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Iohn
Dawson
Nicholas
Bourne
Royall
Exchange
LOGICK
is
an
Art
of
discoursing
well
.
In
this
sence
,
it
is
called
Logick
.
Aristotle
Top
:
lib.
is
profitable
vnto
Philosophicall
science
all
the
notable
things
of
Logick
:
Logick
:
Aristotle
incor
.
q.
Sed.
con
.
Every
good
,
ordained
to
some
end
,
is
sayd
to
be
profitable
:
That
which
tendeth
to
some
end
is
called
profitable
.
vnderstanding
it selfe
,
in
that
respect
,
that
of
i'ts
proper
,
and
specificall
difference
,
it
hath
a
power
of
discoursing
;
or
rather
,
the
certaine
knowledge
of
the
manner
,
or
wayes
of
discoursing
,
which
the
reason
it selfe
,
bringeth
forth
,
without
the
helpe
of
any
order
,
or
method
.
Colleg
:
Conimbr
:
q.
Rhetoricke
:
A
man
is
a
Logician
by
nature
,
or
art
.
[
Logick
Dialectick
.
Aristotles
Organon
,
Col
The
whole
art
of
discoursing
,
is
set
out
,
by
,
either
the
word
or
the
word
Logick
(
in
an
vniversall
apprehension
)
is
no
more
,
but
,
a
director
of
the
art
of
reason
.
Metaphysicks
disp
[
Is
:
[
An
art
:
Preface
to
the
Metaphysicks
and
first
Chapter
.
a
multitude
of
Precepts
,
orderly
digested
and
approved
by
vse
.
Preface
to
the
Metaphysicks
and
first
Chapter
.
Art
is
gotten
by
experience
,
experience
makes
art
.
Art
is
made
,
when
as
one
vniversall
thing
,
is
framed
out
of
many
experimentalls
:
to
doe
by
experience
,
differs
nothing
from
art
.
Poster
lib
[
An
Logick
disputeth
of
all
things
,
and
is
common
vnto
every
being
,
fourth
booke
of
his
Metaphysicks
,
cap.
[
Of
discoursing
The
end
of
Logick
remote
end
of
Logick
,
is
the
very
act
it selfe
of
discoursing
:
but
,
wee
speake
not
of
this
end
of
Logick
in
the
present
definition
.
next
end
of
Logick
,
is
to
prescribe
a
way
,
and
rules
of
discoursing
;
so
as
the
end
of
Logick
,
is
a
framing
of
the
meanes
of
discoursing
Comment
vpon
Aristotles
Organon
,
and
the
Preface
thereto
,
Col.
Gillius
,
lib.
art
of
Logick
delivereth
wayes
,
and
rules
of
discoursing
.
[
To
discourse
declare
one
thing
that
is
lesse
knowne
,
by
another
thing
that
is
more
knowne
.
Iesuites
Preface
col.
That
art
is
practicall
,
which
directeth
vs
vnto
the
doing
of
a
thing
to
be
wrought
,
In
dist.
q.
lit
.
V.
[
Well
Logick
,
to
be
no
more
,
but
an
art
of
discoursing
,
coll.
Gillius
,
lib.
Preface
the
last
question
,
col
.
He
is
a
good
Logician
,
which
doth
exercise
himselfe
in
each
thing
well
,
and
diligently
:
Metaphysicks
disp
D.
Logick
is
an
art
,
directing
the
operation
of
the
vnderstanding
,
to
exercise
itselfe
artifically
,
and
according
to
reason
.
A
Sophister
seemes
to
know
,
but
indeede
,
knowes
not
,
in
the
truth
of
the
thing
,
Aristotle
,
in
his
Metaphysicks
,
lib.
An
argument
is
that
,
Ramus
.
which
hath
a
force
to
argue
.
Preface
,
lit
.
F.
argument
,
is
a
reason
,
that
giveth
vs
knowledge
of
a
thing
that
is
doubtfull
:
Aristotle
saith
,
that
,
arguments
are
such
,
as
whereby
faith
(
Logically
)
may
be
made
,
of
the
thing
that
is
spoken
of
.
Poster
.
lib.
[
That
[
Which
hath
a
force
to
argue
]
Aristotle
in
the
Booke
of
his
Topicks
,
and
latter
end
of
the
first
Chapter
,
Aristotles
Categories
Those
things
,
which
are
contained
in
Logick
,
bee
without
complexion
with
complexion
without
complexion
Seuerall
respects
of
things
,
considered
alone
,
and
by
themselues
.
Aristotle
incomplexed
things
chapter
,
of
the
first
booke
of
his
Priorums
:
facultie
of
inuenting
,
in
him
,
that
makes
a
Syllogisme
:
first
Chapter
of
the
eight
booke
of
his
Topicks
finde
out
the
place
,
from
whence
a
man
may
argue
,
appertaines
to
Logick
:
Logick
,
disposition
Logician
,
to
dispose
singular
things
,
by
themselues
:
this
disposition
is
proper
to
a
Logician
[
Two
parts
[
Finding
out
in
the
fourth
Chapter
of
his
Categories
:
Those
things
,
which
we
finde
in
Logick
,
without
all
coniunction
,
doe
signifie
:
Substance
;
as
,
a
man
,
a
beast
,
&c.
Quantitie
;
as
,
two
or
three
cubits
.
Qualitie
;
as
,
white
,
&c.
Relation
;
as
,
double
,
halfe
,
&c.
Where
;
as
,
in
the
field
,
&c.
When
;
as
,
yesterday
,
the
yeere
past
.
The
place
;
as
,
he
sitteth
,
&c.
To
inioy
;
as
,
to
be
armed
,
&c.
Todoe
;
as
,
to
cut
,
&c.
To
suffer
;
as
,
to
be
cut
,
&c.
ninth
Chapter
of
his
first
booke
of
the
Topicks
neither
affirme
,
nor
deny
They
be
neither
false
,
nor
true
.
A
coniunction
being
added
to
them
,
they
containe
negation
,
or
affirmation
,
truth
,
or
falshood
.
All
propositions
are
framed
from
them
.
Prior.
lib.
Eorum
igitur
.
Post
.
lib.
These
ten
,
be
Either
,
subiected
onely
Predicated
onely
Or
,
subiected
,
and
predicated
,
also
.
An
Argument
,
is
that
,
which
or
is
proved
A
substance
,
is
every
thing
,
of
which
we
may
say
,
that
,
it
is
.
Thomas
,
Whatsoever
is
essentiall
to
a
thing
,
appertaineth
vnto
substance
,
Substance
is
as
every
singular
&
individuall
thing
.
as
Genus
and
species
Genus
,
and
species
,
signifie
substances
,
by
a
figura●iue
speech
,
not
properly
,
they
signifie
,
rather
,
the
manner
,
according
to
which
,
a
thing
is
.
A
singular
thing
,
is
most
properly
,
a
substance
;
because
,
all
other
things
,
be
attributed
thereunto
,
and
that
,
attributed
vnto
none
.
In
the
name
of
first
substance
,
is
intended
the
nature
of
universall
and
parts
.
p.
q
A
first
,
or
individuall
substance
,
may
be
taken
two
wayes
:
one
way
,
for
every
thing
that
hath
a
substance
;
another
way
,
for
a
compleat
subsistency
,
in
the
nature
of
any
species
:
from
whence
,
a
mans
hand
may
be
called
a
first
substance
,
or
an
individuall
thing
,
after
the
first
sort
:
but
not
after
the
second
:
a
mans
soule
,
may
be
called
a
first
substance
,
or
a
singular
thing
in
the
first
sort
:
because
,
it
is
(
as
it
were
)
a
thing
,
that
subsisteth
:
but
,
that
which
is
compounded
of
soule
,
and
bodie
,
is
called
,
a
first
substance
,
or
an
individuall
being
,
in
the
second
sence
.
of
suffering
art
.
To
suffer
,
is
no
more
,
but
,
to
lose
things
inioyed
,
whether
appertaining
to
nature
,
or
not
appertaining
thereto
,
or
,
to
be
brought
from
power
to
act
:
Aristotle
:
Ramus
in
the
booke
of
his
Topicks
viz
,
They
containe
truth
,
or
falshood
,
affirmation
,
or
negation
,
when
one
of
them
is
attributed
to
the
other
.
chapter
of
his
Categories
,
he
sayth
,
it
is
proper
vnto
the
first
substance
to
receiue
contraries
,
as
sicknes
,
and
health
,
blacknes
,
and
whitnes
,
and
thereby
to
be
changed
,
from
well
to
ill
,
from
white
to
blacke
.
integrall
whole
p.
1.
is
not
predicated
of
all
the
parts
together
,
vnles
improperly
as
when
we
say
,
these
walls
,
this
foundation
,
and
roofe
,
is
this
house
.
p.
q.
Accidents
doe
mans
est
the
subiect
:
Arguments be
A positiue argument , is that which 〈◊〉 attributed simply , and absolutely considered in it selfe : not compared with others .
A consenting argument is that , which is predicated of the subiect affirmatiuely .
chapter
of
his
Categortes
some
arguments
be
of
the
subiect
,
and
other
some
,
in
the
subiect
:
those
I
say
be
in
the
subiect
,
which
are
no
parts
of
it
,
nor
can
be
without
that
thing
in
which
they
are
.
p.
q.
In.
cor
be
of
the
essence
,
and
other
some
,
without
the
essence
of
the
subtect
,
of
which
they
are
predicated
.
[
Of
the
essence
the
effect
is
constituted
by
all
the
causes
,
(
that
is
)
each
one
in
its
kind
,
and
maner
of
working
;
for
,
all
of
them
,
doe
concur
,
and
bestow
their
force
,
vnto
the
procuring
of
the
thing
to
be
.
viz.
To
doe
A Cause is that , by force whereof , Ramus . a thing is .
for
every
thing
wherevpon
another
followes
:
lit
.
N.
lit
.
F.
A
Cause
is
taken
two
wayes
:
Sometimes
,
for
every
thing
that
hath
another
thing
,
as
an
effect
thereof
;
and
,
sometime
also
,
for
a
proposition
,
whereof
another
doth
follow
:
A
Cause
is
also
taken
for
the
thing
it selfe
which
doth
cause
;
and
sometimes
also
,
for
the
nature
of
Causing
,
or
,
for
the
thing
,
as
it
doth
exercise
Causallitie
in
act
,
or
,
for
the
relation
of
Causing
:
A
Cause
,
is
taken
in
the
second
sense
,
in
this
definition
;
wherefore
,
A
Cause
is
that
,
of
which
the
effect
,
even
by
it selfe
dependeth
.
the
Iesuites
in
their
Preface
vnto
Porphyrte
.
There be foureCauses : Ramus . the
Efficient , and Matter , Forme , and End .
chapter
of
the
second
booke
of
his
Postertorums
There
be
That
which
sheweth
what
a
thing
is
.
That
which
must
be
when
the
thing
is
.
That
which
moueth
first
That
for
which
a
thing
is
.
booke
of
his
Metaphysicks
and
chapter
.
Thomas
a.
q.
in
cor
The Efficient Cause is that , Ramus . from which , the thing is .
[
Efficient
[
From
which
they
are
vnknowne
vnto
vs
,
therefore
we
will
set
downe
,
the
divers
,
and
various
manner
,
wherein
the
efficient
cause
doth
worke
:
for
that
is
well
knowne
,
and
doth
helpe
vs
much
,
in
the
vnderstanding
of
the
office
of
thus
Cause
.
The
efficient
cause
doth
worke
By
it selfe
By
accident
A
Cause
doth
then
worke
by
it selfe
,
Ramus
.
when
it
worketh
by
force
of
,
and
according
vnto
the
inbred
fitnesse
thereof
.
The
efficient
cause
workes
,
by
it selfe
,
or
by
accident
;
the
first
is
,
when
it
moneth
by
its
owne
proper
vertue
:
The
second
,
when
something
is
remoued
therefrom
,
or
that
which
remaines
,
is
hindred
from
working
,
in
cor
A
Cause
by
accident
lit
.
B.
H.
is
that
,
which
worketh
by
a
thing
different
from
it selfe
,
and
a
cause
,
which
workes
by
it selfe
is
that
,
which
causeth
the
effect
according
to
its
proper
nature
,
and
not
according
to
some
other
thing
,
which
outwardly
doth
befall
it
.
the
secret
providence
of
God
(
which
the
Heathen
called
fortune
)
makes
the
creature
work
by
accident
:
God
sent
him
into
Aegypt
,
to
preserue
their
liues
.
The
efficient
doth
worke
Suarez
opusc.
Ramus
doth
call
Testimonies
,
Exhortations
,
Commandements
,
&c.
inartificiall
arguments
,
because
,
they
argue
,
not
of
their
owne
force
,
but
,
by
the
authoritie
of
him
that
doth
testifie
:
A
Physicall
efficient
is
A
principall
efficient
is
that
,
which
worketh
out
of
its
owne
power
,
or
forme
,
as
Thomas
p.
q.
in
cor
hee
sitteth
in
Heaven
,
and
doth
what
he
will
.
in
him
we
liue
,
and
mone
,
and
haue
our
being
.
A
second
principall
efficient
is
that
,
which
is
so
moved
by
another
,
that
it
moveth
it selfe
,
by
a
power
of
its
owne
.
Of
this
sort
is
mans
mind
,
which
is
moved
by
God
,
An
instrument
(
properly
taken
,
and
so
we
speake
of
it
here
)
is
that
,
which
worketh
onely
out
of
a
power
received
from
the
principall
efficient
,
the
efficient
,
Ramus
.
alwayes
worketh
after
one
of
these
waies
,
whether
it
works
alone
,
or
with
others
,
whether
it
begins
the
worke
,
or
preserues
it
,
being
alreadie
made
.
[
Matter
.
p.
q.
in
cor
p.
q.
[
A
cause
[
Of
which
[
A
thing
is
[
thing
[
Is
The
matter
is
the
principium
of
individuation
,
p.
q.
in
cor
the
essence
is
restrained
vnto
one
individuall
thing
by
the
matter
.
p.
q.
in
cor
Aristotle
.
Meta.
Lib.
A forme , is a Cause , Ramus . by which a thing is that , which it is .
[
Forme
.
a
certaine
thing
common
vnto
many
:
p.
q.
in
cor
the
name
forme
,
sometimes
is
comprehended
a
figure
,
which
consisteth
in
the
termination
of
a
quantitie
.
p.
q.
the
intrinsicall
part
of
the
compounded
effect
:
Suarez
,
meta
.
disp.
Received
of
the
matter
,
informing
the
same
:
p.
q.
in
cor
A
speciall
forme
is
that
which
informs
the
subiect
,
but
it selfe
is
not
informed
by
any
other
forme
of
the
same
nature
:
as
one
colour
is
not
informed
by
another
colour
,
[
Is
a
Cause
[
By
which
Meta.
lib.
9.
cap.
6.
text
The
forme
is
an
act
Gillius
.
col.
[
A
thing
is
every
thing
that
doth
actually
exist
p.
q.
in
cor
some
forme
every
being
is
caused
by
the
forme
thereof
.
p.
q.
in
cor
[
That
which
.
thing
is
that
which
it
is
,
by
its
forme
:
p.
q
&
ad
in
cor
whole
compound
is
the
effect
of
the
forme
&
2.
lit
.
C.
the
matter
doth
finite
,
and
contract
the
amplitude
of
the
forme
,
and
thereby
it
becomes
the
determinate
forme
of
this
,
or
that
individuall
effect
.
The
forme
,
doth
perfit
and
determine
the
matter
,
and
bring
it
,
from
power
,
to
act
,
by
giuing
an
essence
thereunto
:
in
so
much
,
that
,
by
the
forme
the
essence
is
termined
vnto
some
speciall
kinde
.
p.
q.
It
is
all
one
post
.
cap.
to
know
the
nature
of
a
thing
,
and
to
know
the
cause
of
its
nature
.
Is
a
varying
from
the
Law
:
the
righteousnesse
of
faith
is
by
forgiuenesse
of
sinnes
the
forme
is
truely
sayd
to
be
the
beginning
of
difference
,
that
is
hetweene
one
and
another
,
and
not
the
difference
it selfe
.
Thom.
vnitie
in
substance
doth
make
two
things
to
be
the
same
,
lit
.
B.
opinio
Aristotle
,
meta
.
lib.
The end is a cause for which the thing is . Ramus .
[
End
importeth
that
whereunto
the
thing
tendeth
.
meta
.
lib.
An
end
is
Internall
,
In
The
intent
of
the
doer
The
thing
it selfe
God
so
loued
the
world
&c.
is
a
cause
indeed
metaphorically
,
not
properly
,
and
must
be
reduced
vnto
the
efficient
not
the
finall
:
for
,
in
that
sort
it
doth
but
moue
,
and
indu●●●ice
principall
efficient
vnto
working
:
and
consequently
,
it
is
an
efficient
that
workes
morally
.
That
and
vnto
which
the
effect
tendeth
naturally
,
is
here
vnderstood
,
and
defined
.
dist.
q.
p.
q.
Suarez
de
praedest
lib.
vega
in
Concil.
Trident
lib.
[
A
cause
an
actiue
,
and
an
exercised
act
,
in
the
producing
of
the
effect
:
[
For
which
a
thing
is
]
It
is
of
the
nature
of
a
finall
cause
Okam
)
actually
to
intend
:
and
whatsoeuer
doth
not
so
,
is
not
truly
,
and
properly
a
finall
cause
sent.
q.
lit
.
F.G.
Aristotle
meta
.
lib.
An
end
is
that
for
which
a
thing
is
made
,
that
is
,
whose
essence
is
not
so
for
another
,
that
it
followes
that
other
:
but
,
the
essence
of
another
followes
that
.
the
forme
doth
determine
the
effect
vnto
an
end
,
according
to
its
owne
proportion
:
as
the
forme
of
steele
is
such
,
as
best
fitteth
with
cutting
.
Thomas
.
e.
q.
in
cor
the
end
importeth
some
good
so
saith
Thomas
.
p.
q
it
hath
an
exercised
force
to
constitute
,
Evah
Genesis
are
then
thought
to
know
a
thing
,
when
we
vnderstand
the
causes
therof
,
Aristotle
,
knowledge
simply
so
called
poster
.
lib.
is
necessary
,
that
is
,
when
the
thing
cannot
be
otherwise
then
as
we
know
it
:
and
we
haue
that
knowledge
,
when
we
vnderstand
the
causes
:
Aristotle
.
Poster
.
lib.
opusc
.
de
demonst.
cap.
is
to
vnderstand
of
certainty
,
and
we
doe
so
when
we
vnderstand
the
causes
of
the
thing
,
and
that
,
both
as
it
is
a
cause
,
as
it
is
a
cause
in
act
,
of
that
thing
:
de
Syllog
.
cap.
viz.
Then
our
reason
doth
resolue
the
thing
caused
into
its
causes
:
from
whence
knowledge
doth
flow
.
An adiunct is that to which something is subiected , Ramus . and whatsoever doth externally belong , or happen to any subiect .
An adiunct is
Proper . Common .
A proper adiunct is that which belongs vnto all , & alone , & alwaies .
A common adiunct is that which is not proper in that sort .
p.
q.
Not
every
thing
that
is
without
the
essence
,
may
be
called
an
accident
:
Aristotle
Top.
lb.
An
accident
cannot
be
proper
,
otherwise
then
by
relation
when
one
sit●eth
and
others
stand
,
then
sitting
is
proper
to
him
.
thing
proper
and
an
accident
to
differ
formally
,
Top.
lib.
Arguments
which
are
without
the
subiect
,
be
properties
and
accidents
.
That
is
sayd
to
be
proper
,
that
is
reciprecall
with
the
thing
,
but
yet
doth
not
declare
the
essence
,
nor
come
into
the
definition
thereof
.
Top.
lib.
They
are
properties
by
themselues
alwayes
,
and
doe
separate
,
and
distinguish
from
all
other
things
.
Porphyrie
Aristotle
doth
.
A
propertie
is
that
which
doth
concurre
vnto
all
onely
,
and
alwayes
.
A
property
is
that
which
is
in
the
whole
kinde
to
which
it
is
proper
,
and
onely
,
and
alwayes
,
so
as
,
if
that
speciall
kinde
be
taken
away
,
presently
the
propertie
thereof
is
taken
away
also
.
Porphyrie
.
A
thing
proper
p
q
is
not
of
the
essence
,
but
is
caused
by
the
essentiall
principles
of
the
species
.
He that is apt ●nto laughing is a man . He that is apt to learne Grammar is a man .
Aristotle
,
Top.
lib.
is
neither
definition
,
Genus
,
nor
a
propertie
,
and
is
in
the
thing
:
but
so
as
that
it
may
be
,
and
may
not
be
,
in
one
and
the
same
thing
:
An
accident
is
onely
that
,
which
is
without
the
subiect
,
and
not
caused
by
the
essentiall
principles
thereof
.
1.
Iohn
.
3.7
adiuncts
doe
out
wardly
befall
the
subiect
:
Quantitie
,
Qualitie
,
Relation
,
Where
,
When
,
The
place
To
inioy
Porphyrie
,
cap.
an
accident
into
separable
;
as
sleepe
to
a
man
.
inseparable
;
as
blacknesse
to
a
Crow
.
The
Aethiopian
cannot
change
his
skin
,
nor
the
Leopard
his
spots
,
no
more
can
he
leaue
his
sinne
,
that
is
accustomed
to
doe
evill
.
is
white
,
ruddie
a
man
named
Goliath
of
Gath.
&c.
Top.
lib.
hitherto
is
to
be
referred
all
kinde
of
vnitie
or
identitie
:
Two
things
are
the
same
Generally
,
Specially
,
Numerically
,
Top.
lib.
A dissenting argument is that which dissenteth from the thing it argueth . Ramus .
in
a
common
sence
,
is
no
more
,
but
by
a
varietie
to
be
distant
some
wayes
or
other
:
so
as
,
a
thing
is
sayd
to
differ
after
this
sort
from
it selfe
,
or
from
another
:
Aristotle
.
Top.
lib.
[
Dissenting
[
Dissenteth
distancy
,
arising
from
a
varietie
[
From
the
thing
it
argueth
]
Every
difference
makes
a
thing
various
,
when
it
is
ioyned
thereunto
.
Aristotle
Top.
lib.
Every
difference
declares
after
what
manner
a
thing
is
.
Dissenting
arguments
are
Porphyrie
,
cap.
is
by
accident
,
or
by
it selfe
:
Top.
lib.
Considerare
,
&c.
Top.
lib.
distancy
of
arguments
to
be
some
great
,
some
small
.
Arguments that be divers , Ramus . are such as disagree in some respect onely .
difference
by
accident
Is
that
which
is
not
essentiall
,
nor
makes
the
things
that
differ
,
to
be
another
:
but
divers
.
a
difference
by
accident
is
in
,
and
is
not
in
,
the
thing
from
which
it
differs
:
Top.
lib.
that
difference
sence
and
science
Top.
lib.
This
man
is
at
ods
with
his
wits
Pergamus
,
Revel.
Although thou holdest fast my Name in the time of persecution , yet thou hast many faults ; for thou entertainest the doctrine of Balaam , and the Nicolaitans .
Opposites are dissenting arguments , Ramus . which wholy disagree .
Aristotle
,
Top.
lib.
The
difference
which
is
in
those
arguments
that
be
farre
distant
,
or
different
is
very
conspicuous
.
farre
distant
,
Aristotle
[
Opposites
[
Wholy
disagree
Opposites
are
Categor
.
cap.
Opposites
are
Without
meane
without
name
with
name
De
veritate
,
q.
in
cor
Opposits
import
a
positiue
nature
in
both
in
one
,
onely
,
as
[
Opposites
are
Altaco
.
in
sent.
q.
lit
.
H.
[
Disparats
Disparates
are
opposites
,
Ramus
.
one
of
which
is
alike
opposed
,
to
many
.
They
may
be
,
and
not
be
,
in
the
subiect
.
A
third
thing
comes
in
the
meane
,
or
midle
betweene
them
.
This
third
,
either
partakes
of
both
the
opposites
,
or
is
of
it selfe
,
and
partakes
of
neither
.
Aristotle
,
and
Ramus
viz
,
black
and
white
good
,
and
bad
good
,
and
bad
viz:
They
import
a
positiue
nature
,
sometimes
in
both
,
and
sometimes
but
in
one
,
Laodicea
,
Revel.
thou
art
wretched
,
miserable
,
poore
,
blinde
,
and
naked
:
therefore
,
thov
art
not
rich
,
nor
increased
with
goods
,
nor
needest
nothing
,
as
thou
vainely
braggest
.
Relatives are affirming Contraries , Ramus . the one whereof consists by the mutuall relation to the other .
Chap.
of
his
Categories
:
Those
arguments
which
are
opposed
as
Relatiues
,
the
one
opposite
is
referred
to
the
other
mutually
:
p.
q.
in
cor
Things
are
spoken
relatiuely
,
then
a
certaine
relation
,
or
reference
of
one
opposite
,
to
another
is
signified
.
[
Relatiues
p.
q.
in
cor
doe
signifie
according
to
their
proper
nature
,
onely
,
a
respect
of
one
thing
to
another
.
[
Affirming
That
,
Relatiues
(
even
)
in
the
thing
that
they
are
,
be
referred
:
in
knowledge
,
and
the
thing
to
be
knowne
:
p.
q.
In
Relatiues
there
is
their
Relatiues
are
founded
vpon
either
quantitie
,
or
action
,
and
passion
:
art.
in
cor
in
cor
things
assisting
outwardly
affixed
art.
in
cor
proper
nature
of
relation
,
consisteth
in
a
respect
of
one
thing
to
another
,
art.
which
respect
doth
after
a
sort
befall
the
thing
related
,
in
that
it
tendeth
from
it selfe
into
another
art
.
in
cor
[
Contraries
knowledge
,
and
the
thing
to
be
knowne
,
[
The
one
&c.
terms
opposed
bee
mutually
referred
each
to
other
:
p.
q.
are
together
in
nature
,
and
our
vnderstanding
;
in
asmuch
as
,
the
one
is
comprehended
in
the
definition
of
the
other
,
Because of this mutuull relation , Ramus . Relatiues are sayd to bee together in nature , so that , he which perfectly knowes the one , knoweth the other also .
p.
q.
signifie
a
certaine
Relation
of
one
terme
vnto
its
opposite
,
art.
in
cor
nature
of
relation
is
a
respect
of
one
to
another
,
according
to
which
,
one
thing
is
opposed
vnto
another
relatiuely
,
art.
in
cor
He that is Father to Socrates , is not sonne to Socrates in the same respect , and time .
Contrarietie
is
a
difference
according
to
the
forme
.
in
cor
subiect
:
Priest
people
:
Master
servant
:
Seller
Adversatiues are affirming Contraries , Ramus . which are alwayes directly opposite each to other .
Those
arguments
which
be
so
contrarie
,
that
one
of
them
must
of
necessitie
be
in
the
subiect
that
can
receiue
them
,
they
neither
are
referred
the
one
to
the
other
,
nor
haue
any
third
to
come
betweene
them
.
[
Contraries
One
of
these
opposites
is
in
the
subiect
that
is
fit
to
receiue
the
same
,
[
Alwayes
no
subiect
that
is
capable
hereof
can
possibly
be
without
one
of
them
:
[
Directly
These
opposites
be
without
relation
,
or
a
third
thing
to
come
betweene
them
.
Privatiues are negatiue Contraries , Ramus . the one whereof denies in that subiect ( onely ) wherein the affirmatiue is by nature .
That which is affirmed is called the habit : that which is denyed the privation , or privatiue .
tenth
Chapter
of
his
Categories
,
Privation
and
habit
vniversally
taken
is
sayd
concerning
one
,
and
the
same
thing
:
namely
,
that
wherein
nature
requires
that
the
habit
should
be
.
In
this
we
conceiue
the
habit
,
and
the
privation
;
To
haue
the
habit
,
and
to
be
deprived
thereof
,
and
these
two
are
not
the
same
:
for
,
both
of
them
cannot
be
attributed
to
the
same
thing
.
To
be
deprived
,
and
to
haue
the
habit
are
opposed
as
privation
,
and
habit
:
for
,
after
what
sort
there
is
opposition
betweene
the
privation
,
and
habit
,
in
the
same
sort
to
haue
the
habit
,
and
to
be
deprived
of
the
habit
are
opposed
.
[
Privatiues
a
privation
,
and
habit
according
to
privation
,
and
habit
:
de
veritate
q.
in
cor
[
Negatiue
contraries
Some
opposites
are
such
as
one
onely
imports
a
cetaine
nature
,
and
the
rest
no
more
but
the
removing
,
or
negation
of
that
nature
affirmed
.
[
The
one
whereof
,
&c.
]
He that seeth , is not blind , or deprived of sight .
Contradictories , Ramus . are negatiue Contraries , the one whereof denieth every where , or generally .
sent.
q.
lit
.
M.
is
the
most
manifest
repugnancy
that
is
,
the
affirmation
of
one
,
and
negation
of
the
same
:
and
this
is
double
,
the
one
is
of
propositions
,
the
other
of
terms
:
when
as
a
fixite
terme
is
opposed
vnto
an
infinite
terme
.
Some
opposites
deverit
.
q.
in
cor
.
doe
affirme
a
certaine
nature
in
one
part
,
the
other
is
a
negation
of
the
same
,
and
these
are
opposites
according
to
affirmation
,
and
negation
.
A
Contradiction
is
an
opposition
which
by
it selfe
wanteth
a
meane
,
or
middle
betweene
them
:
Poster
.
lib.
Categor
.
cap.
Id
quoque
.
That
opposition
that
falleth
vnder
affirmation
,
and
negation
,
is
not
affirmation
,
and
negation
belonging
to
this
place
:
but
the
things
which
fall
vnder
affirmation
,
and
negation
,
and
these
doe
oppose
the
one
the
other
,
as
affirmation
,
and
negation
;
for
,
there
is
the
same
manner
of
opposition
in
these
,
as
in
them
,
even
as
affirmation
,
and
negation
are
opposed
,
when
we
say
,
he
sitteth
,
he
sitteth
not
.
So
also
the
things
subiected
in
both
those
sentences
are
opposed
,
namely
,
to
sit
,
not
to
sit
.
[
Contradictories
[
Negatiue
Contraries
[
The
one
denieth
every
where
.
]
in
the
tenth
chapter
of
his
Categories
.
this
opposition
is
made
by
it selfe
,
and
wants
the
intermission
of
a
third
:
He that sitteth , doth not , not sit . He that is a man , is not , a not man .
viz.
To
sit
,
not
to
sit
.
A
man
,
a
not
man
.
Comparatiue arguments , Ramus . are those arguments that are compared together .
[
Comparatiue
[
Compared
together
They
are
equally
knowne
[
Some
men
doe
know
the
one
better
then
the
other
.
]
[
They
are
taken
sometimes
,
from
things
faigned
.
]
rationall
beings
part
.
q.
[
Comparisons
taken
from
fained
things
doe
argue
,
and
set
out
the
subiect
.
]
sometimes
they
are
set
out
by
certaine
words
,
which
are
proper
to
them
:
and
sometimes
they
lie
open
in
sentences
that
are
fit
to
expresse
them
:
In
this
case
the
first
sentence
is
called
the
proposition
:
the
second
the
reddition
:
Sometimes
also
,
they
are
set
downe
without
notes
,
or
markes
;
and
the
parts
are
inverted
,
or
contracted
:
Comparison is in
Categortes
in
the
sixt
Chapter
In
quantitie
divides
it
into
equall
,
and
vnequall
.
divide
it
irto
like
,
and
vnlike
,
At
horum
&c.
divides
vnequall
into
greater
and
lesse
:
Quantitie is that by which things compared are sayd to be so great , Ramus . or so little .
Top.
lib.
Ex
his
,
&c.
Quantitie
,
importeth
magnitude
[
Quantitie
[
That
which
&c
Those things are equall , Ramus . that haue the same quantitie .
lit
.
B.
opinio
[
Those
things
are
equali
[
Which
haue
the
same
quantitie
.
]
The markes , Ramus . and signes of equalitie are these 5 viz. One Equall , As much , As and So , denyall of inequallitie .
p.
q.
in
cor
.
Then
a
thing
is
sayd
to
be
equall
,
when
it
is
denyed
,
to
be
vnequall
,
that
is
more
or
lesse
:
Aristotle
Meta.
lib.
Both
the
Cherubes
were
of
one
measure
:
Thou
hast
made
them
equall
to
vs
:
Mat.
Sinners
lend
to
sinners
,
to
receiue
as
much
againe
;
Luke
The
length
of
the
Citie
is
as
large
as
the
breadth
:
Revel.
I
cannot
doe
lesse
,
or
more
then
Gods
word
commands
:
Numb
.
Ye
are
not
inferior
to
other
Churches
:
As
his
part
is
,
that
goeth
to
the
batile
,
so
shall
his
part
bee
,
that
tarrieth
by
the
●uffe
:
How
much
shee
hath
glorified
her selfe
,
and
lived
delictously
,
so
much
torment
,
and
sorrow
giue
her
:
Revel.
What
force
vertue
hath
to
happines
,
that
force
vice
hath
to
cursednes
.
The
Iewes
answered
,
wee
can
not
tell
,
Christ
answered
neither
tell
I
you
.
Mat.
The
Whore
of
Babylon
hath
sorrowes
.
Vnequall things are those which haue not the same quantitie . Ramus .
p.
q.
in
cor
.
Vnequals
cannot
be
one
in
numericall
quantitie
:
The
greater
is
that
,
Ramus
.
the
quantitie
whereof
doth
exceede
.
Not
onely
,
but
also
.
Rather
this
,
then
that
:
More
then
:
Much
more
.
I
am
readie
,
not
to
be
bound
onely
:
but
also
,
to
dye
for
the
name
of
the
Lord
Iesus
.
I
had
rather
be
a
dore-keeper
in
Gods
house
,
then
dwell
in
the
tents
of
wickednes
.
Psal.
The
Lord
loueth
the
gates
of
Sion
,
more
then
all
the
dwellings
of
Iacob
.
If
,
when
wee
were
enemies
,
wee
were
reconciled
to
God
,
by
the
death
of
his
sonne
:
much
more
,
being
reconciled
,
we
shall
be
saved
by
his
life
.
To
be
bound
,
and
to
dye
,
To
keepe
a
dore
,
and
to
dwell
in
the
tents
&c.
The
gates
of
Sion
dwellings
of
Israell
reconciling
of
an
enemy
saving
of
a
friend
If Christs death reconciled an enemie , then his life will saue the reconciled .
If
I
loue
to
dwell
in
Gods
house
,
rather
then
in
mans
tents
;
then
my
affection
is
exceeding
fervent
thereto
:
The lesse , Ramus . is that , the quantitie whereof is exceeded .
A stone is heavie , and the sand waightie , but a fooles wrath more heavie then them both . Pro. 27.3 .
I laboured more abundantly then they all . 1 Cor. 15.10 .
It is easier for a Camell to goe through the eye of a needle , then for a rich man to enter into the kingdome of God . Luk. 18.25 .
The Oxe knoweth his owner , and the Asse his Maisters crib : But I sraell doth not know , &c. Isa. 1.3 .
A
stone
and
a
fooles
wrath
Paul
and
others
passing
of
a
Camell
through
a
needles
eye
,
rich
mans
going
to
heaven
Oxe
,
and
Israell
Now followeth Comparison in qualitie , Ramus . whereby things are sayd to be such or such .
Call
a
qualitie
Aristotle
,
Categor
.
Cap.
that
,
of
which
,
things
are
sayd
to
be
of
this
or
that
manner
:
qualitie
must
be
reckoned
amongst
them
which
are
sayd
to
be
manifold
,
or
of
many
sorts
.
Ramus . Those things are like which haue the same qualitie .
Those
are
like
Aristotle
,
meta
.
lib.
whose
qualitie
is
one
.
One
in
qualitie
makes
things
to
be
like
,
lit
.
B.
opinio
Gillius
,
A
likenes
is
an
agreement
in
qualitie
.
lib.
Top.
lib.
must
be
considered
either
in
things
which
are
of
divers
kindes
;
Or
in
those
which
are
of
the
same
kinde
.
The
first
is
after
this
manner
:
as
one
thing
is
to
one
,
so
another
is
to
another
:
as
for
example
,
as
knowledge
is
to
the
thing
knowne
,
so
sense
is
to
the
thing
sersible
.
Againe
,
as
one
is
in
one
,
so
another
is
in
another
:
as
sight
is
in
the
eye
,
so
the
mind
is
in
the
soule
:
calmnes
is
in
the
Sea
,
so
cleernes
is
in
the
ayre
:
and
both
of
them
are
quietnesse
.
The markes of likenes be these , Ramus . viz. As , like , After the manner .
Let them that loue him , be as the Sunne , Iudg. 5.21 .
They saw his face as it had beene the face of an Angell . Act. 6.15 .
The forme of the fourth is like the sonne of God . Dan. 3.25 .
Except yee be circumcised after the manner of Moses : Act. 15.1 .
Ramus . Sometime the marke is left out .
My sister is a garden inclosed , my spouse a spring shut vp , a fountaine sealed , Cant. 4.12 .
a
rocke
,
a
shepheard
,
a
vine
The parts of a similitude are sometime layd out at large : either severed , Ramus . or ioyned ; as when there are foure termes distinctly set downe .
As the waxe melteth at the fire , so let the vngodly perish , at the presence of God . Psal. 68.2 .
Waxe
,
Fire
vngodly
,
Gods
presence
As the Hart brayeth after the Riuers of Water , so panteth my soule after thee , O God , Psal. 42.1 .
Hart
,
River
,
Soule
,
God
.
Sometime one of the markes is left out and the parts displaced . Ramus .
Ephes.
5.29
Christ
,
Church
;
Husbands
,
Wiues
.
Sometime both markes are left out . Ramus .
Silver , drosse , over-layd vpon a potsheard : burning lips , and an evill heart . Pro. 26.23 .
Drosse
,
Silver
;
burning
lips
,
a
wicked
heart
.
A Continued similitude , Ramus . is when the second terme , is to the third , as the first is to the second .
This
example
will
make
it
familiar
.
As the Father hath loued me , so haue I loued you . Iohn 15.9 .
Father
,
Christ
,
Disciples
;
Christ
,
Here also one marke sometimes is omitted . Ramus .
Oughtest not thou to haue had pittie on thy fellow servant , as I had pittie on thee . Mat. 18.33 .
Lord
,
Servant
,
Fellow
Fained similitudet are of as much force to argue as true . Ramus .
The wicked are destroyed .
meling
of
Waxe
similitudes
vsefull
to
the
framing
of
To
the
first
,
because
by
the
induction
of
many
particular
likenesses
,
wee
conclude
the
vniversall
.
To
the
second
,
because
we
take
as
confessed
as
it
is
in
such
and
such
,
so
it
is
in
the
thing
in
question
.
To
the
third
,
because
in
Similitudes
,
the
termes
are
Compared
together
in
one
thing
,
that
is
,
common
vnto
them
:
such
a
thing
,
is
a
Genus
,
and
a
Genus
is
required
to
a
definition
.
Top
lib.
Vnlike things , Ramus . are those , which haue a diverse qualitie .
The
fourth
beast
,
was
vnlike
to
all
the
beasts
before
it
:
Dan.
There
is
one
glory
of
the
Sunne
,
another
of
the
Moone
,
and
another
of
the
Starres
,
for
one
Starre
differeth
from
another
in
glory
:
There
is
none
like
mee
in
all
the
earth
:
But
not
as
the
offence
,
so
is
the
gift
:
Rom.
The
Sunne
doth
set
,
and
rise
,
Man
dies
,
and
liues
no
more
.
second
substance
The
Genus
is
that
whole
,
Ramus
.
that
is
essentiall
to
the
parts
.
Porphyrie
,
Cap.
Is
a
certaine
whole
The
Genus
importeth
the
whole
thing
:
not
,
because
it
doth
partake
of
all
the
specificall
differences
:
for
then
;
one
and
the
same
thing
should
partake
of
contraries
;
which
may
not
be
granted
,
in
the
iudgement
of
Aristotle
.
Meta.
lib.
But
because
it
is
an
essence
common
vnto
many
:
as
the
same
Aristotle
teacheth
;
Top.
lib.
Proprium
verò
&
Porphyrie
,
Cap.
a
whole
not
designed
The Species is a part of the Genus . Ramus .
A
Species
is
placed
vnder
the
Genus
,
as
a
thing
that
is
essentiall
thereto
.
cap.
Continetur
igitur
.
The
Species
is
both
a
whole
,
and
a
part
:
a
part
vnto
another
vnto
the
Genus
Aristotle
,
meta
.
lib.
A
whole
not
vnto
another
,
but
in
others
:
because
it
is
a
whole
in
the
parts
.
The generall is either supreame , Ramus . or inferior . The speciall is either middlemost , or lowest .
The supreame Genus , is that which hath no Genus aboue it .
The inferior Genus , is that which is inferior to one , and superior to another .
The lowest species , is that which cannot be divided into other specialls .
In
every
Category
there
be
some
things
that
be
most
generall
,
and
others
that
are
most
speciall
;
and
betweene
these
,
there
be
some
that
are
both
generall
,
and
speciall
.
That
is
most
generall
,
vnto
which
there
can
be
no
superior
Genus
.
That
is
most
speciall
,
vnto
which
there
can
be
no
other
Species
inferior
.
Betweene
the
most
generall
,
and
the
most
speciall
;
There
be
others
,
which
the
selfe
same
thing
,
is
both
Genus
and
Species
,
being
referred
some
while
to
one
thing
,
and
otherwhile
to
another
:
a
Substance
is
a
Genus
,
and
vnder
that
,
there
is
a
bodie
:
and
vnder
a
bodie
,
an
animated
bodie
:
and
vnder
an
animated
bodie
,
a
living
Creature
:
and
vnder
a
living
Creature
,
a
rationall
living
Creature
:
vnder
that
a
singular
man
.
Of
all
these
,
a
substance
is
most
generall
,
because
it
is
a
Genus
onely
.
A
man
is
the
most
speciall
,
because
it
is
a
Species
onely
:
but
a
bodie
,
is
a
Species
of
substance
,
and
a
Genus
vnto
an
animated
body
.
An
animated
body
,
is
a
Species
of
a
body
:
a
living
Creature
,
is
a
Species
vnto
an
animated
body
:
and
Genus
vnto
a
reasonable
living
Creature
:
but
a
reasonable
liuing
Creature
,
is
the
Genus
of
a
man
.
The
Genus
is
attributed
vnto
all
,
and
every
the
Species
,
that
are
contained
vnder
the
same
.
The
Species
is
subiected
to
the
Genus
,
the
Genus
is
predicated
both
of
the
Species
,
and
the
individuall
:
the
Species
is
predicated
of
the
individuall
.
living
Creature
Living
Creature
the
Genus
hath
no
being
but
in
some
species
,
p.
q.
A living Creature , is a living body , able to mone it selfe .
A
living
Creature
living
bodie
Aristotle
Categor
.
cap.
They
are
a
substance
,
because
We
may
truely
say
they
be
something
.
They
appertaine
to
the
essence
of
every
particular
being
.
They
are
subiected
vnto
others
,
and
others
are
predicated
of
them
which
is
proper
vnto
a
substa●●e
.
They
are
a
second
substance
:
because
.
They
are
Communicated
to
many
They
are
predicated
sometimes
,
and
consequently
,
they
haue
not
the
proper
nature
of
a
substance
:
for
,
that
is
alwayes
subiected
,
in
so
much
,
as
nothing
could
exist
,
but
by
reason
of
substance
properly
so
called
.
Categories
.
)
All
other
things
are
predicated
of
the
first
substance
:
therefore
,
if
the
first
substance
were
not
,
none
of
the
rest
could
be
.
Peter
is
a
man
.
Aristotle
,
Categor
.
cap.
Porròue
nos
&c.
Man
Arguments that arise of the first , are
These arguments haue the same force to argue , that the primitiues haue , from which they are derived .
they
haue
the
same
force
to
argue
that
the
primitiues
haue
,
from
which
they
are
derived
Coniugates are names diversly derived from the same beginning . Ramus .
all
those
that
are
of
the
same
roote
,
Case
,
Conivgation
,
or
ranke
:
as
,
Iustice
,
Iust
,
Iustly
,
Strength
,
Strong
,
Strongly
,
Top.
lib.
calls
them
Coniugates
:
because
when
one
of
them
is
prooved
good
,
and
landable
,
all
the
rest
are
so
too
:
Notation is the interpretation of a name . Ramus .
some
words
doe
interpret
the
nature
of
things
,
and
denominate
the
things
themselues
:
Those
are
called
denominates
,
which
haue
the
appellation
of
a
name
from
some
other
:
but
so
,
as
,
they
differ
in
case
,
as
from
Grammar
,
man
is
called
a
Grammarian
:
from
strength
he
is
called
Strong
.
Categor
.
Cap.
Distribution is when the whole is divided into parts . Ramus .
Distribution is called , the dividing of the whole . The gathering of the parts together , to make vp the whole , is called Induction .
Top.
lib.
Logicke
:
Prior.
cap.
makes
it
a
Syllogisme
;
because
●omething
is
alway
concluded
therfrom
:
though
a
weake
one
;
because
it
pre●umes
what
it
ought
to
proue
.
Top.
lib.
Prior
lib.
an
induction
hee
vnderstands
,
a
collection
of
all
the
singulars
,
to
make
the
totall
:
species
,
kinde
,
or
forme
of
disputing
,
little
differing
from
a
Syllogisme
:
A
Syllogisme
,
is
for
Logicians
,
an
Induction
for
the
multitude
:
Top.
lib.
an
instrument
more
apt
to
perswade
,
more
open
,
better
knowne
to
sence
:
common
amongst
the
multitude
:
but
a
Syllogisme
hath
greater
force
to
vrge
,
and
is
more
effectuall
against
them
that
are
apt
to
gaine
say
:
Top.
lib.
A
definition
is
,
Ramus
.
when
wee
declare
what
a
thing
is
.
Therefore
a
perfect
definition
,
is
nothing
else
,
but
a
generall
marke
,
or
badge
of
the
causes
,
which
make
the
essence
,
or
nature
of
the
thing
.
a
definition
,
according
to
the
intent
thereof
.
doth
l●a●
to
the
knowledge
of
the
thing
definea
:
Either
to
wee
haue
handled
the
first
part
of
Logicke
;
called
Wee
come
now
to
the
second
,
termed
Iudgement
is
a
part
of
Logicke
,
teaching
the
maner
of
disposing
arguments
,
that
we
may
iudge
well
:
for
every
thing
is
to
be
iudged
according
to
certaine
rules
of
disposition
.
Hence
this
part
of
Logicke
,
is
called
,
both
Iudgement
,
and
disposition
:
the
same
thing
being
signified
by
both
termes
.
[
Iudgement
Disposition
[
Apart
]
Logicke
[
Disposing
[
Arguments
]
viz.
[
Iudge
[
Well
Iudgement
is
An
Enunciatiue
speech
,
is
that
,
Ramus
.
that
containeth
truth
or
falshood
.
Aristotle
,
de
interpre
.
cap.
[
Speech
[
Enunciatiue
.
The
signification
of
words
,
followes
the
intent
of
the
speaker
,
and
not
otherwise
:
[
Truth
and
falshood
truth
and
falshood
a
propertie
belonging
to
every
ax●ome
:
the
primary
nature
of
an
axiome
therein
Man
,
Peter
commanding
,
and
intreating
speeches
,
containe
neither
truth
,
nor
falshood
:
De
interpre
.
Cap.
A proposition is then true , Ramus . when it pronounceth of a thing , as the thing is indeed .
Speeches
are
then
true
,
when
they
pronounce
as
a
thing
is
in
it selfe
:
De
interpre
.
Cap.
p.
q.
in
cor.
That
proposition
is
true
,
which
is
conformable
to
the
thing
pronounced
of
,
and
false
if
it
be
inconformable
.
fol.
A
true
axiome
is
Contingent , when it is in such sort true , that it may also at sometime be false . This is called opinion .
A necessary axiome , Ramus . is when it is alwayes true , and cannot be false . An axiome necessarily false , is called impossible .
Euery
proposition
doth
signifie
something
to
be
,
either
necessarily
,
or
contingently
.
Prior.
lib.
Poster
.
lib.
That
is
necessary
,
that
cannot
be
otherwise
.
Some
things
are
true
,
and
are
,
but
may
be
otherwise
.
Opinion
is
concerning
that
,
that
is
true
,
or
false
,
but
may
be
otherwise
.
that
is
sayd
to
be
necessary
,
that
is
so
,
and
cannot
be
otherwise
.
This
is
simply
,
and
after
a
sort
.
Simply
,
when
the
being
of
a
thing
is
of
,
and
by
it selfe
,
and
the
causes
thereof
,
so
necessary
,
that
the
thing
that
is
,
hath
its
being
wholy
without
relation
to
any
other
thing
without
it selfe
.
A
thing
is
necessary
by
supposition
,
and
after
a
sort
,
when
it
is
by
force
of
another
,
the
first
,
is
called
necessary
,
simply
,
and
properly
:
because
it
is
wholy
impossible
it
should
be
otherwise
then
it
is
,
Aristotle
meta
.
lib.
Created
effects
,
(
vpon
supposition
)
are
In
their
present
being
When
the
next
cause
is
determined
to
one
Contingent
,
when
the
next
cause
Is
indeterminate
vnto
doing
Wants
power
for
doing
Every
thing
is
necessarie
when
it
is
,
and
every
thing
necessarily
is
not
,
when
it
is
not
:
but
this
necessitie
,
to
not
a
necessitie
simply
.
de
interpre
.
cap.
Ergo.
Quod.
An Axiome is
A simple Axiome is that , the band whereof is a Verbe .
An
enuntiatiue
speech
is
either
simple
,
or
compounded
of
those
that
be
simple
.
A
simple
Enunciation
,
is
a
voyce
that
signifieth
that
something
is
,
or
is
not
,
according
to
the
diversitie
of
times
:
these
Axiomes
one
speech
,
because
one
thing
onely
is
predicated
of
another
.
de
interpre
.
Cap.
Prior.
lib.
into
which
the
proposition
is
resolved
,
and
they
be
three
:
The
predicate
,
The
subiect
predicated
of
,
and
the
Verbe
that
comes
betweene
them
:
now
the
Verb
of
it selfe
signifies
nothing
:
but
serveth
to
compound
those
things
that
cannot
be
vnderstood
,
till
they
be
compounded
:
and
therefore
it
is
a
perpetuall
signe
of
things
predicated
,
and
subiected
.
De
interpre
.
Cap.
subiect
,
and
the
predicate
Identicall
predication
,
is
that
which
nature
sayes
must
be
:
Direct
is
that
which
according
to
rature
may
be
Contrary
to
nature
,
is
when
the
subiect
,
and
predicate
are
incompatible
:
when
they
abhorre
one
another
(
as
we
say
.
)
Besides
nature
,
when
the
predicate
is
vndecent
for
the
subiect
:
or
the
subiect
vndecent
for
the
predicate
.
Preface
to
Porphyrie
.
q.
By
verbe
,
is
meant
a
voyce
or
name
that
signifies
a
time
,
either
present
,
past
,
or
to
come
:
whose
office
it
is
to
compound
the
predicate
,
and
subiect
:
or
to
seuere
them
,
each
from
other
.
And
this
is
so
necessary
,
that
no
speech
can
be
enunciatiue
till
that
be
added
:
Interpre
.
Cap.
Is.
Rationalitte
A simple Axiome is
Generall , when the common consequent is generally attributed to the common antecedent .
A speciall Axiome is
Particular . Proper .
A proper Axiome , is when the consequent is at tributed to a proper antecedent .
Particular , when the common consequent is particularly attributed to the antecedent .
A
proposition
is
either
vniversall
,
or
particular
,
and
in
part
.
Prior.
lib.
interpre
.
Cap.
Top.
lib.
An
vniversall
is
that
,
where
the
predicate
is
referred
vnto
all
the
subiect
.
A
particular
,
is
that
wherein
the
predicate
is
referred
vnto
some
part
,
not
vnto
all
that
is
contained
in
the
subsect
.
Prior.
lib.
the
Predicate
is
referred
vnto
all
,
or
the
whole
subiect
,
when
as
there
is
nothing
in
the
subiect
,
vnto
which
the
predicate
is
not
referred
.
sent.
q.
lit
.
B.
Wee
doe
then
affir
me
vmversally
,
when
there
is
nothing
contained
vnder
the
subiect
,
of
which
the
predicate
is
not
affirmed
.
That
is
an
vniversall
negation
,
when
as
there
is
nothing
comprehended
vnder
the
subiect
,
from
whence
the
predicate
is
not
remoued
.
[
Common
de
interpre
.
Cap.
Some
things
are
vniversall
,
other
some
singular
.
I
call
that
vniversall
which
of
the
nature
thereof
is
apt
to
be
attributed
to
many
:
that
is
singular
which
is
not
so
.
[
Generally
De
interpre
.
Cap.
sent.
q.
lit
.
M.
When
the
subiect
is
sufficiently
distributed
by
this
word
All
,
or
some
other
that
is
equall
thereto
:
then
that
proposition
is
sufficiently
vniversall
.
A
proposition
is
then
sufficiently
singular
,
when
the
subiect
is
a
terme
truly
singular
.
I
call
that
a
singular
terme
(
in
proper
speech
)
which
cannot
be
affirmed
of
subiect
;
importing
reall
distinct
things
.
Aristotle
de
interpre
.
cap.
this
word
All
when
we
find
it
in
a
proposition
,
it
doth
not
signifie
the
vniversall
predication
it selfe
:
but
is
onely
a
note
of
predication
:
these
words
All
,
or
None
,
doe
signifie
no
more
,
but
an
affirmation
,
and
negation
vniversally
made
.
The
predication
it selfe
is
no
more
,
but
an
absolute
referring
of
a
thing
signified
,
vnto
the
subiect
:
as
when
we
referre
whitenesse
to
a
man
This
word
All
,
or
None
,
doth
but
goe
with
the
predication
,
and
importeth
an
order
of
the
predicate
vnto
the
subiect
.
p.
q.
in
cor
This
word
some
,
that
makes
a
proposition
to
be
particular
,
doth
designe
an
vniversall
,
or
common
terme
indeterminately
;
from
whence
it
doth
not
determine
the
same
,
vnto
this
or
that
singular
thing
.
Opusc
.
De
interpre
.
Cap.
it
wants
the
signes
of
vniversall
,
and
particular
predication
.
Prior
lib.
some
man
is
learned
Aristotle
&
ce
de
interpre
.
cap.
de
interpre
.
cap.
An
Axiome
is
Affirmed
when
the
band
of
it
is
affirmed
Denyed
when
it
is
denyed
.
de
interpre
cap.
Prior
lib
An
Enunciatiue
speech
,
is
either
affirmation
,
or
negation
.
It
affirmes
when
the
predicate
is
affirmed
of
,
or
ioyned
vnto
the
subiect
.
It
denyeth
,
when
the
predicate
is
denyed
of
,
or
removed
from
the
subiect
.
sent.
q.
Every
affirmation
,
and
negation
,
consisteth
of
a
Noune
,
and
a
Verbe
:
without
a
verbe
there
is
no
affirmation
,
nor
negation
:
and
this
I
say
:
because
the
verbe
[
is
]
is
referred
vnto
the
subiect
,
as
in
this
example
,
Socrates
is
lust
.
Socrates
is
not
Iust.
Here
,
the
word
not
,
is
referred
in
the
one
,
to
him
that
is
Iust
:
in
the
other
to
him
that
is
not
Iust
.
Aristotle
de
interpre
.
cap.
From hence ariseth the contradiction of Axiomes . Ramus .
[
From
hence
Aristotle
de
interpre
.
cap.
A
thing
that
is
,
is
pronounced
not
to
be
,
and
that
which
is
not
,
as
if
it
were
,
so
also
,
something
is
affirmed
to
be
after
this
,
or
that
manner
:
and
is
not
after
that
manner
.
At
other
times
,
some
things
are
pronounced
to
be
present
,
which
are
not
present
:
therefore
some
thing
that
is
affirmed
,
is
denyed
,
and
some
thing
that
is
denyed
is
affirmed
,
and
thereby
affirmation
is
opposed
to
negation
,
and
negation
to
affirmation
:
which
opposition
makes
contradiction
.
A Contradiction is when the same Axiome is affirmed , and denyed . Ramus .
sent.
q.
lit
.
M.
A
Contradiction
is
an
affirmation
of
one
thing
,
and
the
negation
of
the
same
:
and
this
is
as
well
of
propositions
,
as
of
single
termes
.
Aristotle
the
affirmation
of
one
thing
,
and
the
negation
of
the
same
,
are
opposed
,
then
there
is
a
Contradiction
.
De
interpre
.
Cap.
A Contradiction is
Generall , when a generall negation , is opposed to a generall affirmation .
Speciall , when a particular negation is opposed to an vniversall affirmation , and contrariwise .
A proper proposition , is contradicted by a proper proposition .
are
opposed
as
contraries
,
or
contradictories
.
When
a
generall
affirmatiue
,
is
opposed
by
a
generall
negatiue
,
then
they
are
opposed
as
contraries
:
but
when
the
same
predicate
,
is
vniversally
affirmed
,
in
the
one
:
and
not
vniversally
,
in
the
other
,
of
the
same
subiect
;
then
they
are
opposed
as
contradictories
:
de
interpre
.
Cap.
A
singular
proposition
is
contradicted
by
a
singular
:
as
,
Socrates
is
wise
.
Socrates
is
not
wise
,
cap.
A generall contradiction may be false in both parts . Ramus .
A speciall Contradiction cannot be true and false together , in both parts .
In
a
necessary
Axiome
the
Consequent
is
attributed
to
the
Antecedent
.
Aristotle
,
Poster
.
lib.
In
a
necessary
Axiome
,
the
predicate
is
attributed
to
the
subiect
.
To
all
,
that
is
To
all
of
it
,
not
to
some
onely
.
At
all
times
,
not
at
some
onely
.
By
it selfe
,
that
is
As
essential
therto
the
predicate
is
in
the
subiect
,
et
contra
It
is
not
sayd
of
any
other
.
Even
for
it selfe
,
not
by
accident
.
Vniversally
,
that
is
Of
all
by
it selfe
,
&
as
it
is
in
it selfe
.
It
doth
demonstrate
the
subiect
In
every
part
Necessary simple Axiomes , are
Definitions . Distributions .
Aristotle
.
Poster
.
lib.
Aristotle
,
Poster
.
lib.
Top.
lib.
A Definition , is a simple Axiome , Ramus . wherein we declare what a thing is .
A definition is
perfect . This containes the constituting causes onely . imperfect . This sets out the thing by other arguments also .
The first , is a Definition properly , the second , is called a Description .
A
definition
is
a
sentence
that
signifies
what
the
thing
is
.
Top.
lib.
A
notification
of
the
essence
,
and
doth
explicate
what
a
thing
is
.
Poster
.
lib.
There
is
something
that
is
proper
,
that
signifies
what
a
thing
is
:
and
some
other
,
that
doth
not
so
signifie
.
The
first
is
called
a
definition
,
the
other
is
commonly
called
a
thing
proper
:
when
it
is
attributed
to
the
same
subiect
with
the
other
.
this
name
is
but
commonly
given
,
Ramus
.
Thomas
A
definition
is
either
perfect
,
or
imperfect
,
that
comprehends
the
totall
being
of
the
thing
,
as
it
is
constituted
by
all
the
causes
.
This
expresseth
some
of
these
,
and
divers
conditions
also
:
and
is
called
a
description
.
A
good
description
may
be
conuerted
with
the
thing
defined
:
not
onely
for
one
difference
of
time
;
but
for
all
times
whatsoever
:
so
as
,
the
predicate
cannot
possibly
be
severed
from
the
thing
defined
.
Quest
de
Resumpta
.
lit
.
Q.
Richardus
de
Sancto
victore
De
trinitate
.
lib.
That
a
definition
may
be
perfect
,
it
ought
to
comprehend
the
totall
;
and
onely
essence
of
the
thing
defined
:
for
,
as
it
borrowes
its
name
from
the
thing
,
so
it
ought
to
extend
it selfe
vnto
the
vttermost
limits
of
the
thing
defined
.
Neither
must
it
exceed
it
,
it
ought
to
agree
vnto
all
,
and
onely
vnto
the
thing
defined
,
and
so
farre
,
that
it
may
be
converted
into
it selfe
:
roote
,
and
originall
of
all
knowledge
:
Poster
lib.
A
definition
is
constituted
of
the
Genus
and
the
differences
:
Top
lib
namely
the
specificall
differences
whose
office
it
is
to
make
a
difinition
compleat
:
and
to
designe
that
which
is
more
generall
vnto
one
speciall
kinde
:
and
this
it
doth
,
by
reason
that
they
are
taken
from
the
proper
forme
of
the
things
differenced
,
as
the
roote
,
and
originall
from
whence
they
flow
:
p.
q
In
a
definition
,
the
end
whereto
the
thing
defined
is
referred
,
is
not
to
be
omitted
.
Top.
lib
A
definition
must
be
vniversall
,
and
affirmatiue
:
Poster
lib.
He
that
defineth
must
vse
words
(
so
farre
as
he
can
)
that
shall
be
of
cleerest
sence
:
because
,
a
definition
is
made
for
the
getting
of
knowledg
.
Top.
lib.
viz.
Obscuritie
Top.
lib.
First
,
when
the
thing
defined
(
that
admits
divers
sences
)
is
not
distinguished
.
Secondly
,
when
it
is
exprest
by
a
borrowed
speech
.
Thirdly
,
when
any
words
are
vsed
that
bee
rude
,
and
vnproper
.
Fourthly
,
when
the
definition
is
so
made
,
that
we
cannot
find
:
how
it
differs
from
another
that
is
contrary
to
it
,
or
what
the
thing
is
,
that
is
defined
:
for
then
it
is
like
a
picture
that
cannot
be
knowne
whose
it
is
,
vnles
it
be
shewed
by
writing
.
the
third
chapter
of
the
same
booke
,
First
,
when
one
thing
is
repeated
often
.
Secondly
,
when
a
definition
is
made
of
arguments
that
in
nature
doe
follow
,
and
in
our
knowledge
are
lesse
knowne
then
the
thing
defined
.
Thirdly
,
when
in
the
definition
the
thing
defined
is
brought
:
cap.
Fourthly
,
if
a
superior
be
defined
by
an
inferior
.
Fiftly
,
when
more
is
brought
in
the
definition
then
ought
:
cap
Sixtly
,
Euery
thing
is
superfluous
,
that
may
be
taken
away
,
yet
the
rest
that
remaine
doth
make
the
thing
defined
to
be
evident
;
and
declare
the
essence
thereof
.
by
these
things
wee
may
sufficiently
know
when
a
definition
,
is
rightly
made
,
and
when
it
is
not
.
Top.
lib.
A man is a living creature indued with reason .
A
description
is
a
sentence
which
setteth
out
a
thing
,
Ramus
.
even
by
other
arguments
.
[
A
thing
[
Other
Arguments
not
of
constitution
thing
defined
,
and
the
definition
doe
Constitute
each
other
,
and
is
adaquatly
the
same
thing
:
But
,
of
emanation
,
effluence
,
and
consecution
A man is a living Creature , mortall , and capable of learning .
[
is
mortall
,
and
capable
of
learning
,
living
Creature
capable
of
learning
He
breathed
in
his
face
the
breath
of
life
,
and
he
became
a
living
soule
,
Every
living
Creature
that
is
mortall
,
and
capable
of
learning
is
man
:
is
sayd
to
be
a
man
of
sinne
,
the
sonne
of
perdition
,
an
outlaw
,
&c.
a
man
of
sinne
,
&c.
A distribution , Ramus . is a simple proposition , wherein the whole is devided into parts .
The whole , is that which containeth the parts .
A part , is that , which is contained of the whole .
the
thing
defined
,
be
distributed
into
parts
:
Top.
lib.
Rursus
vtrumque
,
&c.
cap.
a
whole
is
no
more
but
a
gathering
together
of
the
parts
.
Physicor
.
lib.
That
is
sayd
to
be
a
whole
,
that
wants
no
part
of
that
of
which
it
is
sayd
to
be
a
whole
:
either
by
nature
,
or
as
a
thing
containing
that
which
is
contained
:
so
as
,
they
all
doe
make
one
certaine
thing
:
meta
.
lib.
Thomas
,
that
is
a
whole
,
which
is
divided
into
parts
.
p.
q.
in
cor
A distribution , is of the
Genus into the Species . Integrall into the members .
The integrall , Ramus . is a whole to which the parts are essentiall .
The Genus , is a whole that is essentiall to the parts .
Aristotle
:
A
whole
is
twofold
Vniversall
;
or
a
totall
existeney
.
meta
.
lib.
A
whole
is
either
an
vniversall
,
or
an
Integrall
.
p.
q.
Aristotle
,
An
vniversall
whole
,
is
also
Equivocall
,
or
vnivocall
.
when
the
name
onely
is
common
,
but
the
things
named
be
divers
:
so
a
man
himselfe
,
and
a
picture
is
called
a
living
Creature
.
when
the
name
is
common
,
and
the
things
named
are
the
same
.
Categor
.
Cap.
An
vniversal
whole
,
is
present
to
every
part
,
according
to
the
whole
essence
,
and
power
thereof
as
a
living
Creature
,
is
to
a
man
,
and
a
beast
;
and
therefore
it
is
predicated
properly
of
the
singular
parts
:
but
an
Integrall
whole
is
not
in
each
part
,
neither
according
to
their
whole
essence
,
nor
vertue
,
and
therefore
it
is
no
wayes
predicated
of
the
singular
parts
;
no
not
of
them
all
together
,
vnlesse
it
be
very
improperly
.
The Genus , is distributed into the species , when the generall nature is divided , into severall kindes .
[
Divided
[
Severall
kindes
A living Creature , is either reasonable , or vnreasonable .
[
Living
Creature
.
The integrall is distributed into the members , when the comprehensiue whole , is parted betweene the things comprehended therein .
A
man
hath
two
parts
In a simple axiome every argument may be disposed , Ramus . except full Comparisons , those that consent , are disposed affirmatinely : and they that dissent negatiuely .
thing
that
is
,
or
is
not
,
that
was
,
or
was
not
,
cannot
but
be
,
when
it
is
;
nor
but
not
be
,
when
it
is
not
:
De
interpre
.
Cap.
Aristotle
.
A
speech
compounded
of
simple
Axiomes
,
is
made
one
,
by
a
Coniunction
,
de
interpre
.
[
Axiome
[
That
[
Band
[
Coniunction
A
compound
Axiome
is
A Copulatiue is that , the coniunction whereof , is Copulatiue .
Christ dyed , and rose againe .
Without , shall be dogs , and sercerers , and murtherers , and whoremongers , and Idolaters , &c.
Whoremongers
,
&c.
Whoremongers
,
I
delaters
,
&c.
A Contradiction is made to this kinde of axiome , by denying the word And: for , thereby we say , all the parts vnited together , doe not agree vnto the other part , to which they are referred .
An axiome , Ramus . is then Connex when a Connexiue Coniunction is the band thereof .
The truth of this axiome dependeth vpon the Connexion of the parts ; so as , if the one doth follow vpon the other , then the axiome is true ; otherwise it is false , therefore , if the one doth necessarily inferre the other , then the truth of it is also necessary . If the one doth inferre the other Contingently , then it containes but opinion onely : or a Contingent truth .
Gregorie
de
Arim
lib.
in
aecisio
questionis
.
Conditionall
speeches
may
be
true
,
and
their
parts
false
.
Alvarez
.
de
Auxilijs
,
disp.
There
is
required
vnto
the
truth
of
a
Conditionall
proposition
,
that
the
Consequent
follow
vpon
the
Autecedent
.
Whether
the
Antecedent
be
the
adaequate
Cause
of
the
Consequent
,
or
an
effect
thereof
,
or
a
Condition
presupposing
another
Cause
.
It
is
enough
,
if
the
Consequent
followes
by
vertue
of
that
Condition
.
The
Illation
or
Consequence
of
a
Connexe
,
or
Condstionall
proposition
,
is
either
formall
,
or
materiall
.
Illation
.
Now
,
in
such
there
is
alwayes
a
necessary
truth
,
and
no
contingency
.
A
materiall
Illation
is
,
when
the
consequent
goes
with
the
Antecedent
:
yet
so
as
it
followes
the
same
,
not
by
force
thereof
.
We
finde
these
propositions
in
conditionall
promises
,
and
in
the
iudgements
that
wee
giue
of
future
things
,
that
depend
vpon
the
libertie
of
mans
will
.
These
Illations
being
pronounced
by
God
,
haue
alwayes
a
necessary
veritie
:
for
,
he
cannot
deny
himselfe
:
therefore
he
keepes
his
word
Iustly
.
Mans
will
is
subiected
to
Gods
dominion
,
therefore
he
will
determine
it
to
one
.
His
power
is
infinite
,
therefore
he
cannot
be
defeated
:
but
these
propositions
being
pronounced
by
man
,
doe
containe
but
opinion
,
contingent
,
and
coniecturall
knowledge
.
Alvarez
de
Auxilijs
disp.
Suarez
,
opusc.
A contradiction is then made to this axiome , when the Illation , or consequence is denyed : and wee doe that , by saying , although the first be true , yet the later is not true : but more plainely , and directly , when we say , the later followes not vpon the former .
If
in
this
life
onely
&c.
They
that
haue
no
happinesse
but
in
this
life
,
and
here
they
haue
〈◊〉
.
They that haue no happinesse but in this life , and here , they haue name , they onely are miserable .
But we onely are not miserable .
Therefore we haue some happinesse which is not in this life .
If
righteousnes
be
by
the
&c.
They that maintaine this sentence , Iustice comes by the Law , they must maintaine this sentence also , Christ dyed in vaine .
But no man may say , Christ dyed in vaine .
Therefore no man may say , Iustice comes by the Law .
That Axiome is discrete , that hath a discrete Coniunction for the band thereof .
1 Though I walke in the vale of death , yet I will not feare ill . Psal. 23.4 . 2. Although thou heldest fast my name in the time of persecution , yet thou art guiltie of many faults . Revel. 2.13.14 .
not
fearing
of
ill
walkes
in
the
vale
of
death
:
feare
ill
constant
profession
of
faith
guiltines
of
a
fault
Although thou didst well in these , yet thou didst not well in some other things .
ill
doing
in
some
things
well
doer
A discrete Axiome is iudged to bee true , Ramus . if both parts be true ; and good , if both partes be divers .
[
Good
although
I
am
rich
yet
I
am
not
poore
.
[
Both
parts
true
walke
through
the
vale
of
death
to
feare
ill
feared
ill
walke
in
the
vale
of
death
rude
in
speech
so
in
knowledge
rude
in
speech
walking
through
the
vale
of
death
,
and
the
feare
of
ill
,
doe
not
alwayes
goe
together
.
Rude
speech
and
slender
knowledge
,
are
not
companions
.
That axiome is disiunct , Ramus . whose band is a disiunctiue Coniunction .
Either Saul shall liue for ever , or dye by Gods hand , or the enemies sword , or the course of nature . 1. Sam. 26.10 .
Perpetuall
life
death
at
last
Perpetuall
life
death
at
l●st
action
is
either
supernaturally
good
,
or
supernaturally
evill
,
or
naturally
good
,
or
naturally
evill
.
Socrates
,
is
either
,
a
Father
,
or
a
Childe
:
He
that
must
once
dye
,
shall
not
liue
for
ever
.
That
action
,
that
is
supernaturally
good
,
is
neither
naturally
good
,
nor
naturally
evill
,
nor
supernaturally
evill
.
A Syllogisme is a discourse , Ramus . wherein the question , is so disposed with the Argument , that if the Antecedent be granted , it must necessarily be concluded .
A
Syllogisme
is
a
speech
,
wherein
some
things
being
placed
,
another
thing
differing
from
them
,
doth
necessarity
follow
,
from
them
that
are
so
placed
.
Top.
lib.
Prior
lib.
Elench.
cap.
[
A
Syllogisme
[
Discourse
Dianoeticall
Doctrine
.
Post
.
lib.
[
Question
every
proposition
ought
not
to
be
called
into
question
:
but
those
onely
,
that
may
be
doubted
of
.
Top.
lib.
mad
that
take
that
for
a
principle
,
that
no
man
grants
,
or
put
that
for
a
question
that
all
men
grants
:
seing
this
is
without
doubt
,
and
that
is
confessed
by
none
.
Top.
lib.
[
Disposed
]
Aristotle
placed
or
put
ordered
,
framed
,
or
fitted
.
[
Argument
Aristotle
.
A
Syllogisme
proues
one
thing
,
of
another
,
by
a
medium
.
Post
.
lib.
There
can
be
no
Syllogisme
to
proue
one
thing
of
another
,
vnlesse
some
medium
be
brought
,
which
is
referred
by
a
certaine
attribution
to
both
extreames
.
Prior.
lib.
It
is
manifest
that
,
every
Syllogisme
is
made
by
three
termes
,
and
no
more
:
if
there
be
more
third
arguments
then
one
,
there
are
more
Syllogismes
then
one
.
Prior.
lib.
Post
.
lib.
[
Antecedent
It
is
plaine
that
a
Syllogisme
consists
of
two
propositions
,
and
not
of
more
:
for
,
the
three
termes
doe
make
those
two
propositions
.
Prior.
lib.
Aristotle
,
the
first
,
hath
the
name
of
Maior
,
because
,
it
containes
the
predicate
part
of
the
question
:
the
second
,
the
title
of
Minor
,
because
,
the
subiect
part
of
the
question
is
disposed
in
it
.
Prior.
lib.
[
Granted
A
different
thing
doth
follow
from
those
that
are
put
.
[
Necessarily
concluded
]
Aristotle
doth
necessarily
follow
from
them
that
are
put
there
is
nothing
required
more
to
inferre
the
Conclusion
,
then
the
termes
themselues
that
are
disposed
.
Prior.
lib.
A Syllogisme , is
Simple , where the consequent part of the question , is placed in the proposition ; the antecedent in the assumption .
Ostensiue
,
and
Hypotheticall
Prior.
lib.
[
Simple
[
Consequent
part
,
&c.
]
Socrates
is
vertuous
He
that
is
Iust
,
is
vertuous
:
but
Socrates
is
Iust
.
Therefore
he
is
vertuous
.
Prior.
lib.
Affirmatiue
,
Ramus
.
when
all
the
parts
are
affirmatiue
.
Negatiue
,
when
either
part
of
the
Antecedent
,
and
the
Conclusion
are
negatiue
.
Gener all , when the proposition , and assumption are generall . Speciall when either of them is speciall . Proper , when both are proper .
Every
Syllogisme
is
either
affirmatiue
,
or
negatiue
,
vniversall
,
or
in
part
.
Prior.
lib.
Vniversall
is
that
which
consisteth
of
all
vniversall
termes
;
particular
consisteth
of
termes
,
as
well
particular
as
vniversall
.
Wherefore
,
if
the
Conclusion
be
vniversall
,
the
termes
must
be
vniversall
.
But
the
termes
may
be
vniversall
,
and
yet
the
conclusion
not
vniversall
.
Syllogisme
,
either
both
or
one
of
the
propolitions
must
be
like
the
conclusion
.
Affirmatiue
,
or
negatiue
,
necessary
,
or
Contingent
.
And
thus
alwayes
the
termes
in
a
Syllogisme
must
be
affected
:
otherwise
it
is
not
simply
a
true
one
.
Prior.
lib.
In
every
Syllogisme
there
must
be
one
terme
vniversall
,
and
one
affirmatiue
:
because
,
without
a
vniversall
it
is
not
a
Syllogisme
,
or
belongs
not
to
the
thing
in
hand
,
or
begs
the
question
.
Prior.
lib.
&
cap.
Every
vniversall
affirmatiue
question
,
is
proued
by
the
first
figure
onely
:
and
that
after
one
manner
of
way
.
Every
negatine
vniversall
question
is
proued
,
both
by
the
first
,
and
second
figure
:
by
the
first
one
way
,
by
the
second
two
wayes
.
Every
particular
affirmatiue
question
is
proued
,
by
the
first
,
and
third
figures
:
one
way
,
by
the
first
;
three
wayes
by
the
third
.
A
negatiue
particular
,
is
proued
in
all
the
figures
,
one
way
in
the
first
,
two
wayes
in
the
second
,
and
three
wayes
in
the
third
.
Prior.
lib.
A simple Syllogisme hath the parts contracted , Ramus . or explicated .
A contract Syllogisme , is when the argument , brought as an example , is so applyed to the particular question , that it is the antecedent in both parts : and the assumption affirmed .
[
Contract
[
Argument
brought
&c.
Expository
Syllogisme
onely
Ramus
,
An
expositery
Syllogisme
sent.
q.
is
then
good
,
when
the
middle
terme
importeth
one
thing
,
and
no
more
.
If
it
comprebend
many
distinct
things
,
it
is
naught
.
[
Particular
question
[
Antecedent
in
both
parts
The
middle
terme
Aristotle
:
Prior.
lib.
is
subiected
to
both
parts
of
the
extreame
in
the
third
figure
.
[
Assumption
affirmed
Some confidence is a vertue : as constancy .
Some confidence is not a vertue : as audaciousnesse .
ARistotle
.
cap.
every
Syllogisme
must
haue
one
proposition
vniversall
.
that
is
a
vniversall
,
where
the
predicate
is
attributed
vnto
all
,
or
the
whole
subiect
;
so
as
,
to
attribute
vnto
all
,
and
vnto
the
whole
subiect
,
is
one
and
the
same
thing
iudgement
of
Aristotle
Prior.
lib.
Socrates
,
&c.
A Syllogisme is then explicate , Ramus . when the proposition , assumption , and conclusion , are orderly framed together .
In this kinde the proposition is alwayes generall , or proper , and the conclusion like the proposition , and assumption , or the weaker of them .
The
proposition
is
alwayes
generall
,
if
the
conclusion
be
vniversall
,
or
particular
,
if
the
conclusion
be
proper
,
then
the
proposition
is
proper
also
.
The
conclusion
must
be
like
the
proposition
,
and
assumption
,
when
both
of
them
are
vniversall
,
and
affirmatiue
,
or
proper
,
and
affirmatiue
,
then
the
conclusion
must
be
so
too
,
when
the
assumptionis
particular
,
and
negatiue
,
or
proper
and
negatiue
,
or
the
proposition
negatiue
,
then
the
conclusion
must
be
accordingly
There are two kindes of an explicate Syllogisme : Ramus . The first is where the argument alwayes followes , and one part is denyed .
The
one
,
that
the
third
argument
alwayes
followes
it
is
the
predicate
,
or
consequent
part
,
in
the
proposition
,
and
assumption
.
The
second
propertie
is
,
that
either
the
proposition
,
or
assumption
,
is
alwayes
denyed
.
1. Every wise man doth vse his reason well .
He that is overcome with passion , doth not vse his reason well .
Therefore he that is overcome with passion , is not a wise man .
2. They that knew the wisedome of God , did not crucifie Christ .
The princes of the world crucified Christ .
Therefore the princes of the world knew not the wisedome of God .
3. Iudas that writ the Epistle , was the brother of Iames.
Iudas Iscariot , was not the brother of Iames.
Therefore Iudas Iscariot , writ not the Epistle .
The second kinde is , Ramus . when the argument goeth before , in the proposition : and followeth affirmed , in the assumption .
the
argument
goeth
before
in
the
proposition
it
is
subjected
and
thereby
it
hath
the
first
place
.
the
argument
followeth
in
the
assumption
.
it
is
predicated
in
the
assumption
;
and
the
assumption
is
affirmed
,
or
affirmatiue
:
argument
is
predicated
affirmatiuely
in
the
assumption
.
Whosoever is borne of God , overcommeth the World .
He that beleeues on Christ , is borne of God .
Therefore he that beleeues on Christ hath overcome the World .
He that is a murtherer , hath not eternall life abiding in him .
He that hateth his brother , is a murtherer .
Therefore he that hateth his brother , hath not eternall life abiding in him .
this
onely
is
the
forme
or
figure
of
a
perfit
Syllogisme
:
because
,
every
question
may
be
proved
by
this
,
and
both
the
other
may
be
referred
vnto
this
,
therefore
they
are
made
perfit
by
it
.
Prior.
lib.
Science
is
Demonstratiue
.
Post
.
lib.
what
,
or
wherfore
a
thing
is
,
That
a
thing
is
,
Poster
.
lib.
Demonstratiue science , is that , which we haue by a demonstration . Poster . lib. 1. Cap 4. lib. 2. cap. 3. Huius &c.
A demonstration , is a syllogisme , that consisteth of things necessary : that is to say , of propositions , and conclusion , that are necessary ; and this is proper to a demonstration . I say both , because the conclusion may be necessary , when the medium is not necessary : but when the medium is necessary , the conclusion cannot be but necessary : euen as truth , is alwayes collected from truth .
Wherefore whatsoever a man knowes by Demonstration , both , it must be necessary , and the medium also of the Demonstration must be necessary ; Otherwise we neither know what a thing is , nor that a thing is necessarily : but either we thinke we know , and doe not , or thinke we know not at all . Poster . lib. 1. cap. 6. Quoniam igitur &c.
what
or
wherefore
a
thing
is
The medium is then necessary , when it consisteth of things true , first , immediate , better knowne , preceding , and cause of the conclusion .
Those are first , and true , which haue force to argue , not from others , but of themselues .
They ought to be true , because that which is not , cannot be knowne : they must be first , because they ought to be indemonstrable , and consist of their owne proper principles , we must not inquire of the principles of Science , wherefore they are so : but every one of them , even by it selfe , ought to be worthy of credit .
The medium must containe the causes of the conclusion , seeing we know nothing vnlesse wee vnderstand the causes . The medium ought to consist of things preceding the conclusion ; both in nature , and our knowledge : therefore the principium of ad monstration is an immediate proposition , viz. that hath none before it . Poster . lib. 1. cap. 4. & 6. Top. lib. 1. cap. 1. wherupon , demonstrations are made by definitions . Poster . lib. 1. cap. 33. and , they are the principles thereof . Poster . lib. 2. cap. 3. for a definition can no wayes be proued Poster . lib. 2. cap 4.5 6. & 7. lib. 1. cap 9.
A demonstration , is
Vniversall . Particular . Affirmatiue . Negatiue . Poster . lib. 1. cap 24.
A demonstration vniversall , excells a particular : and an affirmatiue is better then a negatiue . cap. 24.25 .
every
demonstration
is
a
syllogisme
,
though
every
syllogisme
be
not
a
demonstration
.
Poster
.
lib.
Poster
.
lib.
very
hard
for
vs
to
vnderstand
those
principles
of
a
thing
that
are
true
,
first
,
and
of
the
same
kinde
:
Poster
.
lib.
by
sence
we
get
memory
,
by
the
remembring
the
doing
of
the
same
thing
often
,
we
get
experience
,
by
our
many
times
remembring
,
our
experience
is
one
:
amongst
all
these
that
we
doe
remember
,
there
is
one
thing
wherein
mans
minde
doth
rest
satisfied
aboue
many
:
that
which
is
one
,
and
the
same
amongst
the
rest
,
becomes
a
principium
of
science
,
if
it
belong
vnto
a
thing
that
is
.
Aristotle
,
Poster
.
lib.
Exsensu
,
&c.
that
a
thing
is
1. Of the causes , but not the first , or immediate . 2. Of things mediate , and no cause : but such as are reciprocated , or mutually referred to each other . 3. Of a demonstration that shewes what a thing is . 4. Of things that are not reciprocated , yet it is better knowne , and yet no cause . 5. Of a superior science ; as Geometry is to the Opticks , and Arithmoticke to musicke . 6. Of other sciences whereof one is not placed vnder another , as Surgery , is vnto Geometry ; To know that a wound is healed sooner , or later , belongs to the Surgeon : but to know the cause why it is healed sooner or latter , belongs to Geometry . 7. In a demonstration that sheweth what a thing is , sometimes also the medium is placed without the extreames , as when we say , why doth not the wall breath ? Wee answer , because it is not a living creature : and these Syllogismes are alwayes made in the second figure ; after this sort : whatsoeuer doth breath , is a living creature : But a wall is not a living creature . Therefore a wall doth not breath . Poster . lib. 1. cap. 13.
That Axiome is probable which seemes so to all , to many , or them that are wise , by certaine frequent notes , and cleerenes . Top. lib. 1. cap. 1.
Those Accidents which agree to the subiect by themselues , in the wanner aforesayd : but in such fort as they may be , and not be attributed thereunto , they ( I say ) cannot be a medium in a Demonstration : because they cannot inferre a conclusion that containes a necessary truth . Poster . lib. 1. Cap. 6.
If Adjuncts or Accidents make a conjecturall truth , and no more , then a Syllogisme consisting of Adjuncts or Accidents , doth containe a conjecturall truth onely .
But wee haue the first from Aristotle , in the places alledged , for he excludes Accidents from a Demonstration , and esteemes them no more , but cleere notes , making an Axiome seeme probable , therefore ( according to him ) Syllogismes consisting of accidents inferre but conjecturall truth .
Contentions
,
and
a
Paralogisme
A Syllogisme , is then compound , Ramus . when the whole question makes one part of the proposition , affirmed , and compounded , and the argument makes the other part .
A compound Syllogisme , Ramus . is
Connexe . Dsiunct .
A Syllogisme is then Connexe , when the proposition thereof is connexe , and it is of two sorts .
The first sort of connex Syllogismes , assumeth the untecedent , and concludeth the consequent .
they
inferre
the
conclusion
vpon
the
supposition
of
some
part
thereof
:
divide
them
into
such
as
conclude
according
vnto
transumption
:
and
qualitie
,
when
the
minor
is
taken
out
of
the
maior
If
a
man
,
then
a
living
creature
.
But
a
man
,
therefore
a
living
creature
.
And
when
it
concludes
by
force
of
the
qualitie
of
things
disioyned
:
as
in
this
example
;
It
is
either
day
,
or
night
.
But
it
is
day
.
Therefore
it
is
not
night
.
Prior.
lib.
every
question
,
and
argument
may
be
framed
,
and
concluded
in
a
simple
Syllogisme
:
prior
.
lib.
The
antecedent
is
ass●med
The
consequent
is
concluded
If God spared not the naturall branches , he will not spare thee .
But God spared not the naturalibranches .
Therefore he will not spare thee .
If her Father had spit in her face , shee must be shut out .
But shee is leprous .
Therefore shee must be shut out .
He that spared not the naturall branches , hath no reason to spare thee .
But God spared not the naturall branches .
Therefore he hath no reason to spare thee .
They that say , that Christ is risen , must say , that men shall rise .
But you beleeue , and say , that Christ is risen : because I haue preached it .
Therefore you must say also , that men shall rise .
The second sort of a connex Syllogisme taketh away the consequent , Ramus . that it may take away the antecedent .
take
away
If the inheritance be of the Law , it is not of promise .
But it is of promise .
Therefore it is not of the Law .
the
inheritance
is
not
of
promise
.
the
inheritance
i●
of
promise
the
inheritance
is
of
the
Law
.
the
inheritance
is
not
of
the
Law
.
If Iustice be by the Law , Christ is dead in vaine .
But Christ is not dead in vaine .
Therefore Iustice is not by the Law .
A compound Syllogisme is then disiunct , Ramus . when the proposition thereof is a disiunct axiome .
There are two sorts : The first doth take away the one , and conclude the other .
taking
away
,
and
concluding
,
[
one
1. You must say , he is or he is not . But you may not say , he is not . Therefore you must say he is .
I must sustaine , either seven yeares famine , or three moneths pursuite , or three dayes pestilence
But I will not sustaine , seven yeares famine , nor three moneths pursuite .
Therefore I will sustaine three dayes pestilence .
He that may escape the famine , and sword , must indure the pestilence .
But David hath libertie to escape the famine and sword .
Therefore David must indure the pestilence .
Socrates , is either iust , or vniust . But he is not iust . Therefore he is vniust .
He that is not iust , is vniust . Socrates is not iust . Therefore he is vniust .
A disjunct Syllogisme of the second sort , is , Ramus . when the proposition is affirmatiue in all the parts : one is assumed in the assumption , and the rest taken away in the Conclusion .
The
proposition
is
who●y
affirmatiue
One
single
terme
onely
of
the
opposition
,
is
repeated
in
the
assumption
.
The
other
part
is
contradicted
in
the
conclusion
Yee received the spirit , either by the Law , or the Gospell .
But yee received it by the Gospell .
Therefore yee received it not by the Law .
This action , is either supernaturally good , or supernaturally evill , or naturally good , or naturally evill .
But it is supernaturally good .
Therefore it is , neither supernaturally evill , nor naturally good , nor naturally evill .
That act which is supernaturally good , is not supernaturally evill ; nor naturally good , nor naturally evill .
But this act is supernaturally good .
Therefore it is , neither supernaturally evill , nor naturally good , nor naturally evill .
Method
is
no
more
,
but
the
orderly
placing
of
sentences
together
.
Rhetorick
,
Logicke
Top.
lib.
prior
.
lib.