Accedence

¶ Accedence .

HOw many partis of reason ben there ( eyght ) whiche .viij. Nowne / Pronowne / Verbe / Aduerbe / Partycyple / Cōiunccion / preposicion / Interieccyon ¶ How many ben declynyd . & how many ben vndeclynyd . Four ben declynyd / and foure ben vndeclynyd . ¶ Whiche foure ben declynyd . Nowne . Pronowne . Verbe and Partyciple . Whiche foure ben vndeclynyd . Aduerbe . Coniunccyon . Preposicyon and Interieccyon . ¶ How many ben declynyd with case . and how many without case . Thre ben declynyd with case / and one without case . ¶ Whiche thre ben declynyd with case . Nowne Verbe and Particyple . ben declynyd with case . And Verbe onely withoute case . ¶ How knowest a nown for all maner thyng that a man may see fele . Here ▪ or vnderstonde that berith the name of a thyng is a nown ¶ How many maner of nowns ben there ( tow Whiche two ) A nown substantyf & a nown adiectyf ¶ How knowe ye a nowne substantyf / For he may stande by hymself without helpe of a nother worde & is declynyd in latyne with one artycle or with two at the moost in one case . ( As hic Magister . hic et hec sacerdos . ¶ How knowe ye a nowne adiectyf . For he may not stande by hymselfe withoute helpe of a nother worde / and is declynyd in latyne with thre artycles / or with thre dyuers endynges in one case . as nton hic & hec & hoc felix . ( Bonus bona bonum ) ¶ How many thynges longe to a nowne / Sixe / whiche sixe ) Qualyte / comparyson / gendre / nombre / fygure / & case ¶ What is a qualyte in a nowne . A properte by the whiche a nowne accordyth onely to one thynge . As Adam / or to many thyngys as men . ¶ How knowest a qualyte in a nowne . A qualyte in a nowne is a properte by the whiche one thyng is lykened to a nother / as fayre / whyte / blacke ¶ How many degrees of comparyson ben there . thre . whiche .iij. Posityf / comparatif & superlatyf . ¶ How knowest the posityf degree . for he is founder & grounder of all other degrees of comparyson without makyng more or lesse / as-fayr / white & blacke . ¶ How knowest the comparatyf degree . For he passyth his posityf with this aduerbe more . & his englyssh endyth in r. as mor wyse or wyser . How knowest the superlatyf degree For he passyth his posytyf with his aduerbe moost & his englyssh endyth in est / as moost wyse or wysest ¶ what nownes receyuen comparison suche nownes adiectiues that may be made more or lesse . as fayre fayrer fayrest . ¶ Of whom shall the posytyf degree be fourmed . he is not fourmed / but al other degrees of comparyson ben formed of him . ¶ Of whom shal the comparatyf degree be fourmed / of his posityf . of what case / somtyme of the genityf & somtyme of the datyf . ¶ Whan shall it be fourmed of the genitif case . euer more whan his posityf degree is the fyrst declenson & the seconde . by puttyng to this terminacion or . as docti ) put therto or & it woll be ( doctior ¶ Out of this rule ben out take in excepcyons . The fyrst excepcyon is of thyse two nownes ( Dexter & sinister ) makyng ( dexterior & sinisterior ) & nownes that enden in cus as Amicus amicicior ( magnificus magnificencior . )

¶ Si tibi declinet positiuum norma secunde ¶ Taliter inde gradum debes formare secundum : ¶ I breuias quam dat gtūs & or superaddes ¶ Tolle sinisterior / cui dexterior sociatur ¶ Quod tibi prebet icus his iūgas-testis amicus )

¶ The seconde excepcyon is of thyse fyue nownes ) bonus . malus . magnus . paruus . & multus ) that make the comparatyf degree vnruly . ¶ Versus

¶ Res bona res melior . res optima . res mala . peior ¶ Pessima . res magna res maior maxima rerum ¶ Parua minor minima . dic multus plurimus addes ¶ Plurimus & multus / sic comparat absque secundo

¶ The thyrde excepcion is whan his posityf endith in Ius in eus in uus or in uis . thenne the comparatyf degree shall be fulfylled with his posytyf & this aduerbe magis ( as pius magis pius pijssimus . Tenuis magis tenuis tenuissimus . ¶ Vnde versus

¶ Quod fit ius vel eus uus aut uis or caruere ¶ Per magis et pium quod comparat instituere

¶ The comparatyf degree shall be fourmed of the datyf case / euer more whan his positif degree is the thyrde declenson / by puttynge this termynacyon or . ( As Nton hic hec hoc felix . Gton felicis . Dton felici . put therto an or . than it woll be ( felicior ) ¶ Out of this rule take Iuuenis . makynge Iunior ) Potis pocior Nequam nequior . ) And wordes of the thyrde declenson that ben conteyned in this verse aboue . Quod fit ius &c .

¶ Of whom shall the superlatyf degree be fourmed Of his posityf degree . Of what case / Somtyme of the nominatyf case / & somtyme of the genytyf case / & somtyme of the datyf case . ¶ Whan shal he be fourmed of the nominatyf case / euermore whan his positif endyth in r lyttre / by puttyng to this terminacion ( rimus as niger ) put therto a rimus ) and it woll be ( nigerrimus ) Out of this rule ben out take ( memor that maketh ( memorissimus ) Dexter ) that maketh dexterimus and dextimus ) Sinister maketh ( sinisteri mus & sinistimus . Also thees nownes ( nuperus vetus & maturus ) & this worde ( Detero ) that fourmyth the superlatyf degree in / rimus ( as nuperimus ( veterimus maturimus & deterimus . ¶ Vnde versus

¶ Cum rectus tenet r poteris rimus addere semper ¶ In rimus atque timus dexter ve sinister habetur ¶ Et memor excipet memorissimus hinc reperit . ¶ Nuperus atque vetus maturus detero iungis

Also the superlatyf degree shal be fourmyd of the nominatyf case in thies . v. nownes ( agilis facilis gracil humilis & similis ) with theyr compoundys by doynge away is & by puttyng to limus ) as agilis ) doe away is & put therto limus ) & it woll be agillimus ) w double ll

¶ Dat tibi quinque limus que signat dictio fagus ¶ Hec agilis gracilis humilis similis facilisque

¶ Et sua composita que duplici Il sunt habenda The superlatyf degree shal be fourmed of the genytif case / whan his posityf is the fyrst declenson / & the seconde by puttyng to this littre ( s & simus ) as nton albus . a. ū / Gton albi albe albi-put therto ( s & simus ) and it woll be albissimus . ¶ Out of this rule ben out take thise wordes that ben conteyned in this verse ( Res bona &c. ) and this worde proximus . & other more that ben conteyned in thyse verse folowynge / that somtyme ben of the posytyf degree / & somtyme of the superiatyf degree . And whan they ben of the posytyf degre they locke the superlatyf degree / as proximus proximior / ¶ Vn̄.

Proximus extremus quibus intimus adde supremus ¶ Infimus addatur duplex gradus his tribuat . ¶ Postremus sequitur auctoribus vt reperitur .

¶ The superlatyf dygree shal be fourmed of the datif case / whan his posityf is the thyrde declenson . by puttynge to this lettre . s . & this termynacyon . simus . As Nton hic hec hoc sapiens . Gton sapientis / Dton sapienti put therto / s and simus / & it woll be / sapientissimus ) ¶ Out of this rule ben oute take thyse thre nownes / Iuuenis adolescens & Senex / & thyse two aduerbes Ante & subter / that lacke the superlatyf degree ¶ Vn̄

¶ Ante senex Iuuenis adolescens subterque addis . ¶ Sola quidem solis vtuntur comparatiuis

¶ How many preposycyons or aduerbes ben set in the stede of the posityf degree / all thyse folowyng verses

¶ Bis septem dicas aduerbia prepositas ve ¶ Quas nostri patres posuere loco positiui ¶ Ante citra prope post extra supraque vel in fra . ¶ Intra nuper vltraque pridem penitusque

Whiche ben the cōparatiuys that ben euyn in syllables with theyr posityf / that ben conteyned in thyse verse

¶ Iunior & maior peior & prior & minor-ista ¶ Et non plura-suis equalia sunt politiuis

¶ Plus minus est primo sunt hec in pectoris imo ) With what case woll the posytyf degree be construed with nominatyf case by the strenghte of his degree . but by the vertue of his sygnyfycacyon / he may be construed with all cases / out take the nominatyf & the vocatyf With a genityf ( as magister est dignus laudis ) with a datyf case . as ( sum similis patri meo ) With a accusatyf case . as ( sum albus faciem ) With a ablatif case as ( sum dignus laude . ¶ With what case shal the comparatyf degree be construed / with by the strenght of his degree / he may be construed with an ablatyf case of eyther nombre / as ( sum doctior illo vel illis ) Or with a nominatyf case with this coniunccyon . qd . ) comynge betwene . as Ego sum doctior ꝙ ille ) Or with a nother oblyque case . as ( Michi opponitur difficilius quam tibi ) ¶ With what case woll the superlatyf degree be construed / with a genytyf case that betokeneth but two thynges / as ( ego sum pauperrimus sociorum meorum ) thenne the superlatif degree may be chaungyd into the comparatif as in this reason / I am wysest of thyse twen ( ego sum pauperior istorum duorum Also the superlatyf degree shal accorde in gendre with the genytyf case yt-foloweth :

¶ Omne superlatiuum genitiuo sit sociatum ¶ Atque suo generi conforme cupit retinere : ¶ Vt patet verum sic deus est optima rerum

¶ Also the superlatyf degree may be construed with a genytyf case synguler of a nown collectyf . as Salomon fuit sapientissimus populi . ¶ A nowne collectyf is that nowne / that in the synguler nombre sygnyfyeth a multytude . And ben thyse ¶ Versus

¶ Sunt collectiua populus gens plebs quoque turba ¶ Turma phallanx legio cuneus sociare memento

¶ Also the comparatyf degree may be construed by the vertue of his sygnyfycacyon wi●h all cases that his posytyues may / whyle they be of one partye of reason

¶ Quam vult structuram gradus offerri sibi primus ¶ Illam naturam vult quisque secundus & Imus ¶ Quod sapias verum dum parte manet in eadem ¶ Tu prope siste forum recte sermone feretur ¶ Sta propiusque thorum nulla ratione tenetur .

Also nownes of the comparatif degree ben the comyn gendre of . ij . out take ( senex & senior ) that ben onely the masculyne gendre in voyce / & comyn in sygnificacion

¶ Comparatiuis in or semper communis habetur ¶ Mas tantum senior cui femininum prohibetur ) ¶ Adiectiua senex seniorque simul recitetur ¶ Hic tm̄ sumunt generis tamen omnis habetur . ¶ I vel e postulat or / sed dic tantum seniore )

How many gendres ben there in a nowne ( vij ) whiche .vij The masculyne / the feminyne / the neutre / the comyn of .ij. the comyn of .iij. the epycene . the dubyn . ¶ How knowest the masculyne gendre / for he is declyned with hic / as ( Hic magister . ) ¶ How knowest the feminyne gendre . For he is declyned with hec / as nominatiuo hec musa . ¶ How knowest the neutre gendre . For he is declyned with hoc / as ( nton hoc scamnum ¶ How knowest the comyn gendre of .ij. for he is declyned with . hic and hec . as ( Nton hic & hec sacerdos . ¶ How knowest the comyn gendre of .iij. for he is declyned with hic hec & hoc ( as nton hic & hec & hoc felix ¶ How knowest the dubyn gendre . For he is declyned with hic and hec and a vel comynge bytwene / as hic vel hec dies / for a daye . ¶ And thies nownes in thyse verses ben the dubyn gendre . ¶ Versus

¶ Margo diesque silex finis clunis quoque cortex ¶ Hec veteres vere dubij generis posuere ¶ Damaque panthera dicas epychena manere .

¶ How knowest the epycene gendre . For vndre one voyce and vndre one article he comprehendyth bothe male and female / as hic passer ) a sparow / hec aquila an egle . ¶ What nownes ben of the epycene gendre . Nownes of smale byrdes whose dyscrecion of kynde may not lyghtly be knowen . ¶ And thyse nownes folowynge ben of the epycene gendre . ¶ Versus

¶ Passer mustela miluus dicas epyoena ¶ Talpaque cum Dama-iungitur his aquila

¶ How many nombres ben there . Two / whiche two the synguler nombre . & the plurel nombre . How knowest the synguler nombre . For he spekyth but to one thyng / as a man . ¶ How knowest the plurel nombre For he spekyth to many thynges / as men . How many fygures ben there . thre . whiche .iij. Symple . Compounde & decōpoūde . Symple as ( magnus ) Compounde as ( magnanimus . Decompounde as . magnanimitas : ¶ How many cases ben there . Sixe . whiche syxe . the Nomynatyf case . the Genytyf . the datyf . the Accusatyf . the Vocatyf . & the ablatyf . ¶ How knowest the nomynatyf case . For he cometh byfore the verbe & answeryth to this questyon / who or what ¶ How knowest the genytif case . For of after a nown substantyf / verbe substantyf / nowne partytyf / nowne distrybutyf / comparatyf or superlatyf / is the signe of the genytyf case . ¶ Also whan there cometh two substantyues togyder yf that one be hauer of that other / that hauer shal be put in genytyf case . as Frater iohannis ) the brother of iohan . & of after a verbe adiectyf partycyple gerundyf or supyne . & of after a propre name is the signe of the ablatyf / with a preposicyon

Post proprium nomen post mobile post quoque verbum ¶ Postque gerūdiuy post participansque supinum ¶ Si veniat sensus genitiui . iungito sextum . ¶ Cum reliquis sextum non iungas sed genitiuum )

¶ How knowest the datyf case . for to byfore a nowne or a pronowne is the sygne of the datyf case . ¶ How knowest the accusatif case . for he cometh after the verbe & answeryth to this questyon / whom or what . Also to byfore a propre name of a towne or a cyte . & in with a to byfore a parte of a mannys body / is the signe of the accusatyf case ¶ How knowest the vocatyf case . for he clepyth or callyth or spekyth to . How knowest the ablatyf case / by my signes in with thorow byfore or frothan after a comparatyf degree is the sygne of the ablatyf case . And whan this worde in with a to comyth togydre it woll serue to the accusatyf case . & in with out a to woll serue to the ablatyf case . as in this verse

¶ In to vult quartum / sine to vult iungere sextum )

¶ How many declensons ben there . Fyue / which / v. The fyrst / the seconde / the thyrde / the fourde / the fyfte ¶ How knowest the fyrst declenson / For the genytyf & the datyf synguler / the Nomynatyf & the vocatyf plurel shal ende in e / the accusatyf in am / the vocatif shal be lyke the nominatyf / the ablatyf in a / the genytyf plurel in arum / the datyf & the ablatyf in is / & somtyme in abus / the accusatyf in as / ¶ Vnde versus

¶ A veniens ex us sine neutro transit in abus ¶ Sicut mulabus / asinabus cum dominabus ¶ Hec animatorum sunt discernentia sexum ¶ Iunges ambabus ex ambo duoque duabus ¶ Ast animas famulas / non regula sed dedit vsus )

¶ Also thies nownes in thies verses ben the fyrst declenson & the neutre gendre ¶ Vnde versus /

¶ Pascha polenta Iota zizania mammona manna ¶ Sunt neutri generis . & declinatio prima )

¶ How knowest the seconde declenson / for the genytif case synguler / the Nomynatyf & the Vocatyf plurell endyth in i / the datyf & ablatyf in o / the accusatyf in vm . Whan the nomynatyf case endyth in r or in m ) the vocatyf shal be lyke hym Whan the nomynatyf case endyth in vs the vocatyf shall ende in e ( as Nton hic dominus Vton o domine ¶ Versus

¶ Vs mutabis in e per cetera cuncta secunde ¶ Filius excipitur quod in e vel in i reperitur

¶ Whan the nomynatyf case endyth in ius yf it be a propre name of a man the vocatyf shal ende in i / as Nominatiuo hic Laurentius ) Vocatiuo o laurenti

¶ Cum proprium dat ius-tenet i quintus / iaciens vs )

¶ The genytyf plurel in orum / the datyf & the ablatyf in is / the accusatyf in os / yf it be a propre nowne . Of the neutre gendre to haue thre cases lyke in the singuguler nombre . & thre in the plurell . as ( Nominatiuo hoc scamnum . Accusatino hoc scamnum . Vton o scamnum . Et pluraliter . Nominatiuo hec scamna . Accusatiuo hec scamna . Out take ( Ambo & duo ) ¶ Versus

¶ Recto cum quarto sic quinto neutra tenent a. ¶ Ambo duoque mari neutrum faciunt similari

¶ How knowest the thyrde declenson . For the genytyf case synguler endyth in is / the Datyf in i / the accusatyf in em or in im / the vocatyf shall be lyke the nomynatyf . the ablatyf in e or in i The nominatif accusatyf & the vocatyf plurell endyth in es / the Genytyf plurell in vm or in ium . The datyf & ablatyf plurell in bus ) ¶ How knowest the fourde declenson For the genytyf synguler / the nomynatyf accusatyfe & the / vocatyf plurell endyth in vs / the Datyf in vi . ) the accusatyf in vm / the vocatyf shal be lyke the nomynatyf the ablatyf in v. The genityf plurel in uum The datyf & ablatyf in bus . ¶ Also thies nownes that ben conteyned in thyse verses hath u. byfore bus in the datyf & the ablatyf plurell . Out take thyes in thyse verses folowyng ¶ Versus

¶ Ante bus u seruant ficus tribus acus arcusque . ¶ Artus cum verubus portus partusque lacusque ¶ Et specus & quercus illis penus associemus .

¶ How knowest the fyfth declenson . for the genytyf & the datyf case synguler endyth in ei / the Accusatyf in em / the vocatyf shal be lyke the nomynatyf / the ablatyf in e / The nomynatyf accusatyf & the vocatyf plurel endyth in es / the genityf plurel in erum / the datyf & the ablatyf in ebus / ¶ Also thyse nownes of the fyft declenson lacke the genytyf datyf & the ablatyf plurel / out take thyse in thyse verses folowynge /

¶ Desunt plurali Genitiui siue Datiui ¶ Et sexti . quinte ( nisi res speciesque diesque ¶ Progenies vel maneries dic materiesque ¶ Ast acies facies predictis addere debes ¶ Vt Brito testatur spes istis consociatur

¶ Of Pronowne

HOw knowest thou a pronowne / for he is a parte of reason declyned with case / that is set for a propre name & betokeneth as moche as a propre name of a man / & other while receyueth certeyn person and certeyn nombre / ¶ How many Pronownes ben there / xv whiche / xv / Ego Tu sui Ille Ipse Iste Hic Is Meus Tuus Suus Noster et Vester / Similiter Nostras et Vestras / ¶ How many ben primatyues & how many ben diryuatiues / Eyght ben primatiues & Seuen dyryuatiuys / ¶ whiche eyght ben primatiues Ego Tu Sui Ille Ipse Iste Hic & Is ¶ whiche Seuen ben deryuatiues / Meus Tuus Suus Noster Vester Nostras & Vestras / ¶ Of thyse eyght primatyues some ben onely relatyues / and some ben onely relatynes and demonstratyues bothe ¶ Versus

Tantum demonstrat ego tu simul hic simul iste ¶ Iure relatiui gauder is atque sui : ¶ Monstrant vel referunt ille vel ipse tibi

¶ How knowest a Pronowne demonstratyf . For by hym is some thyng shewed . ¶ How knowest a Pronowne relatyf . For by hym is some thyng shewed that is sayd before ¶ How many pronownes hath the vocatyf case / and how many laketh . Foure hath the vocatyf case / and all other lackyth / ¶ Versus

¶ Quattuor exceptis pronomina nulla vocabis ¶ Tu meus noster & nostras hec sola vocantur

How many thynges long to a pronowne / vi ) whiche vi ) Qualyte / Gendre / Nombre / Fygure / Person / case ¶ How many persons ben there / Thre / whiche thre ) The fyrst the seconde / the thyrde ¶ How knowest the fyrst person / For he spekyth of hymselfe ( as I or we ) ¶ How knowest the seconde person / For he spekyth to a nother ( as thou or ye ¶ How knowest the thyrde person / For he spekyth of a nother ( as he or they ) & euery nowne pronowne & particypte is the thyrde person out take ( ego nos tu & vos ) with obliquis ) & the vocatyf case / ¶ How many declensons of Pronownes ben there / Foure / whiche four the fyrst / the seconde the thyrde / the fourde ¶ How knowest the fyrst declenson For the genytyf case synguler endyth in I or is ) & the datyf in I. ¶ How many pronownes be of the declenson / Thre / whiche thre ( ego tu sui ) ¶ How knowest the seconde declenson / For the genytyf case synguler endyth in ( ius or ius ) & the datyf in I or in c. ¶ How many Pronownes ben of the declenson . v. whiche . v. Ille ipse iste hic & is ) & eyght nownes with theyr compoundes Vnus Vllus Totus Solus Alter alius aliquis vter

¶ Cum natis alius vter alter sola quis vnus ) ¶ Totus & vllus habe pronominis ista secunde

¶ How many of thies eyght nownes hath the vocatyf case / & how many laketh . Thre hath-the vocatif case / & all other lacketh / ¶ Whiche thre hath the vocatyf case ( Vnus Totus & Solus . ¶ Versus

¶ Pone vocatiuos cum totus solus & vnus ) ¶ Sed non in reliquis quorum laxatiuus in ius

¶ How knowest the thyrd declenson / for the genityf case synguler endyth in I in e & in i / the datif in o. in e & in o. ¶ How many pronownes conteyneth he / fyue whiche . v ( meus tuus suus noster vester / ¶ How knowest the fourde declenson / for the genityf case synguler endith in atis / and the datyf in ati ¶ How many pronownes ben of the declenson / two / whiche ( Nostras & Vestras / & a nowne gentyle / as ( cuias atis ) Here is dyfference bytwene ( cuias atis ) & cuius cuia cuium )

¶ Cuius de gente vel de patria solet esse ¶ Cuius de gente / cuium de re petit apte )

HOw knowest an verbe . For he is a parte of reason declyned with mode & tense withoute case or artycle / & betokeneth to do to suffre or to be ¶ How many thynges longe to a verbe ( vij ) whiche / Mode Coniugacyon / gendre / nombre / Fygure tyme / person / ¶ How many modes ben there ( v ) whiche / the Indycatyf / Imperatyf / optatyf / coniunctyf / & the Infinytif

¶ How knowest the Indicatyf mode . for he she with a reason sooth or false by the way of askyng or of tellynge . ¶ How knowest the Imperatyf mode / for he byddeth or commaundeth . ¶ How knowest the Optatyf mode For he wylleth or desyreth & this worde wold god / is sygne of the optatyf mode . Also thies thre englysshe wordes / wolde sholde or were are the signe of optatif mode present tense . and thies four latyn wordes folowynge be the sygnes of the optatyf mode .

¶ Des optatiuis vtinam ne puatinus osi .

¶ How knowest the Coniunctyf mode . for he ioyneth a verbe to hym / or is Ioyned to a nother . And thyse wordes folowynge woll serue to the coniunctyf mode

¶ Si quamuis quamquam tam & licet atque priusquam . ¶ Antequam an donec vt postquam siue quousque ¶ Cum nisi quin acsi quo coniungunt tibi recte . ¶ Indicat & quando dum sicut sunt cetera plura

¶ How knowest the Insynytyf mode . For. to byfore a verbe is sygne of the Infinytyf mode . or elles whāthere cometh two verbes togydre withoute a relatyf or a cōiūccyon / the lather shal be the infinityf mode ¶ How many coniugacyons hen there . Four whiche .iiij. The fyrst / the seconde / the thyrd / the fourth . ¶ How knowest the fyrst cōiugacyon . for he hath an a long byfore the re ) in the infinityf mode of the actif voyce / or in the imperatyf mode of the passyf voyce ( as amare ) ¶ How knowest the seconde cōiugacyon . For he hath an e longe byfore there in the infinityf mode of the actif voyce / or in the imperatyf mode of the passyf voyce . as docere

¶ How knowest the thyrd coniugacion . For he hath an e short before the ( re ) in the infynitif mode of the actif voyce / Or in the Imperatif mode of the passyt voyce . as ( legere ) ¶ How knowest the fourth coniugacyon . for he hath an I long before the ( re ) in the Infynitif mode of the actif voyce . or in the imperatif mode of the passyf voce . as ( audire ) ¶ How many gendris of verbys ben there . Fyue . whiche v. actyf . passyf . neuter / comyn & deponent ¶ How knowest an verbe actif . For he endyth in o / and may take R vpon o / and make of hym a passyf . And of a verbe actif cometh ij . particyples . but of a verbe actif the lacketh supynys cometh but one particyple ¶ Al maner verbis that betoken drede lacke supinis / out take chise in theis verses ¶ Absque supinis sunt omnia verba timoris ¶ Formido . trepido . dubito . tremit excipiantur ¶ Et vereor veritum dat . vt autores memorantur ) All thyse verbys ben verbes actyuis that lacke supinis ) ¶ Respuo-linquo timet . disco . posco . metuoque ¶ Sileo cum renuo . cauet addimus vrget & ango . ¶ Hec sune attiua . tamen illis nulla supina ¶ How knowest a verbe passyf for he endyth in r. & may do away his r. & torne ayen into his actif . How many particyples come of a verbe passyf . two . whiche two / One of the pretertens . a nother of the last futertens in dus ) ¶ How knowest a verbe neuter . for it endyth in or & may not take r vpon o-nor make of him a passyf ¶ How many particyples come of a verbe neuter . two / as dooth of a verbe actif / but of suche verbe neutres that lacke supinis cometh but one parcycyple . ¶ And all verbe neutres that betokenen shynynge / or drede / lacke supinis . out take thyse in thyse verses folowynge ¶ Vnde versus ¶ Que dant splendorem vel que dant verba timorem ¶ Nulla supinantur . sed quattuor excipiantur . ¶ Vnde chorusco facit atum / dat fulgeo fulsum ¶ Et vereor veritum . formido supinat in atum ) ¶ All verbe neutres of the seconde coniugacyon / makynge the pretertens in vi . lacke supynys . Out take these in thyse verses folowynge ¶ Versus ¶ En per vi neutra tacuere supina secunde . ¶ Format itum doleo . noceo . placeo-valeoque ) ¶ Pareo prebet itum / licet ac oleo taceoque ¶ Pertineo cohibet . his attineo sociato ¶ Cum dat vi pateo passum / lateo latitum dat ¶ Dat careo carui caritum cassumque supino ¶ Pando pati pateo / passum fecere supino ¶ And of some verbe neutres / as verbe neutre passiues / cometh thre-partycyples / as of ( Audeo ) cometh audiens . ausus.ausurus . ¶ Vnde versus ¶ Neutro passiua dant participantia trina . ¶ Audeo cum soleo . fio cum gaudeo . fido ¶ Quinque puer numero neutro passiua tibi do ¶ All these verbes that ben conteyned in thyse verses / ben verbe neutre passyues ¶ Vnde versus .

¶ Exulo : vapulo . veneo . fio . nubo liceoque ¶ Sensum passiui fub voce gerunt aliena ) ¶ Of verbe deponent

¶ How knowest a verbe deponent . For he hath a lettre of the passyf & sygnyficacyon of the actyf . ¶ But there ben four verbe deponentys that haue no pretertens / that ben conteyned in thyse verses folowynge ¶ Quattuor hec / liquor . medeor . vescor . reminiscor ¶ Non circūloquium de se dant preteritorum ) ¶ How knowest a verbe comyn . For it hath a lettre of the passyf / & sygnificacion of the actif & the passyf both ¶ Largior experior veneror moror osculor hortor ¶ Criminor amplector / tibi sint communia lector . ¶ Si bene connumeres / interpretor hospitor addes ¶ How many Partycyples come of a verbe comyn . Four / as largiens largitus largiturus largiendus ¶ How many tens ben there in a verbe . v. whiche . v. The presentens , the preterimperfectens / The preterperfectens / the preterpluperfectens / & the futertens . ¶ How knowest the presentens / For he spekyth of the tyme that is now / as I loue ¶ How knowest the preterimperfectens / for he spekyth of the tyme that is lytyl past without ony of thyse sygnes / haue or had / as I loued ¶ How knowest the . For he spekith of the tyme that is fully paste / with this sygne / haue / as I haue loued ¶ How knowest the For he spekyth of the tyme that is more than fully past with this sygne / had / as I had loued ¶ How knowest the futertens / For he spekyth of the tyme that is to come with this sygne / shal / as I shall loue ¶ How many persons ben there . Thre / whiche .iij / The fyrst as Lego ) the seconde as legis ) the thyrde as legit )

HOw knowest an aduerbe . For he is a parte of reason vndeclyned / that stondyth next the verbe to declare and fulfyll the sygnifycacyon of the verbe ¶ How many thynges longen to an aduerbe . Thre whiche thre . Sygnifycacyon / comparyson . & Fygure ¶ How many Aduerbys of places ben there . Foure / whiche ( Vnde ) frowhens ( vbi ) where ( Quo ) whether Qua ) wherby . ¶ Versus

¶ Vnde / vbi / quo / vel qua / loca querunt quattuor ista ¶ Quo petit ad . qua per. in vbi . vnde petit de

¶ How many degree of comparyson ben there . thre Whiche thre . The polityf as ( docte ) the comparatyf as ( doctus ) the superlatyf as ( doctissime )

¶ Of Particyple

HOw knowest a particyple . For he is a parte of reason declyned with case / that takyth parte of a Nowne / parte of Verbe / parte of bothe ¶ What takyth he of nowne / Gendre & case . What of verbe / tyme & sygnyficacyon . What of bothe / nombre & fygure . ¶ How many thynges longe to a particyple . Syxe . whiche . vi . Gendre Lase Tyme and sygnifycacion Nombre & Fygure . ¶ How many gendres ben there in a particyple . foure . whiche iiij / The masculyne as ( lectus ) The feminyne as lecta ) The neutre as lectum ) The comyn as ( hic hec hoc legens ¶ How many cases ben there in a participle / syxe / as in a nowne ¶ How many tens ben there in a particyple . thre / The presentens / the pretertens / the futertens . ¶ How many maner of particyples ben there / Four Whiche four . The particyple of the presentens / a particyple of the pretertens / a particyple of the fyrst future / and a nother of the latter future . ¶ How knowest a particyple of the presentens . By his englyssh & by his lacyn . How by his englyssh . For his englyssh endyth in ynge / or in and / as louynge / louand . and his latyn endyth in ( ens ) or in ans ) as amans docens . ) ¶ How knowest a particyple of the pretertens . By his Englysshe and by his latyn . How by his englyssh . For it begynneth with I. as I loued . And his latyn endyth in tus ) or in sus ) as amatus visus ) ¶ How knowest a particyple of the fyrst future tens . By his englysshe and by his latyn . How by his englyssh . For it begynneth with to / withoute be . as to loue . And his latyn endyth in rus ) as amaturus docturus ) ¶ How knowest a particyple of the latter futertens . By his englyssh and by his latyn How by his englyssh . For it begynneth with to & be / as . to be loued . And his latyn enoythin dus ( as amandus docendus ) ¶ Vnde versus ¶ Ens ans presentis semper dic temporis esse ¶ Tus. sus preteriti / rus . dus dic esse futuri ) ¶ Whiche ben the actyf sygnyfycacyons ( ens . ans. & rus . And tus . sus . and dus ) be of the passyf sygnyfycacyon .

¶ Vnde versus ¶ Ens ans rus & agunt / tus sus dus dic patiuntur ) ¶ Si deponentis bene preteritum recitabis . ¶ Hinc semper sensus vis vtriusque datur ¶ Idcirco semper dicetur conuenienter ¶ Nos simul a nobis auxiliatus eris .

¶ Of whom shal the particyple of the pretertens be fourmed . Of the fyrst person synguler nombre of the preterimperfectens of the Indycatyf mode / by chaungynge ( bam ) into n & s ) as amabam ) chaunge bam / into n & s. & it woll be ( amans ) . ¶ Oute of this rule be out take ( Iens of Ibam ) Quiens of quibam with hyr compoundys / makynge the gentyf case in . vntis Excep / ambientis of ambiens ¶ Vnde versus ¶ Ens entis donat / sed abhinc tu pauca retracces ¶ Semper iens vel quiens cum natis format in vntis ¶ Ambio participem recte formabit in entis ¶ Of whom shal the particyple of the pretertens be fourmed . Of the latter supyne / by puttynge to this lettre . s. as ( lectu ) put therto s. & it woll be / lectus / ¶ Of whom shal the particyple of the fyrst future be fourmed . Of the latter supyne / by puttynge to this terminacyon rus / as ( lectu ) put therto a rus / and it woll be lecturus ) ¶ Out take ( nasciturus of nascor . & ignosci turus / of ignosco ) ¶ Vnde Versus ¶ Nasco : & ignosco contra normam duo nosco ¶ Hec & non plura per rus formare futura ¶ Of whom shall the partycyple of the last future be fourmed . Of the genytyf case fynguler nombre of the particyple of the presentens / by chaungynge t is / into dus / as amantis / chaunge t is into dus / and it wol be amandus ) ¶ Vnde versus ¶ Ens ans precerito / dus formes de genitiuo ¶ Tus sus postremum rus fac formare supinum ¶ How many maner wyse may the voyce of the particyple be chaunged into a nowne . four maner wyse ¶ The fyrst by composicyon . as Doctus Indoctus . The seconde wyse by comparyson . as ( doctus doctior . doctissimus . ) ¶ The thyrde wyse whan he maye be construed with a nother case than the verbe that he cometh of . as ( sum doctus grammatice ) ¶ The fourth wyse whan he sygnyfyeth no tens . as ( amandus ) id est dignus amari● worthy to be loued ¶ Versus

¶ Dum mutat regimen / fit participans tibi nomen ¶ Dum perdit tempus / dum comparat associamus ¶ Sit tibi compositum dum simplex sit tibi verbum .

¶ Of Coniunctyon

HOw knowest a Coniunctyon . for he is a parte of reason vndeclyned / that byndeth or Ioyneth wordes or sentences togydre in ordre . ¶ How many thynges longen to a coniunction . Thre . whiche thre Power . Fygure & Ordre . ¶ Two nomynatyfe case synguler with an ( & coniunctyon copulatyf comynge bytwene / woll haue a verbe plurell . ¶ Yf neyther of theym be a negatyf two substantyues synguler with an & coniunccyon copulatyf comynge bytwene / woll haue an odiectyf plurell . ¶ Yf neyther of theym be a negatyf . two an̄cedens synguler with an & cōiunccion copulatyf comynge bytwene / wol haue a relatyf plurel . ¶ Yf neyther of theim be a negatyf / two nominatyf case synguler / two substantyues synguler / two antece dens synguler with a ( vel coniunccyon dysiunctyf comynge bytwene the verbe the adiectyf & the relatyf folowynge shall accorde with hym that is next hym . as Vir vel mulier est alba quem pulcritudo decorat ) ¶ How many maner of wyse may this coniunction be put bytwene vnlyke cases . Thre maner of wyse . ¶ The fyrst whan he is put after a pronowne possessyf . as ( hec res est mea & fratris mei . ) The seconde wyse whan he is put after a worde that is construed wf dyuerse cases . as ( Misereor tui & socio tuo . ¶ The thyrde wyse whan he is put after a prope name of a towne a cyte . as ( moratus sum oxonie & Londonis .

HOw knowest a preposicyon . for he is a parte of reason vndeclyned / that is set byfore al other partes of reason in apposicion or composicyon ¶ In apposicyon whan he seruyth to a case . ¶ In composicyon / whan he seruith no case . & is compounde with a nother worde ¶ Also thies preposicions that ben conteyned in this verse woll serue to the accusatif case ¶ Da prepositiones casus accusatiui ) vt Ad apud &c ¶ And al thies preposicyons that ben conteyned in this verse wol serue to the ablatyf case ( Da prepositiones casus ablatiui ( A ab abs &c ¶ Also thies preposicions that ben conteyned in this verse woll serue to bothe Da vtriusque casus prepositiones . vt In sub super &c ) ¶ What is the properte of a preposicyon in composicyon / to chaunge to make lesse or to fulfyll the sygnyfycacyon of the worde that he is compouned with . ¶ Vn̄ ¶ Sensum preposite complent mutant minuunt ve ) ¶ Clarus preclarus / ridet subridet & ecce ¶ Impius . incuruus . subtristis . & hec tibi monstrant . ¶ Adiuncte voces semper partemque subintrant . ¶ Vt docuit sani sentencia nos Prisciani ¶ Whiche preposicyons standen euer in apposycyon and neuer in composicyon ¶ Vnde versus ¶ Cum tenus absque sine penes ac apud prepositiue . ¶ Semper stare petunt / nunꝙ stant compositiue ¶ A preposicyon in composicion ofte tymes seruyth to the same case that he dooth in apposicyon ( Versus ¶ Verbo composito casum quandoque locabis ¶ Quem dat componens / vt vis exire penates . ¶ How many preposicyons standen euermore in composicyon / & neuer in apposicyon / & serueth no case ¶ Indiuise sunt voces prepositiue ¶ An / di / dis / re / se / conplures / nescio vere ¶ How knowest a very preposicyon from an aduerbe / seruynge an accusatyf case / put in the stede of a preposicyon / may neuer be put without his case ¶ Vn̄.

¶ Ad per apud propter penes ob trans ergaque preter ¶ Prepositiui mere dic hec quartum retinere

¶ Of Interieccyon

HOw knowest a Interieccyon . For he is a parte of reasou vndeclyned / that betokeneth passion of a mannys soule with an vnperfyte voyce / with Ioye sorowe / wondre / strede or Indygnacyon / as Hate / heyfy / alas / weleaway / so howe . out out . and other lyke ¶ Euge onys ( is as moche to saye as well thou be ) & Euge euge is as moche to say in englyssh as out out

¶ Vnde versus ¶ Euge semel carum bis dictum signat amarum ¶ Heu dolet heusque vocat donat & regula sic stat

¶ How many cases may an Interieccyon be ioyned to . To all cases . ¶ To a nomynatyf case . as ( prohdolor . pater meus est infirmus ) To a genitif case . as O misere vite ) To a datyf case . as Heu mihi ) To a accusatyf case . as ( Heu me ) To a vocatyf case . as O fili care ) To a ablatyf case . as ( O casu duro . ) ¶ Vn̄

¶ Accusatiuis heu iungas siue datiuis

¶ Somtyme a nowne is put by hymself / as an Interieccyon . as ( Infandum ) Somtyme with a nother nowne . as / Verbi gracia / Somtyme with pronowne as / Vestri gracia ) ¶ Vnde versus

¶ Interiectiue dic nomina plura locari . ¶ Et pronomen eis quandoque petit sociari . ¶ Infandum sic me miserum tibi testificatur ¶ Verbi gracia . vestri gracia sicque locantur

¶ Of concordes of Gramer

HOw many Concordes of Gramer ben there . Fyue . Whiche fyue . ¶ The fyrste bytwene the nomynatyf case & the verbe . ¶ The seconde bytwene the adiectyf & the substantyf . ¶ The thyrde bytwene the relatyf & the antecedens . ¶ The fourthe bytwene the nowne Partytyf & the genytyf case that folowyth . ¶ The fyfte bytwene the superlatyf degree / and the gentyf case that folowyth . ¶ In how many shall the nomynatyf case and the verbe accorde . In two / Whiche two . in nombre & person . ¶ In how many shall the adiectyf & the substantyf accorde . In thre . Which thre . In case / gendre & Nombre . ¶ In how many shall the relatyf & the antecedens accorde . In .iij Whiche thre / In Gendre Nombre & Person ¶ In how many . shal the nowne partityf & the genityf case that foloweth accorde / In one / whiche / In gendre onely ¶ In how many shall be superlatyf degree & the genytyf case that foloweth accorde / In one / gendre onely

¶ Rule of Verbe

¶ How many tens ben formed of the preterperfectens of the Indycatyf mode / Syxe whiche syxe / The preterpluperfectens of the same mode The of the optatyf mode . The preterperfectens the preterpluperfectens & the futertens of the coniunctyf mode . And the of the infynityf mode ¶ How many chaungyth I into e. & how many holdeth I styll Thre chaungyth i into e. & thre holdeth I styll ¶ whiche thre chaungyth i into e. The preterpluperfectens of the Indicatyf mode as ( amaui ) chaunge i into e. & put therto a ram / & it wol be ( amaueram ) ¶ The preterperfectens of the Coniunctyf mode as amaui ) chaunge i into e / & put therto a rim . & it woll be ( amauerim ¶ The futertens of the same mode / as amaui ) chaunge i into e. & put therto ro. & it woll be amauero ¶ whiche thre holde I styll . The preterpluperfectens of the coniunctyfe mode as ( amaui ) holde I styll & put to s & sem . & it woll be ( amauissem ) The preterpluperfectens of the infinityf mode / as ( amaui . holde I styll & put to s & se / & it woll be ( amauisse