The longe accydence newly correcte

HOw many partes of reason been ther ? Eyght whiche eyght ? Nowne / pronowne / verbe / aduerbe / partycyple / coniunccyon / preposycyon / and interieccyon . ¶ How many ben declyned & how many been vndeclyned ? Foure ben declyned & foure been vndeclyned . whiche foure been declyned ? Nowne / ꝓnowne / verbe / & partycyple . whiche foure be vndeclyned ? Aduerbe / coniunccyon / preposycyon & interieccyon ¶ How many be declyned with case : and how many without case ? Thre be declyned with case / & one without case . whiche thre be declyned with case ? Nowne / ꝓnowne / & partycyple be declyned with case / & verbe all only without case . ¶ How knowest a nowne For all maner thynges that a man may se / fele / or vnderstande / that bereth the name of a thynge is a nowne .

¶ How many maner of nownes be there ? Two. whiche . ii . A nowne substantyf / & a nowne adiectyf . ¶ How knowe you a nowne substantyfe ? For he may stande by him selfe without helpe of an other worde / & is declyned in latyn with one artycle or two at the moost in one case as hic magister / hic & hec sacerdos . How know ye a nowne adiectyf ? For he may not stande by hym selfe without helpe of an other worde / & is declyned in latyn with thre artycles or with thre dyuers endynges in one case / as no minaciuo hic et hec & hoc felix . bonus bona bonum .

¶ How many thynges longe to a nowne ? vi . whiche . vi : qualyte / comparyson / gendre / nombre / fygure / & case what is a qualyte in a nowne ? A ꝓperte by the whiche a nowne accordeth onely to one thynge / as a man or to many thynges as men ¶ How many degrees of comparyson ben there Thre : whiche thre ? posytyf / comparatyf / and superlatyfe ¶ How knowe ye the posytyfe degre ? For he is founder & grounde of all other degrees of comparyson without makynge more or lesse / as fayre whyte and blacke . ¶ How knowest the comparatyf degre for he passeth the posytyf with this aduerbe more / & his englysshe endeth in r / as more wyse or wyser . ¶ How knowest the superlatyf degre for he passeth his posityf with this aduerbe moost / & his englysshe endeth in est / as most wyse or wysest .

¶ what nownes receyue comparyson / suche nownes adiectyfes that may be made more or lesse / as fayre fayrer fayrest ¶ Of whom shall the posytyf degre be fourmed / he is not fourmed but all other degrees of comparyson been fourmed of hym . ¶ Of whom shall the comparatyfe degre be fourmed / of his posytyf : of what case / somtyme of the genytyf & somtyme of the datyf . ¶ whan shall it be fourmed of the genetyf case / euermore whan his posytyf degre is the fyrst declenson / & the seconde by puttynge to this termynacyon or / as docti put therto or & it wyll be doctior . Out of this rule ben outtake . iii. excepcyons . The fyrste excepcyon is of these two nownes . dexter & sinister makynge dexterior and sinisterior . And nownes that endeth in us / as amicus amicitior / magnificus magniticentior .

Si tibi declinet positiuum norma secunde . Taliter inde gradum debes formare secundum . I breuias quem dat laxatiuus et or superaddes Tolle sinisterior cui dextereor sociatur . Quod tibi prebet icus his iungas testis amicus .

¶ The seconde excepcyon is of these fyue nownes bonus malus / magnus / paruus / & multus / & that make the comparatyf degre vnruly .

Res bona res melior res optima res mala prior Pessima res magna res maior maxima rerum . Parua minor minima dic multis plurimus addes . Plurimus multus sic comparat absque secundo

¶ The thyrde excepcyon is whan his posytyue endeth in ius / in eus / in uus / or in uis / than the comparatyfe degre shall be fulfylled with his posytyue and this aduerbe magis / as pius magis pius piissmius / tenuis magis tenuis tenuissimus .

Quod fit in ius vel in eus uus aut uis or caruere Per magis et pium quod comparat instituere .

¶ The comparatyf degre shall be fourmed of the datyf case / euermore whan his posytyf degre is the thyrde declenson / by puttynge this termynacyon or / as nominati uo hic et hec et hoc felix / gton felicis / dton felici / put therto an or / than it wyll be felicior . ¶ Out of this rule take iuuenis makynge iuneor . potis potior nequam nequi or . And wordes of the thyrde declenson that ben conteyned in this verse aboue . Quod fit in ius . &c. ¶ Of whome shall the superlatyf degre be fourmed ? Of his posytyfe degre . Of what case ? Sometyme of the nominatyf case som tyme of the genytyf case / and somtyme of the datyf case . ¶ whan shall he be fourmed of the nomynatyf case / euer more whan his posytyf endeth in the letter / by puttynge to this termynacyon rimus / as niger put therto rimus & it wyll be nigerrimus . Out of this rule been out take memor that maketh memorissimus . Dexter that maketh dexterrimus & dextimus . Sinister maketh sinisterimus & sinistimus . Al so these nownes nuperus vetus & maturus & this worde dextero that fourmeth the superlatyf degre in rimus / as nuperimus veterimus maturimus & dexterimus .

Cum rectus tenet r poteris rimus addere semper In rimus atque timus dexter vel sinister habetur Et memor excipitur memorissimus hinc reperitur Nuperus atque vetus maturus dextero iungis .

¶ Also the superlatyf degre shall be fourmed of the nomina tyf case in these . v. nownes / agilis / facilis / gracilis / humilis / & similis / with theyr cōpoūdes by doynge awaye is & by puttynge to lunus / as agilis / do awaye is & put therto limus and it wyll be agillimus with double ll.

Dat tibi quinque limus que signat dictio fagus Hec agilis gracilis humilis similis facilisque . Et sua composit a que duplicell sunt habenda .

¶ The superlatyf degre shall be fourmed of the genytyf case whan his posytyf is the fyrst declenson and the seconde by puttynge to this lettre s / and simus / as nominatiuo albus a / ū , gton albi / albe / albi . put therto s and si mus and it wyll be albissimus . Oute of this rule be out take these wordes that ben conteyned in this verse . Res bona . And this worde ꝓximus and other more that ben conteyned in these verses folowynge / that somtyme ben of the posytyf degre and somtyme of the superlatyf degre . And whan they ben . the polytyf degre they lacke the superlatyf degre / as proximus proximior .

Proximus extremus quibus infimus adde sup̄mus Infimus addatur duplex gradus his tribuatur Postremus sequitur auctoribus vt reperitur

¶ The suꝑlatyf degre shall be fourmed of the datyf case whan his posytyf is the thyrde declenson by puttynge to this lettre s / & this termynacyon simus . as nton hic hec & hoc sapiens . gto sapientis . dton sapienti / put therto s / & simus & it wyll be sapientissimus . Out of this rule ben out take these thre nownes Iuuenis adolescens & senex / & these two aduerbes an & subter that lacke the suꝑlatyf degre

Ante senex iuuenis addolescens subter et addis Sola quidem solis vtuntur comparatiuis .

¶ How many preposycyons or aduerbes ben sette in the stede of the posytyfe degre / all these folowynge .

Bis septem dicans aduerbia prepositas ve Quas nostri patres posuere loco positiui Ante citra prope post extra supraque vel infra Intra nuper vltra pridem penitusque .

¶ Whiche ben the comparatyues y ben euen in syllables with theyr posytyf / that ben conteyned in these verses .

Iunior et maior peior et prior et minor ista Et non plura suis equalia sunt positiuis Plus minus et primo sunt hec in pectoris imo .

¶ With what case wyll the posytyue degre be construed . with a noiatyf case by the strenght of his degre : but by the vertue of his sygnyfycacyon he may be construed with all cases outtake the nominatyf & the vocatyf with the genytyf as magister est dignus laudis : with a datyf case / as sum similis patri meo : with an accusatyf case / as sum albus faciem : with an ablatyf case / as sum dignus laude . ¶ with what case shal the comparatyf degre be construed with by the strenght of his degre he maye be construed with an ablatyf case of eyther nombre / as sum doctior illo vel illis / or with a nominatyf case with this coniunccyon quam comynge bytwene / as Ego sum doctior quam ille / or with an other obly que case / as mihi opponitur difficilius quam tibi ¶ With what case wyll the superlatyf degre be construed with the genytyf case that betokeneth but two thynges as ego sum pauperrimus sociorum meorum / than the suꝑlatyfe degre may be chaunged in to the comparatyfe / as in this reason . I am wysest of these twayne . Ego sum sapientior istorum duorum . Also the superlatyf degre shal accorde in gendre with the genytyf case that foloweth .

Omne superlatiuum genitiuo sit sociatum Atque suo generi conforme cupit retineri . Vt pateat verum deus est sic optima rerum

¶ Also the superlatyue degre maye be construed with a genytyue case synguler of a nowne collectyue / as Salomon fuit sapientissimus populi . ¶ A nowne collectyue is the nowne that the synguler nombre sygnyfyeth a multytude and then these .

Sunt collectiua populis gens quoque turba Turma phalanx legio cunctis sociare memento .

¶ Also the comparatyue degre may be construed by the vertue of this sygnyfycacyon with all cases that his posytyues maye whyle theye be of one parte of reason .

Quam vult structuram gradus offerri sibi primus Illam naturam gradus offerri sibi primus Quod sapias verum dum parte manet in eadem Tu prope siste forum recto sermone feretur . Sta propiusque thorum nulla ratione tenetur .

¶ All nownes of the comparatyfe degre ben the comyn gendre of two outtake senex & senior the ben onely the mascu lyne gendre in voyce & comyne sygnyfycacyon .

Comparatiuis in or semper comunis habetur . Mas tantum senior cui feminium prohibetur . Adiectiua senes seniorque simul recitetur . Hic tamen sumunt generis tamen omnis habetur . I velc postulat or sed dic tantum seniore

¶ How many gendres ben there in a nowne . seuen . whiche seuen . The masculyne / the femynyne / the neutre / the comyn of two / the comyn of thre / the epycene & the dubyn ¶ How knowest the masculyne gendre . For he is declyned with hic / as nominatiuo hic magister . ¶ How knowest the femynyne gendre . For he is declyned with hec / as nton hec musa . ¶ How knowest the neutre gendre . For he is declyned with hoc / as nominatiuo hoc scannum .

¶ How knowest the comyn gendre of two . For he is declyned with hic and hec / as nominatiuo hic et hec sacerdos . ¶ How knowest the comyn gendre of thre . For he is declyned with hic & hec & hoc / as nton hic et hec et hoc felix . ¶ How knowest the dubyn gendre . For he is declyned with hic and hec & a vel comynge bytwene / as hic vel hec dies / for a daye . ¶ And these nownes in these verses ben the dubyn gendre .

Margo diesque silex finis clunis quoque cortex Hec veteres vere dubii generis posuere . Damaque panthera dicas epychena manere

¶ How knowest the epycene gendre . for vnder one voyce and vnder one artycle / he comprehendeth bothe male and female / as hic passer a sparowe / hec aquila an egle . ¶ What nownes ben of the epycene gendre . Nownes of smale byrdes / whose dyscrecyon of kynde maye not be lyghtly knowen . ¶ And these nownes folowynge been of the epycene gendre .

Passer mustela miluus dicas epycene Talpaque cum daina iungitur his aquila .

¶ How many nombres ben there . Two / whiche two / the synguler nombre and the plurell nombre . ¶ Howe knowest the synguler nombre . For he speketh but of one thynge as a man . ¶ Howe knoweh the plurell nombre . For he speketh of many thynges as men . How many fygures ben there . Thre / whiche thre . The symple compounde / & decompounde . Simplex as magnus . Compounde as magnanimus . Decompounde as magnanimitas . ¶ How many cases ben there . Syxe / whiche syxe . The nominatyf case / the genytyf / the datyf / the accusatyf / the vocatyf and the ablatyf . ¶ How knowest the nominatyf case For he cometh before the verbe and anfwereth to this questyon who or what . ¶ How knowest the gynytyf case / for of after a nowne substantyue / verbe substantyfe nowne partytyue / nowne dystrybutyf / comparatyfe or superlatyue is the sygne of the genytyue case . ¶ Also whan there cometh two substantyues togyder yf the one be hauer of that other / the hauer shall be put in a genytyf case / as frater Iohis / the broder of Iohanne & of after a verbe adiectyf partycyple gerundyf or supyne / & of after a ꝓ pre name is the sygne of the ablatyf with a preposycyon

Post proprium nomen post mobile post quoque verbum . Postque gerundiuum post participansque supinum Si veniat sensus genitiui iungito sextum Cum reliquis sextum non iungas sed genitiuum

¶ How knowest the datyf case . For to before a nowne or a pronowne is the sygne of the datyfe case . ¶ How knowest the accusatyue case / for he cometh after the verbe & answereth to this questyon / whome or what . Also to be fore a propre name of a towne or cyte / and in with a to before a parte of a mannes body is the sygne of the accusatyf case . ¶ How knowest the vocatyue case . For he clepeth or calleth or speketh to . ¶ Howe knowest the ablatyue case . By my sygnes / in with throughe before or fro than of after a comparatyue degre is syngne of the ablatyf case . And whan this worde in with a to cometh togyder it wyll serue to the accusatyfe case / and in with out a to wyll serue to the accusatyue case / as in this verse .

In to vult quartum sine to vult iungere sextum .

¶ How many declenson ben there . fyue / whiche . v. the fyrst / the seconde / the thyrde / the fourth / & the fyfth . ¶ How knowest the fyrst declenson . For the genytyf & the datyf synguler / the nominatyf & the vocatyf plurell shall ende in e / the accusatyf in am / the vocatyf shal be lyke the nominatyf / the ablatyf in a the genytyf plurell in arum / the datyfe & the ablatyf in is / & somtyme in abus / the accusatyfī as

A veniens ex us sine neutro transit in abus Sicut mulabus azinabus cum dominabus Hec animatorum sunt discernentia sexum Iunges ambabus ex ambo duoque duobus . Ast animas famulas non regula des dedit vsus

¶ Also these nownes in these verses ben the fyrst declenson and the neutre gendre .

Pascha polenta lota zizania mammona manna Sunt neutri generis et declinatio prima .

¶ How knowest the seconde declenson . For the genytyf case synguler / the nominatyf & the vocatyf plurel endeth in i / the datyf and the ablatyf in o / the accusatyf inum . Whan the nominatyf case endeth in ror in m / the vocatyf shall be lyke hym . Whan the nominatyf case endeth in us / the vocatyf shall ende in e / as nton hic dominus / vton o domine .

Us mutabis in e per cetera cuncta secunde Filius excipitur quo in i vel in e reperitur .

¶ Whan that nominatyf case endeth in ius / yf it be a propre name of a man the vocatyfe shall ende in i / as nominatiuo hic laurentius . vocatiuo o laurenti .

Cum proprium datius tenet i quintus iaciens us .

¶ The genytyf plurell in orum / the datyf & the ablatyf in is / the accusatyue in os / yf it be a propre nowne . Of the neutre gendre to haue thre cases lyke in the synguler nombre and thre in the plurell / as nominatiuo hoc scannum / acton hoc scannum / vocatiuo o scannum . Et pluraliter nton hec scāna / accusatiuo hec scāna / vocatiuo o scāna . Out take ambo and duo .

Recto cum quarto sit quinto neutra tenenta . Ambo duoque mari neutrum faciunt simulari

¶ How knowest the thyrde declenson ? For the genytyfe case synguler endeth in is / the datyf in i / the accusatyue in em or in im / the vocatyf shall be lyke the nomynatyfe the ablatyf in e or in i. The nomynatyf the accusatyf and the vocatyf plurell endeth in es / the genytyfe plurell in um or in ium / the datyf and the ablatyfe plurell in bus ¶ How knowest the fourth declenson . For they genytyf synguler / the nomynatyfe accusatyfe and the vocatyfe plurell endeth in us / the datyf in ui the accusatyf in um the vocatyf shall be lyke the nominatyf / the ablatyfe in u. The genytyf plurell in uum / the datyf and ablatyf in bus .

¶ Also these nownes that ben conteyned in these verses hath u before bus in the datyf and the ablatyf plurell . Out take these in these verses folowynge .

Ante bus u seruant ficus tribus arcus acusque Artus cum verubus portus partusque lacusque . Et specus et quercus illis penis associamus

¶ Howe knowest the fyfth declenson . For the genytyf & the datyf synguler endeth in ei / the accusatyf in em the vocatyf shall be lyke the nomynatyf / the ablatyf in e. The nomynatyf the accusatyue and the vocatyfe plurell endeth in es / the genytyf plurell in erum the datyfe and the ablatyf in ebus . ¶ Also these nownes of the fyfth declenson lacke the genytyf datyfe and the ablatyf plurell out take these in these verses folowynge .

Desunt plurali genitiui siue datiui Et sexti quinte nisi res speciesque diesque Progenies vel maneries dic materiesque Ast acies facies predictis addere debes . Ut brito testatur spes istis consociatur

¶ Of the pronowne .

HOw knowest thou a pronowne . For he is a parte of reason declyned with case that it sette for a propre name / and betokeneth as moche as a ꝓpre name of a man / and otherwyse receyueth certayn persones and certayn nombres . ¶ How many pronownes ben there . xv . whiche . xv . Ego / tu / sui / ille / ipse / iste / hic / is / meus / tuus / suus / noster / & vester / similiter nostras & vestras ¶ How many ben prymatyues and how many ben dyryuatyues . viii . ben prymatyues and. vii . deryuatyues whiche . viii . ben prymatyues . Ego / tu / sui / ille / ipse / iste hic / and is . whiche . vii . ben dyryuatyues . Meus / tuus / suus / noster / vester / nostras & vestras . Of these . vii . dyryuatyues some ben onely relatyues / & some ben relatyues and demonstratyues bothe .

Tantum demonstrat ego tu simul hic simul iste Iure relatiue gaudet is atque sui . Monstrant vel referunt ille vel ipse tibi

¶ How knowest a pronowne demonstratyf . For by hym is some thynge shewed . How knowest a pronowne relatyf / for by hym is some thynge shewed that is sayd before How many pronownes hath the vocatyf case / & how many lacketh . iiii . hath the vocatyf case / & all other lacketh .

Quatuor exceptis pronomina nulla vocabis . Tu meus et noster nostras hec sola vocantur .

¶ How many thynges longe to a ꝓnowne . Syxe / whiche . vi . Qualite / gendre / nombre / fygure / person / & case . ¶ How many persones ben there . thre . Whiche thre / the fyrste / the seconde / the thyrde ¶ How knowest the fyrste persone / for he speketh of hym selfe / as I or we . ¶ How knowest the .ii . persone : for he speketh to an other : as thou or ye . ¶ How knowest the thyrde persone / for he speketh of an other as he or they & euery nowne pronowne & partycyple is the thyrde persone / outtake ego nos tu & vos / with oblyques / & the vocatyue case . ¶ How many declensons of pronownes ben there . iiii . Whiche . iiii . the fyrste / the seconde / the thyrde / the fourth . ¶ How knowest the fyrst declenson / for the genytyf case synguler endeth in i or in is : & the datyf in i. ¶ How many pronownes ben of the fyrst declenson . iii. whiche . iii. Ego tu sui . ¶ How knowest the seconde declenson / for the genytyfe case synguler endeth in ius or in ius / & the datyf in i or in c. ¶ How many pronownes ben of that declenson ? fyue / whiche fyue ? Ille ipse / iste / hic / & is . viii . nownes with theyr compoundes

Vnus vllus totus solus alter alius aliquis vter Cum natis alius vter alter solo quis vnus Totus et vllus habe pronoīs ista secunde .

¶ How many of these . viii . nownes haue the vocatyf case & how many lacketh . Thre hathe the vocatyue case and all other lacketh . whiche thre hathe the vocatyf case . Vnus totus and solus .

Pone vocatiuos cum totus solus et vnus Sed non in reliquis quorum laxatiuus in ius .

¶ How knowest the thyrde declenson . For the genytyfe case synguler endeth in i in e & in i / & datyf in o in e and in o. How many pronownes conteyneth he . v. whiche . v. Meus tuus suus noster vester . ¶ How knowest the fourth declenson . For the genytyf case synguler endeth in atis & the datyf in ati . ¶ How many pronownes ben of the declenson . ii . whiche . ii . nostras & vr̄as : & a nowne gentyle : as cuias atis . Here is dyfference betwene cuias atis & cuius a / ū .

Cuias de gente vel de patria solet esse . Cuius de gente cuium de re petet apte .

HOw knowest a verbe . For he is a parte of reason declyned with mode & tense without case or artycle / & betokeneth to do to suffre or to be . How many thynges longe to a verbe . vii . whiche . vii . mode / coniugacyon gendre / nombre / fygure / tyme / & persone . ¶ How many modes ben there . v. whiche . v. the indicatyf / imperatyf / oꝑtatyf / coniunctyf / & the infinityf . ¶ How knowest the indicatyf mode . For he sheweth a reason sothe or fals by the way of askynge or of tellynge . ¶ How knowest the imperatyf mode . For he byddeth or commaundeth . How knowest the oꝑtatiue mode . For he wylleth or despreth / & this worde wolde god is sygne of the optatyf mode . Also these thre englysshe wordes / wolde / sholde / or were / are the sygne of the optatyf mode presentens & these . iiii . latyn wordes folowynge by the sygnes of the optatyfe mode Des optatiuo vtinam ne quatinus osi .

¶ How knowest the coniunctyue mode / for he ioyneth a verbe to hym / or is Ioyned to an other . And these wordes folowynge serue to the coniunctyue mode .

Siquamuis quamquam tam et licet atque prius quam Antequam an donec vt postquam siue quous quam . Cum nisi quin acsi quo coniungit tibi recte Indicat et quando dum sunt sicut cetera plura

¶ How knowest the infynytyf mode / for to before a verbe is sygne of the infynytyf mode / or elles whan there cometh two verbes togydet without a relatyf or a coniunccyon the latter shal be the infynytyf mode ¶ How many coniugacyons ben there . iiii . whiche . iiii the fyrst / the seconde / the thyrde / the fourth . ¶ How knowest the fyrst coniugacyon / for he hath a longe before there in the infynytyf mode of the actyf voyce / or in the imꝑatyf mode of the passyue voyce vt amare . ¶ How knowest the seconde coniugacyon / for he hath an e longe before the re in the infynytyf mode of the actyf voyce or the imꝑatyf mode of the passyue voyce / as docere . How knowest the thyrde coniugacyon . for he hath an e shorte before the re in the infynytyf mode of the actyf voyce / or in the imperatyf mode of the passyf voyce / as legere ¶ How knowest the fourth coniugacyon / for he hath ani longe before there in the infynytyf mode of the actyf voyce / or the imperatyf mode of the passyf voyce as audire . ¶ How many gendres of verbes ben there . v. whiche . v. actyf / passyf / neutre / comyn & deponent . How knowest a verbe actyf / for he endeth in o & may take r vpon o & make of hym a passyfe / & of a verbe actyf cometh . ii . partycyples / but of a verbe actyf that lacketh the supynes cometh but one partycyple . All maner verbes that betoken drede lacketh supynes outtake these in these verses

Absque supinis sunt omnia verbatimoris . Formido / trepido / dubito / tremit excipiantur Et vereor veritum dat vt auctores memoriantur

¶ All these verbes ben verbes actyues that lacke supynes

Respuo linquo tenet disco posco metuoque Sileo cum renuo cauet addimus vrget et ango . Hec sunt actiua tamen illis nulla supina .

¶ How knowest a verbe passyfe ? For he endeth in r and may do away his r & turne agayne to his actyf . ¶ How many partycyples come of a verbe passyf . ii . whiche . ii . one of the pretertc̄s / an other of the last futertens in dus ¶ How knowest a verbe neutre ? For he endeth in o / & may not take r vpon o / nor make of hym a passyue . ¶ How many partycyples come of a verbe neutre . ii . as dothe of a verbe actyfe / but of suche verbes neutres that lacke supynes cometh but one partycyple . & all verbe neutres that betokeneth shynynge or drede / lacke supynes / out take these in these verses folowynge .

Que dant splendorem vel que dant verba timorem . Nulla supmantur : sed quatuor excipiantur . Unde chorusco facit atum / dat fulgeo fulsum Et verear veritum formido supinat in atum .

¶ All verbe neutres of the seconde coniugacyon makyn ye the pretertens in uilacke supynes . Outtake these in these verses folowynge .

En per uineutra tacuere supina secunde . Formatitum doleo / noceo / placco / valeoque . Pareo preber itum / licet ac oleo taceoque . Pertineo cohibet his attinco sociato Cum dat ui pateo passum : lateo latitum dat Dat careo carui caritum cassum ve supino Pando pati pateo passum fecere supino

¶ And of som verbe neutres / as verbe neutre passiues cometh thre partycyples / as of audio cometh audiens ausus ausurus .

Neutra passiua dant participantia trina . Audeo cum soleo fio cum gaudeo fido Quinque puer numero neutra passiua tibi do

¶ All these verbes that ben conteyned in these verses been verbe neutre passyues .

Exulo vapulo veneo fio nubo liceoque . Sensum passiui sub voce gerunt aliena .

¶ How knowest a verbe deponent . For he hathe a lettre of the passyue and sygnyfycacyon of the actyue / but ther ben foure verbes deponentes that haue noo pretertens that ben conteyned in these verses folowynge .

Quafuor hec liquor medeor vescor reminiscor . Nam circūloquium de se dant preteritorum .

¶ How knowest a verbe comyn . For it hath a lettre of the passyue & sygnyfycacyon of the actyue & passyue bothe

Largior experior veneror moror osculor hortor Criminor amplector tibi sunt communia lector Sibene connumeres interpretor hospitor addes

¶ How many partycyples come of a verbe comyn . iiii . as largiens largitus largiturus largiendus ¶ How many tens ben there in a verbe . Fyue whiche fyue / the presentens / the preterimꝑfectens / the preterꝑfectens / the preterpluꝑfectens / & the futertens . ¶ How knowest the presentens / for he speketh of the tyme that is now : as I loue . ¶ How knowest the preterimperfectens . For he speketh of the tyme that is lytel past without one of these sygnes haue or had / as I loued . ¶ How knowest the preterperfectens ? For he speketh of the tyme that is fully past with this sygne haue / as I haue loued . ¶ How knowest the preterpluperfectens ? For he speketh of the tyme that is more than fully past / with this sygne had / as I had loued ¶ How knowest the futertens ? For he speketh of the tyme that is to come with this sygne shall / as I shall loue ¶ How many personnes be ther. thre . whiche . thre . the fyrst as lego / the seconde as legis / the thyrde as legit .

HOw knowest an aduerbe . For he is a parte of reason vndeclyned / that standeth nexte the verbe to declare & fulfyll the sygnyfycacyon of the verbe . ¶ How many thynges longe to an aduerbe . iii. whiche . iii. sygnyfycacyon comparyson & fygure . ¶ How many aduerbes of places been there . iiii . Whiche . iiii . Vnde frome whens Vbi where . Quo whether . Qua wherby .

Vnde vbi quo vel qua loca querunt quatuor issta . Quo petit ad / qua per / in vbi / vnde petit de .

¶ How many degrees of comparyson ben there ? Thre : whiche thre . The posytyfas docte / the comparatyfe as doctus / the superlatyfas doctissime .

¶ Of the partycyple .

HOw knowest a ꝑtycyple ? For he is a parte of reason declyned with case the taketh parte of a nowne parte of a verbe / parte of both . What taketh he of a nowne gendre & case . What of a verbe / tyme & sygnyfycacyon . What of bothe . Nombre and fygure . ¶ How many thynges longe to a partycyple . Syx whiche syxe gendre case tyme sygnyfycacyon / nombre and fygure ¶ Howe many gendres ben there in a partycyple . iiii . whiche . iiii . The masculyne as lectus / the femynyne as lecta / the neutre as lectum / the comyn as hic ethec et hoc legens ¶ How many cases ben there in a partycyple . Syxe as in a nowne .

¶ How many tens ben there in a partycyple . iii. the presentens / the pretertens / & the futertc̄s . ¶ How many maner of partycyples ben there . iiii . whiche . iiii . The partycyple of the presentens / a partycyple of the pretertens a partycyple of the fyrst future / & an other of the latter future . ¶ Howe knowest a partycyple of the presentens ? By his englysshe & by his latyn . How by his englysshe . For his englysshe endeth in ynge or in ande / as louynge louande / and his latyn endeth in ans or in ens : as amans docens . ¶ How knowest thou a partycyple of the pretertens . By his englysshe and by his latyn . How by his englysshe ? For it begynneth with I / as I loued / and his latyn endeth in tus or in sus / as amatus visus . ¶ How knoweste a partycyple of the fyrst futertens . By his englysshe and by his latyn . How by his englysshe . For it be gynneth with to without be / as to loue / & his latyn endeth in rus / as amaturus docturus . ¶ How knowest a partycyple of the latter futertens . By his englysshe & by his latyn . How by his englysshe . For it begynneth with to and be / as to be loued / and his latyn endeth in dus / as amandus docendus .

Ens ans presentis semper dictemporis esse . Tus sus preteriti : rus dus sic esse futuri

¶ Whiche ben the actyf sygnyfycacyons / ens ans & rus

And tus sus and dus be of the passyf sygnyfycacyon .

Ens ans rus et agunt / & tus sus dus patiuntur Si deponctis bene preteritum recitabis Hinc semper sensus vis vtriusque datur . Idcirco semper dicetur conuenienter . Nos simul a nobis auxiliatus eris .

¶ Of whome shal the partycyple of the presentens be fourmed . Of the fyrst persone synguler nombre of the preterimpfectens of the indycatyf mode by chaungynge bam in to n and s / as amabam chaunge bam in to n and s / & it wyl be amans . Out of this rule ben outtake tens of ibam quiens of quibam / with theyr compoundes makynge the genytyf in vntis / excepte ambientis of ambientis .

Ens entis donat sed ab hinc tu pauca retractes Semper iens vel quiens cum natis format in vntis . Ambo participem recte formabit in entis

¶ Of whome shall the partycyple of the presentes be fourmed . Of the latter supyne by puttynge to this lettres / as lectu / put therto s / & it wyll be lectus . ¶ Of whome shall the ꝑtycyple of the fyrst futur be fourmed . Of the latter supyn / by puttynge to this termynacyon rus / as lectu / put therto a rus & it wyll be lecturus . Outtake nasciturus of nascor and ignosciturus of ignosco .

Nascor et ignosco contra normam duo nosco Hec et non plura per rus formare futura .

¶ Of whome shall the partycyple of the last futur be fourmed of the genytyf case synguler nombre of the partycyple of the presentens by chaungynge t is in to dus / as amantis chaunge t is in to dus / & it wyll be amandus .

Ens ans presentis dus formes de genitiuo Tus rus postremum sus fac formare supinum

¶ How many maner of wyse maye the voyce of the partycyple be chaunged in to a nowne : iui . maner of wyse . the fyrst by composycyon / as doctus indoctus . The seconde wyse by comparyson / as doctus doctior doctissimus . The thyrde wyse whan he maye be construed with an other case than the verbe that he cometh of / as sum doctus grammatice . The fourth wyse whan he lygnyfyeth noo tens as amandus id est dignus amari worthy to be loued .

Dum mutat regimen fit participans tibi nomen . Dum perdit tempus dum comparat associamus Sit tibi compositum dum simplex sit tibi verbum .

¶ Of the coniunccyon .

HOw knowest a coniunccyon . For he is a parte of reason vndeclyned that byndeth or Ioyneth wordes of setences togyder in ordre . ¶ How many thynges longen to a coniunccyon thre : Whiche thre . Power / fygure / and ordre . Two nomynatyfe cases synguler with an et coniunccyon copulatyf comynge betwene wyl haue a verbe plurell . Yf nether of theym be a negatyfe two substantyues synguler with an et coniunccyon copulatyf comynge betwene wyll haue an adiectyf plurell . Yf neyther of them be a negatyf two antecedens synguler with an et coniunccyon copulatyf comynge bytwene wyll haue a relatyf plurell . Yf nether of them be a negatyue / two nomynatyf cases synguler / two substantyues synguler / two antecedens synguler with a vel coniūccyon dyliūctyfe comynge bytwene the verbe the adiectyue & the relatyf folowynge accorde with hym that is nexte him / as vir vel mulier est alba vel pulchritudo decora . ¶ Howe many maner of wyse maye this coniūccyon be put betwene vnlyke cases . iii. maner of wyse / the fyrst whan he is put after a pronowne possessyue / as hecres est mea & fratris mei / the seconde wyse whan he is put after a worde that is construed with dyuers cases / as miserior tui et socio tuo the thyrde wyse whan he is put after a propre name of a cyte or towne / as moratus sum Oxome et londoniis .

HOw knowest a preposycyon : For he is a parte of reason vndeclyned / that is set before all other partes of reason in apposycyon or composycyon . In apposycyon whan he serueth to no case . In composycyon whan he serueth to no case and is compounded with an other worde . Also these preposycyons that ben conteyned in this verse wyll serue to to the accusatyf case .

¶ Da prepositiones casus accusatiui : vt ad apud . &c. ¶ And all these preposycyons that be conteyned in this verse wyll serue to the ablatyf case . ¶ Da prepositiōes casus ablatiui : vt A abs &c. ¶ Also these preposycyons that ben conteyned in this verse wyll serue to bothe .

Da vtriusque prepositiones : vt in sub super &c.

¶ What is the properte of a preposycyon in composycyon to chaunge to make lesse or to fulfyll the sygnyfycacyon of the worde that he is compounded with .

Sensum preposite complent mutant minuunt ve Clarus preclarus ridet subridet apollo Impius incurus subtristis et hec tibimonstrant Adiuncte voces semper partemque subintrant . Vt docuit sani sententia nos prisciani .

¶ Whiche preposycyons standeth euer in apposycyon & neuer in composycyon .

Cum tenus absque sine penes ac apud prepositiue Semper stare petunt nunquam stant compositiue

¶ A preposycyon in composycyon often tymes serueth the same case that he dothe in apposycyon .

Verbo composito eadem quandoque locabis Quem dat componens vt vis exire penates

¶ How many preposycyons standeth euermore in composycyon & neuer in apposycyon and serueth to no case .

Indiuisiue sunt voces preposiue An di disre se co con plures nescio vere

¶ How knowest a very preposycyon from an aduerbe seruynge an accusatyue case put in the stede of a preposycyon maye neuer be put without his case .

Ad per apud propter penes obtrans ergaque preter Prepositiue mere dic hec quartum retinere

¶ Of the interieccyon .

HOw knowest an interieccyon ? For he is a parte of reason vndeclyned : that betokeneth passyon of a mannes soule with an vnperfyte voyce / with Ioye sorowe / wonder / drede / or indygnacyon / as hate / hey / fye alas / weleawaye / so how / out out and other lyke . Euge ones is as moche for to saye as wel thou be / & euge euge is as moche for to saye in englysshe as out out .

Euge semel carum : bis dictum signat amarum . Heu dolet heusque vocat donati regula sic stat.

¶ How many cases maye an Interieccyon be ioyned to / to all cases . To a nomynatyf case / as Prohdolor pater meus est infirmus . To a genytyfe case / as O misere vite . To a datyfe case / as heu miht . To an acccusatyue case as heu me . To a vocatyf case as O filicare . To an ablatyf case / as O casu duro .

Accusatiuis heu iungas siue datiuis .

¶ Sometyme a nowne is put by him selfe as an interieccy on as infādū / sometyme with an other nowne / as vbi gratia / somtyme with a pronowne / as vestri gratia .

Interiectiue dic nomina pluralocari Et pronomen eis quandoque petit sociari Infandum sic me miserum tibi testificatur Verbi gratia vestri gratia sicque locantur

¶ Of concordes of grammer .

hOw many concordes of grammer ben there ? Fyue whiche fyue ? The fyrst bytwene the nomynatyf case & the verbe . The seconde betwene the adiectyfe and the substantyf . The thyrde bytwene the relatyf and the antecedens . The fourthe bytwene the nowne partytyf & the genytyf case that foloweth . The fyfth bytwene the superlatyf degre and the genytyf case that foloweth . In how many shall the nomynatyfe case and the verbe accorde . In two / whiche two . In nombre and persone . In how many shall the adiectyue & the substantyue accorde . In thre / whiche thre . In case gendre & nombre . In how many shal the relatyf & the antecedens accorde . In. iii. whiche . iii. In gendre / in nombre / & persone . In how many shall the nowne partytyf and the genytyf case that foloweth accorde . In one / whiche one . In gendre onely . In how many shall the superlatyf degre & the genytyfe case that foloweth accorde . In one / gendre onely .

¶ Rule of verbe .

¶ How many tens ben fourmed of the preterperfectens of the indicatyfe mode . vi . whiche . vi . The preterpluꝑfectens in the same mode . The preterpluperfectens of the oꝑtatyue mode . The preterperfectens the preterpluperfectens & the futertens of the coniunctyf mode . And the preterpluperfectens of the infynytyfe mode . How many chaungeth i in to e / and how many holdeth i styll .

Thre chaungeth i in to e / & . iii. holdeth I styl / whiche . iii. chaungeth i in to e. The preterpluperfectens of the indycatyfe mode / as amaui / chaunge i in to e / and put therto a ram & it wyll be amaueram . The preterperfectens of the coniunctyf mode as amaui / chaunge i in to e & put therto a rim / & it wyll be amauerim The futertens of the same mode / as amaui / chaunge i in to e / & put therto a ro & it wyll be amauero . whiche thre holde I styll . The preterpluperfectens of the coniunctyue mode / as amaui holde i styll & put therto s & sem & it wyll be amauissem . The preterpluperfectens of the Indicatyfe mode / as amaui holde i styll & put to sand se and it wyll be amauisse .

¶ Thus endeth the accydence Enprynted at London By wynkyn de worde .