Naturall philosophy: or A description of the vvorld, and of the severall creatures therein contained viz. of angels, of mankinde, of the heavens, the starres, the planets, the foure elements, with their order, nature and government: as also of minerals, mettals, plants, and precious stones; with their colours, formes, and vertues. By Daniel Widdovves. Rerum naturalium doctrina methodica. English. Abridgments Scribonius, Wilhelm Adolf, fl. 1576-1583. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A11816 of text S117038 in the English Short Title Catalog (STC 22112). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 145 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 41 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2018 A11816 STC 22112 ESTC S117038 99852253 99852253 17567 2240919401

This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. Searching, reading, printing, or downloading EEBO-TCP texts is reserved for the authorized users of these project partner institutions. Permission must be granted for subsequent distribution, in print or electronically, of this EEBO-TCP Phase II text, in whole or in part.

 Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 2, no. A11816) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 17567) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 1394:16) Naturall philosophy: or A description of the vvorld, and of the severall creatures therein contained viz. of angels, of mankinde, of the heavens, the starres, the planets, the foure elements, with their order, nature and government: as also of minerals, mettals, plants, and precious stones; with their colours, formes, and vertues. By Daniel Widdovves. Rerum naturalium doctrina methodica. English. Abridgments Scribonius, Wilhelm Adolf, fl. 1576-1583. Widdowes, Daniel. Scribonius, Wilhelm Adolf, fl. 1576-1583. Rerum physicarum juxta leges logicas methodica explicatio. aut Woodhouse, John. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A11816 of text S117038 in the English Short Title Catalog (STC 22112). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread [14], 65, [1] p. By Tho. Cotes, for Iohn Bellamie, and are to be sold at the three Golden Lyons in Cornehill, Printed at London : 1631. A translation and abridgment, by Daniel Widdowes or Woodhouse, of "Rerum naturalium doctrina methodica" by Wilhelm Adolf Scribonius, which is a revision of his "Rerum physicarum juxta leges logicas methodica explicatio". Editor's dedication signed: I. Wyddowes, alias Woodhouse. Running title reads: Naturall philosophie. A variant (STC 22112.5) has Benjamin Allen's name as publisher in the imprint. Reproduction of the original in Cambridge University Library. eng Natural history -- Pre-Linnean works -- Early works to 1800. Science -- Early works to 1800. eebo Naturall philosophy: or A description of the vvorld, and of the severall creatures therein contained: viz. of angels, of mankinde, of the heavens, the Scribonius, Wilhelm Adolf, 1631 82 25296 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 B The rate of 0.4 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the B category of texts with fewer than 10 defects per 10,000 words. 2012-04 Assigned for keying and markup 2012-04 Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2012-05 Sampled and proofread 2012-05 Text and markup reviewed and edited 2013-02 Batch review (QC) and XML conversion

NATVRALL PHILOSOPHY : OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE WORLD , AND OF the severall Creatures therein contained : Viz. Of Angels , of Mankinde , of the Heavens , the Starres , the Planets , the foure Elements , with their order , nature and government : As also of Minerals , Mettals , Plants , and Precious stones ; with their colours , formes , and vertues .

By DANIEL WIDDOWES .

The second Edition , corrected and enlarged .

1 King . 4. 33. He spake of Trees , from the Cedar tree that is in Libanon , even to the Issope that springeth out of the wall : He spake also of Beasts , and of Fowles , and of creeping things , and of Fishes . These little leaves the Worlds huge load sustaine , And what besides the great World can containe .

Printed at London by Tho. Cotes , for Iohn Bellamie , and are to be sold at the three Golden Lyons in Cornehill . 1631.

TO THE HONORABLE Sir William Parsons Knight Barronet , his Maiesties Survayour Generall , Com missioner in the Court of Wards , and one of his Maiesties most Honourable Privie Counsell in Ireland , &c. Honourable Sir :

I Doe present to your view a small frame of the world , and of the Creatures therein contained , drawne with the Pensilles of iudicious Scribon , and of D. W. A worke in nature not unlike to our Survayes in Ireland , that represent most lively , vaste Countries within a small Map . I offer this to you , having heretofore given to you an account of those services that I have lately done in the survey of Ireland , you being Survayor Generall of that kingdome , wherein I have spent the most part of thirty yeares , in the service of my Prince and Country , Tam Marte , quam Mercurio , both by Pike and Pen , with great toyle , much hazard , and many hurts ; but little profit . Notwithstanding , your demerits and worth be such , as Gratitude hath chosen your Patronage : and Devotion wisheth all honour , health , and happinesse to you , to my good Lady , and to yours ,

At your Honours Command , I. Wyddowes , alias Woodhouse .
The Contents . CHAP. I. WHat philosophie is . Page . 1 What God is . Ibid The actions of God towfold . ibid What Angels are . ibid How they appeare . ibid What their office is . 2 CHAP. II. Of motions , qualities , colours , tasting , &c. TWo kinds of movers in the world . ibid How created things move . ibid What motion is . ibid Five things in motion . ibid Six kinds of motion . ibid What qualities are . ibid What the qualitie of heate is . 3 Lightnesse and thinnesse commeth of heate . ibid Heavinesse and thicknesse of cold . ibid What proceedeth from moysture . ibid What proceedeth from drynesse . ibid The use of colours . 4 What a Simple colour is . ibid White , what it is . ibid Blacke , what it is . ibid Of mixt colours , and whence they proceed . ibid How they are compounded . ibid Tasting , whence it is . ibid The diverse kindes of it . ibid Smelling whence it proceeds , when good , when bad . ib. Qualities arising by meanes , what they be . 5 Hid qualities how knowne . ibid They are either native or passionate . ibid Native governed by the Heavens . ibid How and when of most effecacie . ibid Passionate how effected . ibid What concord is . ibid What discord is . ibid CHAP. III. Of the Celestiall bodies , as the Heavens , the Firmament , the Starres , with their places , order , and government . WHat Heaven is . 6 What the Firmament is . ibid What the Etheriall part of it is . ibid What a Starre is , with their diverse kinds . ibid Their operation over bodies , and how it is . ibid Their rising and falling , and how it is . ibid Starres fixed or wandring . 7 How knowne from Planets . ibid How and where contained in the heavens . ibid Starres Masculine and Feminine . ibid Aries , Taurus , Gemini , Cancer , Leo , ibid Virgo , Libra , Scorpio , Sagitarius , 8 Capricornus , Aquarius , Pisces . ibid Of Starres in the Zodiack . ibid What the Northerne Constellations are . ibid What the Southerne Constellations are . ibid What Planets are . 9 Why called wandring . 9 When and how they are stayed . ibid When and how they goe backe . ibid The virtue and force of Planets . ibid The proper house of each Planet . ibid Planets , some of one light ; some of more . ibid Coniunction of Planets common or speciall . 10 They presage things to come , and how . ibid A description of Saturne , his properties , and how he ruleth in the body ; and over whom . ibid A description of Iupiter , his properties , how he ruleth in the body ; and over whom . 11 A description of Mars , his properties , how hee ruleth in the body , and in whom . ibid A description of the Sunne , the office and use of it , and how and whom it governes . ibid It maketh Winter and Summer , length and shortnesse of dayes . 12 A description of Venus , her properties , how and in whom she governs . ibid A description of Mercury , his nature , how and in whom he ruleth . ibid A description of the Moone . 13 How the Moone increaseth and decreaseth . ibid When and how the Moone is in the full . ibid In what time she endeth her revolution . 14 What a Comet is . ibid The light of some Planets , especially of the Sun & Moone , faileth sometime , & the reason of it . ibid Of the eclipse of the Sun and Moone , & the reason of them . ibid CHAP. IIII. Of the foure Elements . WHat Elements are . 15 Some Elements cleare , as ayre & water . ib The regions of the Ayre . ibid The necessity of the Ayre . ibid What water is , the natures and uses of it . ibid Why the water in the Sea is salt . ibid The reason of the ebbing and flowing of the Sea . ib. Of Flouds and Fountaines . 16 Diverse colours and tasts of water . ibid What the earth is . ibid The compasse of it . ibid Of concreat and mixt bodies . ibid Of mixed livelesse natures , as meteors , what they be , with their severall kinds , and the reason of them . ibid Of mixed fiery meteors , as thunder , what it is , and the reason of it . 17 Of lightning , what it is , and the reason of it . ibid Of watery Meteors , as clouds , what they be , and the reason of them . ibid Diverse shapes in the clouds , & the reason of it . ib. A false Sunne , how occasioned . ibid A rainebow , how occasioned . 18 A description of the rainebow , & the signes of it . ib Of Meteors of dissolved clouds , with the reason of it . ibid Snow what it is , and how occasioned . ibid Hayle what it is , and how occasioned . ibid Dew what it is , and how occasioned . 19 Manna , what it is . 19 Frost , what it is , and how occasioned . ibid Of Meteors caused of both kinds of Smoake , the reason of them . ibid Winde what it is , and the diverse kindes of it , as Storme , Whirlewinde , Earthquake . ibid CHAP. V. Of mixed living Natures . WHat a vegetative soule is , with the nature and office of it . 20 What nourishment is . ibid What concoction is , with the necessitie of it . ibid The necessitie of temperate heate cleared by comparison . ibid The benefit of good , and hurt of bad concoction . 21 Whence inflammation ariseth . ibid The companions of concoction are , 1. Attraction , 2. Retention , 3. Expulsion , what they are . ibid What generation is . 22 What is the obiect of it . ibid CHAP. VI. Of Minerals and Mettals . BRimstone , what it is , the nature of it . 22 Quicksilver what it is , the nature of it . 23 Gold what it is , the nature of it . ibid Where it is found . ibid Silver what it is , the difference betwixt gold and it . 24 Brasse what it is . ibid Copperasse what it is , the nature of it . ibid Iron , the nature of it . 24 Lead , the nature of it . 25 Tynne , what it is . ibid Stones , whereof they are , and their variety . ibid Pretious stones . ibid Crystall the nature of it . ibid Adamant , the nature of it . 26 Saphyr , the nature of it . ibid Smaragde , the nature of it . ibid Sardonyx , the nature of it . ibid Selenites , the nature of it . ibid Carbuncle , the nature of it . ibid Calcedonian , the nature of it . ibid Assarites , the nature of it . 27 Rubie , the nature of it . ibid Topaz , the nature of it . ibid Hiacinth , the nature of it . ibid Corrall , the nature of it . ibid Asbestos , the nature of it . ibid Loadestone , the nature of it . ibid Galactites , the nature of it . 28 Achates , the nature of it . ibid Turcoys , the nature of it . ibid Corneolus , the nature of it . ibid Chrysoprasus , the nature of it . ibid Hematite , the nature of it . ibid Chelidonius , the nature of it . ibid Alectorius , the nature of it . 29 Toadestone , the nature of it . ibid Crabs eye , the nature of it . ibid Pearch stone . ibid Curpe stone , the nature of it . ibid Porphirite , Allabastar . 29 Ophite . ibid Common stones . ibid Salt , what it is , and the nature of it . 30 Salt Amoniack , the nature of it . ibid Salt Peter . ibid Salt Gemme . ibid Salt of Indie . ibid Salt of water . ibid Alome . ibid Liquid Alome . ibid Hard Alome . ibid Bitume . 31 Liquid Bitume . ibid Naphtha Petreolum ▪ ibid Ambar of Arabia . ibid Hard Bitume ibid Pissaphaltus . ibid Succinum . ibid Terra Lemnia . ibid Bole Armenian . 32 Terra Samia . ibid Ampelite . ibid Chalke . ibid Blacke Chalke , with the nature of them all . ibid CHAP. VII . Of natures perfectly living . WHat natures perfectly living are . 32 Of Plants . 33 Frankincense tree , the nature of it . ibid Myrrhe tree , the nature of it . ibid Mace , the nature of it . 33 Nutmeg , the nature of it . ibid Pepper , the nature of it . ibid Wilde Palme tree , the nature of it . 34 Balsame tree , the nature of it . ibid Balme , the nature of it . ibid Pomegranet ; the nature of it . 35 Pome Citron , the nature of it . ibid Orange . ibid Cedar ; the nature of it . ibid Figtree . ibid Quince tree , the nature of it . ibid Lawrell tree , the nature of it . 36 Iuniper tres , the nature of it . ibid Chesnut tree , the nature of it . ibid Beech tree , the nature of it . 37 Oke tree , the nature of it . ibid Ilex tree , the nature of it . 38 Corke tree , the nature of it . ibid Pine Appletree , the nature of it . ibid Pitch tree . ibid Firre tree . ibid Larix tree , the nature of it ! 39 Elme tree , the nature of it . ibid Alder tree , the nature of it . ibid Teile tree , the nature of it . ibid Boxe tree , the nature of it . ibid Birch tree , the nature of it . 40 Willow tree , the nature of it . ibid Poplar tree , the nature of it . ibid Shrubs . 41 Cinnamon , the nature of it . ibid Cassia Fistula , the nature of it . ibid. Hasell , the nature of it . ibid Elderne , the nature of it . ibid Barberies , the nature of it . 42 Small Raysin , the nature of it . ibid Rose tree , the nature of it . 43 Bramble , the nature of it . ibid Gooseberries , the nature of it . ibid Colutea , the nature of it . ibid Hearbes . 44 Wheate , the nature of it . ibid Barley , the nature of it . ibid Spelte , Rye , Oates , Millet , their nature . ibid Rize , Lintils , Pease ; Beanes , their nature . 45 Pot hearbes . ibid Coleworts , Spinage , Lettise , their nature . ibid Beets , Purslaine , Mallows , Onions , their nature . ib. Leekes , Parsley , Violets , Daysie , their nature . 47 Ielley flower , Marioram , their nature . ibid Rosemary , Spicknard , Lavender , their nature . 48 Daffodill , Rose Campion , Saffron , their nature . ibid Ginger , Wormeseede , Gallingall , their nature . ibid Calamus Aromaticus , Acorus , their nature . 49 CHAP. VIII . Of humane Creatures , &c. WHat man is , and the manner of his generation . 49 What a feeling soule is . ibid Senses outward , as Touching , Hearing . 50 Tasting , Smelling . 51 Sences inward , as Conceiving , Preserving . ibid Sleepe , how caused . 52 Waking , how caused . ibid Dreames what they are , and their variety . ibid The nightmare , how occasioned . 53 A Trance , what it is . ibid Appetite , what it is . ibid Motion what it is . 54 Of the bodies of living creatures . ibid What the matter of the body is . ibid Conception , what it is . ibid Naturall . ibid Extraordinary 55 Of the parts of the body : ibid Humours , as Blood , Phlegme , Glew . ibid Spirits . ibid Vitall , Animall , what they are . 57 Gristles , Sweate , what they are . ibid Braine , what it is . 58 Excrements of the braine , eares , and nose . ibid The breathing parts . 59 Heart , Spittle , midriffe , stomack ▪ what they are . 60 Throat , Vomiting , Liver , what they are . 61 Vrine . 62 How to discerne a sound body by it . ibid Complexions . ibid Dyet . 63 Guts , their severall kinds . ibid How placed in the body . ibid The distinction of living creatures , and their severall kinds . 64 FINIS .
Naturall Philosophy .
CHAP. I. What Philosophie is .

PHilosophie is a knowledge of Naturall What Philosophy is . things . Things ( her subject ) either are He who alone is ; from , by , and for whom all things are : or else such they be as are numbred by time , and measured by place , and subject unto motion . God is a Spirit , infinitely good and great . What God is . God is but one divine Essence , consisting of three distinct Persons , the Father , the Son , and the holy Ghost . The actions of God are either , the Creating or Governing The actions of God two ▪ fold , of the world . The World consisteth either of things invisible , as of Spirits : or Visible , as the heavens , the elements , and the bodyes composed of elements . The heaven of the blessed , vide Gen. 1 , 1. is counted the third heaven , the Orbes are the second , the Ayre is counted the first . The third Heaven visible is of all substances What Angels are . most perfect . The invisible Spirits , viz. Angels were created heere . Angell signifieth a messenger , by How they appeare . nature hee is a spirit . Angells appeare sometime in dreames and visions , sometime in bodies apparant and sometimes in true and reall bodies : their number is great ; their office is to celebrate Gods glory , to watch What their office is . over the world , to preserve us , to declare and do Gods will , to put good motions into our mindes , to resist ill spirits . The Devils were Angels cast from heaven for sin , into the lower parts of the World , and heere they continue seeking to deface the Image of God in man and all creatures .

CHAP. II. Of motions , qualities , colours , tasting , smelling &c.

THings visible contained in the world , are Substances , or Accidents . Accidents are either generall to all things , as motion , time , and place , for these belong to all : or proper to some things , as Qualities .

There be two kinde of Movers . 1 God . 2 Things Two kinde of movers in the world . How created things move . created by him .

Things created move from God , and are of finite power in moving in a prefixed matter , and in time . They be of two kindes , without , or within the thing moved ; the one called violent , the other naturall : Motion is an unperfect act , moving to that it was not , What motion is . Five things in motion . from that it was : Five things are in naturall motion , the mover , the thing moved , the terme from which , the terme to which it is moved , and time .

There bee sixe kindes of motion , generation , corruption , Six kinds of motion . increase , decrease , alteration of quality , and change of place .

Qualities are either manifest , or secret : Manifest What qualities are . are either principall , or such as proceede from them : the chiefe of the principall , are heate and colde .

Heate gathereth together things of one kinde , and What the quality of heate is . separateth things of contrary nature ; as Gold from Silver or drosse . Colde joyneth together things , as the frost in winter .

The weaker qualities are moysture and drinesse . Moysture is hardly contained in his owne bounds . Drinesse keepeth his owne bounds .

Qualities common from the first are either seconds or wrought from them .

Second qualities from one or more , are deriued .

From Heate commeth Rarity , and Leuity . For Lightnesse & thinnesse commeth of heate . Heate openeth and enlargeth the poores .

Raritas or Thinnes is that which hath hollow parts or spongie as a sponge , clouds &c.

Lightnes proceedeth from heate , drawing easily Heavinesse & thicknesse of colde . upward . Thicknes and heavines , are of colde . For cold gathereth together , and stoppeth bodyes , by which , bodyes become heavie .

Thicknes hath his parts shut up together as stones .

Heavines , moveth downewards : thus is Mercurie , heavier than gold , and gold than Lead .

Tactile or qualities that may bee touched : comming What proceedeth from moysture . from moisture , are softnes : and tenuitie from the Ayre : smoothnes and slipperines from the water .

From drynesse proceede hardnes and roughnes , casines What from drinesse . in breaking and drought .

From the first qualities diversly disposed , arise others called sensible qualities .

Their Originall is obscure or more manifested .

Qualities of obscure originall , are such as doe not alwayes plainely & clearely declare the ground whence they arise . Of this nature are colours : which is the The use of Colours . splendor of the body , illustrated by light , with which all bodies are dyed according to their moystnes , decocted more or lesse apt to receive greater , or smaller light . Colour , is either simple or mixed .

A Simple colour consists of none other , as black What a simple colour it . and white .

White consisteth of much light in a thin body , of White what it is . an ayery moisture well concocted .

Blacke , is in a thicke body contayning but small Blacke what it is . light , of moysture either adust or raw watrish mixed with the earth : as appeareth in the inner parts of the earth .

Mixt colours are from those two , mingled either in Of mixt cullors and whence they proceede . And how compounded . a meane or unequall-portion , of equall mixture is red . Other are made of this meane , and one of the extreames . Yeallow is of much white and a little red , viz. two parts of white and one of red . Saffron cullour or Orange-tawny , is of greater rednesse , and of lesser whitenesse .

Purple is of much red , and lesse blacke . Greene is of much black and lesse red . This being a cleare moysture is most pleasant to the eye .

Qualities , of a more manifest originall are perceived Tasting whence it proceeds : diverse kinds of it . in smels and tastes . Taste is made from the straining of drynesse through moisture , is either hot or cold , in a high or meanest degree . Very hot tastes are biting , bitter , or salt .

Tastes meanely hot or sweet : Cold tasts are either thicker or thinner , thicke as soure and sharpe : or thin as tartnes : where also we place freshnesse . Smelling whence it proceeds

Smell , is a qualitie comming from a dry earthly heate , made thin by mixture of vapors . If it be well When good when bad . mingled , it is good : if not , it is stincking .

These qualities come from the first , there are others Qualities arising by meanes what they be . that come by Meanes from the first , such are , generating flesh by drinesse , and binding in , healing and joyning Hid qualities how knowne . together , but more moderate . Hid qualities are onely knowen by long experience , comming from the forme and essence of a thing , which in most things maketh it hard to discerne . Hid qualities are either They are either native or passionate . Native governed by the heavens . How and when of most efficacie . inbred or passionate . Native or inbred , come from formes taking their originall from heaven , and therefore are governed , most according to the position of the heavens and stars , being of most efficacy in their subject matter rightly prepared , and at certaine times .

As the Load-stone in drawing Iron . The Pionie for falling sicknesse , Polypody in the diseases of the liver , &c.

Passionate qualities , are effected by an agreeing or Passionate how effected disagreeing concord .

Concord is the naturall agreement of things , whereby What Concord is . a feirce Bull tied to a fig-tree is made gentle .

An Olife taken up and replanted by a virgin , bringeth forth aboundance of fruite .

Ocymum a Pulse , being at the sowing banned groweth the better : The bleeding of a dead body at the presence of the killer . Discord in naturall things , What discord whereby the horse-fly is killed with the smell of roses : so goats are poysonous unto plants .

CHAP. III. Of the Celestiall bodies , as the Heavens , the Firmament , the Starres , with their places , order and government .

NAturall things are simple or compact : Simple are stable or unconstant ; stable are the heaven and starres . Heaven is as it were a vaulted body made What heaven is . of water , thinne like a skinne , and moveable .

The Firmament is the orbe of the moveable heaven : What the firmament is . containing the world , which consisteth of Ethereall and elementall parts .

The Ethereall part compasseth the Elementall : and What the Ethereall part of it is . is not variable : it containeth 10. spheres , and is in continuall motion being moved from the East , to the West in 24. houres , and maketh the naturall day . A star What a Starre is . The diverse kinds of them . is a firme essence , in heaven , giving light . One star is brighter than another , and they are of divers motion , either simple , as from west to the east ; or divers , as their variable motion , north and south : and they have Their operation over bodies , & how it is . their operation over inferiour bodies , which they worke by themselves , or by aspect with others ; which is either conjunct , or opposite : conjunct , is either in the same or severall places : ☌ . ☍ . □ . △ . caracters bee of conjunction ☌ . Sextile ⚹ , Trine △ : quadrat □ : opposition ☍ , aspects . Their Poeticke rising or falling is Their rising and falling , & how it is . either true or apparant , the true is Acronicke , which is of such starres as rise and set about the sunne setting : Cosmicke ascend with the ☉ and set with the sun rising . Those starres which rise Cosmically fal Acronically . Apparent rising is called Helical which is of stars getting out of the sun beames , & so if the star get into the ☉ beames at setting : or when any star setteth with the sun . Starrs are either fixed or wandring , Stars fixed or wandring . sixed are the starres of the firmament , whose motion is not sensible ; For in 72. yeares they move scarce a degree : How knowne from Planets . keeping still one like distance . Stars are knowne from planets , by their twinkling . The stars are far bigger in compasse than the earth , and they are of sixfoold order , first bigger than the earth , 107. fold , second 87. third 72. forth 54. fift 31. sixt 18. times . These stars are more or lesse glistering : the most glistering are disposed into 48. Images and are devided into three parts the zodiack & both sides thereof . The zodiack containeth How and where contayned in the heavens . 12 signes , ♈ . ♉ . ♊ . ♋ . ♌ . ♍ . ♎ . ♐ . ♑ . ♒ . ♊ . of the East are ♈ . ♌ . ♐ . fiery signes . North ♋ ♏ . ♓ . watery . ♊ . ♎ . ♒ . Ayery of the West : ♉ . ♍ . ♑ . earthy Southern signes . Stars Masculine & Feminine . Fiery and Ayery are Masculine : Waterish signes and earthly feminine .

Aries the Ram is the first signe of the Zodiacke consisting Aries . of 13. starres , representing the image of a Ram , it hath 2. starres in his horne of the 3. bignes and 3. in his taile , and one in the tippe of his right soote of the 4. bignes .

Taurus the Bull consisteth of 32. starres , 5. of these Taurus . in his forehead are called Hyades , causing raine , the greatest is called the Bulls eye , being somewhat pale . 7. starres in his shoulder are little and called Vergiliae , and Pleiades , because they shew the time of navigation by their rising in the Spring and setting in the Autum .

Gemini the twins of 18. starres ; in each head , is a Gemini . bright star , called Castor and Pollux .

Cancer the Crab consisteth of 9. starres somewhat Cancer . obscure .

Leo the Lyon is a bright signe of 27. starres , one in his Leo. heart and one in his tayle , are of the first bignes , neare his tayle are 7. starres called Berenices haire . Virgo .

Vîrgo the maide with wings of 26. starres , one in her left hand is called Spica .

Libra the ballance is expressed with 8. starres . Libra .

Scorpion hath 21. starres , of which but 14. are notable . Scorpion .

Sagitarius the Archer consisteth of 31. starres . Sagitarius .

Capricornus the Goat , hath 18. starres , of which 12. Capricornus are most conspicuous .

Aquarius the water-bearer , of 24. starres , like a man Aquarius . pouring water fourth of his pitcher , the starre in the extreame of the water is of the first bignes . totall . 364. Pisces .

Pisces , the fishes consist of 34. starres .

The other starres that are not in the Zodiack are Of Stars not in the Zodiacke . What the northerne Coustellations . either northerne or southerne starres .

The Northerne Constellations are Cynosura , the little Beare hath 7 Starres . Helice the greater Beare hath 27 starres , of which 12 are more visible . Draco the Snake 31. Bootes the Heardman 22. betwixt whose legs is Arctur . Ariadnes Crowne 8. Hercules 28. Cepheus 11. The Vultur or Lira 10. The Swan 17. Cassiopeia 13. Perseus 19. The Carter 13. he beareth upon his left shoulder the Goat , Aesculapius 24. The Serpent 18. starres . The Arrow 5. The Eagle 6. The Dolphin 10. Pegasus 20. The foale 4. Andromeda 23. starres . The Triangle hath 4 starres . The totall 360.

The Southern constellations are 25. The Whale What the southern Constellations are . hath 22 Starres .

Orion hath 38. Eridanus 34. The Hare 12. The great Dog 18. The Whelpe 2. The ship 45. Hydra 5. The Crow 7. The Centaure 37. The Wolfe 19. The Aulter 17. The Crowne 13. The fish 12. Starres . The totall 316.

Plannets are Starres in the neaver part of Heaven , What Plannets are . Why called wandring . and are of diverse motions , and are therefore called wandring , which motions happen not according to the course of other Starres , because in the spheeres attributed to the severall plannets , they moving themselves circularly are stayed either in their highest or lowest Absis , or else are made to goe backward . Plannets When and how they are , stayed . are stayed when at their set bounds they stay their course and turne to some other part , and so seeme to stand still .

Absis or Aux , the highest place of the Plannets , to which being moved , they can ascend no higher , is called Apogaeon , viz. farthest from the earth .

Absis or Aux , the lowest contrary to the other , and neerest unto us , is called Perigaeon .

Plannets are said to goe backe , when removing When and how they goe backe . themselves , they goe not forward their course , but returne backe the way they came , in some part .

The vertues and force of Plannets , are as diverse as The vertues and force of Plannets . their motions be : stronger by the proper habitation of the house , or by conjunction : otherwise they be weake .

The proper house of each Plannet is that signe of The proper house of each Plannets . the Zodiacke , in which first at the creation they were placed after the opinion of Astronomers .

Thus farre in generall . Now some shine with one Plannets some of one light , some more . particular light , other with more . They that have the same shinning , are moved with equall or unequall course . Plannets of uneven course have a proper motion to themselves . ♄ . ♃ . ♂ .

Their conjunction is common or speciall . Common Conjunction of Planets , common or special . are of these three together , and it is called the greatest conjunction : this through his slow motion foresheweth wonders , as Astrologers say , though their They presage things to come grounds are uncertaine , yet wee will set downe what they say , not all as truths , yet some may bee probable . ( Especially the sunne regarding ) destruction to kingdomes And how . &c. If such conjunction , bee in a fiery signe it presageth great drought . In a watry signe it argueth raine , in Aery mighty tempestes . In earthy extreame cold . In Masculine death of men , In feminine death of women . Speciall conjunction is either meane or extreame . Meane of Saturne and Mars betokens warres , contention , strife of Kings and Princes , and to these prosperous successours , if the dominant be good in conjunction .

The extreame conjunction of Plannets , is great or lesse , greater of ♄ , ♃ . betokening new sects , and other like . If ♃ . be all stronger , shall be for the best , if ♄ . be stronger , then followeth losse , tribulation and great discord , say the Astrologers .

♄ . Saturne is a star of a leaden colour , finishing his A description of Saturne his properties , how he ruleth in the bodies , and over whom . course in thirty yeares , hee is a Plannet masculine , of cold and dry nature , therefore melancholicke , bad & not fortunate , whose proper house is in ♑ . ♎ . governing malancholike persons , and diseases of that humor , and those of a tough and congealed phlegme as Lepry and Morphew . But if hee governe in his proper house in due aspect and degree , most profitable experiments may bee made against these infirmities , His rule appeareth in conception of men , as in the first moneth , and in the eight moneth much more . Wherefore the child borne in this moneth , through the bad aspect , and coldnes of Saturne , can scarce live long : hee ruleth also the lives of men , especially in their end , when old men bee cold and full of fleame , as say Astrologers . A description of Iupiter . His properties .

♃ Iupiter is a bright Plannet , which runneth his course in 12. yeares , his light is so great , that it causeth a shadow , being neere the earth , of which he is called Phaeton : He is hot and moyst of nature , good , masculine , How he ruleth in the body and over whom . and his house is in ♐ and ♓ he ruleth over the sanguine , yong men and merry sports , and over discases springing of bloud not adust : and rightly disposed . In his house , remedies are best applied for cure of such infirmities . Vnder his power is the child in the second , but more in the ninth moneth , and the childe that is borne is long of life . A description of Mars .

♂ Mars , is the 3 wandring star , in colour red or fiery shining , his course is 2. yeares , is a masculine exceeding hot , schorching and dry nature , after a sort malignant His properties . How he governs mans body and in whom . and infortunate : His house is ♈ and ♍ hee sheweth his force most upon Cholerike persons , and upon motions of youth , stirring to sedition and warre : if hee be well disposed in his house in fit aspect and degree , there may bee remedies used for the Frensie , agues and other hot sicknesses . He governeth the 3. moneth of conception , and from 40. to 50. of mans age .

Now of starrs , that finish their course in like space A description of the sunne . The office and use of it . How and whom it governes . of time ☉ ♀ . ☿ . in a yeare space ☉ . The Sunne is the brightest of all wandring starres , appointing seasons , nourishing life , being the fountaine of light , of heate and all vitall powers , hee is hot and meanely dry , his house is ♌ . he ruleth hot and dry affections , and therefore in his rule is fit remedy for such .

In mans conception hee ruleth the 4. moneth , and governeth from 22. till 41. yeares of age . ☉ by being nearest or farthest from the earth , maketh Solsticium , which is our Summer and Winter : summer is ☉ , being He maketh winter and summer . in ♋ . at the highest ; winter solstice is ☉ , being ♑ farthest from us . The motion of ☉ , causeth like length of day Length and shortnesse of dayes . and night . ☉ , in ♈ and ♎ the Sun in these pointes of heaven is equally moved in the 6. signes of our hemisphere , and also in the six opposit , although the points and times of both Equinoctialls vary and change .

♀ Venus is a very white star , she goeth neare ☉ , sometime A description of Venus . before him , sometimes after him ; in the morning going before him , she is called Lucifer , in the evening , following , she is called Vesperugo and Hesperus . ♀ is could and Ayery , and moyst , her house is in ☍ and Her properties : how and in whom she ruleth . ♎ . She loveth youth , women , and wives , ruleth cold and moyst diseases , happening most about the genitalls . Therefore ♀ in her house in due aspect is best remedy of such , she useth her power in the 5. moneth , and disposeth life , from 14 , to 20. yeares and two , according to Astrologers .

☿ Mercury is the least wandring star , somwhat white , A description of Mercury . His nature : how and in whom he ruleth . his nature is changeable , and full of turnings , hee is hote with the hote , cold with the cold , of the nature of him with whom he is joyned , his house is ♊ and ♍ , & is of force in merchandize , of which hee hath his name , and mathematickes are under his rule , he begins and followes studies , & reports rumors & newes . He guideth the 6 moneth , and from 4. to 14. yeares ; if hee joyne with the higher Plannets , he denounceth wet and flouds , which also hee doth meeting Venus in a wet house , in his proper house , windes &c.

☽ The Moone is the lowest wandring starre , finishing A description of the Moone . her course in 27. dayes 7. houres ; although this starre have light of he owne , yet doth she borrow her shining from the Sunne . But because her essence or body , is not alike , but thicker in one place , than another , therfore she is not in all places enlightened alike from the Sunne . That part which is turned from the Sunne , is all of it shadowed and darkish , but that which looketh upon the ☉ . is full of light , and onely so much light as standeth towards us , seemeth to gaine or lose light , as it is farther off , or nearer the sun , where as indeed ever the one halfe is enlightened from the sunne .

The face seemeth to bee enlightened , as joyned with ☉ , or departing from him .

The ☽ joyned with the ☉ in the 4. first dayes is covered with greater light of the ☉ beames , and is called the new Moone , but departing from ☉ she appeareth still more enlightened , and it is either in part or whole .

In part before and after the 8 day , called the encrease How the Moone increaseth and decreaseth . and the waine of the Moone . In part lesse or more , the lesse is when she is horned , or halfe moone about the 4. day , being distant from ☉ 2. signes : and after 8. in the 26. day , the halfe ☽ is seene about the 7. day and after 22. day when she is distant 3. signes or degrees from ☉ . The greater apparition of the Moone in part is , she being neare her roundnes , which is about the 11 day and after the 19. day distant from ☉ 4 signes .

The full apparition of ☽ is when in a right line she is When and how the Moone is in the full . opposed to ☉ at 14 dayes or full Moone . Although she finish her couse in the foresaid time in the circle of the Zodiacke , yet is allowed to every Moone 29 : and a halfe day , because she is to passe forward 2 dayes and 4 howres , before shee can overtake the ☉ which maketh 29 dayes , 12 houres . And in 9 yeares she endeth In what time she endeth her revolution . all her diversity of conjunctions and aspectes , and anew begineth her former revolution , &c.

A Commet is a wandering star , of divers motions , What a Commet is . shining in the region of the Plannets , this appeareth seldome , sometime above , and sometimes below the Plannets . It foretelleth greevous accidents .

Others say that a Commet is a fat substance drawne by the heate of the Sun from the earth , and the heate of the highest region of the Ayre ; is set on fire appearing like a starre , and is sometime moved in the ayre .

It foreshewth war , Pestilence , drought , and barrennes of the earth .

The light of some Plannets sometime fayle , especially The light of some Plannets especially the sunne and moone faileth sometime , and the reason of them . of ☉ and ☽ The defects happen in the Zodiacke , if these 2. starres bee in the knotts of their circles , or neare to them ; which knotts are cuttings , made by the course of the ☉ and ☽ , and is called the dragon . The higher is called Dragons head , the lower the Dragons tayle . The Ascendant or higher is where , ☽ departing from the middle Zodiacke , doth come nearest unto us .

The descendant , when the ☽ is removing from us . Of the Eclipse of the Sunne and Moone and the reason of them . The Eclipse of those starrs is in whole or part . In whole all being obscured , as in the midst of them .

In part it happeneth neare one of the knotts .

The Eclipse of ☉ , is by comming of ☽ betweene our eyes and the ☉ , in the conjunction of both Plannets .

A great Eclipse of ☉ , is when the centure of these starres , proceed in a direct line to our eye .

The Eclipse of ☽ is the depriving her of the light of ☉ , in the opposition , the earth shadowing her , comming in a straight line betweene them ; her Eclipse is sooner seene in the East than in the West .

CHAP. IIII. Of the foure Elements .

ELements are simple essences , lesse durable than the What Elements are . heavens , and are the wombs of mixed things &c.

Of the Elements 2. are cleare , ayre and water . Ayre , Some cleare as Ayre and water : three regions of the Ayre . which is cold and moyst , and of these there are described 3. regions , the first is hot and dry , this is termed the fiery which causeth it to be called an Element Ayre the flame being but inflamed ayre : the midle region colder and darker ; the third region , in which we live , is hot and cold , by the more or lesse reflection of the Sunne beames .

Ayre , is so needefull to creatures , that none live The necessity of the Ayre . without it , the thinner the better , and more healthfull .

Water , is an element lesse thin and cleare , moyst and What water is . The natures and uses of it . most cold . Water warmed in channells in the earth causeth hot springs , this is heated by running by some hot mineralls , and helpeth moyst and cold bodies .

Water , is greater or lesse . The greatest is the Sea , Why the water in the sea is salt . The reason of the ebbing and flowing of the sea . which is salt , because that the starres drawe sorth the thin substance leaving the earth behinde . The Ocean ebbeth and floweth after the ☽ motion ; and from the new moone to the full , humours increase and after decrease , and the tides are knowne by the Moone . Particular Seas take their name of some country , or of some accident , as the red Sea , &c.

Waters are in flouds or fountaines , fountaines are Of Flouds & Fountaines . best which come out of Mountaines , or Rocks , &c.

Water is of divers colours and tastes . Milky , Diverse coours & tastes of waters . What the earth is . Greene , Red , Salt , sharpe , bitter , and like wine .

The Earth is a thicke element , cold and dry , and is unmoveable , about which all things move , it is round and all things tend as neare the center as they can .

It is in compasse with the water 21600. miles , and The compasse of it . is but as a point to the whole world .

Concreat and mixt bodyes or natures , are essences Of concreat & mixt bodies mixt of parts severally disposed . For from sundry things of divers formes , one forme may bee formed : and things of one mixture according to the divers affection of their elements are diversly affected .

As some are Ayery , some Fiery , and some Earthly . But the proportion maketh temperature , which is a proportion of qualities , cleaving together in mixture : it is equall or uneven , and is either simple or compound : simple is in act or power : compound , as heate with drinesse , &c.

Mixed natures are either livelesse or living . Liveless Of mixed livelesse natures , as meteors ; & what they be , with their severall kinds , and the reason of them . as Meteors which are a hot smoake lifted up by the attractive force of starres , some 15. German miles into the ayre and no higher : this smoke is a vapour or exhalation . A vapour is a moyst smoke drawne from water , and is easily resolved into water . Exhalation is a dry smoke drawne from the earth , easie to fire : from exhalation arise fiery impressions which burne like fire , as pillers , dartes , candles , goates , shooting starres , fiery Dragons , darke streames , fooles fire , and such like firery Meteors .

Mixed fiery meteors whose exhalation is somewhat Of Mixed fiery meteors , as thunder , what it is , and the reason of it . unpure thicker and long , her mixture is thunder which is a fiery exhalation , breaking forth of the cloudes , with a sound . Lightening small and great is a flaming light , of a burning exhalation , shining before thunder . Though we heare not the thunder , it is at the present breaking out of the flash , the eye being quicker than the care . The great lightening is thicker and burneth more , if it be hardened with the heate of the Sunne , and it selfe , it maketh a stone which is cast out at the cracke , this doth much harme .

Lightening is thicke or thin , this boreth through Of lightning ; what it is , and the reason of it . without leaving any signe of it . The thicker scorcheth and burneth , it hath much earthy matter , setting on fier steeples and such like , and in great flashes is but some small deale of this earthy matter , else all things would be fired .

Watery meteors , are vapors more fully compact together , Of watery meteors , as clouds , what they be , with the reason of them . and appeare in the lowest part , or midst of the Ayre , as cloudes and such like . A cloude is a vapour joyned together by the extreame cold of the middle region . Cloudes hang in the Ayre by the Sunnes heat , which draweth them up , and by the moving of the windes are tossed up and downe .

In these Cloudes by ☉ and ☽ , are framed divers Diverse shapes in the cloudes , with the reason of them : as a false Sunne , how occasioned . shapes , having no proper matter , but onely appeare in the cloudes , either about ☉ and ☽ , or opposite to them as :

A halfe Sunne which is imprinted in the Cloud by the reflection of his beames , in a cloud being waterish , so that sometime the shape of 2. or 3. Sunnes are seene , so of the Moone . Bright circles of the cloudes , being black , are from the reflecting beames , seeming to compasse the ☉ or ☽ yet they are far lower . These circles appeare more often about the moone : shee being not able with her beames to consume these vapours .

The shape in the cloudes opposed to the Sunne , is A raine-bow how occasioned . the raine-bow of divers colours , in a hollow , thin and in an unequall cloud , fashioned by reflection of the Suns beames , and the raine-bow is greater the nearer it commeth to the Horizon . If many raine-bowes be seene , the latter is made by the shining of the other , and are more obscure than the former .

The colours of the Raine-bow , be light , red , green ; A description of the rainebow and the signes os it . sky colour and yeallow : the raine-bow , is a foreteller of raine , it sheweth that many vapours are dissolued , which will shortly be raine . The hayle is like this , but it is alwayes under the Sunne .

Meteors of dissolved cloudes , are either hardened , Meteors of dissolued cloudes . or moyst , as raine , which is as it were a cloude melted and turned unto water ; if the cloude bee neare the earth the drops are great , if hie , the drops are smaller . The rayning of frogges , fish , milke , flesh , and such like , come of such matter being carried up , which doth againe Reason of it . fall with the raine , as wormes &c. are begotten of dead carkases in summer time .

Meteors made harde , after the cloud hath beene melted , are snow and Haile .

Snow is a cloude , prepared for raine before it fall , Snow what it is and how occasioned . being congealed by cold , is by the motion of the windes dispersed into fleakes , and falleth onely in winter .

Hayle is rayne , made hard in the fall , the higher the Hayle what it is and how occasioned . fall , the rounder and lesser , because in the fall it melteth . It hayleth most in Autumne and in the Spring , for then the sharpe ayre , hath most power over the drops , and in winter , the extreame cold maketh it snow being yet in the cloudes .

In the lowest region of the Ayre , are dew and frost . Dew what it is , and how occasioned . Dew is a vapour thickned with some earthly matter , which in falling is presently turned into water .

Dew falleth onely in summer , for then the vapour is dissolved with the Sunne .

A fat kind of dew like melting hony , especially at the shining of Syrius , being gathered from leaves of trees , is Manna , called also wilde honey , or meldewes .

This Manna hardened by the heate of ☉ into Manna what it is . lumpes , is called Tereniabin .

Frost is a dewish vapour , made very hard by cold in Frost what it is , and how . winter before it be dissolved .

Meteors made of both kindes of smoake joyned together , Of Meteors caused by both ▪ kinds of smoake , and the reason of them . Winde what it is , and the diverse kinds of it . are windes and such like .

Winde is a subtile smoke , beaten downeward by the cold in the middle of the ayre , and is moved sideling on the earth : Auncients noted out 12. principall windes , all which in regard of matter are hot and dry , but differ for their situation of their qualities .

The winde being great , carried with force , darkens Storme . Whirlewinde . the Ayre , and is called a storme . If it doe roll about , it is a Whirle-winde , if it be but small , it is called Ayre .

An Earthquake is a fume , contained in the earth : Earthquake . when it findeth no vent , it shaketh it , & is made acoording to the breadth or depth of the earth . In breadth it causeth sometime such trembling , that it shaketh downe whole Citties . That in depth causeth a gaping or swelling . A Gaping is when the Earth openeth , as it were her mouth , and doth swallow downe trees , walles &c. A Swelling is when the earth being lifted up like a mountaine , either remaineth so , or else falleth downe againe .

CHAP. V. Of mixed living Natures .

NAtures mixed perfectly are living and corporall essences , indued with a Vegetative soule ; A Vegetative soule is a facultie giving life to bodyes . What a vegetative soule is . Therefore so long as any part of this shall exercise her power in any body , so long is that alive , and remaineth safe . But her chiefe operation , and so life it selfe , The nature & office of it . consisteth either in preserving severall bodies or whole kinds . Nourishment is the preserving of severall bodies , What nourishment is . and is the making of foode received , like to the body nourished . Vnder that name is every thing which is received to sustaine our bodyes , of which sort is the ayre it selfe .

Some other faculties are required to perfection of nourishment , as concoction , and his companions : Concoction What cócoction is , with the necessity of it . is a working or framing of nourishment , and it is made either of temperate , or increased heate of the parts to be nourished .

By temperate heate is made ripening : which is a The necessity of temperate heate for nourishment cleared by comparison . concoction of nourishment with moisture , by how much therefore the moisture shall be better tempered with heate , by so much is the ripening sooner , and more perfect , as in a summer too moyst , the increase of the earth is later made ripe . Concoction arising from greater store of heate , is either elixation or assation . Elixation is a concoction more perfectly working the thicke or watrish moysture , with a strong moyst heate : As flesh is sod in water , whose moyst heate altereth & consumeth the fomy moystnes of meate : if this Elixation remaine unperfect , it is called rawnesse , and the nourishment is not refined , for want of moyst heate : For it was not of power to finish concoction .

Assation is concoction , by meanes of dryer heate fully strengthening the moysture of nourishment . If The benefit of good , and the hurt of bad concoction . this strength of bodyes be somewhat weake , it is called thickning ; if concoction bee vicious , it is turned unto putrifaction . Moyst and hote things doe most easily corrupt , if the bodyes be not open to the Ayre .

In stopped bodyes , heate having no vent is increased . Whence inflammation ariseth . Whence commeth inflammation , which putrifaction doth follow , causing greater heate . This of concoction .

The Companions of concoction , are Faculties , fitly The companions of concoction . serving for the perfection of it .

Of these , one goeth before , the other followeth . The former is Attraction and Retention .

Attraction is a facultie , supplying matter of convenient 1. Attraction , what it is . nourishment , as is seene in things drawing our of the flesh Arrow-heads or thornes deepely fastned . So wheat draweth water out of on earthen pot , it being set upon the heape . Retention which retayneth 2. Retention , what it is . nourishment , untill it be concocted , & doth nourish the body . Nourishment , is first put to and afterward united . The companion following concoction is expulsion .

Expulsion , is a driving backe of unprofitable matter : 3. Expulsion , what it is . when concoction is once made , it is within or without the body . Within , when the stronger thrust superfluities to the weaker , untill they come to the weakest of all . Encrease which is joyned to the nourishment , is continued but to a certaine age , & then the nourishing growing weake it ceaseth . Now followeth conservation of the whole stocke .

Generation is a facultie of the body , procreating any What generation is . thing like it selfe . This faculty preserveth all kindes of things in their estate , though continually they doe perish .

The object of generation , is the procreating seede What is the object of it . of every thing .

The changing faculty , altereth the seede into parts of the body to be begotten .

The ministeriall vertues of this facultie of generation , doe change or forme .

The forming faculty fashioneth the thing into distinct forme .

CHAP. VI. Of Minerals and Mettals .

THe Vegetative soule being explained : now follow the kindes of such natures as have perfect , or unperfect growth . Those of unperfect growth are Mettals , which are decocted in the veines of the earth . Mettals are to be melted easily or hardly . Those that are easie to bee dissolved , are either first , or such as spring from them .

Principall , or first , are of themselves from the originall , Brimstone what it is , and the nature of it . as Brimstome , and Quicksilver .

Brimstone is the fat of the earth , with fiery heate decocted unto his hardnesse , which is the cause that it so speedily is enflamed , and burneth even in water , yea sooner than the fat of the beasts , which though it bee fatter than brimstone , yet it is farre colder . So that for his fat drinesse , it helpeth scabbes of all kinds , and the leprie .

That Brimstone is counted the best , which is greene and cleare .

Quicksilver is a slimy water , mixt with a pure white Quicksilver , what it is . earth , which mettall for the matter whereof it doth consist , is thinne , cold , and heavie .

It is in continuall motion , and his thinnesse causeth The nature of it . that it pierceth mettals .

Mettals derived from the first , are more or lesse Gold what it is . pure ; purer , are Gold and Silver . Gold is a mettall made of most subtile and pure red brimstone , and of the like quicksilver . Gold hath the most perfect mixture ; as it is most thin , so it is most solide , whose substance is not corrupted , with either earth , water , or ayre , nor consumed with fire , but is more purged in it . The nature of it .

And for his thin solidnesse , it is most soft , and easie to be melted . So that is most worth , which is most red and glistering and soft , that easily it may be wrought .

Experience teacheth , that the 3 part of one graine of gold can gild a wyre of 134 foote long : upon plates of silver , one ounce of gold will suffice to gild eight pound waight of silver . His nature is to bee marvelled at . It waxeth cold towards day light , so that those that weare rings of it , may perceive it , when it waxeth day . Where it is found .

It is found in the mountaines of Arabia and else where ; and the best , in the mountaine Terrat , neare the Citie Corbachiam .

Siluer is a mettall begotten of pure white Mercury , Silver , what it is . The difference betwixt it and gold . and the like cleare white Brimstone . It differeth from Gold almost onely in colour , it being Gold not perfectly refined ; yet in purenesse , firme solidnesse , and thinnesse , it is next to Gold , and one ounce of it may be drawne 3200. foote long , so that it can scarce be discerned from Gold . Yet it is thicker an hundreth fold .

When it is found , it hath the shape of haires , twigs , fishes , serpents , and such like .

Mettals lesse pure , consist of greater store of Brimstone or Quicksilver ; of greater store of Brimstone , come Brasse , and Iron .

Brasse is a mettall , begotten of thicke red Brimstone , Brasse what it is . and Mercury somewhat impure ; that comming from Cyprus , is called Copper : the matter of Brasse is more burnt than that of other mettals , and indureth long , and is fit in any worke . For it is without all moysture , whether it be kept in earth or water . Minerals neare Brasse are Copperasse , &c.

Copperasse , is a minerall mixed of humours strained Copperasse , what it is . by droppes into small holes , and it shineth like glasse .

It is hot and dry in the 4. degree , vehemently binding , The nature of it . being of great force to season and preserve raw flesh . It also begetteth sound flesh in festered sores , and stancheth blood . It is of a greene , yellow , and a skye colour , the best hath in it white spots ; his kinde are Romane vitrioll , and red vitrioll , or the fome of Copperasse .

Iron is of store of Mercury , and of thicke sulphur , Iron , what it is . impure and adust . It may be softened by quenching in The nature of it . juyce of beane shuls or mallowes . It being red hot and cooling of himselfe , becommeth plyable .

But if it be often quenched in cold water , it becommeth thereby , very hard and brittle .

Mettalls of greater store of Mercury , are Lead and Tynne .

Lead is an unpure mettall , begot of much unpure Lead , what it is . thicke and drossie Mercury , and likewise of unpure Brimstone ; his impurity causeth blacknesse , which by refining is made whiter . It increaseth in waight , if it lie in moyst ground .

Yea it is thought to increase with raine . It is of a The nature of it . cold and binding nature , and therefore scarce wholsome for mans use .

Tynne is a mettall mixed of Mercury , white without Tynne , what it is . and red within , and of Brimstone not well mixed , as it were Lead whited with silver .

Thus farre of mettalls pliable .

Mettals lesse plyable are those which are not easily wrought , or melted , and are hard or brittle .

Those that bee altogether hard , are stones . These Stones , whereof they are , &c the variety of them . are ingendred of a watry moysture , and fat earth mixed hard togeather . Of stones , some be rare , some common . Of the rare and strange , some are of more estimation than others .

The more esteemed are precious stones ; which are Precious stones . more beautifull and fine , in regard of their pure and subtile matter : Of Gemmes some are of one coullour , some of sundry colours . More or lesse transparent be either white , or of other colours .

White are Crystall or Adamant . Crystall is a Crystall . gem , bright through , begot of a most pure stony moysture , The nature of it . and is found in mines of Marble , &c. His qualitie is binding : therefore his oyle or powder is helpefull in Laxes , and increaseth milke in womens brests .

The Adamant or Diamant is a gem cleare and most Adamant . hard , it can scarce be broken ( and thence it is named ) The nature of it . unlesse steeped in the warme bloud of a Goat that hath drunke Wine or eaten Parsley .

Transparent Gemmes not white , as the Saphir Sardonix , and Smaragde , have the same coullour in all their kindes . Saphir .

The Saphir is a gem cleare through , of a skie coullour , growing in the East , and specially in India : The nature of it . Being drunke , it helpeth against the stinging of Serpents , poyson , &c. as some affirme .

The Smaragde is of a greene coullour , making Smaragde . greene the ayre neare about it ; the stone of Brytaine The nature of it . is the best . It preserveth the wearer from the falling sickenesse : eyght graines of his shaving drunke , expelleth poyson , &c. as some affirme .

The Sardonyx is a cleare gem , representing in coullours Sardonyx . the nayle of a mans hand : it preserveth chastnes , The nature of it . and healeth vlcers about the nayles .

The Selenites is a transparent gem like glasse , it Selenites . seemeth to increase and decrease with the moone : The nature of it . whose shape in the night it beareth , and is called therefore the Moone-stone , &c. It is of a white , blacke , and yellow coullour . His scrapings heale the falling sicknesse . Bright shining Gems doe follow .

The Carbuncle is a gem shining in the light like Carbuncle . fire : it is the noblest , and hath most vertues of any precious The nature of it . stone .

The Calcedonian is of a purple coullour , shining Calcedonian . The nature of it . like a starre , it expels sadnes and feare by purging and chearing the spirits . It hindreth all visions .

The Astarites is a Crystalline stone , having in the Astarites . The nature of it . middest like a full moone . Bright stones not shining do follow : or the lesse shining . Rubie .

The Rubie is a red gemme , shining in darke like a sparke of fire : it cleareth the sight , it expelleth sad The nature of it . and fearefull dreames .

The Topaz is of the colour of gold , casting Topaz . beames in the Sunne : being layd to a wound , it stancheth The nature of it . blood : or cast into hot water , keepeth the hand from scalding . Hiachinth .

The Hiacinth is of waterish colour , it is exceeding hard , and cloudie in the darke , but pure and cleare by The nature of it . day . It is colde , moderating the spirits of the heart and of the other parts , and causing mirth , which being worne obtaineth favour .

Precious stones of lesse shining , be Corrall , Asbestos , Magnes , and Galacte .

Corall is a stone growing in the Sea like a slimie Corrall . shrub , which by the ayre presently is made hard . It is The nature of it ▪ taken up full of mosse , but being unbarked , it appeareth cleare in his proper colour . The spongie Corrall is white and colde . The solid is more stonie , and is red and blacke . Red and full of branches is the best , which worne of one shortly to be sicke , waxeth pale . His tender substance is affected by the bad vapour , which yet is unable in the body to afflict it . It is good for sore eyes , for the stone , and falling sicknesse .

Asbestos is of an Iron colour , being once fiered , it Asbestos . The nature of it . cannot be quenched : it is found in Arabia .

Magnes or Loadstone is of a skie colour , or an Iron The Loadstone . The nature of it . colour : It draweth Iron . It hath like vertue with the Adamant . It purgeth the dropsie , belpeth the flux ; respecteth the North and South pole .

Galactites is of an Ash colour , it seemeth to sweat Galactites . The nature of it . as it were milke , it increaseth milke , and helpeth running of the eyes , and ulcers .

Achates is a stone of divers colours , resembling a Achates . The nature of it . Lyons skin : sometime it is blacke with white veynes and yellow : sometime it is as it were sprinkled with bloud , it is very variable in colour . Eagles lay it in their nests to preserve their young from poyson .

Turcois is darke , of a skie colour , and greenish : Turcois . It helpeth weake eyes and spirits . The nature of it .

Corneolus is like water of washed flesh . It helpeth Corneolus . against the Pyles in the fundament , and to stop fluxes . The nature of it . In a ring it restraineth anger .

Chrysoprasus is of a greene colour with golden Chrysoprasus . spots . It shineth a little in the darke , it is rare and deare . The nature of it . It comforteth the heart , helpeth dim sight , &c.

Hematite is of an Iron colour with bloudy veynes : Hematite . It is cold and dry , cooleth hot waters , stancheth bloud , The nature of it . and helpeth against ▪ the scorching of the Sunne , as Authors write .

Also the qualities of other stones depend rather upon authoritie than upon proofe .

Stones be found in Beasts , Birds , and Fishes .

Stones found in Beasts be ;

1. Chelidonius is a small stone in the belly of yong Chelidonius . Swallowes . It is found in those of the first hatching in The nature of it . the new moone : if two be found , the one is red , the other blacke . The best is of a sprinkled red . The red in a linnen cloath carried under the left arme , expelleth madnesse , the falling sicknesse , and getteth favour , say some .

2. Alectorius is of a christall or watrish colour . Alectorius . It is found in the Maw of an olde Capon : as big as a beane in one of nine yeere old , small in one of five yeere The nature of it . olde . This stone quencheth thirst , being held in the mouth . It maketh warlike and couragious .

3. The Rubet or Toadstone , groweth in the head Toadstone . of a Toad : It is of a white browne colour , sometime The nature of it . it hath a skie coloured eye in the middle : It is to bee ▪ taken before the Toad touch any Water . It is a remedie against all poyson . If it come neare poyson , it changeth colour , and sweateth as it were drops .

In fishes are found stones which are made of the cold hardening their matter .

4. The Crabs eye , of the female , is like an eye , Crabs eye . it dissolveth bloud congealed , and expelleth The nature of it . stones .

5. The Perch stone found in his head , is white and as Perchstone , big as Hemp-seed .

6. The Carpe stone found in his chap , is trianguler , Carpestone . white without , yellow within . It helpeth against The nature of it . aboundance of choller . Thus farre of precious stones .

These following are of price because of their beautie , but not so rare .

Porphirite , is a Marble shining like purple . Alabaster Porphirite . Alabaster . is a marble like in colour , to spotted Honny . At this day it is cleare , and smooth , like Plaster .

The Ophite is a most hard marble , of a sad greene Ophite . spotted , and serpent-like colour .

Common stones are of unpure slimie earth , thicke , Common stones . and darke : some be solid , as the Flint , Boulder , the Whet-stone , &c. Some be full of pores as the Pumise , Gravel-stone , and free-stone .

Salt is a fryable mettall , begotten of a waterish and Salt , what it is . earthy moysture , mixt and decocted together : It The nature of it . bindeth , scowreth , purgeth , disperseth , represseth , maketh thin and hard . It is gotten in pits or waters . The sorts of digged salts be :

Salt Amoniack is found in plates under the hotte Salt Amonaick The nature of it . sands of Cyreniae . It is hot and dry in the fourth degree , and serveth to purge slimie humors . That which Apothecaries sell in blacke clods , is made of Camels stale , and because store of Camels be in Armenia , it is called Armeniack .

Salt Peter is found in dry places under the ground , Salt Peter . and in hollow Rockes : It is sometime called Nitre , of a Region in Egypt . Of this kinde is the salt called Borax .

Salt Gem , is a white kinde of Even-salt , shining like Salt Gem. Crystall : It is also called Stonic , marbly , salt Sarmaticke , or Dacian .

Salt of Indie is blackish Salt , or ruddy . It is in clods Salt of Indie . cut out of mount Oremen .

Salt of Water is taken on the Sea coast , or from some Salt of water . lakes and springs , and it is sod and congealed of the Sunne , or by fire .

Allo me is a salt sweat of the earth , it is either liquid Allome . or hard .

Liquid Allome is called Roch or Rock-Allome , Liquid Allome . with it is paper washed , &c.

Hard Allome , or Allome Scissile is thicke , and Hard Allome . cleaveth : It is as it were gray .

Bitume is a fat and tough moysture , like pitch , and Bitume . is called Earthy pitch .

Liquid , is like an oylely moysture flowing , and is of Liquid Bitume . divers colours , after the varietie of the place , of which Naphtha is a white fat of Bitumen , which enflamed by water , doth easily draw to it fire , through store of oyle that is in it . Naphtha Petreolum .

Naphtha Petreolum is found in rockes . It is for his fatnesse of some called Oyle .

Ambar of Arabia is Bitume of an Ash colour . Ambar of Arabia . Hard Bitume .

Hard Bitume is tough , like foam swimming on the water , but being taken forth , it waxeth hard : of this kinde is Asphaltus , which is blacke Bitume , hard like stone pitch : The best is gotten in the dead Sea of Iudea . &c. Pissaphaltus ▪

Pissaphaltus Asphaltus , smelling of Pitch , mingled with Bitume : It is called Mummie . Where this wants , they sell us counterfeit of Syria ; for poore men that die there , be stuffed with Bitume , but the rich are dressed with Mirrh , Alloes , &c.

It also is found in clods rolling from mount Ceravine into the Sea . Succinum .

Succinum is Bitume , like a stone , exceeding hard , named , Ex succo , the Iuyce of the earth . It is white or yellow , which is called Ambar , or blacke as Iet . His fatnesse is so great that it burneth like a Candle , and smelleth like the Pine tree . It draweth to it chaffe , and such other light stuffe , by a certaine hid nature .

Metallar Earths which are digged forth of mines . Terra Lemnia

Terra Lemnia , an exceeding red Earth of Lemnos I le , digged in a red hill : It is sometime used for Armenian . In old time this had Dianaes seale upon it , printed by her Priests , who were onely wont to wash this earth .

It is of force to expell poyson , it healeth wounds The nature of it . festred and old , and poysoned .

Bole Armenian , is earth of Armenia , it is of a pale Bole Armenian . red colour , smooth , and easie to breake as chalke : It is The nature of it . a dryer , and profiteth against all fluxes .

Terra Samia is white , stiffe , and tough , comming Terra Samia from the I le Samos .

Ampelite is a pitchie earth , cleaving and blacke , it Ampelite . is named of annoynting Vines , to kill the wormes . This earth is like that we call Stone , or Sea coale .

Chalke is white earth of Creete , and there is found Chalke . of it in many other places .

There is also some found that is blacke , which is Black Chalke called Pignitis .

CHAP. VII . Of Natures perfectly living .

SO farre of Minerals ; Now follow Natures perfectly living . What natures perfectly living are .

Natures perfectly-living , are Plantes , or bodies endowed with a soule . In all these bodies are sundry vertues , according to the temperature of the principall qualities . For the forme useth their qualities as Instruments : Whence come diverse distinct degrees of those qualities , as some are hot , cold , dry , moyst , in the first , second , third , and fourth degree . The qualities in the first are obscure , and scarce to be perceived : in the second they are apparant and manifest : in the third they be vehement : and in the fourth immoderate , and not to be indured . And againe each of these hath a beginning , middle , and end .

Plants grow from a stalke or a trunke . Those from a Plants . stalke have but one stalke or many . Trees are Plants having but one stalke , full of Boughs , and rising on high from the earth . Some grow onely in hot Countries : others grow indifferently in all places : those that prosper best in hot Regions , are Frankincense , Mace , Pepper , Palme , Balsame , Pomegranet , Lemmon , Ceder ,

The Frankincense tree groweth chiefly in Arabia ; Frankincense tree . it is tall , and hath leaves like the Mastike tree , his gum The nature of it . is soft , white , fat , and round , and is apt to perfume , and the stiffer and liker Rosen it is , so much the better . This perfume was used for sacrifice .

Myrrhe is a tree in India , of hard wood , wrythen Myrrhe . towardes the earth , with a smooth barke , the leaves The nature of it . sharpe poynted towardes the end : his gum is fat , like Rosen , thicke , and shining red . The distilled liquor of fresh Myrrh was once called Stact , but now it is named Storax . It is hot and dry in the second degree . It dryeth & closeth wounds , it expelleth the wormes : it is of force against an old cough and short winde . It is bitter : It is good to heale wounds of the head .

Mace is an Indian tree , grown in the I le of Banda . It Mace . is almost like the Peach tree , it hath narrow and short leaves , whose fruit is the Nut-meg covered with Mace .

The Nut-meg hath an huske like a Filberd : the Nutmeg ▪ fruit is covered with a rinde like our Wal-nut , which with ripenesse openeth and sheweth the Mace , which doth cover the Nut-meg , &c.

The new and best Nut-meg is full of juyce or oyle , smelling sweete . It dryeth and heateth in the ende of the second degree , with a kindely binding . Pepper ,

Pepper groweth in India , Of it be two sorts of trees , and two sorts of fruits , one long , the other round . The round groweth on branches like vines , which imbraceth trees that stand by it ; and his fruit is in clusters , first greene , then being dryed , it turneth blacke and rough : it is gathered in October .

Long Pepper groweth like the long bud on Nut-trees . The nature of it . It is hot and dry .

Palme tree groweth most in Egypt , and Arabia , alwayes Palme tree . greene , with a long round bodie ; his barke is like scales of a Fish , and the more it is pressed , the better it groweth : therefore was it used as a reward for the Conquerour .

The wild Palme in India , is called Thamarind , Wilde Palme tree . The nature of it . the Date is his fruit , it being ripe is blacke and sweete : Of these bee three kindes . Our Dates come from Egypt : they are hot temperately .

Balsame is a low tree , his trunke is not much unlike Balsame tree . the Turpentine tree ; it hath leaves like Rew , but wither , never falling . It groweth in the valley of Hierico , and Egypt : being cut it sendeth out a milkish liquor : The nature of it . it is to bee cut in the uper part of the barke with glasse or bone , and not with Iron , least it die . His juyce is gathered with wooll into small hornes : of it is scarce got each yeare six Congies : a Congie is about three Pints .

Native Balme mixed with milke doth easily separate : Balme . and easily dissolve in water , neither doth it staine The nature of it . cloth . It is hot and dry in the second degree : it is of thin parts , and hard to come by . In his stead most commonly is used the Oyle of Nut-megges .

The Pomegranet The Orange The Cedar tree doth follow .

1. Pomegranet is a low tree , that hath narrow shining Pomegranet . leaves , red flowers , and his fruit filled with graynes . It came from the Country in which Carthage stoode ; The nature of it . The juyce of this Apple helpeth the stomacke : It is very good in a burning Fever .

2. Pomecytron , Lemmon , and Orange trees , Pomecytron . are alwayes greene , the leafe of the Cytron is like The nature of it . the Lawrell , endented . The fruit is rough , and alwayes fruitfull ; his juyce cureth inflammations , and other diseases in the skin : the barke comforteth the heart , &c.

The Orange hath a smoother skin , and leafe . Orange .

3. The Cedar is like to Iuniper , his leaves being Cedar . sharper : the tree is exceeding tall , chiefly of that of Cyprus ; The nature of it . It never rotteth , his nature destroying sound things , preserveth corrupt things .

The trees lesse hot are either fruitfull or barren . The fruitfull have fruit that have a rinde thicke , or thin . The thinner rinde is of Apples , or Berries . Apples are round , as the Fig , Olive , Plum , Cherry .

The Fig tree is not high , it hath a smooth barke like Figtree . the Walnut tree . It yeeldeth a long fruit like a Peare , full of graines . It is so fruitfull that it bringeth forth three or foure times in a yeare : so that one Fig thrusteth off another . They are of two kindes , great and little .

The Olive : the Apple tree : and Peach be common .

The Quince tree is lower then an Apple tree , his Quince tree● fruit hath downie hayre ; it is called Cidonia , of a citie in Crete , where first it grew . The fruit is cold and The nature of it . binding , and doth much profit hot stomackes .

The Peare , the Plum , the Medler , and the Cherry be common .

The Lawrell is a tree growing in hotter countryes ; Lawrell tree . which in colde doth hardly prosper ; it hath sharpe and thicke leaves ever greene , with a thin smooth barke : His leaves be hot and dry , his oyle for hot and The nature of it . softning nature helpeth diseases of the brest ; and other springing of colde . The powder in wine causeth urine , breaketh the stone of the bladder and reynes .

Iuniper beareth a small fruit , the space of two yeares ; Iuniper tree . and before the first bee ripe , it bringeth forth other ▪ This tree hath short and sharpe leaves , and a straight backe , and slit almost in every place : the gum sweating out of is , Vernix , called so because it congealeth The nature of it . in the spring . It is hot and dry in the third degree . It healeth and gleweth , and also heateth a colde stomacke . His berries are hot and dry in the first degree , comforting the spirits , and healing putrifactions . It consumeth rotten and moyst humors . The oyle helpeth the Gout , if you annoynt the backe-bone therewith : it cureth deafenesse , and eaten helpeth melancholy , and stayeth the Rheume , and the Flux .

1. The Almond tree .

2. The Walnut tree .

3. The Chesnut tree taketh his name of a towne Chesnut tree . in Magnesia , the tree is much like the Wallnut , yet the leafe hath more veines , and his edge like a Saw . His fruit is covered with a sharpe huske , and within it hath a red huske . It is of two kindes : both hot and dry in The nature of it . the first degree ; and for their earthie matter binding . They are hard to disgest , and beget lice : but good if rosted and eaten with Salt , Pepper , and Sugar .

The powder of dry Chesnuts voydeth Vrine .

The Beech is tall with a thicke white barke , or a Beech tree . sad red . It hath leaves like Lawrell , nicked on the edge . His fruit is a theerangle Nut , closed in a little The nature of it . pricking huske . His fruite is hot , sweete , and binding . His leaves are coole , which being eaten , doe helpe much the griefe of the gums and lippes . If they bee stamped , they much strengthen dead members , being anoynted with it . Swine and Mise delight much in this fruit .

The Oke is a tall tree , having a thicke rough barke , Oke tree . his leaves are deepe gashed , and his boughes are knotted : his proper fruit is the Acorne : the gall and his glew are but accidentall . It is moderately hot and dry , The nature of it . it bindeth , and especially the little skin which covereth the Acorne . Distilled water of Oke leaves cureth Fluxes , and rottennesse of the Liver : and expelleth all congealed bloud . His leaves stamped and applyed to greene wounds heale them .

Likewise they draw heate from swellings and pimples arising by heate .

Galls grow especially in olde Okes , and in the night , in the Summer , the Sunne then leaving Gemini : they bee of two sorts ; small and rough , and great and smooth .

Galls have in them sometime Spiders , Flies , and Ants : Some thinke Spiders doe presage pestilence , Flies warre , and Ants dearth . The powder of Galls doth heale wounds without any scarre . Robur is very hard and during : It hath lesse fruit .

The Ilex is very tall with leaves , Lawrell-like , ever Ilextree . greene , but lesser and sharpe : a thicke wood , and of a blacke red colour ; and is very rare .

Another kinde is the Corke tree , having like leafe , Corke tree . fruit , and greennesse , yet is it lesser , and hath a most thicke barke , which though it bee taken off , yet doth The nature of it . not the tree wither : it is called the female Ilex : his wood is full of pores and holes , and most light , and not to be sunke .

The Pine apple is a Tree full of boughes , with hayrie Pine Apple tree . leaves like Combe teeth , of whose sharpe top it takes his name . His fruite is Pine-nuts , these are hot The nature of it . and dry , and binde . They are good against coughs , and consumptions , strengthening , and heating .

The wilde Pine is a great high tree with hairy leaves .

The Pitch tree is tall with a blacke barke , tough and Pitch tree . stiffe , and running along his boughes like a crosse , from both sides of the trunke : his leaves are broader , softer , and smoother than Rosemary . From betweene the barke and wood of this tree floweth a gumme like Rozen .

The Firre tree is a kinde of Pitch tree , but somewhat Firre tree . whiter , his leaves on one side are of an Ash colour : from this floweth also a Rozen , which sod with honey profitteth against the destillations of the head and throat , against the Quinsey and other maladies ; it asswageth the inflammation of woundes , and joyneth them : it sodden with Barley bran and wine , cureth hard kernells .

The Larix is a high tree with a thicke barke clifted Larix tree . on each side : his boughes grow by degrees about the trunke : his leaves are thicke , long , soft , and hairie ; his fruit is almost like the Cypres , and hath a pleasant The nature of it . smell . The wood of this , for that it is dry and full of Rozen , burneth vehemently , and soone melteth mettall . His Rozen is in smell , taste , and working better than common Turpentine .

In colour it is like honey , tough but not hard . In the body of the tree groweth Fungus Agaricus , a swamp or mush ▪ rome . The best is white , thin , full of pores , light , and easie to breake : it purgeth fleame .

The Elme is tall with rough leaves and sharpe : his Elme tree . wood is yellow , hard , & deformed : the barke , boughes , The nature of it . and leaves have a healing facultie in scabbes . It also closeth woundes .

The Alder hath a long straight trunke , his wood is Alder tree . soft , his leafe like Peare-tree , but greater , thicker , and rounder : it groweth in moyst places , and by rivers . His wood is hot and dry , and indureth long under the The nature of it . earth , or in water . His thin and fat leaves layd upon tumors with hot water cure them , and helpe all swellings .

The Teile is a large and broad tree , with a thicke Teile tree . stalke : his leaves like Ivie , but softer and sharper . It The nature of it . bindeth : his other qualities are like the wilde Olive .

The Boxe hath little round leaves alwayes greene , Boxe tree ▪ his stalke is rough , for most part full of knotts , and blacke : the wood is hard and heavie , it sinketh in water , and never decayeth with age . Of this , boxes are named , because most of them were wont to be made of Boxe . It is dry and binding ; the powder of his The nature of it . leaves , with Lavender and water , profitteth against madnesse . Lye of Boxe maketh yellow hayres .

The Birch is a tender tree , his barke is blacke at Birch tree . first , but after white ; his wood is soft and weake above other . It hath a sweete sap ; In the rude age , his barke was used for paper . His sap taken in the Spring helpeth The nature of it . the stone , Iaundies , and rottennesse of the mouth ; also being put in milke , preserveth the Cheese made of that milke from Maggots .

Willow groweth apace , it endureth long , for Willow tree . The nature of it . though it bee hollow and rotten , yet it liveth . It is of two sorts , solid or brittle : the solid is blacke or yellow : the blacke is the greater and better , and is most apt for binding .

The yellow groweth chiefly neare water , it is sometime white . The brittle Willow is most white , and unapt for binding . Willowes are dry and thicke : his leaves and barke sod in Wine , helpeth gripings of the belly .

The Poplar delighteth in moyst and watrish places . Poplar tree . It is white or blacke : the white hath a long straight trunke , and a smooth barke : his leafe round , and after sharper , greene beneath , hoarie above , and do continually shake ; it is moderately hot and dry . The roote taken in drinke , defendeth from gripings in the belly . Blacke Poplar is like the white , but greater , softer , and hath narrower leaves , and greene below , and of an The nature of it . Ash colour above . It is hot and dry : the boughes held in the hand ( some say ) forbid wearinesse of hand and foote : his gumme stamped helpeth loosenesse .

Now follow shrubs , which spring up with many Shrubs . stalkes ; and are noble or lesse noble : The noble , as first , Cinnamon , which is a barke of a shrub of that Cinnamon . name growing in India : of a blacke colour , with thin boughes , which if they be broken , cast forth a sweete sent : His barke is of two sorts , thicke and thinne . The thinne is of the sharpest and best taste . The thicke is more slowly digested ; it comforteth the heart : the best The nature of it . is red and sharpe with some sweetnesse . It is of subtile parts , hot in the third , and dry in the second degree . It helpeth a colde stomacke , it strengtheneth the sight , heart , and liver , and begetteth pure blood .

Cassia Fistula , is a round , great , and purple Cane , Cassia Fistula . having a very blacke pith ; the heaviest and reddest Canes are best . Of the blacke pith is made a good and The nature of it . gentle purgation , called Cassia extract . This helpeth much against feavers , and many other diseases , if one ounce of it be taken with as much Rose water .

The Hasell is an high shrub with a slender stalke , Hasell . and full of white spots . His leaves are broader , and have more gashes than the Alder. The tree beareth the The nature of it . Filberd , and the Nut : these Nuts are hot and moyst , and make fat , but hurt the stomacke , and procureth a laske . If stamped in water and sugar , they bee applied , they helpe an old cough . The ashes burnt with Swines or Boares grease , and applyed to the head , causeth the hayre to grow .

The Elderne hath boughes of an Ash colour , and Elderne . in it is store of pith , and his leaves are much like to those of the Wal-nut tree , it beareth purple berries , having red iuyce .

Dwarfe Elderne is low & short , with a foure-square stalke ; these plants are hot and dry , and have power to The nature of it . purge and digest : Also it healeth and closeth ; the roote or leaves of Elder sod in wine , purge the dropsie , and nothing is more effectuall to that purpose than the roote of Dwarfe Elderne . Water in which the leaves of Elderne are sod , helpes to rid the dry cough . The Pitch or an electuary of the berries , expelleth sweate , and all poyson .

Barberries are not much unlike the wilde Peare , although Barberries . they bee farre lesse , and in the boughes some two or three prickes grow together . His leafe is like The nature of it . Quince leaves , but narrower . Barberries bee hot and dry in the second degree . The iuyce of the berryes profitteth against inflammation of the Liver , as also against inward impostumes : if it be applyed with nightshade , it quencheth thirst . The barke of his roote or fruit stamped , plucketh out a thing fast in the flesh : his syrrope tempered with sugar comforteth the hart , restoreth appetite , profiteth against burning Feavers , and all inward diseases of much blood .

The small Raisin hath purple boughes , and pampin Small Raysin . leaves , but lesse , and of blackish greene : it hath The nature of it . round red berries , upon long stalkes ; his fruit and leaves are colde and dry in the second degree , having power to close . The iuyce of the fruit taken , helpeth against trembling of the heart , & inflammations of the bodie ; but chiefly it helpeth the plague : his iuyce with Endive water profitteth to remove specks of the face .

The Rose groweth up with small twigs , of a blacke Rose . greene , full of crooked prickes ; his leaves are dented The nature of it . on the edge ; his fruit , namely , Roses bee of diverse colours . All Roses bee colde and dry , and helpe both inward and outward affections of the body .

The juyce sod in Wine helpeth griefes of the head , eyes , and gums . Honey and Rose water strengthen all parts , and purge melancholy and fleame ; sodden with Fennell and Salt , his oyle healeth burnings , and layed on the forehead taketh away heavinesse , and hot sicknesses . The funge of wilde Rose trees in powder with wine expelleth the stone . Water of Roses helpeth sore eyes , comforteth and cooleth the braine , it being drunke , relieveth the heart and stomacke : it keepeth the spirits , and naturall heate .

The Bramble is full of prickes , and crawleth about : Bramble . the leaves of sweete bryer on the one side are white , on the other blacke ; his fruite is the blacke berry , full of juyce , the berry is dry , colde , and close . His fruit , The nature of it . leaves , or sprouts quench inward heate . The top of his leaves sod in Wine stay the bloudie flixe , helpe ulcers of the mouth , and fasten loose teeth .

Poterion , uva orispa , Gooseberries is full of boughs , Gooseberries . hath ash coloured barke or white , full of sharpe thornes , his leaves are lesse than ground Ivie and crooked , his berries from greene turne to reddish : it is cold The nature of it . in the first , dry in the second degree ; his greene leaves cure inflammations , and apostumes , and asswage Ignis sacer .

Colutea in leafe not unlike to Fengreke , hath a Colutea . round fruit , as big as a Lentle in a puffed shell . It is hot The nature of it . in the beginning of the second degree , and dry in the first : it purgeth the panch : scoureth away chiefly melancholy , The nature of it . without trouble , from the head , braine , and the Instruments of the senses .

Thus farre of Plants growing from a trunke or stalke , &c.

Now follow Herbes which have but a thin small Herbes . stalke , consisting most upon leaves : These doe nourish more or lesse , as Corne and Pot-herbes , which nourish more .

Wheate is a kinde of Corne , having an eare upon Wheate . the blade , stuffed with many graynes ; it is moderately The nature of it . hot and dry , and of much nourishment , and helpefull for many diseases , aswell within as without the body : the best is hard to breake , heavie , and of gold colour , smooth , and groweth in fat ground .

Leaven of Wheate doth draw , ripen , and open ulcers , and apostumes : Bisket profitteth against rheume .

Barly is cold and dry in the second degree , and Barley . purgeth . His floure and new milke in plaster cure The nature of it . Biles , and such tumors , by easing their paine , and drawing forth heate . Bread made of it begetteth cold and slimie humours , and nourisheth lesse than wheat , Barley water maketh the skin faire and smooth .

Spelte or Zea is of a middle temperature , betweene Spelte . Wheate and Barly : it is a kinde of Wheate , and commonly goeth under that name .

Rye is not so hot as Wheate , and hurteth much , except Rye . it be well disgested .

Oates are colder than Wheate , and of operation almost Oates . like Barley .

Millet . Millet is a most fertile Pulse with sharpe leaves , broad below , and sharpe towardes the toppe : his cod hath The nature of it . in it a round long fruit . It is cold in the first , and dry in the third degree : It stoppeth the belly , and nourisheth but little .

Rize is smaller than Millet , and farre lesse , it groweth Rize . in moyst and watry places : it bindeth .

Lentells grow like small pease , and have a vertue to Lentels . binde .

Pease are either of the field or garden ; bearing a Pease . white , ot a purple flower .

Beanes are meanely colde , and moyst , inflaming , Beanes . windie , hard to disgest . Pot herbes .

Coleworts haue very broad leaves , which enclosing Colewortes . Their natures . one another round about become Cabbedges . These be colde and moyst ; and in Egypt be very bitter . The Romanes for the space of six hundred yeares used this onely herbe to cure all diseases . His broath expelleth the stone and gravell , his leaves applyed by themselves , or with the flowers cure inflamations : his juyce healeth festred sores , it cureth the falling of the haire . Broath made of his leaves with an olde Cocke , cureth the Collicke , and other gripings .

Spinagh hath an high stalke , and beareth sharpe Spinagh . seedes , his leaves being sharpe and triangular ; it is The nature of it . colde and moyst in the first degree . His juyce expelleth hurtfull rheume : It mollifieth the belly , and cureth hardnesse of the backe and belly . His Iuyce taketh away the paine and heate of the stomacke and liver : it helpeth the byting of Spiders ,

Lettise hath his leaves gathered into a curled roundnesse ; Lettise . that which groweth in the field hath a shorter stalke and leafe than Garden Lettise , being bitter , and full of milke .

It is moderately moyst and colde , like Spring water , The nature of it . it is wholsome in Summer , to restore appetite to meate . Yet too much of it hurteth the eyes : and boyld with womans milke cureth burnings .

Beetes have two colours , the one white , the other Beetes . blacke and red , both of them for their salt disgest and cleanse , but the white is more salt , and bindeth , yet being boyled , it looseneth : It cureth obstructions of The nature of it . the liver , especially if it be taken with vineger and mustard : It also cureth those that be sicke of the splene .

Purslaine hath round , thicke , fat , and white leaves Purslaine : on the backe , a red stalke , yellow flowers like a Starre : They of the Garden have broad leaves , and a thicke stalke : the wilde , lesser , and more leaves . It is colde in The nature of it . the first , and moyst in the second degree : it is tart ; his juyce helpeth a hot stomacke , and hot diseases ; it being somewhat binding , helpeth fluxes , and evacuations of bloud , if it be used with Barly flower .

Garden Mallowes grow with a round leafe , and high Mallowes . stalke , his flowers be red , or white : wilde Mallowes mollifie , and a little disgest : Garden , are moyst , and The nature of it . weaker . The decoction of Mallowes drunke , cureth on old cough : his leaves sod and used with common oyle heale burning .

The Onion hath a subtile stalke , round and hollow , Onion . arising from a round roote , wound about with many fouldings : it is hot almost in the fourth degree : it is The nature of it . of thicke partes : his juyce is a dry substance , and hot . An Onion all night layd in cold water and drunke , killeth wormes , and being beaten with salt , it draweth away warts by the rootes : his juyce put in the eare cureth deafenesse .

The Leeke groweth almost like Onions , and is of Leekes . the same qualitie , it doth dissolve swellings , and congealed The nature of it . bloud , being applyed like a Plaster .

Parsley hath leaves like Cicuta , it is hot and dry in Parsley . the third degree , it peirceth and dissolueth , provoking The nature of it . urine ; the seede is more effectuall than the herbe . It dissolveth the stone , it consumeth ill moysture , and sores of the head .

These hearbes following are used for Garlands , or physicke ; some of them smelling sweetly .

The Violet hath leaves lesser and thinner than Ivie , Violet . but more blacke ; his stalke commeth from the midst of his roote , beareth a purple flower , and a seed full of graynes . It springeth in woods , and shadowie The nature of it . places , wilde , but not sweete : it is cold in the first , and moyst in the second : and cooleth hot diseases and inflammations . Of it there be divers kindes , and colours : as the Pancey or Harts-ease .

The Daisie hath leaves somewhat round above and Daysie . The nature of it . small below , and the roote in the ground wheeling about : it is cold in the second degree .

The Ielly-flower hath sharpe leaves , growing like Ielly-Flower . grasse with flowers of sundry colours : it hath an attractive The nature of it . force , and the juyce healeth wounds in the head .

Maioram hath almost a woodden stalke , with many Maioram . The nature of it . rough round leaves , and it smelleth sweetly . It is hot and dry in the fourth degree , it is of thin parts , and of a disgesting facultie . It healeth , disgesteth , and prouoketh vrine .

Rosemary is hot and dry in the third degree , and Rosemary . smelleth like Frankincense . It mollifieth , disgesteth , The nature of it . and dryeth .

Spicknard is hot in the first , and dry in the second degree . Spicknard . The nature of it .

Lavender heateth and dryeth in the second degree . Lavender .

White Daffodill is hot and dry . It is of diverse Daffodill . kindes .

Rose Campion is an hearbe with an Ash coloured Rose Campion . stalke , as it were cotton , long leaved , and white , bearing purple flowers , growing up like the Prim-rose : The nature of it . his seede is hot and dry almost in the second degree : it prevaileth against the stinging of Scorpions .

Herbes used in medicine , are Aromatike , or ordinary . Aromaticke doe comfort and strengthen the spirits . Thence they take their name .

Saffron is hot in the second , and dry in the first degree : Saffron . it a little bindeth , and concocteth ; it may with good keeping be preserved five yeares . The nature of it .

It comforteth the heart and stomacke , it maketh pure bloud , and provoketh vrine , it scowreth the brest , it is deadly , if it be taken too much .

Ginger waxeth greene twise or thrise in the yeare , Ginger . it heateth in the third , and is moyst in the first , it is of The nature of it . more subtile parts than Pepper .

Zadury or Wormeseede heateth and dryeth in the Wormeseede . second degree , it is that we doe call the roote of China , like Ginger but not so biting . The nature of it .

Gallingall is the roote of a plant growing in Memphis Gallingall . and Syria , it groweth like the flouredeluce , but with prickes , and is broader and thicker from the The nature of it . roote . It is hot and dry in the third degree , as is the roote of Cyprus .

Calamus Aromaticus is an hearbe of India , growing Calamus Aromaticus . The nature of it . like reeds or figs. It is hot and dry in the second degree , and a little binding .

Acorus is a plant growing with leaves like Iris , but A corus . The nature of it . smaller , or like segges ; the roote is white , sweetly smelling . It is hot and dry in the second degree .

There be sexes of hearbes , as of other living things , some of which more helpe , namely , the Male or Female according to their kindes .

CHAP. VIII . Of humane Creatures .

MAn is a creature that hath reason , & as he is most What man it , and the manner of his generation . excellent , so hath he a more perfect shape in body than others . His members are formed , and beginne to appeare distinctly about the six and twentieth day . And they are all perfect in Males at thirty dayes , and in Females at 36. dayes . About this time the Childe beginneth to live , and to feele . The Male is moved in the third Month , but the Female in the fourth Month : then it is nourished and increased till the ninth Month , and after the ninth Month , when it is growne great , it is brought forth . This is the forming , and procreating of Man , for whose sake all other creatures were made .

A feeling soule is a power apprehending and What a feeling soule is . perceiving things placed without the body of living creatures . This facultie is exercised by the sences , and by motion accompanying the sences . The sences are outward or inward . The outward onely Sences outward . perceiving things present : And every one of these have their proper subject : and the most have a middle instrument ; of all which , if there bee a certaine mutuall consent and just proportion : the sences become of more force : but if any one of them have too excellent an object , or his instrument bee corrupt , they are dull and unfit to be used ; This is the cause of blindnesse to those that walke in snow , and of deafenesse unto Smithes , &c. Furthermore , sences are common to the whole body , or proper to some part thereof . The Touching . sence in the whole body is touching . This is a sence by meanes of flesh , full of sinewes , apprehending tactill qualities .

His instrument is flesh , full of sinewes , or rather a nerve like a hayre dispersed throughout the whole body . In man for the abundance of nerves is this sence most quicke ; his meanes is flesh and skin , for though the skinne be removed , yet a man feeleth hurt . Sences of certaine parts are more or lesse noble . The nobler are Seeing , and Hearing ; whose meanes are the water , Geeing . and ayre : Sight by the eye perceiveth bright and coloured things : The subject thereof is light , &c. Greene a most temperate colour is most acceptable to the sight . His instrument is the nerve Opticke , which from the braine commeth to the eyes .

Hearing is a sence perceiving soundes ; his instrument Hearing . is a little skin in the lowest winding , or turning of the eare , dry and full of holes : the skin is double , one below , which covereth a little bone like an Anvile : another above , containing a little bone , as it were a small Mallet . The upper striken by the soundes , striketh the lower , and stirreth up the spirits in the nerves to perceive the sound .

The more un-noble sences are Tasting , and Smelling : Tasting . Tasting apprehendeth tastes . His instrument is a nerve stretched like a Net upon the flesh of the tong , which is full of little pores . His meanes is a temperate salt humour , which if it doe exceed the just quantitie , it doth not exactly perceive tastes : but if it be altogether consumed , no tastes are perceived .

Smelling judgeth qualities fit for smell : his instrument Smelling . is the entrance into the first ventricle covered with a small skin ; the dryer it is the quicker of smell , as in Dogs and Vultures : but man for the moystnosse of his braine , hath but a dull smell .

Now follow the inward sences , which beside things Sences inward . presently offered , doe know formes of many absent things . By these the creature doth not onely perceive , but also understandeth that which hee doth perceive . These have their seate in the braine : They are either conceiving or preserving : Conceiving exerciseth his Conceiving . facultie by discerning , or more fully judging : it is called , Common sence , and the other is Phantasie . Common sence more fully distinguisheth sensible things ; his instrument is the former ventricle of the braine , made by drynesse sit to receive . Phantasie is an inward sence more diligently examining the forms of things : This is the thought and judgement of creatures , his place is the middle part of the braine , being through drynesse apt to retaine .

The preserving sence is Memory , which according Preserving . to the constitution of the braine is better or worse . It is weaker in a moyst braine than in the dry braine . His instrument is the hinder part of the braine .

Memorie calling backe images preserved in former time , is called Remembrance : but this is not without the use of reason , and therefore is onely attributed to man .

The wittie excell in remembrance , the dull ▪ in memorie .

Sleepe is the resting of the feeling facultie : his cause Sleepe how caused . is a cooling of the brayne by a pleasant abounding vapour , breathing forth of the stomacke , and ascending to the braine . When that vapour is concoct , and turned Waking how caused . into spirits , the heate returneth , and the sences recovering their former function , cause waking . There be certaine appointed courses for watch and sleepe , lost creatures languish with overmuch motion .

Affections of sleepe are Dreames , Night-mare , and Dreames ▪ Extasie , &c.

A dreame is an inward act of the minde , the bodie What they be . sleeping : and the quieter that sleepe is , the easier bee dreames : but if sleepe bee unquiet , then the minde is troubled .

Varietie of dreames is according to the divers constitution Their variety . of the body .

The cleare and pleasant dreames are when the spirits of the braine , which the soule useth to imagine with , are most pure and thin , as towardes morning when concoction is perfected .

But troublesome dreames are when the spirits bee thicke and unpure . All naturall dreames are by images , either before proffered to memorie , or conceived by temperature alone , or by some influence from the starres , as some thinke .

From dreames many things may be collected , touching the constitution of the body .

The Night-mare , is a seeming of being choked or The night-mare . strangled by one leaping upon him : feare following this compression , the voyce is taken away . This affection How occasioned . commeth when the vitall spirits in the braine are darkened by vapours , ascending from melancholy and phlegme , insomuch , that that facultie being oppressed , some heavie thing seemeth to bee layd upon us .

Therefore this disease is familiar to those , who through age or sexe are much inclined unto these humours .

An Extasie or traunce , is a vehement imagination A trance ▪ of the departure ( for a time ) of the soule from the bodie . A deepe sleepe lasting some dayes enseweth , for What it is ▪ the foule giving over it selfe to cogitation , ceaseth to serve the body . Wherefore men wanting motion and sence seeme to be dead . And with what humours the braine shall be compassed , such phansies doth it conceive , although sometime spirits working on such phatasies , imprint other things .

Now followeth Motion , which accompanieth sence , and is caused either by appetite , or change of place ; for we desiring things perceived in sence , cannot attaine unto them withour moving our body to that thing . Appetite ▪ What it is .

Appetite is a facultie desiring such things as are objects to our sense . It chiefly followeth touching , or thinking . Delight followeth touching . Delight is a desire of an agreeing Object . Griefe is his contrary , which is a turning from the hurtfull object , or from that we count unpleasant . Appetites following cogitation , are all the motions of the heart , which be called affections , and are either good or bad . The good cherish and preserve the nature of our sensitive facultie , as mirth , love , hope , which come of heate : when the heart dilating it selfe , desireth to enjoy the thing , with which it is delighted .

Motion is a facultie of living creatures , stirring a bodie , Motion what it is . entised by appetite from one place to another . It is either of the whole body , or of partes : Of the whole body , as by going , &c. Of partes , as breathing , which is made either by enlarging of the parts , which serve for the taking in of the ayre , or by the closing of them for the expelling of corrupt ayre .

Now followeth to intreat , Of the bodies of living Of the bodies of living creatures . What the matter of the body is . creatures .

The matter of the body in which the foresaid faculties be , is the seede of both sexes . Seede is most pure bloud , perfectly concocted in the testicles , and it is gathered from the whole bodie . For the testicles lacking nourishment , draw bloud from the hollow veyne and change it .

Conception is the action of the wombe , by which Conception , what it is . the power is stirred up to execute his inbred gift . Then that power being stirred up doth diversly distract the matter , separating his divers partes : and thus all parts alike get together their shape . Likewise all of them together are adorned with the faculties of the vegetative , or sensitive soule . Amongst the naturall faculties of the partes of the body , if there be putrifaction , a fault of the concocting facultie , there is made a certaine generation of matter : This is naturall , or extraordinary .

Naturall is by an inbred heate , not altogether subdued , Naturall . but slackly exercising force , through disposition of the mattter . Such is to be seene in inflamations , botches , and impostumes . For in these , nature so farre as it can , laboureth to bring this his subject matter to the best forme . Therefore such suppuration is wont to argue a certaine strength of nature , wherefore often with convenient helpes , it is carefully encreased . In this kinde , especially is praysed white , thicke , smooth , equall , and least smelling matter .

Extraordinary mattering is , when nature altogether Extraordinary . subdued , the humors or parts themselves are made full of corrupt matter through store of rottennesse .

But nature , or the concocting facultie , is overcome either through proper weaknesse , or by corrupt matter : this is observed in all rotten , malignant , and stinking botches , in which according to the diverse fashioning of abounding matter , are found diverse sorts of solid bodyes , as haires , and such other like .

Of partes of the ▪ body which appertaine to the Of the parts of the body . making up of the whole body , some are containing , and some contained . The contained for their fluent nature are sustained by helpe of others : Such are humours and spirits . Humors are moyst partes begot of the first mixture of nourishment in the liver . These are in the seede of creatures , and are called the beginning of things endued with bloud . Any of these if they fayle of their proper nature , are not fit to be in the bodie , but are become unnaturall .

Humours are of the first , & the second sort . The first Humors . are hot or colde , and moyst , and dry : Bloud is hot and Blood . moyst , and it is a thin , red , humour , and sweete . With this the other partes be chiefly nourished , amongst whom this is the chiefe . The faults of this is in substance , as putrifaction , or mixture of vicious humors : or in qualitie , as too thicke or too thin ; or is affected with some other badnesse . The humour that is hot and dry , is choller ; this is a thinne , yellow , pale , and bitter humour . His use is to helpe the expelling facultie , and chiefly in the Guts . Gall besides nature , through adustion is yellow , like an egges yolke , in the stomacke it is like rustic brasse .

The colde and moyst is phlegme , which is a tough , Phlegme . slimie , and whitish humour , and tastlesse . If this have a fuller concoction , it is turned into bloud . His use is to moysten the joynts . When it declineth from his proper nature , it is salt or tart , according to his mixture . The colde and dry humour is blacke choller . This is a thicke , blackish , tart , bitter humour . It serveth to strengthen the stomacke , that it may more easily retaine , and receive meate . When it declineth from his proper nature by immoderate burning , it hath divers kindes . Humors of the second sort are begotten of the first , being wrought with concoction they are like dew or glew . Dew is a humor contained in the hollownesse of the members , and joyned to their substance , like dew , with which they are nourished .

Glew is a humour immoderately congealed , and being Glew . firmely fastned to the members , beginneth to bee changed unto their substance , of which change it is called Cambium , and carniformis , like the flesh .

Now follow the spirits , which are a fluent part of Spirits . the body , most thin , and begotten of the bloud of the heart . The spirits are the chiefe instrument , and as it were the Chariot of the soules faculties , for with most speedie , and swift motion , it carrieth them over all the body .

Spirits having roote in the heart , be either absolute Vitall . What they are . or rude , and to be finished in other parts . Vitall spirits be absolute in the heart , and are of a firie nature , and from the heart by arteries are spred in the bodie , by whose communication all parts doe live .

Spirits to be perfected in other parts bee Animall , Animall . which from the heart be carried into the braine , and What they are . there made subtile by nerves , flowing unto all the other parts ; and this is the Chariot of functions or faculties of all living Creatures .

Parts containing are more solid , which are sustained by themselves ; all these either are as a stay or covering . The stay to other parts , is either bone , or gristle . Bone is the hardest and dryest part , and stay to all the bodie . Bones are knit together by ligaments , which are like hard and thicke threeds , being as bandes to the bones of the bodie .

Gristles are somewhat softer than the bones , and Gristles . sustaine all other partes . The covering of the other What they are . parts , is the skin , which is tender without bloud , and covereth the whole body . The membrane is a tender skin , covering some parts .

There is yet in these parts a common excrement of Sweat . concoction , which is sweat , and is a moystnesse of the What it is , veynes , expelled by secret pores ; of this is to be seene a diverse colour , according to the die of the moystnesse , or matter thereof : the usuall is watrish , through the white substance of the channels , through which it runneth . But if the pores be large and open , that without delay , and long change it may slide through them : especially , if for some affection of minde or disease , it become thinner , then is it speedily expelled , and tainted with some other colour , &c. Therefore from the colour of sweate , the bodyes constitution may be knowne . Colde sweate is worse to bee liked than hot , but either is bad if they be unequall .

Also the containing parts afore-named are animall , or vitall , and each of these are more , or lesse principall . Animall parts are , in which the animall parts are most exercised , as sence and motion together , or alone . The chiefe member of motion and sence , is the braine contained in the head ; whose substance being hurt , it is in danger to lose both sence and motion .

The Braine is softer than the other parts , white , Braine , what it is . and covered with a double skinne closely . The skinne of the brayne is either called Pia , or Dura mater . The scalpe is a thicke bone , covering the whole head , and hath up on it a skin with hayres . The scalpe is distinguished with certaine seames in certaine parts , which are true or fayned , &c.

The excrements of the braine are either thicke or Excrements of the braine . thin : The thin are teares bursting from the braine by the angles of the eyes . The greater the flesh of those angles be , so much more plentifull be teares , chiefly if the complexion bee colde and moyst , as of women . Teares be caused by heate which openeth , or colde which presseth the flesh , and causeth teares .

The thicker excrements which are expelled from the brayne , eyther are by the eares or nose .

In the eares is a moyst excrement of the brayne , gathering Of the eares . and rotting in their hollownesse .

That of the nose is a thicker excrement than that of Of the nose . the braine : which although it be like flegme , yet it is altogether of another nature . The pithe of the backe bone is neare to the nature of the braines excrement , save that it is harder and something hotter . The backe is bonie , round , and in his length hath twentie foure joynts . The Nerves are lesse principall parts of sence and motion , which if they be out of order , the parts in which these be , become unfit to move . Nerves or sinewes are thin parts , round , &c. white , much like to thicke threeds . Some are softer , some harder . The softer are of more use , of which are six paire , by two and two , from the braine arriving to other parts .

First , to the eyes . Secondly , To moove the eyes . Thirdly , to the tongue and taste . Fourthly , to the pallet and skin of the mouth . Fiftly , to the hearing . The sixt , to the mouth of the stomacke , by which sence and motion descend .

Hard Nerves have a duller facultie , and lesse serving to the senses , of which are thirtie paire , which by couples come from the marrow of the backe bone : by whose conduct the backe easily executeth his faculties .

The principall parts of breathing are in the brest : The breathing parts . being either Lightes or Heart ; wherefore these being touched , breathing is immediately hurt , and such wounds be deadly . The Longes are a spongious and thin part , soft , and like foame of congealed bloud , declining something to the right side . Breath is brought unto the Lightes by a rough Artery , knit to the roote of the tongue . This Arterie is a long channell made of many gristle rings on a row , which endeth in the Lights . If any thing fall into the hollownesse of this , the breath is hindred , and there is danger to be choaked .

The Heart is a fleshie part , solid , and well compacted , The heart , what it is . almost like a Pyramis : it hath two ventricles , the right and the left . The right by an arteriall veine communicateth bloud to the Lights . This veine is so called of a proper substance and office . From the left ventricle of the Heart ariseth Aorta the roote of all the Arteries . These are hollow vessells in the Heart begotte : and are thicke , distributing spirits throughout the whole bodie .

The excrements of the principall parts of breathing Spittle , what it is . be spittle and cough . Spittle is a windie foame cast out of the brest , and his parts : If it be avoyded with noyse , it is called coughing . Superfluitie of this matter is judged by the colour , for red spittle is of bloud , yellow of choler : white of flegme , and blacke of melancholy :

The lesse principall parts of breathing , are the Midriffe , what it is . midriffe , and the mediastin . The midriffe is a thinne skin , like perchment , fastened overthwart to the sides , and includeth the parts of the brest , The mediastin is a double skinne in length , dividing the brest into two sides .

The vitall parts are those which serve to the preservation of the spirits of living creatures , and are appoynted to nourishment , or generation . The principall parts for the perfection of nourishment be the stomacke and the Liver .

The Stomacke is a part like perchment , sticking to Stomacke , what it is . the throat , round , but long , and as it were , twisted with many small threeds , and it is the kitchin of nourishment to be concocted .

The throat is a channell , full of nerves , carrying Throat , what it is . meate from the mouth to the stomacke . The Fibres are as it were , very small threeds , by benefit whereof the stomacke enjoyeth her facultie . These if they bee straight and right , draw nourishment unto them : if crooked , they are oblique or transverse : those retaine nourishment received ; these expell excrements .

The casting forth of excrements by the upper parts Vomiting . of the stomacke , is called vomit , which expelleth that which aboundeth in the stomacke : yet such excrement is many times sent backe from other parts into the stomacke . The Liver lyeth upon the stomacke on the The Liver . right side , enclosing it with his laps , and is a fleshy part of nourishment , red , like congealed bloud , placed next unto the Midriffe . In the Liver is made the second concoction , namely , of nourishment in the belly , turned into a red masse : from the Liver ariseth a hollow veine , the roote of all other veynes . These are hollow parts , round , and guide the bloud unto all the body ; the substance of these is thinner by sixe folde than the skin of the Arteries , whose substance ought to be thicker for the vehement motion of the spirits . That the office of the Liver may be made perfect by meanes of veynes , other particles are allotted thereunto : which receive the abounding humors , choller , &c. The Gall receiveth yellow choller , and the Milt blacke . The bladder of the Gall is a slimie part in the hollow part of the Liver , of the figure of a Peare : the Milt is a long part like a shooe-sole , on the left side over against the Liver , but somewhat lower . Water from the Liver is received by the reines and bladder . The substance of the reines is thicke , and solid flesh ; they sticke on both sides about the loynes , and have emulgent veynes arising from the hollow veine . From the trench of the veynes hang downeward white , narrow veynes , guiding water from the reines unto the bladder . The bladder is a slimie part , round , and containing urine in it . Vrine is a whey separated from bloud in the reines , Vrine . and more fully purged in the bladder . This in the bodie of a temperate man , and sound , is of a meane substance , and in quantitie answereth the drinke received : in the chollerike it is yellow , or red . His sediment is white , smooth , and equall without bubbles , &c.

A sound body is knowne by voyding vrine , which How to discerne a sound body by it . in the morning is white , and after something red . For the one signifieth that it doth , and the other that it hath concocted . Vrine is of a meane substance betwixt thin and thicke . Thin vrine argueth the weakenesse of the body , and coldnesse predominant , and rawnesse of the parts of concoction . And this either remaineth the same or becommeth troubled . That sheweth concoction is not yet begunne , and therefore raw , or This , that it is but new begunne . Thicke vrine like that of beasts , noteth excesse of matter or concoction . Vrine doth varie according to age or complexion , or according to dyet and affections of the minde . For the vrine of Infants for the most part is white and milkie , the vrine of boyes is thicker , and not so white , the vrine of young men is like golde , and of olde men white and thin .

Touching complexions , the chollerick have Orange Complexions ▪ colour : Phlegmatike pale , and thicke : the Sanguine , red and meane . The melancholike , wan and thin .

Dyet changeth vrine , as Saffron or Cassia caussth Orange Dyet . colour . Vrine of those that fast long is yellow , of those that eate too much , it is white .

The lesse principall parts of concoction , are the Guts . gutts and mesenterion . The gutts are long , round , hollow , and are knit to the lower part of the stomacke . These are thicke or thin . The thinner are the three uppermost , as Duodenum , Iejunum , and Ileos .

Duodenum is the uppermost gut , twelue fingers long . Their severall kinds . The Iejunum beginneth where the Duodenum beginneth to turne unto rundells . Ileos is a thin gut , having inwrapped windings . The thicker guts of a thicker skin , are Coecum , Colon , and Rectum .

The blinde gut is thicke , large , and short , having but one mouth . The Colon hath many turnings . The right goeth straight to the Tuell : The excrement of the belly , if it be but softly ▪ compact , and made at the appointed time , and somewhat yellow , and not much smelling , argueth good concoction . If it be red , it argueth , that much colour floweth in the stomacke : if it be white , it sheweth cruditie and want of choller .

Blew sheweth mortification , and cold of the inward parts . Too thicke or thin egestion , argueth bad concoction : if fattish , or slimie , it noteth a consumption . Above all , in these things it must bee observed , what meate hath lately beene received .

The guts are wrapped about with the Mesenterion , How placed in the body . which is a skin in the end full of kernells , and woven with many thin veines , which meeting together , make a multiplying of Vena porta in the hollow of the Liver .

Thus of the common parts of all creatures : their kindes follow .

All Creatures are reasonable , or unreasonable . They The distinction of living creatures , and their severall kinds . which want reason , are Beasts , who live on Land or in Water . Those which live on the earth , moove on the earth , or in the ayre . Beasts moving on the earth , are fourefooted , or creeping . Fourefooted Beasts , bring forth young shaped as themselves , or eggs . Those that bring forth living Creatures , some have solide feete , and some cloven feete . They have solide feete who want hornes , as Horses , Mules , and Asses , &c. The cloven footed Beastes , for the most part have hornes , as the Oxe , Goate , Hart , &c.

Land Beasts bringing forth eggs , are the Crocodiles , and some which have a shell .

Frogges , Liserts , and some Serpents have foure feete .

Creatures creeping on the earth , are all kinde of Wormes , Ants ; Earwigs : to whom may bee added , Spiders , Lice , Gnatts , and such other .

Fowles are hotter and dryer than Creatures living onely on the land , and all of them bring forth egges ▪ and have but two feete . They have either whole feete or clawes . Geese , Duckes , Swannes , have whole feete to rowe in the water .

Other Birds for the most part have clawes , as Doves , Swallowes , Hennes , Sparrowes , &c.

The insect of Fowles , are Waspes , Bees , Hornetts , Gnatts , Flies . These Creatures are they which live upon the earth : those that live in the water , are Fishes , or of that kinde , as the Sea-Horse , the Sea-Dog , &c.

Fishes many of them are like to Creatures living on the earth in their parts : but they have not so much bloud : therefore they are colder and moyster .

Fishes are soft , or hard : the soft have scales , or onely a skin .

Of the scalie be the Carpe , the Pearch . Of the slimie be Eeles .

The harder fishes have plates , as the Crabbe , the Lobster , &c. Or shells , as Oysters , Mussells , &c.

FJNJS .