Definitions of the Globe .

THE Globe is a perfect round bodie , contained vnder one plaine : in the middle thereof there is a poynt called the Center , from whence all lines drawne to the outside are of like length , and called Semidiameters .

The axes of the Globe is a diameter , about which it moueth ; and the ends thereof are called the poles of the Globe .

In this respect the frame of the heauens is called the Globe of the heauens , and the earth his Center .

The axes is a line imagined , passing by the Center of the earth to the heauens , and the ends thereof is called the poles , which are two points imagined in the heauens , whereof the one is called the North pole , and the other the South pole .

Of the Circles of the Globe .

Circles of the Globe are certaine imaginarie lines , and are termed either lesser , or greater Circles .

Greater Circles are such as diuideth the Globe into two equall parts .

Lesser are such as diuide the Globe into vnequall parts .

Greater Circles of the Globe in common account are sixe in number , viz.

The Horizon . Meridian . Equinoctiall . Zodiake . Two Collures .

Lesser Circles in common account are foure in number , viz.

The Two Tropicks . Two poler Circles .

The Horizon diuideth that part of the heauens we doe see , from that part wee see not , and is that Circle , where standing in a plaine field , and looking about , you would imagine the earth and heauens doe meete together , and cannot be perfectly discerned but at sea .

The axes of the Horizon , is an imagined line , passing by the Center of the earth to the heauens , and the ends thereof , are called the poles Zenith and Nadir .

The Zenith is the point direct ouer our heads , and the Nadir direct vnder our feet .

As a man moueth himselfe any way , so is altered the Horizon .

The Meridian cutteth the Horizon at right sphericall angles , and passeth by the poles of heauen , and by the Zenith and Nadir , and is that Circle wherein the ☉ is at noone , and at midnight : it diuideth the Globe into two equall parts by East and West , whose axes is a line passing by the Center of the earth to the heauens , and the ends thereof the poles , which are the two points of the intersection of the East and West .

Any many mouing directly North and South , keepeth the same Meridian : but going East or West , he altereth the same .

The Equinoctiall cutteth the Meridian at right sphericall angles , and lieth equidistant betwixt each poles , and diuideth the Globe into two equall parts , by North and South parts , to which Circle when the ☉ commeth vnder it , it maketh the day and night of like length to all people in the world , except vnder the poles , and the ☉ commeth vnder this Circle two daies in the yeere , viz. the 11. of March , and on the 14. of September .

The axes and poles whereof are the axes and poles of heauen .

The Zodiack is a great Circle , hauing in breadth twelue degrees , which breadth is limited for the wandring of planets , vpon which Circle are the twelue signes placed , which are twelue Constellations .

A Constellation is any certaine number of stars , gathered together into one forme by the ancient Astronomers , who haue giuen them names , whereby they are knowne to all Christendome : which signes haue certaine characters giuen vnto them , and are these following .

1 March . 2 Aprill . 3 May. 4 Iune . 5 Iuly . 6 August . Northen signes . 1 Aries . ♈ 2 Taurus . ♉ 3 Gemini . ♊ 4 Cancer . ♋ 5 Leo. ♌ 6 Virgo . ♍ 7 Septemb. 8 October . 9 Nouember . 10 Decemb. 11 Ianuary . 12 February . Southern signes . 7 Libra . ♎ 8 Scorpio . ♏ 9 Sagittarius . ♐ 10 Capricornus ♑ 11 Aquarius ♒ 12 Pisces . ♓

The first sixe are called Northen signes , for that they are placed vpon the North side of the equinoctiall ; and the last sixe are called Southerne signes , for that they are placed vpon the South side of the equinoctiall .

In the middle of the Zodiacke is a line called the ecliptick , from which line the Center of the ☉ neuer swarueth , and this line cutteth the equinoctiall at oblique angles , and swarueth from it 23 degrees 30 minutes : which line when the ☉ and ☽ are in a diameter , that is , opposite , then is the ☽ eclipsed , that is , darkned by the shadow of the earth , the earth being betwixt the ☉ and the ☽ .

And when the ☉ and ☽ are both vnder the line in a semidiamiter , then is the ☉ eclipsed , the ☽ being interposed betwixt our sight and the ☉ : this line eclipticke is described vpon the Globe for the whole Zodiack , whose axe is a line passing by the Center of the earth to the heauens , and the ends thereof are his poles , which are two points so farre distant from the poles of the world , as the ☉ his greatest distance from the equinoctiall , viz. 23 degrees 30 min.

The two Collures are two meridians cutting the equinoctiall , and the eclipticke into foure equall parts , the one passing by the first point of ♈ and ♎ , and is called the equinoctiall Collure . The other passing by the first point of ♋ and ♑ , and is called the solstitiall Collure : these two Circles do diuide the yeere in foure equall parts , viz. Spring-time , Sommer , Haruest , and Winter .

Spring-time . 1 ♈ 2 ♉ 3 ♊ Sommer . 4 ♋ 5 ♌ 6 ♍ Haruest . 7 ♎ 8 ♏ 9 ♐ Winter . 10 ♑ 11 ♒ 12 ♓

The meaning wherof is thus : From that time the ☉ entreth into ♈ , till it enter into ♋ , is called Spring-time , and so of the rest , so that it is the passage of the ☉ in the signes , that causeth the alteration of season , and the ☉ passeth thoroughout the whole signes in one yeere , viz. in 365 daies and 6 houres neere .

Of the lesser Circle .

THe Tropick of ♋ is a Circle parallel to the equinoctiall 23 degrees 30 min. distant from it , Northward , and is that Circle vnder which the Center of the ☉ maketh her diagonall arke , when she is in the first point of ♋ , which is to vs that haue Northen Latitude , the longest day in the yeere being the 12 or 13 of Iune .

The Tropick of ♑ is a Circle parallel to the equinoctiall , so farre to the Southward , as the Tropick of ♋ is Northward , viz. 23 degrees 30 min. and is that Circle vnder which the Center of the ☉ maketh her diagonall arke , when she is in the first point of ♑ , which to vs that haue Northen Latitude , is the shortest day in winter , viz. the 12. or 13. of December . These two Circles are termed the limit of the ☉ progresse : for betweene these two Circles the ☉ hath his continuall course , and neuer exceedeth beyond any of them .

The Circle articke is a Circle parallel to the equinoctiall , so farre distant from the North pole , as the tropicke of Cancer is from the equinoctial , viz. 23. degr. 30. min.

The Circle antarticke is a Circle parallel to the equinoctiall so farre distant from the South pole , as the tropick of ♑ is from the equinoctiall , viz. 23. degr. 30. min.

Now you must vnderstand , there is but one Equinoctiall , one Zodiacke , one Ecliptick , two Collures .

But there are diuers Meridians , al which meete in the two poles of the world , and cut the equinoctiall at right angles , and are so many in number as there can be points imagined in the equinoctiall .

There are diuers Horizons : for the Horizon altereth to any man , according as he moueth himselfe from his place of being .

There are diuers Parallels , so called for that they are parallel to the equinoctiall , and are so many in number , as there can be points imagined in the Meridian .

Besides these Circles , before mentioned , there are foure other kinde of Circles of great vse , viz. Azimoth and Almicanthars , Circles of Longitude and Latitude .

Azimoths are great Circles , and meete all in the Zenith , and Nadir , and cut the Horizon at right angles , and are numbred in the Horizon .

Almicanthars are lesser Circles parallel to the Horizon , as the parallels are to the equinoctiall , and are numbred from the Horizon towards the Zenith .

Circles of Longitude are great Circles , meeting all in the poles of the Eclipticke , and cut the Eclipticke at right angles , and are numbred in the Ecliptick .

Circles of Latitude are lesser Circles parallel to the Ecliptick , as the parallels are to the equinoctiall , and are numbred from the Eclipticke , to the poles of the Eclipticke .

Euery Circle of the Globe is imagined to be diuided into 360 degrees , and euery degree into 60. minutes , euery minute into 60 seconds , and so tell the tenth for the precisenes , for that a degree in the heauens is a large space .

In euery great Circle the degrees are equall one to another .

In euery lesser Circle they are equall in the same Circle , but vnequall to those of another Circle , according as they grow neerer the poles .

There belongeth to the furnishing of a Globe two other things , that is , an houre Circle , with Index and a quadrant of Altitude .

The houre Circle is of brasse , diuided into 24. houres by twice 12 , and is to be placed vpon the Meridian , vpon the pole eleuated parallel to the equinoctiall .

The Index is a little ruler to be put vpon the pole .

The quadrant of Altitude is a bowed ruler of brasse , diuided into 60. degrees , equal to the degrees of the Globe , and hath a ioint to fasten the same vpon the Meridian , and is alwaies to be placed vpon the Zenith .

For the practise of Astronomie & Cosmographie , there are two Globes made , the one of the Heauens , which is called the Celestiall globe , and the other of the Earth , which is called the Terrestriall globe .

Vpon the Celestiall Globe are pictured al the starres vpon the Conuexitie thereof , as wee behold them in the heauens , in the Concauitie there of in forme and distance .

Vpon the Globe of the earth is set sea and land , making one perfect body , all the knowne parts being laid downe in forme , proportion , and distance by scale , according to the proportion of the earth .

Of the superficies of the Celestiall Globe .

TO the intent that the knowledge of starres might bee brought in rule and memorie of men , therefore the ancient Astronomers gathered them together into certaine constellations , and gaue them names , whereby they are knowne vnto all the world , that haue the knowledge of letters .

A Constellation is a certaine number of starres gathered together in one forme , and so retaine their names , whereby they are particularly knowne , and are in number , according to the ancient account , 48. and are diuided into three parts , viz.

Northen Zodiake Southerne Constellations 21 12 15

Besides these there are 120. starres that are exempt out of all the Constellations , so that the number of stars set vpon the Globe are 1025 , and diuers of them haue proper names , which I here omit .

You must vnderstand that all the starres in heauen are not numbred , nor cannot , for that diuers of them are so small , but these 2025 are the principallest amongst them , and all that haue yet euer been accounted of .

You must vnderstand , that of these stars some are greater then other , and 〈◊〉 distinguished in sixe sorts of b●gnesses , and their measures is the earth , and their proportions are thus deliuered , viz.

A starre of the first bignes is 107. times bigger then the earth .

A starre of the second bignes is 90. times the globe of the earth .

A starre of the third bignes is 72 times the globe of the earth .

A starre of the fourth bignes is 54 times the globe of the earth .

A starre of the fifth bignes is 36 times the globe of the earth .

A starre of the sixth bignes is 18 times the globe of the earth .

1 15 2 45 Stars magnitude , 3 and the quantitie of each magnitude . 208 4 474 In all 1025 5 427 6 49 Cloudie . 5 Obscure . 9 Parnassus fayre . 3

Vpon each Globe there is a table set downe in what forme euery starre of any bignes is made , whereby you may readily know any starre in any Constellation of what bignes it is .

And thus much in briefe for the superficies of the Globe of the Heauens .

haue Sotherne Latitude that dwell on the South side of the equinoctiall .

The earth is diuided into foure parts , viz. Europa . Asia . Africa . America .

Europe is bounded from Asia by the midland sea , and Mary mauritane , by the marches called Palus meotis , and by the riuer Tanis and Dwiana .

The Prouinces are these . 1 Germanie . 2 Italy . 3 France . 4 Spayne . 5 Denmarke . 6 Norway . 7 Swedeland . 8 Moscouia . 9 Polonia . 10 Hungaria . 11 Clauonia and 12 Grecia . The principall Ilands . 1 England . 2 Scotland . 3 Ireland . 4 Sicilia . 5 Candia . 6 Corsica . 7 Sardigna . 8 Negroponte .

Asia is bounded from Europe by the riuer Tanis and Dwiana , from Afrieke by the narrow necke of Land betwixt the red sea , and the mid-land sea .

The Prouinces are China . Persia . Part of Moscouia , and Tartaria .

In this part of the world was Paradise and the Land of promise .

Africa is bounded with the mid-land sea and the red sea .

Prouinces . 1 Egypt . 2 Barbaria . 3 Aethiopia . 4 Nubia . 5 Abasmies . 6 A●onomotopa . Ilands . 1 Madagascat , or S. Lorreny● 2 S. Thome . 3 Insule de Capo verde . 4 Insule de Canaria . 5 Insule de Madera .

America is wholly bounded by the Sea , and the straight of Magellanus , and consisteth in two parts , viz.

Mexicana . Pe●●ana .

FIRST PROPOSITION OF the Celestiall Globe . The day of the moneth being giuen , to finde the place of the ☉ .

VPon the Horizon of the Globe is graduated the theoricke of the ☉ , that is , there is placed the moneth , and their daies , the signes and their degrees . Therefore finde the day of the moneth , and right against the same you shall finde the signe and degree that the ☉ possesseth .

Proposition 2. The place of the ☉ being giuen , to finde the day of the moneth .

FInde the place of the ☉ in the Horizon , and against the same you shall finde the day of the moneth .

Proposition 3. The place of the ☉ being giuen , to finde the Declination .

BRing the place of the ☉ to the Meridian of the Globe , and the portion of the Meridian included betwixt the place of the ☉ and the equinoctiall , sheweth the declination .

Proposition 4. The place of the ☉ and the Meridian height of the ☉ being giuen , to finde the height of the Pole .

BRing the place of the ☉ to the Meridian of the Globe , and from that point account downwards to the Horizon the height of the ☉ , and let the ends there of end in the Horizon : then in the opposite part , you shall finde cut on the Meridian the height of the Pole , that is , the portion of the Meridian included betwixt the Pole and Horizon , sheweth the height of the Pole .

Proposition 5. To rectifie the Globe fit for vse , the eleuation of the Pole being knowne .

SEt the poles answerable to the poles of Heauen .

Proposition 6. To rectifie the quadrant of altitude .

SEt the ioynt thereof vpon the Meridian so farre distant from the equinoctiall , as the poles is eliuated aboue the Horizon , that is , place the ioynt in the Zenith .

Proposition 7. To rectifie the Index of the houre Circle , for any day appointed .

BRing the place of the ☉ to the Meridian of the Globe , and then put the Index vpon 12 of the clocke , or vpon that 12 , which is vppermost from the Horizon .

Proposition 8. The eleuation of the Pole and place of the ☉ being giuen , to finde the Meridian , height of the ☉ .

THe Globe rectified , bring the place of the ☉ to the meridian , and the degrees from the place of the ☉ to the Horizon , sheweth the demaund .

Proposition 9. The eleuation of the Pole and place of the ☉ being giuen , to find the houre of the ☉ rising .

THe Globe and Index of the houre circle being rectified , bring the place of the ☉ to the East side of the Horizon , and the Index of the houre circle sheweth the houre of the ☉ rising .

Proposition 10. The eleuation of the Pole and place of the ☉ being giuen , to finde the houre of the ☉ setting .

THe Globe and Index of the houre circle being rectified , bring the place of the ●●o the West side of the Globe , and the Index of the houre circle sheweth the houre of the ☉ setting .

Proposition 11. The eleuation of the Pole and place of the ☉ being giuen , to finde the length of the day .

FInde the houre of ☉ setting by the last proposition , and double that time , so haue you the length of the day .

Proposition 12. The eleuation of the Pole and place of the ☉ being giuen , to finde the Amplitude .

THe Globe rectified , bring the place of the ☉ to the Horizon , and the portion of the Horizon included betwixt the place of the ☉ , and the point of East or West , sheweth the amplitude .

Proposition 13. The place of the ☉ and Amplitude being giuen , to finde the height of the Pole .

TVrne the Globe and moue the Meridian vntill you haue fitted the place of the ☉ in the point of the Amplitude , and then the pole of the Globe sheweth the height of the pole , that is , the place included betwixt the pole of the Globe and the Horizon , sheweth in the Meridian the height thereof .

Proposition 14. The place of the ☉ being giuen , to finde the right ascention thereof .

BRing the place of the ☉ to the Meridian , and the degree cut by the Meridian in the Equinoctiall , sheweth the right Ascention .

Proposition 15. The eleuation of the Pole and place of the ☉ being giuen , to find the crooked Ascention .

THe Globe rectified , bring the place of the ☉ to the East side of the Globe , and the degree cut by the Horizon in the equinoctial , sheweth the crooked Ascention .

Proposition 16. To finde the difference of Ascention .

FIrst finde the right , and then the crooked Ascention : then take the lesse from the greater , and that rest sheweth the difference of Ascention , except that remainer do exceed 180 degrees , and then that rest taken from 360 degrees , sheweth the difference of Ascention .

Proposition 17. By the difference of Ascention , to finde the length of the day .

DOuble the difference of Ascention , & reduce that into time , by allowing 15 turne the Globe , vntill the place of the ☉ touch the edge of the quadrant , then the Index of the houre Circle sheweth the houre , and the degree cut on the quadrant of altitude , sheweth the height of the ☉ at that time .

Proposition 22. The houre of the day being giuen , to finde the Azminth of the ☉ .

ALL things rectified , turne the Index to the houre : then bring the quadrant of Altitude on the place of the ☉ , and the end thereof in the Horizon sheweth the Azminth .

OF THE STARS .

Proposition 1. To finde the Declination of any Starre .

WOrke by the Starre , as you did by the ☉ in the 3. Proposition , viz. An example : Arcturus in Bootes leggs brought to the Meridian of the Globe , the portion of the Meridian betwixt the place and the equinoctiall , sheweth his declination to be Northerne .

Proposition 2. The meridian height of any starre being giuen , to finde the height of the Pole .

WOrke by the starre , as you did by the ☉ in the 4. Proposition , viz. Arcturus meridional height supposed to be giuen 60 degr. then the height of the Pole opposite is found to be 52 degrees .

Proposition 3. To finde the houre of rising of any starre .

AL things rectified , work by the starre , as by the ☉ in the 9. Proposition : for to know at any time the rising of Arcturus , or any other* , you must know in what signe the ☉ is . As for example : The ☉ rising in the 19 degree of ♑ , which being brought vnder the fixed Meridian , and then the Globe and Index rectified , Arcturns is then found to rise at 6 houres , and 30 minutes in the morning , and setteth in the euening at houre 10. 30 minutes .

Proposition 4. To finde the houre of any starre setting .

AL things rectified , work by the starre , as by the ☉ in the 10 Proposition , or precedent demonstration .

Proposition 5. To finde the time of any starre aboue the earth .

FIrst finde the houre of rising , and then the houre of setting : the difference of which time is the thing required .

Example .

Arcturus is found by the former Proposition to rise at houre 6. 30 , which is 5. 30 before 12 , and hee setteth at 10. 30 : both which times added together , maketh 16 houres , and so is Arcturus found to be 16 houres aboue the earth .

Proposition 6. To finde the amplitude of any starre .

WOrke as by the ☉ in the 12 Proposition . Example : Arcturus amplitude is found then , when he is brought to the Horizon ; in the side is 37 degrees of Amplitude .

Proposition 7. The amplitude of any starre being giuen , to finde the height of the Pole .

WOrke by the * as by the ☉ in the 13 Proposition . Example : Arcturus amplitude being giuen , 37 degrees ; the Pole of heauen is found to be 52 degr. aboue the Horizon eleuated .

Proposition 8. To finde the right Ascention of any starre .

WOrke by the starre , as by the Sun in the 14 Prop. Example : Bring Arcturus to the Meridian , and the point in the equinoctiall being then vnder the Meridian , sheweth the right Ascention to be 209 degrees .

Proposition 9. To find the crooked Ascention of any starre .

WOrke by the starre , as you did by the Sunne in the 15 Proposition . Example : The place of Arcturus being brought to the Horizon , the degrees of the equinoctiall against the Horizon , doe proue his crooked Ascention to be 178 degrees .

Proposition 10. To finde the Latitude of any starre .

PVt the center of the Quadrant of Altitude , being taken from the Meridian , vpon the pole of the eclipticke , viz. Arcturus Latitude is to be measured from the pole eclipticke with the Quadrant of altitude , and is found to be 31 degr. 30 min. and his Longitude is in 19 degrees of ♎ , to be reckoned with the quadrant of altitude , being brought from the pole eclipticke , to the eclipticke or zodiack , passing right on the place of Arcturus .

Compostella in Galicia is by sundrie matters found to bee in the 43 parallel , which is in Latitude 43 degrees Northward , and in the 11 meridian 30 minutes , which is in Longitude 11 degr. ½ .

Circles of Latitude or Altitude , beginneth from the equinoctiall by parallels Northward or Southwards , to bee reckoned to 90 degrees . Longitude to bee reckoned by Meridians numbred in the equinoctiall , which is that meridian passing betweene the equinoctial and the Iles of the Canaries , & are numbred into the East round about the globe , viz. to 360 degrees .

One houre containeth 15 degrees or 60 minutes , and 4 of those minutes containe one degree : therefore diuiding still your number of minutes by 4 , and the quotient shall be degrees .

Example .

Twelue minutes of an houre giue three degrees of Longitude , which is 12 min. so that euery minute of an houres time is ¼ part of one degree in Longitude , as is proued by the worke following .

Here followeth the 11 Proposition concerning the Starres . Two starres seene in the Horizon to rise or to set at one time , thereby to finde the height of the Pole . Example .

THe two starres rising together , the one is the first starre in Orions girdle , and the other * is that which is in Pegasus nose : therefore turne the Globe vntill you fit the said two starres equall with the Horizon in the East : then shall the portion , betwixt the North pole and that Horizon , teach you the poles height to be in 53. degrees .

Proposition 12. The place of the ☉ and the length of the day being giuen , to finde the height of the Pole .

THe place of the ☉ giuen is in 17 degr. of ♎ , and the length of the day giuen , is 11 houres . Therefore first finde out the right ascention of the ☉ , then number from that place so many meridians , as doe containe the halfe length of the day giuen , and let the end of those degrees rest vnder the fixed meridian : then moue the meridian of the Globe , vntill you fit the place of the ☉ in the Horizon , and then shall you finde vpon the meridian the iust height of the Pole . For example .

The ☉ being in 17. degrees of ♎ , her right ascention is found to be 195 degrees , the daies length giuen is 11 : therfore take the one halfe , that is 5 houres ½ : which time reduced into degrees , facit 82 degrees 30 min. the which subtracted out of the ☉ ascention 195 , there rest 112 degr. 30 min. which number finde out vpon the equinoctial , and bring it to the fixed meridian , and there keepe the same , vntill by mouing the meridian you do bring the 17 degree of ♎ equall with the Horizon : that done , then will the height of the Pole be found eleuated iust 51 degrees .

Proposition 13. The length of the day and amplitude of the ☉ being giuen , to finde the height of the Pole , and the ☉ declination .

THe length of the day giuen , is eleuen houres . The amplitude of the ☉ giuen , is 10 degrees . Therfore number from the first meridian Westward , those degrees that haue the length of the giuen day , reduced in degrees doe yeeld , and let the end of those degrees begin in the equinoctiall rest vnder the fixed meridian : then moue the globe vntill you haue fitted the first meridian to cut in the amplitude giuen , and then shal the meridian of the Globe shew the iust height of the Pole . Example .

The length of the day giuen , is 11 houres , whose halfe is 5½ , the same reduced into degrees , facit 28 degr. 30 min. the which taken out of 360 degrees , rest 277 degr. 30 min. the latter point whereof fixe vnder the fixed meridian , there holding the same , vntill by mouing of the fixed meridian , you can bring the giuen amplitude on the East side to fit vpon the first point of the meridian : which done , then shall you finde the Pole eleuated 51 degrees aboue the Horizon .

PROPOSITIONS THAT ARE resolued vpon the Terrestriall Globe . That all Propositions concerning the ☉ , may as well be resolued vpon the Terrestriall as the Celestiall Globe .