A plaine and easie laying open of the meaning and vnderstanding of the rules of construction in the English accidence appointed by authoritie to be taught in all schooles of hir Maiesties dominions, for the great vse and benefite of yoong beginners: by Iohn Stockwood sometime schoolmaster of Tunbridge.

RVLES OF CONSTRVCTION made plaine for yoong beginners in the Grammar schoole .

Question .

WHat is next to be done , after that you haue once perfectly learned the eight parts of spéech set downe in your Accidence ?

Answer . We do then commonly , and for the most part vse to enter into the rules of construction , that we may be able to learne some easy Autor in the Latin toong , méetest for the capacitie and vnderstanding of yoong beginners .

Quest. To what end do these rules of construction principally , and especially serue ?

The vse of the rules of construction . An. To teach which of these eight parts of spéech may most aptly and fitly in making of Latin , or construing of Autors be ioined togither , and agrée the one with the other in some certaine properties , or else be gouerned and as it were ruled the one of the other .

Rules of concord and rules of gouerning . Qu. It séemeth then by this your answer , that for teaching sake , all your rules of construction may be in such sort diuided , as that they may be referred vnto either concord and agréeing , or else vnto ruling and gouernment .

An. So it is indéed , and so far foorth as is sufficient for the Punies and Petites in the Grammar schoole to know , reseruing the more curious diuisions for such as are of riper and further yéeres .

Qu. Tel me therefore , how many things are chiefly to be marked in these your English rules of construction ?

Two things to be marked in construction . An. There are two things especially to be regarded and considered .

Qu. What are they ?

An. The concord and agréeing of words togither : and the gouerning or ruling one word of another .

Qu. What call you a Concord ?

What a concord is . An. A Concord is the agréeing and ioining togither of two Latin words at the least , in certaine conditions and properties , the which of the Grammarians are called accidents , as of the verbe personall and his nominatiue case , in number and person : of the substantiue and the adiectiue , in case , gender , and number : of the relatiue and antecedent , in gender , number and person .

Qu. How many concords are there ?

Three concords properly . An. There be thrée concords .

Qu. Which be they ?

An. The first , betwéene the nominatiue case and the verb : the second , betwéene the substantiue and the adiectiue : the third , betwéene the antecedent and the relatiue . Vnto these som do adde two other , that is , two substantiues , when they be ioined togither in one case : and the agréeing togither of the word that asketh a question , and the word that answereth vnto the same question , the which they call the interrogatiue and his redditiue . But bicause these are not so properly concords , we will follow our owne Accidence , and content our selues with the thrée first named .

Qu. Wherefore were these concords at the first inuented ?

The vse of the concords . An. They do serue ( as we are taught in the very first words of our English rules ) to learne vs how to ioine words duly and orderly togither in construction .

Qu. Is there then any order to be kept in the ioining of words togither in construction ?

What order is to be kept in construing . An. If there be a vocatiue case in the sentence , you must first begin your construing with it , next must follow the nominatiue case with such other words as are to be ioined with it : after the nominatiue case commeth the principall verbe with such words in the same sentence as he doth gouerne , or do depend vpon him , wherewith by the helpe of your master , and often practise in construing you shall easily be acquainted .

Qu. What is first to be done then in turning an English into Latin , or in construing of your lesson ?

The principall verbe . An. First of all the principall verbe must be sought out , bicause without the verbe the sentence is vnperfect .

Qu. How shall you find out the principall verbe ?

How he is to be found out . An. Our booke doth teach vs , that if there be but one verbe in the sentence , the same is the principal verbe : but if there be more verbs than one in the sentence , the first is the principall verbe , except it be the infinitiue moode , or haue before it a relatiue , as that , whom , which , and in Latin qui , quae , quod : or a coniunction , as vt , that , cum , when , si , if , and such others : or else some aduerbe of wishing , as vtinam , I would to God , o , si , ô that , and such like .

Qu. After that you haue the principall verbe , what must next be done ?

The nominatiue case . An. I must séeke out his nominatiue case , vnles it be a verbe impersonall , which will haue no nominatiue case .

Qu. By what meanes may the nominatiue case be found out ?

How he is to be found out . An. By asking this question who , or what : for the word that answereth to this question , shall be the nominatiue case to the verbe .

Qu. Shew me this by some example .

An. When I say in English : God is good , if I would know which word in this sentence is the nominatiue case , I shal find it by putting this question who , or what before the verbe is , after this maner , saying , who , or what is good , and the answer is , God , the which héerby I know to be the nominatiue case : so in this sentence , Good schollers vse diligence , if I aske , who vse diligence , the answer is , Good schollers , which is the nominatiue case . And so foorth in the like .

Qu. How must the nominatiue case be placed in making or construing of Latin ?

The ordinarie place of the nominatiue case in construction . An. He must be set next before the verbe , except a question be asked .

Qu. What if a question be asked ?

1 The first exception altering the place of the nominatiue case An. Then the nominatiue case is to be set after the verbe , or after the signe of the verbe .

Qu. Shew me this by the examples set downe in your Accidence ?

An. Amas tu , louest thou ? In this question the word tu , thou , being the nominatiue case , is set after the verbe Amas. In the other example , venitne rex , doth the king come ? the word rex , the king , being the nominatiue case , is in the English set after this word doth , which is in this place the signe of the verbe come .

Qu. How shall I know the signe of the verbe , from the verb it selfe ?

How the signe of the verbe is to be knowen from the verb it selfe . An. That is well asked of you , bicause it is not expressed in the Accidence , and yet may be some trouble vnto a yoong beginner .

Qu. Let me sée then what you can answer vnto this question .

An. There be diuers words in English , the which sometimes are signes of a verbe , and somtimes they are verbs themselues .

Qu. Which be they ?

Words that somtimes are signes of the verbe , and somtimes verbs themselues , and when they be so , or not so . An. These among the rest : Do , doest , doth , did , diddest , haue , hast , hath , had , haddest , shall , shalt , will , wilt , may , can , might , would , should , ought , oughtest , am , art , are , was , wast , bin , be , and such like , the which being set before other verbs , are but signes of the verbe , and somtimes are tokens of the tense of the verbe , and somtimes are tokens of the voice of the verbe , as namely whether he be actiue , passiue , or neuter . And sometimes they are verbs themselues , and that for the most part , being set alone .

Qu. Giue me one or two examples of this , and so shall I know that you vnderstand what you say .

An. When I say in English , I do loue , thou doest loue , he doth loue , &c. these words do , doest , doth , are signes of the verbe loue , and tokens of the present tense . But in these sayings , I do , thou doest , he doth , these words , do , doest , doth , are verbes themselues , and the like is to be said of all the rest for the most part .

Qu. Are there no more exceptions causing the nominatiue case to be set after the verbe ?

An. Yes , there are two other .

Qu. Rehearse them .

The second exception altering the place of the nominatiue case An. If the verbe be of the imperatiue moode , the nominatiue case shall be set after the verbe , or after the signe of the verbe , as Ama tu , loue thou , where the nominatiue case , tu , thou , is set after the verbe ama , loue . Amato ille , let him loue , in which example the nominatiue case ille in Latin , is set after the verbe amato , and in English after this word let , being the signe of the imperatiue moode , before the verbe loue .

Qu. What is the third exception ?

The third exception altering the place of the nominatiue case An. Sometime when this signe it , or there , commeth before the English of the verbe , the nominatiue case shall be set after the verbe : as Est liber meus , It is my booke , where this word liber , booke , is set after the verbe est , is , bicause this signe it is placed before the verbe . Againe , Venit ad me quidam , There came one vnto me , in which example , quidam , one , is set after the verbe venit , came , bicause this signe there commeth before it .

Words placed one way in Latin , and another way in construing the same into English . Further it is to be noted , that oftentimes in Latin the nominatiue case for elegancie sake is set after the verbe , with a far better grace than it could be set before the verbe , the which notwithstanding in construing of the same into English , is to be set before the verbe .

Qu. You haue said that the word the which in construing commeth before the verbe , is the nominatiue case , and that his most vsuall place is to be set before the verbe : but what case shall that word be , the which in Latin making , and in construing commeth next after the verbe ?

The vsual place of the accusatiue case . An. If it be a casuall word , that is , such a word as is declined with case , and answereth to this question whom , or what , made by the verbe , it shall commonly be the accusatiue case , vnles the verbe do require some other case to be gouerned withall , as Deum cole , Worship God . Aske this question whom or what , saying , Worship whom , you answer God , which héereby you know to be the accusatiue case .

Qu. Yea but you said ( me thought ) Deum cole , where the word Deum , which you say signifieth God , and is also the accusatiue case , the which should follow the verbe , is placed notwithstanding ( as you sée ) before the verbe .

Note . An. Albeit that in the words as they ly in Latin , Deum be set before the verbe cole , yet in construing it commeth after the verbe , as cole , worship thou , Deum , God . And héere you must marke that like as many times in Latin ( as it was said immediately before ) the nominatiue case is set after the verbe , and yet in construing is to be placed before the verbe : so contrarywise the accusatiue case is often in Latin set before the verbe , when as notwithstanding in construing it must be placed after the verbe .

Qu. Now recite the example of your booke , where the word following the verbe , is not the accusatiue case , but is put in some other case , and shew me withall the reason of the same .

An. Si cupis placere magistro , vtere diligentia , nec sis tantus cessator , vt calcaribus indigeas . If thou couet to please the master , vse diligence , and be not so slacke ( or so great a sluggard ) that thou shalt need spurres .

Please , Whom ? The master . Vse , What ? diligence . Need , What ? spurs , In this example there be thrée seuerall casuall words , following thrée seuerall verbs , and answering to the question whom or what to be made by the verbe ( as placere magistro , please the master , vtere diligentia , vse diligence , calcaribus indigeas , need spurres ) and yet neither of them are the accusatiue case , but magistro , the datiue case , bicause placere will haue a datiue case , diligentia the ablatiue case , bicause vtere will haue an ablatiue case , calcaribus also the ablatiue case , bicause the verbe indigeas doth gouerne an ablatiue case , by such rules as follow héerafter . And the like is to be answered for other casuall words in this maner following after verbs , and yet being not put in the accusatiue , but in some other cases .

The first Concord .

The first concord . Qu. THese things in your Accidence are set downe as necessarie points generally to be knowen before you come vnto the concords , the which being after this plaine and easie maner run ouer , tell me now which is the first concord .

Betweene the nominatiue case and the verbe . They agree . An. The first concord is betwéene the verbe personall and his nominatiue case .

Qu. In how many things doth a verbe personall and his nominatiue case agrée ?

In number , and person . An. They agrée in these two things , that is , in number and person .

Qu. In this maner of speaking , what meane you by this word Agrée .

What is meant by this word Agree in the rules of the three concords . An. Where my rule saith that A verbe personall agréeth with his nominatiue case in number and person , the meaning is , that looke what number and person the nominatiue case is , of the same number and person must the verbe be : as if the nominatiue case be the singular number and first person , the verbe must likewise be the singular number and first person . If the nominatiue case be the singular number , and second person , the verbe must be the singular number and second person . If the nominatiue case be the singular number and third person , the verbe must be the singular number and third person , and so foorth of the persons of the plurall number .

Qu. Make this plaine by some few examples .

Examples of agreement . An. When I say in Latin , Ego amo , I loue , the verbe amo is the singular number and first person , bicause the nominatiue case Ego is the singular number and first person . Tu amas , thou louest , the verbe amas is the singular number and second person , bicause the nominatiue case Tu is the singular number and second person . Ille amat , he loueth , the verbe amat is the singular number and third person , bicause the nominatiue case Ille is the singular number , and third person .

Qu. May I not then say in Latin , Ego amas , or Tu amatis &c.

Examples of disagreement . An. You may not : bicause in the first example , though amas the verbe be the singular number like as the nominatiue case Ego , is , yet is it not the first person , but the second , and therefore is there no true agréement , for that the verbe must be the singular number and first person , like as the nominatiue case Ego , is . And in the second example Tu amatis , albeit the verbe amatis be the second person , as his nominatiue case Tu , is , yet is not the verbe the singular number , as the nominatiue case Tu , is , and therefore there is no agréement .

Qu. Now rehearse the rule for your first concord .

The rule of the first concord . An. A verbe personall agréeth with his nominatiue case in number and person , as Praeceptor legit , vos verò negligitis , The master readeth , and ye regard not .

Qu. How fit you this example to expresse the meaning of this rule ?

The fitting of the example of the rule of the first concord , to shew the meaning of the same . An. In this example there are two verbs , and two nominatiue cases . The verbs are legit , readeth , and negligitis , regard not .

The nominatiue case vnto the verbe legit , is praeceptor , master , and the nominatiue case vnto the verbe negligitis , is vos .

In the first part of the sentence praeceptor legit , the verbe legit , is the singular number , and the third person , bicause his nominatiue case praeceptor , is the singular number and third person , by this rule , A verbe personal agréeth with his nominatiue case , &c.

In the latter part of this sentence , vos negligitis , the verbe negligitis is the plurall number and second person , bicause his nominatiue case vos is the plurall number and second person , by this selfesame rule .

Obiection . Qu. But how can there be agréement betwéene the verbe and the nominatiue case , when as the verbe is many times put without any nominatiue case at all ?

Answer . An. The nominatiue case in verbes of the first and second person , and also somtimes in verbs of the third person is not expressely set downe alwaies , but yet is it notwithstanding alwaies to be vnderstood , and so the verbe hath alwaies a nominatiue case , either expressely , or else by vnderstanding .

The woorthines of the three persons , one aboue another . Qu. To what end is the rule following added , which saith , Héere is to be noted , that the first person is more woorthy than the second , and the second more woorthy than the third .

An. To make a way vnto the exception immediately following , which teacheth , when two or mo nominatiue cases of the singular number are ioined togither with a coniunction copulatiue , and are of diuers persons , with which of them the verbe shall agrée , and after what maner .

Qu. In what respect then is the first person said to be more woorthy than the second , and the second more woorthy than the third ?

How one person is more woorthie than another . An. This woorthines of one person aboue another , is not of birth or blood , or wealth , or in any such like consideration , but rather of priuilege and prerogatiue ( as I may so terme it ) that the one hath aboue the other , in binding the verbe to agrée with him , rather than with the other , that is , in causing the verbe to be of the same person , the which in this respect is said to be the more woorthy .

Qu. Make this yet somwhat more plainer for the helping of yoong beginners .

The making plaine of the former rule . An. Where my note saith , that the first person is more woorthy than the second , and the second more woorthy than the third , the meaning is , that when two nominatiue cases one of the first person , and the other of the second , or one of the second person , and the other of the third , being coupled togither by a coniunction copulatiue comming betwéene them , be set before a verbe , that then the verbe referred to the nominatiue cases of the first sort , shall be of the first person , and not of the second : and referred to the nominatiue cases of the second sort , shall be put in the second person , and not in the third .

Qu. You haue said well , and yet shall this more plainly appéere in applying of the examples of the next exception vnto the opening of the meaning of the same . But tell me first , whether the verbe personall doth alwaies agrée with his nominatiue case in number and person .

The verbe not alwais the same number with his nominatiue case The nominatiue case not alwaies a casuall word . An. There are certaine exceptions from this rule , and the same of two sorts , the one concerning the verbe , and the other concerning the nominatiue case . For the verbe is not alwaies of the same number that his nominatiue case is of : and the nominatiue case vnto the verbe , is not alwaies some one casuall word , that is , a word declined with case , but sometimes some other thing .

Qu. How many are the exceptions concerning the verbe ?

Three exceptions for the verb. 1 Exception . An. They are thrée . Wherof the first is this : Many nominatiue cases singular with a coniunction copulatiue comming betwéene them , will haue a verbe plurall , the which verbe plurall , or of the plurall number , shall agrée with his nominatiue case of the most woorthy person : as Ego & tu sumus in tuto , I and thou be in safegard . Tu & pater periclitamini , Thou and thy father are in ieopardy . Pater & praeceptor accersunt te , Thy father and thy master do send for thee .

Qu. What do you learne by this exception ?

Two things to be learned by this exception . The first . An. First , that two or mo nominatiue cases of the singular number , ioined togither by a coniunction copulatiue ( as et , atque , nec neque , and cum put for et ) do notwithstanding require a verbe of the plurall number .

The second . Secondly , that the same verbe must in person agrée with his nominatiue case of the most woorthy person , that is , must be of the same person , that his nominatiue case of the most woorthy person is , so that if among the nominatiue cases one be of the first person , and the rest of any other person , yet must the verbe be only of the first person : or if among the nominatiue cases one be of the second person , and the other of the third , then shall the verbe be of the second person .

Qu. But what if the nominatiue cases thus coupled togither , be all of the third person ?

An. Then must the verbe be likewise of the third person .

Qu. Now shew the meaning of this exception by the examples of the same .

The shewing how the first example of the exception before going agreeth with the rule . An. The first example is , Ego & tu sumus in tuto . Héere are two nominatiue cases Ego and tu coupled togither by this coniunction copulatiue et , comming both of them before the verbe sumus , and being both of them of the singular number , yet do they cause the verbe sumus to be the plurall number , bicause that many nominatiue cases singular being ioined togither with a coniunction copulatiue , will haue a verbe of the plurall number . And bicause the one of the nominatiue cases namely Ego , is of the first person , therefore the verbe sumus doth agrée with him in person , rather than with the other nominatiue case tu , being of the second person , for that the first person is more woorthy than the second , that is , causeth the verbe rather to be of the first person than of the second , when the nominatiue cases of the first and second person are so coupled togither .

The applying of the second example vnto the rule . The second example is , Tu et pater periclitamini . In this example two nominatiue cases Tu and pater both of the singular number , coupled togither by this coniunction copulatiue et , do come before the verbe periclitamini , and therefore they cause him to be of the plurall number , bicause many nominatiue cases singular coupled with a coniunction copulatiue , will haue a verbe of the plural number . And bicause the first nominatiue case tu is the second person , therefore the verbe periclitamini rather agréeth with him in person , than with pater the nominatiue case of the third person , that is , is rather of the second person than of the third , bicause the second person is more woorthy than the third , that is , in such kind of coupling togither of the second and third person , causeth the verbe to be of the second person , and not of the third .

The fitting of the third example vnto the rule The third example is , Pater et praeceptor accersunt te . Héere are two nominatiue cases singular , pater and praeceptor , coupled togither like as the other before mentioned , by a coniunction copulatiue et , and comming before the verbe accersunt , which therefore is the plural number , though both the nominatiue cases be of the singular number , bicause many nominatiue cases of the singular number being coupled togither with a copulatiue coniunction will haue a verbe of the plurall number . And bicause these nominatiue cases pater and praeceptor are both of the third person , therefore is the verbe accersunt also of the third person .

Qu. What is the second exception , where the verb séemeth to disagrée with his nominatiue case , that is , séemeth not to be of the same number with his nominatiue case ?

The second exception concerning the verbe . This rule is to be vnderstood of such verbes as are called substantiues for the most part , as Sum , forem , fio , existo , &c. An. When a verbe commeth betwéene two nominatiue cases of diuers numbers ( that is , one being of the singular number , and the other of the plurall , or one being of the plurall number , and the other of the singular ) the verbe may indifferently accord with either of them , so that they be both of one person : as Amantium irae , amoris redintegratio est , The falling out of louers , is the renewing of loue . Quid enim nisi vota supersunt ? For what remaineth sauing only praiers ? Pectora percussit , pectus quoque robora fiunt , She stroke hir breast , and hir breast turned into oke also .

Obiection . Qu. There is not one of these examples the which can fitly be applied vnto this second exception .

An. Why so I pray you ?

Qu. Bicause the exception speaketh of a verbe comming betweene two nominatiue cases , and in all the examples the verbe commeth not betwéene , but after the nominatiue cases .

Answer to the former obiection An. This maketh no matter at all : for we must haue regard how the verbe is placed in the English and construing of the sentence , and not how it is set in the Latin . For albeit that in the frame of words as they ly in Latin , the verbe do come last in these and such like examples , yet as you may easily sée by the English , the verbe in construing is put betwéene the nominatiue cases according vnto the rule .

Qu. Go to then , declare by your examples the meaning of this exception .

The applying of the first example . An. Hmantium irae , amoris redintegratio est . In this sentence the verbe est , in English , is , being in the construing to be placed betwéene these two nominatiue cases irae , the falling out , and redintegratio , the renewing , the which are of diuers numbers , for irae is the plurall number , and redintegratio the singular : the verbe est agréeth with the nominatiue case redintegratio , being of the singular number as redintegratio is . But you may make it agrée in the plurall number with the nominatiue case irae , the which is likewise of the plurall number , saying , Amantium irae , sunt amoris redintegratio .

The applying of the second example . In the second example , Quid enim nisi vota supersunt ? The verbe supersunt , remaineth , in construing being to be put betwéen these two nominatiue cases of diuers numbers Quid , what , and vota , praiers , Quid the singular number , and vota the plurall number , the verbe supersunt ( I say ) is the plural number , and agréeth with the nominatiue case vota of the same number : but it may also agrée with the nominatiue case Quid of the singular number , if you say thus , Quid enim superest nisi vota ?

The applying of the third example . In the third sentence , Pectora percussit , pectus quoque robora fiunt . The verbe fiunt , turned , in the construing comming betwéene these two nominatiue cases of diuers numbers , pectus , brest , and robora , oke , pectus the singular number , robora the plurall number , the verbe fiunt ( I say ) agréeth with the nominatiue case robora of the plurall number . But it may be made to agrée with pectus the singular number , if you say thus , pectus quoque fit robora .

Qu. But in these and such like examples , when you make the verbe to agrée with the other nominatiue case , is it to be counted as good Latin , as the former ?

A profitable note . An. It is congrue , or true Latin . But in this behalfe you must marke how the best writers vse to speake , and follow them , which is alwaies most safest for you to do , and so shal you be sure to speake and write the best Latin . And for your better helpe in these and such like examples belonging to this rule , As Literae sunt vera studiorum voluptas . As Omnia pontus erat . vnderstand you thus much by the way , that when a verb is put betwéene two nominatiue cases of diuers numbers , the verbe doth most commonly agrée with the former nominatiue case : but when the verbe is set before or after nominatiue cases of diuers numbers , then doth it most vsually agrée with the latter , rather than with the former .

Qu. Now let vs come vnto the third exception , where the verbe and his nominatiue case are not both of one number .

The third exception concerning the verbe . An. Many times when the nominatiue case comming before the verbe is the singular number , and yet is such a word as doth signifie a multitude , or company , or more than one person , in such cases the verbe is often put in the plurall number , as Pars abiere , Part of them are gone away . Suo quisque tempore adierunt , They went vnto him euery man in his time .

Qu. How frame you these examples vnto this rule of exception ?

The applying of the first example . An. Pars abiere , Héere the verbe abiere is the plural number , bicause his nominatiue case pars is a word signifying a multitude in the singular number .

The applying of the second example . Suo quisque tempore adierunt , In this place also the verbe adierunt is the plurall number , bicause his nominatiue case quisque in the singular number doth signifie more than one .

Qu. Thus much of the exceptions concerning the verbe , where he séemeth to disagrée from his nominatiue case . Now tell me how many exceptions there are likewise concerning the nominatiue case .

Exceptions concerning the nominatiue case before the verb. An. It was said before that the verbe must haue a nominatiue case comming before him for the most part , if it be a verbe personall : but bicause that he hath not alwaies a word declined with case to serue this turne , but hath this supplied by some other means , therefore héere also are certaine exceptions to be marked .

Qu. How many are there of these exceptions ?

An. There be thrée , whereof the first two are set downe in the Accidence in these words .

Héere note also , that somtime the infinitiue moode of a verbe , or else a whole clause afore going , or else some member of a sentence may be the nominatiue case to the verbe , as Diluculo surgere , saluberrimum est , To arise be time in the morning , is the most wholsome thing in the world . Multum scire , vita iucundissima , To know much is the most pleasant , or sweetest life of all .

The first exception . Qu. Set downe the meaning of this rule in fewer words , and supply the examples from elsewhere , if any be wanting in any part of the same .

The infinitiue moode put for the nominatiue case . An. Somtime the infinitiue moode before a verbe , is put in stead of the nominatiue case vnto the same verbe , as Mentiri non est meum , It is not my guise or property to lie .

Qu. How serueth this example vnto this rule ?

The example applied vnto the rule . An. Héere the verbe est , hath no casuall word to be his nominatiue case , but in stead of it , the infinitiue moode mentiri supplieth the roome of the nominatiue case vnto the said verbe est .

Qu. What is the second exception ?

The second exception . A whole sentence put for the nominatiue case An. Somtimes a whole clause , that is , a whole sentence going before the verbe is the nominatiue case to the verbe , and somtime some péece of a sentence is put for the nominatiue case vnto the verbe . Of a whole sentence put for the nominatiue case before the verbe , let this example serue being borrowed out of the Latin rules of construction : Adde quod ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes : Emollit mores , nec sinit esse feros . Adde vnto the things before spoken , that to haue learned the liberall arts faithfully , or well and throughly , doth make the maners or behauiour of men to be ciuill , and suffereth them not to be rude or barbarous .

The example applied to the rule . In this example the whole sentence , Adde quod ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes , is put in stead of the nominatiue case vnto the verbe emollit .

Qu. What are the examples of the other part of this exception , where part of the sentence supplieth the roome of the nominatiue case before the verbe ?

Part of a sentence put for the nominatiue case The first example applied . An. They be two , and expressed in these words in our Accidence . Diluculo surgere saluberrimum est , where Diluculo surgere , part of this sentence , is nominatiue case vnto the verbe est .

The other example is , Multum scire , vita iucundissima .

Qu. But how will this example frame to this rule , séeing there is no verbe at all in this sentence ?

The second example applied . An. The verbe est is to be vnderstood in this sentence : before which verbe so vnderstood , this part of the sentence , Multum scire , is put for the nominatiue case .

Qu. Is there nothing else to be noted concerning this rule ?

A necessarie note . An. Yes truly . For if but one infinitiue moode , or but part of a sentence be put in stead of the nominatiue case vnto the verbe , then shall the verbe be of the singular number and third person . But if ( as many times it commeth so to passe ) more than one infinitiue moode , or more than one sentence , or péece of a sentence , especially ioined togither by a copulatiue coniunction , be put for the nominatiue case , then shall the verbe be of the plurall number , and third person .

Qu. Now set downe the third exception concerning the nominatiue case before the verbe .

The third exception of the nominatiue case before the verb borowed from the Latin rules . An. Somtime an aduerbe with his genitiue case is in stead of the nominatiue case vnto the verbe , and then , if the genitiue case gouerned of the aduerbe be the plurall number , the verbe shall likewise be the plurall number , and third person , as Partim virorum ceciderunt in bello , Part of the men were slaine in battell . Partim signorum sunt combusta , Part of the ensignes were burned .

The examples applied . The first example . In the first of these examples the aduerbe partim with his genitiue case virorum of the plurall number , is put for the nominatiue case before the verbe ceciderunt , and therefore is the verbe ceciderunt the plurall number and third person by this rule .

The second example . In the second example also , the aduerbe partim with his genitiue case signorum of the plurall number , is put for the nominatiue case before the verbe sunt , and therefore is the said verbe sunt the plurall number and third person by this rule .

An aduerb with his genitiue case singular . But if the genitiue case gouerned of the aduerbe , and togither with the aduerbe supplying the roome of the nominatiue case before the verbe , be the singular number , then shall the verbe also be the singular number , and third person , as Satis pecuniae est mihi , I haue mony inough . The example applied . In this example the aduerbe satis with his genitiue case pecuniae of the singular number , is put for the nominatiue case before the verbe est , and therefore is the same verbe the singular number and third person by this rule .

The second Concord .

The second concord . Qu. WHat is the second concord , or rather betwéene what things is the second concord ?

An. The second concord is betwéene the substantiue and the adiectiue .

Qu. How shall you finde out the substantiue vnto the adiectiue ?

How the substantiue vnto the adiectiue is to be found out . An. By asking this question Who , or what , and the word that answereth to the question , shall be the substantiue , as in these examples , It is my master , aske this question who , or what , saying , My who , or what is it , and the answer is , master , the which héereby I do know to be the substantiue vnto this adiectiue my . Againe , when I say thus in English , A sure friend , if I aske this question who , or what , and say , a sure what ? the answer is , friend , the which héereby I know to be the substantiue vnto the adiectiue sure , and the like is to be done for the finding out of other substantiues in like cases .

Qu. In how many things doth the adiectiue and the substantiue agrée ?

Wherein the adiectiue and substantiue agree . An. The adiectiue and his substantiue do agrée in thrée things , namely , in case , gender , and number .

Qu. What call you to agrée in case , gender , and number ?

What it is to agree in case , gender , and number . An. To be of the same case , gender , and number that the substantiue is of , as if the substantiue be the nominatiue case , the masculine gender , and singular number , the adiectiue also must be the nominatiue case , the masculine gender , and singular number .

If the substantiue be the ablatiue case , the feminine gender , and singular number , the adiectiue must likewise be the ablatiue case , the feminine gender , and singular number , and so foorth , as appéereth by the examples of this second concord .

Qu. What is the rule in your Accidence concerning this concord betwéene the substantiue and the adiectiue ?

The rule for the agreeing of the substantiue and adiectiue togither . An. The adiectiue , whether it be a noune , pronoune , or participle , agréeth with his substantiue in case , gender , and number : as Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur , A sure friend is tried in a doubtfull matter . Homo armatus , A man armed . Ager colendus , A field to be tilled . Hic vir , This man . Meus herus est , It is my master .

Qu. What do you by the way , gather generally out of this rule ?

Three sorts of adiectiues . An. That there are thrée kinds of adiectiues , that is to say , a noune adiectiue , a pronoune adiectiue , and a participle adiectiue .

Qu. Shew by the examples of the rule by you rehearsed before , how the adiectiue agréeth with his substantiue in case , gender , and number .

The applying of the examples of the rule for the agreement of the substantiue and the adiectiue . The first example . An. Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur . In this example there be two substantiues , and two noune adiectiues , namely , Amicus certus , and re incerta , where the first noune adiectiue certus agréeth with the first substantiue amicus in case , gender , and number , that is to say , the first adiectiue certus is the nominatiue case , the masculine gender , and the singular number , bicause his substantiue amicus is the nominatiue case , the masculine gender , and singular number , by this rule , The adiectiue whether it be a noune , &c. And the second noune adiectiue incerta , agréeth with the second substantiue re , in case , gender , and number , that is to say , the second adiectiue incerta , is the ablatiue case , the feminine gender , and singular number , bicause his substantiue re , is the ablatiue case , the feminine gender , and singular number , by the same rule .

The 2. example applied . In the second example Homo armatus , the participle adiectiue armatus is the nominatiue case , the masculine gender , and singular number , bicause his substantiue homo is the nominatiue case , the masculine gender , and singular number , by this same rule .

The 3 , example applied . In the third example Ager colendus , the participle adiectiue colendus , is the nominatiue case , the masculine gender , and singular number , bicause so is his substantiue ager , by the same rule .

The 4. example applied . In the fourth example Hic vir , the pronoune adiectiue hic is the nominatiue case , the masculine gender , and singular number , bicause his substantiue vir is so , by the same rule .

The 5. example applied . In the fift example , Meus herus est , the pronounce adiectiue meus is the nominatiue case , the masculine gender , and singular number , bicause his substantiue herus is the nominatiue case , the masculine gender , and singular number , by the same rule , The adiectiue whether it be a noune , pronoune , and so foorth , as it is in the words of this rule .

Some shew of disagreement betweene the substantiue & the adiectiue , and when ? Qu. Is this rule so generall concerning the agréement of the substantiue and the adiectiue , that it hath no exception ?

An. Yes , there falleth out somtimes some shewe of disagréement betwéene the substantiue and the adiectiue both in gender and in number , especially when many substantiues singular , that is , of the singular number , are ioined togither with a coniunction copulatiue .

Qu. What reason is there of this ?

An. Bicause that then the adiectiue must first be of the plural number , though the substantiues be al of the singular number , and secondly the adiectiue doth not agrée with all the substantiues in gender , if they be of diuers genders , but with some one of them , that is , the adiectiue is not of the same gender that all the substantiues are of , but of the same gender of the which some one of the substantiues is of , the which they call the substantiue of the most woorthy gender , bicause ( as it was said before in the woorthines of the thrée persons one aboue the other ) he hath this prerogatiue , to cause the adiectiue to agrée with him in gender , that is , to be of the same gender that he himselfe is of .

Qu. What are the rules in your Accidence touching these points ?

An. They be in number two , whereof the first is of the woorthines of one gender aboue another : and the second of the adiectiues being of the plurall number , and agréeing with the substantiue of the most woorthy gender .

Qu. Set downe the words of the first rule .

The rules for the woorthines of the genders . An. Where note , that the masculine gender is more woorthy than the feminine , and the feminine more woorthy than the neuter .

Qu. What is the meaning of this rule ?

The meaning of the rule of the woorthines of the genders . An. When an adiectiue hath for his substantiue more than one word , that is , two or more substantiue of diuers genders coupled togither with a copulatiue coniunction , if one of the substantiues be the masculine gender , and the other the feminine , or neuter gender , yet shall the adiectiue be the masculine gender : or if one of the substantiues be the feminine gender , and the other the neuter gender , then shall the adiectiue be the feminine gender , and not of the neuter gender . For where there is diuersity of genders in the substantiues vnto the adiectiue , there the adiectiue shall rather agrée with the substantiue of the masculine gender , than with the substantiue of the feminine gender , and with the substantiue of the feminine gender , than with the substantiue of the neuter gender , except it be in substantiues betokening things without life , of the which some thing shall be spoken héereafter in handling the next rule .

Qu. What is your second rule of the adiectiue his being of the plurall number , albeit the substantiues be of the singular number , and of his agréeing with the substantiue of the most woorthy gender .

The rule , of the adiectiue his seeming to disagree with his substantiue in number and gender . An. Many substantiues singular , hauing a coniunction copulatiue comming betwéene them , will haue an adiectiue plurall , which adiectiue shall agrée with the substantiue of the most woorthy gender : as Rex et regina beati , The king and the queene are blessed .

Qu. How do you apply this example vnto your rule ?

The applying of the example vnto the rule . An. In this example there are two substantiues Rex and regina coupled togither by this coniunction copulatiue et , wherefore they do cause the adiectiue beati , to be the plurall number , and bicause one of these substantiues , namely Rex , is the masculine gender , and the other regina , the feminine gender , therefore doth the adiectiue beati agrée with the substantiue Rex in gender , rather than with the substantiue regina , that is to say , is rather the masculine gender with Rex , than the feminine gender with regina , bicause Rex the masculine gender is more woorthy than regina the feminine gender , that is , causeth the adiectiue rather to be put in the masculine , than in the feminine gender .

Qu. Doth the adiectiue being referred vnto substantiues of diuers genders , alwaies rather agrée with the masculine gender than with the feminine , and with the feminine rather than with the neuter ?

A subexception , or an vnder-exception from the exception before . An. If the substantiues betoken things without life , then is the neuter gender the most woorthy gender , that is , if there be any of them the neuter gender , the adiectiue shall likewise be the neuter gender : nay if one of them be the masculine gender and the other the feminine , and none of them the neuter , yet shall the adiectiue be the neuter gender .

An example of the first branch of the former rule , and the same also applied vnto the rule . Qu. Bring some examples for the making more plaine of this that you haue said .

An. Coelum et terra sunt à Deo condita : Heauen and earth were made by God . In this sentence are two substantiues coelum and terra , coelum the neuter gender , and terra the feminine gender , and bicause that both of them do signifie things not hauing life , therefore doth the participle adiectiue condita agrée in gender with the substantiue coelum , and not with the substantiue terra , with the which , if they had signified things hauing life , it ought to haue agréed , that is , therfore in this example the adiectiue condita , is of the neuter gender with the substantiue coelum , and not the feminine gender with the substantiue terra , bicause that in things not hauing life , the neuter gender is the most woorthy , that is , doth make the adiectiue to be of the neuter gender rather then of any other gender .

Qu. Giue an example , of the adiectiue being the neuter gender , when one of the substantiues is the feminine gender , and the other the masculine gender , and none of them of the neuter gender .

An example of the second branch of this rule , and the same applied . More examples Labor & voluptas sunt natura dissimillima . Ira & aegritudo permixta sunt . An. Requies et iocus in vita necessaria esse videntur , Rest and sport do seeme in life to be necessarie . Here are two substantiues Requies and iocus , Requies the feminine gender , and iocus the masculine gender , betokening things without life , and yet is the adiectiue necessaria the neuter gender , bicause that in substantiues betokening things without life , though none of them be the neuter gender , yet shall the adiectiue notwithstanding be put in the neuter gender .

And in both the examples before going , the adiectiue condita in the first , and likewise the adiectiue necessaria in the second is the plurall number , though the substantiues be the singular number , bicause that manie substantiues of the singular number being coupled togither with a coniunction copulatiue , will cause the adiectiue to be of the plurall number .

Qu. But is there nothing else to be marked as touching this rule of the adiectiue to be put in the neuter gender , when he is to be referred vnto substantiues signifieng things without life ?

Figuratiue speeches doe cause the substantiue and the adiectiue not to agree . Obiection . An. The figures called Syllepsis and Zeugma , do often cause an alteration in this rule . But bicause that these are with the hardest for yoong beginners , we will leaue them to be opened by their learned masters , at such time as for their capacities , they shall thinke most conuenient .

Qu. What if the substantiues signifieng things without life be both of one gender , that is , either both the masculine gender , or both the feminine gender ?

Answer . An. Then may the adiectiue agrée with them in gender , that is , if the substantiues be the masculine gender , the adiectiue may be the masculine gender : if the substantiues be the feminine gender , the adiectiue may also be the feminine gender .

Qu. Shew this by example , for the yoong beginners sake .

Example of the masculine gender . An. I may say in latin , Codex et culter meus sunt amissi , My booke and my knife are lost : where the participle adiectiue amissi , is the masculine gender , bicause both the substantiues codex and culter are the masculine gender .

Example of the feminine gender . So I may say , Iustitia & temperantia sunt amplectendae , Iustice and temperance are to be imbraced , where the participle adiectiue amplectendae is the feminine gender , bicause both the substantiues iustitia and temperantia , are the feminine gender , but yet in these kind of spéeches it is more vsuall to haue the adiectiue put in the neuter gender . A note worth the marking . As Polypus & Chamaeleon glabra sunt . ex Solino , testante Despauterio .

And here is further to be vnderstanded , that sometimes when as both the substantiues do signifie things hauing life , yet is the adiectiue found to be put in the neuter gender , though the substantiue be of the masculine or feminine gender , but this is a thing that falleth out very seldome , but yet not to be passed ouer without marking .

Qu. What else haue you to say concerning this concord of the substantiue and the adiectiue ?

An. Some Grammarians giue this rule , that when a participle adiectiue that commeth either of a verbe substantiue as factus of fio , or of a verbe passiue hauing the signification of calling , or the like , as dictus , of dicor , appellatus , of appellor , An other rule to be marked . Made , Factus . Called Dictus Appellatus Nominatus Vocatus Salutatus Saluted Habitus Accounted Visus Seene or seemed Existimatus Esteemed These and such like are said to be participle adiectiues signifiyng calling , &c. is put betwéene two substantiues of diuers genders , then shall that adiectiue agrée with the first substantiue , that is , be of the same gender that the first substantiue is of , as , pecunia dicta est neruus belli , Monie is called the sinewes , or strength of war , where the participle adiectiue dicta , called , comming of dicor to be called , being put betwéene two substantiues of diuers genders , namely pecunia the feminine gender , and neruus the masculine gender , it doth agrée with pecunia the former substantiue , and not with neruus the latter substantiue . But if the adiectiue participle comming of such verbes as is aforesaid , or the like be put after two substantiues of diuerse genders , then he may indifferently agrée with either of the substantiues , that is , be of the same gender , that either of the substantiues is of , Terentius ; Nunquam aeque ac modò paupertas mihi onus visum est , & miserum & graue . Here the participle visum agreeth with onus by this rule . as Ludos Megalesia appellatos , Plaies called Megalesia : Gens vniuersa Veneti appellati , The whole people called Venetians . In these two examples there are two participle adiectiues of calling , whereof appellatos in the first example being set after these two substantiues of diuers genders ludos and Megalesia , Ludos the masculine gender , and Megalesia the neuter gender , the adiectiue participle appellatos is the masculine gender with the first substantiue ludos .

In the second example the same participle adiectiue appellati , being set after gens & Veneti , gens the feminine gender , and Veneti the masculine gender , it doth agrée with the latter substantiue Veneti being the masculine gender , as it is , shewing that in such like placing of the substantiues , the adiectiue may agrée with whether of them you will , so that you may say , Ludos Megalesia appellatos , or Ludos Megalesia appellata . Gens vniuersa Veneti appellati , or Gens vniuersa Veneti appellata : Paupertas onus visum est , or Paupertas onus visa est , & so of such like , if the nature of the word will beare the same .

Qu. Why say you if the nature of the word will beare the same ?

An. Bicause you can not say in latine , Verbum caro facta est , but Verbum caro factum est . nor Aqua vinum factum est , but aqua vinum facta est , for otherwise you should speake against the nature and truth of the matter .

Qu. Haue you now done with this second concord ?

Figures doe cause disagreement betweene the substantiue and the adiectiue . An. There is yet further to be considered , that manie times the adiectiue and the substantiue are of diuers numbers and genders , and cases by reason of certaine figuratiue spéeches , as by Synthesis , Antiptosis , Enallage and such like , wherof when schollers are of further learning and vnderstanding , their masters must instruct them .

What gender and number the adiectiue must be , when he hath no casuall word for his substantiue . Lastly the adiectiue ( like as the verbe before spoken of in the first concord ) hath for his substantiue sometimes , the infinitiue moode , sometimes a whole sentence , or péece of a sentence , and sometimes an aduerbe with his genitiue case , and then in the thrée former , he shall be the singular number and neuter gender : but if the adiectiue haue more then one infinitiue moode , or more then one sentence , or more then one péece of a sentence , coupled with a coniunction copulatiue , for his substantiue , then shall the adiectiue be the neuter gender and plurall number .

And when an adiectiue hath for his substantiue an aduerbe with his genitiue case , then the adiectiue must be the same gender and number , that his genitiue case comming after the aduerbe , is of .

The third Concord , betweene the antecedent and the relatiue .

The third Concord . Qu. WHat is the thirde concord , or betwéene what things is the third concord ?

An. The third concord is betwéene the antecedent and the relatiue .

Qu. In how many things doth the antecedent and the relatiue agrée ?

An. In thrée things , that is to say , in gender , number and person .

Qu. By what rule ?

The rule of the third Concord . An. By this rule : the relatiue agréeth with his antecedent in gender , number , and person : as , Vir sapit , qui pauca loquitur , That man is wise , that speaketh fewe things or words .

Qu. How shal you know the antecedent vnto the relatiue .

How to find out the Antecedent . An. The antecedent is a word that commonly goeth before the relatiue , and therefore hath his name in latine of foregoing , and is knowen by asking this question , who , or what , for the word next before the relatiue , and being rehearsed againe of the relatiue by asking this question who , or what , and answereth vnto the same , is the antecedent .

An. Shew this by the example of your rule before going .

Qu. The man is wise that speaketh few things or words . In this example this word that is the relatiue , & this word man going before him is the antecedent , the which by asking this question who , or what with the relatiue that , is rehearsed againe by the relatiue , & answereth to the question who , or what , whereby I know it to be the Antecedent : as for example , The man is wise that speaketh , &c. Aske the question who , or what , by the Relatiue that , saying , That who or what is wise , the answere is , that man , where the word man answereth to the question , who or what , & is rehearsed againe of the relatiue before whom in the sentence it went , and therefore it is the antecedent . And thus you must do for the finding out of the antecedent in all other sentences .

Qu. Now let me heare you apply the Latin example vnto the rule of the third concord betwéene the antecedent and the relatiue .

The example applied to the rule of the third Concord . An. Vir sapit , qui pauca loquitur . Héere the relatiue qui agréeth in gender , number , and person with his antecedent vir , that is to say , the relatiue qui is the masculine gender , the singular number , and the third person , bicause his antecedent vir , is the masculine gender , the singular number , and the third person by this rule , The relatiue agréeth with his antecedent in gender , number and person .

Qu. How is the relatiue qui , quae , quod englished for the most part ?

An. It is most commonly englished by this word which , and somtime by this english that , which may be turned into this English which , as in my example before alledged , The man is wise , that speaketh few things or words . The relatiue that may be englished also by the word which : for I may say as well , The man is wise , which speaketh few things or words .

Qu. Wherefore serueth this note ?

A difference in english between the Relatiue That , and the coniunction That . An. To put a difference betwéene the relatiue that , when it may be turned into this English which , being in Latin called qui , quae , quod , and the coniunction quod or vt , the which is also englished by this word that . But this is the difference , that this word that , when it is a relatiue , may be turned into this English which , but this word that , when it is a coniunction , cannot so be turned .

Qu. What rule haue you for this in your Accidence ?

The rule for the difference betweene the Relatiue That , and the coniunction That . An. When this English that , may be turned into this english which , it is a relatiue , otherwise it is a coniunction , which in Latin is called quòd , or vt : and in Latin making it may elegantly be put away by turning the nominatiue case into the accusatiue case , and the verbe into the infinitiue moode : as Gaudeo quòd tu bene vales : Gaudeo te bene valere , I am glad that thou art in good health . Iubeo vt tu abeas : Iubeo te abire , I bid that thou go hence .

Qu. Is this the onely cause of making this rule , thereby to put a difference betwéene the relatiue that , and the coniunction that ?

An other vse of the rule aforegoing . An. No , there is yet a further vse of this rule , namely this , to teach that when this English that , is not a relatiue , but a coniunction , called in Latin quòd or vt , comming betwéene two verbs personals , that then in Latin this word quòd or vt may elegantly for the most part be put away , by turning the nominatiue case before which it is set , into the accusatiue case , and the latter of the two verbs into the infinitiue moode .

Qu. Shew me this by the two examples in your rule before .

The examples applied vnto the rule . An. Gaudeo quod tu bene vales . Héere is in Latin the coniunction quòd , in English that , put before two verbs personals , Gaudeo and vales , and bicause that this English that , cannot be turned into this English which , for it is no good English to say , I am glad which you are in good health , but , that you are in good health , therefore I know this word that to be a coniunction and no relatiue : this quòd therefore may be better put away , turning the nominatiue case tu comming after it , into the accusatiue case te , and the latter verbe vales into the infinitiue moode valere , saying , Gaudeo te bene valere .

The second example applied . So in the second example , Iubeo vt tu abeas , the coniunction vt , in English that ( therefore a coniunction , and not a relatiue , bicause it cannot in this sentence be turned into this English which , for it is no English to say , I am glad which thou art in good health , but , that thou art in good health ) this coniunction vt ( I say ) comming betwéene these two verbs personals Iubeo and abeas , may elegantly be put away , by turning the nominatiue case tu , into the accusatiue case te , and the latter verbe of the subiunctiue moode abeas , into the infinitiue moode abire , saying , Iubeo te abire .

Qu. Why , is it not good Latin to say , Gaudeo quòd tu bene vales : or Iubeo vt tu abeas ?

An. It is congrue or true Latin , but not good and fine Latin , but rather Portuis or Popish priests Latin for the most part , in all such kind of spéeches , and therefore yoong schollers were better not to know it , than to be acquainted with it . So that this rule is much better for them borowed from the Latin Grammar : Verbes of the infinitiue moode comming after verbs personals , in stead of a nominatiue case , will haue an accusatiue case before them .

Qu. Hath the relatiue alwaies for his antecedent a word declined with case ?

A whole sentence put for the antecedent . An. No : for somtimes the whole reason or sentence before going , is put for the antecedent , and then shall the relatiue be the neuter gender , and the singular number .

Qu. What is your rule for this ?

The rule for the same . An. Sometime the relatiue hath for his antecedent the whole reason that goeth before him , and then he shall be put in the neuter gender , and singular number : as In tempore veni , quod omnium rerum est primum , I came in season , which is the chiefest thing of all .

Qu. Declare the meaning of this rule by the example ?

The example applied to the rule . An. In this sentence , these words In tempore veni , being the whole reason or sentence before the relatiue quod , is put for the antecedent vnto the said relatiue , and therfore is quod the neuter gender , and singular number by this rule .

More than one sentence put for the antecedent . Qu. But what if there be two , or more sentences , or péeces of sentences put in stead of the antecedent ?

An. Then the relatiue shall be the neuter gender , and plurall number by this rule :

The rule for the same . But if the relatiue be referred to two clauses , or parts of sentences , or more , the relatiue shall be put in the plurall number , and neuter gender : as , Tu multùm dormis , & saepe pota● quae ambo sunt corpori inimica , Thou sleepest much , and drinkest often , which both things are naught for the body .

Qu. Apply the example to make plaine the meaning of the rule .

An. In this example , these two clauses or parts of a sentence , Tu multum dormis , and & saepe potas , are put for the antecedent vnto the relatiue quae , and therefore is the said relatiue put in the plurall number , and the neuter gender by this rule .

An aduerb with his genitiue case put for the antecedent . And further héere is to be vnderstood , that like as hath béene already noted in the two concords before going , sometime the relatiue hath for his antecedent an aduerbe with his genitiue case , and then shall the relatiue be the same gender and number , that the genitiue case gouerned of the aduerbe is of .

Qu. Let these exceptions suffice to haue shewed , that the relatiue somtime hath for his antecedent a word that is not declined with case . And now go to the next exception , where the antecedent and the relatiue do séeme to be of contrary gender and number .

Another exception of disagreement in shew betweene the antecedent and the relatiue . An. Many antecedents singular ( that is , of the singular number ) hauing a coniunction copulatiue betwéene them , will haue a relatiue plurall ( that is , of the plurall number ) which relatiue shall agrée with the antecedent of the most woorthy gender : as , Imperium & dignitas , quae petijsti , The rule and dignity , which thou hast required .

Qu. Let me heare how you can make this example agrée with the rule .

The example applied to the rule . An. Héere are many antecedents ( for by many in this place is meant more than one ) of the singular number , namely Imperium and dignitas , hauing the coniunction copulatiue et , comming betwéene them , and therefore by this rule they cause the relatiue quae to be the plurall number , and bicause these two antecedents are of diuers genders , that is , Imperium the neuter gender , and dignitas the feminine gender , therefore doth the relatiue quae agrée with the antecedent imperium , the most woorthy gender , that is , the relatiue quae is the neuter gender with the antecedent imperium , and not the feminine gender with the antecedent dignitas .

Obiection . Qu. You said before in the second concord , that the feminine gender was more woorthy than the neuter , that is , doth cause the adiectiue or relatiue to be rather the feminine gender than the neuter , when two substantiues or antecedents one of the feminine gender , and the other of the neuter gender do come before an adiectiue or relatiue ?

Answer . An. So it is indéed in substantiues or antecedents being the names of things that haue life , but in things hauing no life the neuter gender is most woorthy , that is , causeth the adiectiue or relatiue rather to be of the neuter gender .

Qu. Haue you a rule for this in relatiues ?

The rule for the gender of the relatiue referred vnto antecedents signifieng things without life . An. This is the rule : In things not apt to haue life , the neuter gender is most woorthy , yea and in such case , though the substantiues or antecedents , be of the masculine , or of the feminine gender , and none of them of the neuter , yet may the adiectiue or relatiue be put in the neuter gender : as Arcus et calami sunt bona , The bow and the arrowes are good : Arcus et calami , quae fregisti , The bow and the arrowes which thou hast broken .

Qu. Fit the examples to expresse the meaning of this rule .

The first example applied . An. Arcus et calami sunt bona , this is an example of an adiectiue referred vnto substantiues of contrarie gender , for héere these two substantiues arcus and calami , being both the masculine gender , are notwithstanding ioined with the adiectiue bona of the neuter gender , bicause that in substantiues of things without life , though none of them be the neuter gender , yet may the adiectiue be the neuter gender , as héere it is by this rule .

Note . Yet note , that bicause both these substantiues are of one gender , namely the masculine , therefore may the adiectiue also be the masculine gender , so that you may say , Arcus et calami sunt boni , as well as bona .

The second example applied . The second example is more proper vnto this place , for that it is of a relatiue referred vnto antecedents of things without life . In the latter example therefore , Arcus et calami quae fregisti , the relatiue quae is the neuter gender , though his antecedents arcus and calami be both of the masculine gender , bicause that in antecedents betokening things without life ( as bow and arrowes do ) the relatiue shall be the neuter gender , as héere it is , though the antecedents be both of the masculine gender , as héere they are by this rule .

Let this be well marked . Note also that if the antecedents be both of one gender , as héere they are , the relatiue also may be of the same gender , so that you may say , Arcus et calami , quos fregisti , as well as quae fregisti .

Qu. What other exceptions haue you yet behind conteining some shew of disagréement betwéene the relatiue and the antecedent ?

An. There are yet two , the one to be fet from the ende of the treatise of the case of the relatiue folowing , bicause it is fitter to be handled héere , in as much as it agréeth with the matter in hand , and the other is to be supplied from else where .

Qu. Rehearse the exception set downe in the ende of the treatise of the case of the relatiue .

A rule for the gender of the relatiue betweene two substantiues of diuers genders . An. When a relatiue commeth betwéen two substantiues of diuers genders , it may indifferently agrée with either of them : as Auis , quae passer appellatur , or Auis , qui passer appellatur , The bird which is called a sparrow .

Yea though the substantiues be of diuers numbers , yet may the relatiue agrée with either of them : as , Est nè ea Lutetia , quam nos Parisios dicimus ? Is not that called Lutetia , that we do call Paris ? or else , Est nè ea Lutetia , quos nos Parisios dicimus ?

Qu. Shew how these examples agrée with this exception .

The first example applied . An. Auis quae passer appellatur . Héere the relatiue quae being put betwéene these two substantiues auis the feminine gender , and passer the masculine gender , agréeth with auis the feminine gender . And where it is said auis qui passer appellatur , there the relatiue qui agréeth with passer the latter substantiue of the masculine gender by this rule .

The second example applied . Est nè ea Lutetia quam nos Parisios dicimus . In this sentence the relatiue quam being put betwéene these two substantiues Lutetia and Parisios , of diuers genders and also numbers , Lutetia the feminine gender & singular number , and Parisios the masculine gender and plural number , it doth agrée with the substantiue Lutetia of the feminine gender and singular number , according to this rule . And in the other saying , Est nè ea Lutetia , quos nos Parisios dicimus , the relatiue quos agréeth with the latter substantiue Parisios of the masculine gender and plural number by the same rule . For in such like cases the relatiue may aswell agrée with the one substantiue as with the other .

Qu. What is your other exception ?

The other exception , which apperteineth vnto adiectiues also . An. Sometime the relatiue agréeth not with the thing or antecedent that went next before , This rule being somewhat darke must with examples be made plaine by the diligence of the master . but with the person vnto whom the thing belongeth , as Laudabant fortunam meam , qui filium haberem tali ingenio praeditum , They praised my fortune , which had a sonne indued with such a disposition or nature . Héere the relatiue qui agréeth not with fortunam , that went next before , for it is the feminine gender , and qui the masculine gender , but qui is referred to the person wherof he speaketh , namely himselfe , of whom he speaketh in the first person ego vnderstood , which being the masculine gender , the relatiue qui also is in this sentence put in the masculine gender .

Figuratiue speeches . Further it is héere also to be noted , that figuratiue spéeches do often cause the relatiue and antecedent to be of diuers genders , numbers , and persons , the which for the hardnes sake , we will not cumber yoong wits withall , trusting to the helpe of their painfull teachers in this behalfe .

The case of the relatiue .

Qu. TO what vse or purpose serue these rules folowing , which haue this title set ouer the head of them , The case of the relatiue ?

An. To shew what case the relatiue shall be , as well when he commeth before the verbe , as after the verbe , or after anie other part of spéech , for although the relatiue be alwaies set before the verbe in respect of his placing , yet in order of construction he is often in such sort considered as folowing the verbe , or else some other part of spéech , whereof he is gouerned .

Qu. What is your first rule ?

The first rule for the case of the relatiue . An. When there commeth no nominatiue case betwéene the relatiue and the verbe , the relatiue shall be the nominatiue case vnto the verbe : as Miser est , qui nummos admiratur , Wretched is that person , which is in loue with monie .

The example applied . In this example the relatiue qui , is the nominatiue case vnto the verbe admiratur , bicause there is no other nominatiue case comming before him and the verbe .

Qu. Rehearse the second rule .

The second rule An. But when there commeth a nominatiue case betwéen the relatiue and the verbe , the relatiue shall be such case as the verbe will haue after him : as Foelix , quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum , Happie is he , whom other mens harmes do make to beware .

The example applied . Héere this word pericula though in the latin it be set after the verbe , yet is it in construing the nominatiue case , and to be set before the verbe faciunt , betwéene whom and the relatiue quem in construing it doth come , and therefore is the relatiue quem the accusatiue case gouerned of the verbe faciunt , by the rule of verbs transitiues folowing héere after among the rules for the cases which verbs do gouerne .

The third rule . As the relatiue may be the nominatiue case vnto the verbe , so it may be the substantiue vnto the adiectiue , that is ioyned with him , or commeth next after him : as Diuitias amare noli , quod omnium est sordidissimum , Will not thou loue riches , which to do , is the most beggerly thing in the world .

The example applied . Héere the relatiue quod , being the nominatiue case before the verbe est , is also substantiue vnto the adiectiue sordidissimum by this rule . And marke , that whatsoeuer may be the nominatiue case vnto the verbe , or antecedent vnto the relatiue , the same also may be the substantiue vnto the adiectiue .

The fourth rule Nounes interrogatiues and indefinites follow the rule of the relatiue : as Quis , who , vter , whether , qualis , what maner one , quantus , how great , quotus , how manie , &c. And these euermore come before the verbe , like as the relatiue doth : as Hei mihi , qualis erat ? talis erat , qualem nunquam vidi , Wo is me , what maner of person was he ? such a one he was , the like whereof I neuer saw .

The example applied . In this example , the noune interrogatiue qualis , is nominatiue case vnto the verbe est , bicause there is no other nominatiue case betwéene him and the verbe , and so is talis also the noune redditiue , or indefinite , and qualem is the accusatiue case in construction after the verbe vidi , bicause that the nominatiue case ego , vnderstood commeth before the verbe : for these kind of nounes do follow the rule of the relatiue , that is , if there come no nominatiue case betwéene them , and the verbe , then are they the nominatiue case vnto the verbe , like as the relatiue is , but if there come a nominatiue case betwéen them and the verbe , then shall they be such case as the verbe will haue after him , like as the relatiue must be .

Qu. Haue you nothing else to say concerning these kinde of nounes ?

A rule for nounes interrogatiues and indefinites . An. As the relatiue agréeth in gender , number and person with his antecedent , the which for the most part goeth before the relatiue , so these nounes do alwaies agrée with the worde that foloweth after them : as , quot homines , tot sententiae , So many men , so many minds , where in the first place quot agréeeth with homines following after him , and in the second place tot is the same case , gender , and number that his substantiue sententiae , which followeth after him , is of .

An obiection against this rule . Qu. What say you then vnto this sentence of the poet Horace : Mammaeque putres , equina quales vbera , And rotten brests , such as are the vdders of a mare : Where you sée this noune quales , to be the feminine gender , with the former substantiue mammae , and not the neuter gender , with the latter substantiue vbera ?

Answer . An. This saying of Horace is to be noted of yoong schollers , but not to be followed : for he should rather haue said , qualia , than quales , making it to agrée with vbera the substantiue following , according to the rule .

Qu. What is the next rule of relatiues ?

The fift rule of relatiues . An. Yet héere is to be vnderstanded and noted , that the relatiue is not alwaies gouerned of the verbe that he commeth before , but somtime of the infinitiue moode that commeth after the verbe : as Quibus voluisti me gratias agere , egi , What persons thou willedst me to thanke , I haue thanked .

The example applied . In this sentence the relatiue quibus is not gouerned of the verbe voluisti , before whom he commeth , but of the infinitiue moode agere , comming after the verbe voluisti , and it is the datiue case , by a rule of verbs gouerning a datiue case , which rule followeth in his due place .

The sixt rule . The example applied : yet Quibus rather indeed agreeth with rebus , than is gouerned of adductus . The 7. rule . The example applied . Somtime of a participle : as Quibus rebus adductus fecisti ? With what things mooued diddest thou it ?

Héere quibus the relatiue is the ablatiue case gouerned of the participle adductus , by the rule of participles gouerning such case , as the verbe they come of .

Somtime of the gerund : as Quae nunc non est narrandi locus , Which things at this present it is no time to tell .

In this place the relatiue quae is the accusatiue case plurall , gouerned of the gerund narrandi by the rule of gerunds , which will haue such case as their verbs , whereof they come , do require .

The 8. rule . Sometime of a preposition set before him : as Quem in locum deducta res sit , vides , Into what state the matter is now brought , thou seest .

The example applied and corrected . In this example the relatiue quem is gouerned of the preposition in , which in construction is set before him , albeit in the order of words , as they ly in Latin , this preposition in be put betwéene quem and locum . But in truth qui in this example is rather an indefinite than a relatiue , and agréeth with locum in case , gender , and number , by the rule of the adiectiue agréeing with his substantiue , so that locum and not quem is héere gouerned of the preposition in , albeit that it is not to be denied , but that sometimes the preposition in may cause the relatiue quem to be put in the accusatiue case , like as other prepositions may cause him to be put in other cases also .

The 9. rule . Somtime of the substantiue , that he doth accord or agrée with : as Senties qui vir siem , Thou shalt perceiue what a fellow I am . Albeit in this maner of speaking , qui is an indefinite , and not a relatiue .

The example applied . Héere the relatiue qui , agréeth with the substantiue vir being the nominatiue case , the masculine gender , and singular number , as vir is by the rule last before set downe : for qui is in this place a noune indefinite , that is , noting no any one certaine thing , and not a relatiue .

The 10. rule . Somtime of a noune partitiue , or distributiue : as Quarum rerum vtram minus velim , non facile possum existimare , Of the which two things , whether I would with lesse will haue , I cannot easily esteeme .

The example applied , and corrected . In this example the relatiue quarum is the genitiue case plurall gouerned of the partitiue vtram by the rule of interrogatiues , partitiues , distributiues , gouerning a genitiue case , as shall be shewed afterward : yet héere also qui is rather an indefinite , and agréeth with the genitiue case rerum in case , gender , and number , which genitiue case rerum is gouerned of the partitiue vtram by the rule aforesaid , albeit the relatiue is notwithstanding somtime put in the genitiue case , by the same rule of interrogatiues and partitiues , and such like , gouerning a genitiue case .

The 11. rule . Somtime it is put in the genitiue case , by reason of a substantiue comming next after him : as Ego illum non noui , cuius causa hoc incipis , I knew him not , for whose cause thou beginnest this matter .

The example applied . Héere the relatiue cuius is the genitiue case gouerned of the substantiue causa comming after him , by the rule of substantiues comming togither betokening diuers things , whereof the latter must be the genitiue case . Where note that in such cases the relatiue cuius supplieth the roome of a substantiue , and in construction is taken to be the latter substantiue , albeit that in Latin he be alwaies set foremost .

The 12. rule . Somtime it is otherwise gouerned of a noune substantiue : as , Omnia tibi dabuntur , quibus opus habes , All things shall be giuen thee , which thou hast need of .

The example applied . In this place the relatiue quibus is the ablatiue case plural , gouerned of the substantiue opus , which requireth an ablatiue case by a rule to be set downe in his place .

The 13. rule . Somtime it is put in the ablatiue case with this signe than , and is gouerned of the comparatiue degrée comming after him : as Vtere virtute , qua nihil est melius , Vse vertue , than the which nothing is better .

The example applied . In this example the relatiue qua is the ablatiue case singular , hauing in the construing in English this signe than before it , and is gouerned of the comparatiue degrée melius , which will haue an ablatiue case , when it may be expounded by this aduerbe quàm , in English than , as shall be shewed héerafter .

The 14. rule . Somtime it is not gouerned at al , but is put in the ablatiue case absolute : as Quantus erat Iulius Caesar , quo imperatore , Romani primum Britanniam ingressi sunt ? How woorthy a man was Iulius Caesar , vnder whose conduct ( or who being emperor ) the Romans first entred into Britaine ?

The example applied . Héere the relatiue quo hath no word whereof it may be gouerned , but is put in the ablatiue case , which in this kind of speaking , is called the ablatiue case absolute , for a cause to be shewed héereafter .

The 15. rule . Also when it signifieth an instrument wherewith a thing to be done , it is put in the ablatiue case : as Ferrum habuit , quo se occideret , He had asword , wherewith he would haue killed himselfe .

The example applied . In this example the relatiue quo is the ablatiue case singular , gouerned of the verbe occideret , bicause the said quo in this place signifieth an instrument to do some thing withall , and therefore must be put in the ablatiue case by a rule héereafter following concerning this matter .

The 16. rule . Somtime the relatiue is gouerned of an aduerbe : as Cui vtrum obuiam procedam , nondum statui , Whom , whether I will go to meete with , I haue not yet determined .

The example applied . Héere the relatiue cui , is the datiue case singular gouerned of the aduerbe obuiam , which with such other like will haue a datiue case , as héereafter shall be declared more at large .

Admonition . There are besides these , many other rules whereby a relatiue may be gouerned , yea almost by all the rules of all other partes of spéech , but these before are the most principall by which the yoong beginners may be learned to iudge of the rest .

The construction of nounes substantiues , or what cases they may gouerne .

Qu. YOu haue said at the beginning , that all the parts of spéech do either agrée togither in some certaine conditions and properties , or else are gouerned and ruled one of another . Of Concord or agréement hath béene spoken at large , wherefore now order requireth that we entreat of gouernment . Tell me therefore what you call gouernement ?

What gouernement is , in Grammar matters . An. Gouernment properly in Grammar matters , is the requiring of some certaine case to be put after an other worde in order of construction : As for example , to make this as plain as may be for the very simplest to conceiue , when I say , some nounes do gouerne a genitiue case , I mean that some nounes require a genitiue case , that is , do cause the casuall worde that in construction doth folow next after them to be put in the genitiue case . Some verbes do gouerne an accusatiue case , in thus saying my meaning is , that some verbs require an accusatiue case , that is , do cause the word that in construing doth come next after them , to be put in the accusatiue case .

Qu. You meane then that the word which requireth such , or such a case after him , is said to gouerne , and that the worde put in this or that case after an other word going before it , is said to be gouerned .

An. That is my meaning , so that when I say in latine : Amor dei , The loue of God , this first substantiue amor , is saide to gouerne , and the seconde substantiue dei being the genitiue case after amor the former , is saide to be gouerned of amor .

Qu. This is plaine inough for all the rest of like sort . Now séeing in this whole treatise as well that which hath gone before , as this also which commeth héere after we deale with construction , shew me briefely , what construction is , and what it is constre ? for the little petits are peraduenture to séeke in this .

Construction . An. Construction , is the due and orderly ioining and knitting of the parts of spéech togither , according vnto the right order of grammar .

To constre . And to constre , is to set the words in due or right frame , as they ought to go before , or to follow the one the other , when you turne latin into english ( for taking this pains for yoong beginners , we wil content our selues with latin onely ) so that it be placed first , that ought in construing to haue the first place , and that second , the which is to be set in the second place , and so of the rest , wherof some thing hath béen spoken at the beginning .

Qu. Now then folowing the order of your Accidence , we will first begin with the construction of nounes substantiues , declaring what cases they will gouerne or haue after them in construction . Tell me therefore how many cases a noune substantiue may gouerne ?

An. A noune substantiue may gouerne thrée cases , that is a genitiue , a genitiue or an ablatiue , and an ablatiue case alone .

Qu. What is your rule for a substantiue gouerning a genitiue case ?

The first rule of substantiues . An. When two substantiues come togither betokening diuers things the latter shall be the genitiue case : as , Facundia Ciceronis , The eloquence of Cicero . Opus Vergilij , the work of Virgil. Amator studiorum , a louer of studies . Dogma Platonis , the opinion of Plato .

Qu. Applie the examples of this rule to declare the meaning of the same .

The examples applied . Facundia Ciceronis , héere are two substantiues betokening diuers things , and therefore the latter substantiue Ciceronis is the genitiue case gouerned of the former Facundia , by this rule .

The second example . Opus Vergilij . In this example opus and Vergilij two substantiues comming togither , and betokening diuers things , Vergilij the latter of them is the genitiue case gouerned of opus the former by this rule .

The third example . Amator studiorum . Héere are two substantiues , amator , and studiorum comming togither , and betokening diuers things , wherefore studiorum the latter substantiue is put in the genitiue case being gouerned of amator the former , by this rule .

The fourth example . Dogma Platonis . In this example these two substantiues dogma and Platonis do come togither and do betoken diuers things , wherefore Platonis the latter of them is put in the genitiue case , being gouerned of dogma the former , by this rule .

Qu. But what if the two substantiues comming togither do appertaine both vnto one thing ?

An. Then they shall be put both in one case by the rule folowing , which is this ,

An exception . But if they belong both vnto one thing , they shal be put both in one case : as Pater meus vir , amat me puerum , My father being a man , loueth me a childe .

The example applied . Sometime the latter of these substantiues is put also in the genitiue case . In the first branch of this sentence , there are two substantiues pater and vir comming togither , and bicause they do belong both vnto one thing , therefore are they put both in one case , that is , vir the latter substantiue is the nominatiue with pater the former substantiue . And so likewise in the latter part of this same sentence , there are other two substantiues me and puerum , comming togither , and bicause they also do appertaine both to one thing , they are put both in one case , so that puerum the latter substantiue is put in the accusatiue case with me , the former , by this exception .

Qu. What haue you further to note concerning this first rule ?

An other profitable note . An. Somtime the former of the two substantiues comming togither , and being referred vnto diuers things , and the which should cause the latter subsantiue to be put in the genitiue case , is not expressely set downe , but vnderstood : as Vbi ad Dianae veneris , When you come vnto the temple of Diana . Héer is only the latter substantiue Dianae the genitiue case expresly set downe , and the former substantiue Templum , which causeth it to be put in the genitiue case is vnderstood , whereof in authors you shall find many more such like examples .

Obiection . Qu. But somtime you shall haue an adiectiue in the neuter gender to gouerne a substantiue after him in the genitiue case .

Answer . How an adiectiue put alone in the neuter gender , may haue a genitiue case . An. When this commeth to passe , then is the same adiectiue said to be put absolutely , that is , by himselfe alone hauing no substantiue to agrée with , and being thus put , he looseth the nature of an adiectiue , and is taken for a substantiue , causing the other substantiue following to be put in the genitiue case , as if he himselfe were a substantiue , by this rule :

The rule for an adiectiue put alone in the neuter gender . An adiectiue in the neuter gender , put alone without a substantiue , standeth for a substantiue , and may haue a genitiue case after him , as if he were a substantiue : as Multum lucri , Much gaines . Quantum negotij ? How much busines ? Id operis , That worke .

Qu. How apply you these examples vnto the rule ?

The first example applied . An. Multum lucri . In this example the adiectiue Multum of the neuter gender , being set alone without a substantiue to agrée with , causeth the substantiue lucri to be the genitiue case , as if he himselfe were also a substantiue .

The second example applied . Quantum negotij ? In this second example the adiectiue quantum being set alone in the neuter gender without any substantiue , wherewith he may agrée , doth stand for a substantiue , and causeth the substantiue negotij following after him , to be put in the genitiue case , as if quantum it selfe had béen a substantiue .

The third example applied . Id operis . In this third example the adiectiue id is set alone in the neuter gender without a substantiue to agrée with , and therefore doth he cause the substantiue operis comming after him , to be put in the genitiue case , as if he were a substantiue .

Obiection . Qu. Wherefore do you say in all these examples , that the adiectiue is set alone without a substantiue to agrée with , séeing that in euery one of them , euery seuerall adiectiue hath his seuerall substantiue ioined with him .

Answer . An. Bicause that albeit euery adiectiue hath a seuerall substantiue following him , yet doth not any of the adiectiues agrée with any of the substantiues , or is put in the same case , gender , and number , that the substantiue following him is of , but doth gouerne the said substantiues , causing them to be put in the genitiue case by this rule .

Qu. There is yet one rule put in héere among the rules of substantiues , concerning the English of this word Res , a thing , put with an adiectiue , and causing the adiectiue to becom a substantiue , the which , I sée not how it can very fitly agrée with this place .

An. This rule I grant , might more properly haue béen handled in the second concord betwéene the substantiue and the adiectiue , in as much as an adiectiue being so put as this rule requireth , doth oftentimes become a substantiue , with the which the adiectiue following in the same sentence doth agrée in case , gender , and number . But yet séeing that this place treateth of substantiues , and that in such consideration as in this rule is specified , and adiectiue may become a substantiue : for this cause as I take it , the Author of our Accidence thought good to set downe this rule among the other rules of substantiues , the which is as followeth .

A rule for the english of this word Res put with an adiectiue . When the English of this word Res , a thing , is put with an adiectiue , ye may put away Res , and put the adiectiue in the neuter gender , like a substantiue : as Multa me impedierunt , Many things haue letted me .

And being so put , it may be the substantiue to an adiectiue : as , Pauca his similia , A few things like vnto these . Nonnulla huiusmodi , Many things of like sort .

The first example applied . If you resolue this sentence by the word Res , you must say , Multae res me impedierunt . The second example applied . You may resolue this sentence thus by the word , Res , Paucae res his similes . In the first example the adiectiue multa , many things , hauing in English the signification of this word res , a thing , ioined with him , in Latin shutteth cleane out this word res , and is put alone in the neuter gender , and plurall number , being the nominatiue case vnto the verbe impedierunt , as if he were a substantiue by this rule .

In the second example , Pauca his fimilia , the adiectiue pauca , few things , hauing in English the signification of this word res , a thing , ioined with him , in Latin shutteth out the said word , and is put alone in the neuter gender , and plurall number like a substantiue , with the which the adiectiue similia doth agrée in case , gender , and number , being the nominatiue case , the neuter gender , and the plurall number , like as pauca is , by this rule .

The third example applied . In the third example , Nonnulla huiusmodi , the adiectiue nonnulla , many things , hauing in English the signification of this word res ioined with him , This sentence by Res may be resolued thus , Nonnullae res huiusmodi . doth in Latin shut out the word res , and is put alone in the neuter gender , and plurall number , like a substantiue , with the which the adiectiue huiusmodi doth agrée in case , gender , and number , being the nominatiue case , the neuter gender , and plurall number , like as nonnulla is , by this rule .

Qu. Thus much concerning substantiues gouerning a genitiue case only , with such other matters as appertained therevnto . What is now your next rule ?

Substantiues gouerning a genitiue case , or an ablatiue . An. Our next rule is of the second kind of construction of substantiues , where they do gouerne indifferently a genitiue case , or an ablatiue .

Qu. By what rule ?

The rule . An. Words importing indument of any qualitie or propertie , to the praise or dispraise of a thing , comming after a noune substantiue , or a verbe substantiue , By a verbe substantiue is ment the verbe Sum , es , fui , &c. may be put in the genitiue case , or in the ablatiue : as Puer boni ingenij , or Puer bono ingenio , A child of a good wit . Puer bona indole , or Puer bona indolis , A child of a good towardnes .

Qu. Can you not expresse the meaning of this rule in fewer words ?

An. It may be shortly set downe thus : A noune substantiue betokening praise or dispraise of a thing ( the which commonly is perceiued by the adiectiue ioined with him ) comming after a noune substantiue , or a verbe substantiue , may be put in the genitiue , or ablatiue case .

Qu. Now apply your examples vnto the rule .

The examples applied . An. Puer boni ingenij . Héere the substantiue ingenij being a word of praise , is put in the genitiue case comming after the other noune substantiue puer by this rule . And in the other saying , Puer bono ingenio , the substantiue of praise ingenio , is put after the other substantiue puer in the ablatiue case by the same rule , bicause such kind of substantiues in such maner of speaking , may be put either in the genitiue case , or else in the ablatiue .

Puer bona indole . Héere indole a substantiue of praise is put in the ablatiue case after the other substantiue puer by this rule . And in the other saieng puer bonae indolis , the substantiue of praise indolis , is put after the other substantiue puer in the genitiue case by the same rule , bicause that in such like speaking the substantiue of praise or dispraise may be put in the ablatiue or genitiue case .

Substantiues vsually hauing only an ablatiue case . Qu. Let vs now come vnto the third kind of substantiues gouerning onely an ablatiue case .

An. They are but two in number , namely , opus and vsus , and are in such kinde of construction vndeclined , that is hauing in all their cases the same termination .

Qu. What are the words of your rule ?

The example applied . Opus & vsus . An. Opus and vsus when they be latin for need , require an ablatiue case : Opus sometime hath also a genitiue case , and sometime an accusatiue case , and vsus also an accusatiue case , but this is very seldome . as Opus est mihi tuo iudicio , I haue need of thy iudgement , Viginti minis vsus est filio , My sonne hath neede of twentie pounds .

Opus est mihi tuo iudicio . In this example iudicio is the ablatiue case , gouerned of opus by this rule .

Viginti minis vsus est filio . Héere is the ablatiue case , gouerned of vsus by this rule .

Sometime this word opus is taken for an adiectiue , and hath the signification of necesse , or necessarius , needfull , or necessarie , and then it may haue a nominatiue or an accusatiue case to be construed withall , and some other construction also .

The construction of nounes adiectiues or what case they will haue after them . And first of such adiectiues , as require a genitiue case .

Qu. HAuing passed through the rules set downe in your Accidence for such case as nounes substantiues wil haue after them , let vs now heare what is to bée said for the construction of adiectiues . What cases may adiectiues haue after them ?

Cases of adiectiues . An. Some adiectiues haue onely a genitiue case ; some a datiue onely : some onely an accusatiue case : and some onely an ablatiue : and some may haue one , or more of these cases togither .

Qu. We will then take this course , that we will first handle such adiectiues , as haue but one case after them onely , and afterwards deale with them that haue more then one case . And first of adiectiues gouerning a genitiue case , for the which what is your first rule ?

Rules for adiectiues , gouerning a genitiue case only . An. Adiectiues that signifie desire , knowledge , remembrance , ignorance , or forgetting , and such like , require a genitiue case : as , Cupidus auri , Couetous of monie . Peritus belli , Expert of warfare . Ignarus omnium , Ignorant of all things . Fidens animi , Bould of hart . Dubius mentis , Doubtfull of minde . Memor praeteriti , Mindfull of that is past . Reus furti , Accused of theft .

Qu. Shew the meaning of this rule , by the seuerall examples of the same .

The examples applied .

The first example .

This rule hath seuen examples , wherof the first is , Cupidus auri , in which example the adiectiue cupidus signifieng desire , doth cause the substantiue auri comming after him to be put in the genitiue case by this rule .

The second example . Peritus belli . Héere the adiectiue peritus betokening knowledge , causeth the substantiue belli comming after him , to be put in the genitiue case by this rule .

The third example . Ignarus omnium . In this example , the adiectiue ignarus , signifieng ignorance , causeth omnium the word folowing him , to be the genitiue case by this rule .

The fourth example . Fidens animi . Héere fidens an adiectiue signifieng boldnes , causeth the substantiue animi to be put in the genitiue case by this rule .

The fift example . Dubius mentis . In this sentence the adiectiue dubius betokening doubtfulnes , causeth the substantiue mentis to be the genitiue case by this rule .

The sixt example . Memor praeteriti . Héere memor the adiectiue signifieng remembrance , causeth praeteriti the word folowing to be put in the genitiue case by this rule .

The seuenth example . Reus furti . In this example the adiectiue reus betokening accusing , doth gouerne the substantiue furti in the genitiue case by this rule .

Qu. Are there no other adiectiues of like signification vnto these expressed in the former rule , the which do gouerne also a genitiue case ?

A note for other adiectiues gouerning a genitiue case . An. There are besides these a great number of adiectiues deriued of verbes , the which do also gouerne a genitiue case , whereof some ende in us , some in ax , some in idus , or ius , some in rus , and tus with many others , the which cannot be comprehended vnder anie certaine rule , and therefore are to be marked by diligent reading of good authors .

Qu. Rehearse the next rule for adiectiues gouerning a genitiue case .

Nounes partitiues . An. Nounes partitiues , and certaine interrogatiues , with certaine nounes of number , require a genitiue case : as Aliquis , Some body . Vter , Whether . Neuter , Nether . Nemo , No body . Nullus , None . Solus , Alone . Vnus , One . Medius , The middlemost . Quisque , Euery one . Quisquis , Whosoeuer . Quicunque , Whosoeuer . Quidam , Some . quis for Aliquis , Some body : or , quis an interrogatiue , Who. Vnus , one , duo , two , tres , three , primus , first , secundus , second , tertius , third , &c. As , Aliquis nostrum , Some of vs . Primus omnium , First of all .

Qu. Apply your examples vnto this rule .

The examples applied . An. Aliquis nostrum . Héere the noune partitiue aliquis doth make the pronoune nostrum to be the genitiue case by this rule .

Primus omnium . In this example primus a noune of number doth cause omnium to be put in the genitiue case by this rule .

Qu. What do you call a noune partitiue ?

Nounes partitiues . An. Those are called nounes partitiues , the which do either signifie many , as quisque , euery one , or else one among many , as alter , another .

Qu. And what are nounes interrogatiues ?

Nounes interrogatiues An. Such as do aske a question , as quis , who , and such like .

Qu. What else is there to be noted concerning this rule ?

The adiectiue and the genitiue case which by this rule he gouerneth , are sometime of diuers genders . An. The adiectiues , which by this rule do gouerne a genitiue case , must be of the same gender that the genitiue case is , the which they do gouerne for the most part , except the genitiue case be either this word rerum , or else some noune collectiue , that is , such a noune as in the singular number doth signifie a multitude : for then may the adiectiue , and the genitiue case which he gouerneth , be of contrary genders .

Qu. What haue you more to say , as touching this rule ?

A rule borowed from the latin . An. Somtimes the adiectiues appertaining vnto this rule , are construed with a datiue case , and somtimes with an accusatiue case with a preposition , and somtime with an ablatiue case with a preposition .

Qu. What is the next rule ?

The rule of asking and answering a question . An. When a question is asked , the answer in Latin must be made by the same case of a noune , pronoune , or participle , and by the same tense of a verbe , that the question is asked by : as Cuius est fundus ? Vicini . Whose ground is it ? My neighbors . Quid agitur in ludo literario ? Studetur . What do they in the schoole ? They study .

Obiection . Qu. To what purpose is this rule brought in héere among adiectiues gouerning a genitiue case , when as oftentimes in the examples of this rule there is neither adiectiue , nor yet genitiue case at all ?

Answer . An. Yet for as much as many times the question is asked by Cuius , the genitiue case of quis the interrogatiue , and for that the word that answereth the same question , is oftentimes the genitiue case also , this rule is not vnfitly placed héere among the other rules of adiectiues gouerning a genitiue case .

Qu. Let vs sée then how the examples agrée with the rule .

The examples applied . The first . An. Cuius est fundus ? Vicini . In this example the question is asked by the genitiue case Cuius , and the answer is made by this word vicini , being put in the genitiue case by this rule , which will haue the word asking the question , and the word answering the question to be put both in one case .

The second . Quid agitur in ludo literario ? Studetur . Héere the question being asked by quid and the verbe agitur of the present tense , the answer is made by studetur , a verbe likewise of the present tense , by the second branch of the same rule requiring , if the question be asked by a verbe , that the answer be made by another verbe of the same tense .

Qu. How many exceptions are there from this rule ?

Three exceptions from the rule afore going . An. There are thrée exceptions . The first , when the question is asked by Cuius , cuia , cuium , Whose ? The second , when the question is asked by a word that may gouerne diuers cases . The third , when the answer must be made by one of these pronounes possessiues , Meus , mine , tuus , thine , suus , his , noster , ours , vester , yours .

Qu. Rehearse these in order as they are set downe in your Accidence .

An. Except a question be asked by Cuius , cuia , cuium : as Cuia est sententia ? Ciceronis . Whose sentence is it ? Ciceroes .

Qu. This exception is somwhat darke for a yoong beginner : Make it therefore more plaine : for it séemeth to be an vnperfect sentence .

The exceptions made plaine , and their examples applied . The first exception . An. If a question be asked by Cuius , cuia , cuium , the nominatiue case , then the answer must be made not by the same case , but by the genitiue , as Cuia est sententia ? Ciceronis , where the question is asked by the nominatiue case Cuia , and answered by the genitiue case Ciceronis , by this exception .

Qu. What is the second exception ?

An. Or by a word that may gouern diuers cases , as Quanti emisti librum ? Paruo . For how much bought you the booke ? For a little .

Qu. Make this exception also more plaine .

The second exception and his example made plaine . An. When a question is asked by a word that may gouern diuers cases , the word that asketh the question , and the word that answereth the same , shall not be both of one case , as in this example : Quanti emisti librum ? Paruo : the question is asked by the genitiue case quanti , bicause the verbe emisti doth cause this adiectiue with certaine others being set without substantiues , to be the genitiue case : and the answer is made by the word paruo in the ablatiue case , bicause the same verbe also will haue an ablatiue case of this adiectiue , and certaine others , and so bicause it gouerneth diuers cases , the word quanti asking the question , and the word paruo answering the question , are in this example put in diuers cases .

Qu. What is the third exception ?

The third exception . An. Or except I must answer by one of these possessiues , Meus , tuus , suus , noster , vester : as Cuius est domus ? Non vestra , sed nostra . Whose house is it ? Not yours , but ours .

Qu. Make this exception also as plaine as may be .

The exception and his example made plaine . An. If the question must be answered by any of those pronounes possessiues , Meus , tuus , suus , noster , vester : then the word asking the question , and the word answering the question shall not be both of one case , as in the former example the word Cuius is the genitiue case asking the question , and the word vestra a pronoune possessiue answering the question , is the nominatiue case by this exception .

Qu. Come to the next rule of adiectiues gouerning a genitiue case .

Comparatiues and Superlatiues gouerning a genitiue case , with whom for the most part they must be of the same gender . The first example applied . An. Nounes of the comparatiue and the superlatiue degrée being put partitiuely , that is to say , hauing after them this English , Of , or Among , require a genitiue case : as Aurium mollior est sinistra , Of the eares , the left is the softer . Cicero oratorum eloquentissimus , Cicero the most eloquent of orators .

In this first example , Aurium mollior est sinistra , the word aurium is the genitiue case , gouerned by the comparatiue degrée mollior , the which héereby I know to be put partitiuely , bicause aurium hath before it in English this signe Of , according vnto this rule .

The second example applied . In the second example , Cicero oratorum eloquentissimus , this word oratorum is put in the genitiue case gouerned of the superlatiue degrée eloquentissimus , being put partitiuely , the which I know by this signe of , going in English before the word oratorum , when it is construed , by this rule .

Of Adiectiues gouerning a datiue case .

A datiue case after adiectiues . ADiectiues , that betoken profit , or disprofit , likenes , vnlikenes , pleasure , submitting , or belonging to any thing , require a datiue case : as Labor est vtilis corpori , Labor is profitable for the body . Aequalis Hectori , Equall to Hector . Idoneus bello , Fit for war . Iucundus omnibus , Pleasant to all persons . Parenti supplex , Suppliant to his father . Mihi proprium , Proper to me .

The examples applied . The first . In this rule are sixe examples , wherof the first is , Labor est vtilis corpori , in the which corpori is the datiue case gouerned of the adiectiue vtilis signifieng profit by this rule .

The second . In the second example , Aequalis Hectori , this word Hectori is the datiue case gouerned of aequalis , an adiectiue signifieng likenes by this rule . Note . Where note that many adiectiues signifieng likenes do somtimes gouerne a genitiue case .

The third . In the third example , Idoneus bello , the word bello is the datiue case gouerned of the adiectiue idoneus , signifieng profit by this rule . A note borowed from the latin . Where note also that this adiectiue idoneus , fit , or profitable , with certaine others , as Natus , borne , commodus , profitable , incommodus , vnprofitable , vtilis profitable , inutilis , vnprofitable , vehemens , darnest , aptus , fit , will some time haue an accusatiue case with the preposition ad , to .

The fourth . In the fourth example Iucundus omnibus , the word omnibus is the datiue case gouerned of the adiectiue iucundus , betokening pleasure by this rule .

The fift . In the fift example Parenti supplex , parenti is the datiue case gouerned of the adiectiue supplex betokening submitting , by this rule .

The sixt . In the sixt example Mihi proprium , this word mihi is the datiue case gouerned of the adiectiue proprium , signifieng a belonging to a thing , by this rule . And this adiectiue proprium doth sometime also gouerne a genitiue case .

Qu. What is your next rule for adiectiues requiring a datiue case ?

An other rule for a datiue case after adiectiues . An. Likewise nounes adiectiues of the passiue signification in bilis , and participials in dus , require a datiue case : as Flebilis , flendus omnibus , To be lamented of all men . Formidabilis , formidandus hosti , To be feared of his enimies .

The first example applied . In the first of these examples , Flebilis , flendus omnibus , the adiectiue flebilis of the passiue or suffering signification , and the participial adiectiue flendus ending in dus , do gouerne the word omnibus in the datiue case by this rule .

The second example applied . In the second example Formidabilis , formidandus hosti , the adiectiue formidabilis of the passiue or suffering signification ending in bilis , and the participial adiectiue formidandus ending in dus , do gouerne the word hosti in the datiue case by this rule .

What is meant by a participial . Qu. What do you call a participial in dus ?

An. A participial in this place is taken for an adiectiue like a participle , but yet in déede no participle , bicause he doth not signifie time , as when he is a participle , he alwaies ought to do .

Adiectiues construed with diuers cases . This rule is borowed from the latin-Grammar . And further héere is to be noted that many adiectiues compounded with the preposition con , do also gouerne a datiue case , and that these adiectiues , communis , common , alienus , strange , immunis , free , are construed with diuers cases , as somtimes a datiue , sometimes a datiue with an ablatiue , sometimes with a genitiue , sometimes with an ablatiue with a preposition onely , sauing that the varietie of this kinde of construction is to be diligently obserued in these adiectiues , ioining them in latin writing with such cases onely , as the best approoued writers do vse to match them withall .

Adiectiues gouerning an accusatiue case for the most part .

An accusatiue case after adiectiues .

And sometimes these substantiues are put also in the genitiue case . This rule is borowed from the latin . The first example applied . The second example applied .

THe measure of length , breadth , or thicknes of any thing , is put after adiectiues in the accusatiue case , and sometime in the ablatiue case : as , Turris alta centum pedes , A tower an hundreth foote high . Arborlata tres digitos , A tree three fingers broade . Liber crassus tres pollices , vel tribus pollicibus , A booke three inches thicke .

In the first example . Turris alta centum pedes , this word pedes betokening the height of a thing , that is , of the tower spoken of in this sentence , is put after the adiectiue alta in the accusatiue case by this rule .

Arbor lata tres digitos . In this sentence the word digitos betokening the measure of breadth , is put after the adiectiue lata in the accusatiue case by this rule .

The third example applied . In the third example . Liber crassus tres pollices , vel tribus pollicibus , after the adiectiue crassus , the word pollices is put in the accusatiue case , being a word that here resembleth thicknes , and it may be said also in the ablatiue case pollicibus , bicause that these words of the measure of any thing , may be put after adiectiues in the accusatiue or ablatiue case indifferently .

Obiection . Qu. But how shal a yoong Punie know whether the word of measure do signifie , either the depth , height , length , thicknes , squarenes , roundnes , or any such other quantitie of a thing ?

Answer . An. That is to be gathered by the signification of the adiectiue going before it in the same sentence , for if the adiectiue haue the signification of thicknes , then is the substantiue , which he gouerneth to be vnderstood to be spoken of thicknes in that place also : if the adiectiue signifie breadth , the word of measure , which he gouerneth , carieth the signification of breadth , in that sentence also : if the adiectiue signifie height , the substantiue of measure gouerned by him in the same sentence is to be supposed to be meant of height also , as appéereth in all the examples before , and the like is to be said of all such other like , as for example when I say , thirtie foote high , héere the word foote is vnderstood of height , ten foote broad , héere it is spoken of breadth , two foote déepe , in this place it is to be referred vnto depth , and so foorth in all other measures .

Qu. Set downe this rule then in fewer words for the ease of the yoonger one .

The former rule set downe more briefly . An. The word of measure may be put after adiectiues in the accusatiue case , and sometime in the ablatiue or genitiue .

Note also that many adiectiues do gouerne an accusatiue or an ablatiue case by the figure Synecdoche , of the which , as time serueth , the good schoolemaster will instruct his schollers according to their capacitie .

Adiectiues gouerning an ablatiue case .

An ablatiue case after adiectiues . NOunes of the comparatiue degrée , hauing than or by after them , do cause the word folowing to be the ablatiue case : as Frigidior glacie , More cold then yee . Doctior multo , Better learned by a great deale . Vno pede altior , Higher by a foote .

The first example applied . This rule hath thrée examples , in the first of the which Frigidior glacie , the substantiue glacie , when you do construe it , being englished with this signe than before it , is the ablatiue case gouerned of the comparatiue degrée frigidior , by this rule .

The second example applied . In the second example Doctior multo , the comparatiue degrée doctior doth cause the word multo comming after him , and when it is englished , hauing this signe by before it , to be put in the ablatiue case by this rule .

The third example applied . In the third example , Vno pede altior , the word altior of the comparatiue degrée causeth the substantiue pede to be the ablatiue case , The second rule for adiectiues with an ablatiue case . bicause it foloweth in construction the said word altior , and hath before it this signe by , by this rule .

The adiectiues Dignus , Woorthy , Indignus , Vnwoorthy , Praeditus , Indued , Captus , Taken , Contentus , Content , with such others ,

Adde to these cinctus , girded , fretus , trusting , ornatus , decked , and such others .

The examples applied .

will haue an ablatiue case : as Dignus honore , Woorthy of honor , captus oculis , Taken in his eies , or blinde , virtute praeditus , Indued with vertue , paucis contentus , Content with few things .

In these examples , honore after dignus , oculis after captus , virtute after praeditus , paucis after contentus , are the ablatiue case by this rule .

Dignus indignus with a genitiue case . Dignus , indignus , and contentus , with an infinitiue moode .

The first example applied .

Note also that dignus and indignus somtime do gouerne a genitiue case .

And note further , that dignus , indignus , and contentus , may in stead of the ablatiue case haue an infinitiue moode of a verbe : as , Dignus laudari , Woorthy to be praised , contentus in pace viuere , Content to liue in peace .

Dignus laudari , in this example the infinitiue moode laudari , is put after the adiectiue dignus , in stead of an ablatiue case , by this rule .

The second example applied . Contentus in pace viuere , in this example the infinitiue moode viuere is put after the adiectiue contentus , in stead of an ablatiue case , by this rule .

Qu. Are there no other rules besides these , for adiectiues gouerning an ablatiue case ?

Other rules for adiectiues with an ablatiue case An. There are yet thrée other rules in the Latin grammar , the which in English are as followeth .

The first rule . Somtimes these adiectiues haue a datiue case . Nounes that betoken diuersitie , will haue an ablatiue case with a preposition : as Diuersus ab isto , Diuers from this man , where the adiectiue diuersus betokening diuersitie , causeth isto to be put in the ablatiue case with the preposition ab , by this rule .

The second rule . Adiectiues will haue an ablatiue case signifieng the cause of a thing : as Liuida armis brachia , Armes blacke and blew with weapons , where the adiectiue liuida gouerneth the word armis in the ablatiue case , signifieng the cause of the same by this rule .

The third rule . Adiectiues will haue an ablatiue case signifieng the forme or maner of a thing : as , Facies miris modis pallida , a face pale after a maruellous maner . In this example the adiectiue pallida hath modis an ablatiue case after him , signifieng the maner of the palenes by this rule .

Adiectiues gouerning an ablatiue case , or a genitiue case .

Adiectiues with an ablatiue or genitiue case . ADiectiues signifieng fulnes , emptines , plenty or wanting , require an ablatiue case , and somtimes a genitiue : as , copijs abundans , abounding in riches , crura thymo plenae , bees hauing their thighes full of thyme : vacuus ira , irae , ab ira , void of anger . Nulla epistola inanis re aliqua , No epistle without some matter . Ditissimus agri , most rich in land . Stultorum plena sunt omnia , all places are full of fooles . Quis nisi mentis inops , oblatum respuat aurum ? Who , except he be void of wit , will refuse gold offered him ? Integer vitae , scelerisque purus , non eget Mauri iaculis , nec arcu , He that is innocent of life , and cleere of wickednes , needeth neither the darts , nor bow of the Moore . Expers omnium , void of all thiags . Corpus inane animae , a body without a soule .

Qu. Bicause the many examples of this rule mingled togither , do cause the same to be long and darke for the yoonger sort , diuide the examples of the same into their seuerall heads by themselues .

The examples of this rule of two sorts . An. The examples of this rule are of two forts , the one of adiectiues with an ablatiue case according to this rule , and the other of adiectiues with a genitiue case by the same rule .

Qu. How many are the examples of adiectiues of this rule with an ablatiue case ?

The examples of the first branch applied . An. They are in number fower , whereof the first is , copijs abundans , in which example the adiectiue abundans signifieng plentie , doth gouerne the substantiue copijs in the ablatiue case by this rule .

In the second example , crura thymo plenae , the adiectiue plenae betokening fulnes , doth gouerne the substantiue thymo in the ablatiue case by this rule .

Vacuus ira , irae , ab ira . In this example vacuus the adiectiue signifieng emptines , doth gouern ira the substantiue in the ablatiue case by this rule , so like wise he may be construed with agenitiue case , saying vacuus irae , by the same rule , and moreouer he may haue an ablatiue case with a preposition , as vacuus ab ira .

In the fourth example , Nulla epistola inanis re aliqua , the adiectiue inanis signifieng emptines , doth gouerne the substantiue re in the ablatiue case , by this rule .

Qu. How many examples are there of adiectiues by this rule gouerning a genitiue case ?

The examples of the second braunch of the former rule applied . An. There be sixe , whereof the first is , Ditissimus agri , in which example the adiectiue ditissimus betokening plentie , doth gouerne the substantiue agri in the genitiue case by this rule .

In the second example , Stultorum plena sunt omnia , the adiectiue plena signifieng fulnes , causeth stultorum to be the genitiue case by this rule .

In the third example , Quis nisi mentis inops , &c. the adiectiue inops betokening wanting , doth gouerne the substantiue mentis in the genitiue case by this rule .

In the fourth example , Integer vitae , scelerisque purus , &c. the adiectiue integer betokening wanting , doth gouerne vitae in the genitiue case , and the adiectiue purus likewise signifieng wanting , doth gouerne the substantiue sceleris in the genitiue case by this rule .

In the fift example , Expers omnium , the adiectiue expers signifieng emptines , doth gouerne omnium in the genitiue case by this rule .

In the sixt example , Corpus inane animae , the adiectiue inane betokening wanting , gouerneth the substantiue animae in the genitiue case by this rule .

Construction of certaine Pronounes , and how they are gouerned .

Mei , tui , sui , nostri , vestri . THese genitiue cases of the primitiues , Mei , tui , sui , nostri and vestri , be vsed when the passion or suffering is signified : as Pars tui , Part of thee , Amor mei , The loue of me .

But when possession of a thing is signified , Meus , tuus , suus , noster , and vester be vsed : as Ars tua , thine art . Imago tua , thine image .

The examples applied . Pars tui , in this example the genitiue case tui of the primitiue Tu , signifieng suffering , is put after the substantiue pars by this rule .

Amor mei , in this example , the genitiue case mei of the primitiue ego , betokening suffering , is put after the substantiue amor by this rule .

Ars tua , héere bicause possession of a thing is signified , the possessiue pronoune tua is ioined with ars , and not tui the genitiue of the primitiue tu , by this rule .

Imago tua , in this example likewise the possessiue pronoune tua , is vsed with the substantiue imago , and not the genitiue tui , of the primitiue tu , bicause possession of a thing is signified , by this rule .

An admonition For the better vnderstanding of this rule the which in déed is too hard for yoong beginners , let the learned master teach them , when the genitiue case is taken actiuely , when passiuely , & when possessiuely , whereof let the schollers of more learning read Despauterius in his rule of Mei , tui , sui , nostri , and vestri .

Nostrum , vestrum . These genitiue cases , Nostrum , vestrum , be vsed after distributiues , comparatiues , partitiues , and superlatiues : as Aliquis nostrum , Some of vs . Maior vestrum , The greater of you . Maximus natu nostrum , The elders of vs .

The examples applied . In the first example , Aliquis nostrum , the genitiue case nostrum , is vsed after the distributiue aliquis by this rule .

Maior vestrum , in this place the genitiue case vestrum , is vsed after the comparatiue maior , by this rule .

In the third example , Maximus natu nostrum , the genitiue case nostrum , is vsed after the superlatiue degrée maximus , by this rule .

An other rule borowed from the latin Grammar . Also these possessiues Meus , tuus , suus , noster and vester , haue after them sometimes these genitiue cases : Ipsius , solius , vnius , duorum , trium , omnium , plurium , paucorum , cuiusque , and sometimes the genitiue case of a participle .

Construction of verbes , or what cases verbes do gouerne : and first of verbes gouerning a nominatiue case .

Verbes with a nominatiue case after them . SVm , I am , Forem , I were , fio , I am made , existo , I am , and certaine verbes passiues , as dicor , I am said , or called , vocor , I am called , salutor , I am saluted , appellor , I am named , habeor , I am counted , existimor , I am esteemed , videor , I am seene , or accounted , with other like , will haue such case after them , as they haue before them : as , Fama est malum , Fame is an euill thing . Malus cultura fit bonus , An euill person by due ordering or gouernance is made good . Croesus vocatur diues , Cresus is called rich . Horatius salutatur poëta , Horace is saluted by the name of poet . Malo te diuitem esse quàm haberi , I had leifer thou were rich in deed , than so accounted .

The examples applied . This rule hath fiue examples : fower of a nominatiue case after the verbe , and the fift of an accusatiue case after the verbe .

In the first example Fama est malum , the verbe est hauing fama the nominatiue case before him causeth malum also to be the nominatiue case after him by this rule .

Malus cultura fit bonus , In this second example malus is the nominatiue case before the verbe fit , and therfore doth the same verbe cause bonus to be the nominatiue case after him by this rule .

Croesus vocatur diues , In this third example Croesus is the nominatiue case before the verbe passiue vocatur , and therfore is diues the nominatiue case after him by this rule .

Horatius salutatur poëta . In this fourth example Horatius is the nominatiue case before the verbe passiue salutatur , and therfore is poëta the nominatiue case after the said verbe by this rule .

In the fift example , Malo te diuitem esse quàm haberi , te is the accusatiue case before the infinitiue moode esse , and therfore in construction diuitem is likewise the accusatiue case after the same verbe by this rule .

Another rule for a nominatiue case after the verbe . Also verbes that betoken bodily moouing , going , resting , or dooing , which be properly called verbes of gesture , as , Eo , I go , incedo , I go , curro , I run , sedeo , I sit , cubo , I lie , appareo , I appeere , bibo , I drinke , studeo , I studie , dormio , I sleepe , somnio , I dreame , and such other like , as they haue before them a nominatiue case of the dooer , or sufferer , so may they haue a nominatiue case after them , This rule in fewer words is thus : Verbs of gesture haue such case after them , as they haue before them . of a noune or a participle , declaring the maner of circumstance of the dooing , or suffering : as Incedo claudus , I go lame , Petrus dormit securus , Peter sleepeth voide of care . Tu cubas supinus , Thou liest in bed with thy face vpward . Somnias vigilans , Thou dreamest waking . Studeto stans , Studie thou standing .

And likewise in the accusatiue case : as , Non decet quenquam meiere currentem aut mandentem , It doth not become any man to pisse , running , or eating .

The examples applied to the meaning of this rule , as I haue briefely set it downe before , for the ease of the little ones . This rule hath sixe examples , of the which the first fiue are of a nominatiue case after such kinde of verbes as are mentioned in this rule , which are called verbes of gesture , and the sixt is of an accusatiue case after the said verbes .

In the first example Incedo claudus , as this verbe of gesture incedo hath ego vnderstood for his nominatiue case before him , so hath he claudus the nominatiue case after him by this rule .

Petrus domit securus , in this second example , as Petrus is nominatiue case before dormio a verb of gesture , so is securus nominatiue case after him by this rule .

Tu cubas supinus , in this third example tu is nominatiue case before the verbe of gesture cubas , and therfore is supinus nominatiue case after him by this rule .

Somnias vigilans , in this fourth example as the pronoune tu vnderstood is nominatiue case before the verbe of gesture somnias , so is vigilans the nominatiue case after him by this rule .

In the fift example studeto stans , like as the pronoune tu vnderstood is the nominatiue case before the verbe of gesture studeto , so is stans the nominatiue case after him by this rule .

Non decet quenquam meiere currentem , aut mandentem , in this sixt example this word quenquam is the accusatiue case before the infinitiue moode meiere , a verbe of gesture , and therefore currentem is the accusatiue case after the saide verbe by this rule .

An admonition . It had bin long and tedious in euerie one of these examples to haue shewed how the nominatiue case before the verbe signified doing or suffering , and how the nominatiue after the verbe declared the maner of circumstance of the doing or suffering , and therefore the examples are applied vnto the rule as it is shorter set downe in the margine before , neuertheles the master , if he thinke the capacitie of his scholler will beate it , may applie the examples in the other maner : that is more large .

The third rule for the nominatiue case after the verbe . And generally , when the word that goeth before the verbe , and the word that commeth after the verbe , belong both to one thing , that is to say , haue respect either to other , or depend either of other , they shall be put both in one case , whether the verbe be transitiue or intransitiue , or of what kind soeuer the verbe be : as , Loquor frequens , I speake often . Taceo multus , I hold my peace much . Scribo epistolas rarissimus , I write letters very seldome . Ne assuescas bibere vinum ieiunus , Accustome not thy selfe to drinke wine next thine hart , or not hauing eaten somewhat before .

The examples applied . This rule hath fower examples , wherof the first is , Loquor frequens , in which example , as ego vnderstood is nominatiue case before the verba loquor , so frequens is the nominatiue case after him , as hauing respect vnto ego the nominatiue case before the verbe by this rule .

Taceo multus . In this second example also ego is nominatiue case before the verbe taceo , and multus nominatiue case after the verbe taceo , bicause they belong vnto one thing by this rule .

Scribo epistolas rarissimus . In this example rarissimus is nominatiue case after the verbe scribo , bicause it hath respect vnto ego vnderstood , which is the nominatiue case before the same verbe , by this rule .

Ne assuescas bibere vinum ieiunus . In this fourth example ieiunus is nominatiue case after the verbe assuescas , bicause it hath respect vnto tu the nominatiue case vnderstood before the said verbe , by this rule .

Verbes gouerning a genitiue case after them .

Verbes with a genitiue case after them . THis verbe Sum , when it betokeneth or importeth possession , owing , or otherwise pertaining to a thing , as a token , propertie , dutie , or guise , it causeth the noune , pronoune , or participle following to be put in the genitiue case : This rule shorter is thus . This verbe Sum , with all his moodes and persons , when they betoken possession , or perteining to a thing , require a genitiue case . as , Haec vestis est patris , This garment is my fathers . Insipientis est dicere , non putâram , It is the propertie of a foole to say , I had not thought . Extremae est dementiae discere dediscenda , It is a point of the greatest folly in the world to learne things that afterward must be learned otherwise . Orantis est , nihil nisi coelestia cogitare , It is the dutie of a man that is saying of his praiers to haue mind on nothing but heauenlie things .

The examples applied . There be fower examples in this rule , in the first whereof Haec vestis est patris , this word patris is the genitiue case gouerned of the verb est betokening possession , or shewing whose the garment is , by this rule .

In the second example , Insipientis est dicere , non putâram , this word insipientis is the genitiue case , gouerned of the verb est betokening a propertie , by this rule .

In the third example , Extremae est dementiae discere dediscenda , this word dementiae is the genitiue case gouerned of the verbe est , signifieng the pertaining or belonging vnto a foole , or the point and token of a foole , by this rule .

In the fourth example , Orantis est , nihil nisi coelestia cogitare , this participle orantis is the genitiue case gouerned of the verbe est , signifieng a dutie , by this rule .

Qu. Is this rule alwaies true , so that it hath none exception ?

An. Not so . For if any of these pronounes , Meus , tuus , suus , noster , and vester be vsed after this verbe Sum in such maner of speaking , when it betokeneth or importeth possession , or pertaining to a thing , they shall be put in the nominatiue case , and not in the genitiue , by this exception following :

An exception from the former rule . Except that these pronounes , Meus , tuus , suus , noster , and vester shall in such maner of speaking be vsed in the nominatiue case : as Hic codex est meus , This booke is mine . Haec domus est vestra , This house is yours . Non est mentiri meum , It is not my guise , or propertie to lie . Nostrum est iniuriam non inferre , It is our parts not to do wrong . Tuum est omnia iuxta pati , It is thy part or dutie , to suffer all things in like .

The examples applied . This exception hath fiue examples , whereof the first is , Hic codex est meus , in which example bicause this pronoune meus commeth after the verbe est betokening possession , it is put in the nominatiue case by this exception .

In the second example Haec domus est vestra , this pronoune vestra being put after the verbe est signifieng possession , is the nominatiue case by this exception .

In the third example Non est mentiri meum , the pronoune meum comming after the verb est betokening a propertie , is put in the nominatiue case , & not in the genitiue by this exception .

In the fourth example Nostrum est iniuriam non inferre , the pronoune nostrum is the nominatiue case after the verbe est betokening a part or dutie , by this exception .

In the fift example Tuum est omnia iuxta pati , the pronoun tuum comming after the verbe est betokening a dutie , is put in the nominatiue case , and not in the genitiue case by this exception .

Qu. But can you shew me any reason , why in these kindes of speaking , these pronounes after the verbe Sum should rather be vsed in the nominatiue case , than in the genitiue ?

A reason why these pronounes set downe in the former exception are rather put in the nominatiue case , than in the genitiue after the verbe Sum.

An other rule , for the genitiue case after verbs .

An. These pronounes after the verbe Sum , in these kindes of speaking , are rather put in the nominatiue case than in the genitiue , bicause that they haue substantiues alwais as nominatiue cases vnto the verb , either expressed or vnderstood , with the which they must agrée in case , gender , & number , the which substantiues , if they be expressed are many & diuers : if they be vnderstood , it is for the most part this word officium , in english duty .

Verbes that betoken to estéeme or regard , require a genitiue case betokening the valew : as , Parui ducitur probitas , Honestie is reckoned little woorth . Maximi penditur nobilitas , Noblenes of birth is very much regarded .

The examples applied . This rule hath two examples . The first is Parui ducitur probitas , in the which this word parui betokening the value , is the genitiue case after the verbe ducitur , signifieng estéeming by this rule .

In the second example Maximi penditur nobilitas , Maximi betokening the value is the genitiue case after penditur , a verbe of regarding , by this rule .

A note borowed from the latin . Héere is to be noted that this verbe aestimo , to esteeme or regard , may haue an ablatiue case also , as well as a genitiue .

An other rule for verbes with a genitiue case , and sometime an ablatiue . Verbs of accusing , condemning , warning , purging , quiting , or assoiling , will haue a genitiue case , of the crime , or of the cause , or of the thing that one is accused , condemned , or warned of : or else an ablatiue case most commonly without a preposition : as Hic furti se alligat , vel furto , This man accuseth himselfe of theft . Admonuit me errati , vel errato , He admonished me , or gaue me warning of my fault . De pecunijs reperundis damnatus est , He is condemned of briberie .

The examples applied . This rule hath thrée examples , in the first wherof Hic furti se alligat vel furto , this word furti , the genitiue case betokening the crime , is gouerned of the verbe of accusing alligat , by this rule , and you may say it also in the ablatiue case furto , after the same verbe , thus , Hic furto se alligat , by this rule .

In the second example , Admonuit me errati , vel errato , admonuit a verbe of warning doth gouerne the word errati betokening the crime , in the genitiue case , by this rule , and it may also be said errato in the ablatiue case thus , admonuit me errato vel de errato , by the same rule .

In the third example , De pecunijs repetundis damnatus est , the word pecunijs betokening the crime is put in the ablatiue case with the preposition de after damnatus est , a verb of condemning by this rule .

An other rule for verbes with a genitiue case . These verbes Satago , to haue as much as one can doo , misereor , to haue mercy , miseresco , to haue pittie , require a genitiue case : as , Rerum suarum satagit , He hath as much as he can doo of his owne matters . Miserere mei deus , Haue mercy on me O God .

The examples applied . This rule hath two examples , in the first whereof , Rerum suarum satagit , the word rerum is the genitiue case after the verbe satagit by this rule .

In the second example Mei is the genitiue case after the verbe miserere , by this rule , but misercor and miseresco haue somtimes also a datiue case , but this is very seldome .

An other rule for verbes with a genitiue , and sometime an accusatiue case . These verbes Reminiscor , to remember , obliuiscor , to forget , recordor , to remember ; and memini , to remember , wil haue a genitiue or an accusatiue case : as , Reminiscor historiae , I remember the historie . Obliuiscor carminis , I forget the verse . Recordor pueritiam , I call to remembrance my childhood . Obliuiscor lectionem , I forget my lesson . Memini tui vel te , I remember thee . Memini de te ; I spake of thee .

The examples applied . The examples of this rule are fiue , wherof the first is Reminiscor historiae , in the which reminiscor doth gouerne the word historiae , in the genitiue case by this rule , and you may say it by the accusatiue case thus , Reminiscor historiam , by the same rule .

In the second example Obliuiscor carminis , the verbe obliuiscor gouerneth the genitiue case carminis , by this rule , and it may be said by the accusatiue case , Obliuiscor carmen , by the same rule .

In the third example Recordor pueritiam , the verbe recordor causeth pueritiam to be put in the accusatiue case by this rule , and it may be said by the genitiue case recordor pucritiae , by the same rule .

In the fourth example Obliuiscor lectionem , the word lectionem is the accusatiue case after the verb obliuiscor by this rule , and it may be said by the genitiue case Obliuiscor lectionis , by the same rule .

A note for the verbe Memini . In the fift example Memini tui vel te , the verbe memini doth gouerne the genitiue case tui , and the accusatiue case te by this rule . And in the other sentence , Memini de te , the same verbe memini doth gouerne the word te in the ablatiue case with the preposition de , but in another signification . For the verbe memini with a genitiue or an accusatiue case doth signifie to Remember , and with an ablatiue case with the preposition de , doth signifie to make mention , or to speake of a thing .

Obiection . Qu. But wherefore is this sentence , Indigeo tui vel te , I haue need of thee , set here in this place ?

Answer . An. To shew that the verbe indigeo may haue either a genitiue case , as tui in this example is , or that it may be construed with an ablatiue case , as te in the same example is : but indéed this example doth more properly belong vnto the rule of verbs betokening fulnes , emptines , &c. following héerafter .

A rule for the verbe potior . This verbe Potior to conquer , inioy , or obtaine , will haue a genitiue , or an ablatiue case : as , Potior vrbis , I conquer the citie , Potior voto , I obtaine my desire .

The examples applied . This rule hath two examples , in the first whereof Potior vrbis , the verbe potior hath a genitiue case by this rule .

In the second example Potior voto , the verbe potior gouerneth an ablatiue case by the same rule .

Verbes gouerning a datiue case .

Verbes with a datiue case . ALl maner of verbs put acquisitiuely , that is to say , with these tokens to or for after them , will haue a datiue case : as , Non omnibus dormio , I sleepe not to all men . Huic habeo , non tibi , I haue it for this man , and not for thee .

The examples applied . In this rule be two examples , in the first , Non omnibus dormio , the verb dormio being put acquisitiuely , doth gouern omnibus in the datiue case with this token to , before it in English , by this rule .

In the second example , Huic habeo , non tibi , the verbe Habeo put acquisitiuely doth gouerne the datiue case tibi , with this signe for , before it in English , by this rule .

This rule is very large , and hath many heads or branches , and therefore vnto the same do belong these kind of verbes following signifieng

To 1 Profit or disprofit : as , commodo , to profit , incommodo , to disprofit , noceo . to hurt . All these verbs most commonly haue a datiue case : and sometimes they are confirmed with other cases also . 2 Giue or restore : as , dono , to giue , reddo , to restore , refero . to giue again . 3 Promise , or to pay : as , promitto , to promise , polliceor , to promise , soluo . to pay . 4 Command , or shew : as , impero , to command , indico , to shew , monstro . to shew . 5 Trust : as , fido , to trust , confido , to trust , fidem habeo . to trust . 6 Obey or to be against : as , obedio , to obey , adulor , to flatter , repugno . to resist . 7 Threatē or to be angry with : as , minor , to threaten , indignor , to be angry , irascor to be angry 8 Compare : as , comparo , to compare , compono , to compare , confero . to compare .

The verbe sum , with a datiue case . Also this verbe sum , with his compounds , except possum , as Absum , to be absent , adsum , to be present , desum , to be wanting , insum , to be in , intersum , to be present , praesum , to be chiefe , prosum , to profit , will haue a datiue case .

Satisfacio , benefacio , malefacio with a datiue case . Also verbes compounded with these aduerbes satis , bene , and male : as satisfacio , to satisfie , benefacio , to do a good turne , malefacio , to do an ill turne , will haue a datiue case .

A datiue case after verbes compound with certaine praepositions . Finally , certaine verbs compound with these prepositions , prae , ad , con , sub , ante , post , ob , in , and inter , will haue a datiue case : as praeluceo , to excell , or to beare light before one , adiac●o , to lie neere , condono , to pardon , suboleo , to smellou● , antesto , to stand before , or to excell , posthabeo , to set lesse by , obijcio , to lay against one , insulto , to leape vpon , intersero , to put betweene , with many other such like , the which sometimes are ioined with other cases also .

This rule more shortly & more easily is thus : This verbe est , set for habeo , will haue a datiue case .

The examples applied .

This verbe Sum , es , fui , may oftentimes be set for habeo , to haue , and then the word that séemeth in the english to be the nominatiue case , shall be put in the datiue case , and the worde that séemeth to be the accusatiue case , shall be the nominatiue : as , Est mihi mater , I haue a mother , Non est mihi argentum , I haue no monie .

This rule hath two examples , the first is , Est mihi mater , which sentence being Englished , it appéereth that this verbe est is set for habeo , and therfore the word I , which in the English séemeth to be the nominatiue case , is put into the datiue in the Latin by this word mihi , and mother , which in English séemed to be the accusatiue case , in Latin is the nominatiue case by this word mater , by this rule .

In the second example Non est mihi argentum , by Englishing the same it appéereth that this verbe est is set for habeo , and therfore the word I , the which in the English séemed to be the nominatiue case before the verbe I haue , in the Latin is after the verbe est turned into the datiue case tibi , and the word monie , which in English séemed to be the accusatiue case after the verbe haue , in Latin is turned into the nominatiue case argentum vnto the verbe est by this rule .

An exception from the former rule very darke and hard for a yoong scholler . But if sum ( that is the word which commeth of sum ) be the infinitiue moode , this nominatiue case shall be turned into the accusatiue case ; as Scio tibi non esse argentum , I know thou hast no monie .

This rule hath one example , the which one hundreth schollers , which thinke themselues som bodie , may at the first brunt be peraduenture set vp with , and vnles it be thus to be applied to expres the meaning of the exception , I for my part confesse that I know not what may be the meaning .

The example applied . In this example therefore , Scio tibi non esse argentum , this word argentum is the accusatiue case in construing before the infinitiue moode esse , comming of this verbs sum , in this sentence in English , set for habeo , the which accusatiue case héere , before the infinitiue moode , if the sentence were to be vttered by any other moode of the verbe sum , should in the Latin be the nominatiue case , as est tibi argentum , thou hast monie , vtinam esset illi liber , I would he had a booke , and so foorth of the like spéeches : where when they are to be made by the infinitiue moode , the word which before in the Latin was the nominatiue case , must be turned before the infinitiue mood of sum , into the accusatiue case : as Laetor illi esse librum , I am glad he hath a booke , but all this much a doo , and tedious for the little Punies , may be remedied , by teaching them briefely , that when est hath in English the signification of habeo , to haue , it doth require a datiue case .

Sum with two datiue cases . Also when sum , hath after him a nominatiue case , and a datiue , the word that is the nominatiue case , may be put also in the datiue : so that sum may in such maner of speaking be construed with a double datiue case : as , Sum tibi praesidio , I am to thee a safegard . Haec res est mihi voluptati , This thing is to me a pleasure .

The examples applied . This rule hath two examples , in the first whereof Sum tibi praesidio , the word praesidio which in the English I am to thee a safegard , séemed to be the nominatiue case after the verb sum , I am , the which had after it this datiue case thee , in Latin tibi , this word I say praesidio is put in the datiue case , and so hath sum a double , or two datiue cases by this rule .

In the second example , Haec res est mihi voluptati , this thing is to me a pleasure , this word voluptati , which in English after the verbe is , with his datiue case to me , séemed to bée the nominatiue case after the same verbe , is put into the datiue , & so the verbe sum hath a double datiue case , by this rule . But this rule more shortly and easily for yoong schollers is thus :

The former rule set downe shorter . This verbe sum may oftentimes be construed with a double datiue case .

Other verbes with a double datiue case . And not onely sum , but also many other verbes , may in such maner speaking haue a dooble datiue case , one of the person , and an other of the thing : as , Do tibi vestem pignori , I giue thee a garment for a pledge . Verto tibi vitio , I lay it to thee for a fault . Hoc tu tibi laudi ducis , Thou accountest this for a praise vnto thee .

The examples applied . This rule hath thrée examples , in the first , Do tibi vestem pignori , the verbe do hath two datiue cases tibi and pignori , tibi of the person , and pignori of the thing by this rule .

In the second example Verto tibi vitio , the verbe verto hath a double datiue case , tibi of the person , and vitio of the thing , by this rule .

In the third example Hoc tu tibi laudi ducis , the verbe ducis hath two datiue cases , tibi of the person , and laudi of the thing , by this rule .

Verbes with an accusatiue case .

An accusatiue case after verbes . VErbes transitiues are all such as haue after them an accusatiue case of the doer or sufferer , whether they be actiues , common , or deponent : as , Vsus promtos facit , Vse maketh men ready or cunning . Foeminae ludificantur viros , Women do mocke men . Largitur pecuniam , He giueth mony .

The examples applied . In this rule are thrée examples . In the first the verbe transitiue facit hath promtos in the accusatiue case by this rule .

In the second , foeminae ludificantur viros , the verbe transitiue ludificantur gouerneth viros in the accusatiue case by this rule .

In the third example , Largitur pecuniam , the verbe largitur doth gouerne an accusatiue case , being a verbe transitiue by this rule .

What are verbes transitiues . Qu. What call you a verbe transitiue ?

An. A verbe transitiue deriuing his name of transeo , to passe ouer , is such a verbe as passeth ouer his signification into some other thing , as when I say , I loue God , this verbe loue passeth ouer his signification into this word God , which is the thing loued .

Qu. Wherefore serueth this note , whereby some verbs are termed by the name of transitiues ?

An. To make a difference betwéene them and certaine other verbs neuters , the which are called intransitiues , or absolute , bicause they do not passe ouer their signification into any other thing , but do finish it in themselues : as Dormio , I sleepe , aegroto , I am sicke , which verbs and such like do determin their action in themselues , and do not passe it ouer into any other thing , like as verbs transitiues do .

Verbes neuters with an accusatiue case . Also verbes neuters may haue an accusatiue case of their owne signification : as Endymionis somnum dormis , Thou sleepest the sleepe of Endymion . Gaudeo gaudium , I ioy a ioy . Viuo vitam , I liue a life .

The examples applied . In this rule are thrée examples : in the first whereof Endymionis somnum dormis , the verbe neuter dormio to sleepe , hath the accusatiue case somnum sleepe , of his owne signification after him by this rule .

In the second example Gaudeo gaudium , the verbe neuter gaudeo to ioy , hath after him the accusatiue case gaudium ioy , of his owne signification by this rule .

In the third example Viuo vitam , the verbe neuter viuo to liue , hath after him vitam life , an accusatiue case of his owne signification by this rule .

A note borowed from the latin . Where note that this accusatiue case after verbs neuters is turned somtime into the ablatiue case .

An other note borowed from the latin . There are also certaine verbs neuters , the which somtimes haue an accusatiue case , not of their owne signification , but this is by a figure called Enallage in the most of them : as Viuunt Bacchanalia , for Bacchanaliter .

Verbes with two accusatiue cases Verbs of asking , teaching , and araying , will haue two accusatiue cases , one of the sufferer , and another of the thing : as Rogo te pecuniam , I aske thee monie . Doceo te literas , I teach thee letters . Quod te iamdudum hortor , Which thing this good while I exhort thee vnto . Exuo me gladium , I put off my swoord from me .

The examples applied . This rule hath fower examples , the first is Rogo te pecuniam , where this verb of asking rogo hath two accusatiue cases , namely te of the sufferer , & pecuniam of the thing , by this rule .

In the second example Doceo te literas , the verbe of teaching doceo hath by this rule two accusatiue cases , namely te of the sufferer , and literas of the thing .

Quod te iamdudum hortor . In this third example the verbe of asking hortor hath two accusatiue cases by this rule , to wit , te of the sufferer , and quod of the thing .

In the fourth example Exuo me gladium , this verbe exuo , of araying , or rather indéed of vnaraying , hath two accusatiue cases , me of the sufferer , and gladium of the thing , by this rule .

A note borowed from the latine . Héere note that verbs of asking do somtime turne one of the accusatiue cases into the ablatiue case with a preposition .

Borowed from the latin . Also verbs of araying , or vnaraying , do somtime turne one of the accusatiue cases either into the datiue , or else into the ablatiue , without a preposition .

Verbs gouerning an ablatiue case after them .

Verbes with an ablatiue case . ALl verbs require an ablatiue case of the instrument , put with this signe with , before it , or of the cause , or of the maner of doing : as Ferit eum gladio , He striketh him with a sword . Taceo metu , I hold my peace for feare . Summa eloquentia causam egit , He pleaded the cause with great eloquence .

The examples applied . In this rule are thrée examples . In the first , Ferit eum gladio , the verbe ferit hath after him this word gladio the ablatiue case of the instrument , with this signe with before it in English , by this rule .

Taceo metu , in this second example the verb taceo hath after him this word metu , the ablatiue case of the cause , by this rule .

In the third example , Summa eloquentia causam egit , the verbe egit hath after him the ablatiue case eloquentia of the maner of doing , by this rule .

An other rule for an ablatiue case after verbs . The word of price is put after verbs in the ablatiue case : as , Vendidi auro , I sold it for gold . Emtus sum argento , I was bought for monie .

The examples applied . In this rule are two examples , in the first whereof vendidi auro , the verbe vendidi doth gouern auro in the ablatiue case , being a word of price , or a word that signifieth the price or value , wherefore the thing was sold , by this rule .

In the second example , Emtus sum argento , the verbe emtus sum hath after him the ablatiue case argento , being the word of price , or signifieng the value wherefore the thing was bought , by this rule .

Two exceptions from the rule before .

The first exception .

This former rule hath two exceptions , which are as followeth .

Except these genitiue cases , when they be put alone without substantiues ( for if they haue substantiues they shall be put in the ablatiue case ) Tanti , so much , quanti , how much , pluris , for more , minoris , for lesse , tantidem , for so much , tantiuis , for so much , quantiuis , for how much soeuer , quantilibet , for asmuch as you list , quanticunque , for how much soeuer : as quanti mercatus es hunc equum ? for how much bought you this horse ? certe pluris quàm vellem , truely for more than I would .

The examples applied . This exception hath two examples . The first is , Quanti mercatus es hunc equum ? where quanti a word of price , bicause it is put without a substantiue , is put in the genitiue case after the verbe mercatus es , by this exception .

In the second example , Certè pluris quam vellem , the word of price pluris , being put alone without a substantiue , is put in the genitiue case after the verbe mercatus sum vnderstood , by this rule .

The second exception . Sauing that after verbs of price , we shall alwaies vse these aduerbes in stéed of their casuals : carius , more deare , vilius , better , cheap , melius , better , peius , woorse , not that these words and no other are to be vsed after verbes of price , that is , verbes betokening , buyeng , selling , bargaining , and such like , but that when occasion is offered of such kind of speaking , then these aduerbes are to be vsed , and not their comparatiues being nounes adiectiues , vnles their substantiues be ioined with them , and then they shall both be put in the ablatiue case .

A note borowed from the latin . Note also that after this verbe valeo , betokening the value , or woorth of a thing , the word of price may somtimes be put in the accusatiue case .

An other rule for an ablatiue case after verbs . Some of the verbes belonging vnto this rule haue sometimes a genitiue case also . Verbes of plentie , or scarcenes , filling , emptieng , loding , or vnloding , will haue an ablatiue case ; as affluis opibus , thou flowest in wealth : cares virtute , thou art voide of vertue : expleo te fabulis , I fill thee with tales : spoliauit me bonis omnibus , he spoiled or robbed me of all my goods : oneras stomachum cibo , thou lodest thy stomacke with meate : leuabo te hoc onere , I will ease thee of this burden .

The examples applied . This rule hath sixe examples ,

in the first whereof , affluis opibus , this verbe of plentie affluis hath the ablatiue case opibus , by this rule .

Cares virtute , in this second example virtute is the ablatiue case after the verb of wanting or scarcenes cares , by this rule .

In the third example expleo te fabulis , the verbe of filling expleo , hath after him the ablatiue case fabulis by this rule .

Spoliauit me bonis omnibus , in this fourth example bonis is the ablatiue case after the verbe of emptieng spoliauit , by this rule .

In the fift example oneras stomachum cibo , this word cibo is the ablatiue case after the verbe of loding oneras , by this rule .

Leuabo te hoc onere . In this sixt example this word onere is the ablatiue case after the verbe of vnloding leuabo , by this rule .

An other rule for an ablatiue case after verbs . Some of these verbs are sometimes read with an accusatiue case . Also these verbs following , with certaine other like , will haue an ablatiue case : as Vtor , to vse , fruor , to enioy , fungor , to execute an office , potior , to obtaine , laetor , to reioice , gaudeo , to be glad , dignor , to vouchsaue , or thinke one woorthy , muto , to change , munero , to reward , communico , to make partaker of , afficio , to trouble , prosequor , to pursue , impertio , impertior , to bestow , and such like . And héere is to be marked , that these two verbes afficio and prosequor are for the most part to be englished accordingly as the ablatiue case which they gouerne , will giue occasion : as , afficio te dolore , I make thee sorie . Prosequor te odio , I hate thee , &c.

An other rule for an ablatiue case after verbs . Verbs that betoken receiuing , distance , or taking away , wil haue an ablatiue case with these prepositions , a , ab , e , ex , or de : as , Accepit literas à Petro , He receiued letters of Peter . Audiui ex nuncio , I heard it of the messenger . Longe distat à nobis , It is far distant , or far off from vs . Eripui te è malis , I deliuered thee out of troubles .

The examples applied . This rule hath fower examples . In the first Accepit literas à Petro , this word accepit a verbe of receiuing , hath an ablatiue case with the preposition a , namely à Petro , by this rule .

In the second example , Audiui ex nuncio , the verbe of receiuing audiui , hath an ablatiue case with the preposition ex , namely ex nuncio , by this rule .

Longe distatà nobis . In this third example , the verbe of distance distat , hath an ablatiue case with the preposition à , namely à nobis , by this rule .

In the fourth example , Eripui te è malis , the verbe of taking away eripui , hath an ablatiue case with this preposition è , namely è malis , by this rule .

An exception from the former rule .

The examples applied .

And this ablatiue after verbs of taking away , may be turned into the datiue : as , Subtraxit mihi cingulum , He tooke from me my girdle . Eripuit illi vitam , He tooke from him his life .

This exception hath two examples . In the first , Subtraxit mihi cingulum , the word subtraxit , being a verbe of taking away , hath after him the datiue case mihi by this exception .

Eripuit illi vitam . In this second example , eripuit being a verbe of taking away , hath after him the datiue case illi , by this exception .

An other rule for verbes with an ablatiue case . Verbs of comparing or excéeding , may haue an ablatiue case of the word that signifieth the measure of excéeding : as , Praefero hunc multis gradibus , I prefer this man by many degrees . Paulo interuallo illum superat , He is beyond the other but a little space .

The examples applied . The examples of this rule are two . The first is , Praefero hunc multis gradibus , in which example praefero a verbe of comparing or rather of excéeding , hath after him the word gradibus an ablatiue case betokening the measure of excéeding , by this rule .

Paulo interuallo illum superat . In this second example , superat a verbe of excéeding , hath after him the word interuallo in the ablatiue case , betokening the measure of excéeding , by this rule .

The ablatiue case absolute . A noune or a pronoune substantiue ioined with a participle , expressed or vnderstood , and hauing no other word whereof it may be gouerned , it shal be put in the ablatiue case absolute , that is , the ablatiue case set alone without any word to gouerne him : as , Rege veniente , hostes fugerunt , The king comming , the enimies fled . Me duce vinces , I being captaine , thou shalt ouercome .

The examples applied . This rule hath two examples . In the first , Rege veniente , hostes fugerunt , the noune substantiue rege ioined with the participle veniente héere expressed , and hauing no other word to gouerne it , is put in the ablatiue case absolute by this rule .

In the second example , Me duce vinces , the pronoune substantiue me ioined with the participle existente vnderstood , and hauing no other word whereof it may be gouerned , is put in the ablatiue case absolute , by this rule .

A note for the yoonger sort . Where note , that if there be no participle expresly set downe with the ablatiue case absolute , then for the most part you are to vnderstand this participle existens , the which causeth alwaies the substantiue following to be the ablatiue case , by the rule of participles gouerning such case as the verbe that they come of . And bicause that Existo will haue such case after him as he had before him , therefore the participle existens vnderstood with the ablatiue case absolute before him , doth cause the substantiue following , if there be any , to be put also in the ablatiue case , as appéereth in this example , Me duce , where the participle existente vnderstood with the ablatiue case absolute me , causeth the substantiue duce following , to be the ablatiue case also , by the rule next before in this note alledged : and the like is to be said of all other such spéeches .

How to resolue this ablatiue case absolute . And this ablatiue case absolute may be resolued , or turned into other Latin by any of these words , dum , whilest , cum , when , quando , when , si , if , quanquam , although , postquam , after that , and then the ablatiue case must be turned into the nominatiue case , and the participle into the verbe , as in these examples , Rege veniente , the king comming , id est , that is to say , dum veniret rex , whilest , or when the king came . Me duce , I being captaine , .i. This .i. thus set in latin with two prickes , standeth for id est , that is to say . si ego dux fuero , or rather extitero , turning the participle existente vnderstood , into the verbe extitero .

Synecdoche . aegrotat animo . Rubet capillos . discrucior animi . Some verbs may haue an ablatiue case by the figure Synecdoche , and somtime a genitiue , and somtime an accusatiue , after such maner as Poets vse to speake .

Diuers cases after one verbe . Borowed from the latin . One and the same verbe , in diuers respects , or by diuers rules , may haue diuers cases , as a double datiue case , an accusatiue case , an ablatiue case absolute , the ablatiue case of the instrument , and such like , whereof in the Latin grammar there is this example : Dedit mihi vestem pignori , te praesente , propria manu , He gaue me a garment to pledge , you being present , with his owne hand .

The Construction of verbs passiues , or what case they will gouerne .

An ablatiue after passiues , and sometime a datiue . The participles of verbes passiues , haue more often a datiue , than an ablatiue . A Verbe passiue will haue after him an ablatiue case with a preposition , or somtime a datiue of the doer : as , Virgilius legitur à me , Virgil is read of me . Tibi fama petatur , Let fame be sought after by thee .

The examples applied . In this rule are two examples , whereof in the first , Virgilius legitur à me , the verbe passiue legitur doth gouerne the ablatiue case of the doer me , with the preposition à , by this rule .

In the second example , Tibi fama petatur , the verbe passiue petatur doth gouerne the word tibi the datiue case of the doer , by this rule .

How these passiues and such like , may be turned by the actiues . And this ablatiue or datiue shall be turned into the nominatiue case , and the nominatiue into the accusatiue , if the sentence be turned by the actiue voice : as , Ego lego Virgilium , I read Virgill , where me the ablatiue case in the sentence of the rule before , is héere turned into the nominatiue ego , and the passiue legitur , into the actiue lego , and the nominatiue case Virgilius into the accusatiue case Virgilium .

Verbes passiues may haue other cases by the rules of their actiues . Petas tu famam , Seeke thou fame , where tibi the datiue case in the former rule is turned into the nominatiue tu , the passiue petatur into the actiue petas , and the nominatiue fama , into the accusatiue famam , by this rule .

These fiue verbs called neuter passiues , will haue such construction as passiues by the first rule had : vapulo , to be beaten , vaeneo , to be sould , liceo , to be set at a price , fio , to be made , exulo , to be banished .

The construction of gerunds , or how they are vsed , and what cases they gouerne .

The case of gerundes . GErundes will haue such cases , as the verbes that they come of : as , Ocium scribendi literas , Leisure to write letters . Ad consulendum tibi , To counsaile thee .

The examples applied . This rule hath two examples , the first is Ocium scribendi literas , where the gerund scribendi doth gouerne literas in the accusatiue case , bicause that the verbe scribo whereof it commeth , will haue an accusatiue case by the rule of verbes transitiues , &c.

Ad consulendum tibi , in this example the gerund ●●●sulendum hath the datiue case tibi , bicause consulo the verb wherof he commeth will haue a datiue case in this signification , by the rule of verbes of giuing or restoring , &c.

The gerund in Di to be vsed after certaine substantiues . When the English of the infinitiue moode commeth after any of these nounes substantiues , This rule borowed from the latin is shorter thus . The gerund in di is put after certain substantiues , and certaine adiectiues . studium , desire , causa , cause , tempus , time , gratia , cause , ocium , leisure , occasio , occasion , libido , lust , spes , hope , opportunitas , fit occasion , voluntas , will , modus , maner , ratio , reason , gestus , gesture , satietas , fulnes , potestas , power , licentia , leaue , consuetudo , custome , consilium , counsaile , vis , force , norma , a rule , amor , loue , cupido , desire , locus , place , and others like , if the verbe should be of the actiue voice , it shall be made by the gerund in di , as when I say Ocium scribendi , leisure to write , héere in the English to write , the English of the infinitiue moode to write , commeth after the substantiue leisure , in Latin ocium , and therefore it is put in the gerund in di , by this rule , and so of the rest .

The gerund in di , after adiectiues .

Sometime the genitiue case plurall , is put after the gerund in di .

The examples applied .

Sometime the infinitiue moode is put after Substantiues & adiectiues , in stead of the gerund in di .

Borowed from the latin .

The gerund in do .

The example applied .

And the same gerund in di , is vsed also after certaine adiectiues : as , Cupidus visendi , desirous to go see , Certus eundi , determined to go . Peritus iaculandi . skilfull in darting , Gnarus bellandi , cunning in warring .

In all these fower examples , after these adiectiues , cupidus , Certus , Peritus , Gnarus , these words Visendi , Eundi , Iaculandi , Bellandi , are put in the gerund in di , by this rule .

The gerund in do .

WHen you haue the English of the participle of the present tense , with this sign of or with , comming after a noune adiectiue , it shall in Latine making be put in the gerund in do , as , Defessus sum ambulando , I am weary of walking , héere in this sentence is the english of the participle of the present tense walking , with this signe of before it , comming after the adiectiue wearie , and therefore is the said english of the participle of the present tense with of before it , as namely , of walking , in Latin turned into the gerund in do , faieng , defessus sum ambulando , I am wearie of walking , by this rule .

An other rule for the gerund in do . Also the english of the participle of the present tense , comming without a substantiue , with this sign in or by , before him , shall in Latin making be put in the gerund in do : as , Caesar dando , subleuando , ignoscendo , gloriam adeptus est , Caesar by giuing , by helping , by forgiuing , got praise and renoume . In apparando totum hunc consumunt diem , They spend this whole day in making readie .

The examples applied . Héere are two examples in this rule , wherof the first is Caesar dando , subleuando , ignoscendo , gloriam adeptus est , in the which example being Englished , there is in thrée places the English of the participle of the present tense put alone without a substantiue with this signe by , before it , as namely , by giuing , by helping , by forgiuing , and therefore in the Latin it is turned into the gerund in do , saieng , dando , subleuando , ignoscendo , by this rule .

In the second example , In apparando totum hunc consumunt diem , héere in this sentence being Englished , as appéereth before in the rule , there is the English of the participle of the present tense set alone without a substantiue , with this signe in before it , namely thus , in preparing or making ready , and therfore in Latin it is made by the gerund in do , apparando , by this rule .

The gerund in do vsed either without a preposition , or else with certaine preposition . And the same gerund in do , is vsed either without a preposition , or else after one of these prepositions , A , ab , de , ex , cum , in : as , Deterrentà bibendo , they feare them from drinking . Ab amando , from louing . Cogitat de edendo , he thinketh vpon eating . Ratio bene scribendicum loquendo coniuncta est , the way to write well is ioined with speaking .

The examples applied . In this rule are foure examples , in the first of the which deterrent à bibendo , the gerund in do , bibendo , is vsed after the preposition a , by this rule .

Ab amando , in this second example the gerund in do , amando , is vsed with the preposition ab , by this rule .

In the third example , cogitat de edendo , the gerund edendo is vsed with the preposition de by this rule .

In the fourth example , Ratio bene scribendi cum loquendo coniuncta est , the gerund loquendo is vsed with the preposition cum by this rule . And of the gerund in do vsed without a preposition , you had an example before in this sentence , Caesar dando , &c.

The gerund in dum .

The gerund in Dum. THe English of the infinitiue moode comming after a reason , and shewing the cause of the reason , may be put in the gerund in dum : as , The example applied . Dies mihi vt satis sit ad agendum , vereor , I feare that a whole day wil not be enough for me to do my busines , in the English of this sentence or reason there commeth the English of the infinitiue mood , namely , to do my busines , and sheweth the cause of the reason , and therfore it is in Latin put in the gerund in dum , agendum , by this rule . But this example more properly belongeth vnto the next rule , yea and the rule it selfe is more hard then that yoong beginners can easily vnderstand the meaning of the same .

An other rule for the gerund in dum . The gerund in dum is vsed after one of these prepositions , Ad , ob , propter , inter , ante : as , Ad capiendum hostes , to take the enimies . Ob , vel propter redimendum captiuos , for to redeeme the prisoners . Inter coenandum , whilest they are at supper . Ante damnandum , before they are condemned .

The examples applied . This rule hath fower examples , in the first the gerund in dum , capiendum is vsed after the preposition ad , by this rule .

In the second the gerund redimendum is vsed after the prepositions ob vel propter , by this rule .

In this third the gerund coenandum , is vsed after the preposition inter , by this rule .

In the fourth the gerund damnandum , is vsed after the preposition ante , by the same rule .

An other rule for the gerund in dum . And when ye haue this English must , or ought in a reason , where it séemeth to be made by the verbe oportet , it may be put in the gerund in dum , with this verbe est set impersonally : and then the word which in the English séemeth to be the nominatiue case , shall be put in the datiue : as , abeundum est mihi , I must go hence .

The example applied . In this reason or sentence in English we haue this word must before the word go , whereby it may séeme that it is in latin to be made by the verbe oportet , and therefore it is put in the gerund in dum , abeundum , with this verbe est set impersonally , and the word I which in the English , when I say , I must go hence , séemeth to be the nominatiue case , is in Latin turned into the datiue case mihi , by this rule , saieng abeundum est mihi .

A note borowed from the latin . Here is to be noted , that somtimes these gerunds are turned into adiectiues called gerundiues , bicause they come of the gerunds , and when they be thus turned , you shall know them by this , that they gouern no case , but agrée with their substantiues in case , gender and number , like as other adiectiues do .

Supines , and of their construction , and how they are vsed .

The case of supines . SVpines do gouerne such case , as the verbes that they come of : as , Auditum poëtas , to heare poëts . In which example the first supine auditum doth gouern poëtas in the accusatiue case by this rule , bicause the verbe audio , of which he commeth will haue an accusatiue case by the rule of verbe transitiues , &c.

The signification of the first supine . The first supine hath his actiue signification , sauing that in some fewe verbes it signifieth passiuely : And it is put after verbes and participles that betoken moouing to a place : as Ego cubitum , I go to rest . Spectatum admissi , risum teneatis amici ? my friends , being let in to behold such a sight , can you forbeare laughing ? Sometime the infinitiue moode is put after verbes in stead of the first supine .

The examples applied . This rule hath two examples , in the first Eo cubitum , the supine cubitum is put after eo a verbe of moouing or betokening moouing by this rule .

Spectatum admissi , &c. In this second example the supine spectatum is put after the participle admissi , by this rule .

A note borowed from the latine . Where note that sometime the first supine is put absolutely or alone after the verbe est , and doth not follow anie other verbe betokening any moouing at all : as many Grammarians do note , as Cessatum est satis . But vnder their correction , I would say that in such maner of speaking it were rather a verbe impersonall , then a supine .

The latter supine . The latter supine hath his passiue signification , and is put after nounes adiectiues : as dignus , woorthy , indignus , vnwoorthy , turpis , filthy , foedus , foule , procliuis , readie , facilis , easie , odiosus , hateful , mirabilis , woonderfull , optimus , best , & such like : as facile factu , easie to be done . Turpe dictu , vnhonest to be spoken .

The examples applied . Héere are two examples , whereof in the first Facile factu , the latter supine factu signifieng passiuely , is put after the adiectiue facile , by this rule .

In the second example Turpe dictu , the latter supine dictu , signifieng passiuelie is put after the adiectiue turpe , by this rule .

The latter supine turned into the infinitiue moode passiue . And this latter supine after nounes adiectiues may be turned into the infinitiue moode passiue , as , Facile fieri , Easie to be done , Turpe dici , vnhonest to be spoken .

The Time , or in what case words betokening time , shall be put after verbes .

Part of time . NOunes that betoken part of time , be commonly put in the ablatiue case : as , Nocte vigilas , Thou watchest in the night . Luce dormis , Thou sleepest in the day .

The examples applied . This rule hath two examples . The first is Nocte vigilas , where this word nocte signifieng part of time , or taken for part of the night , is in construction put in the ablatiue case after the verbe vigilas , by this rule . Sometimes , but very seldome , the word betokening part of time is put in the accusatiue case .

In the second example , Luce dormis , the word luce signifieng part of time , or taken for part of the day , is in construction put in the ablatiue case after the verbe dormis , by this rule .

Continuall terme of time . But nounes that betoken continuall terme of time , without intermission or ceasing , be commonly vsed in the accusatiue case b b and sometime in the ablatiue case . : as , Sexaginta annos natus est , He is threescore yeeres old . Hyemem totam stertis , Thou sleepest the whole winter .

The examples applied . There be two examples in this rule . The first is , Sexaginta annos natus est , in the which this word annos betokening continuall terme of time , is in construction set after the verbe natus est in the accusatiue case , by this rule .

In the second example , Hyemem totam stertis , this word hyemem betokening continuall terme of time , or being taken for the whole winter , is in construction put in the accusatiue case after the verbe stertis , by this rule .

Space of place , or in what case a word that signifieth space of place , shall be put after verbes .

Space of place . Sometime the space of place is put in the genitiue case , but then this word spacium , or iter , or some such like is vnderstood . NOunes that betoken space betwéene place and place , be commonly put in the accusatiue case , and somtimes also in the ablatiue : as , Pedem hinc ne discesseris , Go thou not a foote from this place .

In this one example , the word pedem betokening space of place , is in construction put after the verbe discesseris in the accusatiue case , by this rule .

A place , or the case wherein such names of places as are either nounes common , or nounes proper , shall be put after verbes .

The construction of common names of places , or proper names of countries .

Sometimes , but very seldome these nounes are put without a praeposition .

NOunes appellatiues , or names of great places , be put with a preposition , if they follow a verbe that signifieth in a place , to a place , from a place , or by a place : as Viuo in Anglia , I liue in England . Veni per Galliam in Italiam , I came through France into Italie . Proficiscor ex vrbe , I go foorth of the citie .

Héere are thrée examples of this rule . The two first are of proper names of countries , and the third is of a common name of a place .

The examples applied . In the first example , Vino in Anglia , this word Anglia being the proper name of a great place or countrie , is put with the preposition in , in the ablatiue case signifieng in a place , after the verbe viuo , by this rule .

In the second example , Veni per Galliam in Italiam , the word Galliam signifieng a great place or countrie , is put with the preposition per in the accusatiue case after the verbe veni signifieng going by a place , by this rule , and so is Italiam with the preposition in put into the accusatiue case , being the name of a country , and folowing the same verbe signifieng to a place , by the same rule .

In the third example , Proficiscor ex vrbe , the word vrbe being a noune appellatiue , or common name of a place , is put in the ablatiue case with a preposition ex after the verbe proficiscor , signifieng the going from a place , by this rule .

A note for the better vnderstanding of this rule . Héere note , that by nouns appellatiues in this rule is ment nounes common , signifieng the names of places , as a citie , a country , a towne , an iland , the market , the church , the schoole , and such like . And by names of great places are vnderstood the proper names of Countries and Ilands , as France , Italie , Spaine , Scotland , England , and such like : for the proper names of smaller places , as cities , townes , and villages belong to the rules following .

The proper names of cities or townes in the genitiue case . The examples applied . In a place or at a place , if the place be a proper name , and of the first or second declension , and singular number , it shall be put in the genitiue case : as , Vixit Londini , he liued at London . Studuit Oxoniae , he studied at Oxford . Sometimes the names of Ilands are found also in the genitiue case , but not vsually .

This rule hath two examples . In the first , Vixit Londini , the word Londini being the proper name of a citie , signifieng in or at a place , and being also of the second declension , and singular number , it is put in the genitiue case , by this rule .

In the second example , Studuit Oxoniae , the word Oxoniae signifieng in a place or at a place , being the name of a citie , and of the first declension , and singular number , is put in the genitiue case , by this rule .

Humi , domi , militiae , belli . And these nounes , Humi , on the ground , domi , at home , militiae , at warfare , belli , at war , be likewise vsed , that is , after verbes signifieng in a place or at a place , they are put for the most part in the genitiue case , like as the proper names of places in the rule before going : as , Procumbit humi bos , The oxe lieth on the ground . Militiae enutritus est , He was brought vp in warfare . Domi , bellique ociosi viuitis , Ye liue idlie both at home and in war .

The examples applied . In these thrée examples , humi in the first , Militiae in the second , domi and belli in the third , are put in the genitiue case , like as if they were proper nounes belonging to the former rule , by this rule .

Proper names of places , in the datiue , or ablatiue case . But if the place be of the third declension , or of the plurall number , it shall be put in the datiue , or in the ablatiue case : as Militauit Carthagini , or Carthagine , He serued in the wars at Carthage . Athenis natus est , He was borne at Athens .

The examples applied . This rule hath two examples . In the first , Militauit Carthagini , vel Carthagine , the word Carthagini being the proper name of a citie , and signifieng at or in a place , bicause it is the third declension , is put in the datiue case by this rule , or you may say it by the ablatiue case Carthagine , thus , Militauit Carthagine , by the same rule .

In the second example , Athenis natus est , the word Athenis being the proper name of a citie , and betokening in or at a place , bicause it is the plurall number is put in the datiue or ablatiue case , by this rule .

Ruri or rure . Likewise we vse this word ruri or rure , betokening in or at a place , in the datiue or ablatiue case , as in this example : Ruri or rure educatus est , He was brought vp in the countrie .

Proper names in the accusatiue case . To a place , if the place be a proper name , it shall be put in the accusatiue case , without a preposition : as , Eo Romam , I go to Rome .

The example applied . In this example this word Romam being the proper name of a citie , and signifieng to a place , is put in the accusatiue case without a preposition , by this rule . But somtimes it is also put in the accusatiue case with a preposition , but very seldome , and then rather to be marked than followed .

Domus & rus So also are these words domus and rus signifieng to a place put in the accusatiue case : as Confero me domum , I go home . Recipio me rus , I go into the countrie .

The examples applied . In this rule are two examples . In the first Confero me domum , the word domum betokening to a place is put in the accusatiue case by this rule .

In the second Recipio me rus , the word rus signifieng to a place , is put in the accusatiue case also by the same rule .

Proper names of places in the ablatiue case . From a place , or by a place , if the place be a proper name , it shal be put in the ablatiue case without a preposition , and somtime in the accusatiue case with a preposition betokening by or through a place : as , Profectus est Londino ( vel per Londinum ) Cantabr●●am , He went from London , or by London to Cambridge . In this example Londino , the proper name of a citie , and signifieng from a place , is put in the ablatiue case without a preposition , by this rule , and it may also with the preposition per , be put in the accusatiue case , Per Londinum . signifieng by or through a place , by the same rule , and the like is to be said of all such other examples .

Domus & rus Domus and rus be likewise vsed in the ablatiue case signifieng from a place : as , Abijt domo , He went from home . Rure reuersus est , He returned from the countrie . The examples applied . In which two examples domo in the first , and rure in the second both signifieng from a place , are put in the ablatiue case by this rule .

Verbes impersonals and what case they gouerne .

It , or there , signes of verbes impersonals for the most part . A Verbe impersonall hath no nominatiue case before him , and this word it or there , is commonly his signe : as , Decet , it becommeth . Oportet aliquem esse , there must be some bodie .

The examples applied . In the first of these examples Decet , I know the said verbe to be an impersonall , by this signe it before him in English , when I say , it becommeth , by this rule .

In the second example , Oportet aliquem esse , I know this word oportet , to be a verbe impersonall , bicause in English he hath this signe there before him , when I say there must , by this rule .

What is to be doone when neither of these signes it , or there , are before a verbe impersonall . But if the verbe impersonall haue neither of these signes , it or there , before him , then the word that séemeth to be in the English the nominatiue case , shall in Latin be such case as the verbe impersonall will haue after him : as Me oportet , I must , tibi licet , thou maiest .

The examples applied . This rule hath two examples , Me oportet , I must , is the first , where bicause this impersonall must , oportet , hath none of these signes it or there before him in English , therefore this word I that séemeth to be the nominatiue case , is in Latin turned into the accusatiue case me , by this rule , bicause oportet will haue an accusatiue case after him .

In the second example , Tibi licet , thou maiest , the impersonal maiest , hath neither it nor there , before it , and therfore the word thou , which in the English séemeth to be the nominatiue case , is in the Latin put into the datiue , by this rule , bicause licet will haue a datiue case after him .

Interest , refert , and est . These impersonals , interest , it behooueth , refert , it belongeth , or appertaineth , and est set for interest , require a genitiue case of all casuall words , that is , words declined with case , except Mea , tua , sua , nostra , vestra , and cuia , the ablatiue cases of the pronounes possessiues : as , Interest omnium rectè agere , It behooueth all men to do rightly . Tua refert teipsum nosse , It appertaineth vnto thee , or it is thy part to know thy selfe .

The examples applied . In this rule are two examples . In the first , Interest omnium rectè agere , the impersonall interest hath the genitiue case omnium , by this rule .

In the second , Tua refert teipsum nosse . The impersonall refert hath tua the ablatiue case of the pronoune possessiue tuus , by this rule .

Impersonals with a datiue . Certaine impersonals require a datiue case : as , Libet , it listeth , licet , it is lawfull , patet , it is manifest , liquet , it is euident , constat , it is certaine , placet , it pleaseth , expedit , it is expedient , prodest , it profiteth , sufficit , it is sufficient , vacat , it hath leisure , accidit , it chanceth , conuenit , it is meete , contingit , it happeneth , and such other like .

Impersonals with an accusatiue case . Impersonals with an accusatiue case , and a genitiue . Some will haue an accusatiue case onely : as , Delectat , it deliteth , decet , it becommeth , juuat , it deliteth or helpeth , oportet , it behooueth .

Some besides the accusatiue case , will haue also a genitiue : as , Nostri nosmet poenitet , We are wearie of our owne estate . Me ciuitatis taedet , I am wearie of the citie . Pudet me negligentiae , I am ashamed of my negligence . Miseret me tui , I take pitie on thee . Me illorum miserescit , I haue pitie on them .

The examples applied . Héere are fiue examples in this rule . In the first , Nostri nosmet poenitet , the impersonall poenitet beside the accusatiue case nos , hath the genitiue case nostri , by this rule .

In the second , Me ciuitatis taeder , the impersonall taedet besides the accusatiue case me , hath also the genitiue case ciuitatis , by this rule .

In the third , Pudet me negligentiae , the impersonall pudet besides the accusatiue case me , hath the genitiue case negligentiae , by the same rule .

In the fourth , Miseret me tui , the impersonall miseret besides the accusatiue case me , hath the genitiue case tui , by this rule .

Me illorum miserescit . In this fift example the impersonall miserescit , besides the accusatiue case me , hath also the genitiue case illorum , by this rule .

Impersonals passiues , comming of verbes neuters . Verbes impersonals of the passiue voice being formed of neuters , do gouerne such case , as the verbs neuters which they come of : as , Parcatur sumtui , Let cost be spared , where the passiue impersonal parcatur , comming of the verbe neuter parco , to spare , hath the datiue case sumtui , bicause the neuter parco will haue a datiue case , as when we say , Parcamus pecuniae , Let vs spare monie .

Verbes personali passiues A verbe impersonall of the passiue voice hath like case as other verbs passiue haue : as , Benefit multis à principe , Many are pleasured by the prince .

The example applied . In this example , the verbe impersonall benefit hauing the passiue signification , hath an ablatiue case after him of the dooer , with a preposition à principe , like as other verbs personals passiues haue , by the first rule of verbs personals passiues , in their place set downe before .

The case vnderstood . Yet many times this case is not expressed , but vnderstood : as , Maxima vi certatur , ( subaudi vnderstand ) ab illis , They fight with most great force , where the ablatiue case with the preposition , ab illis , is vnderstood , by this rule . And the like is to be said of all other such spéeches .

A deed signified to be doone of many by a verbe neuter . When a déede is signified to be done of many , the verbe being a verbe neuter , we may well change the verbe neuter into the impersonall in tur : as , The example applied . In ignem posita est , fletur , She was put into the fire , they wept . In this example when I say they weepe , there is a déede signified to be done by many , and bicause that the verbe weepe is a verbe neuter , in Latin flent , it may be turned into the impersonall in tur fletur , by this rule .

A Participle , and his case .

Participles haue the cases of their verbes . PArticiples gouerne such case as the verbs that they come of : as , Fruiturus amicis , one that will vse his friends . Consulens tibi , one giuing counsel vnto thee . Diligendus ab omnibus , one to be beloued of all men .

The examples applied . There be thrée examples in this rule . In the first example the participle fruiturus hath the ablatiue case amicis , bicause the verbe fruor of which he commeth , will haue an ablatiue case .

In the second example , the participle Consulens hath the datiue case tibi , bicause his verbe consulo will haue a datiue case .

In the third example , the participle diligendus hath an ablatiue case with a preposition , namely ab omnibus , bicause his verbe diligor by the rule of passiues , will haue an ablatiue case with a preposition .

Participles 4. waies turned into nounes . Héere note that participles may fower maner waies be changed into nounes , and so , oftentimes gouerne not the case of their verbs .

The first way is , when the voice of a participle is construed with another case than the verbe that it commeth of : as , Appetens vini , greedie of wine , where appetens is a noune and not a participle , bicause it hath a genitiue case , when as his verbe appeto will haue an accusatiue case .

The second , when it is compounded with a preposition , which the verbe it commeth of cannot be compounded withal : as , Indoctus , vnlearned , Innocens , innocent , or giltles , both which words are nounes and not participles , bicause their verbs doceor and noceo , cannot be compounded with the preposition in , as they are .

The third , when it formeth all the degrées of comparison , as , Amans , louing , amantior , more louing , amantissimus , most louing .

The fourth , when it hath no respect or expresse difference of time : as , Homo laudatus , a man laudable , where laudatus , bicause it signifieth no time present , past , or to come , is a noune and not a participle . Puer amandus , a child woorthy to be loued , where amandus is a noune , bicause it hath no expresse difference of time . And all these are properly called nounes participials .

Participles turned into nounes require a genitiue case . Participles when they be changed into nounes , require a genitiue case : as , Fugitans litium , auoiding strife . Indoctus pilae , not skilfull to play at the baull . Cupientissimus tui , most desirous of thee . Lactis abundans , hauing store of milke , all which fower words are knowen héereby to be nounes and not participles , bicause they gouerne a genitiue case , by this rule . Fugitans , 1. Indoctus , 2. Cupientissimus , 3. Abundans , 4. Exosus , perosus , pertaesus , haue alwaies the actiue signification , namely when they gouerne an accusatiue case . But exosus and perosus signifiyng passiuely require a datiue case .

These participiall voices , Perosus , hating deadly , exosus , detesting or lothing , pertaesus , wearie or lothing , haue alwaies the actiue signification , and gouerne an accusatiue case : as , Exosus saeuitiam , hating crueltie . Vitam pertaesus , wearie of life .

Héere are two examples in this rule . In the first , Exosus saeuitiam , this participiall voice exosus hath the actiue signification , and doth gouerne the word saeuitiam in the accusatiue case , by this rule .

In the second example , Vitam pertaesus , this participiall voice pertaesus signifieng actiuely , doth gouerne the word vitam in the accusatiue case , by this rule . Borowed of the latin .

Natus , prognatus , satus , ortus , cretus , creatus , editus . Héere note , that these participles , Natus , borne , prognatus , comming of some stocke or linage , cretus , borne , ortus , borne , editus , sproong or begotten , satus , borne , creatus , created , will haue an ablatiue case . Borowed of the latin .

The Aduerbe , or what case Aduerbes do gouerne .

Aduerbas with a genitiue case . ADuerbs of quantitie , time , and place , require a genitiue case : as , Multum lucri , much gaine . Tunc temporis , at that time . Vbique gentium , in all places .

The examples applied . This rule hath thrée examples . In the first , Multum lucri , the aduerbe multum being an aduerbe betokening quantitie , hath the genitiue case lucri after him by this rule , but multum indéed is rather a noune than an aduerbe , as hath béene séene before , yet are there many other aduerbes of quantitie which do gouerne a genitiue case . These aduerbes En and Ecce will haue a nominatiue case , and sometime an accusatiue . Borowed of the latin .

Tunc temporis . In this second example the aduerbe of time tunc doth gouerne the genitiue case temporis by this rule .

In the third example , Vbique gentium , the aduerb of place vbique doth gouerne gentium in the genitiue case by this rule .

Aduerbes with a datiue case . Certaine aduerbs wil haue a datiue case , like as the nounes that they come of : as , Venit obuiam illi , He came to meete him . Canit similiter huic , He singeth like vnto him .

The examples applied . In this rule are two examples . The first is Venit obuiam illi , where the aduerbe obuiam doth gouerne the datiue case illi , by this rule , bicause the noune adiectiue obuius whereof the aduerbe obuiam commeth doth gouerne a datiue case .

Canit similiter huic . In this second example the aduerbe similiter , doth gouerne the datiue case huic , by this rule , bicause the noune adiectiue similis , whereof similiter commeth , will haue a datiue case .

Tempori , luci , vesperi , vsed like aduerbes . These datiue cases Tempori , In time , Luci , In the day time , Vesperi , At night , are vsed aduerbially , that is , like as if they were aduerbs : as , Tempori surgendum , We must arise in time . Vesperi cubandum , We must lie downe at night . Luci laborandum , We must worke in the day time .

Aduerbes with an accusatiue case . Certaine aduerbes will haue an accusatiue case , like as the prepositions which they come of : as , Propius vrbem , Neere to the citie . Proxime castra , Next to the tents .

The examples applied . Héere are two examples in this rule . In the first whereof propius vrbem , the aduerbe propius doth gouerne the accusatiue case vrbem by this rule , bicause the preposition prope , whereof propius commeth , will haue an accusatiue case .

In the second example proxime castra , the aduerb proximè doth gouerne the accusatiue case castra by this rule , bicause the preposition prope wherof the aduerbe proximè commeth wil haue an accusatiue case .

How prepositions are turned into aduerbes . Where note , that prepositions , when they be set without a case , or else do forme the degrées of comparison , be changed into aduerbes .

The aduerb plus , more , may haue a genitiue , an accusatiue , or an ablatiue case . A note borowed from the latin .

Aduerbes of the comparatiue and superlatiue degree . Aduerbes of the comparatiue and superlatiue degrée , will haue such case as the nounes adiectiues which they come of , of the same degrée will haue . Borowed from the latin .

Of the construction of coniunctions .

Coniunctions copulatiue , and disiunctiue . COniunctions copulatiues , and disiunctiues , with these fower , Quàm , then . Nisi , except , or vnles . Praeterquam , besides . An , whether , do couple like cases : as , Xenophon & Plato fuere aequales , Xenophon and Plato were equall .

In this example bicause Xenophon is the nominatiue case before the coniunction copulatiue & , therefore doth the saide coniunction cause Plato likewise to be the nominatiue case by this rule .

Exception . Where the word after the coniunction , by som other rule is not suffered to be the same case with the word before the coniunction .

And somtimes the coniunctions aforesaid are put betwéene diuers cases : as , Studui Romae et Athenis , I studied at Rome , and at Athens . Est liber meus et fratris , It is my booke and my brothers . Emi fundum centum nummis et pluris , I bought the ground for a hundreth peeces of monie , and more .

The examples applied . This rule hath thrée examples . In the first Studui Romae et Athenis , the coniunction et is put betwéen diuers cases , namely , Romae the genitiue , and Athenis the datiue by this rule .

In the second , Est liber meus et fratris , the coniunction et is put betwéene liber the nominatiue case , and fratris the genitiue case , by this rule .

In the third example Emi fundum centum nummis et pluris , the coniunction et is put betwéene nummis the ablatiue case , and pluris the genitiue case by this exception .

Like moodes coupled togither . Coniunctions copulatiues and disiunctiues most commonly couple like moodes and tenses togither : as , Petrus et Ioannes precabantur et docebant , Peter and Iohn did preach and praie .

Sometimes diuerse moodes are coupled togither . The example applied . In this example the coniunction copulatiue et doth ioine these two verbs precabantur and docebant , in the indicatiue moode and preterimperfect tense , by this rule .

Diuerse tenses ioyned togither . And sometime diuers tenses are coupled togither : as , Et habeturet referetur tibi à me gratia , I do both thanke you , and will also requite you .

The example applied . In this example the coniunction et doth ioine habetur , the present tense , and referetur the future tense togither by this rule .

The preposition and his case .

SOmetime this preposition In , is not expressed but vnderstood , and the casuall word neuertheles is put in the ablatiue case : as , Habeo te loco parentis , I haue , or account thee in steed of my father .

In this example the preposition in , is not expressed before the word loco , but vnderstood , and yet loco be put in the ablatiue case by this rule .

Not only In. but any other preposition of the ablatiue case being vnderstood , may cause the word whereunto it is vnderstood , to be the ablatiue case .

A verbe compound with a preposition . Somtime besides the verbe compound , the preposition also wherwith he is compounded , is added before his case . A verbe compound with a preposition , sometime requireth the case of the preposition that he is compounded withall : The examples applied . as , Exeo domo , I go from home . Praetereo te insalutatum , I passe by thee vnsaluted . Adeo templum , I go to church .

In the first example exeo domo , the verbe exeo compounded with the preposition ex , doth gouerne domo , in the ablatiue case by this rule , bicause the preposition ex , wherwith he is compounded , will haue an ablatiue case .

The preposition In , being englished by any of these words , To , towards , or against will haue an accusatiue case : and without these , an ablatiue case for the most part . In the second example praetereo te insalutatum , the verbe praetereo doth gouerne te in the accusatiue case , being compounded with the preposition praeter , the which out of composition will haue an accusatiue case , by this rule .

In the third example adeo templum , the verbe adeo being compounded with the preposition ad , doth gouerne templum , in the accusatiue case , by this rule , bicause the preposition ad out of composition will haue an accusatiue case .

An interiection , and his case .

This interiection hath also an accusatiue , & a vocatiue case . The example applied .

The ●●●ection V●● or Veb , hath also a datiue case , and somtime is put alone without any case .

The interiections Eheu and Ah , haue also an accusatiue case .

Proh hath also a nominatiue case somtime . The interiection Hem , hath a nominatiue , a datiue , an accusatiue , & a vocatiue case .

CErtaine interiections require a nominatiue case : as , O festus dies hominis , O ioyfull day of man .

In this example the interiection ô doth gouerne dies in the nominatiue case by this rule .

Certaine interiections require a datiue case : as , Hei mihi , we is one , where mihi is the datiue case gouerned of the interiection hei , by this rule .

Certaine interiections haue an accusatiue case : as , Heu stirpem inuisam , Alas the hated stocke , where the interiection heu doth gouerne the accusatiue case stirpem , by this rule . And this heu hath sometimes also a nominatiue case .

Certaine interiections haue a vocatiue case : as , Probsancte Iupiter , O holie Iupiter , where Iupiter is the vocatiue case gouerned of prô , or proh , by this rule .

And this proh will haue also an accusatiue case : as , proh deûm atque hominum fidem , O the faith of gods and men , wher proh gouerneth fidem in the accusatiue case by this rule .

The rest of the interiections for the most part do gouern no case at all .

Qu. Hauing thus gone through all the English rules of construction , tell me now in a word , how the little Punies of the Grammar schoole , in examining and parsing their lessons may finde out the rules to shew them the case of euery part of spéech in the same ?

How to find the rules for the case of a word . An. They must first learne perfectly what part of spéech euery word of their lesson is , and then consider of what word he is gouerned , and also what part of spéech the same is , and so shall he easily turne to the rule , that sheweth the case of his word .

As for example , if the word gouerning ( which for the most part is the word that in construing goeth next before the word gouerned ) be a substantiue , turning to the rules of substantiues , you shall there finde what case he gouerneth : if he be an adiectiue , looke among the adiectiues : if a verbe , looke among the rules for verbes , and so of all other parts of spéech accordingly .

Generall rules of construction . Qu. Nowe to make an ende of this Treatise , set downe some fewe generall rules to be marked of yoong beginners , in construction , as you finde them else where .

An. Looke what case the singular number will haue , she same also hath the plurall : as , Memor praeteriti , Memoros praeteriti .

Looke what case the nominatiue case hath after him , the same may all the rest of the cases haue .

Looke what case the positiue degrée hath , the same hath the comparatiue , and the superlatiue .

Looke what case the indicatiue moode hath , the same all the other moodes may haue also .

Looke what case the verbe actiue hath , the same may the verbe passiue likewise haue , except the accusatiue case of the sufferer .

To God alone be laud and praise , Who must direct in all our waies .

FINIS .