A sea grammar vvith the plaine exposition of Smiths Accidence for young sea-men, enlarged. Diuided into fifteene chapters: what they are you may partly conceiue by the contents. Written by Captaine Iohn Smith, sometimes gouernour of Virginia, and admirall of Nevv-England.

A Sea Grammar .

Chap. I. Of Dockes , and their definitions .

A Docke is a great pit or pond , A dry Docke . or creeke by a harbour side , made conuenient to worke in , with two great floud-gates built so strong and close , that the Docke may be dry till the ship be built or repaired , and then being opened , let in the water to float and lanch her ; and this is called a dry Docke . A wet Docke . A wet Docke is any place , where you may hale in a ship into the oze out of the tides way , where shee may docke her selfe . A Cradle . A cradel is a frame of timber , made along a ship , or the side of a gally by her billidge , for the more ease and safty in lanching , much vsed in Turkie , Spaine , and Italy . The stockes . And the stockes are certaine framed posts , much of the same nature vpon the shore to build a Pinnace , a Catch , a Frigot , or Boat , &c. To those Dockes for building belongs their wood-yards , with saw-pits , and all sorts of timber ; but the masts and yards are chained together in some great water to keepe them from rotting , A Crab. and in season ; Also a crab is necessary , which is an engine of wood of three clawes , placed on the ground in the nature of a Capsterne , for the lanching of ships , or heauing them into the Docke .

CHAP. II. How to build a ship with the definitions of all the principall names of euery part of her principall timbers , also how they are fixed one to another , and the reasons of their vse .

THe first and lowest timber in a ship is the keele , The Keele . to which is fastened all the rest ; this is a great tree or more , hewen to the proportion of her burden , laid by a right line in the bottome of the docke , or stockes . At the one end is skarfed into it , The Stem . the Stem , which is a great timber wrought compassing , and all the butt-ends of the planks forwards are fixed to it . The Sterne . The Sterne post is another great timber , which is let into the keele at the other end somewhat sloping , The fashion peeces . & from it doth rise the two fashion peeces , like a paire of great hornes , to those are fastened all the plankes that reach to the after end of the ship , but before you vse any plankes , The Rungs . they lay the Rungs , called floore timbers , or ground timbers , thwart the keele ; thorow those you cut your Limberholes to bring the water to the well for the pumpe , The Limberholes the vse of them is when the ship is built to draw in them a long haire rope , by pulling it from sterne to stem , to scowre them , and keepe them cleane from choaking .

The Floore . Those ground timbers doe giue the floore of the ship , being straight , sauing at the ends they begin to compasse , and there they are called the Rungheads , Rungheads . and doth direct the Sweepe or Mould of the Foot-hookes and Nauell timbers , Sweepe . Mould . Skarfing . for there doth begin the compasse and bearing of the ship , those are skarfed into the ground timbers , which is one peece of wood let into another , or so much wood cut away from the one as from the other , for when any of those timbers are not long enough of themselues , they are skarfed in this manner , to make two or three as one : those next the keele are called the ground Foot-hookes , Foot-hookes . Keeleson . the other the vpper Foot-hookes ; but first lay your keeleson ouer your floore timbers , which is another long tree like the keele , and this lying within as the other without , must be fast bound together with strong iron bolts thorow the timber● and all , and on those are all the vpper workes raised , when the Foot-hookes are skarfed , as is said , and well bolted , when they are planked vp to the Orlop they make the ships Howle , and those timbers in generall are called the ships ribs , Howle . Ribs . Sleepers . because they represent the carkasse of any thing hath ribs . The sleepers run before and after on each side the keeleson , on the floore well bolted to the Foot-hookes , which being thus bound doe strengthen each other . Spurkits . The Spurkits are the spaces betwixt the timbers alongst the ship side in all parts , but them in Howle below the Sleepers , are broad boords , which they take vp to cleare the Spurkits , if any thing get betwixt the timbers .

The Garbord is the first planke next the keele on the outside , The Garbord . Garbord strake . Rising timbers . the Garbord strake is the first seame next the keele , your rising timbers are the hookes , or ground timbers and foot-hookes placed on the keele , and as they rise by little and little , so doth the run of the ship from the floore , The Run . which is that part of the ship vnder water which comes narrower by degrees from the floore timbers along to the sterne post , called the ships way aftward , for according to her run she will steare well or ill , by reason of the quicknesse or slownesse of the water comming to the rudder : now all those plankes vnder water , Plankes . as they rise and are ioyned one end to another , the fore end is called the Butt-end in all ships , Butt-ends . b●t in great ships they are commonly most carefully bolted , for if one of those ends should spring , or giue way it would be a great troublesome danger to stop such a leake , the other parts of those plankes are made fast wich good Treenailes and Trunnions of well seasoned timber , Treenailes . Tiunnions . thorow the timbers or ribs , but those plankes that are fastened into the ships stem are called whoodings . Whoodings .

The gathering of those workes vpon the ships quarter vnder water is called the Tucke , The Tucke . if it lie too low it makes her haue a fat quarter , and hinders the quicke passage of the water to the rudder ; if too high she must be laid out in that part , else she will want bearing for her after workes . The Transome is a timber lies thwart the sterne , Transome . betwixt the two fashion peeces , and doth lay out the breadth of the ship at the buttockes , Buttocks . which is her breadth from the Tucke vpwards , and according there to her breadth or narrownesse , we say she hath a narrow or broad buttocke , the fashion peeces , before spoke of , are the two outmost timbers , on either side the sterne , excepting the counters . Rake . The Hull . The ships Rake is so much of her hull as hangs ouer both ends of the keele , so much as is forward is said , she rakes so much forward , and so in like manner aftward : by the hull is meant , the full bulke or body of a ship without masts or any rigging from the stem to the sterne : The Rake forward is neere halfe the length of the keele , and for the Rake aftward about the forepart of her Rake forward , but the fore Rake is that which giues the ship good way , and makes her keep a good wind , but if she haue not a full Bow , it will make her pitch her head much into the Sea , if but a small Rake forward , the sea will meet her so fast vpon the Bowes , she will make small way , and if her sterne be vpright as it were , she is called Bluffe , Bluffe . Bluffeheaded . Billage . or Bluffe-headed . A ships Billage is the breadth of the floore when she doth lie aground , & Billage water is that which cannot come to the pumpe , we say also she is bilged , when she strikes on a rocke , an anchors flooke or any thing that breakes her plankes or timbers , to spring a leake .

When you haue berthed or brought her vp to the planks , Plankes . which are those thicke timbers which goeth fore and aft on each side , whereon doth lie the beames of the first Orlop , Beames . Orlop . which is the first floore to support the plankes doth couer the Howle , those are great crosse timbers , that keepes the ship sides asunder , the maine beame is euer next the maine mast , where is the ships greatest breadth , the rest from this is called the first , second , third , fourth , &c. forward or aftward beames . Great ships haue a tier of beames vnder the Orlop whereon lies no decke , and great posts and binders called Riders from them to the keele in howle only to strengthen all . Riders . But the beames of the Orlop is to be bound at each end with sufficient Knees , Knees . which is a crooked peece of wood bowed like a knee , that bindes the beames and foot-hookes , being bolted together , some stand right vp and downe , some a long the ship , and are vsed about all the deckes , some sawed or hewed to that proportion , but them which grow naturally to that fashion are the best .

Lay the Orlop with good planke according to her proportion ▪ so leuell as may be is the best in a man of Warre , Ports . because all the Ports may be of such equall height , so that euery peece may serue any Port , Beds . without making any beds or platformes to raise them , but first bring vp your worke as before to the second decke or Orlop , and by the way you may cut your number of port holes according to the greatnesse of your ship ; Ringbolts . by them fasten your Ringbolts for the tackles of your Ordnances , you vse Ringbolts also for bringing the plankes and wail●s to the ship side , Set bolts . and Set bolts for forcing the workes and plankes together , Clinch bolts . Clinch bolts are clinched with a riueting hammer for drawing out . But Rag bolts are so iaggered that they cannot be drawne out . Rag bolts . Fore locke bolts hath an eye at the end , Fore locke bolts . whereinto a fore locke of iron is driuen to keepe it from starting backe . Fend bolts . Fend bolts are beat into the outside of a ship with the long head to saue her sides from galling against other ships , Driue bolts . Driue bolts is a long piece of iron to driue out a treenaile , or any such thing , besides diuers others so vsefull that without them and long iron spikes and nailes , She was built of Cedar . nothing can be well done ; yet I haue knowne a ship built , hath sailed to and againe ouer the maine Ocean , which had not so much as a naile of iron in her but onely one bolt in her keele .

Clamps . Now your risings are aboue the first Orlop as the Clamps are vnder it , which is long thicke plankes like them , fore and aft on both sides , vnder the ends of the Beames and timbers of the second Decke or Orlop , or the third Decke or Orlop , or the third Decke which is neuer called by the name of Orlop , Decks . A halfe Decke . A quarter Decke . A Flush Decke . and yet they are all but Decks ; also the halfe Decke and quarter Decke , whereon the beames , and timbers beare are called risings . A Flush Decke is when from stem to sterne , it lies vpon a right line fore and aft which is the best for a man of Warre , both for the men to helpe and succour one another , as for the vsing of their armes , or remounting any dismounted peece , because all the Ports on that Decke are on equall height , which cannot be without beds and much trouble , A cambered Decke . To sinke a Deck . To raise a Deck . where the Decke doth camber or lie compassing . To sinke a Decke is to lay it lower , to raise a Decke to put it higher , but haue a care you so cut your Port holes , one peece lie not right ouer another for the better bringing them to your marke .

The halfe Decke is from the maine mast to the steareage , & the quarter Decke from that to the Masters Cabin called the round house , which is the vtmost of all , but you must vnderstand all those workes are brought vp together , as neere equally as may bee from bend to bend , Bend , or waile . or waile to waile , which are the outmost timbers on the ship sides , and are the chiefe strength of her sides , to which the foot-hookes , beames , Chaine waile . & knees , are bolted , and are called the first , second , and third Bend ; but the chaine waile is a broad timber set out amongst them , a little aboue where the chaines and shrouds are fastened together to spread the shrouds the wider the better to succour the masts . Thus the sides and Deckes are wrought till you come at the Gunwaile , Gun waile . which is the vpmost waile goeth about the vpmost strake or or seame of the vpmost Decke about the ships waste , and the ships quarter is from the maine mast aftward . The ships quarters . Culuertailed . Carlings .

Culuertailed is letting one timber into another in such sort that they cannot slip out , as the Carling ends are fixed in the beames , and Carlings are certaine timbers lieth along the ship from beame to beame , on those the ledges doerest whereunto the plankes of the Deckes are fastened . Carling knees . The Carling knees are also timbers comes thwart the ship from the sides of the Hatches way , betwixt the two masts , and beares vp the Decke on both sides , and on their ends lieth the commings of the hatches , Commings . which are those timbers and plankes which beares them vp higher than the Deckes , to keepe the water from running downe at the hatches ; also they fit Loopholes in them for the close fights , Loopholes . and they are likewise a great ease for men to stand vpright if the Deckes below . Hatches way . The Hatches way is when they are open where the goods are lowered that way right downe into the howle , and the hatches are like trap doores in the middest of the Deckes , before the maine mast , by certaine rings , to take vp or lay downe at your pleasure .

A scuttle-hatch is a little hatch doth couer a little square hole we call the Scuttle , A Scuttle . where but one man alone can goe downe into the ship , there are in diuers places of the ship whereby men passe from Decke to Decke , and there is also small Scuttles grated , to giue light to them betwixt Deckes , and for the smoke of Ordnances to passe away by . The Ramshead is a great blocke wherein is three shiuers into which are passed the halyards , Ramshead . and at the end of it in a hole is reued the ties , and this is onely belonging to the fore and and maine halyards ; to this belong the fore Knight , The fore Knight . and the maine Knight , The main Knight vpon the second Decke fast bolted to the Beames . They are two short thicke peeces of wood , commonly carued with the head of a man vpon them , in those are foure shiuers apeece , three for the halyards and one for the top rope to run in , and Kneuels are small pieces of wood nailed to the inside of the ship , Kneuels . to belay the sheats and rackes vnto . Capstaine .

The Capstaine is a great peece of wood stands vpright vpon the Decke , abaft the maine mast , the foot standing in a step vpon the lower decke , and is in the nature of a windis , to winde , or weigh vp the anchors , sailes , top masts , ordnances , or any thing it is framed in diuers squares , with holes thorow them , Capstaine bars . thorow which you put your Capstaine barres , for as many men as can stand at them to thrust it about , and is called manning the Capstaine . The maine body of it is called the Spindle . The Spindle . Whelps . The Whelps are short peeces of wood made fast to it , to keepe the Cable from comming too high in the turning about ; Paul . The Paul is a short piece of iron made fast to the Deck , resting vpon the whelps to keepe the Capstaine from recoiling which is dangerous , but in great ships they haue two , the other standing in the same manner betwixt the fore mast and the maine , to heaue vpon the Ieare rope , Ieare Capstaine . and is called the Ieare Capstaine , to straine any rope , or hold off by , when we way Anchor , to heaue a head , or vpon the violl , which is when an Anchor is in stiffe ground wee cannot weigh it , or the Sea goeth so high the maine Capstaine cannot purchase in the Cable , then we take a Hawser opening one end , and so puts into it Nippers some seuen or eight sadome distant from each other wherewith wee binde the Hawser to the Cable , and so brings it to the Ieare Capstaine to heaue vpon it , and this will purchase more than the maine Capstaine can . The violl . The violl is fastened together at both ends with an eye or two , with a wall knot and seased together . A windas . A windas is a square peece of timber , like a Role before the fore Castle in small ships , and forced about with handspikes for the same vse as is the Capstaine .

The Pumpe . What are the parts of a pumpe you may see in euery place , The Brake . the handle we call the brake , the pumpes can , is a great can we power water into pumps to make it pumpe . The Can. The Daile . The daile is a trough wherein the water doth runne ouer the Deckes ; Chained Pumps . But in great ships they vse chained pumps which will goe with more ease , and deliuer more water . A Bur Pump . The Dutch men vse a Burre pumpe by the ship side , wherein is onely a long staffe with a Burre at the end , like a Gunners spunge , to pumpe vp the Billage water that by reason of the bredth of the ships floore cannot come to the well : In pumping they vse to take spels , that is , fresh men to releeue them , and count how many strokes they pumpe each watch , whereby they know if the ship be stanch , or thite , or how her leakes increase . The Pumpe sucks , The Pumpe sucks is when the water being out , it drawes vp nothing but froth and winde . They haue also a little Pumpe made of a Cane , a little peece of hollow wood or Latten like an Elder gun , A beare Pumpe . to pumpe the Beere or Water out of the Caske , for at Sea wee vse no Taps , and then staue the Caske to make more roome , and packeth the Pipe-staues or boords vp as close as may be in other Caske till they vse them .

The Skuppers are little holes close to all the Decks thorow the Ships sides , The Skuppers . whereat the water doth runne out when you pumpe or wash the Decks ; Skupper-leathers . the Skupper-leathers are nailed ouer those holes vpon the lower Decke to keepe out the Sea from comming in , yet giue they way for it to runne out : Skupper-nailes . Skupper nailes are little short ones with broad heads , made purposely to naile the Skupper-leathers , The Waist . and the cotes of Masts and Pumps . The Waist is that part of the Ship betwixt the maine Mast and the fore-castle , and the Waist boords are set vp in the Ships waist , Waist boords . betwixt the Gun-waile and the waist trees , Waist trees . but they are most vsed in Boats , set vp alongst their sides to keepe the Sea from breaking in .

There are vsually three Ladders in a Ship ; The entering Ladder . the entering Ladder is in the Waist , made formally of wood , and another out of the Gallery made of Ropes to goe into the boat by in foule weather , Gallery Ladder . and the third at the Beak-head , made fast ouer the Boulspret to get vpon it , Boultspret Ladder . onely vsed in great Ships .

It were not amisse now to remember the Fore-castle , The Fore-castle . being as vsefull a place as the rest , this is the forepart of the Ship aboue the Decks ouer the Bow ; Bow . there is a broad Bow & a narrow Bow , so called according to the broadnes or the thinnesse : the Bow is the broadest part of the Ship before , compassing the Stem to the Loufe , Loufe . which reacheth so farre as the Bulk-head of the Fore-castle extendeth . Against the Bow is the first breach of the Sea , if the Bow be too broad , she will seldome carry a Bone in her mouth or cut a feather , Cut a feather . that is , to make a fome before her : where a well bowed Ship so swiftly presseth the water , as that it foameth , and in the darke night sparkleth like fire . If the Bow bee too narrow , as before is said , she pitcheth her head into the Sea , so that the meane is the best if her after way be answerable . The Hauses are those great round holes before , Hauses . vnder the Beak-head , where commonly is vsed the Cables when you come to an Anchor , the bold or high Hause is the best , for when they lie low in any great sea , they will take in very much water , the which to keepe out , they build a circle of planke either abaft or before the maine Mast called the Manger : Manger . and a Hause-plug at Sea , now the Fore-castle doth couer all those being built vp like a halfe decke , to which is fixed the Beake-head , Prow . and the Prow is the Decke abaft the Fore-castle , whereon lyeth the Prow peeces .

The Beak-head . The Beak-head is without the ship before the fore Castle , supported by the maine knee , fastened into the stem , all painted and carued as the sterne , and of great vse , as well for the grace and countenance of the ship , as a place for men to ease themselues in . To it is fastened the coller of the maine stay , and the fore tacks there brought aboord ; also the standing for rigging and trimming the spretesaile geare , Combe . vnder the midest of it is the Combe , which is a little peece of wood with two holes in it to bring the fore tacks aboord . Bits . The Bits are two great peeces of timber , and the Crospeece goeth thorow them , Crospeece . they are ordinarily placed abaft the Manger in the ships loose , to belay the Cable thereto when you ride at Anchor : Their lower parts are fastened to the Riders , but the middle part in great ships are bolted to two great beames crosse to the Bowes , and yet in extraordinary stormes we are glad to make fast the Cable to the maine M●st for strengthning of the Bits and safety of the Bowes , which haue in great stormes beene torne from the ships . Dauid . The Dauid is a short peece of timber , at the end whereof in a notch they hang a blocke in a strap called the Fish-block , Fish-block . by which they hale vp the flook of the Anchor to the Ships bow , Cat. it is put out betwixt the Cat and the Loufe , and to be remoued when you please . The Cat is also a short peece of timber aloft right ouer the Hawse ; in the end it hath two shiuers in a bloc●e , wherein is reeued a Rope , to which is fastned a great hooke of Iron , to trice vp the Anchor from the Hawse to the top of the fore-castle .

A Bulks head is like a seeling or a wall of boords thwart the Ship , as the Gunroome , the great Cabin , the bread roome , A Bulkes head . the quarter Decke , or any other such diuision : but them which doth make close the fore-castle , and the halfe Decke , the Mariners call the Cubbridge heads , Cubbridge head . wherein are placed murtherers , and abaft Falcons , Falconets , or Rabinits to cleare the Decks fore and aft so well as vpon the ships sides , to defend the ship and offend an enemy . Sockets . Sockets are the holes wherein the pintels of the murderers or fowlers goe into . The hollow arching betwixt the lower part of the Gallery and the Transome , is called the lower Counter ; Low Counter . Vpper Counter . the vpper Counter is from the Gallery to the arch of the round house , Brackets . and the Brackets are little carued knees to support the Galleries .

The Stearage roome , is before the great Cabin , The Stearage . Great Cabin . where he that steareth the Ship doth alwaies stand , before him is a square box nailed together with woodden pinnes , called a Bittacle , because iron nailes would attract the Compasse ; Bittacle . this is built so close , The Compasse . that the Lampe or Candle only sheweth light to the stearage , and in it alwaies stands the Compasse , which euery one knowes is a round box , and in the midst of the bottome a sharpe pin called a Center whereon the Fly doth play , which is a round peece of pace-boord , with a small wyer vnder it touched with the Load-stone , in the midst of it is a little brasse Cap that doth keepe it leuell vpon the Center . On the vpper part is painted 32. points of the Compasse couered with glasse to keepe it from dust , breaking , or the wind ; this Box doth hang in two or three brasse circles , so fixed they giue such way to the mouing of the Ship that still the Box will stand steady : there is also a darke Compasse , A darke Compasse . A Compasse for Variation . and a Compasse for the variation , yet they are but as the other , onely the darke Compasse hath the points blacke and white , and the other onely touched for the true North and South . Vpon the Bittacle is also the Trauas , The Trauas . which is a little round boord full of holes vpon lines like the Compasse , vpon which by the remouing of a little sticke they keepe an account , how many glasses ( which are but halfe houres ) they steare vpon euery point . The Whip-staffe is that peece of wood like a strong staffe the Stearsman or Helmesman hath alwaies in his hand , The Whip-staffe going thorow the Rowle , The Rowle . and then made fast to the Tiller with a Ring .

The Tiller . The Tiller is a strong peece of wood made fast to the Rudder , Rudder . which is a great timber somewhat like a Planke , made according to the burthen of the ship , and hung at the sterne vpon hookes and hinges , Pintels . Gudgions or Rudder-Irons . The Gun-roome . they call Pintels and Gudgions , or Rudder-irons . The Tiller playeth in the Gun-roome ouer the Ordnances by the Whip-staffe ; whereby the Rudder is so turned to and fro as the Helmesman pleaseth , and the Cat holes are ouer the Ports , Catholes . right with the Capstaine as they can , to heaue the Ship a sterne by a Cable or a Hauser called a sterne-fast . On each side the Stearage roome are diuers Cabins , as also in the great Cabin , the quarter Decke , and the round house , with many conuenient seates or Lockers to put any thing in , Lockers . as in little Cupberts .

The bread-roome . The Bread-roome is commonly vnder the Gun-roome , well dried or plated . The Cook-roome where they dresse their victuall may bee placed in diuers places of the Ship , Cooke-roome . as sometimes in the Hould , but that oft spoileth the victuall by reason of the heat , but commonly in Merchantmen it is in the Fore-castle , especially being contriued in Fornaces ; besides in a chase their Sterne is that part of the ship they most vse in fight , but in a man of warre they fight most with their Prow , and it is very troublesome to the vse of his Ordnance , and very dangerous lying ouer the Powder-roome , some doe place it ouer the Hatches way , but that as the Stewards roome are euer to be contriued according to the Ships imploiment , &c. Calking . Calking is beating Okum into euery seame or betwixt planke and planke , Okum . and Okum is old Ropes torne in peeces like Towze Match , or Hurds of Flax , which being close beat into euery seame with a calking Iron and a Maller , Calking-Iron . which is a hammer of wood and an iron chissell , Paying . being well payed ouer with hot pitch , doth make her more thight than it is possible ; by ioyning Planke to Planke . Grauing is onely vnder water , Grauing . a white mix ure of Tallow , Sope and Brimstone ; or Train-oile , Rosin , and Brimstone boiled together , is the best to preserue her calking and make her glib or slippery to passe the water ; and when it is decayed by weeds , or Barnacles , Barnacles , or Wormes . which is a kinde of fish like a long red worme , will eat thorow all the Plankes if she be not sheathed , which is as casing the Hull vnder water with Tar , and Haire , close couered ouer with thin boords fast nailed to the Hull , which though the Worme pierce , Brooming or Breaming . shee cannot endure the Tar. Breaming her , is but washing or burning of all the filth with reeds or broome , either in a dry dock or vpon her Careene , which is , Careene . to make her so light as you may bring her to lye on the one side so much as may be in the calmest water you can , but take head you ouerset her not ; and this is the best way to Breame Ships of great burthen , or ●liose haue but 4. sharpe Flores for feare of brusing or ouersetting . Parsling . Parsling is most vsed vpon the Decks and halfe Decks ; which is , to take a list of Canuas so long as the seame is you would parsell , being first well calked , then powre hot pitch vpon it , and it will keepe out the water from passing the seames . There remaines nothing now as I can remember to the building the Hull of a Ship , nor the definition of her most proper tearmes , but onely s●eling the Cabins and such other parts as you please , and to bind an end with all things fitting for the Sea , as you may reade in the Couenants betwixt the Carpenter and the Owner , which are thus .

Notes for a Couenant betweene the Carpenter and the Owner . If you would haue a Ship built of 400. Tuns , she requires a planke of 4. inches : if 300. Tuns , 3. inches : small Ships 2. inches , but none lesse . For clamps , middle bands and sleepers , they be all of six inch planke for binding within . The rest for the sparring vp of the workes of square three inch planke . Lay the beames of the Orlope , if she be 400. Tuns at ten foot deepe in howle , and all the beames to be bound with two knees at each end , and a stardard knee at euery beames end vpon the Orlope , all the Orlope to be laid with square three inch planke , and all the plankes to be treenailed to the beames .

Six foot would be betweene the beames of the Deck and Orlope , and ten ports on each side vpon the lower Orlope , all the binding betweene them should bee with three inch or two inch planke , and the vpper Decke should bee laid with so many beames as are fitting with knees to bind them ; laying that Decke with spruce Deale of thirty foot long , the sap cut off , and two inches thicke , for it is better than any other .

Then for the Captaines Cabben or great Cabben , the Stearage , the halfe Decke , the Round house , the Fore-castle , and to binde an end with the Capsterne and all things fitting for the Sea , the Smiths worke , the caruing , ioyning , and painting excepted , are the principall things I remember to be obserued , for a Charter-party betwixt the Merchant , the Master , and the Owner , you haue Presidents of all sorts in most Scriueners shops .

CHAP. III. How to proportion the Masts and Yards for a Ship , by her Beame and Keele .

WHen a ship is built , she should be masted , A Ship ouermasted . wherein is a great deale of experience to be vsed so well as art ; for if you ouermast her , either in length or bignesse , she will lie too much downe by a wind , and labour too much a hull , and that is called a Taunt-mast , but if either too small or too short , Taunt-masted . she is vnder masted or low masted , Vnder-masted . and cannot beare so great a saile as should giue her her true way . For a man of warre , a well ordered Taunt-mast is best , but for a long voyage , a short Mast will beare more Canuasse , and is lesse subiect to beare by the boord : Their Rules are diuers , because no Artist can build a Ship so truly to proportion , neither set her Masts , but by the triall of her condition , they may bee impayred or amended : suppose a Ship of 300. An example . Tunnes be 29. foot at the Beame , if her maine Mast be 24. inches diameter , the length of it must be 24. yards , for euery inch in thicknesse is allowed a yard in length , and the fore Mast 22. inches in thicknesse , must bee 22. yards in length ; your Bowle spret both in length and thicknesse must bee equall to the ●ore Mast , the Misen 17. yards in length , and 17. inches diameter .

But the Rule most vsed is to take the ⅘ parts of the bredth of the Ship , and multiply that by three , The rule most vsed . will giue you so many foot as your maine Mast should bee in length , the bignesse or thicknesse will beare it also , allowing an inch for a yard ; but if it be a made Mast , A made Mast , or an arme Mast. that is greater than one Tree , it must be more : for example , suppose the Ships bredth 30. foot , foure fifts of 30. foot are 24. foot , so you finde the maine Mast must be 24. yards long , for euery yard is 3. foot and 24. inches thorow , allowing an inch to euery yard . The fore Mast is to be in length ⅘ of the maine Mast , which will be 20. yards wanting one ⅘ part of a yard , and 20. inches thorow . The Boulspret must euer bee equall with the fore Mast. The misen Mast halfe the length of the maine Mast , which will be 12. yards long , and 12. inches diameter . Now as you take the proportion of the Masts from the Beame or bredth of the Ships , so doe you the length of the yards from the Keele .

The Steps . These Masts haue each their steps in the Ship , and their partners at euery Decke where thorow they passe to the Keele , Partners . being strong timbers bolted to the Beams in circling the Masts , to keep them steady in their steps fast wedged for rowling ; yet some ships will not saile so wel as when it doth play a little , but that is very dangerous in foule weather . Their Cotes are p●eces of torred Canuas , Cotes . Tarpawling . or a Tarpawling put about them and the Rudder to keepe the water out . At the top of the fore Mast and maine Mast are spliced cheeks , Cheeks . or thicke clamps of wood , thorow which are in each two holes called the Hounds , The Hounds . wherein the Tyes doe runne to hoise the yards , but the top Mast hath but one hole or hound , The Cap. and one tye . Euery Mast also hath a Cap if a top ; which is a peece of square timber with a round hole in it to receiue the top Masts or Flag-staffe , to keepe them steady and strong , left they be borne by the boord in a stiffe gale . The Crosse-trees are also at the head of the Masts , Cross-trees . one let into another crosse , Tressel-trees . and strongly bolted with the Tressell trees , to keepe vp the top Masts which are fastened in them , and those are at the tops of each Mast ; all the Masts stand vpright but the Boulspret which lyeth along ouer the Beak-head , and that timber it resteth on is called the Pillow . Pillow .

An example of the Yards by the Keele . Now for the yards , suppose the ship be 76. foot at the Keele , her maine yard must be 21. yards in length , and in thicknesse but 17. inches . The fore Yard 19. yards long , and 15. inches diameter or thick . The spret-saile Yard 16. yards long , and but nine inches thicke , and your Misen-yard so long as the Mast , the top yards beares halfe proportion to the maine , and fore yard , and the top gallants , the halfe to them , but this rule is not absolute ; for if your Masts be taunt , your yards must be the shorter ; if a low Mast , the longer , but this is supposed the best . To haue the maine Yard ● parts of her Keele in length : the top Yard ¾ of the maine Yard , and the maine Yard for bignesse ¾ parts of an inch , for a yard in length . The length of the fore Yard ● of the maine Yard ; the Crosse●acke Yard and Spretsaile Yard to be of a length ; but you must allow the Misen Yard and Spretsaile Yard ½ inch of thicknesse to a yard in length . But to giue a true Arithmeticall and Geometricall proportion for the building of all sorts of Ships , were they all built after one mould , as also of their Masts , Yards , Cables , Cordage , and Sailes , were all the stuffe of like goodnesse , a methodicall rule as you see might bee proiected : but their lengths , bredths , depths , rakes and burthens are so variable and different , that nothing but experience can possibly teach it .

CHAP. IIII. The names of all the Masts , Tops , and Yards belonging to a Ship .

THe Boul-spret , the Spretsaile yard , the Spretsaile top-mast ; the Spretsaile top saile yard ; the fore Mast , the fore yard , the fore top-mast , the fore top-saile yard , the fore top gallant Mast , the fore top gallant saile yard , Cores , Wouldings , Gromits , and , Staples for all yards . The maine Mast , the maine Yard , the Maine Top. The maine top Mast ; the maine top-saile Yard . The top gallant Mast , the maine top gallant saile Yard . The Trucke is a square peece of wood at the top wherein you put the Flag-staffe . The Misen , the Misen Yard , the Misen top mast , the Misen top saile yard . The Crosse Iacke . In great ships they haue two Misens , the latter is called the Bonauenture Misen . A Iury Mast , that is , when a Mast is borne by the boord , with Yards , Roofes , Trees , or what they can , spliced or fished together they make a Iury-mast , woulding or binding them with ropes fast triced together with handspikes , as they vse to would or binde any Mast or Yard .

CHAP. V. How all the Tackling and Rigging of a Ship is made fast one to another , with their names , and the reasons of their vse .

Riggage or Cordage . THe rigging a Ship , is all the Ropes or Cordage belonging to the Masts and Yards ;

A Mast well rigged .

A Yard well rigged .

and it is proper to say , The Mast is well rigged , or the Yard is well rigged , that is , when all the Ropes are well sised to a true proportion of her burthen . We say also , when they are too many or too great , Ouer rigged . shee is ouer-rigged , and doth much wrong a Ship in her sailing ; for a small waight aloft , is much more in that nature than a much greater below , and the more vpright any Ship goeth , the better she saileth .

All Masts haue staies except one .

A Coller . A Lannier .

All the Masts , Top-masts , and Flag-staues haue staies , excepting the Spret saile-top Mast , the Maine Masts stay is made fast by a Lannier to a Coller , which is a great Rope that comes about the head and Boulspret , the other end to the head of the maine Mast. The maine top-Masts stay is fastened to the head of the fore Mast by a strop and a dead mans eye . Dead mens eyes . The maine top-gallant Masts stay in like manner to the head of the fore top-Mast . The fore Masts and stayes belonging to them in like manner are fastened to the Boulspret , and Spretsaile top-Mast , and those staies doe helpe to stay the Boulspret . The Misen staies doe come to the maine Mast , and the Misen top-Mast staies to the shrouds with Crowes-feet : Crowes-feet . the vse of those staies are to keepe the Masts from falling aftwards , or too much forwards . Those Lanniers are many small Ropes recued into the dead mens eyes of all shrouds , either to slaken them or set them taught ; also all the staies haue their blocks , and dead mens eyes haue Lanniers . Dead mens eyes are blocks , some small , some great , with many holes but no shiuers , the Crowes-feet re●ued ●horow them are a many of small lines , sometimes 6.8 . or 10. but of small vse more than for fashion to make the Ship shew full of small Ropes . Blocks or Pullies are thick peeces of wood hauing shiuers in them , Blocks or Pullies . Shiuers . which is a little Wheele fixed in the middest with a Cocke or Pin , A Cocke . some are Brasse , but the most of Wood , whereon all the running Ropes doe runne , some are little , some great , Running ropes . with 3.4 . or 5. shiuers in them , and are called by the names of the Ropes whereto they serue . There are also double blocks , Double blocks . that where there is vse of much strength will purchase with much ease , but not so fast as the other , and when wee hale any Tackle or Haleyard to which two blocks doe belong , when they meet , we call that blocke and blocke . Block and block .

The Shrouds are great Ropes which goe vp either sides of all Masts . All Masts haue Shrouds , &c. The Misen maine Mast fore Mast shrouds haue as their lower ends dead mens eyes seased into them , and are set vp taught by Lanniers to the chaines ; at the other end , ouer the heads of those Masts are pendants , for Tackels and Swifters vnder them . The top-Masts shrouds in like manner are fastened with Lanniers and dead mens eyes to the Puttocks or plats of iron belonging to them , aloft ouer the head of the Mast as the other : Chaines . and the Chaines are strong plates of iron fast bolted into the Ships side by the Chaine-waile . When the Shrouds are too stiffe , we say , ease them , To Ease . Taught . when too slacke , we say , set Taught the Shrouds , but the Boulspret hath no Shrouds , and all those small ropes doe crosse the Shrouds like steps are called Ratlings . Ratlings . Puttocks . The Puttocks goe from the Shrouds of the fore Mast , maine Mast or Misen , to goe off from the Shrouds into the Top , Cap , or Bowle , which is a round thing at the head of either Mast for men to stand in , for when the Shrouds come neere the top of the Mast , they fall in so much , that without the Puttocks you could not get into the Top , and in a manner they are a kinde of a Shroud . Pendants . A Pendant is a short rope made fast at one end to the head of the Mast or the Yards arme , hauing at the other end a blocke with a shiuer to reeue some running rope in , as the Pendants of the backe staies and Tackles hang a little downe on the inside of the Shrouds : all Yards-armes haue them but the Misen , into which the Braces are reeued , and also there are Pendants or Streamers hang from the yards armes , made of Taffa●y , or coloured flanell cloth to beautifie the Ship onely : Parrels . Parrels are little round Balls called Trucks , and little peeces of wood called ribs , Ribs . and ropes which doe incircle the Masts , and so made fast to the Yards , that the Yards may slip vp and downe easily vpon the Masts , and with the helpe of the Brest-rope doth keepe the Yard close to the Mast. Brest-ropes . Standing ropes . The standing ropes are the shrouds and staies , because they are not remoued , except it be to be eased or set taughter .

The Tackles or ropes runne in three parts , The Tackles are of diuers sorts , &c. hauing a Pendant with a blocke at the one end , and a blocke with a hooke at the other , to heaue any thing in or out of the ship ; they are of diuers sorts , as the Botes tackles made fast the one to the fore shrouds , the other to the maine , to hoise the Bote in or out : also the tackles that keepe firme the Masts from straying . The Gunners tackles for haling in or out the Ordnances : but the winding tackle is the greatest , which is a great double blocke with three shiuers to the end of a small Cable about the head of the Mast , and serueth as a Pendant . To which is made fast a Guy , A Guy . which is a rope brought to it from the fore mast , to keepe the weight vpon it steady , or from swinging to and againe ▪ Into the blocke is reeued a hawser , which is also reeued thorow another double blocke , hauing a strop at the end of it ; which put thorow the eye of the slings is locked into it with a fid , and so hoise the goods in or out by the helpe of the Snap-blocke .

Cat harpings are small ropes runne in little blockes from one side of the ship to the other , Cat harpings . neere the vpper decke to keepe the shrouds tight for the more safety of the mast from rowling . The Halyards belong to all masts , Halyards . for by them wee hoise the yards to their height , The Ties . and the Ties are the ropes by which the yards doe hang , and doe carry vp the yards when wee straine the Halyards ; the maine yard and fore yard ties are first reeued thorow the Rams head , then thorow the Hounds , with a turne in the eye of the slings which are made fast to the yard ; the missen yard and top yard haue but single Ties , that is , one doth but run in one part , but the Spretsaile yard hath none , for it is made fast with a paire of slings to the boltspret . A Horse . A Horse is a rope made fast to the fore mast shrouds , and the Spretsaile sheats , to keepe those sheats cleare of the anchor flookes .

To sling is to make fast any caske , yard , ordnances , To Sling . Slings . or the like in a paire of Slings , and Slings are made of a rope spliced at either end into it selfe with one eye at either end , so long as to bee sufficient to receiue the caske , the middle part of the rope also they seaze together , and so maketh another eye to hitch the hooke of the tackle , another sort are made much longer for the hoising of ordnances , another is a chaine of iron to Sling or binde the yards fast aloft to the crossetre●s in a ●ight , left the ties should bee cut , and so the mast must fall . Canhookes . The Canhookes are two hookes fastened to the end of a rope with a noose , like this the Brewers vse to ●●●●g or carry their barrels on , and those serue also to take in or out hog heads , or any other commodities . A Parbunkell . A Parbunkel is two ropes that haue at each end a noose or lumpe that being crossed , you may set any vessell that hath but one head vpon them , bringing but the loopes ouer the vpper end of the caske , fix but the tackle to them , and then the vessel will stand strait in the middest to heaue out , or take in without spilling .

Puddings . Puddings are ropes nailed round to the yards armes close to the end , a pretty distance one from another , to saue the Robbins from galling vpon the yards , or to serue the anchors ring to saue the clinch of the cable from galling . Robbins . And the Robbins are little lines reeued into the eylet holes of the saile vnder the head ropes , to make fast the saile to the yard , for in stead of tying , sea men alwayes say , Headlines . make fast . Head lines , are the ropes that make all the sailes fast to the yard .

Furling lines . Furling lines are small lines made fast to the top saile , top gallant saile , A smiting line . and the missen yards armes . The missen hath but one called the smiting line , the other on each side one , and by these we farthell or binde vp the sailes . Brales . The Brales are small ropes reeued thorow Blockes seased on each side the ties , and come down before the saile , and at the very skirt are fastened to the Creengles , with them we furle or farthell our sailes acrosse , and they belong onely to the two courses and the missen : to hale vp the Brales , or brale vp the saile , Creengles . is all one ; Creengles are little ropes spliced into the Bolt-ropes of all sailes belonging to the maine and fore mast , to which the bolings bridles are made fast , and to hold by when we shake off a Bonnet .

Bolt ropes . Boltropes is that rope is sowed about euery saile , soft and gently twisted , for the better sowing and handling the sailes . Bunt lines . Bunt lines is but a small rope made fast to the middest of the Boltrope to a creengle reeued thorow a small blocke which is seased to the yard , to trice or draw vp the Bunt of the saile , Clew Garnet . when you farthell or make it vp . The Clew garnet is a rope made fast to the clew of the saile , and from thence runnes in a blocke seased to the middle of the yard , which in furling doth hale vp the clew of the saile close to the middle of the yard , Clew line . and the clew line is the same to the top s●iles top gallant and spret sailes , as the Clew garnet is to the maine and foresailes . The Clew of a saile is the lowest corner next the Sheat and Tackes , A Clew . and stretcheth somewhat goaring or sloping from the square of the saile , and according to the Goaring she is said to spread a great or a little clew . Goaring . Tackes . Tackes are great ropes which hauing a wall-knot at one end seased into the clew of the saile , and so reeued first thorow the chestres , and then commeth in at a hole in the ships sides , this doth carry forward the clew of the saile to make it stand close by a wind . Sheats . The Sheats are bent to the clews of all sailes , in the low sailes they hale aft the clew of the sailes , but in top sailes they serue to hale them home , that is , to bring the clew close to the yards arme . The Braces belong to all yards but the missen , euery yard hath two reeued at their ends thorow two pendants , Braces . and those are to square the yards , or trauasse them as you please . The Boling is made fast to the leech of the saile about the middest to make it stand the sharper or closer by a wind , Boling . it is fastened by two , three , or foure ropes like a crows foot to as many parts of the saile which is called the Boling bridles , Boling bridles . onely the missen Boling is fastened to the lower end of the yard , this rope belongs to all sailes except the Spretsaile , and Spret-saile Top-saile , which not hauing any place to hale it forward by , they cannot vse those sailes by a wind : sharp the maine Boling is to hall it taught :

Sharp the Boling .

Ch●cke the Boling .

Lee fanng .

hale vp the Boling is to pull it harder forward on : checke or ease the Boling is to let it be more slicke .

Lee fanngs is a rope reeued into the creengles of the courses , when wee would hale in the bottome of the saile , to lash on a bonnet or take in the saile ; Reeuing . and Reeuing is but drawing a rope thorow a blocke or oylet to runne vp and down . Leech lines . Leech lines are small ropes made fast to the Leech of the top-sailes , for they belong to no other ; and are reeued into a blocke at the yard close by the top-saile ties , to hale in the Leech of the saile when you take them in . Leech of a saile . The Leech of a saile is the outward side of a skirt of a saile , from the earing to the clew ; Earings . and the Earing is that part of the bunt rope which at all the foure corners of the saile is left open as it were a ring . The two vpmost parts are put ouer the ends of the yards armes , and so made fast to the yards , and the lowermost are seased or Bent to the sheats , Bent. and tackes into the clew . Lifts . The Lifts are two ropes which belong to all yards armes , to top the yards ; that is , to make them hang higher or lower at your pleasure . But the top-saile Lifts doe serue for sheats to the top gallant yards , the haling them is called the Topping the Lifts , Topping the Lifts . Legs . as top a starboard , or top a port .

Legs . Legs are small ropes put thorow the bolt ropes of the maine and fore saile , neere to a foot in length , spliced each end into the other in the leech of the saile , hauing a little eye whereunto the martnets are fastened by two hitches , Martnet . and the end seased into the standing parts of the martners , which are also small lines like crow feet reeued thorow a blocke at the top mast head , and so comes downe by the mast to the decke ; but the top-saile martnets are made fast to the head of the top gallant mast , and commeth but to the top , where it is haled and called the top marnets , they serue to bring that part of the leech next the yards arme vp close to the yard , Latchets . Latchets are small lines sowed in the Bonnets and Drablers like loops to lash or make fast the Bonnet to the course ,

Lashing .

The Loose hook .

or the course to the Drabler , which we call lashing the Bonnet to the course , or the Drabler to the Bonnet . The Loose hooke is a tackle with two hookes , one to hitch into a chingle of the maine , or fore saile , in the bolt rope in the leech of the saile by the cl●w , Bouse . and the other to strap spliced to the chestres to bouse or pull downe the saile to succour the tackes in a stiffe gale of wind ,

A Bonnet .

A Drabler .

A Course .

or take off or put on a Bonnet or a Drabler , which are two short sailes to take off or put to the fore course or the maine , which is the fore saile , or maine saile .

A Knaue-line . The Knaue-line is a rope hath one end fastened to the crosse trees , and so comes downe by the ties to the R●ms head , to which is seased a small peece of wood some two foot long with a hole in the end , whereunto the line is reeued , and brought to the ships side , and h●led taught to the Railes to keepe the ties and Halyards from turning about one another when they are new . Knettels are two rope yarnes twisted together , and a knot at each end , Knettels . whereunto to sease a blocke , a rope , or the like . Rope yarnes . Rope yarnes are the yarnes of any rope vntwisted , they serue to sarue small ropes , or make Sinnet , Mats , Plats , or Caburnes , and make vp the sailes at the yards armes .

Sinnet is a string made of rope yarne commonly of two , foure , six , Sinnet . eight or nine strings platted in three parts , which being beat flat they vse it to sarue ropes or Mats . That which we call a Panch , are broad clouts , Mats or Panch . wouen of Thrums and Sinnet together , to saue things from galling about the maine and fore yards at the ties , and also from the masts , and vpon the Boltspret , Louse , Beake-head or Gunwaile to saue the clewes of the sailes from galling or fretting . Caburne . Caburne is a small line made of spun yarne to make a bend of two Cables , or to sease the Tackels , Seasing . or the like . Seasing is to binde fast any ropes together , with some small rope yarne . Marline is any line , to a blocke , or any tackell , Pendant , Garnet , or the like . There is also a rope by which the Boat doth ride by the ships side ,

Seasen .

Sarue or Siruis .

which we cal a Seasen . To sarue any rope with plats or Sinnet , is but to lay Sinnet , Spun yarne , Rope yarne , or a peece of Canuas vpon the rope , and then rowle it fast to keepe the rope from galling about the shrowds at the head of the masts , the Cable in the Hawse , the flooke of the Anchor , Spunyarne . the Boat rope or any thing . Spunyarne is nothing but rope yarne made small at the ends , Caskets . and so spun one to another so long as you will with a winch . Also Caskets are but small ropes of Sinnet made fast to the gromits or rings vpon the yards , the longest are in the midst of the yards betwixt the ties , and are called the brest Caskets , hanging on each side the yard in small lengths , only to binde vp the saile when it is furled .

Marling is a small line of vntwisted hemp , Marling . very pliant and well tarred , to sease the ends of Ropes from raueling out , or the sides of the blockes at their arses , or if the saile r●ntout of the Boltrope , they will make it fast with marlin till they haue leisure to mend it . Marling spike . The marling spike , is but a small peece of iron to splice ropes together , or open the bolt rope when you sew the saile . Splicing . Splicing is so to let one ropes end into another they shall be as fitme as if they were but one rope ,

A round Splice .

A cut Splice .

and this is called a round Splice ; but the cut Splice is to let one into another with as much distance as you will , and yet bee strong , and vndoe when you will . Now to make an end of this discourse with a knot , A Knot . you are to know , A Wall knot . Sea-men vse three , the first is called the Wall knot , which is a round knob , so made with the strouds or layes of a rope , it cannot slip ; the Sheates , Takes , and Stoppers vse this knot . A Boling knot . The Boling knot is also so firmely made and fastened by the bridles into the creengles of the sailes , they will breake , or the saile split before it will slip . The last is the Shepshanke , which is a knot they cast vpon a Runner or Tackle when it is too long to take in the goods , Sheepshanks Knot . and by this knot they can shorten a rope without cutting it , as much as they lift , and presently vndoe it againe , and yet neuer the worse .

CHAP. VI. What doth belong to the Boats and Skiffe with the definition of all those thirteene Ropes which are onely properly called Ropes belonging to a ship and the Boat and their vse .

OF Boats there are diuers sorts , but those belonging to ships , A long Boat . are called either the long Boat or ships Boat , which should bee able to weigh her sheat anchor , those will liue in any reasonable sea , especially the long Boat ;

A Shallop .

A Skiffe .

great ships haue also other small Boats called Shallops and Skiffes , which are with more ease and lesse trouble rowed to and againe vpon any small occasion . To a Boat belongs a mast and saile , a stay sheat & Halyard , Rudder & Rudder irons , as to a ship , also in any discouery they vse a Tarpawling ,

Tarpawling .

Bailes .

which ia a good peece of Canuas washed ouer with Tar , to couer the Bailes or hoopes ouer the sterne of their Boat , where they lodge in an harbor which is that you call a Tilt couered with wadmall in your Wherries ; or else an Awning , Awning . which is but the bo●s saile , or some peece of an old saile brought ouer the yard and stay , and boumed out with the boat hooke , so spread ouer their heads , which is also much vsed , as well a shore as in a ship , especially in hot countreys to keepe men from the extremity of heat or wet which is very oft infectious . Thoughts are the sea●s whereon the Rowers fit ;

Thoughts .

Thowles .

and Thowles small pins put into little holes in the Gunwaile or vpon the Boats side , against which they beare the oares when they row , they haue also a Daued , and also in long Boats a windlesse to weigh the anchor by , which is with more ease than the ship can . The two arching timbers against the Boat head are called Carlings . Man the Boat is to put a Gang of men , which is a company into her , A Gang. they are commonly called the Coxswaine Gang who hath the charge of her . Free the Boat is to baile or cast out the water . Free or Baile . Trim the Boat is to keepe her stright .

Trim Boat .

Winde Boat .

Hold water .

Forbeare .

A Spell .

Winde the Boat is to bring her head the other way . Hold water is to stay her . Forbeare is to hold still any oare you are commanded , or on the broad , or whole side . A fresh Spell is to releeue the Rowers with another Gang , giue the Boat more way for a dram of the bottell , who saies Amends , one and all , Vea , vea , vea , Vea , vea , vea . vea , vea , that is , they pull all strongly together .

The Entering rope is tied by the ships side , The Entering rope . to hold by as you goe vp the Entering ladder , cleats , or wailes .

The Bucket rope that is tied to the Bucket by which you hale and draw water vp by the ships side . Bucket rope .

The Bolt ropes are those wherein the sailes are sowed . Bolt ropes .

The Port ropes hale vp the Ports of the Ordnances . Port ropes .

The Ieare rope is a peece of a hawser made fast to the ●eare rope . maine yard , another to the fore yard close to the ties , reeued thorow a blocke which is seased close to the top , and to comes downe by the mast , and is reeued thorow another blocke at the bottome of the mast close by the decke ; great ships haue on each side the ties one , but small ships none : the vse is to helpe to hoise vp the yard to succour the ties , which though they breake yet they would hold vp the mast .

Preuenter rope . The Preuenter rope is a little one seased crosse ouer the ●ies , that if one part of them should breake , yet the other should not runne thorow the Rams head to indanger the yard .

Top ropes . The Top ropes are those wherewith we set or strike the maine or fore Top masts , it is reeued thorow a great blocke seased vnder the Cap , reeued thorow the heele of the Top mast thwart ships , and then made fast to a ring with a clinch on the other side the Cap , the other part comes downe by the ties , reeued into the Knights , and so brought to the Capstaine when they set the Top masts .

Keele ropes . The Keele rope , you haue read in the building , is of haire in the Keele to scower the Limber holes .

Rudder rope . The Rudder rope is reeued thorow the stem post , and goeth thorow the head of the Rudder , and then both ends spliced together , serues to saue the Rudder if it should bee strucke off the irons .

Cat rope . The Cat rope is to hale vp the Cat.

Boy rope . The Boy rope is that which is tied to the boy by the one end , and the anchors flooke by the other .

Boat rope . The Boat rope is that which the ship doth tow her Boat by , at her sterne .

Ghest rope . Shearing . The Ghest rope is added to the Boat rope when shee is towed at the ships sterne , to keepe her from shearing , that is , from swinging to and againe ; for in a stiffe gale she will make such yawes , and haue such girds , it would indanger her to bee torne in peeces , Swifting . but that they vse to swift her , that is , to incircle the Gunwaile with a good rope , and to that make fast the Ghest rope .

Chap. VII . The names of all sorts of Anchors , Cables , and Sailes , and how they beare their proportions , with their vse . Also how the Ordnances should bee placed , and the goods stowed in a ship .

THe proper tearmes belonging to Anchors are many : the least are called Kedgers , A Kedger . to vse in calme weather in a slow streame , or to kedg vp and downe a narrow Riuer , which is when they feare the winde or tide may driue them on shore ; they row by her with an Anchor in a boat , and in the middest of the streame , or where they finde most fit if the Ship come too neere the shore , and so by a Hawser winde her head about , then waigh it againe till the like occasion , and this is kedging . There is also a streame Anchor not much bigger ,

Streame Anchor .

The first .

Second .

Third Anchor .

Sheat Anchor .

to stemme in easie stream or tide . Then there is the first , second , and third Anchor , yet all such as a Ship in faire weather may ride by , and are called Bow Anchors . The greatest is the sheat Anchor , and neuer vsed but in great necessity . They are commonly made according to the burthen of the Ship by proportion , for that the sheat Anchor of a small ship will not serue for a Kedger to a great ship .

An Anchors shanke .

Flook .

Shoulder .

Beame or Nut.

Eye .

Ring .

Stocke .

Also it beareth a proportion in it selfe , as the one flooke , which is that doth sticke in the ground , is but the third part of the shanke in length ; at the head of the Shanke there is a hole called an Eye , and in it a Ring , wherein is the Nut to which there is fast fixed a Stocke of wood crossing the Flookes , and the length is taken from the length of the Shanke . These differ not in shape but in waight , from two hundred , to three or foure thousand waight . Grapells , or Graplings , are the least of all , and haue foure flookes but no stock ; for a boat to ride by , or to throw into a ship in a fight , to pull downe the gratings or hold fast .

A Cable , the first , second , and third . The Cables also carry a proportion to the Anchors , but if it be not three stroud , it is accounted but a Hawser , yet a great ships Hawser may be a Cable to the sheat Anchor for a small ship : and there is the first , second , and third Cable , besides the Sheat Anchor Cable .

Sheat Anchor

Cable .

Keckell .

If the Cable bee well made , we say it is well laid . To keckell or sarue the Cable , as is said , is but to bind some old clouts to keepe it from galling in the Hawse or Ring . Splice . Splice a Cable , is to fasten two ends together , that it may be double in length , to make the Ship ride with more ease ,

A shot of Cable .

Quoile .

A Fake .

Pay .

Pay cheape .

and is called a shot of Cable . Quoile a Cable , is to lay it vp in a round Ring ; or fake one aboue another . Pay more Cable , is when you carry an Anchor out in the boat to turne ouer . Pay cheap , is when you ouer set it , or turnes it ouer boord faster . Veere more Cable , End for end . is when you ride at Anchor . And end for end is when the Cable runneth cleere out of the Hawse , or any Rope out of his shiuer . A Bight . A Bight is to hold by any part of a coile , A Bitter . that is , the vpmost fake . A Bitter is but the turne of a Cable about the Bits , and veare it out by little and little . And the Bitters end is that part of the Cable doth stay within boord . A Bitters end . Gert. Gert , is when the Cable is so taught that vpon the turning of a tide , a Ship cannot goe ouer it .

To bend . To bend the Cable to the Anchor , is to make it fast to the Ring ; Vnbend . vnbend the Cable , is but to take it away , which we vsually doe when we are at Sea , and to tie two ropes or Cables together is called bending .

Bending .

Hitch .

Hitch , is to catch hold of any thing with a rope to hold it fast , or with a hooke , as hitch the fish-hooke to the Anchors flooke ,

Fenders .

Iunkes .

or the Tackles into the Garnets of the Slings . Fenders are peeces of old Hawsers called Iunkes hung ouer the ship sides to keepe them from brusing . In boats they vse poles or boathooks to fend off the boat from brusing . Brest fast . A Brest-fast is a rope which is fastened to some part of the Ship forward on , to hold her head to a wharfe or any thing , Stern fast . and a Sterne-fast is the same in the Sterne . The vse for the Hawser is to warp the Ship by , which is laying out an Anchor , and winde her vp to it by a Capsterne . Rousing . Rousing is but pulling the slacknesse of any Cables with mens hands into the Ship . Shank-panter . The Shank painter is a short chaine fastend vnder the fore masts shrouds with a bolt to the ships sides , and at the other end a rope to make fast the Anchor to the Bow . Stop . To stop is when you come to an Anchor , and veares out your Cable , but by degrees till the Ship ride well , then they say stop the Ship . To those Cables and Anchors belongs short peeces of wood called Boyes , Boyes . or close hooped barrels like Tankards as is said , but much shorter , to shew you the Anchor and helpe to waigh it , there is another sort of Cans called Can Boyes much greater , Can Boyes . mored vpon shoules to giue Marriners warning of the dangers .

The maine saile and the fore saile is called the fore course ,

Sailes .

Maine Saile .

Fore Saile .

Maine course .

Fore course .

Bonits .

Drablers .

and the maine course or a paire of courses . Bonits and Drablers are commonly one third part a peece to the saile they belong vnto in depth , but their proportion is vncertaine ; for some will make the maine saile so deepe , that with a shallow bonet they will cloath all the Mast without a Drabler , but without bonets we call them but courses ; we say , lash on the bonet to the course , because it is made fast with La●chets into the eylot holes of the saile ,

Maine top Saile .

Fore top Saile .

Top gallant Sailes .

Studding Sailes .

as the Drabler is to it , and vsed as the wind permits . There is also your maine top-saile , and fore top-saile , with their top-gallant sailes , and in a faire gaile your studding sailes , which are bolts of Canuasse , or any cloth that will hold wind , wee ex●end alongst the side of the maine saile , and boomes i● out with a boome or long pole , which we vse also sometimes to the clew of the maine saile , fore saile , and spret saile ,

Misen .

Misen top Saile .

Spret saile .

Spretsaile top .

Saile .

Drift Saile .

when you goe before the wind or quartering , else not . Your Miszen , and Miszen top-saile , your Spret and Spret top-saile , as the rest , take all their names of their yards . A Drift saile is onely vsed vnder water , veared out right a head by sheats , to keepe the Ships head right vpon the Sea in a storme , or when a ship driues too fast in a current . Netting Saile . A Netting saile is onely a saile laid ouer the Netting , Nettings . which is small ropes from the top of the fore castle to the Poope , stretched vpon the ledges from the Waist-trees to the Rouse-trees ,

Waist-trees .

Rouse-trees .

which are onely small Timbers to beare vp the Gratings from the halfe Decke to the fore-castle ,

Stantions .

Gratings .

supported by Stantions that rest vpon the halfe Decke ; and this Netting or Grating , which is but the like made of wood , you may set vp or take downe when you please , and is called the close fights fore and aft . Head Sailes . Now the vse of those sailes is thus , all head Sailes which are those belonging to the fore Mast and Boltsprer , doe keepe the Ship from the wind or to fall off . After Sailes . All after sailes , that is , all the sailes belonging to the maine Mast and Miszen keepes her to wind ward , therefore few ships will steare vpon quarter winds with one saile , but must haue one after saile , and one head saile . The sailes are cut in proportion as the Masts and Yards are in bredth and length , but the Spret-saile is ● parts the depth of the fore saile , and the Miszen by the Leech twise so deepe as the Mast is long from the Decke to the Hounds . Leech . The Leech of a saile is the outward side or skirt of the saile from the earing to the clew , the middle betwixt which wee account the Leech . The Clew . The Clew is the lower corner of a Saile , to which you make fast your Sheats and Tacks , or that which comes goring out from the square of the saile , Goring . for a square saile hath no Clew , but the mainesaile must bee cut goring , because the Tacks will come closer aboord , and so cause the saile to hold more wind ; now when the Saile is large and hath a good Clew , we say she spreds a large Clew , or spreds much Canuas . In making those sailes they vse two sorts of seames downe the Sailes , which doth sow the bredth of the Canuas together ,

A Monke seame .

A Round seame .

the one we call a Munke seame , which is flat , the other a round seame , which is so called because it is round .

The Ship being thus prouided , there wants yet her Ordnances , which should be in greatnesse according to her building in strength and burthen , but the greatest commonly lieth lowest , which we call the lower tier , if she bee furnished fore and aft . Likewise the second Tier ,

A Tier .

Third .

Second .

Halfe a Tier .

and the third , which are the smallest . The fore-Castle and the halfe Decke being also furnished , wee account halfe a Tier .

Sowage or to stow ,

Stowage .

To Stow.

Ballast .

is to put the goods in Howle in order . The most ponderous next the Ballast , which is next the Keelson to keepe her stiffe in the Sea . Balast is either Grauell , Stones , or Lead , but that which is driest , heauiest , and lies closest is best . To finde a leake ,

Trench the Ballast .

Shout .

they trench the Ballast , that is , to diuide it . The Ballast wil sometimes shoot , that is , run from one side to another , and so will Corne and Salt , if you make not Pouches or Bulk-heads , which when the Ship doth heeld is very dangerous to ouer●et or turne the Keele vpwards . For Caske that is so stowed , tier aboue tier with Ballast , and canting Coines , Canting Coines . which are little short peeces of wood or Billets cut with a sharpe ridge or edge to lye betwixt the Caske ;

Standing Coines .

To beare .

and standing Coines are Billets or Pipe-staues , to make them they cannot giue way nor stirre . The ship will beare much , that is , carry much Ordnance or goods , or beare much saile ; and when you let any thing downe into the Howle , lowering it by degrees , they say , Amaine ; and being downe , Strike .

CHAP. VIII . The charge and duty of the Captaine of a ship , and euery Office and Officer in a man of Warre .

The Captaines charge . THe Captaines charge is to command all , and tell the Master to what Port hee will goe , or to what Height ; In a fight he is to giue direction for the managing thereof , and the Master is to see the cunning of the ship , and trimming of the sailes .

The Master and his Mates . The Master and his Mates are to direct the course , command all the Sailers , for stearing , trimming , and sailing the ship ; his Mates are only his seconds , allowed sometimes for the two mid ships men , that ought to take charge of the first prise .

The Pilot. The Pilot when they make land doth take the charge of the ship till he bring her to harbour .

The Chirurgion and his Mate . The Chirurgion is to be exempted from all duty , but to attend the sicke , and cure the wounded : and good care would be had he haue a certificate from Barber Chirurgions Hall of his sufficiency , and also that his chest be well furnished both for Physicke and Chirurgery , and so neare as may be proper for that clime you goe for , which neglect hath beene the losse of many a mans life .

The Cape-merchant or Purser . The Cape-merchant or Purser hath the charge of all the Ca●ragasoune or merchandize , and doth keepe an account of all that is receiued , or deliuered , but a man of Warre hath onely a Purser . The Gunner with his Mate , and quarter Gunners .

The Master Gunner hath the charge of the ordnance , and shot , powder , match , ladles , spunges , wormes , cartrages , armes and fire-workes ; and the rest of the Gunners , or quarter Gunners to receiue their charge from him according to directions , and to giue an account of their store .

The Carpenter and his Mate , is to haue the nailes , clinches , The Carpenter and his Mate . rooue and clinch nailes , spikes , plates , rudder irons , pumpe nailes , skupper nailes and leather , sawes , files , hatchets and such like , and euer ready for calking , breaming , stopping leakes , fishing , or splicing the mafts or yards as occasion requireth , and to giue an account of his store .

The Boatswaine is to haue the charge of all the cordage , The Boatswaine and his Mate . tackling , sailes , fids and marling spikes , needles , twine , saile-cloth , and rigging the ship , his Mate the command of the long boat , for the setting forth of anchors , weighing or fetching home an anchor , warping , towing , or moring , and to giue an account of his store .

The Trumpeter is alwayes to attend the Captaines command , The Trumpeter . and to sound either at his going a shore , or comming aboord , at the entertainment of strangers , also when you hale a ship , when you charge , boord , or enter ; and the poope is his place to stand or sit vpon , if there bee a noise , they are to attend him , if there be not , euery one hee doth teach to beare a part , the Captaine is to incourage him , by increasing his shares , or pay , and giue the master Trumpeter a reward .

The Marshall is to punish offenders , The Marshall . and to see iustice executed according to directions ; as ducking at the yards arme , haling vnder the keele , bound to the capsterne , or maine mast with a basket of shot about his necke , setting in the bilbowes , and to pay the Cobtie or the Morioune ; but the boyes the Boatswaine is to see euery Munday at the chest , to say their compasse , and receiue their punishment for all their weekes offences , which done , they are to haue a quarter can of beere , and a basket of bread , but if the Boatswaine eat or drinke before hee catch them , they are free .

The Corporall is to see the setting and releeuing the watch , The Corporall . and see all the souldiers and sailers keepe their armes cleane , neat , and yare and teach them their vse .

The Steward & his Mate . The Steward is to deliuer out the victuals according to the Captaines directions , and messe them foure , fiue , or six , as there is occasion .

The quarter Masters . The quarter Masters haue the charge of the howle , for stowing , romaging , and trimming the ship in the hold , and of their squadrons for the watch , and for fishing to haue a Sayne , a fisgig , a harpin yron , and fish hookes , for Porgos , Bonetos , Dolphins , or Dorados , and rayling lines for Mackrels .

The Cooper and his Mate . The Cooper is to looke to the caske , hoopes and twigs , to staue or repaire the buckets , baricos , cans , steepe tubs , runlets , hogsheads , pipes , buts , &c. for wine , beare , sider , beuerage , fresh water , or any liquor .

The Coxswaine and his Mate . The Coxswaine is to haue a choise Gang to attend the skiffe to goe to and againe as occasion commandeth .

The Cooke and his Mate . The Cooke is to dresse and deliuer out the victuall , hee hath his store of quarter cans , small cans , platters , spoones , lanthornes , &c. and is to giue his account of the remainder .

The Swabber . The Swabber is to wash and keepe cleane the ship and maps .

The Lyar. The Liar is to hold his place but for a weeke , and hee that is first taken with a lie , euery Munday is so proclaimed at the maine mast by a generall cry , a Liar , a Liar , a Liar , hee is vnder the Swabber , and onely to keepe cleane the beake head , and chaines .

The Sailers . The Sailers are the ancient men for hoising the sailes , getting the tacks aboord , haling the bowlings , and stearing the ship .

The Younkers . The Younkers are the young men called sore-mast men , to take in the top-sailes , or top and yard , for surling the sailes , or slinging the yards , bousing or ●rising , and take their turnes at helme .

The Lieutenant his place . The Lieutenant is to associate the Captaine , and in his absence to execute his place , hee is to see the Marshall and Corporall doe their duties , and assist them in instructing the souldiers , and in a fight the fore-castle is his place to make good , as the Captaine doth the halfe decke , and the quarter Masters , or Masters Mate the mid ships , and in a States man of Warre , he is allowed as necessary as a Lieutenant on shore .

CHAP. IX . Proper Sea tearmes for diuiding the company at Sea , and stearing , sayling , or moring a Ship in faire weather , or in a storme .

IT is to bee supposed by this the Ship is victualled and manned , the voiage determined , Steep Tubs . the steepe Tubs in the chains to shift their Beefe , Porke , or Fish in salt water , till the salt be out though not the saltnesse , and all things else ready to set saile ; but before wee goe any further , for the better vnderstanding the rest , a few words for stearing and cunning the Ship would not bee amisse . Then know , Star-boord is the right hand , Lar-boord the left ;

Starboord .

Larboord .

Cunning.

Stearing .

Mid-ships .

Port.

Starboord the Helme , is to put the Helme a Starboord , then the ship will goe to the Larboord . Right your Helme , that is , to keepe it in the mid ships , or right vp . Port , that is , to put the Helme to Larboord , and the Ship will goe to the Starboord , for the Ship will euer goe contrary to the Helme . Now by a quarter wind , they will say aloofe , or keepe your loofe , keepe her to it ,

A loofe .

Keep your loofe .

War no more .

No neare .

Ease .

Steady .

haue a care of your Lee-latch . Touch the wind , and warre no more , is no more but to bid him at the Helme to keepe her so neere the wind as may be ; no neere , ease the Helme , or beare vp , is to let her fall to Lee-ward . Steady , that is , to keepe her right vpon that point you steare by ; Yare . be yare at the Helme , or a fresh man to the Helme . But he that keepes the Ship most from yawing doth commonly vse the lest motion with the Helme , and those steare the best .

The Master and company being aboord , he commands them to get the sailes to the yards , Geare . and about your geare or worke on all hands , stretch forward your maine Halliards , hoise your Sailes halfe mast high . Predy . Predy , or make ready to set saile , crosse your yards , bring your Cable to the Capsterne , Boatswaine fetch an Anchor aboord , breake ground or weigh Anchor . Heaue a head , men into the Tops , men vpon the yards ; A Pike . come , is the Anchor a pike , that is , to heaue the Hawse of the ship right ouer the Anchor , what is the Anchor away ? Tally . Yea , yea . Let fall your fore-saile . Tally , that is , hale off the Sheats ; who is at the Helme there , coile your Cables in small fakes , hale the Cat , a Bitter , belay , loose fast your Anchor with your shank-painter , stow the Boat , set the land , how it beares by the Compasse that we may the better know thereby to keep our account and direct our course , let fall your maine saile , euery man say his priuate prayer for a boone voyage , out with your spret saile , on with your bonits & Drablers , steare steady & keep your course , so , you go wel .

How they diuide the company at sea , and set , and rule the watch . When this is done , the Captaine or Master commands the Boatswaine to call vp the company ; the Master being chiefe of the Starboord watch doth call one , and his right hand Mate on the Larboord doth call another , and so forward till they be diuided in two parts , then each man is to chuse his Mate , Consort , or Comrade , and then deuide them into squadrons according to your number and burthen of your ship as you see occasion ; these are to take their turnes at the Helme , trim sailes , pumpe , and doe all duties each halfe , or each squadron for eight Glasses or foure houres which is a watch , but care would bee had that there be not two Comrades vpon one watch because they may haue the more roome in their Cabbins to rest . And as the Captaine and masters Mates , Gunners , Carpenters , Quartermasters , Trumpeters , &c. are to be abast the Mast , so the Boatswaine , and all the Yonkers or common Sailers vnder his command is to be before the Mast. The next is , to messe them foure to a messe , and then giue euery messe a quarter Can of beere and a basket of bread to stay their stomacks till the Kettle be boiled , that they may first goe to prayer , then to supper , and at six a clocke sing a Psalme , say a Prayer , and the Master with his side begins the watch , then all the rest may doe what they will till midnight ; and then his Mate with his Larboord men with a Psalme and a Prayer releeues them till foure in the morning , and so from eight to twelue each other , except some flaw of winde come , some storme or gust , or some accident that requires the helpe of all hands , which commonly after such good cheere in most voyages doth happen .

For now the wind veeres , that is , The wind veeres . it doth shift from point to point , get your Starboord tacks aboord , Tally . and tally or hale off your Lee-Sheats . The Ship will not wayer , settle your maine Topsaile , veere a fadome of your sheat . The wind comes faire againe and a fresh gale , Flowne . hale vp the slatch of the Lee-boling . By Slatch is meant the middle part of any rope hangs ouer boord . Veere more sheat , or a flowne sheat , that is , when they are not haled home to the blocke . Fly . But when we say , let fly the sheats , then they let go amaine , which commonly is in some gust , A paire of courses . lest they spend their top-sailes , or if her quicke side lie in the water , ouerset the ship . A flowne sheat is when shee goes before the wind , or betwixt a paire of sheats , or all sailes drawing . But the wind shrinkes , that is , when you must take in the Spretsaile , and get the tacks aboord , hale close the maine Boling , that is , when your Tacks are close aboord . If you would saile against the wind or keepe your owne , that is , not to fall to lee-ward or goe backe againe , by halling off close your Bolings , you set your sailes so sharp as you can to lie close by a wind , thwarting it a league or two , or more or lesse , as you see cause , first on the one boord then on the other ; this we call boording or beating it vp vpon a tacke in the winds eye , or bolting to and againe ; but the longer your boords are , the more you worke or gather into the wind . If a sudden flaw of wind should surprise you , when you would lower a yard so fast as you can , they call A maine ; but a crosse saile cannot come neerer the wind than six points , but a Caruell whose sailes stand like a paire of Tailers sheeres , will goe much neerer .

How to handle a ship in a storme . It ouer-casts we shall haue wind , fowle weather , settell your top sailes , take in the spret-saile , in with your top-sailes , lower the fore-saile , tallow vnder the parrels , brade vp close all them sailes , lash sure the ordnance , strike your top-masts to the cap , make it sure with your sheeps feet . A storme , Try . let vs lie at Trie with our maine course , that is , to hale the tacke aboord , the sheat close aft , the boling set vp , and the helme tied close aboord . When that will not serue then Try the mizen , if that split , or the storme grow so great she cannot beare it ; Hall . then hull , which is to beare no saile , but to strike a hull is when they would lie obscurely in the Sea , or stay for some consort , lash sure the helme a lee , Vnder the Sea . and so a good ship will lie at ease vnder the Sea as wee terme it . Weather coile . If shee will weather coile , and lay her head the other way without loosing a saile , that must bee done by bearing vp the Helme , and then she will driue nothing so farre to Leeward . They call it hulling also in a calme swelling Sea , which is commonly before a storme , when they strike their sailes left she should beat them in peeces against the mast by Rowling .

Rowling .

Labour .

We say a ship doth Labour much when she doth rowle much any way ; but if she will neither Try nor Hull , Spoone . Then Spoone , that is , put her right before the wind , this way although shee will rowle more than the other , yet if she be weake it will not straine her any thing so much in the Trough of the Sea , Trough . which is the distance betwixt two waues or Billowes . If none of this will doe well , then she is in danger to founder , Founder . if not sinke . Foundering is when she will neither veere nor steare , the Sea will so ouer rake her , except you free out the water , she will lie like a log , and so consequently sinke . To spend a mast . To spend a mast or yard , is when they are broke by fowle weather , Spring a mast . and to spring a mast is when it is cracked in any place .

In this extremity he that doth cun the ship cannot haue too much iudgement , A Yoke . nor experience to try her drift , or how she capes , which are two tearmes also vsed in the trials of the running or setting of currants . A yoke is when the Sea is so rough as that men cannot gouern the Helme with their hands , & then they sease a block to the Helme on each side at the end , & reeuiug two fals thorow them like Gunners Tackles brings them to the ships side , and so some being at the one side of the Tackle , some at the other , they steare her with much more ease than they can with a single rope with a double Turne about the Helme .

When the storme is past , though the wind may alter three or foure points of the compasse , or more , yet the Sea for a good time will goe the same way ; then if your course be right against it , you shall meet it right a head , so we call it a head Sea . Sometimes when there is but little wind , A head Sea . there will come a contrary Sea , and presently the winde after it , wherby we may iudge that from whence it came was much winde , for commonly before any great storme the Sea will come that way . Now if the ship may runne on shore in ose or mud she may escape , or Billage on a rocke , or Ancors flooke , repaire her leake , but if she split or sinke , shee is a wracke . But seeing the storme decreaseth , let vs trie if she will endure the Hullocke of a Saile , Hullocke . which sometimes is a peece of the mizen saile or some other little saile , part opned to keepe her head to the sea , but if yet shee would weather coile , wee will loose a Hullocke of her fore-saile , and put the Helme a weather , and it will bring her head where her sterne is ; courage my hearts .

It cleares vp , set your fore-saile ; Now it is faire weather , Lardge . Laske . out with all your sailes , goe lardge or laske , that is , when we haue a fresh gale , or faire wind , and all sailes drawing . But for more haste vnparrell the mizen yard and lanch it , and the saile ouer her Lee quarter , and fit Giues at the further end to keepe the yard steady , and with a Boome boome it out ; this we call a Goose-wing . Goosewing . Who is at Helme there ? Sirra you must be amongst the Points ; Well Master the Channell is broad enough ; Yet you cannot steare betwixt a paire of sheats ; Those are words of mockery betwixt the Cunner and the Stearesman . But to proceed ,

Get your Larboord Tackes aboord , hale off your starboord sheats , keepe your coarse vpon the point you are directed , Port , he will lay her by the lee ; the staies , or backe staies , that is , when all the sailes flutter in the winde , and are not kept full , that is full of wind , they fall vpon the masts and shrowds , so that the ship goes a drift vpon her broad side , fill the sailes , keepe full , full and by . Make ready to Tacke about , is but for euery man to stand to handle the sailes and ropes they must hale , Tacke about is to beare vp the helme , and that brings her to stay all her sailes lying flat against the shrowds , then as she turnes wee say shee is payed , then let rise your Lee tacks and hale off your sheats , and trim all your sailes as they were before , which is cast of that Boling which was the weather boling , and hale vp taught the other . So all your Sheats , Brases , and Tackes are trimmed by a winde as before . To belay , is to make fast the ropes in their proper places . Round in . Round in , is when the wind larges , let rise the maine tacke and fore tacke , and hale aft the fore sheat to the cats head , and the maine sheat to the cubbridge head , this is Rounding in , or rounding aft the saile ; Rounding aft . Pasarado . the sheats being there they hale them downe to keepe them firme from flying vp with a Pasarado , which is any rope wherewith wee hale downe the sheats , blockes of the maine or fore saile , when they are haled aft the clew of the maine saile to the Cubbridge head of the maine mast , and the clew of the fore saile to the Cat head ; Doe this when the ships goes large .

Obserue . Obserue the height , that is , at twelue a clocke to take the height of the Sunne , or in the night the North star , or in the forenoone and afternoone , if you misse these by finding the Azimuth end Alnicanter . Dead water . Dead water is the Eddie water followes the sterne of the ship , not passing away so quickly as that slides by her sides . The Wake . The wake of a ship is the smooth water a sterne shewing the way shee hath gone in the sea , by this we iudge what way she doth make , for if the wake be right a sterne , we know she makes good her way forwards ; but if to Lee-ward a point or two , wee then thinke to the Lee-ward of her course , but shee is a nimble ship that in turning or tacking about will not fall to thee Lee-ward of her wake when shee hath weathered it . Disimbogue is to passe some narrow strait or currant into the maine Ocean , out of some great Gulfe or Bay . Disimbogue . A Drift . A Drift is any thing floating in the sea that is of wood . Rockweed . Rockweed doth grow by the shore , and is a signe of land , yet it is oft found farre in the Sea . Lay the ship by the Lee to trie the Dipsie line , Dipsie line . which is a small line some hundred and fifty fadome long , with a long plummet at the end , made hollow , wherein is put tallow , that will bring vp any grauell ; which is first marked at twenty fadome , and after increased by tens to the end ; and those distinguished by so many small knots vpon each little string that is fixed at the marke thorow the strouds or middest of the line , shewing it is so many times ten fadome deepe , Plummet . where the plummet doth rest from drawing the line out of your hand ; this is onely vsed in deepe water when we thinke we approach the shore , for in the maine sea at 300. fadomes we finde no bottome . Bring the ship to rights , that is , againe vnder saile as she was , some vse a Log line , Log line . and a minute glasse to know what way shee makes , but that is so vncertaine , it is not worth the labour to trie it .

One to the top to looke out for land ,

Land to .

Kenning .

To lay a land .

the man cries out Land to ; which is iust so farre as a kenning , or a man may discouer , descrie , or see the land . And to lay a land is to saile from it iust so farre as you can see it . Good land fall . A good Land fall is when we fall iust with our reckoning , if otherwise a bad Land fall ; but howeuer how it beares ,

Bad land fall .

A head land .

A Point .

Land marke .

To ●ai●e a land .

To make land .

A Reach .

set it by the compasse , and bend your Cables to the Anchors . A Head land , or a Point of land doth lie further cut at sea than the rest . A Land marke , is any Mountaine , Rocke , Church , Wind-mill or the like , that the Pilot can know by comparing one by another how they beare by the compasse . A Reach is the distance of two points so farre as you can see them in a right line , as White Hall and London Bride , or White Hall and the end of Lambeth towards Chelsey . Fetch the Sounding line , Sounding line . this is bigger than the Dipsie-line , and is marked at two fadome next the lead with a peece of blacke leather , at three fadome the like , but slit ; at 5. fadome with a peece of white cloth , at 7. fadome with a peece of red in a peece of white leather , at 15. with a white cloth , &c. The sounding lead is six or seuen pound weight , The Lead . and neere a foot long , he that doth heaue this lead stands by the horse , or in the chaines , and doth sing fadome by the marke 5. c. and a shaftment lesse , 4.0 . this is to finde where the ship may saile by the depth of the water . Fowle water . Fowle water is when she comes into shallow water where shee raises the sand or ose with her way yet not touch the ground , but shee cannot feele her helme so well as in deepe water .

When a ship sailes with a large wind towards the land , or a faire wind into a harbour , Beare in . we say she beares in with the land or harbour . And when she would not come neere the land , but goeth more Roome-way than her couse , wee say she beares off ; Beare off . but a ship boord , beare off is vsed to euery thing you would thrust from you . Beare vp . Hold off . Beare vp is to bring the ship to goe large or before the wind . To Hold off is when we heaue the Cable at the Capsterne , if it be great and stiffe , or slimie with ose , Surges . it surges or slips backe vnlesse they keep it close to the whelps , and then they either hold it fast with nippers , or brings it to the I care Capsterne , and this is called Holding off . As you approach the store , shorten your sailes , when you are in harbour take in your sailes , and come to an anchor , wherein much iudgement is required .

Neale to . To know well the soundings , if it be Nealed to , that is , deepe water close aboord the shore , or shallow , or if the Leevnder the weather shore , or the lee shore be sandy , clay , osie , or fowle and rockie ground , but the Lee shore all men would shun that can auoid it . A Roade . Offing . Or a Roade which is an open place neere the shore . Or the Offing which is the open Sea from the shore , or the middest of any great streame is called the Offing . Land locke , Land locked . is when the land is round about you .

Now the ship is said to Ride , To Ride . so long as the Anchors doe hold and comes not home . Ride a great Roade . To Ride a great roade is when the winde hath much power . They will strike their top masts , and the yards alongst ships , and the deeper the water is , it requires more Cable ; when wee haue rid in any distresse wee say wee haue rid hawse full ,

Ride a stresse .

Ride betwixt .

because the water broke into the hawses . To ride betwixt wind and tide , is when the wind & tide are contrary & of equall power , Wind and tide . which will make her rowle extremely , yet not straine much the cable . To Ride thwart is to ride with her side to the tide , Ride thwart tide . and then she neuer straines it . Ride a pike . To ride a pike is to pike your yards when you ride amongst many ships . Ride crosse . To ride acrosse is to hoise the maine and fore yards to the hounds , and topped alike . When the water is gone and the ships lies dry , we say she is Sewed ; if her head but lie dry , Sewed . she is Sewed a head ; but if she cannot all lie dry , she cannot Sew there . Sew . Water borne is when there is no more water than will iust beare her from the ground .

Water borne .

Water line .

The water line is to that Bend or place she should swim in when she is loaded .

Lastly , To More . to More a ship is to lay out her anchors as is most fit for her to ride by , and the wayes are diuers ; as first , to More a faire Berth from any annoiance . More crosse . To More a crosse is to lay one anchor to one side of the streame , and the other to the other right against one another , and so they Beare equally ebbe and flood . More alongst . To More alongst is to lay an anchor amidst the streame ahead , and another asterne , when you feare driuing a shore . Water shot . Water shot is to more quartering betwixt both nether crosse , nor alongst the ride . In an open rode they will more that way they thinke the wind will come the most to hurt them . More Prouiso . To more a Prouiso , is to haue one anchor in the riuer , and a hawser a shore , which is mored with her head a shore ; otherwise two cables is the least , and foure cables the best to more by .

CHAP. X. Proper tearmes for the Winds , Ebbes , Floods , and Eddies , with their definitions , and an estimate of the depth of the Sea , by the height of the Hils and the largenesse of the Earth .

A Calme .

A Breze .

WHen there is not a breath of wind stirring , it is a calme or a starke calme . A Breze is a wind blowes out of the Sea , and commonly in faire weather beginneth about nine in the morning , and lasteth till neere night ; so likewise all the night it is from the shore which is called a Turnado , or a Sea-turne , but this is but vpon such coasts where it bloweth thus most certainly , except it be a storme , or very fowle weather , as in Barbaria , Aegypt , and the most of the Leuant . We haue such Brezes in most hot countreys in Summer , but they are very vncertaine . A fresh gale . A fresh Gale is that doth presently blow after a calme , when the wind beginneth to quicken or blow . A Loome gale . A faire Loome Gale is the best to saile in , because the Sea goeth not high , and we beare out all our sailes . A stiffe Gale is so much wind as our top-sailes can endure to beare . Eddie wind . An Eddie wind is checked by the saile , a mountaine , turning , or any such thing that makes it returne backe againe . It ouer blowes . It ouer blowes when we can beare no top-sailes . A Gust . A flaw of wind is a Gust which is very violent vpon a sudden , A Spout . but quickly endeth . A Spout in the West Indies commonly falleth in those Gusts , which is , as it were , a small riuer falling entirely from the clouds , like out of our water Spouts , which make the Sea where it falleth rebound in flashes exceeding high . Whirle winds runneth round , A whirle wind . and bloweth diuers wayes at once . A Storme . A storme is knowne to euery one not to bee much lesse than a tempest , A Tempest . that will blow downe houses , and trees vp by the roots . A Mounsoune . A Mounsoune is a constant wind in the East Indies , that bloweth alwayes three moneths together one way , and the next three moneths the contrary way . A Hericano . A Hericano is so violent in the West Indies , it will continue three , foure , or fiue weekes , but they haue it not past once in fiue , six , or seuen yeeres ; but then it is with such extremity that the Sea flies like raine , and the waues so high , they ouer flow the low grounds by the Sea , in so much , that ships haue been driuen ouer tops of high trees there growing , many leagues into the land , and there left , as was Captaine Francis Nelson an Englishman , and an excellent Sea-man for one .

We say a calme sea , or Becalmed , Becalmed . when it is so smooth the ship moues very little , and the men leap ouer boord to swim . A Rough Sea is when the waues grow high .

A Rough Sea .

An ouergrowne Sea .

Surges .

The Rut of the Sea .

The Roaring of the Sea .

Floods & ebbes .

An ouergrowne Sea when the surges and billowes goe highest . The Rut of the sea where it doth dash against anything . And the Roaring of the Sea is most commonly obserued a shore , a little before a storme or after a storme .

Flood is when the water beginneth to rise , which is young flood as we call it , then quarter flood , halfe flood , full Sea , still water , or high water . So when it Ebbes , quarter ebbe , halfe ebbe , three quarter ebbe , low water , or dead low water euery one doth know ; and also that as at a spring tide the Sea or water is at the highest , so at a Neape tide it is at the lowest . This word Tide , is common both to Flood and Ebbe ; for you say as well tide of ebbe , as tide of flood ,

A Tide of ebbe .

A Tide of flood .

A windward Tide A Lee-ward tide .

or a windward Tide when the Tide runnes against the streame , as a Lee-warde Tide , that is , when the wind and the Tide goeth both one way , which makes the water as smooth as the other rough . To Tide ouer to a place , To Tide ouer . is to goe ouer with the Tide of ebbe or flood , and stop the contrary by anchoring till the next Tide , thus you may worke against the wind if it ouer blow not . A Tide gate . A Tide gate is where the tide runneth strongest . Tide and halfe Tide . It flowes Tide and halfe Tide , that is , it will be halfe flood by the shore , before it begin to flow in the channell ; for although the Tide of flood run aloft , yet the Tide of ebbe runnes close by the ground . An Eddie tide is where the water doth runne backe contrary to the tide , Eddie Tide . that is , when some headland or great point in a Riuer hindereth the free passage of the streame , that causeth the water on the other side the point to turne round by the shore as in a circle , till it fall into the tide againe .

As touching the reasons of ebbes and floods , and to know how far it is to the bottome of the deepest place of the Sea , I will not take vpon me to discourse of ; as knowing the same to be the secrets of God vnreuealed to man : only I will set downe a Philosophicall speculation of diuers mens opinions touching the depth of the Sea ; which I hope will not be thought much impertinent to the subiect of this booke by the iudicious Reader .

The height of mountaines perpendicular . Fabianus in Plinis , and Cleomides conceiued the depth of the Sea to be fifteene furlongs , that is , a mile and ● parts , Plutarch compared it equall to the highest mountaines , Scallinger and others conceited the hils farre surpassed the deepnesse of the Sea , and that in few places it is more than a hundered paces in depth , it may bee hee meant in some narrow Seas , but in the maine Ocean experience hath taught vs it is much more than twice so much , for I haue founded 300. fadome , yet found no ground . Eratosthenes in Theon that great Mathematitian writeth the highest mountain perpendicular is but ten furlongs , that is , one mile and a quarter . Also Dicaearcus affirmeth this to be the height of the hill P●lius in Thessalia , but Xenagoras in Plutarch obserued the height of Olimpus in the same region to be twenty paces more , which is 1270. paces , but surely all those meane onely those mountaines in or about Greece where they liued and were best acquainted ; but how these may compare with the Alps in Asia , Atlas in Africa , Caucasus in India , the Andes in Peru , and diuers others hath not yet beene examined .

But whatsoeuer the hils may be aboue the superficies of the earth , The height of the hils compared with the superficies of the earth and depth of the Sea . many hold opinion the Sea is much deeper , who suppose that the earth at the first framing was in the superficies regular and sphericall , as the holy Scriptures directs vs to beleeue ; because the water couered and compassed all the face of the earth , also that the face of the earth was equall to that of the Sea . Damascen noteth , that the vneuennesse and irregularity which now is seene in the earths superficies , was caused by taking some parts out of the vpper face of the earth in sundry places to make it more hollow , and lay them in other places to make it more conuex , or by raising vp some part and depressing others to make roome and receit for the Sea , that mutation being wrought by the power of the word of the Lord , Let the waters be gathered into one place that the dry land may appeare . As for Aquinas , Dionysius , Catharianus , and some Diuines that conceited there was no mutation , but a violent accumulation of the waters , or heaping them vp on high is vnreasonable ; because it is against nature , that water being a flexible and a ponderous body , so to consist and stay it selfe , and not fall to the lower parts about it ; where in nature there is nothing to hinder it , or , if it be restrained supernaturally by the hand and bridle of Almighty God , lest it should ouer-whelme and drowne all the land , it must follow , that God euen in the very institution of nature imposed a perpetuall violence vpon nature . And this with all , that at the Deluge there was no necessity to breake vp the springs of the deepe and to open the cattaracts of Heauen , and powre downe water continually so many daies and nights together , seeing the only with-drawing of that hand , or letting goe of that bridle which restraineth the water would presently haue ouerwhelmed all . How all the hils and dry land aboue the superficies of the Sea hath made roome for the Sea , therefore they are in equall height & depth .

But both by Scriptures , the experience of Nauigators , and reason in making estimation of the depth of the Sea , reckon not onely the height of the hils aboue the common superficies of the earth , but the height of all the dry land aboue the superficies of the Sea , because the whole masse of earth that now appeareth aboue the waters , being taken as it were out of the places which the waters now possesse , must be equall to the place out of which it was taken ; so consequently it seemeth , that the height or eleuation of the one should answer the descending or depth of the other ; and therefore in estimating the depth of the Sea , wee consider not onely the erection of the hils aboue the ordinary land , but the aduantage of the dry land aboue the Sea ; which latter , I meane the height of the ordinary maine land , excluding the hils , which properly answer the extraordinary deepes and whirle-pooles in the Sea . The rest is held more in large Continents aboue the Sea , than that of the hils is aboue the land .

That there is small difference betwixt the springs first rising out of the earth , and their falling into the Sea . For that the plain face of the dry land is not leuel , or equally distant from the Center , but hath a great descent towards the Sea , and a rising towards the mid-land parts , although it appeare not plainly to the eye , yet to reason it is most manifest ; because we find that part of the earth the Sea couereth descendeth lower and lower towards the Sea . For the Sea , which touching the vpper face of it , is knowne by nature to be leuell and euenly distant from the center , is obserued to wax deeper & deeper the further one saileth from the shore cowards the maine Ocean : euen so in that part which is vntouered , the streamings of Riuers on all sides from the midland parts towards the Sea , sliding from the higher to the lower declareth so much , whose courses are some 1000. or 2000. miles , in which declination , Pliny in his deriuation of water requireth one cubit of declining in 240. foot of proceeding . But Columella , Viturnius , Paladius , and others , in their conduction of waters require somewhat lesse ; namely , that in the proceeding of 200. foot forward , there should bee allowed one foot of descending downeward , which yet in the course of 1000. miles , as Danubius , Volgha , or Indus , &c. haue so much or more , which will make fiue miles of descent in perpendicular account , and in the course of 2000. or more , as Nilus , Niger , and the Riuer of the Amazons haue 10. miles or more of the like descent .

These are not taken as rules of necessity , The determination of these questions . as though water could not runne without that aduantage , for that respect the conueyers of waters in these times content themselues with one inch in 600. foot , as Philander and Viturnius obserued , but is rather vnder a rule of commodity for expedition and wholsomnesse of water so conueyed , left resting too long in pipes it should contract some vnwholsome condition , or else through the slacknesse of motion , or long closenesse , or banishment from the aire , gather some aptnesse and disposition to putr●fie . Although I say , such excesse of aduantage as in the artificiall conueyance of waters the forenamed Authors require , be not of necessity exacted in the naturall deriuation of them , yet certaine it is , that the descent of riuers being continually and their courselong , and in many places swift , and in some places headlong and furious ; Note the difference betwixt the springs of the riuers . and their falling into the Sea is not great . the differences of height or aduantage cannot be great betwixt the springs of the riuers and their out lets , betwixt the first rising out of the earth and their falling into the Sea : vnto which declinity of land seeing the deepenesse of the Sea in proportion answer as I before declared , and not onely to the height of the hils : it is concluded , that the deepenesse to bee much more than the Philosophers commonly reputed : and although the deepnesse of the Sardinian Sea , which Aristotle saith , was the deepest of the Mediterranean , recorded by Posidonius in Strabo , to haue beene found but 1000. fadome , which is but a mile and a fifth part , and the greatest bredth not past 600. miles : then seeing if in so narrow a Sea it be so deepe , what may we esteeme the maine Ocean to be , that in many places is fiue times so broad , seeing the broader the Seas are , if they be intire and free from Ilands , they are answerably obserued to be the deeper . If you desire any further satisfaction , reade the first part of Purchas his Pilgrimage , where you may reade how to find all those Authors at large . Now because he hath taken neere 100. times as much from me , I haue made bold to borrow this from him , seeing he hath founded such deepe waters for this our Ship to faile in , being a Gentleman whose person I loued , and whose memory and vertues I will euer honour .

CHAP. XI . Proper Sea tearmes belonging to the good or bad condition of Ships , how to finde them and amend them .

A Ship that will try hull , and ride well at Anchor , A wholsome ship . we call a wholsome Ship . A long Ship that drawes much water will doe all this , but if she draw much water and be short , she may hull well , but neither try nor ride well ; if she draw little water and belong , she may try and ride well , An vnwholsome Ship . but neuer hull well , which is called an vnwholsome ship . Howsing a Ship . The howsing in of a Ship is when shee is past the bredth of her bearing she is brought in narrow to her vpper workes : it is certaine this makes her wholsome in the Sea without rowling , because the weight of her Ordnance doth counterpoise her bredth vnder water , but it is not so good in a man of warre , because it taketh away a great deale of her roome , nor will her tacks euer so well come aboord as if she were laid out aloft and not flaring , Flaring . which is when she is a little howsing in , neere the water , and then the vpper worke doth hang ouer againe , and is laid out broder aloft , this makes a Ship more roomy aloft for men to vse their armes in , but Sir Walter Rawleighs proportion , which is to be proportionally wrought to her other worke is the best , because the counter poise on each side doth make her swimme perpendicular or straight , and consequently steady , which is the best .

If a ship be narrow , and her bearing either not laid out enough or too low , then you must make her broader and her bearing the higher by ripping off the plankes two or three strakes vnder water and as much aboue , and put other Timbers vpon the first , and then put on the plankes vpon those Timbers , this will make her beare a better saile , but it is a hindrance to her sailing , this is to be done when a Ship is cranke-sided and will beare no saile , Cranke side . and is called Furring . Note also , Furring . that when a Ship hath a deepe Keele it doth keepe her from rowling . If she be floty and her keele shallow , put on another keele vnder the first to make it deeper , for it will make her hold more in the water , this wee call a false Keele . A false Keele . Gripe . Likewise if her stem be too flat to make her cut water the better , and not gripe , which is when shee will not keepe a winde well ; fix another stem before it , A false stem . and that is called a false stem , which will make her rid more way and beare a better saile . The runne . Also the Run of a ship is as much to be regarded , for if it be too short and too ●ull below , the water comes but slowly to the Rudder because the force of it is broken by her bredth , and then to put a false stem post to lengthen her is the next remedy , but to lengthen her is better ; for when a Ship comes off handsomly by degrees , and her Tuck doth not lye too low , which will hinder the water from comming swiftly to the Rudder , makes her she cannot steare well , and they are called as they are , a good runne or a bad .

A good runne .

A bad runne .

When a Ship hath lost a peece of her Keele , and that we cannot come well to mend it , you much patch a new peece vnto it , and bind it with a stirrop , A Sirrup . which is an iron comes round about it and the Keele vp to the other side of the Ship , whereto it is strongly nailed with Spikes . Her Rake also may be a defect , Her Rake . which is so much of the Hull , as by a perpendicular line the end of the Keele is from the setting on of the stem , so much as it without that forward on , and in like manner the setting in of her stem Post. Your French men giues great Rakes forwards on , which makes her giue good way and keepe a good wind , but if she haue not a full bow she will pitch her head extremely in the Sea . If shee haue but a small Rake , she is so blusse that the Seas meets her so suddenly vpon the Bowes shee cannot cut the water much , but the longer a ship is , the fuller should be her Bow , but the meane is the best . Loome . The looming of a ship is her prospectiue , that is , as she doth shew great or little : Her water draught is so many foot as she goes in the water , but the Ships that drawes most water are commonly the most wholsome , but the least draught goes best but rolls most , and we say a Ship doth heeld on Starboord or Larboord , Heeld . that is , to that side shee doth leane most .

Ouerset .

Ouerthrow .

To ouerset or ouerthrow a ship , is by bearing too much saile you bring her Keele vpwards , or on shore ouerthrow her by grounding her , so that she falls vpon one side ; and we say a Ship is walt when shee is not stiffe , Wale . and hath not Ballast enough in her to keepe her stiffe . Wall reared . And wall reared when she is right built vp , after shee comes to her bearing it makes her ill shapen and vnseemely , but it giues her within much roome , and she is very wholsome , if her bearing be well laid out . The Masting of a Ship is much to be considered , and will much cause her to saile well or ill , as I haue related in the masting a Ship . Iron sicke . Iron sicke , is when the Bolts , Spikes , or Nailes are so eaten with rust they stand hollow in the plankes , and so makes her leake , the which to preuent , they vse to put lead ouer all the bolt heads vnder water . Trim. Lastly , the trimming of a ship doth much amend or impaire her sailing , and so alter her condition . To finde her trim , that is , how she will saile best ; is by trying her sailing with another Ship so many glasses , trimmed a head and so many a sterne , and so many vpon an euen Keele , also the casing of her Masts and Shrouds , for some ships will saile much better when they are stacke than when they are taught .

CHAP. XII . Considerations for a Sea Captaine in the choise of his Ship , and in placing his Ordnance . In giuing Chase , Boording , and entering a man of warre like himselfe , or a defending Merchant man .

IN Land seruice we call a man of warre a Souldier either on foot or horse , How to chuse a Ship fit to make a man of wane . and at Sea a Ship , which if she be not as well built , conditioned , and prouided , as neere fitting such an imploiment as may be , she may proue ( either ) as a horseman that knoweth not how to hold his raines , keepe his seat in his saddle and stirrops , carry his body , nor how to helpe his horse with leg and spur in a curuet , gallop , or stop ; or as an excellent horsemen that knoweth all this , mounted vpon a Iade that will doe nothing , which were he mounted according to his experience , hee would doe more with that one , than halfe a dozen of the other though as well prouided as himselfe . But I confesse , euery horseman cannot mount himself alike , neither euery Seaman ship himselfe as he would , I meane not for outward ornament , which the better they are , the lesse to be disliked ; for there cannot be a brauer sight than a ship in her brauery , but of a competent sufficiency as the businesse requireth . But were I to chuse a ship for my self , I would haue her saile well , yet strongly built , her decks flush and flat , and so roomy that men might passe with ease ; her Bow and chase so Gally-like contriued , should beare as many Ordnances as with conueniency she could , for that alwaies commeth most to fight , and so stiffe , she should beare a stiffe saile and beare out her lower tier in any reasonable weather , neither should her Gunroome be vnprouided : not manned like a Merchant-man , which if they be double manned , that is , to haue twise so many men as would saile her , they think it is too many in regard of the charge , yet to speake true , there is few Merchant Ships in the world doth any way exceed ours . And those men they entertaine in good voiages haue such good pay , and such acquaintance one with another in shipping themselues , that thirty or forty of them would trouble a man of warre with three or foure times their number manned with prest men , being halfe of them scarce hale Boulings . Yea , and many times a Pirat who are commonly the best manned , but they fight only for wealth , not for honour nor reuenge , except they bee extremely constrained . But such a Ship as I haue spoken of well manned with rather too many than too few , with all sufficient Officers ; Shot , Powder , Victuall , and all their appurtenances , in my opinion might well passe muster for a man of warre .

His reward that first discries a Ship , or enters a prize . Now being at Sea , the tops are seldome without one or other to looke out for purchase , because hee that first discries a saile , if she proue prize , is to haue a good sute of Aparell , or so much money as is set downe by order for his reward , as also he that doth first enter a Ship there is a certaine reward allowed him ; when wee see a Ship alter her course , and vseth all the meanes she can to fetch you vp , you are the chase , and hee the chaser . In giuing chase or chasing , or to escape being chased , there is required an infinite iudgement and experience , for there is no rule for it ; but the shortest way to fetch vp your chase is the best . How to giue chase , and escape the chaser . If you bee too lee-ward , get all your Tacks aboord , and shape your course as he doth to meet him at the neerest angle you can , then he must either alter his course and Tacke as you Tacke as neere the wind as he can lye to keepe his owne till night , and then strike a Hull that you may not descry him by his sailes , or doe his best to lose you in the darke ; for looke how much he falls to lee-ward , hee falls so much in your way . If he be right ahead of you , that is called a sterne chase , if you weather him , for euery man in chasing doth seeke to get the weather , because you cannot boord him except you weather him , he will laske , or goe large , if you gather on him that way , hee will trie you before the wind , th●● if your ordnance cannot reach him , if he can out-strip you he is gone : But suppose you are to wind-ward , if hee clap close by a wind , and there goes ahead sea , and yours a lee-ward ship , if you doe the like your ship will so beat against the Sea , she will make no way ; therefore you must goe a little more large though you chase vnder his lee till you can run ahead .

Boord and Boord is when two ships lie together side by side , but hee that knoweth how to defend himselfe , Boord & boord . and worke well , will so cun his ship , as force you to enter vpon his quarter , which is the highest part of the ship , and but the mizen shrouds to enter by ; from whence he may do you much hurt with little danger , except you fire him , which a Pirat will neuer doe , neither sinke you if he can chuse , except you be able to force him to defend himselfe . But in a Sea fight wee call Boording , in Boording where wee can , the greatest aduantage for your Ordnance is to boord him thwart the hawse , because you may vse all the ordnance you haue on one side , and she onely them in her prow ; but the best and safest boording for entring is on the bow , Boording & entering a ship . but you must be carefull to cleare the decks with burning granados , fire-pots , poutches of powder , Powder chests . to which giue fire by a Gunpodwer match , to preuent traines to the powder chest , which are long boards ioyned like a triangle with diuers broad ledges on either side , wherein lieth as many peeble stones or beatch as can there lie , those being fired will make all cleare before them . Besides in an extremity a man would rather blow vp the quarter decke , halfe decke , fore castle , or any thing , than bee taken by him he knowes a mortall enemy , and commonly there is more men lost in entering , if the chase stand to her defence , in an instant , than in a long fight boord and boord , if she be prouided of her close fights : I confesse , the charging vpon trenches , and the entrances of a breach in a rampire are attempts as desperate as a man would thinke could be performed , but he that hath tried himselfe as oft in the entring a resisting ship as I haue done both them & the other , he would surely confesse there is no such dangerous seruice ashore , as a resolued resolute fight at sea . A ships close fights , are smal ledges of wood laid crosse one another like the grates of iron in a prisons window , betwixt the maine mast , and the fore mast , & are called gratings , or nettings as is said , which are made of small ropes , much in like manner couered with a saile , the which to vndoe is to heaue a kedger , or fix a grapling into them , tied in a rope , but a chaine of iron is better , and shearing off will teare it in peeces if the rope and anchor hold , some haue vsed sheare hookes , which are hookes like sickels fixed in the ends of the yards armes , that if a ship vnder saile come to boord her , those sheares will cut her shrouds , and spoile her tackling , but they are so subiect to breake their owne yards , and cut all the ropes comes from the top-sailes , they are out of request . To conclude , if a ship bee open , presently to boord her is the best way to take her . But if you see your chase strip himselfe into fighting sailes , Euident signes that a chase will fight . that is to put out his colours in the poope , his flag in the maine top , his streamers or pendants as the ends of his yards armes , furle his spret-saile , pike his mizen , and sling his maine yard , prouide your selfe to fight . Now because I would not bee tedious in describing a fight at Sea , I haue troubled you with this short preamble that you may the plainlier vnderstand it .

CHAP. XIII . How to manage a fight at Sea , with the proper tearmes in a fight largely expressed , and the ordering of a Nauy at Sea .

FOr this master peece of this worke , I confesse I might doe better to leaue it to euery particular mans conceit as it is , or those of longer practice or more experience , yet because I haue seene many bookes of the Art of Warre by land , Many bookes of the Art of War for the land , none for the sea . and neuer any for the Sea , seeing all men so silent in this most difficult seruice , and there are so many young Captaines , and others that desire to be Captains , who know very little , or nothing at all to any purpose , for their better vnderstanding I haue proceeded thus farre ; now for this that followes , what I haue seene , done , and conceiued by my small experience , I referre me to their friendly constructions , and well aduised considerations .

A saile , how beares she or stands shee , to wind-ward or lee-ward , set him by the Compasse ; he stands right ahead , or on the weather-Bow , or lee-Bow , let flie your colours if you haue a consort , else not . Out with all your sailes , a steady man to the helme , sit close to keepe her steady , giue him chase or fetch him vp ; hee holds his owne , no , To giue chase . we gather on him . Captaine , out ●oes his flag and pendants , also his waste clothes and top armings ,

Wast clothes .

Top armings .

which is a long red cloth about three quarters of a yard broad , edged on each side with Calico or white linnen cloth , that goeth round about the ship on the out sides of all her vpper workes fore and aft , and before the cubbridge heads , also about the fore and maine tops , as well for the countenance and grace of the ship , as to couer the men for being seene , hee furles and slings his maine yard , in goes his spret-saile . Thus they vse to strip themselues into their short sailes , Fighting sailes . To hale a ship . or figting sailes , which is onely the fore saile , the maine and fore top sailes , because the rest should not be fired nor spoiled ; besides they would be troublesome to handle , hinder our sights and the vsing our armes ; he makes ready his close fights fore and aft .

How to begin a fight . Master how stands the chase ? Right on head I say ; Well we shall reatch him by and by ; What 's all ready , Yea , yea , euery man to his charge , dowse your top-saile to salute him for the Sea , hale him with a noise of trumpets ; Whence is your ship ? Of Spaine ; Whence is yours ? Of England ; Are you a Merchant , or a man of War ? We are of the Sea ; He waues vs to lee-ward with his drawne sword , cals amaine for the King of Spaine , and springs his loufe , giue him a chase peece with your broad side , and run a good berth ahead of him ; Done , done , We haue the wind of him , and he tackes about , tacke you about also and keepe your loufe , be yare at the helme , edge in with him , giue him a volley of small shot , also your prow and broad side as before , and keepe your loufe ; Hee payes vs shot for shot ; Well , wee shall require him ; What are you ready againe , Yea , yea . Try him once more as before , Done , done ; Keepe your loufe and loge your ordnance againe ; Is all ready ? Yea , yea ; edge in in with him againe , begin with your bow peeces , proceed with your broad side , & let her fall off with the wind , to giue her also your full chase , your weather broad side , and bring her round that the sterne may also discharge , and your tackes close aboord againe ; Done , done , the wind veeres , the Sea goes too high to boord her , and wee are shot thorow and thorow , and betweene wind a●d water . Try the pump , beare vp the helme , Master let vs breathe and refresh a little , and sling a man ouer boord to stop the leakes ; that is , to trusse him vp about the middle in a peece of canuas , How to sling a man ouer boord . and a rope to keepe him from sinking , and his armes at liberty , with a malet in the one hand , & a plug lapped in Okum , and well farred in a tarpawling clout in the other , which he will quickly beat into the hole or holes the bullets made ; What cheere mates , is all well ? All well , all well , all well ; Then make ready to beare vp with him againe , and withall your great and small shot charge him , and in the smoke boord him thwart the hawse , on the bow , mid ships , or rather then faile , on his quarter , or make fast your graplings if you can to his close fights and sheare off . Captaine we are fowle on each other , and the ship is on fire , cut any thing to get cleare , and smother the fire with wet cloathes . In such a case they will presently be such friends , as to help one the other all they can to get cleare , lest they both should burne together and sinke ; and if they be generous , the fire quenched , drinke kindely one to another ; heaue their cans ouer boord , and then begin againe as before .

Well Master , the day is spent , the night drawes on , A consultation & direction in a sea fight , & how they bury their dead . let vs consult . Chirurgion looke to the wounded , and winde vp the slaine , with each a weight or bullet at their heads and feet to make them sinke , and giue them three gunnes for their funerals , Swabber make cleane the ship , Purser record their Names , Watch be vigilant to keepe your berth to wind ward that we lose him not in the night , Gunners spunge your Ordnance , Souldiers scowre your peeces , Carpenters about your leakes , Boat swaine and the rest repaire the sailes and shrouds , and Cooke see you obserue your directions against the morning watch , Boy , Holla Master Holla , is the kettle boiled , yea , yea , Boatswaine call vp the men to prayer and breake fast .

Boy fetch my cellar of bottels , A preparation for a fresh charge . a health to you all fore and aft , courage my hearts for a fresh charge , Gunners beat open the ports , and out with your lower tire , and bring me from the weather side to the lee , so many peeces as we haue ports to beare vpon him , Master lay him aboord loufe for loufe , mid ships men see the tops and yards well manned , with stones , fi●e pots , and brasse bailes , to throw amongst them before we enter , or if we be put off , charge them with all your great and small shot , in the smoke let vs enter them in the shrouds , and euery squadron at his best aduantage , so sound Drums and Trumpets , and Saint George for England .

How a prise doth yeeld , and how to entertaine him Sea-man like . They hang out a flag of truce , hale him a maine , a base , or take in his flag , strike their sailes and come aboord with their Captaine , Purser and Gunner , with their commission , cocket , or bils of loading . Out goes the boat , they are lanched from the ship side , entertaine them with a generall cry , God saue the Captaine and all the company with the Trumpets sounding , examine them in particular , and then conclude your conditions , with feasting , freedome , or punishment , as you finde occasion ; but alwayes haue as much care to their wounded as your owne , and if there be either young women or aged men , vse them nobly , which is euer the nature of a generous disposition . To conclude , if you surprize him , or enter perforce , you may stow the men , rifle , pillage , or sacke , and cry a prise .

How to call a Counsell of War , and order a Nauy at Sea . To call a Councell of Warre in a Fleet ; There is your Councell of Warre to manage all businesses of import , and the common Councell for matters of small moment , when they would haue a meeting , where the Admirall doth appoint it ; if in the Admirall , they hang out a flag in the maine shrouds ; if in the Vice Admirall , in the fore shrouds ; if in the Reare Admirall , in the mizen ; If there bee many squadrons , the Admirall of each squadron vpon sundry occasions doth carry in their maine tops , flags of sundry colours , or else they are distinguished by seuerall pendants from the yards armes ; euery night or morning they are to come vnder the Lee of the Admirall to salute him and know his pleasure , but no Admirall of any squadron is to beare his flag in the maine top , in the presence of the Admirall generall , except the Admirall come aboord of him to Councell , to dinner , or collation , and so any ship else where he so resideth during that time , is to weare his flag in the maine top . They vse to martiall or order those squadrons in rankes like Manaples , which is foure square , if the wind and Sea permits , a good berth or distance from each other , that they becalme not one another , nor come not fowle of each other ; the Generall commonly in the middest , his Vice Admirall in the front , and his Reare Admirall in the Reare ; or otherwise like a halfe Moone , which is two squadrons like two triangles for the two hornes , and so the rest of the squadrons behinde each other a good distance , and the Generall in the middest of the halfe circle , from whence he seeth all his fleet , and sendeth his directions , as he findes occasion to whom he pleaseth .

Now betweene two Nauies they vse often , Stratagems for Sea-men . especially in a harbour or road where they are at anchor , to fill old Barkes with pitch , tar , traine oile , lincet oile , brimstone , rosen , reeds , with dry wood , and such combustible things , sometimes they linke three or foure together in the night , and puts them adrift as they finde occasion . To passe a fort some will make both ship and sailes all black , but if the fort keepe but a fire on the other side , and all the peeces point blanke with the fire , if they discharge what is betwixt them and the fire , the shot will hit if the rule bee truly obserued ; for when a ship is betwixt the fire and you , shee doth keepe you from seeing it till shee bee past it . To conclude , there is as many stratagems , aduantages , and inuentions to be vsed as you finde occasions , and therefore experience must be the best Tutor .

Chap. XIV . The names of all sorts of great Ordnance , and their appurtenances , with their proper tearmes and expositions , also diuers obseruations concerning their shooting , with a Table of proportion for their weight of metall , weight of powder , weight of shot , and there best at randome and point blanke inlarged .

The Names of great Ordnance . A Canon royal , or double Canon , a Canon , a Canon Serpentine , a bastard Canon , a demy Canon , a Canon Petro , a Culuering , a Basilisco , a demy culuering , a bastard Culuering , a Sacar , a Minion , a Falcon , a Falconet , a Serpentine , a Rabbinet . Carriages . To all those doe belong carriages whereon peeces doe lie supported by an axeltree betwixt two wh●eles , Trunnions . whereon doth lie the peece vpon her trunnions , which are two knobs cast with the peece on each of hersides , which doth lie in two halfe holes vpon the two cheekes of the carriages , to raise her vp or downe as you will , Capsquares . ouer them are the capsquares , which are two broad peeces of iron doth couer them , made fast by a pin with a fore locke to keepe the peece from falling out . That the peece and carriages is drawne along vpon wheeles euery one doth know , Wheeles . if shee bee for land seruice , they haue wheeles made with spokes like coach wheeles , and according to their proportion strongly shod with iron , Trucks . and the pins at the ends of the Axeltree is called Linch pins .

If for Sea she haue Trucks , which are round intier peeces of wood like wheeles .

To mount a Peece .

To dismount a Peece .

Beds .

Quoines .

To mount a peece is ●o lay her vpon her carriages ; to dismount her to take her downe . Her Bed is a planke doth lie next the peece , or the peece vpon it vpon the carriage , and betwixt the Peece and it they put their quoines , which are great wedges of wood with a little handle at the end to put them forward or backward for leuelling the Peece as you please . Trauas . To trauas a Peece is to turne her which way you will vpon her Platforme . Dispert . To dispert a Peece is to finde a difference betwixt the thicknesse of the metall at her mouth and britch or carnouse ,

Britch .

Carnouse .

Musell .

which is the greatest circle about her britch , and her mussell Ring is the greatest circle about her mouth thereby to make a iust shot , there are diuers waies to dispert her , but the most easiest is as good as the best : and that is but by putting a little sticke or a straw that is strait into the toutch hole to the lower part of the Sillinder or Concaue ,

Sillinder .

Concaue .

Bore .

which is the bore of the Peece and cut it off close by the metall , and then apply it in the same manner to the mouth , and it will exactly shew you the difference , How to dispert a Peece . which being set vpon the mussell of the Peece with a little Clay , Pitch , or Wax , it will bee as the pin of any Peece is to the sight , leuell to the carnouse or britch of the Peece , otherwaies you may giue her allowance according to your iudgement .

Taper boared , Taper boared . is when a Peece is wider at the mouth then towards the britch , which is dangerous ( if the Bullet goe not home ) to burst her . Honicombed , Hony-combe . is when shee is ill cast or ouermuch worne shee will bee rugged within , which is dangerous for a crosse barre shot to catch hold by , or any ragge of her wadding being a fire and sticking there may fire the next charge you put in her ; How to finde it . and you may finde if she be Taper boared , either with a crooked wyer at the end of a long staffe , by scratching vp and downe to see where you can catch any hold , or a light candle at the end of a staffe thrust vp and down to see if you can see any fault . Britchings . Britchings are the ropes by which you lash your Ordnance fast to the Ships side in foule weather . Chambers . Chambers is a charge made of brasse or iron which we vse to put in at the britch of a sling or Murtherer , containing iust so much powder as will driue away the case of stones of shot , or any thing in her . In a great Peece we call that her Chamber so far as the powder doth reach when she is laded .

Cartrages . A Cartrage is a bagge of Canuasse made vpon a frame or a round peece of wood somewhat lesse than the bore of the Peece , they make them also of paper , they haue also Cartrages or rather cases for Cartrages made of Lattin to keepe the Cartrages in , which is to haue no more powder in them than iust the charge of your Peece , and they are closely couered in those cases of Latten , Cases . to keepe them dry , and from any mischances by fire , and are farre more ready and safer than your Ladles or Budgbarrels . A Budgbarell . A Budgbarrell is a little Barrell made of Latten , filled with powder to carry from place to place for feare of fire ; in the couer it hath a long necke to fill the Ladles withall without opening . A Ladle is a long staffe with a peece of thin Copper at the end like halfe a Cartrage , A Ladle . in bredth and length so much as will hold no more powder than the due charge for the Peece it belongs to . A Spunge . A Spunge is such another staffe , with a peece of a Lambe skin at the end about it to thrust vp and downe the Peece , to take off the dust , moisture , or sparkes of fire if any remaine in her . A Rammer . And a Rammer is a bob of wood at the other end to ramme home the Powder and the Waddings . Waddings . Waddings is Okum , old clouts , or straw , put after the powder and the Bullet . Wood cases . A Case is made of two peeces of hollow wood ioyned together like two halfe Cartrages fit to put into the bore of a Peece , Case shot . & a case shot is any kinde of small Bullets , Nailes , old iron , or the like to put into the case to shoot out of the Ordnances or Murderers , these will doe much mischiefe when wee lie boord and boord : but for Spunges and Rammers they vse now a stiffe Rope a little more than the length of the Peece , which you may turne and wind within boord as you will , with much more ease and safety than the other .

Round Shot is a round Bullet for any Peece :

Round shot .

Crosse bar shot .

Crosbarshot is also a round shot , but it hath a long spike of Iron cast with it as if it did goe thorow the middest of it , the ends whereof are commonly armed for feare of bursting the Peece , To Arme a shot . which is to binde a little Okum in a little Canuasse at the end of each Pike . Trundle shot . Trundle shot is onely a bolt of iron sixteene or eighteene inches in length ; at both ends sharpe pointed , and about a handfull from each end a round broad bowle of lead according to the bore of the Peece cast vpon it . Langrell shot runnes loose with a shackell , Langrill shot . to be shortened when you put it into the Peece , and when it flies out it doth spred it selfe , it hath at the end of either barre a halfe Bullet either of lead or iron . Chaine shot . Chaine shot is two bullets with a chaine betwixt them , and some are contriued round as in a ball , yet will spred in flying their full length in bredth ; all these are vsed when you are neere a ship to shoot downe Masts , Yards , Shrouds , teare the sailes , spoile the men , or any thing that is aboue the decks . Fire workes . Fire-workes are diuers , and of many compositions ,

Arrowes of wild fire .

Pikes of wild fire .

Granados of diuers sorts .

Brasse Balles .

as Arrowes trimmed with wild fire to sticke in the sailes or ships side shot burning . Pikes of wild fire to strike burning into a ship side to fire her . There is also diuers sorts of Granados , some to breake and fly in abundance of peeces euery way , as will your brasse balls & earthen pots which when they are couered with quartered bullets stucke in pitch , and the pots filled with good powder , in a crowd of people will make an incredible slaughter ; some will burne vnder water , and neuer extinguish till the stuffe bee consumed ; some onely will burne and fume out a most stinking poison smoke ; some , being but onely an Oile , being nointed on anything made of dry wood , will take fire by the heat of the Sunne when the Sunne shines hot . There is also a Powder , which being laid in like manner vpon any thing subiect to burne , will take fire if either any raine or water light vpon it ; but those inuentions are bad on shore , but much worse at Sea , and are naught because so dangerous , and not easie to bee quenched , and their practise worse , because they may doe as much mischiefe to a friend as to an enemy , therefore I will leaue them as they are .

Powder .

Serpentine powder .

Grosse corned Powder .

Fine corned Powder .

There are also diuers sorts of Powder , the Serpentine is like dust and weake , and will not keepe at Sea but be moist . The common sort is great corned powder but grosse , and onely vsed in great Ordnance . Your fine corned Powder for hand Guns is in goodnesse as your Salt-Peter is oft refined , and from ten pence a pound to eighteene pence a pound .

A Tomkin . A Tomkin is a round peece of wood put into the Peeces mouth and couered with Tallow , A Fid and a fid a little Okum made like a naile put in at the toutch hole , and couered with a thin lead bound aboue it to keepe the Powder dry in the Peece . Shackels . Shackels are a kinde of Rings but not round , made like them at the hatches cornes ( by which we take them vp and lay them downe ) but bigger , fixed to the middest of the por●s within boord , through which wee put a billet to keepe fast the port for flying open in soule weather , which may easily indanger , To cloy a Peece or poyson her . if not sinke the Ship . To cloy or poison a Peece , is to driue a naile into her toutch hole , then you cannot giue fire . To vncloy . And to vncloy her , is to put as much oile as you can about the naile to make it glib , and by a traine giue fire to her by her mouth , and so blow it out .

Compasse Callipers . Compasse Callipers belongs to the Gunner , and is like two halfe Circles that hath a handle and ioint like a paire of Compasses , but they are blunt at the points to open as you please for to dispert a Peece .

Horne .

Priming Iron .

A Horne is his touch box , his Primer is a small long peece of iron , sharpe at the small end to pierce the Cartrage thorow the toutch hole . His Lint stock is a handsome carued stick , Lint stocke . more than halfe a yard long , with a Cocke at the one end to hold fast his Match , and a sharpe pike in the other to sticke it fast vpon the Deck or platforme vpright .

Gunners quadrant .

Darke Lanthorn .

Morters .

The names of small Peeces , and their implements

The Gunners quadrant is to leuell a Peece or mount her to any randon . A darke Lanthorne is as well to be vsed by any body as he . For Morters , or such chambers as are only vsed for triumphs , there is no vse for them in this seruice ; but for Curriours , Hargabusacrocks , Muskets , Bastard-muskets , Coliuers , Crabuts , Carbins , long Pistols or short Pistols ,

Bandilers .

Bullet bags .

Wormes .

Scowrers .

Melting Ladles .

Lead Molds .

Quartered shot .

there belongs to them Bandiliers , bullet Bags , Wormes , Scowrers , melting Ladles , Lead , Molds of al sorts to cast their shot . Quarter Bullets is but any bullet quartered in foure or eight parts , and all those are as vsefull a ship-boord as on shore . For the soule , trunke , bore , fortification , the diuersity of their metals , and diuers other curious Theormes or tearmes vsed about great Ordnance , there are so many vncertainties as well in her mounting , leuelling vpon her platforme , as also the accidents that may happen in the powder , the ground , the aire , and differences inproportion , I will not vndertake to prescribe any certaine artificiall rule . These proportions following are neere the matter , but for your better satisfaction reade Master Digs Pantrimetria , Master Smith , or Master Burnes art of Gunnery , or Master Robert Nortons Exposition vpon Master Digs Stratiaticos , any of those will shew the Theoricke at large . But to bee a good Gunner you must learne it by practise .

A Table of proportion for the weight and shooting of great Ordnance .

The names of the great Peeces . The height of the peeces . The weight of the peeces . The weight of the shot . The weight of the powder The bredth of the Ladle . The length of the Ladle . 2400. ● . of powder makes of shot in a Shot point blanke in Shot randome in Inches . Pound . Pound . Pound Inche . Inches . P●●ce . Pi●e● ●●●e● . These Peeces be most seruiceable for battery being within 80. paces to their marke , which is the chiefe of their forces . 1 A Canon Royall . 8 ½ 8000 66 30 13 ¼ 24 ½ 80 16 1930 2 A Canon . 8 6000 60 27 12 24 85 17 2000 3 A Canon Sarpentine . 7 ½ 5500 53 ½ 25 10 ½ 23 ⅓ 96 20 2000 4 A Bastard Canon . 7 4500 41 ¼ 20 10 23 ⅓ 120 18 1800 5 A demy Canon . 6 ½ 4000 30 ¼ 18 9 ⅓ 23 ¼ 133 17 1700 6 A Canon Petro. 6 3000 24 ¼ 14 9 23 171 16 1600 These Peeces be good and also seruiceable to be mixt with the aboue Ordnance for battery to peeces being crost with the rest , as also fit for castles , Forts , and Walls to be planted , and for defence . 7 A Culuering . 5 ½ 4500 17 ⅓ 12 8 ½ 22 ⅓ 200 20 2500 8 A Basilisco . 5 4000 15 ¼ 10 7 ½ 22 240 25 3000 9 A demy Culuering . 4 ½ 3400 9 ⅓ 8 6 ⅕ 21 300 20 2500 10 A bastard Culuering . 4 3000 7 6 ¼ 6 20 288 18 1800 11 A Sacre . 3 ½ 1400 5 ⅓ 5 ⅓ 5 ½ 18 490 17 1700 12 A Minion . 3 ¼ 1000 4 4 4 ½ 17 600 16 ●600 13 A F●ulcon . 2 ½ 660 2 ¼ 2 ¼ 4 ½ 15 1087 15 1500 14 A Faulcon . 2 ⅓ 800 3 3 4 ¼ 15 800 15 1500 These Peeces are good and seruiceable for the field , and most ready for defence . 15 A Faulconet . 2 500 1 ¼ 1 ¼ 3 ¼ 11 ¼ 1950 14 1400 16 A Sarpentine . 1 ½ 400 ½ ⅓ 2 ½ 10 7200 13 1300 17 A Rabonet . 1 300 ½ ½ 1 ½ 6 4800 12 1000

Note that seldome in Ships they vse any Ordnance greater than Demy Canons , nor haue they any certainty either at point blanke or any random .

Note your Serpentine powder in old time was in meale , but now corned and made stronger , and called Canon corne powder .

But that for small Ordnance is called corne Powder fine , and ought to haue in strength a quarter more , because those small Peeces are better fortified than the greater .

Now if you haue but one sort of Powder for all , abate ¼ part , and cut off ¼ of the bredth and length of your Ladle .

But Cartrages are now found the best and most readiest .

Prouided alwaies , that all Shot must be a quarter lesse than the height of the Peece .

CHAP. XV. How they diuide their shares in a man of Warre , what Bookes and Instruments are fit for a Sea man , with diuers aduertisements for Sea men , and the vse of the petty Tally .

THe ship hath one third part , the victuallar the other third , the other third part is for the Company , and this is subdiuided thus in shares . Shares .

The Captaine hath 10 In some but 9. The Lieutenant 9 or as he agreeth with the Captaine . The Master 8 In some but 7. The Mates 7 5. The Chirurgion 6 3. The Gunner 6 5. The Boatswaine 6 5. The Carpenter 6 5. The Trumpeter 6 5. The 4. quarter Mast. 5 apeece , or 4. The Cooper 5 4. The Chirurg. Mate 5 4. The Gunners Mate 5 4. The Carpent . Mate 5 4. The Corporall 4 3. The quarter Gunners 4 3. The Trump . Mate 3 3 ½ . The Steward . 4 3. The Cooke 4 3. The Coxswaine 4 3. The Swabber 4 3.

In English ships they seldome vse any Marshall , whose shares amongst the French is equall with the Boatswaines , all the rest of the Younkers , or fore-mast-men according to their deserts , some 3. some 2. and ½ . some 1. and ● . and the boyes 1. which is a single share , or 1. and ½ . or as they doe deserue .

Now the Master , or his right hand Mate , the Gunner , Boatswaine , and foure quarter Masters doe make the shares , not the Captaine , who hath onely this priuilege , to take away halfe a share , or a whole share at most , to giue from one to another as he best pleaseth .

For to learne to obserue the Altitude , Latitude , Longitude , Amplitude , the variation of the Compasse , the Suns Azimuth and Almicanter , to shift the Sunne and Moone , and know the tides , your Roomes , pricke your Card , say your Compasse , and get some of these bookes , but practice is the best . Master Wrights errours of Nauigation . Master Tapps Sea-mans Kalender . The Art of Nauigation . The Sea Regiment . The Sea-mans secret . Waggoner . Master Gunters workes . The Sea-mans glasse for the Scale . The New Attracter for variation . Master Wright for vse of the Globe . Master Hewes for the same .

Instruments fitting for a Sea-man .

Compasses so many paire and sorts as you will , an Astrolobe Quadrant , a Crosse staffe , a Backe staffe , an Astrolobe , a Nocturnall .

Young Gentlemen that desires command at Sea , Aduertisment● for young Commanders , Captaines , and other Officers . ought well to consider the condition of his ship , victuall , and company , for if there be more learners than sailers how slightly soeuer many esteeme sailers , all the worke to saue , ship , goods , and liues must lie vpon them , especially in fowle weather , then their labour , hazzard , wet and cold , is so incredible I cannot expresse it . It is not then the number of them that here can say at home what I cannot doe I can quickly learne , and what a great matter is it to saile a ship , or goe to Sea ; surely those for a good time will doe more trouble than good , I confesse it is most necessary such should goe , but not too many in one ship ; for if the labour of threescore should lie vpon thirty , ( as many times it doth ) they are so ouer-charged with labour , bruises , and ouer-straining themselues they fall sick of one disease or other , for there is no dallying nor excuses with stormes , gusts , ouergrowne Seas , and lee-shores , and when their victuall is putrified it endangers all : Men of all other professions in lighting , thunder , stormes , and tempests with raine and snow may shelter themselues in dry houses by good fires , but those are the chiefe times Sea-men must stand to their tackling , and attend with all diligence their greatest labour vpon the deckes . Many suppose any thing is good enough to serue men at sea , and yet nothing sufficient for them ashore , either for their healthes , for their ease , or estates , or state ; A Commander at Sea should doe well to thinke the contrary , and prouide for himselfe and company in like manner ; also seriously to consider what will bee his charge to furnish himselfe at Sea with bedding , linnen , armes , and apparrell , how to keepe his table aboord , and his expences on shore , and prouide his petty Tally , which is a competent proportion according to your number of these particulars following . ●he petty Tally .

Fine wheat flower close and well packed , Rice , Currands , Sugar , Prunes , Cynamon , Ginger , Pepper , Cloues , greene Ginger , Oyle , Butter , Holland cheese , or old Cheese , Wine vineger , Canarie sacke , Aqua vita , the best Wines , the best waters , the iuyce of Limons for the scuruy , white Bisket , Oatmeale , gammons of Bacon , dried Neats tongues , Beefe packed vp in vineger , Legs of Mutton minced and stewed , and close packed vp , with tried sewet or butter in earthen pots . To entertaine strangers Marmalad , Suckets , Almonds , Comfits and such like .

Some it may be will say I would haue men rather to feast than fight ; The vse of the petty Tally . But I say the want of those necessaries occasions the losse of more men than in any English fleet hath beene slaine since 88. For when a man is ill , or at the point of death , I would know whether a dish of buttered Rice with a little Cynamon , Ginger , and Sugar , a little minced meat , or rost Beefe , a few stewed Prunes , a race of greene Ginger , a Flap-iacke , a can of fresh Water brewed with a little Cinamon , Ginger , and Sugar bee not better than a little poore Iohn , or salt fish with oile and mustard , or bisket , butter , cheese , or oatmeale pottage on fish dayes , or on flesh dayes salt Beefe , Porke , and Pease with six shillings beere , this is your ordinary ships allowance , and good for them are well if well conditioned , which is not alwayes as Sea-men can ( too well ) witnesse . And after a storme , when poore men are all wet , and some haue not so much as a cloth to shift him , shaking with cold , few of those but wil tell you a little Sacke or Aqua vitae is much better to keepe them in health , than a little small beere , or cold water although it be sweet . Now that euery one should prouide those things for himselfe , few of them haue either that prouidence or meanes , and there is neither Ale-house , Tauerne , nor Inneto burne a faggot in , neither Grocer , Poulterer , Apothecary , nor Butchers shop , and therefore the vse of this petty Tally is necessary , and thus to be imploied as there is occasion . To entertaine strangers as they are in quality euery Commander should shew himselfe as like himselfe as he can , as well for the credit of the ship , and his setters sorth , as himselfe ; but in that herein euery one may moderate themselues according to their owne pleasures , therefore I leaue it to their owne discretions , and this briefe discourse , and my selfe to their friendly construction , and good opinion .

FINIS .