VVarrefare epitomized in a century, of military observations: confirming by antient principles the moderne practise of armes. By Captaine Levves Roberts.

WARREFARE EPITOMIZED , In a Century , OF MILITARY OBSERVATIONS : Confirming by Antient Principles The Moderne practise of Armes . By Captaine LEWES ROBERTS .

LONDON , Printed by RICHARD OVLTON , for RALPH MABB 1640.

To my worthy friends , and Brethren the Captaines of the trained Bands , Of the famous CITY of LONDON . CAPTAINE . Martin Bond . George Wawker . Marmaduke Royden . George Langham . Iohn Venn . Edward Dichfield . Thomas Covell . Edmond Forster . William Ge●re . Samuall Carlton . Tobias Massy . Randolph Mo●wareing Henry Sanders . Nicolas Beale . Robert Davis . Mathew Forster . Iohn Bradley . Rouland Wilson . Iames B●nce . WORTHY FRIENDS .

MOst Certaine it is , that Warre hath bad its Originall from the very foundation of Soveraignety , a●d thence was reduced to an Art , confined within limited rules , and principles , and may ( in these our times ) be said to be either forraigne or Domestique , and that either offensive , or defensive , preserving , and upholding some Nations , and Countries , and destroying , and ru●ning others ; but still the rule , and true scope of a lust Warre amongst all Nations , is held to be a firme Peace , which as it is best obtained with the Sword in hand , so is it best confirmed , by a prevalent Victory , to compasse which many Authors have undertaken to laie downe Rules , some through Military Discipline , some through Valor and Policie , and most through bloodshedd , yet such defects are found in many of their precepts , that no positive rules can be collected thence , which in all points can make good the same , for it must be confessed , that they who frame to themselves , in their studies a modell of leadeing of an Army , to be come Victorious , find the same as full of Errors , as of Rules , when the application is made for a measure of Warre taken by booke , falleth out either too long , or too short , when it is brought into the field , to be put in practise , and somtimes such unlooked for chances , arest even the best , and most experienced Captaines ( though long acquainted with the Warres ) that their skill is not priviledged from casualties , nor their Iudgments , and knowledg ▪ from Vaniety of accidents , because a minute produ●eth that in the field which an Age hath not seene no n●r heard of before .

Notwithstanding these difficulties , and uncertainties , I have indeavored for my owne recreation , to collect the most certaine of these rules of Warrefare , being such as admit of the least contradiction , and concluded the same in three Centuries , which I have termed Military Observations , and are the most materiall within the compase of a Soldiers & Captains knowledg , either before the Warre begun , or in the prosecution thereof , or after the Victory gained : the first is confirmed by the authority and aprovement of Antient authors , and serves as a ground-worke to the second , confirmed by reason , and experience , and both of these to the third , confirmed , and made good by practise , and the example of the greatest Captaines that have left their memories registred in the bookes of honour behind them to posterity ; the two latter may hereafter see the light ; if this former find a fav●rable construction in the World , and a friendly acceptance from you , to whose love in respect of our Vnited brotherly affection , and friendship , I have presumed to Dedicate the same , & that in testimony of the Obligement dew to your place from him that Intitles himselfe

Your friend and Brother in Armes , L. ROBERTS Captaine .

To the Readers . GENTLEMEN .

MY love to Armes drew me as first to bee a practitioner thereof , in the Artillery Garden of London , and when occasions withheld me from the exercise it selfe , my mind was b●sied in perusing of such Anchors , as treated of that subject in sundry languages , which as length proved to bee so many , and so Various , and withall so differently handling the severall parts of Warre , that I found not thereby either my curiosity wholly satisfied , or yet my knowledg much bettered , whereupon I indevour'd to gaine som benefit by my labour , & somepleasure by my toil , collecting into one Epitome those quotations , which I had thus scatteringly met withall in my reading , reducing at length the ●a●e into three centuries of Military Observations ; the first confirming the moderne practise of Armes , by the authority of Antient Authors : the second confirming the same by reason , and experience , and the third , by the practise and example of sundry Commanders , and Chieftaines , the second being grounded upon the former , as the ●atter is upon both : In all which I cannot boast of ●nygreat paines taken , because they were done for delight , and to please my owne fancy , nor yet appropriate therin , anything worthy note to my selfe save the labour , because they are for the most part collections , how soever yet we see oftentimes , that therei s a labour in recreation , and a toyle sometimes in pleasures , and that the builder is many times found to take more care , and paines , to collect , and gather his materialls , then to erect the Structure , or to beautify the whole Edifice : But whatsoever my paines , and industry was , I take it to my selfe ; and whatsoever the benefit is , or may be , I am contented to bestow vpon my friends , and amongst the rest ( if thou art one of them ) upon the incouraging me thus by afaire construction , and friendly acceptance of this first , to present thee with the two latter , and in the interim to stile my selfe

Thy indebted Friend , LEWES ROBERTS Captaine .

MILITARY OBSERVATIONS .

Observation first : OF MILITARY ART .

THe Art Military is of its selfe so Excellent , that it is fit for the knowledge of all Noble Personadges , and a quality most especially necessary for all Kings and Princes , whether they live either in peace or war , for without it their tranquillity cannot be preserved , nor their warre prosecuted , nor yet their own persons and subjects defended , for force and strength of men though valorous , sufficeth not unlesse the same be governed by Military Counsell and Martiall wisdome , Duo sunt quibus Respub: servatur , in hostes fortitudo & dom● concordia . cipiatur , ut nihil aliud quam pax quaesita videatur . Cicero &c. Let warre be so undertaken , that nought else but peace may seem to be sought for thereby .

Observation XI . Of unadvised Warre .

AS we have shewed unjust Warre to be unlawfull , so we will shew that temerity and unadvised warre is an Enterprise most worthy of discommendation . Omnes bellum sumunt facilè , aegerrimè definunt , net in ejusdem potestate initium & finis est . Sallust . &c. All Princes undertake a warre easily , but leave it off difficultly ; neither is the beginning and end in the power of one and the same person .

Observation XII . Not to Enter into warre without cause .

AS a wise Prince ought not to undertake any unlawfull invasion , so ought he not without mature deliberation enter into any warre at all , as one that is unwilling to offend others , though yet of courage enough to defend himselfe and his , Nec provoces bella , nec timeas . Plin : Neither may'st thou stirre up , neither stand in feare of warre .

Observation XIII . Things required to make a Warre .

TO make a warre three things are required , 1. Money . 2. Men . 3. and Armes , and to maintaine this warre , Provision , and Counsell are needfull ; therefore the undertaking Chieftaine before he beginneth a warre , doth carefully consider not onely his forces , but the charges that doth belong thereunto , Diu apparandum est bellum , ut vincas melius , Pub : Warre is long before hand to be provided for , that so thou may'st conquer the better .

Observation XIV . Bread needfull in Warre .

ABove all the provisions of warre , Care must be held , that Bread be not wanting , for without it nor victory , no nor life can bee looked for or expected . Quifr●mentum necessariumque c●mmeatum non praparat vincitur sineferro : Vigetius . He is vanquished without weapon , who prepares not bread and other necessarie provision of victuals .

Observation XV . Armes needfull for Warre to be ever in readinesse .

A Prince or Chieftaine that intends warre either offensive or defensive , must have armes alwaies in readinesse , whereby is understood Harnesse , Horses , Weapons , Engins of artillery , powder and every other thing necessary for service , either of foot , or horse , and where the Princes territories are marittime , we may add hereunto shipps and shipping of all sorts , with every furniture thereto belonging both of defence and offence : these preparations make a Prince formidable , because no man dare doe or attempt against that King or people , where preparation is ever ready to revenge . Qui desiderat pacem , praeparet bellum . Caes. He that desireth peace , fore-provide's for warre .

Observation XVI . Of Captaines and Souldjers .

WHen I say people , men &c. I meane a multitude of Subjects , armed and trained to defend or offend , and these by the custome of these times are of two sorts , Viz. Souldjers and Captaines , and souldiers are also of two sorts , foot-men and horsemen , the one most usefull in the Champion , and the other in mo●tan●us places , and likewise for defence , or assault of townes or grounds fortified , they are most necessary , and consequently meet for service in all places , which moved Tacitus to say , Omne in pedite Robur Iacet . &c. All the strength lyes in the footmen .

Observation XVII . Of Horsemen and Footmen .

FOr sudden service , the horse hath ever beene judged most meete , and the Execution of any speedy service is by them soonest performed : Neverthelesse all Captaines doe judge the actions of the footemen , most certaine of Execution , chiefly if well trained , and skilfully lead , for so Experience hath of late dayes proved , besides that , they carrie with them ever a lesse Expence , and are commonly of greater number . In universu● aestimar● plus penes pedittem roboris esse , Tacit. &c. Generally more strength is reputed to bee in the forces on foot .

Observation XVIII . Souldiers not serviceable are to small purpose .

BY these aforegoing observations , it is sufficiently proved that both horsemen and footemen be necessary : yet let us remember withall , that unlesse they be also serviceable , great numbers are but to small purpose . Manibusopus est bello , non multis nominibus . In warre not many names , but many hands are requisite .

Observation XIX . To make Souldiers serviceable .

TWo things is conceaved to make souldiers serviceable , the first consisteth in good choise , and the other in good discipline : both of them , but especially the latter , at this day little regarded . Emunt militem , non legunt . Liv. &c. They doe not carelesly take up , but purchase a souldjer .

Observation XX . The Election of Souldjers .

THe Election of souldiers ought ever to be out of the most honest and able number of bodies , and every campe is ever ablest , when it is composed of men knowne to one another , for thereby they are made the more confident , and their love to each other will make them adventure the one for another , but small heed is taken hereof in these dayes , for they are for the most part Purgamenta Vrbium suorum . Curtius &c. The off-scouring of their Cities .

Observation XXI . The Discipline of Souldiers .

IN discipline it is now a dayes seene in armies , that the Externall forme , and not the certaine substance thereof is observed , for whereas souldiers in former ages indeavoured to be vertuous and modest , so now they studie rather how to excell in Riot then in Martiall knowledge . Exercitus lingu● quam Manu promptior : praedator ● sociis , & ipse praeda hostium , Sall : The Army is nimbler in their tongue than their hand ; a robber among it 's companions , and it selfe becomes the enemies booty .

Observation XXII . Stranger Souldiers what .

NOw in as much as souldiers are made good by choise and Election , and that the foundation and ground of service seemeth to consist in the discretion , and judgement of those that have authority to make this Election , yet we must adde , that they must be chosen of the number of Naturall subjects , for strangers are covetous , and consequently corruptible , they are also mutenous , and not seldome time cowardly : the custome likewise is to robbe , burne ; and spoile , both friends and foes , and consume the Princes treasure . Ossa vides regum vacuis exsucta medullis . Iuvenal . &c. By this meanes I professe Kings bones behold you may cleane marrowlesse .

Observation XXIII . The naturall Souldier what .

NOw in the naturall souldier , few or none of these exorbitances are found , for he is faithfull and obedient , resolute in fight , loving to his country , and loyall to his Soveraigne . Gentes quae sub regibus sunt , pro Deo colunt , Curtius &c. Nations which are under King● , honour them for Gods .

Observation XXIV . Naturall souldiers , two sorts .

STatesmen and Politicians have noted , that Naturall souldiers are of two sortes , the first are they that are in continuall pay , and the second are they that are trained ready to serve , but doe notwithstanding attend their owne private affaires untill they be called , the first sort are necessary for all Princes . In pace decus , in bello prae●id●●● , Tacit. An ornament they are in peace , a guard in warre .

Observation XXV . Levy of Souldiers .

But these doe hold , that of this sort , no great numbers ought to be , partly to eschew disorders incident thereto , and partly to avoide the expences thereof , the second kind of foote souldiers , are to be trained in Shires , Townes , and Villages , as people more patient of paines , and fit for the warres , yet not so ambitiously disposed , as the citizens of Eminent Cities . Odio praesentium , & cupidine mutationis . Tacit. &c. With a loathing of the present , and a desire of change .

Observation XXVI . The number of souldiers extraordinary .

DIvers have left us their severall opinions touching the number of their Extraordinary souldiers , but this must be referred to the discretion and wisedome of the Prince , and Chieftaine . Bellum parare , & simul aerario parcere , Sa. To make provision for the warre , and with all to favour the treasurie .

Observation XXVII . The number of ordinary souldiers .

THe number of ordinary Souldiers , as well as of the extraordinary , must also bee left to the wisdome of the Prince commanding , yet some hold that the same ought to be according to the number of common people in a kingdom , not inserting the Gentlemen , for to such say they , is onely proper the service on horseback . Alas rusticis non tribu● ; in nobilitatem & in divites , haec à pauperibus onera inclines . Livins , &c. I doe not allot the wings of the army among countrie fellowes ; decline these charges from the poorer sort , and lay them upon the Nobility , and wealthy men .

Observation XXVIII . Of the Country of the Souldiers .

FIve certaine notes have been observed whereby the disposition of men fit to become souldiers hath beene discerned . First the Country , where they are borne , second their Age , third their Proportion of body , fourth their quality of minde , fift their faculty . Touching their Country , it is a thing apparently opened , that mo●●anous regions , or barren places , and northerne habitations , doe breed wits well disposed to the warre . Locorum asperit as hominum quoque ingenia durat . Curt. &c. The ruggednesse of their habitation doth also make the disposition of the inhabitants hardy .

Observation XXVIII . of the Age of Souldiers

THe age in the second place most apt for the warre , was antiently observed to be about eighteene yeares , and so the Romans used . Facilius est ad virtutem instruere novos milites quàm revocare praeteri●os , Vig. &c. It is easier to traine up fresh-water Souldiers to Discipline , then to reclaime over-growne ones .

Observation XXIX . of the stature of the Souldiers .

IN the third place the stature of the soldier ought to be observed : C. Marius liked best the longest bodies , Pirrhus prefered large and well proportioned men , but Vigetius seemed in his choise rather to esteeme strength then stature , . Utilius est fortes milites esse qu àm grandes . Viget . &c. It is more advantagious , that the Souldiers be strong then great .

Observation XXX . of the spirit of a Souldier .

IN the next place , the mind and Spirit of a Soldier , is to be considered , for that mind which is quick , nimble , bold and confident , seemeth apt for Warre : he also is of good hope that loueth honor more then Ease , or profit . In briefe : Is qui n●hil metuit , nisi turpem famam . Sall . He that is afraid of nothing but an ill name .

Observation XXXI . Of the Faculty of a Souldier .

IN the last place , it is to be marked in what Art or Faculty a man hath beene brought up , for it may be presumed , that Fishers , Fowlers , Cookes , &c. trained up in esseminate Arts , are unfit for Martiall indeavor , and as these men were in respect of their Trades , thought unmeet ; so in old time , Slaves , and Masterlesse-men , were repulsed from Armes , as in famous persons . Sed nunc tales sociantur armis quales domini habere fastidiunt . Vig. &c. But now a dayes such fellowes are entertained in their Armies , as they fowlely scorne to keepe in their houses .

Observation XXXII . Discipline maketh Soldiers .

HOw Soldiers are to be chosen , these few words which wee have spoken may suffice to demonstrate : let us now in the next place say somwhat of Discipline , for though choise findeth out Soldiers , yet it is Discipline doth make them such , and continueth them fit for service . Paucos Viros forles Natura procreat , bona institutione plures reddit industria . Vig. &c. Nature bring's forth but a few very strong-men ; Industrie by good instruction breed's up very many .

Observation XXXIII . Military Discipline What .

MIlitarie Discipline is a certaine severe confirmatīion of Soldiers , in their Valor and Vertue , and is seene to be performed by foure meanes , I Exercise , 2 Order , 3 Compulsion , 4 Example ; the two first of these do appertaine to Valor , the third to Vertue , and the last both to Valor , and Vertue .

But first for Exercise , I say that a Soldier being chosen , ought to be informed in Armes , and used in action , the word it selfe Exercitium importeth nothing els . Exercitus dicitur quod melius fit Exercitando , Varro . It is called Exercitus , an Army , because it is made better by often exercising .

Observation XXXIV . Military Order What .

ORder in Martiall Discipline consisteth in dividing , disposing and placing of men , aptly at all occasions , to be commanded , as the leaders shall direct : this in it selfe requireth with the parts thereto appertaining a longer discourse , therefore I refer it to Experienced Captaines , and skillfull . Leaders , that have written thereof , as Polibius , Vigetius , Dela-Nove , and others &c.

Observation XXXVI . Military Compulsion what .

MIlitary Compulsion , or coertion , is that which bridleth , and governeth the manners of Soldiers , for no order can be observed a mongst them , vnlesse they be indewed with the qualities of Continency , Modesty , and Abstinency , but first Continency is chiefely to be shewed in their Diet , and moderate desires . Degenerat aè Robore ac Virtute miles assuetudine Voluptatum , Tacitus . A Souldier , by custome of Pleasures , degenerates from 's Courage , and Manlinesse .

Observation XXXVI . Military Modesty what .

THe modesty of a Soldier is best perceived in his words , his apparell , and his actions , for to be a Vanter or a vaine-glorious boaster , is far unfit in him that professeth honour , or Armes , but that which hath bene held true Vertu is silent , Viri militiae natifactis magni ad Verborum linguaeque certamina rudes . Tacit. &c. Men borne to Martiall Discipline , and renowned by famous exploits , are altogether unacquainted how to skirmish with words , or the tongue .

Observation XXXVII . Military Apparell .

THe modesty of a Soldier is also shewed in his apparell , if therein hee do not Exceed : for albeit it fitteth well the Profession of Armes , to be well Armed , and decently apparelled , yet all superfluity and Excesse , savoreth either of ignorance or Vanity ; Horridum militem esse decet , non caelato auro argentoque , sed ferro . Liv. It best beseemes a Souldier , to appeare terrible : not to be garnished with Gold and Silver , but with Steele .

Observation XXXVIII . Military Abstinence .

ABstinence is also fit for all Soldiers , for thereby guided , they refraine from Violence , and insolency , by which rule also they are informed to governe themselves civilly , in the place or country where they serve , and likewise in their lodgings , never taking away any thing from the owners , nor yet committing outrage , though urged thereto by great necessity ; Vivant cum provincialibus jure civili , nec insolescat animus , quise sentit armatum . Cast.

Let them live with their provincialls in a civill manner ; neither let his mind grow insolent , who perceives himselfe Armed .

Observation XXX . IX . Military Example what .

THe last mark of Military Discipline , wee called Example : vnder which word is comprehended Reward , and Punishment , for Soldiers are rewarded , whensoever they receve for any Excellent or singular service , Honor , or Riches , and for Evill they have their due , when they tast the punishment thereunto belonging , Necessarium est acrius ille dimicet quem ad opes ac dignitates ordo militiae et imperatoris iudicium consueuit evehere . Vig. &c. T is requisite that they should stand to it more stifly , whom the course of Service in the Warres , and the respect of the Generall hath thought good to advance .

Observation XL . Military Reward , and Punishment .

AS gold and glory doth truely belong to the good and welldeserving Soldier , so punishment is dew to those , that be Vicious and Cowardly , for nothing is conceived so much to hold Soldiers in dew obedience , as the severity of true Martiall Discipline : Milites , imperatorempotius quàm hostem metuere debent . Vig. &c. Souldiers ought to stand in more awe of their Generall , then feare of their Enemy .

Of Soldiers let these observations suffice : Wee will now speak of what quality Chieftaines , and Leaders ought to be , for upon them dependeth the welfare of whole Armies ; Militar is turba sine duce , Corpus fine spiritu , Curtius . A Band of Souldiers without a Captaine , is a Body without breath .

Of a Generall . Observation XLI . Of a Chiefe , or Generall .

A Chiefe or Generall in Warre , is either of his owne authority , a Chiefe , or a Generall , that doth command in the name of another ; of the first sort are Emperors , Kings , and Princes : of the second , be the Deputies , Lieutenants , Colonels , and indeed all Generall Commanders , in Warre : Now whether it be more Expedient that the Prince should command in person , or by his Deputy , divers wise-statesmen have diversly discussed , from which it may be in effect thus farr concluded , that if the Warre do onely concerne some particular part or province , then may the same be performed by a Lieutenant ; but if the whole fortune of the Prince doe thereupon depend , then is he to command in his owne Person , and not otherwise .

Dubijs praeliorum exemptus , summae rerum et imperij seipsum reservat . Tacit. &c. Being free'd from the dangers of battaile , he reserves himselfe for authority and chiefe command .

Observation XLII . One onely Commander , best in an Army .

AS therefore it importeth the Prince by his owne presence , and somtimes by deputation , to performe this most eminent office , yet how ever occasion shall require , it ever behoveth according to the greatest , and generall opinion of Authors that but one onely Commander , ought to be in chiefe , for Plurality of Generalls , doe rarely or never worke any good effect : with this proviso and caution that to his experience , and wisdome , he have the other properties of such a Commander . In bellica praefectura major aspectus habendus peritiae , quam Virtutis aut morum . Aristot. &c. In Warlike authority , a greater consideration is to be had of the experience , than of the Vertue or condition of the Commander .

Observation XIII . Qualities of a Generall .

MAny are the qualities required by Authors , in a compleat Chi●taine , the principall insisted upon are five , Skill , Vertue , Providence , Authority , and Fortune . First by Skill , is meant , he should be of great knowledg , and long experience , for to make and fashion out a sufficient Captaine , neither the information of others , nor yet his owne reading , is not prevalent . Qui nor it quis Ordo agminis , quae cura explorandi , quantus Vrgendo trahendoue bello modus . Cicero . &c. Who knowe's what is the Order of a troupe , what the care , of espying , how great the measure of hast'ning or delaying the Warre .

Observation XLIIII . Vertue in a Generall .

BY the V●rtue of a Generall , is understood a certaine Vigor or force , both of body and mind , to exercise Souldiers , as well in feigned warre as in a reall fight with the Enemy , and therefore to say summarily , a Captaine ought to be laboriosus in negotio , fortis in periculo , industriosus in agendo , et celeris in conficiend● . Cicero . Painefull in imployment , hardy in danger , industrious in action , and swift in execution .

Observation XLV . Providence in a Generall .

NExt to Vertue is placed providence , to be a needfull quality , in a Generall : for being of such wisdom , they will not hazard , nor yet commit more to fortune , then necessity shall inforce : yet too true it is , the fooles , and vulgar folkes , that commend , or discommend actions according to the issue or successe , were wont to say , Cunctatio servilis , statim exequi regium est , Delay is base ; to put in present execution , is Princely . But the more advised , and provident Captaines , do think , Temeritas , praeter quam quod stulta , est etiam infaelix , Livius . That Rashnes is not onely foolish , but also infortunate .

Observation XLVI . Of fortune in a Gener●ll .

THough Providence be ever accounted the best meanes of good speed , yet some Captaines of that Quality , and in skill excellent , have beene in their actions , and Enterprises , vn●ucky ; when others of lesse sufficiency , by good fortune , have mervailously prevailed , as is plentifully manifested to us by Histories , in all ages ; we may therefore reasonably say with Cicero , Quodolim Maximo , Marcello , Scipioni , Mario , et caeter is magnis Imperatoribus , non solum propter v●rtutem , sed etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia mandata , atque exercitus esse commissos . Cicero . That heretofore not onely for their Valour , but also for their good Fortune , that authority was frequently imposed , and the command of the Army was committed to Maximus , Marcellus , Scipio , Marius , and other those great Generals .

Observation XLVII . Of authority in a Generall .

AVthority was the last thing we wished to be in a Generall , for it greatly importeth his actions , and designes ; what opinion , or conceit the Enemy may have of such a Commander , and likwise how much his friends , and confederates doe esteeme him : but the onely chiefe and principall meanes to maintaine this authority , as sundry authors have left us in their writings , is Austerity , and Terror . Dux authoritatem maximam sever●ta●e sumat , omnes culpas militares legibus vindicet , n●lli Errantium credatur ignoscere . Viget . &c. Let a Generall take upon him selfe very great authority , with gravity ; let him punish the Souldiers delinquencies according to the lawes , let him be believed to pardon no Offenders .

Observation XLVIII . Of Affability , and severity in a Generall .

TO conclude these Observations , collected upon the due properties , of a Generall ; experience hath proved , that such Chieftaines , as were affable , and kind to their Soldiers , became ever much loved , yet did they incurre contempt ; but on the other side , those that have commanded severely , and terribly , albeit they gained no good-will , yet were they ever best obeyed . Dux facilis inutilis . App. A favorable Generall is worth little .

Observation XLIX . Good Soldiers without good Counsell , Bootlesse .

AFter that a Prince hath found out , and elected his men , and framed them fitt for the Warres , whom now I terme Soldiers ; yet serve they to small or no purpose , unlesse they be imployed according to Military wisdome , of warlike counsell . Non minus est Imperatoris consilio quam Vip●rfecisse . Tacit. It is of no lesse moment to be instructed by the advise , than the valour of the Generall .

Observation L. Of Counsells in Warre .

COunsell in Warre , or Military Counsells , is by som wri●ers branched into two several sorts , that is , Direct Counsell , and indirect Counsell : the first extendeth it selfe to a plaine and orderly demonstration and course , for proceeding ; as to lay hold upon fitt and due occasion : for as in all other humane actions , so ( chiefly in Warre ) Occasion is of great force , and consequence . Occasio in bell● , solet amplius juvare quam Virtus . Vig. &c. Opportunity in Warre commonly help 's more than Valour .

Observation LI. Constancyin Military counsells .

MAny Authors have left us in writing , that occasions presented , being then taken hold of , have often bee the meanes of good successe , and that the fame of him , that knoweth when to embrace the same , hath wrought great effects : Constancy in Resolutions , determined in Counsells , is then behooffull : Therefore a Captaine ought not to give credit , nor be apt to believe the vaine Rumors , and reports of every man . Malè imperatur cum regit V●lgus duces suos . Seneca. Things are ill governed , when the foot rules the head .

Observation LII . Confidence in Military counsells .

AS inconstancy is to be avoided in counsels of Warre , so confidence is likewise to be eschewed ; for no man is sooner surprized , then he who feareth least : and who knowes not , but that the contempt of the Enemy , hath beene the maine cause of great discomfitures : Therefore as a Captaine that commands an Army , or a Towne , ought not to feare , so should he not contemne his Enemy . Nimia fiducia semper noxia . Emil. Too much confidence is alwaies hurtfull .

Observation LIII . Good information in Military counsell .

AS overmuch estimation , of our owne Vertue and Valour , is hurtfull to us , causing thereby a security in us ; so to prevent the same , it doth import every good Captaine , to be well and truely informed , not onely of his owne forces , but also of the strength , and Vertue , of his Enemy , to which is to be added , the knowledg of the scituation , of the place and Country , where he abideth , or is seated , the quality of the people , and Soldiers he commandeth , together with every other needfull circumstance , thereunto belonging ; moreover the G●neralls humor , and capacity , is not to be omitted ; together with the particular condition and Nature , of the Enemy . Impetus acres cunctatione languescunt , aut in perfidiam mutantur . Tacit. Violent resolutions languish through delay , or else are turned into treachery .

Observation LIIII . Temerity to be avoyded .

TEmerity in Military actions is to be avoided as most dangerous , for iudicious Captaines are not to enterprise any thing without Mature delibration , and faire opportunity , vnlesse they be thereto by necessity inforced . In rebus asperis et tenui spe , fortissima quaeque consilio tutissima sunt . Livi. &c. In dangerous matters , and slender hopes , the strongest things are safest by counsell .

Observation LV . Prodigious signes , not to be neglected .

SOme wise men , & those not superstitiously , but discreetly , do think and have noated to Military-men , that Prodigious Signes from Heaven , or on Earth , are not to be neglected ; neither yet , according to their opinion , are dreames to be contemned . Nam amat benignit as numinis , seu quod merentur homines , seu quod tangitur eorum affectione , his quoque rationibus prodere quae impendunt . Ami. &c. For the goodnesse of the Deity , whether because that mortalls deserve it , or els being with their afflictions , loves by these meanes , to fore-shew those things , which hang over thier heads .

Observation LVI . Time to be observed .

OPportunity is by a judicious Captaine , to be awaited , and fit time to be spied out , when either the Enemy is wearied , or by pretending feare , draw him into ambushes , and danger , all which advantages ? with many others , is principally gained , by observations , of time and seasons . Quia si in occasioni● momento , cujus praetervolat opportunit as cunctatu● paulum fueris , nequicquam mox omissam quierare . Liv. Because if thou shalt never so littleslacken , in the very nick of occasion , whose opportunity slips quickly away ; 't will be too late afterward to seeke for what is let passe .

Observation LVII . Place to be considered .

AS Time , and the observation thereof is to be laid hold on ; so likewise is place also to be well and judiciously considered , especially whether it conduce to a Captaines advantage , or to his Enemies . Amplius prodest locus saepe quàm Virtus . Viget . &c. Oft' times , the Place more advantageth , than Valour .

Observation LVIII . The well ●raining of the men to be noated .

DOubtlesse in a Military action , or designe , it importeth much , that the Soldiers be well trained , ordered , and prepared for the fight : for it is ever seene that the want of Art , either in Captaine or Soldier , is cause of many disadventures , and we find in a skirmish-battell , or such incounter , that many times a small supply of ther Soldiers comming opportuely , whether on Horseback , or on foote , doth seeme to the Enemy , very terrible , and much daunteth them : And in Histories , we find noted , that a sudden showt , or such conceit , hath oftentimes amazed a whole Army . Milites Vanis & inanibus , magis quàm justis formidinis causis moventur . Curtius . Souldiers are terrified , more with Vaine , and naked , then with just causes of feare .

Observation LIX . Nationall Soldiers , together in battell .

THe most expert Commanders , have ever found it to best end , and purpose , that in ordering of Souldiers to fight , those of one , and the same country and Nation , should be still placed & ranged together ; and have ever beene so vigilant and carefull , to foresee , that the least losse of blood may fall upon the naturall Subjects , & so handle the designe and skirmish as the chiefe slaughter may light upon the mercenary-men , and strangers . Ingens victoriae decus citra domesticum sanguinem bellanti . Tacit. In a victory , the chiefe renowne arising to the Commander , is that which is got without domestique bloodshedde .

Observation LX . To be first in a readinesse , for the onsett .

QUestionlesse , it is to a Commanders great advantage , that his forces should be ordered , and in a readines for the fight , before the Enemy be prepared : first , for that he may the better performe what he thinkes fittest to be done , and secondly , that● thereby his owne forces will thereof receive great courage , being readiest to assatle the Enemy , and to begin the Combate . Plus animiest inferenti periculum quàm propulsanti , Lin. &c. He certainly hath greater courage who inforceth , and rusheth violently upon a danger , than he that withstands it .

Observation LXI . The Commanders disposition to fight .

THe Genera●ls , or Commanders owne readines , courage , and lively disposition to fight , doth undoubtedly , greatly animate , the multitude of Soldiers , to the Battell : as a contrary countenance or the least appearance , of feare , will exceedingly amaze , and daunt , his company , and Army . N●cesse est , ad fugam parati sin● , qui ducem su●m sentuint desperare . Viget . Needs must they prepare themselves for flight , who perceive their Commanders despairing .

Observation LXII . Moderate execution after Victory .

SOme Captaines have held it good policie , to make the Victory famous by much blood-shed : but in the opinion of most Chieftaines , to execute the Enemy , with an extreame cruelty , is no sound policie , nor Christianlike practise : But rather to proceed with dew ●oderacy , for to such it sufficeth the Victory is theirs , and the honour thereof , dewly both his , and his Soldiers . Clausis ex desperatione cresct audac i● , et ▪ cum spei ●ibil est , sumit arm● formido . Vig. &c. Those who are incompassed , with despaire , take stomacke afresh , and feare reassume's weapons , when no hope at all remaines .

Observation LXIII . To frustrate , Pilledg , and spoyle .

HEreto it is to be added , that the provident Commander , be circumspect , in all his enterprizes , and every of his actions , that the common Soldier be frustrated from spoyle , and Pilledg . S●pe obstitit vince●tibus pravum interipsos certamen omissohoste , spoli● consectandi . Tacit. The pursuit of the Conquered ommitted , many times a greedy strife among themselves for the Pillage , hath not a little hindred the Conquering .

Observation LXI●II . Of Indirect Counsells .

OF direct Counsells , let that we have said suffice , and now speak of Indirect Counsells , commonly called by the Greek word , Stratagems , or subtill practises ; which manner of proceeding hath been in times-past , and of divers grave writers , greatly condemned . Vir ●em● mentis al●ae clanculum Velit occiderehostem . Eurip. No one of a Noble Spirit will privily kill his Enemy .

Observation LXV . Stratagems without Fraude .

BUt waving in these dayes , the opinion of this , and of divers other writers worthy credit ; it seemeth reasonable in these times , and in pietie allowable , that Stratagems , or subtilties , may be used in Warre ; yet with this caution , that the same be such , as may stand with fidelity , and honour : for fraud , being used contrary to contracts , or agreements , made with the Enemy , is meere trechery , to poyson him or hier a murtherer to kill him , were plaine impietie . Foederatum injuste fallere impium . Liv. &c. 'T is a wicked part , to deceive him unjustly , with whom a truce is made .

Observation LXVI . To Murther an Enemy not warrantable .

IN the like nature , out of the Warre covertly to murther or kill , a particular Enemy , or by secret assault , or practice ; to doe him to death , is not warrantable , either by faith or honour : yet to use all craft , cunning , or subtilty , in open Warre , is both avowable , and praiseable , and so it is thought by Christian writers . Cum justum bellum suscipitur ut aperto pugnet quis , aut exinfidijs , nihil ad justiciam interest . August . &c. When a just Warre is undertaken , it doth nothing concerne justice , whether any one do fight openly , or entrap by wiles .

This is also approved by divers Authors , of great credit . Confice sive dolo seu stricto comminus ense . Plut. &c. By treachery do 't , or fight it out at sharpe .

And this is also confirmed by Xenophon . Reipsa n●hil utilius in bello dolis &c. Verily there 's not any thing better in Warre , then guile .

Observation LXVII . The true vse of Victory .

THe end of every just Warre is peare and having briefely shewed what is observable in Warre , and what counsells are required thereto : Let us now consider , how Victory ought to be used : to the injoying then of a victorious peace , three things are required , 1. Warines , 2. Mercy , and 3. Modestie : Because that overgreat confidence may happily impeach the end , of good successe . Res secundae , neg ligentiam creant . Liv. &c. Prosperous successe begets negligence .

Observation LXVIII . Mercy in Victory .

VIctory requires in the second place , to be handled mercifully ; for in their owne nature wee find all conquests , are crueell enough , and the fury and ire of insolent Soldiers doe oftentimes force the people conquered , to become desperate . Gravissims morsus irritat aenecess●tatis . Curtius . &c. The nips of provoked necessity are most int ollerable .

Observation LXIX . Modesty in Victory .

MOdesty , is the third thing , required in a Victory , being of it selfe , an honourable quality , in him that conquereth ; for in prosperous fortune men , but especially Commanders in Warre , doe hardly refraine , covetous , insolent , and proud actions ; yea it hath beene found , that some good , and great Captaines , have in the like cases , forgotten , what did best become them . In rebus secundis etiam egregij Duces insolescunt . Tacit. In fortunate events , even excellent Commanders , have done things most unworthy themselves .

Observation LXX . Peace the end of Warre .

IF Warre should ever continue in a Kingdom , or Country , no estate , or Government could stand , therefore after Victory , followeth peace , therefore how great , or how long soever , the Warre chance to be , th' end thereof , must of necessity determine in peace : the name whereof , is not onely sweet , but also comfortable . Pax una triumphis innumeris potior . Liv. &c. One peace alone , is more worth than a multitude of Triumphs .

Observation LXXI . The profit of Peace .

PEace truely considered , and in it's owne nature , is not onely good , and profitable to him that is Victorious , but also to those , that are Victored . Pacem reduci Velle . Victori expedit Victo necesseest . Tacitus . It 's profitable for the Conqueres , and needfull for the Conquered , that Peace be reestablished .

Observation LXXII . Of Honourable Peace .

PEace is distinguished , by some , to be of divers kinds , the best of which , is that which is by them termed the good , and honourable Peace ; and untill that be offered , Armes may not be laid aside , wherein may be wished , that Tullius advice may be followed . Bellum gerendum est ; si bellum omittamus , pace nunquam fiuemur . Liv. &c. Warre is to be kept afoote ; for if that be layd downe , we are never like to enjoy peace .

Observation LXXIII . Treaties of Peace .

MAny things are considerable , in Treaties , of Peace : but especially , most States-men have held opinion , that first , the conditions be honourable ; for that to condescend to any base conditions , is unto a Princely mind , not onely great indignity , but also intollerable . Cum dignitate potius cadendum , quàmcum ignominia serviendum . Plutarch . &c. Better it is , to die with Honour ; then to live in disgra 〈◊〉

Observation LXXIIII . True and unfained Peace .

IT is also important , that Peace obtained , should be in it's selfe , & simple , true , reall , and unfained Peace ; for all fained , and dissembled amity , is to be doubted . Pace suspectatutius est bellum . Mithrid . &c. Warre is much more safe , then a faigned Peace .

Observation LXXV . Time for Treaty of Peace .

THe fittest season to speake of Peace as wisemen have observed , is either when the warre beginneth , or during the time that the Enemies be of equall force , for in the continuation , of the Warre , it must at last behoove the weaker , to yeeld unto necessity , and to receive conditions of peace , from the stronger , and according to the inforcement of his wants , not vnlike the Pilos , and Ship-master , who to save himselfe , is constrained to cast the greatest part of his lading , into the Sea . Necessitatipare , quam ne Dij quidem superant . Liv. &c. Obey Necessity , which the Gods themselves could nere over-master .

Observation LXXVI . Peace when to be accepted .

TO conclude these observations of Peace , when then a Comander hath generously defended himselfe , and performed all things required in a magnanimious Captaine , and finding never the lesse , his force insufficient , it cannot be dishonourable to accept a Peace , wherefore laying aside hatred , the effect of revenge , and hope the effect of better successe , which are then , but two weak supporters of war fare , he may recommend both himselfe , and his estate , unto the aproved discretion , of an honourable Enemy . Victores secundae res in miserationem ex irae vertunt . Liv. Good successe turnes the Conquerers displeasure into compassion .

Observation LXXVII . Gaine to Conquerers by Peace .

FOrasmuch as every Peace promiseth rest , and quiet , as well to the Victorious , as to those that are Victored , we may ad thereto ; that the Prince Victorious , receiveth also thereby Honour , Profit , and Security ; for albeit , his present happinesse , may occasion a hope of greater successe , yet in respect of fortunes mutability , it shall be good and glorious to consent to Peace . Decorum Principi est , cum Victoriam prope in manibus habeat , pacem non abnuere , utsciant● mnest● , et suscipere justè bella , et finire . Liv 'T is seemely for a Prince , not to refuse Peace , even when the Victory is wel-neare in 's owne hands , that all may see , and know , how he both undertakes and layes downe Armes justly .

Observation LXXVIII . Moderation in Victory .

THis point also seemeth to the Victorious an houorable thing to give peace , and not to take it , whereby he likewise sheweth himselfe discreet , by using a moderation in his Victory , and no extremity in spoyling ; which course , both wise , and godly writers have commended . Pacem contemnentes , et gloriam appetentes , pacem perdunt & gloriam . Bar. Who so despise Peace , and desire Glory , thereby lose both .

Observation LXXIX . Profit by Peace to the Victorious .

MOreover it is ever seene , that Peace is in its selfe profitable to the Victorious , because continuall Warre breedeth wearinesse , poverty , and many other calamities , and of violent proceedings , desperation , and perill cometh . Maximè 〈◊〉 ri morsus esse solent morientium bestiarum . Seneca. The bitings of dying beasts are wont especially to prove mortall .

Observation LXXX . Peace assures more then Victory .

IT is out of question , but that Peace is more assured then any Victory ; for hope of the one , is in our owne power , but the other is in the hand of the Almighty ; and hereto we may add the force , and effects , of fortune , which as some write , hath power in all humane actions . In secundis rebus nibil in quenquam superbe ac violenter consulere decetnec praesenti credere fortunae , c●m quid Vesper fer at incertus sis . Seneca. In prosperity t is unseemely to give counsell , against any one disdainfully , and fiercely , not to trust too much unto a present fortune , sith thou art uncertaine , what the Evening may bring with it .

Observation LXXXI . Conditions of Peace reasonable .

IN a Peace granted , or received , the conditions of Peace ought to be reasonable , for no people can live contented under such a lawe , as forceth them to loath the state wherein they are . Misera pax , bello bene m●tatur . Sene. A miserable Peace , may well be turned to Warre .

Observation LXXXII . Civill Warre a great Miserie .

HAving handled these observations that we have collected upon forraigne Warre , which happeneth betweene one Prince , and another , and observations , gathered upon Peace , which is obtained , and reaped , by a modest Commander ? we come now to those observations collected upon Domestique , or Civill Warre , which is the greatest , and most greevous calamity , that can come to a Common-weale , for therein Subjects do take Armes , either against their Prince , or amongst themselves whereof followeth many miseries ; indeed more lamentable , then can be described . Non atas , non dignitas quenquam protegit , quo minùs stupra caedibus et caedes stupris misceantur . Tac. Nor age , nor feature can securely protect any one , or withhold Rapes to be interlac'd with slaughters , and blood with ravishing .

Observation LXXXIII . Destiny first cause of Civill warre .

DEstiny some hold in opinion is the first cause of Civill Warre , for GOD in his divine providence , doth fore see many yeares before that great , and mighty Empires shall be ruined . In semagna ruunt : laetis hunc numina rebus Crescendi modum . Lucan . Thus Heavens great Destiny denyes to greatest States more growth thereby .

Observation LXXXIIII . Riot &c. The second cause of Civill Warre .

THe second Cause is Exoesse , Riot , and dissolute life : for nothing breedeth civill fury , so soone as over great hapinesse , also pompous apparell , b●nquetting , and prodigall spending , consumeth riches , and plenty is turned to poverty , for by these meanes men may be brought to desperation . Rapacissimo cuique ac perditissimo non agriaut foenus , sed sola instrumenta Vitiorum manebunt . Tacit. Every ravenous , and dissolute fellow , hath neither fields nor their encrease , but the instruments onely of his Vices remaining .

Observation LXXXV . Destiny in evitable

NOw to consider how destiny might be eschewed were in Vaine , for no wit , or wisdom of man , can find a remedy thereto , because it is the decree of GOD , and doubtlesse inevitaole . Ita fato placuit nullius rei eodem semper loco stare fortunam , Seneca. GODS , providence hath so determined , that nothing shall continue alwaies in the same place and condition .

Againe , nothing is Exempt from the perill of mutation ; the Earth and Heavens , and indeed the whole world is subject thereunto . Certis cuncta temporibus nascie debent , cresecre , extingui . Sene. All things fade at their appointed times , they must take a beginning , afterward grow up , and then be dissloved .

Observation LXXXVI . Remedy against Civill Warres .

BUt yet some remedies may be used touching the second Causes of Civill warre , because the same proceedeth from faction , sedition , or tyranny : Now faction I call a certaine association of divers persons combined to the offenc , it proceedeth many times of privat or publique displeasure , and more oftentimes of ambition . Nemo eorum qui in Repub: versantur , quos Vincat , sed á quibus vincatur aspicit . Sene. None of those , who intermeddle thus in the commonwealth , regard so much whom he overcomes , but of whom he may be overcome .

Observation LXXXVII . Offactions .

FActions may be distinguished , to be of two sorts : for either they consist of many , or of a few personsi both which be dangerous , but the former more apt to take Armes ; and that party which proveth weakest , prayeth oftentimes aide of forrain forces , the other faction wherin are fewer partakers , becomonly greate presonages , of more importance , then ordinary people , and that proveth most perilous , and bloody . Nobilium factiones trahunt ad se et in partes Vniversum etiam populum . Arist. The factions of the Nobility , draw even all the Commonalty to side with one , or th' other part .

Observation LXXXVIII . Factions how farre and where necessary

I Confesse I have heard the opinion of some that have had the report , and esteeme of wise men alledg that factions , are necessary , yet doubtlesse that conceit cannot be well maintained unlesse it be upon confines and in such places where conspiracies is feared , which Cato in his private famely used . Semper contentiunculas aliquas , aut dissidentiam inter servos callid● serebat , suspectam habens nimiam concordiam eorum metuensque . Plut. Suspecting , and feareing their friendly agreement , craftily he gave occasion for petty quarrels , and disagreement to arise among his servants .

Observation LXXXIX . Factions amongst Nobility to be suppressed .

NOw factions amongst the Nobility is sometimes suppressed by forbidding of Colours or noted and knowne badges to be worne , somtimes also by inhibiting of names , and watchwords of ●●times , and this we learne was the counsell of Mecaenasto Augustus , and Aristotle thinketh it fit that lawes should be made against the factions of Noble men . Nobilium comemiones , etpartes etiam leg●bus oporte● prohibere conari . Aristo . It is very requisite that the Lawes endeavor to restraine contentions and sidings among Noble-men .

Observation 90. Sedition a cause of Civil Warre .

A Nother cause of civill Warre , we called sedition , which is a sudden co●●otion , or assembly , of common people against their Prince , or his Magistrates , the originall of which disorders may proceed from diven causes , but commonly we find oppress●● the prime . 〈◊〉 periculorum● vem edi●●●sa peric●la arbir●●● . Aristotle . They supposing present dangers to be the very remedy , for those mischiefes which are nere at hand .

Observation 91. Feare a cause of sedition .

AGaine we find , that feare may be an occasion of sedition , as well in him that hath done injury , as in him that looketh to be injuried , as being desirous to prevent it before it commeth : It may also proceed of over great mildnes in government . Non miserijs , sed liscentia tantum concitum turbarum lascivire magis plebem quàm s●vire . Liv. The insurrections of the Commons are occasion'd not so much through oppressions , whereby they grow wild , as through too much liberty , whereby they play the wantons .

Observation 92. Poverty a cause of sedition .

SEdition is also seene somtimes to arise of poverty , or of those Artificers , whose Arts are grown out of use , and consequently no meanes whereof they can live , as is noted in the silver s●iths , by the neglect of Dianaa's shrine and Temple , Semper in civitate , quibusopes nullae sunt , bonis invident , Vetera odere , nova expetunt , odio suar●● 〈…〉 om●ia student . Salust . Evermore in a City those who are poore envy the rich , distast the old , and desire new ; and being out of love with their owne conditions , they devise how they may alter every thing .

Observation 93. Tyranny a cause of Sedition .

IN the last place Sedition cometh of Tyranny , I●soleney , or mutinous disposition , of certaine Captaines , or ring leaders of the people , for albeit the multitude is apt to innovation , it doth ill stand firme untill some first mover taketh the matter in hand . Multitudo omnis , sicut mare , per seimmobilis . Liv. &c Every seditious multitude ( as 't is their condition ) is of it selfe unalterable .

Observation 94. Movers of Sedition .

THe movers of Sedition are many , and those of many qualities : In the first ranke I account the Ambitious , who commonly wanting other meanes to aspire , do hope by a practise of Sedition , to compasse their intended designe , in the next I reckon unthrifts , who having consumed their owne do seek by that meanes to possesse themselves of other mens : In the last I hold the Vaine , and light persons , who without cause , or reason , doe attempt innovation , themselves not knowing why , nor wherefore . Non tam praemijs periculorum , quam ipsis periculis laeti , pro certis , et olim partis , nova , ambigua , ancipitia malunt . Tacit. Not more joyfull with the booties they expect to get through these dangers they are to undergoe , but even with the very dangers , instead of those certaineties and what they are now owners of , they rather chuse to have new , ambiguous and uncertaine ones .

And thus having told the causes of Sedition : I wish the remedies were in time prepared ; for , Omne malum nascens , facilè opprimitur , inveter atum fit plerunque robustius . Any mischiefe is easily oppressed in the beginning , after long continuance it growes more sturdy .

Observation 95. The way to suppresse Sedition .

MAny Politicians have noted there are severall waies to suppresse this Sedition , before named : The first whereof is E●oquence , and excellent perswasion , which oftentimes is seene to worke great effects amongst the multitude , chiefly then , when it proceedeth from some reverend , and grave person , for wisdom , and honoured for i●tegrity of life , for by their opinion , the Prince himselfe is not to take this office in hand , unlesse necessity doth thereto inforce him . Integra a●thoritas Principls majoribus remedijs servetur . Tacitus . Let the Princes authority be reserved entire , for greater cures .

Now if perswasion cannot prevaile , then must force compell , but before such Violent proceeding , both Art , and Cunning , is to be used , either totally to apease , or at least to disunite the people , and the rather , if it apeare to the multitude , that the Prince do offer faire , and promise plausible . Verba apud populum , plurimum valent . Tacitus . Words doe most exceedingly prevaile with the multitude .

And in these , or in such like Cases , it is held , by reason of state , lawfull for Princes to use craft , and the same not prevailing to wash away the infany thereof with clemeucy , for when Armes are laid downe , and every one yeeldeth , generall punishment were needles . Omnium culpa fuit , paucorum sit poena . Tacit. Though all have alike offended , yet let but a few be punished .

Observation 96. The difference betwixt Kings and Tyrants .

THe last and principall cause of Sedition , we named Tyranny which is a certaine Violent government exceeding the Lawes of GOD , and Nature : The difference , betweene Kings , and Tyrants , may be this : The one imployeth Armes in defence of Peace , The other useth them to terrify those of whom his cruelty hath deserved hate . Aferre , tr●tidare , rapere , fallis nominibus imperium , atque vhi solitudinem fecerint , pacem appellant Tacit. By false titles to take by violence , cruelly to murther , and enter fiercely into the authority royall ; and when they have eaused desolation , to call it Peace .

In the next place , the quslity of Tyranny , is to esteeme pro●oters more then good Ministers , because those men are the scourge of infinite others , they are also protectors of imptous persons , and stand in dayly doubt of Noble , and Vertuous men . Nobilitas , opes , omissi gestique honores pro crimine , et ob Virtutes certissimum exitiu● . Tacitus . Noblenesse of birth , wealth , dignities , or formerlyundergon ; are wither now borne accompted for a crime , and death is a most certaine reward , for vertue .

Moreover , Tyrants doe indeavor to suppresse the knowledg of letters and civill life , to the end all good Arts should be exiled , and barbarisme introduced . Pellunt sapientiae professores & omnes bonas artes in exilium agant . Tacit. They expell professors of wisdom , and banish all good Arts .

To conclude ; these , and such like are the conditions of Tyrants ; who for the most part are either deposed , or slaine , for as Kings doe live long , and deliver these dominions to their children , and posterity , so Tyrants being hated , and feared , cannot continue in their estate . Ad generum Cereris sine caede & Vulnere pauti descendunt Reges , & siccâ morte Tyranni . Inven.

Few Tyrant Kings went ever hence down to Hell , Without a Stab ; nor heard their passing Bell.

Observation 97. Remedies against Tyrants .

THe Remedies which politicians have prescribed against these mischiefes which proceed from the Violence of such a Prince , is either persecution , or patience : many generous spirits have used the first , perswading themselves rather to die , then indure the sight of a Tyrant : in like manner we find that the Grecians did conceive it a service thrise acceptable to murder the person of such an Impious Prince . Graecihommines Deorumhonores ●ribuebant ijs qui Tyrannos necaverunt . Cicero . The Grecians dei●●'d such as slew Tyrants .

Nevertheles , in consideration of Christianity , the other course is to be taken , and Patience is fitter to incounter this mischiefe , for seeing that all Kings , as well the good , as the bad , are sent by GOD , they must be indured . Res est gravis occidere Regalem stirpem . Homer . It is a heavy thing to be guilty of a Princes death .

Observation 98. Persecution of Tyrants .

AGainst those that advise , the persecution of Tyrants many things are to be disputed of , for it is not only a thing perillous in its selfe to effect , but for the most part infortunate : for commonly it is noted , that present revenge is taken thereof by the succeeding Prince . Facinoris ejusultor est quisquis successerit . Tacit. The successour commonly revengeth that vile and villanous act .

And the murderof Tyrants is noted to have been commonly followed with many inconveniences , as publique slaughter , and intestine Warre , with other dangerous mischiefs , and that in some nature , worse then civill Warre it selfe . Principes boni , Voto expetendi , qualescunque tollerandi . Tacitus . Good Princes are to be wished for ; & whatsoever they be , they are to be borne withall .

Observation 99. Evil Princes to be indured .

SOme punishment vpon mankind , such as fire , floods , & other inevitable plagues , are necessarily to be suffered , & so evill Princes in their Coveteousnes , cruelty , and other enormous vices , ought patiently to be indured , because their offices is properly to command , and to beare sway , and the Subjects to yeeld and obey . Indignadigna habenda sunt Rex quae facit . Plaut. Whatsoere unworthy things a King doth , are to be thought of otherwise .

And as we see it is the use of Vulgar people to find sa●iety in the long raigne of Princes , so the ambition of greater Subjects , is ever desirous of Novelty . Praesens imperium subditis semper grave . Thucid. The present Rule is alwaies grievous .

Observation C. Patience against Tyranny .

TO conclude this mischiefe here in the conclusion of this warfare , we will say that the best remedy against Tyranny , is Patience , for questionles , so long as men are , so long will Vices raigne , and have their being . Ferenda Regumingenia , neque usui crebrae mutationes . Tacit. The dispositions of Kings , are to be borne withall ; nor are often changes profitable .

FINIS .

A Table of the Observations noted in the Precedent Tract . OF the Art Military 1 OF Military Knowledg . 2 OF Martiall Lawes . 3 Things observable in a just Warre . 4 Warres are of two sortes . 5 Defensive Warre two sortes . 6 TO assist ourfriends by Warre . 7 TO Invade our Enemies by Warre . 8 TO Invade Barbarians lawfull . 9 True causes of Invasion . 10 OF unadvised Warre . 11 Not to enter into Warre without cause . 12 Things required to make a Warre . 13 Bread needfull in Warre . 14 Armes needfull in Warres . 15 OF Captaines and Soldiers . 16 OF Horsemen and Footemen . 17 Soldiers not serviceable are to small purpose . 18 TO make Soldiers serviceable . 19 OF the Election of Soldiers . 20 OF the Discipline of Soldiers . 21 Stranger Soldiers What . 22 Naturall Soldiers What . 23 Naturall Soldiers two sorts . 24 OF the leavy of Soldiers . 25 The number of Soldiers Extraordinary . 26 The number of Soldiers ordinary . 27 OF the Country of Soldiers . 28 OF the Age of Soldiers . 29 OF the stature of Soldiers . 30 OF the Faculty of a Souldier . 31 Discipline maketh Soldiers . 32 M●litary Discipline what . 33 Military Order what 34 Military complusion what . 35 Military Modesty what . 36 Military apparell What . 37 Military abstinence what , 38 Military Example what . 39 Military reward and punishment . 40 OF a Chieftaine or Generall . 41 One onely Commander best in an Army . 42 Qualities of a Generall . 43 Vertue of a Generall . 44 Providence in a Generall . 45 Fortune in a Generall . 46 Authority in a Generall . 47 Affability and severity in a Generall . 48 Good Soldiers without good counsell bootlesse . 49 Of counsell in Warre . 50 Constancy in Military Counsells . 51 Confidence in Military Counsells . 52 Good information in Military Counsells . 53 Temerity to be avoyded in Counsells . 54 Prodigious signes not to be neglected . 55 Time to be observed . 56 Place to be considered . 57 Thewell training of men to be noted . 58 Nationall Soldiers to be placed together in fight , 59 To be first in readines for Battell . 60 Disposition in the Generall to fight . 61 Moderate execution after Victory . 62 To frustrate spoyle and pilledg . 63 OF Indirect counsells 64 Stratagems without fraud . 65