
part
of
the
Netherlands
,
the
account
is
made
as
in
the
abovesaid
manner
of
Rome
with
Antwerpe
.
CHAP.
CCCXXXVI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
London
.
ROme
Exchangeth
with
London
,
and
giveth
1
Crowne
there
to
have
in
the
said
City
posito
65
pence
sterl
.
I
demand
then
for
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Lond●…n
.
Crownes
4000
14.
8
of
estampe
,
how
many
pounds
sterling
shall
Rome
have
credit
in
London
,
which
must
be
wrought
as
in
the
precedent
account
of
Rome
with
Antwerpe
,
and
it
will
be
found
,
that
it
will
amount
unto
1083.
10.
8
den
.
which
I
ought
to
have
in
the
said
City
of
London
,
for
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
estampe
,
as
may
appeare
by
the
Example
following
,
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
will
more
evidently
appeare
when
the
summe
of
1083
lib.
10
shil.
8¼
den
.
sterl.
is
remitted
from
London
to
Proofe
.
Rome
,
which
I
hope
is
not
in
these
dayes
used
in
England
.
CHAP.
CCCXXXVII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
the
Cities
of
Valentia
,
Saragosa
,
or
Barselona
.
ROme
doth
Exchange
with
Valentia
,
Saragosa
and
Barselona
,
Exch●…nges
of
Rome
with
Valentia
,
Saragosa
an●…
Barselona
.
and
giveth
1
Crowne
of
estampe
to
have
in
one
of
the
said
places
Solsposito
25
den.
6
,
I
demand
then
for
crownes
6000
14.
4.
of
estampe
,
what
credit
shall
Rome
have
in
one
of
the
said
places
,
to
know
which
,
you
must
multiply
the
said
summe
of
crownes
of
estamp
by
li.
1.
5.
6
,
and
they
will
make
li.
7650.
18.
3.
d.
which
Rome
shall
have
in
credit
in
one
of
the
said
places
,
for
the
said
summe
of
crownes
of
estampe
,
as
shall
appeare
by
this
Example
,
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
best
seene
when
this
summe
shall
be
remitted
backe
from
these
Cities
to
Rome
,
and
because
that
the
calculation
to
all
these
three
places
,
is
made
in
one
and
the
same
manner
,
I
have
put
them
thus
together
,
the
price
onely
giving
,
the
alteration
in
exchange
more
or
lesse
in
each
Citie
.
CHAP.
CCCXXXVIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Sivile
.
ROme
Exchangeth
with
Sivile
,
and
giveth
1
Crowne
of
estampe
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Sivil
.
to
have
in
Sivil
,
poito
456
Marvides
,
I
demande
then
for
400
Crownes
of
estampe
,
how
many
Marvides
shall
Rome
have
in
Sivil
,
to
doe
which
you
must
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
estampe
,
by
456
Marvides
,
and
they
make
182400
,
which
Rome
must
have
credit
in
the
said
place
,
and
it
is
here
to
be
noted
that
throughout
all
Castilia
,
the
Exchanges
are
made
in
the
same
manner
as
at
Sivil
,
and
they
likewise
keepe
their
accounts
in
the
denomination
of
Marvides
,
and
when
as
the
yamount
to
a
million
,
they
terme
it
in
Spanish
a
Quintos
.
Example
.
At
Alcala
and
other
places
in
Spaine
,
the
account
is
as
above
Proofe
.
made
,
and
the
further
proofe
thereof
is
seene
,
when
that
Sivil
shall
exchange
with
Rome
.
CHAP.
CCCXXXIX
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Rome
with
Lixborne
.
ROme
doth
Exchange
with
Lixborne
,
and
delivereth
one
Crown
●…xchanges
of
Rome
with
Lisborne
.
of
Est●…mpe
,
to
have
in
the
said
place
posito
513
Res
,
I
demand
what
credit
in
Res
shall
Rome
have
in
Lixborne
for
325
Crownes
9.
6.
d.
this
question
is
to
be
wrought
,
as
in
the
precedent
account
is
shewed
,
and
it
will
appeare
that
Rome
shall
have
Credit
in
Lixborne
for
Raes
166968
as
shall
be
seene
by
the
working
thereof
following
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
apparent
,
when
that
Lixborne
shall
Exchange
backe
Raes
166968
with
Rome
at
513
Raes
per
Duccat
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCXL
.
Of
the
termes
of
payments
of
Bills
of
Exchange
in
Rome
.
From
Rome
the
termes
are
-
To
Naples
at
8
dayes
sight
,
and
from
thence
backe
at
10
dayes
.
Termes
of
payment
of
bills
of
Exchange
in
Rome
.
-
To
Brudges
and
Antwerpe
,
at
8
dayes
sight
.
-
To
Palermo
at
15
dayes
sight
,
&
from
thence
backe
at
10
dayes
.
-
To
Florence
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Venice
at
10
dayes
sight
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Avignon
at
45
dayes
sight
,
and
thence
at
10
dayes
backe
.
-
To
Valentia
at
2
months
from
the
date
,
and
10
dayes
sight
backe
.
-
To
Barselona
at
2
moneths
from
the
date
,
&
10
dayes
sight
backe
.
-
To
Lions
on
the
Faire
,
and
thence
10
dayes
sight
backe
.
-
To
Genoa
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Pisa
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
the
same
backe
thence
.
CHAP.
CCCXLI
.
Of
the
Aggio
of
moneyes
practized
in
the
Exchanges
and
payments
of
Rome
.
THis
terme
Aggio
common
in
divers
parts
of
Italie
,
is
as
much
as
the
Valewable
consideration
,
in
the
species
The
Aggio
of
mony
paid
in
Rome
by
Exchanges
.
of
sundry
monyes
▪
that
are
made
in
payments
,
either
for
Merchandize
or
in
Exchanges
by
bills
,
and
is
accounted
the
difference
,
betweene
the
best
mony
,
used
in
the
termes
of
Exchanges
,
and
the
worst
used
in
payments
of
goods
,
and
therefore
for
the
declaration
and
manifestation
thereof
,
I
have
made
this
question
and
Chapter
,
by
way
of
Proposition
and
Demand
.
A
certaine
Merchant
in
Rome
,
finding
himselfe
to
have
received
for
merchandize
sold
by
him
to
another
,
Crownes
3441
and
Baiocs
97
,
of
Iulies
10
per
Crowne
,
which
he
desires
to
reduce
into
Crownes
of
the
estampe
,
or
as
some
terme
them
de
Camera
,
thereby
to
make
them
fit
to
be
remitted
into
any
other
place
,
the
Aggio
of
the
monies
being
considered
as
commonly
is
seene
at
45
Iulios
,
I
demand
then
how
many
Crowns
of
estampe
,
the
same
will
produce
.
To
know
which
,
you
must
first
see
how
much
the
100
destampe
are
worth
in
Iulies
at
Iulies
12
the
Crowne
,
which
will
be
Iulies
1200
,
to
which
must
be
added
4
▪
5
Iulies
for
〈◊〉
Laggio
therof
,
because
that
the
Crown
of
stamp
,
is
worth
12
Iulies
,
and
then
the
Laggio
,
which
comes
to
be
12
Iulies
and
Baiocs
4½
per
Crowne
,
or
else
45
Iulies
for
Crownes
100
,
and
they
will
be
1245
Iulies
,
and
so
much
shall
100
Crownes
destampe
be
worth
the
Aggio
of
the
mony
comprised
;
likewise
in
the
same
manner
you
must
reduce
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
mony
,
into
Iulies
,
and
they
make
Iulies
34419
and
Baiocs
7
,
comprehending
9
Iulies
and
7
Baios
,
for
the
97
Baiocs
,
and
this
being
done
,
then
worke
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
and
say
,
If
Iulies
1245
give
Crownes
of
gold
of
sta●…p
100
Cro.
how
much
shall
the
said
Iulies
34419.
7
give
,
then
to
multiplie
the
said
Iulios
by
100
,
there
is
only
a
cipher
to
be
added
after
the
7
Baiocs
,
and
prosecuting
thus
the
working
of
the
question
it
will
amount
unto
Crownes
2764.
12.
8●…
of
estampe
.
Now
to
proove
the
said
account
,
you
must
multiplie
the
said
Crownes
of
estampe
by
Iulies
1245
per
cent
:
in
cutting
the
two
last
figures
,
Proofe
of
the
Aggios
account
.
and
of
the
product
,
there
will
remaine
Crownes
3441
and
Baiocs
96⅘
and
so
the
account
will
appeare
to
be
well
made
,
saving
a
small
broken
number
lost
,
and
in
this
manner
must
be
wrought
all
like
accounts
,
though
the
Aggio
of
the
mony
,
be
either
augmented
or
lessened
,
still
by
adding
the
Aggio
,
such
as
it
shall
be
found
to
be
,
with
or
to
the
Iulios
1200
,
which
is
the
price
of
100
Crownes
of
gold
destampe
.
The
whole
question
I
shall
for
explanation
demonstrate
by
the
working
thereof
in
this
example
,
and
first
,
CHAP.
CCCXLII
.
Of
Orders
and
Commissions
given
and
received
for
draughts
and
remittances
by
Exchanges
in
Rome
.
I
Will
herein
,
following
my
first
intended
method
,
give
you
also
a
proposition
or
two
of
a
draught
and
Orders
and
Commissions
〈◊〉
and
received
for
d●…ught
and
remittances
in
Rome
.
remittance
by
commission
and
Order
,
the
manner
whereof
largely
explained
by
example
,
will
be
full
and
sufficient
for
reglement
for
the
like
draught
or
remittance
from
this
City
to
any
other
place
.
From
Rome
then
is
●…mitted
to
Venice
,
at
Crownes
97¼
posi●…o
,
and
from
thence
is
remitted
to
P●…acentia
at
Duccat
.
136
〈◊〉
,
I
would
now
know
at
h●…
much
commeth
the
remittance
from
Rome
for
Placentia
,
to
doe
which
worke
thus
.
You
must
first
multiplie
the
said
Ducc.
136⅔
being
the
price
of
100
Crow
.
of
Mark
by
Crow
.
72¼
per
cent
.
cutting
the
two
last
figures
,
the
which
being
multiplyed
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
reduce
them
into
Sols
and
Den.
of
gold
,
and
in
thus
working
it
will
come
to
Crownes
98.
14.
9.
to
the
which
must
be
added
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
for
the
provision
,
paid
at
Venice
which
is
6
Sols
7
Deniers
,
and
they
make
Crownes
99
〈◊〉
and
so
many
Crownes
destampe
is
disbursed
in
Rome
for
100
Crownes
of
marc
of
credit
at
Placentia
,
as
doth
appeare
by
Example
following
.
To
prove
this
account
,
you
must
see
how
much
the
summe
of
Proofe
.
Crownes
destampe
that
you
would
remit
,
are
worth
in
Duccats
in
Venice
,
at
the
said
price
of
Crownes
72¼
for
Ducc.
100
,
out
of
which
to
make
the
remittance
to
Placentia
,
the
provision
is
to
be
taken
out
at
⅖
per
cent
.
then
see
,
how
many
will
the
Crownes
of
marke
give
at
Ducc.
136
〈◊〉
for
100
Crownes
of
marke
,
and
the
Crownes
of
marke
,
which
come
thereof
,
must
be
multiplyed
by
the
said
price
of
99
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
and
in
thus
working
,
will
come
the
selfe-same
sum
of
crownes
of
estampe
,
which
are
disbursed
in
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
●…e
remittance
made
to
Venice
,
and
by
the
Rule
may
〈◊〉
be
made
of
all
other
accounts
of
the
selfe-same
subject
▪
But
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
the
said
account
cannot
serve
in
any
other
occasion
,
but
where
the
remittance
is
made
from
Rome
to
Placentia
,
and
that
the
Exchange
is
at
100⅓
crowne
of
estampe
,
for
100
crownes
of
marke
,
thereby
to
discerne
,
if
it
be
the
more
profitable
,
to
remit
,
as
they
terme
it
,
a
dritura
or
straight
,
or
else
to
make
remittance
to
Venice
,
and
from
Venice
to
Placenti●…
,
as
is
beforesaid
at
the
above
said
prices
,
the
remittance
comming
to
be
at
99
〈◊〉
crownes
of
●…ampe
,
so
that
as
i●…
is
apparent
it
is
more
beneficiall
to
remit
to
Placentia
by
the
way
of
Venice
,
for
as
much
as
●…t
is
seene
by
this
Example
,
that
for
100
crownes
of
marke
in
that
●…ace
,
there
is
no
more
paid
and
disbursed
,
but
crownes
99
1/11
in
Ro●…
,
and
making
the
remittance
straight
and
a
dritura
100
〈◊〉
crownes
is
to
be
disbursed
.
And
moreover
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
their
Exchange
is
made
some
times
,
at
a
greater
or
lesser
price
,
according
to
the
aboundance
or
scarsity
of
the
monyes
current
,
and
therefore
these
accounts
serve
onely
but
for
instruction
sake
,
and
to
shew
how
the
Rules
thereof
are
to
be
reckoned
and
cast
up
.
Another
example
of
a
commission
given
to
enlighten
this
point
,
I
will
adde
hereunto
.
There
is
order
and
Commission
given
at
Rome
to
remit
to
Venice
at
73
〈◊〉
crownes
,
and
to
prevaile
for
the
same
from
Placentia
at
crow
.
93
〈◊〉
,
but
there
is
found
bills
of
Exchange
for
Venice
at
crownes
74⅓
and
mony
for
Florence
at
crownes
94⅖
,
the
question
is
then
,
if
at
these
prices
,
the
said
Commission
and
Order
may
be
effected
.
The
which
to
accomplish
and
know
,
I
must
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
seeing
,
that
Rome
giveth
the
uncertaine
to
both
those
said
two
places
,
If
crownes
73⅔
give
93
〈◊〉
crownes
,
what
will
crownes
74⅓
give
,
and
it
will
give
by
the
said
Rule
,
crownes
94.
3.
6
d.
so
that
this
order
and
commission
may
be
accomplished
and
performed
with
benefit
,
because
that
remitting
to
Venice
at
crownes
74⅓
,
it
ought
to
be
drawne
to
Florence
at
crownes
94.
3.
6
,
and
there
it
is
found
at
more
videlicet
at
crownes
94⅖
,
as
for
Example
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
for
instruction
and
method
to
the
Exchanges
and
commissions
practised
at
Rome
,
and
now
I
will
proceed
to
the
next
eminent
place
of
Exchanges
,
according
to
my
intended
method
,
which
is
Naples
.
CHAP.
CCCXLIII
.
Examples
of
the
Exchanges
practised
in
Naples
,
and
how
the
same
are
calculated
.
I
Have
shewed
in
the
generall
Exchanges
of
Naples
,
I
●…amples
of
Exchanges
pra
ctised
in
Naples
.
with
how
many
other
places
this
Citie
is
found
to
exchange
,
and
there
also
shewed
the
common
rates
,
how
the
same
doth
governe
,
which
every
day
is
so
found
to
alter
,
that
no
set
rule
can
peremptorily
be
set
downe
for
the
same
,
yet
it
is
in
it self
so
beneficiall
,
that
therby
the
learner
may
know
how
to
make
his
account
,
either
in
his
draughts
or
remittances
,
the
way
of
making
which
account
now
remaineth
to
be
handled
,
observing
the
same
with
so
many
other
places
,
as
may
be
fittest
to
understand
the
ground
thereof
.
It
is
also
there
observed
,
that
the
Bankers
and
Exchangers
of
the
Accounts
in
Naples
.
place
doe
keepe
their
account
in
Duccats
,
Taries
and
graines
,
the
which
are
cast
up
by
5
,
and
by
20
,
because
that
5
Taries
doe
make
a
Duccat
,
and
20
graines
a
Tarie
,
also
that
the
Crowne
of
gold
,
in
gold
of
this
Kingdome
,
is
13
Carlins
,
or
6½
Taries
,
and
the
Crowne
of
mony
or
silver
is
11
Carlins
or
5½
Taries
,
the
Ducat
of
gold
being
worth
6
Taries
,
and
the
Duccat
current
is
worth
5
Taries
.
CHAP.
CCCXLIIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Lions
.
NAples
then
Exchangeth
with
Lions
,
and
giveth
posito
Duccats
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Lions
.
127½
to
have
in
this
place
100
Crownes
of
gold
of
the
Sunne
,
I
demand
then
,
for
Duccats
3295
and
1
Tarie
,
how
many
Crownes
of
gold
shall
I
have
in
Lions
,
to
know
which
you
must
say
,
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
if
Duccats
127½
give
100
Crownes
,
how
many
will
Duccats
3295
〈◊〉
give
,
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
them
Sols
and
Deniers
,
and
it
will
make
Crownes
2584.
9.
4
of
gold
of
the
Sunne
,
which
I
should
have
at
Lions
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
,
when
Lions
exchangeth
backe
either
for
Naples
,
Bery
,
Lechi
or
any
other
City
of
that
Kingdome
.
CHAP.
CCCXLV.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Placentia
.
NAples
exchangeth
with
Placentia
,
and
giveth
posito
Duccats
132¾
to
have
in
this
place
cro
.
100
of
marke
:
I
demand
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Placentia
.
then
for
Ducc.
3416
Taries
2
and
gr.
8.
how
many
crownes
of
marke
shall
I
have
at
Placentia
,
to
doe
which
,
I
must
first
reduce
the
said
summe
of
Ducc.
into
graines
,
and
if
there
were
neither
Taries
nor
graines
,
it
were
done
by
the
onely
addition
〈◊〉
two
ciphers
,
because
that
the
Ducc.
is
worth
100
graines
,
and
because
that
there
is
in
this
question
2
taries
and
8
graines
48
graines
is
to
be
added
,
and
take
graines
132¾
for
devisor
of
the
said
summe
,
seeing
it
is
as
much
at
grain
.
132¾
per
crow
.
as
at
Ducc.
132¾
per
cro.
100
,
multiplying
as
well
the
one
part
as
the
other
by
4
to
bring
them
into
quarters
of
graines
,
and
after
division
by
multiplying
the
rest
of
the
divisor
by
20
and
12
to
bring
them
into
sols
and
deniers
of
gold
,
and
all
this
done
,
it
will
come
to
crow
.
2573.
12.
4
of
marke
which
I
must
have
in
the
said
place
of
Placentia
for
the
said
summe
of
Ducc.
above
mentioned
,
as
for
Example
,
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
more
apparently
demonstrated
,
Proofe
.
when
this
summe
or
parcell
is
Exchanged
backe
from
Placentia
to
Naples
,
Bary
,
Lecchie
,
or
other
Cities
of
this
Kingdome
.
CHAP.
CCCXLVI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Rome
.
NAples
doth
Exchange
with
Rome
,
and
giveth
posito
Duccats
135⅔
in
this
place
,
to
have
in
Rome
100
Crownes
of
gold
of
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Rome
.
estampe
:
I
demand
then
for
Ducc.
3183.
3.
17
,
what
credit
in
Crow
.
shall
Naples
have
in
the
said
City
of
Rome
,
to
know
which
,
the
question
is
wrought
as
is
before
mentioned
in
the
precedent
Exchange
of
Naples
for
Placentia
,
and
it
commeth
to
Crow
.
2346.
15.
2
of
gold
of
estampe
or
de
Camera
,
and
for
so
much
shall
Naples
have
credit
in
Rome
,
as
for
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
is
manifested
,
when
this
parcell
is
Proo●…
.
Exchanged
back
from
Rome
to
Naples
,
Bary
,
Lecchie
,
or
to
any
other
City
of
this
Kingdome
.
CHAP.
CCCXLVII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Florence
:
NAples
Exchangeth
with
Florence
,
and
giveth
Ducc.
posito
119
:
to
have
in
Florence
100
Crownes
of
gold
:
I
demand
then
for
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Florence
.
Ducc.
934.
1.
10
,
how
much
shall
Naples
have
credit
in
the
said
City
of
Florence
:
this
must
be
wrought
as
the
precedent
question
of
the
Exchange
of
Naples
for
the
City
of
Rome
,
and
it
will
come
to
Crownes
780.
15.
0
of
gold
,
and
so
much
shall
Naples
have
credit
in
the
said
place
of
Florence
,
as
appeareth
by
this
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
declared
when
this
parcell
is
Exchanged
backe
from
Floren●…
to
Naples
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCXLVIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
for
Venice
:
NAples
Exchangeth
for
Venice
and
giveth
posito
Duccats
Exchanges
of
Naples
for
Venice
.
97¼
to
have
in
Venice
Ducc.
100
of
Livers
6⅕
of
this
mony
(
which
now
is
termed
in
Banco
)
I
demand
then
for
Ducc.
1799.
1.
13
of
Naples
,
how
many
Ducc.
shall
I
have
in
the
place
of
Venetia
,
this
is
to
be
wrought
as
the
precedent
,
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
24
,
to
bring
the
same
into
gross
.
because
that
the
Ducc.
of
livers
6.
4
shil
.
maketh
24
grosse
,
and
it
will
come
to
Duccats
1850
〈◊〉
,
and
so
many
Duccats
shall
Naples
have
in
the
said
place
of
Venice
,
as
by
the
Example
following
,
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
appearing
when
this
parcell
of
1850
5/24
is
Exchanged
backe
from
Venice
,
to
the
aforesaid
place
of
Proofe
.
Naples
.
CHAP.
CCCXLIX
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Milan
.
NAples
exchangeth
with
Milan
and
giveth
posito
Ducc.
98½
to
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Milan
.
have
in
Milan
Crow
.
100
of
Livers
5
per
Crow
.
of
the
mony
of
this
place
,
I
demand
then
for
Ducc.
850
,
how
many
Crow
.
shall
I
have
in
Milan
:
To
know
which
,
I
must
doe
as
in
the
precedent
exchanges
,
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
20
and
12
,
to
bring
the
same
into
Sols
and
deniers
,
and
by
this
working
it
will
make
Crow
.
862.
18.
10
,
and
to
know
how
many
Livers
they
are
,
they
must
be
multiplyed
by
5
Livers
,
beginning
to
multiply
the
den
.
then
the
sols
,
and
afterwards
the
Crow
.
calculating
for
12
den
.
one
sols
and
for
20
sols
in
mony
one
liver
,
and
it
will
make
lib.
4314.
14.
2
which
one
shall
have
in
the
said
place
of
Milan
for
the
said
Duccats
850
,
as
for
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
manifested
with
this
parcell
is
Exchanged
backe
from
Millan
to
Naples
as
aforesaid
.
〈◊〉
.
CHAP.
CCCL
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Lecchie
and
Bary
:
NAples
Exchangeth
with
Lechie
and
Bari
,
Citties
within
that
Kingdome
,
and
giveth
posito
98
〈◊〉
Ducc.
to
have
in
the
〈◊〉
of
N●…es
with
L●…e
and
〈◊〉
.
said
places
Ducc.
100.
I
demand
then
for
Ducc.
3850.
1.
15
of
Naples
,
how
many
Ducc.
shall
I
have
in
these
two
places
,
This
Rule
must
be
cast
up
as
in
the
precedent
Exchange
for
Millan
,
and
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
100
,
to
bring
it
into
graines
,
and
thereof
will
come
98
which
are
4
Taries
,
and
graines
18
,
and
in
all
Ducc.
3908
Tar.
4
gra
.
18
,
which
Naples
shall
have
credit
in
the
said
places
,
and
note
that
when
Naples
Exchangeth
with
Montelion
,
with
Cosense
,
or
any
other
part
of
this
Kingdome
,
the
account
is
made
as
above
,
as
for
Example
,
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
and
account
is
thus
made
up
.
〈◊〉
.
CHAP.
CCCLI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Mesina
.
NAples
exchangeth
with
Mesina
,
and
giveth
posito
ducc
.
Ducc.
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Mesina
.
115
〈◊〉
to
have
in
Mesina
Crow
.
100
of
Tar.
13
of
that
mony
,
I
demand
how
many
Crownes
of
Taries
13
shall
I
have
there
for
Ducc.
2348.
3.
8
,
to
doe
which
working
,
as
by
the
precedent
Rules
,
I
say
:
If
graines
115
〈◊〉
make
one
Crowne
of
13
Taries
,
what
will
graines
234868
make
,
and
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
52
,
to
bring
them
into
halfe
carlins
,
because
that
13
Taries
are
worth
26
Carlins
,
and
by
this
working
it
maketh
Crownes
2035
〈◊〉
which
abridged
are
〈◊〉
,
or
otherwise
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
13
and
then
by
20
to
bring
them
into
Taries
and
graines
,
which
will
be
the
easier
to
comprehend
,
but
the
reason
why
I
have
otherwise
demonstrated
it
,
is
because
herein
I
would
follow
the
method
and
manner
of
the
Merchants
of
Naples
,
who
in
their
accounts
are
accustomed
to
doe
as
above
is
shewed
,
and
to
reduce
the
said
Crowns
2035
9/13
into
ounces
,
you
must
multiply
by
13
to
bring
them
into
Taries
,
adding
to
the
multiplication
9
for
the
9/13
and
they
will
be
Taries
26464
,
from
which
cutting
the
last
figure
and
take
〈◊〉
of
the
rest
to
make
them
ounces
,
because
that
30
Taries
is
an
ounce
,
and
the
remainder
of
these
thirds
are
tens
of
Taries
,
to
the
which
adding
the
figure
cut
off
,
which
are
so
many
Taries
,
as
must
be
placed
after
the
ounces
,
and
it
will
make
Ounces
882.
4
,
and
for
so
much
shall
Naples
have
credit
in
the
said
place
of
Mesina
for
Duc.
2348.
3.
8.
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
is
manifested
what
that
Mesina
shall
Proofe
.
be
found
to
Exchange
for
Naples
.
CHAP.
CCCLII.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Palermo
.
NAples
Exchangeth
with
Palermo
and
giveth
one
Duccat
to
have
in
the
said
place
posito
166
〈◊〉
pontos
,
I
demand
for
duc
.
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
P●…
.
2846.
2.
10
,
what
credit
shall
I
have
in
Ounces
in
Palermo
,
to
doe
which
,
multiply
the
said
summe
of
duc
.
by
166
〈◊〉
pontos
per
duccats
and
it
makes
pontos
473942
to
which
adde
〈◊〉
to
make
them
graines
,
because
that
1
Pontos
is
1
graine
and
〈◊〉
,
and
for
as
much
as
one
graine
is
worth
6
piccolis
,
and
1
pontos
is
8
piccolis
,
and
it
maketh
graines
631922
,
to
reduce
which
into
ounces
,
you
must
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
and
take
〈◊〉
of
the
rest
,
because
that
600
gra
.
make
an
ounce
,
which
in
all
makes
ounces
1035
,
and
there
remaineth
1
which
is
worth
with
the
two
figures
cut
off
122
gra
.
which
are
6
Taries
and
2
gra
.
because
that
20
gra
.
is
1
Tarie
,
and
they
will
be
ounces
1053
,
Taries
6
and
gra.
2
,
and
so
many
ounces
by
the
said
exchange
shall
you
have
in
Palermo
,
and
note
that
over
and
above
,
they
give
credit
1
Carl.
per
ounce
for
good
Ag●…o
allow'd
〈◊〉
Palermo
.
mony
,
to
adde
which
said
carl
.
per
ounce
,
doe
thus
,
considering
that
for
the
said
ounces
1053
,
will
come
the
same
summe
of
carlins
,
for
the
Aggio
of
the
mony
,
and
to
make
the
said
carlin
into
ounces
,
you
must
cut
the
last
figure
,
and
take
〈◊〉
of
the
rest
,
will
make
ounces
17
and
there
will
remaine
3
tens
of
carlins
,
which
are
30
in
value
,
to
which
adding
the
figure
cut
,
and
it
is
33
carlins
,
from
which
,
taking
〈◊〉
to
make
them
●…aries
,
(
a
carlin
being
½
a
tarie
)
which
are
16
taries
,
and
the
remainder
is
1
carl
.
in
worth
10
gra
.
and
adding
2
gra
.
for
the
6.
tar
.
which
is
with
the
ounc
.
because
that
for
3
tar
.
which
are
60
gra
.
the
Aggio
will
be
1
gra
.
and
it
will
be
in
all
ounc.
17
tar.
16
and
gra.
12
which
added
,
to
be
abovesaid
ounces
,
it
makes
1070
Tar.
22
,
and
gra.
14
,
and
so
much
credit
you
shall
have
in
Palermo
for
Ducc.
2846.
2.
10.
in
Naples
at
pont.
166½
per
Ducc.
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
shewed
when
Palermo
doth
Exchange
Proofe
.
backe
with
Naples
this
same
parcell
.
CHAP.
CCCLIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Genoa
.
NAples
Exchangeth
with
Genoa
and
giveth
one
Ducc.
to
have
Naples
Exchangeth
with
Genoa
.
posito
in
Genoa
66⅔
Sols
,
I
demand
for
Ducc.
1345.
4.
5
how
many
livers
current
mony
shall
I
have
in
Genoa
,
the
which
is
done
by
multiplication
in
taking
of
grains
85
which
are
the
4
Taries
,
and
grains
5.
the
⅔
:
seeing
that
it
may
be
calculated
for
one
graine
of
Naples
⅔
of
a
Sols
,
and
it
will
come
to
Sol.
89723
and
deniers
4
,
which
to
reduce
into
livers
you
must
cut
the
last
figure
,
and
take
the
½
of
the
rest
,
and
if
any
rest
,
it
will
be
a
tenth
,
to
which
must
be
added
the
figure
cut
off
,
and
it
will
be
Sols
,
and
thus
it
will
appeare
to
be
livers
4486.
3.
4
and
so
much
will
your
credit
be
in
the
said
place
of
Genoa
,
as
by
this
Example
,
The
proofe
of
the
said
Rule
is
more
evident
when
this
summe
Proofe
.
cometh
to
be
rechanged
from
Genoa
to
Naples
,
as
is
aforesaid
.
CHAP.
CCCLIIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Antwerpe
.
NAples
Exchangeth
with
Antwerpe
,
and
giveth
one
Duccat
,
to
have
in
Antwerpe
posito
90
grosse
.
I
demand
then
by
this
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Ant●…pe
.
Exchange
,
what
credit
shall
Naples
have
in
Antwerpe
for
3200
Ducc.
to
doe
which
,
you
must
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Ducc.
by
90
,
and
it
maketh
288000
gra
.
which
reduced
to
pounds
Elemish
,
will
make
1200
lib.
00.
0.
d.
and
so
much
credit
shall
Naples
have
in
Antwerpe
for
the
said
summe
of
Ducc.
3200.
as
for
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
is
more
apparent
when
this
summe
of
●…200
lib.
Flem.
is
rechanged
for
Naples
from
Antwerpe
.
〈◊〉
.
CHAP.
CCCLV.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
London
.
NAples
doth
exchange
with
London
,
and
giveth
one
Duccat
to
have
in
London
posito
52
pence
starling
,
I
demand
then
for
Exchange
of
Naples
with
London
.
1528
Ducc.
how
many
pounds
starling
shall
Naples
have
credit
in
London
:
this
must
be
done
as
in
the
precedent
account
,
of
Naples
and
Antwerpe
,
and
it
will
be
found
that
the
same
will
give
in
London
331
lib.
1
sh.
4
d.
which
is
the
summe
that
Naples
shall
have
credit
there
for
1528
ducc
.
delivered
,
as
for
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
will
appeare
when
as
331
lib.
1
sh.
4
d.
Proofe
.
shall
be
rechanged
from
London
to
Naples
.
CHAP.
CCCLVI.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Valentia
.
NAples
doth
Exchange
with
Valentia
,
and
giveth
one
Ducc.
Excha●…ges
of
Naples
with
Valentia
.
for
posito
21
Sols
in
Valentia
,
I
demand
then
for
Ducc.
2306
of
Naples
,
how
much
shall
I
have
credit
in
Valentia
,
to
know
which
you
must
doe
as
in
the
exchange
preceding
,
multiplying
the
said
summe
by
21
Sols
,
and
they
will
make
2421.
lib.
6
shil
.
which
Naples
shall
have
answered
in
Valentia
at
the
price
above
shewed
,
the
like
is
to
be
observed
in
the
Exchanges
of
Saragosa
and
Barselona
,
which
I
here
omit
for
brevity
,
to
which
this
Example
shall
suffice
.
The
Proofe
of
this
Rule
is
seene
when
this
summe
shall
be
rechanged
from
Valentia
to
Naples
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCLVII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Sivill
.
NAples
doth
Exchange
with
Sivill
,
and
giveth
one
Duccat
,
to
have
in
Sivill
posito
402
Marvedes
,
I
demand
then
for
Exchange
of
Naples
with
Sivill
.
2634
Duccats
in
Naples
,
how
many
Marvedes
shall
I
have
in
Sivill
,
to
doe
which
you
must
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Ducats
by
402
Marvides
,
and
they
make
Marvides
1058
868
which
Naples
must
have
credit
in
the
said
place
,
and
moreover
it
is
here
to
be
noted
,
that
throughout
all
Castilia
the
Exchanges
are
made
in
the
same
manner
as
at
Sivill
,
and
they
likewise
keep
their
account
in
the
same
denomination
of
Marvides
,
which
when
amounting
to
one
million
,
they
terme
it
in
Spanish
a
Quinto
,
marked
thus
V.
Example
.
And
accounted
1058
V.
or
Quintos
868
mar
.
The
proofe
whereof
Proofe
.
is
seene
when
Sivill
rechangeth
with
Naples
.
CHAP.
CCCLVIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Lixborne
.
NAples
doth
Exchange
with
Lixborne
,
and
giveth
one
Ducc.
to
have
in
Lixborne
,
posito
498
Res
,
I
demand
for
1200
Exchanges
of
Naples
with
Lixborne
.
Duccats
in
Naples
delivered
,
how
many
Res
I
shall
have
credit
in
Lixborne
,
this
question
is
wrought
as
in
the
precedent
with
Sivill
,
and
it
will
appeare
,
that
Naples
shall
have
in
Lixborne
the
summe
of
597
V.
600
,
as
by
the
following
working
thereof
.
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
is
manifested
,
when
that
Lixborne
shall
have
occasion
to
rechange
for
Naples
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCLIX
.
Of
the
termes
of
payments
of
bills
of
Exchange
in
Naples
.
From
Naples
the
termes
are
-
TO
Rome
at
10
dayes
sight
and
at
8
dayes
backe
.
Termes
of
bills
of
Exchange
in
Naples
.
-
To
all
other
places
of
that
Kingdome
at
8
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Florence
at
20
dayes
after
date
,
and
thence
at
10
dayes
backe
.
-
To
Venice
at
15
dayes
sight
and
the
like
thence
.
-
To
Avignon
at
60
dayes
from
the
date
,
and
thence
at
20
dayes
sight
.
-
To
Valentia
at
40
dayes
sight
.
-
To
Genoa
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
thence
at
15
dayes
sight
.
-
To
Pisa
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
so
thence
.
-
To
Palermo
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
the
same
backe
.
CHAP.
CCCLX
.
Of
Orders
and
Commissions
given
and
received
for
Draughts
and
Remittances
in
Naples
.
ACcording
to
my
intended
method
,
I
will
here
adde
an
example
or
two
of
Draughts
and
Remittances
,
by
Orders
and
Commissions
given
and
received
for
Drau●…hts
and
Remittances
in
Naples
.
Commission
and
Order
,
performed
in
this
place
of
Naples
,
posito
,
To
Naples
commeth
Order
from
Venice
,
that
the
Remittance
is
made
to
the
said
place
at
Ducc.
98⅓
,
in
drawing
from
Placentia
at
Ducc.
135
〈◊〉
,
but
there
doe
bills
present
for
Venice
at
ducc.
99
〈◊〉
:
I
demand
then
,
(
considering
the
losse
that
falleth
out
in
the
Remittance
)
at
how
much
ought
I
to
draw
for
Placentia
,
to
know
which
,
you
must
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
If
ducc.
98
〈◊〉
give
ducc.
135
〈◊〉
,
what
will
99
〈◊〉
ducc
.
give
,
and
it
will
come
to
1
Example
.
137⅓
ducc
.
and
at
that
rate
the
draught
must
be
made
for
Placentia
,
in
the
Remittance
for
Venice
at
ducc.
99⅔
,
and
then
the
Commission
will
remaine
effected
according
to
the
Order
given
,
as
for
Example
.
Againe
,
presuppose
that
at
Naples
commeth
Order
from
Florence
,
2
Example
.
to
Remit
to
Rome
,
at
134⅔
and
to
prevaile
for
Naples
at
121
〈◊〉
,
there
is
found
bills
for
Rome
at
136
〈◊〉
and
mony
for
Florence
,
at
122
〈◊〉
,
I
demand
then
,
if
at
these
presenting
prices
,
the
Commission
may
be
accomplished
,
to
know
which
worke
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
and
say
,
if
Ducc.
134
〈◊〉
give
ducc.
121
〈◊〉
,
what
will
duccats
136
〈◊〉
give
,
and
it
will
come
to
duccats
122
and
graines
58
,
so
that
,
as
it
is
apparent
,
the
Commission
may
be
effected
,
because
that
Remitting
to
Rome
at
136
〈◊〉
,
the
draught
for
Florence
must
be
at
ducc.
122
graines
58
,
and
it
is
found
at
122
〈◊〉
which
is
60
graines
more
,
as
by
the
following
Example
.
Againe
,
at
Naples
commeth
Order
from
Palermo
,
to
draw
to
3
Example
.
the
said
Palermo
,
at
Pont.
168¼
,
and
to
remit
to
Placentia
,
at
134½
.
Now
there
is
found
Money
for
Palermo
,
at
166½
,
and
Bills
for
Placentia
,
at
136.
I
demand
then
,
if
the
said
Commissions
may
be
effected
,
at
the
Rates
presented
?
To
doe
which
,
you
must
worke
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
taking
one
of
the
prices
which
are
found
for
Divisor
,
as
hath
beene
shewed
by
the
instruction
given
upon
Commissions
,
and
say
;
If
Pontos
166½
give
134½
,
what
will
168¼
give
?
And
it
will
make
Duccats
135
〈◊〉
,
or
thereabouts
.
So
that
it
appears
this
Order
and
Commission
may
not
be
performed
,
seeing
that
drawing
to
Palermo
at
168¼
,
the
remittance
cannot
be
made
for
Placentia
at
more
then
135
〈◊〉
,
and
there
is
found
Bills
but
at
136
;
as
by
this
Example
.
Againe
,
at
Naples
commeth
Order
from
Genoa
,
to
remit
for
4
Example
.
Placentia
at
133
;
and
to
prevaile
from
Mesina
at
114
,
cleare
of
charge
,
there
are
found
Bills
for
Placentia
,
at
131
〈◊〉
.
I
demand
(
considering
the
benefit
which
is
given
in
the
remittance
)
at
what
price
may
the
parcell
be
made
?
To
know
which
,
say
by
the
Rule
of
Three
;
If
133
give
114
,
what
shall
131⅓
give
?
and
it
will
come
to
Ducc.
112
,
and
57
Gr.
To
the
which
must
be
added
44
Graines
,
for
the
provision
which
is
there
taken
at
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
and
it
will
be
Duccats
113.
And
at
a
lesser
price
,
may
not
be
taken
for
Mesina
.
The
Example
will
make
it
evident
.
And
this
is
as
much
as
I
conceive
fitting
to
have
said
of
the
Exchanges
,
Orders
and
Commissions
practised
in
the
City
of
Naples
,
and
next
to
Genoa
.
CHAP.
CCCLXI.
Of
Examples
of
the
Exchanges
practised
at
Genoa
,
and
how
the
same
are
calculated
.
I
Have
shewed
elsewhere
,
the
generall
Exchanges
of
Genoa
,
and
with
how
many
other
places
this
city
is
Exchanges
practised
at
Genoa
.
found
to
Exchange
with
,
and
there
also
declared
the
common
rates
and
prices
,
how
the
same
is
found
to
governe
,
which
notwithstanding
is
sound
so
subiect
to
alteration
,
that
it
cannot
admit
of
any
great
certainty
,
yet
so
farre
it
is
conducible
,
to
this
knowledge
,
that
it
may
serve
as
a
certaine
rule
for
the
calculation
thereof
,
either
in
the
Draughts
,
Remittances
,
or
Orders
,
that
may
happen
to
fall
within
the
limit
of
this
City
,
the
forming
of
which
accounts
now
remaineth
to
bee
handled
,
observing
the
same
with
some
other
principall
places
,
which
being
well
understood
,
will
enlighten
the
way
to
what
is
here
by
me
,
for
brevity
sake
willingly
omitted
.
To
give
then
introduction
thereto
,
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
Exchangers
Accounts
in
Genoa
.
doe
here
keepe
their
accounts
severall
wayes
,
as
some
in
Livers
,
Sols
,
and
Deniers
of
current
money
,
and
others
by
Livers
,
Sols
and
Deniers
money
of
Gold
,
and
both
these
accounted
and
summed
up
,
by
20
and
12
,
because
20
Sols
make
a
Liver
,
and
12
Deniers
doe
make
a
Sol.
Moreover
,
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
the
Crowne
of
Italy
of
Gold
,
in
Gold
is
worth
here
in
current
Money
90
Sols
of
Genoa
,
though
it
is
found
sometimes
to
be
worth
more
,
and
sometimes
lesse
,
as
Monyes
are
requested
:
Notwithstanding
,
the
said
Crowne
is
alwayes
given
for
68
Sol
,
Money
of
Gold.
Againe
it
is
to
be
observed
,
that
in
Genoa
all
or
the
most
part
of
Exchanges
that
are
practised
,
are
effectively
for
Placentia
,
Lions
,
Millan
,
Venice
,
Naples
,
and
Rome
;
and
therefore
,
in
the
handling
thereof
,
I
shall
,
to
avoid
tediousnesse
,
be
the
briefer
.
CHAP.
CCCLXII
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Genoa
with
Placentia
.
GEnoa
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
,
and
giveth
posito
Sol.
87¼
current
Money
,
to
have
there
1
Crow
.
of
Marc.
I
would
Exchang●…
of
Genoa
with
Palermo
.
know
then
,
for
Livers
10269.
19.
3
d.
current
Money
,
how
many
Crow
.
of
Marc.
I
shall
have
in
Placentia
?
First
then
multiply
the
said
Sol
87¾
by
4
,
to
bring
them
into
4/4
,
1.
Example
.
adding
the
▪
and
they
make
351
quarters
,
and
then
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Livers
by
20
,
to
make
them
Sols
,
and
then
by
4
,
to
make
them
quarters
of
Sols
,
adding
to
the
multiplication
〈◊〉
for
the
3
Deniers
,
and
it
will
be
in
all
821597
which
divide
by
351
the
price
of
the
Crowne
of
Marc.
and
the
division
will
bee
2340
,
multiplying
the
rest
by
20
and
by
1●…
to
make
them
Sols
and
Deniers
,
and
they
will
be
in
all
Crow
.
2340.
14.
7.
of
Gold
of
Marc.
which
you
must
have
in
Placentia
,
as
by
Example
will
be
more
evident
.
To
prove
this
account
,
you
must
multiply
the
said
crownes
of
Marc.
by
Lib.
4.
7.
9.
beginning
to
multiply
by
the
Deniers
,
and
then
by
Sols
,
calculating
it
by
12
Deniers
for
one
Sol
,
and
by
20
for
one
Liver
,
and
of
the
product
will
come
li.
10269
-
18
-
11.
so
that
it
is
evident
,
that
the
account
is
just
,
the
difference
being
in
some
small
parts
of
the
division
which
is
lost
,
as
by
Example
.
At
Genoa
it
is
oftentimes
seene
that
the
Exchange
is
made
for
Placentia
in
Sols
of
money
of
Gold
,
and
the
difference
of
this
money
is
,
that
the
Crowne
of
Gold
,
by
decree
of
the
estate
is
worth
68
Sol.
money
of
Gold
,
and
in
current
money
90
Sol
,
and
though
that
the
said
price
of
the
current
money
rise
and
fall
,
the
money
of
Gold
never
varieth
from
the
said
price
of
68
Sol.
If
then
I
would
know
for
livers
2816.
13.
4.
money
of
gold
,
which
one
exchangeth
at
66.
5d
.
money
Another
Example
of
the
said
Exchanges
.
of
gold
per
Crrwne
,
how
many
Crownes
of
marc
.
shall
one
have
,
doe
thus
:
reduce
the
abovesaid
liv.
into
Deners
,
multiplying
them
by
20
,
and
the
Sols
resting
by
12
,
likewise
reduce
the
said
Sol
66.
5
Deniers
into
Deniers
multiplying
them
by
12
,
and
that
which
will
come
thereof
shall
be
the
Divisor
of
the
summe
of
Deniers
,
come
of
the
said
liv.
the
which
divided
,
will
be
848
Cro.
3.
7
of
Marc.
To
prove
this
rule
,
multiply
this
by
5
d.
and
the
product
will
be
2186.
13.
3
,
which
shewes
the
account
to
be
just
cast
.
Proofe
.
In
Genoa
I
would
deliver
for
Placentia
lib.
3248.
15.
of
current
Third
Example
.
money
which
is
Exchanged
at
67
Sol.
10
d.
of
money
of
Gold
,
I
demand
how
many
Crownes
of
Mark
they
will
be
,
first
reduce
the
said
summe
of
Livers
of
current
money
,
into
Livers
of
money
of
Gold
,
dividing
the
same
by
90
Sols
,
the
price
of
the
crowne
of
Gold
in
current
money
,
and
they
will
be
crownes
721.
18.
10
which
must
be
multiplied
by
3
lib.
8
shill.
the
price
of
the
crowne
in
money
of
Gold
,
and
it
will
come
to
lib.
2454.
12.
money
of
Gold
,
which
divided
by
67.
10
,
to
see
what
the
crownes
of
Mark
are
worth
,
and
they
will
make
crow
.
723.
14.
3.
of
Mark
,
and
so
much
shall
Genoa
have
credit
in
Placentia
for
the
said
lib.
3248.
15
of
current
money
,
as
the
Example
shall
more
evidently
demonstrate
.
If
in
Genoa
you
would
reduce
any
summe
of
current
mony
,
into
To
reduce
Livers
of
current
money
into
Livers
of
Gold
in
Genoa
.
Livers
of
money
of
Gold
by
a
short
rule
,
because
that
the
crow
.
of
Gold
in
current
money
is
90
shil
,
and
in
money
of
Gold
68
s.
you
must
take
of
the
current
money
twice
⅔
placing
them
,
the
one
under
the
other
,
and
out
of
one
of
the
said
⅓
take
⅓
,
and
of
that
which
commeth
of
the
said
〈◊〉
you
must
take
〈◊〉
,
and
adding
these
4
parcels
together
,
will
come
mony
of
Gold
,
as
will
appeare
by
this
Example
.
For
proofe
of
the
said
account
,
if
by
the
same
method
you
Proofe
.
would
reduce
Livers
of
Money
of
Gold
into
Livers
of
current
Money
,
you
must
adde
to
the
said
Livers
of
Money
of
Gold
the
●
,
and
of
that
which
will
come
thereof
,
take
〈◊〉
,
adding
the
said
two
parcels
together
,
and
they
will
make
Livers
of
current
Money
:
Example
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
for
the
Exchange
of
Genoa
with
Placentia
;
wherein
I
have
thought
fit
thus
farre
to
enlarge
my selfe
,
by
reason
of
the
great
Exchanges
continually
practised
betweene
the
said
two
places
.
CHAP.
CCCLXIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Genoa
with
Lions
.
GEnoa
exchangeth
with
Lions
,
and
giveth
posito
Sols
59.
9.
●…ge
of
Ge●…
with
Li●…
.
Money
of
Gold
,
to
have
in
Lions
a
Crowne
of
the
Sunne
;
I
would
know
then
,
for
Livers
37296.
6.
0
of
current
Money
in
Genoa
,
how
many
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
I
shall
have
in
Lions
?
First
reduce
the
said
summe
of
Livers
of
current
Money
into
Livers
of
Money
of
Gold
,
by
the
former
rules
,
dividing
by
Sol.
90.
the
price
of
the
Crowne
of
Gold
in
current
Money
,
and
they
will
make
Crown
.
8288.
1.
4.
which
must
be
multiplyed
by
Li.
3.
8.
5.
the
price
of
the
Crowne
in
Money
of
Gold
,
and
it
will
co●…
to
Li.
28179.
8.
6.
the
which
divided
by
Sol.
59.
9.
the
price
of
the
Crown
.
of
the
Sunne
,
it
will
be
Crown
.
9432.
8.
10.
And
so
many
Crow
.
of
the
Sunne
will
Lions
give
for
those
Livers
of
current
Money
,
as
above
is
propounded
.
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
will
appeare
,
when
this
parcell
shall
be
Proofe
.
rechanged
backe
from
Lions
to
Genoa
.
CHAP.
CCCLXIIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Genoa
with
Millan
.
GEnoa
doth
exchange
with
Millan
,
and
giveth
1
Cro.
of
Livers
Exchange
of
Genoa
with
Millan
.
4
of
current
Money
,
to
have
in
this
place
pos●…
Sol.
118
〈◊〉
;
I
would
know
then
,
for
Livers
3850.
14.
8.
of
current
Money
,
what
credit
shall
Genoa
have
in
Millan
?
First
,
take
the
quarter
of
the
said
summe
of
Livers
,
to
make
the
same
into
Crow
.
of
Livers
4
,
and
they
will
make
Cro.
962.
13.
8.
the
which
must
be
multiplyed
by
Livers
5.
18.
6d
.
per
Crow
.
which
are
the
said
Sol.
118
〈◊〉
,
and
they
will
make
Li.
5703.
17.
11d
.
And
so
much
shall
the
said
credit
be
in
Millan
,
as
doth
appeare
by
the
Example
in
the
work
following
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
will
more
evidently
appeare
,
when
Proofe
.
this
parcell
is
rechanged
for
Genoa
from
Millan
.
CHAP.
CCCLXV
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Genoa
with
Venice
.
GEnoa
doth
Exchange
with
Venice
,
and
giveth
one
crowne
of
Livers
4
current
money
,
to
have
in
Venice
posito
146½
Sol.
de
Exchange
of
Genoa
with
Venice
.
Banco
and
of
that
money
.
I
demand
for
lib.
8340.
12.
0.
current
Money
of
Genoa
,
how
many
Ducats
de
Banco
of
lib.
6
〈◊〉
per
du
.
shall
one
have
credit
in
Venice
:
to
doe
this
then
first
take
the
¼
of
the
said
summe
of
Livers
to
reduce
them
into
Crownes
of
4
Lib.
and
they
will
make
crow
.
2085.
3.
0
,
the
which
multiply
by
Lib.
7.
6.
6.
per
cro
.
which
are
the
said
Sol.
146
〈◊〉
,
and
of
the
Product
thereof
will
come
Lib.
15273.
14.
6.
which
must
be
reduced
to
Duccats
,
dividing
them
by
124
,
the
price
of
the
Ducat
of
6
Lib.
4
Sol.
and
multiplying
the
rest
of
the
Division
by
24
,
to
bring
them
into
Grosses
,
because
that
24
Grosses
maketh
one
Duccat
,
and
by
thus
working
,
the
same
will
bee
Ducats
2463.
〈◊〉
,
and
so
many
Duccat
of
Lib.
6⅙
shall
you
have
credit
in
Banco
for
at
Venice
,
as
for
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
seene
,
when
Venice
doth
Exchange
backe
for
Genoa
this
said
summe
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCLXVI
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Genoa
with
Naples
.
GEnoa
doth
Exchange
with
Naples
and
giveth
posito
66⅔
Sols
Exchange
of
Genoa
with
Naples
.
of
current
money
,
to
have
in
this
place
one
Du.
of
5
Taries
,
I
demand
then
for
liv.
4486.
3.
4
current
Money
,
how
many
Duc.
in
credit
shall
I
have
in
Naples
?
First
reduce
all
the
said
summe
of
Livers
with
the
said
lib.
66
〈◊〉
of
current
Money
into
Deniers
,
multiplying
the
Livers
by
20
,
and
the
Sols
that
come
thereof
by
12
,
doing
the
same
by
the
Sols
,
of
the
price
of
the
Exchange
,
multiplying
the
same
by
12
,
and
by
the
Division
thereof
,
it
will
make
Duccats
1345
,
and
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
Division
by
100
,
by
reason
that
100
Grains
doth
make
one
Duccat
,
and
there
will
come
Gra.
85
,
which
are
worth
4
Taries
,
and
Gra.
5
,
seeing
,
as
hath
beene
before
remembred
,
that
1
Tarie
is
in
Naples
20
Grains
,
and
by
thus
working
,
it
will
make
Duccats
1345.
4.
5
,
and
so
much
shall
the
credit
bee
in
Naples
,
as
by
the
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
,
when
Naples
shall
Exchange
backe
with
Genoa
.
I
could
much
more
inlarge
the
Exchanges
practised
Proofe
.
at
Genoa
with
other
places
,
but
for
brevity
I
willingly
omit
the
same
,
and
therefore
now
come
to
the
Commissions
and
Orders
given
in
matters
of
Exchanges
at
Genoa
.
CHAP.
CCCLXVII
.
Of
Orders
and
Commissions
given
and
received
for
Draughts
and
Remittances
in
Genoa
.
ACcording
to
my
proposed
method
,
I
will
here
adde
one
or
two
Examples
of
the
Orders
and
Commissions
,
Orders
&
Commissions
●…iven
and
received
for
Draughts
&
Remittances
〈◊〉
Genoa
.
1.
Example
.
given
and
received
in
Draughts
and
Remittances
at
Genoa
.
First
then
posito
from
Venice
,
there
is
order
given
to
Genoa
,
to
remit
to
Venice
,
and
to
prevaile
for
Milan
,
at
such
a
price
that
the
Draught
from
Milan
to
Venice
,
comes
but
to
148
s.
cleare
of
all
charges
,
now
then
there
doe
present
Bils
for
Venetia
,
at
149
,
and
money
for
Milan
at
148
,
I
demand
if
at
these
prices
,
the
said
Commission
may
be
performed
,
to
doe
which
,
say
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
If
Sols
148
of
Venice
give
at
Milan
,
Sols
117
,
being
the
price
of
the
Crowne
of
the
said
Milan
,
what
will
Sols
149
give
,
the
price
of
the
crowne
of
Livers
4
Lib.
at
Genoa
,
and
it
will
come
to
117¾
Sol.
the
which
without
deduction
of
provision
,
is
apparent
that
the
Commission
cannot
be
performed
,
because
that
the
remitting
to
Venice
at
149
,
the
Draught
cannot
bee
made
for
Millan
at
more
then
117¾
besides
the
provision
,
and
the
partido
is
found
at
118
Sols
,
as
the
Example
sheweth
.
Againe
to
Genoa
commeth
order
from
Antwerpe
to
buy
some
Velvets
,
and
to
prevaile
for
the
same
by
Placentia
,
at
such
a
price
,
See
Example
.
that
the
Palme
of
Velvets
in
Genoa
,
amount
not
(
being
bought
)
to
more
than
Sol.
8½
money
of
Grosse
,
and
the
Draught
for
Placentia
at
Gross
.
123.
Now
there
is
found
Velvets
at
72¼
Sols
the
Palme
,
and
Money
for
Placentia
at
Sol.
88.
in
current
Money
:
I
demand
then
,
if
at
these
prices
the
said
Commissions
may
be
effected
:
to
know
which
,
say
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
If
Gross
.
123.
the
price
of
the
Cro.
of
Marc.
give
at
Genoa
,
Sol.
88.
what
will
Gross
.
102.
which
are
the
said
Sol
of
8½
of
Grosses
give
?
and
it
will
come
to
Sol.
72.
11.
so
that
as
it
will
appeare
,
the
said
Commission
may
be
performed
to
benefit
,
because
that
in
drawing
for
Placentia
at
Sol.
88.
the
Velvets
may
be
bought
at
72
Sol.
11.
Den.
the
Palme
,
and
it
is
found
at
72¼
Sol.
CHAP.
CCCLXVIII
.
Of
the
termes
of
payment
of
Bills
of
Exchange
in
Genoa
.
From
Genoa
the
termes
of
Bills
are
-
TO
Venetia
at
15
dayes
sight
,
and
at
10
dayes
backe
.
Of
the
termes
of
payment
of
Bills
of
Exchange
in
Genoa
.
-
To
Avignon
at
15
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Barselona
at
20
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Valentia
at
20
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
London
at
3
moneths
from
the
date
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Millan
at
5
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Rome
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Pisa
at
5
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Gaietta
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Bridges
and
Antuerpe
at
10
dayes
fight
,
and
thence
at
2
moneths
from
the
date
.
-
To
Paris
the
same
as
to
Bridges
and
Antuerpe
.
-
To
Naples
and
Palermo
at
15
dayes
sight
,
and
backe
at
20
dayes
sight
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
for
the
Exchanges
practised
at
Genoa
,
together
with
the
Commissions
given
and
received
there
,
and
so
proceed
to
the
next
eminent
place
of
Exchanges
,
Venetia
.
CHAP.
CCCLXIX
.
Examples
of
the
Exchanges
practised
at
Venice
,
and
how
the
same
are
to
be
calculated
.
I
Have
shewed
the
generall
Exchanges
used
in
Venice
,
and
with
how
many
other
places
,
this
city
is
found
●…ges
pra●…d
at
〈◊〉
.
to
Exchange
withall
,
and
there
also
shewed
at
large
the
common
rates
&
prices
the
same
is
found
there
to
governe
,
which
notwithstanding
is
so
subiect
to
alteration
,
that
the
prices
there
mentioned
,
cannot
bee
admitted
for
a
setled
rule
,
and
certaine
rate
,
yet
so
farre
it
is
conducible
in
it selfe
to
the
understanding
hereof
,
that
the
same
may
serve
as
an
undoubted
method
in
the
calculation
thereof
,
either
in
the
Draughts
or
Remittances
,
Orders
or
Commissions
,
that
may
fall
within
the
limit
of
the
Exchanges
of
this
city
,
the
working
of
which
rules
now
remaineth
to
be
handled
,
observing
the
same
onely
with
such
principall
places
,
as
are
most
notable
,
which
being
well
understood
will
serve
as
guides
to
find
out
what
else
is
here
by
mee
for
brevity
willingly
omitted
.
To
give
first
then
introduction
thereunto
,
it
is
to
bee
noted
,
Accounts
kept
in
Venice
.
that
Merchants
and
Bankers
here
doe
keepe
their
account
by
severall
methods
,
and
denomination
,
some
in
Duccats
and
Grosses
of
Livers
6⅕
the
Duccat
,
the
which
they
summe
by
24
,
because
that
24
Grosses
are
worth
one
Duccat
:
and
others
keepe
the
same
by
Livers
,
Sols
,
and
Grosse
,
which
are
worth
ten
Duccats
the
Liver
,
which
is
summed
up
by
20
and
by
12
,
making
20
Sols
of
Grosse
to
be
one
Liver
,
and
12
Deniers
one
Sol.
Again
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
some
few
yeers
past
,
the
Moneycurrent
paid
in
paiment
of
Merchandise
,
&
the
Money
current
paid
upon
B●…ls
of
Exchange
was
of
one
and
the
selfe-same
goodnesse
in
value
,
or
little
in
difference
,
but
now
the
moneyes
paid
upon
Bils
of
Exchange
,
is
found
to
exceed
the
former
20
in
21
per
cent
.
and
is
commonly
now
called
in
Banco
,
as
the
other
is
called
the
current
Money
,
and
therefore
when
moneyes
by
Exchange
is
mentioned
,
it
is
understood
to
bee
in
Banco
,
as
the
best
and
principall
.
CHAP.
CCCLXX
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Lions
.
VEnice
doth
Exchange
with
Lions
,
and
giveth
posito
duccats
119
〈◊〉
of
Livers
6
〈◊〉
to
have
in
Lions
Crow
.
100
of
gold
of
the
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Lions
.
sunne
:
I
demand
for
ducc.
4238
1/11
,
how
many
Crownes
of
the
sunne
shall
I
have
in
Lions
?
to
doe
this
,
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
:
If
ducc.
119⅖
give
100
crow
.
of
the
sunne
of
gold
,
what
will
ducc.
4328
1/11
give
me
,
which
being
done
,
accordingly
as
I
have
heretofore
often
mentioned
,
it
will
come
to
crow
.
3459
,
and
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
20
to
make
them
sols
of
gold
,
and
then
by
12
to
make
them
deniers
,
it
will
come
in
all
to
crow
.
3549.
9.
8.
of
gold
of
the
sunne
,
and
so
much
shall
you
have
credit
in
Lions
for
the
said
summe
of
duccats
4238
1/12
of
livers
6.
4.
sols
per
duccat
,
as
may
be
seene
by
the
following
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
is
seene
when
that
Lions
doth
Exchange
Proofe
.
backe
with
Venice
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Placentia
.
VEnice
doth
Exchange
with
Placentia
,
and
giveth
posito
ducc
.
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Placentia
.
134½
of
livers
6
〈◊〉
to
have
in
Placentia
100
Crow
of
marke
:
I
demand
for
duccats
1450
17/24
,
how
many
Crownes
of
marke
?
first
reduce
the
said
ducc.
134½
into
grosses
,
multiplying
them
by
24
,
and
adding
12
grosses
,
for
the
halfe
duccat
,
and
it
will
make
gross
.
3228
,
in
like
manner
you
must
reduce
the
said
duccats
into
grosses
,
in
multiplying
them
by
24
,
and
adding
of
17
gross
.
for
the
17/24
(
it
being
the
same
to
say
one
grosse
,
as
1/24
)
and
it
will
be
grosses
34817
,
saying
then
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
If
grosses
3228
give
Crow
.
100
,
what
will
grosses
34817
grosses
give
,
and
it
will
come
to
Crow
.
1078
,
and
multiplying
the
rest
of
the
division
by
20
to
make
them
sols
of
gold
,
and
by
12
to
make
them
deniers
,
it
will
be
found
to
make
in
all
Crownes
1078.
11.
10.
of
gold
of
marke
,
and
so
much
you
shall
have
in
Placentia
for
the
said
Duccats
1450
17/24
of
lib.
6.
4.
sh.
as
by
the
Example
following
.
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
is
more
apparent
when
Placentia
doth
exchange
backe
with
Venice
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Rome
.
VEnice
doth
Exchange
with
Rome
,
and
giveth
Duccats
100
of
6
lib.
4
sh.
to
have
in
that
place
posito
Cro.
73
〈◊〉
of
gold
de
Camera
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Rome
.
for
ducc.
1157½
,
I
would
know
how
many
Crow
.
shall
Venice
have
in
Rome
:
you
must
multiply
the
said
summe
of
ducc
.
at
the
said
price
of
Crow
.
73½
per
cent
.
and
out
of
its
product
,
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
the
which
multiplied
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
them
sols
and
deniers
of
gold
,
and
it
will
make
Crowns
850.
15.
3.
of
gold
of
estampe
,
and
so
much
credit
shall
Venice
have
in
Rome
,
as
is
apparent
by
this
Example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
is
more
apparent
,
when
this
parcell
is
Exchanged
from
Rome
backe
to
Venice
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Naples
.
VEnice
doth
Exchange
with
Naples
,
and
giveth
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
E●…nger
Ve●…
Naples
.
of
lib.
6
.
⅕
to
have
in
the
said
place
posito
ducc.
97
〈◊〉
ries
5
per
duccat
.
I
demand
then
for
duccats
1850
〈◊〉
of
●…nice
,
how
many
duccats
credit
shall
I
have
in
Naples
?
multiply
the
said
summe
of
duccats
by
graines
97¼
per
ducc
.
and
of
the
product
will
come
graines
,
out
of
which
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
to
make
them
Ducc.
because
(
as
hath
beene
said
before
)
one
duccat
is
worth
100
graines
,
and
it
will
make
ducc.
1799
,
and
gra.
32
,
which
are
one
Tarie
and
graire
12
,
and
so
much
credit
shall
you
have
in
Naples
,
for
the
said
summe
of
ducc
.
of
Venice
,
as
by
Example
shall
appeare
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
will
appeare
when
this
is
rechanged
from
Naples
to
Venice
:
and
note
,
that
when
Venice
doth
Exchange
Proofe
.
with
Bary
,
Lecchie
,
Lausano
,
or
other
parts
of
the
Kingdome
of
Naples
,
the
account
is
made
as
above
with
Naples
it selfe
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXIIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Florence
:
VEnice
doth
Exchange
with
Florence
,
and
giveth
ducc.
100
of
lib.
6⅕
to
have
in
Florence
posito
81½
C●…w
.
of
gold
,
I
demand
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Florence
.
then
for
duccats
2500
what
credit
s●…ll
Venice
have
in
Florence
:
to
doe
this
,
multiply
the
said
summe
of
ducc
.
at
the
abovesaid
price
of
Crow
.
81½
per
cent
.
and
from
the
product
cut
the
2
last
figures
,
multiplying
the
same
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
the
same
sols
and
deniers
of
gold
,
and
they
will
make
Crow
.
2037.
10
sols
of
gold
of
Florence
,
as
by
Example
will
more
manifestly
appeare
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
,
when
this
summe
is
rech
●…nged
from
Florence
to
Venice
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXV
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Millan
.
VEnice
doth
exchange
with
Millan
,
and
giveth
posito
Sols
148½
,
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Millan
.
to
have
in
Millan
one
Crowne
of
Livers
5
,
and
17
Sols
of
that
Money
:
I
demand
,
for
Ducc.
1486¼
of
Li.
6⅕
,
what
credit
in
Livers
shall
Venice
have
in
Millan
?
First
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Ducc.
by
124
Sol.
the
value
of
the
Ducc.
of
Li.
6
〈◊〉
,
and
it
will
make
Sol.
184295.
the
which
divide
by
Sol.
148½
,
to
see
how
much
the
Crownes
of
Millan
are
worth
,
and
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
division
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
them
Sols
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
and
they
will
make
Crow
.
1241
,
and
10
Deniers
,
the
which
multiplyed
by
Li.
5.
17.
the
price
of
the
Crow
.
to
make
them
Livers
,
beginning
to
multiply
the
Livers
5
by
the
10
Deniers
,
which
are
worth
the
Crowne
,
and
then
with
the
Sols
,
if
any
be
,
calculating
for
12
Deniers
1
Sol
,
and
for
20
Sols
1
Liver
,
and
of
the
product
thereof
will
come
Li.
7260.
1.
10.
And
so
much
credit
shall
Venice
have
in
Millan
,
for
the
said
Duccats
1486¼
of
Livers
6
〈◊〉
of
Venice
;
as
by
the
Example
following
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
seene
,
when
Millan
doth
exchange
Proofe
.
with
Venice
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXVI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Ven●…ce
with
Antwerpe
.
VEnice
doth
exchange
with
Antwerpe
and
giveth
one
Duccat
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Antuerpe
.
of
Livers
6⅕
to
have
in
that
place
posito
Grosse
92
●
,
I
demand
then
for
Duc.
3810¾
,
how
many
Livers
Grosse
shall
Venice
have
credit
in
Antwerpe
,
you
must
multiply
the
said
sum
of
Duccats
by
the
said
Gross
.
92½
,
and
it
will
make
Gross
.
352494
,
out
of
which
,
take
1/12
to
make
the
same
Sols
of
Gross
.
and
they
will
be
Sols
29374
,
and
Gross
.
6
,
the
which
must
bee
reduced
into
Livers
,
by
cutting
the
last
figure
,
and
by
taking
the
of
the
rest
,
and
it
will
come
to
be
Livers
1468
,
and
the
tenth
that
is
remaining
is
ten
Sols
,
and
adding
4
,
the
figure
cut
off
,
shall
bee
14
Sol.
so
in
all
1468.
14.
6
,
which
Antwerpe
will
give
,
as
for
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
seene
when
Antwerpe
rechangeth
this
summe
with
Venice
,
and
here
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
Venice
doth
Proofe
.
exchange
with
Colonia
,
and
Amsterdam
and
the
Netherlands
,
after
the
same
manner
as
with
Antwerpe
,
and
the
account
is
made
up
as
the
precedent
,
whereto
needeth
no
further
example
for
illustration
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXVII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Ven●…ce
with
London
.
VEnice
doth
Exchange
with
London
,
and
giveth
one
Duccat
of
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
London
.
Liv.
6
〈◊〉
to
have
there
posito
56
〈◊〉
pence
sterling
:
I
demand
then
for
Duccats
740
,
how
many
Livers
or
Sterling
shall
Venice
have
credit
in
London
:
this
must
be
done
as
in
the
precedent
account
is
shewed
of
Venice
with
Antwerpe
,
and
it
will
come
to
pounds
173
,
s.
8.
and
pence
9
,
which
Venice
shall
have
credit
in
London
,
as
by
the
Example
more
at
large
appeareth
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
manifested
,
when
London
doth
rechange
Proofe
.
this
sum
of
173.
8.
9
d.
for
Venice
,
and
here
note
,
that
Vsance
from
Venice
to
London
is
3
moneths
,
or
90
daies
,
and
double
Vsance
the
said
time
doubled
,
and
the
like
accounted
backe
from
London
to
Venice
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXVIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Genoa
.
VEnice
doth
Exchange
with
Genoa
,
and
giveth
posito
Sols
Exchanges
of
Venice
w●…th
Genoa
.
146½
to
have
in
Genoa
one
Crowne
of
4
Livers
mony
of
Genoa
,
I
demand
then
for
Ducc.
2463½
of
Livers
6⅕
how
many
Livers
of
current
mony
shall
I
have
credit
in
Genoa
?
first
reduce
the
said
summe
of
Ducc.
into
Sols
,
multiplying
them
by
124
,
the
value
of
the
Duccat
,
and
devide
the
Sols
that
shall
rest
of
the
said
multiplication
by
146½
to
make
them
Crow
.
of
4
Livers
,
and
multiply
the
remainder
of
the
Division
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
them
sols
and
deniers
of
gold
,
and
they
shall
be
Crow
.
2085.
2.
11
,
which
must
be
multipyed
by
lib.
4
per
Crow
.
beginning
the
multiplication
by
deniers
,
and
then
by
the
sols
,
calculating
for
12
deniers
1
sol
,
and
for
20
sols
1
liver
,
and
of
the
product
will
come
livers
8340.
11.
8
current
mony
,
and
so
much
will
the
credit
be
in
Genoa
,
as
for
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
,
when
Genoa
doth
rechang●…
〈◊〉
.
this
parcell
for
Venice
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXIX
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Venice
with
Norimberg
.
VEnice
doth
exchange
with
Norimberg
,
and
giveth
Ducc.
100
of
Li.
6
〈◊〉
,
to
have
in
the
said
place
posito
Florins
130¼
of
60
〈◊〉
of
●…ce
w●…
〈◊〉
.
Quarent
.
per
Florin
.
I
demand
then
,
for
Ducc.
2645
〈◊〉
,
what
credit
in
Florins
must
I
have
in
the
said
place
?
Multiply
the
said
summe
of
Duccats
by
Florins
130¼
per
Cent.
and
the
broken
numbers
of
the
multiplication
divide
by
20
,
to
have
an
account
of
the
Sols
,
and
of
the
remainder
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
the
which
being
multiplyed
by
20
,
to
bring
the
same
into
Sols
,
and
then
by
12
,
to
bring
them
into
Deniers
;
and
in
doing
thus
,
there
will
be
found
Florin
.
3210.
18.
8.
which
must
be
had
in
credit
at
Norimberg
for
the
said
D●…
.
in
Venice
remitted
:
as
by
this
Example
following
appeares
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
manifested
,
when
Noremberg
shall
exchange
this
summe
backe
with
Venice
:
and
note
,
that
for
Augusta
Proofe
.
and
Francfort
,
the
Exchange
from
Venice
is
made
as
with
Noremberg
,
whereto
needs
no
other
Examples
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXX
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Bergamo
.
VEnice
doth
Exchange
with
Bergamo
,
and
giveth
one
Crowne
of
7
lib.
to
have
in
Bergamo
Sols
145½
posito
,
I
demand
then
Exchanges
of
Venice
with
Bergamo
.
for
ducc.
4220
〈◊〉
,
how
many
Livers
will
it
amount
unto
?
multiply
the
said
summe
of
duccats
by
6
lib.
〈◊〉
,
and
it
will
amount
to
lib.
26168.
2.
8
,
of
which
take
the
〈◊〉
to
make
them
Crownes
,
and
the
remainders
divide
by
20
and
12
,
and
they
will
be
Crownes
3738.
6.
1.
the
which
must
be
multipiled
by
lib.
7.
5.
6.
which
are
the
said
lib.
145½
sols
,
and
of
the
multiplication
will
come
lib.
27196.
3.
2
,
which
must
be
had
in
credit
in
the
said
place
of
Bergamo
,
as
by
this
Example
following
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
Rule
is
discerned
when
this
parcell
is
Remitted
Proofe
.
backe
from
Bergamo
to
Venice
,
and
thus
much
shall
serve
to
have
said
of
the
Exchanges
of
Venice
,
a
word
of
the
Orders
and
Commissions
here
practised
in
matters
of
Exchanges
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXXI
.
Of
Orders
and
Commissions
given
and
received
for
Draughts
and
Remittances
in
Venice
.
ACcording
to
my
proposed
method
,
I
will
here
adde
an
Example
or
two
of
Draughts
and
Remittances
,
ordered
Orders
and
Commissions
given
and
received
for
Draughts
and
Remittances
in
Venice
.
by
Commission
in
the
City
of
Venice
,
posito
:
Into
Venice
commeth
Order
from
Francfort
,
that
they
may
draw
thither
at
Florins
130
,
and
remit
thence
to
London
at
56
pence
,
not
of
charges
or
provision
,
the
partido
being
for
duccats
3500
,
now
there
is
bills
found
for
London
at
57¼
pence
,
1
Example
.
and
mony
for
Francfort
at
Florins
132
〈◊〉
,
I
demand
then
at
these
rates
,
whether
this
Commission
without
breach
of
Order
may
be
performed
?
to
doe
which
,
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
(
seeing
that
Venice
giveth
the
certaine
price
to
both
those
said
two
places
)
If
56
pence
starl.
give
130
Florins
the
limitted
price
,
what
shall
57¼
pence
give
,
(
the
price
found
)
and
it
will
make
Flor.
132
〈◊〉
,
from
which
deduct
10
shil.
7.
den
.
for
the
provision
that
is
taken
at
⅖
per
cent
.
there
will
remaine
Flor.
132.
7.
5
,
so
that
thereby
the
said
Commission
may
be
performed
with
benefit
,
because
that
remitting
to
London
at
57¼
pence
starl.
the
draught
may
be
made
for
Francfort
,
at
Florins
132.
7.
5
,
and
the
mony
that
is
found
is
at
Flor.
132.
〈◊〉
,
as
appeareth
by
this
Example
.
Againe
,
a
Merchant
of
Florence
is
creditor
in
Venice
posito
2000
2
Example
.
Duccats
of
banco
,
who
ordereth
that
the
same
be
remitted
unto
him
at
Crow
.
81½
thence
or
by
the
way
of
Antwerpe
at
grosse
91¼
and
to
take
the
most
beneficiall
way
of
the
two
,
and
finding
,
a
remittance
by
both
to
profit
,
according
to
the
limitted
prices
,
the
order
is
to
take
the
most
profitable
of
the
two
,
and
finding
the
remittances
produce
losse
,
to
accept
of
the
least
,
now
then
,
there
are
bills
found
for
Florence
as
I
said
,
at
82½
Cro.
and
for
Antwerpe
at
92
〈◊〉
gro
.
I
would
know
by
which
the
remittance
ought
to
be
made
,
seeing
that
by
both
the
remittance
may
be
made
to
profit
,
and
desirous
to
find
out
the
most
profitable
,
you
must
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
if
Crow
.
81½
give
gross
.
91¼
the
price
limited
,
what
shall
82½
Cro.
give
which
is
the
price
found
,
and
it
will
make
grosses
92
〈◊〉
or
thereabouts
,
so
that
the
remittance
must
be
made
by
Florence
straight
,
because
that
remitting
by
that
way
at
82½
Crow
.
to
make
the
price
,
you
should
remit
to
Antwerpe
at
92
〈◊〉
gross
.
and
there
are
no
bills
found
but
at
grosse
92
〈◊〉
,
as
it
is
seene
wrought
by
this
Example
.
Againe
,
posito
from
Lions
the
Exchange
goeth
for
Venice
at
ducc.
117
〈◊〉
and
for
Naples
at
ducc.
125
,
I
demand
giving
order
to
Lions
,
3
Example
.
that
at
these
prices
they
make
draught
to
Venice
,
and
remit
to
Naples
,
at
what
price
then
will
the
remittance
come
out
to
be
from
Venice
to
Naples
,
to
know
which
,
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
if
duccats
117
〈◊〉
of
Venice
,
the
price
of
100
Crow
.
of
sol
of
gold
of
Lions
,
give
at
Naples
ducc.
125
,
how
many
will
ducc.
100
give
of
the
said
place
of
Venice
,
and
it
will
make
ducc.
106½
or
thereabouts
,
and
so
much
credit
must
be
had
in
Naples
for
ducc.
100
of
lib.
6⅕
which
are
disbursed
in
Venice
,
out
of
which
must
be
deducted
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
for
the
provision
that
is
paid
in
Lions
.
Againe
,
in
the
said
place
of
Venice
,
commeth
order
from
Florence
,
to
remit
to
Placentia
at
ducc.
136
,
and
to
prevaile
on
them
at
4
Example
.
crow
.
80
not
of
charges
,
the
partido
being
made
for
5000
crow
.
of
marke
:
now
the
said
5000
crow
.
of
marke
,
is
found
for
Placentia
at
ducc.
135
,
and
for
Florence
may
be
drawne
ducc.
2000
at
crownes
80¼
:
I
would
know
at
what
price
must
the
rest
be
drawne
,
to
know
which
,
I
must
first
see
for
the
remittance
of
the
said
crow
.
5000
of
marke
,
at
the
price
inordered
,
how
many
crow
.
of
gold
it
is
at
Florence
,
and
to
doe
this
,
multiply
the
said
summe
of
crownes
by
ducc
:
136
per
cent
.
and
they
make
ducc.
6800
,
without
calculation
of
provision
,
seeing
that
the
order
is
not
of
charges
,
you
must
multiply
them
by
crowns
80
per
cent
.
and
they
will
be
crow
.
5440
of
gold
,
and
so
much
the
draught
will
appeare
to
be
for
the
said
crow
.
5000
of
marke
by
remittance
,
and
afterwards
multiplying
the
said
crowns
5000
by
ducc.
135
per
cent
.
the
price
that
is
found
,
it
maketh
ducc.
6750
to
which
adding
ducc.
27
for
the
provision
at
⅖
per
cent
.
seeing
that
the
draught
must
be
made
for
Florence
,
and
they
will
be
ducc.
6777
out
of
which
,
deduct
ducc.
2000
which
were
found
to
be
drawne
at
crownes
80¼
there
will
rest
ducc.
4777
,
and
for
the
said
ducc.
2000
,
their
disbursement
is
at
Florence
crownes
1605
which
must
be
deducted
out
of
crow
.
5440
,
which
must
be
drawne
,
there
will
remaine
crownes
3835
of
gold
,
which
must
be
drawne
,
for
the
which
I
must
be
imbursed
at
Venice
,
duccats
4777
,
and
to
know
at
what
price
,
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
if
ducc.
4777
give
by
disbursement
at
Florence
crownes
3835
of
gold
,
which
will
ducc.
100
give
,
and
it
will
make
crow
.
80.
5.
7.
of
gold
,
and
at
this
price
the
said
par●…ido
of
ducc.
4777
may
be
drawne
,
and
the
other
ducc.
2000
at
80¼
Crow
.
and
so
for
both
these
parcels
must
be
drawne
Crow
.
5440
,
as
is
inordred
,
and
there
is
imbursed
ducc.
6777
,
there
being
per
contra
disbursed
ducc.
6750
for
the
remittance
of
the
said
Crow
.
5000
of
marke
,
at
Ducc.
135
per
cent
.
and
Ducc.
27
which
is
imb●…rsed
over
and
above
,
proceeding
from
the
provision
,
and
in
this
manner
this
said
Commission
will
remaine
performed
as
it
was
by
the
Committies
inordered
as
by
example
,
the
same
will
appeare
evident
,
following
.
And
note
,
when
the
said
Citie
of
Venice
exchangeth
for
Naples
,
Rome
,
Antuerpe
,
and
London
,
and
that
you
would
know
at
how
much
Note
.
commeth
the
Money
of
any
one
of
the
said
places
for
Lions
or
Placentia
,
the
account
is
made
as
in
the
precedent
rule
of
Florence
and
Placentia
,
alwayes
multiplying
the
price
,
by
which
the
Exchange
goeth
for
Lions
,
with
the
price
of
the
other
place
from
whence
it
is
remitted
or
drawne
:
and
therefore
,
for
brevitie
sake
,
it
is
needlesse
to
propound
here
any
further
Example
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXXII
.
Of
the
termes
of
payment
of
Bills
of
Exchange
in
Venice
.
The
termes
from
Venice
-
TO
Naples
and
Gaietta
at
15
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
Termes
of
payments
of
Bills
of
Exchange
in
Venice
.
-
To
Palermo
&
Mesina
at
30
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Rome
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Florence
and
Lucca
at
20
after
date
,
and
5
dayes
sight
backe
.
-
To
Avignon
at
45
dayes
after
date
,
and
thence
2
moneths
after
date
.
-
To
Barselona
at
2
moneths
after
date
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Valentia
at
75
dayes
after
date
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Sivil
at
90
dayes
after
date
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Lions
for
the
Faire
,
and
from
Faire
to
Faire
.
-
To
Bridges
and
Antuerpe
at
2
moneths
after
date
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
London
at
3
moneths
after
date
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Paris
at
2
moneths
after
date
,
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Genoa
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
15
dayes
backe
.
-
To
Millan
at
12
dayes
sight
,
&
20
dayes
thence
after
date
.
-
To
Constantinople
5
moneths
after
date
,
and
so
backe
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXXIII
.
Of
Examples
upon
the
Exchanges
that
are
practised
in
Placentia
,
and
how
the
same
are
to
be
calculated
.
I
Have
shewed
in
the
generall
Exchanges
of
Placentia
〈◊〉
Exchanges
practised
at
〈◊〉
.
with
how
many
other
places
Placentia
is
found
to
exchange
with
,
and
there
also
set
downe
the
common
rates
how
the
same
is
for
the
most
part
found
to
governe
which
every
day
is
so
subject
to
alteration
,
that
no
positive
rules
can
be
set
downe
for
the
same
;
yet
it
is
in
it selfe
so
beneficiall
,
that
thereby
the
unexperienced
may
know
how
to
make
up
the
account
thereof
,
at
what
rate
soever
the
same
be
found
to
be
,
either
in
Remittances
or
Draughts
,
the
which
onely
now
remaineth
to
be
handled
,
observing
the
same
with
so
many
other
Townes
,
as
may
be
fittest
to
understand
the
ground
thereof
.
It
is
then
first
to
be
noted
,
that
all
Bankers
and
Exchangers
A●…ts
kept
in
〈◊〉
.
here
doe
keepe
their
Accounts
in
Crownes
,
Solds
,
and
Deniers
of
Gold
of
Marque
,
which
are
cast
up
by
20
and
12
,
because
that
20
Sols
of
Gold
makes
a
Crowne
,
and
12
Deniers
make
a
Sol.
CHAP.
CCCLXXXIIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Lions
.
ANd
first
then
,
Placentia
is
found
to
exchange
with
Lions
,
and
giveth
posito
Crownes
85
〈◊〉
,
to
have
at
Lions
100
Crownes
●…ges
of
〈◊〉
with
〈◊〉
.
of
the
Sunne
of
Gold
;
I
demand
then
,
for
Crownes
1516.
12.
of
Marc.
what
will
be
due
to
me
in
Lions
?
To
doe
which
,
say
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
If
Crownes
85½
of
Marc.
give
100
Crownes
of
the
Sunne
,
what
will
the
said
Crownes
1516.
12.
give
?
and
it
will
come
to
Crownes
1773.
16.
0.
of
Gold
of
the
Sunne
:
And
so
much
will
be
due
to
me
in
Lions
,
for
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
Marc
;
as
by
Example
following
.
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
is
seene
,
when
that
Lions
doth
exchange
Proofe
.
with
Placentia
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXXV
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Genoa
.
PLacentia
exchangeth
for
Genoa
,
and
giveth
one
Crowne
of
Marc.
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Genoa
.
to
have
posito
Sols
67.
10
Money
of
Gold
in
Genoa
;
I
demand
then
,
for
Crow
.
723.
14.
3
of
Marc.
how
many
Livers
of
current
Money
shall
I
have
in
Genoa
?
First
multiply
the
said
Cro.
of
Marc.
by
Li.
3.
7.
10
per
Crow
.
which
are
the
said
67
Sols
,
10
Den.
beginning
to
multiply
the
said
Li.
3.
by
3
Den.
and
afterwards
by
Sols
14
,
which
are
with
the
Crow
.
calculating
for
12
Den.
one
Sol
,
and
for
20
Sols
one
Liver
,
and
of
the
product
will
come
Li.
2454.
11.
9.
Money
of
Gold
,
which
must
be
divided
by
68
Sols
,
the
price
of
the
Crowne
of
Gold
,
in
Money
of
Gold
,
to
bring
them
into
Crownes
,
multiplying
the
rest
of
the
division
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
them
Sols
and
Deniers
,
and
they
will
make
Crow
.
721.
18.
9
of
Gold
,
which
must
be
multiplyed
by
Li.
4½
per
Crow
.
the
present
price
of
the
Crow
.
of
Gold
in
current
Money
,
and
it
will
make
Li.
3248.
14.
4.
And
so
much
in
current
Money
I
shall
have
in
Genoa
for
the
said
Crow
.
723.
14.
3
of
Marc.
As
by
Example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
is
seene
,
when
Genoa
exchangeth
Proofe
.
for
Placentia
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXXVI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Rome
.
PLacentia
exchangeth
with
Rome
,
and
giveth
100
Crownes
of
Gold
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Rome
.
of
Marc.
to
have
in
that
place
posito
Crownes
99
〈◊〉
of
Gold
of
Estampe
;
I
demand
then
,
for
Crownes
1385.
15
of
Marc.
how
many
Crownes
of
Estampe
shall
Placentia
have
credit
for
in
Rome
?
To
doe
which
,
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crow
.
of
Marque
by
99¾
per
Cent.
and
taking
the
remainder
of
the
multiplication
,
to
be
divided
by
20
Sols
,
cutting
off
the
two
last
figures
of
the
production
,
the
which
multiplyed
by
20
,
to
make
them
Sols
of
Gold
,
and
then
by
12
,
to
make
them
Deniers
,
and
they
will
make
Crownes
1382.
5.
9
of
Gold.
And
so
much
will
the
credit
be
in
Rome
:
as
by
the
Example
following
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
is
seen●…
,
when
that
Rome
doth
exchange
backe
for
Placentia
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXXVII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Florence
.
PLacentia
doth
exchange
for
Florence
,
and
giveth
100
Crownes
〈…〉
.
of
Marc.
to
have
in
that
place
posito
Crownes
110½
of
Gold
:
I
demand
,
for
Crownes
4500.
10
of
Marc.
how
many
Crownes
of
Gold
shall
I
have
in
Florence
?
To
know
which
,
working
according
to
the
preceding
Example
,
and
Rule
of
Placentia
with
Rome
,
and
I
finde
it
giveth
Crownes
4973.
1.
0.
of
Gold
,
which
Placentia
must
have
credit
for
in
Florence
:
as
for
example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
discerned
,
when
Florence
doth
rechange
〈◊〉
.
for
Placentia
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXXVIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Palermo
.
PLacentia
doth
exchange
with
Palermo
,
and
giveth
Crow
.
100
of
Exchanges
o●…
Placentia
w●…
Palermo
.
Marc.
to
have
in
Palermo
posito
Ducc.
132¾
of
Taries
5
per
Ducc.
I
demand
then
,
for
Cro.
2573.
12.
4
of
Marc.
what
credit
shall
Placentia
have
in
Palermo
?
To
doe
which
,
you
must
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
by
Graines
132¾
per
Cro.
seeing
as
hath
been
said
,
it
is
alike
so
many
Graines
per
Crow
.
as
so
many
Duccats
per
100
Crownes
,
and
of
the
product
will
come
Graines
;
the
which
to
turne
to
Duccats
,
you
must
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
and
there
will
remaine
Ducc.
3416.
and
the
Graines
47
,
which
are
the
two
last
cut
figures
,
which
are
2
Taries
and
7
Graines
:
so
that
for
the
said
Crow
.
2573.
12.
4
of
Marc.
Placentia
shall
have
credit
in
Palermo
Ducc.
3416.
2.
7
d.
As
for
Example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
is
discerned
,
when
that
Palermo
Proofe
.
is
seene
to
rechange
for
Placentia
.
And
note
,
that
when
the
said
Exchanges
with
Mesina
,
the
same
as
with
Palermo
.
place
doth
exchange
with
Mesina
in
this
Kingdome
,
the
account
is
made
as
above
with
Palermo
,
the
price
and
rate
is
onely
found
to
differ
,
and
to
be
either
higher
or
lower
.
CHAP.
CCCLXXXIX
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Venice
.
PLacentia
doth
exchange
for
Venice
,
and
giveth
Crownes
100
of
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Venic●…
Marc.
to
have
in
the
said
place
Ducc.
134½
more
or
lesse
,
of
Livers
6⅕
per
Ducc.
I
say
in
Banco
,
I
demand
,
for
Crow
.
1078.
12
of
Marc.
how
many
Duccats
shall
it
make
in
Venetia
?
Multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
by
Ducc.
134½
per
Cent.
and
the
remainders
of
the
multiplication
are
to
be
divided
by
24
,
to
bring
them
into
Grosses
,
and
from
the
product
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
which
are
to
be
multiplied
by
24
,
to
make
them
Grosses
,
and
it
will
make
Ducc.
1450
17/24
of
Livers
6⅕
per
Ducc.
And
so
much
will
Placentia
have
in
Venetia
,
for
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
Marc.
As
by
this
Example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
is
discerned
,
when
that
Venetia
is
Proofe
.
found
to
rechange
for
Placentia
.
CHAP.
CCCXC
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Milan
.
PLacentia
doth
exchange
with
Milan
,
and
is
found
to
give
one
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Milan
.
Crow
.
of
Marc.
to
have
in
the
said
place
posito
Sols
133⅔
;
I
demand
then
for
Crow
.
1450.
15.
6
of
Marc.
how
many
Livers
ought
I
to
have
in
Milan
?
Multiply
the
said
Crownes
by
Livers
6.
13.
4.
per
Crow
.
which
are
the
said
Sols
133⅔
,
beginning
to
multiply
the
6
Livers
by
the
6
Deniers
,
and
then
by
the
15
Sols
which
are
with
the
Crow
.
of
Marc.
calculating
for
12
Deniers
one
Sol
,
and
for
20
Sols
one
Liver
,
and
they
will
make
li.
9671.
16.
8.
which
Placentia
must
have
in
Milan
:
As
by
Example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
is
seene
,
when
Milan
doth
exchange
Proofe
.
backe
with
Placentia
.
CHAP.
CCCXCI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Naples
.
PLac●…ia
doth
exchange
with
Naples
,
and
giveth
one
Crowne
of
〈◊〉
to
have
in
Na●…les
Carlins
posito
29½
;
I
demand
,
for
〈◊〉
2400.
10.
●…0
.
of
Marc.
what
credit
in
Ounces
shall
I
have
in
Naples
?
Multiply
the
said
Crownes
by
29½
Carlins
per
〈◊〉
,
and
take
the
rest
of
the
multiplication
to
be
divided
by
〈◊〉
●…o
the
end
to
make
them
Graines
,
and
they
will
make
Carlins
〈◊〉
●…15
,
Graines
9.
the
which
to
reduce
to
Ounces
,
you
must
cut
off
the
last
figure
,
and
take
⅙
of
the
rest
,
and
it
will
be
Ounces
1180.
and
the
tenth
of
the
remaining
Carlins
is
to
be
added
to
the
5
Carlins
,
which
is
the
figure
cut
off
,
and
they
are
Carlins
15
,
which
are
Taries
7
,
and
there
will
remaine
1
Carlin
,
with
the
9
Graines
,
which
are
Graines
19
,
and
in
all
are
Ounces
1180.
7.
19.
to
which
adde
one
Carlin
per
Ounce
for
the
good
Money
,
which
is
done
as
hath
beene
before
shewed
,
when
Naples
doth
exchange
with
Palermo
,
and
it
will
make
Ounces
1199.
28.
1.
And
that
is
the
credit
that
shall
be
due
in
the
said
Naples
,
good
Money
being
therein
comprised
,
as
by
this
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
,
when
Naples
doth
exchange
〈◊〉
.
with
Placentia
.
And
note
,
the
account
is
the
same
,
when
Placentia
Note
●…arri
and
●…ecchie
.
doth
exchange
with
Barri
and
Lecchie
in
this
Kingdome
,
the
rates
onely
altering
.
CHAP.
CCCXCII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Sivil
.
PLacentia
is
found
to
exchange
with
Sivil
,
and
giveth
one
Ex●…
of
〈◊〉
with
〈◊〉
.
Crowne
of
Marc.
to
have
in
that
place
posito
428
Marvedes
;
I
demand
then
,
for
Crow
.
815.
5.
6
of
Marc.
what
credit
in
Marvedes
shall
Placentia
have
in
Sivil
?
Multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
by
428
Marved.
the
Crowne
,
and
it
will
make
Marvedes
348937
,
and
adding
½
per
Cent.
for
the
Aggio
of
the
Monyes
,
at
5
Marvedes
per
Mill.
and
they
make
Marvedes
350681.
And
so
much
credit
shall
Placentia
have
in
Sivil
:
as
for
example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
,
when
that
Sivil
doth
rechange
for
Placentia
.
CHAP.
CCCXCIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Valentia
.
PLacentia
doth
exchange
with
Valentia
,
and
is
found
to
give
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Valentia
.
one
Crowne
of
Marc.
to
have
in
Valentia
23⅓
Sols
posito
:
I
demand
,
for
Crownes
926.
19.
2
of
Marc.
how
many
Livers
shall
I
have
in
Valentia
?
To
doe
this
,
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
by
Livers
1
,
3
,
4
d.
per
Crow
.
which
are
the
said
23
〈◊〉
Sols
,
beginning
the
multiplication
by
the
Deniers
,
and
then
by
the
Sols
which
are
with
the
Crownes
,
and
they
will
make
Livers
848.
2.
4
d.
And
so
much
shall
Placentia
have
credit
in
Valentia
.
Example
.
Note
,
that
when
Placentia
doth
exchange
with
Barselona
and
Note
Saragosa
and
Barselona
the
same
as
Valentia
.
Saragosa
,
the
account
thereof
is
made
up
,
as
the
above-mentioned
exchange
from
Placentia
to
Valentia
.
And
the
proofe
of
the
said
Rule
is
apparent
,
when
that
Valentia
shall
exchange
backe
for
Placentia
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCXCIIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Antuerpe
.
PLacentia
doth
exchange
with
Antuerpe
,
and
giveth
one
Crowne
of
Marc.
to
have
in
Antuerpe
posito
124
〈◊〉
Grosses
;
I
demand
,
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Antuerpe
.
for
Cro.
700.
15.
0
of
Marc.
how
many
Livers
of
Grosses
shall
I
have
in
Antuerpe
?
You
must
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
by
124
〈◊〉
Grosses
per
Crow
.
and
it
maketh
Grosses
87243
,
from
which
you
must
take
〈◊〉
,
to
make
them
Sols
,
and
then
it
is
7270
,
and
Gross
.
3.
which
reduced
to
Livers
,
cutting
off
the
last
figure
,
and
by
taking
½
of
the
rest
,
and
it
will
make
Livers
363
,
and
the
tenth
that
remaineth
is
worth
10
Sols
,
and
then
3
Grosse
.
And
so
much
will
the
credit
appeare
to
be
in
Antuerpe
:
as
by
example
.
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
is
seene
,
when
Antuerpe
doth
rechange
Proofe
.
for
Placentia
.
CHAP.
CCCXCV
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Bergamo
.
PLacentia
doth
exchange
with
Bergamo
,
and
giveth
100
Crownes
of
Marc.
to
have
Crownes
123¼
posito
,
more
or
lesse
,
of
Livers
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Bergamo
.
7
per
Crowne
.
I
demand
,
for
Crownes
740.
4.
8.
how
many
Livers
credit
shall
I
have
in
Bergamo
?
To
doe
which
,
first
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
Marc.
by
the
said
Crownes
123¼
,
and
the
remainders
divide
by
20
,
to
keepe
account
of
the
Sols
,
and
from
the
product
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
which
must
be
multiplyed
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
them
Deniers
and
Sols
of
Gold
,
and
they
shall
be
Crownes
912.
6.
8.
which
to
reduce
into
Livers
,
multiply
by
seven
Livers
,
the
value
of
the
Crowne
,
beginning
to
multiply
the
said
7
Livers
by
the
Deniers
8
,
and
then
by
the
Sols
6
,
which
are
with
the
Crownes
,
calculating
for
12
Deniers
one
Sol
,
and
for
20
Sols
one
Liver
,
and
it
maketh
li.
6386.
6.
8.
which
must
be
had
in
credit
at
Bergamo
.
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
,
when
Bergamo
doth
rechange
Proofe
.
this
parcell
for
Placentia
.
CHAP.
CCCXCVI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Lucca
.
PLacentia
doth
exchange
with
Lucca
,
and
giveth
100
Crownes
of
Marc.
to
have
in
Lucca
posito
117½
Crownes
of
Livers
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Lucca
.
7½
per
Crowne
;
I
demand
then
,
at
this
rate
,
for
Crownes
406.
10.
10
of
Marc.
how
many
Crownes
of
Li.
7½
shall
I
have
credit
in
Lucca
?
First
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
Marc.
by
Crownes
117½
per
Cent.
and
of
the
product
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
which
multiplyed
by
20
,
and
by
12
,
to
bring
them
into
Sols
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
and
they
will
make
Crownes
477.
13.
8.
And
so
many
Crownes
of
Livers
7
〈◊〉
per
Crowne
shall
I
have
at
Lucca
.
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
Exchange
serveth
to
know
how
to
make
the
Proofe
.
account
,
when
Lucca
exchangeth
with
Placentia
,
being
done
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
saying
,
If
Crow
.
117
〈◊〉
give
100
Crow
.
of
Marc.
how
much
will
477.
13.
8
Crow
.
give
?
and
it
will
be
406.
10.
10
Crow
.
of
Marc.
And
this
is
to
be
observed
in
the
proofe
of
the
rest
,
according
to
former
mentioned
rules
.
CHAP.
CCCXCVII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Francfort
.
PLacentia
doth
Exchange
with
Francfort
,
and
giveth
Crownes
Exchanges
of
Placentia
with
Francfort
.
100
of
Marc.
to
have
here
Crow
.
110
〈◊〉
of
93
Quarentines
per
Crowne
:
I
demand
for
800
Crownes
of
Marc.
how
many
Florins
of
60
Quarentins
per
Flor.
shall
I
have
in
Francfort
.
Multiply
the
said
Crow
.
800
by
Cro.
110½
per
cent
.
cutting
off
the
two
last
figures
,
the
which
multiply
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
them
Sols
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
and
it
comes
to
884
Crownes
of
Quarentines
93
,
the
which
to
make
Florins
,
must
be
multiplied
by
93
Quarentines
,
and
they
are
82212
Quarentines
,
from
which
cut
off
the
last
figure
,
and
take
⅙
of
the
rest
,
and
they
then
doe
make
Florins
1370
,
and
the
tenth
remaining
,
with
the
2
Quarentines
,
which
is
the
figure
cut
off
,
and
it
maketh
12
,
from
which
taking
〈◊〉
to
make
them
Sols
,
by
reason
that
3
Quarentines
make
one
Sol
,
and
they
are
Florins
1370
,
and
Sols
4
,
which
is
the
credit
that
must
be
rendred
in
Francfort
,
as
shall
appeare
by
example
.
The
proofe
hereof
appeareth
when
Francfort
Exchangeth
for
Proofe
.
Placentia
,
and
thus
much
shall
serve
for
the
Exchanges
practised
a
Drotura
from
Placentia
.
CHAP.
CCCXCVIII
.
Of
Orders
and
Commissions
given
and
received
for
Draughts
and
Remittances
in
Placentia
.
ACcording
to
my
method
proposed
,
I
will
here
adde
some
examples
of
Draughts
and
Remittances
made
Orders
and
Commissi●…ns
given
and
received
for
Drau●…hts
and
●…ces
in
Placentia
.
by
Order
and
Commission
,
in
this
place
of
Placentia
,
wherein
I
will
somewhat
inlarge
my selfe
by
reason
that
it
is
the
most
noted
and
eminent
place
of
Exchanges
at
this
day
practised
in
the
world
.
To
Placentia
then
is
order
given
,
to
remit
to
Venice
at
Duc.
134
or
to
Florence
at
Crowns
110½
where
the
benefit
shall
appeare
to
be
〈◊〉
Example
most
,
that
is
to
say
,
that
finding
to
remit
to
one
of
the
said
two
places
,
with
benefit
of
the
limited
prices
,
the
remittance
be
made
thither
where
most
will
be
given
,
and
if
the
Remittance
be
found
to
be
made
with
losse
,
to
that
which
will
give
the
least
:
for
Florence
then
there
is
found
at
Cro.
111⅖
,
and
for
Venice
at
Duc.
135
:
I
demand
whither
ought
the
Remittance
be
made
,
for
to
both
the
Remittance
is
found
to
be
with
profit
,
and
to
know
where
the
greatest
gaine
will
be
,
I
say
by
the
rule
of
three
,
If
Duc.
134
give
110½
the
inordered
price
,
what
will
135
Duc.
give
,
the
price
found
,
it
will
make
Cro.
111
〈◊〉
or
circa
,
so
that
there
is
more
profit
to
make
the
Remittance
to
Florence
,
because
that
remitting
at
Duc.
135
,
to
make
the
Par
,
the
Remittance
should
be
for
Florence
at
Cro.
111
〈◊〉
,
and
the
partido
found
is
111
〈◊〉
Cro.
as
for
Example
.
Again
,
at
Placentia
there
is
order
received
to
remit
to
Antwerpe
at
Grosses
123
,
or
to
Barselona
at
Sol
24½
,
where
the
most
advantage
See
Example
.
shall
be
found
,
there
is
found
a
parcell
for
Antwerpe
at
Grosse
120⅔
,
and
for
Barselona
at
Sol
24
,
I
would
know
to
which
must
the
Remittance
be
made
,
seeing
that
in
both
places
there
is
losse
given
upon
the
prices
that
are
inordered
,
and
to
know
where
is
the
least
,
I
say
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
if
Sols
24½
give
Grosses
123
,
the
price
inordered
,
what
will
24
Sols
give
,
the
price
that
is
found
,
and
it
maketh
Grosses
120½
,
so
that
the
Remittance
must
be
made
for
Antwerpe
,
by
reason
that
remitting
to
Barselona
at
Sols
24
,
to
make
the
Par
,
the
Remittance
should
bee
made
to
Antwerpe
at
Grosse
120
〈◊〉
,
and
it
is
found
at
120
〈◊〉
.
CHAP.
CCCXCIX
.
Questions
upon
the
Exchanges
practised
at
Placentia
.
AT
Florence
there
is
Exchange
made
for
Placentia
,
in
expedition
of
the
Faire
,
posito
at
Cro.
109
〈◊〉
,
and
for
Venice
at
Cro.
Questions
upon
the
Exchanges
practised
at
Placentia
.
81½
,
I
would
know
by
the
said
Exchanges
,
at
what
price
Placentia
doth
hereby
exchange
for
Venice
,
to
doe
which
,
say
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
If
81½
Cro.
of
Gold
of
Florence
give
at
Venice
100
Duc.
of
Livers
6
〈◊〉
,
how
many
will
109
〈◊〉
Cro.
give
,
the
price
of
100
Cro.
of
Marc.
and
it
will
make
Duc.
134⅓
of
Lib.
6
〈◊〉
,
and
at
that
price
should
Placentia
exchange
for
Venice
,
where
by
the
way
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
it
is
a
thing
evident
,
that
exchanges
are
here
made
at
greater
or
lesser
prices
,
according
to
the
plenty
or
scarcity
of
money
to
be
found
,
and
the
rates
incertaine
,
these
rules
only
serving
for
instruction
to
make
up
the
accounts
thereof
.
Againe
at
Naples
is
Exchange
made
for
Placentia
in
expedition
Question
fo●…
〈◊〉
.
of
a
Faire
there
at
Duc.
136½
,
and
for
Venice
at
Duc.
101
2
,
I
would
know
by
the
said
Exchanges
at
what
prices
should
Placentia
Exchange
with
Venice
:
I
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
if
Duc.
101½
of
Naples
give
at
Venice
ducc.
100
at
lib.
6
〈◊〉
howmany
will
136½
ducc
.
give
the
price
of
100
Cro.
of
Marc.
and
it
will
appeare
to
make
Ducc.
134
〈◊〉
,
and
at
that
price
should
Placentia
Exchange
for
Venice
,
as
by
Example
.
Againe
,
at
Venice
there
is
Exchange
made
for
Placentia
,
in
expedition
of
a
Faire
at
Duc.
133⅔
,
and
for
Naples
at
Duc.
102⅔
,
I
demand
●…ion
for
〈◊〉
.
by
the
said
parties
,
at
what
price
should
Placentia
Exchange
for
Naples
,
you
must
multiplie
the
said
Duc.
133⅔
which
is
the
value
of
100
crow
.
of
marc
.
by
Duc.
102⅔
per
cent
.
by
reason
that
the
said
Duc.
102
〈◊〉
are
the
value
of
100
Duc.
of
Venice
,
and
thus
wrought
,
it
will
make
Duc.
137
〈◊〉
or
thereabout
,
and
at
that
price
should
Placentia
exchange
with
Naples
.
Againe
at
Naples
is
exchange
made
for
Placentia
,
in
expedition
Question
for
●…me
.
of
a
Faire
,
at
Duc.
136½
,
and
for
Rome
at
Duc
137
,
I
demand
by
the
said
exchanges
,
at
what
price
should
Placentia
exchange
with
Rome
,
I
say
then
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
If
Duc.
137
of
Naples
give
at
Rome
Cr.
100
of
Gold
of
Estamp
,
how
many
wil
Duc.
136½
give
the
price
of
100
Crow
.
of
marke
,
and
thus
it
will
come
to
Cro.
99
〈◊〉
in
circa
of
Gold
of
Estampe
,
and
at
that
price
should
Placentia
exchange
with
Rome
.
Againe
at
Rome
is
exchange
made
for
Placentia
,
in
expedition
Question
for
Florence
.
of
a
Faire
,
there
at
Cro.
99
and
for
Florence
at
Cro.
90
I
demand
by
the
said
exchanges
,
at
what
price
should
Placentia
exchange
with
Florence
,
I
say
then
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
If
Cro.
90
of
Gold
of
Estamp
,
give
in
Florence
Cro.
100
of
Gold
,
what
will
Crow
.
99
of
Estampe
the
value
of
Cro.
100
of
marke
give
,
it
will
bee
Cro.
110
,
and
at
that
price
should
Placentia
exchange
for
Florence
.
Againe
at
Rome
is
Exchange
made
for
Placentia
in
expedition
of
a
Faire
there
at
Cro.
99
,
and
for
Milan
at
cro
.
86
,
I
demand
by
Question
for
Milan
.
the
said
Exchanges
at
what
prices
should
Placentia
Exchange
with
Milan
,
I
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
if
cro
.
86
of
Gold
of
Estampe
give
at
Milan
cro.
100
of
lib.
5.
17.
0
,
what
will
crownes
99
the
price
of
100
Cro.
of
Marc.
give
,
it
will
bee
crownes
115.
2.
3.
which
being
multiplied
by
Sol
117
,
the
price
of
the
crowne
in
cutting
the
two
last
figures
of
his
product
to
reduce
the
exchange
to
the
value
of
the
crowne
of
Marc.
there
will
remaine
Sol
134⅔
,
and
at
that
price
should
Placentia
Exchange
with
or
for
Milan
.
Againe
,
at
Milan
is
Exchange
made
for
Placentia
,
in
expedition
Question
for
Genoa
.
of
a
Faire
there
,
at
Sol
133½
,
and
for
Genoa
at
Sol
118
〈◊〉
,
I
demand
by
the
said
Exchanges
,
at
what
price
should
Placentia
Exchange
for
Genoa
?
I
say
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
if
Sols
118⅔
of
Milan
(
the
price
of
the
Crowne
of
4
lib.
of
Genoa
)
give
Sols
80
,
what
will
Sols
133½
give
(
the
price
of
the
Crowne
of
Marc.
in
money
of
Milan
)
and
it
will
be
90
Sols
of
current
money
,
the
which
without
making
the
reduction
into
money
of
Gold
,
seeing
it
hath
been
already
said
,
that
90
Sols
of
current
money
is
worth
68
Sols
of
Gold
,
and
at
this
price
should
Placentia
exchange
with
and
for
Genoa
.
Againe
at
Venice
is
exchange
made
for
Placentia
in
expedition
of
a
Faire
there
,
at
Duc.
141
,
and
for
Lions
at
116½
,
I
demand
by
the
Question
for
Lions
.
said
Exchanges
,
at
what
price
should
Placentia
exchange
for
Lions
?
I
say
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
if
Duc.
141
of
lib.
6
〈◊〉
of
Venice
give
in
Placentia
Cro.
100
,
how
many
will
Duc.
116½
give
(
the
value
of
the
Cro.
100
of
Gold
of
the
Sun
of
Lions
)
and
it
will
bee
Cro.
82
〈◊〉
in
circa
,
and
at
that
price
should
Placentia
Exchange
with
Lions
.
At
Placentia
there
is
exchange
made
for
Lions
at
Cro.
83½
,
and
for
Florence
at
Cro.
113
,
and
from
that
place
we
have
advice
,
that
Another
.
they
exchange
for
Lions
at
Cro.
95⅓
,
I
would
know
by
the
said
exchanges
,
if
it
bee
beneficiall
to
remit
from
Placentia
to
Lions
,
and
to
draw
from
Florence
,
by
inordering
my
Factors
at
Florence
to
prevaile
upon
Lions
at
the
said
price
of
Cro.
95⅓
,
to
know
which
,
you
must
multiply
the
said
Cro.
83½
of
Marc.
being
the
price
of
cro
.
100
of
the
Sun
of
Gold
,
by
Cro.
113
of
Gold
per
cent
.
seeing
that
the
said
Crow
.
of
Gold
are
the
value
of
100
Crownes
of
Marc.
and
from
the
product
,
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
and
there
will
remaine
Cro.
94.
7.
1.
to
the
which
adding
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
for
the
provisions
which
are
paid
,
the
one
at
Florence
,
the
other
at
Lions
,
and
they
will
be
Cro.
94.
19.
8.
so
that
it
will
be
profitable
,
to
draw
and
to
remit
according
to
the
abovesaid
order
and
manner
,
because
that
at
Florence
may
bee
taken
by
exchange
for
Lions
at
Cro.
95
in
circa
,
and
finding
cro
.
95⅓
,
upon
which
consideration
is
to
be
had
,
what
the
moneyes
of
Florence
may
doe
by
exchange
for
Lions
,
which
thus
I
work
by
example
.
Now
for
the
termes
of
paiments
of
Bils
of
Exchanges
in
Placentia
,
it
is
expressed
in
the
trade
of
that
city
in
Chapter
383.
And
this
shall
suffice
to
have
said
of
the
Exchanges
practised
at
Placentia
,
where
by
reason
of
the
great
and
continued
practises
here
daily
made
for
vast
summes
,
I
have
somewhat
more
then
ordinarily
inlarged
my selfe
,
and
so
I
proceed
to
the
next
place
of
exchanges
,
which
is
Florence
.
CHAP.
CCCC
.
Of
Examples
of
Exchanges
practised
at
Florence
,
and
how
the
same
are
to
be
calculated
.
I
Have
shewed
in
the
generall
Exchanges
of
Florence
,
Exchanges
practised
in
Florence
.
with
how
many
other
places
the
said
City
is
found
to
exchange
with
,
and
there
also
shewed
the
common
rates
,
how
the
same
is
observed
to
rule
,
which
every
day
is
so
subiect
to
alter
,
that
no
set
price
can
be
peremptorily
set
downe
for
the
same
,
yet
in
it selfe
it
is
so
beneficiall
,
that
thereby
the
ignorant
may
bee
furthered
to
make
his
accounts
either
in
Draughts
or
Remittances
:
the
way
of
making
which
accounts
,
upon
this
place
,
now
remaineth
here
to
be
handled
,
observing
the
same
with
so
many
other
places
,
as
may
make
a
man
capable
to
understand
the
same
,
with
any
of
the
rest
here
omitted
.
And
by
the
way
it
is
observable
here
,
that
all
Exchangers
here
Accounts
kept
in
Florence
.
doe
keepe
their
accounts
in
Crownes
,
Sols
,
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
of
Lire
or
Livers
7½
of
that
money
per
Crowne
,
the
which
are
cast
up
by
20
and
by
12
,
because
that
20
Sols
of
gold
doe
make
one
Crow
.
and
12
Den.
one
Sol.
CHAP.
CCCCI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Florence
with
Lions
.
FLorence
then
is
found
to
exchange
with
Lions
and
giveth
posito
Cro.
95¾
of
Gold
to
have
in
Lions
100
Crownes
of
the
Sun
of
Exchanges
of
Florence
with
Lions
.
Gold
,
I
demand
for
Cro.
1268.
9.
of
Gold
,
how
many
Crownes
of
the
Sun
shall
I
have
in
Lions
?
I
say
by
the
Rule
of
three
,
if
Crow
.
95¾
give
Cro.
100
,
what
will
Crownes
1268.
9.
give
,
and
it
comes
to
Crownes
1324
,
and
the
remainder
of
the
division
being
multiplied
by
20
and
by
12
to
bring
them
into
Sols
and
deniers
of
gold
,
they
will
make
in
all
Cro.
1324.
15.
of
Gold
of
the
Sun
,
which
I
should
have
credit
in
Lions
for
the
said
summe
of
cro
.
of
Florence
,
the
calculation
thereof
here
followeth
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
seene
,
when
Lions
doth
exchange
with
Florence
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCII.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Florence
with
Placentia
.
FLorence
doth
Exchange
with
Placentia
,
and
giveth
posito
110
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
Pl●…
.
½
Crownes
of
Gold
to
have
there
100
Crownes
of
Marc.
I
demand
then
for
Crownes
4973.
1.
10
of
Gold
,
how
many
Crownes
of
Marc.
is
due
to
me
:
first
reduce
the
said
Crownes
110½
into
Sols
of
Gold
,
multiplying
them
by
20
,
adding
to
the
multiplication
10
Sols
for
the
halfe
Crowne
,
and
they
make
Sol
2210
,
likewise
reduce
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
Gold
into
Sols
,
and
it
will
be
99461
,
then
say
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
if
Sols
2210
give
Cro.
100
of
Marc.
what
will
Sol
99461
Sols
give
,
to
which
adding
two
cyphers
for
the
100
,
and
then
dividing
it
,
will
come
to
Crownes
of
Marc.
and
multiplying
the
rest
of
the
division
by
20
and
then
by
12
,
to
make
the
same
Sols
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
and
they
will
make
Crownes
4500.
9.
11.
of
marc
.
and
so
much
must
I
have
credit
in
Placentia
for
the
said
cro
.
4973.
1.
0.
of
Gold
of
Florence
,
as
by
Example
calculated
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
,
when
the
exchange
is
made
from
Placentia
to
Florence
&c.
Proo●…e
.
CHAP.
CCCCIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Florence
with
Venetia
.
FLorence
doth
exchange
with
Venice
,
and
giveth
posito
Crow
.
81
〈◊〉
of
Gold
,
to
have
Ducc.
in
Banco
100
of
Livers
6⅓
;
I
demand
Exchanges
of
Florence
with
〈◊〉
.
then
,
for
Cro.
2037.
10
of
Gold
,
how
many
Ducc.
shall
Florence
have
credit
in
Venice
?
To
doe
which
,
bring
the
Crow
.
81
〈◊〉
into
halfe
Crownes
,
multiplying
them
by
2
,
and
so
in
the
same
manner
of
the
said
summe
of
Crow
.
of
Gold
,
adding
halfe
a
Crowne
for
the
10
Sols
:
then
say
by
the
Rule
of
Three
,
If
the
halfe
Crownes
produced
of
the
price
of
the
Exchange
,
give
at
Venice
Ducc.
100
,
what
will
the
halfe
Crownes
give
,
proceeded
from
the
said
summe
of
Crow
.
of
Gold
?
and
so
by
adding
2
cyphers
for
the
100
,
and
dividing
the
same
,
it
will
make
Ducc.
2500
,
which
Florence
is
to
have
in
Venice
;
and
if
there
were
any
remaining
of
the
division
,
they
must
be
multiplyed
by
24
,
to
make
them
Grosses
,
because
that
24
Gross
.
make
a
Ducc.
of
Lib.
6.
4
Sols
.
Example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
is
more
evident
,
wh●…
Venice
Proofe
.
doth
rechange
for
Florence
.
CHAP.
CCCCIIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Florence
with
Rome
.
FLorence
is
said
to
exchange
with
Rome
,
and
giveth
100
Crownes
Exchanges
of
Florence
with
Rome
.
of
Gold
to
have
in
the
said
place
posito
Crownes
92¼
of
Gold
of
Estampe
;
I
demand
then
,
for
Cro.
1600
,
2
Sol.
5
Den.
of
Gold
of
Florence
,
how
many
Crownes
of
Gold
of
Estampe
shall
Florence
have
in
Rome
credit
for
?
First
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
of
Gold
at
92
〈◊〉
per
Cent.
and
multiply
the
remainder
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
bring
them
into
Sols
and
Deniers
of
Gold
,
and
they
make
Crownes
1476
,
2
Sols
,
2
Den.
of
Gold
,
which
should
be
had
in
Rome
:
as
for
example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
Rule
is
evident
,
when
this
partie
is
rechanged
from
Rome
to
Florence
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCV.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Florence
with
Naples
.
FLorence
exchangeth
with
Naples
,
and
giveth
Cro.
100
of
Gold
,
to
Exchanges
of
Florence
with
Naples
.
have
in
Naples
posito
Ducc.
119⅔
of
Taries
5
per
Ducc.
I
demand
then
,
for
Cro.
780.
15
of
Gold
,
what
credit
in
Ducc.
shall
Florence
have
in
Naples
?
To
do
which
,
first
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Cro.
of
Gold
by
Graines
119⅔
per
Cro.
because
it
is
so
many
Graines
per
Cro.
as
it
comes
to
be
Ducc.
for
Cro.
100.
and
they
make
Graines
93429.
of
which
,
cut
off
the
2
last
figures
,
to
make
them
Duccats
,
saying
that
the
Ducc.
is
worth
100
Graines
,
&
they
make
Ducc.
934.
and
for
the
Graines
29
,
Taries
1
,
and
Graines
9.
And
so
much
credit
shall
Florence
have
in
Naples
,
as
by
this
Example
is
shewed
.
The
proofe
of
this
Rule
is
manifested
,
when
Naples
is
seene
to
Proofe
.
exchange
with
Florence
.
CHAP.
CCCCVI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Florence
with
Antuerpe
.
FLorence
doth
exchange
with
Antuerpe
,
and
giveth
one
Crowne
of
Gold
,
to
have
in
the
said
place
Gross
.
112½
posito
.
I
demand
Exchanges
of
Florence
with
Antuerpe
.
then
,
for
Crownes
1400.
12.
8.
of
Gold
,
how
many
pounds
of
Gross
.
am
I
to
have
in
Antuerpe
?
To
doe
this
,
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Crownes
by
the
said
price
of
Gross
.
112½
,
and
it
maketh
Grosses
157571.
of
which
,
take
the
〈◊〉
,
to
make
them
Sols
,
and
they
make
Sols
13130
,
and
Grosse
11.
which
to
reduce
to
pounds
,
cut
off
the
last
figure
of
the
said
Sols
or
Shillings
,
and
take
½
of
the
rest
,
and
it
maketh
pounds
656.
and
for
the
tenth
that
is
remaining
,
it
is
to
be
accounted
10
Sols
;
and
if
the
figure
cut
off
had
beene
any
number
,
it
should
have
beene
added
to
the
10
Sols
:
and
it
thus
makes
pounds
659.
10.
11.
Money
of
Antuerpe
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
Account
is
seene
,
when
that
Antuerpe
Proofe
.
doth
exchange
with
Florence
.
Note
,
that
when
Florence
doth
exchange
for
London
,
which
is
seldome
Note
Florence
with
〈◊〉
.
in
use
,
the
rule
of
casting
up
the
same
in
Sterling
Money
,
is
this
as
above
with
Antuerpe
,
in
Flemish
Pounds
.
CHAP.
CCCCVII
.
To
reduce
Crownes
of
7
l.
in
Florence
into
Crownes
of
gold
of
Lire
,
7½
.
IF
in
Florence
you
would
reduce
,
any
summe
of
Crowns
of
money
of
Lire
7
l.
per.
Cro.
into
Crowns
of
gold
of
Lire
7
l.
〈◊〉
you
must
take
the
〈◊〉
of
the
Cro
:
of
money
,
and
the
remainder
will
be
Crownes
of
gold
.
And
if
againe
you
would
reduce
Crownes
of
gold
into
Cro
:
of
money
,
you
must
adde
contrarily
to
the
Cro.
of
gold
1/41
and
they
will
be
so
many
Crownes
of
money
,
as
for
example
Cro
:
3647
12
6
of
money
of
Lire
7
l.
pr.
Cro
:
1/15
243
3
6.
Cro.
3404
9
of
gold
of
Lire
7½
pr.
Cro.
CHAP.
CCCCVIII
.
Of
the
termes
of
payment
of
Bills
of
exchange
in
Florence
.
THe
terme
of
payment
of
Bills
of
Exchange
is
found
to
be
from
Florence
:
-
To
Naples
at
10
dayes
sight
and
from
thence
at
15
dayes
sight
.
-
To
Rome
at
10
dayes
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Venice
at
5
dayes
sight
and
thence
at
20
dayes
after
date
.
-
To
Bollonia
at
3
dayes
sight
and
so
back
,
and
so
for
Pisa.
-
To
Ferrara
at
5
dayes
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Perugia
and
Sciena
at
2
dayes
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Genoa
at
8
dayes
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Avignon
at
30
dayes
after
date
,
and
thence
45
dayes
after
date
.
-
To
Gaietta
at
10
dayes
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Paris
2
months
after
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Padova
at
5
dayes
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Palermo
and
Mesina
at
15
dayes
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Ancona
at
10
dayes
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Barselona
at
2
moneths
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Valentia
at
40
dayes
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Brudges
and
Antwerpe
at
2
moneths
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
London
at
3
moneths
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Ceneva
at
the
faires
and
thence
15
dayes
sight
back
.
-
To
Lions
to
the
faire
and
from
faire
to
faire
.
-
To
Milan
at
10
dayes
sight
and
so
backe
.
-
To
Aquilla
and
Sermona
at
11
dayes
sight
.
-
To
Comerino
at
8
dayes
sight
and
so
back
.
CHAP.
CCCCIX.
Of
Orders
and
comissons
,
given
and
received
for
draughts
and
remittances
by
exchanges
in
the
City
of
Florence
in
Tuscany
.
ACcording
to
my
proposed
methode
,
I
will
here
set
downe
,
an
example
or
two
of
draughts
and
remittances
,
Orders
and
comisons
given
and
received
for
draughts
&
remittances
by
exchange
in
Florence
.
made
by
Order
and
comisson
in
Florence
.
To
Florence
then
commeth
advise
from
Venice
,
that
the
Exchange
for
the
said
place
of
Florence
commeth
at
Cro.
80½
and
for
Placentia
at
duc.
135.
they
inorder
in
the
said
place
of
Venice
,
that
at
this
rate
,
they
make
a
remittance
to
Florence
and
draw
from
Placentia
,
at
how
much
then
will
the
draught
of
Florence
for
Placentia
come
unto
,
to
do
this
.
1.
Example
.
Multiply
duc.
135½
which
is
the
value
of
100
Cro.
of
marc
by
Cro.
80½
of
gold
pr.
cent
,
because
the
said
Cro.
of
gold
is
the
rate
of
the
duc.
100
of
Venice
,
and
it
will
be
Cro.
109
19
from
which
take
⅖
pr.
cent
,
for
the
provision
paied
at
Venice
,
and
there
will
rest
Cro.
108
12
10
and
so
many
Cro.
of
gold
,
is
imboursed
at
Florence
for
100
Cro.
of
marc
for
a
debt
at
Placentia
,
as
thus
for
example
:
Again
,
one
of
Venice
is
creditor
in
Florence
Cro.
3000
of
gold
,
who
Example
2.
inordereth
that
the
same
be
remitted
unto
him
at
cro
.
81½
or
by
Placentia
at
cro
.
110
,
where
the
most
advance
&
profit
shall
appeare
to
be
,
that
is
to
say
,
that
finding
a
remittance
in
both
places
,
to
benefit
of
the
price
limited
,
the
remittance
should
be
where
the
profit
and
benefit
is
greatest
,
and
finding
the
remittance
to
losse
,
the
remittance
be
made
where
the
damage
is
least
,
there
is
then
Bills
found
for
Venice
at
Cro.
82¼
and
for
Placentia
at
Cro.
110⅚
I
demand
by
which
of
the
two
should
the
remittance
be
made
.
By
both
the
said
places
there
is
found
a
delivery
to
losse
,
and
to
know
which
of
the
two
is
the
least
,
say
by
the
rule
of
three
,
If
Cro.
81½
give
Cro.
110
the
price
limited
,
what
will
Cro.
82¼
the
price
found
give
,
and
it
will
come
to
Cro.
111
0
2
,
so
that
the
remittance
should
be
made
by
Placentia
,
because
that
remitting
to
Venice
,
at
Cro.
82¼
,
to
runne
at
the
parr
:
the
delivery
should
be
for
Placentia
at
Cro.
111
,
and
the
bills
is
at
Cro.
110⅚
Example
:
Againe
one
of
Rome
is
debitor
in
Florence
in
Cro
:
2500
who
inordereth
that
the
draught
be
made
at
Cro
:
91
or
by
Placentia
at
Cro
:
Example
3.
110½
where
the
most
profit
shall
appeare
to
be
,
now
there
is
found
mony
for
Rome
at
Cro
:
92⅕
l.
for
Placentia
,
at
109⅙
Cro
:
I
demand
,
whither
should
this
draught
be
made
,
seeing
that
to
both
the
places
,
the
draughts
happen
to
be
to
losse
in
both
the
limited
prices
,
and
to
know
which
is
the
least
of
both
,
say
by
the
rule
of
3.
if
Cro
:
92
〈◊〉
the
price
found
for
Rome
(
seeing
that
Placentia
receiveth
the
uncertaine
rate
from
Florence
)
give
Cro
:
110½
what
will
Cro
:
91
the
price
inorderd
give
,
it
will
make
Cro
:
109-1-2
,
so
that
the
draught
should
bee
made
for
Placentia
,
seeing
that
drawing
for
Rome
at
Crownes
92⅕
,
to
runne
upon
a
Parr
:
should
be
taken
for
Placentia
at
the
said
price
at
Cro
:
109
〈◊〉
or
there
about
,
and
there
is
found
at
more
,
that
is
at
Cro
:
109⅙
:
as
by
example
.
And
so
much
shall
suffice
to
have
sayd
of
the
Orders
and
Commissons
in
draughts
and
remittances
by
exchange
of
Florence
.
CHAP.
CCCCX
.
Of
the
exchanges
practised
at
Milan
,
and
how
the
same
are
to
be
calculated
.
I
Have
shewed
in
the
generall
exchanges
of
Millan
,
with
Exchanges
practised
at
Milan
.
how
many
other
places
,
this
citty
is
found
to
exchange
with
,
and
there
also
set
downe
the
common
currant
rates
thereof
,
which
every
day
is
found
so
to
alter
,
that
no
positive
rule
can
bee
observed
in
the
same
,
yet
is
in
it selfe
so
beneficiall
,
that
therby
the
unexperienced
may
know
how
to
make
his
accounts
,
either
in
his
draughts
or
remittances
,
the
way
of
framing
these
accounts
,
now
remaineth
,
observing
the
same
with
some
few
other
,
the
principall
needfull
hereunto
.
It
is
also
to
be
noted
,
that
Exchangers
do
there
keepe
their
accounts
,
in
lire
sols
and
deniers
,
and
cast
up
by
20
and
by
12
because
Accounts
●…pt
in
Milan
.
that
20
sols
do
make
a
lire
and
12
den
:
a
sols
.
CHAP.
CCCCXI
.
Exchange
of
Milan
with
Lions
.
MILAN
then
exchanges
with
Lions
,
and
giveth
posit
:
sols
118⅓
to
have
in
sayd
place
,
one
crowne
of
the
Exchange
of
Milan
with
Lions
.
sunne
of
gold
,
I
demand
then
for
l.
9258
:
sol
:
5
of
Milan
,
how
many
crownes
shall
I
have
credit
in
Lions
,
first
reduce
into
sols
,
the
sayd
summe
of
Liuers
,
of
Milan
,
and
they
make
sols
185165
,
the
which
must
be
multiplied
by
3
to
make
them
thirds
of
sols
,
likewise
bring
the
sols
118⅓
unto
thirds
,
multiplying
them
by
3
and
they
make
355
,
for
division
of
the
said
summe
,
and
by
division
it
will
come
to
be
crownes
,
and
multiplying
the
remaynder
of
the
division
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
them
sols
and
deniers
of
gold
,
and
they
will
be
crownes
1564.
15.
5
of
gold
of
the
sunne
,
and
so
much
will
be
had
in
Lions
for
the
sayd
summe
of
l.
9258
:
5
of
Milan
mony
,
as
by
this
example
.
The
proofe
of
the
sayd
account
is
seene
when
that
Lion
exchangeth
with
Millan
as
before
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXII
.
Of
the
exchanges
of
Milan
with
Placentia
.
MILAN
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
,
and
giveth
posito
sols
133⅓
,
to
have
in
Placentia
one
Crowne
of
Marc
:
Exchange
of
Milan
with
Placentia
.
I
demand
then
for
liuers
9671.
16.
8.
of
Milan
,
how
many
crownes
of
Marc
:
must
I
have
in
Placentia
.
First
reduce
into
deniers
the
sayd
133⅓
sols
,
multiplying
them
by
12
and
adding
4
deniers
for
the
⅓
of
a
sol
,
and
they
make
deniers
1600
,
and
then
to
reduce
into
deniers
the
said
summe
of
Lire
,
multiply
them
by
20
and
by
12
,
adding
to
the
multiplication
sol
:
16.
and
deniers
8
,
which
acc
.
with
the
liuers
,
and
they
make
deniers
2321240
,
the
which
must
be
divided
by
deniers
1600
,
the
price
of
the
crowne
of
Marc
:
,
and
by
division
they
will
come
to
bee
crownes
,
multiplying
the
rest
of
the
division
by
20
and
then
by
12
,
to
make
them
sols
and
deniers
of
gold
,
and
they
make
cro
:
1450
:
15.
6.
of
Marc
:
and
so
much
will
the
sayd
summe
be
in
Placentia
,
example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
rule
is
manifested
when
that
Placentia
exchangeth
for
Millan
.
Proofe
.
CAHP.
CCCCXIII
.
Of
the
exchange
of
Milan
with
Venice
.
MILAN
exchangeth
with
Venice
,
and
giveth
a
Crowne
of
Liuers
of
5
:
178.
to
have
in
that
place
,
posito
148
l.
〈◊〉
Exchang
of
Milan
with
Venice
.
sols
:
mony
of
Piccoli
,
I
demand
for
l.
7260
:
10
:
0
of
Milan
,
how
many
Duccats
of
l.
6
〈◊〉
shall
I
have
in
Venice
.
You
must
divide
the
said
summe
of
liuers
,
by
liuers
5
:
17
,
reducing
them
,
and
the
other
price
into
deniers
,
and
it
will
be
Cro
:
1241.
0.
9.
the
which
must
be
multiplyed
by
l.
7.
8.
6.
the
Crown
,
which
are
the
above
said
148
6
,
beginning
to
multiply
the
l.
7
by
the
den
:
9
:
4
then
by
the
sols
,
if
there
were
any
with
the
sayd
Crownes
calculating
for
deniers
12
,
one
sols
,
and
for
sols
20
,
one
Lyre
and
they
will
be
l.
9214
:
14
mony
of
Piccoli
of
Venice
,
which
to
be
reduced
into
Duccats
,
must
be
divided
by
l.
6⅕
the
valew
of
the
duccate
,
and
it
will
make
ducc
:
1486
5/24
of
l.
6⅕
and
so
much
shall
I
have
in
Venice
for
the
summe
above
mentioned
in
liuers
of
Milan
,
as
by
example
is
more
apparent
.
The
proofe
of
the
sayd
account
is
seene
when
Venice
doth
exchange
for
Milan
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXIIII
.
Of
the
exchanges
of
Milan
with
Rome
.
MILAN
exchangeth
with
Rome
,
and
giveth
posito
Exchanges
of
Milan
with
Rome
.
Cro
:
115½
of
l.
5.
17.
per
Cro
:
to
have
in
the
sayd
place
Cro
:
100
of
gold
of
Estampe
,
I
demand
then
for
l.
7820.
18.
of
Milan
,
how
many
Crownes
of
gold
of
Stampe
shall
I
have
in
Rome
.
You
must
first
see
for
the
said
summe
of
Milan
Liuers
,
how
many
Crownes
they
will
be
dividing
them
by
l.
5-17
per
Crown
,
and
they
make
Crowne
1336
18
1
,
then
say
by
the
rule
of
three
,
if
Cro
:
115½
of
Milan
give
in
Rome
Crowns
100
of
Stampe
,
how
many
Crownes
will
the
said
Cro
:
1336.
18
〈◊〉
give
,
and
it
will
amount
to
Crownes
1157.
9-9
of
gold
of
Stampe
,
which
will
be
given
in
Rome
,
for
the
sayd
summe
of
Milan
Liuers
as
abovesaid
,
example
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
seene
when
that
Rome
doth
exchange
with
Milan
,
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXV.
Of
the
exchanges
of
Milan
with
Naples
.
MILAN
doth
exchange
with
Naples
,
and
giveth
Cro
:
100
of
l.
5
p.
Cro
:
to
have
in
Naples
posito
98½
Duccats
,
Exchange
of
Milan
with
Naples
.
I
demand
for
l.
4314-14-2
of
Milan
how
many
Duccats
shall
I
have
in
Naples
:
first
take
〈◊〉
of
the
sayd
summe
of
Liuers
to
reduce
them
into
Cro
:
of
5
l.
and
they
make
Cro
:
862
18
10
which
must
be
multiplyed
by
grains
98
〈◊〉
pr.
Cro
:
seeing
it
is
the
same
as
at
Duccats
98
〈◊〉
per
100
Cro
:
and
it
makes
grains
84999
,
and
cutting
off
the
two
last
figures
,
there
will
remaine
duccats
849
,
and
for
the
two
figures
cut
off
which
are
grains
99
,
will
bee
Liuers
40
grains
19
in
all
duccats
849-4-19
which
is
to
be
had
in
Naples
for
the
said
summe
of
Liuers
of
Milan
,
as
for
example
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
is
seene
when
Naples
shall
exchange
with
Milan
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXVI
.
Of
the
exchanges
of
Milan
for
Genoa
.
MILAN
exchangeth
with
Genoa
,
and
giveth
posito
Exchange
of
Milan
with
Genoa
.
sols
118½
to
have
in
Genoa
one
cro
:
for
4
l.
of
that
mony
,
I
demand
for
l.
5703-18-0
of
Milan
,
how
many
Liuers
of
currant
mony
shall
I
have
in
Genoa
,
first
reduce
the
said
summe
into
sols
,
multiplying
them
by
20
and
adding
to
the
multiplycation
the
18
sols
which
account
with
the
Liuers
,
and
then
of
the
sols
produced
,
and
of
the
said
sols
118½
taken
for
devisior
,
bring
into
½
sols
and
deviding
the
same
will
become
crownes
,
and
the
remainder
of
the
devision
multiply
by
20
and
by
12
to
make
them
sols
and
deniers
of
gold
,
and
they
will
make
crowns
962-13-8
.
of
l.
4
mony
of
Genoa
,
the
which
to
bring
into
Liuers
,
must
be
multiplyed
by
l.
4
per
cro
:
beginning
to
multiply
,
the
sayd
l.
4.
by
deniers
8
,
and
by
the
sols
13
which
are
with
the
crownes
,
calculating
for
12
deniers
,
1
sol
,
and
for
20
sols
one
Liuer
,
it
will
come
to
l.
3850-14
8
,
and
so
many
Livers
of
mony
currant
,
shall
you
have
in
Genoa
for
the
sayd
Liuers
5703-18
of
Milan
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
rule
is
seene
when
that
Genoa
doth
exchange
Proofe
.
for
Milan
.
CHAP.
CCCCXVII
.
Of
termes
of
payment
of
Bils
of
Exchange
in
Milan
.
THE
termes
of
payment
found
to
be
in
Milan
,
are
observed
to
be
from
thence
to
Termes
of
payment
of
bills
Exchange
in
Milan
.
-
To
Genoa
at
5
dayes
sight
,
and
so
back
.
-
To
Pisa
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
so
back
.
-
To
Florence
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
so
back
.
-
To
Venice
at
10
dayes
sight
,
and
so
back
.
-
To
Paris
at
2
mon.
after
date
,
and
so
back
.
-
To
Bridges
&
Antwerp
at
2
mo
.
after
date
,
&
so
back
.
-
To
Barselona
at
20
dayes
sight
,
and
so
back
.
-
To
Montpilaer
at
20
dayes
sight
,
and
so
back
.
-
To
Lions
for
a
Faire
,
and
so
from
Faire
to
Faire
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
to
have
spoken
of
the
Exchanges
of
Millan
:
and
now
to
Orders
and
Comissons
in
use
in
the
said
place
.
CHAP.
CCCCXVIII
.
Of
Orders
and
Commissons
given
and
received
for
draughts
and
remittances
in
Milan
.
ACcording
to
my
proposed
method
,
I
will
here
briefly
Orders
and
Comisons
given
and
received
for
draughts
and
remittances
in
Milan
.
Example
1.
insert
some
examples
of
draughts
and
remittances
made
here
by
Order
&
Commisson
from
other
places
.
From
Naples
then
coōeth
Order
to
Milan
,
to
remit
for
Plancentia
at
133
sol
.
and
to
prevaile
for
Genoa
at
Sol
118½
,
the
parcell
being
for
3000
Cro.
of
marc
:
Now
there
are
Bills
found
for
Placentia
at
Sols
131.
considering
then
the
benefit
,
which
is
found
in
the
remittance
,
at
how
much
may
the
draught
be
for
Genoa
.
Say
by
the
rule
of
three
,
If
Sol
133
give
Sols
118½
the
price
inorderd
,
what
will
131
give
,
the
price
found
for
Placentia
,
and
it
will
be
Sol
116⅔
,
and
at
this
price
the
draught
must
be
made
for
Genoa
,
in
remitting
to
Placentia
at
Sol.
131
,
and
the
Comisson
will
remaine
effected
according
to
the
Order
given
,
Againe
,
from
Lions
is
order
given
to
Milan
,
that
they
may
draw
for
Lions
at
Sol
,
118
,
and
remit
to
Venice
at
Sol.
145
,
the
parcell
being
for
ducc
:
5500
of
l.
6⅕
per
ducc
.
there
is
mony
for
Lions
at
Sol.
119
,
and
bills
for
Venice
at
Sol.
144⅓
I
demand
if
at
these
prices
,
the
order
may
be
performed
,
say
by
the
rule
of
3
,
taking
one
of
the
prices
which
is
found
for
devisor
,
by
reason
that
Milan
giveth
(
according
to
my
former
method
)
the
certaine
rule
to
Venice
,
and
the
incertaine
to
Lions
,
and
say
,
If
144⅓
the
price
found
for
Venice
,
gave
Sol.
118
,
what
will
145
the
price
inordred
give
,
and
it
will
make
118½
,
so
that
the
said
Commisson
at
the
prices
found
,
may
be
effected
to
benefit
,
because
that
remitting
to
Venice
,
at
the
said
price
of
144
〈◊〉
,
the
draught
may
be
made
for
Lions
at
118
〈◊〉
,
and
there
is
mony
found
at
Sol.
119
:
as
by
example
Againe
,
from
Rome
commeth
Order
to
Milan
,
to
draw
on
them
at
Cro.
115
,
and
remit
to
Placentia
at
132
Sol
,
the
party
being
for
Cro.
4000
,
there
is
bills
found
for
Placentia
at
Sol
133½
,
and
mo
.
for
Rome
at
Cro.
11
6
〈◊〉
,
I
demand
if
at
these
rates
the
Commisson
may
be
performed
without
losse
,
say
by
the
rule
of
three
,
If
Sols
132
give
,
Cro.
115
the
price
limited
,
what
will
133½
give
,
the
price
found
for
Placentia
,
and
it
will
come
to
cro
.
116
6
1
,
so
that
the
comison
may
be
performed
to
benefit
,
because
that
remitting
to
Placentia
at
the
said
price
of
sol.
133½
the
draught
may
be
made
for
Rome
at
cro
.
116
3/10
,
and
there
is
found
at
more
that
is
to
say
at
cro
.
116⅔
as
per
example
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
for
the
Exchanges
of
Milan
,
next
is
Palermo
and
Mesina
.
CHAP.
CCCCXIX
.
Of
Exchanges
practised
in
Palermo
and
Mesina
and
how
the
same
are
to
be
calculated
.
I
Have
shewed
in
the
generall
Exchanges
of
Palermo
and
Mesina
,
with
how
many
other
places
these
Cities
in
Sicilia
Exchanges
practisd
in
Palermo
and
Mesina
.
are
observed
to
Exchange
with
,
and
there
also
set
downe
the
common
currant
Rates
,
thereof
,
which
every
day
is
found
so
subject
to
alteration
,
that
no
positive
rule
can
be
observed
in
the
same
,
yet
it
is
in
it selfe
so
beneficiall
,
that
thereby
the
unexperienced
may
know
,
how
to
make
his
calculation
both
in
his
draughts
or
in
his
remittances
,
they
way
of
casting
the
sum
up
,
is
now
to
be
handled
,
observing
the
sum
heare
with
some
few
principall
places
,
which
is
sufficient
for
instruction
to
those
others
omitted
.
First
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
in
Palermo
and
Mesina
and
generally
Accounts
kept
in
Sicilia
.
thorow
out
the
Iland
of
Sicilia
the
Exchangers
keepe
their
accounts
in
Ounces
,
Taries
,
and
Grains
,
which
are
cast
up
by
30
,
and
20
,
because
that
30
taries
do
make
an
Ounce
,
and
20
grains
make
a
tarie
,
and
also
it
is
to
bee
observed
,
That
the
duccat
is
worth
taries
13
which
is
Carlins
26.
The
Crowne
of
money
is
worth
taries
12
which
is
Carl
:
24.
The
florin
is
worth
taries
6
which
is
Carl
:
12.
so
that
the
Tarie
is
|
2
Carlins
|
the
Carlin
is
|
10
Grains
|
the
Graine
is
|
6
Picolis
|
CHAP.
CCCCXX
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Palermo
and
Mesina
with
Lions
.
PAlermo
and
Mesina
doth
exchange
with
Lyons
,
and
giveth
Exchange
of
Palermo
and
Mesina
with
Lions
.
posito
28
carlins
to
have
in
Lions
a
crowne
of
the
sunne
,
I
demand
then
for
ounces
2189
25
17
,
how
many
crownes
must
I
have
in
Lions
,
first
multiply
the
ounces
by
30
,
to
make
them
taries
,
adding
therto
the
25
taries
,
and
multiply
the
taries
that
will
come
thereof
by
20
to
bring
them
into
graines
,
and
adde
thereto
17
which
are
with
the
ounces
,
and
then
they
will
be
graines
1313917
,
do
the
same
likewise
with
the
28
carlins
multiplying
them
by
10
,
because
the
carlin
is
worth
10
graines
,
and
they
will
bee
280
gr
.
the
which
must
be
taken
for
divisor
against
the
said
graine
come
from
the
ounces
2189
25
17
,
and
from
the
divison
will
come
crownes
of
the
sunne
,
and
multiplying
the
remainder
by
20
and
then
by
12
to
make
them
sols
and
deniers
of
gold
,
and
they
will
be
crow
.
4692
11
2
,
as
for
example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
when
that
Lions
shall
Exchange
Proofe
.
back
with
Palermo
and
Mesina
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXI
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Palermo
and
Mesina
with
Placentia
.
PAlermo
and
Mesina
exchange
for
Placentia
,
and
give
Exchange
of
Palermo
&
Mesina
with
Placentia
.
posito
carlins
29
〈◊〉
to
have
in
the
said
place
one
cro
.
of
marc
.
I
demand
then
for
ounces
1180
,
taries
7
,
and
gr.
19
,
how
many
crownes
of
marc
.
shall
I
have
in
Placentia
,
herein
do
as
in
the
precedent
account
,
multiplying
the
said
ounces
by
30
,
to
make
them
taries
,
and
adde
the
7
,
which
are
with
the
ounces
,
and
then
multiply
,
the
said
taries
by
20
,
to
make
them
graines
,
and
adde
the
19
and
they
will
be
grains
7081
59
do
the
same
with
the
said
29½
carlins
,
multiplying
them
by
10
,
to
bring
them
into
gra
.
adding
5
for
the
½
carlin
,
and
they
make
295
grains
,
the
which
taken
for
divisor
,
against
the
said
summe
of
grains
come
of
the
ounces
1180
7
19
,
and
of
the
divisor
will
come
cro
.
of
marc
.
multiplying
the
remainder
by
20
,
and
then
by
12
,
to
make
them
sols
,
and
deniers
of
gold
,
and
they
make
cro
.
2400
10
9
and
so
many
cro
.
of
marc
.
shall
I
have
in
Placentia
for
the
said
summe
of
Ounces
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
rule
is
seene
when
that
Placentia
doth
Prrofe
.
exchange
either
for
Palermo
or
Mesina
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Palermo
and
Mesina
with
Naples
.
PAlermo
and
Mesina
doe
Exchange
with
Naples
,
and
Exchange
of
Palermo
,
&c.
with
Naples
.
gives
posito
pomitos
166½
of
8
picolis
to
have
one
duccat
of
5
taries
,
I
demand
then
,
for
Ounces
1053
taries
6
and
2
gr
.
how
many
duccats
must
I
have
,
first
multiply
the
said
summe
of
Ounces
by
30
,
to
make
them
taries
,
and
then
by
20
to
make
them
gr
.
adding
to
the
multiplication
6
taries
,
and
2
gr
.
which
accompany
the
Ounces
,
and
then
they
make
gr.
631922
,
out
of
which
to
make
them
pomitos
,
take
out
the
¼
because
that
the
gr
.
is
worth
6
picolis
,
and
the
pomito
is
worth
8
picolis
,
of
which
the
2
picols
overplus
is
the
¼
of
8
,
and
that
they
make
pomitos
473942
which
must
be
divided
by
the
said
166½
the
price
of
the
Exchange
,
reducing
them
into
½
picolis
both
on
the
one
and
on
the
other
side
,
and
by
division
they
will
make
duccats
of
Naples
,
multiplying
the
remainder
by
100
,
and
adding
of
two
ciphers
,
to
bring
them
into
gr
.
because
that
the
duccat
is
100
graines
,
and
the
same
will
be
duccats
2846
,
and
for
the
gr.
49
taries
2
and
grains
9
of
taries
5
per.
duccat
which
is
to
be
rendred
at
Naples
for
the
said
sum
of
Ounces
of
money
of
Palermo
:
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
when
that
Naples
do
Exchange
Proofe
.
for
either
Palermo
or
Mesina
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Palermo
,
and
Mesina
,
with
Venice
.
PAlermo
and
Mesina
doe
exchange
with
Venice
,
and
giveth
Exchanges
of
Palermo
,
&c.
with
Venice
.
one
Crowne
,
of
12
taries
to
have
in
Venice
l.
6.
18
posito
,
I
demand
for
ounces
1486.
26.
10
,
what
credit
in
duccats
shall
I
have
in
Venice
of
l.
6⅕
per
duc
.
first
reduce
the
said
oun.
into
crowns
of
12
taries
,
multiplying
them
by
30
,
to
make
them
taries
,
adding
to
the
multiplication
the
26
taries
,
which
are
with
the
ounces
,
and
they
make
taries
44606
,
out
of
which
take
1/12
,
and
they
then
make
cro
.
3717
taries
2
and
gr.
10
,
which
must
be
multiplied
by
138
Sol
per
cro
.
which
are
the
said
l.
6.
18
,
and
they
make
Sols
512974¾
,
which
must
be
divided
by
124
the
price
of
the
ducc
.
and
it
will
make
ducc.
4136
〈◊〉
and
so
much
shall
I
have
in
Venice
for
the
said
summe
of
ounces
in
Palermo
or
Mesina
.
Example
,
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
to
see
if
4136
21/24
duccat
of
l.
6⅕
of
Venice
make
the
said
summe
of
ounces
1486.
26.
10.
of
l.
6.
18
mony
of
Proofe
.
Venice
for
one
crowne
of
12
taries
in
Palermo
or
Mesina
as
above
said
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXIIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Palermo
and
Mesina
,
with
Barselona
.
PAlermo
,
and
Mesina
,
Exchanges
with
Barselona
,
and
Exchanges
of
Palermo
,
&c.
with
Barselona
.
giveth
one
Florin
of
6
taries
,
mony
of
Palermo
,
to
have
in
Barselona
posito
10½
Sols
mony
currant
of
Barselona
,
I
demand
then
for
300
ounces
what
credit
in
liuers
is
due
for
the
same
.
First
,
multiply
the
said
ounces
by
5
to
make
them
Florins
,
the
ounce
being
accounted
5
Florins
,
and
it
makes
1500
Florins
,
the
which
multiplied
by
10½
Sols
,
per
Florin
makes
Sols
15750
,
which
to
reduce
to
liuers
,
you
must
cut
off
the
last
figure
,
and
take
½
of
the
rest
,
and
it
will
be
l.
787.
10
,
which
is
due
at
Barselona
,
For
the
proofe
of
the
said
Rule
,
as
above
divide
the
said
livers
Proofe
.
l.
787
10
by
10½
Sol
,
to
make
them
Florin
,
and
it
is
1500
Flor.
and
if
there
were
any
remainders
,
they
should
be
multiplied
by
6
and
then
by
20
,
to
bring
them
into
taries
and
grains
,
and
for
to
reduce
the
said
1500
Flor.
into
ounces
,
you
must
take
⅕
for
that
5
Flor.
make
one
ounce
,
and
it
will
come
to
300
ounces
,
the
rule
thus
appearing
right
and
just
.
And
for
the
Exchanges
of
Palermo
and
Mesina
,
with
Valentia
and
Saragoza
,
it
is
cast
up
as
above
,
therefore
need
not
insist
further
as
Palermo
and
Mesina
,
with
Saragosa
and
Valentia
.
being
easily
comprehended
.
CHAP
CCCCXXV
.
Of
Orders
and
commissons
given
and
received
for
draughts
and
remittances
in
Palermo
and
Mesina
.
ACcording
to
my
proposed
methode
,
I
will
heare
Orders
and
comissons
given
and
received
for
draughts
&
remittances
in
Palermo
and
Mesina
.
briefly
insert
some
examples
of
draughts
and
remittances
made
by
order
and
commison
in
Palermo
and
Mesina
from
other
places
:
At
Mesina
,
the
exchange
for
Lions
is
found
to
goe
at
Carlin
28
,
and
for
Placentia
at
Carlins
33
,
and
from
hence
there
is
an
exchange
for
Lions
at
Cro
:
81½
,
I
demand
if
at
these
prices
,
there
will
be
a
benefit
to
remit
from
Mesina
to
Placentia
,
and
draw
for
Lions
,
to
remit
from
Placentia
to
said
Lions
at
sayd
price
of
Cro
:
81½
say
by
the
rule
of
3
,
if
Carlins
33
the
valew
of
a
Cro
:
of
Marc
:
(
to
reduce
the
exchange
to
the
valew
of
100
Cro
:
)
give
100
Cro
:
of
Marc
:
what
will
28
Carlins
give
,
the
valew
of
the
Cro
of
the
sunne
,
and
it
will
be
cro
:
84
17/20
out
of
which
must
be
abated
⅔
per
cent
,
for
provisions
payable
⅓
at
Lions
,
and
another
⅓
at
Placentia
,
and
there
will
remaine
cro
:
84
3/10
,
and
at
this
price
,
the
remittance
may
be
made
from
Placentia
to
Lions
,
to
satisfie
that
debt
,
and
finding
to
remite
at
lesse
,
that
is
at
cro
:
81½
,
it
appeareth
playnly
to
be
to
profit
to
draw
and
to
remitt
according
to
the
aforesaid
Order
,
in
which
also
lies
this
consideration
,
that
the
mony
of
Placentia
for
Lions
may
also
varie
from
the
sayd
price
,
example
.
Againe
from
Venice
there
is
Order
given
to
Mesina
,
to
draw
upon
them
at
l.
6.
14
,
and
to
remit
to
Placentia
at
Carlins
29
,
the
partido
being
for
crownes
2000
of
Marc.
now
there
are
bills
for
Placentia
found
at
Carlins
29½
,
and
mony
for
Venice
at
l.
6.
12.
6
,
I
demand
if
at
these
prices
the
said
comison
may
be
effected
,
say
by
the
rule
of
3
,
taking
one
of
the
prices
,
that
is
found
for
divisor
,
because
that
from
Mesina
to
Venice
,
it
giveth
the
price
certaine
,
and
to
Placentia
the
incertaine
,
saying
thus
,
if
Carlins
29½
the
price
found
for
Placentia
give
sol
134
,
which
are
the
said
l.
6
14.
what
will
Carlins
29
give
the
price
inorderd
,
and
it
will
make
sols
131¾
or
thereabout
,
so
that
the
said
comison
may
not
be
effected
but
to
losse
,
seeing
that
remitting
to
Placentia
at
the
said
price
of
29½
Carl.
the
draught
cannot
be
made
to
Venice
at
more
then
sol
:
131¾
and
money
is
not
sound
but
at
sols
132½
which
are
the
said
l.
6.
12
6
d.
Example
.
Againe
,
from
Naples
there
is
an
exchange
made
for
Mesina
at
duc.
118
〈◊〉
and
for
Placentia
at
duc.
132⅓
.
Now
there
is
order
given
in
Naples
,
that
at
these
rates
,
they
draw
for
Mesina
,
and
that
they
remit
to
Placentia
,
I
demand
then
at
how
much
will
the
remittance
be
from
Mesina
to
Placentia
,
say
by
the
rule
of
3.
If
graines
118
〈◊〉
make
disbursed
in
Mesina
Carl
:
26
,
the
price
of
the
Cro.
of
taries
13
,
how
many
will
132⅓
graines
disbursed
be
the
value
of
the
cro
.
of
marc
.
It
will
make
Carlins
29
and
〈◊〉
of
a
graine
,
and
so
many
Carlins
(
and
then
⅖
per
cent
for
the
provison
that
is
paid
at
Naples
)
comes
to
be
disbursed
in
Mesina
for
one
cro
.
of
marc
.
of
credit
in
Placentia
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
to
have
said
of
the
Exchanges
that
are
practised
in
Palermo
and
Mesina
,
to
which
the
whole
Iland
of
Sicilia
hath
reference
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXVI
.
Of
Examples
upon
the
Exchanges
that
are
practised
in
Barselona
,
and
how
the
same
are
calculated
.
I
Have
shewed
in
the
generall
Exchanges
of
Barselona
,
Exchanges
practised
in
Barselona
.
with
how
many
other
places
Barselona
is
found
to
Exchange
with
,
and
there
also
set
downe
the
common
rates
,
how
the
same
for
the
most
part
is
found
to
governe
,
which
every
day
is
so
subject
to
alter
that
no
positive
rules
can
be
set
down
for
the
same
,
howbeit
the
same
is
in
it self
so
availeable
,
that
thereby
the
unexperienced
may
know
,
how
to
make
the
account
thereof
,
at
what
rate
soever
the
Exchange
is
found
to
bee
,
either
in
remittances
or
draughts
,
the
which
onely
now
remaineth
to
bee
handled
,
observing
the
same
with
so
many
other
townes
,
as
may
be
fittest
to
understand
the
ground
thereof
.
It
is
then
to
be
noted
that
Bankers
and
Exchangers
here
do
keep
Accounts
kept
in
Barselona
.
their
accounts
in
lire
,
sold
,
and
deniers
,
which
are
cast
up
in
20
and
12
,
because
that
20
sols
make
a
liver
,
and
12
deniers
make
a
soldo
,
and
it
is
to
be
noted
that
,
The
duccat
is
worth
—
sold
24
The
Crowne
is
worth
—
sold
22
Note
concerning
the
exchange●…
practisd
'
in
Valentia
&
Saragosa
,
Sivil
and
Lisborne
.
The
Riall
is
worth
—
sols
02
Note
also
here
that
the
same
order
which
is
observed
in
the
Exchanges
which
are
made
in
this
City
of
Barselona
,
with
the
other
places
of
Spaine
,
should
bee
observed
in
the
Exchanges
which
are
made
in
Saragosa
,
Valentia
,
Sivil
and
Lisborne
,
seeing
that
when
the
said
places
of
Spaine
Exchange
the
one
with
the
other
,
alwayes
that
place
which
Exchangeth
,
giveth
ducc.
100
,
to
have
the
more
or
the
lesse
,
and
therefore
the
money
of
the
place
where
the
Exchange
is
made
,
must
first
be
reduced
into
duccats
,
and
multiplying
the
d●…cats
which
come
thereof
,
(
which
are
of
the
place
to
which
it
Exchangeth
)
by
the
price
it
is
worth
,
for
to
reduce
the
same
into
the
money
wherein
their
accounts
are
there
kept
,
and
this
considered
to
abreviate
my
labour
the
rules
being
easie
,
I
shall
forbeare
to
trouble
my selfe
with
any
further
particulars
concerning
the
said
places
of
Valentia
,
Saragosa
,
Sivil
and
Lisborne
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXVII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Barselona
with
Lions
.
BArselona
doth
exchange
with
Lions
,
and
giveth
posito
Exchanges
of
Barselona
with
Lions
.
sols
22
8
to
have
in
Lions
one
Crowne
of
the
sunne
of
3
l.
I
demand
then
for
l.
8865
12
10
how
many
Cro.
am
I
to
have
in
Lions
,
first
reduce
the
said
sum
of
liuers
into
deniers
,
multiplying
the
same
by
20
,
and
adding
of
12
,
sols
and
then
by
12
and
adding
10
deniers
then
reduce
into
deniers
the
said
sol
22
8
d
,
and
they
make
272
,
for
devisor
,
against
the
some
of
deniers
come
of
the
said
livers
and
multiplying
the
rest
of
the
devisor
,
by
20
and
by
12
to
make
them
sols
and
deniers
of
gold
,
and
they
make
Crownes
7822
12
6
of
gold
of
the
sunne
,
which
is
due
to
have
in
Lions
,
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
account
is
manifested
when
that
Lions
doth
Proofe
.
exchange
for
Barselona
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXVIII
.
Of
the
exchanges
of
Barselona
with
Placentia
.
BArselona
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
,
and
giveth
Exchange
of
Barselona
with
Placentia
.
posito
sols
23
〈◊〉
to
have
there
a
crowne
of
marc
.
I
demand
for
liuers
1850.
12.
0
how
many
cro
.
of
marc
.
shall
I
have
.
First
reduce
the
said
summe
of
liuers
into
deniers
,
multiplying
them
by
20
,
to
make
them
sold
,
and
adde
the
12
,
and
then
by
12
to
make
them
deniers
,
and
doe
the
same
with
the
sols
23
〈◊〉
multiplying
them
by
12
,
and
adding
thereto
7
deniers
,
the
deniers
come
thereof
,
are
to
be
taken
for
divisor
against
the
deniers
come
of
the
said
liuers
,
and
by
division
they
will
come
to
cro
.
of
Marc.
multiplying
the
rest
by
20
and
by
12
to
make
them
sols
and
deniers
of
gold
and
then
they
make
cro
.
1569.
8.
3
of
Marc.
which
is
due
to
be
had
in
Placentia
for
the
said
summe
of
Barselona
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
apparent
when
that
Placentia
doth
exchange
for
Barselona
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXIX
.
Of
the
Exchange
of
Barselona
with
Saragosa
.
BArselona
exchangeth
with
Saragosa
,
and
giveth
10
Exchange
of
Barselona
with
Saragosa
.
duccats
of
24
Sol
per
duccat
,
to
have
in
this
place
posito
104
duccats
of
Sols
.
22
per
duccat
of
that
money
,
I
demand
for
liuers
6000
of
Barselona
,
how
many
liuers
shall
I
have
in
Saragosa
,
first
reduce
into
Sols
the
said
summe
of
liuers
,
multiplying
them
by
20
,
and
divide
the
sols
comming
thereof
by
sol.
24
the
price
of
the
duccat
,
and
it
will
be
duccat
5000
,
the
which
duccat
5000
of
Barselona
,
must
be
multiplied
at
the
said
price
of
ducc.
104
per
cent
:
and
from
the
summe
cut
off
the
2
last
figures
,
the
which
multiplied
by
20
&
by
12
,
to
make
them
sols
and
den
.
of
gold
,
will
be
duc.
5●…00
of
Saragosa
,
which
must
be
multiplied
by
l.
1.
2
sol
.
the
price
of
the
duccat
,
and
they
make
liuers
5720
,
which
should
be
rendred
in
Saragosa
for
the
said
6000
l.
mony
of
Barselona
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
manifest
when
that
Saragosa
doth
againe
rechange
back
for
Barselona
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXX
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Barselona
with
Valentia
.
BArselona
doth
exchange
with
Valentia
,
and
giveth
duc.
100
of
24
sols
to
have
in
Valentia
,
posito
ducc.
108
of
sols
Exchanges
of
Barselona
with
Valentia
.
21
per.
duc
.
of
that
money
,
I
demand
for
l.
7000
money
of
Barselona
,
how
many
l.
shall
I
have
in
Valentia
.
In
this
you
must
doe
as
in
the
preceding
account
of
Barselona
for
Saragosa
,
multiplying
the
duccats
of
Valentia
,
which
shall
come
thereof
by
liuers
1
1
the
price
of
the
duccat
,
and
it
will
be
liuers
6615
,
and
so
much
will
be
due
in
Valentia
for
7000
l.
delivered
in
Barselona
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
apparent
when
that
Valentia
doth
rechange
for
Barselona
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXXI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Barselona
with
Sivil
.
NArselona
doth
exchange
with
Sivil
,
and
giveth
duc.
100
of
24
sol
,
per.
ducc
.
to
have
in
this
place
Exchange
of
Barselona
with
Sivil
.
duc.
108
posito
more
or
lesse
,
of
marvedes
375
per.
duccat
,
I
demand
for
l.
7500
how
many
marvedes
must
I
have
in
Sivil
.
You
must
do
as
in
the
precedent
rule
of
Barselona
for
Valentia
,
multiplying
the
duccats
of
Sivil
which
come
thereof
,
by
marvedes
375
the
price
of
the
duc
.
and
it
will
make
marvedes
2531250
which
is
due
to
have
in
Sivil
for
the
said
sum
of
7500
l.
in
Barselona
.
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
manifested
when
that
Sivil
doth
rechange
for
Barselona
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXXII
.
Of
the
exchanges
of
Barselona
with
Lisborne
.
BArselona
doth
exchange
for
Lisborne
,
and
giveth
duc
.
Exchange
of
Barselona
with
Sivil
.
100
of
24
sols
per
duc
.
to
have
in
Lisborne
duccats
posito
113
,
of
400
Rais
per
duc
.
I
demand
for
4000
l.
of
Barselona
,
how
many
Rais
shall
I
have
in
Lisborne
,
heare
you
must
do
as
in
the
account
precedent
of
Barselona
for
Sivil
,
multiplying
the
duccats
of
Lisborne
,
which
shall
come
thereof
by
400
Rais
per
ducc
.
and
they
make
Rais
1506666
,
which
is
due
to
bee
had
in
Lisborne
for
l.
4000
in
Barselona
.
Example
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
apparent
when
that
Lisborne
doth
rechange
Proofe
.
back
for
Barselona
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXXIII
.
Of
Orders
and
Comisons
given
and
received
for
draughts
and
remittances
in
Barselona
.
ACcording
to
my
proposed
methode
,
I
will
here
briefly
Orders
and
commisons
given
and
received
for
draughts
&
remittances
in
Barselona
Example
1.
insert
some
examples
of
draughts
and
remittances
made
in
this
City
by
order
and
comison
from
other
places
.
To
Sivil
then
cometh
order
from
Barselona
to
draw
upon
them
at
duc.
93½
and
remit
to
Placentia
at
marvedes
413
,
which
of
all
charges
,
the
partido
being
for
Cro.
3000
of
marc
.
Now
there
is
found
money
for
Barselona
at
duc.
93
,
and
bills
for
Placentia
at
marvedes
413
,
I
demand
if
at
these
rates
the
Comison
may
be
accomplished
and
performed
,
you
must
say
by
the
rule
of
3
taking
one
of
the
prices
,
which
are
found
for
divisor
,
because
that
Sivil
giveth
to
Barselona
the
certaine
,
and
to
Placentia
the
incertaine
price
,
saying
,
If
duc.
93
the
price
found
for
Barselona
give
marvedes
413
,
what
will
duc.
93½
give
the
price
inorderd
,
and
it
maketh
marvedes
415⅕
out
of
which
deduct
⅖
per
cent
for
provison
which
is
taken
,
there
will
remaine
marvedes
413
〈◊〉
incirca
,
so
that
the
said
comison
may
be
effected
to
profit
,
seeing
that
drawing
to
Barselona
at
the
said
price
of
duc.
93
,
it
may
be
deliverd
for
Placentia
at
m●…r
.
413
〈◊〉
and
their
present
bills
at
lesse
that
is
at
413
marvedes
;
as
by
Example
.
Againe
,
In
Barselona
commeth
order
from
Valentia
,
that
remittance
may
bee
made
to
them
at
duc
:
108¼
,
and
to
prevaile
from
Example
2.
Placentia
at
sol
23
,
the
partido
made
for
3000
Cro.
marc
.
Now
there
is
bills
found
for
Valentia
,
at
duc.
107
,
I
demand
then
for
the
losse
then
that
is
given
by
the
remittance
,
at
what
price
may
the
draught
be
made
for
Placentia
,
say
by
rule
of
3.
taking
one
if
the
prices
found
for
divisor
,
because
then
Barselona
giveth
the
certaine
to
Valentia
,
and
the
incertaine
price
to
Placentia
,
saying
of
duc.
107
the
price
found
for
Valentia
,
give
sol
23
,
what
will
duc.
108
〈◊〉
give
,
being
the
price
inorderd
,
and
it
will
come
to
sols
23¼
and
at
lesse
price
cannot
be
drawne
for
Placentia
,
remitting
to
Valentia
at
duc.
107
Example
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXXIV
.
Of
the
termes
of
paymen●…s
of
Bills
of
Exchange
in
Barselona
.
THe
termes
of
payment
found
accustomed
in
Barselona
is
noted
to
be
thence
-
To
Venice
at
2
mo
.
after
date
and
so
back
.
Termes
of
payment
of
bills
of
Exchange
in
Barselona
,
&c.
-
To
Florence
at
2
mo
.
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Avignon
at
18
dayes
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Bridges
and
Antwerpe
at
50
dayes
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Genoa
at
20
dayes
after
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Lisborne
at
.
-
To
Sivill
at
.
-
To
Saragosa
at
.
-
To
Valentia
at
.
-
To
Lions
for
the
faire
and
so
from
faire
to
faire
.
-
To
Placentia
for
the
faire
and
from
faire
to
faire
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
to
have
said
of
the
exchanges
in
generall
practised
in
Barselona
,
Valentia
,
Saragosa
,
Sivil
,
and
Lisborne
in
Portugall
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXXV
.
Examples
of
Exchanges
practised
in
Antwerpe
,
and
how
the
same
are
to
be
calculated
.
I
Have
shewed
before
in
the
generall
exchanges
of
Antwerpe
,
Exchange
practisd
in
Antwerpe
.
with
how
many
other
places
this
Citie
is
found
to
exchange
with
,
and
there
also
observed
the
common
currant
rates
thereof
,
which
in
it selfe
is
found
every
day
so
subject
to
alteration
,
that
no
positive
rule
can
be
set
downe
therein
,
how
ever
yet
the
same
is
so
beneficiall
to
the
unexperienced
,
that
he
may
easily
make
his
calculation
thereby
either
in
his
draughts
or
his
remittances
;
there
resteth
now
to
be
handled
the
way
,
and
method
how
the
same
is
cast
up
,
which
I
will
only
observe
with
such
other
principall
places
,
as
may
be
sufficient
for
instruction
,
and
as
a
guide
to
rule
that
which
is
here
omitted
.
And
the
better
to
understand
what
shall
ensue
,
it
is
to
be
noted
Accounts
kept
in
Antwerpe
.
that
in
Antwerpe
,
Bankers
and
Exchangers
doe
keepe
their
accounts
in
pounds
,
shillings
and
pence
Flemish
or
grosse
,
which
are
cast
up
by
20
,
and
by
12
,
because
that
20
sols
or
shillings
makes
a
pound
,
and
12
pence
or
grosse
makes
a
shilling
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXXVI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Antwerpe
with
Lions
.
ANtwerpe
doth
exchange
with
Lions
,
and
giveth
posito
Exchange
of
Antwerpe
with
Lions
.
121⅓
grosse
to
have
in
Lions
one
cro
.
of
the
sun
of
gold
of
3
l.
I
demand
then
for
l.
3486.
1.
9
mony
of
Antwerpe
,
how
many
crownes
must
I
have
in
Lions
.
First
reduce
the
said
sum
of
liuers
into
grosses
,
multiplying
the
same
by
20
and
then
by
12
,
adding
to
the
multiplications
1
sol
.
and
9
pence
,
which
are
with
the
pounds
,
and
divide
by
121
〈◊〉
gros
.
the
summe
of
grosses
which
shall
come
of
the
said
liuers
,
reducing
both
them
and
other
into
thirds
of
grosses
,
and
of
the
divison
will
come
Crownes
,
and
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
divison
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
make
them
sols
and
deniers
of
gold
,
they
will
make
cro
.
6895.
11.
1
of
gold
of
the
sunne
,
which
you
shall
have
in
Lions
for
the
said
summe
delivered
in
Antwerpe
.
Example
:
The
proofe
of
the
said
rule
is
seene
when
that
Lions
doth
exchange
for
Antwerpe
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXXVII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Antwerpe
with
Placentia
.
ANtwerpe
doth
exchange
with
Placentia
,
and
giveth
posito
gros.
124
〈◊〉
to
have
in
Placentia
one
Cro.
of
Exchange
of
Antwerpe
with
Placentia
.
marc
.
I
demand
for
l.
363
10
3
mo
.
of
Antwerpe
,
how
many
Crownes
of
marc
.
shall
I
have
in
Placentia
,
first
reduce
the
said
summe
of
liuers
into
gros
.
multiplying
the
summe
by
20
and
by
12
,
adding
to
the
multiplycation
10
shil
.
and
3
pen
.
which
are
with
the
pound
,
and
divide
the
groses
that
come
thereof
by
said
gro.
124
〈◊〉
the
price
of
the
crowne
of
marc
.
bringing
both
the
one
and
the
other
into
halfe
grosses
,
and
by
division
it
will
come
to
Cro.
multiplying
the
remainder
by
20
and
by
12
,
to
bring
the
same
into
pence
,
and
then
they
will
be
Cro.
700
14
11
of
marc
.
which
will
be
due
at
Placentia
,
for
the
said
summe
of
liuers
or
pounds
in
grosses
.
The
proofe
of
the
said
account
is
seene
when
that
Placentia
Proofe
.
shall
exchange
with
Antwerpe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXXVIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
Antwerpe
with
Florence
.
ANtwerpe
doth
exchange
with
Florence
,
and
giveth
posito
Exchanges
of
Antwerpe
with
Florence
.
112
〈◊〉
gro
.
to
have
in
that
place
one
Crow
.
of
gold
,
I
demand
for
l.
656
10
11
,
money
of
Antwerpe
how
many
Cro.
of
gold
do
they
make
,
and
doing
as
in
the
precedent
rule
,
it
will
appeare
to
be
Cro.
1400
12
7
of
gold
,
which
I
shall
have
in
Florence
for
the
said
pounds
Flemish
.
The
proofe
of
this
said
account
is
seene
when
that
Florence
shall
be
found
to
exchange
with
Antwerp
.
CHAP.
CCCCXXXIX
.
Of
the
exchange
of
Antwerp
with
Venice
.
ANTWERPE
doth
exchang
with
Venice
,
and
giveth
posito
92.
〈◊〉
grosse
to
have
in
that
place
one
duccat
of
Exchange
of
Antwerp
with
Venice
.
l.
6⅕
mony
of
Venice
,
I
demand
for
l.
1648
14
6
,
mony
of
Antwerp
,
how
many
duccats
shall
I
have
in
Venice
,
and
doing
as
in
the
precedent
accounts
,
it
will
come
to
ducc
:
3810
〈◊〉
and
so
many
duccats
of
l.
6
〈◊〉
will
bee
due
in
Venice
,
Example
.
The
Proofe
of
this
account
is
seene
when
that
Venice
shall
exchange
for
Antwerp
.
Proofe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXL.
Of
the
exchanges
of
Antwerpe
with
London
.
ANTWERPE
doth
exchange
for
London
,
and
giveth
Exchange
of
Antwerpe
with
London
.
posito
Shill
:
33
〈◊〉
to
have
in
that
place
one
pound
starlin
,
I
demand
for
l.
748-18
.
6
mo
:
of
Antwerpe
,
how
many
pound
starlin
should
I
have
in
London
,
first
reduce
as
well
the
said
summe
of
pound
starlin
as
the
said
summe
of
pound
flemish
into
grosse
and
pence
,
multiplying
the
pounds
by
20
,
and
then
by
12
,
adding
the
shillings
18.
6d
.
which
are
with
the
pounds
flemish
,
and
the
shill:
flem
:
33⅓
,
multiplyed
by
12
,
adding
4
grosse
for
〈◊〉
of
a
shill
flem
:
,
and
the
grosse
which
shall
come
thereof
,
must
be
taken
for
divisor
,
against
the
summe
of
grosses
,
come
of
the
said
pounds
,
and
dividing
the
summe
will
come
pounds
starlin
,
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
divison
by
20
,
and
then
12
to
make
them
shillings
and
pence
starlin
,
they
will
make
pound
starlin
449.
7.
1
,
due
in
London
,
for
the
said
summe
of
pound
flemish
748.
18.
6.
and
for
proofe
of
the
said
exchange
,
multiply
the
said
pound
starlin
449.
7.
Proofe
.
1
by
1
l.
13
shillings
4d
.
which
are
the
said
33⅓
shillings
and
it
will
make
the
above
sayd
l.
748.
18.
5
pounds
flemish
so
that
the
account
will
appeare
to
be
just
cast
up
.
And
thus
much
shall
serve
to
have
sayd
here
of
exchanges
,
now
to
the
terms
of
payments
of
bills
in
Antwerpe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXLI
.
Of
the
terms
of
payment
of
bills
of
exchange
in
Antwerpe
.
THE
terms
of
payments
of
bills
of
exchange
observed
in
Antwerpe
,
and
to
go
from
thence
to
other
Cities
is
:
Termes
of
payment
of
bills
of
exchange
in
Antwerpe
.
-
To
Venice
at
2
mo
:
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Florence
at
2
mo
:
after
date
and
back
the
same
.
-
To
Genoa
at
2
mo
:
after
date
and
thence
the
same
.
-
To
Avignon
at
2
moneths
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Barselona
at
50
dayes
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Valentia
one
moneth
after
sight
and
back
30
dayes
after
date
.
-
To
London
one
moneth
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Pisae
2
mo
:
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Milan
2
mo
:
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Paris
one
mo
:
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Montpelier
20
dayes
after
sight
and
so
back
.
-
To
Lions
for
the
succeeding
faire
.
-
To
Placentia
for
the
next
succeeding
faire
.
-
To
Roven
one
moneth
after
date
and
so
back
.
Now
for
the
Orders
and
Comisons
given
in
Antwerp
,
I
will
here
inserte
a
word
also
according
to
my
Methode
.
CHAP.
CCCCXLII
.
Of
Orders
and
Comisons
given
and
received
,
for
draughts
and
remittances
in
Antwerpe
.
ACCORDING
to
my
proposed
methode
,
for
the
better
understanding
of
what
is
said
,
I
will
insert
Orders
and
commissions
given
and
received
for
draughts
and
remittances
in
Antwerpe
.
some
examples
of
draughts
and
remittances
made
by
Order
and
Comison
in
the
Citty
of
Antwerpe
.
At
Venice
then
is
found
an
exchange
for
Antwerpe
posito
at
gro
:
90
,
and
for
Placentia
at
ducc
:
135
,
Order
being
given
to
Venice
that
at
these
prices
,
they
draw
to
Antwerpe
,
and
remit
to
Placentia
,
I
demand
at
how
much
will
come
the
remittance
from
Antwerpe
to
Placentia
,
first
you
must
multiply
the
said
duccats
135
1.
Example
.
the
value
of
100
Cro
:
of
marc
,
at
the
said
price
of
90
grosse
per
duccat
,
and
of
the
grosses
which
shall
come
thereof
,
you
must
cut
off
the
2
last
figures
,
and
there
will
remaine
grosse
121
〈◊〉
,
and
so
many
●…sse
and
〈◊〉
●…re
percent
for
provison
,
which
is
payable
in
Venice
,
is
disbu●…able
in
Antwerpe
for
one
crowne
of
marc
in
credit
in
Placentia
.
Againe
at
Venice
is
exchange
found
for
Antwerpe
at
gro.
90
〈◊〉
,
and
for
London
at
56
pence
starlin
,
there
is
hereupon
Order
given
2.
Example
.
to
Venice
,
that
at
these
prices
,
they
draw
for
Antwerpe
,
and
remitt
to
London
,
the
question
is
at
what
price
will
the
remittance
bee
from
Antwerp
to
London
,
to
do
this
say
by
the
rule
of
three
,
if
56
pence
starlin
give
grosse
90
〈◊〉
(
seeing
that
the
one
and
in
the
other
is
the
valew
of
a
duccat
of
Venice
,
what
will
240
pence
starlin
give
being
the
price
of
the
pound
sterlin
of
London
,
it
will
be
gros
.
387
,
which
reducing
to
shillings
in
taking
the
〈◊〉
,
and
it
will
be
32¼
shill.
and
so
many
shillings
Flem.
and
⅖
more
per
cent
for
the
provison
payable
in
Venice
,
comes
to
bee
disbursed
in
Antwerpe
,
for
one
pound
sterlin
money
credit
in
London
.
Againe
a
Merchant
of
London
is
Creditor
in
Antwerpe
,
2000
l.
Flemish
,
who
inordreth
that
it
be
remitted
him
at
shill.
33¼
or
to
3.
Example
.
Placentia
at
121
gro
.
where
the
most
profit
shall
be
found
,
that
is
,
to
that
place
which
shall
bee
most
beneficiall
,
or
to
least
losse
of
the
prices
limited
,
now
there
are
found
bills
for
London
at
shillings
33
〈◊〉
and
for
Placentia
at
gro.
121¾
I
demand
to
which
of
the
said
places
should
the
remittance
be
made
,
seeing
that
by
both
there
is
found
remittance
to
losse
,
and
to
know
where
is
the
least
,
say
by
the
rule
of
3
,
if
shill.
33¼
give
gros
.
121
the
price
inordred
,
what
will
shill.
33½
give
being
the
price
found
for
London
,
it
will
come
to
grosse
121
〈◊〉
so
that
the
remittance
should
be
made
to
Placentia
,
because
that
remitting
to
London
at
shill.
33½
to
goe
the
Par
,
should
be
delivered
for
Placentia
at
gro.
121
〈◊〉
,
and
there
is
found
bills
for
losse
that
is
at
121
〈◊〉
gros
.
And
thus
much
for
the
Exchanges
practised
in
Antwerpe
.
CHAP.
CCCCXLIII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
practised
in
London
and
how
the
same
are
to
be
calculated
.
I
Have
shewed
in
the
gene●…ll
Exchanges
of
London
,
with
how
many
other
p●…ces
this
City
is
found
to
Exchanges
practisd
in
London
.
Exchange
with
,
and
th●…●…o
set
downe
the
common
currant
prices
and
●…es
thereof
,
which
every
day
is
found
to
be
so
subject
to
alteration
,
that
no
positive
rule
can
bee
observed
rightly
,
to
set
downe
the
same
,
yet
it
is
in
its
selfe
so
beneficiall
,
that
thereby
the
unexperienced
,
may
know
how
to
make
his
calculation
thereof
and
that
as
well
in
his
draughts
as
in
his
remittances
,
Now
onely
there
resteth
to
conclude
this
Tract
of
Exchanges
and
this
Map
of
Commerce
to
handle
the
way
how
the
same
is
cast
up
,
and
ho●…
by
Arithmetick
it
is
performed
,
which
I
will
observe
heare
with
some
other
principall
places
,
which
may
serve
for
a
sufficient
ground
and
instruction
to
those
here
omitted
.
It
is
here
to
be
noted
for
the
better
understanding
of
what
ensueth
,
Accounts
kept
in
London
.
that
all
B●…kers
or
Exchangers
doe
keep
the●…
accounts
in
London
in
pounds
,
shillings
and
pence
commonly
called
sterlin
and
cast
up
by
20
and
by
12
,
for
20
shillings
makes
a
pound
,
and
12
p●…ce
makes
a
shilling
.
And
moreover
that
London
exchangeth
in
the
denominator
of
pence
sterlin
with
all
other
countries
,
Antwerpe
,
and
those
countries
neighbouring
of
Flanders
and
Holland
excepted
,
with
which
it
exchangeth
by
the
intire
pound
of
20
shillings
sterlin
.
CHAP.
CCCCXLIV
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
London
with
Lions
.
LOndon
Exchangeth
with
Lions
,
and
giveth
posito
61
pence
more
or
lesse
to
have
in
Lions
a
crowne
of
gold
Exchange
of
London
with
Lions
.
of
the
sun
of
3
l.
piece
,
I
demand
then
for
348
l.
15
shilling
sterling
how
many
crownes
of
the
sunne
shall
I
have
credit
for
in
Lions
,
first
reduce
the
said
summe
of
pounds
sterling
into
shillings
,
multiplying
the
same
by
20
,
and
adding
thereto
the
15
shillings
,
and
then
by
12
pence
,
adding
thereto
the
pence
if
any
were
,
and
then
divide
the
same
by
61
pence
,
and
the
divident
will
make
Crownes
,
multiplying
the
remainder
of
the
divison
by
20
to
make
them
sols
and
by
12
to
make
them
deniers
of
gold
,
and
then
they
will
make
in
all
Crow
.
1372008
pence
of
the
sunne
of
gold
,
that
I
shall
have
in
credit
at
Lions
for
the
said
summe
of
348
l.
15
starlin
delivered
in
London
.
The
proofe
of
this
rule
is
manifested
when
that
Lions
shall
Exchange
Proofe
.
the
said
summe
of
1372
〈◊〉
Cro.
for
London
and
here
also
it
is
to
be
noted
that
the
rule
is
the
same
when
London
shall
exchange
Exchange
of
London
,
with
Paris
,
Roven
,
&c.
in
France
.
with
either
Paris
or
Roven
or
any
other
City
of
the
Kingdome
of
France
.
CHAP.
CCCCXLV
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
London
with
Florence
.
LOndon
doth
exchange
with
Florence
,
and
giveth
posito
Exchange
of
London
with
Florence
.
70
pence
starl.
more
or
lesse
to
have
in
Florence
a
cro
.
of
gold
,
I
demand
then
for
pound
656
10
6
d
starl.
how
many
Crownes
shall
I
have
credit
in
Florence
,
this
is
to
bee
cast
up
as
in
the
precedent
rule
of
London
with
Lions
,
and
it
will
appeare
,
that
for
the
said
656
10
6
starlin
I
am
to
have
credit
in
Florence
the
sum
of
Cro.
2250
〈◊〉
—
as
per
Example
,
Note
that
this
Exchange
is
seldome
practised
from
London
,
and
Proofe
.
therefore
not
in
use
in
these
dayes
,
but
when
many
Florentine
Merchants
resided
in
London
it
was
much
in
use
,
yet
the
rule
is
right
and
the
proofe
thereof
is
evident
,
when
Florence
rechangeth
againe
for
London
.
CHAP.
CCCCXLVI
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
London
with
Venice
.
LOndon
is
found
to
Exchange
for
great
summes
with
Venice
,
Exchange
of
London
with
Venice
.
and
giveth
posito
50
d
sterlin
,
to
have
in
the
said
place
one
duccat
in
banco
of
l.
6⅕
money
of
Venice
,
I
demand
then
for
555
l.
17
6
d
sterlin
how
many
ducc
.
shall
I
have
credit
for
in
Venice
,
this
is
done
as
in
the
precedent
rule
,
reducing
the
pounds
sterlin
into
shillings
,
by
the
multiplycation
of
20
,
and
adding
17
and
then
multiplying
that
againe
by
12
,
to
bring
it
into
pence
and
adding
thereto
6
d
and
it
will
make
duc
.
(
2668
〈◊〉
)
which
should
be
rendred
in
Venice
for
555
l.
17
6
d
sterl.
in
London
as
per
Example
.
Note
that
for
distinction
of
the
currant
money
in
Venice
,
which
is
21
per
cent
.
at
present
worse
then
the
money
payable
by
Exchange
,
Proofe
.
it
is
termed
in
Banco
in
which
all
bills
of
Exchange
are
payable
,
Difference
betweene
mony
in
Banco
and
currant
mony
in
Venice
.
and
the
proofe
of
this
rule
is
apparent
when
that
the
said
summe
of
2668⅕
ducc
.
is
rechanged
for
London
.
CHAP.
CCCCXLVII
.
Of
the
Exchanges
of
London
with
Antwerpe
.
LOndon
doth
exchange
with
Antwerpe
,
and
giveth
one
Exchange
of
London
with
Venice
.
pound
sterlin
,
to
have
in
Antwerpe
posito
shillings
35.
6
pence
or
grosse
,
money
of
Antwerpe
,
I
demand
then
for
445
l.
15
and
six
pence
sterlin
,
how
many
pound
Flemish
shall
I
have
in
Antwerpe
,
first
multiply
the
pounds
sterlin
by
20.
and
bring
them
into
shillings
,
and
then
by
12
to
bring
them
into
pence
sterlin
,
doe
also
the
same
with
the
pounds
Flemish
,
bringing
them
first
into
shillings
Flemish
,
by
a
multiplication
of
20
,
and
then
to
pence
or
grosse
by
multiplication
of
12
d
,
accounting
the
35
shil.
6
d
for
l.
Flem.
1.
15.
6
d.
and
say
then
by
the
rule
of
3
,
if
one
pound
sterlin
give
35.
6
d
Flemish
,
the
price
proposed
,
what
will
445
l.
15.
6
sterlin
give
,
which
will
make
l.
791.
5.
0.
d
Flemish
for
which
you
must
have
credit
in
Antwerpe
pounds
.
The
proofe
of
the
rule
is
more
manifest
when
that
Antwerpe
doth
Exchange
for
London
,
and
note
that
the
account
is
the
same
Proofe
.
London
exchange
with
Amsterdam
,
Collonia
.
&c.
when
that
London
doth
exchange
for
Colonia
,
Amsterdam
,
and
other
places
in
the
Low
Countries
.
CHAP.
CCCCXLVIII
.
Of
Orders
and
Comisons
given
and
received
for
draughts
and
remittances
in
London
.
ACcording
to
my
proposed
method
,
I
will
here
for
conclusion
of
the
Exchanges
practised
in
London
,
briefly
insert
some
Examples
of
draughts
and
remittances
made
by
comison
and
Order
in
the
Citie
of
London
.
To
London
,
then
commeth
Order
from
Venice
Example
.
1.
to
remit
to
them
at
60
pence
,
and
to
draw
for
Placentia
at
82
pence
sterlin
,
the
partido
being
for
Cro.
4000
of
marc
.
I
finde
then
bills
for
Venice
at
61
pence
,
I
would
know
considering
the
losse
that
presenteth
in
the
remittance
,
at
how
much
should
I
draw
my
draught
for
Placentia
,
you
must
say
by
the
rule
of
three
,
If
pence
60
give
pence
82
the
price
inordered
,
how
many
will
pence
61
give
the
price
found
for
Venice
,
and
it
will
be
pence
83⅓
sterlin
or
thereabouts
,
and
at
lesse
must
not
the
draught
be
for
Placentia
.
Againe
posito
,
Florence
is
found
to
exchange
for
London
at
pence
83
starlin
,
and
say
for
Placentia
at
Cro
:
108
,
and
that
there
is
Order
Example
2.
given
to
Florence
,
that
at
these
rates
they
draw
for
London
and
remit
to
Placentia
,
at
how
much
then
will
the
remittance
come
from
London
to
Placentia
?
to
doe
this
,
I
multiply
the
said
Crownes
of
Florence
,
which
properly
are
the
value
of
Crownes
100
of
Marc.
by
pence
sterlin
83
,
as
is
above
mentioned
,
and
out
of
the
pence
that
are
thence
produced
,
I
cut
off
the
two
last
figures
,
and
there
will
remaine
pence
sterlin
89
〈◊〉
incirca
,
and
so
many
pence
together
with
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
for
the
provison
that
is
commonly
paid
in
Florence
,
comes
to
be
disbursed
in
London
,
for
one
crowne
of
marc
.
credit
in
Placentia
.
Againe
to
Antwerpe
commeth
Order
from
London
,
to
draw
thither
,
and
to
remit
to
Venice
,
at
such
a
price
,
that
the
remittance
Example
3.
from
London
for
Venice
,
come
but
to
55
pence
starlin
cleare
of
charges
,
the
partido
being
1000
pound
starlin
,
now
there
is
found
mony
for
London
at
shill.
33⅓
,
and
bills
for
Venice
at
gro.
90
〈◊〉
,
I
demand
if
at
this
price
the
said
comison
may
be
effected
,
first
reduce
the
said
shill.
33⅓
into
grosse
,
and
they
make
400
,
then
say
by
the
rule
of
three
,
if
pence
240
,
(
the
valew
of
the
pound
starlin
)
give
400
gro
.
what
will
55
pence
starlin
give
being
the
price
of
the
ducc
:
of
Venice
,
it
will
make
grosse
91⅓
from
whence
must
be
deducted
〈◊〉
per
cent
.
for
provison
taken
and
there
will
remaine
gro.
91
3/10
,
so
that
the
sayd
comison
may
be
effected
to
profit
,
because
that
drawing
for
London
at
sh.
33⅓
,
may
be
delivered
for
Venice
at
gro.
91
3/10
,
and
there
persent
bills
at
lesse
,
that
is
at
gro.
90⅔
example
.
And
this
is
as
much
as
I
conceive
needfull
at
this
time
to
insert
concerning
the
exchanges
practised
in
London
,
now
there
only
resteth
the
termes
of
payment
of
bills
of
exchange
in
London
.
CHAP.
CCCCXLIX
.
Of
the
Terms
of
payments
of
Bills
of
exchange
in
London
.
THe
termes
for
the
payment
of
Bills
of
exchange
in
London
Terms
of
payments
of
Bills
exchange
in
London
.
are
observed
to
bee
with
other
citties
thus
:
-
To
Venice
at
3
moneth
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Antwerpe
at
one
moneths
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Genoa
at
3
moneths
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Florence
at
3
moneths
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Pisa
at
3
moneths
after
date
and
so
back
.
-
To
Lions
for
the
faire
and
so
from
faire
to
fayre
.
-
To
Placentia
the
same
as
Lions
.
-
To
Roven
and
Paris
at
one
moneth
after
date
and
so
back
.
CAHP.
CCCCL
.
Of
the
abreviation
of
Division
and
Multiplication
after
the
Italian
and
forraine
manner
and
methode
.
FOr
as
much
as
I
have
in
many
parts
of
this
particular
Tract
of
Exchanges
followed
the
arithmeticall
method
Of
Division
and
Multiplication
abreviated
after
the
Italian
manner
.
&
manner
of
those
rules
practised
in
the
calculation
of
these
exchanges
by
the
Bankers
and
Exchangers
of
Italy
,
it
will
be
here
needfull
for
the
better
inlightning
of
the
same
,
&
the
easier
casting
up
&
calculation
thereof
,
that
I
shew
how
the
Italian
Brokers
and
Exchangers
do
abreviate
their
labour
,
and
shorten
their
taske
therein
,
and
the
rather
I
have
presumed
to
adde
the
same
here
,
and
in
this
place
,
partly
in
regard
that
I
have
not
found
it
published
by
any
of
our
English
Arethmeticians
,
but
principally
to
shew
the
learner
the
wayes
how
the
same
are
there
wrought
and
arethmetically
calculated
.
It
is
generally
confest
by
all
Arethmetictans
that
the
whole
art
of
Arethmetick
depends
upon
five
principall
rules
,
now
commonly
in
all
countries
received
and
taught
,
that
is
,
by
Numeration
,
Addition
,
Subtraction
,
Multiplication
,
and
Division
,
and
that
no
one
proposed
question
in
Arethmetick
can
be
perfected
without
the
help
of
some
of
these
,
for
the
three
former
I
find
not
any
disagreement
in
the
common
received
manner
by
them
and
us
,
and
therefore
I
will
omitt
to
speak
any
thing
thereof
;
but
of
the
two
later
,
whereby
is
observed
that
most
rules
and
questions
of
all
exchanges
are
perfected
and
performed
,
I
will
here
insist
upon
,
induced
principally
as
I
sayd
before
to
inlighten
thereby
the
preceding
examples
that
I
have
handled
in
the
calculatians
of
the
exchanges
before
mentioned
.
I
will
then
in
the
first
place
contrary
to
the
custome
of
our
English
Masters
in
this
Science
,
begin
with
that
part
of
Arethmetick
which
wee
call
Division
,
and
by
an
example
or
two
of
the
working
thereof
explaine
the
same
to
such
as
either
shall
bee
desirous
to
learne
it
,
or
such
as
shall
desire
to
make
use
of
these
before
mentioned
tables
.
A
certaine
marchant
then
bought
46
clothes
,
which
cost
him
673
l.
and
desireth
by
a
briefe
way
to
know
what
one
cloth
doth
Division
abreviated
in
calculations
of
accounts
.
stand
him
in
,
to
do
which
I
dispose
of
the
question
after
the
manner
of
the
rule
of
three
,
and
say
,
If
46
Clothes
cost
673
l.
how
much
doth
the
Cloth
cost
.
Now
for
as
much
as
it
would
prove
to
be
too
difficult
,
at
first
sight
after
the
common
manner
,
to
find
how
often
46
the
divisor
is
found
in
673
,
it
will
be
more
facile
and
commodious
,
to
take
it
after
their
method
thus
,
take
then
the
first
figure
which
is
4
and
see
how
often
the
same
is
included
in
the
figure
6
which
is
once
,
the
which
1
I
write
then
under
the
〈◊〉
drawing
a
line
between
them
,
&
then
multiply
it
by
the
whole
divisor
〈◊〉
,
beginning
at
6
,
saying
once
6
is
6
,
&
next
comming
to
the
sum
that
is
to
be
divided
673
I
chuse
the
second
figure
7
from
whence
I
take
6
and
there
remaines
one
,
which
I
place
under
the
said
7
,
and
returning
againe
to
the
divisor
,
I
multiply
1
by
4
which
giveth
4
,
which
I
deduct
from
the
other
figure
6
,
of
the
summe
to
be
divided
,
and
there
remaines
2
,
the
which
I
write
under
the
6
,
so
that
46
taken
by
this
meanes
out
of
67
there
〈◊〉
●…1
,
from
whence
I
proceed
and
put
this
before
the
figure
3
remayning
,
which
thereby
makes
213
,
for
the
summe
that
now
remaynes
to
be
divided
by
46
,
saying
in
21
how
many
times
4
,
which
cannot
be
but
4
times
,
for
in
taking
5
there
will
remaine
but
〈◊〉
which
with
the
following
figure
doth
make
13
,
(
the
which
number
cannot
pay
5
times
6
,
and
for
this
cause
I
can
take
but
4
,
)
multiplying
the
divisor
as
at
first
,
saying
(
beginning
alwayes
by
the
last
figure
of
the
divisor
)
4
times
6
is
22
,
and
taking
the
last
figure
3
from
the
summe
to
be
divided
213
,
the
which
for
payment
of
24
I
borrow
3
tenns
,
which
I
beare
in
mind
,
and
say
24
from
33
there
●…sts
9
the
which
I
place
under
the
3
and
then
come
to
multiply
the
other
figure
4
of
the
divisor
by
4
and
it
makes
16
,
which
with
the
3
tenns
borne
in
minde
,
makes
19
which
must
be
deducted
from
the
sume
to
be
divided
21
so
there
will
rest
2
the
which
I
place
un●…der
1
as
by
the
example
appeareth
more
at
large
.
So
that
673
l.
divided
by
46
Clothes
,
the
quotient
giveth
14
l.
and
the
rest
is
29
l.
which
now
is
to
be
devided
by
46
,
which
cannot
be
done
,
and
therefore
the
same
to
be
reduced
to
shillings
which
multiplied
by
20
comes
to
5●…0
sh:
which
must
now
be
divided
by
46
in
the
manner
before
shewed
,
saying
how
many
times
4
,
in
5
which
is
once
,
the
which
I
write
in
the
quotient
at
the
side
of
14
l.
proceeding
from
the
first
divison
,
multiplying
it
by
6
and
it
giveth
6
,
which
taken
from
8
the
rest
is
2
,
which
I
put
under
the
8
,
and
multiply
the
other
figure
of
the
divisor
4
by
1
which
giveth
4
taken
from
5
there
rests
1
,
then
46
substracted
from
58
there
rests
12
,
right
with
which
I
put
the
other
figure
0
resting
of
the
summe
to
be
divided
and
returne
to
say
,
how
many
times
4
in
12
,
the
which
I
can
take
but
2
and
I
place
it
in
the
quotient
and
multiply
〈◊〉
by
the
last
figure
of
the
devisor
,
saying
2
times
6
is
12
which
I
deduct
from
120
,
the
which
to
do
I
say
(
borrowing
2
tenns
which
I
bare
in
mind
)
12
from
20
rests
8
which
I
place
under
the
0
and
multiply
the
other
figure
of
the
divisor
4
by
〈◊〉
making
8
with
the
2
borne
in
mind
,
comes
to
be
10
,
taken
from
12
there
rests
2
,
so
that
●…0
sh.
divided
by
46
the
product
is
12
shill.
and
there
remayneth
yet
28
shill.
which
must
be
brought
into
〈◊〉
,
multiplyed
by
12
and
it
makes
336
the
which
must
be
divided
by
46
,
saying
in
33
how
many
times
4
,
which
is
7
times
,
the
which
I
place
in
the
quotient
by
the
shillings
,
multiplying
7
by
〈◊〉
,
which
makes
42
from
46
there
rests
4
,
the
which
I
place
under
the
6
,
and
keepe
4
in
mind
borrowed
adding
them
with
4
times
7
they
make
32
,
which
deducted
from
33
,
there
rests
1
,
the
which
I
place
under
the
3
,
so
that
336
divided
by
46
the
perduct
giveth
7
and
there
rests
14
d.
to
divide
which
is
a
thing
of
a
small
valew
.
So
that
if
46
peeces
of
cloth
cost
673
l.
the
one
will
cost
14.
l.
12.
shill.
7.
d.
as
may
be
seene
by
the
example
here
under
wrought
.
To
shew
the
brevity
of
this
manner
of
dividing
,
I
will
shew
Another
example
.
here
another
example
,
which
cannot
without
much
difficulty
be
performed
by
the
common
manner
of
divison
in
cancelling
the
figures
,
and
yet
is
very
easily
and
compendiously
performed
●…is
way
,
by
observing
the
order
which
is
before
prescribed
,
and
therefore
to
avoyd
prolixity
I
shall
not
need
here
to
put
downe
any
particular
explication
,
the
example
shall
be
thus
then
to
,
divide
19999100007
by
99999
,
which
by
the
product
doth
give
199993
without
any
remaynder
as
shall
appeare
by
the
working
here
underneath
.
Division
which
is
wrought
by
the
rule
of
practise
,
is
done
in
this
manner
by
the
help
of
the
parts
found
therein
,
as
for
example
,
if
72
Another
method
of
dividing
by
rule
of
practise
.
peeces
of
sarges
cost
169.
l.
12
shil
.
how
much
will
the
peece
stand
in
,
then
dividing
by
72
I
find
first
the
parts
thereof
,
and
observe
that
8
times
9
makes
72
,
I
take
then
the
〈◊〉
of
the
summe
to
be
divided
,
saying
the
eighth
part
of
16
is
2
,
which
I
place
under
a
line
drawne
,
and
the
〈◊〉
of
9
is
1
,
there
remains
one
pound
which
is
20
shil
.
which
with
the
12
makes
32
,
the
〈◊〉
whereof
is
4
,
so
that
the
eighth
of
the
said
169
l.
12
shil
.
is
21
l.
4
shil
.
of
which
number
I
take
the
1/9
(
which
shall
be
the
price
of
the
peece
)
in
this
manner
,
saying
,
the
1/9
of
21
is
2
,
the
rest
is
3
l.
which
is
60
shil
.
and
with
the
4
maketh
64
shil
.
of
which
the
1/9
is
7
,
then
there
rests
1
,
which
is
12
pence
,
and
the
1/9
of
12
is
1
,
so
that
the
ninth
part
of
21
l.
4
shil
.
is
2
l.
7
shil.
1
d.
the
price
of
the
peece
as
by
this
example
is
shewed
,
But
when
it
happens
that
any
broken
numbers
fall
in
the
divisor
,
the
divisor
and
the
summe
to
be
divided
,
must
then
be
reduced
to
Note
another
example
.
one
and
the
selfe
same
denominator
,
as
for
example
,
If
13
〈◊〉
peeces
should
cast
264
l.
17
shil.
6
d.
what
would
the
peece
stand
in
?
to
doe
which
I
reduce
into
halfes
the
peeces
13
〈◊〉
multiplying
the
same
by
2
making
27
halfes
,
doing
the
same
with
the
summe
to
be
divided
,
multiplying
it
by
2
which
comes
to
be
l.
529.
15
,
which
to
be
divided
by
27
,
must
be
considered
that
3
times
9
is
27
,
therefore
must
be
taken
〈◊〉
and
1/9
of
the
said
third
in
this
manner
saying
〈◊〉
of
5
is
1
,
of
22
is
7
and
of
19
is
6
,
and
there
remaines
1
pound
which
is
20
shil
.
which
with
the
15
makes
35
,
the
〈◊〉
of
which
is
11
and
there
rests
2
shil
.
which
are
24
pence
,
the
〈◊〉
whereof
is
8
,
and
afterward
taking
the
of
〈◊〉
the
said
〈◊〉
saying
,
the
〈◊〉
of
17
is
1
,
and
of
86
is
9
,
and
there
●…s
5
l.
which
with
the
11
shil
.
is
111
shil
.
the
1/9
whereof
is
12
,
then
rests
3
shil
.
which
with
the
8
d
remaining
is
44
d
,
the
〈◊〉
whereof
is
4
,
so
that
the
product
of
the
said
1/9
giveth
19
l.
12
shil.
4
d
,
the
value
of
the
said
peece
,
as
by
example
,
Againe
,
at
34
l.
16
shil
.
the
21
〈◊〉
yards
,
how
much
will
the
yard
amount
unto
,
doe
this
as
the
preceding
rule
,
putting
the
yard
into
Another
.
thirds
,
in
multiplying
them
by
3
they
make
64
for
divisor
to
34
l.
16
also
multiplied
by
3
which
make
104
l.
8
shil
.
which
to
divide
by
64
,
is
to
be
considered
that
8
times
8
is
64
,
and
therefore
the
⅛
of
an
eight
is
the
price
of
a
yard
,
as
example
,
Many
other
divisions
are
resolved
in
the
same
manner
as
the
preceding
,
which
I
willingly
here
omit
,
and
referre
them
to
the
occurrences
of
traffique
that
shall
happen
herein
,
and
now
I
will
proceed
to
Multiplication
abreviated
,
by
which
two
rules
both
the
golden
Rule
of
three
,
and
many
other
in
Arithmetique
are
wrought
and
performed
,
commodious
and
necessary
to
this
Tract
of
Exchanges
and
this
Map
of
Commerce
,
as
being
indeed
the
proper
rules
,
by
which
the
Exchanges
in
this
book
are
cast
up
and
calculated
.
The
method
that
hath
beene
shewed
in
the
former
Division
,
may
in
some
sort
serve
also
in
multiplication
in
this
manner
,
suppose
you
Multiplication
abreviated
.
were
to
multiply
56
yards
by
4
l.
18
shil.
9
d.
you
must
consider
that
56
is
composed
of
7
times
8
,
and
therefore
you
must
multiply
the
said
4.
18.
9.
by
7
,
and
its
product
by
8
,
beginning
with
the
pence
,
and
saying
7
times
9
is
63
,
I
write
3
pence
,
and
retaine
5
shill.
which
I
ad
with
7
times
8
which
make
61
,
write
then
1
and
retain
6
which
added
to
1
times
7
makes
13
which
is
6
l.
10
shil
.
and
following
the
common
method
of
addition
,
I
put
downe
one
ten
,
and
retaine
6
l.
which
I
add
with
4
times
7
,
and
they
make
34
l.
the
which
product
I
multiply
againe
by
8
,
beginning
to
multiply
by
the
pence
which
are
with
the
pounds
,
and
then
by
the
shil
.
calculating
for
12
d
,
one
shill.
and
for
20
shill.
1
pound
they
then
make
276
l.
10
shil
.
for
the
value
of
56
yards
as
shall
be
more
plainly
demonstrated
by
this
Example
following
.
Many
other
questions
may
be
answered
as
the
above
sayd
,
but
yet
note
,
that
to
multiply
by
an
uneven
number
,
such
as
is
31
,
43
,
Another
Example
.
and
the
like
,
then
do
in
this
manner
,
posito
I
demand
at
5l
.
9.
sh.
3.
d.
the
yard
,
what
will
43
yards
come
unto
,
now
for
as
much
as
43
,
hath
no
dividable
parts
I
take
42
,
multiplying
it
by
6
and
by
7
,
as
hath
beene
shewed
,
and
for
the
yard
that
doth
remaine
I
adde
to
the
last
multiplication
5.
l.
9.
3.
d.
which
is
the
cost
of
1
yard
and
it
makes
234
l.
17.
9.
d.
the
cost
of
43
yards
as
may
be
observed
by
the
following
example
.
But
when
there
is
any
broken
number
in
the
yards
or
peeces
,
doc
Another
Ex-ample
.
thus
by
example
,
at
l.
7.
14.
6
the
peece
,
what
will
81½
cost
,
then
for
81
I
multiply
by
9
the
cost
of
the
peece
,
and
its
product
againe
by
9
because
that
9
times
9
is
81
and
I
find
l.
625.
14.
6
for
the
valew
of
the
said
81
peeces
,
and
for
the
½
peece
I
take
the
〈◊〉
of
7.
l.
14.
6.
d.
and
adding
it
thereto
the
same
comes
to
be
l.
629.
11.
sh.
9.
d.
and
so
much
the
81½
cost
,
example
.
But
for
as
much
as
this
may
seeme
difficult
,
I
will
here
note
another
Another
way
of
Multiplication
abreviated
.
way
of
Multiplication
abreviated
,
serving
as
well
in
exchanges
or
in
marchandising
posito
;
I
would
know
what
comes
154
yards
unto
,
at
56
shillings
the
yard
,
to
do
this
multiply
the
sayd
yards
,
by
the
halfe
of
the
sayd
mony
which
is
28
sh.
and
in
adding
its
product
,
double
the
last
figure
taking
that
for
so
many
shill.
and
the
rest
for
pounds
as
doth
appeare
by
this
example
following
,
which
I
adde
in
this
manner
,
saying
2.
4.
and
9
make
15
,
and
after
the
ordinary
manner
,
you
must
set
downe
5
,
and
beare
1
ten
,
but
in
this
methode
,
you
must
double
it
,
setting
downe
10
for
5.
the
which
doubled
you
must
hold
as
so
many
shillings
and
so
proceeding
in
the
addition
of
the
rest
,
and
adding
the
tenth
borne
of
15
,
it
will
come
to
l.
431.
4.
sh.
the
valew
of
154
yards
,
and
this
note
is
to
be
observed
in
all
other
questions
of
this
nature
,
as
by
example
doth
appeare
.
There
is
yet
another
briefe
way
of
Multiplication
,
used
in
France
Another
way
of
abreviated
Multiplication
.
and
many
parts
beyond
the
seas
,
which
is
done
by
taking
the
parts
of
10
or
of
100
in
this
manner
,
I
would
multiply
113
yards
by
1¼
I
note
what
part
1¼
is
in
10
and
find
it
to
be
⅛
therefore
is
113
yards
to
be
multiplyed
by
10
,
or
else
more
briefe
by
adding
an
0
and
in
taking
the
〈◊〉
which
shall
be
the
valew
of
the
said
113
yards
,
and
for
to
multiply
by
1
〈◊〉
you
must
take
the
〈◊〉
of
the
summe
to
be
multiplyed
,
after
you
have
added
thereunto
an
o
because
that
1
〈◊〉
is
the
〈◊〉
of
10
,
and
for
to
multiply
by
3
〈◊〉
you
must
adde
an
o
and
take
〈◊〉
because
that
3⅓
is
the
〈◊〉
of
10
and
so
in
many
others
,
in
taking
alwayes
the
parts
of
10
,
and
note
that
the
same
may
bee
done
in
taking
the
parts
of
100
,
as
to
multiply
137
yards
by
8
〈◊〉
you
must
adde
two
oo
to
the
summe
,
then
take
〈◊〉
,
because
that
8
〈◊〉
is
the
〈◊〉
,
part
of
100
and
for
to
multiply
by
12
〈◊〉
,
you
must
adde
two
oo
and
take
the
⅛
because
that
the
〈◊〉
of
100
is
12
〈◊〉
as
may
be
seene
by
these
following
examples
.
Againe
at
3
shill:
the
pound
,
what
will
the
100
l.
come
unto
?
to
Another
example
.
doe
this
in
briefe
a
cipher
is
to
be
added
to
the
cost
of
the
pound
which
is
3
sh.
and
it
makes
30
of
which
summe
take
the
½
and
it
makes
15
l.
which
makes
the
cost
of
the
hundred
,
and
so
for
others
by
these
examples
following
.
Againe
at
3
d.
the
pound
,
I
would
know
how
much
100
l.
comes
Another
.
unto
,
multiply
the
pence
(
which
the
pound
is
worth
)
by
5
,
and
out
of
its
product
take
1/12
which
shall
be
the
cost
of
the
quintall
and
to
find
the
cost
of
the
pound
,
you
must
multiply
the
valew
of
the
hundred
by
12
,
and
the
⅕
of
the
product
is
the
cost
of
the
pound
as
followeth
by
these
examples
.
But
I
have
wandred
too
farre
,
and
proceeded
farther
in
this
subject
than
I
intended
,
therefore
here
will
conclude
both
the
calculations
of
Exchanges
and
these
methods
of
abroviating
the
rules
of
Division
and
Multiplication
,
referring
what
is
here
by
me
omitted
in
both
the
sayd
subjects
to
the
ingenuous
hand
and
head
of
the
mysterious
Exchanger
.
FINIS
.