A treatise of the figures of grammer and rhetorike profitable for al that be studious of eloquence, and in especiall for suche as in grammer scholes doe reade moste eloquente poetes and oratours: whereunto is ioygned the oration which Cicero made to Cesar, geuing thankes vnto him for pardonyng, and restoring again of that noble ma[n] Marcus Marcellus, sette foorth by Richarde Sherrye Londonar.

A Treatise of the : Figures of Grammer and Rhetorike , profitable for al that be studious of Eloquence , and in especiall for suche as in Grammer scholes doe reade moste eloquente Poetes and Oratours :

Whereunto is ioygned the oration which Cicero made to Cesar , geuing thankes vnto him for pardonyng , and restoring again of that nobleman Marcus Marcellus , sette foorth ●…y Richarde Sherrye Londonar .

Londini in aedibus Ricardi Totteli .

Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum .

HONORATISSIMO DOMINO Guilielmo Pag●…tto , nobilissimi ordinis Garterit equiti aurato , domino de Beudesert , & illustrissi . nostrae reginae Maria consiliario , Ricardus Sherryus salutem optat perpetuam .

QVando ex omnibus dei Homo an●… mal prestissimu●… opt , Max creaturis nullum animal homme pre stantius ●…sse constat , Honoratissime domine , ●…ius ●…amen quanta sit dignitas , cum ex aliis multis , tum vel●…ine potissimum colligimus , quod cum c●…ra fere corporis omnia cum brutis habeamus communia , non tamen vt illa , ( que natura prona , atque ventri obedientia finxit ) obtutu in terram desixo , incurui deuoluimur , sed erecta ad coelum facie , amplissimum huius mundi the atrum , & quid quid est cius ornatus syderei , id totum oculis per lustrantes , non sine magna quadam animi iucunditate , diligentissime perdiscimus , & lubentissime contemplamur , Verum enimuero cum intellectus noster id sibi quasi pecu liare videatur habere , rerum causas perquirendo , meditando , cogitando , complecti : sua ipsius sublimitate cōtcta , seque , suisque bonis , suauissimis qu●… dem illis , apud se tantummodo perfruitur . Atqui id ne semper fieret , sed maiorem stirps humana vt cap●…ret vtilitatem , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , id est , sermonem illi attexuit diuina benignitas , vt motus suos illos ●…o cur ●…ti addi inter nos , sua sibi mentis aeterna agitatione fabricatos , in communem hominis vsum , diserta oris , atque linguae interpretatione , postea proferret , & , in quam plurimos latissime diff●…deret : adeo vt mihi rectissime iudicasse videantur , qui hanc hominis differentiam , quasique peculiarem notam esse existimauerunt , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 id est , fandi compotem esse . Ceterum cum id a nonnullis simplicius fiat , atque rudius , nihil vt propemodum a mutis , ac brutis , differre videantur , certe in quibus vis illa diuina , atque dicendi facultas , vires suas abundantius , ac fortius exeruit , hos , certe tanto ceteris prestare iudicamus , quanto illa rationis ●…nargia , atque ser monis magnificentia , reliquis antecedunt , & plures in ●…ui admirationem adducunt . Huius generis , loquentes ●…per exi●…●…unt . & si pauci extiterunt ( si ad multitudinem respicias ) extiterunt tamen vbique fere gentiūm non nulli , maxime vere Graeci , atque Latini , quorum fama nunc in illu●…ri posita , aeditis ad posteros cl●… rissimis monumentis , aeternitatem sine dubio e●… consequuta : Hi , & apud suos , & in republica summo semper cum honor●… versati , id velin primis 〈◊〉 , atque adeo necessarium existimauerunt , Elo●… quentiam excolere : cuius beneficia tantae , non modo tot retro seculis ( ab immanitate videlicet ad humanitatem deducto ●…am humano genere 〈◊〉 : me intelligebant homines nimirum prudentissimi , sed in posterum quoque tant●…s eius commoditates exorituras , vt in longissimum , atque adeo in etern●… sint duraturae . Quod vt fieret , neue vt vlla tempo Vtilitas , loquenti . per dur●… r●… . ris iniuria , aut edaci annorum serie aboleantur , cum a compluribus sedulo sit curatum , tum ab his certe haud leue momentum allatum esse vide tur , qui relictis posteritati luculentissimis preceptis Eloquentie ! audem , atque memoriam , orbi commen datissimam esse , voluerunt . Quo●…ū aliquot script●… cum nuper leg●…rem , atque ex his , quedam non temere annotata , excerperem , que , cum aliis multis , tum in ludo literario versantibus , in primis pros●… tura existimo : ea quisquis iuuandi studio in medium protulerit , etiamsi laudem nullam fuerit conse quutus , procul tamen a sicophantarū morsibus ●…sse Figurar , & Trop 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cessaria . 〈◊〉 positum . debet . Et certe si verum fateri volumus , absque Troporum , & Sch●…matum perfecta cognitione , imperfecta plane omnis poetarum , simul & oratorum est prelectio . Quia vero de figurarum generibus , atque vobulis inter artis scripto●…s non s●…tis conuenit , a●…is confusius , nonnullis cōscise nimis de illis tractan tibus , haud indignum opere laborem me suscepturum putabam , si paulo acutius inspectis earum descriptionibus , ordine quam fieri potuit lucidissi mo , non quidem vniuersas , s●…d maxime scitu dig n●…s comprehenderem , & studiose iuuentuti , quasi ●…auilli 〈◊〉 . in tabella spectandas , proponerem . Caeterum vt ca lumiatorum plena sunt omnia , ita non defuturos puto , qui hunc meum laborem vt leuiculum , con temnent , atque etiam vel hoc nomine irridebunt etiam , quod Anglice de Rhetoricis scribam . Inu●… luit enim nescio quo modo , ac sepissime auditur stultissima ista quorundam , sibi quidem vt viden tur criticorum , opimo , negantium fieri posse , vt que ●…liena in lingua diserte scribuntur , maxime si dis ciplinas attingunt , ea , cum venustate aliqu●… in nostrum sermonem posse transfundi . Horum ineptias , & si non sit difficile mul●…is , eisque fortissimus argumentis refellere , vt tamen il lis ora obstruantur , non quidem meis vllis rationi bus , sed illius viri testimoni●… , cuius autoritate com pressi , postea ne hiscere quidem contra , nisi impu dentissime audebunt , placuit in medium profer re , que super hac re , eximius ilie Rodulphus Agri cola , & prudentissime iudicauit , & disertissime ●…n Episto ●…d Barbi ●…um de ●…nādo stu in hec verba conscripsit Quicquid apud emedatos autores leges , vtilifsimum fuerit , idipsum quam maxime propriis , & idem significantibus verbis reddere vernaculo sermone . Hac enim ex ●…citatione assequeris , vt quoties dicendum tib●…●…iquid , scribendumue fuerit , quando concipiendis ●…erbis apud animum tuum sese quo natura fert vernaculus sermo protu●…erit , statim quoque la ●…ina verbaiam pridem illic hoc vs●… accommodata , sequantur . Ad hec quoque si quid scribere voles , optimum erit idipsum , quam plenissime , 〈◊〉 meque , patrio sermone intra animum tuum formare , deinde latinis , pure , proprieque id signifi cantibus , explicare . Sic fiet , vt omnia aperte , & quam maxime plene , dicantur . Omnes enim si quid in dicendo est vi●…i , facillime in eo perspicimus sermone , ad quem sumus nati , & , si quid vel dil●… cide parum , vel breuius quam conueniat , vel con torte nimium , nec satis cum re proposita coherens dictum fuerit , in eosermone expeditius annotabit quisque , quem notissimum habebit . Hactenus Rodulphus . Ex quibus plane conuincitur , non modo ; ex aliena lingua nostras versiones esse pro bandas , sed quanta quoque eius rei sit vtilitas , 〈◊〉 ostenditur , Sed ad te reuertor Honoratiss domine . Equidem munuscu●…ū hoolonge īfra dignitatem tuam effe confiteor , qui pr●… tua sapie●… tia , & ante complures annos , & nunc ab illustris sima nostra regina Maria in consilium ascitus , in hoc munere longe 〈◊〉 , summo cu●… bonore , & in grauissimis ●…uius regni negotiis feli ●…iter administrandis , pari cum fide , & integrit●… t●… , versaris . Vt tamenislud qualecungue est D●… minationi tuae offerrem , audaciam mihi fecit , sin gularis ille ammi tui candor , quo semper in studiosos omnes , tum in me priuatim benignissime vsus , vt de tuo in me animo , ac prop●…nsa voluntate felicissima queque mihi promitterem , ac etiam optime sperarem , effecisti Atque vt in his colligendis ha●…d omnino nullus fuit labor , ita c●…rte multis , que ad suscepti operis expolitionē pertinebant , hoc tempore dificientibus , non vt volui , sed vt potui , ●…pusculum hoc , & quasi syluam vberioris operis futuri , in publicum emisi : ampliaturus , fi modo vita , ociumque literis dignum contigerint , Interim hunc meum qualemcunque laborem , si aequis lectoribus , maxime vero tuae pr●…stātiae , non ingratum sore intellexero , certe , & scriptionis huius abunde mihi magnum pretium cepisse videor , & hac vestra facilitate , ad maiora in posterum suscipienda , animabor , Dominationem tuam deus . Opt : Max. quam diutissime ? seruet incolumen .

DE ELOQVVTIONE .

ELoquutio , quam 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Graeci dicunt , vnde & Eloquentiae nomen ortum esse putant , omnium partium vt pul●…herrima , ita quoque vtilis sima , atqu●… difsicilima ●…st , in qua oratoris vis illa diuina cernitur , quam cum Cicerone optimo doctore , in partitionibus , copiose loquendi sapientiam definio , Nam et ea profusae & immensaererum omnium inuentioni varietatem , plenitudinemque addit : & certis dicendi luminibus , res in orationibus explicat , atque exornat : & flumen grauissimis , setētits , et optimis verbis , propriis , apte translatis , sonantibus , ad dicendi g●…nus adducit . Nec solum ex flumine isto eloquutionis eligere verba oportet , sed etiam collocare . Vis enim & facultas orationis in simplicibus verbis , & coniunctis versatur , quarumilla inuemenda sunt , haec collocanda . Est enim quidam ornatus , qui ex singulis verbis est : alius qui ex coniunctis constat . Eligere autem & suo queque loco collocare , de sententia Ciceronis , in oratore , & Fabij Quintiliani libro institutionum oratorium octauo , nequaqua●… facile est . Sic. M. Antonius dicere solebat disertos se vidisse multos , eloquentem adhue n●…minim . Et M. ●…ullius ( vt ait Fabius ) inuentionem quidem & dispositionem prudentis hominis putauit , eloquentiam vero oratoris . Ratio enim inueniendi , & collocandi , communis omnium esse potest , qui vel antiquitatis clarissima monumenta in codicillos referunt , atque historias literis memoriaeque mandant , vel , qui de aliqua re loquuntur eloqui apte , destincte , ornateque dicere , ●…modum paucis concessum est . Sed quoniam bipartita nobis eloquutionis est preceptio , primum dicemus quas res omnis oratoria elocutio hab●…re debet , que pars in sermone Latino atque perspicuo , & comp●…sitione , & dignitate posita est : deinde quibus in dicendi generibus versatur . Eloqu●…tio igitur commoda & perfecta , tres res in se habere debet : Sermonem Latinum , & perspicuum , compositionem , dignitatem .

De Latino & perspicuo sermone .

DE his autem que in Eloquutione posuimus , hec sit prima cura , vt Latine & perspicue ad rerum dignitatem a●…que naturam loquamur , & verba efferamus ea , que , ( vt ait Cicero de oratore ) nemo iure repre●…endat . Latinus autem sermo & prespicuus ex Grammaticis discitur , qui orationem puram & ab omni vitio intermissam conseruat , & fa●…it vt vnumquodque pure , & aperte , & dilucide dici videatur . Constat autem Latinus sermo vsitatis verbis , quae in vsu quotidiani sermonis versantur , & proprijs , quae eius rei sunt , de qua loquetur . Nec vero proprietates ad nomen duntaxat , sed multo etiam magis ad vim significationis referri , ac potestatem oportet : nec auditu , sed intellectu perpendi . Ita translatio quoque , in qua fere maximus est Elo●…utionis vsus , verba non suis rebus accommodat . Sed tamen aliquando habet etiam in oratione inusitatum aliquod verbum , aut poeticum , dignitatem , quibus , loco positis ( vt Ciceronis verbis vtar ) grandior , atque antiquior or●…tio sepe , vide●…i solet . Poetas enim o●…nino quasi alia quadam lingua loqui , nemo est qui ignoret . Vi tia denique in sermone , quo minus is Latinus sit , Barbarismus . duo enumetantur , Barbarismus , & Soloecismus , quorum ille , cum verbum aliquod vitiose effertur , Soloecism●… . hic , cum verbis pluribus consequens verbum superiori non accomodatur , committi solet .

A briefe note of Eloquution the thirde parte of Rhethorike .

Eloquution which the Greekes call Phrase , wherof also the name of Eloquence doth ryse : as of all partes it is the goodliest , so is it also the profitablest & hardest , in whiche is seen that diuine might and vertue of an oratour , which as Cicero in his oratorie partitions defineth , is nothing ●…ls but wisedom speaking eloquently . For vnto the maruaylous great inuention of al thinges , both it addeth fulnes and varietie : it setteth out & garnisheth with certaine lightes of endighting the thinges that be spok●… of , and also with very graue sentences , choyse wordes , proper , aptly translated and wel sounding , it bringeth that great floud of eloquence , vnto a certain kynd of stile . And out of this great streame of Eloquution , not onely must we choose apt & mete woordes , but also take hede of placyng and setting them in order . For the might & power of Eloquution , consisteth in wordes , considered by themselues , & when thei be ioyned together . Apt wordes by searchyng must be found out , and after by diligence , conueniently coupled . For there is a garnishyng , euen when they bee pure and fine by themselues , and an other when thei be ioyned together . To chose them out fynely , and handsomely to bestowe them in their places , after the minde of Cicero and Quintilian , is no easye thing . So Marcus Antonius was wont to saye , that he had knowen many well spoken men , but none eloquent . Tully & Quintilian thought that inuention and disposition , wer the partes of a witty and prudent man : but eloquence of an oratour . For how to fyude out matter and set it in order , may be common to al men , whiche either make abridgementes of the excellent workes of auncient wryters / and put histories in remembrance , or that speake of any matter themselues : but to vtter the minde aptly , distinctly , and ornatelye , is a gift geuen to verye ●…ew . And because we haue diuided Elo●…uutiō into two partes , that is , wordes ●…imple , or considered by themselfes , and compound , or ioyned together in speach , according to this we say , that euery elo quent oration must haue in it . iii. pointes euidence , which belongeth to the fyrste part of eloquution , composition , & dignitie , which belongeth to the other .

Of Euidence and plaines .

Of these thinges that we put in eloquution , let this be the first care , to speake euidently after the dignitie and nature of the matter : & to vtter suche wordes , whiche as Cicero sayth in his oratour , no man may iustly reprehend . The plain & euident speache is learned of Grammarians , and it kepeth the oration pure , and without al fault : and maketh that euery thyng may seme to be spoken , pure ly , apertly , & clerely . Euery speach standeth by vsual wordes , that be in vse of daily talke , and proper wordes that belong to the thing , of whiche we shall speake . Neither bee properties to be referred only to the name of the thyng , but much more to the strength & power of the signification : and must be considred not by hearing , but by vnderstandyng . So translation in the which commonly is the greatest vse of eloquution , applirth woordes , not to the selfe proper thynges . But yet an v●…used woorde , or ●…oeticall , hath also sometyme in the oration his dignitie & being put in place , ( as ●…icero sayth ) often times may seme greater , & of more antiquitie . For that Poetes doe speake in maner as it were in an other tongue , it is right sone perceiued . Finally two fautes are committed in euery language , wherby it is not pure , Barbarisme and Solecisme . Of the which that one is committed , when any worde is fautily spoken or writter , that other , when in many wordes ioyned together , the woorde that foloweth is not well applied to that that goeth before .

De vitiis orationis .

OMnis oratio bona & diserta , tres habere debet praecipuas virtutes . Vt sit pura , dilucida , & ornata . His totidem opponuntur vitia . Barba●…um , obscurum , inornatum . Horum trium vitio sorum generum certae quaedam species sunt collect●… , quarum exempla subijciemus .

De Barbaro .

Barbarum vitium est , quando Barbaries quedam in orationem inducitur . Eius tres sunt species .

Barbarismus . Barbaralexis . Soloecismus .

Barbarismus primum Eloquutionis vitium , est error in Orthographia , & prosodia .

In Orthographia peccatur , quando in dictione aliqua , litera , vel Syllaba , adijcitur detrahitur , immutatur , aut transponitur . Exemplum , cum de figuris Grammaticis agemus , post oftendetur .

Error in prosodia est , cum contra rectam vocum pronuntiationem , eam syllabam que erat eleuāda deprimimus , vel contra , quae deprimenda erat , eleuamus . Id ne fiat , diligenter a Grammaticis est prospectum : qui vnicuique syllabae suum tonum quo vel eleuatur , vel deprimitur , vel circumflectitur assignarunt : primum acutum , secundum grauem , tertium circumflexum appellantes .

Barbaralexis est , quum barbara , & peregrinae ●…inguae vox Romano sermone inseritur .

Soloecismus . Hoc vitium ad figur as constructi●…nis pertinet , & antea in initio est definitum .

Barbaro opponitur Latinitas , quae coeostat regula , ●…uthoritate , & consuetudine . Latine loqui lex non est , sed obseruatio quedam excellentium virorum , cuius iud●…ium pro ratione stat.

Faultes of an Cration .

Euery good a●…d eloquent oration must haue three principall vertues : that it be pure , playu , and garnished . To these are there as many contrary vices . Barbarous , dark , and vngarnished . Of which three generall vices , there bee gathered certayne kyndes , whereof exaumples shall folow .

Of Barbarous .

Barbarous is a fault , when a certein vnpurenes is brought into the speche , and it hath three kindes .

Barbarisme . Barbaralexis , Solecisme .

Barbarisine the fyrste fault of Eloquution , is an errour in true writyng , and true accenting .

We misse in true writing , when in any word a letter or sillable is put too , taken away , chaunged , or transposed . Examples we will shewe afterwardes when we speake of the figures of Grammer .

The fault in accenting is , when contrarye to the ryght pronunciation of woordes , we put downe that syllable which should be lift vp : or contrary lift vp , which should be put down . And that we should not so do , the Grammarians haue made good prouision , which to euery syllable haue assigued their accent , wherby it is eyther lift vp , put downe , or strayned : calling the first an accente acute , the seconde graue , the thyrde circumflecte .

Barbaralexis , when a rude worde or of a straunge tong is brought into the Romain tonge . In the English speache there be so many , that some thinke we speake litle English or none at al.

Solecisme , this fault pertayneth to the figures of construccion and is defined ●…fore in the begynnyng .

Contrary to barbarous is pure latin , which standeth by rule , authoritie , & custome . For to speake latin is no lawe , but an obseruacion of excellent men●… , whose iudgement standeth for reason .

De obscuro .

OBscurum est cum vel verborum , vel structurae vitio , obscuritas quaedem iuducitur . Eius ●…ecies sunt .

Improprietas , Cum dictio minimae propriae significationis , orationi ceu nubes , inducitur . Terentius . Nam quod tu speraspropulsabo facile , speras , pro times , dixit .

Ambiguitas verbi , aut orationis , vt : Aio te Eacida Romanos vincere posse . Hic vitio compositionis in ambiguo p●…sita sententia . Nam vtri victoria promittatur incertum .

Hyperbaton , Perplexa , & impedita constructio v●…l iustolongior , Qualis plerunque fit ab ineptis affectatorihus Periodorum .

Eclipsis , Quum necessaria dictio sententiae deest , ita vt perfectum sensum non referat . Vt in epistolis ad Atticum permulta sunt .

Brachylogia , Quum de re graui nimis breuiter & anguste loquimur , quae & longiorem , & aptiorem requirebat sermonem Est & orationis virtus , quum plura paucis complectimur .

Atque haesūt ferme species obscuritatis , cui op ponitur secunda virtus orationis , perspicuitas , cēstās proprietate , sensu , & compositione , Vt docet Fabius in octauo libro . Cap. ij .

Of obscuritie .

Obscuritie is , when through the fault of wordes , or of settyng them together , a certayn darkenes is brought in , and hath these kyndes .

Impropertie , when a worde is brought into the talke hauing nothyng at al his owne proper signification : ●…s when we say , you shall haue sixe stripes whiche you long for : when thei long for them not one whit .

Ambiguitie , is of one word or of moe , as , I say the Eacida the Romains may ouercome . Here through the faulte of composicion , it is in doubt to whom the victorie is promised .

An intricate construction , or lenger than should bee . Suche as oftentymes happeth to them that fondly labour to tell a good rounde tale .

Eclipsis is , when there lacketh a necessary word in the sentence , so that it is not ful and perfecte . Many of these are in Ciceros Epistles written to Atticus

Brachylogia , when of a graue matter we speake too briefly , and that it requi●…ed a larger , & more mete treatise . It is also a vertue in speache , when we comprehend many thynges in fewe wordes .

Contrary to obscuritie , is playnesse , standyng in proprietie , sense , and composition , as Fabius dooeth she we in hys ●…yght booke .

De Inornato .

INornatum est quum velordo , vel dignitas ver bis decst , Species sunt hae .

Pleonasmus , Hoc est , adiectio verbi superuacui ad plenam significationem . Vt sic or●… loquuta est . Nonnunquam tamen asseuer ationis gratia adhibetur . Vt apud Terent . Hisce oculis ego●…et vidi , ●…e nega .

Perittologia , verborum adiectio superuacua , sine vlla vi rerum . Est autem Pleonasmo vitium affinc , nisi quod haec in sensu , Pleonasmus in ver●…is spectatur . Seneca , Habet inquit , hoc Montanus vitium . Sententias suas repetendo corrum●…u , dum non est contentus vnam rem semel bene dicere efficit ne bene dixerit .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Inutilis eiusdem verbi , aut cō●…ructionis iteratio , cum quid magno fastidio sepius ingeminatur , id quod inexercitatis fere accidit , vt eandem semper cantilenam canant .

Periergia , Quum in re●…tenui multum verborum , & superuacaneam operam consumimus , ac nimium immoramur . Id quod copiam male affectantibus accidit . Fabius superuacuam operositatem vocat . Huic opponitur expolitio , qua iam virtus est , quum videlicet versamur sepe diuersis modis eadem , & in vna re , atque in eadem sententia diutius commeramur .

Macrologia , quum aut tota oratio , aut aliqua sententia fit iusto longior , vt audientem fatiget●… Al●… orationem esse dicunt , res non necessa rias complectentem . Fabius hoc exemplum ●… Liuio ponit , libro octauo . Iegati nōimpetrata pace retro domum vnde venerant , reuert●…runt . Terentius . Mea est sic ratio , & sic animum induco meum . Sunt qui Macrologiam orationem esse velint nimis cultam , aut l●…nga descriptione productam sententiam . Mihi non absimile vitium esse periergiae videtur . Huic vicina Periphrasis , virtus habetur .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Cum rei magnitudo , vel dignitas , verbi humilitate deprimitur .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Cognatum superiori vitio , nisi quod pluribus verbis fit , vbi de re magna , & ardu●… iusto tenuior , & simplicior oratio , quam ●…es ea ferat .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Miosi contraria , quum ●…es tenues ac leuiculae , quadam efferuntur ni●…s tumida , & magnifica oratione . Qualem ●…omici pro decoro personae militibus gloriosis , & ●…arasitis tribuunt .

Asiatismus , hoc est Asianum genus orationis , ●…mmodicum , ac redundans verbis et figuris , sed ●…ebusinane .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Quum vitio compositi●…nis inuerecunda est oratio .

Cacemphaton , id est absurditas , vel absonum ●…uum duriter & deformiter inter se coherent li●…ere vel syllabae . Vt , iuuat ire & dorica castra . Et ●…eca caligine soles●… Tale est , O tite , tute tati . Fa●…ius Cacephaton esse ait , cum aut mala consue●…udine in obscoenum intell●…ctum est sermo detor●…●…us , aut iunctura deformiter sonat .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 . Hoc est praua & peruers●… affectatio , vt si quis eam orationem affectet , cui non sit par. Breuiter quoties ingenium iuditio caret , & specie boni fallitur . Vt recte quidam Cacozeliam esse dixerunt , per affectatim●… decoris corruptam sententiam , quum eo ipso dedecoretur oratio , quo illam voluit autor ornar Hec fit aut nimio tumore , aut nimio cultu .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Quum oratio omni ornatu ve●… borum , et figurarum caret , vel contra , cum est inep●… figurata . Nam in vitium ducit culpe fuga si ca●… ret arte .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Vbi nihil est in oratione varie tatis , aut suauitatis . hoc est , quum est vni for mis , et vbique sui similis oratio , & que nulla va rietate leuet taedium . Estque hoc vitium , & supe●… riori finitimum , & sequenti contrarium .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Vbi nihilest in oratione rectū●…ut proprium , sed omnia īmodice figurata , et nimi picturata Qualis est ferme sermo Apulaia●…s

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Commistio inepta sermonis variis linguis & idiomati●…us consuta .

Item , si quis poeticas figuras ora●…ni solutae admisciat .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Tractum genus dicendi , & oratio prorsus carens numeris , & compositione tolerabili .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Incompositum , seu male collocatum , hoc est , vbi verba male congeruntur , penisque coherent , alioqui bona si in loco poner entur , vel Cacosyntheton est indecens structur a ver●…borum , et compositio vitiosa .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 Male dispositum , & indistinctum , affine superiori vitium , quum nulla est in oratione oeconomia , sed omnia confusa sursum ●…eorsumque miscentur . Atque haec sunt breuiter descripta orationis vitia .

Of vngarnished .

Ungarnished is , when eyther there lacketh order , or beautifying in the wordes . The kindes be these .

Pleonasmus , the putting too of a superfluous worde , to a ful significacion : as , So she spake with her mouth . Somtyme it is vsed for asseueracion , as , I sawe it with these eyes of myne : denye it not .

Perittologia , a superfluous addyng of woordes , without any pythe of matter . It is like faulte to Pleonasmus , ●…aue that the one standeth in sense , the other is seen in wordes . Seneca . Mo●…tanus hath this fault , that he marreth all by to much repetyng of sentences , & while he is not content to haue spoken a thing once , he maketh all nought .

Tautologia , an vnprofitable rehear●…all of all one woorde , or construccioi●… . when with great yrcksomnes we double the matter , whiche commonly they are wont to doe that bee not exercised , but therefore sing all one song .

Periergia , when in a small matter we spend many wordes , & labour much in vain , and tarry to long in it . Which thing happeth to them that lewdly seke for copie . Fabius calleth it , vayne curiositi●… . ●…ontrary to this , is Expo●…icion , which is a vertue , when in dede we stand in one thing and sentence , turnyng the same diuers wai●…s .

Macrologia , when eyther the whole oration , or some sentence thereof , is lenger then it should be , and weryeth the hearer , Fabius taketh this example out of ●…iuie , in the eyght booke . The ●…egates ( peace not beyng obtayned ) did returne home agayne from whence thei●… came . Terence . This is my reason , and thus I thinke in my minde . There bee that call it Macrologia , when the oration is to trimme , & set out at length with some godly description . Me thinks it is much like Periergia . Periphrasis●… which draweth uye to this , is counted a vertue .

Tapinosis , when a w●…ightie & high matter is brought downe by bas●…s of a worde : as if you would say to a king , And it please your Mastership .

Bomphiologia , contrary to Miosis , is when lighte and ●…sting matters , are set out with gaye and blasing wordes . Suche as in ●…ommedies are wont to be spoken , of crakyng souldiers , & smell feastes .

Asiatismus , a kynde of endighting vsed of the Asians , full of figures , and wordes , lackyng matter .

A●…schrologia , when through the fault of ioynyng wordes together , some vncleanly meaning may be gathered .

●…acemphaton , when letters & syllables hang euil fauouredly together : as if there be to many of this letter , r , or of t , which causeth a rough●…es , or stamme ring .

●…ozelia , a peuishe desyre to folowe suche a kynde of wrytyng as thou arte not inete for : defacyng the thyng which thou wouldest fayuest beauti●…ie .

Asch●…maton , when in the oration there is no varietie , nor pleasauntnes , but it is all alike , and by no varietie taketh away tediousnes , a fault lyke to that y● goeth before , and contrary to thys that foloweth .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 When in the oration the●… is nothing rightly and properly spoken , but all is to muche befigured and begayed . Such is the writing of Apuleius

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 A foolishe mingling together of wordes out of diuers languages . Also if a man in prose would vse figures poeticall .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 A kind of endighting drawe out a long , vtterlye voyde of all swete and rounde composicion .

Cacosyntheton , when the wordes be euil heaped together , and be worse ioyned : beyng good if thei wer set in place .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 A faulte somewhat lyke the other : when there is no good disposicion of the woordes , but all are confused vp and down , and set without order .

De figuris Grammaticis Orthographicis .

APud Grammaticos , figurarum duo sunt genera : alterum singulorum verborum , alterum constructorum . Priores figurae a Grecis 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 nominantur , quia verba , transformant . In prosa , his vti non licet , si barbarismi reprehensionem volumus effugere . A poetis metre causa vsurpantur . In oratione soluta nihil impedit quo minus verba , acsyllabas integre pronunciemus , & scribamus : quod quia versibus non fit , orthographicae etiam vocantur , quasi orthographiam vitiantes . Et si autem Latinis , sed Grecis maxime in componendis versibus celebrantur , tamen nostris quoque poetis non sunt infrequentes si quis eorum poemata cūratione perlegerit . Se●… nunc ad figuras .

Defiguris orthographicis .

FIgura Orthographica est , cum a vulgariratione scribendi , aut loquendi , metri causa deflectimus . Eius species sunt .

Prosthesis . Cum dictioms initio , litera , syllabaue additur . vt . Virg. Oscula libauit gnatae dehinc talia fatur gnatae pro natae . Terentius . Pol ●…oc si scissem : numquam huc tetulissem pedem , pro , tulissem .

Epenthesis cum medio .

Iuuenal . Rara auis in terris nigroque similli ma cigno pro , similima . Virgil. Romanus Gra iusque & Barbarus induperator . pro , imperator

Paragoge , cum aliquid fini additur .

Persius . At pulcbrum est digito monstrari , ●… dicier hic est . pro dici .

His totidem contraria sunt , vbi aliquid deest .

Apheresis . Cum principio dictionis aliquid adimitur . Virgil. Babit ille ruinas ,

Arboribus , stragemque sans : ruet omnia la te ru●…t , procruet . Horat. Et cetera ludicra pono pro depono .

Sincope , cum aliquid in medio deest . Virgil Sufstulit , exutas vinclis ad sydera palmas . pro vinculis , Idem . C●…ngite fronde comas , & pocula por gite dextris pro , porrigite .

Apocope , Cum a fine aliquid adimitur . O 〈◊〉 . Adfuit & certis tempora vinctus Hyme●… pro Hymeneus .

Metathesis , transpositio quaedam literarum Virg. Nam tibi timbre caput Euandrius abst●…lit ensis . pro timber .

Antisthecon . Literae pro litera positio . Virgilium Olli subridens hominum sator atque deoru●… Olli , pro , illi .

〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉

Sequuntur schemata prosodica , que in ver suum dimensione adhiberi solent .

Diaeresis , vnius syllabae , hoc est , diphthongi in duas syllabas diductio . Virg. Diues equum , diues , pictai vestis & auri .

Syneresis . Duarum syllabarum in vnam comprehensio . Ouid. Notus amor Phaedra , nota est iniuria Thesei . Vbi . E. i. sonandum tanquam . i.

Hae due figurae in versuum scantione adhiberi solent .

Diastole , Syllabae breuis , aut ancipitis productio . Virg. Exercet Diana choros . Diana prima producta dixit , quum sit alioqui breuis .

Systole , Cum longam syllabam corripimus . Virg. Connubio iungam stabili propriamque di cabo . Hic . nu. corripitur , quum tamen sit longae . Et hae due figurae ad syllabarum quantitatem pertinent .

THe like vnto these figures gen tel reader , vndoubtedly be found in oure Poetes , where for the Metre sake , they oftentymes bee fayne , to adde , to chaunge , to dyminyshe Letters , and Syllables , from the true writyng and reading of the In this verse , where is that false cruel tirant Nerown . woorde : as Chaucer sometyme calleth hym Nerown , whose name in dede is Nero : and that to make the Meter agree with the staffe that went before , & so addeth a syllable in the latter end of the woorde , as dooe the Latines , whan they saye Dicier for dici . And as here is added somewhat to the ende : so in thys verse , In wintars iuste returne whan Boreas gan his raygne : is taken awaye a syllable from the begyunyng , ( gan ) beyng put for began : but so yf he should haue sayde , than had the verse been to long by a syllable , although in deede the worde shoulde so haue been truelye written . Nowe because I am not well seen in Englishe Meters my self , therfore I coulde not , I confesse , wel exemplifye in Englishe all these foresayde figures in Latin . Uirgil sayde well . Non omnia possumus omnes . Whoso can do it , is worthy prayse , and worthy more praise yf he wyll doe it . But to say somewhat of these figures : whosoeuer thynketh them lyghtly to be passed ouer , iudgeth ouer lightly . For truly it is not inough in expounding Latin Poetes , to say , here figure : except he tell him also it is a faulte . But because of the Metre , in stede of fault it is called a figure . And the like is not to be vsed in prose , whan there is no necessitie why we shoulde not bothe write out the worde at length and also pronounce it as it is wrytten . Who will saye , and say truely , porge dextram , for , porrige dex●…eram : and yet so sayeth Uirgill before alleged , in the figure Sincope . And so of the reste . Thus muche I thinke sufficient to haue noted touching this matter .

De figuris constructionis .

FIgurarum Grammaticarum partem alteram in verbis coniunctis positam esse diximus , quae Syntaxis Grecis dicitur . Ea est ratio coniungendorum verborum , secundum artis regulas , vt perfecta inde conficiatur oratio . De eo , Grammatici plurima dederunt precepta . A duersus quae , vitium qui commit●…t , in Soloec●…smum incidit . Verum quia non temere , s●…d certis de causis , eximij authores , a regulis illis declinant , pr●… ●…tio figura est appellata .

Figura constructionis quid .

Est itaque figura Constructionis , cum a communi ratione loquendi , breuitatis , aut alicuius commoditatis gratia , non nihil deflectimus . Eius species sunt .

Eclypsis , cum ad legitimam constructionem , dictio necessaria deest , quae tamen vel consuetudine authorum subaudiri solet , vel quia ex ceteris verbis precedentibus est certa , vt .

Post quam ventum est ad Pauli . Templum . Cur non recta introijsti . Via . Datae primo Ianuarij . Litterae . Tendebat in valle . Tento●…ū . Laborat morbo quartane . Febris . Nemini bonus est preterquam suis. Seruis . Ex eo non cessauit insidias struere fratri ! Tempore . Sunt qui te cursu antevortant . Homines dictum est . De his satis .

In his omnibus verba in margine posita sun●… intelligenda .

Aposiopesis , cum aliquid sermonis integritati deest , vel affectu aliquo , vel transitus causa ad aliud

Affectu sic . Sepius te huius errati admonui ve rū●…isi caues . Hic per iram abscinditur ●…ententia .

Noui quando , & quo in loco , t is . Hic pudor●… mpeditur sermo . Transitu sic , Quos ego Sed motos restat componere fluctus .

Zeugma est , quum in similibus clausulis com●…unc aliquid in vna positum , in aliis non muatum , desideratur , Fitque multis modis .

Quod detrahitur , aut ipsum est verbum , aut aliquid quod verbum vel precedit , vel sequitur . Et verbum quidem sic .

Non locus virum honestat , sed vir locum . In secunda clausula omittitur ( honestat . )

Quod verbum precedit sic .

Probus non solum presentes amicos colit , sed etiam absentes amicos obserant . Iterum supplend●… ( Probus . )

Quod verbum sequitur sic .

Vt probus absentes amicos tuetur , it●… improbue ●…istituit . Subaudi amicos .

Variatur Zeugma & a loco vbi illud commune ponitur . Nam si in priore clausula sit , vocatur Prozeugnia . Si in media . Mesozeugma . Si in vltima , vocatur Hypozeugma . Hoc modo .

Vicit pudorem libido , timorem audacia , rationem amen●…ia .

Forma & etate deflorescit , & morbo .

Forma , morbo , dolore , atque aetate deflorescit .

Diazeugma , cum vnaquaeque clausula suum●… habet verbum , sic , Auaritia corpus ledit , anim●… corrumpit .

Prolepsis , quum generale praecedens , diuiditur in partes , in quibus subauditur coniunctio , ve●… copulatiua , vel discretiua . Vt , Aquilae volant , haec ab oriente , illa ab occidente , pro , & hec volat ab oriente et illa ab occidente . Cepere captiuos , partim integros , partim sa ucios : pro , & partim cepere integros , & partim cepere saucios . Mire faciunt be duae figure ad breuitatem , tum loquendo , tum scribendo .

Appositio , duorum aut plurium substantiuorum ad eandem rem spectantium , quorum alterum declarat alterum , immediate facta coniuncti●… vt Fluuius Tamesis in mare , influit .

Apposition is an immediate ioyning together of two nownes substantiues or moe , the one declaring the other . As , The floude Temmes floweth into the Sea .

Diuer sum ab his genus est , quod excessu constat . Pleonasmus generatim appellari solet . Accidit autem cum vna plures ve dictiones ad legitimam constructionem non necessariae , in oratione redundant , sic .

Meis egomet oculis vidi . Sic ore loquutus est . Vbinam gentium illum inueniam nescio .

Huc spectat Epanalepsis , qua , post aliquam ●…ulta interposita resumimus quod in principio ●…ollocauimus , cum alioqui sine ●…o , constructio suo●…umeros ha●…eret . Resumimus autem , vel verbis ●…sdem , vel diuersis , aut potestate paribus , vel ma is generalibus , Eisdem sic . C●…ue existimes 〈◊〉 ( quanquam non est necesse illud ad te scribere ) ●…aue putes probitate , constantia , cura Reip , quicquam illi esse simile . Potestate paribus sic . Confir●…nato illo , de quo , si verum dicit Philosophus . 〈◊〉〈◊〉 non possumus : hoc inquam stabilito , & fixo ●…llud excutiendum , quid sit dolore carere . Magis generalibus sic . Verum animum vincere , irra●…undiam cohibere , victoriam temperare : Haec qui faciat , non ego eum summis viris comp●…o , sed 〈◊〉 milimum deo iudico .

Restant configurationes , quae non verborum 〈◊〉 superiores , sed ordinis Grammatici , quasi perturbationem habent , cumque 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 hoc est , transeunt . Quo sit , vt apud Grecos generale no men & tanquam caput ad quod ipsae referuntur , ha beant Hyperbaton : quia ordo legitimus diction●… , clausularumue immutatur . Eius ●…ecies sunt hae .

Anastrophe , verborum ordo praeposterus . Mare fluit insulam omnem circum . Diu cum pugnatum esset .

Histerologia , cum preposuio non casui cui serui sed verbo , quasi cum eo compositum sit , 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 qui adueneris vrbem Ft , atque rot summas leuibus , 〈◊〉 labitur vnaas .

Hysteron proteron , hoc 〈◊〉 a precedent quod illic , vocabulorum & e●…rum tractationi●… bic autem rerum ipsarum est transpositio . Cu●… , quod secundo loco fit , priorem in orati●… onis ordine locum possidet , Virg.

Postera Phaebea lustrabat lampade terras .

Humentemque aurora polo dimouerat vmbram .

Tmesis . Cum composita ●…oce diuisa , dicti aliqua eius partibus interponitur . Terentius Qaeu meo cunque animo libitum est facere , fec●… Cicero : Quam rem procul inquit dubio dixisset

Interposito , Sensus quispiam sermom , an●… tequam absoluatur interiectus : qui quanquam eius viribus aliquid confert , tamen sublatus legitimum s●…onem relinquit . Horat. Cetera de genere h●…c ( adeo sunt multa ) loqucem delassare valent Fabium .

Of Grammatical figures we sayde 〈◊〉 other to be put in wordes , whan they 〈◊〉 ioyned together , which in Greke is 〈◊〉 construction . That is , a maner 〈◊〉 way to set them together after the 〈◊〉 of the Arte , that of them maye be 〈◊〉 a perfecte and full oration . Of 〈◊〉 the Grammarians haue geuen 〈◊〉 preceptes . The faulte thereof in generall woorde is called Incongruite . But because this is openlye vsed of 〈◊〉 authours , not at al aduentures , 〈◊〉 for certayn causes , in stede of fault it is called a figure .

Of the figure of Construction .

So then the figure of Construction is , when we somewhat turne away from the common and vulgare maner of speaking , because of briefues or some commoditie moditie . The kindes be these .

Eclypsis , when to the iuste Construction a necessarye woorde lacketh , whiche yet is wont to be vnderstande eyther by the custome of authours , or because it is certayne by other wordes that go before : as .

After we wer come to Paules . Churche . Why went you not straighte in ? Waye . Dated the fyrit of January , Letters . He pitched in the valley . His tent . He is sicke of a quariane . F●…uer . He is good to none but to his owne . Frendes or seruantes . Since that he ceased not to lye in wai●… for his brother . Tyme . There be that wyll ouerrunne you . Menne . Inough of this Is spoken .

In all whiche must be vnderstand the wordes put in the margent .

Aposiopesis is , when any thing lacketh to the perfect●…es of speache , eyther for some affection , or for p●…ssing to an other thing , that standeth vs more vpon .

For affecc●…on thus . Often haue I warned thee of this faul●…e , but except tho●… beware . Here the sentence is cut of for anger .

I know whan , and in what place thouhere is a stoppe , through shame . And thou also , if thou remember . But I say no more . Here for passing to an other matter , we breake of the tale .

Zeugma is , when in like clauses , some common woorde or thyng , putte in one clawse , and not chaunged in the other , is yet left out , and vnderstand , and that many wayes .

That that is taken away , eyther is the verbe it selfe , or somewhat that goeth before the verbe , or somewhat that foloweth . The verbe thus .

Not the place honesteth the manne , but the manne the place . In the seconde clawse is left out ( honesteth . ) That goeth before the verbe thus .

A good man loueth not only his frendes presente , but maketh muche also of hys frendes absent . Here must be supplyed this worde ( good man . ) That foloweth the verbe thus ,

As a good man defendeth frendes absent , so an euill man forsaketh : vnder●…tande ( frendes . )

Zeugma is varyed also by the place , where that common woorde is putte .

For if it be set in the foreclawse , it is called . Prozeugma . If in the myddle , Mesozeugma . In the last . Hipozeugma in this wyse .

Lechery ouer came chastitie , boldnes , feare , madnes , reason .

Beauty , by age decayeth , & by sicknes

Beautie by sickenes , by sorowe , or 〈◊〉 age decayeth .

Diazeugma , when of those thinges 〈◊〉 which we speake , either both , or ech on●… of them is concluded , with their certain verbe , thus : The people of Rome destroyed Numāc●… , ouer threw Carthage cast down Corinthe , and raced Fregels Also , coue●…ousnes hurteth the bodye , corrupteth the mind .

Prolepsis , when the generall word●… going before , is diuided into partes where must be vnderstande a coniunction copulatiue , as .

Aegles flee , one from the East , anothe from the west : for , & the one flieth fro●… the East , and the other from the West

Thei toke prisoners , partly hole , 〈◊〉 ly wounded : for , and partlye they 〈◊〉 hole , and partlye they tooke wounded Merueylouslye serue these figures 〈◊〉 breuitie both in speakyng and writyng

Contrary to these , is that kynd 〈◊〉 standeth in excesse , called generallye , Pleonasmos , That happeth , whan one , or many wordes , not necessarye to the ●…ust and lawfull construction , doo●… abounde thus .

I saw it with myne eyes . He spake , it with his mouth . I wote not in the world wher to fynd hi

Epanalepsis , when after some thinges put betwene , we repete agayne that we set in the beginning , the construction neuerthelesse beyng perfecte without it . And we repete it again either with the same wordes , or other that be of like value or els more general . With thesame thus

Thinke not Brutus , how be it I haue no nede to write these thiges vnto the , that thou knowest wel ynough I think not , I say , any man like vnto him , in ver tue , constaunce and diligence . With other wordes that be of like value thus .

This thing confyrmed , of whiche if the Philosophers saye true , we cannot doubt , when in death there is no suche vtter vndoing , that not that lest suspicion of sense maye remayne : this then I saye wel assured , we must discusse this , what it is to lack sorow . with more gen●…ral thus

But to ouercome thy mynde , to restrayne thyne anger , to temper the victorie . Him that doth these thynges , I doe not compare to the noblest menne , but iudge most like vnto god .

De Hyperbato .

Nowe remayne those figures , which trouble the Grammaticall order : & ther fore as to the chiefe are vnder this Greke worde , Hyperbaton , which is as muche to sa●…e , of woordes and construction a troubled order . His kindes be these .

Anastrophe , a preposterous orderyng or setting of woordes , as : The sea floweth all Englande about . Long when they had fought .

Hysterologia when the preposicion is not put vnto the nowne where unto it serueth , but to the verbe , as though it were compound with it , thus .

He slydby with his wheles the vppermost of the water : wher by is ioined to the verbe that properly belonges to the nowne , thus : He slydde with hys wheles by the ouer part of the water .

Hysteron proteron differs from the figure before , because there is but trans posicion of the wordes : & here is a transposicion of thinges : that is , when that in the order of speaking is set in the fyrst place , that was not firste done , but second . Uirgil . Phebus lyghtned the earth with his golgē Lampe , and draue away the moyst shadow from the Pole .

Here is set in the seconde place , that whiche was fyrste done . For night was drieuen awaye before the Sunne gaue lyght vpon the earth .

Tmesis is , when a compound word being diuided , some other word is put betwene the partes , thus . What thinges soe uer pleased him to do , he did . Here ( thinges ) diuideth this one word , whatsoeuer

Interpositio , a sense cast betwixte the speache , before the talke be al ended : which though it geue some strength , yet when it is taken away , it leaueth the sentence perfect inough . Other that be of this sort ( thei be so many ) are able to wery babling Fabius .

De Tropis .

Antonomasia , quum pro nomine proprio cogno men quoddam extraneum studij , artis , officij , aut dignitatis ponitur . vt .

Philosophus . pro Aristotele . Poe●…a . pro Virgilio . Seruator . pro Iesu. Apostolus . pro Paulo .

Aut contra , nomina propria pro appellatiuis , 〈◊〉

Socrates pro sapiente . Thraso pro iactabundo .

Item 〈◊〉〈◊〉 , pro his quae genti attribuuntur . vt ,

Cretensis , pro mendaci . Scytha , pro inhumano .

P●…phrasis est , cum quod vno vocabulo dici potest , pluribus verbis explicatur , ●…el decoris , vol necessitatis gratia , idque ●…pliciter , Nominis explicatione . Vt cum pro philosopho studiosum sapientiae dicimus .

Rei 〈◊〉 , cum pro dialectica , disserendi rationem ponimus .

Notatione , hoc est , cum notis ac signis quibusdam rem aliguam describimus , vt , Bilis efferues cit , pallet vultus : 〈◊〉 oculi : tremor membra occupat , 〈◊〉 . liem cum pro nomine proprio pat●…am , sectam , aut facinus ponimus , Vt pro virgilio , Mantuanum vatem , pro Aristotele peri●… pateticae , scholae principem , pro Scipione , Carthagi nis & Numantiae euersorem . Fit periphrasis tegendi , quae sordida sunt gratia , Sallustius , ad requisita nature . Et ornandi quae pul●…bra sunt caussa , vt breuitatem splendide producat . Exem plum habes . Erasmi periphrases in Euangelia , Differt ab Antonomasia , quod in ea simplex ver bum simplici proprie commutatur , hic vnum pl●… ribus explicatur .

De Tropis orationis .

TRopus orationis est , quum non vnius tantum verbi , sed omnium in constructione vocum significatio mutatur , Eius species sunt .

Allegoria , quae est oratio aliud verbis , aliud sensu demonstrans . Vt. Horat.

O nauis referent in mare te noui

Fluctus , ó quid agis , fortiter occupa portum .

Quo in loco ( vt ait Fabius ) nauim prorepublicae .

Fluctum probellis ciuilibus , portum pro pace & concordia voluit poeta intelligi subijciuntur alligoriae .

Aenigma , quae est oratio é qua propter obscuritatem nihil certi colligitur : vt , Mater me genuit , eadem mox gignitur exme . De glacie ex aqu●… concreta , & rursus in eandem resoluta .

Paroemia celebre dictum scita quapiam 〈◊〉 tate insigne . vt Auribus lupum teneo .

Iroma que non è verbis aeque ac pronuntiatio●… ne , reiue natura intelligitur . Est aut●…m 〈◊〉 aliud verba , aliud sensus continent . Eius form sunt .

Sarcasmus , hostilis irrisio , & amara insultatio●… En agros , & quam bello Troiane petisti , Hesperi●… am metire iacens .

Astysmus , quum quid faceta ●…banitate 〈◊〉 politur . Virg.

Qui Bauium non odit , amet tua carmine Meui●…

Atque idem iungat v●…lpes , & mulgeat hircos

Mic●…yrismus , Simulatus risus , non tamen 〈◊〉 tens . Persius .

Non ego curo .

●…sse quod Arcesilas .

Charientismus , quum duriora gratiosis verbi●… molhuntur . Terent , Bona verba queso , quu●… pistrinum deprecaretur Dauus .

De Tropis .

QVoniam Troporum cognitio pueris pernecess●… ria est , & cum his figuris de quibus hactenu●… disseruimus , coniunctam tractionem hahet , 〈◊〉 eos explanando , ac diuidando , paucis per●… ●…uemur . Ab ●…is enim quasi ingressus ad ratio●…em dicendi patefit studiosis eloquentie . Vt Grā●…maticus hic suam artem absoluere , Rhetor incho●…are , ac tanquam fundamenta sua ponere videa●…ur . Est igitur Tropus verbi , aut sermonis a pro●…pria significatione in aliam deflectio . Et cst duplex dictionis , & orationis .

De Tropo dictionis .

TRopus dictionis , est figura transferens dictionem a propria & vulgata significatione eiūs , ad non propriam , decoris , aut necessitatis causa . Huius species sunt .

Metaphora , quum verbum ex eo loco in quo pro prium est , in eum , in quo aut proprium deest , au●… trāslatū proprio melius est , ac significantius , ( quiae propter similitudinem recte videtur posse fieri , ) trans fertur , Idque multis modis . Primum a sensibus corporis ad animum . Vt.

A visu . Terent. Respice etiam tuam . pro curam age .

Ab auditu . Idem . Herumne relinquam an auscultem seni . pro obtemperem .

Ab olfactu . Num quid patri subolet ? pro. patri aborta suspitio .

A gustu . Cicero , Pau●…rum dierum molestiam deuorate . pro , 〈◊〉 sensum perferte .

A bruto ad hominem . vt Cato Scipionem 〈◊〉 trare solebat . pro , conuitiari .

Ab animali ad nō●…mmal , nunc omnis age●… nunc omnis parturit arbos .

Ab animali ad animal , vt si quis dicat sim●… am equo inequitare .

Abinanimato ad animatum . Cicero floret 〈◊〉 quentia .

Aliquando in simplici nomine est Metaphor●… vt , si quis hominem ventri deditum pecudem appellet .

Interdum in epitheto , Vt si quis dicat , 〈◊〉 esse vitream .

Interdum in verbo . vt , auolat aetas .

Catachresis est necessaria nominis alieni vsurp●… tio pro proprio , vt quum paricidam appellamus , qu●… vxorem occidit quum proprie sit qui occidit patrem . A●… Metaphor a differt , quod abusio est vbi nomen de●… fuit , translatio vbi aliud fuit .

Metonomya est quum rerum ●…de cognatar●… nomina nominibus permutantur . sie .

Inuentor pro re inuenta . Teren. Sine Cerere & Baccho friget Venus . Cererem pro cibo , Bacchu●… pro vino . Ven●…rem pro libidine dixit .

Possessor prore possessa , Terent. Hun●…●…ibi comeden●… ●…endum propino pro ●…uius hon●… .

●…tor pro opere . Cicero semp●…r manibus habendus 〈◊〉 pro exercitu . Hannibal ad Cannas sexagin ●…illia hominum occidit .

●…aciës pro facto . Hic melior remis . pro velocita●…quae fit per remos .

Continens pro c●…ento . Armis Italia non po●… vinci , nec Grecia disciplinis .

●…ignum pro signato . Cedant arma togae , conce●…t laurea linguae .

Differt a Metaphora quod ille proprium cum Differentia inter Metaphoram , C●… tachresim , & Me●…onymiam . ●…eno . hec ●…rnandi caussa proprium proprio com●…tat nectralatum verbum habens , nec factum , 〈◊〉 sumptum ex vicino .

Metalepsis , cum nomen quod caussae debetur , ●…buitur effecto . Virg. Post aliquot mea regna ●…dens mirabor aristas . Vbi estates intelliguntur 〈◊〉 faciunt aristas .

●…ynecdoche , cum aliud ex alio intelligimus . V●… .

Ex vno plures . Penus fuit Hispanis auxilio , 〈◊〉 . Peni.

Ex parte totum . Ridiculum caput .

Ex specie genus . Iracundior Adria .

Ex materie res confecta . Ferro eum confecit . 〈◊〉 gladio , ex ferro facto .

Ex antecedentibus consequentia , Virgineam soluit zonam pro , deuirginauit .

Ex consequentibus antecedentia . Vt , in sud●… vultus tui vesceris pane , pro , in labore .

Of Tropes .

Because the knowledge of Trop●… is very necessary for chyldren , and t●… teachyng of them ioyned with those f●… gures , of whiche hytherto we haue talked : therefore we wyll brieflye shew●… expounde , and diuide them . For a●… entraunce to Rhethorike , by them 〈◊〉 made open to such as be studious of 〈◊〉 loquence . So that the Grammari●… here semeth to end his art , and Rhe●… rician to begin , and as it wer to lay hi●… foundacion . A trope then is a bowing o●… a worde or speache from his owne sig●… nification into another . And is in tw●… sortes , of a worde , and of oration .

The Trope of a worde .

The trope of a worde is a figure be●… ryng the woorde from his proper a●… vulgar signification , to an other tha●… is not proper , eyther for pleasautnes o●… necessitie . Whose kyndes be these .

Metaphora , when a word is translate●… of his proper place into another , whe●… either there lacketh a proper worde , 〈◊〉 the worde translated is better , and of ●…ore signification , & may well be so done 〈◊〉 a similitude . And that many wayes .

Fyrst from the senses of the bodye to , ●…e minde : as , from the sight . Terence .

Loke vpon your old age , for haue regard ●… From the hearing . Terence . Whe●…er I should leaue my mayster , or her●…en to the olde man , for obey .

From smelling , doth my father smel ●…ut any thing ? for suspect any thyng .

From tasting . Cicero . Swallow vp ●…he payne of a fewe daies , for thinke ye ●…ele it not .

From the reasonable to the vnreasonable , as . When we applye the dede , or affeccion of man to any beast : and many suche be in virgil in Georgikes touching Bees .

From the vnreasonable to the reasonable , as . Cato , was wont to barke at Scipio , for , to chide with him .

From the liuyng , to the lyuing : as if you wyll saie , that an Ape rydeth on ●…orsebacke .

From the lyuyng to the not 〈◊〉 ●…s nowe all the fieldes laughe .

From the not liuing to the liuyng .

Sometime in a b●…rbe there is tran●…●…acion . as , time ●…yeth away .

Catachresis is a necessarye abuse 〈◊〉 like wordes , for the proper : as , when w●… cal hym a manqueller , whiche ha●…h kyl led any person , man or woman , mother o●… wife . This 〈◊〉 differeth from Metapho ra , because abus●… is wher ther lacked a word : translation w●…re an other was .

Metonymia , when in thynges that be syb together , one name is chau●…ged for an other , as .

The finder for the thing that is found Terence . Without Ceres and ●…acchus Uenus is colde : where Ceres is put for meate , Bacchus for wy●…e , and Uenus for Lechery .

The possessor for the thig that is possessed : as , haue here this man to bee eaten vp for hys goodes .

The authour for the ●…orke : Cicero , must alwaies be had in out handes : for , the workes of Cicero .

The captain for the host . Hannibal at Cannas killed . lx. thousand men : for , the hoost of Hanniball .

The conteiner for that that is conteined , Italie cannot be ouercome by warre , nor Grece by learnyng : for , the menne that ●…well there .

The signe for that that is signified , as Let weapons geue place to the gowne , and the Lawrel to the tongue .

This trope differeth from Metaphora : because Metaphora chaungeth a word of her own with another , though the thinges be very diuers : but here as the thiges must be very nigh , so must the wordes also be

Metalepsis , when a word that is dew to the cause is ascribed to the effect .

Synecdoche , when one thing is vnderstande by an other , or we vnderstande more then we speake , as .

Of one many . The Carthaginian holp the spanyardes . for , the Carthaginians .

By the part the whole . O thou folish head , for foolishe man .

By the kinde the generall . as , If thou see thine enemies Alse , fall vnder hy●… burthen , for cattell .

By the mater , the thing that is made of 〈◊〉 as fleshe and bloude did not shewe thee this . Fleshe and bloude , is put for man made of fleshe and bloude .

By that that goeth before , the thyng that foloweth . As he vnlosed her virgins gyrdle . For he had her virginitie .

By that that foloweth the thing that goeth before : as , in the swet of thy face , thou shalt eate thy bread . For with labour .

Antonomasia , whan for the proper name , some other external is put , either of study , art , office , or dignitie , as .

Phylosopher . for Aristotle . Poet. for Uirgil . Sauiour . for Jesus . Apostle . for Paule .

Or contrary , proper names , for appellatiues , as .

Socrates . for Wiseman . Thraso . for Boaster .

Also the name of nacion for the properties attributed to the nacion , as .

A Cretian . for 〈◊〉 . A Scithian . for Cruel . A Sybaritie . for Riotous , A carthaginian . for League breaker .

Periphrasis is , when that , that may be spoken with one woorde , is declared in many , and that three maner wayes .

By explicacion of the name : as when for this word Philosopher , we saye : a man studious of wisedom .

By diffinicion of the thyng , as for Logike , the art of reasoning .

By notacion , that is , when by certain markes , and signes we do describe any thing : as , if a man vnderstandyng anger , wil saye it is the boylyng of the minde , which bringeth palenes vnto the countenaunce , burning to the iyes , trembling to the partes of the body .

Also , when for the proper name we put the countrey , the sect , or some great act : as .

For Uirgil , the Poet of Mantua .

For Aristotle , the prince of peripateti●…all schole .

For Scipio , the destroyer of Carthage and Numance .

Periphrasis is , to hide thinges th●… be foule : as when we saye , I wyl goe 〈◊〉 the priuie , for .

I will make water , for

And to garnish thinges that be good●… and to make that that is shorte , good●… and long , as dothe Erasmus vpon t●… gospels and pistles .

It differeth from Antonomasia , b●… cause there , but one worde is 〈◊〉 with another , here one worde is decl●… red with many .

Tropes of Oration .

Trope of Oration is , when the sy●… nification , not of one word only , but 〈◊〉 al that be in the construction be chaunged . The kyndes be these .

Allegoria , which is an oration , shewing one thing in wordes , and another 〈◊〉 sense . Horace . O ship , shal new floud●…●…arye thee agayn into the sea ?

O what dost thou ? take the hauen lustil●… Where ship is put for the common welt●… floudes for ciuil battell : hauen for pea●… and concorde . He hath these kindes .

Enigma , whiche is an oracion , out o●…●…hiche for the darkenes , there can be no ●…ertaintie gathered : as . My mother be●…at me , & of me anon is begotten again : ●…ent of yce froren of water , and resolued ●…gayne into the same . Also the halfe is ●…ore then the whole . By which is com●…ended mediocritie .

Paroemia , a saying much vsed , & no●…able for some noueltye : as . I holde ●…he woulfe by the eares . Also the woulf ●…s in our tale .

Ironia , dissimulacion , not so muche ●…erceiued by the woordes , as either by ●…ronunciation , or by the behauior of the ●…erson , or nature of the thing . His kinds ●…e these .

Sarcasmus , a scorne of our enemye , ●…nd a ●…ipping taunt . As the Iewes said ●…o Christ : now let him come down from ●…he crosse , and saue hymselfe , that saued other .

Astysmus , whan a thyng is po●…ished with some mery conceit , as Uirgil speaking of twoo foolishe Poetes , Mauius and Bauius sayde : He that hateth not Bauius , lette hym loue th●… verses , O Meui , ioyne foxes , and mylk●… he goates .

Myetirismus , a counterfayted laug●… ter , but yet suche one as may be perceyued . Persius . I care not , to be as Artesilas is .

Charientismus , when thinges that 〈◊〉 hardely spoken , be mollifyed with pleasaunte woordes . Terence . Sir I pray●… you be good master to me , quod Dauus●… when yet he desired Simo , that he mig●… not bee thrust into the bakehouse .

De Schematibus se●… Figuris .

FIgurae siue Schema , est arte aliqua nouata dicendi forma , vt īquit Fabius . vel , conformatio qudam orationis , remota a communi , & prim●… se offerente dicendi ratione .

Figura duplex est , aut sententiarum , aut ver●… borum . Saepe coeunt hae figurae , velut in illo Cic●… ronis : Iam iam Dolabella neque tui me , neq●… tuorum liberum , & quae sequuntur . Na●… oratio a iudice auersa in sententia , iam iam , & ●…berum , in verbis funt Schemata , hoc est , Apo●…ropha , sententiae figura . in , iam iam , Epizeuxis , 〈◊〉 liberum , Syncopa , verborum figurae sunt . Est ●…utem hoc inter figuras discrimen , quod ver●…orum Schema tollitur , si verba mutaris , senten●…arum permanet , quibuscunque verbis vti ve●…s .

De figuris verborum .

●…Igura verborum est duplex , aut enim verbi significatio mutatur , & dicitur Tropus , de ●…uo superius a nobis dictum . aut verbi signifi●…tio manet , idque vel in singulis vocibus , de ●…uo ipso quoque dictum est : aut in coniunctis , ●…uam orationem dicimus , de hac figura iam age ●…us . Est igitur hoc locofigura verborum , quu●…●…do situsque verborum , figuratur , & mutatur , ac ●…onnihil a vulgata constructione variat . Huiu●…●…ecies sunt .

Of Schemes of figures .

Figure or Scheme , is a facion of in●…ighting made newe , by some crafte , as ●…yeth Fabius . Or a facioning of many ●…ordes remoued from the common ma●…er of speaking , as it commeth out at ●…e fyrst .

Ther be two sortes of figures : of sētē●…s , & wordes . These often cum together As in this saying of Cicero , Now no●… Dolebella , neyther doe I force of thee●… nor thy children . For the oration turue●… from the iudge , is in sentence , now no●… and liberum , be Schemes in woordes : I●… iam iam is Epizeuxis , in liberum , Syncopa . An●… thei be figures of wordes . And this is 〈◊〉 difference betwene these figures , tha●… the Schemes of wordes be taken awa●… if thou chaunge the wordes : but thei o●… sentences remain vse what wordes tho●… wilte ,

Of the figures of woordes .

The figure of wordes is of . ii . sortes For ether the significacion of the word i●… chaunged , & is called a trope , of the whic●… we haue spoken afore : Or the sigu●…ficacion of the word reinayneth , & that in eche word alone , of the which also 〈◊〉 haue spoken : or in wordes ioygned to gether , which we cal talke , or Oration Of this figure we wyll nowe speak So in thys place the figure of woorde is , when the order and settyng 〈◊〉 woordes is chaunged , and varieth som●… what from the common setting of the●… ●…ogether . And hereof these bee the ●…yudes .

Repetitio est , cum continenter ab vno atque eo●…em verbo primcipia sumimus , hoc pacto . Tibi ●…tud attribuitur : Tibi habendae gratiae : I ibi ista ●…es erit honori . Venusta & acris figura .

Repeticion is , when we take o●…r be●…innynges styll at one , and the selfe ●…ame woorde , thus . To thee this thing ●…s ascribed : To thee thankes are to be ●…euen : To thee it shall bee great ho●…oure . This is a pleasaunt and sharpe ●…gure .

Conuersio , quae non ab vno atque eodem verbo ●…incipia sumit , sed eodem modo continenter o●…ationem claudit : est que superiori contraria : vt , ●…x quo tempore concordia de ciuitate sublata est , ●…des sublata est , amicitia sublata est .

Conuersion is , which taketh not his ●…eginning at one , & the selfsame word , ●…ut with all one worde styll closeth vp ●…he sentence , and it is contrarye to that ●…ther before : as . Since the time that con●…rde was taken away from the cytye , libertye was taken away , fidelitie 〈◊〉 taken away , frendship was taken 〈◊〉

Complexio vtramque complectitur exornati●… nem : & hanc , & quam ante exposuimus : vt 〈◊〉 repetatur idem verbūsaepius , & crebro ad 〈◊〉 postremum reuertamur : vt , Qui sunt qui faede●… 〈◊〉 ruperunt ? Carthaginenses . Qui sunt qui 〈◊〉 dele bellum in Italia gesserunt ? Carthaginense●… Qui sunt qui Italiam deformauerunt ? Carthag●… nenses .

〈◊〉 , compriseth both two exorn●…●…ions , bothe this , and that we declare●… before , that bothe one fyrste 〈◊〉 shoulde bee often repeted , and that 〈◊〉 should turne often to alone last word : 〈◊〉 who were they that often 〈◊〉 they Leagues ? The Carthaginians . 〈◊〉 made cruel warre in Italie ? The ●…ar thaginians . Who defaced all Italie●… The Carthaginians .

Anadiplosis , est finis versus , in principio alte●… rius , repetitio , velquum prioris sententie 〈◊〉 vltimum , ac insequentis primum est idem , vt , 〈◊〉 tur pulcheri●… Astur , Astur equo fidens , 〈◊〉 & oratores quoque hac figura vtuntur , Cic. Hic 〈◊〉 men viuit , viuit ? imo etiam in senatum venit .

Anadiplosis is , when the last woorde of a verse is repeted in the begynnyng of the next verse , as in this verse of 〈◊〉 gil . Then folowed fayre Astur , Astur bolde on horsebacke . The oratours also vse this figure . Cicero . And yet he liueth . Liueth ? yea commeth into the coum sell house .

Conduplicatio est , cum ratione amplificationis , aut commiserationis , vnius , aut plurium verborum iteratio , vt , Teren. Negat Phanium esse hanc sibi cognatam Demipho ? Hanc Demipho negat sibi cognatam ?

Reduplicacion is a rehearsyng again of one worde or moe , for the more vehemence or some pitie , as . Terence . Thys Phanium to be his cowsin , dothe Demipho denye ? Doth Demipho deny this Phanium to be his cowsin .

Nec multum ab 〈◊〉 figura distat Interpretatio hoc tantum differens , quod in hac eadem iteratur sententia , verbis per figuram aliquam , aut 〈◊〉 rationem commutatis . Cicero . Hic tu qua letitia perfruere ? quibus gaudiis exultabi●… quanta in valuptat●… Bacchabere ? Fit & singulis verbis . Nobiscum iam versari diutius non potes , non feram , non patiar , non sinam ,

Interpretacion differeth not muche from this figure : herein onelye , that in this alone thing & sentence is rehersed , the woorde by variacion beyng chaunged . Cicero . What gladues shalt thou fele ? with what ioyes shalt thou leape ? in how great rage of pleasure shalte thou be ? It is also in seueral woordes , thus : Thou caust nowe be no longar in oure company . I wyl not beare it , I wil not abide it , I wil not suffer it .

Epanalepsis , quum eadem dictio & in principio & in fine versus ponitur , vt . Multa super pr●… amo , rogitans super Hectore multa . Sulpitius victor Epanalepsim esse ait , eorundem verborum , & eiusdem sententiae , post multa interiecta repetitionem . Numeratur etiam inter figuras constructionis

Epanalepsis , when al one word is pu●… in the beginning & in the end of a verse : as . Many thiges thei axed of Priamus and of ●…ector many thinges . This fygure is spoken of hereafter among the ●…igures of construction .

Epizeuxis , eiusdem dictionis sine medio congeminatio , cum impetu pronuntiationis Cicero . Tu , tu Antoni , Cesari omnia permiscere cupienti , caussam belli cuilis dedisti .

The doublyng of one worde nothing being betwixt : with a swift pronunciacion . Cicero . Thou , thou Antony gaueste cause of ciuyle battaile to Cesar , willyng to turne al vpside downe .

Copulatio cognata repetitioni est , vbi idem verbum , aut nomen bis continuo positum diuersa sig nificat . Vt est illud . Sed tamen adillum diem Memmius erat Memmius . Posterius , notat eius iam cognitos mores .

Copulation cosin to repeticion is , when all one woorde beyng put twise strayte together , signifieth diuers thinges , as is this . Yet at that daie Memmius was Memmius . This later noteth his ma●…●…ers that wer well knowen .

Huc pertinet Refractio , quum idem verbum , repetitur●…n contrario sensu sic . Scio totam hanc vi tam nihil esse quam amaritudinem , verum mihi quaeso da huiusmodi amaritudinem .

Refraction serueth to the like , when ●…ll one worde is repeted in a 〈◊〉 sense , as I know all this life to bee but bitternes , but I pray you geue me such bitternes .

Traductio , quum eadem vox alio casu sepius repetita , non modo taedium nullum affert , verum concinniorem quoque or ●…em reddit , hoc pacto Diuitas sine diuitum esse , tu vero virtutem praefer diuitijs . Nam si voles , ●…rtutem cum diuitiis comparare , vix satis idoncae tibi videbuntur diuitiae , que virtutis pedissequae sint .

Traduccion , when al one woorde repeted in another case , not onely is not tedious , but also maketh the oration more trimme , thus . Suffer riches to belonge to riche men , but preferre thou vertue before riches . For if thou wilt compare riches with vertue , thou shalte thinke riches scarse mete to bee handmaydens to vertue .

Diaphora , quum vox iterata iam aliud significat 〈◊〉 prius . Ouidus . Talis erat matersi modo mater erat ꝓ , simaternū erga filiam animum geret . Idem . Et multos 〈◊〉 Hectoras esse puta . pro , multos viros fortes & Hectoris similes .

Diaphora , whan the woorde reheared again signifieth another thing than 〈◊〉 did afore : as . Suche was his mother , 〈◊〉 she were his mother , for , yf she bare a motherly mynde towarde her sonne . Also . Think many Hectors to be there , that is , many valiaunt men , and like vn to Hector .

Annominatio , est declinatio , quaedam in contr●…●…ium ex similibus literis additis , demptis , aut 〈◊〉 tatis , cum similia verba accōmodātur . Ea multis & variis rationibus conficitur : Et additis quidem hoc pacto . Hic sibi posset temperare misi amori mallet obtemperare . Demendis literis sic Si lenones tanquam leones vitasset , vitaese tradidisset . Conmutandis hoc modo . Deligere oportet , quem veli●… diligere .

Annominacion is a certain declining into a contrarye , by a likelihoode of letters , added , chaunged , or taken awaye : Added thus . If he had tempered himself from pleasure , he had not been thus 〈◊〉 out of measure : By takyng away thus . If he had hated brokes , as wel as bookes , he had been aliue at this houre . by chaunging thus . Geue him a Bsble nay , geue hym a bable .

Asyndeton est , quae coniunctionibus sublati continuat or ationis partes . sic . Deum time : rege●… vener are : parentibus obedito : bonos aemulare , im●… becillos tolerato . Grauitatem addit praecipienti : & praecipue locum habet in Articulis , & Membris .

Asyndeton is , which kepeth the partes of our speakyng together , without help of any coniunctions : thus . Feare God , reuerence the kyng , obey thy parentes , folow good men , beare with the weake .

Articulus est , 〈◊〉 singula verba distinguntur cesa or atione , hoc modo . Rem , famam parentes , amicos , deum , amisisti .

Article is , when eche woorde is sette from other by cutting the oration thus . Thou hast lost thy substance , thy name , thy parentes , thy frendes , and god hymselfe .

Membrum or ationis est , quod pa●…cis verbi●… constructionem quidem absoluit , at sententiam non item , Vt , patrimonium prodegisti , parentes , i●… luctum coniecisti : amicos abalienasti , famam cōcaminasti : deum ad iram prouocasti , Vtraque figura facit ad acrimoniam or ationis , quod veluti crebris ictibus ferit animum : & in vtrisque obseruandum , vt per gradus increscat oratio , nimirum , vt quod grauissimum est , sit postremo loco . Quod si non fit , erit congeries , nam ea turba premit magis quam incremento . Gratiam quoque in vtrisque addit Asyndeton .

Member of an Dracion is , whiche in fewe woordes maketh an ende in deede of the Construccion , but not of the sentence also , as . Thou haste wasted thy Patrimonie , cast thy parentes into sorowe , turned awaye thy frendes , defyled thy name : prouoked God to anger . Both these figures serue to sharpnesse : because in maner they stryke the mynde with often strokes . And this muste be marked in both , that the speaking grow by degrees , so that the greatest bee set last . And if it so be not , then is it the figure called Congeries , whiche forceth more by heaping , than by encrease . They bothe are well sette out by this figure Asynd●…ton . Membris gratiam addit partium aequalitas . Creci 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , Latini compar appellant , quae taemen non digitis , sed aurium sensu quodam diiudicanda est , Puerile siquidem est numerare syllabas , quum pauciores si productae sunt , frequenter aequent numero plures . Sed tantum affert vsus & exercitatio facultatis , vt animi quodam sensu par membraum superioeri r●…ferre possimus . Quale est pro Lucio Valerio Flacco . Nominibusque recitatis homo audacissimus pertimuit , loquacissimus obmutuit , Item , in prelio pater mortem oppetebat , domi filius nuptias comparabat .

The equalitie of partes muche commendeth this figure called Membruin : whiche equalitte must yet be tryed by a certain secrete sense of the eare , and not by measuring vpon oure fyngers . For that is childish to tel the syllables , when oftentimes a few long syllables match in measure many that be short . But vse and exercise doth so muche , that we may soone referre one member to another . As , for L. Ualerius Flaccus . When the names were recited , the bold man was aferde , & the great babler hild his tong . Also , the father died in warre , the sonn●… ●…as maryed at home .

Continuatio est dens●… & continens frequenta●…io verborum , cum absolutione sententiarum . Ea vtemur commodissime tripartito . In sententia , hoc pacto . Ei non multum obesse potest fortuna , qui sibi firmiu●… in virtute , quam in casu praesidium collocauit . In contrario hoc modo . Nam si quis spei non multum collocarit in casu , quid est quod ei casus magnopere obesse possit ? In conclusione , hoc pact●… . Quod si in eos plurimum fortuna potest , qui suas rationes omnes in casum co●…lerunt : non sū●…●…mma committenda fortunae , ne magnam nimis ●…n nos habeat dominationem .

Continuacion , is a continual heaping of woordes , the sentences also perfighted : and it may be vsed three wayes . In sentence thus . Fortune cannot hurt him muche , which more firinely trusteth in vertue , than in chaunce . In contrary thus . For if a man put not hopein chaunce , how shall chaunce muche hurte him ? In conclusion thus . And if fortune maye dooe muche 〈◊〉 them , which hath put a●… their accomptes vpon chaunce : all are not to be committed to fortune , lest fortune haue to great a dominacion vpon th●…

Similiter cadens est , cum in eadem constructione verborum , ●…uo aut plura sūtverba , quaesimiliter ●…sdem casibus efferuntur , hoc modo . Hominem laudas egentem virtutis , abundātē f●…licitatis . C●…cero pr●… Flacco . Nulla est in his varietas opinionis , null●… voluntatis , nulla sermonis .

Falling like is , when in thesame construction of wordes , there be . ii . worde●… or moe , which be spoken alike in the self same cases , as . Thou praisest a man nedy of health , plentiful of wealth . Cicero for Flaccus . There is in them no varietie of opinion , none of affection , none of communication .

Similiter d●…sinens est , cum dictiones vel senten●… similes babent exitus , vt . Turpiter audes facere nequiter studes dicere . Viuis inuidiose , 〈◊〉 studiose , loqueris odiose . Haec duo ornamenta inter se vehementer conueniunt , quorum alterum in exitus , alterum in casus similitudine versatur .

Ending alike , when wordes or 〈◊〉 , haue like endinges , thus . Thou darest do filthily , and studiest to speake baudely . Thou li●…st disdaifully , thou sinest pu●… posely . Thou speakest hatefully . These two kindes of ornamentes , agree greatly together : of which the o●…e is in lyke endinges : the other in ●…ke cases .

FIGVRAE RHETHORICAE Secundi gen●…s .

INterrogatio , Interrogationum duae sunt formae Simpl●…x . vt . Sed qui vos tandem ? quibus aut venistis ab oris .

Figurata multas habet species : Interrogamus enim nonnunquam , non sciscitandi gratia , sed instandi , Cicero . Quousque tandem abutere Catilinae patientia nostra ? Aut miserationis caussa , V●… Sinon apud Vi●…gilium . Nam qu●… me tellus , quae me nunc aequor a possunt accipere ? Aut indignationis . Et quisquam numen ●…nonis adore●… Praetere●… . Aut admirationis . Dij boni , quid illic hominum litigat . Aut acrius imperandi gratia . Non armae expedient , ●…otaque ex vrbe sequentur ? Seruit haec figura multis & var●…s affectibus . Tum vero commodissime adhibebitur , ●…um quid argumentis est euict●…

Of demaundes there bee two sortes . One plaine , as . I pray you tel me what you be , or from what coa●…es you do come

The figuratiue hath many kindes . For somtime we are , not to haue an answer , but to set our purpose more for 〈◊〉 thus . Cicero . Then Latiline , how long wylt thou abuse our pacience ? Or for p●…tie sake , as Sinon doth in 〈◊〉 . Alas what grounde , what sea may nowe receyue me ? for anger also . And wyll anye man hereafter worshippe the power of Juno ? for meruaylyng . Terence . O Lorde what a sort now goe to the law ? or more sharpelye to commaunde them . Wyl they not nowe bring foorth they●… harnes , and folowe me through all the citie ? This figure serueth to many affections , but speciallye whan we haue wonne by reasonyng .

Subiectio , quum ipsirespondemus nostrae interrogationi , vt , Ideone studia deseremus , quod mag nus in his subeundus labor . Nequaequam , Item , Quero vnde iste diuitias nactus est ? An amplum patrimonium relictum est ? At patris bona ●…runt , Hereditas aliqua obuenit ? non potest di●…. Imo a necessarijs omnibus , exhaeredatus est .

Subiection is , when we aunswer to our owne demaunde thus . Shall we therfore forsake studies , because greate payne must be taken in them ? No verelye . Also , I axe where this felowe gate this riches . Had he any great patrimonie left him ? May , al his fathers goodes wer solde . Had he any thing by enheritaunce ? it cannot bee sayde , for he was disherited from all thynges necessarye .

Exclamatio est , quae conficit significationem do●…ris , aut indignationem alicuius , per hominis , aut 〈◊〉 cuiuspiam compellationem . Cicero , O fallacem ●…ominum spem , fragilemque fortunam , & inanes nostras contentiones quae in medio spacio saepe franguntur , & corruunt , & ante in ipso casu obruun●… 〈◊〉 , quam portum conspicere potuerunt .

Exclamation is , whiche sheweth the ●…ignification of sorowe , or anger for ●…omewhat , by callyng vpon any manne 〈◊〉 thyng : thus . Cicero . O deceyuable 〈◊〉 of men , and frayle fortune , & oure ●…ayne contentions , whiche often tyme ●…re broken in the midde way , and rushe ●…owne , and in the verye fall are ouer●…helmed before they can see the hauen .

Execratio est , cum aliquid detestamur propter ingentia quaesecum affert mala , sic . O 〈◊〉 idololatriam , quae a●…o aignum honorem aufer●… peccatoribus creaturis illam tribuens , & idol●… per hominum manus fabricatis .

Execration is , when we deteste any thing , for the great euils that it bring eth with it , thus . O detestable Idol●… trye , whiche taketh awaye the honour dew to God , and geueth it to sinne●… creatures , and ymages made by man handes .

Dubitatio , quum dubitare nos significamu●… vel vnde suma●…us exordium propter rerum mu●… titudinem , vel quid potissimum agamus dolore 〈◊〉 liquo affecti . Cicero pro Roscio . Quid primum q●… rar , aut vnde pot●…ssimum Iudices exordiar ? a●… quod , aut a quibus auxilium petam ? Tale est , 〈◊〉 loquar an sileam ?

Dubitation , when we signifie that w●… doubt either where to take our be gy●… uyng for the multytude of thynges or for sorowe say , wherat shal we fyrst ●…egin . Cicero for Roscius . Of what sh●… I first complain●… ? Or , O iudges , whe●… shal I first begin : What , or of whom sh●… I cal for help ?

Communicatio , quum aut ipsos aduersarios cōsulinus , aut cum iudicibus deliberamus , qui●…faciēdū●…t aut quid factum oportuerit . vt , Cedo si vos eo loco 〈◊〉 , quid tandem faceretis aliud ? Et , in hoc turbu entissimo rerum statu , date consilium quid mihi 〈◊〉 faciendum .

Communication , when eyther we ●…re our aduersaries counsaile , or delibe rate with the iudges , what is to be done or ought to haue been done . as . Tel me ●…f you were in the like state , what other thing would you doe ? And in this troublous worlde , geue me counsell , what you thinke best to be done .

Permissio , quoties aut dissimulationem , aut as●…euerationem habet , tum demum figura est . As●…euerationem sic . Perfrica frontem , & dicte dig●…iorem qui pretor fieres quam Catonem . Dissimu ●…ationem . vt apud Terentium . Quid isthuc ? Si ti●…i isthuc placet , profundat , perdat , pereat , nihil ad 〈◊〉 attinet . Haec enim artificios●… prohibitio est , per ●…ronicam concessionem .

Permission , when it hath a dissimulation or an affirmation , than in dede is it a fygure : asseueration thus . Rub thy forehed 〈◊〉 say thou art more worthy to be consull then Cato . Dissimulation thus . T●… rence . What meaneth this ? If it so pleas thee , let hym wast , let hym destroie , an●… be destroyed , I haue nothing to do wit●… it . This is a crafty forbidding , by a mo●… king graunt .

Licentia est , quum mitigamus liberius dicta , n●… auditorem offendant , hoc pacto . Si molesta est or a●… tionis acerbitas , cogitate graues morbos , non sa●… nari leuibus pharmacis .

Licence , when we mitigate thinges spoken freelye before , leste the heare●… should bee offended , thus . If my bytte●… woordes greue you , remember , that sor●… sickenes is not eased with lyght remedies .

Diminutio , cum quod in nobis , aut in his quo●… defendimus est egregium●…ne qua significetur arrogans ostentatio , diminuitut , & attenuatur oratione , sic . Nam hoc pro meo iure Iudices dico , me l●… bore & industria curasse , vt disciplinam militarem non in postremis tenerem . Hic si quis dixisse●… vt optime tenerem , tametsi vere dixisset tamen a●… rogans visus esset . Nunc & ad muidiam vitandam & ad laudem comparandam , satis dictum est Porro , vt licentia prestat , neoffendat libertas : it●… Diminutio facit , ne quod necessario dicitur , arroganter , dictum videatur .

Diminution , when any thyng that is excellent in vs , or in those that we defende , is by woordes diminished , to auoyde boastyng , thus . For this dare I boldely saye , you Iudges , that I haue trauayled and laboured to vnderstande the feates of warre , not with the worst . Here if a manne shoulde haue sayde to bee as good as the beste , althoughe he shoulde haue sayde trewe : yet he should haue been thought proude , and arrogant . Now to auoide disdayn , and get praise , ynoughe is spoken . Further , as this figure Licentia , causeth that our free spekyng doth no displeasure : so doth diminution make that whiche is necessarily spoken , seme not spoken proudly .

Reiectio est cum eludimus aliquid ab aduersario contra nos propositum : ad quod respondere difficile fuerit , & significamus vel indignum esse de quo dicatur , vel quod adrem nihil pertineat , 〈◊〉 seruaturos nos in alium opportumorem locum , hoc modo . Hac de requid attinet dicere , quan●… ad institutum non multum facit . Huiusm●…di es●… pro Milone . Quid enim odisset Clodium Mito , segetem ac materiam gloriae suae ? Nam vel principale argumentum Clodianorum elud●…t tantu●… Cicero , non diluit .

Reiection is , when we trifle out a thing brought against vs by our aduersarye , to the whiche it is hatde to aunswere , and then say either it is not worthy to be spoken of or that it pertaineth ●…t to the purpose , or that we wyll kepe it till another meter time , thus . What neede me speake of this matter , seing it maketh not muche to the purpose . Like is in the oration for Milo . For why shoulde Milo hate Clodius , seing he is the gro●…d and chief cause of his glorie . Here did Cicero trifle out euen the principal argument of the Clo dians , and did not solue it .

Gradatio est , quum consequentia membra ab ●…isdem oriuntur verbis , quibus antecedentia ●…laudiuntur : atque ita velut gradibus quibusdā●…ectitur oratio , vt , Africano virtutem indu●… ●…ria , virtus gloriam , gloria aemulos comparauit . Grauior hic est , quia res ipsa gradus habet . Est aliquando in verbis gradatio . Vt , Torua Leenae ●…upum sequitur lupus ipse capellam . Haud dissimile est Anadiplosi , de qua dictum est antea .

Gradation is , when the wordes that goe before , be forthwith repeted , and so ●…unneth as it wer from steppe to steppe , thus . Industrie to Affrican gat vertue , vertue glorye , glory disdayne . Here the matter hath degrees , and therefore is more graue . Sometime it standeth in woordes , as . The Leeues foloweth the woulf , the woulf the goate . It is much like Anadiplosis , whereof we spake before .

Commutatio fit inuerso sententiae ordine . vt , Non est viuendum vt edas , sed edendum vt viuas . Huius generis est illa non sine causs●… laudata sententia . Si quid turpe facias cum voluptate : voluptas abit , turpitudo manet : si quid bonestum facias cum labore , labor abit , honestum mane●…

Commutation is , when the order of the sentence is tourned , thus . We must not liue to eate , but eate toliue . Of this suit is this sentence most worthily praised If thou dooe any sinne with pleasure , the pleasure goeth awaye : the synne remaineth : if thou dooe vertuously with labour , thy labour goeth away , the vertue remayneth .

Contentio est commoda contrariorum inter se relatio . Fitque vel verbis inter se pugnantibus : vel sententiis contrariis . Sic qui suis rationibus inimicus semper fuerit , eum quomodo alienis rebus amicum fore speres ? Hic in sententiis est pugna . Assentatio iucunda principia , eadem exitus amarissimos habet . Hic in verbis .

●…ontention is a proper settyng together of contraries . And eyther it is in woordes that be contrarye , or in contrarye thinges , thus . He that alwaye was enemye to his owne reckonynges , how shoulde we hope hym to be a fre●…d to other mennes matters ? Here is contrariety in sentences . Flattery hath pleasaunt begynnynges , and thesame bitter endynges . Here is the strife in wordes .

Occupatio , tacitae obiectionis refutatio est : vt cum ipsi ammaduertentes quid obsit nobis , prius id diluimus , quam obiici possit . Vt Ciecro dicitscire se 〈◊〉 ●…ri quosdam , quod is qui per tot annos defender●…●…ultos , leserit neminem , ad accusandum Verrem escenderit . Dein ostendit hanc ipsam accusati●…em Verris , sociorum esse defensionem .

When perceyuing aforehande an ob●…ction that might be layde agaynste 〈◊〉 ●…nd hurte vs , we wipe it away or euer 〈◊〉 bee spoken , as . ●…icero sayeth : that he ●…noweth some men wil meruayle , syth so ●…any yeres he defended many and hurt ●…ne , he doth now come to accuse verres ●…hen dothe he shewe that this accusa●…on of Uerres . isa defence of theyr ●…lowes .

Anthipophora , quum respondemus ad obiectio●…●…m quae Hypophora dicitur . Cicero . In verrem : ●…t enim haec ita commissa sunt abisto , vt non cog ●…ta sint ab omnibus . Hominem esse arbitror ne●…nem , qui nomen istius audierit , quin facta qu●…●…e eius nefaria commemorare possit . Virg. Verū●…ceps pugnae fuerat fortuna : fuisset . Quem me●…i moritura ?

Anthypophora , when we make answer an obiection that is layde agaynste vs , thus . ●…icero agaynst Uerres . Yea●… but you say he hath done these thinges so , that all men knewe it not . I thinke there bee no man whiche hath heard of his name , but can also rehearse his mischeuous actés . Uirgil . But the chaunce of fyght woulde haue been doubtfull . What then ? Whom feared I whiche was ready to dye .

Confessio , cum quedam largimur aduersario , vt reliqua magis exagger ari possint , vt . Esto san●… fueris aliquando amicus , vna militaueris , sint aliqua tua in eum béneficia , quid tum ? An non potuit dissilire gratia ?

●…onfession , when we graunte some thinges to our aduersarye , that the rest may bee made the more greuous , thus . Bee it that thou wast once his frende , his felowe in warre , and that thou hast done somewhat for hym . What than ? Myght ye not therfore falle out ?

Paradiastote , cum ita aliquid conceditur , vt , vicinum quiddam detrahi possit . vt , Veritas la●… borare potest , opprimi non potest .

Paradiastole , whan we so graunt●… ●…omewhat , that we take awaye some thing that is nere vntoit , thus . Trouth maye be in ieopardy , but neuer opprest .

Aetiologia , cum propositi alicuius statim caussam subijcimus . Cicero pro Archia . Si quid est in me ingenij , &c. Vendicabit iure Archia . Si quid mihi princeps ad suscipiendam rationem borum studiorum .

Aetiologia , whan we shew by and by the cause of oure purpose . ●…icerd for Archia . This witte that I haue ( you Iudges , ) Archias may iustly cha●…nge it vnto hym . For he was the 〈◊〉 and principal , that made meto set my self to these maner of studies .

Dicaeologia , cum aliquam officij rationem expo ●…nimus , aut excusationem , quod videlicet iure id , et honeste faciamus , aut alioqui caussamur ●…qui ●…atem : vt , Lapsus sum sed adolescens , & inter ta●…les versatus , inter quos non potui non corrumpi .

Dicaeologia , when we shewe some cause of oure duetye , or some excuse that it is honeste so to dooe , Or laye ●…ome reason for oure selfe , thus . I dyd amisse , but I was yonge , and in suche coumpanye , where I must of force bee naught .

Anangeon , cum allegatur necessitaes , quae vim in deliberando summam habet , vt , Amicum deserui , fed coactus a legibus . Cōseruaui amici●… fidem dum per leges licuit , nunc ab illo ab alienauit me , non voluntas , fed legum vis .

Anang●… when we aledge necessity , which in de libe ration is of great force , as . I forsooke my frende , but the lawe compelled me : I kept frendship as long as the lawe suffred me , now I am turned from hym : not by wyll , but by fore●… of lawe .

De postremo figurarum genere .

PArtitio est , quum id quod generatim dici p●…terat , per partes latius explicatur . Vt si dicamus , Cyclopediam absoluit . Hanc sententiam explicare potes hoc modo : Mire poetarum om nium fabulas tenet , Rhetorum flosculos , Grammaticorum laboriosos canones , Dialecticorum argurias Phisices arcana , vltramundanae sapientiae ar du●…

Theologorum abdita , Mathematicas apodixes , a●… strorum motus , numerorum rationes , verborum , montium , fluminum , fontium , situs , nomina , interualla , vocum cōcenius , antiquitates , nouitates , grece atque latine : denique quicquid vnquam eruditionis ab egregiis autoribus repertum , ac traditum fuit , id vniuersum vnus hic absolute perceptum cognitumque babet , ac meminit .

Partition is , when that that might be spoken generally , is more largely declared by partes . As if we would say : he is perfectly seen in al sciences . Thys sentence thou mayest declare by partes in this wise . He knoweth merueylously well the fables of Poetes , the flowers of Rhetorique , the painefull rules of Grammer , the subtilties of Logiti●…ns , the secretes of natural philosophy , the hardnes of wisedom supernatural , the misteries of diuinitie , the mathematicall demonstrations , the mocions of ●…tarres , the reasons of numbers , the mea●…uring of the earth , the situations , names and spaces of Cities , Mountaynes , Floudes , and Fountaynes , the dyffe●…ence , and harmonies of Tunes , histories olde , and newe : antiquities , nouelties , Greke and Latine : finally whatsoeuer good learnyng hath been founde and taught of good authours , all that wholy hath this one man perfitlye perceyued , knowen , and remembred .

Enumeratio est , quando singulatim ea commemoramus , per quae ad exitum rei peruentum est , vt hanc sententiam , Cicero Catiline conatus oppressit ita potes locupl●…tare . Catilinae nefarios conatus per iuuenes perditissimos , totius ciuitatis Romanae in ternecionem molientes , Marcus Tullius Cicero consul sua sagacitate statim odoratus est , singulaeri vigilantia peruestigauit , summa prudentia deprehendit , miro in Remp. studio prodidit , incredibili eloquentia conuicit , grauissima autoritate , ar●… mis , atque felicitate sustulit .

Enumeration is , when we reherse those thynges seuerallye , by which the matter was brought to passe : as . That Cicero oppressed the purposes of Catiline : thus you maye sette it foorth . Th●… myschieuous enterprises of Catiline , by moste vngracious younge menne , whiche wente about the vtter destruction of Roome , Marcus Tullius the Consull , by hys foresyghte dyd quickelye smell oute , by his ●…uguler vigilance soughte out , by his hyghe prudence founde out , by hys meruaylous loue to the common wealth shewed out , by his incredyble Eloquence proued oute , by hys graue authorytye , power , and happynesse , thruste out .

Distributio est , cum īplures res , aut psonas certas negotia quedam dispertiuntur , hoc modo . Senatus officium est consilio ●…uitatem iuuare , Magistratus officium est , opera & diligentia ; consequi 〈◊〉 senatus : populi officium ●…st , res optimas , & homines idoneos maxime suis sententijs , eligere , & probare . Cicero pro L. Murena : Hic ve●…ro iudices , & fuit in Asia , & viro f●…rtissimo parenti suo , magno adiumento in periculis , solatio in laboribus , gratulationi in victoria fuit .

Distribution is , when businesse are dyspersed into many thynges , or certain persons , thus . It is the office of the senate to help the citie with counsel : of the magistrate with laboure and diligence to dooe the wil of the Senate : of the people to chose out the best thinges , and to chose and alowe men that be moste metest . Cicero for Lucius Murena . And this man , you iudges , bothe was in Asia , and greatlye holpe that good man his father in perils , dyd confort him in sorowes , and reioysed in his victories .

Descriptio nominatur , quae rerum consequenti●… continet perspicuam & dilucidam cum grauitate expositionem , hoc modo . Nam neminem ve strum fugit quirites , capta vrbe , quae miseriae con sequi soleant : arma qui contra tulerunt , statim cr●… delissime trucidantur : caeter●… , qui possunt per 〈◊〉 & vires laborem ferre , rapiuntur in seruit●…tem : qui non possunt , ●…ita priuantur : vno denique atque eodem tempore , domus hostili flagrat incendio , & quos natura , aut volunta●… , necessitudine , aut beneuolentia coniunxerit , distrahuntur , Liberi , partim é gremijs parentum diripiuntur , partim in sinu iugulantur , partim ante pedes construpātur . Nemo iudices est , qui possit satis rem consequi verbis , n●…c referre oratione magnitudinem calamitatis .

It is called Description , which conteyneth a playne and euidente settyng out of thinges that folowe after , and that with a certayne grauitie , thus ? You knowe ryght wel , you people , when the citie is taken , what miseries be wont to folow . Such as fought against them , are by and by most cruelly kylled , other whiche be so strong that they be hable to laboure , are made bondeslaues : they that cannot , are slayne : at one tyme bee our houses burnt , our kynsmenne and acquaintaunce pulled awaye from vs . Younge chyldren , some are pulled from their mothers lappes , and some are threatled in their mothers armes , and some defiled before their fete : you iudges , there is no man hable toexpresse in woordes or writyng the great sorow and calamitie .

Demonstratio , quam Greci Hypotyposin vocant , ●…st oratio exprimens rem , personam , affectum , mo●…res , sermonem , ac circunstantiam , ita clare , & ●…opiose , vt lectori ab oculos ea quasi presens verse●…ur veluti viua pictura . Huius species sunt .

Roi descriptio , cum non contenti summatim aue ●…enuiter rem exposuisse . sic illam subijcimus oculis , v●… non narrari , sea geri , & lector eam non audiuisse , sed oculis aspexisse videatur . Talis est aescriptio Diluuij in primo Metamorphosis , et : T●…pestatis in secund●…

Prosopopoeia , ●…ua homo quispiam depingitur . Si cut Plutarchus illustres Graecos , & Latinos , Suctonius item duodecini Cesares . Quanquam Rhetores fere latius vtuntur vocabulo prosopopoeie , nimi●…um , vt has se●… species sequentes complectatur

Characterismus , effictio , vel pictura corporis , aut animi , Sic Dauus effingit Critonem . Choerea senem illum importunum .

〈◊〉 , fictio personae . Quae duas habet species . Prior est , pers●…nae fictae descriptio : poetis propria , oratoribus rara . Vt , Virgilius fingit Sybyllam furentem fingit personas apud inferos . Altera f●…rma est , quum ●…ei mutae , aut incorporeae affingimus personam , & sermonem , & affectum hominis , aut animalis , quem admodum Harpy●…s , f●…riis , demonibus , somno , f●…i , ●…nuidiae , f●…mae i●…●…uti , & similibus personam , vel se●…monem affing●… re p●…eta s●…lent . Item , ●…uum aut Remp. oratores loquētem inducunt , aut defunctos quasi ab inf●…ris excitam

Ethopoeia ꝓprietas , vel expressio morum , et affectu●… mitium . Hu●…tis us tres sut formae . Prima expressio mor●… prolixior , velut īgeniorū , artium , virtutum , vitiorum . Si●… vanum ostentatorem exprimit , I hrasonē Terentius , militem Plautus . Atque haec forma propria Comoedijs , atque dialogis est . Secunda forma est expressio naturalium propens●…onū , ac natura insitarū affectioonū . Vt est expressio amoris paterni erga lib●…ros : con iugum , & amicorum inter sc: coniunctionis aequalium , hospitum , vicinorum : disiunctioms , hostium inter se. In qualibus effigēdis mirus est apud Latinos artifex Liuius . Peculiariter ●…nim historia animorum cupiditates , x , & res gestas , fere sine tragi ●…is 〈◊〉 motibus depingi . Tertia sorma est , expr●…ssio affectionum leniorum , quae non ita perturbant animos , neque prae cipitāt . Vt siquando letiores affectus hominum erga nos , aliosue captamus : & blandiendo elicimus vt quum animus in spem , in loe●…itiam erigitur , & in ris●…n quoque .

Pathopoeia , id ●…st , vehemētiorū affectuum , & p turbationum expressio . Huius duae sunt f●…rmae . Pri or , quam Imaginationem vocant , qua metus , dolor , ira , furor , odium , ●…nuidia , eff●… enis cupiditas , libido 〈◊〉 modica , sp●…s , īmoderata letitia , perturbatioque ani mi describitur , & excitatur . Huius exempla sunt passīobuia in Tragoediis . Alter a forma est Cōmi seratio : qua eliciuntur lachrimae , vel mouetur mise ricordia , vel captatur venia . Huius exempla sunt ob uia in perorationibus Ciceronianis , in querelis ●…pud Poetas .

Sermocinatio , quoties̄ person●… affingitur or ●…io breuis , vellonga , pro decoro eius . Cuiusmodi sunt conciones Liuianae , & apud alios Historicos . Quum personae quam fingimus sermonem per petuum attribuimus . Conformatio est , Quum per sonae quam fingimus , propositis subinde respondemus , Sermocinatio est .

Mimisis , imitatio sermonis , vel morum , qua 〈◊〉 modo personae orationem , sed etiam gestum effingimus . Has praedictas sex species , Fabius atque 〈◊〉 , subiiciunt Prosopopoeie .

Topographia , loci descriptio , vt Carthaginis in primo Aeneidos , Huc refer Cosmographiam .

Topothesia , loci fictio , quum d●…ribitur locus , qui fortasse non est vspiam in rerum natura . Huius exemplum habes Thoma Mori Vtopiam , vel saltem non est talis qualis fingitur . Vt in sexto Aene idos inferorum , & Elisii descriptio . Huc refer Astrothesiam , apud Aratum , Higinium , Manilium , Pontanum .

Chronographia , descriptio temporis , vt . Noctis in quarto Aenesdos , Pacifici seculi in quarta Ae gloga Virgilii . Quatuer etatum , in primo Metamorphoseos .

Demonstration is , when we so plainly ●…nd copiously expresse a thing , a person , & an affection , maners , speach , and circumstaunce , that the reader , semeth to se●… it before his eies , as though it wer liuelye paynted in a table . The kyndes bee these .

The description of a thyng , when not content , lightly and briefly to haue shewed it , we so set it before the Readers eyes , that it semeth not to be told , but to be done : & the reader not to here it , but se it . Suche is the description of the floude in the firste booke of Metamorphosis , & of a tempest in the second

Prosopopoeia , when any man is described . As Plutarche dothe the noble men , both Grecians and Latines . Suetonius also the twelue Emperours . How be it , the Rhethoricians vse thys woorde , Prosopopoeia largely to comprehende these syxe kyndes folowyng .

Characterismus , the ●…pression or painting out , eyther of the body or mind So Dauus fetteth out ●…rito : & 〈◊〉 the troublous olde man .

Prosopographia , the fayning of a per son . This hath two kindes . The fyrste is the description of a feined person properlye belongyng to Poetes , syldome vsed of Oratours . As Uirgil fayneth S●…bbill to bee madde , and persones beneath in hell . Another fourme is , when vnto a thyng that is dumme , or without a bodye , we f●…yne a persone , speache , and affection of a manne , or some lyuyng thyng , as to the byrdes called Harpyans , Furyes , Deuilles , Slepe , Hungar , Enuye , Fame , Uertewe , and lyke , the Poets bee ●…woonte to fayne a persone , and speache . Also when Oratours make the common wealthe speake , or as it were rayse vp agayne dead men .

Ethopoeia , propertye , or expressyon of mylde maners and affections . Of thys there bee three kyndes . The fyrste , a large settyng out of maners , as of w●…ttes , artes , vertues , or vyces . So Terence setteth out boastyng . Thraso , Plautus , a crakyng souldyoure . And thys facyon properlye belongeth to ●…ommoedies , and Dialogues . The seconde fourme is a●…●…pressyon of naturall incl●…nations , and affections naturall , as of the fathers loue towarde the chyldren , the housebande and wyfe , of frendes among them selues , of compaygnions , geastes , neyghbours : of hatred also , and of enemyes . In expressyng of these among the Latines , Ciuius is very ●…uit ●…yng . For an Hystorye chyeflye setiet●… out the desyre of myndes , purposes , and deedes , without anye greate outcryes , and rages . The thyrde kynde is a settyng oute of colde and mylde affections , that dooe not so greatelye trouble the mynde nor tosse it : as when we goe aboute gentely to geat mennes loue and fauoure , or that the mynde is broughte into hope , myrthe , or laughter .

Pathopoeia , that is an expression of vehemente affections and perturbations . Of this there be two kyndes . The fyrste is called Imagination , whereby , fe●…re , sorowe , anger , furye , hatred , enuy , vnbrideled desyre , lust immoderate , hope , or gladnesse , and the passions of the mynde is described and styrred vp . Exaumples of these bee euerye where in Tragedies . There is an other facion called Commiseration , whereby we make menne wepe , moue menne to mercye , or to pardon an offence . Readye exaumples of these are in the perorations of Cicero , & in Poetes , in their complaintes .

Sermocination , is when we fayne a person , and make hym speake lytle or muche according to comlines . Suche be the Concions of Liuie , and sermones or orations made in other Historiographers . When the person that we feyn , speaketh all hym selfe : the figure is called Conformation . But when we now and then aunswere to demaundes that he putteth vnto vs , it is called , Sermocination .

Mimisis , an imitation of speache or manours , whereby we counterfayte , not onelye what one sayde , but his gesture also . These foresayde sixe kyndes , Quintilian and other put vnder Prosopopoe●…a .

Topographia , the discription of a place , as of Carthago in the fyrste of Eneidos . Hyther referre Cosmographie .

Topothesia , the faynyng of a place , When a place is descrybed , as paraduenture suche none is . Exaumple of this is the Utopia of Spr Thomas Moore . Or elles is not suche a place as it is , fayned to bee . As , is hell , and heauen in the syxte of Eneidos . Hyther pertayneth the situacion of starres , in Aratus , Higinius , Manilius and Pontanus .

Chronographia , the discription of tyme , as of nyght in the fowerth of Eneidos . Of the peace worlde in the fourth Egloge of Uirgil . Of the foure ages in the fyrste of Metamorphoseos .

Magna pars Eloquentiae sita estin augendo , ac diminuendo . Omnis autem amplificatio ac diminutio , petitur aut ex rebus , aut ex verbis . Ex verbis sic .

Quum commutamus vocabulum , pro vero ponentesatrotias . Vt si occisum dicamus eum , qui cae sus tantummodo fuit .

Augemus per incrementum , sic . Facinus est vinciri ●…iuem Romanum , scoelus verberari , paricidium necari , quid di●…am in crucem tollere ?

Increscit oratio per Congeriem , In cetu vero populi R●…ni , negotium publicum gerens , magister equitum , frustis esculentis vinum redolentibus , gremium & totum tribunal implere , an non turpissimum ? Differt a priore , impetu .

Per comparationem quoque in●…rescit oratio . Fictione , et exempli collatione . Fictione sic . Si me fer ut isthoc pacto metuerent , vt te metuunt omnes ciues tu●… : domum mean mihi relīquend●… putarè . Exempli collatione sic . An vero vi●… ampli●…imus Scip●…o Tyberium Gracchum mediocriter labe●…ctáté Rēppriuatus inte●…fecit : Catilināorbem terrae , cede , & incendio vastare cupi●…ntem , nos consules pferemus ?

Amplificamus per coniecturas sic . Maro de Polyphemo . Trunca manus pinum regit . Hinc enim coniicimus , quantae fuerit totius corporis mag nitudo , eum pro scipione haberet pinum arborem .

Incrementum maius sumitur ex rebus , quas semper comitantur circumstantiae . Persona , has h●… bet . Nationem , patriam , sexum , aetatem , educationem , habitum corporis , fortunam , conditionem , animi natur am , anteacta , nomen . Exempla . Natio , Si ꝙ eius nationis proprium estcontēnit , grauius est vt Angl●…m sagittandi peritiam contēner●… , culpabilius est quam Gallum . Patria , non simpli●…iter auget . Sed exempli gratia de Deo sic loqui licet , Voluit nasci in ciui ●…ate longe celeberrima ; quo velut in excelso theat●… positus , latius sua virtute diluceret , Sexus . In mu li●…re turpiloqutum turpissima res est . A etas . Libi do senem maxime dedecet . Educatio , Bene a primis annis institutus fuit Nero a Seneca , pinde post degenerasse grauius fuit Habitus corp●…ris Cum ●…e deus corpore pulchro crearit , cur tam turpia patras ? Fortuna , Ex obscuro factus es nobilis , & sic īsolescis ? Conditio , priuat●…s es , et tamen magis●…ratui r●… sistis , Animi natura . Cum te magnanimum crearet deus , cur tam pusilla sectaris . Anteacta , Iam desidem esse , cuius priora tam egregia fuerunt facinora , dede cus est , Nomen . Vigilātiū ī●…e tanta dormire decebat Rerum circumstantiae hae sunt . Caussa , Locus , Tem pus , instrumentum . Caussa , ad paricidium primus impul sti , grauior ergo est tua culpa Locus . In tem plo virginem contaminauit . Tempus . Carnibus iū vescebaris , quando publicūfuit indictum ieiunium . Instrumentum Gladio peior●… , lingua serpens Euāoccidit Et haec est ꝑ circumstantias amplificatio

A great part of Eloquence standeth by increasing and diminishing . And all amplification is taken either of thinges or woordes : by wordes thus .

When we chaunge the very woorde , and in stede thereof put a bygger , & say : Thou hast killed him : where peraduenture he gaue hym but a fewe stripes .

An other kynde of Amplification is , ●…hen oure woordes increase one bygger then other , thus . It is offence to bynde a Citezin of Rome , haynous-to beate hym , manslaughter to kyll hym . What shall I cal it to hang hym ?

We amplify also by heapyng thinges faste together . In the companye of the people of Rome , hauyng a common office , Mayster of the horse , there to caste vp thy stynkyng gobbettes , and to fyl●… thy lappe and the iudgemente seate , is not this a shame ? This differeth from the other , because it goeth a pace : and the other by steppes and distinctions .

We amplifye by comparison : and se●… one exaumple to an other : or fayne as though such thyng had happened , thus : If my seruauntes dyd feare me in suche wyse as all thy Citezins feare thee , I would think it good to leaue my house . By comparyng one exaumple to an other , thus . Cicero . Did I pray you that noble man Scipio beyng a priuate person kyl Tiberius Gracchus , which the common wealth but a litle : and shal we being Consuls suffer Catiline , that goeth about to wast the whole world with murther and fyer ?

We amplify by coniecture thus Uirgil speaking of Polyphemus . He helde in his hande the bodye of a pyne tree . By this we coniecture what a greate body he had , when he had a pine tree for his staffe .

A greater am●…lification of thynges . Which alwaies haue their circumstances with them . A person hath these . Nacion , countrey , kinde , age education , hauour of the body , fortune , condicion , nature of mind , forededes , and names . Ex amples . If a man despise any thing that properlye belongeth to his nation , it is more greuous , as . For if an English man doe despise the feate of shooting . The c●…untrey doth not alwayes cause amplification : but we may say of God . He would be borne in the goodliest part of the world , that as it wer in an open playing place , his might & power , myght shine more abrode . Kind . As filthy talke is a foule thing in a woman . Age . Lechery becommeth not an old man , Education . ●…ero 〈◊〉 his first yeres was wel brought vp , it wastherfore the more shame to 〈◊〉 afterwardes . The hauior of the bodi . Sith god hath made the a faire psonage , why dooest thou so filthily ? Fortune . Thou art of low degree becum a noble man , the worse is now thy pride . Condicion . Thou art a priuate man & darest thou resist the magistrates ? The nature of the mind . God hath created the of an high & noble heart , why then fekest thou for so small trifles . Fordedes . Now to be a sluggard which before hast done so goodly actes , is a 〈◊〉 shame . Name . To slepe in so gret a matter , & to be named waker , was this 〈◊〉

The circumstances of thinges be these . Cause , place , time , instrument . Cause . Thou wast the first that moued to this murther , the fault therfore is the greter Place . He defiled the virgin in the 〈◊〉 . Time . Then eate he flesh , when ther was proclaimed open fasting , Instrument . The serpent killed Eue with his tong worse then any sword . Thus now may yon se what Amplification riseth by the circumstances belonging to persons , & thynges .

Frequentatio est , cum res in tota caussa dispersa , co guntur 〈◊〉 in locum , quo grauior aut acrior , aut criminosior oratio sit , hoc pacto A quo 〈◊〉 abest ●…ste vitio ? quid est , Iudices , cur velitis eum liberare ? suae pudicuiae ꝓditor est , insidiator alienae , cupidus , in temperans , petulans , superbus , impius in parentes , ingra ●…us in a●…icos , infestus in cognatos , in supereores contumax , in aequos , & pares fastidiosus , in inferiores crudelis , denique in omnes intollerabilis .

Frequentation is , when the thinges that 〈◊〉 dispersed through al the cause be 〈◊〉 together into one place , that the ●…ration may be the moregraue , sharper , or ●…fuller , thus . What vice hath he ●…ot ? why should you deliuer him you iud●…s ? His own chastity he setteth forth cum whose wil , he lieth in wait for others , he 〈◊〉 intemperate , wanton , proud , vnnatural 〈◊〉 his 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 to his frendes , ●…roublesō to his kinsfolkes , stubberne to ●…is betters , dis●…ful to his felowes , cruel to his inferiours , vntollerable to all men .

Congeries est multiplicatio verborum , aut sentëtiarūrem eandem velut inculcantium . Hoc di●… fert ab Incremento , quod illic per gradus incresci●… oratio , hic velut aceruo . Cic. Quid enim ille tuu Tubero districtus in acie Pharsalica gladius agebat ? cuius latus ille mucro petebat ? Qui sensu●… erat armorum tuorum ? Quae tua mens , oculi , m●… nus , ardor animi ? Quid cupiebas ? quid optabas Quam multae voces hic sunt idem fere significantes . Vt , gladius , mucro , a●…ma , Sensus , mens , ani mus , cupiebas , optabas . Tum quot sententiae eode●… spectantes , distringere in acie gladium , latus p●… tere , sensus armorum . Eiusdem generis est sed a●… fectum habens mitiorem , quod ●…st apud Virgili●… 3. Eneid , Quid puer Ascanius , superatne & v●… citur aura Aetherea ? nec adhuc crude●…bus oc●… bat ●…mbris ? Nihil enim aliud querit nisi an a●… huc supersit Ascanius , sed affectus est , quod re●… eandem ter expressie .

●…ongeries , is a multiplication 〈◊〉 wordes , or sentences , as it wer beatyn in all one thing . It differeth from ēcrea●… in this point , because the oration the●… groweth as it wer by degrees , and he●… ●…y heapes . ●…icero , Tubero , what dyd thy drawen sweord in the battail of Phatsal●…a ? whose side did the point strike at ?

What was the meanyng of thine ar mour . What ment thy mind , eyes , handes ●…ury of mind ? What diddest thou couet ? What diddest thou wish ? Howe manye wordes be there here signifying almost all one thing ? as : sweorde , pointe of the sweord , weapons , sense , minde , ent●…nte , diddest couet , diddest desire . Further , how many sentences bee there tendyng to one point , a●… : to drawe thy sweord in the fielde , to runne at his side , meanyng of weapons . Of the same sort is , but hauyng a more milde affection , that is in ●…irgil in the. iii. of Eneid . Howe doeth the childe Ascanius , is he on the earth ; doth he eate the breath Ethereal ? doth he not yet lye belowe in the cruel dark places ? He axeth nothing els , but whether Ascanius be aliue , but it is the affection that expresseth one thing thrise .

Diuisio est , quae rem semou●…ns are , vtramque ●…bsoluit ratione subiecta , hoc modo . Cur ego nunc ●…bi quicquam obijciam ? Si probus es non . meri●…sti sin improbus non commoueris . Et illud . Quid nunc ego de meis proprijs meritis preaicem ? Si me ministis , obiundam : sin obliti estis , cum ●…e nihil egerim , quid est quod verbis proficere possim ?

Diuision is , whithe remouyng one thing from another , endeth than both by shewing a reason , thus . Why should I nowe then lay any thyng to thy charge ? If thou be good thou hast not deserued it : if thou be naught , thou carest not for it . Also , what should I nowe speake of myne owne proper merites . If you remember them I shal but trouble you : if you haue forgot them , when I haue done nothing by dede , what may I profite by wordes ?

Correctio est , quae tollit quod dictum est , & aliud magis i●…oncum in eius Iocum reponit , Sic Quod si iste suos amicos rogasset , imo innu●…sset do , hoc facile perfici possit ,

Correction is , whiche taketh away that that is spoken , and putteth a mor●… meter thyng in his place , thus . That i●… he had prayed his frendes , yea had n●… more but beckte , this thyng myght easily haue been done .

Definitio est , qua rei alicuius propria vis explic●… rur , breuiter et absolute hoc modo , Non est ista dili gentia sed auaritia : eo ꝙ diligentia est accurrata con seruatio suorum , auaritia n̄uriosa appetitio alienorum

Difinition is , wherby the proper pith of any thyng is declared briefly & perfectly , thus . This is not diligence , but couetousnes : decause diligence is an hedy conseruation of that that is his own couetousnes is an iniurious desyer of other mennes goodes .

Transitio est , qua monemus breuiter quid dictū●…it , & quid consequatur , vt , In patriam qualis fuerit habetis : nunc in parentes qualis extiterit , accipite

Transition is , whereby we do brief●…y shew what is spoken , & what should ●…olowe , thus . You haue heard howe he ●…ath behaued hymselfe to hys countrey ●…ow what he hath been to his parentes I wyll tell you .

Exemplum est rei gestae est cōm●…moratio , & ad nostram aussan accommodatio . Huius ergo materia est factum el res gesta , ab aliquo homine : Sic , Quem admodū●…amillus rem Romanam in extremam pernitiem adductam , restituit : Sic Laurentius lationas literas barbarorum inscitia f●…re extinctas , in pristinum nitorem reuocauit . Porro comparatio ostendie exemplum , quod adductum est , aut simile , aut dissimile , aut contrarium . Rursum , aut par , aut minus , aut maius . Quod in similibus quoque efficitur .

Exaumple is the rehearsal of a thing that is doone , and applying of it to our cause . So the grounde and matter of an exaumple is an acte done of any maune , thus . As Camillus restored the Romain common wealth being brought into extreme ieopardye : So Laurence Ualla broughte agayne into the olde purenesse , the Latine toungue , whiche thorowe ignoraunce of the Babarians , was almoste quite loste . Further , Comparation sheweth the exaumple that is brought , either to be like , vnlike , or co●…trary . And agayne , equall , lesse , or bigger . Which thing is also done in parables , or similitudes .

Similitudo est collatio rei mutae , vel inanimat●… ad nostr Turrian caussa accommedata vt , Nauis pro ve●…●…rum ratione velum tollens , aut contrahens , in ho●… ●…ut illud latus transferens : parabola est , quae docet sapientem tempor●… cedere ae rebus presentibus sese accommodare . Sicut ergo exemplum a facto hominis , & persona historiae petitur , sic collatio a qualibet re preter hominem , & preter hominis factum , sumitur .

Similitude is a mete conferring of a dumme thyng or that hath no life , vnto oure purpose , as . A shippe lyftyng vp , taking downe , or turnyng his sayles on this side or that side as the windes bloweth , is a parable : which techeth a wise manne to serue the tyme , and doe as the worlde goeth . So than as an exaumple is taken of the de●…e of a manne , and of some person in an historie : So a similitude is taken of any thyng saue of man , or mans acte .

Imago minimum differt a similitudine . Vt si dicas Achillem ignis aut solis instar armis relucentem venisse in p●…oelium . Aut alique●… more draconis aut leonis in hostes insil●…isse . Imago est potius quam simili●…udo . Du●…itur autem Imago ab ammantis forma : Vt si hominem rapacem ac virulentum depingas similem ●…ubatae dr●…coni , qui oculis ardentibus , d●…ntibus acutis , vnguibus aduncis , biante rictu , per om●… circumspiciens si quem reperiat , cui possit aliquid mali faucibus afflare , quem ore attingere , dentibus dissecare , lingua aspergere , vnguibus dilacerere .

Image very litle differeth from similitude . As if thou say that Achilles came into the field in harneys glistryng like fyer , or the sunne beames : Or that one flew vpon his enemies , like a dragon or lion , it is an image or resemblance rather then similitude . And a resemblance is taken of the fourine of a beaste , as yf you wil paint out a rauening , or poysonous man like to a crested dragon , which with burning eies , sharp teeth , croked nailes gapyng mouth , loking euery where , vpon whom he may blowe out his poyson whom he may gape at , bite with his teeth poison with his tong , teare with his nayles .

Ad exemplorum genus refertur Autoritas , 〈◊〉 est alieni dicti , aut sententiae collatio ad nostram caussam accommodata . Cuius species sunt .

Sententia , dictio ad mores , vel res communes pertinens , que commoda breuitate demonstrat , quid in vita sit agendum , aut quid fieri soleat , vt Lahor improbus omnia vincit , & , Heu nihil inui tis fas quenquam fidere diuis . Tales sunt Solomo nis , & Catonis sententiae .

Enthymema , sententia ex contrarijs . vt , Sibonis placere magna laus est , certe malis hominibus pro bari ignominia est . Item obsequium amicos , veritas odium parit . Nam hic Enthymema non est species argumentationis dialectice .

Epiphonema , rei narratae , vel probatae , summa ac clamatio , hoe , est , amplificatoi quedāhonestatis , dig nitatis , vtilitatis , difficultatis , aut fimilium fere rerum in fine addita , ad augendum admirationem , vt Tantae molis erat erat Romanam condere gentem , quae est narrataerei acclamatio e. Adeo a teneris consu esceremultū est . Probataerei acclamatio . Vt pro ligario . Quorūigitur impunitas Cesar tua clementiae laus est , eorūte ipsorum ad crudelitatem acuet oratio ?

Noenia , quum tecte significamus , ꝙ auditor ex se ipse diuinet , vel sētētiosū scomma , detortum in 〈◊〉 aliquam , cuius mores , & ineptiae notentura ?

Ex●…plū Liuius habet . Athenienses ●…dem literis , ver bisq̄bellū aduersus Philippum gerebant . Quo noem●… te Liuius salse notat imbellem loquacitatem Graeculorum

Chria , breuissima exposuio alicuius facti , vel dicti , cum autoris nomine citato , Hác Cicero in prefa●…ione tertum officiorum pertractat , Scipionem dic●… re solitumse nunquam minus ociosum esse , quam cum ociosus : nec minus solum , quam cum solus . 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 dictum vel sententia ex apologo sumptaqualia sunt Epimithia , id est , apologationes , & allegorie interpretantes apologos & corum vsum indicantes .

Oraculum id est dictum ab ore dei exceptum , vel ex mandato dei prolatum , qualia sunt omnia fer●… quae in Biblijs dicuntur , & praecipiuntur .

Unto exaumples is referred authoritie : that is a mete conferring of an other mannes saying or sentence to oure cause . The kindes be these .

Sentence , is a saying pertayning to maners , or to common practises of the world which with proper br●…efnes , shew eth what is to bee done , or wont to bee done in this life , as . Continual labor ouercommeth al thing . And no man may hope for any thing against goddes wyl . Such be the sentences of Salomon , & Cato .

Enthymeme , a sentence made of contraries : as if it bee a greate prayse to please good menue : to be alowed of euil , is gret reproch . Also flattry getteth frendes , trueth hatred . Neither is it here a kind of argumentacion dialectical

Epiphonema , is an acclamacion of any matter that is tolde , or alowed : that is to say , an amplifying of honestie , dign●…tie , profite , difficultie , or suche other like , put at the ende for the more 〈◊〉 ling , as . As so w●…ightie a matter it was to sette vp the Romaine nacion . Here is an acclamacion of a matter told before . And so great it is to accustome our self from youth .

An acclamation of a thing that is told thus , as for Ligarius . Cesar , whose per don is praise of thy mercye , shall there woordes sharpen thee to cru●… ?

Noema , when we signifye 〈◊〉 , that which the hearer maye coni 〈◊〉 by himselfe . Or it is a taunt , spoken against any person , whose folye , and maners are reproued . Liuie hath suche an ●…aumple . The Athenians by letters & wordes fought agaynst Philip. Wherby , Liuius dyd secretely reproue the vn warlike babling of the Grecians .

〈◊〉 , a very short exposicion of any ●…ede or saying , with the autours name beyng recited . This is well handled of 〈◊〉 in the preface of the third boke of his Offices : that Scipio was wont to saye , he was neuer lesse alone then when he was voyde of the common wealthe matters , and neuer lesse alone , than when he was alone .

AEnos , a sayng or a sentence taken out of a tale , as are the Morals & Alligories interpretyng fables , & shewyng there vse .

Oraculum , any worde that is receyued at the mouth of God , or spoken by his commanndement , as are commonly all thynges that are spoken and commaunded in the Bibles .

Expolitio est , c●…m in eodem loco manemus , & altud atque aliud dicere vi●…emur . Ergo huiusmodi vehementer ornata poterit ess●… expolitio , quae constabit exfrequentibus verborum exornationibus , & sententiarum hoc pacto , Ita vti contēnendus est , qui in n●…uigādo , se , quam na●…im mouult incolumem : ita vituperandus , qui in Reip. discrimine , suae plusquam communi saluti , consulit . Naue en●… fracta muli incolumes eu●…serunt : exnaufragio patriaesal●…us nemo potest enatare , Quod mihi bene videtur . Decius intellexisse , qui se deuouisse dicitur , & pro legionibus in hostes misisse medios , Vn de amisit vitam , & non perdidit . Re enim vilissimāet paru●… , maximam i edemit : dedit vitam , accepi●… patriam , amisit anim●… , potitus est gloria , quae cūsūma laude prodita , vetustate quotidie magis ●…nitescit .

Expolition is , when we tary still in one place , and yet seme to speake diuers thinges . So that it may be a very good ly expolition , which shal stand of many exornations of woordes , and sentences , thus . Wherfore as he is to be despised which beyng on the sea had rather haue himself safe than the ship , so is he to be rebuked which in the ●…eopardy of the common wealthe , prouideth more for hym setfe , then for the safety of the common wealth Whiche thyng me thynketh D●…cius did wel perceiue , when he bente hymself to die , and for the sauing of his souldiours to haue runne into the middes of his enemis . Wherby he let his life go , but he lost it not . For with a smal thing & of litle : price he redemedathīg of gret valu●… he gaue his life , but he receiued his countrey : he lette passe his life , but enioyed glory , which declared with great praise the elder it shall waxe , dayly the more and more it shall shine .

Breuitas est res ipsis tantummodo verbis ne●…essariis ex●…edita , hoc modo . Lemnum praterien●… cepit , inde Tharsi presidium resiquit , post , vrbem in Bythinia sustulit , inde pulsus in Hellespontum statim potitur Abido .

Breuitie is , when the matter is quick ly tolde , with no moe wordes but those that be necessary , thus . As he passed by , he toke Lemnum , then he left a garrison at Tharsus : after he toke a city in Bythinia , drieuen from thence , forthwith he wanne Abydus .

Atque haefere sunt senten●…arum figurae : queis rerum , & orationis copia mirabiliter augetur Ceterum a Rhetoribus appellantur vari●…s nominibus , vt a Fabio alicubi argumenta , quum sun●… partes caussarum , quae omitti commode non possunt alicubi or namenta , & amplificationum formae , & virtutes orationis , & lumina , & colorestum videlicet , quum non sunt partes caussarum , 〈◊〉 vel eximi , vel omitti possunt ; boc est , quando non probandi , sed ornandi gratia caussis inseruntur . Cicero vocat exornationes sentemiarum A lij nominant argumenta rerum , quod his non solum orationis , sed & caussae corpus augeatur , & increscat . Verum quoniam nomina declarandis rebus seruiunt , expositis rebus , de vocibus non est cur anxij magnopere simus . Haud ignoro esse & alia pleraque ornamenta , & figuras orationis . Verum nobis precipua sunt pro virili collecta , & quae maxime digna annotatu visa .

And these in maner be the figures of sentences , whereby the copye , bothe of wordes and matter , is wonderfully increased . Howbeit they bee called of the Rhetoricians by diuers names , as some where of Qui●…tilian they be named ar gumentes , and maners of amplification , vertues also of an oration , and lightes , and colours , euen then in dede when thei be not partes of the matter , but eyther may be taken out , or quite left of : that is to say , when they be not put in matters , to proue any thyng , but to garnish it . Cicero calleth them exornations of sentence . Other name them ornamentes of matter , because by them , not only the oration and wordes , but the body of the matter groweth and is increased . But because names dooe serue to declare thinges , the matters declared , we nede not to take much thought touchyng the woordes . I know there be many other ornamentes also , and figures of oracion But to my power I haue gathered the chief , and that wer thought most mete to bee noted .

De Tribus Generibus dicendi .

COmmonstratis de ornatu , & Eloquutione praeceptis , atque figuris , reliquae muneris , ac instituti nostri partes erunt , vt in quibus omnis oratoria institutio , debeat esse generibus , dicamus . Es se enim diuersa dicendi genera , quae Graeci 〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉〈◊〉 , nos figuras appellamus , in quibus omnis oratio non vitiosa consumitur , neminem arbitror ne mediocriter quidem doctum , fugit , 〈◊〉 tot artium scriptores , & Grecos , & Latinos , quos priora seeula tulerunt , stylum , dicendique genus orationis plerunque dispar , atque dissimile sequutos , vid●…us . Sunt autem dicendi 〈◊〉 tria potissimum animaduersa , Grande , Tenue , Mediocre , Grande , illustre , vehemens , & plenum dicendi genus , diuino quod●… genere orationis , atque incredibili , caussis grauioribus ad hibetur : Habet enim cum am●…a matestate , ornatissima verba , propria ; translata , extranea , ita tamen , vt ad vnamquanquam rem accommodata sint : & graues sententias , quae in amplificatione , & con miseratione tractantur , & exornationes cum verborum , tum sententiarum , quibus maximam vim in orationibus tribuunt , ac grauitatem . Sunt autem qui hoc genere vtuntur , vehementes , varij , copiosi , graues , ad permouendos , & conuertendos animos instructi , & parati . Vsus est Ciecro in oratione pro Aulo Cluentio , pro Sylla , pro ●…ito Annio Milone , pro Caio Rabirio , in Catilinam , in Verrem , in Pisonem , Sed huius imperiti sepe in vitia incidunt , cum grauis oratio illis videtur 〈◊〉 , que turget , & inflata est : quae nouis , aut duriter a●…unde translatis , aut priscis , & ab vs●… quotidtani sermo nis iam 〈◊〉 , aut grauioribus quam res postulat verbis , vtitur hoc modo . Nam qui perduellionibus venditat patriam , non satis suppl●… dederet , si preceps in Neptunias ●…pultus erit Lacunas .

Tenue genus dicendi , subtili quadam & pr●…ssa , atque 〈◊〉 oratione fertur , caussis pa●…lo acutioribus , quam in vsu , vulgari sermonis versantur , est accommodatum . Est enim gaenus orationis demissum , vsque ad vsitassimam puri , dilucid●…ue consuetudinem sermonis : habet sententias tenues , subtiles , acutas , omnia docentes , & diluci diora , non ampliora , facientes . In eodemque genere ( vt in oratore 〈◊〉 ) alij callidi sunt , sed impoliti , et consulto rudium si●…les , & imperitorum : alij in eadem ieiunitate concinniores , id est , faceti , floren tes etiam , & leniter ornati . Vsus est Cicero in phi losophi●…is disputationibus , in oratione pro Quintio , pro Rosco Comedo , & Terentius & Plautus in suis Comoedus , Errant , qui non possunt in illa facetissima verborum attenuatione commode versari , & veniunt ad aridum , & exangue gaenus orationis , quod non alienum est exile nominari , cuius modi est . Namistic ad balneas accessit , ad hunc postea dixit : Hic tuus seruus me pulsauit . Posteae dixit hic illi , Considerabo , Post ille conuicium fecit , & magis , magisque presentibus multis clamauit .

Mediocre & temperatum dicendi gaenus ex hu 〈◊〉 , neque tamen ex infima , & pervulgatissima verborum & sententiarum dignitate , constat . Estque recte dictum genus sermonis temperatum quod admodum vicinum sit tenui , & grandi : atque ita 〈◊〉 in neutro excellat , sed vtriusque sit par ticeps , v●…l potius expers , cum neque hoc , neque illud haebeat , sed interiectam , moderationem persequatur , atque temperië . Idque vno tenore , vt aiunt in dicendo fluit , nihil preter facultatem afferens & aequalitatem , omnemque orationem ornamentis modicis cum verborum , tum s●…ntentiarum distinguens . Vtitur eo Cicero in oratione pro lege Manilia , pro Aulo Cecinna , pro Marco Marcello , 〈◊〉 ximeque in Libris Ofsiciorum . In hoc ●…itiosum est , peruenire ad confine genus eius , quod fluctuans & dissolutum appeliant , eo quod sine neruis , & articulis , fluctuet huc & illuc , nec possit confirmare , nec viriliter sese expedire , id est huiusmodi . Socij nostri cum belliger are nobiscum vell●…t , 〈◊〉 ratiocinati essent etiam atque etiam quid possent facere siquidem sua sponte facerent , & non habe rent hic auditores multos , & malos homines & audaces solent enim diu cogitare omnes , qui mag na negotia volunt agere . Non potest ●…smodi sermo tenere attentum auditorem . Difflluit enim to tus , neque quiequam comprehendens perfectis verbis amplectitur .

Of the three kyndes of stile or endighting .

Now that we haue shewed the 〈◊〉 and figures of garnishing , & eloquntion , it is our office & duety , to shew in what kindes , al oratorie ought to be . For that there be thre sundry kindes called of the Grekes Characters , of vs , figures , in which euery oration not fawtie , is occupied , I trowe there is no man meanely learned , but he knoweth : namelye when we se so many writers of sciences , both Grecians , & Latines , which haue bene before time , to haue folowed for the most part sundry kindes of writing , one vnlike the other . And there hath been marked inespeciall three kindes of endighting . The great , the smal , and the meane .

The great kind .

The great , the noble , the mighty , & the ful kind of endighting , with an incredible , and a certein diuine power of oration is vsed in 〈◊〉 causes : for it hath with an ample 〈◊〉 , very garnyshed wordes : proper , translated , and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tences , which are handled in amplification , & 〈◊〉 : and it hath crornati 〈◊〉 both of woordes and sentences : wher vnto in orations they ascribe very gret strength and grauitie . And thei that vse this kind be vehement , various , copious , graue , wel and throughly appointed , to moue and turne men to their purpose This kinde dyd Cicero vse in the orati on for Aulus Cluencius , for Sylla , for Titus Annius Milo , for Caius 〈◊〉 , agaynst Catiline , against Uerres against Piso , but they that cannot skyll of this , oftentimes fal into fautes , when vnto them that semeth a graue oration , which swelleth and is puffed vp , which vseth straunge words , hardly translated , or that be to old , and that be now long sythens lefte of from vse of daylye talke , or more graue then the thyng requireth .

The small kinde .

The small kynde of endightyng is in a subtile , pressed , and fyled oration , mete for causes that bee a litle sharper then are in the common vse of speaking . For it is a kynde of oration that is lette dowue euen to the moste vsed custome of pure , and cleare speakyng . It hath fyne sentences , subtilo , sharpe , teachyng all thynges , and makyng them more playn , not more ample . And in this same kind ( as Cicero saieth in his oratour ) some be crafty , but vnpo lished , and of purpose like the rude and vnskilful . Other in that leanes are trim , that is , mery conceited , florishing also , & a litle garnished . Cicero vsed this kind in his philosophical disputacions , in the oration for 〈◊〉 , for Roscius the comedie player : and Terence , and Plau tus in their Comedies . Such as cannot handsomly vse themselfes in that mery conceited slendernes of wordes , fal into a drye , & feble kind of oration , which may be called aweake , and feble writing , thus . He came to the balenes : after he said vnto him . This thy seruant strake me . I will consider . After that he chode and cryed more and more manye beyng present .

The meane kind .

The meane and temperate kind of in●… standeth of the lower , and yet not of the lowest , and most common words and sentences . And it is rightly called the temperate kind of speaking , because it is very nigh vnto the smal , and to the gret 〈◊〉 , folowing a moderation and temper betwixt them both . And it foloweth ( as you would say ) in one tenor distinguishing , all the oration with smal ornamentes both of wordes and sentences . Cicero vseth this for the law of Manilius , for Aulus Cecinna , for Marcus Marcellus , and most of al in his bokes of Offices . In this is fawtye to come to the kind that is nie vnto it , called dissolute , because it waueth hyther & thyther , as it wer without synewes and iointes , standing surely in no point . And suche an Oration cannot cause the hearer to take anye hede , when it goeth in and out , & comprehendeth not any thyng with perfecte woordes .

FINIS .

THE ARGVMENT OF the oration for Marcus Marcellus .

GNeius Pompeius being ouercome in the bataile at Phar salia , of those men that toke his part , some 〈◊〉 into Afrike to the armye of Juba , and Actius , to renewe the bataile againe , as dyd Scipio and Cato : other thiking themselfes ouercome , fought no more , as did Marcus Cicero : some kept a meane , as dyd Marcus Marcellus , one that had be●…e consull , and a singuler wise man , whiche alwaies did much distrust the victory of Pompey . The gret multitude for his gret & singuler vertues loued this man , and therfore desyred that he should be restored . But the inuin●…ible stomake of his would not be restored by Cefar into his country because he would not se at Rome , those thinges that greued his hert . Cieero be cause he was his familier , and frend euen of a child , did oftentimes exhort him to geue place to the time , & obey necessi which is alwaies the point of a wise mā●…is brother Caius Marcellus , moste hartily praied him that he would come , & continually praied Cesar for to saue his brother . In the Senate , Cesar being present , when Lucius Piso made mention of Marcus Marcellns , & when his brother Caius Marcellus had cast himself at the fete of Cesar , al the Senate rose vp together , & lowly came to Cesar , to pardon Marcus Marcellus . Then made Cesar an oration in the Senate , in the which oration he accused the bitternes of Marcus Marcellus , that when he warred in Gallia , them Marcus Marcelius being consul , called him thefe , and that he went in hand with the counsel , that Cesar should be iudged an enmy of his countrey , o●…les he would put of his armour , & that Mar ●…us Marcellus also did beate with roddes the Decurian of Nouumcomū , ( which to be fraunchised Cesar had brought to Rome ) to declare that this ●…ecurion was no Citezin , and so to disproue the dede of Cesar For to beat the Citizens of ●…ome with roddes it was forbidden by the lawe that Portius made , For the Citizens of Rome , both wer the●… fraunthisers , and brought out of other countreys , there to enhabite . Beside this he shewed also other displeasures that Marcellus did vnto him . ●…eahe added that some there wer that lay in wait to kil him . But he said as touching nature I haue liued ynough , and as touchyng glory too . Then sodainly otherwise than al thei loked for , as touching Marcellus he said he would not denie it , no not for his own sake . And so he gaue him to the Senat , and to the common wealth . The senatours being demaunded what they thought of his iudgem●…t , gaue thankes to Cesar . Cicero which had appoynted for the desyre of his old dignitie , to hold his peace , moued by Cesars highnes of mind , and mercye , and that the Senate did their duetic , chaunged his purpose . Therfore in this Oration he geueth greate thankes to Cesar . So is thys the argum●…t . First he sheweth the cause why he had determyned for euer to hold his peace among the counsaylers : and that Cesars mercy in restoryng his eitmye Marcellus , was the cause why he chaunged his purpose . For then Cesat gaue a signe that all shoulde be well in the common weale . He dothe preferre Cesars actes before all the actes of the Emperours of the people of Rome , of outward nations , of moste mightie people , and most ercellente kinges . But he sayeth that he hath gotten muche more glorye , because he hath vanquished his owne minde , repressed his anger , & tempered his victorye ( which by nature is insolent and proud ) and because he hath restored his enmy to his old dignity . In this victory so great was Cesars modesty , that he shewed he had rather not to haue fought then to haue ouercome , in that he restored again , & loued those that counsayled to peace , amonge the which was Cicero . If Pompey had ouercome , his victorye would haue bene cruel : in the victory of Cesar ther was no cruelty , there was no man killed , but the armed men in the fight . Wherefore the immortall gods seme to haue referred al the safety of the peo●…le of Rome and of the common wealth , to the wisdom and mercy of Cesar , seing thei haue holpen his victory . He taketh awaie the suspicion of Cesar , that any man should lye in wai●… to slay him , but yet he counsels him to take hede . He denyeth that he euer feared any suche thing to happen to Cesar , but yet he sayeth the v●…certayne happes of lyfe , and frailtye of mans nature to be feared . He exhorteth Cesar to set vp agayne the common wealth , which through the violence of warre needes was decayed . And because Cesar said he had liued long inough touching nature , and glory : yet sayth Cicero , that for hys countrey , for which he was borne , he had liued but a litle , which if he wil now set in order agayne , the glorye of his diuine vertue shall remayn for euer . He desyreth Ce●…ar to loke to his own lyfe , and safetie . He promiseth in his own name , and in the name of the reste of the Senatours , that they wyll not only watch for hym , but also put their own bodies in i●…opardye to saue hym .

A THANKES GEVING to Caesar for the restitucion of Marcus Marcellus .

OF this long sylence , whiche I vsed in these troublous tymes , not for any feare , but partly for sorowe , partely for shame , honourable fathers , this presente daye hath made an ende : and made me begin again after myne olde maner , to say my wyl and mynd . For so gret mekenes , such mercy as neuer was heard of , suche moderation where one may do al , finallye suche incredible , and in 〈◊〉 heauenvly wisdom , 〈◊〉 no wise I may passe ouer with silence . For Marcus Marcellus , honorable fathers , now restored to you , & to the common welth , I think not only his voice & autoritye , but mine own also to be conserued , and restored agayn to you and to the common wealth . For I was sory honourable fathers , yea & very sory , so noble a man , being in the same quarel that I was , not also to be in as good a case as I am : neyther coulde I fynde in myne hearte , nor yet thynke it laweful , A Metaphore . to runne in this your old rase , and syt among you counsaylers , the chyefe louer of my studyes , and labours , and as it were my felowe , and company●… pulled awaye from me . Wherefore Cesar , bothe haste thou geuen agayne vnto me myne olde facion of Iyfe , and haste sette vp to all these menne as it wer a banner of hope , that all shal be A translation taken of the maner of marre . wel in the common wealth . For I haue perceyued in manye , chiefly in my selfe , and of late in all : sythe thou haste restored Marcellus to the Senatours , to the people , and to the common wealth , specyally also rehearsing the greues by hym done vnto thee , that thou settest more by the reputation of this order , & honoure of the common wealthe , then eyther by thyne own sorowes , or suspicions . And verely of al hys lyfe past he hath receiued the gretest fruit , and most honorit is vnto him : that all the Senate hath made intercession , and that besides also , by thy most graue and sage iudgement , he thought to doe honour to thee and to the common wealth , Wherby ve An Epiphoneme to the prayse of Marcellu●… rely thou doest perceiue , that sith in receyuing the benefit it is so gret praise , how much more glorious it is to the to haue geuen it . In dede happy is he , for whose saftie , no lesse gladnes in maner commeth to all men , then to himself . And thys he wel deserueth . For who is more excellent than he , in noblenes , in vertue , in study of the best sciences , in true meaning , or in any kynd of thing worthy prayse ? No mans wit is so great , no man so h●… ble eyther to write or speake , that once can declare , much lesse garuish and ga●…ly set out thine actes , O Cesar . Yet by thy leaue , this dare I boldly say , that for nothyng that euer thou diddest , thou euer He compareth the victorie of C●…sars an g●…r to his other victories , & preferreth it be fore them all . gattest greater prayse the thou hast this day . I am often wont to remembre , and gladly much to speake of , how that all the actes of our Emperours , of forein nations , of most mightye people , of most noble kynges , are not woorthy to be compared with thyne , neither for the greatnes of the quarel , neyther in number of battailes , neither in diuersitie of countreys , nor in spedy perfourmance , nor in diuersities of fightes : & that no countreys , were thei neuer so farre distaunt , would more quickly be gone vnto on foote , then thei wer made famous I wil not say with thy spedy iourneys , but victories . which thinges verely except I would confesse to be so great , the scarce any mans mynd , or thought wer able to comprehend them , I might worth●…ly be counted witles . And yet for all that , there be other thinges muche greater . For as touching the praises of warre , some bee wont to 〈◊〉 them with woordes , and to plucke them from the captaines , and part them with the souldiers that the captaines should not haue all . And verely in battaile the manhode of the souldiers , the conuenience of the place , the succours of confiderates , shippes , vitailes , and suche other , doo●… help very muche : and the greatest part of all Fortune chalengeth by good right , & what soeuer is done prosperously , al that almost she counteth her own . But of this 〈◊〉 , O Cesar , whiche ere whyle thou ●…ast gotten , none is associate with thee . At this asmuche as it is ( and surely great it is ) I 〈◊〉 all is thine owne , Repetition and coni●… sion ioygne●… together . The centnrion can plucke nothing , the captain can plu●… nothing , ●…he 〈◊〉 of sould●… can plucke nothing , nor the horsemen can plucke nothing vnto them selues . No not Fortune the Lady of al , will be felowe with thee in this praise : she 〈◊〉 place to thee , she sayeth it is all thine , and thine alone . For neuer is hastines and wisedom ●…oyned together , nor casualtie put to 〈◊〉 . Thou A comp●… bet●… the causes of fortitude and mercye . hast tamed nacions outragious in fiersnes , ●…merable in multitude , infinite in places , aboundyng in welthynesse : but yet thou haste ouercome such thinges , as by their nature and co●…on might be ouercome . For neuer was ther such ●…reugth , nor such multiude , but by sweord and v●…lence , it might be weakened , and broken . But to ouercome wyll , to represse anger , to moderate victorye , thyne aduersarye 〈◊〉 noble , wittie , v●…tuous , hym not onelye ●…o help from misery , but also to auaunce to his olde dignitie : hym that dooeth these thynges , I compare , not to the hyest me●…ne , but iudge hym moste lyk●… Mercy is a ●…oue conquest . a God . Therefore ●…esar , thy warlyke prayses shal be famous , not only in our writynges , but in the mouthes almoste of all nations , and shall b●…e spoken of euen to the worldes ende . But yet such thynges , I wotte not how , euen whyle they be heard , and while they be readde , seme to bee alowed wyth crye of souldyers , and sounde of trumpettes . But ●…rely when either we heare or reade , any thing to be done mercifully , mekely , iustly , moderately , wisely , in anger specially , ( which is enemy to discretion ) & in victorie ( whiche of nature is insolent & proud , ) Oh howe bend we our herts to it , not onely in matters done in dede , but in fayned also : that often tymes we loue them whome we neuer sawe . But he whome we see presente , whose mynde , meaning , and face , we behold , wylling by thy mercy to saue that , that warre would haue destroyed , how may we prayse thee , how may we loue thee , sufficientlye ? By my faith ●…esar , the Hyperbol●… . walles of the counsaile house me thynketh leape for ioye , and seme to praise the , because within them , and in theyr s●…ates , there shall nowe come agayne the woorshippe and authoritie of oure olde au●…cestours . Uerely when I saw , and so did you as well as I , the teares of ●…aius Marcellus hys good and louyng brother fall from his eyes , anon the remembraunce of all the Marcelli●…ns perced my heart , which now beyng dead , by sauing Marcellus thou haste restored againe to their olde estate , and deliuered almost , from vtter decaye , a very noble house and family , beyng now brought to a fewe . This daye therefore thou maist worthily preferre , before al thy most valyant , & innumerable actes . For this is ●…esars praise onelye : other actes that wer done , thou being captein , were great in dede , but yet a great company were partakers thereof . O●… thys thou art bothe captayne and companion : and verelye it is so greate , that no time shall euer ende it , as it dooeth other signes and toke●…s of thy triumphes and victories . For there was neuer thing made by woorkemanshippe and hand , but tune will marre , and consume it . But this thy ●…nitie , and mercye of mynde , shal florishe euerye daye more and more , and tha●… encrease by processe of tyme , where Images s●…tte vp in tokens of thy victories , by time shall bee consumed , and wasted awaye . And in dede al other victories of ciuil battailes nowe before this , thou haste ouercome by equitye and mercy . But this daye thou passest thyne owne selfe . I feare leste that , that I wyl saye , cannot bee so well perceyued by hearing , as vnderstande in mynde . Thou semeste to Amplifica ●…io aboue the hyest degre●… . haue ouercome victorye it selfe , when she by conqueste woulde haue slaine , whome thou by mercye dooest pardon . For where by the propertye of victory , all we that were ouercome , by ryght shoulde haue dyed : by thy iudgemente of mercye , nowe are we saued . Thou then only must be called vnuanquishe●… by whom , yea the very state , & strength of victorie it selfe , is ouercome and Amplifi●…tion by grea●…nes of the be nefite . vanquished . And this iudgement honorable fathers , howe farre it stretcheth , heare I praie you Al we , whiche were compelled to arme our felues , I wote not by what miserable and deadly destenye of the common wealth , although we bee in some faulte of mannishe errour , yet bee we not giltie of any 〈◊〉 act . For where , honorable coūfailers , at your intercession , he hath saued Marcus Marcellus for the comm●… wealth , he hath restored without anye prayer me to my selfe , and also to the common wealth , and other noble men also to themselues , and to their countrey , of whome you see a greate and honourable companye , here nowe at this present sessions . He hath not brought enemies into the counsels house , but hath declared , the ciuil warre to haue been ta ken in hand of the most part , rather through ignorance , false , & vaine feare , them couetousnes , or crueltie . In which warre I thought it euer best to entreate of peace ; 〈◊〉 was sorye , not onelye peace , but the Oration also of the Citezens crauyng peace alwayes to be refused . As for me , I neuer desired this , ne yet anye other ciuile battailes , but alwayes haue counsailed to peace , and not to warre . I folowed Pompey for his frendlinesse towarde me , not for any cause that he had 〈◊〉 so good to the common wealth . I was not so mad , ether for desire , or hope , willingly and wittingly to runne to destroy my self : only was the remembrance of a thankefull minde great with me . And well knowen was the counsel that I ●…ue . For both here in this house , when al thinges wer yet well , and in the time of warre also , I was all in one minde , yea euen then , when I was in ieopardy of my life . There is none therefore that will iudge so euill , as to doubt●… of Cesars mynde touchyng warre , when straight waies after the battaile , he determined to saue the counsaillers to peace , and was angrye with the other . And this would seme the lesse marueile peraduenture then , when the 〈◊〉 was vncertaine , and the fortune of battail doubtful . But he that loueth the authours of peace when he hath the victorie , forsooth declareth that he had rather not to fight , than to be victor . And of this I can beare Marcellus witnes . For as alwaies of peace , euen like of warre also , were we of one mind . How often , and how sorowfully , did I se him feare , partly the proude statelines of ce●… tain men , and chiefly the crueltie of victorie it selfe . Wherefore Cesar , the more acceptable ought thy gentlenes to bee vnto vs , whiche foresawe the crueltie of the other parte . For nowe muste we compare together , not the causes , but the victories . We haue seen thy victorie ended with warre , & no sweord drawen in the citie , in time of peace . The Citizens that bee loste , bee ouerthrowen by battail , not by anger of the victor . So that no man can doubt , that if it were possible , Caius Cesar woulde raise again manye that bee dead , sithe 〈◊〉 the same armie , he saueth whome he 〈◊〉 And of the other parte I will saye no more , but that we all feared , the victorye woulde haue been to angrye . For some there wer that threatned not onely suche as were in harnesse , but them also that styred neuer a whit : and that it was to be considered , not what men thought , but where they were too : in so muche me thinketh that the immortall goddes , though they would punishe the people for some faulte , & haue raysed vp this woefull ciuile battayle , that yet nowe eyther pleased , or once at the last fylled : they haue turned all to the ●…erey and wisedome of the eōquerour . Wherefore ●…esar , reioyce in this thynae excellent goodnes , & be glad in thy good fortune and praise , and also in thy gentle nature and maners , whereby greate pleasure , and profite commeth to a wyse man . Other of thy valiaunt actes when thou shalt remember , although thou maist reioy●…e in them , yet for thy happines thou maist be glad : but as often as thou shalt thinke of vs , whom itpleased thee to saue , and to haue with thee in 〈◊〉 common wealthe , so often 〈◊〉 thou thinke of thy great benefites , incredible liberalitie , and singuler wysedome , whiche I maye boldlye call , not onelye excellent good , but vndoubtedlye good alone . For in true prayse , there is suche bryghtnesse , in noblenesse of hearte , suche honour , that these seme to bee geuen of vertue , the other 〈◊〉 of fortune . Be not weary then in sauyng good menne , specially whiche haue not fallen throughe ●…uyil desyre , and leu●…nesse , but by well doyng in theyr opin●…on , foolyshe 〈◊〉 , yet not cuyl , but as it were for the common wealth . For it is not thy faulte if some feared thee , and contrary thy great praise , that some thinke thee not to be feared at al. Now I come to thy most greuous com plaint , & suspicion , which must be warely taken hede of , not so much of thee , as of all ●…itizens : vs inespecial , whom thou hast saued . And although I truste it be fal●…e , yet will I neuer make it lesse by wordes , then it is in dede . Prouision for thee , is prouision for our selfes . And if I shoulde 〈◊〉 in the one , or the other , I hadde rather seme to feareful , than not He resoneth ●…y this fi●…ure Dialy●…s . very ware . But who is so madde as to lye in wayte to slaye thee ? any of thyne own ? How●…eit , who be more thine own then they , whome thou haste saued vnlooked for ? Or is he oue of them , that was in thy bende of souldiers . It is not credible any to bee so madde , that sythe by the he gatte asmuche good as coulde bee , he woulde not sette more by thy life , then by his owne . Well , ●…f thyne owne thinke thee no harme , yet muste thou beware of thyne enemyes ? What enemies ? For all that were , eyther through stubbernes they haue lost theyr lyues , or by thy mercye haue thei●… lyues , so that either none of thine enemyes By this fi●…ure permis sion , he reaso ●…eth more ●…trongly that ●…ll should be marde if Ce ●…ar were not saued . dooe remayne , or they that doe , be thy very frendes . But sithe in m●…nes myndes bee suche cor●…ers , and farr●… fetches , well lette vs encrease thy suspicion , for so we shall encrease also ou●… dyligence . For who hath so litle experience , who is so vnskylfull of the common weale , who so lytle thynketh vpon hys owne safetye , or vpon all others , whiche perceyueth not hys safegarde to be thyne , and onely vpon thy life , all other mennes wealth to depende ? I verelye as I am bound , thinkyng vpon the daye and nyghte , feare suche chaunces as happen to manne , the vncertainē happes of healthfulnes , and the frai●…tie of our common nature : and I am sorie , that where the common wealth shoulde bee immortall , it doeth stande vpon the life of one mortal man . But if to those chaunces of manne , and vncertaine happes , there bee ioyned a consente of a mischieuous conspiracye , what God , if he woulde , should we beleue to bee hable to helpe the common wealthe ? Al muste bee holpen and holden vp , by thy hande onely ●…sar , for nowe throughe the violence of warre , all good order is ouerthrowen , and lyeth flatte on the grounde . Processe in lawe muste bee hadde agayne , true dealyng muste bee called agayne , lecherye muste bee suppressed , honeste generation encreased , all that is slipte awaye , must bee bounde vp againe with stray●… lawes . It coulde not bee chosen in 〈◊〉 great a ●…iuile battayle , but that the common wealthe beyng sore shaken , howe so euer the warre ended , shoulde lese manye ornamentes of her honour , and succours of her suertye : and that the captaynes would dooe many thinges in warre , whiche thei themselues had forbidde in peace . All whiche woundes of warre thou muste heale , for beside the no man can helpe them . Therefore that most wise and excellent saying of thine . I was sorye to heare : howe that thou haddest liued long inough bothe to nature , and glory . Inough if thou wilt so haue it , paraduenture to nature , and yf it please you , I say also to glory . But to that point that is greatest of all , euen for thy countr●…y sake thou hast liued but a litle . Wherfore leaue of I pray the this wisedome of learned men in despysyng death , be not wise to our harme . For it often commeth vnto myne eares that thou speakest of this to much , how thou hast liued long ynough for thyne owne part . But then would I beleue it if thou diddest liue , but for thy self alone , or els were borne but for thy selfe alone : but nowe sythe thyne actes doe contain the safetie of all the Citizins , and of al the common wealth , thou art so farre of from perfourmaunce of thy greatest workes , that yet thou haste not layde the foundacions thou wenest for . ●…ilt thou then prescribe an ende of thy lyse , not in the sauegard of the common wealth , but by indifference of thine own mind ? What & if this be not inough , no not for thi glor●… of which ( although thou be wise , ) thou canste not yet denye but that thou ar●… most desirous ? Thou wilt say them . Why The figure occupation . shal we leaue behind vs but litle glory ? yes verely for other , were they neuer so many , ynough : litle , for thee onely . For whatsoeuer it is , thoughe it bee greate , surely it is but litle then , when there is anye thyng that is greater . And if Cesar , thys shoulde haue been the ende of thyne immortall actes , that thyne aduersaryes beeyng ouercome , thou shouldest leaue the common wealthe in that state , in whiche nowe it is : mar●… I praie thee whether that 〈◊〉 excellente valiauntnes of thiue , were not more to be meruailed at , then praise woorthy●… . For glorye is a famous , and ●…he definiion of glory common reporte of many and great benefites done , either to the Citizens , or to the countrey , or to all men . This th●… yet is left , this parte remayneth , in thys must ye labour , to staie and settle the 〈◊〉 mon wealth , and that thou chiefly maist liue ioyfully in it , after it is set in gret rest , and quietnes . And when both thou hast payed thy countrey that thou owest her , and hast satisfied nature by liuyng at ful , then saie if thou list , thou hast liued long inough . For what is this that we call long , seing there is somewhat that is laste ? and when that commeth , al pleasure past , is as nothing , because afterwardes it shal be nothing . Howbeit , this high courage of thine , was 〈◊〉 content to be within these straites , which nature hath geuen vs to liue , but was alwaies on fier to liue euerlastynglye . Neither is this to bee counted thy life , whiche is in breath & bodye : but Cesar , that is thy lyfe , I say , that is thy lyfe , whiche shall florishe worldes euerlasting , whiche posteritie shal nourishe , & eternitie alwayes behold . For this thou must serue , for this thou muste auaunce thy selfe : which life now all ready hath many thinges to merueile at , and looketh also , for that she may prayse . ●…relye they that come after shall wonder at thyne Empires , at thy prouinces , howe thou madest a bridge ouer the floud Rhene to come ito Germany , how thou diddest transport thine army ouer the occean into Brittain , how thou hast ioyned battaile with thine enemies fiftye times , thei will wonder at thyne incredible victories , images set vp , great rewardes geuen vnto the for thy manlines , tr●…phes for thy victories , I say , theiwil wonder , whan thei shal heare , & rede these thinges . But except this city bee stablished by thy counsayles , ordinances , and statutes , thy name shal do no more but wander farre abrode , no stable seat nor certain house shall it haue to dwel in . Emong them that shal come after also , there shal be great dissension as there hath been among vs : when some shall praise thine actes aboue the mone , and some again shall finde faulte , yea in this point chief of al , if thou quench not the fier of ciuile battaile , by sauing thy countrey in so muche that thy victorye might seme to bee ascribed to deste●…ye , the quietnes of this citie to thy policie and wisedom . Serue therfore those iudges also , which shal iudge of the manye yeres herafter , and peraduenture more iustly than we . For they shal iudge both without loue and flattery : & also without hatred and enuy : and although that ( as some men thinke falsely ) shall then nothyng perteyne vnto the , yet nowe it dooeth perteine that thou shouldest bee such one , whose praises should neuer be forgotten , Diuers wer the willes of the Citizens : and diuers was their talke . For we differd not onely why , and wherfore we should fyght , but also with whom , & on whose syde we shoulde fyght , But there was a doubte , and a variaunce among the noblest capteins . Many doubted what was beste to bee done , manye what was good for themselues , manye what was comely , and some also what was lawfull . The common wealthe is past this miserable , and fatall battayle : he hath ouercome , whiche by his good fortune wyll not encrease hatred , but by his goodnes appease it : nor will not iudge al them whom he was angry with , eyther woorthye of ●…anishmente , or of deth . Som haue laid down ther weapons , from some thei haue been taken awaye . He is bnkind , and vniust , which beyng deliuered from the peryl of harnes , wil yet kepe an harnest minde : so that he is better which died in the field , than he that shed his bloude in mainteinyng the quarel . For som shal thinke that to be stubbernes , which to other may seme constance But because now all dissension is broken by battayle , and put out by gentlenes of the victor : it remayneth that all , which eth●…r be be wise , or in their wits , should be all of one mynde . For excepte thou be safe , Cesar , and be in that mind ; in which before thou hast bene , and art at this day most of al , we cannot bee saued . Wherfore al we , which woulde all wer wel , both exhort the , & hartely pray the , to haue regard to thi life , and al we , ( to speake also for other that I think of my self , ) because thou thinkest there is some priuie matter that thou oughtest to be ware of , I say , we doe promise , not onely to watche , and ward for thy safegard , but euen to set our owne sides and bodies against thine enemies . But to end there as I began , Cesar , we al geue the most hearty thankes in wordes , & in our heartes be more bound vnto the. For that we be al of one mynde , thou maiste perceiue by the prayers , & wepinges of vs al. But because it nedeth not , eche man that standeth here shoulde speake , they would that I should tel the tale , which in mauer of necessitie must doe it , bothe because their wil , and pleasure so is , and because thou hast restored againe Marcus Marcellus to the senate , to the peo ple , and to the common wealth : therefore I perceiue , that chiefly I ought to do this thing . For I see all men reioyce , not for the safety of one man , but as it wer eu●… for the life of vs all . As touching my gret good wil toward him , which al m●… haue so knowen , that scasely his good , and louing brother Caius Marcellus hath loued him better : seyng I shewed it by taking thought , care , and payne , so long as it was in doubte whether he should liue , or not , verely nowe at thys time , being deliuered from care , grief , & so rowes , Iought to shew this my beneuolence a great deale muche more . Therefore Cesar , I geue thee thankes , not only for that thou hast conscrued me to all my goodes , but also hast set me in more honor than euer I was before , & to these thyne innumerable benefites towarde me , ( when I thought it impossible that any more might be done ) yet by thys thy dede haste encreased thy goodnesse , and heaped vp thy gentlenesse vpon me more and more , with thy gracious fauour continuallye .

Imprinted at London in Fletestrete within Temple barre , at the sygne of the hand and starre by Richarde Tottill . the. 〈◊〉 . daye of Maye , the yeare of oure Lorde . MDLV .

Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum .