THE
HISTORIE
OF
FOVRE-FOOTED
BEASTES
.
Describing
the
true
and
liuely
figure
of
euery
Beast
,
with
a
discourse
of
their
seuerall
Names
,
Conditions
,
Kindes
,
Vertues
(
both
naturall
and
medicinall
)
Countries
of
their
breed
,
their
loue
and
hate
to
Mankinde
,
and
the
wonderfull
worke
of
God
in
their
Creation
,
Preseruation
,
and
Destruction
.
Necessary
for
all
Diuines
and
Students
,
because
the
story
of
euery
Beast
is
amplified
with
Narrations
out
of
Scriptures
,
Fathers
,
Phylosophers
,
Physitians
,
and
Poets
:
wherein
are
declared
diuers
Hyerogliphicks
,
Emblems
,
Epigrams
,
and
other
good
Histories
,
Collected
out
of
all
the
Volumes
of
CONRADVS
GESNER
,
and
all
other
Writers
to
this
present
day
.
By
EDWARD
TOPSELL
.
The
Gorgon
LONDON
,
Printed
by
William
Iaggard
,
1607.
TO
THE
REVEREND
AND
RIGHT
WORSHIPFVLL
RICHARD
NEILE
,
D.
of
DIVINITY
,
Deane
of
Westminster
,
Maister
of
the
SAVOY
,
and
Clearke
of
the
King
his
most
excellent
Maiesties
Closet
,
all
felicity
Temporall
,
Spirituall
,
and
Eternall
.
THe
Library
of
English
Bookes
,
and
Catalogue
of
writers
,
(
Right
Worthy
and
Learned
DEANE
,
my
most
respected
PATRON
)
haue
growne
to
the
height
,
not
onely
of
a
iust
number
,
but
almost
innumerable
:
and
no
maruell
,
for
God
himself
hath
in
all
ages
preserued
lerning
in
the
next
place
to
life
;
for
as
life
is
the
Ministeriall
Gouernor
and
moouer
in
this
world
,
so
is
learning
the
Ministeriall
Gouernor
and
moouer
in
life
:
As
an
Interpretor
in
a
strange
Country
is
necessary
for
a
traueller
that
is
ignorant
of
Languages
(
or
else
he
should
perish
,
)
so
is
knowledge
and
learning
to
vs
poore
Pilgrims
in
this
our
Perigrination
,
out
of
Paradice
,
vnto
Paradice
;
whereby
confused
BABELS
tongues
are
againe
reduced
to
their
significant
Dialects
,
not
in
the
builders
of
BABELL
to
further
and
finish
an
earthly
Tower
,
but
in
the
builders
of
IERVSALEM
,
to
bring
them
all
to
their
owne
Countrey
Which
they
seeke
,
and
to
the
desired
rest
of
soules
.
Literae
obstetrices
artium
quarum
beneficio
ab
interitur
vndicantur
.
As
life
is
different
and
diuers
,
according
to
the
spirit
wherein
it
is
seated
,
and
by
which
it
is
norished
as
with
a
current
;
so
also
is
Learning
,
acording
to
the
tast
,
vse
,
and
practise
of
rules
,
Canons
,
and
Authors
,
from
whom
as
from
a
Fountaine
it
taketh
both
beginning
and
encrease
:
euen
as
the
spirit
of
a
Serpent
is
much
quicker
then
the
spirit
of
an
Oxe
;
and
the
Learning
of
Aristotle
and
Pliny
more
liuely
and
light
some
then
the
knowledge
of
other
obscure
Philosophers
,
vnworthy
to
be
named
;
which
either
through
enuie
or
Non
proficiencye
durst
neuer
write
,
Si
cum
hac
exceptione
detur
sapientia
vt
illam
inclusam
teneam
,
nec
enuntiem
,
reijciam
.
Nullius
boni
sine
socio
iucunda
est
possessio
.
And
therfore
I
say
with
Petrus
Blesen
:
Scientiarum
generosa
possessio
in
plures
dispersa
,
non
perditur
,
&
distributa
per
partes
,
minorationis
detrimentum
non
sentit
:
sed
eo
diuturnius
perpetuata
senescit
,
quo
publicata
foecundius
se
diffundit
.
The
greatest
men
stored
with
all
helpes
of
Learning
,
Nature
,
&
Fortune
,
were
the
first
writers
who
as
they
did
excel
other
men
in
posessions
&
wordly
dignity
,
so
they
manifested
their
Vertues
and
Woorth
in
the
aedition
of
excellent
parts
of
knowledge
,
either
for
the
delight
or
profit
of
the
world
,
according
to
the
Poets
profession
:
Aut
prodesse
volunt
aut
delectari
poetae
,
Aut
simul
&
iucunda
&
idonea
dicere
vitae
,
Omne
tulit
punctum
qui
miscuit
vtile
dulci
,
Lectorem
delectando
,
pariterque
monendo
.
Yet
now
of
late
daies
this
custome
hath
bin
almost
discontinued
to
the
infinite
preiudice
of
sacred
inuiolable
Learning
and
Science
,
for
Turpis
sepe
fama
datur
minoribus
,
(
as
Ausonius
wrote
in
his
time
)
for
indeed
the
reason
is
pregnant
:
Haud
facile
emergunt
quorum
virtutibus
obstat
,
Res
angusta
domi
.
But
yet
the
great
Rectour
or
Chauncellor
of
all
the
Academyes
in
the
world
Iesus
Christ
,
In
whom
are
hid
all
the
treasures
of
wisedome
and
knowledge
,
the
Maister
of
that
Colledge
wher●in
he
was
but
a
Seruant
or
Steward
,
That
was
learned
in
all
the
learning
of
the
Egyptians
,
(
I
meane
Moses
)
the
first
writer
,
the
first
Author
,
the
first
c●●mender
of
knowledge
,
and
the
first
ordainer
of
a
lawfull
Common-wealth
,
and
ruler
of
Church
and
state
,
hath
not
leaft
our
age
without
some
monuments
of
great
Princes
,
Earls
,
Lords
and
Knights
for
the
Ornament
and
honour
of
learning
,
who
for
generall
and
particular
causes
and
benefits
haue
added
their
names
to
the
society
of
writers
,
and
divulged
their
workes
in
print
,
which
are
likely
to
be
remembred
to
the
worlds
end
.
Such
are
our
most
temperate
,
Iust
,
Wise
,
and
Learned
King
and
Soueraigne
.
The
Right
Noble
,
and
Honourable
Earle
of
Surrey
,
long
ago
departed
out
of
this
earthly
Horizon
.
The
now
liuing
Earles
of
Dorset
,
Northampton
,
Salisbury
,
and
many
Knights
,
Sir
Phillip
Sidney
,
Sir
George
Moore
,
Sir
Richard
Bartlett
,
Sir
Frauncis
Hastinges
,
and
others
.
But
of
Aarons
,
and
such
as
sit
at
the
Helme
of
the
Church
,
or
are
woorthily
aduaunced
for
their
knowledge
in
learning
and
state
,
I
meane
both
Bishops
and
Doctors
,
almost
innumerable
of
all
whom
I
can
s●y
no
more
,
if
I
were
woorthy
to
say
any
thing
,
then
apply
vnto
them
particularly
that
which
was
said
of
one
of
the
greatest
schollers
and
Diuines
that
euer
England
had
.
Bish.
Iuel
.
—
Dic
obsecro
sancta
Posteritas
,
nec
enim
mihi
fas
est
dicere
:
tantum
De
tantis
tacitum
,
aut
tantos
audire
iuuabit
.
Then
why
should
I
presume
,
being
euery
way
the
least
and
meanest
of
all
other
,
now
the
third
time
to
publish
any
part
of
my
conceiued
studies
for
the
age
present
and
succeeding
,
and
so
to
haue
my
name
inrolled
amongst
the
benefactors
and
Authors
of
Learning
.
—
Non
omnia
grandior
aetas
,
Quae
fugiamus
habet
;
seris
venit
vsus
ab
annis
.
Alas
sir
,
I
haue
neuer
abounded
in
any
thing
,
except
want
and
labor
,
and
I
thanke
God
that
one
of
these
hath
bin
prepared
to
feed
the
other
,
therefore
I
wil
not
stand
vpon
any
mans
obiections
,
who
like
Horses
as
it
is
in
the
fable
being
led
empty
,
wel
fed
,
and
without
burden
,
do
scorne
the
laden
Asse
,
adding
misery
to
his
loade
,
til
his
backe
was
broke
,
and
then
was
al
laid
vpon
the
pampred
disdainfull
Horse
:
euen
so
,
these
proud
displeasing
spirits
are
eased
by
the
labors
of
vs
that
beare
their
burthens
,
and
if
they
content
not
themselues
with
ease
,
but
wil
also
sit
in
the
seat
of
the
scornful
let
them
remember
,
that
when
our
backs
be
broke
,
they
must
take
vp
the
carriage
.
But
pardon
me
(
I
beseech
you
)
if
by
way
of
Preface
I
open
my
hart
vnto
your
Wor
:
who
is
better
able
then
ten
thousand
of
the
Momusses
,
and
more
charitably
generous
in
receiuing
such
gifts
with
the
right
hande
(
as
these
are
)
although
they
were
giuen
with
the
left
;
for
seeing
I
haue
chosen
you
the
patron
of
this
worke
,
I
wil
breefely
declare
and
open
my
mind
vnto
you
concerning
the
whole
Volume
,
sparing
any
other
praises
of
your
demerits
then
those
which
by
Martiall
are
ascribed
to
Regulus
,
which
I
will
without
flattery
or
feare
of
the
enuious
thus
apply
vnto
you
:
Cum
sit
Sophiae
par
fama
&
cura
deorum
[
SSS
.
Trinitatis
]
Ingenio
pietas
nec
minor
ipsa
tuo
.
Ignorat
meritis
dare
munera
,
qui
tibi
librum
Et
qui
miratur
[
Nejile
]
Thura
dari
.
So
then
leauing
these
peroations
,
I
wil
endeauor
to
proue
vnto
you
that
this
work
which
I
now
publish
and
divulge
vnto
the
world
,
vnder
the
patronage
of
your
name
is
Diuine
,
&
necessarie
for
all
men
to
know
;
true
,
and
therefore
without
slander
or
suspicious
scandall
to
be
receiued
;
and
that
no
man
ought
rather
to
publish
this
vnto
the
World
,
then
a
Diuine
or
Preacher
.
For
the
first
,
that
the
knowledge
of
Beasts
,
like
as
the
knowledge
of
the
other
creatures
and
workes
of
God
,
is
Deuine
,
I
see
no
cause
why
any
man
shoulde
doubt
thereof
,
seeing
that
at
the
first
they
were
created
and
brought
to
man
as
we
may
read
Gen.
1.24
,
25.
and
all
by
the
Lord
himselfe
,
so
that
their
life
and
creation
is
Deuine
in
respect
of
their
maker
,
their
naming
diuine
,
in
respect
that
Adam
out
of
the
plenty
of
his
own
deuine
wisdome
,
gaue
them
their
seueral
appellations
,
as
it
were
out
of
a
Fountaine
of
prophesie
,
foreshewing
the
nature
of
euery
kind
in
one
elegant
&
significant
denomination
,
which
to
the
great
losse
of
all
his
children
was
taken
away
,
lost
,
&
confounded
at
Babel
.
When
I
affirm
that
the
knowledg
of
Beasts
is
Deuine
,
I
do
meane
no
other
thing
then
the
right
and
perfect
description
of
their
names
,
figures
,
and
natures
,
and
this
is
in
the
Creator
himself
most
Deuine
,
&
therefore
such
as
is
the
fountain
,
such
are
the
streams
yssuing
from
the
same
into
the
minds
of
men
.
Now
it
is
most
cleare
in
Gen.
how
the
Holy-ghost
remembreth
the
creation
of
al
liuing
creatures
,
and
the
Four-footed
next
before
the
creation
of
man
,
as
thogh
they
alone
were
apointed
the
Vshers
,
going
immediately
before
the
race
of
men
.
And
therefore
all
the
Deuines
obserue
both
in
the
Haebrew
,
in
the
Greeke
and
Latine
,
that
they
were
created
of
three
seueral
sorts
or
kinds
.
The
first
Iumentum
,
as
Oxen
,
Horse
,
Asses
&
such
like
,
Quia
hominum
iuuamenta
.
The
second
,
Reptile
quia
hominum
medicina
.
The
third
,
Bestia
1
:
à
vastando
,
for
that
they
were
wild
&
depopulators
of
other
their
associats
,
rising
also
against
man
,
after
that
by
his
fal
he
had
lost
his
first
image
&
integrity
.
Now
were
it
not
a
knowledge
Deuine
,
why
should
the
holy
Scripture
relate
it
,
and
deuide
the
kinds
?
Yea
,
why
should
al
holy
men
take
examples
from
the
natures
of
Beasts
,
Birds
,
&c.
&
aply
them
to
heuenly
things
,
except
by
the
ordinance
of
God
they
were
both
allowed
and
commaunded
so
to
do
;
and
therefore
in
admiration
of
them
the
Prophet
Dauid
crieth
out
,
Quam
magnifica
sunt
opera
tua
domine
,
omnia
in
sapientia
fecisti
.
The
old
Manichees
among
other
blasphemies
accused
the
creation
of
hurtfull
,
venomous
,
rauening
,
and
destroying
Beasts
,
affirming
them
to
bee
made
by
an
euill
God
,
and
also
they
accused
the
creation
of
Mice
and
other
vnprofitable
creatures
,
because
their
dulnesse
was
no
kinder
to
the
Lord
,
(
but
like
cruel
and
couetous
misers
,
made
no
account
of
those
beasts
,
which
broght
not
profit
to
their
purse
.
You
know
(
Right
Lerned
D.
)
how
that
graue
Father
answereth
that
calumny
,
first
affirming
that
the
same
thing
which
seemed
ydle
to
men
,
was
profitable
to
God
;
and
the
same
that
appeared
vgly
to
them
,
was
beautifull
to
him
,
Qui
omnibus
vtitur
ad
gubernationem
vniuersi
.
He
therefore
wisely
compareth
a
fool
that
knows
not
the
vse
of
the
creatures
in
this
World
,
to
one
ignorant
that
commeth
into
the
workehouse
of
a
cunning
man
,
viewing
a
number
of
strange
tooles
,
and
hauing
no
cunning
but
in
an
Axe
or
ae
Rake
,
thinketh
that
al
those
rare
inuentions
of
a
wise
Workman
are
ydle
toies
:
and
whilst
thus
he
thinketh
,
wandring
to
and
fro
,
not
looking
to
his
feet
,
suddenly
falleth
into
some
furnace
in
the
same
Work-house
,
or
chance
to
take
vp
some
sharpe
tool
whereby
he
is
wounded
,
then
he
also
thinketh
that
the
same
are
hurtful
and
daungerous
.
Quorum
tamen
vsum
quia
nouit
artifex
,
insipientiam
eius
irridet
,
&
verba
inepta
non
curans
officinam
suam
constanter
exercet
.
But
we
that
are
ashamed
to
deny
the
vse
of
instruments
in
the
shops
of
rare
Artisans
,
but
rather
admire
their
inuention
,
yet
are
not
afraid
to
condemn
in
Gods
storehouse
sundry
of
his
creatures
,
which
are
rare
inuentions
,
although
through
folly
we
be
wounded
or
harmed
by
them
,
and
therfore
he
concludeth
that
al
beasts
are
either
vtilia
,
and
against
them
we
dare
not
speake
;
or
pernitiosa
,
whereby
we
are
terrified
,
that
we
should
not
loue
this
perillous
life
,
or
else
they
are
superflua
,
which
to
affirme
were
most
ridiculous
:
for
as
in
a
great
house
all
things
are
not
for
vse
,
but
some
for
ornament
,
so
is
it
in
this
World
,
the
inferior
pallace
of
God
.
Thus
far
Austen
.
Therfore
I
will
conclude
this
first
part
,
that
not
only
the
knowledge
of
the
profitable
creature
is
diuine
,
and
was
first
of
all
taught
by
God
,
but
also
of
the
hurtfull
:
For
a
wise
Man
saith
Salomon
,
seeth
the
Plague
(
by
the
reuelation
of
God
)
and
hideth
himselfe
from
it
.
And
Iohn
Bap:
Quis
vos
docuit
ab
ira
ventura
fugere
.
These
things
haue
I
principallie
laboured
in
this
Treatise
,
to
shew
vnto
men
what
Beasts
are
their
friendes
,
and
what
their
Enemies
,
which
to
trust
,
and
which
avoyd
,
in
which
to
find
norishment
,
and
which
to
shun
as
poison
.
Another
thing
that
perswadeth
me
in
the
necessarie
vse
of
this
history
,
that
it
was
deuine
was
the
preseruation
of
al
creatures
liuing
,
which
are
ingendred
by
copulation
(
except
Fishes
)
in
the
arke
of
Noah
:
vnto
whom
it
pleased
the
creator
at
that
time
to
infuse
an
instinct
,
and
bring
them
home
to
man
as
to
a
fold
:
surely
it
was
for
that
a
man
might
gaine
out
of
them
much
deuine
knowledge
,
such
as
is
imprinted
in
them
by
nature
,
as
a
tipe
or
spark
of
that
great
wisedome
whereby
they
were
created
.
In
mice
and
Serpents
a
foreknowledge
of
things
to
come
,
in
the
Aunt
and
Pismire
a
prouidence
against
old
age
;
in
the
Bear
the
loue
of
yong
:
in
the
Lyon
his
stately
pace
;
in
the
Cock
&
sheep
,
change
of
weather
;
as
S.
Basill
in
his
Hexameron
,
etiam
in
Brutis
quidam
futuri
sensus
est
,
vt
nos
presenti
vitae
non
addicti
simus
,
sed
de
futuro
saeculo
omne
studium
habeamus
.
For
this
cause
there
were
of
beasts
in
holy
scripture
three
holy
vses
,
one
for
sacrifice
,
another
in
vision
,
and
a
third
for
reproofe
and
instruction
.
In
Sacrifices
were
the
cleane
beasts
,
which
men
were
bound
first
to
knowe
,
and
then
to
offer
;
for
it
is
vnreasonable
that
those
things
should
be
sacred
at
the
Lordes
altar
,
which
are
refused
worthily
at
priuate
mens
Tables
.
Now
although
we
haue
●o
vse
of
sacrificing
of
Beasts
,
Nam
sicut
bruta
pro
peccatis
immolabantur
,
ita
iam
vitia
pro
corporibus
.
Yet
we
haue
vse
of
cleane
Beasts
for
foode
and
nourishment
,
and
therefore
for
the
inriching
of
the
minds
and
Tables
of
men
,
it
is
necesary
to
know
not
onely
the
liberty
that
we
haue
to
eat
,
but
also
the
quality
and
nutriment
of
the
Beast
we
eat
,
not
for
any
Religion
,
but
for
health
and
corporall
necessity
.
This
point
is
also
opened
in
this
story
,
and
the
other
of
Sacrifice
,
wherein
I
haue
not
omitted
to
speak
of
the
Diuine
vse
of
euery
Beast
,
both
among
the
Iewes
,
and
among
the
prophane
Gentiles
.
Now
for
the
second
holy
vse
of
Beasts
in
visions
,
the
Prophet
Daniels
visions
,
and
Ezekiels
,
and
S.
Iohns
in
the
Reuelation
doe
testifie
of
them
,
whereby
the
most
Deuines
haue
obserued
how
great
Princes
and
kingdomes
after
they
haue
shaken
off
the
practise
of
Iustice
and
piety
,
turn
Tyrants
and
rauening
Beasts
.
For
so
man
being
in
honor
vnderstandeth
not
,
but
becommeth
like
the
Beasts
that
perish
,
and
so
as
Dionisius
saith
by
visions
of
beasts
,
Infima
reducuntur
per
media
in
suprema
.
Now
there
were
as
S.
Augustine
saith
,
three
kinds
of
visions
,
Sensibiles
,
intellectuales
,
&
imaginariae
:
the
first
were
most
pregnant
,
because
to
the
vnderstanding
and
conceiuing
,
a
man
neuer
lost
his
sences
,
and
therefore
God
did
sodainely
create
sauage
Beasts
both
of
naturall
and
extraordinary
shapes
,
whereby
he
shewed
to
his
seruants
the
Prophets
,
the
ruine
or
vprising
of
beastly
states
and
kingdomes
.
And
not
onely
thus
,
but
also
in
heauen
(
as
Saint
Iohn
saith
)
there
are
foure
Beasts
full
of
eyes
before
the
throne
of
God
:
both
which
must
needs
magnifie
the
knowledge
that
we
may
haue
of
these
Quadrupedes
;
for
seeing
God
hath
vsed
them
as
Sacraments
or
Mysteries
to
containe
his
will
,
(
not
onely
in
monstrous
treble-headed
,
or
seuen-horned-shapes
)
but
also
in
pure
ordinary
,
natural
lims
&
members
:
how
shal
we
be
able
to
gesse
at
the
meaning
in
the
secret
,
that
do
not
vnderstand
the
reuealed
?
And
what
vse
can
we
make
of
the
inuisible
part
of
that
Sacrament
,
where
we
know
not
the
meaning
of
the
visible
?
Doth
the
Lord
compare
the
Diuell
to
a
Lyon
;
euill
Iudges
to
Beares
;
false
prophets
to
Wolues
;
secret
and
crafty
persecutors
to
Foxes
;
open
enemies
in
hostility
to
wilde
Boares
;
Heretickes
and
false
Preachers
to
Scorpions
;
good
men
to
the
Fowles
of
Heauen
,
and
Martyrs
to
Sheep
,
and
yet
we
haue
no
knowledge
of
the
nature
of
Lyons
,
Wolues
,
Beares
,
Foxes
,
Wilde-Bores
,
or
Scorpions
.
Surely
when
Salomon
saith
to
the
sluggard
go
to
the
Pismire
,
he
willeth
him
to
learne
the
nature
of
the
Pismire
,
and
then
according
thereto
reforme
his
manners
:
And
so
all
the
world
are
bid
to
learne
the
natures
of
all
Beasts
,
for
there
is
alway
something
to
be
learned
in
them
,
according
to
this
saying
of
Saint
Basil
.
A
deo
nihil
non
prouidum
in
naturae
rebus
est
,
neque
quicquam
pertinentis
,
ad
se
curae
expers
,
&
si
ipsas
animalium
partes
consideraueris
,
inuenies
quod
neque
superfluum
quid
conditor
apposuit
,
neque
necessaria
detraxit
.
Then
it
being
cleare
that
euery
beast
is
a
natural
vision
,
which
we
ought
to
see
and
vnderstand
,
for
the
more
cleare
apprehension
of
the
inuisible
Maiesty
of
God
,
I
will
conclude
that
I
haue
not
omitted
this
part
of
the
vse
of
Beasts
,
but
haue
collected
,
expressed
,
and
declared
,
what
the
writers
of
all
ages
haue
heerein
obserued
.
Now
the
third
and
last
holy
vse
that
is
made
of
Beasts
in
Scripture
,
is
for
reproofe
and
instruction
;
so
the
Lord
in
Iob.
Ch
,
38
,
&
39.
mentioneth
the
Lyon
,
the
Rauen
,
the
Wilde-Goats
,
the
Hindes
,
the
Hinde-Calues
,
the
Wilde-Asses
,
the
Vnicorn
,
the
Ostriche
,
the
Stork
,
the
Puissant-Horse
,
the
Hauke
,
the
Eagle
,
the
Vulture
,
the
Whale
,
and
the
Dragon
,
that
is
,
the
Fowles
,
Fishes
,
Serpents
,
and
Four-footed-Beasts
:
Al
which
he
reckoneth
as
known
things
to
Iob
,
and
discourseth
of
as
strange
things
in
their
natures
as
any
we
haue
inserted
for
truth
in
our
History
,
as
may
appeare
to
any
man
whatsoeuer
,
that
wil
looke
studiously
into
them
.
Shall
I
adde
heereunto
how
Moses
,
and
all
the
Prophets
,
Saint
Iohn
Baptist
,
our
most
blessed
Sauiour
,
saint
Paule
,
and
all
the
Writers
since
his
time
(
both
auncient
and
latter
)
haue
made
profession
of
this
part
of
Diuinity
;
so
that
he
was
an
vnskilfull
Deuine
and
not
apt
to
teach
,
which
could
not
at
his
fingers
end
speake
of
these
things
:
for
(
saith
our
Sauiour
)
If
I
tell
you
earthly
things
and
ye
beleeue
not
,
how
shall
ye
beleeue
when
I
tell
you
heauenly
things
?
Salomon
,
as
it
is
witnessed
in
holy
Scripture
,
wrote
of
Plants
,
of
Birds
,
of
Fishes
,
and
Beasts
,
and
euen
then
when
he
stood
in
good
fauour
with
God
,
therefore
it
is
an
exercise
of
the
highest
Wisdome
to
trauell
in
,
and
the
Noblest
mindes
to
study
in
:
for
in
it
as
I
wil
shew
you
(
with
your
good
patience
for
I
haue
no
other
Praeface
)
there
is
both
the
knowledge
of
god
and
man
.
If
any
man
obiect
Multa
multi
de
musca
de
apicula
de
vermiculo
,
pauca
de
Deo
,
I
will
answer
with
the
words
of
Theodorus
Gaza
:
Permulta
enim
de
Deo
is
tractat
,
qui
doctrina
rerum
conditarum
exquisitissima
,
conditorem
ipsum
de●larat
,
neque
musca
,
neque
vermiculus
omittendus
est
vbi
de
mira
solertia
agitur
.
Wherunto
Saint
Austen
agreeth
when
he
saith
,
Maiestatem
diuinam
aeque
in
formicae
membris
atque
magno
inuento
tranante
fluuium
.
And
for
the
knowledge
of
man
,
many
and
most
excellent
rules
for
publicke
and
priuaete
affaires
,
both
for
preseruing
a
good
Conscience
and
auoiding
an
euill
daunger
,
are
gathered
from
Beasts
:
It
were
to
long
to
run
ouer
all
,
let
me
(
I
beseech
you
)
be
bold
to
reckon
a
few
which
discend
from
nature
our
common
parent
,
and
therefore
are
neither
strained
,
counterfait
,
inconstant
,
or
deceiptfull
;
but
free
,
full
of
power
to
perswade
,
true
,
hauing
the
seale
of
the
highest
for
their
euidence
;
constant
and
neuer
altred
in
any
age
:
faithfull
,
such
as
haue
beene
tryed
at
fi●e
and
Touch-stone
.
Were
not
this
a
good
perswasion
against
murder
,
to
see
all
beasts
so
to
maintaine
their
natures
,
that
they
kill
not
their
owne
kind
.
Who
is
so
vnnaturall
and
vnthankefull
to
his
parents
,
but
by
reading
how
the
young
Storkes
and
Wood-peckers
do
in
their
parents
olde
age
feed
and
nourish
them
,
will
not
repent
,
amend
his
folly
,
and
bee
more
naturall
?
What
man
is
so
void
of
compassion
,
that
hearing
the
bounty
of
the
Bone-breaker
Birde
to
the
young
Eagles
,
will
not
become
more
liberall
?
Where
is
there
svch
a
sluggard
and
drone
,
that
considereth
the
labours
,
paines
,
and
trauels
of
the
Emmet
,
Little-bee
,
Field-mouse
,
Squirrell
,
and
such
other
that
will
not
learne
for
shame
to
he
more
industrious
,
and
set
his
fingers
to
worke
?
Why
should
any
man
liuing
fall
to
do
euill
against
his
Conscience
,
or
at
the
temptation
of
the
Deuill
,
seeing
a
Lyon
will
neuer
yeeld
:
Mori
scit
vnici
nescit
;
and
seeing
the
little
Wren
doth
fight
with
an
Eagle
,
contending
for
Soueraignty
?
woulde
it
not
make
all
men
to
reuerence
a
good
King
set
ouer
them
by
God
?
Seeing
the
Bees
seeke
out
their
King
if
he
loose
himselfe
,
and
by
a
most
sagacious
smelling-sence
,
neuer
cease
till
he
be
found
out
,
and
then
beare
him
vpon
their
bodies
if
he
be
not
able
to
fly
,
but
if
he
die
they
all
for
sake
him
.
And
what
King
is
not
inuited
to
clemency
,
and
dehorted
from
tyranny
,
seeing
the
king
of
Bees
hath
a
sting
,
but
neuer
vseth
the
same
?
How
great
is
the
loue
and
faithfulnesse
of
Dogges
,
the
meeknesse
of
Elephants
,
the
modesty
or
shamefastnesse
of
the
adulterous
Lyonesse
,
the
neatnesse
and
politure
of
the
Cat
and
Peacocke
,
the
iustice
of
the
Bee
which
gathereth
from
all
flowers
that
which
serueth
their
turne
,
and
yet
destroyeth
not
the
flower
.
The
care
of
the
Nightingale
to
make
her
voice
plesant
,
the
chastity
of
a
Turtle
,
the
Canonicall
voice
and
watchfulnesse
of
a
Coeke
,
and
to
conclude
the
vtility
of
a
Sheepe
:
All
these
and
ten
thousand
more
I
could
recite
,
to
shew
what
the
knowledge
of
the
nature
of
brutish
creatures
doth
worke
or
teach
the
minds
of
men
,
but
I
will
conclude
this
part
with
the
words
of
S.
Ierom
against
Iouinian
.
Ad
Herodem
dicitur
propter
malitiam
.
Ite
&
dicite
vulpi
huic
.
Luke
13.
ad
Scribus
&
Pharisaeos
genimina
viperarum
Mat.
23.
ad
libidinosos
equi
hinmētes
inproximorū
foeminas
.
Ier.
5.
de
voluptuoso
nolite
mittere
margaritas
vestras
ante
porcos
.
De
impudentibus
,
neque
sanctum
date
canibus
Mat
,
7.
de
infidelibus
Ephesi
cum
bestiis
,
pugnaui
in
similitudine
hominum
,
And
thus
farre
S.
Ierom
:
whereby
we
may
boldly
auerre
by
way
of
induction
;
that
wherein
the
knowledge
of
God
,
the
knowledge
of
man
,
the
precepts
of
Vertue
,
the
meanes
to
auoid
euill
are
to
be
learned
,
that
Science
is
Diuine
and
ought
of
all
men
to
be
inquired
and
sought
after
:
and
such
haue
I
manifested
in
this
history
following
.
Now
againe
the
necessity
of
this
History
is
to
be
preferred
before
the
Chronicles
and
records
of
al
ages
made
by
men
,
because
the
euents
&
accidents
of
the
time
past
,
are
peraduenture
such
things
as
shall
neuer
againe
come
in
vse
:
but
this
sheweth
that
Chronicle
which
was
made
by
God
himselfe
,
euery
liuing
beast
being
a
word
,
euery
kind
being
a
sentence
,
and
al
of
them
togither
a
large
history
,
containing
admirable
knowledge
&
learning
,
which
was
,
which
is
,
which
shall
continue
,
(
if
not
for
euer
)
yet
to
the
worlds
end
.
Et
patris
,
&
nostras
,
nouumque
prematur
in
annum
Membranis
intus
positis
delere
licebit
Quod
non
aedideris
.
The
second
thing
in
this
discourse
which
I
haue
promised
to
affirme
,
is
the
truth
of
the
Hystory
of
Creatures
,
for
the
marke
of
a
good
writer
is
to
follow
truth
and
not
deceiuable
Fables
.
And
in
this
kind
I
haue
passed
the
straightest
passage
,
because
the
relation
of
most
thinges
in
this
Booke
are
taken
out
of
Heathen
writers
,
such
as
peradventure
are
many
times
superstitiously
credulous
,
and
haue
added
of
their
owne
verie
many
rash
inuentions
,
without
reason
,
authority
,
or
probability
,
as
if
they
had
beene
hyred
to
sell
such
Fables
:
For
,
Non
bene
conducti
vendunt
periuria
testes
.
I
would
not
haue
the
Reader
of
these
Histories
to
immagine
that
I
haue
inserted
or
related
all
that
euer
is
saide
of
these
Beasts
,
but
onely
so
much
as
is
saide
by
many
,
For
in
the
mouth
of
two
or
three
witnesses
standeth
euerie
word
:
and
if
at
any
time
I
haue
set
downe
a
single
Testimony
,
it
was
because
the
matter
was
cleare
and
needeth
not
farther
probation
,
or
else
I
haue
laid
it
vpon
the
credit
of
the
Author
with
special
words
,
not
giuing
the
Reader
any
warant
from
me
to
beleeue
it
.
Besides
I
haue
taken
regard
to
imitate
the
best
Writers
,
which
was
easie
for
mee
to
doe
,
because
Gesner
relateth
euery
mans
opinion
(
like
a
common
place
or
Dictionary
,
as
he
professeth
;
)
and
if
at
any
time
he
seemed
obscure
,
I
turned
to
the
Bookes
which
I
had
at
hande
to
gesse
their
meaning
,
putting
in
that
which
he
had
left
out
of
many
good
Authours
,
and
leauing
out
many
magicall
deuises
.
Now
although
I
haue
vsed
no
small
diligence
or
care
in
collecting
those
things
which
were
most
essentiall
to
euery
Beast
,
most
true
without
exception
,
and
most
euident
by
the
Testimony
of
many
good
Authors
,
yet
I
haue
deliuered
in
this
treatise
many
straunge
and
rare
thinges
,
not
as
fictions
,
but
Myracles
of
nature
,
for
wisemen
to
behold
and
obserue
to
their
singular
comfort
,
if
they
loue
the
power
,
glory
,
and
praise
of
their
maker
,
not
withholding
their
consent
to
the
things
expressed
,
because
they
intreat
of
liuing
things
made
by
God
himselfe
.
Si
ergo
quaerimus
quis
fecerit
deus
est
,
Si
per
quod
,
dixit
fiat
,
&
facta
sunt
:
Si
quare
fiat
,
quia
bonus
est
.
Nec
enim
autor
est
excellentior
deo
,
necars
efficacior
dei
verbo
,
nec
causa
melior
,
quam
vt
bonum
crearetura
deo
bono
,
and
this
Plato
said
was
the
onely
cause
of
the
worlds
creation
,
vt
a
deo
bono
opera
bona
fierent
.
Now
I
doe
in
a
sort
challenge
a
consent
vnto
the
probability
of
these
thinges
to
wise
and
learned
men
,
although
no
beleefe
.
For
Fides
,
is
credere
inuisibilia
;
but
consensus
is
a
cleauing
or
yeelding
to
a
relation
vntill
the
manifestation
of
another
truth
;
and
when
any
man
shall
iustly
reproue
any
thing
I
haue
written
for
false
and
eroneous
,
I
will
not
sticke
to
release
the
Readers
consent
,
but
make
satisfaction
for
vsurpation
.
But
for
the
rude
and
vulgar
sort
(
who
being
vtterly
ignorant
of
the
operation
of
Learning
,
do
presently
condemne
al
strange
things
which
are
not
ingrauen
in
the
palms
of
their
own
hands
,
or
euident
in
their
own
heards
and
flockes
)
:
I
care
not
,
for
my
eares
haue
heard
some
of
them
speake
against
the
Historie
of
Sampson
,
where
he
tied
fire-brands
to
the
tailes
of
Foxes
,
and
many
of
them
against
the
myracles
of
Christ
.
I
may
remember
you
(
R.W.
)
of
a
Countrie
tale
of
an
old
Masse-Priest
in
the
daies
of
Henry
the
eight
,
who
reading
in
English
after
the
translation
of
the
Bible
,
the
miracle
of
the
fiue
loaues
and
two
Fishes
,
and
when
hee
came
to
the
verse
that
reckoneth
the
number
of
the
ghuests
or
eaters
of
the
banquet
,
hee
paused
a
little
,
and
at
last
said
,
they
were
about
fiue
hundred
:
The
clarke
,
that
was
a
little
wiser
,
whispered
into
the
priests
eares
that
it
was
fiue
thousand
,
but
the
priest
turned
backe
and
replied
with
indignation
,
Hold
your
peace
sirrha
,
we
shall
neuer
make
them
beleeue
they
were
fiue
hundred
.
Such
Priests
,
such
People
,
such
persons
I
shall
draw
vpon
my
backe
,
and
although
I
doe
not
challenge
a
power
of
not
erring
,
yet
because
I
speake
of
the
power
of
God
,
that
is
vnlimitable
,
I
will
be
bold
to
auerre
that
for
truth
in
the
Booke
of
creatures
(
although
first
obserued
by
Heathen
men
)
which
is
not
contrary
to
the
booke
of
Scriptures
.
Lastly
,
that
it
is
the
proper
office
of
a
Preacher
or
Deuine
to
set
foorth
these
workes
of
God
,
I
thinke
no
wise
man
will
make
question
,
for
so
did
Moses
,
and
Dauid
,
and
Salomon
,
and
Christ
,
and
S.
Paule
,
and
S.
Iohn
,
and
S.
Ireney
,
S.
Gregory
,
S.
Basill
,
S.
Austen
,
S.
Ierom
,
S.
Bernard
in
his
enarrations
or
Sermons
vppon
the
Canticles
,
and
of
later
daies
Isidorus
,
The
Monkes
of
Messuen
,
Geminianus
,
and
to
conclude
that
ornament
of
our
time
Ieronimus
Zanchius
.
For
how
shall
we
be
able
to
speake
the
whole
Counsell
of
God
vnto
his
people
,
if
we
read
vnto
them
but
one
of
his
bookes
,
when
he
hath
another
in
the
worlde
,
which
wee
neuer
study
past
the
title
or
outside
;
although
the
great
God
haue
made
them
an
Epistle
Dedicatory
to
the
whole
race
of
mankind
.
This
is
my
endeauor
and
paines
in
this
Booke
,
that
I
might
profit
and
delight
the
Reader
,
whereinto
he
may
looke
on
the
Holyest
daies
,
(
not
omitting
prayer
and
the
pub●icke
seruice
of
God
)
and
passe
away
the
Sabbaoths
in
heauenly
meditations
vpon
earthly
creatures
.
I
haue
followed
D.
Gesner
as
neer
as
I
could
,
I
do
professe
him
my
Author
in
most
of
my
stories
,
yet
I
haue
gathred
vp
that
which
he
let
fal
,
&
added
many
pictures
and
stories
as
may
apeare
by
Conference
of
both
together
.
In
the
names
of
the
Beasts
,
and
the
Ph●sicke
I
haue
not
swarued
from
him
at
all
.
He
was
a
Protestant
Physitian
,
(
a
rare
thing
to
finde
any
Religion
in
a
Physitian
although
Saint
Luke
a
Physitian
were
a
writer
of
the
Gospell
.
)
His
praises
therefore
shall
remaine
,
and
all
liuing
creatures
shall
witnesse
for
him
at
the
last
day
.
This
my
labor
whatsoeuer
it
be
,
I
consecrate
to
the
benefit
of
all
our
English
Nation
vnder
your
name
and
patronage
,
a
publique
professor
,
a
learned
&
reuerend
Deuine
,
a
famous
Preacher
,
obserued
in
Court
&
Country
,
if
you
wil
vouchsafe
to
allow
of
my
labors
,
I
stand
not
vpon
others
,
&
if
it
haue
your
commendation
,
it
shal
incorage
me
to
proceed
to
the
residue
,
wherin
I
feare
no
impediment
but
ability
to
carry
out
the
charge
,
my
case
so
standing
that
I
haue
not
any
accesse
of
maintainance
but
by
voluntary
▪
beneuolence
for
personall
paines
,
receiuing
no
more
but
a
laborers
wages
,
&
but
for
you
,
that
had
also
been
taken
from
me
:
Therfore
I
conclude
with
the
words
of
Saint
Gregory
to
Leontius
,
Et
nos
bona
quae
de
vobis
multipliciter
praedicantur
addiscentes
,
assidue
pro
gloriae
vestrae
incolumintate
omnipotentem
valeamus
dominum
deprecari
.
Your
Chaplaine
in
the
Church
of
Saint
Buttolphe
Aldergate
.
EDWARD
TOPSELL
.
THE
FIRST
EPISTLE
OF
DOCT.
CONRADVS
GESNERVS
before
his
History
of
Foure-footed-Beastes
,
concerning
the
vtility
of
this
STORY
.
ALL
PHILOSOPHY
(
most
worthy
accomplished
men
,
)
is
in
euery
part
excellent
good
,
most
beautifull
,
and
most
worthy
of
the
loue
and
honor
of
all
mortall
men
,
which
are
her
Clyents
and
Loue●s
,
(
as
all
wise
and
excellent
men
haue
iudged
)
in
euery
age
.
But
because
the
wits
of
men
do
differ
,
as
education
,
conuersation
,
custome
,
and
the
profit
of
life
and
liuing
,
and
peraduenture
many
other
causes
,
do
make
many
varieties
of
opinions
in
vs
,
which
do
possesse
humaine
minds
;
with
very
many
preiudices
,
not
onely
in
learning
and
religion
,
but
almost
in
euery
thing
;
from
hence
therfore
it
commeth
to
passe
,
that
some
do
follow
one
part
of
learning
which
they
altogether
propounded
to
themselues
,
or
for
the
occasion
,
and
profit
of
the
present
estate
of
their
affaires
.
So
is
it
with
me
,
that
I
euen
from
a
child
,
being
brought
vp
of
a
kins-man
(
practitioner
of
Physicke
)
haue
tasted
from
my
youth
the
loue
of
that
profession
:
And
although
I
had
a
little
conceiued
the
knowledge
of
diuers
things
in
the
encrease
of
my
age
,
yet
I
left
off
the
study
of
physicke
,
(
more
then
was
meete
,
)
because
I
would
not
continue
ouer
long
therein
;
yet
afterwards
I
returned
again
vnto
the
former
study
thereof
,
the
care
of
househould
affaires
requiring
the
same
at
my
handes
.
But
when
I
considered
the
greate
affinity
of
this
Science
with
naturall
Phylosophy
,
and
that
not
any
one
can
be
accounted
an
excellent
or
learned
Physitian
,
which
hath
not
drawne
(
as
it
were
from
a
Fountaine
)
his
first
instruction
from
bookes
of
nature
;
I
diligently
began
to
peruse
the
writings
of
Philosophers
,
which
haue
disputed
or
debated
of
things
pertaining
to
nature
:
In
which
those
things
did
chiefely
delight
me
,
which
did
handle
or
intreat
concerning
mettals
,
plantes
,
and
liuing
creatures
,
and
that
for
two
causes
.
First
of
all
,
because
there
may
bee
had
of
those
things
a
more
true
&
certain
knowledge
then
of
vnperfect
or
mixed
bodies
or
Meteours
,
and
certaine
other
things
,
too
learned
or
curious
or
far
remoued
from
sence
,
or
such
like
,
that
a
man
can
neuer
hope
for
any
sufficient
knowledge
of
them
,
by
any
reason
or
sence
.
Afterwardes
because
their
knowledge
and
contemplation
did
not
onely
pertaine
to
phisick
,
but
also
to
minister
and
to
gouerne
euery
thing
peculiar
,
as
other
arts
which
were
much
more
profitable
and
necessary
.
Therefore
I
spent
much
time
in
this
study
,
so
that
in
spared
or
borrowed
houres
,
and
as
often
as
I
did
desire
to
recreate
my selfe
from
other
studies
or
businesses
,
I
very
desirously
turned
to
them
many
yeares
,
accepting
them
for
my
onely
pleasures
and
ioyes
,
which
houres
the
common
sort
of
men
,
and
euen
very
many
learned
men
,
do
idlely
abuse
in
walking
,
playing
,
and
drinking
.
And
although
I
haue
considered
and
obserued
very
many
thinges
concerning
Plants
,
and
other
things
,
not
seene
and
considered
before
me
,
or
at
least-wise
brought
to
light
of
no
man
before
,
therefore
it
would
seeme
lesse
necessary
at
this
present
to
write
of
them
,
seeing
that
many
do
euen
to
this
day
write
learnedly
and
profitably
concerning
plants
;
Geor
:
Agricola
,
a
man
worthy
of
great
praise
,
hath
most
learnedly
and
profitably
written
concerning
mettals
:
wherefore
I
applyed
my
mind
to
the
History
of
foure-footed-beastes
handled
lightly
in
our
age
,
and
onely
in
partes
.
But
when
that
I
saw
I
should
profit
but
little
,
except
I
should
adioyn
the
Histories
of
those
that
haue
trauailed
in
other
countries
,
to
these
priuate
studies
,
and
gathering
of
our
owne
.
I
went
first
of
all
to
some
points
of
the
Germans
,
(
but
not
many
)
and
by
and
by
after
,
I
did
adde
thereunto
mine
owne
trauailes
into
Italy
,
not
onely
for
this
cause
,
but
for
the
honor
of
my
Bybliothaeca
,
that
I
might
reckon
vp
all
kind
of
writers
therein
for
the
further
honor
thereof
:
But
if
I
had
met
with
any
Mecoenas
,
or
had
had
further
ability
,
or
my
fortunes
greater
,
I
had
trauailed
further
,
both
by
Sea
and
land
,
into
far
remote
places
,
for
the
enlarging
of
the
story
both
of
beasts
and
plants
,
for
the
benefit
of
all
posterity
,
although
I
am
in
my selfe
a
very
weake
and
sickly
man
.
But
because
that
was
not
lawful
,
by
reason
I
wanted
sufficient
meanes
,
I
haue
done
that
which
I
could
,
and
haue
got
also
some
friendes
vnto
me
out
of
diuers
regions
or
parts
of
Europe
,
with
whom
after
I
communicated
my
purposes
,
they
returned
vnto
me
sundry
discriptions
of
strange
beasts
,
and
the
moderne
names
of
vulgar
beasts
in
many
languages
,
with
their
pictures
and
the
true
formes
.
In
the
meane
time
I
did
not
only
sit
still
and
turne
ouer
books
,
but
gaue
my selfe
diligently
to
enquire
of
euery
Country-man
or
trauailer
,
a
perticular
and
exact
obseruation
of
the
nature
of
euery
beast
:
and
for
this
cause
I
conferred
with
strangers
of
other
nations
,
which
by
any
occasion
either
were
resident
among
vs
,
or
passed
accidentally
through
our
country
,
&
made
of
their
relation
the
most
diligent
notes
that
I
could
gather
,
conferring
them
with
olde
writers
,
and
comparing
one
with
another
,
till
I
had
digested
the
perfection
of
my
intented
story
,
and
the
method
thereof
for
the
drawing
of
it
into
a
perfect
body
.
And
thus
by
little
and
little
the
worke
or
volume
increased
,
not
only
by
my
great
trauaile
and
paines
,
but
also
to
my
great
cost
and
charge
,
considering
my
poore
and
needy
estate
:
when
I
thought
that
it
was
growne
great
enough
(
for
if
all
things
grow
infinite
and
endlesse
)
then
I
disposed
it
to
be
printed
and
published
to
the
world
,
least
that
by
defering
the
diuulgation
thereof
vnder
colour
to
learne
moe
thinges
,
that
might
happen
to
mee
,
which
befalleth
all
men
(
namely
Death
)
and
so
I
should
by
my
owne
modesty
or
backewardnesse
,
not
onely
ouerthrow
my
owne
labours
,
but
also
depriue
well
deseruing
men
,
of
the
vniuersall
benifit
to
be
reaped
by
this
story
.
Then
I
determined
first
of
all
to
begin
with
the
story
of
foure-footed-beasts
,
such
as
are
not
generated
in
parts
and
vnperfectly
as
it
were
in
an
Egge
,
but
perfectly
and
totally
together
in
the
dams
belly
,
because
they
were
not
onely
the
most
worthy
,
principall
,
and
excellent
,
among
all
the
creatures
of
this
World
next
vnto
men
,
but
also
,
because
their
naturall
parts
of
body
and
disposition
,
do
most
of
all
resemble
mankind
.
And
of
the
residue
,
namely
,
such
as
are
conceiued
out
of
Egges
,
either
foure-footed
,
or
Birds
,
or
Fishes
,
or
Serpents
,
or
reptiles
,
(
if
God
permit
)
we
will
entreat
perticularly
in
another
Tome
by
itselfe
.
And
thus
much
for
the
order
,
increase
,
occasion
,
and
edition
of
this
worke
.
The
first
benifit
of
this
story
to
physicke
.
But
some
man
will
inquire
the
cause
and
reason
of
so
great
a
labor
and
study
,
and
demaund
of
me
what
fruites
,
profit
,
and
benefit
,
can
come
by
this
History
?
To
whom
I
make
this
answere
:
First
,
the
knowledge
of
this
naturall
part
of
Phylosophye
,
is
very
necessary
and
profitable
to
Physicke
,
and
that
many
waies
;
First
,
for
that
many
beastes
are
vsed
for
meate
,
nourishment
,
and
medicine
,
and
for
that
cause
are
not
only
applied
outwardly
,
but
inwardly
to
the
body
of
man
:
&
then
more
particularly
,
because
about
four-footed-beasts
which
breed
in
their
own
kind
,
for
because
of
the
similitude
they
carry
with
mankind
in
body
and
affections
,
they
suffer
many
diseases
in
common
with
vs
,
which
are
cured
by
euery
heard-man
and
leach
in
the
fields
:
and
also
the
beasts
themselues
do
offer
many
profitable
medicines
for
the
cure
of
men
;
which
the
skilful
Phisitian
must
borrow
from
them
,
if
he
wil
be
perfect
in
his
art
,
and
conscionable
in
his
profession
.
But
if
that
a
man
bee
wounded
or
poysoned
by
serpentes
,
Lyzards
,
creeping
creatures
,
or
by
the
bitings
of
any
foure-footed-beast
in
his
madnesse
,
or
by
fishes
,
or
by
eating
them
in
meat
,
wherein
the
Phisitians
skill
is
required
,
to
shew
the
cause
and
cure
of
such
a
wounde
,
where
shall
he
find
better
direction
,
then
to
be
informed
of
the
particular
venom
that
lyeth
hid
in
euery
beast
by
nature
,
which
thing
we
haue
endeuored
to
explaine
in
this
our
Treatise
.
Moreouer
there
are
many
necessary
obseruations
about
meate
,
drinke
,
sleepe
,
watching
,
quietnesse
,
and
perturbation
of
affections
in
men
,
and
other
naturall
motions
whereby
health
is
to
be
preserued
,
the
perfectest
rules
and
examples
thereof
are
to
bee
drawen
from
bruit
beasts
,
vnto
the
vse
of
men
.
And
I
haue
proued
by
the
inspection
into
this
knowledge
,
that
herein
is
layed
the
largest
foundation
of
Medicine
,
either
by
drawing
it
from
those
things
which
do
naturally
flow
and
fall
from
the
beasts
,
or
that
which
they
suffer
and
endure
,
or
else
from
those
things
which
they
haue
obserued
to
be
in
them
;
for
it
more
safe
and
without
impiety
,
to
make
tryall
of
a
new
Medicine
vpon
a
beast
,
rather
then
vpon
a
man
.
And
lastly
,
seeing
diuers
Medicines
arise
out
of
euery
part
of
euery
beast
almost
,
all
which
we
haue
recited
in
one
place
Methodically
together
,
and
part
after
part
,
heereby
the
Physitian
shall
reape
this
commodity
,
that
when
he
hath
any
beast
in
his
hand
,
by
looking
into
this
worke
he
shall
find
what
part
he
ought
to
reserue
for
medicine
,
and
also
to
what
sicknesse
it
is
to
be
applied
.
And
after
the
same
maner
may
euery
man
chuse
his
meat
,
and
know
by
this
treatise
what
is
most
,
and
what
is
least
nourishable
,
and
agreeable
to
the
nature
of
man
.
And
if
it
pleased
me
to
rehearseal
that
commeth
into
this
catalogue
about
vtility
of
beasts
,
I
would
shew
you
how
many
arts
and
occupations
of
men
,
do
raise
maintenance
and
sustentation
from
beasts
,
both
to
sell
them
for
mony
,
and
also
to
take
them
for
meate
:
as
the
Fishermen
which
follow
the
waters
,
taking
for
food
such
fishes
as
by
the
ordinance
of
God
,
are
ordained
for
that
purpose
.
They
which
are
Grasyers
and
keepe
cattell
of
all
sorts
,
liue
vpon
their
changing
,
fatting
,
feeding
,
and
selling
.
Those
which
make
Butter
and
Cheese
,
whereof
there
are
many
in
the
Mountaines
of
Heluctia
,
liue
only
vpon
that
labour
,
and
therefore
the
knowledge
of
Kye
,
Oxen
,
Asses
,
Elkes
,
Reyners
,
Camels
,
and
diuers
other
beastes
,
is
most
necessary
for
these
men
,
from
whom
they
draw
Milke
,
and
therefore
good
to
maintaine
and
preserue
their
health
.
There
be
some
Horse-leaches
,
Cowe-leaches
,
Oxe-leaches
,
and
such
like
for
this
purpose
.
There
be
that
liue
only
vpon
the
Marchandizes
of
their
skins
,
as
Tawyers
,
Glouers
,
Curriers
,
Shoomakers
,
and
Breast
plate-makers
of
Leathers
,
Sadlers
,
Leather-sellers
,
Purse-makers
,
and
such
like
.
Some
againe
haue
an
Art
to
dresse
the
skins
with
their
haire
and
wooll
vpon
them
,
for
garments
.
Some
liue
by
keambing
,
shearing
,
spinning
,
clothing
,
and
making
sundry
necessaries
out
of
wooll
,
Goats
haire
,
and
Camels
haire
.
For
the
vse
of
the
cattell
aliue
,
I
might
be
endlesse
to
shew
all
,
first
the
husbandmen
vse
Oxen
and
Asses
,
the
vse
of
Horses
and
Mules
,
both
for
trauaile
and
plowing
,
and
carriage
.
The
Art
of
riding
commendable
for
all
sorts
of
men
,
both
in
peace
and
warre
,
not
onely
for
great
Princes
and
Monarches
,
but
for
euery
Cittizen
:
many
things
are
vsed
for
buildings
which
canot
be
drawn
or
brought
together
,
but
by
Oxen
,
Horsses
,
Mules
,
Asses
,
Camels
,
Elephants
,
Reyners
,
Elkes
,
and
such
like
.
Who
knoweth
not
the
vse
of
Dogges
,
for
they
keepe
Houses
,
and
cattell
,
and
they
attend
,
guard
,
and
defend
men
:
they
hunt
wilde
beasts
,
they
driue
them
away
,
or
kill
,
or
retaine
them
to
the
hand
of
man
,
that
he
may
be
conqueror
of
them
.
In
fine
,
the
knowledge
of
beasts
is
profitable
to
many
arts
,
sciences
,
and
occupations
,
which
may
be
better
perceiued
,
by
the
particular
practize
and
application
of
him
that
is
studious
thereof
,
then
by
any
other
meanes
.
But
in
the
worke
it selfe
,
it
shal
be
manifested
what
vse
and
commodity
ariseth
out
of
euery
beast
,
what
remedies
,
or
Medicines
,
what
for
garmentes
,
what
for
meate
,
what
for
carriage
,
what
for
prognostication
of
euill
weather
,
what
for
pleasure
and
pastimes
;
so
as
we
shall
not
need
to
prosecute
these
parts
in
this
present
Epistle
.
Also
there
want
not
instructions
out
of
beasts
,
by
imitation
of
whose
examples
,
the
liues
and
manners
of
men
are
to
be
framed
to
another
and
a
better
practise
,
which
thing
is
manifested
by
learned
and
wise
men
,
but
especially
by
Theodorus
Gaza
,
who
discourseth
therof
in
his
Praeface
vpon
the
bookes
of
Aristotle
,
of
the
partes
of
creatures
;
whose
wordes
we
will
recite
in
the
Epistle
to
our
Reader
.
But
if
I
should
shew
at
large
and
copiously
,
how
many
things
may
be
collected
out
of
the
knowledge
of
beasts
for
familiar
and
houshold
affaires
,
I
might
be
infinite
:
but
seeing
I
haue
already
shewed
how
necessary
they
bee
for
husbandry
,
for
meat
,
for
carriage
,
and
such
like
,
it
must
be
vnderstood
that
all
those
commodities
belong
to
this
part
of
Occonominall
profit
.
The
like
I
may
say
of
the
pleasure
in
their
contemplation
;
for
although
all
their
vtilities
cannot
be
knowne
,
and
in
many
thinges
they
are
not
beneficiall
to
men
,
yet
if
a
man
be
skilful
and
haue
any
vnderstanding
,
he
shal
be
much
delighted
by
looking
into
the
natures
of
beasts
,
by
consideration
of
the
many
and
infinite
differences
among
them
,
whether
he
respect
their
body
,
or
their
minds
,
or
their
actions
:
for
what
is
more
wonderfull
then
the
voice
or
extemporall
song
of
many
Birdes
,
who
although
they
be
far
distant
and
remote
from
vs
,
and
will
not
abide
our
presence
for
natural
fear
of
death
,
yet
is
not
the
eleborate
deuise
of
musicall
and
artificiall
numbers
,
measures
,
and
voyces
of
men
comparable
vnto
them
.
Pliny
that
Star
and
ornament
of
his
time
,
spendeth
a
great
deale
of
labour
in
the
admiration
of
the
Nightingale
.
And
what
man
withall
his
witte
,
can
sufficiently
declare
and
proclaime
the
wonderful
industrious
minds
of
the
little
Emmets
and
Bees
,
moued
almost
with
no
bodies
,
being
silly
things
,
and
yet
indued
with
noble
and
commendable
qualities
,
in
deformed
members
;
so
that
I
might
conclude
,
that
there
is
not
any
beast
which
hath
not
onely
somthing
in
it
which
is
rare
,
glorious
,
and
peculiar
to
himselfe
,
but
also
something
that
is
deuine
.
Wherefore
I
may
seeme
a
foole
,
to
handle
these
things
in
a
Praeface
which
are
copiously
discoursed
in
the
whole
worke
.
Aristotle
maketh
it
a
true
property
of
a
Noble
,
liberall
,
and
well
gouerned
mind
,
to
be
more
delighted
with
the
rare
,
plesant
,
and
admirable
qualities
of
a
beast
,
then
with
the
lucre
and
gaine
that
commeth
thereby
.
For
it
is
a
token
of
a
filthy
,
beastly
,
illiberall
,
and
wretched
mind
,
to
loue
no
more
then
we
can
reape
commodity
by
.
There
be
very
many
things
which
do
not
yeald
any
profit
to
the
possessors
or
owners
,
but
only
please
them
,
&
allure
their
minds
by
outward
form
and
beauty
,
so
do
the
most
pretious
stones
,
as
Adamants
,
Topazyes
,
Iacynthes
,
Smaradgs
Chrysolytes
,
and
many
such
other
thinges
;
by
the
wearing
whereof
,
no
man
is
deliuered
either
from
sicknesse
or
perill
(
although
some
superstitious
persons
put
confidence
in
them
for
such
vertues
)
but
haue
crept
into
the
fauour
and
treasures
of
men
,
onely
because
like
earthly
stars
they
shine
and
glitter
in
the
eies
of
men
,
resembling
the
resplendant
glory
and
light
of
heauenly
bodies
,
and
other
vse
they
haue
none
:
and
in
the
meane
time
,
he
that
should
prefer
free-stones
fitted
and
squared
for
buildings
,
or
else
Whet-stones
,
or
Mil-stones
,
and
such
like
,
which
are
most
necessary
for
priuate
vse
and
commodity
,
yet
doe
they
seeme
vile
in
comparison
of
others
;
and
that
should
prefer
all
of
them
before
one
of
the
other
,
he
should
be
acounted
no
wiser
then
Aesops
Cocke
:
and
if
he
should
but
equall
them
in
price
and
estimation
in
like
sort
,
he
should
be
iudged
an
egregious
blocke
or
foole
;
and
yet
the
best
of
these
are
without
life
,
without
spirit
,
immoueable
,
and
vnworthy
.
For
this
cause
there
is
none
of
the
creatures
but
deserue
,
a
far
more
admiration
and
esteeme
;
and
among
liuing
creatures
,
all
those
which
containe
noble
spirits
in
base
and
vile
bodies
,
without
apt
Organs
and
instrumentes
for
the
better
mouing
of
their
bodies
:
For
as
in
clocks
we
admire
the
lesser
more
then
the
greater
,
so
ought
we
to
admire
the
lesser
narrow
bodies
indued
with
such
industrious
spirits
,
more
then
the
greater
,
broader
,
and
larger
beasts
:
for
all
workemen
do
shew
more
art
,
skill
,
and
cunning
in
the
small
and
little
price
of
worke
,
then
the
greater
.
Solinus
writeth
,
that
Alexander
the
great
had
Homers
Illiads
writen
in
Parchment
,
so
close
together
,
that
it
might
be
contained
in
a
Nut-shell
.
The
like
admiration
was
there
of
the
exile
and
curious
small
works
of
Myrmicidas
the
Milesian
,
and
Callicrates
the
Lacedemonian
,
for
they
made
Chariots
so
small
,
that
they
might
be
couered
with
and
vnder
a
flye
,
and
in
the
brim
thereof
they
wrote
two
exameter
verses
in
Golden
letters
.
And
of
Callicrates
,
Solinus
writeth
,
that
hee
made
little
Emmets
out
of
Iuory
so
artificially
,
that
it
could
not
be
discerned
from
the
liue
ones
:
euen
so
,
nature
hath
stroue
and
strained
,
to
excell
more
in
these
vile
creatures
of
no
reputation
,
then
in
greater
and
nobler
creatures
.
There
is
nothing
that
consisteth
of
matter
and
forme
,
but
that
one
of
them
is
worthyer
,
and
the
other
vile
;
and
therefore
the
body
and
the
soule
in
man
,
haue
the
respect
of
matter
,
and
the
soul
is
the
form
,
because
of
the
power
of
mouing
▪
sences
,
and
actions
:
wherefore
when
we
see
all
these
powers
,
as
it
were
predominant
in
a
little
creature
that
hath
almost
no
body
(
as
the
outward
proportion
of
Emmets
and
Bees
)
what
shal
we
thinke
?
but
how
admirably
is
it
able
to
worke
without
the
matter
in
the
forme
alone
,
shewing
it
in
a
kind
of
visible
nakednes
,
to
be
seene
without
the
help
of
corporall
Organs
;
and
therefore
they
are
not
set
before
vs
like
sports
&
pastimes
to
reioyce
at
,
but
as
honorable
emblems
of
Diuine
and
supernaturall
wisedome
.
For
if
we
admire
the
little
body
of
a
man
,
because
he
beareth
the
most
glorious
ymage
of
all
thinges
in
his
proportion
,
and
the
ymage
of
God
in
his
soule
and
minde
,
then
certainely
next
to
a
man
,
wee
ought
to
admire
these
beasts
,
which
do
so
resemble
man
,
as
man
doeth
the
eternall
and
liuing
God
,
creator
of
them
and
him
.
Pliny
vnskilfully
calleth
nature
the
common
parent
of
al
creatures
,
which
indeed
is
the
infinite
maiesty
of
God
;
yet
he
writeth
effectually
,
that
there
was
no
liuing
creature
made
onely
for
this
cause
,
that
it
should
eat
,
or
that
it
should
satiate
and
satisfie
other
,
but
also
it
was
ordained
to
be
bred
and
brought
foorth
for
sauing
Arts
;
and
therefore
it
is
ingrafted
euen
in
the
bowels
and
intrals
of
deafe
and
dumbe
things
.
Now
for
the
creatures
which
are
profitable
to
men
,
as
sheep
,
Oxen
,
Horses
,
and
such
like
,
when
we
looke
vppon
them
,
wee
cannot
onely
admire
the
wisedome
and
power
of
God
in
their
creation
,
but
also
we
ought
to
giue
hereby
thanks
to
his
maiesty
for
their
creation
and
conseruation
in
their
seuerall
kinds
and
orders
,
for
the
vse
and
behoofe
of
men
.
And
for
those
things
which
are
altogither
vnprofitable
to
men
,
we
ought
to
woonder
as
much
at
their
vilenesse
,
as
they
want
of
profitablenes
:
For
those
admirable
gifts
and
powers
are
not
common
to
all
little
beasts
,
as
we
see
they
are
in
Elephants
,
Lyons
,
Camels
,
&
such
other
,
for
then
we
should
wonder
at
them
the
lesse
;
but
yet
in
som
of
the
litle
ones
there
are
farre
more
excellent
properties
then
in
any
of
the
greatest
.
Consider
with
what
art
and
indrustry
the
Bee
frameth
her
Combe
,
and
the
Emmet
storeth
her
nest
,
and
tell
me
if
the
wit
and
eloquence
of
man
,
be
able
sufficiently
to
expresse
and
praise
it
?
Beside
,
their
perpetuall
concord
,
dilligence
,
and
agreement
in
the
administration
,
gathring
,
and
spending
of
all
their
store
,
inso
much
as
eyther
they
seem
to
be
deriued
from
nature
or
els
from
a
deep
reach
of
wit
,
reason
,
and
vnderstanding
:
neither
are
they
the
lesse
admirable
if
we
grant
that
these
vertures
are
not
natural
and
proper
,
nor
proceeding
from
reason
&
wil
,
for
they
are
no
lesse
the
strange
or
stranger
worke
of
God
:
For
what
a
Diuine
thing
is
it
,
that
these
beasts
attaine
to
that
vpon
a
sudden
,
without
instruction
and
teaching
,
and
therefore
by
instinct
and
a
kind
of
reuelation
which
men
do
not
attaine
in
long
exercise
,
practise
&
study
?
These
are
assuredly
euident
testimonies
of
diuinity
(
for
the
Lord
is
meruailous
in
al
his
works
,
either
in
nature
,
or
reason
&
wil
,
or
contrary
to
both
,
without
al
interceeding
mean
,
for
al
these
haue
dependance
vpon
his
pleasure
.
For
how
can
his
Diuine
power
,
wisedome
,
and
goodnesse
,
euer
be
absent
from
the
world
,
(
I
meane
from
man
the
prince
of
the
world
)
when
such
excellent
gifts
are
made
visible
in
little
beasts
,
that
euerie
day
perish
and
are
corrupted
easily
,
and
ingendered
againe
by
their
owne
putrifaction
,
so
as
they
neuer
faile
in
kind
,
euen
those
that
are
so
smal
&
little
in
body
,
that
they
can
scarse
be
seen
by
the
eies
of
man
?
these
things
are
to
me
vnanswerable
arguments
of
the
presence
and
power
of
God
:
for
that
they
moue
and
bee
in
action
it
proceedeth
of
his
power
,
in
that
they
vse
their
sences
,
and
there
by
follow
and
attaine
those
things
which
are
profitable
to
them
,
and
avoyd
al
hurtful
things
contrary
to
their
nature
,
because
they
build
them
houses
and
places
of
habitation
,
make
prouision
for
their
food
and
victuals
it
proceedeth
of
his
wisedome
;
but
in
that
they
nourish
their
young
ones
,
&
loue
one
another
in
al
outward
appearance
,
liuing
in
flocks
togither
,
as
if
they
had
knowledge
of
society
,
and
consent
vnanimously
to
their
work
and
labour
,
it
is
likewise
a
token
and
visible
emblem
of
his
goodnes
.
The
first
cause
therefore
of
these
virtues
,
or
whatsoeuer
you
wil
cal
them
,
Idea
,
or
Original
,
must
needs
be
the
absolute
example
of
God
the
Creator
.
And
wee
must
not
suppose
,
that
his
most
excellent
Maiesty
hath
proponed
these
patternes
vnto
vs
by
chance
or
rashly
,
without
purpose
of
this
end
;
that
it
should
be
to
vs
as
cleare
as
the
light
(
Omnia
diuinitatis
esse
plena
)
that
all
things
are
full
of
his
Diuinity
:
seeing
that
a
Sparrow
lighteth
not
on
the
ground
without
his
will
:
And
the
poet
saide
:
God
is
in
the
middest
of
Beasts
,
Men
,
Markets
,
and
Sea
.
And
heere
I
cannot
containe
my selfe
from
relating
the
words
of
Aristotle
,
for
I
trust
that
no
man
will
blame
me
,
if
I
alledge
and
write
any
thing
truely
and
fitly
,
although
it
be
in
another
mans
words
:
for
it
is
not
to
be
regarded
who
saith
,
but
what
is
sayed
or
spoken
.
Thus
therefore
he
writeth
:
Among
those
creatures
which
are
lesse
acceptable
to
our
sences
,
nature
which
is
the
common
mother
of
all
,
hath
ordained
many
delightes
and
pleasures
in
them
,
for
men
which
vnderstand
their
cause
or
can
reason
of
their
Natures
liberally
:
for
this
thing
is
absurd
and
farre
from
all
reason
,
that
because
we
cannot
looke
vppon
the
ymages
and
vpper
faces
of
creatures
and
naturall
thinges
,
painted
and
framed
,
without
we
also
behold
in
them
the
wit
and
Art
of
the
Painter
,
and
that
therefore
we
can
take
lesse
pleasure
in
the
worke
,
for
the
Worke-mans
sake
.
For
if
we
can
attaine
to
the
true
causes
,
we
shall
no
lesse
kisse
and
imbrace
the
contemplation
of
the
very
actions
of
naturall
thinges
,
with
woonderfull
diligence
and
alacrity
:
and
for
this
cause
it
is
a
base
thinge
to
despise
the
nature
and
constitution
of
the
smaller
and
viler
beasts
,
fit
for
Boyes
and
childish
minds
;
for
there
is
not
any
work
of
nature
,
wherein
there
is
not
some
wonderfull
thing
,
therefore
that
is
true
which
Heraclitus
sayed
to
them
that
followed
him
vnto
a
hot-house
,
wherein
he
sat
to
warme
his
body
,
and
when
he
perceiued
that
they
were
affraid
to
come
in
,
he
cryed
out
vnto
them
,
that
they
should
abstaine
&
forbeare
to
enter
boldly
,
because
Ne
hinc
quidem
loco
desunt
dij
immortalis
:
That
euen
in
this
place
you
shall
finde
the
immortall
Gods
.
And
this
rule
must
be
followed
in
looking
into
the
nature
of
Beasts
:
for
we
ought
to
enter
into
their
consideration
without
feare
or
blushing
,
seeing
the
operation
of
nature
is
euery
where
very
honest
and
beautifull
,
for
therein
is
nothing
done
inconsideratly
,
and
without
a
true
end
,
but
all
things
aduisedly
for
a
certain
and
determinat
purpose
,
and
this
purpose
doth
alway
containe
both
goodnes
and
honesty
.
But
if
any
man
be
so
Barbarous
,
as
to
thinke
that
the
beasts
and
such
other
,
creatures
,
cannot
affoord
him
any
subiect
woorthy
of
his
contempaltion
,
then
let
him
thinke
so
of
himselfe
likewise
;
for
what
ignoble
basenesse
is
there
in
bloode
,
flesh
,
bones
,
vaines
,
and
such
like
?
Doth
not
the
body
of
man
consist
thereof
?
And
then
how
abhominable
art
thou
to
thy selfe
,
that
doest
not
rather
looke
into
these
which
are
so
neere
of
kinde
vnto
thee
?
And
I
may
adde
as
much
of
them
,
that
reason
of
matter
without
forme
,
or
vse
forme
without
matter
,
as
of
a
house
without
the
sides
,
or
of
a
vessell
without
the
best
part
;
and
and
so
is
he
that
looketh
vppon
one
part
of
nature
and
not
the
whole
:
or
on
those
things
which
cannot
be
seuered
from
the
substaunce
,
Thus
farre
Aristotle
,
whose
wordes
I
haue
expressed
at
large
,
because
as
we
haue
borrowed
all
his
substance
,
and
inserted
it
into
our
discourse
,
so
I
thought
it
not
good
to
omit
his
preface
.
Seeing
these
thinges
are
thus
,
we
cannot
but
thinke
that
euery
story
of
a
beast
is
like
a
seuerall
Hymne
,
to
praise
the
Diuine
wisdome
and
goodnes
,
from
which
as
from
a
pure
euer-springing-fountaine
,
proceed
and
flow
all
good
,
beautifull
,
and
wise
actions
:
First
,
thorough
the
heauenly
spirits
and
degrees
of
Angels
and
celestial
bodies
:
afterward
thorough
the
minds
of
men
,
beginning
at
the
highest
,
and
so
proceeding
to
the
lowest
,
(
for
euen
in
men
the
giftes
and
graces
of
God
differ
,
)
and
from
men
to
other
creatures
that
haue
life
or
sence
;
as
to
plants
and
inanimate
bodyes
,
so
as
the
inferiors
do
alwaies
so
compose
themselues
to
the
imitation
of
the
superiours
,
euen
as
their
shaddowes
and
resemblaunces
.
And
in
these
doth
Diuinity
descend
,
first
to
supernaturall
things
,
and
then
to
things
naturall
:
and
we
must
turne
saile
and
ascend
first
by
things
naturall
,
before
we
can
attaine
and
reach
thinges
supernaturall
.
In
the
meane
time
Diuinity
it selfe
remaineth
one
and
the
same
,
without
change
and
alteration
,
notwithstanding
the
manifold
increasings
and
decreasings
of
all
these
creatures
,
which
it
vseth
but
as
Glasses
and
Organs
;
and
according
to
the
diuersity
both
of
matter
and
forme
,
it
shineth
and
appeareth
in
one
and
other
more
or
lesse
,
euen
as
we
see
in
our
owne
bodies
,
whose
soule
is
disseminated
into
euery
part
and
member
,
yet
is
there
a
more
liuely
representation
thereof
in
one
part
and
member
,
then
in
another
,
and
the
faculties
more
visibly
and
sensibly
appeare
in
the
vpper
then
in
the
neather
partes
;
But
yet
with
this
difference
,
that
the
soule
is
so
ioyned
to
the
body
,
as
with
a
kind
of
Sympathy
it
suffereth
harme
and
ioy
with
the
subiect
wherein
it
is
circumscribed
,
but
none
of
these
things
do
happen
to
the
Diuinity
:
for
it
is
so
communicated
to
creatures
,
as
it
neither
is
any
part
or
matter
,
or
forme
of
them
;
nor
yet
can
be
affected
by
any
thing
the
creature
suffereth
,
nor
yet
included
in
the
creature
;
but
yet
is
in
all
,
and
ouer
all
,
and
without
all
,
and
aboue
all
,
compassing
,
filling
,
and
surpassing
heauen
and
earth
:
infinite
and
impossible
,
and
concluding
the
whole
World
,
visible
and
inuisible
.
And
truely
these
thinges
surpasse
all
the
wit
of
man
,
for
we
are
not
able
with
thought
,
and
much
lesse
with
wordes
,
to
expresse
it
,
and
yet
we
ought
not
to
be
deterred
for
any
cause
from
the
consideration
and
contemplation
thereof
,
but
rather
after
we
haue
waded
in
the
same
,
with
all
humility
to
acknowledge
his
power
,
and
to
view
all
the
helps
for
our
infirmitimes
:
to
admire
his
wisedome
,
and
endeuour
thereby
to
amend
our
ignorance
and
encrease
our
knowledge
:
and
in
conclusion
,
to
beate
downe
our
pride
and
malice
,
by
praysing
and
extolling
his
grace
and
goodnesse
.
For
being
thus
affected
and
conuersant
,
in
beholding
these
neather
and
backer
partes
of
God
,
confessing
with
thankes
giuing
that
all
these
thinges
doe
proceede
from
his
Diuinity
,
we
cannot
stay
but
ascend
vppe
higher
,
to
the
worker
himselfe
,
vsing
all
thinges
in
this
life
but
as
Prickes
and
Spurres
,
for
occasion
and
admonitions
to
thinke
vppon
and
reuerence
the
prime
Author
.
For
we
haue
continuall
neede
in
this
World
to
be
put
in
mind
and
incited
to
the
study
and
contemplation
of
heauenly
thinges
:
and
so
we
shall
leaue
all
these
things
behind
vs
after
this
mortal
life
ended
,
and
by
the
help
of
our
Lord
and
Sauiour
Iesus
Christ
,
who
by
his
onely
death
hath
prepared
for
vs
a
way
to
the
kingdome
of
ineffable
glory
,
where
we
shall
partake
with
the
forepartes
,
and
most
cleare
reuelation
of
the
vnspeakeable
maiesty
of
God
for
this
is
the
end
of
our
life
,
for
which
we
were
created
,
and
also
the
scope
and
conclusion
of
all
naturall
knowledge
of
the
works
of
God
.
And
least
that
any
man
should
thinke
that
these
thinges
are
ours
,
or
the
heathen
Phylosphers
sayings
,
and
cannot
be
defended
out
of
the
sacred
and
supreme
Testimony
of
holy
Scriptures
,
I
will
also
adde
some
few
sayings
recorded
in
the
booke
of
God
.
First
of
all
therefore
,
when
in
the
beginning
of
the
World
God
was
about
to
create
man
,
who
was
to
vse
al
things
,
and
to
behold
them
in
this
World
as
it
were
in
a
Theater
,
he
created
all
kind
of
Beastes
and
creatures
before
man
,
that
he
might
bring
him
into
a
house
furnished
and
adorned
with
all
thinges
necessary
and
delectable
:
Afterward
he
brought
into
his
presence
all
the
creatures
to
bee
named
by
him
,
which
the
Scripture
recordeth
for
excellency
sake
,
(
for
it
is
no
doubt
but
he
named
all
thinges
that
should
continue
to
the
Worldes
end
)
yet
expressely
there
is
no
mention
but
of
liuing
creatures
,
as
Fishes
,
Foules
,
Cattell
,
and
creeping
things
;
that
so
they
might
be
submitted
and
vassalaged
to
his
Empire
,
authority
,
and
gouernment
:
which
thing
least
it
should
seeme
but
a
proud
coniecture
,
it
is
againe
repeated
in
the
blessing
that
God
pronounceth
to
man
and
all
his
posterity
;
and
againe
after
the
floud
vnto
Noah
and
his
Childeren
.
Euery
beast
(
saith
God
)
shall
be
afraid
of
you
,
both
the
Beastes
of
the
earth
,
and
the
Foules
of
heauen
,
and
what
soeuer
is
bred
in
the
earth
,
or
brought
forth
in
the
Sea
;
all
are
yours
,
whatsoeuer
liueth
and
moueth
it
is
permitted
to
you
for
meate
.
And
before
when
the
floud
was
at
hand
,
God
commaunded
Noah
to
suffer
all
beastes
that
could
not
liue
in
the
Water
to
enter
the
Arke
,
and
of
Foules
and
cleane
Birds
seuen
of
a
kind
,
of
impure
,
couples
;
to
the
intent
that
as
for
man
they
were
at
first
created
,
and
produced
out
of
the
earth
,
so
hee
would
that
man
should
concerue
their
kindes
,
without
contempt
of
them
that
were
vncleane
beasts
.
Furthermore
in
the
booke
of
Kings
,
we
read
of
Salomon
,
that
God
gaue
him
such
wisedome
,
that
he
excelled
all
the
wise
and
learned
men
of
the
world
,
and
among
other
fruits
and
tokens
of
that
wisedome
there
is
remembred
his
parables
three
thousand
,
his
verses
aboue
fiue
thousande
,
his
History
of
plantes
from
the
high
Caedar
,
to
the
Hysope
stalke
,
and
lastly
his
discourse
of
Beasts
,
Birds
,
Fishes
,
and
creeping
things
.
What
is
man
(
sayth
Dauid
)
that
thou
shouldst
so
remember
him
,
or
the
sonne
of
man
,
that
thou
shouldst
visite
him
.
Thou
hast
set
him
ouer
the
works
of
thy
hands
,
and
hast
set
all
things
vnder
his
feet
:
Oxen
sheep
,
Foules
,
Fishes
,
and
whatsoeuer
moueth
in
the
Waters
.
And
the
same
King
and
prophet
in
another
place
.
Psal.
148.
Praise
the
Lord
,
Dragons
and
all
deepes
,
ye
wilde
beasts
and
creeping
creatures
.
But
how
can
Beastes
praise
the
Lord
?
Or
how
could
they
vnderstand
the
Prophets
exhortation
?
Surely
,
therefore
we
are
commaunded
to
praise
God
for
them
,
confessing
his
goodnesse
and
wisedome
in
all
these
beastes
which
hee
produced
for
the
ornament
of
this
present
world
.
And
because
of
these
creatures
the
works
of
God
,
the
Apostle
S.
Paule
in
the
Epistle
to
the
Romans
,
Chapt.
2.
telleth
the
Ethinckes
that
they
are
vnexcusable
before
God
,
for
that
they
knew
him
by
the
creatures
of
his
works
,
and
yet
did
not
glorifie
him
as
God
,
neither
were
gratefull
:
For
the
inuisible
thinges
of
God
,
as
his
eternall
power
and
wisedome
are
seene
by
the
creation
of
the
World
.
And
lastly
in
the
History
of
Iob.
Ch.
38
,
39.
you
shall
find
a
large
discourse
to
Iob
from
the
Lords
owne
mouth
,
concerning
many
beasts
.
And
these
thinges
may
bee
spoken
,
concerning
the
excellency
and
dignity
of
the
History
of
beasts
,
whereunto
I
will
adde
some
examples
of
the
most
famous
men
and
Kings
of
the
world
,
to
shew
what
account
they
made
of
this
learning
:
and
so
I
will
conclude
this
Praeface
.
First
what
account
heereof
was
made
by
Alexander
the
great
,
may
be
gathered
by
that
which
Pliny
writeth
,
for
he
saith
,
that
he
being
enflamed
with
the
desire
to
know
the
beasts
and
natures
of
creatures
,
appointed
Aristotle
(
that
infinite
learned
man
)
to
write
his
books
of
creatures
,
commaunding
many
thousands
,
both
in
Asia
and
Graecia
,
which
exercised
Hunting
,
Hawking
,
Fishing
,
or
that
kepte
Parkes
,
Heards
of
cattell
,
Fish-ponds
,
or
any
cages
or
other
places
and
groues
for
Birds
,
to
be
at
the
commaund
of
the
said
Aristotle
if
neede
were
,
to
supply
his
desires
in
the
knowledge
of
beastes
;
So
that
whatsoeuer
was
knowne
in
the
whole
world
,
might
not
be
vnknowne
to
him
:
by
whose
helps
(
Pliny
affirmeth
,
)
that
hee
wrote
first
the
volumes
,
which
hee
saith
he
had
abridged
,
to
shew
to
the
World
in
a
short
view
the
fruites
of
those
desires
,
of
the
most
Noble
amonge
all
Kings
.
When
Aristotle
had
finished
this
story
and
offered
the
same
to
King
Alexander
,
hee
offered
him
for
his
paines
fovre
hundered
tallents
;
saying
that
it
was
a
Kings
gift
to
reward
such
a
knowledge
;
wherein
,
beside
other
parts
of
learning
,
Riding
,
Hunting
,
Hawking
,
and
Fishing
,
which
were
Princely
sportes
were
deciphered
.
But
if
Alexander
were
now
aliue
,
he
would
wonder
,
that
among
innumerable
other
princely
bounties
which
he
conferred
and
bestowed
vpon
the
World
,
there
should
bee
none
that
so
encreased
his
honor
and
continueth
his
fame
,
as
this
one
worke
,
although
it
bee
contemned
among
many
vulgar
,
base
minded
men
;
for
he
ouercame
almost
all
the
kingdomes
of
the
world
,
and
builded
great
Citties
,
but
his
owne
kingdom
soon
after
becam
distracted
,
and
rent
in
foure
peeces
,
and
so
deuolued
,
one
part
to
the
Romans
,
and
other
parts
to
other
Kings
,
the
Citties
are
either
ouerthrowne
,
or
the
names
chaunged
,
or
inhabited
by
Barbarous
people
,
altogether
vnlearned
,
that
doe
not
so
much
as
now
remember
or
acknowledge
who
was
there
first
founder
.
Also
there
haue
perished
the
bookes
of
many
writers
that
compiled
his
History
,
and
set
forth
his
valiant
actes
and
renowned
fortunes
,
so
that
of
many
,
there
scarce
remayneth
one
or
two
.
But
the
History
of
beastes
and
other
creatures
,
which
was
made
at
his
cost
and
charges
,
hath
runne
through
many
ages
and
beene
preserued
for
a
thousand
and
nine
hundered
yeares
,
to
the
great
glory
and
commendation
both
of
the
King
,
and
the
writer
Aristotle
.
And
he
is
not
more
honored
for
his
liberality
toward
the
Phylosopher
for
his
worke
among
posterity
,
but
also
the
fruite
and
vtilitye
thereof
to
all
ages
,
hath
beene
greater
then
any
that
arose
from
the
kingdomes
that
he
got
,
or
the
battailes
that
he
wan
;
for
how
can
posterity
account
that
beneficiall
to
them
,
which
the
men
of
that
age
found
by
experience
to
be
so
hurtfull
and
full
of
calamity
?
Many
thousandes
of
men
perished
onely
for
the
pleasure
of
one
ALEXANDERS
ambitious
desire
of
raygning
,
many
Common-wealthes
were
chaunged
,
Regions
and
countries
wasted
,
and
many
publicke
and
priuat
miseries
followed
,
as
is
vsuall
where
warre
ouerturneth
kingdomes
.
Therefore
I
say
againe
,
he
neuer
did
any
thing
in
all
his
life
,
whereby
he
wan
so
great
fame
and
renowne
,
then
by
being
first
of
all
the
occasion
to
Aristotle
,
to
vndertake
the
labour
,
and
then
afterward
a
liberall
rewarder
thereof
.
Petrus
Gillius
writeth
,
that
all
the
stories
of
creatures
were
either
compiled
by
Kings
,
or
else
dedicated
to
Kings
;
for
to
omit
others
who
were
diligent
in
heards
,
and
curious
enquirers
into
the
natures
of
beasts
,
Iuba
,
Hieron
,
Attalus
,
Philometor
,
and
Archelaus
,
wrot
many
thinges
of
the
force
and
nature
of
creatures
.
Opp●anus
Anazarbensis
(
a
most
learned
Poet
)
when
he
had
finished
his
poems
of
the
creatures
,
he
dedicated
them
to
Antoninus
,
the
Sonne
of
the
Emperour
Seuerus
;
for
which
,
hee
was
bidden
to
aske
what
he
would
:
and
whereas
he
was
but
a
banished
man
,
he
asked
liberty
to
dwell
againe
at
home
in
his
owne
Country
,
which
he
not
onely
obtained
,
but
also
receiued
for
euery
verse
a
peece
of
Gold
worth
a
Noble
,
and
there
were
in
his
two
poems
,
about
fiue
thousand
and
eight
hundered
verses
:
for
which
cause
the
learned
Poet
in
ioy
of
such
a
reward
,
wrote
his
verses
in
Gold
,
bycause
he
saide
he
would
haue
it
worthily
called
a
Golden
Poem
.
Of
this
kind
he
wrote
two
,
one
of
hunting
,
and
another
of
fishing
.
C.
Plinius
Secundus
wrote
a
story
of
the
World
,
wherein
he
writeth
but
briefely
of
all
thinges
in
the
World
,
and
yet
largely
and
copiously
of
plants
and
beasts
,
and
so
dedicated
it
to
the
Emperor
Vespasian
,
for
which
hee
was
alway
deare
and
familiar
vnto
him
.
Auicen
being
an
excellent
Physitian
and
a
counseller
of
estate
to
Vzirus
a
King
of
Persia
,
for
which
dignity
many
called
him
a
Prince
,
yet
he
disdained
not
to
write
of
beastes
,
and
to
interpret
Aristotle
in
many
of
those
books
.
And
this
is
no
maruaile
that
so
many
of
the
ancientes
did
thus
magnifie
the
knowledge
of
all
kindes
of
creatures
,
seeing
as
Varro
writeth
,
they
were
almost
all
Sheapheards
,
Goate-heardes
,
Neat-heards
,
and
therefore
they
said
that
their
flocks
had
Golden
fleeces
,
for
the
commodity
they
found
in
them
,
as
Atreus
at
Argos
,
and
Aeetes
at
C●lchos
.
Who
is
he
but
he
knoweth
that
the
Roman
people
had
their
originall
from
Sheapheards
?
Who
knoweth
not
that
Faustulus
the
Nurse
of
Romulus
and
Remus
,
was
a
Sheapheard
?
And
this
was
an
argument
hereof
,
because
that
they
builded
their
citty
for
Sheapheards
,
that
they
appointed
amercements
by
Oxen
and
Sheepe
,
and
that
they
stamped
their
Mony
with
such
pictures
:
and
how
many
names
are
there
among
the
Romans
deriued
from
cattell
and
sheep
,
as
Ouinius
,
Caprillus
,
Equitius
,
Taurus
,
and
sur-names
also
,
as
Annij
,
Caprae
,
Statilij
Tauri
,
and
Pomponij
Vituli
.
We
reade
in
holy
scripture
that
Abraham
was
onely
rich
in
cattell
,
and
that
King
Dauid
did
keepe
his
fathers
flock
,
and
hereunto
also
belongeth
,
that
the
most
wise
and
great
men
among
the
ancients
were
students
in
Anatomy
,
and
the
dissection
of
parts
of
mens
bodies
,
instituting
children
therin
from
their
first
learning
of
letters
;
Now
no
man
think
that
they
fetched
this
knowledge
from
the
partes
of
mens
bodies
at
the
beginning
,
but
from
beastes
,
as
Dogs
,
Apes
,
Swine
,
and
such
other
,
wherewithall
they
were
exercised
as
in
rudiments
and
grounds
,
that
they
might
be
more
prompt
,
ready
,
and
experienced
in
the
bodies
of
men
.
And
among
other
Marcus
the
Roman
Emperor
was
most
skilfull
and
studious
in
this
science
of
Anatomy
,
and
the
Egyptian
Kings
did
the
like
with
their
owne
handes
.
Boethus
,
and
Paulus
Sergius
,
two
Roman
Consuls
,
and
other
principall
men
,
were
auditors
to
Galen
.
Thus
farre
Conradus
Gesner
.
In
the
next
Epistle
he
discourseth
to
the
reader
of
his
method
and
order
obserued
in
his
books
,
and
also
of
other
necessary
things
belonging
to
this
History
,
which
I
haue
thought
good
also
to
insert
into
this
place
.
CONRADVS
GESNERVS
to
the
Reader
.
I
Haue
now
sufficiently
in
my
Epistle
Dedicatory
expressed
by
what
occasion
I
came
vnto
this
worke
,
how
much
I
haue
laboured
in
it
,
to
shew
what
fruits
may
be
had
out
of
it
,
and
with
how
great
study
,
both
Kings
,
and
Princes
,
as
also
many
great
and
most
learned
men
haue
reuerenced
the
history
of
Creatures
;
the
rest
of
which
,
I
haue
thought
good
to
impart
vnto
the
Reader
in
the
beginning
of
my
work
,
which
I
will
seuerally
propose
:
neither
did
it
becomme
to
be
more
large
in
a
dedication
,
beeing
made
vnto
the
principallest
men
of
our
Commonwealth
.
And
because
the
greatnesse
of
the
Booke
before
it
be
read
of
any
man
,
may
seeme
to
blame
me
to
be
too
tedious
,
I
will
excuse
it
before
I
intreat
of
anything
.
Therefore
first
of
all
it
is
no
maruaile
though
it
be
a
great
volume
,
in
which
I
haue
laboured
to
insert
with
diligent
study
,
the
writings
of
all
men
concerning
all
Foure-footed-liuing-beasts
:
and
also
the
sayings
of
old
and
later
Philosophers
,
Physitians
,
Gramarians
,
Poets
,
Hystorians
;
and
lastly
of
all
kind
of
Authors
:
not
onely
of
those
which
haue
set
foorth
their
workes
in
Latine
,
or
Greeke
,
but
of
euery
one
also
which
haue
set
downe
their
works
in
Germany
,
France
,
Italy
,
and
England
:
And
most
diligently
of
the
sayings
of
those
which
haue
written
something
of
purpose
concerning
liuing
creatures
,
but
with
the
lesser
care
of
other
,
which
haue
onely
in
the
meane
time
remembred
some
sayings
of
the
same
,
as
Hystorians
,
and
Poets
.
I
haue
put
down
also
many
proper
obseruations
,
and
haue
gathred
togither
many
things
,
nowe
and
then
by
asking
questions
,
without
reproach
of
any
man
,
learned
or
vnlearned
,
Cittizens
,
or
strangers
,
Hunters
,
Fishers
,
Fawkconers
,
Shepheards
,
and
all
kind
of
men
.
Also
I
haue
not
knowne
any
thing
out
of
the
writings
of
learned
men
,
of
many
Nations
,
which
they
haue
giuen
to
me
,
but
I
haue
expressed
the
same
.
The
formes
also
of
euery
liuing
creature
in
this
work
,
haue
increased
the
volume
,
but
chiefely
the
first
Book
(
which
is
al
Foure-footed-beastes
liuing
alike
)
hath
out
of
measure
increased
it
,
because
this
kind
of
liuing
creature
,
may
be
more
familiarly
known
,
and
more
profitable
to
man
,
chiefly
to
those
of
our
Nation
or
Countrie
:
And
also
many
haue
written
little
and
reasonable
bookes
of
each
of
them
,
as
the
horse-leaches
of
horses
,
in
Greeke
and
Latine
,
and
the
later
writers
in
other
languages
,
and
so
forth
.
Also
many
haue
declared
diuers
things
concerning
Dogges
,
and
the
bríngers
vp
also
of
cattle
,
and
heards
of
Beasts
,
Goats
,
Sheepe
,
and
Sowes
,
haue
pronounced
many
countrey
obseruations
,
both
in
Greeke
and
Latine
.
Some
man
may
happen
to
say
,
that
I
ought
not
to
make
a
Hystory
out
of
all
Bookes
,
but
onely
from
the
best
;
but
I
will
not
despise
the
writings
of
any
man
,
seeing
there
is
made
no
book
so
bad
,
from
whence
there
cannot
be
some
good
sentence
gathered
out
,
if
any
man
do
applie
his
wit
thereto
.
Therefore
although
I
haue
not
ouer-skipped
anie
kind
of
writer
,
yet
I
did
it
not
rashly
,
for
I
haue
pickt
out
no
few
obseruations
of
good
moment
from
barbarous
and
obscure
writers
in
diuers
languages
,
so
that
I
would
not
be
iudged
a
negligent
person
to
giue
credit
to
euery
thing
,
nor
arrogant
or
vnmoddest
,
to
despise
the
studies
or
labors
of
any
man
.
Those
things
truely
which
I
thought
were
false
or
any
way
absurd
,
I
either
altogether
omitted
them
,
or
so
placed
as
I
may
conuict
them
:
or
if
at
any
time
I
haue
not
done
it
,
it
was
either
thorough
lacke
of
knowledge
,
or
for
some
other
cause
,
which
fault
I
thinke
is
very
seldome
committed
,
(
except
it
be
in
those
thinges
which
doe
belong
to
Physicke
,
where
we
haue
related
very
often
many
things
both
false
and
s●perstitious
,
as
happily
an
Amulet
or
preseruative
against
enchauntment
is
,
and
many
other
things
which
are
of
the
same
kind
,
that
the
good
sayinges
of
learned
men
may
be
easily
knowne
)
of
the
name
of
the
Authour
,
and
as
much
of
euery
thing
as
shall
be
thought
worthy
to
be
beleeued
,
let
the
Reader
iudge
,
for
I
do
not
promise
my
owne
Authority
euery
where
,
but
am
satisfied
to
recite
the
words
and
sentences
of
other
writers
.
Wherefore
I
haue
beene
very
diligent
,
least
at
any
time
I
should
omit
the
name
of
an
Authour
,
although
it
were
in
small
matters
,
and
also
those
which
were
commonly
knowne
,
because
there
should
remaine
no
doubt
or
scruple
of
any
thing
:
The
words
also
and
sayings
of
euery
Author
,
shal
be
compact
together
,
if
any
man
should
be
desirous
to
imitate
or
follow
them
.
Therefore
I
haue
been
more
copious
,
that
I
might
not
onely
profit
in
the
knowledge
of
words
,
but
also
haue
sufficiently
ministred
a
worke
,
or
writing
of
words
and
speeches
,
for
those
which
are
desirous
either
to
dispute
,
or
write
an
Oration
either
in
Greeke
or
Latine
.
But
it
could
not
be
done
more
commodiously
,
that
all
things
might
bee
written
purely
in
Latine
,
seeing
that
I
haue
recited
almost
in
the
same
words
certaine
things
taken
out
of
those
which
were
rude
or
barbarous
;
chiefely
because
if
any
thing
should
be
obscure
or
doubtfull
:
but
the
rest
which
were
written
of
them
,
I
haue
altered
to
a
moderate
vse
of
the
Latine
tongue
;
not
because
I
could
not
doe
it
better
,
but
rather
because
such
an
elocution
doth
seeme
to
adorne
such
Authors
.
But
those
sentences
which
I
haue
writ
or
coppied
out
of
good
and
Latine
Authors
,
I
haue
not
altered
any
thing
of
them
.
And
truely
of
my
owne
stile
,
or
manner
of
writing
,
I
can
say
no
other
then
this
,
that
I
haue
had
a
great
care
,
although
I
could
not
pronounce
it
eligantly
and
wisely
,
nor
after
the
imitation
of
the
auncient
writers
,
notwithstanding
I
haue
pronounced
it
competently
,
and
plainely
in
Latine
.
Neyther
was
it
ydlenesse
to
frame
such
a
stile
or
manner
of
writing
,
seeing
that
I
was
most
of
al
busied
in
those
things
,
as
wel
mutable
as
innumerable
and
in
a
manner
I
haue
written
those
things
which
if
they
had
beene
gathered
together
I
had
put
to
presse
many
yeares
before
.
The
cause
why
I
did
neglect
it
was
the
feare
least
any
thing
shoulde
be
left
out
,
and
not
verie
much
to
seeke
more
matter
,
but
for
the
most
part
the
inscription
was
the
cause
,
and
the
order
and
care
that
I
had
,
least
any
thing
,
should
be
repeated
in
vain
:
Moreouer
also
because
that
the
Argument
did
not
require
a
graue
or
excellent
maner
of
stile
or
speech
,
but
a
manifest
and
meane
style
,
and
most
commonly
a
Gramarian
,
that
is
to
say
,
fit
for
interpretation
.
For
I
would
not
onely
recite
the
words
of
the
Authors
,
but
oftentimes
also
where
it
was
needefull
,
I
did
adde
thereto
the
exposition
or
declaration
;
so
that
this
volume
may
not
onely
be
a
history
of
liuing
creatures
,
but
also
an
exposition
of
the
place
of
al
those
which
haue
written
something
of
liuing
creatures
.
For
those
which
do
vndertake
to
make
any
booke
,
must
chiefely
beware
of
two
things
,
that
the
words
and
meaning
of
the
Authour
be
declared
and
put
together
like
places
of
the
rest
,
the
latter
whereof
I
haue
accomplished
in
this
worke
by
great
labour
,
because
the
sayings
both
of
other
Authours
,
as
wel
as
of
one
,
concerning
the
same
matter
in
diuers
places
are
compiled
together
,
and
it
would
be
a
matter
of
lesse
value
to
declare
in
more
words
the
words
of
the
Authours
,
when
they
among
themselues
haue
so
diligentlie
gathered
together
the
places
,
that
they
must
bring
them
to
mutual
light
.
Notwithstanding
if
so
be
that
it
seemeth
a
worke
to
declare
the
wordes
and
sentences
of
the
Authours
;
I
haue
done
it
for
my
owne
helpe
,
and
for
others
,
and
also
in
causes
comprehended
in
other
sentences
as
they
so
cal
them
,
yet
it
doeth
happen
that
I
am
freed
by
their
nature
from
too
dark
a
stile
,
from
euery
affectation
or
curious
desire
,
of
that
thinge
which
nature
hath
not
giuen
,
I
leaue
that
care
to
those
with
whome
wordes
rather
then
matter
are
entertained
.
But
that
I
may
repeat
more
copiouslie
in
few
words
their
sayings
,
that
this
book
may
But
that
I
may
repeate
more
copiously
in
few
wordes
their
sayings
that
this
booke
may
not
be
to
large
,
therefore
first
of
all
I
will
entreate
of
that
which
is
perfected
by
a
number
of
Authors
,
and
afterwards
of
that
which
I
haue
sundry
times
added
thereto
,
because
of
my
owne
declaration
.
This
booke
might
be
much
shorter
,
if
I
had
not
touched
the
loue
of
learning
,
in
which
I
confesse
I
haue
been
too
tedious
and
although
this
my
diligence
may
be
vnprofitable
to
some
,
yet
I
hope
it
will
bee
pleasant
and
acceptable
to
the
Grammarians
and
others
,
but
truely
it
hath
cost
me
great
labour
and
many
nightes
watching
.
I
call
that
the
loue
of
learning
whatsoeuer
it
is
,
that
doth
belong
to
a
Grammarian
,
and
diuersities
of
languages
,
prouerbs
,
or
common
sayings
,
semblables
,
tales
,
or
fables
,
wherein
bruite
Beasts
are
fained
to
speake
,
the
sayings
of
Poets
,
and
lastly
that
which
doth
belong
rather
to
words
,
then
to
the
matters
themselues
.
This
and
such
like
I
haue
done
for
the
most
part
,
The
Reader
must
note
that
all
th●se
following
are
spoken
of
his
latin
discorse
hauing
made
a
seuerall
Chapter
of
those
●●nges
which
belong
to
euery
liuing
creature
,
euen
to
the
eight
or
last
Treatise
,
yet
notwithstanding
sometimes
they
haue
got
in
by
stealth
in
the
former
Chapters
,
partly
because
I
was
inuited
by
a
small
occasion
,
and
with
a
certaine
desire
of
the
same
,
to
change
my
purposes
and
partly
because
that
the
light
of
the
Authors
should
seeme
to
bring
profit
to
the
places
fitly
recited
or
openly
reade
,
that
else
where
,
as
well
as
in
the
second
chapter
,
I
haue
oftentimes
also
alledged
somewhat
more
of
Grammarians
,
Phisitians
,
and
other
matters
.
In
the
third
Chapter
wherein
I
did
entreat
of
the
meates
and
diseases
of
liuing
creatures
,
I
oftentimes
turned
more
copiously
to
entreate
of
the
plantes
by
the
which
they
were
wholesomely
nourished
,
or
happily
by
the
strength
of
the
tast
of
them
were
hurt
,
or
else
killed
:
and
after
the
same
manner
also
in
the
first
Chapter
if
there
were
any
such
rootes
that
the
liuing
creatures
should
perish
by
them
throwne
by
the
Hunters
with
some
meate
.
But
I
haue
professed
and
confessed
in
that
loue
of
learning
,
that
I
was
wont
to
name
those
plantes
,
and
sometimes
to
write
of
many
thinges
which
haue
had
their
name
after
a
certaine
manner
from
some
liuing
creature
.
The
seuenth
Chapter
entreateth
of
the
remedies
of
liuing
creatures
,
and
of
curing
the
hurts
which
they
were
wont
to
receiue
by
biting
,
or
by
a
stroke
,
or
by
eating
of
meate
.
I
do
very
often
esteeme
much
of
many
thinges
written
in
the
desire
of
dignifieng
medicinall
matters
.
It
is
seene
where
the
places
of
Authors
being
depraued
and
renewed
,
haue
allowed
occasion
of
digressing
.
To
be
short
,
wheresoeuer
any
rare
thing
,
or
that
which
is
declared
to
others
did
offer
it selfe
,
which
being
vnfolded
should
seeme
to
dignifie
and
honor
common
learning
,
I
haue
beene
alured
contrary
to
my
institution
,
for
the
declaring
thereof
:
For
when
as
being
a
child
I
was
educated
in
the
Greeke
and
Latine
studies
of
Gramer
and
conference
,
&
as
yet
being
a
young
man
had
begun
to
profit
therein
:
vntill
growne
vnto
full
age
,
I
came
to
riper
profession
of
Phylosophy
,
especially
natural
and
Medicinall
,
(
although
out
of
the
same
I
haue
not
a
little
increased
my
loue
vnto
learning
,
and
made
it
more
firme
and
solide
,
and
very
greedily
haue
exercised
my selfe
in
reading
of
diuers
matters
)
I
could
do
somewhat
more
in
the
explications
of
matters
and
sayings
,
then
I
perswaded
my selfe
,
the
rude
multitude
would
regard
,
especially
in
the
age
of
inferiour
students
,
and
in
the
studies
of
those
which
are
busied
in
other
matters
.
Wherefore
I
haue
written
more
freely
and
often
more
copiously
of
many
thinges
.
I
haue
reprehended
the
ancient
&
the
later
(
not
with
any
intent
to
obscure
others
,
and
aduantage
my
owne
,
)
but
sincerly
and
simply
,
as
much
as
in
me
lyeth
that
I
might
aduance
common
studies
.
But
if
no
man
doe
disalow
their
bookes
(
whom
in
no
order
but
as
any
thing
which
commeth
into
their
mindes
;
)
expound
the
wordes
and
sayinges
of
diuers
Authors
in
both
tongues
,
as
among
auncient
Writers
,
Macrobius
,
Gillius
,
Cassidorus
,
and
whosoeuer
haue
written
diuers
things
,
(
many
whereof
I
haue
declared
in
the
second
part
of
my
Bybliotheca
:
)
and
amongst
the
latter
many
others
,
as
most
especially
Guilielmus
Budaeus
,
Coelius
Rhodiginus
&
Chalcagninus
,
Polittanus
,
Erasmus
Rotorodamus
,
&c.
but
as
it
were
best
of
all
by
desertes
,
whatsoeuer
any
good
man
or
meanely
learned
doth
thinke
of
them
.
I
doe
not
see
by
what
right
this
our
labour
may
be
dispraised
,
wherein
many
thinges
truely
spoken
of
by
others
,
but
disordredly
,
many
thinges
by
me
being
first
deliuered
,
I
haue
so
orderd
and
disposed
that
in
a
manner
euery
thing
may
be
set
in
his
owne
proper
place
.
As
for
al
the
chapters
which
we
haue
set
down
are
not
only
of
them
,
but
euery
chapter
hath
his
seuerall
part
and
certaine
order
both
the
former
and
the
latter
,
one
Method
and
that
continuall
of
the
middle
part
being
throughout
the
whole
worke
.
And
because
sometime
it
did
happen
that
something
might
seeme
to
be
referred
out
of
those
,
which
I
had
directed
into
diuers
other
places
,
least
I
should
be
too
tedious
in
repeating
the
same
,
and
therefore
for
the
most
part
I
remitted
it
from
one
place
,
to
one
Author
;
vnlesse
al
the
story
might
be
repeated
in
few
words
.
These
and
certaine
other
things
(
as
the
words
of
diuers
Authors
,
and
variety
of
stile
)
an
vnequal
,
interrupted
and
a
cumbersome
worke
,
(
as
I
may
so
call
it
)
and
(
as
some
perchance
will
obiect
they
haue
stored
it
alike
with
dissolute
marks
or
purposes
:
which
fault
though
I
should
vnderstand
,
I
haue
notwithstanding
refused
to
commit
,
whiles
that
it
should
so
profit
:
but
this
shall
bee
,
(
howsoeuer
blemished
it
is
)
much
lesse
,
if
any
may
ghesse
with
himselfe
that
I
haue
composed
al
these
things
not
by
that
order
that
they
shold
be
knowne
by
continuall
seriousnesse
of
reading
of
studious
men
:
but
so
to
haue
tempered
them
that
whatsoeuer
any
man
shal
desire
concerning
any
beast
,
that
being
presently
found
he
may
read
it
by
it selfe
,
and
wel
vnderstand
it
.
Therefore
if
any
man
will
vse
this
worke
only
at
seasonable
times
,
who
hath
vsed
dictionaries
and
such
like
common
books
,
he
shal
be
able
to
do
these
things
profitably
but
if
he
shall
not
remember
the
order
in
the
prescribed
manner
,
let
him
take
counsell
of
the
table
Alphabeticall
,
which
wee
will
publish
in
the
end
of
this
our
worke
,
but
if
nothing
preuaile
,
in
the
meane
time
as
we
are
all
subiect
to
Censure
through
the
Readers
infirmity
,
the
same
in
a
manner
,
Pliny
in
the
History
of
nature
hath
ordained
:
for
in
his
Praeface
to
Vespasian
he
writeth
;
because
wee
must
saith
he
)
spare
your
labours
for
the
common
good
,
what
may
be
contained
in
all
my
Bookes
,
I
haue
ioyned
to
this
Epistle
,
and
haue
done
my
greatest
endeuor
with
the
diligentest
care
,
that
thou
shouldest
haue
these
Bookes
not
to
bee
read
ouer
againe
,
and
thou
by
this
shalt
be
the
occasion
that
other
may
not
reade
them
ouer
againe
:
but
as
euery
one
shall
desire
any
thing
,
that
he
may
onely
seeke
that
,
and
know
in
what
place
he
may
find
it
,
Valerius
Soranus
did
this
before
me
in
his
books
which
he
inscribed
Epopcido●
These
things
Pliny
.
They
which
desire
to
profit
in
this
Art
of
Grammer
,
and
to
get
the
vse
of
some
tong
vnto
themselues
,
who
with
a
compounded
Method
(
as
they
call
it
)
deliuer
their
art
from
letters
and
sillables
,
to
the
sayings
,
and
eight
parts
of
speech
,
and
last
of
all
speech
it selfe
,
and
hauing
come
vnto
the
Sintaxis
,
doth
desire
the
knowledge
of
art
,
in
the
meane
time
notwithstanding
he
doth
not
neglect
the
profit
of
Lexicons
(
wherein
all
sayings
and
speeches
are
numbred
,
far
otherwise
then
in
the
precepts
of
art
,
where
neither
all
things
seuerally
,
nor
in
any
good
order
are
rehearsed
)
not
that
from
the
beginning
hee
may
reade
through
the
end
,
which
would
be
a
worke
more
laboursome
then
profitable
,
but
that
he
may
aske
counsell
of
them
in
due
season
.
In
like
manner
he
that
is
desirous
to
know
the
History
of
beasts
,
and
will
read
it
through
with
continuall
seriousnesse
,
let
him
require
the
same
of
Aristotle
,
and
of
other
likewise
that
haue
written
,
and
let
him
vse
our
volume
as
a
Lexicon
,
or
as
my
owne
Onomasticon
.
For
it
is
not
vnknowne
vnto
me
that
Aristotle
doth
teach
in
his
booke
,
entituled
the
partes
of
beasts
,
that
it
maketh
much
(
to
the
description
of
Phylosophy
)
and
that
it
is
more
learned
so
to
write
concerning
beastes
,
that
aswell
the
parts
,
as
the
effects
might
also
be
handled
common
to
more
,
their
History
being
vnfolded
by
certaine
common
places
:
First
by
prosecuting
those
things
which
are
most
common
,
and
somewhat
vnto
things
that
are
lesse
common
lastly
by
loking
backe
and
descending
into
those
things
,
which
onely
shall
be
proper
vnto
certaine
kinds
and
vulgar
shapes
:
for
if
in
all
beasts
any
man
would
seuerrally
consider
the
parts
and
effects
,
there
will
many
things
fall
out
by
the
way
to
be
considered
,
and
inquired
after
,
which
(
he
saith
)
will
be
very
absurd
,
and
also
proue
too
tedious
.
This
discommodity
,
although
I
should
well
vnderstand
,
yet
I
would
notwitstanding
seuerally
prosecute
the
History
of
beasts
,
which
thing
is
to
be
handled
in
our
time
wherin
the
names
of
very
many
are
not
vnderstood
,
I
should
iudge
would
be
more
profitable
,
and
I
should
thinke
it
lesse
absurd
,
that
somethings
should
more
often
be
sought
after
,
being
ordained
for
the
order
of
the
same
,
that
this
work
might
rather
serue
for
inuestigation
then
continuall
reading
:
I
haue
not
notwithstanding
euen
in
al
Beasts
placed
euery
thing
which
is
incident
to
euery
kind
,
both
for
as
much
as
certaine
thinges
are
knowne
to
some
men
,
as
most
common
partes
of
Foure-footed-Beastes
,
as
also
if
any
man
shall
doubt
in
some
thinges
,
he
may
refer
himselfe
into
the
places
of
Aristotle
,
wherein
those
things
are
handled
generally
:
and
perhaps
we
also
at
sometime
or
other
wil
according
to
the
kinds
and
shapes
of
Foure-footed-Beastes
discourse
of
somewhat
more
particular
.
And
because
I
had
determined
,
it
was
more
commodious
for
a
History
to
be
made
by
vs
concerning
all
Beasts
,
euen
in
that
name
or
title
which
not
Phisically
,
or
onely
Philosophically
,
but
Medicinally
,
&
also
grammatically
concerning
one
thing
:
Neither
doth
it
want
the
exampls
of
learnedmen
,
for
scarce
the
one
or
the
other
as
Theophrastus
&
Ruellius
haue
deliuered
any
thing
concerning
plants
,
according
to
that
Method
,
which
in
common
parts
and
effectes
hath
manifested
all
plants
of
the
earth
,
but
very
many
haue
described
seuerall
plants
seuerally
,
and
in
times
past
out
of
our
age
(
especially
Physitians
)
Ruellius
for
the
most
part
laboured
in
both
,
(
as
Galen
also
)
but
onely
in
describing
of
aptnesse
.
Indeede
I
confesse
,
that
I
could
be
far
more
briefe
in
many
more
things
(
although
my
purpose
remaine
)
aboue
all
other
thinges
,
euen
that
exquisite
desire
of
my
diligence
had
delighted
me
,
when
that
same
saying
of
Liuy
came
into
my
mind
,
in
a
certaine
volume
,
beginning
after
this
manner
:
Now
sufficient
glory
was
gotten
for
him
,
and
hee
could
cease
himselfe
,
vnlesse
his
mind
should
be
daily
fed
with
worke
,
although
(
as
Pliny
saith
)
the
greater
should
the
reward
be
for
the
loue
of
worke
(
which
better
became
him
not
to
haue
composed
it
to
his
owne
,
)
but
to
the
glory
of
the
Romaine
name
,
and
not
to
haue
perseuered
onely
to
please
his
owne
minde
,
but
to
haue
set
forth
the
same
to
the
profit
of
the
people
of
Rome
.
I
would
haue
you
iudge
,
that
I
haue
not
kept
back
or
stayed
my
course
in
these
my
labours
,
not
onely
for
fauoring
my selfe
,
or
getting
glory
to
my selfe
,
(
although
Liuius
did
so
)
but
rather
to
make
the
truth
more
plaine
pertaining
to
Histories
,
or
to
the
people
of
Rome
:
Notwithstanding
I
think
that
he
spake
more
modestly
,
least
if
he
should
have
spoken
after
that
manner
which
Pliny
doth
require
,
he
should
be
iudged
to
haue
been
more
arrogant
)
as
one
which
should
foretell
any
thing
to
the
worthyest
people
of
the
whole
World
,
or
any
thing
of
the
honor
of
the
Conqueror
of
those
Nations
,
he
would
say
that
they
must
come
from
him
.
Likewise
although
this
worke
(
what
soeuer
it
is
)
do
not
desire
to
be
done
wholy
for
my selfe
,
but
for
the
gouernors
and
rulers
,
of
the
common-wealth
,
and
to
the
gouernors
of
the
vniuersity
or
Academy
,
which
haue
fauoured
mee
euen
from
a
Child
of
their
owne
liberality
,
and
do
still
continue
their
fauor
vnto
me
,
and
do
exhort
me
to
finish
those
things
which
I
haue
begun
already
:
and
if
there
should
arise
any
fame
or
renowne
from
thence
,
it
should
chiefely
light
vpon
them
:
Yet
least
I
should
be
deceiued
,
I
willingly
hold
my
peace
,
and
the
rest
I
leaue
to
iudgement
,
whyther
any
thing
may
happen
from
this
worke
so
praise-worthy
and
of
excellent
fame
,
and
yet
not
vnworthye
of
praise
,
for
to
the
Senate
,
and
to
the
vniuersity
I
owe
much
time
,
with
many
names
of
worth
to
those
most
excellent
men
of
learning
,
and
other
different
vertues
.
But
least
happily
I
be
held
too
tedious
,
while
I
excuse
the
largenesse
of
the
worke
,
although
(
by
the
way
I
haue
handled
some
other
thinges
all
vnder
one
)
that
I
might
shew
certaine
commodities
arising
from
them
,
and
also
I
might
excuse
our
stile
.
I
will
proceede
and
go
forward
to
the
rest
.
And
although
from
our
foresayings
it
may
be
sufficiently
manifested
of
our
exceeding
great
labour
,
and
also
the
greatnesse
of
the
volume
,
as
well
as
the
variety
and
difficulty
of
things
,
therein
expressed
,
may
boldly
speake
for
me
,
yet
I
will
a●●e
thereunto
very
many
things
if
thereby
the
censures
of
learned
men
doe
happen
more
reasonable
,
benigne
&
fauorable
,
and
doe
aduertise
and
admonish
me
that
I
haue
offended
at
any
time
,
I
will
subscribe
and
follow
their
opinions
,
but
for
the
Censures
of
vnlearned
I
little
regard
.
For
I
haue
endeuored
my selfe
with
great
and
painefull
labour
,
although
they
are
not
correspondent
in
all
thinges
,
that
they
may
merrit
pardon
:
and
(
as
he
saith
)
in
a
great
worke
it
is
thought
lawfull
to
breake
much
sleepe
.
Pliny
doth
write
that
he
hath
finished
his
naturall
or
lawfull
History
from
a
hundered
of
choice
or
curious
Authors
,
and
hath
added
too
very
many
matters
,
which
either
they
haue
not
knowne
,
or
afterwardes
had
beene
deuised
or
inuented
in
their
life
time
:
neither
do
wee
doubt
(
saith
he
)
but
that
there
are
many
thinges
which
also
we
haue
ouerskipped
.
I
desire
also
that
the
same
may
be
vnderstood
of
this
our
volume
,
although
it
is
not
onely
made
ready
and
fit
to
me
by
a
hundered
Authors
,
but
also
by
many
others
as
you
may
easily
count
or
reckon
by
the
Catalogue
of
them
,
which
I
haue
also
set
downe
.
But
first
of
all
what
labour
and
paines
it
was
to
read
all
thinges
diligently
and
with
iudgement
,
afterward
to
take
and
chuse
thinges
,
to
reduce
and
restore
them
to
their
owne
orders
againe
:
and
againe
confer
and
compare
them
while
you
are
writing
the
worke
,
as
if
many
should
haue
said
one
thing
,
being
plainely
expressed
of
Authors
,
and
changed
by
other
names
:
others
stealing
priuily
by
names
suppressed
.
But
how
hard
&
tedious
a
labour
it
is
,
so
to
confer
the
whole
writings
of
Authors
,
to
reduce
all
of
them
as
it
were
into
one
body
,
that
nothing
may
bee
omitted
,
nor
any
thing
vnaduisedly
repeated
,
no
man
doeth
vnderstand
,
except
he
be
learned
:
truely
this
doth
so
happen
onely
in
comparing
or
conferring
two
or
three
bookes
,
but
most
of
all
in
conferring
of
very
many
Bookes
as
we
haue
done
:
and
that
so
diligently
,
as
heareafter
there
shall
bee
little
neede
of
looking
into
other
Authors
concerning
those
matters
.
But
hee
which
will
haue
this
volume
ought
to
perswade
himselfe
that
he
hath
all
thinges
concerning
those
matters
written
at
large
,
that
is
to
say
,
one
booke
for
a
Library
,
one
more
excellent
then
many
others
.
When
Peeter
Gillius
before
vs
had
done
thus
,
but
in
few
Authors
;
the
Graecians
(
saith
he
)
which
haue
written
concerning
Beastes
,
wee
haue
not
only
made
Latins
which
was
very
easie
,
but
also
imitating
Dionysius
Cassius
who
translated
Mago
,
we
allowed
both
order
and
iudgment
.
But
I
should
more
iustly
speake
these
things
concerning
our selues
who
haue
followed
an
order
far
more
commodious
,
and
haue
conferred
many
more
Writinges
of
Authors
,
both
others
(
as
I
haue
already
said
)
as
also
for
al
the
most
part
translated
out
of
the
Graecians
,
and
from
others
,
and
from
Gillius
himselfe
.
Therfore
I
haue
more
often
set
down
the
Graecians
sayings
,
where
either
the
interpreters
did
seeme
to
erre
,
or
the
words
or
locutions
did
containe
some
rare
or
excellent
things
or
peculiar
to
the
matter
.
I
haue
also
translated
many
my selfe
,
either
that
were
not
as
yet
translated
,
or
that
I
would
translate
a
Graecian
saying
discretly
,
and
then
dispute
the
matter
with
the
interpreter
.
But
of
the
Germans
French
,
and
Italians
I
haue
translated
certaine
into
Latine
:
I
haue
sustained
much
watchfull
labour
in
reading
,
gathring
,
conferring
,
and
writing
ouer
those
workes
and
stories
many
yeares
:
which
truely
what
and
how
many
they
haue
beene
,
cannot
easily
be
beleeued
,
vnlesse
of
expert
men
:
although
I
cannot
easily
see
any
man
should
assay
the
like
matter
,
to
bring
into
one
vniforme
body
all
the
sayings
of
all
writers
,
as
many
as
could
bee
had
of
one
argument
:
for
I
haue
knowne
certaine
men
who
out
of
many
things
haue
written
some
,
out
of
all
,
none
.
Wherefore
I
can
say
that
of
my
labours
which
Aristides
spake
concerning
the
elegance
of
the
Citty
of
Smyrna
,
which
was
,
that
no
man
except
he
which
shall
see
it
will
be
drawen
to
beleeue
it
:
That
which
appertaineth
to
the
stile
,
although
in
the
precedent
sayings
I
haue
spoken
certaine
thinges
incidently
digressing
from
the
matter
,
heere
I
will
very
priuately
and
warily
adde
some
things
.
Therefore
I
haue
vsed
a
meane
phrase
or
speeche
,
in
no
mans
wisedome
too
fine
or
curious
,
most
chiefely
for
the
causes
aboue
declared
:
For
in
those
writinges
wherein
the
knowledge
of
things
is
sought
(
as
Massarius
saith
in
the
like
argument
)
is
not
the
comlinesse
of
a
famous
or
eloquent
Oration
,
but
to
expresse
a
sound
and
perfect
truth
.
But
such
workes
are
neither
capable
of
wit
,
as
I
may
say
with
Pliny
,
which
was
otherwise
very
meane
or
moderate
to
vse
it
:
neither
do
they
allow
of
excesse
,
either
in
Orations
,
or
speeches
,
or
wonderfull
chances
or
aduentures
,
or
diuers
euents
,
or
other
pleasant
things
,
or
in
any
delectable
or
friendly
things
.
Let
the
nature
of
things
be
declared
in
a
barren
or
fruitelesse
argument
,
that
is
to
say
the
life
of
them
,
and
this
was
base
also
on
his
part
,
by
putting
to
many
thinges
with
rusticall
and
strange
denominations
,
yea
also
Barbarous
,
euen
with
the
Praeface
of
estimation
and
reputation
:
And
so
far
forth
Plinius
.
But
if
that
most
learned
man
,
and
the
most
eloquent
by
the
iudgement
of
all
men
,
and
which
hath
drawne
or
sucked
out
the
cleanenesse
or
purenesse
of
the
Latine
tongue
with
Milke
,
and
the
vse
of
other
commodities
,
and
whereupon
the
desire
of
wit
might
much
encourage
him
,
being
helped
or
pricked
forward
by
Mecaenas
his
gouernor
Vespasianus
,
(
of
the
penuriousnesse
,
and
basenesse
of
the
phrase
,
almost
in
the
like
argument
)
doth
desire
,
to
frame
or
make
an
excuse
so
much
the
more
warily
should
I
do
this
for
many
causes
,
which
I
will
not
expresse
because
I
may
not
be
to
long
.
Wherefore
some
thinges
are
repeated
heare
and
there
in
,
diuers
places
of
this
worke
,
I
gaue
a
reason
euen
before
,
truely
because
the
order
appointed
of
vs
did
so
require
,
and
the
diuision
of
chapters
and
parts
in
euery
one
of
them
,
that
it
may
not
be
written
with
negligence
,
but
rather
with
exact
,
and
curious
diligence
.
But
certaine
things
are
repeated
sometimes
in
the
same
place
,
which
may
seeme
to
be
beside
the
purpose
being
known
or
perceiued
;
but
if
euery
man
would
consider
it
distinctly
,
he
would
easily
vnderstand
how
little
it
weare
either
in
matter
or
wordes
:
for
sometimes
the
peculiar
or
vulgar
speech
,
or
the
eloquency
of
wordes
did
cause
that
I
should
do
so
,
that
it
might
haue
that
which
might
be
imitated
in
speaking
,
if
any
man
would
labour
or
endeuour
,
either
to
speake
or
write
any
thing
of
the
same
matter
.
Parentheses
also
do
belong
to
the
stile
as
the
Grammarians
call
them
,
which
are
very
many
euery
wherin
the
whole
worke
,
and
that
for
many
causes
:
either
because
the
reading
or
gathering
is
variable
or
vnlike
,
or
the
manner
of
writing
did
disagree
,
or
because
our
correction
or
others
was
added
thereto
,
or
that
I
might
translate
it
,
or
that
I
might
fill
or
finish
it
if
any
thing
should
be
wanting
,
or
that
I
might
adde
thereunto
that
which
might
delight
the
eloquency
thereof
,
or
do
somthing
peculiar
to
the
matter
present
,
if
the
Latine
should
seeme
not
sufficiently
translated
of
them
:
And
lastly
simply
to
a
more
intelligible
vnderstanding
of
those
thinges
with
which
they
are
mingled
.
As
much
as
belongs
to
the
right
forme
of
writing
,
I
haue
not
alwaies
written
the
same
tearmes
,
or
names
after
the
same
maner
,
but
according
to
the
Authors
I
haue
very
oftentimes
changed
,
whose
words
I
did
rehearse
or
recite
.
This
is
of
the
stile
and
elocution
.
That
which
doe
belong
to
these
thinges
,
and
to
the
truth
and
certainety
of
them
,
I
do
not
promise
my
credit
in
very
many
of
them
,
but
yet
am
well
pleased
to
put
downe
the
names
of
the
Authors
,
with
whom
let
those
thinges
remaine
.
And
truely
the
greatest
part
of
them
do
merrit
faith
or
credite
,
which
are
fortified
,
or
defended
by
the
consent
of
many
learned
men
,
euen
now
in
many
ages
,
as
also
that
in
this
fauour
or
benefit
,
very
many
of
the
Authors
named
of
vs
,
and
happily
some
of
them
are
repeated
not
with
any
great
fruite
or
profit
,
and
yet
are
not
to
bee
misliked
.
Therefore
it
is
more
worthy
to
bee
beleeued
,
if
one
matter
may
bee
spoken
in
the
same
wordes
of
many
witnesses
.
I
confesse
that
there
are
some
vaine
glorious
things
,
but
they
are
not
many
,
(
as
Gillius
saith
in
his
translation
of
Aelianus
)
which
we
haue
added
or
put
to
this
worke
,
but
they
are
recompenced
,
and
amended
with
a
great
number
of
other
graue
and
learned
translations
:
and
as
if
Fathers
and
Grand-Fathers
should
delight
of
a
Mold
in
the
ioyntes
or
knuckle
of
their
Children
,
that
is
to
say
,
Fooles
which
do
not
weigh
or
valew
other
mens
workes
.
As
for
slanderers
I
do
not
care
:
for
those
men
are
the
best
as
Cato
declareth
,
which
are
skilfull
or
experienced
in
true
praise
.
Which
thing
if
I
haue
not
done
to
the
full
,
and
ample
(
also
I
vsed
the
same
wordes
which
Massarius
writ
in
his
translation
of
Fishes
)
let
not
my
study
be
blamed
which
truely
is
most
vehement
,
and
ardent
in
the
same
,
because
at
this
time
I
could
do
no
more
.
Let
the
indifferent
Readers
iudge
,
how
confused
a
matter
I
tooke
vpon
me
to
handle
,
neither
did
I
euer
thinke
that
I
should
haue
brought
it
to
so
good
a
passe
.
But
how
much
before
time
we
haue
done
in
helping
or
succoring
good
Arts
,
let
others
also
do
as
much
,
which
afterwardes
haue
clattered
out
of
measure
.
For
neither
will
wee
beare
an
euill
discontented
mind
,
if
they
bring
their
helpes
or
labours
of
other
skilfull
men
,
to
this
exceeding
great
and
hard
labour
which
we
haue
vndertaken
,
and
shall
go
beyond
or
excell
vs
.
They
report
that
Paedarotus
that
singular
or
excellent
man
,
who
when
he
was
not
chosen
in
the
number
of
three
hundered
men
,
which
order
did
shew
or
represent
dignity
or
estimation
among
the
Lacedemonians
,
went
away
merry
and
laughing
,
and
being
called
backe
againe
of
Ephorus
the
Historian
,
being
demaunded
why
he
laughed
,
answered
:
because
truely
I
reioyced
that
our
citty
had
3.
hundered
Cittizens
better
learned
then
my selfe
.
Furthermore
although
I
haue
manifested
hitherto
almost
al
the
writings
of
al
things
concerning
Foure-footed-Beastes
which
haue
come
to
my
hands
,
and
haue
comprehended
or
compassed
them
in
our
workes
or
Stories
:
Notwithstanding
for
all
that
,
I
desired
to
haue
some
superfluous
or
vnprofitable
Bookes
heareafter
of
other
things
,
but
I
neuer
thought
I
should
haue
brought
it
passe
;
for
it
is
equity
and
reason
that
all
things
should
stand
in
their
proper
place
and
dignity
,
that
all
may
profit
which
will
,
which
thing
I
doe
altogether
desire
.
For
somethings
for
antiquity
sake
do
deserue
,
to
be
warily
obserued
,
other
some
also
for
their
Phylosophicall
Method
,
and
Method
partaining
to
Logicke
,
or
some
matter
differing
from
ours
;
othersome
for
eloqution
,
and
othersome
for
all
these
causes
,
wherfore
we
haue
principally
obserued
the
Graecians
,
fauoring
their
language
&
speech
.
There
are
some
which
haue
published
(
saith
Gillius
)
in
their
writings
all
the
nature
which
is
comprehended
or
contained
in
Foure
footed-Beastes
,
as
Aristotle
,
Pliny
,
and
other
auncient
Writers
:
Moreouer
the
controuersie
or
labour
of
whom
,
I
dare
not
say
was
manifestly
finished
or
performed
,
although
many
excellent
thinges
were
begun
of
them
concerning
foure-footed-Beasts
.
For
truely
me
thinkes
that
such
scrupelous
Authors
haue
perfectly
distinguished
so
many
thinges
of
the
signification
and
nature
of
Foure-footed-Beastes
,
that
there
is
left
no
more
roome
in
any
place
,
for
idle
or
negligent
men
to
make
a
new
discription
or
inuention
.
It
is
manifest
also
that
Aristarchus
and
Solinus
did
no
other
thing
in
two
and
forty
yeare
,
then
marke
and
consider
the
maner
and
fashion
of
them
,
and
so
committed
them
to
writing
.
It
is
a
hard
thing
(
as
I
may
speake
with
Pliny
)
to
offer
or
commit
nouelty
to
olde
or
auncient
things
,
and
to
giue
authority
to
things
not
seene
afore
,
and
to
giue
credit
to
things
decayed
or
growne
out
of
vse
,
and
to
bring
to
light
obscure
or
difficult
thinges
,
and
to
giue
reputation
to
thinges
full
of
disdaine
,
and
credit
to
thinges
doubtfull
:
but
to
giue
credit
to
the
nature
of
all
thinges
,
and
all
thinges
belonging
to
their
nature
.
Therefore
I
haue
not
desired
to
haue
followed
altogether
that
which
is
excellent
and
sumptuous
.
Truely
the
peculiar
cause
of
them
is
in
mens
desires
,
who
because
they
would
please
every
one
,
haue
esteemed
or
set
more
by
painefulnesse
passed
ouer
and
allowed
,
then
to
help
forward
vtility
or
commodity
newly
found
out
.
For
what
is
more
commendable
from
all
the
labour
of
learning
,
then
to
vndertake
or
enterprize
so
bountifull
and
commendable
a
charge
,
or
businesse
,
then
of
renewing
old
and
ancient
things
which
were
forgotten
,
or
rather
to
restore
things
from
Death
,
or
ruine
which
were
sould
thereto
,
and
to
restore
the
names
of
things
,
and
things
by
their
names
?
Great
fauour
ought
to
bee
giuen
to
those
also
which
doe
regard
the
common
waies
,
and
doe
spread
,
stengthen
,
defend
,
clense
,
expounde
,
declare
,
pollish
,
or
finish
,
make
perfect
,
and
lastly
do
so
rule
and
traine
them
,
that
they
may
be
tractable
to
all
trauelers
thereby
;
and
to
all
labering
beasts
whatsoeuer
they
are
,
whose
helpes
we
vse
in
Carts
,
or
Waggons
,
and
may
performe
and
accomplish
them
without
danger
,
or
any
impediment
or
hinderance
,
although
they
cannot
sustaine
or
beare
all
hinderances
,
yet
almost
the
greater
part
of
them
.
Neither
doe
they
deserue
little
praise
or
commendations
in
learning
,
which
haue
so
polished
or
trimmed
vp
some
worke
vndertaken
for
publike
profit
,
that
to
the
rest
or
remnant
in
the
same
argument
,
there
shall
be
no
complaint
or
little
at
all
hereafter
,
of
the
difficulty
thereof
,
which
therefore
if
it
be
in
my
instruction
,
I
shall
be
very
glad
,
seeing
that
I
did
desire
to
follow
it
:
if
not
,
somthing
that
I
haue
performed
on
the
great
part
is
,
that
the
learned
men
stirred
vp
in
this
businesse
by
vs
,
may
not
quit
or
absolue
that
which
is
left
behind
.
Therefore
most
excellent
and
indifferent
Reader
,
fauor
ye
this
labour
some
,
honest
,
pleasant
,
profitable
,
and
variable
worke
:
and
giue
the
greatest
thankes
to
God
,
and
I
beseech
you
that
if
you
proceede
any
further
in
this
mortall
life
because
it
doth
not
profit
to
bee
idle
,
that
you
rather
bestowe
some
time
in
the
searching
out
of
nature
,
and
that
you
make
a
gratfull
Solemnization
and
setting
forth
of
Gods
workes
before
any
other
things
,
which
either
labour
or
immoderate
desire
may
set
out
to
our
exercises
and
endeuours
,
we
may
bee
exercised
also
in
holinesse
and
Godlinesse
,
and
may
communicate
and
consvlt
thinges
requisite
,
with
great
labour
and
diligence
to
the
Ages
to
come
.
Therefore
in
the
meane
time
I
beseech
all
good
and
painefull
men
,
that
if
there
be
any
of
them
which
haue
something
to
the
finishing
vp
of
this
worke
,
to
bring
it
,
although
it
be
of
neuer
so
little
moment
,
as
are
the
shapes
and
formes
of
euery
kinde
of
Foure-footed-Beastes
,
or
Historyes
,
that
is
to
say
;
whatsoeuer
it
is
that
can
lead
vs
more
amply
to
know
the
nature
of
them
:
or
blaming
those
things
in
which
we
haue
erred
,
which
truely
I
which
I
am
the
man
thinke
there
are
many
,
yet
I
do
not
doubt
but
that
they
may
wittily
and
fauorably
communicate
with
ours
,
and
may
as
it
were
make
famous
this
publique
worke
,
being
placed
in
the
middle
,
which
thing
also
is
profitable
and
excellent
to
them
,
and
delectable
to
mee
,
and
continually
to
all
learned
men
heareafter
.
That
there
hath
beene
a
partaker
,
or
companion
of
this
excellent
worke
he
shall
be
in
aduancement
.
If
I
shall
be
admonished
of
my
error
in
few
things
,
nay
onely
in
one
thing
,
I
presently
will
correct
it
without
enuy
or
mallice
:
or
will
put
thereto
some
new
matter
,
either
to
the
second
volume
of
the
rest
of
Foure-footed-Beasts
,
or
otherwise
in
the
addition
:
And
least
I
should
seeme
vngrateful
to
those
which
haue
contributed
or
bestowed
somthing
to
this
,
contrary
to
the
loue
which
I
should
alwaies
beare
to
them
,
if
no
other
benefit
shall
be
rendered
to
them
,
as
our
estate
is
but
mean
,
yet
at
leastwise
I
will
declare
my
mind
in
a
frendly
commemoration
to
a
number
of
their
names
in
their
Catalogue
,
by
whom
I
haue
profited
.
But
if
any
,
either
through
a
destitute
or
forsaken
occasion
,
or
for
any
other
cause
or
disposition
,
are
forced
to
write
or
send
somthing
to
vs
,
and
also
shall
desire
publiquely
to
correct
some
of
our
errors
which
we
haue
committed
,
which
I
know
many
can
do
grauely
,
and
also
learnedly
,
and
I
desire
that
they
may
doe
it
,
&
entreat
of
them
that
they
write
learnedly
and
modestly
,
and
to
do
it
so
,
that
the
common
wealth
pertaining
to
learning
,
may
rather
aduance
and
premote
him
,
then
either
to
wrong
his
credit
or
renowne
,
or
any
cause
of
blaming
or
rebuking
vs
,
as
it
becommeth
men
of
courage
,
truely
to
see
into
it
.
I
am
alwaies
ready
to
amend
my
own
,
from
any
iust
correction
or
blame
,
but
not
depriue
any
man
of
his
owne
praise
.
For
I
hope
(
without
offence
be
it
spoken
here
)
that
this
our
labour
or
paines
shall
remaine
to
the
worlds
end
,
not
through
the
merrit
or
desert
of
our
learninge
,
(
which
is
but
small
)
but
through
our
diligence
,
which
hath
ioyned
together
most
diligently
and
exactly
,
so
many
and
great
labours
and
stories
,
from
a
number
of
Authors
,
as
it
were
into
one
treasury
or
Store-house
.
Farewell
TO
THE
LEARNED
Readers
.
AFter
I
had
expressed
these
two
Epistles
of
Conradus
Gesner
▪
in
the
former
whereof
,
he
declareth
to
the
States-men
of
Zuricke
the
vtility
of
the
story
,
and
in
the
latter
his
excuses
or
reasons
of
his
method
in
his
latter
workes
:
I
thought
good
also
to
followe
him
in
his
Apology
of
the
Authours
,
out
of
whose
writings
he
had
taken
any
part
of
his
story
:
Although
I
haue
not
nor
could
not
obserue
his
words
,
method
,
forme
,
and
matter
in
all
things
in
this
my
English
collection
,
not
onely
because
his
purpose
was
to
gather
all
that
had
beene
written
of
euery
beast
,
&
to
leaue
the
same
(
as
he
professeth
)
like
a
Dictionary
,
for
the
priuate
vse
of
learned
men
,
but
also
because
my
purpose
was
,
to
shew
to
euery
plaine
and
honest
man
,
the
wonderfull
workes
of
God
in
euery
beast
in
his
vulgar
toongue
,
and
giue
occasion
to
my
louing
friendes
and
Country-men
,
to
adde
of
themselues
,
or
else
to
helpe
mee
with
their
owne
obseruations
vppon
these
stories
:
yet
forasmuch
as
I
must
acknowledge
him
my
Authour
,
by
the
helpe
of
whose
eies
I
haue
seene
almost
all
that
I
haue
wrote
,
I
will
say
as
he
doth
out
of
Plinius
Secundus
,
Est
enim
benignum
vt
arbitror
&
plenum
ingenui
pudoris
,
fateri
per
quos
profeceris
non
vt
plerique
quos
attigi
,
fecerunt
.
That
is
,
It
is
a
signe
of
a
good
nature
replenished
with
all
modestie
;
to
confesse
the
Authors
of
all
ones
profit
,
and
not
to
do
as
many
haue
done
,
into
whose
writings
I
haue
looked
,
for
by
comparing
them
to
the
auncient
,
I
founde
that
they
had
translated
many
things
word
for
word
,
and
neuer
named
them
truely
:
indeed
it
is
a
signe
of
a
vile
and
ill
mind
or
witte
,
rather
to
aduenture
to
be
taken
with
theft
,
then
to
pay
that
which
was
lent
him
,
although
he
know
vsury
will
not
be
required
.
Therefore
we
will
confesse
all
to
be
other
mennes
,
and
begin
with
the
Catalogue
of
such
Writers
as
he
nameth
,
and
hath
already
expressed
;
and
because
I
know
none
but
learned
and
studious
men
will
looke
after
them
,
I
will
after
his
manner
expresse
them
in
the
Latine
,
and
saue
the
labour
of
translation
:
Adding
thereunto
such
Authors
as
I
haue
inserted
into
this
story
,
either
English
or
Forraine
:
And
whereas
I
haue
taken
many
things
out
of
those
Writers
named
by
him
which
he
omitted
,
I
will
not
derogate
from
his
labour
,
but
suffer
them
to
go
as
they
were
;
and
therefore
to
begin
with
Conradus
Gesner
,
I
will
say
of
him
,
as
was
said
by
him
of
another
:
Nulla
ferent
tantum
saecula
futura
v●rum
,
and
the
residue
follow
Alphabetically
.
The
Catalogue
of
the
Authors
which
haue
wrote
of
Beasts
HEBREW
AVTHORS
.
-
VEtus
Testamentum
cum
annotationibus
Seb.
Munsteri
.
-
Eiusdem
Munsteri
Dictionaria
,
Hebraicolatinum
,
&
quadrilingue
.
-
Epistola
presbyteri
Ioannis
,
vt
vocant
,
hoc
est
Aethiopiae
regis
ad
Pontificem
Rom.
de
rebis
Aethiopicis
.
-
Arabicos
,
hoc
est
ex
Arabica
lingua
translatos
,
nominabo
inferius
inter
obscuros
.
GREEKE
AVTHORS
.
-
Actuarij
liber
de
Serpentibus
&
venenis
,
breuiter
ex
Dioscoride
contractus
est
.
-
Ada
mantij
Physiognomica
.
-
Aescuyli
tragoediae
.
-
Aetij
non
omnia
,
sed
pleraque
euolui
&
excerpsi
:
tegrum
vero
librum
13.
qui
est
de
venenis
&
venenatis
animalibus
.
-
Aeliani
historia
animalium
,
Petro
Gillio
interprete
,
cum
eiusdem
additionib
.
ex
Oppia-Plutarcho
,
Porphyrio
,
&
Helidorio
,
vt
libri
titulas
habet
.
Sic
autem
Aeliani
omnia
adiecta
sunt
,
vt
nihil
ad
rem
pertinens
omit
teretur
:
nam
si
quando
stilus
luxuriari
videbatur
,
&
leuiter
euagari
,
aut
hominem
cum
brutis
conferendo
reprehendere
,
(
quod
saepius
facit
,
ut
qui
professione
rhetor
fuerit
)
plerunque
contraximus
.
-
Pius●em
variae
historiae
libri
14.
-
Pius●em
de
instruendis
aciebus
liber
.
-
Alexandri
Magni
epistola
ad
Aristotelem
derebus
Indicus
Cornelio
Nepote
interprete
.
-
Alexandri
Aphrodisiensis
problematum
libri
2
-
Alexander
Trallianus
medicus
.
-
Ammonicus
de
differentijs
vocum
.
-
Annomus
Periplus
.
-
Apollonij
Argonautica
,
cum
Scholijs
.
-
Apostolij
Byzantij
paroemiae
.
-
Appianus
historicus
.
-
Aratus
,
cum
Scholijs
.
-
Arislides
rhetor
.
-
Aristophanis
comoediae
,
cum
Scholijs
.
-
Aristotelis
libri
integri
,
quod
particulares
historias
ateinet
,
De
historia
,
de
generatione
&
de
partibus
animalium
.
Physiognomica
.
De
mirabilibus
.
De
coloribus
.
Parua
naturalia
,
vt
voc●nt
.
Problemata
.
In
c●teris
libris
,
aut
nullam
aut
rarissimum
vllius
animantis
nomen
occurret
-
Michaelis
Ephesij
Scholiain
libros
,
de
generatione
,
quae
Ioannis
Philoponi
nomine
publica
ta
sunt
.
Ni●hus
scribit
Michaelis
Ephesij
Scholia
in
libros
de
generatione
extare
,
expositionem
non
extare
.
-
Ari●ni
Periplus
Euxini
Ponti
.
-
Eiusdem
Periplus
rubri
maris
.
-
Eiusdem
de
rebus
gestis
Alexandri
historiae
.
-
Eiusdem
Indica
.
-
Athenaei
Dipnosophistae
.
-
Biblia
sacra
,
hoc
est
vetus
&
mouū
Testamentum
Graecae
.
-
Callimachi
poëmata
quaedam
.
-
Cl.
Galeni
libri
:
alij
quidem
multi
sparsim
à
nobis
cogniti
:
integri
verò
propter
animalium
historiam
,
qui
sequuntur
.
-
Libri
de
simplicium
,
facultatibus
.
De
antidotis
.
De
theri●c●
ad
Pis●nem
.
De
cibis
honi
〈…〉
facultati●●
〈…〉
libritros
,
quorum
〈…〉
,
Cu●
ars
medica
circa
nullas
〈…〉
.
Secundus●ad
Solonem
,
〈…〉
Tortius
●●ieno
a●s●●iptus
incipit
:
〈…〉
.
-
〈…〉
●isulus
●is●oricus
.
-
●●s
●tius
de
vitis
philosophorum
.
-
Dion
historicus
.
-
Dionisyus
Afer
de
situ
orbis
,
&
Eustathius
interpretes
.
-
Dioscorides
.
-
Epigramatum
Graecorum
authores
diuersi
.
-
Epistolarum
Graecarum
authores
diuersi
,
quos
Aldus
olim
vno
volumine
coniunxit
.
-
Etymologicon
.
-
Euripidis
tragoediae
.
-
Eustathius
in
priores
quinque
Iliadis
libros
.
-
Geoponicorum
,
id
est
,
de
re
rustica
ad
Constantinum
Caesarem
librorum
authores
di
uèrsi
.
-
Heliodori
Aethiopicae
historiae
libri
decem
.
-
Heraclidis
discriptiones
Rerum
pub
.
-
Heroditi
historiae
.
-
Hesiodi
poëmata
,
cum
Scholijs
.
-
Hesychij
Lexicon
.
-
Hippiatri
Graeci
,
Absyrtus
,
Hierocles
,
Pelagonius
&
alij
vno
volumine
coniuncti
.
-
Hippocrates
:
praecipuè
libri
de
natura
muliebri
,
de
morbis
muliebribus
,
de
internis
affectionibus
.
-
Homerus
,
cum
Scholijs
.
-
Iosephus
.
-
Ioannis
Tzetzae
varia
historia
.
-
Iulius
Pollux
.
-
Lucianus
.
-
Lycophron
cum
Scholiaste
.
-
Nicandri
Theriaca
&
Alexipharmaca
,
cum
Scholijs
.
-
Nicolai
Myrepsi
medicamenta
composita
secundum
genera
,
Leonhardo
Fuchsio
interprete
.
-
Oppiani
libri
de
piscibus
,
&
de
venatione
.
-
In
eiusdem
libros
de
aucupio
paraphrasis
-
Orpheus
.
-
Ori
vel
Hori
Hieroglyphica
.
-
Palaephatus
de
fabulis
.
-
Paulus
Aegineta
medicus
-
Succidanea
cum
eiusdem
,
&
cum
Galeni
operibus
con●ungi
solita
.
-
Pausaniae
libri
de
regionibus
Graeciae
.
-
Philes
qui
de
animalibus
senarios
iambicos
con
didit
,
omnia
ab
Aeliano
mutuatus
.
-
Philostrati
Icones
.
-
Eius●em
libri
de
vita
Apollonij
.
-
Phurnutus
de
dijs
.
-
Pindarus
cum
Scholijs
.
-
Plato
.
-
Plutarchi
vitae
,
&
alij
varij
libelli
integri
verò
.
-
Vtrum
terrestria
aut
aquatilia
animalia
sint
sapientiora
.
-
Gryllus
,
vel
quod
bruta
ratione
vtantur
.
-
Liber
de
Iside
&
Osiride
.
-
Causae
naturales
.
-
Polyaeni
strategemata
.
-
Polybius
historicus
.
-
Procopius
Gazaeus
sophista
in
octateuchum
vteris
Testamenti
.
-
Q.
Calaber
poëta
.
-
Theophrasti
opera
.
-
Theocritus
.
-
Xenophontis
opera
diuersa
.
-
De
venatione
.
-
De
re
equestri
.
-
Hipparchi●us
.
LATINE
AVTHORS
.
-
Ael
.
Lampridius
.
-
Ael
.
Spartinus
.
-
Alb.
Tibullus
.
-
Ammianus
Marcellinus
.
-
Aulus
Gellius
.
-
Aulus
Persius
.
-
Aur.
Cornelius
Celsus
.
-
Cael.
Apicius
de
re
culinaria
.
-
C.
Iul
Caesar
.
-
C.
Iulius
Solinus
.
-
C.
Plinii
Secundi
Historia
mundi
.
-
C.
Suetonius
Tranquillus
.
-
C.
Val.
Catullus
.
-
Decius
Ausonius
.
-
Fl.
Vegetius
Renatus
de
re
militari
.
-
Eiusdem
Mulomedicina
.
-
Fl.
Vopiscus
historicus
.
-
Gratii
liber
de
venatione
.
-
Iul.
Capitolinus
historicus
.
-
Iunius
Iunenalis
poëta
Satyricus
.
-
L.
Annaeus
Seneca
.
-
L.
Apuleius
.
-
L.
Iunius
.
Moderatus
Collumela
de
re
rust
.
&
hortensi
.
-
Macrobius
Ambrosius
Aur.
-
Marcellus
medicus
Empiricus
,
quem
simpliciter
Marcelli
nomine
citato
inter
remedia
ex
animalibus
intelligi
volo
,
non
Marcellum
Vergilium
illum
nostri
seculi
qui
Dioscoridem
transtulit
,
&
annotamentis
illustrauit
.
-
M.
Actius
Plautus
Comicus
.
-
M.
Annei
Lucani
Pharsalia
.
-
M.
Aurelii
Olympii
Nemesiani
poëtae
de
venatione
liber
.
-
M.
Cato
de
re
rust
.
-
M.
Manilii
Astronomicôn
libri
.
-
M.
Terentius
Varro
de
re
rust
.
-
Idem
de
lingua
Lat.
-
M.
Valerii
Martialis
epigrammata
.
-
M.
Vitruu●us
de
architectura
.
-
Nonius
Marcellus
de
lingua
Lat.
-
Palladius
de
re
rust
.
-
Pomponius
Mela.
-
P.
Vergilii
Maronis
Bucolica
&
Aeneis
.
-
Eiusdem
Georgica
.
-
P.
Ouidit
opera
.
-
Eidem
falsò
ad
scripta
,
Philomela
de
vocibus
animalium
,
&
Pulex
.
-
Eiusdem
Halieutica
.
-
Quintus
Horatius
Flaccus
.
-
Q.
Serenus
Samonicus
.
-
Seruius
in
Virgilium
.
-
Sextus
Platonicus
de
remediis
ex
animalibus
,
-
Sexti
Aurelii
Propertii
Elegiae
.
-
Sextus
Pompeius
Festus
de
lingua
Lat.
-
Sexti
Iulii
Frontini
Strategamata
.
-
Silius
Italicus
Poëta
.
-
Statius
Papinius
Neapol
Poëta
.
-
Titi
Calphurnii
Siculi
Bucolica
.
-
T.
Liuius
Historicus
.
-
Valerius
Maximus
.
-
Aesculapius
nescio
quis
,
ex
animalibus
remedia
descripsit
quae
pleraque
,
eadem
apud
Sextum
Platonicum
reperio
.
-
Alberti
Magni
de
animalibus
libri
,
innumeris
erroribus
inquinati
,
ita
vt
Niphus
totidem
ferè
errores
in
esse
sribat
quot
verba
.
-
Alexander
quidam
author
obscurus
,
ab
alijs
eiusdem
farinae
authoribus
citatur
,
ipse
non
vidi
:
vt
&
Rodolphus
in
Leuiticum
.
-
Arnoldus
de
Villa
noua
,
in
ijs
quae
de
animalibus
scribit
,
vt
in
libro
de
theriaca
,
Arabum
eorùm
ve
interpretum
tum
nomina
tum
errores
sequitur
.
-
Bartolemaei
Anglici
de
proprietatibus
rerum
libri
.
19.
-
Auerrois
libros
Aristotelis
de
generatione
&
de
partibus
paraphrasticè
reddidit
,
licet
meo
iudicio
perperam
interpretetur
Niphus
,
Ego
cum
ex
his
scriptis
nihil
egregii
sperarem
,
neque
apud
nos
reperirem
.
accersere
nolui
.
vt
neque
Auicennae
de
animalibus
libros
,
in
quibus
pleraque
omnia
Aristotelis
esse
puto
:
&
si
quid
praeter
illa
adiectum
est
,
in
Alberti
luc●brationibus
,
(
quibus
nos
vsi
sumus
,
)
contineri
.
-
Auicennae
opera
medica
.
De
eiusdem
libris
animalium
in
Alberti
Magni
mentione
iam
dixi
.
-
Elluchasem
Elimithar
Medici
de
Baldath
Tacuini
.
-
Ferdinandus
à
Ponzeto
Cardinalis
,
de
venenis
.
-
I●cobus
Dondus
Patauinus
,
quem
vulgò
Aggregatorem
vocant
.
-
Iorac●●
cuiusdam
liber
de
animalibus
ab
Alberto
Magno
saepe
citatur
,
(
ab
alijs
obscuris
.
)
●it
autem
eum
frequentur
falsa
scribere
.
-
Kirandes
etiam
nescio
quis
&
ab
Aggregatore
&
alijs
recentioribus
,
in
remedijs
praecipuè
ex
animalibus
subinde
citatur
.
-
Matthaei
Syluatici
Pandectae
Medicinales
.
-
R.
Moses
.
-
Petrus
Aponensis
venenis
.
-
Rasis
in
libro
desexaginta
animalibus
.
-
Semeryō
vel
Haren
Semeryō
,
ab
Alberto
Magno
in
historia
animalium
frequentur
citatur
.
-
Serapio
.
-
Vincentij
Belluacensis
de
animalibus
libri
.
7.
nempe
decimus
septimus
Speculi
naturalis
cum
sex
sequentibus
Speculi
doctrinalis
etiam
libro
decimo
sexto
rursus
de
ijsdem
breuiter
agit
.
-
Liber
de
natura
rerum
auth●ris
innominati
,
passim
apud
recentiores
illos
quorum
impurus
sermo
Latinis
est
,
citatur
,
Vincentium
,
Albertum
ex
quibus
nos
omnia
quae
non
prorsus
absurda
erant
mutuati
sumus
.
-
Andreae
Bullunensis
Glossemata
in
Auicennam
vtilia
sanè
&
erudita
,
quamuis
dictionis
non
admodum
purae
fuit
enim
linguae
Arabicae
peritus
,
ita
vt
orthographiae
etiam
scriptarum
abeo
dictionum
maior
sit
habenda
fides
,
quàm
ab
alijs
quorum
plerique
miserè
illam
corruperunt
.
-
Lauren.
Russius
Hippiacrita
peritissime
scripsit
,
quanquam
stilo
non
satis
Latino
.
-
Isidorus
Etymologici
sui
libro
12
de
animalibus
quaedam
scripsit
non
inutilia
:
meretur
autem
medium
ferè
locum
ni
fallor
,
inter
classicos
&
barbaros
authores
.
-
Vt
&
Monachi
illi
quorum
commentarij
in
Mesuen
ante
annos
circiter
octo
Venetiis
excusi
sunt
.
-
Eiusdem
ordinis
fuerint
&
Petri
Crescentiensis
de
re
Rust
libri
.
-
Aeneae
Syluij
Asiae
&
Europae
descriptio
.
-
Alexandri
ab
Alexandris
IC
.
Neapolit
.
Dies
geniales
.
-
Alexandri
Benedicti
Veronensis
de
mo●bis
curandis
opus
.
-
Aloisij
Cadamusti
nauigatio
.
-
Aloisij
Mundellae
Epistolae
medicinales
.
-
Americi
Vesputij
nauigationes
.
-
Andreae
Alciati
Emblemata
.
-
Andreae
Vesalij
opus
Anatomicum
.
-
Angelia
Politiani
opere
.
-
Antonij
Musa
Brasauoli
libri
de
medicamentis
visitatis
simplicibus
&
compositis
.
-
Antonius
Thylesius
.
-
Augustini
Niphi
commentarij
in
libros
Aristotelis
de
animalium
historia
,
generatione
,
&
partibus
.
-
Eiusdem
de
augurijs
liber
.
-
Baptistae
Fierae
Mantuani
coena
.
-
Baptistae
platinae
Cremonensis
de
honesta
voluptate
&
valetudine
libri
.
-
Bassianus
Landus
Placentinus
de
humana
historia
.
-
Belisarius
Aquiuiuus
Aragoneus
Neritinorū
dux
de
venatione
,
ex
Oppiano
ferè
.
-
Eiusdem
de
aucupio
liber
.
-
Brocardus
●rnachus
de
Terra
sancta
.
-
Caelij
Calcagnini
opera
.
-
Coelij
Rhodigini
Antiquarum
lectionum
volumen
:
quod
frequentissimè
in
opere
nostro
Caelii
simpliciter
nomine
citatur
-
Coelius
Aurelianus
Siccensis
.
(
hic
pertinet
ad
ordinem
veterum
.
)
-
Coelij
Secundi
Curionis
Araneus
.
-
Caroli
Figuli
dialogi
,
alter
de
mustelis
,
alter
de
piscibus
in
Mosella
Ausonij
.
-
Caroli
Stephani
scripta
de
vacabulis
rei
hortensis
,
Seminarij
&
Vineti
.
-
Christophori
Columbi
Nauigatio
.
-
Christophori
Oroscij
Hispania
Annotationes
i●
Aëtiam
&
eius
interpretes
.
-
Desiderij
Erasmi
Rot.
opera
.
-
Eiusdem
Chilia
des
adagiorum
-
Erasmus
Stella
de
Borussiae
antiquitatibus
.
-
Francisci
Marij
Grapaldi
Parmensis
de
partibus
aedium
libri
.
2.
Tractat
autem
de
animalibus
libri
primi
capitibus
,
6.7.8.9
.
-
Francisci
Massarii
Venetiin
nomum
Plinii
de
naturali
historia
Castigationes
&
Annotationes
.
-
Francisci
Nigri
Bassianatis
Rhaetia
.
-
Franciscus
Robortellus
Vtinensis
.
-
Gabrielis
Humelbergii
commentarii
in
Samonicum
,
in
Sextum
de
medicinis
animalium
,
&
in
Apicium
.
-
Gasparis
Heldelini
ciconiae
encomium
.
-
Georgii
Agricolae
libri
de
metallis
.
De
ponderibus
&
mensuris
.
-
Eiusdem
liber
de
animantibus
subterraneis
.
-
Georgii
Alexandrini
priscarum
apud
authores
rei
rusticae
enarratio
.
-
Guileilmi
Budaei
Commentarii
linguae
Graecae
.
-
Eiusdem
Philologia
.
-
Gul.
Philandri
Castilionij
Galli
in
Vitruui●●
annotationes
.
-
Guilielmi
Turneri
Angli
liber
de
auibus
.
-
Giberti
Longolii
dialogus
de
auibus
.
-
Hermolai
Barbari
Castigationes
in
Plinium
.
-
Corol●arium
in
Dioscoridem
.
*
Physica
.
-
Hieronymi
Cardani
de
subtilitate
libri
.
-
Hieronymi
Vidae
poëma
de
bombycibus
.
-
Iacobi
Syluii
libri
de
medicamentis
simplicibus
deligendis
&
praeparandis
.
-
Iani
Cornarii
Annotationes
in
Galenum
de
comp.
pharm
secundum
locos
.
-
Ioachimi
Camerarii
Hippocom●s
,
Rhetorica
.
-
Ioachimi
Vadiani
Commentarii
in
Melam
.
-
Io.
Agricolae
Ammonii
de
simplicibus
medicamentis
libri
.
2.
-
Io.
Boëmus
Aubanus
de
moribus
omnium
gentium
.
-
Io.
Brodaei
annotationes
in
epigrammata
Graeca
.
-
Io.
Fernelius
Ambianus
de
abditis
rerum
causis
.
-
Io.
Cufnerus
medicus
Eermanus
.
-
Io.
Iouinianus
Pontanus
.
-
Io.
Manardi
Ferrariensis
epistolae
medicinales
.
-
Io.
Rauisii
Textoris
Officina
.
-
Io.
Ruellii
historia
plantarum
.
-
Io.
Vrsint
prosopopoeia
animalium
carmine
,
cum
annotationibus
Ia●
.
Gliuarii
.
-
Iodoci
Vuillichii
Annotationes
in
Georgica
Ver
gilii
.
-
Iulianus
Aurelius
Lessigniensis
de
cognominibus
deorum
gentilium
.
-
Lazarus
Bayfius
de
re
vestiaria
,
de
re
nautica
,
de
vasculis
.
-
Leonelli
Fauentini
de
Victoriis
,
de
medendis
morbis
liber
.
-
Lilii
Gregorii
Giraldi
Syntagmata
de
diis
.
-
Ludouici
Vartomanni
Romani
patritii
Nauigationum
libri
VII
.
-
Marcelli
Vergilii
in
Dioscoridem
Annotationes
.
-
Marci
Pauli
Veneti
de
regionibus
Orientis
libri
3.
-
Matthias
à
Michou
de
Sarmatia
As●ana
atque
Europaea
.
-
Medicorum
recentiorum
cum
aliorum
,
tum
qui
parum
Latinè
de
curandis
morbis
singulatim
scripserunt
libri
diuersi
.
-
Michael
Angelus
Blondus
de
canibus
&
venatione
.
-
Nicolai
Erythraei
Index
in
Vergilium
.
-
Nicolai
Leoniceni
opera
.
-
Nicolai
Leonici
Thomaei
Varia
historiae
.
-
Nicolai
Perotti
Sipontini
Cornucopiae
.
-
Othonis
Brunfelsii
Pandect
ae
medicinales
.
-
Paulus
Iouius
de
piscibus
.
-
Idem
de
Moschouitarum
legatione
.
-
Petrus
Crinitus
.
-
Petri
Gallissardi
Araquaei
pulicis
Encomium
.
-
Petri
Gillij
Galli
Additiones
ad
Aeliani
libros
de
animalibus
à
se
translat●s
.
-
Eiusdem
liber
de
Gallicis
nominibus
piscium
.
-
Petri
Martyris
Oceanae
decades
,
de
nauigationibus
noui
Orbis
.
-
Phillippi
Beroaldi
Annotationes
in
Columellam
.
-
Pinzoni
nauigationes
:
&
Magellani
ad
insulas
Moluchas
.
-
Polydorus
Vergilius
de
Anglia
.
-
Idem
de
verum
inuentoribus
.
-
Raph.
Volaterranus
.
-
Robertus
Cenalis
de
ponderibus
&
mensuris
.
-
Roberti
Stephani
Appendix
ad
Dictionarium
Gallicolatinum
.
-
Scribonius
Largus
.
-
Sebastiani
Munsteri
Cosmographia
vniversalis
.
-
Sebastiani
Sigmarij
cicadae
Encomium
.
-
Strozij
poëta
,
pater
&
filius
.
-
Theodosius
Trebellius
Foroiuliensis
,
concinnanator
Dictionarij
quod
Promptuarium
inscripsit
.
-
Valerius
Cordus
de
medicamentis
compositis
apud
Pharmacopolas
vsitatis
.
GERMAN
AVTHORS
.
-
Balthasaris
Steindel
Dilligensis
Opsatytica
.
-
Eberhardus
Tappius
Lunensis
de
accipitribus
.
-
Eiusdem
prouerbia
Germanica
cum
Latinis
&
Graecis
collata
.
-
Hieronymi
Tragi
historia
plantarum
.
-
Ioannis
Eliae
scripta
de
uocabulis
venatorijs
in
libro
eius
de
scientia
scribarum
publicorum
.
-
Io.
Stumpsii
Chronica
Heluetiae
.
-
Michaël
Herus
de
quadrupedibus
.
-
Olai
Magnitabula
&
libellus
de
insulis
&
regionibus
Oceani
Septentrionalis
Europaei
.
-
Varij
libelli
Hippiatrici
Medicinales
,
&
alij
,
partim
excusi
,
partim
manuscripti
.
ITALIAN
AVTHORS
.
-
Francisci
Alunni
(
non
Arlunni
,
vt
saepe
scripsimus
in
hoc
Opere
)
Ferrariensis
Fabrica
mundi
.
-
Petri
Andreae
Matthaeoli
Senensis
commentatarij
in
Dioscoridem
.
-
Terrae
Sanctae
descriptio
Authoris
innominati
.
FRENCH
AVTHORS
.
-
Gulielmus
Tardiuus
de
accipitribus
&
canibus
venaticis
.
-
Andrae
Furnerij
liber
de
decoratione
humanae
naturae
.
-
Io.
Goeurotus
,
de
Conseruatione
vita
.
-
Thomae
Eliotae
Dictionarium
Anglicolatinum
.
-
Sigismundi
Gelenij
Lexicon
simphonum
Latinae
,
Graecae
,
Germanicae
,
&
Illyricae
linguarum
.
CATALOGUS
DOCTORVM
VIRORVM
,
QVI
VT
OPVS
hoc
nostrum
&
rempub
.
literariam
illustrarent
,
vel
aliunde
imagines
animalium
,
aut
nomina
descriptiones
miserunt
:
vel
praesentes
communicarunt
.
Horum
nonnulli
supeirus
quoque
nominati
sunt
,
quod
insuper
scriptis
eorum
publicatis
adiutus
sim
.
-
AChillis
P.
Gassarus
medicus
Germanus
.
-
Alexander
Peijer
Scaphusianus
.
-
Aloisius
Mondella
Brixiensis
medicus
.
-
Andreas
Martinus
Rostochiensis
.
-
Antonius
Eparchus
Corcyraeus
,
Graecae
linguae
professor
Venetijs
.
-
Antonius
Musa
Brasauolas
illustrissimi
Ferrariae
ducis
Herculis
Estensis
archiatros
.
-
Antonius
Stuppa
Rhaetus
.
-
Arnoldus
Peraxylus
Arlenius
Germanus
.
-
Bartolmaeus
a
Castromuro
canonicus
Curiensis
in
Rhaetia
.
-
Caelius
Secundus
Curio
Italus
.
-
Caelius
Sozinus
Senensis
.
-
Caspar
Hedio
ecclesiastes
Argentinensis
.
-
Christophorus
Clauserus
Tigurinus
archiatros
-
Cornelius
Sittardus
medicus
Germanus
.
-
Dominicus
Monthesaurus
medicus
Veronensis
.
-
Dauid
Chytraeus
.
-
Aegidius
Flecherus
.
-
Edw:
Wootonus
.
-
Flortanus
Susz
Rolitz
à
Varshania
Polonus
.
-
Franciscus
Belinchettus
merchator
Bergomensis
.
-
Ge.
Agricola
consul
Kempricij
.
-
Ge.
Fabricius
poëta
,
Scholae
rector
Misen●
.
-
Gisbertus
Horstius
Amsterodamus
medicus
Romae
.
-
Greorgius
Mangolt
Constantiensis
.
-
Guilielmus
Gratarolus
Bergomensis
medicus
.
-
Gulielmus
Padeais
D.
medicinae
.
-
Gulielmus
Camdenus
Clarentius
.
-
Guilielmus
Turnerus
Anglus
medicus
.
-
Henricus
Stephanus
Roberti
filius
,
Parisiensis
.
-
Hieronymus
Fracastorius
Veronensis
medicus
.
-
Hieronymus
Frobenios
Basiliensis
typographus
-
Hieronymus
Tragus
Germanus
.
-
Iohannes
Caius
D.
medicinae
.
-
Io.
Altus
Hessus
.
-
Io.
Culmannus
Goppingensis
.
-
Io.
Dernswam
Germanus
.
-
Io.
Estwycus
Anglus
.
-
Io.
Falconerus
medicus
Anglus
.
-
Io.
Kentmannus
Dresdensis
medicus
.
-
Io.
Oporinus
Basiliensis
typographus
.
sannae
.
-
Io.
Ribittus
sacrarum
literarum
interpres
Lau-Iustinus
Goblerus
I.C.
&
principi
Nassauiensi
à
consilijs
.
-
Lucas
Gynus
medicus
Italus
.
-
Michaël
Alysius
Gallus
Trecensis
medicus
.
-
Nicolaus
Gerbelius
Phorcensis
I.C.
-
Petrus
Dasypodius
Grcaearum
literarum
professor
Argentorati
,
praeceptor
meus
.
-
Petrus
Gillius
Gallus
.
-
Petrus
Merbeliu
,
Germanus
,
Corolo
V.
a
consiliis
Mediolani
.
-
Petrus
de
Mesnil
Gallus
.
-
Petrus
Paulus
Vergerius
,
olim
episcop.
Iusti●opolitanus
.
-
Sebastianus
Munsterus
Hebraicae
linguae
professor
Basileae
-
Sigismundus
Gelenius
Bohemus
.
-
Simon
Lithonius
Valesius
.
-
Theodorus
Bibliander
sacrarum
literarum
apud
nos
professor
.
-
Tho.
Bonham
D.
medici
.
-
Thomas
Gybson
Anglus
medicus
.
-
Valentinus
Grauius
vir
doctus
&
senator
Misenae
.
-
Vincentius
Valgrisius
Germanus
,
typographus
Venetiis
.
-
ALexandri
Myndij
liber
de
animalibus
.
&
historia
inmentorum
,
memorantur
ab
Athenaeo
.
-
Antipatri
librum
de
animalibus
citat
Plutartarchus
in
libro
de
causis
nat.
probl.
38.
-
Antiphorhetor
scripsit
de
pauonib
.
Athenaeus
.
-
Archestratus
de
varijs
animalibus
ad
cibum
aptis
,
eorumque
ad
gulam
&
voluptatem
apparatu
carminibus
scripsit
,
quae
persaepe
recitat
Athenaeus
.
-
Caeclus
Argiuus
de
piscibus
scripsit
carmine
,
Athenaeus
.
-
Callisthenis
librum
tertium
de
venatione
citat
Plutarchus
in
libro
de
fluuijs
.
-
Epicharmus
Syracusanus
pecudum
medicinas
diligentissimè
conscripsit
▪
Collumella
.
-
Leonides
Byzantius
scripsit
de
piscibus
oratione
soluta
,
Athenaeus
.
-
Numenij
librum
Theriacum
citant
Scholia
in
Nicandrum
.
-
Numenius
Heracleotes
de
piscibus
poëma
condidit
,
Athenaeus
.
-
Petri
Ophiaca
adducit
Soholiastes
Nicandri
.
-
Pancratius
Arcas
Halieuticha
reliquit
carmine
:
item
Posidonius
Corinthius
,
Athenaeus
:
-
Seleucus
Tartensis
Halieutica
aedidit
prosa
,
-
Athen.
Sostratus
scripsit
natura
animalium
,
vt
Athenae
.
&
Nicandri
Scholiastes
citant
.
Eiusdem
secundum
de
venatione
librum
citat
Stobaeus
in
Sermone
quo
Venus
vituperatur
-
Strato
Lampsacenus
Physicus
scripsit
de
generatione
animalium
,
item
de
animalibus
,
de
quibus
dubitatur
,
&
de
fabulosis
animalibus
Laërtius
.
-
Theophrastus
Eressius
(
Laërtio
teste
)
scripsit
de
diuersitate
vocis
animalium
eiusdem
generis
lib.
1.
De
animalibus
quae
sapere
dicuntur
,
vnum
.
De
his
quae
in
sicco
morantur
du
os
.
De
animalibus
,
septem
.
De
his
quae
colores
immutant
vnum
.
De
his
quae
latibula
faciunt
vnum
.
De
antomatis
(
sic
puto
vocat
,
que
non
ex
coitu
,
sed
ex
putredine
nascuntur
)
animalibus
vnum
.
Compendij
ex
Aristotele
de
animalibus
libros
6.
De
animalium
prudentia
&
moribus
vnum
.
De
fructibus
&
animalibus
versus
mille
centum
&
octoginta
duos
.
Horum
nonnullos
etiam
Athenaeus
citat
,
nempe
tous
peri
zoon
peri
ton
en
to
zero
di●tribonton
zoon
peri
ton
pheleuonton
pe●i
ton
metaballonton
tas
scroas
:
item
peri
ton
da
keton
kai
bleticon
.
-
Xenocratis
librum
de
vtilitate
quae
ab
.
animalibus
capitur
citat
Galenus
.
lib.
10.
c.
4.
de
simplicibus
.
-
Augustinus
Niphus
in
praefatione
commentariorum
quos
in
Aristotelis
de
animalibus
libros
aedidit
,
complures
alios
authores
veteres
,
quorum
libri
de
animalibus
scripti
non
extent
,
enumerat
mutuatus
ex
Indice
Plinij
qui
loco
primi
libri
habetur
.
Authores
enim
aliquot
quos
octauo
praecipuè
libro
Plinius
nominat
tanquam
omnes
de
animalibus
simpliciter
scripserint
à
Nipho
numerantur
,
cum
illi
obiter
tantum
in
operibus
suis
velres
gestas
vel
rem
rusticam
continentibus
,
animalium
quorūdam
miminerint
.
Iuba
,
Hieron
▪
Attalus
,
Philometer
&
Archelaus
reges
de
vinaturaque
animalium
diligenter
perscripserūt
Gillius
.
Ego
regum
istorum
nomina
citari
quidem
apud
Plinium
reperio
,
de
animalibus
verò
ex
professo
eos
scripsisse
nusquam
legere
memini
.
Hiero
quidem
,
Philometer
,
Attalus
&
Archelaus
de
cultura
agri
scripserunt
,
vt
refert
Plinius
18.3
.
Iuba
vero
tum
alia
,
tum
de
Arabia
siue
Arabica
expeditione
,
eodem
teste
6.27
.
&
12.14
.
in
quibus
libris
multa
eos
de
animalibus
scripsisse
conijcio
,
ex
professo
nusquam
.
An
English
Table
expressing
the
name
of
euery
Beast
in
such
sort
as
it
is
recited
in
this
History
,
referring
euery
Beast
to
his
proper
head
and
kind
by
the
Page
.
A.
-
ANtalope
.
1
-
Ape
vulgar
.
2
-
Ape
Munkey
.
6
-
Ape
Martine
.
7
-
Ape
Callitriche
.
8
-
Ape
Prasian
.
9
-
Ape
Baboun
.
10
-
Ape
Tartarine
.
12
-
Ape
Satyre
.
13
-
Ape
Monster
.
15
-
Ape
Noruegian
16
-
Ape
Pan.
16
-
Ape
Sphinx
.
17
-
Ape
Sagoni
.
18
-
Ape
called
Beare
ape
.
19
-
Ape
called
Foxe-ape
.
19
-
Asse
.
20
-
Hinnus
.
29
-
Innus
.
ibid.
-
Ginnus
.
ibid.
-
Mannus
.
ibid.
-
Mannulus
.
ibid.
-
Befi
.
ibid.
-
Burdones
.
ibid.
-
Wilde
Asse
.
30
-
Scythian
Asses
.
31
-
Indian
Asses
.
32
-
Axis
and
Alborach
.
32
B.
-
Badger
,
Brocke
,
or
Gray
.
33
-
Beare
.
35
-
Beauer
.
44
-
Bison
.
50
-
Scotian
Bison
.
52
-
Bonassus
.
53
-
Buffe
.
56
-
Bugle
.
57
-
Affrican
Bugill
.
59
-
Bull.
61
-
Oxe
.
67
-
Cow
.
71
-
Calfe
.
88
C.
-
Cacus
.
91
-
Camels
.
93
-
Camell
Dromedary
97
-
Camelopardall
.
100
-
Allocamell
.
101
-
Campe
.
102
-
Cat.
102
-
Wilde
cat
.
107
-
Colus
.
108
-
Cony
.
109
-
Indian
Pig-cony
.
112
D.
-
Deare
.
-
Fallow
Deere
.
113
-
Roe
Bucke
.
114
-
Tragelaphus
.
118
-
Hart
and
Hinde
.
121
-
Dictyes
.
37
-
Dogges
.
-
Dogges
.
137
-
Greyhound
.
144
-
Hound
.
149
-
Bloud-Hound
.
150
-
Spanniel
.
153
-
Mungrels
.
154
-
Mimicke
or
Island
Dog
.
161
-
Little
Maelitaean
Dogs
.
161
-
The
Harier
.
165
-
The
Terriar
.
165
-
The
Gasehound
.
167
-
The
Leymmer
.
168
-
The
Tumbler
.
168
-
The
Theeuish
Dog
.
169
-
The
Setter
.
169
-
The
Water
spanniel
.
170
-
The
Fisher
.
171
-
The
Sheapheards
Dog
.
172
-
The
Mastiue
or
Bandog
.
173
-
The
Butchers
Dog
.
174
-
Curs
of
all
sorts
.
177
E.
-
Eale
.
190
-
Elephant
.
190
-
Elk●
.
211
F.
-
Ferret
.
217
-
Fitch
or
Pool-cat
.
219
-
Foxe
.
220
-
Crucigeran
Foxe
.
222
G.
-
Gennet
Kat.
228
-
Goates
.
-
Goates
vulgar
.
230
-
Mambrine
Goats
.
235
-
Deere-Goates
.
143
-
Wilde
Goat
.
144
-
Kyd.
147
-
Gulon
.
161
-
Gorgon
.
162
H.
-
Hare
.
164
-
Hedghog
.
177
-
Horse
.
-
Horse
vulgar
.
281
-
Stallions
and
Mares
.
295
-
Hunting
Horses
.
321
-
Running
or
race
Horses
.
322
-
Geldings
.
324
-
Carreering
Horses
.
324
-
Packe
Horses
.
325
-
Wilde
Horses
.
325
-
Hippelaphus
,
236
-
Sea
Horse
.
328
-
Hyaena
.
-
Hyaena
vulgar
.
436
-
Papio
or
Dabuh
.
439
-
Crocuta
.
440
-
Mantichora
.
441
I.
-
Ibex
.
445
-
Ichneumon
or
Pharoes
Mouse
.
449
L.
-
Lamia
or
Phayrye
.
452
-
Lyon
.
454
-
Linx
.
488
M.
-
Marten
or
Marder
.
495
-
Mole
.
498
-
Mice
.
-
Vulgar
Mouse
.
503
-
Rat.
519
-
Water
Rat.
520
-
A●pine
Mouse
.
521
-
Dormouse
.
526
-
Hamster
Mouse
.
529
-
Norician
Mouse
.
532
-
Pontique
Mouse
.
532
-
Flying
Mouse
.
533
-
Shrew
or
Erd
Shrew
534
-
Wilde
field
Mouse
.
542
-
Wood
Mouse
.
544
-
Hasell
Mouse
.
545
-
Lascett
Mouse
.
546
-
Sorex
.
546
-
Indian
Mouse
.
548
-
Muske
cat
.
551
-
Mule
.
556
N.
-
Neades
.
567
-
Ounce
.
568
-
Orynx
.
570
-
The
Otter
.
571
P.
-
Panther
.
575
-
Poephages
.
587
-
Porcupine
.
588
-
Reiner
or
Ranger
-
Rhinocerot
595
S.
-
Su
,
and
Subus
.
660
-
Arabian
Sheepe
600
-
Ramme
631
-
Weather
Sheepe
638
-
Lambe
640
-
Musmon
642
-
Strepsiceros
655
-
Squirrell
657
-
●etulian
Squirrell
659
-
Vulgar
Swyne
562
-
Wilde
Boare
694
T
-
Tatus
705
-
Tiger
707
V
-
Vnicorne
711
-
Vre-Oxe
721
-
Libian
Vre-Oxe
724
-
Indian
Vre-Oxe
744
W
-
Weasell
725
-
Wolfe
734
-
Sea
Wolfe
746
Z
-
Zebell
or
Saball
75●
-
Zibet
or
Ciuet
cat
756
Another
Alphabeticall
Table
directing
the
Reader
to
the
story
of
euery
Beast
.
A.
-
AFfrican
Bugill
.
59
-
Alborach
.
32
-
Alpine
Mouse
.
521
-
Antalope
.
1
-
Ape
vulgar
.
2
-
Arabyan
Sheepe
600
-
Asse
.
20
-
Axis
32
B
-
Baboun
.
10
-
Badger
,
Brocke
,
or
Gray
.
33
-
Beare
55
-
Beare
ape
.
19
-
Beauer
.
44
-
Befi
.
29
-
Bison
.
50
-
Bloud-Hound
.
150
-
Bonassus
.
53
-
Buffe
.
56
-
Bugle
.
57
-
Bull.
61
-
Burdones
.
29
-
Butchers
Dog
.
174
C.
-
Cacus
.
91
-
Calse
.
88
-
Callitriche
.
8
-
Camels
.
93
-
Camelopardall
.
100
-
Campe
.
102
-
Carreering
Horses
.
324
-
Cat.
102
-
Cow
.
71
-
Colus
.
108
-
Cony
.
109
-
Crucigeran
Foxe
.
222
-
Crocuta
.
440
-
Curs
of
all
sorts
.
177
D.
-
Dabuh
or
Papio
.
439
-
Deere-Goates
.
143
-
Dictyes
.
136
-
Dogges
.
137
-
Dormouse
526
E.
-
Eale
.
190
-
Elephant
.
190
-
Elke
.
211
F.
-
Fallow
Deere
113
-
Ferret
.
217
-
Fieldmouse
542
-
Fisher
dog
.
171
-
Fitch
or
Pool-cat
.
219
-
Flyeng
Mouse
533
-
Foxe
.
220
-
Foxe-ape
.
19
G.
-
Gasehound
.
167
-
Gennet
Kat.
228
-
Geldings
.
324
-
Greyhound
.
144
-
Ginnus
.
29
-
Goates
vulgar
.
230
-
Gorgon
.
162
-
Gulon
.
161
H.
-
Hare
.
164
-
Harier
.
165
-
Hart
and
Hinde
.
121
-
Hamster
mouse
529
-
Hasell
mouse
.
547
-
Hedghog
.
177
-
Hinnus
.
29
-
Hippelaphus
,
236
-
Horse
vulgar
.
281
-
Hound
.
149
-
Hunting
Horses
.
321
-
Hyaena
vulgar
.
436
I.
-
Ibex
.
44●
-
Ichneumon
449
-
Innus
.
29
-
Indian
Asse
.
32
-
Indian
Pig
cony
.
112
-
Indian
mouse
.
548
-
Indian
Vre-Oxe
724
K
-
Kidde
147
L.
-
Lambe
641
-
Lamia
or
Phayrye
.
452
-
Lascet
Mouse
546
-
The
Leymmer
.
168
-
Lyon
.
454
-
Linx
.
488
-
Lybian
Vre-Oxe
.
724
M.
-
Mungrels
.
154
-
Mambrine
Goats
.
235
-
Mantichora
.
441
-
Martenor
Marder
.
495
-
Martine
Ape
.
7
-
Mares
see
Stallions
-
Mannus
&
Mannulus
.
29
-
Mastiue
dog
.
173
-
Maelitaean
Dogs
.
161
-
Mimick
or
Getulian
Dog
.
161
-
Mole
.
498
-
Monster
.
15
-
Mouse
Vulgar
.
503
-
Mule
556
-
Munkey
.
6
-
Musk-cat
.
551
-
Musmon
642
N
-
Neades
.
567
-
Noruegian
mouse
532
-
Noruegian
Ape
16
O
-
Oryx
.
570
-
Otter
571
-
Ounce
568
P
-
Packe
Horses
.
325
-
Pan
Ape
.
16
-
Panther
575
-
Poephagus
587
-
Pontique
Mouse
.
532
-
Pocuspine
885
R
-
Ramme
.
631
-
Rat.
519
-
Reyner
or
Ranger
612
-
Rhinoceros
595
-
Roe
Bucke
.
114
-
Running
or
race
Horses
.
322
S
-
Ape
Sagoin
.
18
-
Satyre
Ape
.
13
-
Sphinx
.
17
-
Scythian
Asses
.
31
-
Scotian
Bugle
.
52
-
Sea
Horse
.
328
-
Sea
Wolfe
759
-
Setter
Dog
.
169
-
Sheapheards
Dog
.
172
-
Shrew
mouse
534
-
Sheepe
598
-
Sorex
546
-
Spanniel
.
153
-
Squirrels
657
-
Stallions
and
Mares
.
295
-
Strepsiceros
.
655
-
Swyne
.
562
-
Tartarine
.
12
-
Tatus
.
705
-
Terriar
.
165
-
Tyger
.
707
-
Theeuish
Dog
.
169
-
Tumbler
.
168
V.
-
Vnicorne
711
-
Vre
Oxe
.
721
W.
-
Water
spanniel
.
170
-
Water
rat
-
Weasell
725
-
wilde
Bore
694
-
Wilde
cat
.
107
-
Wilde
Goat
.
144
-
Wilde
Horse
.
325
-
wilde
mice
544
-
wilde
field-mice
542
-
Woodmouse
545
-
Wolfe
734
Z.
-
Zebell
or
Sable
755
-
Zibet
or
Ciuet
Kat.
756
FINIS
.
THE
HISTORIE
OF
FOVRE
FOOTED
BEASTES
.
THE
ANTALOPE
.
THE
Antalope
,
called
in
Latine
Calopus
,
and
of
the
Graecians
Analopos
or
Aptolos
:
Of
this
Beast
there
is
no
mention
made
among
the
auncient
Writers
,
except
Suidas
and
the
Epistle
of
Alexander
vnto
Aristotle
,
interpreted
by
Cornelius
Nepotius
.
They
are
bred
in
India
and
Syria
,
The
contrey
of
their
abod
and
Breed
.
neere
the
Riuer
Euphrates
,
and
delight
much
to
drinke
of
the
cold
water
thereof
:
Their
bodie
is
like
the
body
of
a
Roe
,
and
they
haue
hornes
growing
forth
of
the
crowne
of
their
head
which
are
very
long
and
sharpe
;
so
that
Alexander
affirmed
they
pierced
through
the
sheeldes
of
his
Souldiers
,
and
fought
with
them
very
irefully
:
at
which
time
his
company
slew
as
he
trauelled
to
India
,
eight
thousand
,
fiue
hundred
,
and
fifty
;
which
great
slaughter
may
be
the
occasion
why
they
are
so
rare
and
sildome
seene
to
this
day
,
by
cause
thereby
the
breeders
and
meanes
of
their
continuance
(
which
consisted
in
their
multitude
)
were
weakened
and
destroyed
.
Their
hornes
are
great
and
made
like
a
saw
,
and
they
with
them
can
cut
asunder
the
braunches
of
Osier
,
or
small
trees
,
whereby
it
commeth
to
passe
that
many
times
their
necks
are
taken
in
the
twists
of
the
falling
boughes
,
whereat
the
Beast
with
repining
cry
,
bewrayeth
himselfe
to
the
Hunters
,
and
so
is
taken
.
The
vertues
of
this
Beast
are
vnknowne
,
and
therefore
Suidas
sayth
an
Antalope
is
but
good
in
parte
.
OF
THE
APE
.
AN
Ape
called
in
Latine
Simia
,
and
sometimes
Simim
and
Simiolus
;
Cycero
.
Claudian
.
Martial
.
Horace
.
of
the
Greeke
word
Simos
(
Viz:
)
signifieng
,
the
flatnesse
of
the
Nostrils
,
for
so
are
an
Apes
:
and
called
of
the
Haebrewes
Koph
,
and
plurally
Kophin
;
as
is
by
S.
Ierom
translated
,
1
King
.
10.22
.
From
whence
it
may
be
probably
coniectured
,
came
the
Latine
words
Cepi
&
Cephi
,
for
Apes
that
haue
tailes
.
Of
the
name
Sometimes
they
are
called
of
the
Haebrewes
Bogiah
,
and
of
the
Chaldees
Kophin
.
The
Italians
Samada
Maionio
,
&
Bertuccia
,
and
a
Munkey
Gatto
Maimone
.
The
auncient
Graecians
Pithecos
and
the
later
Mimon
,
and
Arkobizanes
,
by
reason
of
his
imitation
.
The
Moores
Bugia
,
the
Spaniards
Mona
,
or
Ximio
,
the
French
Singe
,
the
Germaines
Aff
,
the
Flemishe
Simme
or
Schimmekell
,
the
Illirians
Opieze
,
and
generally
they
are
held
for
a
subtill
,
ironical
,
ridiculous
and
vnprofitable
Beast
,
The
smal
vse
of
apes
.
whose
flesh
is
not
good
for
meate
as
a
sheepe
,
neither
his
backe
for
burthen
as
an
Asses
,
nor
yet
commodious
to
keepe
a
house
like
a
Dog
,
but
of
the
Graecians
termed
Gelotopoion
,
made
for
laughter
.
[
](A13820-e22990-b)*
*
Athanaeus
.
Anacharsis
the
Philosopher
,
being
at
a
banquet
wherein
diuers
iesters
were
brought
in
to
make
them
merry
,
yet
neuer
laughed
,
among
the
residue
,
at
length
was
brought
in
an
Ape
,
Apes
made
for
laughter
.
at
the
sight
whereof
hee
laughed
hartily
;
and
being
demaunded
the
cause
why
hee
laughed
not
before
,
aunswered
;
that
men
do
but
faine
merriments
,
whereas
Apes
are
naturally
made
for
that
purpose
.
Moreouer
Apes
are
much
giuen
to
imitation
and
derision
,
and
they
are
called
Cercopes
,
Qualities
of
apes
.
because
of
their
wicked
crafts
,
deceipts
,
impostures
and
flatteries
:
wherefore
of
the
Poets
it
is
fained
that
there
were
two
bretheren
most
wicked
fellowes
,
that
were
turned
into
Apes
,
and
from
their
seate
or
habitation
came
the
Pithecusan
Islands
,
which
Virgill
calleth
Inarime
:
for
Arime
was
an
old
Hetrurian
word
for
an
Ape
,
and
those
Islands
being
the
seates
of
the
[
](A13820-e23100-b)*
*
Varinus
,
Docibility
of
apes
.
Gyants
(
who
being
by
God
ouerthrowen
for
their
wickednes
)
in
derision
of
them
Apes
were
planted
in
their
roomes
.
Apes
haue
beene
taught
to
leape
,
singe
,
driue
Wagons
,
raigning
and
whipping
the
Horses
very
artificially
,
and
are
very
capable
of
all
humaine
actions
,
hauing
an
excellent
memory
either
to
shew
loue
to
his
friends
,
or
hatefull
reuenge
to
them
that
haue
harmed
him
,
but
the
saying
is
good
that
the
threatning
of
a
flatterer
,
and
the
anger
of
an
Ape
are
both
alike
regarded
.
Hurts
receiued
by
apes
.
It
delighteth
much
in
the
company
of
dogs
and
young
Children
,
yet
it
will
strangle
young
Children
if
they
be
not
well
looked
vnto
.
A
certaine
Ape
seeing
a
Woman
washing
her
Child
in
a
basen
of
warme
water
obserued
her
diligently
,
An
History
.
and
getting
into
the
house
when
the
Nurse
was
gone
,
tooke
the
childe
out
of
the
Cradle
,
and
setting
water
on
the
fire
,
when
it
was
hot
,
stripped
the
Childe
naked
,
and
washed
the
childe
therewith
vntill
it
killed
it
.
The
countries
where
Apes
are
found
,
are
Lybia
and
all
that
desart
Woods
betwixt
Egypt
,
Aethiopia
and
Libia
;
and
that
parte
of
Caucasus
which
reacheth
to
the
red
Sea
.
Countries
breeding
Apes
.
In
India
they
are
most
aboundant
,
both
Redde
,
blacke
,
greene
,
dust-colour
,
and
white
ones
,
which
they
vse
to
bring
into
Citties
(
except
Red
ones
,
who
are
so
venereous
that
they
will
rauish
their
Women
)
and
present
to
their
Kings
,
which
grow
so
tame
,
that
they
go
vp
and
downe
the
streetes
so
boldly
and
ciuilly
as
if
they
were
Children
,
Booke
of
Voyages
.
frequenting
the
Market
places
without
any
offence
:
whereof
so
many
shewed
themselues
to
Alexander
standing
vpright
,
that
he
deemed
them
at
first
to
be
an
Army
of
enemies
,
and
commaunded
to
ioyne
battell
with
them
,
vntill
he
was
certified
by
Taxilus
a
King
of
that
Countrey
then
in
his
Campe
,
they
were
but
Apes
.
In
Caucasus
there
are
trees
of
Pepper
and
Spices
whereof
Apes
are
the
gatherers
,
Labour
of
Apes
.
liuing
among
those
trees
:
for
the
Inhabitants
come
and
vnder
the
trees
make
plaine
a
plotte
of
ground
,
and
afterward
cast
thereupon
boughs
and
braunches
of
Pepper
and
other
fruites
,
as
it
were
carelesly
;
which
the
Apes
secretly
obseruing
,
in
the
night
season
they
gather
togither
in
great
aboundance
all
the
braunches
loaden
with
Pepper
,
and
lay
them
on
heapes
vppon
that
plot
of
ground
,
and
so
in
the
morning
come
the
Indians
and
gather
the
Pepper
from
those
boughes
in
great
measure
,
reaping
no
small
aduantage
by
the
labor
of
Apes
,
who
gather
their
fruites
for
them
whiles
they
sleepe
:
for
which
cause
they
loue
them
and
defend
them
from
Lyons
,
dogges
,
and
other
wilde
Beasts
.
In
the
region
of
Basman
subiect
to
the
great
Cham
of
Tartaria
,
are
many
and
diuers
sorts
of
Apes
,
very
like
mankinde
,
which
when
the
Hunters
take
,
they
pull
off
their
haires
al
but
the
beard
and
the
hole
behinde
,
and
afterward
dry
them
with
hot
spices
,
and
poudering
them
,
sell
them
to
Marchants
,
who
carry
them
about
the
world
,
preswading
simple
people
that
there
are
men
in
Islands
of
no
greater
stature
.
To
conclude
,
Diuersity
of
apes
.
there
are
Apes
in
Trogloditae
which
are
maned
about
the
necke
like
Lyons
,
as
big
as
great
Bel-weathers
.
So
are
there
some
called
Cercopitheci
,
Munkyes
,
Choeropitheci
,
Hog-Apes
,
Cepi
,
Callitriches
,
Marmosits
,
Cynocephali
,
of
a
Dog
and
an
Ape
,
Satyres
,
and
Sphinges
,
of
which
we
will
speake
in
order
for
they
are
not
all
alike
,
but
some
resemble
men
one
way
,
and
some
another
:
Chymaera
.
as
for
a
Chymaera
which
Albertus
maketh
an
Ape
it
is
but
a
figment
of
the
Poets
.
The
same
man
maketh
Pigmaees
a
kinde
of
Apes
,
and
not
men
,
but
Niphus
proueth
that
they
are
not
men
bycause
they
haue
no
perfect
vse
of
reason
,
lib.
7.1
.
de
animal
.
no
modesty
,
no
honesty
,
nor
iustice
of
gouernment
,
and
although
they
speake
yet
is
their
language
imperfect
;
and
aboue
all
they
cannot
bee
men
because
they
haue
no
Religion
,
Pygmaeys
.
which
(
Plato
saith
truely
)
is
propper
to
euery
man
.
Besides
,
their
stature
being
not
past
three
foure
,
or
fiue
spans
long
,
their
life
not
aboue
eight
yeares
,
and
their
imitation
of
man
,
do
plainely
proue
them
rather
to
be
Apes
then
men
:
and
also
the
flatnesse
of
their
Noses
,
Onesicritus
.
their
Combats
with
Cranes
&
Partridges
for
their
egges
and
other
circumstances
I
wil
not
stand
vpon
,
but
follow
the
description
of
Apes
in
general
.
Apes
do
outwardly
resemble
men
very
much
,
and
Vesalius
sheweth
,
that
their
proportion
differeth
from
mans
in
moe
things
then
Galen
obserued
,
as
in
the
muscles
of
the
breast
,
&
those
that
moue
the
armes
,
The
anatomy
of
apes
.
the
elbow
and
the
Ham
,
likewise
in
the
inward
frame
of
the
hande
,
in
the
muscles
mouing
the
toes
of
the
feete
&
the
feete
and
shoulders
,
&
in
the
instrument
mouing
in
the
sole
of
the
foote
,
also
in
the
fundament
&
mesentary
,
the
lap
of
the
liuer
,
&
the
hollow
vain
holding
it
vp
,
which
men
haue
not
;
yet
in
their
face
nostrils
,
eares
,
eye-lids
,
breasts
,
armes
,
thumbes
,
fingers
&
nailes
,
they
agree
very
much
.
Their
haire
is
very
harsh
&
short
,
and
therfore
hairy
in
the
vpper
part
like
men
,
and
in
the
neather
part
like
Beasts
:
they
haue
teeth
before
and
behinde
like
men
,
hauing
a
round
face
,
and
ey-lids
aboue
and
beneath
,
which
other
Quadrupedes
haue
not
.
Politianus
saith
that
the
face
of
a
Bull
or
Lyon
is
more
comely
then
the
face
of
an
Ape
,
which
is
liker
a
mans
.
They
haue
two
Dugs
,
their
breasts
&
armes
like
men
,
but
rougher
,
such
as
they
vse
to
bend
as
a
man
doth
his
foote
.
So
their
hands
,
fingers
and
nails
,
are
like
a
mans
but
ruder
and
nimbler
,
and
nature
hauing
placed
their
Dugs
in
their
breast
,
gaue
them
armes
to
lifte
their
young
ones
vp
to
sucke
them
:
Their
feete
are
propper
and
not
like
mans
,
hauing
the
middle
one
longest
,
for
they
are
like
great
handes
,
and
consist
of
fingers
like
handes
,
but
they
are
alike
in
bignesse
,
except
that
which
is
least
to
a
man
is
greatest
to
an
Ape
,
whose
sole
is
like
the
hand
but
that
it
is
longer
,
and
in
the
hinder
part
it
is
more
fleshie
,
somewhat
resembling
a
heele
,
but
put
backward
it
is
like
a
fist
.
They
vse
their
feete
both
for
going
and
handling
;
the
neather
parts
of
their
armes
,
and
their
thighes
are
shorter
then
the
proportion
of
their
elbowes
and
shins
:
they
haue
no
Nauel
,
but
ther
is
a
hard
thing
in
that
place
;
the
vpper
part
of
their
body
is
far
greater
then
the
neather
,
like
other
Quadrupedes
,
consisting
of
A
porportion
betweene
fiue
and
three
:
by
reason
whereof
they
grow
out
of
kinde
,
hauing
feete
like
hands
and
feete
.
They
liue
more
downeward
then
vpward
,
like
other
foure
footed
Beasts
,
and
they
want
Buttocks
(
although
Albertus
saith
they
haue
large
ones
)
they
haue
no
taile
,
like
2.
legged
creatures
,
or
a
very
small
signe
thereof
.
The
genitall
or
priuy
place
of
the
female
is
like
a
Womans
,
but
the
Males
is
like
a
dogges
:
their
nourishment
goeth
more
forward
then
backward
,
like
the
best
horses
,
and
the
Arabian
Seraph
,
which
are
higher
before
then
behinde
,
and
that
Ape
whose
meate
goeth
forward
by
reason
of
the
heate
of
heart
and
Lyuer
,
is
most
like
to
a
man
,
in
standing
vpright
:
their
eyes
are
hollow
,
and
that
thing
in
men
is
accounted
for
a
signe
of
a
malitious
minde
,
as
little
eies
are
a
token
of
a
base
and
abiect
spirit
.
Men
that
haue
low
and
flat
Nostrils
are
Libidinous
as
Apes
that
attempt
women
,
and
hauing
thicke
lippes
the
vpper
hanging
ouer
the
neather
,
they
are
deemed
fooles
,
like
the
lips
of
Asses
and
Apes
.
Albertus
saith
,
he
saw
the
heart
of
a
Male
Ape
,
hauing
2.
tops
of
snarp
ends
,
which
I
knowe
not
whether
to
terme
a
wonder
or
a
Monster
.
An
Ape
and
a
Cat
haue
a
small
backe
,
and
so
hath
a
weake
hearted
man
,
a
broad
and
strong
back
signifieth
a
valiant
and
magnanimous
mind
.
The
Apes
nailes
are
halfe
round
,
and
when
they
are
in
copulation
they
bende
their
Elbowes
before
them
,
the
sinewes
of
their
hinder
ioynts
being
turned
cleane
about
,
but
with
a
man
it
is
cleane
otherwise
.
The
vaines
of
their
armes
are
no
otherwise
dissected
then
a
mans
,
hauing
a
very
small
and
ridiculous
crooked
thumbe
,
by
reason
of
the
Muscles
which
come
out
of
the
hinder
part
of
the
Leg
into
the
middle
of
the
Shinne
,
and
the
fore
muscles
drawing
the
leg
backeward
,
they
cannot
exactly
stand
vpright
,
and
therefore
they
runne
and
stand
,
like
a
man
that
counterfaites
a
lame
mans
halting
.
The
disposition
of
Apes
And
as
the
body
of
an
Ape
is
Ridiculous
,
by
reason
of
an
indecent
likenesse
and
imitation
of
man
,
so
is
his
soule
or
spirit
;
for
they
are
kept
only
in
rich
mens
houses
to
sport
withall
,
being
for
that
cause
easily
tamed
,
following
euery
action
he
seeth
done
,
euen
to
his
owne
harme
without
discretion
.
A
certaine
Ape
after
a
shipwracke
swimming
to
land
,
An
History
.
was
seene
by
a
Countreyman
,
and
thinknig
him
to
be
a
man
in
the
water
,
gaue
him
his
hand
to
saue
him
,
yet
in
the
meane
time
asked
him
what
Countrey
man
he
was
,
who
answered
,
he
was
an
Athenian
:
well
,
saide
the
man
,
dost
thou
know
Piraeus
(
which
was
a
port
in
Athens
)
very
well
,
Places
of
their
abode
.
saide
the
Ape
,
and
his
wife
,
frends
and
children
,
where
at
the
man
being
moued
did
what
he
could
to
drowne
him
.
They
keep
for
the
most
part
in
Caues
and
hollow
places
of
hils
,
in
rocks
and
trees
,
feeding
vpon
Apples
and
Nuts
,
but
if
they
finde
any
bitternesse
in
the
shel
,
they
cast
all
away
.
They
eate
Life
and
picke
them
out
of
heads
and
garments
.
Food
of
apes
.
They
will
drinke
wine
till
they
be
drunk
,
but
if
they
drink
it
oft
they
grow
not
great
,
specialy
they
lose
their
nails
as
other
Quadrupedes
do
.
They
are
best
contented
to
sitte
aloft
,
although
tied
with
chaines
.
They
are
taken
by
laying
for
them
shoos
and
other
things
,
for
they
which
hunt
them
will
anoint
their
eies
with
water
in
their
presence
,
and
so
departing
,
leaue
a
pot
of
lime
or
Hony
in
stead
of
the
water
;
The
manner
of
taking
Apes
.
which
the
Ape
espying
,
commeth
and
anointeth
her
eies
therewith
,
and
so
being
not
able
to
see
,
doeth
the
hunter
take
her
.
If
they
lay
shooes
they
are
leaden
ones
,
to
heauy
for
them
to
weare
,
wherein
are
made
such
deuises
of
Ginnes
,
that
when
once
the
Ape
hath
put
them
on
,
they
cannot
be
gotten
off
without
the
help
of
man
:
So
likewise
for
little
Bags
made
like
Breeches
,
wherewithall
they
are
deceiued
and
taken
.
Procreation
of
apes
.
They
bring
forth
young
ones
for
the
most
part
by
twins
,
whereof
they
loue
the
one
and
hate
the
other
;
that
which
they
loue
they
beare
in
their
Armes
,
the
other
hangeth
at
the
dams
back
,
and
for
the
most
part
she
killeth
that
which
she
loueth
,
by
pressing
it
to
hard
:
afterward
,
she
setteth
her
whole
delight
vpon
the
other
.
The
Egyptians
when
they
discribe
a
father
leauing
his
inheritance
to
his
sonne
that
he
loueth
not
,
picture
an
Ape
with
hir
young
one
vpon
her
backe
.
The
male
and
female
abide
with
the
young
one
,
and
if
it
want
anything
,
the
male
with
fist
and
irefull
aspect
punisheth
the
female
.
When
the
Moone
is
in
the
waine
they
are
heauy
and
sorrowful
,
Secretes
in
their
nature
.
which
in
that
kinde
haue
tailes
;
but
they
leape
and
reioyce
at
the
change
:
for
as
other
Beasts
so
doe
these
,
feare
the
defect
of
the
starres
and
planets
.
They
are
full
of
dissimulation
,
and
imitation
of
man
,
they
readiler
folow
the
euill
then
the
good
they
see
.
their
imitation
.
They
are
very
fierce
by
nature
,
and
yet
tamed
forget
it
,
but
still
remaine
subiect
to
madnesse
.
their
loue
.
They
loue
Conies
very
tenderly
,
for
in
England
an
old
Ape
(
scarse
able
to
goe
)
did
defend
tame
Conies
from
the
Weasell
,
as
Sir
Thomas
Moore
reported
.
th●ir
●eere
.
They
feare
a
shel
fish
and
a
snaile
very
greatly
,
as
appeareth
by
this
History
.
In
Rome
,
a
certaine
Boy
put
a
snaile
in
his
hat
and
came
to
an
Ape
,
who
as
he
was
accustomed
,
leapes
vpon
his
shoulder
and
tooke
off
his
hat
to
kil
Life
in
his
head
,
but
espying
the
snaile
,
it
was
a
wonder
to
see
with
what
hast
the
Ape
leaped
from
the
Boyes
shoulder
,
and
in
trembling
manner
looked
backe
to
see
if
the
snaile
followed
him
:
also
when
a
snaile
was
tied
to
the
one
end
of
another
Apes
chaine
,
so
that
he
could
not
chose
but
continually
looke
vpon
it
,
one
cannot
imagine
how
the
Ape
was
tormented
therewith
,
finding
no
meanes
to
get
from
it
,
cast
vp
whatsoeuer
was
in
his
stomaeke
,
and
fell
into
a
grieuous
feuer
till
it
was
remoued
from
the
snaile
,
an
antiquity
.
and
refreshed
with
Wine
and
water
.
Cardane
reporteth
that
it
was
an
ancient
custome
in
former
time
when
a
parracide
was
executed
,
he
was
(
after
he
was
whipped
with
bloody
stripes
)
put
into
a
sacke
,
with
a
liue
Serpent
,
a
dog
,
an
Ape
and
a
Cocke
:
by
the
Serpent
was
signified
his
extreame
malice
to
mankinde
in
killing
his
father
,
by
the
Ape
that
in
the
likenesse
of
man
he
was
a
Beast
,
by
the
dog
how
like
a
dog
he
spared
none
,
no
not
his
owne
father
,
and
by
a
cocke
his
hatefull
pride
,
and
then
were
they
altogether
hurld
headlong
into
the
Sea
.
That
he
might
be
deemed
vnworthy
of
all
the
Elements
of
life
,
and
other
blessings
of
nature
.
A
Lyon
ruleth
the
beasts
of
the
earth
,
and
a
Dolphin
the
beasts
of
the
sea
,
when
the
Dolphin
is
in
age
and
sicknes
,
she
recouereth
by
eating
a
sea-ape
:
and
so
the
Lyon
by
eating
an
ape
of
the
earth
,
and
therefore
the
Egiptians
paint
a
Lyon
eating
an
ape
,
to
signifie
,
the
medicin
of
apes
.
a
sicke
man
curing
himselfe
.
The
hart
of
an
ape
sod
and
dried
,
whereof
the
weight
of
a
groat
drunk
in
a
draught
of
stale
Hunny
,
sod
in
water
,
called
Mellicraton
,
strengthneth
the
heart
,
emboldneth
it
,
and
driueth
away
the
pulse
and
pusillanimity
thereof
:
sharpeneth
ones
vnderstanding
,
and
is
soueraigne
against
the
falling
euill
.
THE
MVNKEY
.
Ioh.
Leo.
Affrican
.
The
contrey
of
their
abod
and
Breed
.
They
are
bred
in
the
hils
of
constance
,
in
the
woods
of
Bugia
and
Mauritania
.
In
Aethiopia
,
they
haue
blacke
heads
,
haire
like
asses
,
and
voices
like
to
other
.
In
India
they
report
that
the
Munkeys
will
clime
the
most
steepe
and
high
rockes
,
and
fling
stones
at
them
that
prosecute
to
take
them
.
When
the
king
of
Ioga
in
India
for
religion
goeth
on
Pilgrimage
,
he
carrieth
with
him
very
many
Munkeys
.
In
like
sort
Munkeys
are
brought
from
the
new
found
Lands
,
from
calechut
and
Prasia
:
and
not
farre
from
Aden
a
cittie
of
Arabia
is
a
most
high
hill
,
Hart
of
Munkeys
.
abounding
in
these
beasts
,
who
are
a
great
hinderance
to
the
poore
vintagers
of
the
countrey
of
calechut
,
for
they
will
climbe
into
the
high
palm
trees
,
and
breaking
the
vessels
set
to
receiue
the
Wine
,
poure
forth
that
lickquor
they
finde
in
them
:
Their
food
.
they
will
eat
hearbes
and
graine
,
and
ears
of
grasse
,
going
togither
in
great
flocks
,
whereof
one
euer
watcheth
at
the
vtmost
bounds
of
their
campe
,
that
he
may
crye
out
when
the
husbandman
commeth
,
and
then
al
flying
and
leaping
into
the
next
trees
escape
away
:
the
females
carry
their
young
ones
about
with
them
on
their
shoulders
,
and
with
that
burden
leape
from
tree
to
tree
.
There
be
of
this
kind
of
Munkeys
two
sorts
,
one
greater
the
other
lesser
,
Diuersities
of
Munkeys
.
as
is
accounted
in
England
,
and
Munkeys
are
in
like
sort
so
diuided
,
that
there
be
in
all
foure
kinds
differing
in
bignes
,
whereof
the
least
is
little
bigger
then
a
squirrell
,
and
because
of
their
marueilous
and
diuers
mowings
,
mouings
,
voices
,
and
gestures
,
the
Englishmen
call
any
man
vsing
such
Histrionical
actours
a
Munkey
.
The
onely
difference
betwixt
these
and
other
Apes
aforesaide
,
is
their
taile
;
Solinus
.
Their
anatomy
and
parts
.
they
differ
from
men
in
their
Nerues
,
in
the
ioynts
of
their
loynes
,
and
their
processes
,
and
they
want
the
thirde
muscle
moouing
the
fingers
of
their
handes
.
Mammonents
are
lesse
then
an
Ape
,
V●ss●●us
.
Mammonets
.
brown
on
the
back
,
and
white
on
the
belly
,
hauing
a
long
and
hairy
taile
,
his
neck
almost
so
big
as
his
body
,
for
which
cause
they
are
tied
by
the
hips
that
they
slip
not
collar
.
They
haue
a
round
head
,
a
face
like
a
man
,
but
blacke
and
bald
on
the
crowne
,
his
nose
in
a
reasonable
distance
from
his
mouth
like
a
mans
,
and
not
continued
like
an
Apes
,
his
stones
greenish
blew
like
a
Turkey
stone
.
They
are
caught
after
the
manner
of
Apes
,
and
being
tamed
and
taught
,
they
conceiue
and
worke
very
admirable
feats
,
and
their
skins
pulled
off
them
being
dead
are
dressed
for
garments
.
The
foolish
Arabians
dedicated
Memnonius
cercopithecus
vnto
heauen
,
and
in
all
afflictions
implored
his
aide
.
Festus
.
another
kind
There
is
one
other
kind
of
Munkeys
,
whose
taile
is
onely
hairy
at
the
tip
called
corcolipis
.
THE
CEPVS
OR
Martine
Munkey
.
THE
Martine
called
cepus
of
the
Greeke
worde
,
The
names
.
Kepos
which
Aristotle
writeth
Kebos
,
and
some
translate
Caebus
,
some
Cephus
or
Cepphus
or
more
barbarously
celphus
,
the
latines
sometimes
Ortus
,
Diodorus
.
Siculus
.
for
indeede
this
kinde
of
ape
in
his
best
estate
is
like
*
a
garden
set
with
diuers
flowers
,
and
therefore
the
best
kinde
of
them
is
discerned
and
known
by
the
sweetest
sauour
,
such
being
alwayes
the
most
ingenious
imitators
of
men
.
It
is
very
probable
that
this
name
cepus
is
deriued
of
the
Haebrewe
Koph
and
Kophin
signifying
apes
in
general
,
as
is
before
said
,
but
yet
this
kind
is
destinguished
from
other
by
strabo
,
Aelianus
,
and
Pliny
:
although
Aristotle
doeth
make
no
difference
betwixt
this
and
another
ordinarie
Munkey
.
The
games
of
great
Pompey
first
of
all
brought
these
Martines
to
the
sight
of
the
Romaines
,
and
afterward
Rome
saw
no
more
,
Pliny
.
The
first
knowledg
of
M●rtins
.
they
are
the
same
which
are
brought
out
of
Aethiopia
,
and
the
farthest
Arabia
,
their
feet
and
knees
being
like
a
mans
,
and
their
fore-feet
like
hands
,
their
inward
parts
like
a
mans
,
so
that
some
haue
doubted
what
kinde
of
creature
this
should
be
,
which
is
in
part
a
man
,
and
yet
a
Foure-footed
beast
:
it
hauing
a
face
like
a
Lyon
,
Their
country
of
breed
.
Strabo
.
and
some
part
of
the
body
like
a
Panther
,
being
as
big
as
a
wilde
goate
or
Roe-bucke
,
or
as
one
of
the
dogs
of
Erithrea
,
and
a
long
taile
,
the
which
such
of
them
as
haue
tasted
flesh
will
eat
from
their
owne
bodies
.
Their
anatomy
.
Strabo
.
Scaliger
.
Concerning
their
coulor
,
howsoeuer
they
are
not
all
alike
,
for
some
are
blacke
with
white
spots
,
hauing
a
greater
voyce
then
others
,
some
yellow
,
some
Lyon-tauny
,
some
golden
yellow
,
and
some
cole-black
:
yet
for
the
most
part
,
the
head
and
backe
parts
to
the
taile
,
are
of
a
fiery
color
,
with
some
golden
hair
aspersed
among
the
residue
,
Their
color
.
a
white
snowt
,
and
certain
golden
strakes
like
a
collar
going
about
the
necke
,
the
inferior
parts
of
the
necke
downe
to
the
brest
and
the
forefeet
are
white
,
Aelianus
.
their
two
dugs
as
big
as
a
mans
hand
can
gripe
,
are
of
a
blewish
coulor
,
and
their
belly
white
,
their
hinder
legs
blacke
,
and
the
shape
of
their
snowt
like
a
Cynocephale
,
which
may
be
the
difference
betwixt
Aelianus
and
Strabo
,
their
cepus
,
and
Aristotles
Cebus
,
for
nature
many
times
bringeth
forth
like
beasts
which
are
not
of
the
same
kind
.
Cay
.
In
England
there
was
a
Martine
that
had
his
backe
and
sides
of
a
green
coulor
,
hauing
heere
and
their
white
haire
,
the
belly
chin
and
beard
(
which
was
round
)
white
,
the
face
and
shins
blacke
,
and
the
nose
white
,
being
of
the
lesser
kind
,
for
in
bignes
it
exceeded
not
a
coney
.
Their
disposition
.
Some
of
them
in
Aethiopia
haue
a
face
like
a
Satyre
,
and
other
members
,
in
part
resembling
a
Beare
,
and
in
part
a
Dog
,
so
are
the
Prasian
Apes
.
This
Martine
did
the
Babilonians
,
inhabiting
neere
Memphis
,
for
the
strangenes
,
the
coulor
,
and
shape
thereof
,
worship
for
a
God
.
They
are
of
euill
disposition
like
Apes
,
and
therefore
we
will
spare
both
their
pictures
and
further
description
,
finding
very
little
of
them
in
Histories
worth
commemoration
.
The
Ape
CALITRICH
.
THE
Calitrich
so
called
by
reason
of
his
bearde
,
the
name
.
and
may
bee
termed
in
English
a
bearded
Ape
,
Pliny
.
Countrey
of
breed
.
will
liue
no
other
where
then
in
Ethiopia
and
India
,
which
are
easie
to
take
,
but
verye
harde
to
bring
away
aliue
into
these
countryes
.
their
partes
and
coulor
.
They
differ
in
appearance
from
all
other
Apes
,
hauing
a
long
beard
and
a
large
taile
,
hairye
at
the
ende
,
being
in
India
all
white
,
Albertus
.
which
the
Indians
hunt
with
darts
,
and
being
tamed
,
they
are
so
apte
to
playe
,
Erasmus
.
that
a
man
woulde
think
they
were
created
for
no
other
purpose
,
whereuppon
the
Graecians
vse
in
prouerbe
,
an
ape
hauinge
a
beard
,
for
a
ridiculous
and
foolish
iesting
man
.
Of
the
Prasyan
Apes
.
While
he
was
in
the
ship
bounde
with
chaines
,
other
of
the
company
hauing
beene
on
land
to
forrage
,
brought
out
of
the
Marishes
a
Bore
,
which
Bore
was
shewed
to
the
Munkey
;
at
the
first
sight
either
of
other
set
vppe
their
bristles
,
The
hatred
of
these
apes
.
the
raging
Munkey
leapeth
vpon
the
Bore
,
and
windeth
his
tayle
round
about
the
Bore
,
&
with
the
one
arme
which
he
had
left
,
caught
him
,
and
helde
him
so
fast
by
the
throte
,
that
he
stifled
him
.
There
is
another
kind
of
Munkey
,
for
stature
,
bignesse
and
shape
like
a
man
,
for
by
his
knees
,
secret
parts
,
and
face
,
you
would
iudge
him
a
wilde
man
,
such
as
inhabit
Numidia
,
His
loue
and
the
Lapones
,
for
he
is
altogither
ouergrowne
with
haire
;
no
creature
except
a
man
can
stand
so
long
as
he
,
he
loueth
women
and
children
dearly
,
like
other
of
his
own
kind
,
and
is
so
venereous
,
that
he
will
attempt
to
rauish
women
,
whose
Image
is
in
the
former
Page
described
,
as
it
was
taken
foorth
of
the
booke
of
the
description
of
the
holy
Land
.
Of
the
Cynocephale
or
Baboun
.
CYnocephales
,
are
a
kind
of
Apes
,
whose
heads
are
like
Dogges
,
and
their
other
part
like
a
mans
;
wherefore
Gaza
translateth
them
Canicipites
,
(
to
wit
)
Dog-heads
.
In
the
French
,
German
,
and
Illyrian
tongues
,
they
are
called
of
some
Babion
,
and
Babuino
in
Italian
,
is
a
small
kinde
of
Ape
:
Aristotle
.
Pliny
.
but
Aristotle
saith
,
that
a
Cynocephale
is
bigger
then
an
Ape
:
Description
.
In
English
they
are
called
Babouns
.
There
are
many
kinds
of
Baboons
,
whereof
some
are
much
giuen
to
fishing
,
Arrianus
.
so
that
they
will
tarry
a
whole
day
in
the
deepe
hunting
for
fish
,
and
at
length
come
foorth
with
a
great
multitude
.
Againe
,
there
are
some
which
abhorre
fishes
,
(
as
Orus
saith
)
which
kind
,
Prester
Iohn
ad
Rom.
pontif
the
Egiptians
Emblematically
vse
to
paint
,
when
they
wil
decipher
a
Sacrifice
.
Some
there
are
which
are
able
to
write
,
and
naturally
to
discerne
Letters
;
The
industry
of
Babouns
.
which
kind
the
old
Egyptian
Priests
bring
into
their
Temples
,
and
at
their
first
entrance
,
the
Priest
bringeth
him
a
writing
Table
,
a
pensil
and
inke
,
that
so
by
seeing
him
write
,
he
may
make
try
all
whether
he
be
of
the
right
kind
,
and
the
beast
quickly
sheweth
his
skill
:
wherefore
in
auncient
time
,
they
were
dedicated
to
Mercury
,
the
fained
god
of
learning
.
Orus
.
a
secret
in
their
nature
.
The
reason
why
the
Egyptians
doe
nourish
them
among
their
hallowed
thinges
is
,
that
by
them
they
may
know
the
time
of
the
coniuction
betwixt
the
Sunne
and
Moone
;
because
the
nature
of
this
Beast
is
,
to
haue
a
kind
of
feeling
of
that
coniunction
,
for
after
that
these
two
signs
meet
,
the
male
Baboun
neither
will
looke
vp
or
eat
,
but
cast
his
eies
to
the
ground
,
as
it
were
lamenting
the
rauishment
of
the
Moone
with
disdainefull
passion
:
In
like
maner
the
female
who
moreouer
,
at
that
time
sendeth
foorth
blood
out
of
her
wombe
of
conception
,
whereupon
the
Aegiptians
signifie
by
a
Baboun
the
Moone
,
the
rising
of
the
Moon
,
by
his
standing
vpright
holding
his
hands
vp
toward
heauen
,
and
wearing
a
crowne
on
his
head
,
because
with
such
gestures
doth
that
Beast
congratulate
her
first
appearance
.
Another
cause
why
they
bring
them
into
their
Temples
is
,
because
of
the
holynesse
of
circumcision
,
Circumcision
natural
in
Babouns
.
for
it
is
most
true
(
though
strange
)
that
they
are
brought
forth
circumcised
,
at
the
least
wise
in
some
appearance
;
whereunto
the
Priestes
giue
great
heede
to
accomplish
and
finish
the
work
begun
.
The
Aegiptians
also
paint
a
Baboun
sitting
,
Orus
.
to
signifie
the
Equinoctium
,
for
in
euery
Equinoctium
they
barke
or
howle
twelue
times
in
one
day
,
and
so
many
times
make
water
:
Another
secret
.
wherefore
the
Aegyptians
also
vpon
their
Hydrologies
or
Conduits
did
graue
a
Baboon
,
out
of
whose
yard
or
priuy
part
yssued
forth
water
;
and
they
also
say
,
that
this
Beast
so
norished
among
their
holy
things
,
dyeth
not
at
once
like
other
Beasts
,
but
euery
day
one
part
by
the
space
of
72.
dayes
(
the
other
partes
remaining
in
perfection
of
nature
)
which
the
priestes
take
and
put
in
the
earth
day
by
day
,
A
Wonder
till
all
perish
and
be
consumed
.
Orus
.
The
West
region
of
Lybia
and
Aethiopia
haue
great
store
of
Cynocephals
,
Baboons
,
and
Acephals
,
beasts
without
a
head
,
whose
eies
and
mouth
are
in
their
breasts
.
Herodotus
.
The
contrey
of
their
abod
and
Breed
.
Strabo
.
In
like
sort
in
Arabia
,
from
Dira
Southward
in
a
promontorie
,
there
are
many
Baboons
,
and
in
the
continent
called
Dachinabades
beyond
Barygaza
,
and
the
Easterne
Mountaines
of
the
Mediterranean
region
;
and
those
which
Apollonius
saw
betwixt
the
riuers
Ganges
,
and
Hyphasis
,
seeme
to
be
of
this
sort
,
in
that
he
describeth
them
to
be
blacke
haird
,
Dog-faced
,
Arrianus
and
like
little
men
:
wherewithall
Aelianus
seemeth
to
be
deceiued
,
in
saying
,
that
there
are
men
Cynoprosopoi
,
Dog-faced
,
whereas
it
is
the
error
of
vulgar
people
,
to
thinke
that
babouns
are
men
,
differing
onely
in
the
face
or
visage
.
Concerning
their
members
or
parts
in
seueral
,
they
are
black
and
hairy
,
rough
skinned
,
Their
anatomy
and
parts
.
Albertus
.
red
and
bright
eyes
,
along
Dogges
face
,
and
teeth
stronger
and
longer
then
Dogges
:
the
face
of
a
Lyon
must
not
be
attributed
to
this
beast
,
nor
yet
a
Satyres
,
though
it
bee
more
like
.
It
hath
a
grim
and
fearefull
face
,
and
the
female
hath
naturally
her
wombe
cast
out
of
her
body
,
and
so
she
beareth
it
about
all
her
life
long
:
their
voyce
is
a
shrill
whizing
,
for
they
cannot
speak
,
&
yet
they
vnderstand
the
Indian
language
,
Their
voyce
.
Aelianus
.
vnder
their
beard
they
haue
a
chin
growing
like
a
Serpents
,
and
bearding
about
the
lips
like
a
Dragon
;
their
hands
are
armed
with
most
stronge
nailes
,
and
sharpe
,
they
are
very
swift
of
foot
,
and
hard
to
be
taken
,
wherefore
they
wil
run
to
the
waters
when
they
are
hunted
,
being
not
ignorant
that
among
waters
they
are
most
hardly
taken
,
they
are
very
fierce
and
actiue
in
leaping
,
biting
deep
and
eagerly
where
they
lay
hold
,
neither
do
they
euer
growe
so
tame
,
but
that
they
remaine
furious
also
.
They
loue
and
nourish
sheepe
and
Goates
,
and
drinke
their
milk
,
they
know
how
to
take
the
kernels
out
of
Almonds
,
Their
loue
and
food
Walnuts
and
Nuts
,
as
well
as
men
,
finding
the
meat
within
,
though
the
shel
be
vnprofitable
:
they
will
also
drinke
wine
and
eat
flesh
,
sod
,
rosted
,
or
deliciously
dressed
,
Their
actiuity
in
swimming
.
and
they
will
eat
Venison
,
which
they
by
reason
of
their
swiftnes
take
easily
,
and
hauing
taken
it
teare
it
in
peeces
and
rost
it
in
the
Sun
,
they
can
swim
safely
ouer
any
waters
,
and
therefore
among
he
Aegiptians
they
signifie
swimming
.
tThey
are
euill
manered
and
natured
,
wherfore
also
they
are
picturd
to
signifie
wrath
,
Their
nature
in
perticular
.
they
are
so
vnapeasable
.
The
Latins
vse
them
adiectiuely
to
signifie
any
angry
,
stubborn
,
Their
loue
of
garments
.
froward
,
or
rauening
man
.
They
will
imitate
all
humaine
actions
,
louing
wonderfully
to
weare
garments
,
and
of
their
owne
accord
they
cloth
themselues
in
the
skinnes
of
wilde
beasts
they
haue
killed
,
they
are
as
lustfull
and
venereous
as
goats
,
attempting
to
defile
all
sorts
of
women
,
and
yet
they
loue
little
children
,
and
their
females
will
suffer
them
to
sucke
their
brests
if
they
be
held
to
them
,
and
some
say
they
will
sucke
womens
brests
like
little
children
.
There
was
such
a
beast
brought
to
the
French
king
,
his
heade
being
like
a
Dogs
,
and
his
other
parts
like
a
mans
,
hauing
legs
,
hands
and
Armes
naked
like
a
mans
,
and
a
white
necke
,
he
did
eate
sodde
flesh
so
mannerly
and
modestly
,
An
History
.
lib.
de
naturae
rerum
.
taking
his
meat
in
his
hands
,
and
putting
it
to
his
mouth
,
that
any
man
woulde
thinke
he
had
vnderstood
human
conditions
:
he
stood
vpright
like
a
man
,
and
sate
downe
like
a
man
.
He
discerned
men
and
women
asunder
,
and
aboue
all
loued
the
companie
of
women
,
and
young
maidens
;
his
genitall
member
was
greater
then
might
match
the
quantity
of
his
other
parts
:
he
being
moued
to
wrath
,
would
rage
and
set
vpon
men
,
but
being
pacified
,
behaued
himselfe
as
meekly
and
gently
as
a
man
,
and
was
ouercome
with
fair
words
:
shewing
himselfe
well
pleased
with
those
that
sport
with
him
.
The
Nomades
,
people
of
Aethiopia
,
and
the
nations
of
Menitimori
liue
vpon
the
milke
of
Cynocephals
,
keeping
great
heards
of
them
,
&
killing
all
the
males
,
except
some
few
preserued
for
procreation
.
A
TARTARINE
.
THere
was
at
Paris
another
beast
called
a
Tartarine
,
and
in
some
places
a
Magot
(
much
like
a
Baboun
,
Theod.
Beza
.
as
appeareth
by
his
naturall
circumcision
)
beeing
as
great
as
a
Grey-hound
,
&
walked
for
the
most
part
on
two
legs
,
being
clothed
with
a
souldiors
coat
,
and
a
sword
girded
to
his
side
,
so
that
the
most
parte
thought
him
to
be
some
Monster-little-man
,
for
being
commaunded
to
his
kennell
,
he
would
go
and
tarry
there
all
night
,
and
in
the
day
time
walke
abroade
to
be
seene
of
euery
man
,
it
was
doubtfull
whether
he
wer
of
the
Munkey
kind
or
the
Baboon
,
his
voice
was
like
the
squeeking
of
a
Mouse
,
but
his
aspect
and
countenance
was
fierce
,
truculent
,
and
fearfull
,
as
his
image
is
heere
deciphered
.
THE
SATYRE
.
AS
the
Cynocephall
or
Baboun-Apes
haue
giuen
occasion
to
some
to
imagine
(
though
falsly
)
there
were
such
men
,
so
the
Satyres
a
most
rare
and
seldome
seene
beast
,
Superstitious
errour
of
Satyres
.
hath
occasioned
other
to
thinke
it
was
a
Deuil
;
and
the
Poets
with
their
Apes
,
the
Painters
,
Limmers
,
and
Caruers
,
to
encrease
that
superstition
,
haue
therefore
described
him
with
hornes
on
his
head
,
and
feet
like
Goates
,
whereas
Satires
haue
neither
of
both
.
And
it
may
be
that
Deuils
haue
at
some
time
appeared
to
men
in
this
likenes
,
as
they
haue
done
in
the
likenes
of
the
Onocentaure
and
wilde
Asse
,
and
other
snapes
,
it
being
also
probable
,
that
Deuils
take
not
any
daenomination
or
shape
from
Satyres
,
but
rather
the
Apes
themselues
from
Deuils
whome
they
resemble
,
for
there
are
many
things
common
to
the
Satyre-apes
and
deuilish
Satyres
,
as
their
human
shape
,
their
abode
in
solitary
places
,
their
rough-hayre
,
and
lust
to
women
,
wherewithall
other
Apes
are
naturally
infected
:
but
especially
Satyres
.
Wherefore
the
auncient
Graecians
coniecture
their
name
to
be
deriued
as
it
were
of
Stathes
,
signifying
the
yarde
or
virile
member
:
Their
name
.
and
it
is
certain
that
the
deuils
haue
excercised
their
praestigious
lust
,
or
rather
their
imagination
of
lust
vpon
mankind
,
whereof
commeth
that
distinction
of
Fauni
,
that
some
are
Incubi
defilers
of
Women
,
and
some
Succubi
defiled
by
men
.
Peraduenture
the
name
of
Satire
is
more
fitly
deriued
from
the
hebrew
Sair
.
Esa.
34.
wherof
of
the
plurall
is
Jeirim
,
Esa.
13.
which
is
interpreted
monsters
of
the
Desart
,
or
rough
hairy
Fawnes
;
and
when
issim
is
put
to
seir
,
it
signifieth
Goats
.
The
Satyres
are
in
the
Islands
Satiridae
,
which
are
three
in
number
,
Ptol
:
2
,
7.
Countries
of
breed
.
standing
right
ouer
against
India
on
the
farther
side
of
Ganges
;
of
which
Euphemus
Car
rehearseth
this
history
:
that
when
he
sayled
into
Italy
,
by
the
rage
of
winde
and
euill
weather
they
were
driuen
to
a
coast
vnnauigable
,
where
were
many
desart
Islandes
inhabited
of
wilde
men
,
and
the
Marriners
refused
to
land
vpon
some
Islands
,
hauing
heretofore
had
triall
of
the
in
humaine
and
vnciuill
behauiour
of
the
inhabitants
;
so
that
they
brought
vs
to
the
satirian
Islands
,
where
we
saw
the
inhabitants
red
,
and
had
tayles
ioyned
to
their
back
not
much
lesse
then
horsses
.
These
,
being
perceiued
by
the
Marriners
to
run
to
the
shippes
and
lay
hold
on
the
women
that
were
in
them
,
the
ship-men
for
feare
,
Their
lustfull
disposition
.
tooke
one
of
the
Barbarian
women
and
set
her
on
the
land
among
them
,
whom
in
most
odious
and
filthy
maner
they
abused
,
not
onely
in
that
part
that
nature
hath
ordained
,
but
ouer
the
whole
body
most
libidinously
,
whereby
they
found
them
to
be
very
bruit
beasts
.
There
are
also
Satires
in
the
Eastern
mountaines
of
India
,
Pliny
in
the
country
of
the
Cartaduli
,
and
in
the
prouince
of
the
Comari
and
corudae
,
but
the
Cebi
spoken
of
before
bred
in
Ethiopia
,
are
not
Satyres
(
though
faced
like
them
:
)
nor
the
Prasyan
Apes
,
Paul
.
venet
.
which
resemble
Satyres
in
short
beards
.
There
are
many
kindes
of
these
Satyres
better
distinguished
by
names
then
any
properties
naturall
known
vnto
vs
.
Diuersitie
of
kindes
.
Such
are
the
Aegipenae
befor
declared
,
Nymphes
of
the
Poets
,
Fawnes
,
pan
&
sileni
,
which
in
time
of
the
Gentiles
were
worshipped
for
gods
;
and
it
was
one
part
of
their
religion
,
Pliny
to
set
vp
the
picture
of
a
Satyre
at
their
dores
and
gates
,
for
a
remedy
against
the
bewitching
of
enuious
persons
;
&
the
statuë
of
Priapus
in
the
agalma
of
a
Satyre
in
their
gardens
:
for
which
cause
,
we
read
of
many
pictures
made
of
Satyres
.
Pliny
.
Antiphilus
made
a
very
noble
one
in
a
Panthers
skin
,
calling
it
Aposcopon
,
that
is
,
Wri-faced
.
Another
Painter
of
Aristides
,
painted
it
crowned
with
a
drinking
cup
,
signifiyng
therby
the
beastlines
of
drunkards
.
Miron
had
one
painted
hearing
and
admiring
pipes
,
Hermolaus
.
and
another
called
Periboetos
at
Athens
,
as
is
reported
,
and
that
Praxitelus
was
wonderfully
in
loue
therewith
;
wherupon
beeing
at
supper
with
Phryne
the
noble
harlot
,
who
had
begged
of
him
the
best
piece
of
worke
he
had
,
consented
,
with
this
condition
,
that
he
would
not
tell
hir
which
he
loued
best
:
wherupon
shee
,
to
satisfie
hirselfe
,
priuily
suborned
one
of
his
slaues
,
to
come
in
at
supper
time
,
and
tell
him
his
house
and
most
of
his
goods
were
burned
,
whereat
being
amazed
,
demanded
if
Cupid
and
the
Satyre
were
safe
,
by
which
she
knew
the
best
peece
,
and
asked
cupid
,
refusing
the
Satyre
.
Pliny
.
Protogenes
had
one
painted
holding
pipes
in
his
hande
,
and
was
called
Anopauomenos
:
and
Timanthes
had
painted
cyclops
sleeping
in
a
little
tablet
,
with
Satyres
standing
beside
him
,
measuring
with
a
iauelyn
the
length
of
his
thumbe
.
Satyres
haue
no
humain
conditions
in
them
,
nor
other
resemblance
of
men
beside
their
outward
shape
:
Mela.
Resemblance
of
Satyres
.
though
Solinus
speake
of
them
like
as
of
men
.
They
cary
their
meat
vnder
their
chin
as
in
a
store-house
,
and
from
thence
being
hungry
they
take
it
forth
to
eate
,
making
it
ordinary
with
them
euery
day
which
is
but
annuall
in
the
Formicae
lions
;
being
of
very
vnquiet
motions
aboue
other
Apes
.
Their
prouision
of
food
.
They
are
hardly
taken
,
except
sicke
,
great
with
yong
,
old
,
or
asleepe
:
for
Sylla
had
a
Satyre
brought
him
which
was
taken
a
sleepe
neere
Apollonia
,
Their
tak●ng
in
the
holy
place
Nymphaeum
,
of
whom
he
(
by
diuers
interpreters
)
demanded
many
questions
,
but
receiued
no
answer
,
saue
only
a
voice
much
like
the
neiyng
of
a
horse
,
wherof
he
being
afraid
,
sent
him
away
aliue
.
Philostratus
teleth
another
history
,
how
that
Apollonius
and
his
colleagues
supping
in
a
village
of
Ethiopia
,
beyond
the
fall
of
Nilus
,
they
heard
a
sudden
outcry
of
women
calling
to
one
another
;
some
saying
,
Take
him
,
others
,
Follow
him
:
likewise
prouoking
their
husbands
to
helpe
them
:
the
men
presently
tooke
clubs
,
stones
,
or
what
came
first
to
hand
,
complaining
of
an
iniury
don
vnto
their
wiues
.
Now
some
ten
moneths
before
there
had
appeared
a
fearfull
snew
of
a
Satyre
,
raging
vpon
their
women
,
and
had
slain
two
of
them
,
with
whom
he
was
in
lou
:
the
companions
of
Apollonius
quaked
at
the
hearing
hereof
,
and
Nilus
one
of
them
sware
(
by
loue
)
that
they
being
naked
and
vnarmed
,
could
not
be
able
to
resist
him
in
his
outragious
lust
,
but
that
he
would
accomplish
his
wantonnes
as
before
:
yet
said
Apollonius
,
there
is
a
remedy
to
quaile
these
wanton-leaping
beasts
,
which
men
say
Midas
vsed
(
for
Midas
was
of
kindred
to
Satyres
,
Taming
of
Satyres
as
appeared
by
his
eares
.
)
This
Midas
heard
his
mother
say
,
that
Satyres
loued
to
be
drunke
with
wine
,
and
then
sleep
soundly
,
and
after
that
be
so
moderat
,
mild
and
gentle
,
that
a
man
would
thinke
they
had
lost
their
first
nature
.
Whervpon
he
put
wine
into
a
fountain
neere
the
high-way
,
whereof
when
the
Satyr●
had
tasted
he
waxed
meeke
suddenly
,
and
was
ouercome
.
Now
,
that
we
thinke
not
this
a
fable
(
saith
Apollonius
)
let
vs
go
to
the
gouernor
of
the
Towne
,
and
inquire
of
him
whether
there
be
any
wine
to
be
had
that
we
may
offer
it
to
the
Satyre
,
wherunto
all
consented
,
&
they
filled
foure
great
Egyptian
earthen
vessels
with
wine
and
put
it
into
the
fountain
where
their
cattel
were
watred
:
this
don
,
Apollonius
called
the
Satyre
,
secretly
thretning
him
,
and
the
Satyre
inraged
with
the
sauour
of
the
wine
came
;
after
he
had
drunk●
thereof
,
Now
said
Apollonius
,
let
vs
sacrifice
to
the
Satyre
for
he
sleepeth
,
and
so
led
the
inhabitants
to
the
dens
of
the
Nymphes
,
distant
a
furlong
from
the
towne
and
shewed
them
the
Satyre
,
saying
;
Neither
beat
,
cursse
,
or
prouoke
him
henceforth
,
and
he
shall
neuer
harme
you
.
It
is
certaine
,
that
the
deuils
do
many
waies
delude
men
in
the
likenes
of
Satyres
,
Pausanias
.
Macrobius
.
for
when
the
drunken
feasts
of
Bacchus
were
yearely
celebrated
in
Parnassus
,
there
were
many
sightes
of
Satyres
,
and
voyces
,
and
sounding
of
cymbals
heard
:
yet
is
it
likely
that
there
are
men
also
like
Satyres
inhabiting
in
some
desart
places
;
for
S.
Ierom
in
the
life
of
Paul
the
Eremite
,
reporteth
there
appeared
to
S.
Antony
an
Hippocentaure
,
such
as
the
Poets
describe
and
presently
he
saw
in
a
rocky
valley
adioining
,
Men
like
Satyres
a
litle
man
hauing
croked
nostrils
,
hornes
growing
out
of
his
forhed
,
and
the
neather
part
of
his
body
had
Goats
feet
:
the
holy
man
not
dismayed
,
taking
the
shield
of
faith
,
and
the
breast-plate
of
righteousnesse
,
like
a
good
souldior
of
Christ
,
preased
toward
him
,
which
brought
him
some
fruites
of
palmes
as
pledges
of
his
peace
,
vpon
which
he
fed
in
the
iourney
;
which
saint
Anthony
perceiuing
,
he
asked
him
who
he
was
,
and
receiued
,
this
answere
;
I
am
a
mortall
creature
,
one
of
the
inhabitants
of
this
Desart
,
whome
the
Gentiles
(
deceiued
with
error
)
doe
worship
and
call
Fauni
,
Satyres
,
and
Incubi
:
I
am
come
in
ambassage
from
our
flocke
,
intreating
that
thou
wouldst
pray
for
vs
vnto
the
common
GOD
,
who
came
to
saue
the
world
:
the
which
words
were
no
sooner
ended
,
but
he
ran
away
as
fast
as
any
foule
could
fly
.
And
least
this
should
seeme
false
,
vnder
Constantine
at
Alexandria
,
there
was
such
a
man
to
be
seene
aliue
,
and
was
a
publike
spectacle
to
all
the
World
,
the
carcasse
whereof
after
his
death
was
kept
from
corruption
by
heat
,
through
salt
,
and
was
caried
to
ANTIOCHIA
that
the
Emperor
himselfe
might
see
it
.
Satyres
are
very
sildome
seene
,
and
taken
with
great
difficulty
,
as
is
before
saide
:
Albertus
.
Two
b●aste●
like
Satyres
taken
.
for
there
were
two
of
those
founde
in
the
woods
of
Saxony
towards
Dacia
,
in
a
desart
,
the
female
whereof
was
killed
by
the
darts
of
the
hunters
,
and
the
biting
of
Dogs
,
but
the
male
was
taken
aliue
,
being
in
the
vpper
parts
like
a
man
,
and
in
the
neather
partes
like
a
Goat
,
but
all
hairy
throughout
:
he
was
brought
to
be
tame
,
and
learned
to
go
vpright
,
and
also
to
speake
some
wordes
,
but
with
a
voice
like
a
Goat
,
and
without
all
reason
:
he
was
exceeding
lustfull
to
women
attempting
to
rauish
many
of
what
condition
soeuer
they
were
,
and
of
this
kinde
there
are
store
in
Ethiopia
.
THE
FIGVRE
OF
ANOTHER
MONSTER
.
THE
famous
learned
man
George
Fabricius
,
Another
monster
like
a
Satyre
.
shewed
me
this
shape
of
a
monstrous
beast
that
is
fit
to
be
ioyned
to
the
story
of
Satyres
.
There
was
(
saide
he
)
in
the
territory
of
the
Bishop
of
Salceburgh
,
in
a
forrest
called
Fannesbergh
,
a
certaine
foure-footed
beast
,
of
a
yellowish-carnation
colour
,
Colour
and
nature
.
but
so
wilde
that
he
would
neuer
be
drawne
to
looke
vppon
any
man
,
hiding
himselfe
in
the
darkest
places
,
and
beeing
watched
diligently
,
would
not
be
prouoked
to
come
forth
so
much
as
to
eate
his
meate
,
so
that
in
a
very
short
time
it
was
famished
.
The
hinder
legs
were
much
vnlike
the
former
,
and
also
much
longer
.
It
was
taken
about
the
year
of
the
Lord
,
one
thousand
,
fiue
hundred
thirty
,
whose
image
being
here
so
liuely
described
,
may
saue
vs
further
labour
in
discoursing
of
his
maine
and
different
parts
and
proportion
.
OF
THE
NORVEGIAN
MONSTERS
.
Hoct.
Boet.
WHen
as
certaine
Ambassadors
were
sent
from
Iames
the
fourth
of
that
name
king
of
Scotland
,
among
whom
was
Iames
Ogill
that
famous
scholer
of
the
Vniuersitie
of
Abberdon
,
they
no
sooner
tooke
shipping
and
hoysted
sayle
,
but
there
sodainly
arose
such
a
tempestuous
storme
,
that
they
were
driuen
to
the
coasts
of
Norway
:
and
there
going
on
shore
,
they
were
very
strangely
affrighted
,
to
see
(
as
to
them
it
appeared
)
certaine
wild
,
Monsters
lik
Men
monstrous-men
,
running
on
the
tops
of
the
mountaines
.
Afterward
,
they
were
told
by
the
inhabitants
that
they
were
beasts
(
and
not
men
)
which
did
beare
mortall
hatred
to
mankind
,
although
they
could
not
abide
the
presence
of
a
mans
countenance
,
Hatred
to
mankind
yet
in
darke
nights
,
when
the
reuerent
visage
of
humaine
creatures
are
couered
,
they
will
come
downe
by
troopes
vpon
the
villages
,
and
except
the
barking
of
dogges
driue
them
backe
they
breake
open
dores
,
and
enter
houses
,
killing
and
deuouring
who
soeuer
they
find
;
for
their
strength
is
so
vnresistable
and
great
,
that
they
can
pull
vp
by
the
rootes
a
tree
of
meane
stature
,
The
great
strength
of
these
beasts
.
and
tearing
the
boughes
from
the
bodye
,
with
the
stocke
or
stem
thereof
they
fight
one
with
another
.
Which
when
the
Ambassad.
heard
,
they
caused
a
sure
watch
to
be
kept
all
night
,
and
withall
made
exceeding
great
fires
,
and
when
the
light
appeared
,
they
tooke
their
farwell
of
those
Monster-breeding-shores
,
recouering
with
ioy
,
the
course
which
before
they
had
lost
by
tempest
.
Of
the
AEGOPITHECVS
.
Diuers
shaps
in
apes
.
VNder
the
Equinoctiall
toward
the
East
&
south
,
there
is
a
kind
of
Ape
called
Aegopithecus
,
an
Ape
like
a
Goate
.
For
there
are
Apes
like
Beares
,
called
Arctopitheci
,
&
some
like
Lyons
,
called
Leontopetheci
,
The
description
of
Pan.
and
some
like
Dogs
,
called
Cynocephali
,
as
is
before
expressed
;
and
manye
other
which
haue
a
mixt
resemblance
of
other
creatures
in
their
members
.
Amongst
the
rest
is
there
a
beast
called
PAN
;
who
in
his
head
,
face
,
horns
,
legs
,
and
from
the
loynes
downwarde
resembleth
a
Goat
,
but
in
his
belly
,
breast
,
and
armes
,
an
Ape
;
such
a
one
was
sent
by
the
king
of
Indians
to
Constantine
,
Nicephorus
Calisthius
which
being
shut
vp
in
a
Caue
or
close
place
,
by
reason
of
the
wildnesse
thereof
,
liued
there
but
a
season
,
&
when
it
was
dead
and
bowelled
,
they
pouldred
it
with
spices
,
and
carried
it
to
be
seene
at
Constantinople
:
the
which
beast
hauing
beene
seene
of
the
auncient
Graecians
,
were
so
amazed
at
the
strangnesse
thereof
,
that
they
receiued
it
for
a
god
,
as
they
did
a
Satyre
and
other
strange
beasts
.
OF
THE
SPHINGA
Or
SPHINX
.
The
name
of
this
Sphynx
is
taken
from
[
](A13820-e27940-b)*
*
Hermolaus
.
binding
,
Of
the
name
and
notation
thereof
as
appeareth
by
the
Greek
notation
,
or
else
of
delicacie
and
dainty
nice
[
](A13820-e27960-b)*
*
Varrianus
loosnesse
,
(
wherefore
there
were
certain
common
strumpets
called
Sphinctae
,
and
the
Megarian
Sphingas
,
was
a
very
popular
phrase
for
notorious
harlots
)
hath
giuen
occasion
to
the
Poets
,
to
faigne
a
certaine
monster
called
Sphynx
,
which
they
say
was
thus
deriued
.
Hydra
brought
foorth
the
Chimaera
,
Chimaera
by
Orthus
the
Sphinx
,
and
the
Nemoean
Lyon
:
now
this
Orthus
was
one
of
Geryons
Dogges
.
Hesiod
.
This
Sphinx
they
make
a
treble-formed
monster
,
a
Maydens
face
,
a
Lyons
legs
,
and
the
wings
of
a
fowle
,
Ausonius
.
The
description
of
the
Poets
Phinx
.
or
as
Ausonius
and
Varinus
say
,
the
face
and
hand
of
a
mayde
,
the
body
of
a
Dogge
,
the
winges
of
a
byrd
,
the
voice
of
a
man
,
the
clawes
of
a
Lyon
,
and
the
tayle
of
a
Dragon
:
and
that
she
kept
continually
in
the
Sphincian
mountaine
;
propounding
to
all
trauailers
that
came
that
way
an
Aenigma
or
Riddle
,
The
Riddle
of
the
Sphinx
which
was
this
:
What
was
the
creature
that
first
of
all
goeth
on
foure
legges
;
afterwards
on
two
,
and
lastly
on
three
:
and
all
of
them
that
could
not
dissolue
that
Riddle
,
she
presently
slew
,
by
taking
them
and
throwing
them
downe
headlong
,
from
the
top
of
a
Rocke
.
At
last
Oedipus
came
that
way
and
declared
the
secret
,
that
it
(
was
a
Man
)
who
in
his
infancy
creepeth
on
al
foure
,
afterward
in
youth
,
goeth
vpright
vpon
two
legs
,
The
solution
of
the
Riddle
by
Oedipus
and
last
of
all
in
olde
age
taketh
vnto
him
a
staffe
which
maketh
him
to
goe
as
it
were
on
three
legs
;
which
the
monster
hearing
,
she
presently
threwe
downe
her selfe
from
the
former
rocke
,
and
so
she
ended
.
Wherevpon
Oedipus
is
taken
for
a
subtill
and
wise
opener
of
mysteries
.
But
the
truth
is
,
Palaephatus
.
The
true
History
of
Sphinx
that
when
Cadmus
had
married
an
Amazonian
woman
called
Sphynx
,
and
with
her
came
to
Thebes
,
and
there
slew
Draco
their
King
and
possessed
his
kingdom
,
afterward
there
was
a
sister
vnto
Draco
called
Harmona
,
whom
Cadmus
married
,
Sphynx
being
yet
aliue
:
She
in
reuenge
(
being
assisted
by
many
followers
)
departed
with
great
store
of
wealth
into
the
Mountaine
SPHINCIVS
,
taking
with
her
a
great
Dogge
which
Cadmus
held
in
great
account
,
and
there
made
daily
incursions
or
spoiles
vpon
his
people
:
Now
aenigma
in
the
Theban-language
,
signifieth
an
inrode
or
warlike
incursion
,
wherfore
the
people
complained
in
this
sort
.
This
Graecian
Sphinx
robbeth
vs
,
in
setting
vpon
with
an
aenigma
,
but
no
man
knoweth
after
what
manner
she
maketh
this
aenigma
.
Cadmus
hereupon
made
proclamation
,
that
he
would
giue
a
very
bountifull
rewarde
vnto
him
,
that
would
kill
Sphinx
,
vpon
which
occasion
the
CORINTHIAN
Oedipus
came
vnto
her
,
being
mounted
on
a
swift
courser
,
and
accompanied
with
some
Thebans
in
the
night
season
,
slue
her
.
Other
say
,
that
Oedipus
by
counterfaiting
friendshippe
,
slue
her
,
making
shew
to
be
of
her
faction
;
and
Pausanias
saith
,
that
the
former
Riddle
,
was
not
a
Riddle
,
but
an
Oracle
of
Apollo
,
which
cadmus
had
receiued
,
whereby
his
posteritie
should
be
inheritors
of
the
Theban
kingdome
;
and
whereas
Oedipus
,
being
the
sonne
of
Laius
a
former
king
of
that
countrey
,
was
taught
the
Oracle
in
his
sleepe
,
he
recouered
the
kingdome
vsurped
by
Sphinx
his
sister
,
and
afterward
vnknowne
,
married
his
owne
mother
Iocasta
.
But
the
true
morall
of
this
poeticall
fiction
,
is
by
that
learned
Alciatus
in
one
of
his
emblems
deciphered
,
that
her
monstrous
treble-formed-shape
,
signified
her
lustfull
pleasure
vnder
a
Virgins
face
,
her
cruell
pride
vnder
the
Lyons
clawes
,
her
winde-driuen
lenitye
vnder
the
Eagles
or
birdes
feathers
,
and
I
will
conclude
with
the
wordes
of
Suidas
concerning
such
monsters
,
Suidas
Meaning
this
Poeticall
Sphinx
that
the
Tritons
,
Sphinges
,
and
centaures
,
are
the
images
of
those
things
,
which
are
not
to
bee
founde
within
the
compasse
of
the
wholeworld
.
The
true
Sphinx
first
described
,
is
of
a
fierce
though
a
tameable
nature
,
and
if
a
man
doe
first
of
all
perceiue
or
discerne
of
these
naturall
Sphinges
,
before
the
beast
discerne
or
perceiue
the
man
,
he
shall
be
safe
;
but
if
the
beast
first
descrie
the
man
,
then
is
it
mortall
to
the
man
.
The
nature
of
the
Sphinx
.
These
Sphinges
were
of
great
account
for
their
strangenesse
:
with
their
image
did
Augustus
signe
all
his
grauntes
,
Sue●onius
.
The
vse
of
Sphinges
.
Herodotus
.
Pausanias
.
libels
,
and
Epistles
:
afterward
hee
lefte
that
,
and
signed
with
the
Image
of
Alexander
the
great
,
and
last
of
all
with
his
owne
.
Syclis
the
king
in
the
citty
of
the
Boristhenites
,
had
a
faire
house
,
about
which
there
were
sphinges
and
Gryphins
wrought
out
of
white
stone
.
At
Athens
,
in
the
Temple
Parthenona
,
there
is
described
the
contention
betwixt
Pallas
and
Neptune
,
about
the
earth
,
and
the
image
of
Pallas
made
of
Yuory
and
gold
,
hath
in
the
midst
of
hir
shield
the
picture
of
a
sphinx
.
Amasis
the
king
of
Egypt
,
built
in
the
porch
of
Pallas
,
an
admirable
worke
called
Sai
:
where
he
placed
such
great
colosses
and
Andro-sphinges
,
that
it
was
afterward
supposed
he
was
buried
therein
,
Horodotus
.
and
was
liuely
to
be
seene
imputrible
.
To
conclude
,
the
Egyptians
in
the
porches
of
their
Temples
painted
a
Sphinx
,
wherby
they
insinuated
that
their
diuine
wisdome
was
but
darke
and
vncertain
,
and
so
couered
with
fables
,
that
there
scarce
appeared
in
it
any
sparkles
or
footsteps
of
verity
.
Of
the
SAGOIN
,
called
Galeopithecus
.
This
figure
of
the
Sagoin
,
I
receiued
of
Peter
cordenberg
,
a
very
learned
Apothecary
of
Antwerpe
,
which
is
three
times
as
big
as
my
pictur
and
Iohn
say
that
famous
English
Doctor
hath
aduertised
me
,
that
it
no
way
resembleth
the
Sagoin
it selfe
,
which
is
not
much
greater
than
a
Rat
,
a
little
conny
,
The
qualitie
.
or
a
young
Hedghog
:
for
he
had
seene
seuerall
ones
of
that
bignesse
,
of
a
gryseld
colour
,
a
neate
beard
,
Colour
and
somewhat
ash-coloured
,
a
tayle
like
a
Rat
,
but
hayry
;
the
feet
of
a
Squirrell
,
the
face
almost
like
a
Martine
,
or
Satyre
,
a
round
eare
but
very
short
and
open
,
Partes
the
hayre
blacke
at
the
root
,
and
white
at
the
end
,
and
in
other
conditions
like
a
Munkey
.
They
are
much
set
by
among
women
,
and
by
the
Brasilians
where
they
are
bred
and
called
Sagoines
,
it
being
very
propable
that
they
are
conceiued
by
a
small
Ape
and
a
Weasell
,
for
in
that
countrey
by
reason
of
the
heat
thereof
,
there
are
many
such
vnnaturall
commixtions
.
Procreation
of
Sagoines
It
is
a
nimble
,
liuely
,
and
quicke
spirited
beast
,
but
fearefull
;
it
will
eate
white-bread
,
Their
meate
apples
,
sweet-grapes
,
dried
in
the
sunne
,
figges
,
or
peares
.
There
was
one
of
them
at
Antwerpe
solde
for
fifty
crownes
:
The
price
of
a
Sagoin
in
France
they
call
a
Sagoni
a
little
beast
not
much
bigger
than
a
Squirrell
,
and
not
able
to
endure
any
cold
.
Some
other
affirme
that
a
Sagoin
is
a
bearded
creature
,
but
without
a
taile
,
of
an
ash-colour
,
not
much
bigger
then
a
fiste
,
but
of
this
beast
there
is
not
any
author
writeth
more
then
is
already
rehearsed
.
OF
THE
BEAR-APE
ARCTOPITHECVS
.
THere
is
in
America
a
very
deformed
beast
which
the
inhabitants
call
Haut
or
Hauti
,
Theuetus
.
Of
the
name
&
the
Frenchmen
Guenon
,
as
big
as
a
great
Affrican
Monkey
.
His
parts
His
belly
hangeth
very
low
,
his
head
and
face
like
vnto
a
childes
,
as
may
be
seen
by
this
liuely
picture
,
and
being
taken
it
wil
sigh
like
a
young
childe
.
His
skin
is
of
an
ash-colour
,
and
hairie
like
a
Beare
:
he
hath
but
three
clawes
on
a
foot
,
as
longe
as
foure
fingers
,
and
like
the
thornes
of
Priuet
,
whereby
he
climbeth
vp
into
the
highest
trees
,
and
for
the
most
part
liueth
of
the
leaues
of
a
certain
tree
being
of
an
exceeding
heigth
,
which
the
Americans
call
Amahut
,
and
thereof
this
beast
is
called
Haut
.
Their
tayle
is
about
three
fingers
long
,
hauing
very
little
haire
thereon
,
it
hath
beene
often
tried
,
that
though
it
suffer
any
famine
,
it
will
not
eate
the
fleshe
of
a
liuing
man
,
and
one
of
them
was
giuen
me
by
a
French-man
,
which
I
kept
aliue
sixe
and
twenty
daies
,
and
at
the
last
it
was
killed
by
Dogges
,
and
in
that
time
when
I
had
set
it
abroad
in
the
open
ayre
,
I
obserued
,
that
although
it
often
rained
,
A
secret
in
Nature
.
yet
was
that
beast
neuer
wet
.
When
it
is
tame
it
is
very
louing
to
a
man
,
and
desirous
to
climbe
vppe
to
his
shoulders
,
which
those
naked
Amerycans
cannot
endure
,
by
reason
of
the
sharpenesse
of
his
clawes
.
Of
the
Simivulpa
,
or
Apish
FOXE
.
THose
which
haue
trauay
led
the
contry
of
Payran
doe
affirme
,
Pisonius
.
Gillius
.
The
description
.
that
they
haue
seene
a
four-footed
beast
called
in
Latine
Simivulpa
,
in
Greek
Alopecopithecos
,
&
in
German
Fuchssaff
:
in
the
forpart
like
a
Foxe
,
and
in
the
hinder
part
like
an
Ape
,
except
that
it
had
mans
feet
and
eares
like
a
Bat
,
Description
.
and
vnderneath
the
common
belly
,
there
was
a
skinne
like
a
bagge
or
scrip
,
wherin
she
keepeth
,
lodgeth
,
and
carrieth
her
young
ones
,
vntill
they
are
able
to
prouide
for
themselues
,
without
the
helpe
of
their
damme
:
neyther
do
they
come
foorth
of
that
receptacle
,
except
it
be
to
sucke
milke
,
or
sport
themselues
,
so
that
the
same
vnderbelly
is
her
best
remedie
against
the
furious
Hunters
and
other
rauening
beasts
,
to
preserue
her
young
ones
,
for
she
is
incredibly
swift
,
running
with
that
carriage
as
if
she
had
no
burthen
.
It
hath
a
tayle
like
a
Munkey
:
there
was
one
of
them
with
three
young
Whelpes
taken
,
and
brought
into
a
ship
,
but
the
whelpes
dyed
quickly
:
the
olde
one
liuing
longer
,
was
brought
to
Syuill
,
and
afterward
to
Granado
,
where
the
King
of
Spaine
sawe
it
,
which
soone
after
by
reason
of
the
change
of
ayre
and
incertainty
of
dyet
,
did
also
pyne
away
and
die
.
The
like
things
doeth
Cardan
report
of
a
beast
called
Chiurca
,
in
Hispania
noua
,
and
Stadinius
of
a
Seruuoy
in
America
:
but
I
coniecture
that
the
former
is
this
Fox
ape
,
Aelianus
.
called
in
Greeke
Alopecopithecos
,
and
of
the
Germans
Fuschsaffe
,
the
latter
the
Female
Cynocephall
,
which
carryeth
her
wombe
wherin
lye
her
young
ones
without
hir
belly
.
a
miraculous
thing
of
a
fish
There
is
a
fish
called
Glaucus
,
whereof
the
male
swalloweth
vppe
all
the
young
ones
when
they
are
indangered
by
other
,
and
afterward
yeeldeth
them
forth
againe
safe
and
sound
.
OF
THE
ASSE
.
THe
Asse
is
called
in
Latine
Asinus
,
in
Greeke
Oros
and
Killos
,
by
reason
of
his
labour
in
bearing
burthens
,
and
of
some
Megamucos
because
of
his
vnpleasant
voyce
:
Of
the
name
and
the
reasons
thereof
.
Of
other
Cochutons
,
or
Canthon
,
from
whence
commeth
Cantharus
,
that
is
,
a
Scarabee
or
Fl●e
,
bred
of
the
dung
of
Asses
.
The
Haebrues
call
it
Chamor
,
Deuteron.
5.
and
the
Persyans
Care
,
the
latter
Haebrues
doe
indifferently
take
Gajedor
,
Varinus
.
Tartak
,
and
caar
for
an
Asse
:
the
Italyans
Lasino
,
the
Spaniardes
Asno
,
Epethites
of
in
Asse
.
the
French
Vng
asne
,
the
Germans
Esel
,
Mul
,
Mulle-resel
,
and
the
Illyrians
Osel
;
the
which
beast
is
intituled
or
phrased
with
many
epithites
among
Poets
;
as
,
slow
,
burthen-bearing
,
back-bearing
,
vile
,
cart-drawing
,
mill-labouring
,
sluggish
,
crooked
,
vulgar
,
slow-paced
,
long-eared
,
blockish
,
braying
,
ydle
,
deuill-haired
,
filthy
,
saddle-bearer
,
slow-foot
,
four-foot
,
vnsauoury
,
and
a
beast
of
miserable
condition
;
beside
many
other
such
titles
in
the
Greeke
.
Yet
this
silly
beast
hath
among
the
Astronomers
found
more
fauour
,
for
in
the
signe
Cancer
there
are
two
starres
called
the
two
Asses
,
placed
there
as
some
say
,
by
Bacchus
,
Pliny
.
Asses
in
coelestial
signes
.
Hyginus
.
who
in
his
fury
which
Iuno
laid
vpon
him
,
trauailing
to
the
Dodanaean
Temple
of
Apollo
to
recouer
his
wits
,
by
the
counsel
of
the
Oracle
,
came
to
a
certaine
lake
of
water
,
ouer
which
he
could
not
passe
;
and
meeting
there
two
Asses
,
tooke
one
of
them
,
vpon
whose
backe
hee
was
safely
carried
ouer
dri-foote
.
Afterward
,
when
he
had
recouered
his
wits
,
in
thankfulnesse
for
that
good
turne
,
he
placed
the
two
Asses
among
the
starres
.
Howsoeuer
this
may
be
a
fabulous
commendation
of
this
beast
,
Numb
.
22
yet
holy
Writ
teacheth
vs
,
that
an
Asse
saw
an
Angell
,
and
opened
his
mouth
in
reproofe
of
his
mayster
Balaam
:
and
our
most
blessed
Sauiour
rode
on
an
Asse
to
Ierusalem
to
shew
his
humility
:
and
Sampson
out
of
the
iaw-bone
of
an
Asse
,
quenched
his
thirst
.
Morals
of
the
discourses
of
asses
.
Apuleius
in
his
eleuen
bookes
of
his
golden
Asse
,
taketh
that
beast
for
an
Emblem
,
to
note
the
manners
of
mankind
;
how
some
by
youthfull
pleasures
become
beasts
,
and
afterward
by
timely
repentant
old-age
,
are
reformed
men
againe
:
Some
are
in
their
liues
Wolues
;
Proclus
.
som
Foxes
,
some
Swine
,
some
Asses
,
and
so
other
may
be
compared
to
other
beasts
:
and
as
Origen
saith
,
onely
by
pleasure
is
a
man
a
horse
or
Mule
,
when
a
beastly
soule
liueth
in
a
humaine
shape
.
This
world
is
vnto
them
an
inchanted
cup
of
Circes
,
Beroaldus
wherein
they
drinke
vp
a
potion
of
obliuion
,
error
,
and
ignorance
;
afterwards
brutizing
in
their
whole
life
,
till
they
tast
the
Roses
of
true
science
and
grace
inlightning
their
minds
,
which
is
theyr
new
recouery
of
humane
wit
,
life
,
and
vnderstanding
.
Asses
are
bred
in
Arcadia
,
wherefore
prouerbially
,
Countries
breeding
asses
.
the
best
Asses
are
signified
by
the
Arcadian
Asse
,
and
the
greatest
Asses
by
the
Acharnican
Asse
.
In
Timochain
of
Persya
,
are
very
beautifull
Asses
,
whereof
one
hath
beene
sold
for
thirty
pounds
of
siluer
.
Paul
vene●
▪
Pondera
:
Likwise
in
Rea
,
in
Italy
,
in
Illiria
,
Thracia
and
Epirus
,
there
are
Asses
but
very
small
ones
,
although
all
other
cattell
there
are
very
large
.
In
India
,
among
the
Psillians
,
they
are
not
greater
then
Rams
,
and
generally
all
their
cattell
are
of
a
very
small
growth
.
In
Scythia
,
Pontus
,
Aelianus
.
Celta
,
and
the
regions
confining
them
,
are
no
Asses
bred
,
by
reason
of
extreamity
of
cold
,
for
Asses
are
very
impatient
of
cold
.
In
Misia
there
are
also
asses
,
but
their
flankes
are
crooked
and
indented
as
if
they
were
broken
;
whereupon
a
prouerbiall
common
speech
ariseth
(
one
hauing
a
broken
flanke
)
for
a
Missian
Asse
.
Asses
are
ingendred
both
by
their
owne
kind
and
also
by
horses
,
for
they
choose
stallions
and
put
them
to
their
Asses
,
who
haue
large
bodies
,
wel
set
legs
,
strong
neckes
,
Their
breed
.
broad
and
strong
ribbes
,
brawny
and
high
creasts
,
thighes
full
of
sinewes
,
and
of
black
or
flea-bitten
colour
(
for
a
Mouse-colour
is
not
approued
)
wherefore
he
that
will
haue
a
good
flocke
of
Asses
,
must
looke
that
the
male
and
female
be
sounde
,
and
of
a
good
age
,
that
they
may
breed
long
time
,
and
out
of
a
good
seminary
,
as
of
Arcadia
or
Rea
:
Palladius
.
for
as
the
best
Lampreyes
are
in
Sicilia
,
and
the
delicate
fish
Helops
,
in
Rhodos
and
not
else
where
;
so
are
best
Asses
in
these
forenamed
places
.
When
they
make
choise
of
a
Stallion
,
they
looke
principallie
that
he
haue
a
great
head
:
An
asse
is
more
desirous
of
copulation
then
a
horse
,
and
both
male
and
female
doe
couple
at
thirtie
moneths
,
Absirtus
.
although
it
proue
not
,
vntill
three
yeares
,
or
three
and
a
halfe
.
Aristotle
Pliny
.
Men
say
that
Anna
the
father
in
law
of
Esau
,
did
first
inuent
the
copulation
of
horses
and
Asses
togither
:
for
as
a
horsse
doth
couer
a
shee
asse
,
so
an
asse
will
couer
a
Mare
,
and
an
asse
will
sooner
fill
the
lust
of
a
Mare
,
then
a
horsse
.
If
a
horsse
couer
a
female
asse
which
hath
beene
entred
by
a
male
asse
,
he
cannot
alter
the
seed
of
the
asse
:
but
if
an
asse
couer
a
Mare
which
a
horsse
formerly
entred
,
Pliny
he
will
destroy
the
seed
of
the
horsse
,
so
that
the
Mare
shall
suffer
abortment
,
Leonicen●●
by
reason
that
the
seed
genitall
of
an
Asse
is
more
frigide
then
a
horses
:
The
Mares
of
Elis
cannot
at
all
conceiue
by
asses
copulation
,
and
there
is
more
aborments
falleth
out
by
commixtion
of
horsses
with
asses
,
or
asses
with
Mares
,
then
when
euery
kind
mingleth
amongst
themselues
.
It
it
but
a
superstition
of
some
,
Pliny
Aristotle
which
affirme
that
an
asse
cannot
conceiue
for
so
many
yeares
,
as
she
hath
eaten
graines
of
barly
corne
defiled
with
womens
purgation
,
but
this
is
certaine
,
that
if
an
asse
conceiue
not
at
the
first
loosing
of
hir
teeth
,
she
remayneth
barren
.
They
are
not
coupled
in
generation
in
the
Spring
aequinoctium
like
Mares
and
other
beasts
,
but
in
the
Sommer
Solstice
,
by
reason
of
their
colde
natures
,
that
they
may
bring
forth
their
yong
ones
about
the
same
time
,
for
in
the
twelfe
month
after
their
copulation
,
Aristotle
Varro
.
they
render
their
foles
.
If
the
males
be
kept
from
labour
they
are
the
worse
for
generation
,
wherefore
they
are
not
to
be
suffered
ydle
at
that
time
,
but
it
is
not
so
with
the
female
,
she
must
rest
,
that
the
Fole
may
be
the
stronger
:
but
presentlie
after
she
is
couered
she
must
be
coursed
and
driuen
to
and
fro
,
or
else
she
will
cast
forth
againe
the
receiued
seed
.
Pliny
The
time
that
she
goeth
with
yong
is
according
to
the
male
kind
by
which
shee
is
couered
,
for
so
long
as
the
male
lay
in
the
belly
of
his
damme
,
so
long
will
the
Asse
carrie
her
yong
before
deliuerance
:
but
in
the
stature
of
body
,
strength
,
and
beauty
,
the
yong
one
taketh
more
after
the
female
,
then
the
male
.
The
best
kind
of
Asses
are
the
foles
of
a
wilde
Asse
and
a
tame
female-Asse
.
They
vse
when
an
asse
is
foaled
,
to
take
it
from
the
damme
,
and
put
it
to
sucke
a
Mare
,
that
it
may
be
the
greater
,
which
fole
is
called
Hippothela
,
Pliny
that
is
,
a
Horse-suckling
,
and
Mares
will
not
be
couered
by
Asses
,
except
by
such
an
one
as
was
a
horse-suckling
.
A
she-asse
will
engender
till
she
bee
thirty
yeares
olde
,
which
is
her
whole
life
long
,
Aelianus
.
but
if
she
conceiue
often
,
she
will
quickly
be
barren
:
wherof
their
keepers
must
take
such
care
,
that
they
cause
them
to
be
kept
from
often
copulation
.
They
will
not
fole
in
the
sight
of
man
,
or
in
the
light
,
but
in
darknesse
;
they
bringe
forth
but
one
at
a
time
,
for
it
hath
not
been
heard
of
in
the
life
of
man
,
that
an
asse
hath
euer
brought
forth
twinnes
.
Assoone
as
they
are
conceiued
they
haue
milke
in
theyr
vdders
,
but
some
hold
not
vntill
the
tenth
moneth
.
They
loue
their
yong
ones
very
tenderly
,
for
they
will
run
through
fire
to
come
at
them
,
but
if
there
be
any
water
betwixt
them
,
it
cooleth
their
affections
,
for
of
all
things
they
loue
not
to
wet
their
feet
.
They
will
driue
their
young
ones
from
sucking
at
the
sixt
moneth
,
because
of
the
pain
in
their
vdders
,
but
their
keepers
weane
them
not
till
a
whole
yeare
after
their
foaling
.
Their
milke
is
so
thicke
that
it
is
vsed
in
stead
of
fodder
:
a
Mares
is
more
thin
,
and
a
Camels
is
thinnest
of
all
.
It
is
mortall
to
their
yong
ones
to
tast
the
dammes
milke
for
two
dayes
after
their
foling
,
for
the
food
is
so
fat
that
it
breedeth
in
their
mouthes
the
colostracion
or
Beestings
.
Touching
their
seuerall
parts
,
Aelianus
.
they
haue
teeth
on
either
chap
like
a
man
and
a
horsse
,
an
Asse
and
a
Mule
haue
36.
teeth
,
and
ioyned
neere
togither
:
the
bloud
of
Asses
and
Bulles
is
the
thickest
of
all
other
,
Ab●ertus
.
as
the
bloud
of
man
is
the
thinnest
:
His
head
is
great
and
his
eares
long
and
broad
:
both
male
and
female
loose
their
fore-teeth
in
the
thirtith
moneth
of
their
age
,
Pliny
.
and
the
second
to
the
first
,
in
the
sixt
moneth
,
their
third
&
fourth
teeth
are
called
Gnomons
,
that
is
,
Regulars
,
because
by
them
there
is
a
tried
rule
to
know
their
age
;
and
those
teeth
also
they
lose
in
the
sixt
moneth
.
The
hart
of
an
Asse
is
great
,
as
all
other
fearefull
beasts
haue
:
The
belly
is
vniforme
as
in
other
beasts
that
haue
a
solide
or
whole
hoofe
.
It
wanteth
a
gall
,
and
hath
two
vdders
betwixt
the
thighes
,
the
forpart
of
the
backe
neere
the
shoulders
is
weakest
,
and
there
appeareth
the
figure
of
a
Crosse
,
Plutarch
.
Pliny
.
Ioan
:
A●o●ach
.
and
the
hinder
part
neere
the
loynes
is
stronger
.
The
hoofes
are
whole
and
not
parted
:
the
Stygean
water
is
so
cold
that
nothing
can
hold
it
,
except
the
hoofe
of
an
asse
or
Mule
;
although
Aelianus
affirme
,
that
it
cannot
bee
contained
but
in
the
hornes
of
Scythian
asses
.
Their
tayles
are
longer
by
one
ioint
then
a
horsses
(
though
not
so
hairy
.
)
They
are
purged
with
monthly
courses
more
then
sheepe
or
Goats
,
and
the
vrine
of
the
female
is
more
thin
than
the
males
.
If
an
Asse
was
hindered
by
any
disease
from
making
water
,
〈◊〉
certaine
superstitious
persons
for
the
ease
of
the
beast
,
muttered
this
charm
:
Gallus
bibit
&
non
meijt
,
myoxus
meijt
&
non
bibit
:
that
is
,
The
Cocke
drinketh
and
maketh
not
water
,
The
Dormouse
maketh
water
and
neuer
drinketh
.
They
will
eate
Canes
or
Reedes
,
Their
meate
.
which
to
other
beasts
is
almost
poison
:
wherefore
in
old
time
an
Asse
was
dedicated
to
Bacchus
as
the
canes
wer
sacred
vnto
him
;
and
at
the
time
of
their
copulation
they
giue
them
herbe
Basill
to
stir
vp
their
lust
:
They
will
be
satisfied
with
any
neuer
so
base
food
,
as
chaffe
,
whereof
there
is
abundance
in
euery
countrey
,
young
thornes
and
fruites
of
trees
,
twigges
of
Osier
,
Philemon
died
with
laughing
when
he
saw
an
asse
eate
figs.
or
a
bundle
of
boughes
to
browse
vpon
:
insomuch
as
Q.
Hortensius
was
wont
to
say
,
that
he
had
more
care
that
his
Barbels
should
not
hunger
in
his
fish-pools
,
then
his
Asses
in
Rosea
:
but
the
young
ones
newly
weaned
must
be
more
tendered
,
for
they
must
be
fed
with
hay
,
chaffe
or
barley
,
Val
:
Man
:
greene
corne
,
or
barley
bran
.
Asses
will
hardly
drinke
but
at
watering
places
in
their
folds
,
or
such
as
they
haue
been
accustomed
withall
,
and
where
they
may
drink
without
wetting
their
feet
;
and
that
which
is
more
strange
,
they
cannot
be
brought
to
goe
ouer
hollow
bridges
,
through
which
the
water
appeareth
in
the
chinks
of
the
plankes
,
&
when
in
trauaile
they
are
very
thirsty
,
they
must
be
vnladen
and
constrained
to
drink
:
yea
,
Herodotus
reporteth
,
that
there
are
certaine
Asses
among
the
African
shepheardes
,
which
neuer
drinke
.
When
they
sleepe
they
lie
at
length
,
and
in
their
sleepe
conceiue
manie
forceable
dreames
,
as
appeareth
by
the
often
beating
backe
their
hinder
legs
,
which
if
they
strike
not
against
the
vaine
ayre
but
against
some
harder
substance
,
they
are
for
euer
vtterly
lamed
.
When
the
Asses
of
Thuscia
haue
eaten
Hemlocke
,
or
an
herbe
much
like
vnto
it
,
Mathaeolus
.
they
sleepe
so
long
and
strangely
,
that
oftentimes
the
countreymen
begin
to
fleay
them
,
and
on
the
sudden
their
skins
halfe
taken
off
and
the
other
halfe
on
,
they
awake
,
braying
in
such
horrible
maner
,
that
the
poore
men
are
most
dreadfully
affrighted
therwith
.
Their
voice
is
very
rude
and
fearefull
,
as
the
Poet
said
:
Quirritat
verres
,
tardus
rudit
,
oncat
assellus
.
and
therefore
the
Graecians
to
expresse
the
same
haue
feigned
many
new
wordes
and
cal
it
Ogkethmos
,
as
the
Latines
Rudere
,
that
is
,
to
vtter
forth
a
voice
in
a
base
and
rude
maner
.
The
Poets
feign
,
that
at
that
time
when
Iupiter
came
to
warre
with
the
Gyantes
,
Eratosthenes
Bacchus
and
Vulcan
,
the
Satyres
and
Sileni
assisted
and
attended
him
,
being
carried
vpon
Asses
.
When
the
time
came
that
the
battell
began
,
the
Asses
for
very
feare
brayed
most
horribly
,
whereat
the
Gyantes
not
being
acquainted
with
such
strange
and
vnknowne
voyces
and
cries
,
tooke
them
to
their
heeles
and
so
were
ouercome
.
In
the
sacrifices
of
the
Goddesse
Vacuna
,
an
Asse
was
feasted
with
bread
,
and
crowned
with
flowers
,
hung
with
rich
Iewels
and
Peytrels
,
Ouid.
because
(
as
they
saye
)
when
Priapus
would
haue
rauished
Vesta
being
asleepe
,
she
was
suddenly
awaked
by
the
braying
of
an
Asse
,
and
so
escaped
that
infamie
:
And
the
Lampsaceni
in
the
disgrace
of
Priapus
did
offer
him
an
asse
.
But
this
is
accounted
certaine
,
that
among
the
Scythians
by
reason
of
colde
,
an
Asse
is
neuer
heard
nor
seene
;
and
therefore
when
the
Scythians
set
vppon
the
Persyans
,
their
horsses
will
not
abide
the
braying
of
Asses
,
Lanctantius
.
wondring
both
at
the
strangnesse
of
an
Asses
shape
,
and
rudenesse
of
his
crie
:
wherefore
there
are
certaine
birds
,
resembling
in
their
chattering
the
braying
of
Asses
,
and
are
therefore
tearmed
Onocratuli
.
When
an
asse
dieth
,
out
of
his
body
are
ingendred
certaine
Flies
,
called
Scarabees
.
They
are
infested
with
the
same
diseases
that
horsses
be
,
and
also
cured
by
the
same
meanes
(
except
in
letting
of
bloud
)
for
by
reason
their
vaines
be
small
and
their
bodies
cold
,
A
good
hors
leach
is
a
good
asseleach
.
Vegetius
.
in
no
case
must
any
bloud
be
taken
from
them
.
Asses
are
subiect
to
madnesse
when
they
haue
tasted
of
certaine
herbes
growing
neer
Potnias
;
as
are
Beares
,
Horsses
,
Leopardes
and
Wolues
:
they
only
among
al
other
hairie
beasts
are
not
trobled
with
either
tikes
,
or
lice
,
but
principally
they
perish
by
a
swelling
about
the
crowne
of
their
pasterne
,
or
by
a
Catarhe
called
Malis
,
which
falling
down
vpon
their
liuer
they
die
,
but
if
it
purge
out
of
their
nostrils
they
shall
be
safe
:
and
Columella
writeth
that
if
sheepe
bee
stabled
where
Mules
or
Asses
haue
beene
housed
,
they
will
incur
the
scab
:
There
is
great
vse
made
of
the
skins
of
Asses
,
for
the
Germans
doe
make
thereof
a
substance
to
paint
and
write
vpon
,
which
is
called
Eselshut
.
The
Arabians
haue
a
cloth
called
Mesha
,
made
of
Asses
and
Goats
haire
,
whereof
the
inhabitauntes
of
their
deserts
make
them
tents
and
fackes
.
It
is
reported
that
Empedocles
was
called
Colysanemas
,
because
when
the
Agrigentines
were
trobled
with
winds
by
hanging
about
their
cittie
innumerable
Asse-skins
,
he
safe-guarded
them
from
the
windes
:
wherupon
some
haue
thought
(
but
falsly
)
that
there
was
some
secret
in
asses
skinnes
,
against
outragious
Tempestes
.
P●●ny
.
The
bones
of
Asses
haue
beene
vsed
for
pipes
,
the
Artificers
make
more
reckoning
of
them
then
of
the
bones
of
Hartes
,
and
therefore
Esop
in
Plutarch
wondereth
that
so
grosse
and
dull
a
creature
,
should
haue
such
shrill
and
musicall
bones
;
and
the
Busirites
called
the
Phylosophers
Naucratites
,
because
they
played
musick
vpon
Asses
bones
,
for
they
cannot
abide
the
sound
of
a
trumpet
,
because
it
resembleth
the
voice
of
an
Asse
,
who
is
very
hatefull
to
them
for
Typhons
sake
.
Macenas
allowed
the
flesh
of
young
Asses
to
be
eaten
,
preferring
it
before
the
flesh
of
wilde
asses
,
and
this
custome
also
preuailed
at
Athens
,
where
they
did
eat
the
flesh
of
old
Asses
,
which
hurteth
the
stomach
,
hauing
in
it
no
good
iuice
or
sweetnesse
,
and
is
verye
hard
to
be
digested
.
In
like
sort
about
the
coasts
of
Alexandria
,
men
vse
to
eate
the
flesh
of
Asses
,
G●l●nus
.
which
begetting
in
their
body
much
melancholike
and
adusted
humor
,
causeth
them
to
fall
into
the
Elephantia
or
spotted
leprosie
.
Asses
are
tamed
at
three
yeares
old
,
and
taught
for
those
businesses
which
they
must
be
applied
vnto
,
some
for
the
mill
,
some
for
husbandry
and
the
plough
,
some
for
burthens
and
carriage
,
some
for
the
wars
,
and
some
for
draught
.
Merchants
vse
Asses
to
carry
their
wine
,
oyle
,
corne
,
and
other
things
to
the
sea-side
;
wherefore
the
countrey
man
maketh
principall
account
of
this
beast
for
his
carriage
too
and
fro
,
being
fit
to
carie
both
on
his
necke
and
on
his
backe
:
Co●l●mella
with
them
they
go
to
market
with
their
wares
,
&
vpon
them
bring
home
their
houshold
necessaries
.
Tarde
costas
agitator
aselli
,
Vilibus
aut
onerat
pomis
,
lapidemque
reuertens
,
Incussum
,
aut
atrae
massam
picis
uerbe
reportat
.
They
grinde
in
their
milles
and
fetch
home
their
corne
,
they
plough
their
lande
,
as
in
Campania
,
Lib●a
and
Batia
,
where
the
ground
is
soft
,
and
in
Bizantium
that
fruitful
countrey
,
Pliny
.
Mulis●quis
〈…〉
in
familia
sunt
.
which
repayeth
the
husbandmans
labor
with
increase
of
an
hundred
and
fifty
times
more
then
the
seed
,
and
where
in
drie-weather
their
ground
is
not
arable
with
the
whole
strength
of
Buls
,
yet
after
a
little
rain
,
one
Asse
in
one
end
of
a
yoke
,
and
an
old
woman
at
the
other
end
,
doe
easily
draw
the
plough
,
and
open
the
earth
to
sow
their
seed
:
wherfore
cato
said
merrily
,
that
Mules
,
Horsses
and
Asses
,
keepe
no
holli-daies
,
except
they
be
such
Asses
as
keepe
within
dores
.
Ad
haec
v●ehi
cula
non
ninua
pondere
tr●hit
.
In
like
sort
they
draw
from
place
to
place
the
carts
of
Bakers
,
or
carts
laded
with
any
other
carriage
,
if
it
be
not
ouergreat
.
The
people
carmani
(
by
reason
they
want
horsses
)
vse
Asses
in
their
warres
,
so
also
do
the
Saracori
,
who
neuer
vse
them
in
milles
or
any
such
base
works
,
but
vpon
them
vnder
take
all
their
martiall
perils
.
Strabo
.
There
was
a
custome
amongst
the
cumani
,
that
when
a
woman
was
taken
in
adultery
,
Aelianus
.
she
was
led
to
the
market
,
and
there
set
vpon
a
bare
stone
,
afterward
she
was
set
vpon
a
bare
Asses
backe
,
and
so
carried
throughout
the
citty
,
then
brought
backe
againe
to
the
former
stone
for
a
publike
spectacle
to
all
the
citty
,
Su●●as
whereby
she
remained
infamous
all
her
life
after
,
and
was
called
Onobatis
,
that
is
;
one
that
had
ridden
an
Asse
:
and
the
stone
whereupon
she
stood
,
was
accounted
an
vnlucky
,
and
an
odious
place
for
all
posterity
.
In
like
sort
among
the
Parthians
it
was
held
a
disgracefull
thing
to
ride
or
be
carried
vpon
a
bare
Asses
backe
.
Anatolius
The
dung
of
Asses
is
pretious
for
a
ga●den
,
especially
for
Cabadges
;
and
if
an
apple
tree
be
diyng
,
it
may
be
recouered
by
washing
it
in
Asses
dung
by
the
space
of
six
daies
,
and
some
haue
vsed
to
put
into
Gardens
the
skull
of
a
mare
,
H●n●
caput
Ar
〈◊〉
nudum
c●ie
sertur
〈◊〉
,
T●●henus
finisse
Tages
in
●●mute
ruris
or
she-asse
that
hath
beene
couered
in
copulation
,
with
perswasion
that
the
gardens
will
be
the
more
fruitfull
.
Asses
are
of
very
foolish
condicions
and
slender
capacity
,
but
yet
very
tame
,
not
refusing
any
manner
of
burthen
although
it
breake
his
backe
:
being
loaded
it
will
not
out
of
the
way
for
any
man
or
beast
,
and
it
only
vnderstandeth
the
voice
of
that
man
,
with
whom
it
is
laboured
,
knowing
also
the
way
whereunto
it
is
accustomed
.
Ammonianus
was
in
such
loue
with
an
Asse
,
and
holding
him
of
so
great
capacity
,
that
he
had
one
continually
to
heare
his
Lectures
in
Phylosophie
.
Gallen
affirmeth
,
that
an
Asse
vnderstandeth
genus
species
&
indiuidium
,
S●nda●
,
because
if
you
shew
him
a
Camell
that
neuer
saw
one
before
,
he
is
terrified
and
cannot
indure
his
sight
:
but
if
he
haue
been
accustomed
to
such
a
sight
,
if
you
shew
him
neuer
so
many
,
he
is
not
moued
at
them
.
In
like
sort
,
hee
knoweth
men
in
generall
,
being
not
affraid
of
them
,
but
if
he
see
or
heare
his
keeper
,
he
knoweth
him
for
his
keeper
or
maister
.
There
was
a
cunning
player
in
Affrica
,
in
a
citty
called
Alcair
,
Leo
Affric
:
who
taught
an
Asse
diuers
strange
tricks
or
feats
;
for
in
a
publicke
spectacle
,
turning
to
his
Asse
(
being
on
a
scaffolde
to
shew
sport
)
said
;
The
great
Sultan
purposeth
to
builde
him
a
house
,
and
shall
neede
all
the
Asses
of
Alcair
to
fetch
and
carry
wood
,
stones
,
lime
,
and
other
necessaries
for
that
busines
:
presently
the
Asse
falleth
downe
,
turneth
vp
his
heeles
into
the
aire
,
groneth
,
and
shutteth
his
eies
fast
,
as
if
he
had
bene
dead
:
while
he
lay
thus
,
the
player
desired
the
beholders
to
consider
his
estate
,
for
his
Asse
was
dead
,
he
was
a
poore
man
,
and
therefore
moued
them
to
giue
him
money
to
buy
another
asse
.
In
the
meane
time
hauing
gotten
as
much
mony
as
he
could
,
he
told
the
people
he
was
not
dead
,
but
knowing
his
maisters
pouerty
counterfaited
in
that
maner
,
whereby
he
might
get
mony
to
buy
him
prouender
,
and
therefore
he
turned
againe
to
his
Asse
and
bid
him
arise
,
but
he
stirred
not
at
all
.
Then
did
he
strike
and
beate
him
sore
(
as
it
seemed
)
to
make
him
arise
,
but
all
in
vaine
,
the
asse
lay
still
.
Then
saide
the
player
againe
,
our
Sultan
hath
commaunded
that
to
morrow
there
be
a
great
triumph
without
the
cittie
,
and
that
all
the
Noble
women
shall
ride
thither
vppon
the
fairest
asses
,
and
this
night
they
must
be
fed
with
Oates
,
and
haue
the
best
Water
of
Nilus
to
drinke
:
At
the
hearing
whereof
,
vp
starteth
the
asse
,
snorting
and
leaping
for
ioy
:
then
said
the
plaier
,
the
gouernor
of
this
towne
hath
desired
me
to
lende
him
this
my
asse
for
his
old
deformed
wise
to
ride
vpon
,
at
which
words
the
asse
hangeth
downe
his
eares
,
and
vnderstanding
like
a
reasonable
creature
,
beganne
to
halt
as
if
his
legge
had
beene
out
of
ioynt
:
why
but
saide
the
plaier
,
haddest
thou
leifer
carrye
a
faire
young
Woman
?
The
asse
wagged
his
head
in
token
of
consent
to
that
bargaine
,
goe
then
(
said
the
player
)
and
among
all
these
faire
Women
chuse
one
that
thou
mayest
carry
;
then
the
asse
looketh
round
about
the
assemblye
,
and
at
last
went
to
a
sober
Woman
and
touched
her
with
his
nose
,
whereat
the
residue
wondered
and
laughed
,
shutting
vppe
the
sport
,
with
cryinge
out
;
An
asses
Woman
,
an
asses
Woman
,
and
so
the
player
went
vnto
another
towne
.
Such
thinges
doe
serue
to
teach
vs
that
asses
are
not
altogither
indocible
,
besides
in
their
owne
nature
they
knowe
how
to
refresh
themselues
in
their
Wearinesse
by
wallowing
on
the
grounde
,
and
being
ouercome
with
melancholy
humour
,
Aelianus
.
they
naturally
looke
for
the
hearbe
Citterach
or
Finger-ferne
to
cure
them
.
When
the
asses
of
Maurusium
are
bound
to
a
iourney
,
they
set
forwarde
so
fast
,
Aelianus
that
a
man
would
thinke
they
rather
flewe
then
ranne
,
but
being
ouerwearied
they
are
so
abased
that
they
send
foorthe
teares
,
and
then
are
they
drawen
at
Horsses
tayles
to
their
iourneyes
end
.
The
asse
is
neuer
at
peace
with
the
Cro
,
because
it
longeth
for
the
asses
eyes
;
likewise
the
bird
Salem
,
for
when
the
asse
commeth
to
the
thornes
to
rub
himselfe
where
the
said
birde
buildeth
her
nest
,
the
asse
spoyleth
it
,
wherefore
the
said
birde
maketh
continuall
assault
vppon
him
.
In
like
sort
the
Colota
or
Stellio
,
for
it
sleepeth
in
the
maungers
,
and
creepeth
vp
into
the
asses
nose
to
hinder
him
from
eating
.
The
Woolfe
is
also
an
enimy
to
the
asse
,
for
he
loueth
his
flesh
,
and
with
small
force
doeth
he
compasse
the
destruction
of
an
asse
,
for
the
blockish
asse
when
he
seeth
a
wolfe
,
Aelianus
.
layeth
his
head
on
his
side
,
that
so
he
might
not
see
,
thinking
that
because
he
seeth
not
the
Wolfe
,
the
Wolfe
cannot
see
him
;
but
the
wolfe
vpon
this
aduantage
setteth
vppon
the
beast
on
the
blind
side
,
and
easily
destroyeth
the
couragelesse
asse
.
Another
argument
of
an
asses
stupidity
,
is
that
he
careth
not
for
his
owne
life
,
but
will
with
quietnesse
starue
,
if
meat
be
not
laide
before
him
.
Wherefore
it
is
apparant
that
when
a
dull
scholler
not
apt
to
learne
is
bid
to
sell
an
asse
to
signifie
his
blockishnes
,
is
no
vaine
sentence
;
Aristo●●●
therefore
they
which
resemble
asses
in
their
head
,
round
forehead
,
or
great
face
,
are
said
to
be
blockish
;
in
their
fleshy
face
,
fearefull
;
in
broad
or
great
eies
,
simple
;
and
like
to
be
stone
mad
,
in
thicke
lips
,
and
the
vpper
hanging
ouer
the
nether
,
Fooles
;
and
in
their
voyce
,
contumelius
and
disdainefull
.
To
conclude
,
the
ancients
haue
made
many
significations
of
asses
and
their
shapes
,
making
a
man
with
an
asses
head
to
signifie
;
First
,
one
ignoraunt
of
manners
,
histories
and
countryes
.
Secondly
,
immoderate
riot
of
stubborne
persons
in
scripture
is
deciphered
in
an
Asse
.
Thirdly
,
impudency
and
shamelesnesse
,
because
an
Asse
will
not
for
any
stripes
forsake
his
owne
waies
.
Fourthly
,
the
Iewish
people
,
who
like
Asses
could
not
vnderstand
euident
truth
of
Christ
in
the
plaine
text
of
Scripture
,
wherefore
our
sauiour
secretly
vpbraided
their
dulnes
,
when
he
rode
vpon
an
Asse
.
Fiftly
,
the
Egyptians
by
an
Asse
,
noted
a
man
without
all
diuine
knowledge
;
wherefore
they
vsed
to
take
an
Asse
and
follow
him
with
all
despight
,
beating
him
from
place
to
place
till
hee
brake
his
owne
necke
;
for
they
beleeued
,
that
an
asse
was
possessed
of
a
deuill
.
Sixtly
,
Indocibility
,
by
an
asse
bridled
.
Seuenthly
,
the
snares
of
flatterers
;
for
their
priestes
set
an
asse
betweene
flowers
and
oyntmentes
,
neither
of
both
pertaining
to
an
asses
skill
,
teaching
thereby
,
how
mighty
men
fall
by
treachery
of
flatterers
.
Eightly
,
a
woman
dissembling
her
Praegnancy
.
Ninthly
,
by
a
man
,
weauing
a
cord
,
and
an
asse
behind
him
biting
it
asunder
,
they
signifie
,
a
painefull
husband
,
and
a
prodigall
wife
.
Tenthly
,
a
good
vine-dresser
,
for
when
an
asse
did
bite
off
the
braunch
of
a
vine
,
it
was
obserued
that
the
next
yeare
the
vine
was
more
fruitfull
:
finally
base
seruility
,
trifling
sluggishnes
,
good
fortune
,
tyrants
,
and
fooles
are
Hierogliphically
comprized
vnder
the
discourse
of
asses
.
Touching
such
medicinall
vertues
as
haue
bene
tried
and
founde
to
be
in
the
seuerall
parts
of
Asses
,
by
learned
and
approued
writers
,
now
in
the
conclusion
of
this
historye
they
shall
be
briefely
remembred
,
and
so
this
narration
be
finished
.
A
draught
or
two
of
the
same
water
whereof
an
Asse
or
an
Oxe
hath
drunke
,
will
ease
the
head-ach
,
the
forehead
of
an
asse
tyed
to
the
flesh
of
one
that
hath
the
falling
euill
,
cureth
him
;
Marcellus
Pliny
.
and
the
braine
of
an
asse
steeped
in
sweet
water
and
infumed
in
leaues
,
wherof
taken
for
certaine
dayes
,
halfe
an
ounce
,
easeth
the
falling
euill
:
the
number
of
which
daies
cannot
be
lesse
then
thirty
,
but
this
is
very
ridiculous
,
that
if
a
man
hurt
by
a
scorpion
,
Pliny
.
do
whisper
his
harme
in
the
eare
of
an
asse
,
presently
the
hurt
ceaseth
.
When
one
is
vexed
with
a
quotidian
feuer
,
with
three
drops
of
blood
out
of
the
vaine
of
an
Asses
eare
,
put
into
eighteene
ounces
of
water
and
drunke
by
the
patient
,
easeth
that
paine
.
The
liuer
of
an
asse
burnt
,
driueth
away
venomed
things
,
and
the
same
dried
and
beat
to
pouder
;
Haly.
helpeth
the
cough
and
shortnes
of
breath
,
and
rosted
to
be
eaten
,
if
it
bee
eaten
fasting
it
is
good
against
the
falling
euill
.
Other
say
,
if
it
be
mixed
with
Opponax
,
and
instilled
into
the
mouth
forty
daies
togither
,
defendeth
infants
from
the
aforesaide
sicknes
.
Pliny
.
Also
the
hart
of
a
male
blacke
asse
,
eaten
with
bread
at
the
euening
,
in
the
first
or
second
day
of
the
moone
,
is
good
against
the
falling
euill
.
The
liuer
dryed
with
parsely
,
&
three
walnuts
clensed
from
the
pill
and
put
into
hony
,
is
marueilous
good
for
one
that
is
liuer
sicke
,
Marcellus
the
ashes
of
it
mixt
with
oyle
,
taketh
away
Wens
;
and
the
ashes
of
the
liuer
and
the
flesh
is
good
against
the
chapping
,
Auicen
.
clefts
,
or
slifters
in
the
body
,
which
come
by
cold
:
but
Dioscorides
;
whom
I
rather
follow
,
attributeth
both
these
vertues
to
the
ashes
of
the
hoofe
.
He
which
is
sicke
of
the
milt
,
may
be
holpe
with
the
old
milt
of
an
asse
,
if
he
eat
thereof
euery
day
dried
and
fasting
,
he
shall
find
case
by
it
within
three
dayes
.
The
same
first
dryed
and
then
steeped
in
water
,
Sextus
maketh
the
dugs
full
of
milke
,
so
also
doeth
the
spleene
,
Rasis
.
and
the
spleene
with
sewet
of
a
beare
,
and
oyle
made
as
thicke
as
hony
,
by
annointing
the
eyelids
therewith
,
restoreth
the
haires
which
are
wanting
.
The
reynes
ineretatrated
,
Marcellus
.
brused
,
and
put
into
new
pure
wine
,
do
help
the
bladder
,
and
stay
the
incontinency
of
the
vrine
.
The
same
dried
,
burned
,
and
beaten
into
very
small
pouder
,
whereof
a
nut
shell
full
put
into
two
cups
of
pure
wine
and
drunke
off
,
cureth
the
strangury
.
Pliny
It
is
thought
that
with
the
pouder
of
the
Asses
genitall
,
the
haire
may
be
made
grow
thicker
:
and
the
same
beaten
with
leade
and
oyle
,
and
annointing
the
heade
where
gray
haires
are
shauen
off
,
keepeth
it
from
more
graye
haires
.
The
stones
of
an
Asse
kept
in
salt
and
sprinkled
in
a
potion
of
asses
milke
or
Water
,
helpeth
the
fallinge
euill
.
The
gall
of
an
asse
or
a
bull
,
either
of
them
,
seuerally
broke
into
water
,
taketh
away
the
spots
in
the
face
,
if
after
the
patients
skin
be
pilled
,
he
must
keepe
himselfe
from
sun
and
wind
.
The
blood
of
an
asse
staieth
the
flux
of
blood
comming
from
the
skin
or
films
of
the
brain
;
and
two
or
three
drops
of
the
same
drunke
with
wine
,
cureth
a
quotidian
feuer
:
Eseulapius
.
Pliny
.
the
selfe
same
thing
is
reported
of
the
bloud
let
out
of
the
veine
in
the
eare
.
The
bloud
of
the
foale
of
an
Asse
with
wine
,
cureth
the
Kinges
evill
.
The
froath
or
scum
of
Nitre
with
the
fat
of
an
Asse
or
the
fatte
of
a
Sowe
,
cureth
the
bitinges
of
Dogges
:
Dioscorides
and
if
there
bee
any
scarres
in
the
body
,
the
fatte
maketh
them
of
the
same
colour
with
the
residue
of
the
bodye
:
And
if
one
vexed
with
the
falling
euill
,
be
annointed
with
the
suet
or
fat
of
an
Asse
it
will
ease
them
very
much
,
likewise
the
marrow
of
Asses
helpeth
the
scabs
from
a
man
,
and
with
the
suet
the
places
infected
with
Catthars
,
Leprosies
,
or
Scarres
,
Rasis
.
receiue
their
former
colour
:
and
the
skinne
laid
vpon
young
infants
,
Pliny
maketh
them
without
feare
.
And
if
the
bill
of
a
Heron
wrapped
in
an
Asses
skinne
,
bee
bound
to
ones
forehead
,
it
prouoketh
sleepe
.
A
palsie
man
will
fall
downe
if
he
tast
of
the
perfume
made
of
the
haires
of
an
Asse
or
Mule
.
The
ashes
of
the
haires
of
Asses
,
stayeth
bleeding
;
Trallianus
.
and
the
same
hath
the
more
force
if
they
be
of
a
male
,
and
be
mixed
with
vineger
and
laide
in
wooll
to
the
yssue
bleeding
.
The
bones
of
an
Asse
broken
and
sod
,
Pliny
.
are
very
soueraigne
against
the
venom
of
a
sea-Hare-fish
.
The
poulder
of
an
Asses
hoofe
drunke
a
moneth
togither
,
two
spoonfuls
at
a
time
,
helpeth
the
falling
euill
very
greatly
:
and
the
same
mixed
with
oyle
,
Galenus
.
helpeth
the
kings
euill
;
and
being
put
vpon
Kibes
or
Chil-blanes
,
cureth
them
.
The
hoofs
of
Asses
burned
and
beaten
to
poulder
,
giuen
to
them
that
haue
the
falling
euil
in
drink
,
Myrepsus
.
helpeth
them
speedily
;
also
a
burned
hoofe
is
mingled
with
many
medicines
▪
to
cure
the
swelling
of
the
Nauell
in
children
,
and
the
hoofs
perfumed
procure
speedy
deliuerance
in
trauaile
of
yong
,
that
the
dead
thing
may
come
forth
,
otherwise
it
is
not
vsed
,
Aetius
.
for
it
will
kill
the
liuing
yong
ones
.
The
dust
thereof
with
the
milke
of
an
Asse
,
by
annointing
cureth
the
scars
and
webs
of
the
eies
,
and
as
Marcellus
saith
,
only
the
parings
of
an
Asses
hoofe
scraped
and
mingled
with
a
womans
milke
;
and
they
say
,
that
if
an
Epilectick
man
weare
a
ring
made
of
an
asses
hoofe
wherin
is
no
blacknes
,
it
will
preserue
him
from
falling
.
The
poulder
of
an
asses
hoofe
burned
and
beaten
,
laide
in
vineger
and
made
in
little
bals
,
and
one
of
them
put
into
the
mouth
and
there
held
,
helpeth
the
loosnesse
and
paine
in
the
teeth
.
Galen
.
There
is
a
collection
of
certaine
hard
matter
about
an
asses
legges
,
called
Lichen
,
which
if
it
be
burned
and
beaten
and
put
into
old
oyle
,
will
cause
haires
to
grow
out
of
baldnes
,
and
it
is
of
such
force
,
that
if
it
be
applyed
to
a
womans
cheek
,
it
will
produce
the
same
effect
,
and
mingled
with
vineger
,
it
raiseth
vp
the
lethargike
man
.
And
if
a
man
take
the
ring-wormes
growing
naturally
on
Asses
legges
,
Marcellus
and
shredding
them
into
pouder
put
them
in
vineger
,
it
staieth
all
paine
in
the
heade
,
which
maketh
one
sleepy
.
The
flesh
of
Asses
sod
in
pottage
helpeth
them
that
haue
the
Phthisis
or
disease
of
the
Lungs
,
and
there
are
some
which
prescribe
the
taking
of
Asses
flesh
,
or
the
blood
of
Asses
mingled
with
vineger
to
be
taken
forty
daies
togither
against
the
falling
euill
.
Pliny
.
The
milke
of
an
asse
mingled
with
hony
and
drunke
,
loosneth
the
bellie
,
and
therefore
Hypocrates
gaue
it
for
a
gentle
purgation
being
moister
then
anie
other
kind
of
milke
,
and
fitter
to
take
downe
the
bellie
.
It
will
also
ease
the
tooth-ache
,
if
the
teeth
be
washed
in
it
,
Archigenes
and
fasten
them
that
are
loose
,
being
verie
good
to
wash
the
teeth
withall
.
Galen
gaue
asses
milk
mixt
with
honie
,
to
one
in
a
consumption
when
he
came
newly
from
a
bath
,
and
therfore
it
is
giuen
in
feuers
hecticks
and
all
consuming
diseases
because
the
substance
of
it
is
fitter
for
detersion
then
nutriment
:
when
the
brests
are
in
paine
,
by
drinking
asses
milke
they
be
holpe
,
and
the
same
mingled
with
honie
,
causeth
womens
purgation
,
by
drinking
asses
milke
an
exulcerat
stomacke
is
relieued
:
likewise
all
other
pains
in
the
stomack
,
which
come
of
sadnesse
or
sorrow
,
sighing
,
and
desperation
:
Pliny
.
and
Heraclides
gaue
asses
milke
with
anniseed
to
one
that
had
his
lights
stopped
,
and
it
is
likewise
commended
against
the
cough
,
extenuation
,
spitting
of
blood
,
dropsie
and
hardnes
of
the
spleene
,
but
it
is
not
good
for
a
weake
head
troubled
with
giddines
or
noise
,
yet
will
it
loosen
the
hardnes
of
the
bellie
in
a
feuer
.
It
is
also
priuately
vsed
against
eating
of
morture
,
white
lead
,
sulphur
,
and
quicksiluer
;
and
when
a
mans
meate
doeth
not
neither
nourish
nor
disgest
,
let
him
drinke
Asses
milke
safelie
,
and
it
is
also
good
to
gargarize
in
sore
chappes
or
throates
.
Likewise
in
a
seuer
when
there
is
no
head-ache
.
〈◊〉
.
The
auncient
in
old
time
gaue
Asses
milke
to
children
before
meat
,
Galenus
.
and
for
want
thereof
Goats-milke
:
for
sore
mouths
,
it
must
be
gargarized
.
It
is
very
profitable
against
the
collicke
and
bloudy
Flixe
,
if
honie
be
put
thereunto
;
the
loosnes
or
desire
of
stoole
is
taken
away
by
drinking
Asses
milke
:
the
whay
or
milke
of
an
Asse
did
Hyppocrates
prescribe
against
the
consumption
of
the
raynes
or
backe
,
and
the
same
with
a
root
of
a
pomgranat
against
the
loosenes
and
other
diseases
of
the
belly
to
be
drunke
.
Pliny
Also
there
are
examples
where
the
whay
of
Asses
milke
haue
helped
the
gowt
,
both
in
hand
and
foot
:
sweet
water
with
Asses
milk
is
wholsome
against
poyson
of
Hen-bane
,
&
other
poysons
,
Pliny
.
but
it
must
be
vsed
new
or
else
soone
after
warmed
:
This
milke
will
wake
womens
skins
whiter
,
Pliny
.
wherefore
,
Poppea
,
the
wife
of
Domitius
Nero
carried
about
with
her
in
her
progresse
fifty
milche
Asses
,
wherewith
she
did
vse
to
bath
her selfe
.
The
vrine
with
the
owne
dung
,
healeth
straight
shooing
,
scabs
in
a
man
,
and
the
roughnesse
of
the
nayles
.
It
taketh
away
the
scurffe
of
Oxen.
It
is
giuen
in
drinke
,
to
cure
them
that
haue
ache
in
their
raines
,
and
with
Pepper-wort
it
is
profitable
against
suppurations
and
apostems
in
the
flesh
.
Dioscorides
If
any
be
hurt
by
the
starres
,
wash
them
in
asses
stale
,
mingled
with
Spiknard
:
Galen
.
the
same
force
hath
it
against
cornes
and
all
hardnesse
or
thickenesse
of
skinne
.
The
dung
of
asses
new
with
oyle
of
Roses
,
Pliny
.
distilled
warme
into
the
eares
,
helpeth
deasenes
,
and
pushes
or
suddaine
boyles
of
the
heade
,
are
cured
with
the
ioyce
of
asses
dung
,
and
of
sea-oynions
beat
to
pouder
,
Marcellus
and
the
fat
of
beefe
,
layed
to
the
boyles
like
a
plaister
:
both
the
dung
of
asses
and
horsses
eyther
raw
or
burnt
mingled
with
Vineger
,
restrayneth
bleeding
both
in
fluxes
and
wounds
,
Dioscorides
vsed
like
a
plaister
,
being
new
and
mingled
with
vineger
,
and
for
the
bleeding
at
the
nose
,
snuffe
in
the
ashes
of
asses
dung
burnt
to
powder
.
The
dung
of
asses
cureth
the
Piles
,
Aetius
.
and
the
same
dried
and
moistened
in
wine
being
drunk
of
cattell
which
are
stung
with
scorpions
,
cureth
them
if
it
be
at
grasie
;
and
it
is
found
true
by
long
experience
,
that
the
dung
of
an
asse
rubbed
,
in
quantity
two
sponfuls
,
and
taken
euery
day
,
deliuereth
one
from
the
falling
euill
.
Et
miceus
prodest
ex
vhere
succus
asellae
.
Si
tepedo
infundas
ac
mello
piperque
.
This
is
good
against
the
gall
and
running
ouer
thereof
,
if
it
be
mingled
with
warme
wine
,
pepper
,
and
hony
.
The
Syrians
call
the
dung
of
a
young
Foale
which
it
first
casteth
vp
after
the
foaling
,
Polean
;
and
giue
it
against
the
sicknesse
of
the
milk
.
In
sapa
decoctum
colo
megnopere
prodest
.
The
same
is
good
against
the
collicke
and
the
bloody
flixe
.
The
iuyce
of
asses
dung
,
asses
milke
,
and
sweet
wine
,
annointed
on
the
sick
member
,
cureth
the
gowt
:
and
the
same
stayeth
the
flowers
of
women
with
childe
,
the
iuyce
heereof
cureth
the
closing
vp
of
the
eyes
in
the
night
.
The
skinne
wherein
the
young
foale
lyeth
in
the
dammes
belly
being
smelled
vnto
,
by
him
that
hath
the
falling
euill
,
it
easeth
him
.
Anaxilaus
hath
reported
,
that
if
the
excrements
of
a
Mares
copulation
be
burned
,
there
will
appeare
monstrous
shapes
of
Horsses
heads
.
If
a
horsse
haue
a
web
in
his
eye
,
mingle
togither
the
milke
of
an
asse
,
the
blood
of
a
Doue
,
and
the
dew
of
Cabadges
,
and
anoint
him
therewith
:
and
there
be
some
which
take
of
the
dirt
where
an
asse
hath
made
water
in
the
way
,
and
therewith
annoint
the
scabbes
of
sheepe
for
their
recouery
:
but
when
one
is
stroken
with
a
scorpion
,
the
asses
dung
must
be
presentlye
applyed
,
or
else
it
profiteth
nothing
in
that
malady
.
OF
THE
HINNVS
,
Jnnus
,
and
GINNVS
,
Mannus
mannulus
Befi
&
Burdones
,
&c.
THere
is
no
language
beside
the
Greeke
that
haue
any
wordes
to
expresse
these
beasts
,
and
the
Latines
haue
deriued
these
termes
from
them
.
These
are
beasts
of
a
small
size
as
dwarfes
among
men
,
and
therefore
seldome
seene
in
these
parts
of
the
world
.
They
which
are
called
Hinni
,
Caelius
Rh●d-Collumella
are
conceiued
of
a
horse
,
&
a
shee
asse
,
who
althogh
they
take
their
denomination
from
the
male
,
yet
do
they
more
resemble
the
female
.
In
ancient
time
,
the
males
which
were
conceiued
of
a
horse
and
a
shee
Asse
,
were
called
Hinnuli
,
Pliny
.
and
likewise
of
an
Asse
and
a
mare
,
Muli
,
so
are
the
young
ones
of
little
goats
,
Deer
,
Hermol●us
.
hares
,
and
other
like
:
although
some
take
Innuli
for
the
young
harts
,
and
the
Hinni
and
Hinnuli
for
the
breede
of
a
horse
and
an
Asse
;
so
that
there
appeareth
two
kinds
,
Varro
.
and
both
of
them
transplanted
out
of
other
.
The
Hinnus
is
lesse
then
the
Mule
,
but
more
ruddie
,
hauing
ears
like
a
horse
,
and
a
mane
and
taile
like
an
asse
,
lying
in
the
wombe
before
the
foling
twelue
monthes
like
a
horsse
,
Nonius
.
and
are
brought
vp
like
little
horsses
,
whose
age
is
discerned
by
their
teeth
,
and
they
are
sometimes
procreated
of
a
horse
and
a
Mule
,
and
because
of
their
aptnes
to
beare
,
Perot
.
they
are
called
Burdones
,
or
else
of
Bardus
by
reason
of
their
folly
and
slownes
.
Manni
and
Mannuli
are
very
little
low
horses
,
being
very
gentle
and
easie
to
be
handled
,
Porp●yrius
being
called
also
among
the
Ciuilians
,
Burdi
.
There
is
in
France
not
farre
from
Gration
polis
,
a
kind
of
Mules
which
in
the
countrey
speech
are
called
Iumar
,
being
bred
of
an
Asse
and
a
Bull
,
and
in
the
Heluetian
alpes
beyond
Curia
,
about
the
towne
Speluga
,
I
haue
bin
sincerely
informed
,
that
there
was
a
horse
conceiued
of
a
bull
and
a
mare
,
and
therefore
Scaliger
saith
,
that
such
a
foale
is
called
Hinnulus
,
whereof
hee
reporteth
he
had
seene
many
,
and
he
himselfe
had
two
of
them
,
and
at
that
instant
had
onely
one
female
,
betwixt
whose
eares
there
were
two
bony
bunches
about
the
bignes
of
halfe
a
Wal-nut
,
giuing
euident
testimony
by
the
forehead
,
that
her
father
or
Syre
was
a
bull
:
and
some
say
,
that
this
kinde
want
their
vpper
teeth
:
and
their
vnderchappe
doeth
in
a
deformed
manner
stretch
foorth
it selfe
beyond
the
vpper
,
as
it
is
in
many
fishes
,
being
called
of
the
Gabala
and
Aruerni
,
Befi
:
And
at
this
day
there
is
in
the
court
of
France
a
certaine
beast
which
in
the
former
part
is
like
an
asse
,
and
in
the
hinder
a
sheepe
.
Auerg●e
&
Lodoue
Nauert
.
In
Ferraria
amonge
other
strange
beasts
,
they
nourish
dwaruish
Asses
,
of
whom
Martiall
made
a
Dislichon
to
this
effect
,
that
they
are
not
so
high
as
a
man
,
when
he
sitteth
on
the
ground
.
His
tibi
de
mulis
non
est
metuenda
ruina
:
Altius
in
terris
pene
sedere
soles
.
For
the
Innus
,
and
Ginnus
,
or
Hinnus
,
they
are
conceiued
by
a
Mule
and
a
Mare
,
which
are
very
small
by
reason
of
some
disease
the
damme
that
beareth
them
hath
in
her
belly
:
the
worde
Inis
signifying
a
young
or
newe
borne
Nephew
,
and
is
attributed
to
this
kind
of
beasts
,
because
they
neuer
exceed
the
quantity
of
young
foles
.
Both
the
Mule
and
the
Burd●
remaine
barren
and
neuer
conceiue
,
Albertus
.
Promptuat
.
these
neighe
like
a
horse
,
and
that
brayeth
like
an
asse
.
A
Musimon
is
a
short
horse
,
asse
,
or
Mule
.
OF
THE
WILDE
ASSE
.
A
Wilde
Asse
,
called
of
the
Latines
Onager
,
of
the
Haebrewes
Arod
and
Ere
,
and
as
Sebastian
Munster
affirmeth
Meroda
and
Arda
;
In
the
German
tongue
it
may
be
tearmed
Ein
Waldesell
,
and
the
young
ones
are
called
Lalisions
.
Dum
t●ner
est
Onager
solaque
lalisio
matre
:
Pascit
hoc
infans
sed
breue
nomen
habet
.
Martial
.
These
wilde
Asses
are
not
Elks
,
as
some
haue
reported
of
Elks
,
nor
that
Oryx
which
the
auncient
writers
do
constantly
affirme
to
liue
in
a
continuall
thirst
,
as
for
the
most
part
wilde
Asses
do
.
Of
these
Asses
are
great
store
in
Phrygia
,
Lycaonia
,
Countrey
of
breed
.
and
Affrica
,
and
it
is
saide
,
that
the
Saracen
king
of
Tunis
in
Affricke
,
sent
vnto
Ferdinand
king
of
Naples
,
a
goodly
great
wild
Asse
,
such
an
one
as
hath
not
bene
seene
in
this
part
of
the
world
.
Apollonius
affirmeth
,
that
he
saw
wilde
asses
in
great
plenty
beyond
Catadupa
in
Egypt
,
so
are
there
many
in
Ca●da
,
an
Island
neere
Creet
:
In
Persis
,
in
Asia
,
in
Madera
,
and
Abasia
,
Arabia
desert
,
Mauritania
,
and
Armenia
.
Callistus
reporteth
that
there
are
such
wild
Asses
in
that
region
vnder
the
Aequinoctiall
towards
the
East
and
South
,
of
wonderfull
stature
,
Pliny
.
their
skin
(
beside
the
vsuall
manner
)
being
of
diuers
colours
,
interlined
variably
with
white
and
blacke
,
and
the
Zones
and
strakes
discending
from
the
top
of
the
backe
vnto
the
sides
,
and
there
diuided
by
their
winding
and
turning
,
make
the
folds
appeare
of
admirable
variety
.
These
Asses
loue
the
highest
Mountaines
and
rockes
,
as
holy
scripture
teacheth
,
Ier.
14.
The
asses
stood
in
the
high
places
and
drew
in
the
wind
like
Dragons
:
which
words
gaue
occasion
to
some
to
imagine
,
that
wilde
asses
would
quench
their
thirst
with
the
winde
without
water
:
whereas
it
is
the
maner
of
all
wilde
beasts
,
in
extreamity
of
thirst
,
to
gape
wide
and
greedily
draw
in
the
colde
refreshing
ayre
;
and
they
will
not
drinke
but
of
pure
fountaine
water
.
They
liue
in
flocks
and
great
companies
togither
,
but
in
desolate
places
:
the
males
going
before
the
females
,
and
commonly
one
male
will
leade
and
rule
a
flocke
of
females
,
being
exceeding
swift
,
and
fearfull
,
and
therfore
do
they
often
change
their
places
of
abode
;
and
yet
it
is
obserued
,
that
the
wilde
Asses
of
Licia
neuer
go
ouer
the
mountaine
that
diuideth
them
from
Cappadocia
.
They
engender
among
themselues
,
Their
copulation
.
their
females
being
much
more
lustfull
then
the
males
,
and
therefore
doe
the
males
obserue
and
watch
them
with
a
ielous
eye
towarde
their
owne
soles
,
especially
after
they
haue
conceiued
;
and
the
female
as
warily
avoideth
the
sight
of
the
male
,
especially
at
the
time
of
her
foling
:
for
if
she
bring
forth
a
female
,
the
male
receiueth
it
with
all
loue
,
ioy
,
and
welcome
;
but
if
a
male
,
then
doth
he
with
angry
and
enuious
countenance
look
vpon
it
,
taking
it
heauily
that
another
male
is
bred
,
which
in
time
may
in
the
fathers
place
possesse
his
damme
:
wherfore
in
a
raging
madnes
he
falleth
vpon
the
fole
,
seeking
by
al
his
power
to
bite
off
his
stones
:
the
poor
female
although
weakened
with
paine
of
deliuery
,
yet
helpeth
her
young
one
against
the
fathers
rage
,
and
like
a
mother
who
seeing
her
sonne
slain
in
war
,
embraceth
his
bleeding
corps
,
and
cryeth
out
with
dolefull
voice
,
tearing
her
cheekes
and
bleeding
betwixt
her
brests
:
so
would
you
thinke
this
silly
female
asse
,
to
mourne
for
her
fole
,
now
ready
to
die
by
the
Syres
cruelty
;
saying
,
O
my
husband
why
is
thy
aspect
so
irefull
?
Why
are
thy
eyes
now
become
so
bloody
,
which
euen
now
were
as
white
as
light
?
Doest
thou
looke
vpon
the
face
of
that
monster
Medusa
?
Which
turneth
men
into
stones
,
or
dost
thou
look
vpon
some
new
hatched
horrible
Dragon
,
or
the
whelpe
of
some
lyon
lately
littered
?
Why
wilt
thou
geld
this
our
young
one
which
nature
hath
giuen
vnto
vs
both
by
procreation
:
O
wretched
beast
that
I
am
,
which
haue
conceiued
an
vnhappy
fole
by
the
fathers
wickednes
,
O
my
poore
,
and
more
vnhappy
sonne
,
which
for
a
iealous
feare
art
depriued
of
thy
naturall
parts
,
not
by
the
clawes
of
Lyons
(
for
that
I
would
endure
)
but
by
the
vnnaturall
and
more
then
hostile
teeth
of
thy
owne
father
.
These
wilde
Asses
haue
good
and
stronge
hoofes
,
their
swiftnes
is
compared
to
the
winde
,
and
in
the
time
that
they
are
hunted
,
they
cast
backward
with
their
heeles
stones
with
such
violence
,
as
they
pierce
the
brests
of
them
that
prosecute
them
if
they
be
not
very
wary
.
They
are
of
a
large
,
broad
,
tall
,
and
beautifull
body
;
long
eares
,
and
a
siluer
colour
,
(
that
is
as
I
gesse
)
a
bright
cloud-colour
,
for
it
is
but
vaine
to
imagine
,
that
an
Asse
can
be
all
white
,
for
then
were
all
the
auncients
deceiued
,
which
with
one
voyce
affirme
,
that
he
hath
a
blacke
list
on
the
backe
,
at
either
side
whereof
are
two
white
lines
.
Aelianus
Albertus
.
Oppianus
.
Their
food
is
onely
grasse
and
herbes
of
the
earth
,
whereby
they
grow
very
fat
,
their
hart
being
the
fattest
part
of
their
body
,
and
they
will
not
abide
any
flesh-eating-beaste
,
especially
the
Lyon
whom
he
feareth
very
much
,
for
all
these
strong
beasts
deuour
and
eat
them
.
These
Asses
are
very
fit
for
ciuill
vses
,
as
for
plowing
and
sowing
,
Varro
.
for
being
tamed
they
neuer
grow
wilde
againe
as
other
beasts
will
,
and
they
easily
grow
tame
.
It
is
obserued
that
the
same
being
tamed
,
is
most
tame
which
before
time
was
most
wilde
.
They
loue
figs
and
meale
aboue
all
things
,
wherefore
the
Armenians
vse
to
take
a
certain
blacke
fish
bred
in
their
waters
which
is
poyson
,
Aelianus
.
and
couering
it
with
meale
the
wilde
asses
come
and
licke
thereof
,
and
so
are
destroyed
.
The
best
of
them
are
generated
of
a
Mare
and
a
wild
Asse
tamed
,
for
they
are
the
swiftest
in
course
,
of
hardest
hoofe
,
a
leane
body
,
but
of
a
generous
and
vntierable
stomack
.
The
Indian
wild
Asses
haue
one
horne
in
their
foreheade
,
and
their
body
all
white
,
but
their
heade
is
red
:
So
is
there
another
beast
in
India
very
like
a
wilde
asse
,
which
the
inhabitants
eat
(
as
we
haue
read
)
about
the
streights
of
Magellana
:
When
these
Asses
are
hunted
with
dogs
,
they
cast
foorth
their
sime
or
dung
,
with
the
sauour
whereof
the
Dogges
are
stayed
while
it
is
hot
,
Phyles
.
and
by
that
meanes
the
beast
escapeth
daunger
:
but
the
Asses
of
Mauritania
are
very
short
winded
,
Pliny
.
and
subiect
to
wearinesse
and
stumbling
,
for
which
cause
they
are
more
easily
taken
,
and
the
best
of
all
are
not
so
swift
as
a
Barbary-horse
;
besides
their
nature
is
,
when
they
see
a
man
,
to
stand
stone
stil
,
crying
,
braying
,
and
kicking
,
till
you
come
at
them
,
Aelianus
.
and
when
one
is
ready
to
take
them
,
they
take
their
heeles
and
run
away
.
The
inhabitants
of
Arabia
desert
,
by
many
gins
and
other
deceitfull
deuises
take
them
,
and
on
horsebacke
follow
them
till
they
tyre
or
can
strike
them
with
their
darts
.
Their
flesh
being
hot
,
doeth
stinke
and
taste
like
an
other
Asses
,
but
boyled
and
kept
two
dayes
hath
a
pleasant
taste
;
yet
doth
it
not
breede
good
blood
,
because
it
is
viscous
and
harde
to
be
concocted
,
although
there
be
many
which
eat
that
,
as
also
the
flesh
of
Panthers
and
other
such
beasts
.
Pliny
teacheth
,
Medicine●
.
that
there
is
more
vertue
in
the
wilde
Asses
milk
and
bones
against
venome
and
poyson
,
then
in
the
tame
.
Likewise
,
in
the
heele
of
an
Asse
,
Milke
.
is
a
principall
remedy
against
apostemations
and
bunches
in
the
flesh
,
if
it
be
applyed
to
the
inner
part
of
the
thighe
.
The
gall
,
draweth
out
botches
and
must
bee
annointed
vpon
impostumate
scars
.
It
is
vsed
also
in
emplasters
against
Saint
Antonies
fire
,
the
leprosie
,
Pliny
and
swelling
in
the
legs
and
guts
.
The
fat
with
oyle
of
herbe
-
Mary
by
annointing
the
raines
and
the
backe
,
helpeth
and
easeth
that
paine
which
was
ingendred
by
wind
.
The
spleen
dryed
to
pouder
and
drunke
in
wine
or
drinke
,
is
good
against
the
sicknes
of
the
spleene
.
The
flesh
is
good
against
the
paine
in
the
ridge
and
hip-bones
:
and
Galen
affirmeth
,
that
the
vrine
breaketh
and
dissolueth
the
stone
in
the
bladder
.
The
ashes
of
the
hoofe
helpeth
the
falling
euill
,
and
mingled
with
oyle
,
cureth
the
kinges
euill
,
and
the
loosenes
of
the
hayre
The
marrow
easeth
the
gowt
,
and
the
dung
mixed
with
the
yolke
of
an
Egge
and
applyed
to
the
fore-head
,
stayeth
bleeding
:
also
the
same
curleth
the
hayre
if
it
be
mingled
with
an
Oxes
gall
and
dryed
:
put
into
wine
and
drunke
,
cureth
the
sting
of
a
scorpion
:
and
Zor
an
Haebrew
affirmeth
very
constantly
,
that
if
a
man
looke
into
an
Asses
eye
,
it
preserueth
the
sight
,
and
hindereth
the
Water
that
descendeth
into
the
eye
.
Of
the
Scythian
Asses
.
THe
Asses
of
Scythia
haue
hornes
wherein
it
is
reported
that
the
Stygean
Water
of
Arcadia
may
be
contained
,
Aelianus
.
although
it
will
eat
through
all
other
vessels
be
they
neuer
so
hard
.
Sosipater
brought
of
them
to
Alexander
the
great
,
who
admiring
the
rarenesse
,
would
not
put
them
to
any
priuate
vse
but
sent
them
to
Delphos
,
to
be
offered
to
Pithias
;
but
that
these
can
be
properly
called
Asses
,
no
man
can
defend
,
L●b
.
4
although
Herodotus
also
affirme
,
that
among
the
Affricans
called
Aratours
,
there
be
asses
with
hornes
.
Of
the
Indian
Asses
.
IT
is
questionable
whether
the
Monoceros
,
commonly
called
a
Vnicorne
,
the
Rhinoceros
,
the
Oryx
,
and
the
Indian
asse
be
all
one
beast
or
diuers
;
for
the
Vnicorne
and
Rhinoceros
haue
the
same
things
attributed
to
them
in
stories
,
and
differ
in
verie
few
reports
:
but
for
the
Asses
of
India
,
both
Aristotle
,
Pliny
,
and
Aelianus
,
ioyntly
agree
,
that
they
differ
from
all
other
whole-footed
beasts
,
because
they
haue
one
horne
in
the
forehead
,
and
so
also
haue
the
Rhinoceros
,
Monoceros
,
and
Orix
,
but
the
Indians
cal
a
Vnicorn
,
Cartazono
;
and
the
horn
so
highly
prized
at
this
day
,
is
thought
to
be
of
the
Rhinoceros
,
but
Aelianus
and
Philes
acknowledge
no
other
Vnicorne
then
the
Indian
Asse
,
who
in
bignes
equalleth
a
horse
among
the
Indians
,
being
all
white
on
the
body
,
but
purple
headed
or
red
(
as
some
say
,
)
blacke
eyes
,
but
Volaterranus
saith
blew
,
hauing
one
horne
in
the
fore-head
a
cubit
and
a
halfe
long
,
whose
vpper
part
is
red
or
bay
,
the
middle
blacke
,
and
the
neather
part
white
,
wherein
the
Kings
and
mighty
men
of
India
vse
to
drinke
,
adorning
it
for
that
purpose
with
sundry
bracelets
,
precious
stones
,
and
works
of
gold
,
holding
for
truth
that
all
those
which
drinke
in
those
hornes
,
shal
be
freed
from
annoyance
of
incurable
diseases
,
as
conuulsions
,
the
falling
euill
,
and
deadly
poysons
.
These
wilde-asses
exceed
all
other
,
both
in
stature
of
body
,
and
also
swiftnes
of
foote
,
for
at
the
first
,
they
set
forth
very
gently
,
and
afterward
speed
their
iourney
with
better
pace
,
so
that
it
is
very
hard
for
any
to
follow
them
,
but
impossible
to
ouergo
them
.
The
males
take
great
paines
in
keeping
their
young
ones
,
whom
they
continually
watch
and
hide
in
the
most
remote
and
desert
places
they
can
finde
.
When
they
are
hunted
,
they
keepe
their
weake
young
ones
behind
them
,
and
fight
for
them
very
furiously
,
neyther
feare
they
to
encounter
horsemen
.
They
are
so
strong
,
that
no
beast
may
stand
before
them
,
for
they
will
receiue
the
charge
of
Horsses
with
such
violence
,
that
in
their
encounter
they
bite
out
their
sides
&
tear
their
guts
out
of
their
belly
:
for
which
cause
they
are
dreadfull
to
Horsses
,
who
are
most
vnwilling
to
ioyn
with
them
,
for
they
neuer
meet
but
they
both
perish
.
They
fight
with
their
heeles
,
but
their
teeth
are
most
daungerous
,
for
what
they
apprehend
in
them
they
bring
it
cleane
away
:
and
because
of
this
rage
,
those
which
are
of
any
yeares
,
can
neuer
be
tamed
.
The
great
king
of
India
doth
once
euery
yeare
appoint
all
manner
of
fights
both
of
men
and
Beastes
,
wherein
are
wilde
Buls
,
tame
Rams
,
these
wild
Asses
with
one
horne
,
Hyaenaes
and
Elephants
.
To
conclude
,
it
is
but
a
fable
of
Volaterranus
,
that
saith
,
these
Asses
want
a
gal
,
for
they
haue
the
bladder
of
the
gal
,
a
potion
whereof
drunke
,
cureth
the
falling
euill
.
Of
the
Alborach
and
Axis
.
THere
are
two
other
beasts
to
be
added
to
the
end
of
this
ranke
,
namely
,
the
Alborach
among
the
Turks
,
being
a
faire
white
beast
like
an
Asse
,
whereupon
the
turkish
priestes
blasphemous
idolaters
,
perswade
the
silly
pilgrims
of
Mecha
,
that
Mahomet
was
carried
vp
to
heauen
.
The
Axis
of
which
Pliny
speaketh
,
is
a
wilde
beast
,
hauing
a
skinne
like
the
Hinnulus
aforesaid
,
but
spred
ouer
with
whiter
spots
,
which
is
bred
in
India
,
Bellonius
affirmeth
,
that
he
saw
two
of
them
in
the
Castle
of
Cair
,
a
male
and
a
female
,
and
either
sex
wanted
hornes
,
hauing
long
tayles
down
to
their
mid-legs
like
deere
,
and
differ
very
little
from
deere
,
sauing
in
their
large
white
spots
and
yellow
colour
,
yeelding
a
much
more
cleare
sounding
voyce
then
a
deere
,
and
the
female
thereof
is
smaller
then
the
male
.
This
beast
is
by
idolatrous
people
dedicated
to
their
drunken
God
Bacchus
.
OF
THE
BADGER
,
OTHER
WISE
called
a
Brocke
,
a
Gray
,
or
a
Bauson
.
THe
Badger
could
neuer
find
a
Greeke
name
,
although
some
through
ignoraunce
haue
foisted
into
a
Greeke
dictionary
Melis
,
whereas
in
truth
that
is
his
Latine
word
,
Mele
or
Meles
,
and
so
called
,
because
aboue
all
other
things
,
he
loueth
hony
;
and
some
later
writers
call
him
Taxus
,
Tassus
,
Taxo
,
and
Alber.
Magnus
dax●s
.
But
wheras
in
the
scripture
some
translate
Tesson
,
Tahas
,
or
Tachasch
;
and
plurally
Techaseim
,
Badgers
,
yet
is
not
the
mater
so
cleare
,
for
there
is
no
such
beauty
in
a
badgers
skin
,
as
to
couer
the
Arke
,
or
to
make
princes
shooes
thereof
:
therefore
some
Haebrews
say
,
that
it
signifieth
an
Oxe
of
an
exceeding
hard
skinne
.
Onkelus
translateth
it
Sasgona
,
that
is
,
a
beast
skinne
of
diuers
colours
,
Symcehus
,
and
Aquila
a
iacinct
colour
,
which
cannot
be
;
but
the
Arabians
Darasch
,
and
the
Persians
Asthak
,
yet
it
may
be
rather
saide
,
that
those
skinnes
spoken
of
Exod.
25.
Numb.
4
Ezek.
26.
be
of
the
Linx
,
or
some
such
other
spotted
beast
;
for
Tachasch
commeth
neere
Thos
,
signifying
a
kind
of
Wolfe
not
hurtfull
to
men
,
being
rough
and
hairy
in
winter
,
but
smooth
in
summer
.
The
Italians
call
a
Badget
Tasso
,
the
Rhetians
,
Tasch
:
the
French
Tausson
,
Taixin
,
Tasson
,
Tesson
,
and
sometime
Grisart
,
for
her
colour
:
sometimes
Blareau
,
and
at
Parris
Bedouo
.
The
Spaniardes
,
Tasugo
,
Texon
,
the
Germans
Tachs
,
or
Daxs
,
the
Illyrians
Gezwecz
.
Badgers
are
plentiful
in
Naples
,
Sicilly
,
Lucane
,
and
in
the
Alpine
and
Heluetian
coasts
,
so
are
they
also
in
England
.
In
Lucane
there
is
a
certaine
wilde
beast
,
resembling
both
a
beare
and
a
Hog
,
not
in
quantity
,
but
in
forme
and
proportion
of
body
;
Countrey
of
breed
.
Caelius
Curio
.
which
the
refore
may
be
fitly
called
in
Greeke
Suarctos
,
for
a
Gray
,
in
short
legs
,
eares
,
and
feet
,
is
like
a
beare
,
but
in
fatnes
like
a
swine
.
Therefore
it
is
obserued
,
that
there
be
two
kinds
of
this
beast
,
one
resembling
a
Dog
in
his
feet
,
which
is
cald
Canine
,
the
other
,
a
hog
in
his
clouen
hoofe
,
and
is
cald
Swinish
:
also
these
disso●●●
the
fashion
of
their
snowt
,
Diuersitie
of
kindes
.
one
resembling
the
snowt
of
a
Dog
,
the
other
of
a
swine
,
and
in
their
mear
,
the
one
eating
flesh
and
carrion
like
a
Dogge
,
the
other
roo●s
and
fru●●
like
a
hog
,
as
both
kinds
haue
bene
found
in
Normandy
and
other
parts
of
France
and
〈◊〉
.
This
beast
diggeth
her
a
den
or
caue
in
the
earth
and
there
liueth
,
neue●
comming
forth
but
for
meat
and
easement
,
which
it
maketh
out
of
his
den
:
when
they
dig
their
den
,
after
they
haue
entred
a
good
depth
for
auoiding
the
earth
out
,
one
of
them
falleth
on
the
backe
,
and
the
other
laieth
all
the
earth
on
his
belly
,
and
so
taking
his
hinder
feet
in
his
mouth
,
draweth
the
belly-laden-badger
out
of
the
caue
,
A
secret
in
their
manner
of
digging
.
Isidorus
.
Albertus
.
which
disburdeneth
her
cariage
,
and
goeth
in
for
more
till
all
be
finished
and
emptied
.
The
wily
Foxe
neuer
maketh
a
Denne
for
himselfe
,
but
finding
a
badgers
caue
,
in
her
absence
,
layeth
his
excrement
at
the
hole
of
the
denne
,
the
which
when
the
Gray
returneth
,
if
she
smell
(
as
the
sauour
is
strong
)
she
forbeareth
to
enter
as
noisome
,
and
so
leaueth
her
elaborate
house
to
the
Fox
.
These
badgers
are
verie
sleepie
,
especiallie
in
the
day
time
,
and
stirre
not
abroad
,
but
in
the
night
,
for
which
cause
they
are
called
Lucifuga
:
that
is
;
Their
meate
Auoyders
of
the
light
.
They
eat
honie
,
and
wormes
,
and
hornets
,
and
such
like
thinges
,
because
they
are
not
verie
swift
of
foot
to
take
other
creatures
.
They
loue
Orchards
,
vines
,
and
places
of
fruits
also
,
and
in
the
autumne
they
grow
therewith
verie
fat
.
They
are
in
quantitie
as
big
as
a
Fox
,
but
of
a
shorter
and
thicker
bodie
;
their
skin
is
hard
,
but
rough
and
rugged
,
their
haire
harsh
and
stubborn
,
of
an
intermingled
grisard
colour
,
sometime
white
,
sometime
blacke
,
his
backe
couered
with
blacke
,
and
his
bellie
with
white
,
his
head
from
the
top
thereof
to
the
ridge
of
his
shoulder
,
is
adorned
with
strakes
of
white
and
blacke
,
being
blacke
in
the
middle
and
white
at
each
side
.
He
hath
verie
sharpe
teeth
,
and
is
therefore
accounted
a
deepe-biting
beast
.
His
back
is
broad
,
his
legs
(
as
some
say
)
longer
on
the
right
side
then
on
the
left
,
and
therefore
he
runneth
best
when
he
getteth
to
the
side
of
a
hill
,
Cardanus
.
or
a
cart-road-away
.
His
taile
is
short
but
hairy
,
and
of
diuers
colours
,
hauing
a
long
face
or
snowt
like
the
Zibethus
:
his
forelegs
being
a
full
spanne
long
,
and
the
hinder
legs
shorter
short
eares
and
little
eies
,
a
great
bladder
of
gall
,
a
body
verie
fat
betwixt
the
skin
and
the
flesh
,
and
about
the
heart
;
and
it
is
held
that
this
fat
increaseth
with
the
Moon
,
and
decreaseth
with
the
same
,
being
none
at
all
at
the
change
:
his
forelegs
haue
verie
sharp
nailes
,
bare
and
apt
to
dig
withall
,
being
fiue
both
before
and
behind
,
but
the
hinder
verie
short
ones
and
couered
with
haire
.
His
sauour
is
strong
,
and
is
much
troubled
with
lice
about
his
secrets
,
the
length
of
his
bodie
from
the
nose
which
hangeth
out
like
a
hogges
nose
to
the
taile
or
rumpe
,
is
some
thirtie
inches
and
a
little
more
,
the
haire
of
his
back●
three
fingers
long
,
his
necke
is
short
and
a
like
a
Dogs
:
both
male
and
female
haue
vnder
their
hole
another
outwardlie
,
Her
defence
against
Hunters
&
theyr
Dogs
.
but
not
inwardlie
in
the
male
.
If
she
be
hunted
out
of
her
denne
with
hounds
,
she
biteth
them
greeuouslie
if
she
lay
hold
on
them
,
wherefore
they
auoide
her
carefully
,
and
the
hunters
put
great
broade
collars
made
of
a
Graies
skinne
about
their
Dogges
necke
,
to
keepe
them
the
safer
from
the
Badgers
teeth
:
her
manner
is
to
fight
on
her
backe
,
vsing
thereby
both
her
teeth
and
her
nailes
,
and
by
blowing
vp
her
skinne
aboue
measure
after
an
vnknowne
manner
,
she
defendeth
her selfe
against
the
strokes
of
men
and
the
teeth
of
Dogges
:
wherefore
she
is
hard
lie
taken
,
but
by
deuises
and
ginnes
for
that
purpose
inuented
;
with
their
skinnes
they
make
quiuers
for
arrows
,
and
some
shepheards
in
Italy
vse
thereof
to
make
sacks
,
wherein
they
wrappe
themselues
from
the
iniury
of
raine
.
Badg●
eaten
.
Platina
.
In
Italy
and
Germany
they
eate
Grayes
flesh
,
and
boile
with
it
peares
,
which
maketh
the
flesh
tast
like
the
flesh
of
a
Porcupine
.
Medicine
made
of
Bad.
The
flesh
is
best
in
September
if
it
be
fat
,
and
of
the
two
kindes
,
the
swinish
badger
is
better
flesh
then
the
other
.
There
are
sundry
vertues
confected
out
of
this
beast
;
for
it
is
affirmed
,
that
if
the
fat
of
a
badger
mingled
with
crudy
hony
,
Gratius
and
annointed
vpon
a
bare
place
of
a
horsse
,
where
the
former
haires
are
pulled
off
,
it
will
make
new
white
haires
glowe
in
that
place
:
Brasanolus
.
and
it
is
certaine
(
although
the
Graecians
make
no
reckoning
of
Badgers
grease
)
yet
it
is
a
verie
soueraigne
thing
to
soften
,
and
therefore
Serenus
prescribeth
it
to
annoint
them
that
haue
feuers
or
inflamations
of
the
bodie
,
Albertus
.
Nec
spernendus
adeps
dederit
▪
quem
hestia
melis
.
And
not
to
be
dispised
for
other
cures
:
as
for
example
,
the
easing
of
the
paine
of
the
raines
if
it
be
giuen
in
a
glister
,
and
likewise
the
fat
of
a
dogge
and
a
badger
mingled
togither
,
doe
loosen
contracted
sinnewes
.
The
ashes
of
a
badger
is
found
to
helpe
the
bleeding
of
the
stomacke
,
and
the
same
sod
and
drunke
,
preuenteth
daunger
by
the
biting
of
a
mad
dogge
:
and
Brunfelsius
affirmeth
,
that
if
the
blood
of
a
badger
be
instilled
into
the
hornes
of
cattell
with
salt
,
it
keepeth
them
from
the
murrain
,
and
the
same
dryed
and
beat
to
pouder
doth
wonderfully
help
the
leprosie
.
The
braine
sod
with
oyle
easeth
all
aches
,
the
liuer
taken
out
of
water
,
Bottillus
.
helpeth
swellings
in
the
mouth
;
and
some
affirme
,
that
if
one
weare
sole●
made
of
Badgers
skins
in
their
Shooes
,
it
giueth
great
ease
vnto
the
gowt
.
The
biting
of
this
beast
is
venemous
,
bicause
it
feedeth
vpon
all
venemous
meates
which
creepe
vpon
the
earth
,
Brasanolus
.
although
Arnoldus
be
of
a
contrary
iudgement
:
and
of
this
beast
I
can
report
no
other
thing
worth
the
noting
,
saue
that
the
Noble
family
of
the
Taxons
in
Ferraria
,
tooke
their
name
from
this
creature
.
OF
THE
BEARE
.
A
Beare
is
called
in
the
Haebrew
Dob
,
and
plurally
Dobi●●
,
of
the
Arabians
Dubbe
,
of
the
Chaldeans
Duba
,
Aldub
and
Daboube
;
Of
the
name
of
the
Graecians
Arctos
,
of
some
Dasyllis
,
because
of
the
roughnes
of
his
haire
,
of
other
Beiros
,
and
Monios
signifieth
a
solitary
Beare
.
The
Latines
call
him
Vrsus
,
which
some
coniecture
to
be
tanquam
orsus
,
signifieng
,
that
it
is
but
begunne
to
be
framed
in
the
dammes
belly
,
and
prefected
after
the
littering
thereof
.
The
Italians
call
it
Orso
,
so
also
the
Spaniards
;
the
French
,
Ours
,
the
Germans
Baer
,
and
Beer
:
the
Bohemians
Nedwed
,
the
Polontans
Vuluuer
:
and
the
attributes
of
this
beast
are
many
among
authors
,
both
Greeke
and
Latine
:
Epithites
of
the
beare
as
Aemonian
beares
,
armed
,
filthy
,
deformed
,
cruell
,
dreadfull
,
fierce
,
greedy
,
Callidonian
,
Erymanthean
,
bloody
,
heauy
,
night-ranging
,
lybican
,
menacing
,
Numidian
,
Ossaean
,
headlong
,
rauening
,
rigide
and
terrible
beare
;
all
which
serue
to
set
forth
the
nature
heereof
,
as
shall
be
afterward
in
particular
discoursed
.
First
,
Of
the
kind
;
of
Beares
Agricola
.
Albertus
.
therefore
concerning
seuerall
kinds
of
beares
,
it
is
obserued
,
that
there
is
in
generall
two
;
a
greater
,
and
a
lesser
;
and
these
lesser
are
more
apt
to
clime
trees
then
the
other
,
neither
do
they
euer
grow
to
so
great
a
stature
as
the
other
.
Besides
there
are
Beares
which
are
called
Amphibia
;
because
they
liue
both
on
the
land
and
in
the
sea
,
hunting
and
catching
fish
like
an
Otter
or
Beauer
,
and
these
are
white
coloured
.
In
the
Ocean
Islands
toward
the
North
,
there
are
bears
of
a
great
stature
,
fierce
and
cruell
,
who
with
their
forefeet
do
breake
vp
the
hardest
congealed
yse
on
the
sea
,
or
other
great
Waters
,
and
draw
out
of
those
holes
great
aboundance
of
fishes
:
Ol●uis
.
and
so
in
other
frozen
seas
are
many
such
like
,
hauing
blacke
clawes
,
liuing
for
the
most
part
vpon
the
seas
,
except
tempestuous
weather
driue
them
to
the
land
.
In
the
Easterne
parts
of
India
there
is
a
beast
in
proportion
of
body
verie
like
a
Beare
,
yet
indued
with
no
other
quality
of
that
kind
,
(
being
neither
so
wild
,
nor
rauenous
,
nor
strong
)
and
it
is
called
a
Formicarian
Beare
,
A
Formicarian
Beare
.
Cardanus
.
for
God
hath
so
prouided
,
that
whereas
that
countrey
is
aboundantly
annoyed
with
the
Emmets
or
Ants
,
that
beast
doth
so
prey
and
feede
vpon
them
,
that
by
the
strength
and
vertuous
humour
of
his
tongue
,
the
sillie
poore
inhabitants
are
exceedingly
relieued
from
their
greeuious
and
daungerous
numbers
.
Beares
are
bred
in
many
countries
,
as
in
the
Heluetian
alpine
region
,
where
they
are
so
strong
and
full
of
courage
,
Countrey
of
breed
.
that
they
can
teare
in
pieces
,
both
Oxen
and
Horsses
,
for
which
cause
the
inhabitants
study
by
all
means
to
take
them
.
Likewise
there
are
Beares
in
Persia
,
which
doe
rauen
beyond
all
measure
,
and
all
other
;
so
also
the
beares
of
N●midia
,
Marcellinus
.
which
are
of
a
more
elegant
forme
and
composition
then
the
residue
;
Profuit
ergo
nihil
,
misero
quod
communius
vrsos
:
Figebat
Numidas
&
Albena
nudus
arena
.
And
wheras
Pliny
affirmeth
,
that
there
are
no
beares
in
Affrick
,
he
mistook
that
country
for
Creet
,
and
so
some
say
,
that
in
that
Island
be
no
Wolues
,
vipers
,
or
other
such
venemous
creatures
,
whereof
the
Poets
giue
a
vaine
reason
,
because
Iupiter
was
borne
there
:
but
,
we
know
also
,
that
there
be
no
beares
bred
in
England
.
In
the
countrey
of
Arabia
,
from
the
promontory
Dira
to
the
South
,
are
beares
which
liue
vpon
eating
of
flesh
,
Volaterran●
being
of
a
yellowish
colour
,
which
do
farre
excel
all
other
bears
,
both
in
actiuity
or
swiftnes
,
and
in
quantity
of
body
.
Among
the
Roxolani
and
Lituanians
,
are
beares
,
which
being
tamed
are
presents
for
princes
.
Aristotle
in
his
wonders
reporteth
,
a
secret
in
the
natures
of
Beares
.
that
there
are
white
beares
in
Misia
,
which
being
eagerly
hunted
,
do
send
forth
such
a
breath
,
that
putrifieth
immediately
the
flesh
of
the
Dogges
,
and
whatsoeuer
other
beast
commeth
within
the
sauour
thereof
,
it
maketh
the
flesh
of
them
not
fit
to
be
eaten
:
but
if
either
men
or
dogs
approach
or
come
nigh
them
,
they
vomit
forth
such
aboundance
of
Plegme
,
that
either
the
hunters
are
thereby
choaked
or
blinded
.
Thracia
also
breedeth
white
Beares
,
and
the
King
of
Aethiopia
in
his
Haebrew
Epistle
which
he
wrote
to
the
Bishop
of
Rome
affirmeth
,
that
there
are
Beares
in
his
countrey
:
In
Musconia
are
Beares
,
both
of
a
snow
white
,
yellow
,
and
dusky
colour
,
and
it
hath
bene
seene
that
the
Noble
womens
chariots
drawne
by
six
horsses
,
haue
beene
couered
with
the
skinnes
of
white
beares
,
from
the
pasterne
to
the
head
:
and
as
all
other
creatures
doe
bring
forth
some
white
,
and
some
blacke
,
so
also
do
Beares
,
who
in
generall
doe
breede
and
bring
forth
their
young
in
all
cold
countries
,
some
of
a
dusky
and
some
of
a
browne
blacke
colour
.
A
Beare
is
of
a
most
venereous
and
lustfull
disposition
,
Lust
of
beare
for
night
and
day
the
females
with
most
ardent
inflamed
desires
,
doe
prouoke
the
males
to
copulation
;
and
for
this
cause
at
that
time
they
are
most-fierce
and
angry
.
Phillippus
Cosseus
of
Constance
,
did
most
confidently
tell
mee
,
that
in
the
Mountaines
of
Sauoy
,
a
Beare
carried
a
young
maide
into
his
denne
by
violence
,
Gillius
.
A
History
where
in
venereous
manner
he
had
the
carnall
vse
of
her
body
,
and
while
he
kept
her
in
his
denne
,
he
dailye
went
foorth
and
brought
her
home
the
best
Apples
and
other
fruites
he
coulde
get
,
presenting
them
vnto
her
for
her
meat
in
very
amorous
sort
;
but
alwaies
when
hee
went
to
forrage
,
hee
rouled
a
huge
great
stone
vppon
the
mouth
of
his
denne
,
that
the
Virgin
shoulde
not
escape
away
:
at
length
her
parentes
with
long
search
,
founde
their
little
Daughter
in
the
Beares
den
,
who
deliuered
her
from
that
sauage
and
beastuall
captiuity
.
Time
of
their
copulation
.
The
time
of
their
copulation
is
in
the
beginning
of
winter
,
althogh
sometime
in
Summer
,
(
but
such
young
ones
seldome
liue
)
yet
most
commonly
in
February
or
Ianuary
.
The
manner
of
their
copulation
is
like
to
a
mans
,
the
male
mouing
himselfe
vpon
the
belly
of
the
female
,
which
lyeth
on
the
earth
flat
vpon
the
backe
,
and
either
embraceth
other
with
their
forefeet
:
they
remaine
verie
long
time
in
that
act
,
inasmuch
as
if
they
were
verie
fat
at
their
first
entrance
,
they
disioine
not
themselues
againe
till
they
he
made
leane
.
Immediately
after
they
haue
conceiued
,
they
betake
themselues
to
their
dennes
,
Pliny
.
where
they
(
without
meate
)
grow
very
fat
(
especially
the
males
)
onely
by
sucking
their
fore-feet
.
When
they
enter
into
their
denne
,
they
conuey
themselues
in
backward
,
a
secret
that
so
they
may
put
out
their
footsteps
from
the
sight
of
the
hunters
.
The
males
giue
great
honor
to
the
females
great
with
young
,
during
the
time
of
their
secrecie
,
so
that
,
Honor
to
the
female
.
although
they
lie
togither
in
one
caue
,
yet
doe
they
part
it
by
a
diuision
or
small
ditch
in
the
midst
,
neither
of
them
touching
the
other
.
The
nature
of
all
of
them
is
,
to
auoid
cold
,
and
therfore
in
the
winter
time
do
they
hide
themselues
,
chusing
rather
to
suffer
famine
then
cold
;
auoiding
of
cold
.
lying
for
the
most
part
three
or
foure
moneths
togither
and
neuer
see
the
light
,
whereby
their
guts
grow
so
empty
,
that
they
are
almost
closed
vp
and
sticke
togither
.
When
they
first
enter
into
their
denne
,
they
betake
themselues
to
quiet
and
rest
,
sleeping
without
any
awaking
,
for
the
first
fourteene
daies
,
so
that
it
is
thought
an
easie
stroke
cannot
awake
them
.
But
how
long
the
females
go
with
young
is
not
certaine
,
Time
of
bearing
the
yong
beares
.
some
affirm
3.
moneths
,
others
but
30.
daies
,
which
is
more
probable
,
for
wild
beasts
doe
not
couple
themselues
being
with
young
(
except
a
Hare
and
a
Linx
)
aad
the
beares
being
(
as
is
already
said
)
verie
lustull
,
to
the
intent
that
they
may
no
longer
want
the
company
of
their
males
,
do
violently
cast
their
whelps
and
so
presently
after
deliuery
,
do
after
the
maner
of
conies
betake
themselues
to
their
lust
,
&
norishing
their
yong
ones
both
togither
:
&
this
is
certaine
,
that
they
neuer
come
out
of
their
caues
,
till
their
young
ones
be
thirtie
daies
old
at
the
least
,
and
Pliny
precisely
affirmeth
,
The
bignesse
of
a
beare-whelpe
.
that
they
litter
the
thirtith
daie
after
their
conception
;
and
for
this
cause
,
a
beare
bringeth
forth
the
least
whelpe
of
all
other
great
beastes
,
for
their
whelpes
at
their
first
littering
are
no
bigger
then
rats
,
nor
longer
then
ones
finger
.
And
whereas
it
hath
beene
beleeued
and
receiued
,
that
the
whelpes
of
bears
at
their
first
littering
are
without
all
forme
and
fashion
,
and
nothing
but
a
little
congealed
blood
like
a
lumpe
of
flesh
;
which
afterwarde
the
old
one
frameth
with
her
tongue
to
her
owne
likenes
,
as
Pliny
,
Solinus
,
Aelianus
,
Orus
,
Oppianus
,
and
Ouid
haue
reported
,
yet
is
the
truth
most
euidently
otherwise
,
as
by
the
eye
witnes
of
Ioachimus
Rhetichus
,
and
other
,
Beares
not
so
vnperfect
as
some
haue
reported
is
disproued
:
onlie
it
is
litterd
blind
without
eies
,
naked
without
haire
,
and
the
hinder
legs
not
perfect
,
the
forefeet
folded
vp
like
a
fist
,
and
other
members
deformed
by
reason
of
the
imoderate
humor
or
moystnes
in
them
which
also
is
one
cause
,
why
the
womb
of
the
beare
cannot
retaine
the
seed
to
the
perfection
of
her
young
ones
.
Number
of
yong
one●
They
bring
foorth
sometimes
two
,
and
neuer
aboue
fiue
,
which
the
old
beare
dailye
keepeth
close
to
her
brest
,
so
warming
them
with
the
heat
of
her
body
and
the
breath
of
her
mouth
,
till
they
be
thirty
daies
old
;
at
what
time
they
come
abroad
,
being
in
the
beginning
of
May
,
which
is
the
third
moneth
from
the
spring
.
The
old
ones
being
almost
dazled
with
long
darkenes
,
comming
into
light
againe
seeme
to
stagger
and
reele
too
and
fro
,
and
then
for
the
straightnesse
of
their
guts
,
by
reason
of
their
long
fasting
doe
eat
the
herbe
Arum
,
commonly
called
in
English
Wake-Robbin
or
Calues-foot
,
being
of
very
sharpe
and
tart
taste
,
Remedy
in
Nature
.
which
enlargeth
their
guts
,
and
so
being
recouered
,
they
remaine
all
the
time
their
young
are
with
them
,
more
fierce
and
cruell
then
at
other
times
.
And
concerning
the
same
Arum
,
called
also
Dracunculus
and
Oryx
,
there
is
a
pleasaunt
vulgar
tale
,
whereby
some
haue
conceiued
that
Beares
eat
this
herbe
before
their
lying
secret
;
and
by
vertue
thereof
(
without
meat
,
or
sence
of
cold
)
they
passe
away
the
whole
winter
in
sleepe
.
There
was
a
certaine
cow-heard
in
the
Mountains
of
Heluetia
,
which
comming
downe
a
hill
with
a
great
caldron
on
his
backe
,
he
saw
a
beare
eating
of
a
root
which
he
had
pulled
vp
with
his
feet
;
a
fabulous
tale
yet
vulgarly
beleeued
.
the
cowheard
stood
still
till
the
beare
was
gone
,
and
afterward
came
to
the
place
where
the
beast
had
eaten
the
same
,
and
finding
more
of
the
same
roote
,
did
likewise
eat
it
;
he
had
no
sooner
tasted
thereof
,
but
he
had
such
a
desire
to
sleepe
,
that
hee
could
not
containe
himselfe
,
but
he
must
needs
lie
down
in
the
way
and
there
fell
a
sleep
,
hauing
couered
his
heade
with
the
caldron
,
to
keepe
himselfe
from
the
vehemency
of
colde
,
and
there
slept
all
the
Winter
time
without
harme
,
and
neuer
rose
againe
till
the
spring
time
:
Which
fable
if
a
man
will
beleeue
,
then
doubtlesse
this
hearbe
may
cause
the
Beares
to
be
sleepers
,
not
for
fourteene
dayes
,
but
for
fourescore
dayes
together
.
The
meat
of
Beares
.
The
ordinary
food
of
Beares
is
fish
:
for
the
Water-beare
and
others
will
eate
fruites
,
Apples
,
Grapes
,
Leaues
,
and
Pease
,
and
will
breake
into
bee-hiues
sucking
out
the
hony
;
Horat:
Vespertinus
circumgemit
vrsus
ouile
.
Likewise
Bees
,
Snayles
,
and
Emmets
,
and
flesh
if
it
bee
leane
or
ready
to
putrifie
;
but
if
a
Beare
doe
chaunce
to
kill
a
swine
,
or
a
Bull
,
or
Sheepe
,
he
eateth
them
presentlie
,
whereas
other
beasts
eate
not
hearbes
if
they
eate
flesh
:
likewise
,
they
drinke
water
,
but
not
like
other
beastes
,
neither
sucking
it
or
lapping
it
,
but
as
it
were
,
euen
bitinge
at
it
.
Of
the
quantity
&
partes
of
Beares
.
Some
affirme
,
that
Beares
doe
waxe
or
growe
as
long
as
they
liue
,
that
there
haue
beene
seene
some
of
them
fiue
cubits
long
;
yea
I
my selfe
saw
a
Beares
skinne
of
that
length
,
and
broader
then
any
Oxes
skinne
.
The
parts
or
members
.
The
head
of
a
Beare
is
his
weakest
part
(
as
the
hande
of
a
Lyon
is
the
strongest
)
for
by
a
small
blow
on
his
head
he
hath
often
bene
strucken
deade
,
the
bones
of
the
head
being
verie
thinne
and
tender
:
yea
more
tender
,
then
the
beake
of
a
Parrot
.
The
mouth
of
a
Beare
is
like
a
Hogges
mouth
,
but
longer
;
being
armed
with
teeth
on
both
sides
,
like
a
saw
,
and
standing
deepe
in
his
mouth
,
they
haue
verie
thicke
lippes
,
for
which
cause
,
hee
cannot
easily
or
hastily
with
his
teeth
breake
asunder
the
hunters
nettes
,
except
with
his
forefeet
.
His
necke
is
short
,
like
a
Tygers
and
a
Lyons
,
apt
to
bend
downeward
to
his
meat
,
his
bellie
is
verie
large
,
being
vniforme
,
and
next
to
it
the
intrals
as
in
a
Wolfe
:
It
hath
also
foure
speanes
to
her
Paps
.
The
genitall
of
a
Beare
after
his
death
waxeth
as
hard
as
horn
,
his
knees
and
elbowes
are
like
to
an
Apes
,
for
which
cause
they
are
not
swift
or
nimble
:
his
feete
are
like
handes
,
and
in
them
and
his
loines
is
his
greatest
strength
,
by
reason
whereof
,
he
sometimes
setteth
himselfe
vpright
vppon
their
hinder
legges
:
the
pasterne
of
his
legge
being
fleshy
like
a
cammels
,
which
maketh
them
vnfit
for
trauell
,
they
haue
sharpe
clawes
,
but
a
verye
small
taile
as
all
other
longe
hayred
creatures
haue
.
They
are
exceeding
full
of
fat
or
Larde-greace
,
which
some
vse
superstitiouslie
beaten
with
oile
,
a
superstitius
vse
of
Beares
larde
or
fat
.
wherewith
they
annoint
their
grape-sickles
when
they
go
to
vintage
,
perswading
themselues
that
if
no
bodie
know
thereof
,
their
tender
vine
braunches
shall
neuer
be
consumed
by
catterpillers
.
Other
,
attribute
this
to
the
vertue
of
Beares
blood
,
and
Theophrastus
affirmeth
,
that
if
beares
grease
be
kept
in
a
vessell
,
at
such
time
as
the
beares
lie
secret
,
A
secret
.
it
will
either
fill
it
vp
,
or
cause
it
to
runne
ouer
.
The
flesh
of
beares
is
vnfit
for
meat
,
Meat
of
beares
flesh
.
yet
some
vse
to
eat
it
,
after
it
hath
bene
twice
sodde
;
other
eat
it
baked
in
pasties
,
but
the
truth
is
,
it
is
better
for
medicine
then
food
.
Theophrastus
likewise
affirmeth
,
that
at
the
time
when
beares
lie
secret
,
their
dead
flesh
encreaseth
which
is
kept
in
houses
,
another
secret
but
beares
forefeet
are
held
for
a
verie
delicate
and
well
tasted
foode
,
full
of
sweetnes
,
and
much
vsed
by
the
German
Princes
.
The
skinnes
of
Beares
are
vsed
in
the
farre
Northerne
regions
for
garmentes
in
the
Winter
time
,
which
they
make
so
artificially
,
The
skinnes
.
couering
themselues
with
them
from
the
crowne
of
the
head
to
the
feete
,
that
(
as
Munster
affirmed
)
some
men
deceiued
with
that
appearaunce
,
deemed
the
people
of
Lapponia
to
be
hairy
all
ouer
▪
The
souldiors
of
the
Moores
weare
garments
made
of
Lyons
pardals
,
and
beares
skinnes
,
and
sleepe
vppon
them
;
and
so
is
it
reported
of
Herodotus
Megarensis
the
Musitian
,
who
in
the
day
time
wore
a
Lyons
skin
,
and
in
the
night
lay
in
a
Beares
skin
.
The
constitution
of
the
body
of
a
Beare
is
beyond
measure
Phlegmatique
,
because
he
fasteth
in
the
Winter
time
so
long
without
meate
:
His
voyce
is
fierce
and
fearefull
in
his
rage
,
but
in
the
night
time
mournefull
,
being
giuen
much
to
rauening
.
If
a
Beare
doe
eat
of
Mandragoras
,
hee
presently
dieth
,
except
he
meete
with
Emmets
,
by
licking
of
whome
he
recouereth
:
so
likewise
,
if
he
be
sicke
of
a
surfet
.
A
Beare
is
much
subiect
to
blindnesse
of
the
eyes
,
and
for
that
cause
they
desire
the
hiues
of
Bees
,
not
onely
for
the
hony
,
but
by
the
stinging
of
the
bees
,
their
eies
are
cured
.
It
hath
not
bene
seene
that
a
female
Beare
was
taken
great
with
young
,
which
commeth
to
passe
,
by
reason
that
they
goe
to
their
Dennes
so
soone
as
they
are
conceiued
,
and
come
not
out
thence
till
they
haue
littered
:
And
because
of
the
fiercenesse
of
this
beast
,
they
are
seldome
taken
aliue
,
except
they
be
very
young
:
Taking
of
Beares
.
so
that
some
are
killed
in
the
Mountaines
by
poyson
,
the
Country
being
so
steepe
and
rocky
that
hunters
cannot
followe
them
;
some
taken
in
ditches
of
the
earth
and
other
ginnes
.
Oppianus
relateth
,
that
neare
Tygris
and
Armenia
,
the
inhabitauntes
vse
this
Stratigem
to
take
Beares
.
The
people
go
often
to
the
Wooddes
to
finde
the
Denne
of
the
Beare
,
following
a
leam-hound
,
whose
nature
is
so
soone
as
he
windeth
the
beast
,
to
barke
,
whereby
his
leader
discouereth
the
prey
,
and
so
draweth
off
the
hound
with
the
leame
;
then
come
the
people
in
great
multitude
and
compasse
him
about
with
long
nets
,
placing
certaine
men
at
each
end
:
then
tie
they
a
long
rope
to
one
side
of
the
net
as
high
from
the
ground
as
the
small
of
a
Mans
belly
:
whereunto
are
fastned
diuers
plumes
and
feathers
of
vultures
,
swannes
,
and
other
resplendant
coloured
birdes
,
which
with
the
wind
make
a
noise
or
hissing
,
turning
ouer
and
glistering
;
on
the
other
side
of
the
net
they
build
foure
little
houels
of
greene
boughes
,
wherein
they
lay
foure
men
couered
all
ouer
with
greene
leaues
,
then
all
being
prepared
,
they
sound
their
Trumpets
,
and
wind
their
horns
;
at
the
noise
whereof
the
beare
ariseth
,
and
in
his
fearefull
rage
,
runneth
too
and
fro
as
if
he
sawe
fire
the
young
men
armed
make
vnto
him
,
the
beare
looking
round
about
,
taketh
the
plainest
way
toward
the
rope
hung
full
of
feathers
,
which
being
stirred
and
haled
by
them
that
holde
it
,
maketh
the
beare
much
affraid
with
the
ratling
and
hissing
thereof
,
and
so
flying
from
that
side
halfe
mad
,
runneth
into
the
nets
,
where
the
keepers
entrap
him
so
cunningly
,
that
he
seldome
escapeth
.
When
a
Beare
is
set
vpon
by
an
armed
man
,
he
standeth
vpright
and
taketh
the
man
betwixt
his
forefeet
,
but
he
being
couered
all
ouer
with
yron
plates
can
receiue
no
harm
,
and
then
may
easily
with
a
sharpe
knife
or
dagger
pierce
thorough
the
heart
of
the
beast
.
If
a
shee
beare
hauing
young
ones
be
hunted
,
shee
driueth
her
Whelpes
before
her
vntill
they
be
wearied
,
and
then
if
she
be
not
preuented
,
she
climbeth
vppon
a
tree
,
carrying
one
of
her
young
in
her
mouth
and
the
other
on
her
backe
.
A
Beare
will
not
willinglie
fight
with
a
man
,
but
being
hurt
by
a
man
,
he
gnasheth
his
teeth
,
and
licketh
his
forefeete
,
and
it
is
reported
by
an
Ambassador
of
Poland
,
that
when
the
Sarmatians
finde
a
beare
,
they
inclo●●
the
whole
Wood
by
a
multitude
of
people
,
standing
not
aboue
a
cubit
one
from
another
,
then
cut
they
downe
the
outmost
trees
,
so
that
they
raise
a
Wall
of
wood
to
hemme
in
the
Beares
;
this
being
effected
,
they
raise
the
Beare
,
hauing
certaine
forkes
in
their
hands
made
for
that
purpose
,
and
when
the
Beare
approacheth
,
they
(
with
those
forkes
)
fall
vpon
him
,
one
keeping
his
head
,
another
one
leg
,
other
his
body
,
and
so
withforce
muzzle
him
and
tie
his
legges
,
leading
him
away
.
The
Rhaetians
vse
this
policy
to
take
Wolues
and
Beares
:
they
raise
vp
great
posts
,
and
crosse
them
with
a
long
beame
laded
with
heauy
weightes
,
vnto
the
which
beame
they
fasten
a
corde
with
meat
therein
,
whereunto
the
beast
comming
,
and
biting
at
the
meat
,
pulleth
downe
the
beame
vpon
her
owne
pate
.
The
inhabitants
of
Heluetia
hunt
them
with
mastiffe
Dogges
,
because
they
should
not
kill
their
cattell
left
at
large
in
the
fielde
in
the
day
time
;
They
likewise
shoote
them
with
gunnes
,
giuing
a
good
summe
of
money
to
them
that
can
bring
them
a
slaine
beare
.
The
Sarmatians
vse
to
take
Beares
by
this
sleight
;
vnder
those
trees
wherein
bees
breed
,
they
plant
a
great
many
of
sharpe
pointed
stakes
,
putting
one
hard
into
the
hole
wherein
the
bees
go
in
and
out
,
whereunto
the
Beare
climbing
,
and
comming
to
pull
it
forth
,
to
the
end
that
she
may
come
to
the
hony
,
and
being
angry
that
the
stake
sticketh
so
fast
in
the
hole
,
with
violence
plucketh
it
foorth
with
both
her
forefeet
,
whereby
she
looseth
her
holde
and
falleth
downe
vpon
the
picked
stakes
,
whereupon
she
dieth
,
if
they
that
watch
for
her
come
not
to
take
her
off
.
There
was
reported
by
Demetrius
Ambassador
at
Rome
,
from
the
King
of
Musco
,
A
History
that
a
neighbor
of
his
going
to
seek
hony
,
fell
into
a
hollow
tree
vp
to
the
brest
in
hony
,
where
he
lay
two
days
,
being
not
heard
by
any
man
to
complain
;
at
length
came
a
great
Beare
to
this
hony
;
and
putting
in
his
head
into
the
tree
,
the
poore
man
tooke
hold
thereof
,
wherat
the
Beare
suddenly
affrighted
,
drew
the
man
out
of
that
deadly
daunger
,
and
so
ranne
away
for
feare
of
a
worse
creature
.
But
if
there
be
no
tree
wherein
Bees
doe
breed
neere
to
the
place
where
the
Beare
abideth
,
then
they
vse
to
annoint
some
hollow
place
of
a
tree
with
hony
,
whereinto
Bees
will
enter
and
make
hony
combes
,
and
when
the
Beare
findeth
them
she
is
killed
as
aforesaide
.
In
Norway
they
vse
to
saw
the
tree
almost
asunder
,
so
that
when
the
beast
climbeth
it
,
she
falleth
downe
vpon
piked
stakes
laid
vnderneath
to
kill
her
:
And
some
make
a
hollow
place
in
a
tree
,
wherein
they
put
a
great
pot
of
Water
,
hauing
annointed
it
with
hony
,
Herus
.
at
the
bottome
whereof
are
fastened
certaine
hookes
bending
downeward
,
leauing
an
easie
passage
for
the
beare
to
thrust
in
her
head
to
get
the
honie
,
but
impossible
to
pull
it
foorth
againe
alone
,
because
the
hookes
take
holde
on
her
skinne
:
this
pot
they
binde
fast
to
a
tree
,
whereby
the
Beare
is
take●●liue
and
blinde
folded
,
and
though
her
strength
breake
the
corde
or
chaine
where
with
the
pot
is
fastened
,
yet
can
shee
not
escape
or
hurt
any
bodie
in
the
taking
,
by
reason
her
head
is
fastened
in
the
pot
.
Poli●●
.
To
conclude
,
other
make
ditches
or
pits
vnder
Apple
trees
,
laying
vpon
their
mouth
rotten
stickes
,
which
they
couer
with
earth
,
and
strawe
vppon
it
herbes
,
and
when
the
beare
commeth
to
the
Apple
tree
,
she
falleth
into
the
pit
and
is
taken
.
The
herbe
Wolfebanie
or
Libardine
is
poison
to
Foxes
,
Wolues
,
Dogs
,
and
Beares
,
and
to
all
beasts
that
are
littered
blind
,
as
the
Alpine
Rhaetians
affirme
.
There
is
one
kinde
of
this
called
Cyclamine
,
which
the
Valdensians
call
Tora
,
and
with
the
iuice
thereof
they
poison
their
darts
,
whereof
I
haue
credibly
receiued
this
story
;
That
a
certain
Valdensian
,
seeing
a
wilde
beare
hauing
a
dart
poysond
heere
with
,
did
cast
it
at
the
beare
being
farre
from
him
,
and
lightly
wounded
her
,
it
being
no
sooner
done
,
but
the
beare
ran
too
and
fro
in
a
wonderfull
perplexitie
through
the
woods
,
vnto
a
verie
sharpe
cliffe
of
a
rocke
,
where
the
man
saw
her
draw
her
last
breath
,
as
soone
as
the
poison
had
entered
to
her
hart
,
as
he
afterward
found
by
opening
of
her
bodie
.
The
like
is
reported
of
henbane
,
another
herb
:
But
there
is
a
certaine
blacke
fish
in
Armenia
full
of
poison
,
with
the
pouder
whereof
they
poison
figs
,
Aelianus
and
cast
them
in
those
places
where
wilde
beastes
are
most
plentifull
,
which
they
eat
and
so
are
killed
.
Concerning
the
industrie
or
naturall
disposition
of
a
beare
,
it
is
certaine
that
they
are
very
hardlie
tamed
,
and
not
to
bee
trusted
though
they
seeme
neuer
so
tame
;
for
which
cause
there
is
a
storie
of
Diana
in
Lysias
,
that
there
was
a
certaine
beare
made
so
tame
,
that
it
went
vppe
and
downe
among
men
and
woulde
feed●
with
them
,
taking
meat
at
their
handes
,
giuing
no
occasion
to
feare
or
mistrust
her
cruelty
:
on
a
daye
,
a
young
mayde
playing
with
the
Beare
,
lasciuiously
did
so
prouoke
it
,
that
he
tore
her
in
pieces
;
the
Virgins
brethren
seeing
the
murther
,
with
their
Dartes
slew
the
Beare
,
whereupon
followed
a
great
pestilence
through
all
that
region
:
and
when
they
consulted
with
the
Oracle
,
the
payn
in
God
gaue
answeare
,
that
the
plague
could
not
cease
;
vntill
they
dedicated
some
virginnes
vnto
Diana
for
the
Beares
sake
that
was
slaine
;
which
some
interpreting
that
they
should
sacrifice
them
:
Embarus
vpon
condition
the
priest-hoode
might
remaine
in
his
family
,
slewe
his
onely
daughter
to
end
the
pestilence
,
and
for
this
cause
the
virgins
were
after
dedicated
to
Diana
before
their
mariage
,
when
they
were
betwixt
ten
and
fifteene
yeare
olde
,
which
was
performed
in
the
moneth
of
Ianuary
,
otherwise
they
could
not
be
married
:
yet
beares
are
tamed
for
labours
,
and
especially
for
sports
among
the
Roxolani
and
Libians
,
being
taught
to
draw
water
with
wheeles
out
of
the
deepest
wels
;
likewise
stones
vpon
sleds
to
the
building
of
wals
.
Albertus
.
A
prince
of
Lituania
nourished
a
Beare
very
tenderly
,
feeding
her
from
his
table
with
his
owne
hand
,
for
he
had
vsed
her
to
be
familiar
in
his
court
,
and
to
come
into
his
owne
chamber
when
he
listed
,
so
that
she
would
goe
abroad
into
the
fields
and
woods
,
returning
home
againe
of
her
owne
accord
,
and
would
with
her
hand
or
foote
rub
the
Kinges
chamber
doore
to
haue
it
opened
,
when
she
was
hungry
,
it
being
locked
:
it
happened
that
certaine
young
Noble
men
conspired
the
death
of
this
Prince
,
A
History
and
came
to
his
chamber
doore
,
rubbing
it
after
the
custome
of
the
beare
,
the
King
not
doubting
anye
euill
,
and
supposing
it
had
bene
his
beare
,
opened
the
doore
,
and
they
presently
slewe
him
.
There
is
a
fable
of
a
certaine
wilde
beare
of
huge
stature
,
Caelius
which
terrified
all
them
that
looked
vppon
her
,
the
which
Pythagoras
sent
for
,
and
kept
to
himselfe
,
verie
familiarly
vsing
to
stroke
and
milke
her
;
at
the
length
when
he
was
wearie
of
her
,
he
whispered
in
hir
eare
and
bound
her
with
an
oath
,
that
being
departed
she
shuld
neuer
more
harm
any
liuing
thing
,
which
saith
the
fable
,
she
obserued
to
her
dying
day
.
These
beares
care
not
for
any
thing
that
is
dead
,
and
therefore
if
a
man
can
hold
his
breath
as
if
he
were
deade
,
they
will
not
harme
him
,
which
gaue
occasion
to
Esope
to
fable
of
two
companions
and
sworn
friends
,
who
trauelling
togither
met
with
a
beare
,
wher
at
they
being
amazed
,
one
of
them
ranne
away
and
gate
vp
into
a
tree
,
the
other
fell
downe
and
counterfetted
himselfe
dead
,
vnto
whome
the
beare
came
and
smelt
at
his
nostrils
and
eares
for
breath
,
but
perceiuing
none
departed
without
hurting
him
:
soone
after
the
other
friend
came
down
from
the
tree
,
and
merrily
asked
his
companion
what
the
beare
saide
in
his
eare
,
marrye
(
quoth
he
)
she
warnd
me
that
I
should
neuer
trust
such
a
fugitiue
frend
as
thou
art
,
which
diddest
forsake
me
in
my
greatest
necessity
:
thus
far
Esop
.
They
will
bury
one
another
being
dead
,
as
Tzetzes
affirmeth
,
and
it
is
receiued
in
many
Nations
,
that
children
haue
bene
Nursed
by
beares
:
Parris
throwne
out
of
the
cittie
,
Varrinus
.
was
nourished
by
a
Beare
.
There
is
in
Fraunce
a
Noble
house
of
the
Vrsons
,
whose
firste
founder
is
reported
to
haue
bene
certaine
yeares
togither
nourished
by
a
beare
,
and
for
that
cause
was
called
Vrson
:
and
some
affirme
,
that
Arcesius
was
so
being
deceiued
by
the
name
of
his
mother
who
was
called
Arctos
,
a
beare
:
as
amonge
the
Latines
was
Vrsula
.
And
it
is
reported
in
the
yeare
of
our
Lord
1274.
that
the
Concubine
of
Pope
Nicholas
(
being
with
childe
as
was
supposed
)
brought
forth
a
young
Beare
,
which
she
did
not
by
any
vnlawful
copulation
with
such
a
beast
,
but
onely
with
the
most
holy
pope
;
Sebast
.
frank
:
and
conceiued
such
a
creature
,
by
strength
of
imagination
,
lying
in
his
pallace
,
where
she
sawe
the
picturs
of
many
bears
;
so
that
the
holy
father
being
first
put
in
good
hope
of
a
son
,
&
afterward
seeing
this
monster
(
like
himselfe
Reuel.
13.
)
for
anger
and
shame
defaced
all
his
pictures
of
those
beasts
.
There
is
a
mountaine
called
the
mountaine
of
beares
in
Cyzicus
,
betwixt
Chersonesus
and
Propontus
;
so
called
,
because
as
some
haue
affirmed
,
Helice
and
Cynosura
were
turned
into
beares
in
that
place
,
but
the
reason
is
more
probable
,
because
it
was
full
of
beares
,
or
else
because
it
was
so
high
that
it
seemd
to
touch
the
Beare-starre
.
There
is
a
constellation
called
the
beare
in
the
figure
of
seauen
Starres
like
a
Carte
,
whereof
foure
stande
in
the
place
of
the
wheeles
,
and
three
in
the
roome
of
Horsses
.
The
Septentrions
call
them
Triones
,
Higinus
.
that
is
yoked
Oxen.
But
there
are
two
beares
,
a
greater
and
a
lesser
.
The
greater
is
called
Callisto
after
the
name
of
Lytaons
daughter
,
who
raigned
in
Arcadia
,
whereof
many
giue
diuers
reasons
.
For
they
say
Callisto
was
a
companion
of
Diana
,
&
vsed
to
hunt
with
her
being
verie
like
vnto
her
,
and
one
day
Iupiter
came
to
her
in
the
likenes
of
Diana
and
deflowred
her
,
and
when
she
was
with
childe
,
Diana
asked
her
how
that
happened
,
to
whom
Callisto
answeared
,
that
it
happened
by
her
fact
:
wherewith
the
Goddesse
being
angry
,
turnd
her
into
a
beare
,
in
which
shape
she
brought
forth
Arcas
,
and
they
both
wandring
in
the
woodes
,
were
taken
and
brought
for
a
presente
vnto
Lycaon
her
father
;
And
vpon
a
day
the
beare
being
ignorant
of
the
law
,
entered
into
the
temple
of
Iupiter
Lycaeus
,
and
her
sonne
followed
her
,
for
which
the
Arcadians
would
haue
slaine
them
both
,
but
Iupiter
in
pittie
of
them
tooke
them
both
into
heauen
and
placed
them
among
the
starres
.
Other
say
that
Callisto
was
turned
into
a
beare
by
Iuno
,
whom
afterward
Diana
slew
,
and
comming
to
knowledge
that
it
was
Callisto
,
she
placed
her
for
a
signe
in
heauen
,
which
is
called
Vrsa
Maiore
,
the
great
beare
;
which
before
that
time
was
called
Hamaxa
:
but
the
reason
of
these
fables
is
rendred
by
Palaephatus
,
because
that
Callistus
going
into
a
Beares
den
was
by
the
beare
deuoured
,
and
so
her
foolish
companions
seeing
none
come
foorth
but
the
Beare
,
fondly
imagined
that
the
Virgin
was
turned
into
a
beare
.
There
is
another
constellation
next
to
the
great
Beare
,
called
Arctophylax
,
Bootes
,
or
the
little
beare
,
in
whose
girdle
is
a
bright
starre
called
Arcturus
,
and
from
this
constellation
of
beares
,
commeth
the
denomination
of
the
Artique
and
Antarctique
pole
.
Other
affirme
,
that
the
two
Beares
were
Helice
and
Cynosura
,
the
two
Nurses
of
Iupiter
,
because
sometime
they
are
so
named
;
the
cause
whereof
is
apparant
in
the
Greeke
tongue
,
for
Helice
is
a
starre
,
hauing
as
it
were
a
taile
roled
vp
,
and
cynosura
,
a
taile
at
length
like
a
Dogge
.
They
are
also
nourished
for
sport
,
for
as
their
bodies
doe
in
one
sort
resemble
Apes
,
so
do
also
their
dispositions
being
apt
to
sundrie
gestures
and
pastimes
,
lying
vpon
their
backes
,
and
turning
their
hands
and
feete
,
rocke
themselues
vpon
them
as
a
woman
rocketh
her
childe
in
a
cradle
;
but
principallie
for
fight
:
for
which
occasion
they
were
preserued
of
old
time
by
the
Romaines
:
For
when
Messala
was
Consull
,
Aenobarbus
Domitius
presented
in
one
ring
or
circle
,
an
hundred
Beares
,
and
so
many
hunters
with
them
.
Rabido
nec
proditus
ore
:
Fumantem
nasum
viui
tentaueris
vrsi
,
Sit
placidus
licet
,
&
lambat
digitosque
manusque
:
Si
dolor
et
bilis
,
si
iust
a
coegerit
ira
,
Vrsus
erit
vacua
dentes
in
pelle
fatiges
.
They
will
not
willinglie
fight
with
a
man
,
although
men
may
do
it
without
hurt
,
for
if
they
annoint
or
sprinkle
the
mouthes
of
Lyons
or
Beares
with
Vitrioll
or
copperas
,
it
will
so
bind
their
chappes
togither
,
that
they
shall
not
be
able
to
bite
,
which
caused
Martiall
to
write
thus
:
Praeceps
sanguinea
dum
se
rotat
vrsus
arena
,
Splendida
iam
tecto
cessent
venabula
ferro
:
Deprendat
vacuo
venator
in
aere
praedam
,
Implicitam
visco
perdidit
ille
fugam
:
Nec
volet
excussa
lancea
torta
manu
,
Si
captare
feras
aucupis
arte
placet
.
Alexander
had
a
certaine
Indian
dog
giuen
vnto
him
,
to
whom
was
put
a
bore
and
a
beare
to
fight
withall
,
but
he
disdaining
them
,
woulde
not
once
regard
them
,
but
when
a
Lyon
came
,
Fight
of
Beares
.
he
rose
vp
and
fought
with
him
.
Beares
,
they
wil
fight
with
Buls
,
Dogges
,
and
horses
:
when
they
fight
with
bulles
,
they
take
them
by
their
hornes
,
and
so
with
the
weight
of
their
bodie
,
they
wearie
and
presse
the
beast
,
vntill
they
may
easilie
slaie
him
:
and
this
fight
is
for
the
most
part
on
his
backe
.
A
Rhinoceros
set
on
by
a
bear
in
a
publicke
spectacle
at
Rome
,
did
easilie
cast
him
off
from
the
hold
he
had
on
his
horne
.
She
doth
not
aduenture
on
a
wilde
bore
,
except
the
bore
be
a
sleepe
or
not
seeing
her
.
There
is
also
a
mortall
hatred
betwixt
a
horse
and
a
beare
,
for
they
know
one
another
at
the
first
sight
;
and
prepare
to
combat
,
which
they
rather
act
by
policie
then
by
strength
:
The
beare
falling
flat
on
his
backe
,
the
horsse
leaping
ouer
the
beare
,
which
pulleth
at
his
guts
with
her
forefeet
nailes
,
and
is
by
the
heeles
of
the
horsse
wounded
to
death
,
if
he
strike
the
beare
vpon
his
head
.
Also
beares
feare
a
sea-calfe
,
and
will
not
fight
with
them
if
they
can
be
auoided
,
for
they
knowe
they
shal
be
ouercome
.
Great
is
the
fiercenes
of
a
beare
,
as
appeareth
by
holie
scripture
Osee
13.
I
will
meet
them
as
a
beare
robbed
of
her
whelpes
(
saith
the
Lorde
)
and
will
teare
in
pieces
their
froward
heart
:
And
Ch●sai
telleth
Absalon
.
2.
Sam.
17.
Thou
knowest
that
thy
father
and
the
men
that
bee
with
him
be
most
valiant
and
fierce
like
a
shee
beare
robbed
of
her
Whelpes
:
for
a
shee
beare
is
more
couragious
then
a
male
.
There
is
a
filthy
nation
of
men
called
Taifah
,
who
are
giuen
vnto
a
sodomiticall
buggery
,
to
commit
vncleanenes
man
with
man
,
and
especially
with
young
boyes
;
but
if
any
of
them
take
a
wilde
bore
,
or
kill
a
Beare
,
he
shall
be
exempted
from
this
kind
of
beastly
impudicitie
.
Heliogabalus
was
woont
to
shut
vp
his
drunken
friends
togither
,
and
suddenly
in
the
night
would
put
in
among
them
Beares
,
Wolues
,
Lyons
,
and
Leopards
,
muzled
and
disarmed
,
so
that
when
they
did
awake
,
they
should
find
such
chamber
fellowes
,
as
they
could
not
behold
(
if
darkenesse
did
not
blind
them
)
without
singular
terror
;
whereby
manie
of
them
fell
into
swoundes
,
sickenesse
,
extasie
,
and
madnes
.
Vitoldus
King
of
Lituania
,
kept
certaine
Beares
of
purpose
,
to
whom
he
cast
all
persons
which
spoke
against
his
tirranie
,
putting
them
first
of
all
into
a
Beares
skinne
;
Aeneas
Sil●
whose
crueltie
was
so
great
,
that
if
he
had
commaunded
anie
of
them
to
hang
themselues
,
they
would
rather
obey
him
then
endure
the
terror
of
his
indignation
.
In
like
sort
did
Alexander
Phaeraeus
,
deale
with
his
subiects
,
as
is
reported
by
Textor
Valentintanus
,
the
Emperor
nourished
two
beares
deuourers
of
men
,
one
of
them
called
golden
Mica
,
the
other
Innocentia
;
which
he
lodged
neere
his
owne
chamber
:
at
length
after
many
slaughters
of
men
,
he
let
Innocentia
goe
loose
in
the
wooddes
for
her
good
deserts
,
in
bringing
so
many
people
to
their
funerals
.
There
are
many
naturall
operations
in
Beares
.
Pliny
reporteth
,
that
if
a
woman
bee
in
sore
trauile
of
child-birth
,
let
a
stone
or
arrow
which
hath
killed
a
man
,
a
beare
or
a
bore
,
Secrets
obserued
of
Beares
.
be
throwne
ouer
the
house
wherein
the
Woman
is
,
and
she
shall
be
eased
of
her
paine
.
There
is
a
small
worme
called
Voluox
,
which
eateth
the
vine
branches
when
they
are
yong
,
but
if
the
vine-seckles
be
annointed
with
Beares
blood
,
that
worme
will
neuer
hurt
them
.
Collumella
If
the
blood
or
greace
of
a
Beare
be
set
vnder
a
bed
,
it
will
draw
vnto
it
all
the
fleas
,
and
so
kill
them
by
cleauing
thereunto
.
But
the
vertues
medicinall
are
very
many
:
Arnoldus
.
Virtues
medicinall
.
and
first
of
all
,
the
blood
cureth
all
manner
of
bunches
and
apostems
in
the
flesh
,
and
bringeth
haire
vpon
the
eye-lids
if
the
bare
place
be
annointed
therewith
.
The
fat
of
a
Lyon
is
most
hot
and
dry
,
and
next
to
a
Lyons
,
a
Leopards
;
next
to
a
Leopards
,
a
Beares
;
and
next
to
a
Beares
,
a
buls
.
The
later
Physitians
vse
it
to
cure
conuulsed
and
distracted
parts
,
spots
,
and
tumors
in
the
body
.
It
also
helpeth
the
paine
of
the
loins
,
if
the
sicke
part
be
annointed
therewith
,
and
all
vlcers
in
the
legges
or
shinnes
,
when
a
plaister
is
made
thereof
with
bole-armoricke
.
Also
the
vlcers
of
the
feet
,
mingled
with
allome
.
It
is
soueraigne
against
the
falling
of
the
haire
,
compounded
with
wilde
roses
.
●he
Spaniards
burne
the
braines
of
beares
when
they
die
in
any
publicke
sports
,
holding
them
venemous
,
because
being
drunke
,
they
driue
a
man
to
be
as
mad
as
a
beare
;
and
the
like
is
reported
of
the
heart
of
a
Lyon
,
and
the
braine
of
a
cat
.
The
right
eie
of
a
beare
dried
to
pouder
,
and
hung
about
childrens
neckes
in
a
little
bag
,
driueth
away
the
terrour
of
dreames
,
and
both
the
eyes
whole
,
bound
to
a
mans
left
arme
,
easetha
quartanague
.
The
liuer
of
a
sow
,
a
lamb
,
and
a
bear
put
togither
,
and
trod
to
pouder
vnder
ones
shoos
,
easeth
and
defendeth
cripples
from
imflamation
:
the
gall
being
preserued
and
warmed
in
water
,
deliuereth
the
bodie
from
colde
,
when
all
other
medicine
faileth
.
Some
giue
it
mixt
with
Water
,
to
them
that
are
bitten
with
a
mad
Dogge
,
holding
it
for
a
singular
remedie
,
if
the
party
can
fast
three
daies
before
.
It
is
also
giuen
against
the
palsie
,
the
Kings
euill
,
the
falling
sickenesse
,
an
old
cough
,
the
inflamation
of
the
eies
,
the
running
of
the
eares
,
the
difficultie
of
vrine
,
and
deliuery
in
child-birth
,
the
Haemorrhods
,
the
weaknes
of
the
backe
.
The
stones
in
a
perfume
,
are
good
against
the
falling
euill
,
and
the
palsie
,
and
that
women
may
go
their
full
time
,
they
make
ammulets
of
Bears
nails
,
and
cause
them
to
weare
them
all
the
time
they
are
with
child
.
OF
THE
BEAVER
.
Male
and
Female
.
Their
quantitie
is
not
much
bigger
then
a
countrey
Dog
,
their
head
short
,
their
ears
very
small
and
round
,
their
teeth
very
long
,
Their
seueral
partes
,
Siluius
.
Bellouius
.
the
vnder
teethe
standing
out
beyond
their
lips
three
fingers
breadth
,
and
the
vpper
about
halfe
a
finger
,
being
very
broade
,
crooked
,
strong
and
sharpe
,
standing
or
growing
double
verie
deep
in
their
mouth
,
bending
compasse
like
the
edge
of
an
Axe
,
and
their
colour
yellowish
red
,
wherwith
they
defend
themselues
against
beasts
,
take
fishes
as
it
were
vpon
hooks
,
and
will
gnaw
insunder
trees
as
big
as
a
mans
thigh
:
they
haue
also
grinding
teeth
very
sharpe
,
wherein
are
certaine
wrinckles
or
foldes
,
so
that
they
seeme
to
be
made
for
grinding
some
hard
substance
,
for
with
them
they
eate
the
rindes
or
barke
of
trees
;
wherefore
the
bitinge
of
this
beast
is
very
deepe
,
being
able
to
crash
asunder
the
hardest
bones
,
and
commonly
he
neuer
loseth
his
holde
vntill
he
feeleth
his
teeth
gnash
one
against
another
.
Pliny
and
Solinus
affirme
,
that
the
person
so
bitten
cannot
be
cured
,
except
he
hear
the
crashing
of
the
teeth
which
I
take
to
be
an
opinion
without
truth
.
They
haue
certaine
haires
about
their
mouth
,
which
seeme
in
their
quantity
or
bignesse
to
be
rather
horne
they
are
so
hard
,
but
their
bones
are
most
harde
of
all
and
without
marrow
:
Their
forefeet
are
like
a
Dogs
,
and
their
hinder
like
a
Gooses
,
made
as
it
were
of
purpose
to
go
on
the
land
,
&
swim
in
the
water
;
but
the
taile
of
this
beast
is
most
strange
of
all
in
that
it
commeth
nearest
to
the
nature
of
fishes
,
being
without
hayre
and
couered
ouer
with
a
skin
like
the
scales
of
fish
,
it
being
like
a
soale
,
and
for
the
most
part
six
fingers
broade
and
halfe
a
foot
long
,
which
some
haue
affirmed
the
beast
neuer
pulleth
out
of
the
water
;
whereas
it
is
manifest
,
that
when
it
is
very
colde
or
the
water
frozen
he
pulleth
it
vp
to
his
body
,
although
Agricola
affirme
,
that
his
hinder
legs
and
taile
freeze
with
the
water
;
and
no
lesse
vntrue
is
the
assertion
,
that
they
compell
the
Otter
in
time
of
colde
and
frost
,
to
wait
vpon
their
taile
and
to
trouble
the
water
so
that
it
may
not
freeze
round
about
them
;
but
yet
the
Beuer
holdeth
the
Otter
in
subiection
,
and
eyther
ouercommeth
it
in
fight
,
or
killeth
it
with
his
teeth
.
This
taile
he
vseth
for
a
sterne
when
he
swimmeth
after
fishe
to
catch
them
.
There
hath
beene
taken
of
them
whose
tayles
haue
waied
foure
pound
waight
,
and
they
are
accounted
a
very
delicate
dish
,
for
being
dressed
they
eate
like
Barbles
:
they
are
vsed
by
the
Lotharingians
and
Sauoyens
for
meat
allowed
to
be
eaten
on
fish-daies
,
although
the
body
that
beareth
them
be
flesh
and
vncleane
for
food
.
Bellonius
.
The
manner
of
their
dressing
is
,
first
roasting
,
and
afterward
seething
in
an
open
pot
,
that
so
the
euill
vapour
may
go
away
,
and
some
in
pottage
made
with
Saffron
;
other
with
Ginger
,
and
many
with
Brine
:
it
is
certaine
that
the
tayle
and
forefeet
tast
very
sweet
,
from
whence
came
the
Prouerbe
,
That
sweet
is
that
fish
,
which
is
not
fishe
at
all
.
These
Beastes
vse
to
builde
them
Caues
or
Dens
neere
the
Waters
,
so
as
the
Water
may
come
into
them
,
Their
building
of
Dens
.
or
else
they
may
quickly
leape
into
the
water
,
and
their
wit
or
naturall
inuention
in
building
of
their
caues
is
most
wonderfull
:
for
you
must
vnderstand
that
in
the
night
time
they
go
to
land
,
and
there
with
their
teeth
gnaw
down
boughes
&
trees
which
they
likewise
bite
verie
short
fitting
their
purpose
,
and
so
being
busied
about
this
worke
,
they
will
often
looke
vp
to
the
tree
when
they
perceiue
it
almost
asunder
,
thereby
to
discerne
when
it
is
ready
to
fall
,
least
it
might
light
vpon
their
owne
pates
:
the
tree
being
down
and
prepared
,
they
take
one
of
the
oldest
of
their
company
,
whose
teeth
could
not
be
vsed
for
the
cutting
,
(
or
as
others
say
,
they
constraine
some
strange
Beauer
whom
they
meet
withall
)
to
fall
flat
on
his
backe
(
as
before
you
haue
heard
the
Badgers
doe
)
and
vpon
his
belly
lade
they
all
their
timber
,
which
they
so
ingeniously
worke
and
fasten
into
the
compasse
of
his
legs
that
it
may
not
fall
,
and
so
the
residue
by
the
taile
,
drawe
him
to
the
water
side
,
where
these
buildings
are
to
be
framed
,
and
this
the
rather
seemeth
to
be
true
,
Albertus
.
Olaus
mag:
because
there
haue
bene
some
such
taken
,
that
had
no
haire
on
their
backes
:
but
were
pilled
,
which
being
espied
by
the
hunters
,
in
pitty
of
their
slauery
,
or
bondage
,
they
haue
let
them
go
away
free
.
These
beasts
are
so
constant
in
their
purpose
,
that
they
will
neuer
change
the
tree
that
they
haue
once
chosen
to
build
withall
▪
how
long
time
so
euer
they
spend
in
biting
downe
the
same
,
it
is
likewise
to
be
obserued
,
that
they
neuer
go
to
the
same
,
during
the
time
of
their
labour
but
in
one
and
the
same
path
,
and
so
in
the
same
,
returne
to
the
water
againe
.
When
they
haue
thus
brought
their
wood
togither
,
then
dig
they
a
hole
or
ditch
in
the
banke
side
,
Albertus
.
where
they
vnderset
the
earth
to
beare
it
vp
from
falling
,
with
the
aforesaide
timber
:
a
secret
and
so
they
proceed
,
making
two
or
three
roomes
like
seuerall
chambers
,
one
aboue
another
,
to
the
entent
that
if
the
water
rise
they
may
goe
further
,
and
if
it
fall
they
may
discend
vnto
it
.
And
as
the
husbandmen
of
Egypt
doe
obserue
the
buildings
of
the
Crocodile
,
so
do
the
inhabitants
of
the
countrey
where
they
breed
,
obserue
the
Beauers
,
that
when
they
build
high
,
they
may
expect
an
inundation
and
sowe
on
the
Mountaines
,
and
when
they
build
lowe
,
they
looke
for
a
calme
or
drought
,
and
plow
the
valleys
.
There
is
nothing
so
worthy
in
this
beast
as
his
stones
,
for
they
are
much
sought
after
and
desired
by
all
Merchants
,
so
that
they
will
giue
for
them
any
great
price
.
There
is
both
in
Male
and
Female
,
certaine
bunches
vnder
their
bellie
as
great
as
a
gooses
egge
,
which
some
haue
vnskilfully
taken
for
their
coddes
,
and
betweene
these
is
the
secret
or
priuie
part
of
both
sexes
;
which
tumours
or
bunches
are
nothing
else
,
but
a
little
fleshie
bagge
within
a
thin
skinne
,
in
the
middle
whereof
is
a
hole
or
passage
,
out
of
the
which
the
beast
sucketh
a
certaine
liquor
,
The
Cods
or
stones
of
the
beast
Rondoletius
.
and
afterward
therewith
annointeth
euery
part
of
her
bodie
that
she
can
reach
with
her
toong
.
Now
it
is
verie
plain
that
these
bunches
are
not
their
coddes
,
for
these
reasons
;
because
that
there
is
no
passage
either
of
the
seed
into
them
,
or
from
them
into
the
yarde
:
Besides
,
their
stones
are
found
within
their
bodie
;
neither
ought
this
to
seeme
strange
,
seeing
that
Hares
haue
the
like
bunches
,
and
also
the
Moschus
or
Musk-cat
:
the
female
hath
but
one
passage
for
all
her
excrements
,
and
to
conceiue
or
bring
forth
young
ones
.
It
hath
beene
an
opinion
of
some
,
that
when
a
Beauer
is
hunted
and
is
in
danger
to
be
taken
,
she
biteth
off
her
owne
stones
,
The
Beauer
doth
not
bite
off
her
owne
stones
.
knowing
that
for
them
only
her
life
is
sought
,
which
caused
Alciatus
to
make
this
Emblem
.
Et
pedibus
segnius
,
tunuda
&
propendulus
aluo
,
Mordicus
ipse
sibi
medicata
virilia
vellet
:
Huius
ab
exemplo
disces
non
parcere
rebus
,
Hactamen
insidias
effugit
arte
fiber
:
Atque
abijcit
sesegnarus
ob
illa
peti
Et
vitam
vt
redimas
hostibus
aera
dare
.
Teaching
by
the
example
of
a
Beauer
,
to
giue
our
pursse
to
theeues
,
rather
then
our
liues
,
and
by
our
wealth
to
redeeme
our
danger
,
for
by
this
meanes
the
Beauer
often
escapeth
.
There
haue
beene
many
of
them
founde
that
wanted
stones
,
which
gaue
some
strength
to
this
errour
,
but
this
was
exploded
in
auncient
time
for
a
fable
;
and
in
this
and
all
other
honest
discourses
of
any
part
of
Phylosophy
,
the
onely
marke
wherat
euerie
good
student
and
professor
ought
to
ayme
,
must
be
veritie
and
not
tales
:
wherin
many
of
the
ancient
haue
greatly
offended
(
as
is
manifested
by
Marcellius
Virgilius
)
especially
Plato
:
and
this
poison
hath
also
crept
into
and
corrupted
the
whole
bodie
of
religion
.
The
Egyptians
in
opinion
of
the
aforesaid
Castration
,
when
they
will
signifie
a
man
that
hurteth
himselfe
,
they
picture
a
Beauer
biting
off
his
owne
stones
.
Herus
.
an
Emblem
.
But
this
is
most
false
,
as
by
Sertius
,
Plinius
,
Dioscorides
,
and
Albertus
,
is
manifested
:
first
,
because
their
stones
are
verie
small
,
and
so
placed
in
their
bodie
as
are
a
Boares
,
and
therefore
impossible
for
them
to
touch
or
come
by
them
:
Secondly
,
they
cleaue
so
fast
vnto
their
back
,
that
they
cannot
be
taken
awaie
but
the
beast
must
of
necessitie
loose
his
life
;
and
therefore
ridiculous
is
their
relation
,
who
likewise
affirme
,
that
when
it
is
hunted
(
hauing
formerlie
bitten
off
his
stones
,
that
he
standeth
vpright
and
sheweth
the
hunters
that
he
hath
none
for
them
,
and
therefore
his
death
cannot
profit
them
,
by
meanes
whereof
they
are
auerted
,
and
seeke
for
another
.
These
Beauers
eate
fish
,
fruits
,
and
the
bitter
rhindes
of
trees
,
Their
food
which
are
vnto
them
most
delicate
,
especiallie
Alderne
,
Poplar
,
and
Willowe
;
wherevpon
it
is
prouerbiallie
said
,
of
one
that
serueth
another
for
gaine
:
Sic
me
subes
quotidie
vt
fiber
salicem
,
you
loue
me
as
the
Beauer
doth
the
Willow
,
which
eateth
the
barke
and
destroieth
the
tree
.
They
are
taken
for
their
skins
,
tailes
,
and
cods
,
and
that
manie
waies
;
Their
cause
of
taking
and
first
of
all
when
their
caues
are
found
,
there
is
made
a
great
hole
or
breach
therein
,
wherinto
is
put
a
little
dog
,
which
the
beast
espying
,
flieth
to
the
end
of
her
denne
,
and
there
defendeth
her selfe
by
her
teeth
,
till
all
her
structure
or
building
be
rased
,
and
she
laide
open
to
her
enimies
,
who
with
such
instruments
as
they
haue
present
,
beat
her
to
death
:
A
secret
.
some
affirm
that
she
rouzeth
vp
her
body
and
by
the
strong
sauour
of
hir
stones
she
driueth
away
the
Dogs
,
which
may
be
probable
if
the
stones
could
be
seene
.
These
dogges
are
the
same
which
hunt
wilde
foule
and
Otters
.
It
is
reported
that
in
Prussia
they
take
them
in
bow-nets
,
baited
with
the
rinde
of
trees
,
Agricola
.
where
into
they
enter
for
the
food
,
but
being
entrapped
cannot
go
forth
againe
.
They
cannot
diue
long
time
vnder
water
but
must
put
vp
their
heads
for
breath
,
which
being
espied
by
them
that
beset
them
,
they
kill
them
with
gun-shot
,
or
pierce
them
with
Otter-speares
,
so
that
one
would
thinke
seeing
such
a
one
in
the
water
,
that
it
was
some
hairy
kind
of
fish
;
and
his
nature
is
,
if
he
heare
any
noise
to
put
his
head
aboue
water
,
wherby
he
is
discouered
and
looseth
his
life
.
His
skin
is
pretious
in
Polonia
either
for
garment
or
for
gloues
,
but
not
so
pretious
as
an
Otters
,
yet
is
it
vsed
for
the
edging
of
all
other
fur-garments
making
the
best
shew
and
enduring
longest
;
they
are
best
that
are
blackest
,
and
of
the
bellies
which
are
like
felt
wooll
,
they
make
caps
and
stockings
,
against
raine
and
foule
weather
.
The
medicinall
vertues
of
this
beast
are
in
the
skin
,
the
vrine
,
the
gall
and
the
cods
:
The
medicinall
vertues
;
Albertus
.
Aetius
.
and
first
,
a
garment
made
of
the
skinnes
is
good
for
a
paralitick
person
,
and
the
skinnes
burned
with
drie
Oynions
and
liquid
pitch
,
stayeth
the
bleeding
of
the
nose
,
and
being
put
into
the
soles
of
shooes
easeth
the
gowt
.
The
vrine
preserued
in
the
bladder
,
is
an
antidot
against
poyson
,
and
the
gall
is
profitable
for
many
thinges
,
Pliny
but
especially
being
turned
into
a
glew
it
helpeth
the
falling
euill
.
The
genitals
of
a
Beauer
are
called
by
the
Phisitians
Castoreum
,
Pliny
.
and
therefore
we
will
in
this
discourse
vse
that
word
for
expressing
the
nature
,
qualities
,
remedies
,
and
miraculous
operation
therof
,
wherfore
they
must
be
verie
warily
and
skilfully
taken
foorth
,
for
there
is
in
a
little
skin
compassing
them
about
a
certaine
sweet
humor
(
called
Humor
Melleus
)
and
with
that
they
must
be
cut
out
,
the
vtter
skin
being
cut
asunder
to
make
the
more
easie
entrance
,
and
the
Apothecaries
vse
to
take
all
the
fat
about
them
,
which
they
put
into
the
oyle
of
the
Castoreum
,
and
sell
it
vnto
fisher
men
to
make
baite
for
fishes
.
The
females
haue
stones
or
Castoreum
,
as
well
as
the
males
,
but
very
small
ones
.
Now
you
must
take
great
heed
to
the
choise
of
your
Beauer
,
and
then
to
the
stones
which
must
grow
from
one
roote
conioyned
,
otherwise
they
are
not
precious
,
and
the
beast
must
neither
be
a
young
one
nor
one
very
old
,
but
in
the
meane
betwixt
both
,
being
in
vigour
and
perfection
of
strength
.
The
Beauers
of
Spaine
yeeld
not
such
vertuous
castoreum
as
they
of
Pontus
,
and
therefore
if
it
be
possible
,
Hermolaus
.
The
corrupting
of
Castoreum
.
take
a
Pontique
Beauer
,
next
one
of
Gallatia
,
and
lastly
of
Affrique
.
Some
do
corrupt
them
putting
into
their
skinne
gumme
and
Ammomacke
with
blood
,
other
take
the
raines
of
the
beast
,
and
so
make
the
castoreum
very
big
,
which
in
it selfe
is
but
small
.
This
beast
hath
two
bladders
,
which
I
remember
not
are
in
any
other
liuing
creature
,
and
you
must
beware
that
none
of
these
be
ioyned
with
the
castoreum
.
You
may
know
if
it
be
mingled
with
Ammoniacke
by
the
tast
,
for
although
the
colour
be
like
,
yet
is
the
sauour
different
.
Platearius
sheweth
,
that
some
adulterate
castoreum
,
by
taking
of
his
skinne
,
or
some
cod
newly
taken
forth
of
another
beast
,
filling
it
with
blood
,
sinnewes
and
the
pouder
of
castoreum
,
that
so
it
may
not
want
his
strong
smell
or
sauour
:
other
fill
it
with
earth
and
blood
;
other
with
blood
,
rozen
,
gumme
,
sinnewes
and
pepper
,
to
make
it
tast
sharp
:
but
this
is
a
falsification
discernable
,
and
of
this
sort
is
the
castoreum
that
is
sold
at
Venice
,
as
Brasouala
affirmeth
:
and
the
most
of
them
sold
at
this
day
are
bigger
then
the
true
castoreum
,
for
the
iust
waight
of
the
right
stones
is
not
aboue
twelue
ounces
and
a
halfe
,
one
of
them
being
bigger
then
the
other
,
being
sixe
fingers
bredth
long
,
and
foure
in
breadth
.
Now
the
substance
contained
in
the
bag
is
yellowish
,
solid
like
wa●
,
and
sticking
like
glew
,
not
sharp
and
cracking
betwixt
the
teeth
(
as
the
counterfait
is
.
)
These
stones
are
of
a
strong
and
stinking
sauour
,
such
as
is
not
in
any
other
,
but
not
rotten
and
sharpe
as
Grammarians
affirme
;
yet
I
haue
smelled
of
it
dried
,
which
was
not
vnpleasaunt
,
and
things
once
seasoned
with
the
sauour
thereof
,
will
euer
tast
of
it
,
although
they
haue
not
touched
it
,
but
lie
couered
with
it
in
the
same
boxe
or
pot
;
and
therefore
the
castoreum
of
Persia
is
counterfeit
,
which
hath
no
such
smell
,
for
if
a
man
smell
to
the
right
castoreum
,
it
will
draw
blood
out
of
his
nose
.
After
it
is
taken
forth
from
the
beast
,
it
must
be
hung
vp
in
some
place
to
be
dried
in
the
shadow
,
and
when
it
is
dry
,
it
is
soft
and
white
:
it
will
continue
in
strength
sixe
yeares
,
and
some
say
seuen
;
the
Persians
affirme
,
that
their
castoreum
will
hold
his
vertue
ten
years
;
which
is
as
false
as
the
matter
they
speake
of
is
counterfait
.
Archigenes
wrote
a
whole
booke
of
the
vertue
of
this
castoreum
,
whereunto
they
may
resort
,
that
require
an
exact
and
full
declaration
of
all
his
medicinall
operations
:
it
shall
onely
be
our
purpose
,
to
touch
some
generall
heads
,
and
not
to
enter
into
a
particular
discouery
thereof
.
Being
so
dried
as
is
declared
,
it
must
be
warily
vsed
,
for
it
falleth
out
heerein
as
in
other
medicinall
subiects
,
that
ignorance
turneth
a
curing
herbe
or
substance
,
into
a
venemous
and
destructiue
quality
;
therefore
we
will
first
of
all
set
downe
the
daungers
to
be
auoyded
,
and
afterward
some
particular
cures
that
come
by
the
right
vse
of
it
.
Therefore
it
must
be
vnderstood
,
that
there
is
poyson
in
it
,
not
naturally
,
but
by
accident
;
as
may
be
in
any
other
good
and
wholsome
matter
:
and
that
especially
in
the
smell
or
sauor
therof
,
The
dangers
in
the
vse
of
Castoreum
.
Seruius
.
whereunto
if
a
woman
with
childe
doe
smell
,
it
will
kill
the
child
vnborne
and
cause
abortement
:
for
a
womans
womb
is
like
a
creature
,
nourished
with
good
sauors
,
and
destroyed
with
euill
:
therefore
burning
of
fethers
,
shoo-soles
,
wollen
clothes
,
pitch
,
Galbanum
,
gumme
,
onions
,
and
garlike
is
noysome
to
them
.
It
may
be
corrupted
not
onely
as
is
before
declared
;
but
also
,
if
it
be
shut
vp
close
without
vent
into
pure
aner
,
when
it
is
hanged
vp
to
be
dried
,
or
if
the
bag
be
kept
moyst
,
so
that
it
cannot
dry
;
and
it
is
true
(
as
Auicen
saith
)
that
if
it
be
vsed
being
so
corrupted
,
it
killeth
within
a
daies
space
,
driuing
one
into
madnesse
,
making
the
sicke
person
continually
to
hold
forth
his
tongue
,
and
infecting
him
with
a
feuer
by
inflaming
the
bodie
,
loosing
the
continuitie
of
the
partes
,
through
sharp
vapours
arising
from
the
stomack
:
and
for
a
proofe
that
it
will
inflame
,
if
you
take
a
little
of
it
mingled
with
oyle
,
and
rubbe
vpon
any
part
of
the
bodie
,
or
vpon
your
naile
,
you
shall
feele
it
.
But
there
is
also
a
remedie
for
it
being
corrupted
;
namelie
,
Asses
milke
mingled
with
some
sharpe
sirrop
of
Citron
,
or
if
need
require
,
drinke
a
dram
of
Philons
Antidot
at
the
most
,
or
take
butter
and
sweet
water
which
will
cause
vomit
,
and
vomit
therewith
so
long
,
as
you
feele
the
sauour
of
the
stone
,
and
afterward
take
sirrop
of
Limmons
or
citrons
:
&
some
affirme
vpon
experience
,
that
two
penny
waight
of
Coriander-seed
,
scorched
in
the
fire
,
is
a
present
remedy
for
this
euill
.
And
it
is
more
straunge
,
that
seeing
it
is
in
greatest
strength
,
when
the
sauor
is
hottest
,
which
is
very
displeasing
to
a
mans
nature
in
outward
appearance
,
yet
doeth
it
neuer
harme
a
man
taken
inwardly
,
(
being
pure
and
rightly
compounded
]
if
the
person
be
without
a
feuer
,
for
in
that
case
onely
it
doeth
hurte
inwardly
,
otherwise
apply
it
to
a
moist
body
lacking
refrigeration
,
or
to
a
colde
body
wanting
excalfaction
,
or
to
a
colde
and
moist
body
,
you
shall
perceiue
an
euident
commodity
thereby
,
if
there
bee
no
feuer
:
and
yet
it
hath
profited
many
where
the
feuer
hath
not
bene
ouerhot
,
as
in
extasies
and
lethargies
,
ministred
with
white
pepper
,
and
mellicrate
,
and
with
Rose
cakes
laid
to
the
necke
or
head
.
The
same
vertues
it
hath
being
outwardly
applied
and
mingled
with
oyle
,
if
the
bodies
be
in
any
heate
,
and
purely
without
oile
,
if
the
body
be
cold
,
for
in
heating
it
holdeth
the
thirde
degree
,
and
in
drying
the
second
.
The
maner
how
it
is
to
be
ministred
is
in
drink
,
for
the
most
part
,
the
sweet
lickor
being
taken
from
it
,
and
the
little
skinnes
appearing
therein
clensed
away
,
and
so
it
hath
among
many
other
these
operations
following
.
Drunke
with
vineger
,
it
is
good
against
al
venim
of
Serpents
,
and
against
the
chamelaeon
,
but
with
this
difference
,
against
the
scorpion
with
wine
,
against
spiders
with
sweet
water
,
against
the
Lizzards
with
Mirtire
,
against
Dipsas
and
cerastes
,
with
Opponax
,
or
wine
made
of
Rew
,
and
against
other
serpentes
with
wine
simply
.
Take
of
euery
one
two
drams
,
for
a
cold
take
it
a
scruple
and
a
halfe
in
foure
cups
of
wine
,
vsed
with
Ladanum
,
it
cureth
the
Fistula
and
vlcers
,
Castoreoque
graui
mulier
sopita
recum
bit
.
prouoketh
neezing
by
smelling
to
it
,
procureth
sleepe
,
they
being
annointed
with
it
:
maiden-weed
&
conserue
of
Roses
,
and
being
drunke
in
Water
,
helpeth
Phrensie
,
and
with
the
roses
and
Maiden-weed
aforesaid
,
easeth
head-ache
:
Being
layd
to
the
head
like
a
plaster
,
it
cureth
all
colde
and
windy
affections
therein
,
or
if
one
drawe
in
the
smoake
of
it
perfumed
,
though
the
paine
be
from
the
mothers
wombe
,
and
giuen
in
three
cups
of
sweete
vineger
fasting
,
it
helpeth
the
falling
sicknes
,
but
if
the
person
haue
often
fits
,
the
same
giuen
in
a
glister
,
giueth
great
ease
:
Then
must
the
quantity
be
two
drams
of
castoreum
,
one
sextary
of
honey
and
oyle
,
and
the
like
quantity
of
water
,
but
in
the
fit
it
helpeth
with
vineger
by
smelling
to
it
.
It
helpeth
the
palsie
,
taken
with
Rew
or
wine
▪
sod
in
Rew
,
so
also
all
heart
trembling
,
ache
in
the
stomack
,
and
quaking
of
the
sinewes
.
It
being
infused
into
them
that
lie
in
Lethargies
with
vineger
and
conserue
of
roses
doth
presently
awake
them
,
for
it
strengthneth
the
braine
,
and
mooueth
sternutation
.
It
helpeth
obliuion
comming
by
reason
of
sicknes
,
the
party
being
first
purgd
with
Hiera
Ruffi
▪
castoreum
▪
with
oyle
bound
to
the
hinder
part
of
the
head
,
and
afterward
a
dram
drunke
with
Mellicrate
,
also
taken
with
oyle
,
cureth
all
conuulsion
proceeding
of
cold
humors
,
if
the
conuulsion
be
full
and
perfect
,
&
not
temporall
or
in
some
particular
member
,
which
may
come
to
passe
in
any
sicknes
.
The
same
mixed
with
hony
helpeth
the
clearnes
of
the
eies
,
and
their
inflamations
:
likewise
vsed
with
the
iuyce
of
Popie
,
and
infused
to
the
eares
,
or
mixed
with
honey
,
helpeth
all
paines
in
them
.
With
the
seed
of
hemlockes
beaten
in
vineger
,
it
sharpneth
the
sence
of
hearing
,
if
the
cause
be
colde
,
and
it
cureth
tooth-ach
infused
into
that
eare
with
oyle
on
which
side
the
paine
resteth
;
for
Hippocrates
sent
vnto
the
wife
of
Aspasius
[
complayning
of
the
paine
in
her
cheeke
and
teeth
]
a
little
castoreum
with
pepper
,
aduising
her
to
hold
it
in
her
mouth
betwixt
her
teeth
.
A
perfume
of
it
drawne
vp
into
the
head
&
stomacke
,
easeth
the
paines
of
the
lights
and
intrals
,
and
giuen
to
them
that
sigh
much
with
sweet
vineger
fasting
:
it
recouereth
them
.
It
easeth
the
cough
and
distillations
of
rhewme
from
the
head
to
the
stomacke
,
taken
with
the
iuyce
of
blacke
Popye
.
It
is
preseruative
against
inflamations
&
pains
in
the
guts
or
belly
]
although
the
belly
be
swolne
with
colde
windy
humors
,
]
being
drunke
with
vineger
,
or
Oxycrate
,
it
easeth
the
colicke
giuen
with
annisse
beaten
smal
,
and
two
spoonfuls
of
sweet
water
:
and
it
is
found
by
experiment
,
that
when
a
horsse
cannot
make
water
,
let
him
be
couered
ouer
with
his
cloath
,
Vegetins
.
and
then
put
vnderneath
him
a
fire
of
coles
,
wherein
make
a
perfume
with
that
castoreum
till
the
horses
belly
and
cods
smell
thereof
,
then
taking
away
the
coles
,
walk
the
horsse
vp
&
down
couered
,
and
he
will
presently
stale
.
To
soften
the
belly
they
vse
Castoreum
with
sweet
water
two
drams
,
and
if
it
be
not
forcible
enough
,
they
take
of
the
root
of
a
set
cucumber
one
dram
,
and
the
some
of
salt
Peter
two
drams
.
It
is
also
vsed
with
the
iuice
of
Withy
and
decoction
of
Vineger
applied
to
the
rains
and
genitall
parts
like
a
plaster
against
the
Gonorrhaean
passion
.
It
will
stir
vp
a
womans
monethly
courses
,
and
cause
an
easie
trauaile
,
two
drammes
being
drunke
in
water
with
Penny-Royall
.
And
if
a
Woman
with
childe
goe
ouer
a
Beauer
,
she
will
suffer
abortment
,
A
secret
and
Hypocrates
affirmeth
,
that
a
perfume
made
with
Castoreum
,
Asses
dunge
,
and
swines
greace
,
openeth
a
closed
wombe
.
There
is
an
Antidot
called
Diacostu
,
made
of
this
castoreum
,
good
against
the
Megrim
,
falling
sicknesse
,
apoplexies
,
palsies
,
and
weakenesse
of
limmes
,
as
may
be
seene
in
Myrepsus
:
against
the
impotency
of
the
tongue
,
trembling
of
the
members
,
and
other
such
infirmities
.
These
vertues
of
a
Beauer
thus
described
,
I
will
conclude
this
discourse
with
a
History
of
a
strange
beast
like
vnto
this
:
related
by
Dunranus
campus-bellus
(
a
noble
kni.
)
who
affirmed
,
A
miraculus
history
of
a
Monster
.
that
there
are
in
Arcadia
,
seuen
great
Lakes
,
some
30.
miles
compasse
,
and
some
lesse
;
whereof
one
is
called
Garloil
,
out
of
which
in
Anno
15.0
about
the
midst
of
Summer
,
in
a
morning
,
came
a
Beast
about
the
bignes
of
a
water
dog
,
hauing
feet
like
a
Goose
,
who
with
his
taile
easily
threw
downe
small
trees
,
and
presently
with
a
swift
pace
he
made
after
some
men
that
he
saw
,
and
with
three
strokes
he
likewise
ouerthrew
three
of
them
,
the
residue
climbing
vp
into
trees
escaped
,
and
the
beast
without
any
long
tarrying
,
returned
backe
againe
into
the
water
,
which
beast
hath
at
other
times
bene
seene
,
and
it
is
obserued
,
that
this
appearance
of
the
monster
,
did
giue
warning
of
some
strange
euils
vpon
the
Land
:
which
story
is
recorded
by
Hector
Boethius
.
OF
THE
BISON.
Of
the
name
A
Bison
called
of
some
Latines
though
corruptly
Vrson
,
and
Veson
,
of
the
Graecians
Bisoon
,
of
the
Lituanians
Suber
,
of
the
Polonians
Zuber
,
from
whence
some
Latines
deriued
Zubro
,
for
a
Byson
.
Of
the
Germanes
Visent
,
and
Vaesent
,
&
Wisent
:
a
beast
very
strange
as
may
appear
by
his
figure
prefixed
▪
which
by
many
authors
is
taken
for
Vr.
●●
,
some
for
a
Bugle
,
or
wild
Oxe
,
other
,
for
Rangifer
,
and
many
for
the
beast
Tarandus
a
Buffe
.
By
reason
whereof
there
are
not
many
things
,
which
can
by
infallible
collection
be
learned
of
this
beast
among
the
writers
;
yet
is
it
truely
and
generally
held
for
a
kind
of
wild
Oxe
,
Places
of
their
breed
.
bred
in
the
Northern
parts
of
the
world
for
the
most
part
,
and
neuer
tamed
,
as
in
Scythia
,
Moscouia
,
Hercynia
,
Thracia
,
and
Brussia
.
But
those
tall
wilde
Oxen
which
are
said
to
be
in
Lapponia
,
Philostephan
:
The
reason
of
their
nam
.
and
the
Dukedome
of
Angermannia
,
are
more
truely
saide
to
be
Vrt
,
as
in
their
story
shall
be
afterward
declared
Their
name
is
taken
from
Thracia
,
Varinus
.
Stephanus
a
secret
in
the
la●e
Dicaea
which
was
once
called
Bistonia
,
and
the
people
thereof
Bistones
,
from
Bisto
the
sonne
of
Cicas
and
Terpsicores
;
and
thereof
came
Bistonia
Grues
,
cranes
of
Thracia
,
and
Bistonia
L●eus
,
for
the
lake
or
sea
of
Dicaea
,
neere
Abdera
,
where
neuer
liuing
thinge
,
or
other
of
lesse
weight
was
cast
in
,
but
it
presently
sunke
and
was
drowned
.
This
Bison
is
called
Taurus
Paeonicus
,
the
Paeonian-Bull
,
whereof
I
find
two
kinds
,
one
of
greater
,
Seural
kinds
and
another
of
lesser
size
,
called
the
Scotian
or
calydonian
Bison
,
whereof
you
shall
see
the
picture
and
qualities
at
the
foot
of
this
history
.
Their
haire
is
red
,
yellow
,
or
black
,
their
eyes
very
great
and
terrible
;
they
smell
like
a
Moschus
or
Musk-cat
,
and
their
mane
reacheth
ouer
their
shoulders
,
shaking
it
irefully
when
he
brayeth
;
their
face
or
forehead
very
broad
,
especially
betwixt
their
hornes
,
for
Sigismund
king
of
Polonia
,
hauing
killed
one
of
them
in
hunting
,
stood
betwixt
his
horns
,
with
two
other
men
not
much
lesser
in
quantity
then
himselfe
,
who
was
a
goodly
well
proportioned
and
personable
Prince
.
There
are
two
bunches
on
his
backe
,
the
former
neare
his
shoulders
,
which
is
the
higher
,
and
the
other
neare
the
rumpe
,
which
is
somewhat
lower
.
I
haue
seen
the
horns
of
a
Byson
,
which
was
in
the
hands
of
a
Gold-smith
to
lippe
with
Siluer
and
Gilt
,
that
it
might
be
fit
to
drinke
in
:
it
did
bend
like
the
talant
of
an
Egle
or
Gryphin
,
or
some
rauenous
bird
.
The
flesh
in
Summer
time
is
most
fat
,
but
it
tasteth
so
much
of
wild-garlicke
,
The
flesh
of
this
beast
.
Bonarus
.
Baro.
or
ramsens
,
that
it
is
not
pleasant
to
eat
,
being
full
of
small
vaines
and
strings
,
and
is
accounted
a
noble
and
strong
kind
of
flesh
:
the
blood
is
the
most
purest
in
the
world
,
excelling
in
color
any
purple
,
and
yet
for
al
that
it
is
so
hot
that
being
let
forth
when
the
beast
dieth
,
within
two
houres
space
it
putrifieth
,
and
the
flesh
it selfe
in
the
coldest
winter
will
not
keepe
sweet
many
houres
,
by
reason
of
the
immoderate
heate
thereof
,
a
secret
in
the
inward
heat
of
this
beast
.
if
the
Hunter
do
not
presently
after
the
fall
of
the
beast
,
seperate
from
it
the
intrals
:
and
which
is
most
strange
of
all
,
being
pierced
aliue
with
any
hunting
speare
,
dart
,
or
sworde
,
the
weapon
by
the
heate
of
the
body
is
made
so
weake
and
soluble
,
that
it
commeth
forth
as
flexible
as
lead
:
and
to
conclude
,
it
is
a
most
noble
and
fierce
spirited
beast
,
neuer
afraid
,
or
yeelding
till
breath
fayleth
,
neither
can
he
be
taken
with
any
nettes
or
ginnes
,
vntill
they
be
thoroughly
wearied
:
Wherefore
they
which
hunt
him
,
must
bee
very
strong
,
nimble
,
their
hunting
.
and
skilfull
men
,
or
else
that
sport
will
be
their
owne
vndoing
and
ouerthrow
.
Sigism
:
baro
.
Therefore
when
they
go
to
hunt
this
Byson
,
they
choose
a
place
replenished
with
larg
trees
,
neither
so
great
that
they
cannot
easily
wind
about
them
,
nor
so
little
that
they
shal
not
be
able
to
couer
theyr
bodyes
from
the
horne
or
tongue
of
the
beast
:
behinde
which
the
hunters
place
themselues
out
of
sight
:
and
then
the
Dogges
rouze
vp
the
beast
,
driuing
him
to
that
place
where
the
hunters
stand
,
whome
the
beast
first
espieth
,
to
him
hee
maketh
force
,
who
must
warily
keepe
the
tree
for
his
sheild
,
and
with
his
speare
wounde
him
where
hee
can
,
who
will
not
fall
without
many
mortall
strokes
,
but
waxe
more
and
more
eager
,
not
onely
with
horne
but
with
tongue
,
for
if
he
can
but
apprehend
any
part
of
the
hunters
garment
with
his
tongue
,
he
looseth
no
holde
but
draweth
him
vnto
him
,
and
with
his
horne
and
feet
killeth
him
:
but
if
the
fight
be
long
,
and
so
the
hunter
wearied
and
out
of
breath
,
then
doth
he
cast
a
red
cap
vnto
the
beast
,
who
maketh
at
it
with
head
and
feete
,
neuer
leauing
till
it
bee
in
peeces
;
and
if
another
come
to
helpe
him
as
hunters
must
,
if
they
will
returne
aliue
,
then
shall
he
easily
draw
the
beast
to
combate
,
and
forsake
the
first
man
,
if
he
cry
Lu-lu-lu
.
In
Phoci●
is
How
Bisons
are
taken
aliue
Pausanias
sheweth
how
these
Bysons
are
taken
aliue
,
in
this
sort
.
The
hunters
(
sayth
he
)
chuse
out
some
steepe
and
slippery
downe
hill
,
whereupon
they
lay
skinnes
of
beasts
newly
taken
off
,
and
if
they
want
such
,
then
annoint
they
old
skins
with
oyle
,
and
so
leaue
them
spread
vppon
those
sleeping
or
bending
passages
:
then
raise
they
the
beasts
,
and
with
dogs
and
other
means
on
horseback
driue
them
along
to
the
places
where
they
laid
their
hides
,
and
as
soone
as
they
come
vpon
the
skins
they
slip
and
fall
downe
,
rowling
headelong
till
they
come
into
the
valleys
,
from
whence
they
constraine
them
back
again
some
other
way
,
three
or
foure
times
a
day
,
making
them
fall
downe
the
hils
as
aforesaid
,
and
so
wearying
them
with
continual
hunting
,
and
fasting
.
At
the
last
they
come
vnto
them
,
when
they
are
no
more
able
to
rise
for
faintnes
,
&
giue
them
pine-Aples
taken
out
of
the
shels
,
(
for
with
that
meat
are
they
delighted
)
and
so
while
they
eagerly
feed
and
ly
weary
on
the
ground
,
the
medicins
not
knowne
,
they
intoile
them
in
bands
and
manacles
,
and
lead
them
away
aliue
:
The
medicins
comming
from
this
beast
may
be
coniectured
to
be
more
forcible
,
then
of
common
and
ordinarie
oxen
,
but
because
they
were
not
knowne
to
the
Grecians
and
Arabians
,
and
wee
find
nothing
recorded
thereof
:
we
wil
conclude
the
story
of
this
great
Bison
;
with
a
good
opinion
of
the
vertues
,
though
we
are
not
able
to
learne
or
discouer
them
to
others
.
Of
the
White
SCOTIAN
Bison
.
IN
the
Woods
of
SCOTLAND
,
called
Callendar
or
Caldar
,
Places
wher
these
Bisons
abide
.
&
in
auncient
time
CALIDONIA
,
which
reacheth
from
Monteth
and
Erunall
,
vnto
Atholia
and
Loquhabria
,
there
are
bred
white
Oxen
,
maned
about
the
necke
like
a
Lyon
,
but
in
other
parts
like
ordinary
and
common
Oxen.
This
wood
was
once
full
of
them
,
but
now
they
are
all
slaine
,
The
nature
of
this
Bison
.
except
in
that
parte
which
is
called
Cummirnald
.
This
beast
is
so
hatefull
and
fearfull
of
mankind
,
that
it
will
not
feede
of
that
grasse
or
those
hearbes
,
whereof
he
sauoureth
a
man
hath
touched
,
no
not
for
many
daies
togither
:
and
if
by
art
or
pollicy
they
happen
to
be
taken
aliue
,
they
will
die
with
very
sullen
griefe
.
If
they
meete
a
man
,
presently
they
make
force
at
him
,
fearing
neither
dogs
,
speares
,
nor
other
weapons
.
Their
flesh
is
very
pleasant
,
though
full
of
sinewes
,
and
very
acceptable
to
the
greatest
Nobles
,
for
which
cause
they
are
now
growen
to
a
small
number
,
their
qualities
being
like
to
the
former
beast
,
excepting
their
colour
and
beard
,
I
will
tearme
them
a
white
calidonian
,
or
Scotian
BISON.
BONASVS
,
the
figure
of
the
head
and
HORNES
.
The
head
of
this
beast
is
like
the
head
of
an
Oxe
or
Bull
,
His
parts
his
hornes
bending
round
to
the
sides
of
the
cheeke
,
by
reason
whereof
he
hath
no
defence
by
them
,
neither
can
a
man
be
hurt
that
is
cast
vpon
them
.
His
necke
is
very
thicke
with
a
large
mane
,
Aristotle
from
his
eyes
downe
to
his
shoulders
in
length
like
a
Horses
,
but
the
haire
thereof
is
much
softer
,
and
lyeth
more
smoothly
,
the
vppermost
haires
being
harsher
,
and
the
vndermost
softer
like
wooll
.
Their
colour
betwixt
red
and
ash
coulour
,
but
blacke
and
yellow
appeareth
not
in
them
;
They
haue
no
vpper
teeth
,
in
this
point
resembling
an
Oxe
and
other
horned
beasts
:
their
hornes
being
in
compasse
about
nine
ynches
and
somewhat
more
,
are
verie
smooth
and
blacke
like
varnish
.
Their
voice
is
like
the
voice
of
an
oxe
,
their
legs
all
hairy
,
and
their
feet
clouen
,
their
taile
too
shorte
for
the
other
members
of
the
Body
like
a
Bugles
,
His
flesh
and
disposition
to
anger
.
their
backe
stretched
out
at
length
,
is
as
long
as
a
seat
for
seauen
men
,
their
flesh
is
very
sweet
,
for
which
cause
he
is
much
sought
for
in
hunting
,
hee
will
with
his
feet
dig
vp
the
ground
like
an
oxe
or
bull
in
his
rage
,
when
he
is
once
stroke
he
flyeth
away
,
His
fight
in
flyeng
.
fighting
with
his
heeles
backward
,
and
whereas
nature
hath
denyed
him
the
benefit
of
hornes
which
other
beastes
haue
,
so
that
hee
is
onely
adorned
and
not
armed
by
those
weapons
,
like
a
souldiour
that
cannot
draw
foorth
his
sword
:
she
hath
giuen
him
the
secret
operation
of
his
dung
:
The
secret
operation
of
his
dung
.
which
in
his
chase
he
casteth
forth
of
his
body
so
plentifully
,
vpon
the
Dogges
or
other
that
pursue
him
,
by
the
space
of
foure
paces
backeward
,
that
he
slayeth
their
course
,
and
the
heat
of
this
dung
is
so
admirable
,
that
it
scorcheth
or
burneth
the
haire
or
skinne
of
any
beastes
or
men
that
hunt
him
:
neither
hath
this
fime
such
vertuous
operation
at
any
other
time
,
but
onely
when
the
beast
flieth
,
being
hunted
and
pursued
for
life
,
at
other
times
it
lying
quiet
,
there
is
no
such
vertue
therin
:
neither
ought
this
to
seeme
incredible
,
seeing
many
other
beasts
in
their
chase
,
haue
the
like
or
at
the
least
do
then
eiect
their
excrement
more
plentifully
and
noisomly
then
at
other
times
:
The
reason
of
the
heat
&
operation
of
their
excrement
.
as
the
Cuttell-fi●h
,
for
when
in
chase
the
intrals
are
heated
,
and
the
passage
somewhat
restrained
,
so
that
the
holding
in
of
breath
breedeth
more
wind
in
the
guttes
,
it
may
very
naturally
chaunce
,
the
excrement
being
with
the
inclosed
wind
and
heat
sent
forth
by
violent
eruption
that
it
may
flie
far
backward
,
and
also
burne
as
aforesaid
.
These
beasts
calue
in
the
mountaines
,
Their
place
and
succour
for
caluing
and
before
that
time
commeth
she
chuseth
a
place
,
which
she
walleth
in
with
the
abundance
of
her
owne
dung
,
so
high
as
it
may
couer
her
younge
one
,
for
there
is
no
beast
that
is
naturally
so
full
of
excrement
as
a
bonassus
.
Their
eares
are
very
broade
as
the
Poet
sayeth
,
Patutae
camuris
sub
cornibus
aures
,
broad
eares
,
vnder
crooked
winding
blunt
hornes
,
the
skinne
is
so
large
,
that
it
hath
couered
a
good
part
of
a
house
,
the
inward
colour
whereof
is
like
the
earth
whereon
the
beast
did
vse
to
feed
.
That
excellent
Phisitian
of
England
Iohn
Cay
,
did
sende
mee
the
head
of
this
beast
,
with
this
description
,
in
an
Epistle
saying
.
I
Send
vnto
thee
the
head
of
a
great
wild
beast
,
the
bare
mouth
and
the
bones
supporters
of
the
hornes
being
very
weighty
,
The
relation
of
Iohn
Cay
a
Doctor
of
Physick
in
England
and
therefore
bearing
vp
some
like
heauy
burden
,
the
hornes
are
recurued
and
bending
backward
,
so
that
they
do
not
spire
directly
downeward
but
rather
forward
,
though
in
a
crooked
manner
,
which
because
it
could
not
appear
forward
,
as
they
doe
when
the
Beast
is
aliue
,
therefore
they
are
described
turning
on
the
one
side
:
the
space
betwixt
the
hornes
or
bredth
of
the
forehead
is
three
Roman
palmes
and
halfe
,
the
length
of
the
hornes
,
three
palmes
one
finger
and
a
half
,
and
their
compas
where
they
are
ioyned
to
the
head
,
is
one
foot
,
one
palme
and
a
halfe
.
In
the
castle
of
warwicke
where
are
preserued
the
armor
and
speare
of
one
Earle
Guy
of
Warwicke
a
most
valiant
strong
man
,
I
haue
seene
the
heade
of
a
beast
not
vnlike
to
this
,
sauing
that
if
the
bones
whereon
the
hornes
grow
should
be
ioyned
together
,
then
would
the
hornes
bee
longer
,
and
of
another
crooked
fashion
:
And
in
the
same
place
there
is
also
the
necke
bone
of
the
same
beast
,
the
compasse
there
of
is
at
the
least
three
Roman
feet
,
two
palmes
,
and
a
halfe
,
whereunto
I
may
also
adde
that
shoulder-blade
which
hangeth
on
the
North
gate
of
the
citty
of
Couentry
,
being
in
the
lowest
part
three
foot
broad
and
two
fingers
,
and
four
foot
long
and
two
palmes
:
and
the
compasse
of
the
arme-hole
wherein
the
shoulder
is
ioyned
,
is
three
foote
and
one
palme
,
and
the
whole
compasse
of
them
both
in
breadth
and
length
,
is
eleuen
foot
one
palme
and
a
halfe
.
In
the
chappell
of
the
said
great
Guy
,
distant
from
Warwick
about
one
thousand
paces
,
[
or
a
mile
]
there
hangeth
a
ribbe
of
this
beast
[
as
I
suppose
]
the
compasse
whereof
in
the
smallest
place
is
three
palmes
,
and
in
length
it
is
sixe
foote
and
a
halfe
,
the
ribbe
is
dry
and
rotten
in
the
superficies
thereof
.
The
vulgar
people
affirme
,
that
it
is
the
peece
of
a
Boare
,
which
was
slaine
by
Earle
Guy
,
other
say
,
by
tradition
of
their
elders
,
that
it
is
a
piece
of
a
wilde
Cow
remaining
neere
Couentry
,
&
did
much
harm
to
many
people
:
which
latter
opinion
I
embrace
taking
it
for
a
Bonasus
,
who
in
most
things
is
like
a
cow
,
and
therefore
some
affirme
it
is
an
Indian
Cow
[
but
ignorantly
]
because
any
thing
that
is
not
common
is
vsually
attributed
to
some
strange
countri-breed
[
with
an
addition
to
that
it
most
of
all
resembleth
.
]
The
shape
of
these
horns
are
heere
following
discribed
.
Thus
farre
D.
C●●
.
Whereunto
I
assent
holding
his
coniectures
to
be
very
probable
,
vntill
by
the
diligent
industry
of
some
other
,
or
my
owne
eie
sight
we
may
deliuer
to
the
world
som
more
assured
and
perfect
knowledge
in
these
kinde
of
beastes
.
Exhorting
in
the
meane
season
all
learned
men
,
to
discouer
more
exactly
their
present
or
future
knowledge
heerein
,
to
the
high
benefit
of
al
them
that
are
diligent
students
in
this
part
of
Gods
creation
.
OF
THE
BVFFE
.
A
Buffe
is
called
in
Greeke
Tarandos
,
and
in
Latine
Tarandus
,
Of
the
name
and
kind
of
Buffes
.
which
some
haue
corrupted
barbarously
,
terming
it
Parandrus
and
Pyradus
,
and
I
coniecture
that
it
is
the
same
beast
,
which
the
Polonians
call
Tur
or
Thuro
;
howsoeuer
other
confound
this
Tarandus
with
another
beast
,
called
Rangifer
;
and
some
with
a
kind
of
Vrus
,
which
haue
many
properties
in
common
with
a
Buffe
,
yet
my
reason
,
why
the
Polonian
Tur
can
be
no
other
then
a
Buffe
,
is
because
the
head
and
mouth
differeth
from
those
beastes
,
and
also
by
cause
this
is
taken
in
Sarmatia
,
where
the
common
people
call
it
Daran
or
Darau
,
although
the
later
writers
call
it
Duran
and
Daran
,
and
translate
it
a
Bonnasus
,
which
can
by
no
meanes
agree
with
this
beast
;
and
the
name
of
Daran
is
easily
deriued
from
Tarandus
or
Tarandos
.
Pliny
The
seueral
parts
.
Siluius
.
Hesychius
The
head
of
this
beast
is
like
the
head
of
a
Hart
,
and
his
hornes
branched
or
ragged
;
his
body
for
the
most
part
like
a
wilde
Oxes
,
his
haire
deepe
and
harshe
like
a
Beares
,
his
hide
is
so
hard
and
thicke
▪
that
of
it
the
Scithians
make
breast-plates
,
which
no
dart
can
pierce
through
.
His
colour
,
for
the
most
part
like
an
Asses
,
but
when
he
is
hunted
or
feared
,
he
changeth
his
hew
into
whatsoeuer
thing
he
seeth
;
as
among
trees
he
is
like
them
:
among
greene
boughs
he
seemeth
greene
;
a
myracle
in
his
colour
.
amongst
rocks
of
stone
,
he
is
transmuted
into
their
colour
also
;
as
it
is
generally
by
most
writers
affirmed
:
as
Pliny
&
Solinus
among
the
auncient
;
Stephanus
and
Eustathius
,
among
the
later
Writers
.
This
indeed
is
the
thing
that
seemeth
most
incredible
,
but
there
are
two
reasons
which
draw
me
to
subscribe
hereunto
:
first
,
because
we
see
that
the
face
of
men
and
beasts
thorough
feare
,
ioy
,
anger
,
and
other
passions
,
doe
quickly
change
;
from
ruddy
to
white
,
from
blacke
to
pale
and
from
pale
to
ruddy
againe
.
Now
as
this
beast
hath
the
head
of
a
Hart
,
so
also
hath
it
the
feare
of
a
Hart
,
but
in
a
higher
degree
;
and
therefore
by
secret
operation
it
may
easily
alter
the
colour
of
their
haire
,
as
a
passion
in
a
reasonable
man
,
may
alter
the
colour
of
his
face
.
The
same
thinges
are
reported
by
Pliny
of
a
beast
in
INDIA
called
Lycaon
,
as
shall
be
afterward
declared
;
and
besides
these
two
,
there
is
no
other
among
creatures
couered
with
haire
,
that
chaungeth
colour
.
Another
reason
forcing
me
to
yeeld
herunto
is
,
that
in
the
sea
,
a
Polypus-fish
,
and
in
the
earth
among
creeping
things
,
a
Chamaeleon
,
doe
also
change
their
colour
in
like
sort
and
fashion
:
whereunto
it
may
be
replyed
,
that
the
Chamaeleon
and
Polypus-fish
,
are
pilled
or
bare
without
haire
,
and
therefore
may
more
easily
be
verse-coloured
;
but
it
is
a
thing
impossible
in
nature
,
for
the
haire
to
receiue
any
tincture
from
the
passions
:
but
I
answer
,
that
the
same
nature
can
multiply
and
diminish
her
power
in
lesser
and
smaller
Beastes
,
according
to
hir
pleasure
,
and
reserueth
an
operation
for
the
nayles
,
and
feathers
of
Birds
,
and
finnes
and
scales
of
Fishes
,
making
one
sort
of
diuers
colour
from
the
other
:
and
therefore
may
and
doth
as
forcibly
worke
in
the
haires
of
a
buffe
,
as
in
the
skinne
of
a
Chamaeleon
;
adding
so
much
more
force
to
transmute
them
,
by
how
much
farther
off
they
stand
from
the
blood
,
like
as
an
Archer
,
which
setteth
his
arme
and
bow
higher
to
shoote
farther
,
and
therefore
it
is
worthy
obseruation
,
that
as
this
beast
,
hath
the
best
defence
by
her
skin
aboue
all
other
,
so
she
hath
the
wakest
and
most
timerous
heart
aboue
all
other
.
These
Buffes
are
bred
in
Scithia
,
and
are
therefore
called
Tarandi
Scithic
;
Countries
of
Buffes
.
they
are
also
among
the
Sarmatians
,
and
called
Budini
,
and
neere
Gelonis
,
and
in
a
part
of
Poland
,
in
the
Duchy
of
Mazauia
,
betwixt
Oszezke
and
Garuolyin
.
And
if
the
polonian
Thuro
before
mentioned
,
haue
a
mane
[
whereof
I
am
ignorant
]
then
will
I
also
take
that
beast
:
for
a
kind
of
Bison
.
In
phrygia
,
there
is
a
territory
called
Tarandros
,
Stephanus
and
peraduenture
this
beast
had
his
name
from
that
Contrey
,
wherein
it
may
be
he
was
first
discouered
and
made
knowne
.
The
quantity
of
this
beast
,
exceedeth
not
the
quantity
of
a
wild
Oxe
,
The
quantity
or
stature
of
a
Buffe
.
whereunto
in
al
the
parts
of
his
body
he
is
most
like
,
except
in
his
head
face
,
and
hornes
:
his
Legges
and
hoofes
are
also
like
an
Oxes
.
The
goodnesse
of
his
hide
is
memorable
,
and
desired
in
all
the
cold
countries
of
the
world
,
wherein
onely
these
beasts
and
all
other
of
strong
,
thicke
,
The
hide
is
most
profitable
to
man
hides
are
found
,
for
the
thinnest
and
most
vnprofitable
skinnes
of
beastes
,
are
in
the
whot
and
warmer
partes
of
the
world
:
and
God
hath
prouided
thicke
,
warme
,
most
commodious
,
and
precious
couers
for
those
beasts
that
liue
farthest
from
the
Sunne
.
Whereupon
many
take
the
hides
of
other
beastes
for
Buffe
,
for
being
tawed
and
wrought
artificially
they
make
garmentes
of
them
,
as
it
is
daily
to
be
seene
in
Germany
.
Of
the
vulgar
Bugill
.
A
Bugill
is
called
in
Latine
Bubalus
,
and
Buffalus
:
The
seuerall
names
in
French
Beufle
:
in
Spaninsh
,
Bufano
:
in
German
,
Buffell
:
and
in
the
Illirian
tongue
,
Bouwoll
.
The
Haebrewes
haue
no
proper
word
for
it
,
but
comprehend
it
vnder
To
,
which
signifieth
any
kind
of
wild
Oxen
;
for
neither
can
it
be
expressed
by
Meriah
,
which
signifieth
fatted
oxen
;
or
Bekarmi
,
which
signifieth
oxen
properly
;
or
Iachmur
,
which
the
Persians
call
Kutzcohi
,
or
Buzcohi
,
and
is
vsually
translated
a
wild-asse
.
For
which
beast
,
the
Haebrewes
haue
many
wordes
:
neither
haue
the
Graecians
any
proper
word
for
a
vulgar
Bugill
,
for
Boubalos
and
Boubalis
,
are
amongest
them
taken
for
a
kind
of
Roe
bucke
.
The
originall
of
the
term
Bubalus
So
that
this
Bubalus
was
first
of
all
some
moderne
or
barbarous
terme
in
Affrique
,
taken
vp
by
the
Italians
,
&
by
them
attributed
to
this
beast
,
and
many
other
for
whom
they
knew
no
proper
names
.
For
in
the
time
of
Pliny
,
they
vse
to
call
strange
beastes
like
Oxen
or
Buls
,
Vri
;
as
now
a
daies
(
lead
with
the
same
errour
,
or
rather
ignorance
]
they
call
such
Bubali
or
buffali
.
The
true
effigies
of
the
vulgar
Bugill
,
was
sent
vnto
me
by
Cornelius
Sittardus
,
a
famous
Physitian
in
Norimberge
;
and
it
is
pictured
by
a
tame
and
familiar
Bugill
,
such
as
liueth
among
men
for
labour
,
as
it
seemeth
to
me
.
For
there
is
difference
among
these
beastes
,
[
as
Aristotle
hath
affirmed
]
both
in
colour
,
mouth
,
horne
,
and
strength
.
This
vulgar
Bugill
,
Of
the
vulgar
Bugill
&
hir
parts
is
of
a
kinde
of
Wilde
Oxen
,
greater
and
taller
then
the
ordinary
Oxen
,
their
body
being
thicker
and
stronger
,
and
their
lims
better
compact
together
:
their
skinne
most
hard
,
their
other
partes
very
leane
,
their
haire
short
,
small
,
and
blacke
,
but
little
or
none
at
all
vpon
the
taile
,
which
is
also
short
and
small
.
The
head
hangeth
downward
to
the
earth
,
and
is
but
little
,
being
compared
with
the
reasidue
of
his
body
;
and
his
aspect
or
face
betokeneth
a
tameable
and
simple
disposition
.
His
forehead
is
broad
and
curled
with
haire
,
his
hornes
more
flat
then
round
,
very
long
,
bending
together
at
the
top
,
Pollonius
.
Vse
of
their
hornes
as
a
Goates
doe
backward
:
insomuch
as
in
creete
,
they
make
bowes
of
them
:
and
they
are
not
for
defence
of
the
beast
,
but
for
distinction
of
kind
and
ornament
.
His
necke
is
thicke
and
long
,
and
his
rump
or
neather
part
of
his
backe
is
lower
then
the
residue
,
descending
to
the
tayle
.
His
Legs
are
very
great
,
broad
and
strong
,
but
shorter
then
the
quantity
of
his
body
would
seeme
to
permit
.
They
are
very
fierce
being
tamed
,
but
that
is
corrected
by
putting
an
Iron
ring
through
his
Nostriles
,
Erasmus
.
whereinto
is
also
put
a
cord
,
by
which
he
is
lead
and
ruled
,
as
a
horse
by
a
bridle
(
for
which
cause
in
Germany
they
call
a
simple
man
ouerruled
by
the
aduise
of
another
to
his
owne
hurt
,
a
Bugle
,
lead
with
a
ring
in
his
Nose
.
)
His
feete
are
clouen
,
and
with
the
formost
he
will
dig
the
earth
,
and
with
the
hindmost
fight
like
a
horse
,
setting
on
his
blowes
with
great
force
,
and
redoubling
them
againe
if
his
obiect
remoue
not
.
His
voice
is
like
the
voice
of
an
oxe
;
when
he
is
chased
he
runneth
forth
right
,
Albertus
.
The
manner
of
his
sight
sildome
winding
or
turning
,
and
when
he
is
angred
he
runneth
into
the
Water
,
wherein
he
couereth
himselfe
all
ouer
except
his
mouth
,
to
coole
the
heate
of
his
blood
;
Nature
of
their
breeding
places
Pet.
crscent
.
for
this
beast
can
neither
endure
outward
cold
nor
inward
heate
:
for
which
cause
,
they
breede
not
but
in
hot
countries
,
and
being
at
liberty
are
sildome
from
the
waters
.
They
are
very
tame
,
so
that
children
may
ride
on
their
backes
,
but
on
a
suddaine
they
will
runne
into
the
Waters
,
and
so
many
times
indaunger
the
childrens
liues
.
Of
their
yong
ones
&
milk
.
Their
loue
to
their
young
ones
is
very
great
,
they
alway
giue
milke
from
their
copulation
to
their
caluing
;
neither
will
they
suffer
a
calfe
of
another
kinde
(
whom
they
discerne
by
their
smell
)
to
sucke
their
milke
,
but
beate
it
away
if
it
be
put
vnto
them
:
wherefore
their
keepers
do
in
such
case
,
annoynt
the
calfe
with
Bugils
excrement
,
and
then
she
will
admit
her
suckling
.
Albertus
.
Their
strength
in
labor
They
are
very
strong
,
and
will
draw
more
at
once
then
two
horsses
;
wherefore
they
are
tamed
for
seruice
,
and
will
draw
Waggons
and
plowes
,
and
carry
burdens
also
,
but
they
are
not
very
fit
for
carts
:
yet
when
they
doe
draw
,
they
carry
also
great
burthens
or
loads
tyed
to
their
backs
with
ropes
and
wantyghtes
.
Pet.
crescent
.
At
the
first
setting
forward
,
they
bend
their
Legges
very
much
,
but
afterward
they
goe
vpright
,
and
being
ouerloden
they
will
fall
to
the
earth
,
from
which
they
cannot
be
raised
by
any
stripes
vntill
their
load
or
carriage
be
lessened
.
There
is
no
great
account
made
of
their
hides
,
although
they
bee
very
thicke
:
Vse
of
theyr
hydes
Bellonius
.
Solinus
reporteth
,
that
the
old
Britons
made
boates
of
osier
twigs
or
reedes
,
couering
them
round
with
Bugils
skinnes
,
and
sayled
in
them
:
and
the
inhabitants
of
the
kingdome
of
a
Caraiani
,
make
them
bucklers
and
shields
of
Bugils
skinnes
,
which
they
vse
in
Warres
,
the
flesh
is
not
good
for
meate
,
which
caused
baptista
Fiera
to
make
this
poem
:
Bubalus
hinc
abeat
,
neue
intret
prandia
nostra
Non
edat
hunc
quisquam
:
sub
iugo
semper
eat
.
For
they
ingender
melancholy
and
haue
no
good
tast
,
being
raw
they
are
not
vnpleasant
to
behold
,
but
sod
or
rosted
they
shew
a
deformed
substance
.
The
milke
of
this
beast
maketh
very
hard
cheese
,
which
tasteth
like
earth
.
The
medicines
made
of
this
beast
are
not
many
:
with
the
hornes
or
hoofes
they
make
rings
to
weare
against
the
cramp
,
The
physick
made
out
of
Bugils
and
it
hath
been
beleeued
[
but
without
reason
]
that
if
a
man
or
a
woman
weare
rings
made
of
the
hornes
and
hoofes
of
a
bugill
in
the
time
of
carnall
copulation
,
that
they
will
naturally
fly
off
from
their
fingers
;
whereas
this
secret
was
wont
to
be
attributed
to
rings
of
Chrisolyts
or
Smaragde
stones
.
To
conclude
,
some
teach
husbandmen
to
burne
the
hornes
or
dung
of
their
bugils
on
the
windye
side
of
their
corne
and
plants
,
to
keepe
them
from
cankers
and
blasting
:
and
thus
much
of
the
vulgar
bugill
,
called
bubalus
recentiorum
:
whose
beginning
in
this
part
of
the
world
is
vnknowne
,
although
in
Italy
and
other
parts
of
Europe
they
are
now
bred
and
fostered
.
OF
THE
AFFRICAN
BVGILL
.
BEllonius
reporteth
,
that
he
saw
in
Cair
a
small
beast
which
was
in
all
things
like
a
little
Oxe
,
of
a
beautifull
body
,
full
of
flesh
,
well
and
neately
limmed
,
which
he
could
take
for
no
other
then
the
Affrican
Oxe
,
or
Bugill
of
the
old
Graecians
,
which
was
brought
out
of
the
kingdome
of
Asamia
vnto
the
citty
Cair
.
It
was
old
,
and
not
so
big
as
a
Hart
,
but
greater
then
a
Roe
;
The
country
of
this
beast
.
he
neuer
in
all
his
life
tooke
more
pleasure
to
behold
a
beast
,
then
in
viewing
the
excellent
beauty
of
euery
part
in
this
creature
.
His
haire
was
yellowish
,
glistering
as
if
it
had
beene
combed
and
trimmed
by
the
art
of
a
Barber
:
vnder
his
belly
it
was
somewhat
more
red
and
taunty
then
vpon
his
backe
.
His
feete
in
all
thinges
like
a
vulgar
Bugils
,
his
Legges
short
and
strong
,
the
necke
short
and
thicke
,
whereon
the
dewe-laps
of
his
crest
did
scarce
appeare
.
His
head
like
an
Oxes
,
and
his
hornes
growing
out
of
the
crowne
of
his
head
,
blacke
,
long
,
and
bending
like
a
halfe
Moone
;
whereof
he
hath
no
vse
to
defend
himselfe
,
or
annoy
another
,
by
reason
their
points
turne
inward
.
His
eares
like
a
cowes
,
and
shoulder
blades
standing
vp
a
little
aboue
the
ridge
very
strongly
.
His
taile
,
to
the
knees
like
a
camelopardals
,
from
whence
hangeth
some
few
blacke
haires
,
twice
so
great
as
the
haires
in
a
horsses
tayle
.
His
voice
was
like
an
Oxes
,
but
not
so
strong
and
loude
:
to
conclude
therefore
,
for
his
discription
,
if
a
man
conceiue
in
his
mind
a
little
yellow
neate
Oxe
,
with
smooth
haire
,
strong
members
,
and
high
hornes
aboue
his
head
,
like
a
halfe
Moone
,
his
minde
cannot
erre
from
the
true
and
perfect
shape
of
this
beast
.
There
was
such
a
one
to
be
seene
of
late
at
Florence
,
vnder
the
name
of
an
Indian
Oxe
,
sauing
his
head
was
greater
and
longer
,
his
hornes
not
high
nor
bending
together
,
but
standing
vpright
and
a
little
wreathing
into
spires
aboue
their
roote
,
and
the
hinder
part
of
the
back
much
lower
then
the
shoulders
,
but
it
may
be
the
obseruer
of
this
beast
fayled
and
tooke
not
the
true
discription
of
it
.
This
creature
or
Affrican
Bugill
,
must
be
vnderstood
to
be
a
Wilde
beast
,
The
nature
of
this
beast
.
and
not
of
a
tame
kind
,
although
Bellonius
expresseth
not
so
much
.
Leo
in
his
discription
of
Affrique
,
relateth
a
discourse
of
a
certaine
beast
called
Laut
or
Daut
,
who
is
lesse
then
an
Oxe
,
but
of
more
elegant
feature
,
in
his
Legs
,
white
hornes
,
&
blacke
nailes
,
which
is
so
swift
,
that
no
beast
can
outrunne
it
except
a
Barbary
horse
:
it
is
taken
most
easily
in
the
Summer
time
:
with
the
skinne
thereof
they
make
targets
and
shieldes
,
which
cannot
be
pierced
by
any
Weapon
,
except
Gunshot
:
for
which
cause
they
fell
them
very
deare
;
which
is
coniectured
to
be
the
Bugill
that
Bellonius
describeth
,
although
it
bee
not
iust
of
the
same
colour
,
which
may
vary
in
this
beast
as
well
as
in
any
other
,
and
I
haue
a
certaine
Manuscript
without
the
authors
name
,
that
affirmeth
there
be
bugils
in
Lybia
,
in
likenes
resembling
a
Hart
and
an
Oxe
,
but
much
lesser
,
and
that
these
beasts
are
neuer
taken
asleepe
,
which
causeth
an
opinion
that
they
neuer
sleepe
;
and
that
there
is
another
Bugill
beyond
the
Alpes
,
neere
the
Ryuer
Rhene
,
which
is
very
fierce
and
of
a
white
Colour
.
There
is
a
horne
in
the
towne-house
of
Argentine
foure
Romane
cubits
long
,
Of
a
strange
horne
in
Argentine
.
which
is
coniectured
to
be
the
horne
of
some
Vrus
[
or
rather
as
I
thinke
of
some
Bugill
]
it
hath
hung
there
at
the
least
two
or
three
generations
,
and
by
scraping
it
I
found
it
to
be
a
horne
,
although
I
forgat
to
measure
the
compasse
thereof
,
yet
bycause
antiquity
thought
it
worthy
to
be
reserued
in
so
honorable
a
place
for
a
monument
of
some
strange
beast
,
I
haue
also
thought
good
to
mention
it
in
this
discourse
:
as
when
Phillip
King
of
Macedon
,
did
with
a
Dart
kill
a
Wilde
Bull
at
the
foote
of
the
Mountaine
Orbelus
,
and
consecrated
the
hornes
thereof
in
the
Temple
of
Hercules
,
which
were
fifteene
yards
or
paces
long
for
posterity
to
behold
.
The
Picture
of
the
Affrican
Bugill
described
in
the
former
page
.
OF
THE
BVLL
.
A
Bull
is
the
husband
of
a
Cow
,
and
ring-leader
of
the
heard
,
[
for
which
cause
Homer
compareth
Agamemnon
the
great
Emperour
of
the
Graecian
Armye
to
a
Bull
]
reserued
onely
for
procreation
,
and
is
sometimes
indifferently
called
an
Oxe
,
as
Oxen
are
likewise
of
authors
taken
for
Buls
Verg
:
Pingue
solum
primus
extemplo
mensibus
anni
,
fortes
inue●
tant
houes
.
The
Haebrewes
call
him
Tor
,
or
Taur
;
which
the
Chaldes
cal
Abir
for
a
strong
Oxe
:
so
the
Arabians
Ta●●
;
the
Graecians
Tauros
;
the
Latines
Taurus
,
the
Itallians
Toro
,
the
French
Toreau
,
the
Germans
ein
Stier
,
ein
vuncherstier
,
das
vucher
,
ein
mummelstier
,
ein
hagen
,
The
true
aetymology
o●
the
name
Taurus
.
and
ein
hollen
;
the
Illirians
Vul
and
iunecz
:
by
all
which
seuerall
appellations
it
is
euident
,
that
the
name
Taurus
in
Latine
is
not
deriued
from
Tannouros
,
the
stretching
out
the
tayle
,
nor
from
Gauros
,
signifieng
proud
;
but
from
the
haebrew
Tor
,
which
signifieth
great
:
vpon
which
occasion
,
the
Graecians
called
all
large
,
great
,
and
violent
thinges
,
by
the
name
of
Taurot
,
and
that
word
Taurus
among
the
Latines
,
hath
giuen
denomination
to
men
,
starres
Mountaines
,
Ryuers
,
trees
,
ships
,
and
many
other
things
,
which
caused
Ioachimus
Camerarius
to
make
thereof
this
aenigmaticall
riddle
.
A
Riddle
vp
on
the
word
Taurus
.
Maechus
eram
regis
:
sed
lignea
membra
sequebar
,
Et
Cilicum
mons
sum
:
sed
mons
sum
nomine
solo
Et
vehor
in
coelo
:
sed
in
ipsis
ambulo
terris
.
But
there
are
foure
reasons
giuen
,
why
riuers
are
called
Taurocrani
:
that
is
,
bul-heads
.
Reasons
why
riuers
are
called
Taurocrani
.
First
,
because
when
they
empty
themselues
into
the
Sea
,
they
roare
or
bellow
like
buls
,
with
the
noise
of
their
falling
water
:
secondly
,
because
they
furrow
the
erth
like
a
draught
of
oxen
with
a
plow
,
and
much
deeper
.
Thirdly
,
because
the
sweetest
and
deepest
pasturs
vnto
which
these
cattell
resort
,
are
neare
the
riuers
.
Fourthly
,
because
by
their
crooking
and
winding
,
they
imitate
the
fashion
of
a
horne
,
and
also
are
impetuous
,
violent
,
and
vnresistable
.
The
strength
of
the
head
and
necke
of
a
bul
is
very
great
,
The
strength
and
seuerall
parte
of
Buls
.
and
his
forehead
seemeth
to
be
made
for
fight
:
hauing
hornes
short
,
but
strong
and
piked
,
vppon
which
he
can
tosse
into
the
aire
very
great
and
weighty
beasts
which
he
receiueth
againe
as
they
fall
downe
,
doubling
their
eleuation
with
renewed
strength
and
rage
,
vntill
they
be
vtterly
confounded
.
Their
strength
in
all
the
parts
of
their
body
is
great
,
and
they
vse
to
strike
backward
with
their
heeles
:
yet
is
it
reported
by
caelius
Titormus
a
Neat-heard
of
Aetolia
,
The
prodigious
strength
of
tritormos
.
that
being
in
the
field
among
the
cattell
,
tooke
one
of
the
most
fierce
and
strongest
buls
in
the
heard
by
the
hinder
leg
,
and
there
in
despight
of
the
bull
striuing
to
the
contrary
,
held
him
with
one
hand
,
vntill
another
bull
came
by
him
,
whome
he
likewise
tooke
in
his
other
hande
,
and
so
perforce
held
them
both
:
which
thing
being
seene
by
Milo
Crotoniates
,
hee
lifted
vppe
his
handes
to
heauen
,
crying
out
by
way
of
interogation
to
Iupiter
;
and
sayinge
:
O
Iupiter
,
hast
thou
sent
another
Hercules
amongest
vs
?
Whereupon
came
the
common
prouerbe
of
a
strong
armed
man
:
This
is
another
Hercules
.
The
like
storie
is
reported
by
Suidas
of
Polydamas
,
who
first
of
all
slew
a
Lyon
,
and
after
held
a
bull
by
the
legge
so
fast
,
that
the
beast
striuing
to
get
out
of
his
handes
,
left
the
hoofe
of
his
foote
behinde
him
.
The
Epithites
of
this
beast
are
many
among
writers
,
as
when
they
call
him
br●●●n-footed
,
wilde
,
chearefull
,
sharpe
,
plower
,
warriour
,
horne-bearer
,
blockish
,
great
,
glistering
,
fierce
,
valiant
,
and
louring
,
which
seemeth
to
be
natural
to
this
beast
;
insomuch
as
the
Grammarians
deriue
Toruitas
,
grimnes
or
lowring
from
Taurus
a
Bul
,
whose
aspect
carieth
wrath
and
hatered
in
it
:
wherfore
it
is
proverbially
saide
in
Westphalia
,
of
a
lowring
and
scouling
countenance
,
The
seuerall
parts
.
Eir
sich
als
ein
ochs
der
dem
,
fleschouwer
Entloffen
ist
:
That
is
,
he
looketh
like
a
bul
escaped
from
one
stroke
of
the
butcher
.
Their
hornes
are
lesser
but
stronger
then
Oxen
or
kie
,
for
all
beasts
that
are
not
gelded
,
haue
smaller
hornes
and
thicker
sculs
then
other
,
but
the
buls
of
Scithia
as
is
said
else-where
,
haue
no
horns
.
Their
heart
is
full
of
nerues
or
sinnewes
,
their
blood
is
ful
of
smal
vaines
,
for
which
cause
he
ingendreth
with
most
speed
,
and
it
hardneth
quickly
.
In
the
gal
of
a
Bul
there
is
a
stone
called
Guers
,
and
in
some
places
the
gal
is
called
Mammacur
.
They
are
plentiful
in
most
countries
as
is
said
in
the
discourse
of
Oxen
,
Countries
of
their
best
breed
.
but
the
best
sort
are
in
Epirus
,
next
in
Thracia
,
&
then
Italy
,
Syria
,
England
,
Macedonia
,
Phrigia
,
and
Belgia
:
for
the
buls
of
Gallia
are
impayred
by
labor
,
and
the
buls
of
Aethiope
are
the
Rhinocerotes
,
as
the
buls
of
the
woodes
are
Elephants
.
Their
time
of
copulation
.
They
desire
the
Cow
at
eight
monthes
olde
,
but
they
are
not
able
to
fill
her
til
they
be
two
years
old
,
and
they
may
remaine
tolerable
for
breeders
vntil
they
be
12.
and
not
past
.
Euery
bul
is
sufficient
for
ten
kie
,
and
the
buls
must
not
feed
with
the
kie
,
for
2.
months
before
their
leaping
time
,
and
then
let
them
come
together
without
restraint
,
and
giue
them
pease
,
Their
food
for
procreation
or
barley
,
if
theyr
pasture
be
not
good
.
The
best
time
to
suffer
them
with
their
females
,
is
the
midst
of
the
spring
,
and
if
the
bul
be
heauy
,
take
the
taile
of
a
hart
and
burne
it
to
pouder
,
then
mo●sten
it
in
wine
,
and
rubbe
therewith
the
genitals
of
a
bul
,
and
he
wil
rise
aboue
measure
into
lust
.
Wherefore
,
if
it
bee
more
then
tolerable
,
it
must
be
alayed
with
oyle
.
The
violence
of
a
bul
in
the
act
of
copulation
is
so
great
,
that
if
he
misse
the
females
genital
entraunce
,
Quintilius
he
woundeth
or
much
harmeth
her
in
any
other
place
,
sending
forth
his
seed
without
any
motion
except
touching
,
and
a
Cowe
being
filled
by
him
,
hee
wil
neuer
after
leape
her
,
during
the
time
she
is
with
calfe
:
wherefore
the
Egiptians
decipher
by
a
bul
in
health
,
without
the
itch
of
lust
,
a
temperate
continent
man
,
and
Epictetus
saying
of
Sustine
and
Abstine
:
that
is
:
Beare
and
Forbeare
,
was
emblematicaly
described
by
a
bull
hauing
his
knee
bound
and
tyed
to
a
cow
in
the
hand
of
the
neat
hearde
,
with
this
subscription
.
Hard
fortune
is
to
be
endured
with
patience
,
and
happines
is
often
to
be
feard
,
for
Epictetus
said
beare
and
forbeare
,
we
must
suffer
many
things
,
and
withhold
our
fingers
from
forbidden
fruites
,
for
so
the
bull
which
swayeth
rule
among
beasts
,
being
bound
in
his
right
knee
,
abstaineth
from
his
female
great
with
young
.
When
they
burne
in
lust
,
their
wrath
is
most
outragious
against
their
companions
in
the
same
pasture
,
with
whom
they
agreed
in
former
times
,
and
then
the
conquerour
coupleth
with
the
cow
:
The
fight
or
combat
of
Lul●es
.
but
when
he
is
weakened
with
generation
,
the
beast
that
was
ouercome
,
setteth
vpon
him
a
fresh
,
and
oftentimes
ouercommeth
:
which
kind
of
loue-fight
is
elegantly
described
by
Oppianus
as
followeth
.
One
that
is
the
chiefest
ruleth
ouer
all
the
other
heard
,
who
tremble
at
the
sight
and
presence
of
this
their
eager
King
,
and
especially
the
Kye
knowing
the
insulting
iealousie
of
their
raging
husband
.
When
the
heards
of
other
places
meete
together
,
beholding
one
another
with
disdaineful
countenances
,
and
with
their
loughing
terrible
voices
prouoke
each
other
,
puffing
out
their
flaming
rage
of
defiance
,
&
dimming
the
glistering
light
with
their
often
dust-beating-feet
into
the
aire
,
who
presently
take
vp
the
challenge
&
seperate
themselues
from
the
company
,
ioyning
togither
at
the
sound
of
their
owne
trumpets-loughing-voice
,
in
feareful
and
sharp
conflicts
,
not
sparing
,
not
yelding
,
not
retiring
,
til
one
or
both
of
them
fal
wounded
to
the
earth
:
sometimes
turning
round
,
sometimes
holding
heads
together
,
as
if
they
were
coach-fellowes
:
and
as
two
mighty
ships
wel
manned
,
with
sufficient
armes
and
strength
,
by
force
of
winds
and
floods
violently
rushing
one
against
another
,
doe
breake
and
split
asunder
,
with
the
horrible
cry
of
the
Souldiers
,
and
ratling
of
the
armour
:
so
doe
these
Buls
,
with
voice
,
Legges
,
hornes
,
and
strength
,
like
cunning
and
valiant
Martialists
,
make
the
soundes
of
their
blows
to
ring
betwixt
heauen
and
earth
,
vntill
one
of
them
be
vaquished
and
ouerthrowne
.
The
poore
ouercommed
beast
,
with
shame
retyreth
from
the
heard
,
and
will
no
more
appeare
vntill
he
be
enabled
to
make
his
party
good
against
his
triumphant
aduersarye
:
then
he
feedeth
solitary
in
the
woods
and
mountains
,
for
it
is
prouerbially
said
to
signifie
a
single
and
vnmarried
life
,
abijt
taurus
in
siluam
:
that
is
,
the
bull
is
gone
to
the
wood
to
liue
solitarily
without
his
female
,
often
exercising
himself
like
a
studious
champion
against
the
day
of
a
new
combate
,
and
when
he
findeth
his
strength
increased
,
and
his
corage
armed
for
the
day
of
battaile
,
then
roareth
he
in
the
woods
and
Mountains
,
to
prouoke
his
aduersary
to
answere
;
and
perceiuing
his
own
voice
to
be
more
fierce
and
violent
then
is
his
enimies
,
forth
he
proceedeth
like
some
refreshed
giant
,
confident
in
his
strength
,
discending
to
the
lists
of
a
second
combate
,
where
he
easily
ouer
commeth
the
victor
,
weakned
with
copulation
,
and
not
excercised
or
fitted
to
such
a
tryall
through
fulnes
and
venery
:
so
the
first
that
was
vanquished
becommeth
conqueror
.
The
very
same
is
in
other
wordes
described
by
Virgill
:
Buls
are
enemies
to
all
Beastes
that
liue
vpon
pray
,
as
Beares
,
Lyons
,
and
Wolues
:
when
they
fight
with
wolus
they
wind
their
tailes
together
,
&
so
driue
them
awaie
with
their
horns
;
Georg.
3
Their
enmity
to
other
beasts
.
when
the
beare
fighteth
with
an
oxe
;
she
falleth
on
her
backe
watching
opportunitie
to
take
his
hornes
with
her
forefeet
,
which
if
she
catch
,
with
the
weight
of
her
body
she
wearieth
the
beast
,
who
is
so
earnest
in
combate
with
these
beasts
,
that
they
will
fight
their
tongues
hanging
out
of
their
mouths
.
The
Cro
is
enemy
to
buls
and
Asses
,
for
in
her
flight
she
will
strike
at
theyr
eies
,
and
it
is
easier
for
the
Bul
to
be
reuenged
of
a
Lyon
,
then
on
such
a
bird
:
Red
colour
stirreth
vp
a
Bul
to
fight
,
neither
can
the
neat-heardes
gouerne
these
with
such
facility
as
they
do
the
femals
,
for
when
they
wander
and
go
astray
,
nothing
can
recall
them
but
the
voice
of
their
females
for
copulation
,
which
they
vnderstande
and
heare
,
being
a
mile
or
two
distant
.
The
voice
of
a
bull
is
sharper
and
shriller
then
is
the
loughing
of
a
cow
,
they
are
most
couragious
that
haue
short
and
thicke
necks
,
and
in
their
greatest
wildnes
,
if
their
right
knee
can
be
bound
,
they
will
not
stirre
,
or
if
they
be
tyed
to
a
wilde
figge-tree
,
Horus
Apollo
A
secret
in
the
taming
of
a
Bull.
which
is
so
fearfull
to
the
nature
of
an
oxe
or
bul
,
that
it
hath
bene
seen
,
how
a
very
few
sticks
of
that
wood
,
haue
sodde
a
great
quantity
of
bulles
fleshe
in
shorter
time
,
then
a
farre
greater
number
of
other
wood
set
on
fire
could
perform
:
which
caused
the
Egiptians
in
auncient
time
,
to
picture
a
Bull
tyed
to
a
wilde
fig-tree
,
to
signifie
a
man
that
changed
his
manners
through
calamity
.
Out
of
the
hides
of
buls
,
especially
their
eares
,
neckes
,
and
genitals
,
Their
hide●
is
most
excellent
glue
confected
,
but
for
the
most
part
it
is
corrupted
;
by
seething
with
it
olde
leather
of
shooes
or
bootes
:
but
that
of
Rhodes
is
without
all
fraud
,
fit
for
Phisitians
and
painters
,
&
euermore
the
whiter
the
better
,
for
that
which
is
blacke
is
good
for
nothing
:
wherefore
that
which
is
made
out
of
buls
hydes
,
is
so
white
,
that
it
sendeth
forth
a
brightnes
,
whose
vertuous
coniuction
in
conglutination
is
so
powerfull
,
that
it
is
easier
to
breake
a
whole
peece
of
wood
then
any
part
so
glewed
togither
therewith
:
and
for
this
inuention
,
wee
[
are
saith
Pliny
]
indebted
to
Dedalus
the
first
author
thereof
.
They
vsed
it
in
instruments
of
musicke
,
and
such
other
tender
and
pretious
actions
.
The
gall
of
an
oxe
put
vpon
copper
or
brasse
,
maketh
it
glister
like
Golde
;
Of
the
Gal.
for
which
cause
it
is
vsed
by
players
,
to
colour
their
counterfeit
crownes
.
The
flesh
of
a
bull
is
good
for
meat
,
but
yet
not
so
good
as
an
oxe
or
cow
;
Of
the
flesh
.
yet
did
the
Egyptians
abstain
from
eating
cowes
flesh
,
and
not
from
the
flesh
of
buls
.
These
beasts
are
vsed
in
some
places
to
plow
,
in
some
to
fight
,
and
it
is
reported
by
Elianus
,
that
Mythridates
King
of
Pontus
,
beside
his
guard
of
men
,
had
also
a
guard
of
a
bull
,
a
horse
,
and
a
Hart
,
which
he
tamed
with
his
owne
hands
;
so
that
when
his
followers
were
a
sleep
,
if
any
stranger
came
near
,
they
fayled
not
to
awake
him
,
by
one
of
their
seueral
voices
.
It
is
reported
also
,
that
if
the
Nostrils
of
a
bull
be
annointed
with
oyle
of
Roses
,
Leo
Affric●
he
wil
presently
loose
his
eye
sight
,
and
that
in
the
Lake
Asphaltites
there
can
no
liuing
creature
abide
&
yet
many
buls
&
camels
swim
therin
safely
.
It
is
but
fabulous
that
ther
wer
Buls
in
Colchis
which
did
breth
out
fire
,
except
by
that
fiction
the
poets
vnderstood
,
the
beastly
rage
of
the
rich
inhabitants
.
The
sacrificing
of
Buls
.
Touching
the
sacrificing
of
buls
,
it
was
also
the
custome
of
the
old
Egyptians
to
sacrifice
a
Bull
vnto
Epaphus
:
and
their
manner
was
,
first
of
all
to
try
him
whether
it
were
fit
for
sacrifice
,
by
laying
meale
before
them
,
whereof
if
they
refused
to
tast
,
they
were
adiudged
not
apt
for
the
Temple
.
The
Druidae
call
a
generall
sacrifice
Viscum
,
whereby
they
affirme
all
greeuances
may
be
cured
.
Caelius
.
G●raldus
.
Pliny
First
they
prepared
a
banquet
with
sacrifice
vnder
some
tree
,
then
broght
they
two
white
buls
fastened
togither
by
the
horns
,
and
then
they
gaue
a
drinke
to
any
barren
creature
,
Woman
or
bruit
beast
,
holding
religiously
,
that
by
that
drinke
they
shoulde
be
made
fruitfull
and
free
from
al
poison
:
Vnto
so
great
a
height
did
the
folly
of
blinde
people
arise
,
to
put
religion
in
euery
vnreasonable
inuention
,
vnder
pretence
of
any
good
intention
deuised
by
idolatrous
priests
.
As
often
as
they
slew
and
offered
a
Bul
,
and
poured
Frankincense
and
wine
vppon
the
hoast
,
they
said
;
The
bul
is
increased
with
Frankincense
and
wine
,
but
the
Ionians
did
best
comfort
themselues
in
their
sacrifices
where
the
Bul
before
his
death
did
lough
at
the
Altar
:
Pausanias
.
and
the
Messenians
did
bind
their
bul
which
was
to
be
sacrificed
to
the
Ghosts
of
Aristomene
,
vnto
certaine
Pillars
in
his
sepulchre
:
if
therefore
the
Bul
did
shake
the
pillar
while
he
leaped
to
and
fro
to
get
liberty
,
they
took
it
for
a
good
signe
or
Omen
,
but
if
it
stood
imouable
,
they
held
it
a
mournful
and
lamentable
thing
.
It
is
likewise
reported
by
Varinus
that
when
Agamemnon
ignorantly
kild
one
of
the
harts
of
Diana
in
Aulis
,
she
was
so
wroth
,
that
she
stayed
the
winds
from
blowing
vpon
his
nauy
,
so
as
they
could
not
stirre
out
of
harbour
:
hereupon
they
went
to
the
Oracle
,
where
answere
was
giuen
,
that
the
goddesse
was
to
bee
pacified
with
some
one
of
Agamemnons
blood
,
therfore
Vlisses
was
sent
away
to
fetch
Iphigenia
,
the
dau
.
of
Agam
:
from
her
mother
clitemnaestra
,
vnder
pretence
to
be
maried
to
achilles
;
but
when
she
was
ready
to
bee
sacrificed
,
the
goddesse
took
pittie
on
her
,
and
accepted
a
bul
in
her
steede
,
which
ought
not
to
bee
thought
incredible
▪
seeing
that
in
holy
scripture
a
Ram
was
substituted
in
the
place
of
Isaac
.
They
were
wont
also
to
sacrifice
a
bul
to
Neptune
,
and
to
al
the
riuers
,
because
of
that
affinity
which
they
held
a
bul
hath
with
al
Waters
:
and
to
apollo
,
according
to
this
virgilian
verse
,
Taurus
Neptuno
Taurum
tibi
pulcher
apollo
.
But
vnto
Iupiter
it
was
vnaccustomed
to
be
offered
,
perhaps
because
he
had
often
shewed
himselfe
in
that
likenesse
,
to
rauish
and
defloure
Women
.
Prouerbs
of
a
Buli
.
There
be
certaine
prouerbes
of
a
bul
,
which
are
not
altogither
impertinent
in
this
place
.
First
,
it
is
commonly
saide
,
that
hee
may
beare
a
bul
that
hath
born
a
calfe
▪
wherby
is
meant
,
that
he
may
be
more
subiect
to
filthines
in
age
,
which
was
so
in
youth
.
Quartilla
was
a
woman
of
most
vilde
reputation
for
vncleannes
,
because
she
said
,
that
when
she
was
little
,
she
lay
with
little
ones
like
her selfe
,
and
when
she
grew
bigger
,
Like
the
Engl●●●●r●uerb
〈◊〉
sky
fall
we
shal
haue
〈…〉
.
she
applied
her selfe
to
the
pleasure
of
elder
men
,
growing
in
filthines
as
she
had
increased
in
yeares
.
Likewise
they
were
wont
to
say
of
an
absurde
or
impossible
thinge
,
that
if
a
bul
could
reach
his
head
ouer
taygetus
,
hee
might
drinke
of
the
riuer
Eurota
,
and
the
beginning
of
this
prouerbe
,
was
taken
of
an
apothegme
of
Geradas
,
when
his
hoast
vpon
a
time
did
ask
him
what
punishment
the
Lacedemonians
had
appointed
for
adulterers
,
he
aunswered
there
were
no
adulterers
in
Lacedemon
,
and
therefore
the
punishment
&
question
were
fri●olous
?
his
hoast
replyed
;
but
if
there
shoulde
bee
an
adulterer
there
,
what
punishment
would
they
appoint
for
him
?
Marry
[
said
Geradus
)
he
shold
pay
such
a
bul
as
would
reach
ouer
taygetus
to
drinke
of
the
Water
Eurota
;
whereat
the
host
laughed
demaunding
where
such
a
bul
could
be
found
?
then
said
Geradas
,
and
where
can
you
find
an
adulterer
in
Lacede
non
,
so
putting
off
one
absurdity
with
another
.
And
thus
much
of
the
natures
and
properties
of
a
bul
in
general
.
In
the
nexte
place
before
this
beast
be
turned
into
the
Woods
,
we
wil
describe
his
medicinal
vertues
,
and
so
let
him
loose
.
The
pouder
of
a
buls
horn
drunk
in
water
stayeth
a
flux
of
blood
and
the
loosnes
of
the
bell●
Sextus
and
Eseulapius
say
,
The
medicins
o●
Buls
that
if
a
buls
horne
be
burned
in
a
place
where
serpents
abide
i●
driueth
the
naway
The
blood
of
buls
mingled
with
barley
flower
,
driueth
away
hardnes
in
the
flesh
,
&
being
dryed
cureth
apostems
in
euery
part
of
the
body
.
It
taketh
away
spots
in
the
face
,
&
kileth
serpents
:
It
is
commended
warm
against
the
gou●
,
especially
in
horses
.
It
is
not
good
for
to
drinke
,
beause
it
is
easily
congealed
,
except
the
little
vaynes
bee
taken
out
.
It
is
accounted
among
the
chiefest
poysons
,
and
therefore
it
is
thought
by
Plutarch
,
that
Anniball
poysoned
himselfe
by
drinking
Buls
blood
,
being
thereunto
perswaded
by
his
Seruant
,
for
so
dyed
Themistocles
:
and
Psammenitus
King
of
Egypt
,
taken
by
Cambises
,
was
constrained
to
drinke
the
blood
of
a
Bull
;
wherevpon
immediately
he
gaue
vp
the
ghost
.
For
remedy
heereof
,
it
is
good
to
beware
of
vomitting
,
bycause
the
blood
congealed
in
the
stomach
into
lumps
,
stoppeth
the
throate
;
wherefore
all
those
things
which
dissolue
Milke
in
the
stomach
,
are
also
medicinable
against
the
blood
of
Buls
.
In
these
cases
let
the
party
be
first
of
all
purged
by
glister
or
otherwise
,
and
then
annoynt
the
stomache
and
belly
with
barly
meale
and
sweete
Water
,
laying
it
vnto
them
like
a
plaister
:
likewise
Lupines
,
Oxymell
,
and
nitre
,
are
Soueraigne
in
this
,
as
all
Physitions
know
.
The
dry
leaues
of
Neppe
or
Calamach
is
profitable
against
this
Malady
;
so
also
are
ashes
made
of
the
lees
of
wine
burned
.
The
fat
of
a
Bull
is
profitable
to
many
thinges
.
First
therefore
,
it
must
be
plucked
out
warme
from
the
raynes
of
a
Bull
and
washed
in
a
Ryuer
or
brooke
of
running
Water
,
Dioscorides
.
pulling
out
the
skinnes
and
tunicles
,
then
melt
it
in
a
newe
earthen
pot
,
hauing
cast
among
it
a
little
salt
,
then
set
in
faire
cold
Water
,
and
when
it
beginneth
to
congeale
,
rubbe
it
vp
and
downe
in
the
hands
,
wringing
out
the
water
,
and
letting
it
soke
in
againe
,
vntill
it
appeare
well
washed
;
then
boyle
it
in
a
pot
with
a
little
sweet
wine
and
being
sodden
let
it
stand
all
night
:
if
in
the
morning
it
sauour
strong
,
then
poure
in
more
Wyne
,
seeth
it
againe
,
vntill
that
sauour
cease
,
and
so
all
the
poyson
be
remoued
:
and
beware
of
salt
in
it
,
especially
if
it
be
to
bee
vsed
in
diseases
,
whereunto
salt
is
an
enemy
,
but
being
thus
vsed
it
looketh
very
white
,
after
the
same
manner
may
be
vsed
the
fat
of
Lyons
,
Leopards
,
Panthers
,
camels
,
Boares
,
and
Horsses
.
The
fat
kall
about
the
gutts
melted
in
a
frying
pan
,
and
annoynted
vpon
the
genitals
and
brest
,
helpeth
the
Dysenterie
.
The
marrow
of
a
Bull
beaten
and
drunke
,
cureth
the
payne
in
the
small
of
the
belly
:
and
Rasis
sayth
,
that
if
it
be
melted
at
a
fire
,
and
mingled
with
one
fourth
parte
of
Myrrhe
and
oyle
of
bayes
,
and
the
handes
and
feete
bee
therewithall
annoynted
and
rubbed
,
morning
and
euening
;
it
helpeth
the
contractions
of
the
Nerues
and
sinnewes
.
The
fat
of
a
dormouse
,
of
a
hen
,
and
the
marrow
of
a
Bull
,
melted
togither
,
and
poured
warme
into
the
eares
,
easeth
their
paine
very
much
:
and
if
the
liuer
of
a
Bull
be
broiled
on
a
soft
fire
,
and
put
into
ones
mouth
that
hath
the
tooth-ache
,
the
paine
wil●
goe
away
so
soone
as
euer
the
teeth
touch
it
.
The
gall
of
a
bull
is
sharper
then
an
Oxes
,
and
it
is
mingled
with
honey
for
a
wound-plaster
,
and
in
all
outward
remedies
against
poison
.
It
hath
also
a
quality
to
gnaw
the
deadnes
or
corruption
out
of
wounds
,
and
with
the
iuyce
of
leekes
and
the
milke
of
Women
,
it
is
applyed
against
the
Swine
pox
and
fistulaes
;
but
the
gal
alone
rubbed
vpon
the
biting
of
an
Ape
,
cureth
that
Malady
.
Likewise
,
the
vlcers
in
the
head
,
both
of
men
,
women
,
and
children
.
And
if
the
woole
of
a
hare
be
burned
to
ashes
,
and
mingled
with
oyle
of
myrtles
.
Buls
gall
,
and
beaten
alume
,
and
so
warmed
and
annointed
vppon
the
heade
,
it
stayeth
the
falling
away
of
the
haire
of
the
head
.
With
the
gall
of
a
Bull
,
and
the
white
of
an
Egge
,
they
make
an
eye-salue
,
and
so
annoint
therewith
dissolued
in
water
foure
dayes
togither
;
but
it
is
thought
to
bee
better
with
hony
and
balsam
:
and
instilled
with
sweet
new
wine
into
the
eares
,
it
helpeth
awaye
the
paines
of
them
,
especially
running-mattry
eares
,
with
womans
or
Goats
milke
.
It
being
taken
with
hony
into
the
mouth
,
helpeth
the
cliftes
and
sores
therein
;
and
taken
with
the
water
of
new
coloquintida
and
giuen
to
a
woman
in
trauel
,
causeth
an
easie
child
birth
.
Galen
was
wont
to
giue
of
a
buls
gall
the
quantity
of
an
almonde
,
with
two
spoonefuls
of
wine
,
called
[
Vinuus
Lynghatum
]
to
a
Woman
that
hath
her
childe
dead
within
her
body
,
which
would
presently
cause
the
dead
Embrion
to
come
forth
.
The
genital
of
a
red
bull
,
dryed
to
pouder
and
drunke
of
a
Woman
,
to
the
quantity
of
a
golden
Noble
,
it
maketh
her
to
loath
al
maner
of
copulation
but
in
men
(
as
the
later
Phisitians
affirme
)
it
causeth
that
desire
of
lust
to
increase
.
The
dung
of
a
bul
layed
too
warm
,
helpeth
al
hardnesse
;
and
burnt
to
pouder
,
helpeth
the
member
that
is
burnt
.
The
vrine
or
stale
of
buls
with
a
little
Nitre
taketh
away
scabs
and
Leprosies
.
Of
another
Beast
called
Buselaphus
.
THere
was
(
saith
D.
cay
)
a
clouen
footed
beast
brought
out
of
the
deserts
of
Mauritania
into
England
,
of
the
bignesse
of
a
hinde
,
in
forme
and
countenance
betwixt
a
hinde
and
a
cow
,
The
description
of
this
strange
beast
and
therefore
for
the
resemblance
it
beareth
of
both
,
I
will
call
it
Buselaphus
,
or
Boniceruus
,
or
Moschelaphus
,
or
a
cow
hart
;
hauing
a
long
and
thinne
head
and
eare
,
a
leane
and
slender
Leg
and
Shinne
,
so
that
it
may
seeme
to
bee
made
for
chase
and
celerity
.
His
taile
not
much
longer
then
a
foote
,
The
name
.
but
the
forme
thereof
very
like
a
cowes
,
and
the
length
like
a
harts
,
as
if
nature
seemed
to
doubt
whether
it
should
encline
to
a
cow
or
a
hart
:
his
vpper
parts
were
yellowish
and
smooth
,
his
neather
partes
blacke
and
rough
;
the
haire
of
his
bodye
betwixt
yellow
and
red
,
falling
close
to
the
skinne
,
The
seuerall
parts
.
but
in
his
forehead
standing
vppe
like
a
Starre
;
and
so
also
about
the
hornes
which
were
blacke
and
at
the
top
smooth
,
but
downward
rough
with
Wrinkles
meeting
on
the
contrary
part
,
and
on
the
neerer
side
spreading
from
one
another
,
twice
or
thrice
their
quantity
.
These
hornes
are
in
length
one
foote
&
a
hand
bredth
,
but
three
hand
bredthes
thicke
at
the
roote
,
and
their
distance
at
the
roote
was
not
aboue
one
fingers
bredth
,
so
arising
to
their
middle
,
and
a
little
beyond
where
they
differ
or
grow
asunder
three
hands
bredth
and
a
halfe
;
then
yeeld
they
together
againe
a
little
,
and
so
with
another
crooke
depart
asunder
the
second
time
,
yet
so
,
as
the
tops
of
the
hornes
do
not
stand
asunder
aboue
two
hands
bredth
,
three
fingers
and
a
halfe
.
From
the
crowne
of
the
head
to
the
Nostrils
,
there
goeth
a
blacke
strake
which
is
one
foote
,
two
palmes
and
one
finger
long
,
in
bredth
aboue
the
eyes
where
it
is
broadest
,
it
is
seuen
fingers
,
in
thicknesse
one
foote
and
three
palmes
,
it
hath
eight
teeth
,
and
wanteth
the
vppermost
like
a
cow
,
Pausamas
.
and
yet
cheweth
the
cud
,
it
hath
two
vdders
vnder
the
belly
like
a
heyghfer
that
neuer
had
calfe
,
it
is
a
gentle
and
pleasant
beast
,
apt
to
play
and
sport
,
being
not
onely
swift
to
runne
,
but
light
and
actiue
to
leape
:
It
will
eate
any
thing
,
either
bread
,
broath
,
salted
or
pouldred
beefe
,
grasse
or
herbes
,
and
the
vse
heereof
being
aliue
is
for
hunting
,
and
being
dead
the
flesh
is
sweete
and
pleasant
for
meate
.
OF
THE
OXE
and
COW
.
And
Bucalus
or
Bos
Nouellus
for
a
little
oxe
.
Schor
in
Haebrew
signifieth
a
Bull
or
oxe
,
Bakar
heards
,
or
a
cow
.
Thor
in
the
Chalday
hath
the
same
signification
with
Schor
,
and
among
the
latter
Writers
you
may
find
Tora
a
masculine
,
and
Torata
a
feminine
,
for
a
Bull
and
a
cow
,
accustomed
to
be
handled
for
labour
.
The
Graecians
call
then
bous
&
boes
,
the
Arabians
bakar
:
and
it
is
to
be
noted
that
the
holy
scriptures
distinguish
betwixt
tzon
,
signifieng
flockes
of
sheepe
and
Goates
,
&
bakar
for
heards
of
cattel
and
Neate
:
and
Me●a
is
taken
for
Bugils
,
or
the
greatest
oxen
,
or
rather
for
fatted
oxen
,
for
the
verbe
Mara
▪
signifieth
to
feed
fat
.
Egela
is
interpreted
Ierem
:
46.
for
a
young
cow
;
and
the
Persians
Gosalai
:
It
is
very
probable
that
the
Latin
Vacca
is
deriued
from
the
haebrew
bakar
,
as
the
Saracen
word
baccara
;
so
in
Haebrew
Para
is
a
cow
,
and
Par
a
Steere
,
and
ben
bakar
the
sonne
of
an
oxe
,
or
calfe
:
and
wheras
the
Haebrews
take
Parim
,
for
oxen
in
general
,
the
chaldees
translate
it
Tore
,
the
Arabs
Bakera
,
the
Persians
Nadgaeah
,
or
Madagaucha
,
the
Itallians
call
it
bue
,
the
French
beuf
,
the
Spaniard
buey
,
the
Germanes
Ochs
and
Rind
,
the
Illirians
wull
.
Of
the
name
of
a
Cow
.
The
Italians
call
a
cow
Vacca
at
this
day
,
the
Gaecians
bubalis
,
and
Damalis
or
Damalai
[
for
a
cow
which
neuer
was
couered
with
Bul
,
or
tamed
with
a
yoake
]
and
Agelada
.
The
French
Vache
,
the
Spaniardes
Vaca
,
the
Germanes
;
Ku
,
or
Kuhe
;
and
the
cittizens
of
Altina
,
ceua
:
from
which
the
English
word
cow
seemeth
to
be
deriued
,
the
Latine
word
is
a
young
heighfer
,
which
hath
ceased
to
be
a
calfe
.
There
are
oxen
in
most
part
of
the
world
,
which
differ
in
quantity
,
nature
,
and
manner
,
The
diuersity
of
Oxen
in
al
cuntries
.
one
from
another
,
and
therefore
doe
require
a
seuerall
tractat
.
And
first
,
their
oxen
of
Italy
are
most
famous
,
for
as
much
as
some
learned
men
haue
a●firmed
,
that
the
name
Italia
,
Varro
.
was
first
of
all
deriued
of
the
Greeke
word
Italous
,
signifieng
oxen
;
because
of
the
aboundance
bred
and
nourished
in
those
parts
,
and
the
great
account
which
the
auncient
Romanes
made
heereof
,
Oxen
of
Italy
appeareth
by
notable
example
of
punishment
,
who
banished
a
certaine
countrey
man
for
killing
an
oxe
in
his
rage
,
and
denying
that
he
eate
thereof
,
as
if
he
had
killed
a
man
:
likewise
in
Italy
theyr
oxen
are
not
all
alike
,
for
they
of
campania
are
for
the
most
part
white
and
slender
,
yet
able
to
manure
the
countrey
wherein
they
are
bred
;
they
of
Vmbria
,
are
of
great
bodies
,
yet
white
&
red
coloured
.
In
hetruria
and
Latinui
,
they
are
very
compact
and
wel
set
or
made
,
strong
for
labour
,
but
the
most
stronge
are
those
of
Apennine
,
although
they
appeare
not
to
the
eie
very
beautifull
.
The
Egyptians
which
dwell
about
Nilus
haue
oxen
as
white
as
snow
,
and
of
exceeding
high
and
great
stature
,
(
greater
then
the
Oxen
of
Graecia
)
yet
so
meeke
and
gentle
,
Aristotle
Oppianus
.
Aonia
.
Aelianus
Leo
Affric
:
that
they
are
easily
ruled
and
gouerned
by
men
.
The
Aonian
Oxen
are
of
diuers
colours
,
intermingled
one
within
another
,
hauing
a
whole
round
hoofe
like
a
horse
,
and
but
one
horne
growing
out
of
the
middle
of
their
forehead
.
The
domesticall
or
tame
Oxen
of
Affrique
are
so
small
,
that
one
would
take
them
for
calues
of
two
yeares
olde
,
Affrican
oxen
the
Affricans
(
saith
Strabo
)
which
dwell
betwixt
Getulia
and
our
coast
or
countrey
,
haue
Oxen
and
horses
which
haue
longer
lips
and
hoofes
then
other
,
and
by
the
Graecians
are
tearmed
Mecrokeilateroi
.
The
Armenian
Oxen
haue
two
hornes
,
Armenian
Oxen.
Aeliantus
.
but
winding
and
crooking
to
and
fro
like
Iuye
which
cleaueth
to
okes
,
which
are
of
such
exceeding
hardnesse
that
they
wil
blunt
any
sworde
that
is
stroke
vppon
them
,
without
receiuing
any
impression
or
cut
thereby
.
Some
are
of
opinion
,
that
the
onely
excellent
breede
of
cattell
is
in
Boeotia
,
neere
the
citty
Tanagra
[
called
once
Poemandra
]
by
reason
of
their
famous
cattel
,
Varinus
.
Baeotiā
oxen
the
which
Oxen
are
called
coprophaga
,
by
reason
that
they
will
eate
the
dung
of
man
;
so
also
doe
the
Oxen
of
ciprus
to
ease
the
paines
of
their
smal
guts
.
The
caricians
in
a
part
of
Asia
are
not
pleasant
to
behold
,
hauing
shaggye
haire
,
and
bounches
on
either
shoulders
,
Carician
oxen
.
reaching
or
swelling
to
their
Neckes
;
but
those
which
are
either
white
,
or
blacke
,
are
refused
for
labour
.
Epirus
yeeldeth
also
very
great
and
large
oxen
,
which
the
inhabitants
cal
Pyrhicae
,
Epirus
.
because
that
their
first
stocke
or
seminary
were
kept
by
King
Pirrhus
:
howsoeuer
,
other
say
that
they
haue
their
name
of
their
fiery
flaming
colour
;
they
are
called
also
Larini
of
a
village
Larinum
,
or
of
Larinus
,
a
chiefe
Neat-heard
:
of
whom
Ahaeneus
maketh
mention
,
who
receiued
this
greate
breede
of
cartel
of
Hercules
when
he
returned
from
the
slaughter
of
Gerion
:
who
raigned
about
Ambracia
and
Ampholochi
,
where
through
the
fatnesse
of
the
earth
and
goodnesse
of
the
pasture
they
grow
to
so
great
a
stature
:
other
call
them
cestrini
,
I
know
not
for
what
cause
,
yet
it
may
be
probable
that
they
are
called
Larini
,
Pliny
Aristotle
Theodore●
.
by
reason
of
their
broad
Nostriles
,
for
Rines
in
Greeke
signifieth
Nostrils
:
but
the
true
cause
of
their
great
bone
and
stature
is
,
bycause
that
neither
sexe
were
suffered
to
couple
one
with
another
,
vntil
they
were
foure
yeares
old
at
the
least
,
and
therefore
they
were
called
Atauri
,
and
Setaeuri
,
and
they
were
the
proper
goods
of
the
King
:
neither
could
they
liue
in
any
other
place
but
in
Epirus
,
by
reason
that
the
whole
country
is
ful
of
sweete
and
deepe
pastures
.
Al
the
oxen
in
Eubaea
are
white
at
the
time
of
their
caluing
,
Eubaea
Aelianus
.
and
for
this
cause
the
poets
cal
that
countrey
Argiboeon
.
If
that
oxen
or
swine
be
transported
or
brought
into
Hispaniola
,
Hispaniola
Oxen.
Pet
▪
Martyr
they
grow
so
great
,
that
the
oxen
haue
beene
taken
for
Elephantes
,
and
their
swine
for
Mules
,
but
I
take
this
relation
to
be
hyperbolical
.
There
are
Oxen
in
India
which
wil
eate
flesh
like
Wolues
,
and
haue
but
one
horne
and
whole
hoofes
:
some
also
haue
three
hornes
,
there
be
other
as
high
as
Cammels
,
Rasis
.
Indian
oxen
C.
Tesias
Solinus
.
Pliny
.
Aelianus
.
and
their
hornes
foure
foote
broad
.
There
was
a
horne
brought
out
of
India
to
Ptolmy
the
second
,
which
receiued
three
Amphoraes
of
water
,
amounting
the
least
too
thirty
english
gallons
of
Wine
measure
;
whereby
it
may
bee
coniectured
of
how
great
quantity
is
the
beast
that
bare
it
.
The
Indians
,
both
Kings
and
people
make
no
small
reckoning
of
these
beastes
,
[
I
meane
their
vulgar
Oxen
]
for
they
are
most
swift
in
course
,
and
wil
runne
a
race
as
fast
as
any
horse
,
so
that
in
their
course
you
cannot
know
an
Oxe
from
a
horse
;
waging
both
Gold
and
Siluer
vpon
their
heads
;
and
the
Kings
themselues
are
so
much
delighted
with
this
pastime
,
that
they
follow
in
their
Wagons
,
and
will
with
their
owne
mouthes
and
handes
prouoke
the
beastes
to
runne
more
speedily
:
and
heerein
the
Oxe
exceedeth
a
horse
,
bycause
he
wil
not
accomplish
his
race
with
sufficient
celerity
,
except
his
rider
draw
blood
from
his
sides
with
the
spur
,
but
the
oxes
rider
neede
not
to
lay
any
hands
or
pricks
at
al
vpon
him
,
his
onely
ambitious
nature
of
ouercomming
[
carrying
him
more
swiftly
then
all
the
rods
or
spurs
of
the
world
could
preuaile
on
him
]
:
And
of
this
game
,
the
lowest
of
the
people
are
also
very
greedy
,
laying
many
Wagers
,
making
many
matches
,
and
aduenturing
much
time
and
price
to
see
their
euent
.
Among
the
Indians
there
are
also
other
oxen
which
are
not
much
greater
then
great
Goates
,
who
likewise
in
their
yoaks
are
accustomed
to
runne
many
races
,
which
they
performe
with
as
great
speede
as
a
Getican
horse
:
A●●●anus
.
and
all
these
running
Oxen
must
be
vnderstood
to
be
wild
Oxen.
Leuctrian
oxen
Garamantae
.
There
bee
Oxen
in
Leuctria
[
which
Aristotle
affirmeth
]
haue
their
eates
and
hornes
growing
both
together
forth
of
one
stemme
.
The
Oxen
of
the
Garamants
,
and
all
other
Neate
among
them
,
feede
with
their
necks
doubled
backward
,
for
by
reason
of
their
long
and
hanging
hornes
,
they
cannot
eate
their
meate
,
holding
their
heads
directly
straight
:
The
selfe
same
is
reported
of
the
beastes
of
Trogloditae
:
Solinus
.
Herodotus
.
in
other
things
,
they
differ
not
from
other
oxen
,
saue
onely
in
the
hardnesse
of
their
skinne
,
and
these
oxen
are
called
Opisthonomi
.
Bangala
.
Aristotle
In
the
prouince
of
Bangala
,
are
oxen
[
saith
Paulus
Venetus
]
which
equall
the
Elephant
in
hight
.
The
oxen
in
Mysia
haue
no
hornes
,
which
other
affirme
also
of
the
Scithians
,
whereof
they
assigne
this
reason
,
because
the
vniuersall
bone
of
the
skull
hath
no
Comissure
or
ioynt
opened
,
and
cannot
receiue
any
humour
flowing
vnto
it
,
by
reason
of
the
hardnesse
resisting
,
and
the
vaines
belonging
to
this
bone
are
weaker
and
smaller
then
in
other
;
for
which
also
they
are
more
vnfit
to
conuay
nourishment
to
the
place
:
and
so
the
neck
of
these
beastes
,
must
needes
be
more
dry
and
lesse
stronge
,
bycause
the
vaines
are
very
little
.
The
oxen
haue
bunches
growing
on
their
backes
like
Cammels
,
and
vpon
them
doe
they
beare
their
burdens
,
being
taught
by
the
discipline
of
men
,
to
bend
on
their
knee
to
receiue
their
load
.
Aelianus
.
Nomadian
Oxen.
Among
the
Nomades
[
which
winter
their
cattell
about
the
Marishes
of
Maeotia
]
there
are
also
certaine
cattell
without
hornes
;
whereof
some
are
so
naturally
,
the
other
haue
their
hornes
sawed
off
,
as
soone
as
they
grow
forth
,
because
of
all
the
parts
of
their
body
,
they
onely
can
endure
no
cold
.
Aelianus
.
Oppianus
.
Phrygian
&
Erythrean
Oxen.
There
be
oxen
in
Phrigia
and
Erithrea
which
are
of
a
flaming
red
colour
,
of
a
very
high
and
winding
neck
,
their
hornes
are
not
like
any
other
in
the
world
,
for
they
are
mooued
with
their
eares
turning
in
a
flexible
manner
sometyme
one
way
and
sometime
another
.
Aelianus
Oxen
of
Syria
The
Syrian
Oxen
called
Poellei
are
of
great
strength
,
hauing
a
broade
forehead
,
strong
hornes
,
and
fearefull
or
courragious
aspect
,
being
neither
too
fat
or
too
leane
of
their
bodyes
;
and
they
are
vsed
both
for
War
and
also
for
running
.
The
oxen
of
the
Belgian
prouinces
,
especially
in
Fresland
and
Holland
,
are
also
of
very
great
stature
,
for
it
hath
beene
found
by
good
experience
,
that
one
of
them
hath
waighed
sixteene
hundred
pounds
Troy
waight
:
Belgian
oxen
Guicciardine
and
when
the
Earle
of
Hoochstate
was
at
Machlin
in
Fresland
,
there
was
presented
vnto
him
a
great
oxe
which
being
killed
,
waighed
aboue
two
thousand
fiue
hundred
twenty
and
eight
pound
.
The
which
thing
being
so
strang
as
the
like
had
not
beene
beforetime
obserued
;
to
the
entent
that
succeeding
ages
might
not
mistrust
such
a
memorable
report
,
the
said
Earle
caused
the
full
Picture
of
the
said
oxe
,
to
be
set
vp
in
his
Pallace
with
an
inscription
of
the
day
and
year
when
this
oxe
was
deliuered
and
killed
.
OF
COWES
.
HAuing
thus
noted
briefely
the
countries
wherein
oxen
are
bred
and
nourished
with
their
seuerall
formes
:
it
must
be
also
obserued
,
that
Kyne
or
cowes
which
are
the
Female
of
this
kind
,
are
likewise
found
in
all
the
places
aforsaid
with
correspondent
and
semblable
quantities
,
qualities
,
members
,
parts
,
and
other
accidents
to
such
creatures
appertayning
;
excepted
alwaies
those
things
which
belong
to
their
sexe
,
which
principally
concerne
their
milk
.
And
first
of
al
the
Kyne
of
most
plentiful
Milke
in
all
Italy
,
Milk
of
kine
in
Italy
are
about
Altinas
a
citty
of
the
Venetians
,
neere
Aquileia
,
which
Kyne
are
of
the
smalest
body
,
and
yet
the
greatest
labourers
,
who
are
not
yoaked
or
coupled
together
by
their
Necks
as
in
other
countryes
,
but
onely
by
their
heads
.
The
Cowes
of
Arabia
haue
the
most
beautifull
hornes
by
reason
of
aboundance
of
humours
which
flow
to
them
,
Arabian
Cowes
.
feeding
them
continually
with
such
generous
liquor
as
naturally
doeth
encrease
them
.
The
Pyrrheaen
Kye
are
not
admitted
to
the
Bull
till
they
be
foure
yeare
old
at
the
least
,
Pyrrhecan
Cowes
.
which
thing
causeth
them
to
grow
to
a
very
high
and
tall
stature
:
whereof
there
were
euer
foure
hundred
kept
for
the
Kings
store
.
These
Kye
doe
giue
at
one
time
seauen
or
eight
gallons
of
Milke
,
of
Wine
measure
,
and
they
are
so
tall
,
that
the
person
which
milketh
them
must
stand
vpright
,
or
else
stoope
very
little
:
Phaenitian
Cowes
.
Aelianus
neither
ought
this
seeme
incredible
,
for
it
is
euident
that
the
cowes
of
the
Phanitians
were
so
high
,
that
a
very
tall
man
could
not
▪
Milke
them
execept
he
stood
vpon
a
footestoole
.
The
manner
is
in
Germany
and
Heluetia
,
that
about
Aprill
some
take
Kye
to
hire
,
which
haue
none
of
their
owne
,
Hiring
of
Cowes
in
Germany
&
Heluetia
.
and
other
buy
Kye
to
farme
them
out
to
other
:
and
the
common
price
of
a
cow
for
sixe
monthes
is
payed
in
butter
,
and
is
rated
of
seuenty
fiue
pounds
,
twelue
ounces
to
the
pound
;
which
payment
is
due
to
the
owner
,
or
money
to
that
value
:
Other
againe
,
buy
Kye
and
let
them
forth
to
farme
,
reseruing
the
calfe
to
themselues
,
and
if
by
the
negligence
of
the
cow-heard
or
farmer
of
them
,
the
cow
cast
the
calfe
,
then
is
the
hirer
bound
to
answer
the
value
,
but
if
it
miscarry
without
his
negligence
(
as
oftentimes
they
may
)
then
is
the
losse
equall
to
the
Locatour
or
Farmer
.
Yet
it
is
noted
,
that
the
Kye
of
greatest
bodyes
,
are
not
alway
best
or
most
plentifull
in
Milke
;
for
the
Cowes
or
C●uae
of
Altinas
in
Italy
,
are
of
little
bodies
,
but
yet
very
full
of
Milke
.
The
vse
of
Cow-milke
.
The
principall
benefit
of
cowes
Milke
is
for
making
of
Butter
,
for
the
Milke
it selfe
,
the
Cheese
and
Whay
,
are
not
so
fit
for
nourishement
of
man
,
as
are
those
of
sheepe
;
and
the
reason
is
,
because
the
Milke
of
Kye
is
fattest
of
all
other
;
and
therefore
the
name
of
Butter
,
Pet
▪
Crescent
Aristotle
Marc
:
Virg:
Food
for
Cows
giuing
milke
.
which
is
in
Greeke
Boutyros
and
Boutyron
,
and
Butyrum
in
Latine
,
is
deriued
properly
from
this
kind
of
cattell
.
The
cow-heards
doe
also
for
their
profit
,
obserue
the
pasture
and
foode
,
which
doeth
aboue
other
multiply
Milke
:
and
therefore
they
giue
their
Kye
Trifolie
▪
or
three
leaued-grasse
:
and
Medica
which
[
is
a
kind
of
clauer-grasse
]
Vetches
,
pulse
and
Beanes
,
for
Beanes
haue
a
great
vertue
to
multiply
Milke
:
likewise
I
haue
seene
bundels
of
Hemlocke
,
or
an
herbe
much
like
vnto
it
,
[
which
we
call
harts-tongue
]
giuen
to
milch
Kye
.
There
is
an
hearb
much
like
crow-foote
,
called
of
the
Germanes
Butterbloumen
,
and
in
English
Butter-flower
,
which
is
vsed
to
colour
Butter
,
for
thereby
is
the
whitenesse
therof
taken
away
:
they
will
not
eate
wal-wort
or
night-shad
[
commonly
called
deaths
herb
]
but
if
they
eate
hearbes
whereupon
falleth
an
Hony-dew
,
then
will
their
Milke
bee
wonderfull
sweete
and
plentiful
;
there
is
no
foode
so
good
for
cowes
,
as
that
which
is
greene
,
if
the
countrey
will
afforde
it
;
especially
,
Kye
loue
the
wet
and
watery
places
,
although
the
butter
comming
from
the
Milke
of
such
beastes
,
is
not
so
wholsome
,
as
that
which
is
made
of
such
as
are
fed
in
dryer
pastures
.
The
like
care
is
had
of
their
drinke
,
for
although
they
loue
the
coldest
and
clearest
waters
,
yet
about
their
time
of
caluing
,
it
is
much
beter
for
them
to
haue
warmer
waters
,
Palladius
.
&
therfore
the
lakes
which
are
heated
and
made
to
some
by
the
raine
,
are
most
wholsome
to
them
,
and
do
greatly
help
to
ease
their
burthen
and
paines
in
that
businesse
.
Pausanias
reporteth
a
wonder
in
nature
,
of
the
Ryuers
Milichus
and
Charadrus
,
running
through
the
citty
Patrae
,
that
all
the
Kye
which
drinke
of
them
in
the
spring
time
,
doe
for
the
most
part
bring
forth
Males
,
wherfor
their
herdmen
auoyd
those
places
at
that
time
.
Ky
for
the
most
part
before
their
caluing
,
are
dry
and
without
Milk
[
especialy
about
Torona
.
]
They
are
also
purged
of
their
mensterua
in
greater
measure
,
then
either
Goates
or
sheepe
,
which
especially
come
from
them
a
little
before
or
after
they
haue
beene
with
the
Bull
;
howsoeuer
Aristotle
saith
,
that
they
come
from
them
after
they
haue
beene
fiue
monthes
with
calfe
,
and
are
discerned
by
their
vrine
;
for
the
vrine
of
a
cow
is
the
thinnest
of
all
other
.
Aelianus
These
beasts
are
very
lustfull
,
and
doe
most
eagarly
desire
the
company
of
their
male
,
which
if
they
haue
not
within
the
space
of
three
houres
after
they
mourne
for
it
,
their
lust
aswageth
till
another
time
.
In
a
village
of
Egypt
called
Schussa
(
vnder
the
gouernment
of
the
Hermopolites
)
they
worship
Venus
vnder
the
title
Vrania
in
the
shape
of
a
cow
,
parswading
themselues
,
that
there
is
great
affinity
betwixt
that
Goddesse
and
this
beast
;
for
by
hir
mournefull
voyce
she
giueth
notice
of
her
loue
,
who
receiueth
the
token
many
times
a
Mile
or
two
off
,
and
so
presently
runneth
to
accomplish
the
lust
of
nature
:
and
for
this
cause
doe
the
Egyptians
Picture
Isis
,
with
a
Cowes
hornes
,
and
likewise
a
Bull
,
to
signifie
hearing
.
The
signes
of
their
bulling
[
as
it
is
tearmed
]
are
their
cries
,
Signes
of
a
cowes
desire
to
the
Bul.
and
disorderly
forsaking
their
fellowes
,
and
resisting
the
gouernment
of
their
keeper
.
Likewise
,
their
secret
hangeth
forth
more
then
at
other
times
,
and
they
wil
leap
vpon
their
fellows
as
if
they
were
males
:
besides
after
the
manner
of
mares
,
they
oftner
make
water
then
at
other
times
.
The
most
cunning
heardmen
haue
meanes
to
prouoke
them
to
desire
the
bul
,
Secrets
to
prouoke
lust
in
cattel
if
they
be
slack
,
first
of
all
they
withdraw
from
them
som
part
of
their
meat
,
(
if
they
be
fat
,
)
for
that
wil
make
them
fitter
to
conceiue
:
then
take
they
the
genitals
or
stones
of
a
bul
,
and
hold
it
to
their
nose
,
by
smelling
whereof
they
are
prouoked
to
desire
copulation
;
and
if
that
preuaile
not
,
then
take
the
tendrest
part
of
Shrimps
,
which
is
their
fish
,
and
beat
them
in
water
til
they
be
an
ointment
,
and
therewith
annoint
the
breastes
of
the
Cow
,
Collumella
after
they
haue
bene
wel
washed
vntil
it
worke
vpon
her
:
And
some
affirme
,
that
the
taile
of
an
Eele
put
into
her
hath
the
same
vertue
;
other
,
attribute
much
force
to
the
wild
willow
,
to
procure
lust
and
conception
.
They
are
a
great
while
in
copulation
,
Signes
at
the
copulation
to
know
whither
the
calfe
wil
be
Male
or
Female
.
and
some
haue
gessed
by
certaine
signes
at
the
time
of
copulation
,
whether
the
calfe
proue
male
or
female
;
for
say
they
,
if
the
bul
leap
downe
on
the
right
side
of
the
cow
,
it
wil
be
a
male
,
if
on
the
left
,
it
wil
be
a
female
,
which
coniecture
,
is
no
longer
true
,
then
when
the
cow
admitteth
but
one
bul
,
and
conceiueth
at
the
first
coniunction
,
for
which
cause
the
Egyptians
decipher
a
woman
bringing
forth
a
maiden
child
,
by
a
bul
looking
to
the
left
hand
,
and
likewise
bearing
a
man
child
,
by
a
bul
looking
to
the
right
hand
.
They
are
not
to
be
admitted
to
copulation
before
they
be
two
yeare
olde
at
the
least
,
or
if
it
may
be
foure
;
yet
it
hath
bene
seene
,
that
a
heighfer
of
a
yeare
old
hath
conceiued
,
and
that
another
of
foure
moneths
old
hath
likewise
desired
the
Bul
;
but
this
was
taken
for
a
monster
,
and
the
other
neuer
thriued
.
One
bull
is
sufficient
for
fifteenekie
,
although
Varro
saith
,
that
he
had
two
buls
for
threescore
and
tenkie
;
and
one
of
them
was
two
yeare
olde
,
the
other
one
.
The
best
time
for
their
copulation
is
about
the
time
of
the
Dolphins
appearaunce
,
and
so
continueth
for
two
or
three
and
fourtye
daies
which
is
about
Iune
and
Iulye
,
for
those
which
conceiue
at
that
time
,
will
bring
forth
their
young
ones
in
a
most
temperate
time
of
the
year
:
and
it
hath
bene
obserued
,
that
an
oxe
immediately
after
his
gelding
,
before
he
had
forgotten
his
former
desire
and
inclination
,
his
seed
not
dried
vp
,
hath
filled
a
cow
,
and
she
proued
with
calfe
.
They
go
with
calfe
ten
monethes
,
except
eighteene
or
twenty
dayes
;
Aristotle
but
those
which
are
calued
before
that
time
,
cannot
liue
:
and
a
cowe
may
beare
euery
yeare
[
if
the
country
wherein
she
liueth
bee
full
of
grasse
,
and
the
calfe
taken
awaye
from
her
at
fifteene
dayes
olde
.
]
And
if
a
man
desire
that
the
calfe
should
be
a
male
,
Meanes
to
cause
the
calf
at
the
time
of
copulation
to
be
eyther
male
or
fem
.
then
let
him
tie
the
right
stone
of
the
Bull
at
the
time
of
copulation
;
and
for
a
female
binde
the
left
:
Others
worke
this
by
naturall
obseruation
;
for
when
they
would
haue
a
male
,
they
let
their
cattel
couple
when
the
North
wind
bloweth
,
and
when
a
female
,
they
put
them
togither
when
the
ayre
is
southerly
.
They
liue
not
aboue
fifteene
yeares
,
and
thereof
ten
times
they
may
engender
.
The
best
time
to
calue
in
is
Aprill
,
because
then
the
spring
bringeth
on
grasse
,
The
length
of
theyr
age
.
both
for
themselues
,
and
to
increase
milke
for
the
young
ones
.
They
beare
not
but
in
their
right
side
,
although
they
haue
twins
in
their
belly
,
which
happeneth
very
sildome
,
and
the
beast
immediately
after
hir
deliuery
,
must
be
norished
with
some
good
meat
,
for
except
she
be
well
fed
,
shee
will
forsake
her
young
to
prouide
for
her selfe
:
therefore
it
is
requisit
to
giue
her
vetches
,
Millet-seede
,
and
milke
mingled
with
water
,
and
scorched
corne
;
and
vnto
the
calues
themselues
,
dried
Millet
in
milk
,
A
secret
in
copulation
.
in
the
maner
of
a
mash
:
and
the
kie
must
also
be
kept
vp
in
stables
,
so
as
they
may
not
touch
their
meat
at
the
going
foorth
,
for
they
are
quickly
brought
to
forsake
and
loath
that
which
is
continuall
before
them
:
and
it
is
obserued
that
when
kie
in
the
Summer
time
do
in
greater
number
aboue
custome
goe
to
the
bull
then
at
other
times
,
it
betokeneth
and
foresheweth
a
wet
and
rainy
winter
,
for
it
cannot
be
(
saith
Albertus
)
that
a
beast
so
dry
as
is
a
cowe
,
can
bee
increased
in
moisture
,
which
stirreth
vppe
the
desire
of
procreation
,
except
also
ther
be
a
mutation
in
the
aire
vnto
abundance
of
moysture
.
And
to
conclude
this
discourse
of
a
cow
,
in
auntient
time
they
were
wont
to
cal
light
women
heighfers
,
harlots
,
and
kine
,
by
the
reason
of
two
famous
harlottes
of
Athens
,
Cuina
and
Salamachha
,
&
from
this
came
the
fiction
of
Io
,
whose
fable
is
at
large
prosecuted
by
Ouid
,
how
she
being
the
daughter
of
Inachus
,
was
in
a
darkenes
brought
vpon
hir
by
Iupiter
,
by
him
rauished
,
which
mist
being
espyed
by
Iuno
,
she
discended
to
the
earth
,
and
Iupiter
fearing
his
wiues
iealousy
turned
the
said
Io
into
a
heighfer
,
from
which
shape
she
was
afterward
deliuered
&
married
to
Osiris
the
king
of
Egipt
,
and
after
her
death
was
worshipped
by
the
Egyptians
for
a
god
,
and
called
Isis
,
vnto
whom
they
sacrificed
Geese
which
wer
called
Sacra
Isiaca
.
In
the
choise
of
kie
,
you
must
obserue
this
direction
,
you
must
buy
them
in
the
month
of
March
,
〈◊〉
the
chois
〈…〉
.
let
them
be
young
,
not
past
their
first
or
second
calfe
,
their
colour
black
or
red
,
sildom
brown
,
or
white
,
bright
coloured
,
specialy
red
,
brown
legs
,
blackish
horns
smooth
and
beautifull
,
high
foreheades
,
great
eies
and
blacke
,
hairy
and
grisle
eares
,
flat
Nostrils
like
an
Apes
,
but
open
and
wide
,
their
backebone
bending
somewhat
backewarde
,
blacke
lips
,
long
and
thicke
neckes
,
most
broad
faire
crests
discending
from
the
necke
,
wel
ribbed
,
a
great
belly
,
the
backe
and
shoulders
verie
broad
,
the
Buttockes
broad
;
with
a
long
taile
hanging
downe
to
their
heels
,
and
theyr
neather
part
in
many
places
crisped
or
curled
,
wel
set
and
compacted
legs
rough
and
short
:
straight
knees
,
and
their
bunches
hanging
ouer
:
their
small
feet
,
not
broad
but
round
,
standing
in
good
distance
one
from
other
,
not
growing
crooked
or
splay-footed
,
and
their
hoofes
smooth
and
like
one
another
euery
way
.
Finally
,
●●ere
a
profitable
thing
to
prosecute
natures
perfection
in
euery
one
of
their
seuerall
parts
,
but
I
spare
to
speake
any
more
of
the
females
,
and
returning
again
to
the
story
of
oxen
from
which
we
haue
digressed
,
leauing
the
readers
who
desire
to
hear
more
of
this
discourse
of
kie
to
other
authors
,
whoe
purposely
describe
euery
part
more
particularly
.
The
description
of
Oxen
〈◊〉
common
.
To
begin
therefore
with
their
description
,
because
among
folded
beastes
they
are
of
most
dignity
and
worth
,
especially
in
Italy
,
where
the
bounds
of
their
best
priuiledged
&
flourishing
citties
,
were
first
of
all
declared
and
layed
out
,
by
the
plowing
togither
of
an
Oxe
and
a
Cow
in
one
yoake
,
Mago
Carthaginensis
teacheth
,
that
the
time
to
prouide
or
buy
oxen
,
is
best
in
the
time
of
March
,
because
then
in
their
leane
bodies
,
they
which
sell
them
cannot
couer
their
faults
so
well
,
as
if
they
were
fatter
,
and
also
if
they
should
be
vnruly
and
stubborne
,
〈◊〉
best
to
prouide
Oxen
they
may
be
the
more
easily
tamed
,
before
their
flesh
increase
their
strength
.
Theyr
notes
or
markes
must
be
these
,
let
them
be
young
,
hauing
square
and
great
lims
,
a
sounde
body
,
thicke
and
short
,
hauing
his
muscles
standing
vp
red
and
rounde
,
and
all
his
body
smooth
,
Outwarde
markes
of
good
Oxen.
his
hornes
blacke
,
strong
,
and
large
,
without
crooking
or
winding
,
after
the
fashion
of
a
halfe
moone
,
great
and
rough
eares
,
their
eies
and
lips
blacke
,
broad
Nostrils
and
flat
vpward
,
a
long
thicke
and
soft
necke
,
his
crest
discending
downe
to
the
knee
,
a
great
breast
,
large
shoulders
,
big
belly
,
long
straight
sides
,
broad
loynes
,
a
straite
backe
discending
a
little
,
and
a
round
paire
of
buttockes
,
straight
,
sounde
and
sinnewy
,
short
legs
,
good
knees
,
great
hoofs
,
and
long
tayles
rough
and
grisly
.
And
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
the
oxen
of
a
mans
owne
countrey
breed
,
are
better
and
to
be
preferred
before
strangers
,
because
he
is
alredy
naturaly
fitted
to
the
aire
,
food
,
water
,
and
temper
of
the
soile
:
for
it
is
not
good
to
bring
them
from
the
Mountaines
to
the
valleyes
,
because
then
they
will
grow
lazie
and
fat
,
and
so
into
diseases
;
neither
from
the
valleyes
to
the
mountaines
,
because
they
will
quickly
grow
out
of
hart
through
want
of
their
first
deep
and
fat
pastur
,
and
aboue
all
haue
regard
to
match
them
equally
in
yoak
,
so
as
one
may
not
over-beare
the
other
.
Oxen
loose
their
teeth
at
2.
or
3.
year
old
,
but
not
al
as
a
horse
doth
,
their
nerues
are
harder
,
but
not
so
hard
as
a
bulles
,
their
flesh
is
dry
and
melancholike
,
their
horns
are
greater
&
larger
then
are
a
buls
,
for
the
same
reason
that
Eunuchs
and
gelded
persons
can
neuer
be
bald
:
Their
seurall
parts
.
for
copulation
weakeneth
the
braine
,
only
a
Bul
hath
a
stronger
forehead
then
an
oxe
,
because
the
humour
that
should
grow
forth
into
hornes
,
is
hardned
vnder
the
bone
:
and
the
horns
of
kie
which
are
also
bigger
then
a
Buls
;
may
thorough
heat
be
made
flexible
with
wax
or
water
,
and
bend
euery
way
:
and
if
when
they
are
thus
made
soft
,
you
doe
slit
or
cut
them
into
foure
,
that
is
,
euery
horne
in
twoe
,
they
will
so
growe
afterwarde
,
as
if
euery
beast
had
foure
hornes
,
and
sometime
thorough
the
thicknes
of
their
scull
,
closing
vp
the
part
where
the
horne
should
grow
,
The
reason
why
some
Oxen
are
polled
.
and
the
smalnes
of
their
vaines
in
that
place
to
feede
the
hornes
,
there
come
no
hornes
at
al
,
but
remaine
pouled
;
And
it
is
reported
that
they
haue
a
little
stone
in
their
head
,
which
in
the
feare
of
death
they
breath
out
.
Their
teeth
do
al
touch
one
another
,
and
are
changed
twice
,
Aelianus
they
chew
the
cud
like
sheepe
,
wanting
a
rowe
of
their
vpper
teeth
,
that
is
foure
of
them
,
Aristotle
their
eies
are
blacke
and
broade
,
and
their
heart
full
of
sinnewes
,
yet
without
any
bony
substance
,
although
Pliny
affirmeth
that
sometimes
in
the
harts
of
oxen
and
horses
are
found
bones
.
Their
crest
called
Palea
commeth
of
Pilus
their
haire
,
and
it
is
nothing
else
but
longe
strakes
in
their
haire
,
whereby
the
generosity
and
stomacke
of
the
beast
is
apparant
.
Pliny
The
parts
of
a
Cow
different
from
Oxen.
A
cow
hath
two
vdders
vnder
her
loines
with
fower
speans
,
like
a
goat
and
a
sheep
,
because
the
concoction
and
iuice
of
their
meat
may
better
discend
to
the
lower
parts
then
to
the
vpper
:
their
nauell
is
filled
with
many
vaines
,
their
haire
short
and
soft
,
their
taile
long
,
with
harder
haire
then
in
the
other
parts
of
the
body
;
their
melt
is
long
and
not
rounde
,
their
rains
are
like
the
raines
of
a
sea-calfe
,
and
by
reason
of
their
dry
bodies
they
growe
very
fat
,
and
this
fat
will
not
easily
be
dissolued
,
Galen
.
but
their
manner
of
feeding
maintaineth
their
strength
,
for
they
which
eat
much
are
slowe
in
the
chewing
,
and
speedie
in
the
concoction
,
for
they
do
better
preserue
their
fat
which
eate
slowly
,
then
those
that
eat
hastily
and
with
more
greedinesse
.
It
hath
bene
already
shewed
,
The
manner
how
Oxen
feed
fat
.
that
some
oxen
will
eat
flesh
and
teare
wild
beasts
in
pieces
;
and
the
people
of
Prasias
giue
to
their
yoaked
or
working
oxen
fish
,
Herodotus
.
and
also
in
the
prouince
of
Aden
,
where
their
horsses
,
sheepe
,
and
oxen
,
eat
dried
fish
,
by
reason
that
the
abundance
of
heat
doth
drie
vp
their
pasture
:
Paul
.
venet
.
neither
is
any
thing
so
plentiful
among
them
as
fish
:
the
like
is
reported
of
the
people
Horotae
,
and
Gedrusii
,
and
of
Mosynum
a
citty
of
Thracia
,
and
in
Frisland
;
in
the
prouince
of
Narbon
,
there
is
an
herbe
growing
in
waters
,
which
is
so
much
desired
of
their
cattell
,
that
they
will
thrust
their
heads
into
the
water
aboue
their
eares
,
to
bite
that
to
the
roots
:
and
the
Oxen
of
the
Northerne
Ocean
Islands
of
Germany
do
grow
so
fat
,
that
they
are
indangered
to
die
thereby
.
The
most
common
foode
for
oxen
,
is
the
same
that
is
already
specified
in
the
former
discourse
of
kie
;
namely
,
three
leaued
grasse
,
clauer
grasse
,
all
greene
herbs
,
Hay
,
beans
,
Vetches
,
Chaffe
,
and
in
some
places
Barley
and
Straw
.
There
is
also
a
monethly
dyet
or
food
giuen
to
oxen
,
for
in
Ianuary
and
February
,
they
giue
them
vetches
,
and
Lupines
,
bruised
in
water
among
chaffe
or
pease
so
bruised
and
mingled
,
and
where
is
want
of
such
pulse
,
they
may
giue
them
pressinges
of
Grapes
dryed
and
clensed
,
which
is
not
turned
into
wine
,
and
mingle
them
with
chaffe
for
the
cattell
to
eate
,
but
the
Grapes
themselues
are
much
better
before
the
pressing
,
with
their
small
twigges
or
leaues
,
because
they
are
both
meat
and
drinke
;
and
will
fat
an
oxe
very
speedily
.
The
like
may
be
added
of
Boughes
,
of
Laurell
,
helme
,
and
other
leaues
,
and
also
nuts
and
Acornes
,
but
if
they
be
not
wearied
and
fed
with
Acornes
till
they
loath
them
,
they
will
fall
into
scabs
.
In
March
and
Aprill
giue
them
hay
,
and
from
April
vnto
Iune
giue
them
grasse
,
and
such
greene
meat
as
may
be
found
abroad
;
Afterward
,
all
the
Summer
and
Autumne
,
they
may
be
satisfied
with
the
leaues
of
Elme
,
bay
,
holme
,
and
especially
,
that
kinde
of
oake
which
is
without
prickles
,
and
therefore
they
cannot
abide
Iuniper
:
In
Nouember
and
December
,
while
the
seede
time
lasteth
,
they
must
haue
as
much
giuen
them
as
they
can
desire
,
either
of
the
forenamed
food
,
or
else
of
some
better
if
neede
require
;
for
it
must
be
principally
regarded
,
that
the
cartell
fal
not
into
leannesse
in
the
winter
time
,
for
leanes
is
the
mother
of
many
sicknesses
in
cattel
,
and
their
vtter
ouerthrow
,
and
therefore
the
benefits
by
their
full
feeding
are
many
,
as
may
appeare
by
that
common
prouerbe
,
Bos
ad
acervum
,
that
is
[
an
oxe
to
a
whole
heape
,
]
to
signifie
such
men
as
liue
in
all
plenty
and
aboundance
.
The
like
care
must
bee
had
of
their
drinke
,
for
the
Neat-heard
must
diligently
looke
vnto
their
drinke
,
that
it
may
be
alway
cleare
,
and
it
is
reported
of
the
riuers
Crathis
and
Sibaris
,
that
the
cattell
which
drinke
of
their
water
doe
turne
white
,
whatsoeuer
colour
they
had
in
former
times
.
The
time
of
Oxens
age
They
will
liue
in
strength
and
perfection
twelue
yeares
,
and
their
whole
life
is
for
the
most
part
but
twenty
,
Kie
liue
not
so
long
,
the
meanes
to
know
their
age
is
by
their
teeth
and
their
horn
,
for
it
is
obserued
that
their
teeth
grow
black
in
their
age
,
and
their
horns
waxe
more
circled
as
they
grow
in
yeares
,
although
I
dare
not
affirme
that
euery
circle
betokeneth
a
yeares
groweth
,
[
as
some
haue
written
]
yet
I
am
assured
the
smooth
horne
sheweth
a
young
beast
.
Moreouer
,
although
kie
will
endure
much
cold
and
heat
both
in
Winter
and
Summer
,
yet
must
you
haue
more
regard
to
your
Oxen
,
and
therefore
it
is
required
that
they
in
the
Winter
cold
weather
be
kept
dry
and
housed
in
stals
,
which
must
be
of
conuenient
quantity
,
so
as
euery
oxe
may
be
lodged
vppon
straw
,
the
flooer
made
higher
vnder
their
forefeete
then
their
hinder
,
so
as
their
vrine
may
passe
away
and
not
stand
to
hurt
their
hoofes
:
and
there
be
also
allowed
for
the
standing
and
lodging
of
euery
Oxe
eight
foot
in
bredth
,
and
a
length
answerable
.
The
like
regard
must
be
had
to
theyr
maunger
and
rack
,
whereof
the
staues
must
not
stand
aboue
one
foot
,
or
rather
lesse
from
one
another
,
that
so
they
may
not
draw
out
their
meat
,
and
stampe
it
vnderfoot
.
But
all
the
diet
and
foode
that
the
wit
of
man
can
ordaine
,
will
do
them
no
manner
of
good
if
regard
be
not
had
to
their
bodily
health
,
the
med●ins
to
preserue
an
Oxe
in
strength
.
and
preseruation
of
strength
,
for
which
cause
they
must
receiue
an
ordinary
medicine
euery
quarter
of
the
yeare
,
that
is
;
in
the
end
of
the
spring
,
Summer
,
Autumne
,
and
Winter
:
which
in
some
places
is
thus
made
and
giuen
in
potion
,
they
take
o●
Cypres
,
and
Lupine-leaues
an
equal
quantity
,
beat
them
small
,
then
set
them
in
water
in
the
open
ayre
a
day
and
a
night
,
and
afterward
giue
vnto
euery
one
for
three
dayes
togither
warmed
as
much
as
a
wine
pint
.
Paxamus
.
In
other
places
they
giue
them
to
prevent
sicknes
,
a
raw
Egge
,
a
handfull
of
salte
in
a
pint
of
wine
:
and
other
put
into
the
meat
of
oxen
,
the
foame
of
newe
oyle
mingled
with
water
,
first
a
little
at
once
vntill
they
be
accustomed
vnto
it
,
and
afterward
more
,
and
this
they
do
euery
fourth
or
fift
day
.
Cato
reciteth
a
certaine
vowe
or
prayer
,
which
the
olde
idolatrous
Romanes
were
woont
to
make
for
the
health
of
their
cattell
,
Vowes
and
superstitious
medicins
for
the
cure
of
Cattel
.
to
Siluanus
Mars
,
which
was
on
this
manner
First
,
they
take
three
pound
of
greene
wheat
,
and
of
Larde
4.
poundes
,
and
foure
pound
and
a
halfe
of
fleshy
sinnewes
,
and
three
pintes
and
a
halfe
of
wine
,
then
put
them
into
earthen
pots
with
hony
,
&
put
in
the
wine
by
it self
,
and
this
they
did
yearely
,
but
no
woman
might
knowe
how
it
is
made
,
or
be
present
at
the
time
of
the
preparation
,
and
it
being
made
must
be
presently
consumed
by
fire
:
Vnto
this
ridiculous
and
superstitious
ydle
inuention
,
seruing
more
to
expresse
the
folly
of
man
,
then
to
benefit
either
man
or
beast
,
I
may
adde
that
kind
of
sacrifice
made
for
beasts
,
which
Pliny
calleth
Daps
,
that
was
made
in
the
spring
time
when
the
peare-tree
did
blossome
,
the
maner
whereof
was
thus
.
They
did
offer
to
Iupiter
Dapalis
a
bowle
of
wine
,
on
the
same
daye
the
heard-men
and
heards
make
their
sacrifice
saying
in
this
manner
,
O
Iupiter
Dapales
,
I
offer
vnto
thee
this
cup
of
wine
,
in
the
behalfe
of
my selfe
,
family
and
cattell
,
if
thou
wilt
perform
that
vnto
them
which
belongeth
to
thee
,
be
good
to
this
wine
beneath
,
be
good
to
this
my
sacrifice
:
Afterward
the
party
washed
his
handes
,
and
then
dranke
the
wine
saying
;
O
Iupiter
Dapales
be
good
to
this
my
sacrifice
,
be
good
to
this
inferiour
wine
,
and
if
thou
wilt
,
giue
part
therof
to
Vesta
:
the
sacrifice
being
ended
he
took
Millet-seed
,
Lentils
,
oxipanum
,
and
garlick
:
Thus
farre
Cato
,
wherewith
if
any
reader
be
offended
,
let
him
remember
to
pitty
such
poore
remedies
,
and
commend
his
cattell
to
the
true
God
,
that
saueth
man
and
beast
.
The
Druides
of
the
Gauls
,
called
a
certain
hearb
growing
in
moyst
places
Samolum
:
which
being
gathered
by
the
left
hand
of
them
that
were
fastinge
,
they
gaue
it
for
an
Antidot
to
oxen
and
swine
.
And
Galen
telleth
of
another
superstitious
cure
for
oxen
,
when
a
man
tooke
the
horne
of
a
Hart
,
and
layed
it
vppon
the
chappell
of
Pan
,
and
set
vpon
it
a
burning
candle
which
must
not
be
forgotten
,
but
alway
thought
vppon
in
the
day
time
,
The
discouery
of
●he
sicknes
of
Cattel
and
the
perticu●●r
cure
thereof
.
calling
vppon
holy
Demusaris
,
which
foolish
people
haue
thought
as
it
were
by
a
witchcraft
,
to
cure
the
euils
of
their
cattell
.
But
to
let
passe
these
and
such
like
trifles
,
let
vs
followe
a
more
perfect
description
and
rule
to
cure
all
manner
of
diseases
in
this
cattel
,
whose
safegard
and
health
next
to
a
mans
,
is
to
bee
preferred
aboue
all
other
:
and
firste
of
all
the
meanes
whereby
their
sicknesse
is
discouered
may
be
considered
,
as
all
Lassitude
or
wearisomnesse
thorough
ouer
much
labour
,
which
appeareth
by
forbearing
their
meat
,
or
eating
after
another
fashion
then
they
are
woont
,
or
by
their
often
lying
downe
,
or
else
by
holding
out
their
tongue
,
all
which
and
many
more
signes
of
their
diseases
,
are
manifest
to
them
that
haue
obserued
them
in
the
time
of
their
health
,
and
on
the
other
side
it
is
manifest
,
that
the
health
of
an
oxe
may
be
known
by
his
agility
,
life
&
stirring
,
when
they
are
lightly
touched
or
pricked
,
starting
,
and
holding
their
eares
vpright
,
fulnesse
of
their
bellie
,
and
many
other
wayes
.
There
be
also
hearbes
which
increase
in
cattell
diuers
diseases
,
as
herbs
bedewed
with
Honie
bringeth
the
Murrain
,
the
iuice
of
black
Chamaeleon
killeth
yong
kie
like
the
chine
,
blacke
Helebore
,
Aconitum
,
or
Wolfe-bane
,
which
is
that
grasse
in
cilicia
,
which
inflameth
oxen
,
herbe
henry
,
and
others
:
It
is
also
reported
by
Aristotle
,
that
in
a
piece
of
Thricia
,
not
far
from
that
citty
which
is
called
the
cittie
of
Media
,
there
is
a
place
almost
thirty
furlongs
in
length
,
where
naturally
groweth
a
kinde
of
barley
,
which
is
good
for
men
,
but
pernitious
for
beasts
.
The
like
may
be
said
of
Aegolothros
,
Orobanche
and
Aestur
,
but
I
wil
hasten
to
the
particular
description
of
their
diseases
.
In
the
first
place
is
the
Malis
or
Glaunders
already
spoken
of
in
the
storie
of
the
Asse
,
The
diseases
which
infeit
Oxen
&
Kye
which
may
be
known
by
these
signes
,
the
oxes
haire
will
be
rough
and
hard
,
his
eies
and
necke
hange
downe
,
matter
running
out
of
the
nose
,
his
pace
heauie
,
chewing
his
cud
little
,
his
backe-bone
sharpe
,
and
his
meat
loathsome
vnto
him
:
for
remedie
herof
,
take
sea-onoyns
or
Garlicke
,
Lupines
or
cypres
,
or
else
the
foame
of
oile
.
And
if
a
Beast
care
hogges-dung
,
they
presentlie
fall
sicke
of
the
Pestilence
,
which
infecteth
the
hearbes
and
grasse
they
breath
on
,
the
waters
whereof
they
drinke
,
and
the
stals
and
lodgings
wherein
they
lie
.
The
humors
which
annoy
the
body
of
oxen
are
many
,
the
first
is
a
moist
one
called
Malis
,
yssuing
at
the
nose
,
the
second
a
dry
one
when
nothing
appeareth
outwardlye
onely
the
beast
forsaketh
his
meat
,
the
third
an
articular
,
when
the
fore
or
hinder
legs
of
the
beast
halte
,
and
yet
the
hoofes
appeare
sound
,
the
fourth
is
Farciminous
,
wherein
the
whole
body
breaketh
forth
into
matry
bunches
&
byles
,
and
appear
healed
til
they
break
foorth
in
other
places
,
the
fift
Subtereutanrus
,
when
vnder
the
skinne
there
runneth
a
humour
that
breaketh
forth
in
many
places
of
the
body
:
the
sixt
a
Subrenall
,
when
the
hinder
legs
halte
by
reason
of
some
paine
in
the
loines
,
the
seuenth
a
Maunge
or
Leprosie
,
and
lastly
a
madnesse
or
Phrenzy
,
all
which
are
contagious
,
and
if
once
they
enter
into
a
heard
,
they
will
infect
euery
beast
if
they
be
not
seperated
from
the
sicke
,
and
speedy
remedy
obtained
.
The
remedies
against
the
last
seuen
are
thus
discribed
by
Columella
.
First
take
Oxipanum
and
sea-holy
roots
mingled
with
fennel-seede
and
meale
of
beaten
wheat
rath-ripe
:
put
them
in
spring
water
warmed
with
hony
nine
spoonfuls
at
a
time
,
and
with
that
medicine
annoint
the
breast
of
the
beaste
,
then
take
the
blood
of
a
sea-snaile
,
and
for
want
thereof
,
a
common
snaile
,
&
put
it
into
wine
,
and
giue
the
beast
in
at
his
nose
,
and
it
hath
bene
approued
to
worke
effectuall
.
It
is
not
good
at
any
time
to
stirre
vppe
Oxen
to
running
,
Cursus
bonum
ant
ciet
aluum
aut
febrim
inducit
.
for
chasing
will
either
moue
them
to
loosenes
of
the
belly
,
or
driue
them
into
a
feauer
,
the
nowe
the
signes
of
a
feuer
are
these
:
an
immoderat
heat
ouer
the
whole
body
,
especially
about
the
mouth
,
tongue
,
and
eares
,
teares
falling
out
of
the
eies
,
hollownes
of
their
eyes
,
a
heauy
and
stooping
drowzie
head
,
matter
running
out
of
his
nose
,
a
hotte
and
difficulte
breath
,
and
sometime
fighing
and
violent
beating
of
his
vaines
and
loathing
of
meat
:
for
remedy
whereof
let
the
beast
fast
one
whole
day
,
then
let
him
be
let
blood
vnder
the
taile
fasting
,
and
afterward
make
him
a
drinke
of
bole-wort
stalkes
sod
with
oyle
and
lickquor
of
fish-sauce
,
and
so
let
him
drinke
it
for
fiue
daies
togither
before
he
eat
meat
;
afterward
let
him
eat
the
tops
of
Lentils
,
and
young
small
vine
braunches
,
then
keepe
his
nose
and
mouth
clean
with
a
spunge
,
and
giue
him
colde
water
to
drinke
three
times
a
day
,
for
the
best
meanes
of
recouery
are
cold
meates
and
drinkes
,
neither
must
the
beast
bee
turned
out
of
dores
,
till
he
be
recouered
:
When
an
oxe
is
sicke
of
a
cold
,
giue
him
blacke
wine
and
it
will
presently
helpe
him
.
If
an
Oxe
in
his
meate
tast
of
hens
doung
,
his
belly
wil
presently
be
tormented
,
and
swell
vnto
death
if
remedie
be
not
giuen
:
for
this
mallady
,
take
three
ounces
of
parsley
seed
,
a
pint
and
a
halfe
of
Cummin
,
two
pounds
of
honey
,
beat
these
togither
and
put
it
down
his
throat
warme
,
then
driue
the
beast
vp
and
down
,
as
long
as
he
can
stand
,
then
let
as
many
as
can
stand
about
him
rub
his
belly
,
vntil
the
medicine
worke
to
purgation
:
and
Vegetius
addeth
,
that
the
ashes
of
Elme
wood
well
sod
in
oyle
,
and
put
downe
the
beasts
throat
,
cureth
the
inflamation
of
hen-dung
.
If
at
any
time
it
happen
,
that
an
oxe
get
into
his
mouth
and
throate
a
horse-leech
,
which
at
the
first
will
take
fast
holde
,
and
sucke
the
place
she
holds
[
be
it
mouth
or
throat
]
till
she
haue
kild
the
beast
:
if
you
canot
take
hold
on
her
with
the
hand
,
then
put
into
the
oxes
throat
a
Cane
,
or
little
hollow
pipe
,
euen
to
the
place
where
the
leech
sucketh
,
and
into
that
pipe
put
warme
oyle
,
which
as
soone
as
the
leech
feeleth
,
she
presently
leaueth
hold
.
It
fortuneth
sometimes
that
an
oxe
is
stung
or
bitten
with
a
Serpent
,
Adder
,
Viper
,
or
other
such
venimous
beast
;
for
that
wound
,
take
sharpe
Trifoly
,
which
groweth
in
rocky
places
,
straine
out
the
iuice
and
beat
it
with
salte
,
then
scarifie
the
wound
with
that
oyntment
,
till
it
be
wrought
in
.
If
a
field-mouse
bite
an
Oxe
,
so
as
the
dint
of
her
teeth
appear
,
then
take
a
little
commin
and
soft
Pitch
,
and
with
that
make
a
plaister
for
the
wound
:
or
if
you
can
get
another
field-Mouse
,
put
her
into
oyle
,
and
there
let
it
remaine
till
the
members
of
it
be
almost
rotten
,
then
bruise
it
&
lay
it
to
the
sore
,
and
the
same
body
shal
cure
,
whose
nature
gaue
the
wound
.
Oxen
are
also
much
troubled
with
a
disease
called
the
hide-bound
;
for
remedy
whereof
,
when
the
beast
is
taken
from
his
worke
,
and
panteth
,
then
let
him
be
sprinkled
ouer
with
wine
,
and
put
peeces
of
fatte
into
his
mouth
:
if
then
you
perceiue
no
amendment
,
then
seeth
some
Laurell
,
and
therewith
heat
his
backe
,
and
afterward
with
oyle
and
wine
scarifie
him
all
ouer
,
plucking
his
skin
vp
from
the
ribbes
,
and
this
must
be
done
in
the
sunshine
,
or
else
in
a
very
warme
place
.
For
the
scabs
,
take
the
iuice
of
Garlicke
,
and
rub
the
beast
all
ouer
;
and
with
this
medicine
may
the
biting
of
a
Wolfe
or
a
mad
dogge
be
cured
:
although
other
affirme
,
that
the
hoofe
of
any
beast
with
Brimstone
,
oyle
,
Water
,
and
Vineger
,
is
a
more
present
remedy
;
but
there
is
no
better
thinge
then
butter
and
stale
Vrine
:
When
they
are
vexed
with
wormes
,
poure
cold
water
vpon
them
,
afterward
annoint
them
with
the
iuice
of
onions
mingled
with
salt
.
If
an
oxe
be
wrinched
and
strayned
in
his
sinnewes
,
in
trauell
or
labour
,
by
stumping
on
any
roote
or
hard
sharpe
thing
,
then
let
the
contrary
foot
or
legge
be
let
blood
,
if
the
sinnews
swel
:
If
his
necke
swell
let
him
blood
,
or
if
his
necke
be
winding
and
weake
[
as
if
it
were
broken
]
then
let
him
blood
in
that
eare
to
which
side
the
head
bendeth
.
When
their
neckes
be
bald
,
grind
two
tiles
togither
,
a
new
one
and
a
olde
,
and
when
the
yoake
is
taken
off
,
cast
the
pouder
vpon
their
neckes
,
and
afterwarde
oyle
,
and
so
with
a
little
rest
the
haire
will
come
againe
.
When
an
oxe
hangeth
downe
his
eares
and
eateth
not
his
meat
,
he
is
troubled
with
a
Cephalalgie
:
that
is
,
a
paine
in
his
head
:
for
which
,
seeth
Thyme
in
wine
,
with
salt
and
Garlicke
,
and
therewith
rub
his
tongue
a
good
space
;
also
raw
barly
steeped
in
Wine
,
helpeth
this
disease
.
Sometime
an
oxe
is
troubled
with
madnesse
,
for
which
men
burne
them
betwixt
the
hornes
in
the
forehead
,
till
they
bleed
,
sometime
there
is
a
Fly
which
biting
them
continually
,
driueth
them
into
madnesse
;
for
which
they
are
woont
to
cast
brimstone
,
and
bay
sprigs
sod
in
water
in
the
pastures
where
they
feede
,
but
I
know
not
what
good
can
come
thereby
.
When
oxen
are
troubled
with
fleam
,
put
à
sprig
of
black
Hellebore
throgh
their
ears
,
wherein
let
it
remain
til
the
next
day
at
the
same
houre
.
Al
the
euils
of
the
eyes
are
for
the
most
part
cured
by
infusion
of
hony
,
and
some
mingle
therewith
Ammoniacke
,
Salt
,
and
Boeticke
.
When
the
pallat
or
roofe
of
their
mouth
is
so
swelled
that
the
beast
forsaketh
meat
,
and
bendeth
one
the
one
side
,
let
his
mouth
be
pared
with
a
sharpe
instrument
,
or
else
burned
or
abated
some
other
way
,
giuing
them
greene
and
soft
meat
til
the
tender
sore
be
cured
:
but
when
the
cheekes
swell
,
for
remedy
thereof
,
they
sell
them
away
to
the
butcher
for
slaughter
:
it
falleth
out
very
often
that
there
grow
certaine
bunches
on
their
tongues
,
which
make
them
forsake
their
meate
,
and
for
this
thing
they
cut
the
toong
,
and
afterward
rub
the
wound
with
garlicke
and
salt
,
till
al
the
fleamy
matter
yssue
forth
.
When
their
vaines
in
their
cheeks
and
chaps
swell
out
into
vlcers
,
they
soften
and
wash
them
with
vineger
and
lees
,
till
they
be
cured
.
When
they
are
liuer-sicke
,
they
giue
them
Rubarbe
,
Mishroms
,
and
Gentian
,
mingled
togither
.
For
the
cough
and
short
breath
,
they
giue
them
twigs
of
vines
,
or
Iuniper
mingled
with
salt
;
and
some
vse
Betony
.
There
is
a
certaine
hearbe
called
Asplenon
or
Citterach
,
which
consumeth
the
Melts
of
Oxen
,
found
by
this
occasion
:
in
creete
there
is
a
Ryuer
called
Protereus
,
running
betwixt
the
two
citties
Gnoson
and
Gortina
,
on
both
sides
thereof
there
were
heards
of
cattell
,
but
those
which
fed
neere
to
Gortina
had
no
Spleene
,
and
the
other
which
fed
neer
to
Gnoson
were
full
of
Spleene
:
when
the
Physitians
endeuored
to
finde
out
the
true
cause
heereof
,
they
found
an
hearbe
growing
on
the
coast
of
Gortina
,
which
diminished
their
Spleene
;
and
for
that
cause
called
it
Asplenon
.
But
now
to
come
to
the
diseases
of
their
brest
and
stomack
,
and
first
of
al
to
begine
with
the
cough
,
which
if
it
be
new
,
may
be
cured
by
a
pint
of
Barly
Meale
with
a
raw
Egge
,
and
halfe
a
pint
of
sod
wine
:
and
if
the
cough
be
old
,
take
two
pounds
of
beaten
Hysop
sod
in
3.
pints
of
water
,
beaten
Lentils
,
or
the
roots
of
onyons
washed
and
baked
with
Wheate
meale
giuen
fasting
,
do
driue
away
the
oldest
cough
.
For
shortnesse
of
breath
,
their
Neat-heardes
hang
about
their
Necke
deathes-hearb
and
harts-wort
;
but
if
their
Liuers
or
lungs
be
corupted
[
which
appeareth
by
along
cough
and
leannes
]
take
the
root
of
hasell
,
and
put
it
through
the
Oxes
eare
;
then
,
a
like
or
equall
quantity
of
the
iuyce
of
Onyons
and
oyle
mingled
,
and
put
into
a
pint
of
Wine
,
let
it
be
giuen
to
the
beast
many
daies
together
.
If
the
Oxe
be
troubled
with
crudity
,
or
a
raw
euill
stomach
,
you
shall
know
by
these
signes
;
he
wil
often
belch
,
his
belly
will
rumble
,
he
will
forbeare
his
meate
,
hanging
down
his
eies
,
and
neither
chew
the
cud
or
licke
himselfe
with
his
tongue
:
for
remedy
whereof
,
take
two
quarts
of
warme
Water
,
thirty
stalkes
of
Bole-worts
,
seeth
them
together
till
they
be
soft
,
and
then
giue
them
to
the
beast
with
vineger
.
But
if
the
crudity
cause
his
belly
to
stand
out
and
swell
,
then
pull
his
tayle
downewarde
with
all
the
force
that
you
can
,
and
binde
thereunto
Mother-wort
,
mingled
with
salt
,
or
else
giue
them
a
glister
,
or
anoint
a
Womans
hand
with
oyle
,
and
let
hir
draw
out
the
dung
from
his
fundament
;
and
afterward
cut
a
vaine
,
in
his
tayle
with
a
sharp
knife
.
When
they
be
distempered
with
choler
,
burne
their
Legs
to
the
hoofes
with
a
whot
Iron
,
and
afterward
let
them
rest
vpon
cleane
and
soft
straw
:
when
their
guts
and
intrals
are
payned
they
are
eased
with
the
sight
of
a
Duck
or
a
Drake
.
But
when
the
small
guts
are
infected
,
take
fifteene
cypres
aples
and
so
many
gaules
,
mingle
and
beate
them
with
their
waight
of
old
cheese
in
foure
pints
of
the
sharpest
Wine
you
can
get
,
and
so
diuide
it
into
foure
parts
,
giuing
to
the
beast
euery
day
one
quantity
.
The
excrements
of
the
belly
doe
depriue
the
body
of
all
strength
and
power
to
labour
;
wherefore
when
they
are
troubled
with
it
,
they
must
rest
,
and
drinke
nothing
for
three
dayes
together
,
and
the
first
day
let
them
forbeare
meate
,
the
second
day
giue
them
the
toppes
of
wilde
Olyues
,
or
in
defect
thereof
,
canes
,
or
reedes
;
the
stalkes
of
Lantiske
and
Myrtill
;
and
the
thirde
day
a
little
Water
,
and
vnto
this
some
adde
dryed
Grapes
in
sixe
pintes
of
sharpe
Wine
,
giuen
euery
day
in
like
quantity
.
When
their
hinder
parts
are
lame
through
congealed
blood
in
them
,
whereof
there
is
no
outward
appearance
,
take
a
bunch
of
Nettles
with
their
rootes
and
put
it
into
their
mouthes
,
by
rubbing
whereof
the
condersate
blood
will
remoue
away
.
When
Oxen
come
first
of
all
after
Winter
to
grasse
,
they
fall
grasse-sicke
,
and
pisse
blood
;
for
which
they
seeth
together
in
water
barley
,
bread
,
and
larde
,
and
so
giue
them
altogether
in
a
drinke
to
the
beast
:
some
praise
the
kernels
of
Walenuts
put
into
Egge-shels
for
this
cure
,
and
other
take
the
bloody
water
it selfe
and
blow
it
into
the
beastes
Nostrils
;
and
heard-men
by
experience
haue
found
,
that
there
is
no
better
thing
then
hearb-Robert
,
to
stay
the
pissing
of
blood
:
they
must
also
be
kept
in
a
stall
within
doores
,
and
be
fed
with
dry
grasse
and
the
best
hay
.
If
their
hornes
be
annoynted
with
wax
,
oyle
,
and
pitch
,
they
feele
no
payne
in
their
hoofes
;
except
in
cases
where
any
beast
treadeth
and
presseth
anothers
hoofe
;
in
which
case
,
take
oyle
and
sod
Wine
,
and
then
vse
them
in
a
whot
barley
plaister
or
poultase
layed
to
the
wounded
place
:
but
if
the
plough
share
hurt
the
Oxes
foote
,
then
lay
thereunto
stone-pitch
,
Grease
,
and
Brimstone
,
hauing
first
of
all
seared
the
wound
with
a
whot
Iron
bound
about
with
shorne
wool
.
Now
to
returne
to
the
taming
and
instruction
of
Oxen.
It
is
said
that
Busiris
King
of
Egypt
was
the
first
that
euer
tamed
or
yoaked
Oxen
,
hauing
his
name
giuen
him
for
that
purpose
.
Oxen
are
by
nature
meeke
,
gentle
,
slow
,
and
not
stubborne
;
bycause
being
depriued
of
his
genitals
he
is
more
tractable
,
and
for
this
cause
it
is
requisite
that
they
bee
alwaie
vsed
to
hand
,
and
to
be
familiar
with
man
,
that
he
may
take
bread
at
his
hand
,
and
be
tyed
vp
to
the
racke
,
for
by
gentlenesse
they
are
best
tamed
,
being
thereby
more
willing
and
strong
for
labour
,
then
if
they
were
roughly
yoaked
or
suffered
to
run
wild
without
the
society
and
sight
of
men
.
Varro
sayth
,
that
it
is
best
to
tame
them
betwixt
fiue
and
three
yeare
old
,
for
before
three
it
is
to
soone
,
bycause
they
are
too
tender
;
and
after
fiue
it
is
too
late
,
by
reason
they
are
too
vnwealdy
and
stubborne
.
But
if
any
be
taken
more
wild
and
vnruly
,
take
this
direction
for
their
taming
:
first
,
if
you
haue
any
old
tamed
oxen
,
how
to
tame
or
yoke
wild
Oxen.
ioyne
them
together
[
a
wilde
and
a
tame
]
and
if
you
please
,
you
may
make
a
yoake
to
holde
the
Neckes
of
three
oxen
;
so
that
if
the
beast
would
rage
and
be
disobedient
,
then
will
the
old
one
both
by
example
and
strength
draw
hlm
on
,
keeping
him
from
starting
aside
,
and
falling
down
.
They
must
also
be
accustomed
to
draw
an
empty
cart
,
waine
,
or
sled
through
some
towne
or
village
,
where
there
is
som
concourse
of
people
,
or
a
plow
in
valloed
ground
or
sand
,
so
as
the
beast
may
not
be
discouraged
by
the
waight
and
strength
of
the
businesse
,
their
keeper
must
often
with
his
owne
hand
giue
them
meate
into
their
mouth
,
and
stroke
their
Noses
,
that
so
they
may
be
acquainted
with
the
smell
of
a
man
;
and
likewise
put
his
hand
to
their
sides
,
and
stroke
them
vnder
their
belly
,
whereby
the
beast
may
feele
no
displeasure
by
being
touched
.
In
some
countries
,
they
wash
them
all
ouer
with
Wine
for
two
or
three
dayes
togither
,
and
afterward
in
a
horne
giue
them
wine
to
drinke
,
which
doth
wonderfully
tame
them
,
although
they
haue
beene
neuer
so
Wilde
:
other
put
their
Neckes
into
engins
,
and
tame
them
by
substracting
their
meate
:
other
affirme
,
that
if
a
wilde
oxe
be
tyed
with
a
halter
made
of
Wooll
,
Rasis
.
he
will
presently
waxe
tame
:
but
to
this
I
leaue
euery
man
to
his
particular
inclination
for
this
businesse
;
onely
,
let
them
chaunge
their
oxens
sides
,
and
set
them
sometime
on
the
right
side
,
and
sometime
on
the
lefte
side
,
and
beware
that
he
auoide
the
Oxes
heele
,
for
if
once
he
get
the
habite
of
kicking
,
he
wil
very
hardlye
be
refrained
from
it
againe
.
He
hath
a
good
memory
,
and
will
not
forget
the
man
that
pricked
him
whereas
he
wil
not
stirre
at
another
,
being
like
a
man
in
fetters
,
who
dissembleth
vengance
vntill
he
be
released
,
and
then
paieth
the
person
that
hath
grieued
him
.
Wherefore
it
is
not
good
to
vse
a
young
oxe
to
a
goad
:
but
rather
to
awaken
his
dulnesse
with
a
whip
.
The
vnderstanding
of
Oxen.
These
beasts
do
vnderstand
their
owne
names
,
and
distinguish
betwixt
the
voice
of
their
keepers
and
strangers
.
They
are
also
said
to
remember
and
vnderstand
numbers
,
for
the
King
of
Persia
had
certaine
Oxen
,
which
euery
day
drew
water
to
Susis
to
water
his
Gardens
,
Guidus
.
their
number
was
an
hundred
vessels
,
which
through
custom
they
grew
to
obserue
,
and
therefore
not
one
of
them
would
halt
or
loyter
in
that
businesse
,
till
the
whole
was
accomplished
:
Aelianus
but
after
the
number
fulfilled
,
there
was
no
goad
,
whip
,
or
other
meanes
,
could
once
make
them
stir
,
to
fetch
another
draught
or
burthen
.
They
are
said
to
loue
their
fellowes
with
whom
they
draw
in
yoake
most
tenderly
,
whom
they
seeke
out
with
mourning
if
he
be
wanting
.
The
loue
of
oxen
to
their
yoke-fellow
It
is
likewise
obserued
in
the
licking
of
themselues
against
the
haire
,
(
but
as
Cicero
saith
)
if
he
bend
to
the
right
side
and
licke
that
,
it
presageth
a
storme
;
but
if
he
bend
to
the
left
side
,
of
the
licking
of
Oxen
,
natural
obseruations
.
he
foretelleth
a
calmy
faire
day
:
In
like
manner
,
when
he
lowgheth
and
smelleth
to
the
earth
,
or
when
he
feedeth
fuller
then
ordinary
,
it
betokeneth
chang
of
weather
:
but
in
the
Autumn
,
if
sheep
or
Oxen
dig
the
earth
with
their
feet
,
or
lie
downe
head
to
head
,
it
is
held
for
an
assured
token
of
a
tempest
.
Their
aptnes
to
go
astray
.
They
feede
by
companies
and
flockes
,
and
their
nature
is
to
follow
any
one
which
straieth
away
;
for
if
the
neat-heard
be
not
present
to
restraine
them
,
they
wil
all
follow
to
their
owne
danger
.
Being
angred
and
prouoked
they
will
fight
with
strangers
very
irefully
,
The
anger
of
Oxen
&
kye
.
with
vnapeaseable
contention
:
for
it
was
seene
in
Rhaetia
,
betwixt
Curia
and
Velcuria
that
when
the
heardes
of
two
villages
meete
in
a
certaine
plaine
together
,
they
fought
so
longe
,
that
of
threescore
,
foure
and
twenty
were
slaine
,
and
all
of
them
wounded
,
[
eight
excepted
]
which
the
inhabytantes
tooke
for
anill
presage
or
mischiefe
of
some
ensuing
calamitye
,
and
therefore
they
would
not
suffer
their
bodyes
to
bee
couered
with
earth
:
to
auoyde
this
contention
,
skilfull
Neate-heardes
giue
their
Cattell
some
strong
hearbes
,
as
garlike
and
such
like
,
that
the
sauour
may
auert
that
strife
They
which
come
about
Oxen
,
Buls
,
and
bugils
,
must
not
weare
any
red
Garments
,
Gillius
Oxen
prouoked
by
coulours
.
by
cause
their
nature
ryseth
and
is
prouoked
to
rage
,
if
they
see
such
a
colour
.
There
is
great
enmity
betwixt
Oxen
and
Wolues
,
for
the
Wolfe
[
being
a
flesh-eating-creature
]
lyeth
in
waite
to
destroy
them
;
and
it
is
said
,
that
there
is
so
great
a
natural
feare
in
them
,
that
if
a
Wolues
tayle
bee
hanged
in
the
racke
or
manger
where
an
Oxe
feedeth
,
he
will
abstaine
from
eating
.
This
beast
is
but
simple
,
though
his
aspect
seeme
to
be
very
graue
;
and
thereof
came
the
prouerbe
of
the
Oxen
to
the
yoke
,
Rasis
.
which
was
called
Ceroma
;
wherewithall
Wrastlers
and
Prize-players
were
anointed
,
but
when
a
foolish
and
heauy
man
was
annoynted
they
said
ironically
Bos
ad
ceroma
.
Againe
the
folly
of
this
beast
appearerh
by
another
Greeke
prouerbe
,
which
saith
,
that
An
Oxe
raiseth
dust
which
blindeth
his
owne
eyes
:
to
signifie
,
that
foolish
and
indiscrete
men
stirre
vp
the
occasion
of
their
owne
harmes
.
The
manifold
Epithets
giuen
this
beast
in
Greeke
and
Latine
by
sundry
authors
,
doe
demonstratiuely
shew
the
manifold
conditions
of
this
beast
;
as
that
it
is
called
a
Plower
,
Wilde
,
an
earth
tiller
,
brazen
footed
,
by
reason
of
his
hard
hoofes
[
Cerebrons
]
more
brayne
then
wit
;
horned
,
stubborne
,
horne-striking
,
hard
,
rough
,
vntamed
,
deuourer
of
grasse
,
yoake-bearer
,
fearefull
,
ouertamed
,
drudges
,
wry-faced
,
slow
,
and
ill
fauored
,
with
many
other
such
notes
of
their
nature
,
ordination
,
and
condition
.
There
remaine
yet
of
this
discourse
of
Oxen
,
two
other
necessary
Tractats
;
The
naturall
vses
of
the
seueral
parts
of
Oxen.
the
one
naturall
&
the
other
morral
.
That
which
is
natural
,
contayns
the
seueral
vses
of
their
particular
parts
:
&
first
for
their
flesh
,
which
is
held
singular
for
norishment
,
for
which
cause
,
after
their
labour
which
bringeth
leannesse
,
they
vse
to
put
them
by
for
sagination
,
or
[
as
it
is
sayd
]
in
English
for
feeding
,
which
in
all
countries
hath
a
seuerall
manner
or
custom
.
How
to
fatten
cattaile
.
Sotion
affirmeth
,
that
if
you
giue
your
cattell
when
they
come
fresh
from
their
pasture
,
Cabbage
leaues
beaten
small
with
some
sharpe
vineger
poured
among
them
,
and
afterward
chaffe
winowed
in
a
siefe
,
and
mingled
with
branne
for
fiue
daies
together
,
it
will
much
fatten
and
encrease
their
flesh
,
and
the
sixth
day
ground
barley
,
encreasing
the
quantity
by
little
and
little
for
sixe
dayes
together
.
Now
the
best
time
to
feede
them
in
the
Winter
is
about
the
cock-crowing
,
and
afterward
in
the
morning
twy-light
,
and
soone
after
that
let
them
drinke
:
in
the
Summer
let
them
haue
their
first
meate
in
the
morning
,
and
their
second
seruice
at
noone
,
and
then
drinke
after
that
second
meate
or
eating
,
and
their
third
meate
before
euening
againe
,
and
so
let
them
drinke
the
second
time
;
It
is
also
to
be
obserued
that
their
water
in
winter
time
be
warmed
,
and
in
the
Summer
time
colder
.
And
while
they
feede
you
must
often
wash
the
roofe
and
sides
of
their
mouth
,
for
therein
will
grow
certaine
Wormes
which
will
annoy
the
beast
and
hinder
his
eating
,
and
after
the
washing
rubbe
his
tongue
wel
with
salt
.
If
therefore
they
be
carefully
regarded
they
wil
grow
very
fat
,
especially
if
they
be
not
ouer
aged
or
very
young
at
the
time
of
their
feeding
:
for
by
reason
of
age
their
teeth
grow
loose
and
fall
out
,
and
in
youth
they
cannot
exceede
in
fatnesse
bycause
of
their
groweth
:
aboue
all
heighfers
and
barren
Kye
will
exceed
in
fatnesse
,
for
Varro
affirmeth
,
that
he
saw
a
field
Mouse
bring
forth
young
ones
in
the
fat
of
a
cowe
hauing
eaten
into
her
body
she
being
aliue
:
the
selfe
same
thing
is
reported
of
a
Sow
in
Arcadia
:
A
strange
report
of
a
fat
Cow
,
if
true
.
Kye
will
also
grow
fat
when
they
are
with
calfe
especially
in
the
middest
of
that
time
.
The
Turks
vse
in
their
greatest
feastes
and
Marriages
,
to
rost
or
seeth
an
Oxe
whole
,
putting
in
the
oxes
belly
a
whole
Sow
,
and
in
the
Sowes
belly
,
a
Goose
,
and
in
the
Gooses
belly
an
Egge
,
to
note
forth
their
plenty
in
great
and
small
things
:
but
the
best
flesh
is
of
a
young
oxe
,
and
the
worst
of
an
olde
one
,
for
it
begetteth
an
ill
iuyce
or
concoction
,
especially
if
they
which
eate
it
be
troubled
with
a
cough
or
reumy
fleame
,
or
if
the
party
be
in
a
consumption
,
or
for
a
woman
that
hath
vlcers
in
her
belly
,
the
tongue
of
an
oxe
or
cow
salted
and
slit
asunder
,
is
accompted
a
very
delicate
dishe
,
which
the
priestes
of
Mercury
sayd
did
belong
to
them
,
bycause
they
were
the
seruants
of
speech
,
and
howsoeuer
in
al
sacrifices
the
beasts
tongue
was
refused
as
a
prophane
member
,
yet
these
priests
made
choise
thereof
,
vnder
colour
of
sacrifice
to
feede
their
dainty
stomacks
.
The
hornes
of
oxen
by
art
of
man
are
made
very
flexible
and
straight
whereof
are
made
combes
,
hasts
for
kniues
,
and
the
ancients
haue
vsed
them
for
cups
to
drinke
in
,
and
for
this
cause
was
Bacchus
painted
with
hornes
,
and
Crater
was
taken
for
a
cup
,
which
is
deriued
of
Kera
a
horne
:
In
like
manner
the
first
Trumpets
were
made
of
hornes
as
Virgill
alludeth
vnto
this
sentence
,
Rauco
strepuerunt
cornua
cantu
,
and
now
a
daies
it
is
become
familier
for
the
carriage
of
Gun-pouder
in
warre
.
It
is
reported
by
some
husbandmen
,
that
if
seede
be
cast
into
the
earth
out
of
an
Oxes
horne
(
called
in
old
time
cerasbola
)
by
reason
of
a
certaine
coldnesse
,
it
well
neuer
spring
vp
well
out
of
the
earth
,
at
the
least
not
so
well
as
when
it
is
sowed
with
the
hand
of
man
.
Their
skinne
is
vsed
for
shooes
,
Garments
,
and
Gumme
,
because
of
a
spongy
matter
therein
contayned
,
also
to
make
Gun-pouder
,
and
it
is
vsed
in
nauigation
when
a
shot
hath
pierced
the
sides
of
the
ship
,
presently
they
clap
a
raw
Oxe
hyde
to
the
mouth
of
the
breach
,
which
instantly
keepeth
the
Water
from
entring
in
:
likewise
they
were
wont
to
make
Bucklers
or
shieldes
of
the
hides
of
Oxen
and
Bugils
,
and
the
seuen-folded
or
doubled
shield
of
Aiax
,
was
nothing
else
but
a
shield
made
of
an
Oxe
hyde
,
so
many
times
layed
one
piece
vpon
another
,
which
caused
Homer
to
call
it
Sacos
heptaboeion
.
Of
the
teeth
of
Oxen
I
know
no
other
vse
but
scraping
and
making
Paper
smooth
with
them
;
their
gall
being
sprinkled
among
seede
which
is
to
be
sowen
maketh
it
come
vppe
quickly
,
and
killeth
field-mise
that
tast
of
it
,
and
it
is
the
bayne
or
poyson
of
those
creatures
:
so
that
they
will
not
come
neere
to
it
,
no
not
in
bread
if
they
discerne
it
;
and
birds
if
they
eate
corne
touched
with
an
Oxes
gall
put
into
hot
water
first
of
all
,
and
the
lees
of
Wyne
,
they
wax
thereby
astonished
:
likewise
Emmets
will
not
come
vppon
those
places
where
there
remaineth
any
sauour
of
this
gall
;
and
for
this
cause
they
anoynt
heerewith
the
rootes
of
trees
.
The
dung
of
Oxen
is
beneficiall
to
Bees
if
the
Hyue
bee
annoynted
therewith
,
for
it
killeth
Spiders
,
Gnats
,
and
drone-bees
;
and
if
good
heede
be
not
taken
,
it
will
worke
the
like
effect
vpon
the
Bees
themselues
:
for
this
cause
they
vse
to
smother
or
burne
this
kinde
of
dung
vnder
the
mouthes
of
the
Hiues
in
the
spring
time
,
which
so
displayeth
and
disperseth
all
the
little
enemy-bees
in
Bee-hiues
that
they
neuer
breed
againe
.
There
is
a
prouerbe
of
the
stable
of
Angia
;
which
Angia
was
so
rich
in
cattell
,
that
he
defiled
the
countrey
with
their
dung
,
whereupon
that
prouerbe
grew
:
when
Hercules
came
vnto
him
he
promised
him
a
part
of
his
countrey
to
purge
that
stable
,
which
was
not
clensed
by
the
yearely
labour
of
3000.
Oxen
,
but
Hercules
vndertaking
the
labour
turned
a
Ryuer
vpon
it
,
and
so
clensed
all
.
When
Angia
saw
that
his
stable
was
purged
by
art
,
and
not
by
labour
,
he
denyed
the
reward
;
and
because
Phyleus
his
eldest
sonne
reproued
him
for
not
regarding
a
man
so
well
deseruing
,
he
cast
him
out
of
his
family
for
euer
.
The
manifold
vse
of
the
members
of
Oxen
and
Kye
in
medicyne
,
now
remaineth
to
be
briefely
touched
.
The
horne
beaten
into
pouder
,
cureth
the
cough
,
especially
the
types
or
point
of
the
horne
,
which
is
also
receiued
against
the
ptisicke
,
or
short
breath
made
into
pils
with
Hony
.
The
pouder
of
a
Cowes
horne
mixed
with
vineger
,
helpeth
the
morphew
,
being
washed
or
annoynted
therewith
.
The
same
infused
into
the
Nostrils
,
stayeth
the
bleeding
:
likewise
mingled
with
warme
water
and
vineger
,
giuen
to
a
Splenet●cke
man
for
three
dayes
together
,
the
medcins
of
the
seueral
parts
of
oxen
and
Kye
it
wonderfully
worketh
vpon
that
passion
:
pouder
of
the
hoofe
of
an
Oxe
with
water
put
vpon
the
kings
euill
helpeth
it
,
and
with
Water
and
Hony
it
helpeth
the
apostemes
and
swelling
of
the
body
:
and
the
same
burned
and
put
into
drinke
,
and
given
to
a
Woman
that
lacketh
Milke
,
it
encreaseth
milke
and
strengtheneth
hir
very
much
.
Other
take
the
tongue
of
a
cow
,
which
they
dry
so
long
till
it
may
be
beaten
into
pouder
,
and
so
giue
it
to
a
woman
in
white
wine
or
broath
.
The
dust
of
the
heele
of
an
oxe
or
ancle
bone
,
taken
in
Wine
and
put
to
the
gummes
or
teeth
doe
fasten
them
,
Rasis
.
and
remoue
the
ache
away
:
The
ribbes
of
oxen
beaten
to
pouder
doe
stay
the
fluxe
of
blood
,
Fu●nerius
.
and
restrain
the
aboundance
of
monthly
courses
in
women
.
The
ancle
of
a
white
cow
layed
forty
daies
and
nightes
into
wine
,
and
rubbed
on
the
face
with
white
linnet
,
taketh
spots
and
maketh
the
skinne
looke
very
cleare
.
Where
a
man
biteth
any
other
liuing
creature
,
seeth
the
flesh
of
an
oxe
or
a
calfe
,
and
after
fiue
dayes
lay
it
to
the
sore
,
and
it
shall
worke
the
ease
thereof
.
The
flesh
being
warme
layed
to
the
swellings
of
the
body
,
easeth
them
:
so
also
doe
the
warme
blood
and
gall
of
the
same
beast
.
The
broath
of
beefe
healeth
the
loosnesse
of
the
bellye
,
comming
by
reason
of
choler
;
and
the
broath
of
cowes
flesh
,
or
the
marrow
of
a
cow
,
healeth
the
vlcers
and
chinkes
of
the
mouth
.
The
skinne
of
an
oxe
[
especially
the
leather
thereof
]
worne
in
a
shooe
,
burned
and
applyed
to
pimples
in
the
body
or
face
,
cureth
them
.
The
skinne
of
the
feete
and
Nose
of
an
oxe
or
sheepe
,
sod
ouer
a
soft
and
gentle
fire
,
vntill
there
arise
a
certaine
scumme
like
to
glue
from
it
,
and
afterward
dried
in
the
cold
,
windye
aire
,
and
drunk
,
helpeth
[
or
at
least
]
easeth
burstnesse
very
much
.
The
marrow
of
an
oxe
,
or
the
sewet
,
helpeth
the
straynes
of
sinnewes
if
they
be
anointed
therewith
.
If
one
make
a
small
candle
of
paper
and
cowes
marrow
,
setting
the
same
on
fire
vnder
his
browes
or
eye-lids
which
are
balde
,
without
haire
,
and
often
annoynting
the
place
,
he
shall
haue
very
decent
and
comely
haire
grow
thereupon
.
Likewise
the
sewet
of
oxen
helpeth
against
all
outward
poyson
:
so
in
all
Leprosies
,
botches
,
and
scuruinesse
of
the
skinne
,
the
same
mingled
with
Goose
grease
,
and
poured
into
the
eares
,
helpeth
the
deafenesse
of
them
.
It
is
also
good
against
the
inflammation
of
the
eares
,
the
stupidity
and
dulnesse
of
the
teeth
,
the
running
of
the
eyes
,
the
vlcers
and
rimes
of
the
mouth
,
and
stiffenesse
of
the
neck
.
If
ones
blood
be
liquid
and
apt
to
runne
forth
of
the
body
,
it
may
be
well
thickned
and
retayned
,
by
drinking
Oxe
blood
mingled
with
vineger
:
&
the
blood
of
a
cow
poured
into
a
wound
that
bleedeth
,
stayeth
the
blood
.
Likwise
the
blood
of
Oxen
cureth
the
scabs
in
Dogs
.
Concerning
their
Milke
,
volumes
may
be
written
of
the
seuerall
and
manifold
vertues
thereof
,
for
the
Arcadians
refused
all
medicine
,
onely
in
the
spring
time
when
their
beasts
did
eate
grasse
,
they
dranke
cowes
Milke
,
being
perswaded
,
Pliny
A
History
that
the
vertue
and
vigour
of
al
good
hearbs
and
fruits
were
receiued
and
digested
into
that
liquor
;
for
they
gaue
it
medicinally
to
them
which
were
sicke
of
the
Prisicke
,
of
consumption
,
of
an
old
cough
,
of
the
consumption
of
the
raynes
,
of
the
hardnesse
of
the
belly
,
and
of
all
manner
poysons
which
burne
inwardly
;
which
is
also
the
opinion
of
all
the
Greeke
Physitians
:
and
the
shell
of
a
Walnut
sod
in
cow-milke
and
layed
to
the
place
where
a
serpent
hath
bitten
,
it
cureth
it
,
and
stayeth
the
poyson
.
The
same
being
new
and
warme
Gargarized
into
the
throate
,
helpeth
the
sorenesse
of
the
kernels
,
and
all
payne
in
the
arteries
,
and
swelling
in
the
throate
and
stomacke
:
and
if
any
man
bee
in
danger
of
a
short
breath
,
let
him
take
daylie
softe
pitch
with
the
hearbe
Mummie
,
and
harts-suet
clarified
in
a
Cup
of
new
Milke
,
and
it
hath
beene
proued
very
profitable
.
Where
the
paynes
of
the
stomacke
come
by
sadnesse
,
Melancholy
,
or
desperation
,
drinke
Cow-milke
,
Womans
Milke
,
or
Asses-milke
,
wherein
a
flint-stone
hath
beene
sodden
.
When
one
is
troubled
with
a
desire
of
going
often
to
the
stoole
,
and
can
egest
nothing
,
let
him
drinke
cow-milke
and
Asse-milke
sod
together
;
the
same
also
heated
with
gads
of
Iron
or
Steele
,
and
mingled
with
one
fourth
part
of
water
,
helpeth
the
bloody
flix
;
mingled
with
a
little
Hony
and
a
Buls
gall
,
with
cummin
and
gourds
layed
to
the
Nauell
:
and
some
affirme
,
that
cow-milke
doth
help
conception
,
if
a
woman
be
troubled
with
the
white
fluxe
,
so
that
hir
wombe
be
indaungered
,
let
her
drinke
a
purgation
for
hir
vpper
partes
,
and
afterward
Asses
milke
,
last
of
all
let
her
drinke
cow-milke
and
new
wine
,
(
for
forty
daies
together
if
neede
be
)
so
mingled
that
the
wine
appeare
not
in
the
milke
,
and
it
shall
stay
the
fluxe
.
But
in
the
vse
of
milke
,
the
rule
of
Hipocrates
must
be
continually
obserued
,
that
it
be
not
vsed
with
any
sharpe
ot
tart
liquor
,
for
then
it
curdleth
in
the
stomack
,
and
turneth
into
corruption
.
The
whay
of
cow-milke
mingled
with
Hony
and
salt
,
as
much
as
the
tast
will
permit
and
drunke
,
looseneth
the
hardnesse
of
the
Belly
.
The
marrow
of
a
cow
mingled
with
a
little
meale
,
and
with
new
cheese
,
wonderfully
stayeth
the
bloody
flixe
.
It
is
affirmed
,
that
there
is
in
the
head
of
an
oxe
,
a
certaine
little
stone
,
which
onely
in
the
feare
of
death
he
casteth
out
at
his
mouth
,
if
this
stone
be
taken
from
them
suddenly
by
cutting
the
head
,
it
doth
make
children
to
breed
teeth
easily
,
being
soone
tyed
about
them
.
If
a
man
or
woman
,
drinke
of
the
same
water
,
whereof
an
oxe
drunke
a
little
before
,
it
wil
ease
the
head-ache
:
and
in
the
second
venter
of
a
cow
there
is
a
round
blacke
Tophus
found
,
being
of
no
waight
,
which
is
accounted
very
profitable
to
Wommen
in
hard
trauailes
of
child-birth
.
The
Liuer
of
an
oxe
or
cow
dryed
,
and
drunke
in
pouder
,
cureth
the
fluxe
of
blood
.
The
gall
of
a
cow
is
more
forcible
in
operation
then
all
other
beastes
gals
whatsoeuer
.
The
gall
of
an
Oxe
mixed
with
hony
,
draweth
out
any
thorne
or
point
of
a
needle
or
other
Iron
thing
out
of
the
flesh
where
it
sticketh
.
Likewise
it
being
mingled
with
alome
and
Myrrhe
as
thicke
as
hony
,
it
cureth
those
euils
which
creepe
and
annoy
the
priuy
partes
;
laying
vpon
it
afterward
Beetes
sod
in
Wine
.
It
will
not
suffer
the
Kings
euil
to
grow
or
spread
it selfe
if
it
be
laied
vpon
it
at
the
beginning
.
The
hands
washed
in
an
oxes
gall
and
water
,
are
made
white
how
blacke
soeuer
they
were
before
time
;
and
if
pur-blind
eyes
be
annoynted
with
the
gal
of
a
blacke
cow
,
one
may
read
any
writing
the
more
plainely
:
there
is
in
the
gal
of
an
oxe
a
certaine
little
stone
like
a
ring
,
which
the
Phylosophers
cal
Alcheron
,
[
and
some
Guers
and
Nassatum
]
which
being
beaten
and
held
to
ones
Nose
,
it
cleareth
the
eyes
,
and
maketh
that
no
humour
do
distil
to
annoy
them
:
and
if
one
take
thereof
the
quantity
of
a
lintell
seed
,
with
the
iuyce
of
Beetes
,
it
is
profitable
against
the
falling
euil
.
If
one
be
deafe
or
thicke
of
hearing
,
take
the
gal
of
an
oxe
and
the
vrine
of
a
Goate
;
or
the
gall
of
a
Goose
:
likewise
,
it
easeth
the
head-ache
in
an
Ague
,
and
applyed
to
the
temples
prouoketh
sleepe
,
and
if
the
breasts
of
a
woman
be
annoynted
therwith
it
keepes
her
milke
from
curdling
.
The
melt
of
an
oxe
is
eaten
in
hony
for
easing
the
paynes
of
the
melt
in
a
man
,
and
with
the
skin
that
a
calfe
cast
out
of
his
dammes
belly
,
the
vlcers
in
the
face
are
taken
away
:
and
if
twenty
heads
of
Garlicke
be
beaten
in
an
oxes
bladder
,
with
a
pinte
of
vineger
and
layed
to
the
backe
,
it
will
cure
the
melt
.
It
is
likewise
giuen
against
the
Spleene
,
and
the
cholicke
made
like
a
plaster
,
and
layed
to
the
nauell
til
one
sweat
.
The
vrine
of
an
Oxe
causeth
a
cold
stomacke
to
recouer
,
and
I
haue
seen
that
the
vrine
of
a
cow
,
taken
in
Gargarizing
,
did
cure
intollerable
vlcers
in
the
mouth
.
When
the
Bee
hath
tasted
of
the
flower
of
the
corne-tree
,
she
presently
dyeth
by
loosenesse
of
the
belly
,
except
she
tast
the
vrine
of
a
man
or
an
Oxe
.
There
are
likewise
many
vses
of
the
dung
of
Oxen
made
in
Physicke
,
whereof
authors
are
full
,
but
especially
against
the
goute
,
plastering
the
sicke
member
therewith
whot
and
newly
made
:
and
against
the
Dropsie
,
making
a
plaster
thereof
with
Barley
meale
and
a
little
Brimston
aspersed
,
to
couer
the
belly
of
a
man
:
And
thus
much
for
the
natural
properties
of
this
kind
,
now
we
will
briefely
proceed
to
the
morall
.
The
morral
and
external
vse
of
Oxen
both
for
labour
&
other
industry
.
The
morall
vses
of
this
beast
,
both
in
labour
and
other
things
doth
declare
the
dignity
and
high
account
our
forefathers
made
heereof
,
both
in
vintage
,
haruest
,
plowing
,
carriage
,
drawing
,
sacrificing
,
and
making
Leagues
of
truce
and
peace
;
in
somuch
as
,
that
if
this
fayled
,
al
tilage
and
vintage
must
in
many
places
of
the
world
be
vtterly
put
down
;
and
in
truth
,
neither
the
Foules
of
the
aire
,
nor
the
Horsse
for
the
battaile
,
nor
the
Swine
and
Dogges
could
haue
no
sustenance
but
by
the
labor
of
Oxen
:
for
although
in
some
places
they
haue
Mules
,
or
Cammels
,
or
Elephants
,
which
help
them
in
this
labour
,
yet
can
there
not
be
in
any
Nation
a
neglect
of
Oxen
;
Varro
.
and
their
reuerence
was
so
great
,
that
in
auncient
time
when
an
offendor
was
to
be
fined
in
his
cattel
[
as
al
amerciaments
were
in
those
daies
]
the
Iudge
might
not
name
an
Oxe
,
vntil
he
had
first
named
a
Sheepe
;
and
they
fined
a
smal
offence
at
two
sheepe
and
not
vnder
,
and
the
greatest
offence
criminal
,
at
thirty
oxen
and
not
aboue
,
which
were
redeemed
,
by
giuing
for
euery
oxe
an
hundred
Asses
,
and
ten
for
euery
sheepe
.
It
is
some
question
among
the
ancients
,
who
did
first
ioyne
Oxen
together
for
plowing
:
Heraclides
some
affirming
,
that
Aristeus
first
learned
it
of
the
Nymphs
,
in
the
Island
Co
:
and
Diodorus
affirmeth
,
that
Dionisius
Sonne
of
Iupiter
,
and
Ceres
or
Proserpina
,
did
first
of
al
inuent
the
plow
.
Some
attribute
it
to
Briges
the
Athenian
,
other
to
Triptolemus
,
Osiris
,
Habides
a
King
of
Spaine
;
and
Virgill
affirmeth
most
constantly
,
that
it
was
Ceres
as
appearreth
by
this
verse
;
Prima
Ceres
ferro
mortales
vertere
terram
,
Instituit
,
&c.
Whereunto
agreeth
Sernius
:
but
I
rather
encline
to
Iosephus
,
Lactantius
,
and
Eusebius
,
who
affirme
;
that
long
before
ceres
was
borne
,
or
Osiris
,
or
Hercules
,
or
any
of
the
residue
,
their
was
a
practise
of
plowing
,
both
among
the
Haebrewes
and
the
Egyptians
;
and
therefore
as
the
God
of
plowing
called
by
the
Romaines
Iugatinus
(
because
of
yoaking
Oxen
)
was
a
fond
aberration
from
the
truth
,
so
are
the
residue
of
their
inuentions
,
about
the
first
man
that
tilled
with
Oxen
:
seeing
that
it
is
saide
of
Cain
and
Noah
,
Augustinus
that
they
were
husbandmen
and
tilled
the
earth
.
The
Athenians
had
three
seuerall
plow-feastes
which
they
obserued
yearely
,
one
in
Scirus
,
the
other
in
Rharia
,
and
the
thirde
vnder
Pelintus
:
and
they
called
their
marriage
feasts
plow-seasons
,
because
then
they
endeuored
by
the
seed
of
man
to
multiply
the
world
,
in
procreation
of
children
,
as
they
did
by
the
plow
to
encrease
food
in
the
earth
.
The
Graecians
had
a
kind
of
writing
called
Boustraphedon
,
which
beganne
,
turned
,
and
ended
as
the
Oxen
doe
in
plowing
a
furrow
,
continuing
from
the
left
hande
to
the
right
,
and
from
the
right
hand
to
the
left
againe
,
which
no
man
could
read
,
but
hee
that
turned
the
Paper
or
table
at
euery
lines
end
.
It
is
also
certaine
,
that
in
auncient
time
,
the
leagues
of
truce
and
peace
were
written
in
an
Oxes
hide
,
as
appeareth
by
that
peace
which
was
made
by
Tarquinius
,
betwixt
the
Romaines
and
the
Gabij
,
the
which
was
hanged
vp
in
the
Temple
of
Iupiter
,
as
Dionisius
and
Pompeius
Sextus
affirme
(
in
the
likenesse
of
a
buckler
or
shield
:
)
and
the
chiefe
heads
of
that
peace
remained
legible
in
that
hide
,
vnto
their
time
,
and
therefore
the
ancients
called
the
Oxes
hide
a
shield
,
in
regard
that
by
that
conclusion
of
peace
,
they
were
defended
from
the
wars
of
the
Gabij
.
And
there
were
certaine
people
called
Homolotti
by
Herodotus
,
who
were
woont
to
strike
vp
their
leagues
of
peace
after
Warre
and
contention
,
by
cutting
an
Oxe
into
smal
peeces
,
which
were
deuided
among
the
people
that
were
to
be
vnited
,
in
token
of
an
inseperable
vnion
.
There
be
that
affirme
,
that
a
Teame
or
yoake
of
Oxen
,
taking
six
or
eight
to
the
Teame
,
will
plow
euery
yeare
,
or
rather
euery
season
a
hyde
of
ground
;
that
is
,
as
some
account
,
20.
Mansa
,
or
in
English
and
German
account
,
30.
Acres
:
which
hath
gotten
the
name
Iugera
from
this
occasion
,
as
Eustathius
,
and
varinus
report
.
A
History
When
Sychaeus
the
husband
of
Dido
,
who
was
Daughter
of
Agenor
and
sister
to
Pigmalion
,
wandered
too
and
fro
in
the
world
with
great
store
of
treasure
,
hee
was
slaine
by
Pigmalion
secretly
,
in
hope
to
get
his
wealth
:
After
which
time
,
it
is
saide
that
he
appeared
to
his
wife
Dido
,
bidding
her
to
saue
her
life
from
her
cruell
brother
;
who
more
esteemed
money
then
nature
,
she
fled
into
Lybia
,
taking
with
her
some
Tyrians
,
among
whome
she
had
dwelled
,
and
a
competent
sum
of
money
:
who
being
come
thither
,
craued
of
Iarbas
King
of
Nomades
,
to
giue
her
but
so
much
land
as
she
could
compasse
in
with
an
oxes
hide
,
which
with
much
ado
she
obtained
,
and
then
did
cut
an
Oxes
skinne
into
smal
and
narrow
thongs
or
listes
,
wherewithall
shee
compassed
in
so
much
as
builded
the
large
citty
of
carthage
,
and
firste
of
all
was
called
the
newe
cittye
,
and
the
castle
thereof
Byrsa
;
which
signifieth
a
Hyde
.
Eustathius
also
reporteth
another
story
to
the
building
of
this
citty
,
namely
that
it
was
called
carthage
of
one
of
the
Daughters
of
Hercules
,
and
that
when
Elisa
and
the
other
companions
of
Dido
came
thither
to
digge
for
the
foundation
of
the
citty
,
they
found
an
Oxes
head
,
whereupon
they
were
discouraged
to
build
there
any
more
,
supposing
that
Omen
betokened
euill
vnto
them
,
and
a
perpetuall
slauery
in
labour
and
misery
,
such
as
Oxen
liue
in
,
but
afterward
they
tryed
in
another
corner
of
that
grounde
,
wherein
they
found
a
Horsses
head
which
they
accepted
for
a
good
signification
of
riches
honor
,
magnanimity
,
and
pleasure
,
because
Horsses
haue
al
food
and
maintainance
prouided
for
them
.
Clemens
Among
the
Egyptians
they
paint
a
Lyon
for
strength
,
an
Oxe
for
labor
,
and
a
horse
for
magnanimity
and
corage
,
&
the
Image
of
Myrtha
which
among
the
Persians
signifieth
the
Sunne
,
is
pictured
in
the
face
of
a
Lyon
holding
the
hornes
of
a
striuing
Oxe
in
both
hands
,
whereby
they
signifie
that
the
Moon
doth
receiue
light
from
the
Sunne
,
Gyraldus
when
she
beginneth
to
be
seperated
from
her
beames
.
There
is
in
the
coastes
of
Babylon
a
gemme
or
precious
stone
like
the
hearte
of
an
Oxe
,
and
there
is
another
called
Sarcites
,
which
representeth
the
flesh
of
an
Oxe
.
Pliny
.
The
auncientes
had
likewise
so
great
regarde
of
this
Beast
,
that
they
would
neither
sacrifice
nor
eate
of
a
labouring
Oxe
;
wherefore
Hercules
was
condemned
when
he
had
desired
meate
of
Theodomantis
in
Dyropia
for
his
hungry
companion
the
Sonne
of
Hyla
,
because
by
violence
he
tooke
from
him
one
of
his
Oxen
and
slewe
him
.
A
crowned
Oxe
was
also
among
the
Romanes
a
signe
of
peace
,
for
the
Souldiors
which
kept
the
Castle
of
Anathon
neere
the
riuer
Euphrates
against
Iulianus
and
his
Army
,
when
they
yeelded
themselues
to
mercy
,
Marcellus
they
discended
from
the
Castle
,
driuing
before
them
a
crowned
Oxe
:
from
this
manifold
necessity
and
dignity
of
this
beast
came
the
Idolatrous
custome
of
the
Heathens
and
especially
the
Egytians
,
for
they
haue
worshipped
him
instead
of
God
calling
him
Apis
and
Ephaphus
:
Idolatry
committed
with
Oxen
and
Kye
,
of
the
choise
of
Apis
.
whose
choyse
was
on
this
sort
.
He
had
on
his
right
side
an
exceeding
splendant
white
spot
,
and
his
Hornes
crooking
togither
like
the
newe
Moone
,
hauing
a
great
bunch
on
his
tongue
,
which
they
call
Cantharus
:
neither
do
they
suffer
him
to
exceed
a
certaine
number
of
yeares
or
grow
very
big
,
for
these
causes
they
giue
him
not
of
the
water
of
Nilus
to
drinke
,
but
of
another
consecrated
well
,
which
hindereth
his
growth
:
and
also
when
hee
is
come
to
his
full
age
,
they
kill
him
,
by
drowning
him
in
another
consecrated
well
of
the
Priests
:
which
being
done
they
seeke
with
mourning
another
(
hauing
shaued
their
heades
)
to
substitute
in
his
place
,
wherein
they
are
neuer
very
long
but
they
finde
one
,
and
then
in
a
holy
shippe
sacred
for
that
purpose
,
they
transport
and
conuey
him
to
Memphis
.
And
the
Egyptians
did
account
him
a
blessed
and
happy
man
,
out
of
whose
folde
the
Priestes
had
taken
that
Oxe-God
.
He
hath
two
Temples
erected
for
him
,
which
they
cal
his
chambers
,
where
he
giueth
foorth
his
augurisms
,
aunswering
none
but
children
and
youthes
playing
before
his
Temples
:
and
refusing
aged
persons
especially
Women
,
and
if
any
not
sacred
happen
to
enter
into
one
of
his
Temples
,
he
dieth
for
it
,
and
if
into
the
other
it
fore-sheweth
some
monstrous
curssed
euent
,
as
they
fondly
imagine
.
The
manner
of
his
answeres
is
priuately
to
them
that
giue
him
meat
,
taking
it
at
theyr
hands
,
and
they
obserue
with
great
religion
that
when
Germanicus
the
Emperour
came
to
aske
counsell
of
him
,
he
turned
from
him
and
woulde
not
take
meate
at
his
hande
,
for
presently
after
he
was
slaine
.
Once
in
a
yeare
they
shew
him
a
Cow
,
with
such
markes
as
he
hath
,
A
history
and
alway
they
put
him
to
death
vpon
the
same
day
of
the
weeke
that
he
was
founde
,
and
in
Nilus
neere
Memphis
there
was
a
place
called
Phiala
where
were
preserued
a
Golden
and
a
siluer
dish
,
which
vpon
the
birth
or
caluing
daies
of
Apis
,
they
threw
down
into
the
riuer
and
those
daies
were
seauen
,
wherein
they
affirme
that
neuer
man
was
hurt
by
Crocodils
.
The
Egyptians
do
also
consecrate
an
Oxe
to
the
Moone
,
and
a
Cow
to
Vrania
.
It
is
reported
that
Mycerinus
K.
of
Egypt
,
fell
in
loue
with
his
own
Daughter
:
and
by
violence
did
rauish
her
,
Herodotus
a
history
shee
not
able
to
endure
the
conscience
of
such
a
fact
,
hanged
her selfe
:
whereupon
the
King
her
impure
father
,
did
bury
her
in
a
wooden
Oxe
,
and
so
placed
her
in
a
secret
place
or
chamber
,
to
whome
daily
they
offer
many
odours
,
but
the
mother
of
the
maiden
did
cut
off
the
hands
of
those
Virgins
or
women
that
attended
on
her
Daughter
and
would
not
rescue
her
from
so
vile
a
contempt
.
There
were
also
many
other
picturs
of
Oxen
,
Of
the
pictures
of
Oxen.
as
in
corcyra
and
Eretria
,
and
most
famous
was
that
of
perillus
which
he
made
and
presented
to
Phalaris
the
Tyraunt
of
Agrigent
,
shewing
him
,
that
if
he
would
torment
a
man
,
he
should
put
him
into
that
Oxe
set
ouer
a
fire
,
and
his
voice
of
crying
shoulde
bee
like
the
loughing
of
a
Heighfer
,
which
thing
being
heard
of
the
Tyraunt
to
shew
his
detestation
of
more
strange
inuented
torments
then
he
had
formerly
vsed
,
he
caused
Perillus
that
presented
it
vnto
him
to
be
put
into
it
aliue
,
&
so
setting
it
ouer
a
fire
,
made
experiment
of
the
worke
vpon
the
workeman
,
who
bellowed
like
a
Cow
,
and
was
so
tormented
to
death
for
that
damnable
and
daungerous
inuention
,
which
caused
Ouid
to
write
thus
.
Et
phalaris
Tauro
violentus
membra
perilli
:
Torruit
,
infoelix
imbuit
author
opus
.
When
an
Oxe
or
a
Cow
in
auntient
time
did
die
of
themselues
,
(
Viz:
)
if
it
were
an
Oxe
,
they
buried
him
vnder
the
wals
of
some
Citty
,
leauing
his
Hornes
sticking
visibly
out
of
the
earth
,
to
signifie
the
place
of
his
buriall
,
for
when
his
flesh
was
consumed
,
they
tooke
it
vp
againe
,
and
buried
the
bones
in
the
Temples
of
Venus
in
other
places
:
but
the
body
of
a
deade
cowe
they
cast
into
some
great
Riuer
neere
adioyning
.
The
Poets
haue
fained
a
certaine
Monster
called
Minotaurus
,
hauing
in
part
the
forme
of
a
man
,
and
in
part
the
forme
of
a
Bull
;
and
they
say
that
Pasiphae
the
Daughter
of
the
sonne
and
wife
of
Minos
King
of
creet
fell
in
loue
with
a
Bull
,
Of
the
monster
minotaurus
and
by
the
helpe
of
Dedalus
she
was
included
in
a
wooden
heifer
couered
with
a
cows
hide
,
and
so
had
copulation
with
the
bul
,
and
so
came
that
monster
minos
included
in
a
laborinth
,
and
constraind
the
Athenians
who
had
slain
his
son
Androgeus
to
send
euery
year
seauen
young
men
,
and
7.
maides
to
be
giuen
to
that
monster
to
feede
vppon
,
for
hee
woulde
eate
mannes
flesh
.
At
last
Theseus
sonne
of
Aegeus
,
king
of
Athens
came
into
that
laborinth
,
and
slewe
that
Minotaure
,
and
by
the
helpe
of
Ariadne
escaped
out
of
the
laborinth
.
Other
relate
the
story
in
this
manner
;
that
when
the
Cretensians
woulde
haue
expelled
Minos
from
his
kingdome
,
hee
vowed
that
whatsoeuer
likenesse
firste
appeared
out
of
the
sea
for
signe
of
victorie
vnto
him
,
he
vowed
sacrifice
it
to
the
goddes
,
if
hee
did
enioy
his
regiment
:
and
thereuppon
a
goodly
Bull
came
vnto
him
out
of
the
sea
,
wherewithall
he
was
delighted
:
But
after
hee
had
recouered
his
kingdome
in
quiet
,
he
kepte
that
Bull
in
his
owne
handes
and
sacrificed
another
,
and
that
by
this
Bull
was
the
Minotaure
begotten
on
his
wife
Pasiphae
.
But
the
trueth
is
,
that
when
Minos
was
in
daunger
to
loose
his
kingdome
,
one
Taurus
,
a
valiant
Prince
and
Captaine
,
came
with
a
Nauie
of
good
souldiours
,
and
established
him
in
quiet
.
Afterwarde
falling
in
loue
with
Pasiphae
king
Minos
wife
,
he
lay
with
her
in
the
house
of
Daedalus
:
which
Daedalus
wrought
with
the
Queen
to
giue
him
his
pleasure
,
and
that
the
Minotaure
was
a
monster
in
Creete
that
had
the
face
of
an
Oxe
,
and
the
other
members
like
a
man
,
such
an
one
was
seene
in
Aristotles
time
.
Although
other
take
it
for
a
fiction
;
because
the
Romaines
had
it
pictured
in
their
ensignes
of
warre
,
vntill
Caius
Marius
altered
it
to
an
Eagle
,
which
remaineth
to
this
day
.
Alciatus
yeeldeth
this
reason
why
the
Romans
gaue
such
an
armes
,
to
signifie
that
secrecy
becommeth
a
captain
,
and
that
proud
and
crafty
counsels
do
hurt
the
authors
of
them
.
Limine
quod
caeco
obscura
&
caligine
monstrum
,
Depictum
Romana
phalaux
in
praelia
gestat
Nosque
monent
debere
ducem
secreta
latere
.
Gnosiacis
clausit
Daedalus
in
latebris
Semiuiroque
nitent
signa
superba
boue
:
Consilia
authori
cognita
techna
no●ent
.
It
is
reported
also
,
that
when
Cadmus
went
from
Delphos
to
Phocis
,
an
Oxe
did
directe
him
in
the
way
and
was
his
guide
;
which
Oxe
was
bought
out
of
the
heards
of
Pelagon
,
hauing
in
both
his
sides
a
white
spot
:
it
must
needs
be
vnderstood
of
the
moone
,
for
Cadmus
flying
by
night
hauing
the
moone
to
shine
vpon
him
(
which
is
hyeroglyphically
deciphered
by
the
Oxe
,
)
gaue
him
light
and
direction
to
another
city
.
It
were
endles
to
prosecute
the
seuerall
speeches
,
prouerbs
,
allusions
,
emblems
,
playes
,
prizes
,
hyeroglyphicks
,
and
deuises
,
made
vpon
Oxen
;
whereby
,
not
onely
men
and
women
,
cities
,
regions
,
and
people
haue
taken
denomination
from
Oxen
;
but
also
some
of
the
starres
in
the
firmament
:
therefore
I
will
not
proceede
to
those
deuises
,
but
onely
touche
the
sacrifices
made
with
Oxen
,
and
so
conclude
this
story
.
It
cannot
be
denied
that
the
prime
institution
of
sacrifices
,
was
from
,
by
,
and
for
the
ordinance
of
god
,
to
teach
the
world
to
woorship
him
in
bloud
for
sin
,
which
coulde
not
be
expiated
but
by
the
bloud
of
the
onely
immaculate
son
and
lambe
of
god
;
and
therefore
I
wil
but
remember
how
corruption
polluted
that
ordinance
,
which
was
purely
without
idle
cerimonies
instituted
by
the
euerlasting
god
;
and
yet
was
by
mans
inuention
made
wretched
,
horrible
,
and
damnable
,
through
abuse
of
the
fact
that
otherwise
by
diuine
constitution
(
as
appeares
in
holy
scripture
)
was
heauenly
,
honourable
,
and
blessed
.
To
begin
therefore
with
the
originall
of
that
heathenish
and
paganish
sacrifice
,
instead
of
god
the
only
true
and
deuine
essence
,
to
whom
al
sacrifice
and
deuine
worship
was
due
,
and
whose
creatures
both
men
,
oxen
,
and
all
other
liuing
and
visible
things
are
,
they
offered
vnto
all
the
hoasts
of
heauen
,
the
sun
,
and
stars
,
the
heathen
gods
Iupiter
,
Mars
,
Minerua
,
Pandrisus
,
and
others
:
and
if
the
sacrifice
were
costly
and
sumptuous
,
it
was
called
Hecatombe
.
Now
before
their
sacrifice
they
made
praiers
,
burnd
incense
,
for
odors
presented
Prothymes
(
as
they
were
termed
)
certaine
preparations
and
cakes
made
of
barley
and
salt
,
(
called
Vlochytae
.
)
After
which
,
the
prieste
turned
him
sometimes
to
the
right
hand
,
and
sometimes
to
the
left
,
and
then
began
to
take
the
gristle
haires
growing
on
the
Oxes
forehead
betwixt
his
horns
,
making
a
tast
of
them
,
and
casting
them
in
the
fire
to
begin
the
sacrifice
.
Then
did
he
giue
into
the
hands
of
the
people
standing
by
,
little
pots
of
wine
likewise
,
to
taste
for
sacrifice
,
and
then
hee
which
killed
the
beaste
drewe
his
knife
,
or
axe
,
or
cleauer
,
from
the
heade
to
the
tayle
of
the
beaste
.
Nowe
in
euery
sacrifice
they
hadde
burning
torches
,
which
were
lawfull
for
none
to
carry
but
for
men
,
and
not
women
,
then
the
priest
commaunded
to
kill
the
sacrifice
,
which
sometime
they
did
by
knocking
him
on
the
head
if
the
beast
were
to
be
sacrificed
to
hell
,
and
those
that
weere
therein
,
for
they
sacrificed
a
barren
Cowe
,
or
a
blacke
Sheepe
to
those
ghostes
.
But
if
the
sacrifice
were
for
heauen
,
and
to
the
powers
thereof
,
they
lifted
vp
his
heade
and
cut
his
throate
:
then
put
they
vnder
him
their
Sphagian
vesselles
to
receiue
his
bloud
,
and
when
the
beast
was
falne
downe
,
they
flayed
off
his
skinne
.
Then
did
the
Priest
or
Flamen
deuide
the
intrals
,
that
so
he
might
m●●e
his
augurisme
(
the
bowels
being
proued
at
the
altar
.
)
Hauing
loked
into
the
bowels
,
they
took
out
of
euery
gutte
,
member
and
part
,
a
first
fruites
,
moulded
them
together
in
the
meale
of
greene
wheat
corne
,
then
was
it
giuen
to
the
Priest
,
who
put
thereunto
frankincense
,
herbe
mary
,
and
fire
,
and
so
burned
them
altogether
,
which
was
called
a
perfect
hoste
.
But
if
they
sacrificed
to
the
gods
of
the
sea
,
then
did
they
first
of
all
waue
the
bowels
of
the
beaste
in
the
sea
flouds
before
it
was
burned
.
The
best
sacrifices
were
fatted
and
white
Oxen
or
Kine
,
such
as
had
neuer
been
vnder
yoake
,
for
the
beast
vsed
to
labour
was
accounted
vncleane
:
they
neuer
offered
in
sacrifice
one
vnder
thirty
dayes
olde
,
nor
ouer
fiue
yeares
by
the
lawes
of
the
Priests
.
When
the
Spartanes
ouercame
their
enimies
by
stratagem
,
they
sacrificed
to
Mars
an
oxe
,
but
when
by
open
force
,
they
sacrificed
a
cocke
,
for
they
esteemed
more
of
an
vnbloudy
then
a
bloudy
victory
.
When
a
man
sacrificed
a
Cowe
to
Minerua
,
he
was
bound
to
sacrifice
a
Sheepe
and
an
Oxe
to
Pandrysus
.
When
the
Locrensians
in
a
publike
spectacle
woulde
make
a
sacrifice
,
they
wanted
an
Oxe
,
for
which
cause
they
gathered
together
so
many
sticks
of
small
woode
,
as
made
the
image
of
an
Oxe
artificially
conioyned
togither
,
and
so
setting
it
on
fire
burned
it
for
an
offering
:
whereuppon
a
Locrensian
Oxe
,
was
an
ironicall
prouerbe
for
a
sacrifice
of
no
weight
or
merrite
.
It
is
also
reported
that
an
Heyfer
being
brought
to
the
altar
of
Minerua
to
be
sacrificed
did
there
Calue
,
wherefore
the
Priests
would
not
meddle
with
her
,
but
let
her
goe
away
free
,
because
Minerua
was
the
goddesse
of
procreation
;
holding
it
an
impious
thing
to
kill
that
in
sacrifice
which
had
broughte
foorth
a
young
one
at
the
altar
:
to
conclude
,
as
Vegetius
saith
,
that
on
a
time
Iustice
was
so
offended
with
men
because
they
imbrewed
euery
altar
with
the
bloud
of
Oxen
and
cattell
,
that
therefore
she
lefte
the
earth
,
and
retired
back
againe
to
dwell
among
the
starres
:
so
will
we
in
this
discourse
cease
from
any
further
prosecution
of
the
morrall
or
natural
description
of
these
beasts
,
leauing
their
lawfull
vse
to
the
necessity
of
mankinde
,
and
their
abusiue
idolatrous
sacrifices
to
him
that
loueth
all
his
creatures
,
and
will
require
at
mans
hand
an
account
of
the
life
and
bloude
of
brute
beastes
.
OF
THE
CALFE
.
The
definition
and
name
A
Calfe
,
is
a
young
or
late
enixed
Bull
or
Cow
,
which
is
called
in
Ebrew
Egel
or
Par:
and
sometimes
Ben-bakar
,
the
sonne
of
an
Oxe
.
Yet
Rabbi
Salomon
,
and
Abraham
Esra
,
expound
Egel
,
for
a
Calfe
of
one
yeare
old
.
The
Sarazens
of
that
word
call
a
Calfe
Hesel
.
The
Grecians
Moschos
,
whereof
is
deriued
Moscharios
,
but
at
this
day
they
call
him
Mouskari
,
or
Moschare
.
The
Italians
Vitello
,
the
French
Veau
,
the
Spaniardes
Ternera
of
teneritudo
,
The
etymology
of
Vitulus
.
signifying
tendernesse
,
and
somtimes
Bezeron
and
Vezerro
,
the
Germanes
Ein
Kalb
,
the
Flemmings
Kalf
,
and
the
Latines
Vitulus
,
of
the
old
worde
Vitulor
,
signifying
to
be
wanton
,
for
Calues
are
exceedingly
giuen
to
sport
and
wantonnes
;
or
as
other
suppose
,
from
the
greeke
worde
Italous
came
Vitulus
,
and
therefore
the
Latines
doe
not
alway
take
Vitulus
for
a
young
or
newe-foaled
beaste
,
but
sometime
for
a
Cow
,
as
Virgill
Aeclog
.
Ego
hanc
vitulam
(
ne
forte
recuses
.
)
Bis
venit
ad
mulctram
binos
alit
vbere
fortus
.
Depono
.
And
this
word
(
like
the
Greeke
Moschos
)
signifieth
male
and
female
:
whereunto
by
diuers
authours
both
Greeke
and
Latine
,
are
added
diuers
epithites
by
way
of
explication
,
both
of
the
condition
,
inclination
,
and
vse
of
this
yong
beast
;
calling
it
wilde
,
ripe
for
the
temples
,
vnarmed
,
weake
,
sucklings
,
tender
,
wandring
,
vnhorned
,
and
such
like
.
The
epithits
of
a
Calfe
.
And
because
the
Poets
faine
that
Io
was
turned
into
a
Cow
,
and
that
the
violet
hearb
was
assigned
by
Iupiter
for
her
meate
,
they
deriue
viola
,
a
violet
,
from
Vitula
a
Calfe
,
by
a
kind
of
grecian
imitation
.
It
is
also
certaine
that
the
honour
of
this
young
beast
hath
giuen
denomination
to
some
men
,
as
Pomponius
Vitulus
,
and
Vitulus
Niger
Turamius
,
Varro
.
Men
named
after
calues
and
Vitellius
was
deriued
from
this
stemme
or
theame
,
although
hee
were
an
Emperour
.
The
like
may
be
saide
of
Moschos
in
Greeke
,
signifying
a
Calfe
,
for
there
was
one
Moschus
a
Sophiste
that
dranke
nothing
but
water
,
and
there
was
another
Moschus
a
gramarian
of
Syr●●use
,
whome
Athaeneus
doeth
recorde
was
a
familiar
of
Aristarchus
,
and
also
of
another
,
a
poet
of
the
Bucolickes
;
and
this
serueth
to
shewe
vs
,
that
the
loue
our
auncestours
bare
vnto
cattell
,
appeered
in
taking
vppon
them
their
names
,
and
were
not
ashamed
in
those
elder
times
,
wherein
wisdome
and
inuention
was
most
pregnable
,
to
glory
in
their
heards
from
which
they
receiued
maintenance
.
But
to
the
purpose
,
that
which
is
said
of
the
seuerall
parts
of
an
Oxe
and
a
Cowe
,
belongeth
also
to
a
Calfe
;
for
their
anatomy
differeth
not
,
because
they
are
conceiued
and
generated
by
them
,
and
in
them
:
and
also
their
birth
and
other
such
thinges
concerning
that
,
must
be
inquired
in
the
discourse
of
a
Cow
.
A
secret
by
the
hoofe
.
It
is
reported
by
an
obscure
authour
,
that
if
the
hoofe
of
a
Calfe
be
not
absolued
or
finished
in
the
dammes
belly
before
the
time
of
caluing
,
it
will
dye
.
And
also
it
must
be
obserued
,
that
the
same
diseases
which
doe
infeste
and
harme
an
Oxe
,
do
also
befall
Calfes
,
to
their
extreame
perill
:
but
they
are
to
be
cured
by
the
same
forenamed
remedies
.
And
aboue
the
residue
,
these
young
beasts
are
trobled
with
wormes
,
The
diseases
of
a
calfe
which
are
ingendered
by
crudity
,
but
their
cure
is
to
keepe
them
fasting
till
they
haue
well
disgested
their
meate
,
and
then
take
lupines
halfe
sod
,
and
halfe
rawe
,
beaten
together
,
The
cure
of
wormes
and
let
the
iuice
thereof
be
powred
downe
his
throate
;
otherwise
,
take
dry
figges
and
fitches
beaten
together
with
Santonica
,
called
Lauender
cotten
,
and
so
put
it
downe
the
Calues
throate
as
aforesaid
,
To
choose
calu●
for
stor
or
else
the
fatte
of
a
Calfe
and
marrube
with
the
iuice
of
leekes
,
will
certainly
kill
these
euels
.
It
is
the
manner
to
regard
what
Calues
you
will
keepe
,
and
what
you
will
make
of
and
kill
either
for
sacrifice
as
in
ancient
time
,
or
priuate
vse
and
to
marke
and
name
those
that
are
to
be
reserued
for
breed
and
labour
,
according
to
these
verses
.
Post
partum
carain
vitulos
traducitur
omnis
Et
quos
aut
pecori
malint
submittere
habendo
.
Continuoque
notas
&
nomina
gentis
inurunt
,
Aut
aris
scruare
sacris
aut
scindere
terram
Et
campum
horrente
fractis
inuertere
glebis
.
And
all
these
things
are
to
be
perfourmed
immediatly
after
their
weaning
:
and
then
in
the
next
place
you
must
regard
to
gelde
the
males
,
which
is
to
be
perfourmed
in
Iune
,
or
as
Magus
saith
in
May
,
or
at
the
farthest
let
them
not
be
aboue
a
yeare
olde
,
for
else
they
will
grow
very
deformed
and
small
:
but
if
you
libbe
them
after
two
yeares
olde
,
they
will
proue
stubborne
and
intractable
,
wherefore
it
is
better
to
gelde
them
while
they
be
yong
ones
,
which
is
to
be
perfourmed
not
with
any
knife
or
yron
instrumente
,
The
libbing
of
calues
.
because
it
will
draw
much
bloud
,
and
in
danger
the
beast
thorough
paine
,
but
rather
with
a
clouen
reed
or
sticke
,
pressing
it
together
by
litle
and
litle
:
but
if
it
happen
that
one
of
a
yeare
or
twoe
yeares
olde
be
to
be
libbed
,
then
you
must
vse
a
sharpe
knife
,
after
you
haue
pressed
the
stones
into
the
coddes
,
and
cut
them
out
at
one
stroake
,
and
for
stanching
of
the
bloud
,
Aristotle
sotion
.
varro
let
the
cod
,
and
the
ends
of
the
vaines
be
seared
with
an
hot
iron
,
and
so
the
wound
is
cured
as
soone
as
it
is
made
.
And
now
the
time
for
the
effecting
hereof
,
is
best
in
the
waine
of
the
moone
,
either
in
the
spring
or
autumne
;
but
it
is
good
to
leaue
as
many
of
the
vaines
and
nerues
of
the
virile
member
vntouched
and
whole
as
may
be
,
that
so
he
may
not
loose
any
condition
of
a
male
,
except
the
power
of
generation
.
And
if
the
wound
be
ouermuch
giuen
to
bleede
,
lay
vpon
it
ashes
with
the
spume
of
siluer
,
which
is
apt
to
stanch
bloud
in
all
green
wounds
;
and
that
day
let
him
not
drinke
and
eate
but
a
very
little
meate
:
Palla●tus
.
souon
.
Coll●mella
for
three
daies
after
giue
him
greene
tops
or
grasse
,
soft
and
easie
to
chewe
,
and
at
the
third
daies
end
,
annoynt
the
wound
with
liquid
pitch
,
ashes
,
and
a
little
oyle
,
which
will
sooner
cure
the
scar
and
keepe
the
flies
from
stinging
or
harming
it
.
If
at
any
time
a
cow
cast
her
calfe
,
you
may
put
vnto
her
another
calfe
,
that
hath
not
sucke
ynough
from
his
owne
Damme
;
and
they
vse
in
some
countries
to
giue
their
calues
Wheate-branne
,
and
barley-meale
,
and
tender
meate
,
Varro
.
especially
regarding
that
they
drinke
morning
and
euening
.
Let
them
not
lye
together
in
the
night
with
their
Danime
,
but
asunder
,
vntill
their
sucking
time
,
and
then
immediately
separate
them
againe
,
vnlesse
the
cow
be
well
fed
when
the
calfe
sucketh
,
Food
for
Calues
hir
ordinary
foode
will
yeald
no
great
trybute
of
Milke
;
and
for
this
cause
,
you
must
beginne
to
giue
the
calfe
greene
meate
betimes
.
Afterward
being
weaned
,
you
may
suffer
those
young
ones
to
feed
with
their
Dams
in
the
Autumne
,
which
were
calued
in
the
spring
.
Then
in
the
next
place
,
you
must
regard
the
taming
of
the
beast
,
being
ready
for
labour
,
which
is
expressed
in
the
former
treatise
of
an
Oxe
.
Sacrifices
of
Calues
.
The
auncients
called
Victoria
by
the
name
of
the
Goddesse
Vitula
,
bycause
they
sacrificed
vnto
hir
calues
,
which
was
termed
a
Vitulation
:
and
this
was
vsuall
for
victory
and
plenty
,
as
is
to
bee
seene
at
large
in
Giraldus
,
Macrobius
,
Nonius
,
Ouid
,
and
Virgill
:
but
the
heathens
had
this
knowledge
,
that
their
Gods
would
not
accept
at
their
hands
a
lame
calfe
for
a
sacrifice
,
Pliny
Coelius
although
it
were
broght
to
the
altar
,
and
if
the
taile
of
the
calfe
did
not
touch
the
ioyntes
of
his
hinder
legs
,
they
did
not
receiue
him
for
sacrifice
.
And
it
is
said
of
Aemilius
Paulus
,
when
he
was
to
goe
against
the
Macedonians
,
hee
sacrificed
to
the
Moone
in
her
declination
eleuen
calfes
.
Iosephus
A
wonder
.
It
is
very
strange
,
that
a
calfe
being
ready
to
be
sacrificed
at
the
Temple
of
Ierusalem
,
brought
forth
a
Lambe
which
was
one
foreshewing
signe
of
Ierusalems
destruction
.
But
Aristole
declareth
,
that
in
his
time
,
there
was
a
calfe
that
had
the
head
of
a
child
,
Monsters
of
calues
.
and
in
Luceria
a
Towne
of
Heluetia
,
was
there
a
calfe
which
in
his
hinder
parts
was
a
Hart.
Nioivillagag
When
Charles
the
fifth
went
with
his
Armye
into
Affrique
and
ariued
at
Larghera
a
Noble
citty
of
Sardinia
,
there
happened
an
exceeding
great
wonder
,
for
an
Oxe
●rought
forth
a
calfe
with
two
heades
,
and
the
Woman
that
did
owe
the
Oxe
,
presented
the
calfe
to
the
Emperor
,
and
since
that
time
I
haue
seene
the
picture
of
a
more
strange
beast
calued
at
Bonna
,
in
the
Bishopricke
of
Colen
,
which
had
two
heades
,
one
of
them
in
the
side
not
bigger
then
a
Hares
head
,
and
two
bodies
ioyned
together
;
whereof
the
hinder
partes
were
smooth
and
bald
,
but
the
taile
blacke
and
hayrie
:
it
had
also
seauen
feete
,
whereof
one
had
three
hoofes
,
this
Monster
liued
a
little
while
,
and
was
brought
forth
in
An
:
1552.
the
16.
day
of
May
,
to
the
wonder
and
admiration
of
all
them
,
who
either
knew
the
truth
,
or
had
seene
the
picture
.
Butchers
are
wont
to
buy
calues
for
to
kill
and
sell
their
flesh
,
for
in
all
creatures
,
the
flesh
of
the
young
ones
are
much
better
then
the
elder
,
The
flesh
of
calues
because
they
are
moyst
and
soft
,
and
therefore
wil
digest
and
concocte
more
easie
:
and
for
this
cause
Kids
,
Lambes
,
and
Calues
,
are
not
out
of
season
in
any
time
of
the
yeare
;
and
are
good
from
fifteene
daies
to
two
monthes
old
,
being
ornaments
to
the
Tables
of
great
Noble
men
,
which
caused
Fiera
to
make
this
Distichon
:
Assiduos
habeant
vitulum
tua
prandia
in
vsus
cui
madida
&
sapida
iuncta
tepore
caro
est
.
And
principally
the
Germanes
vse
the
chawtherne
,
the
head
,
and
the
feete
,
for
the
beginning
of
their
meales
,
and
the
other
parts
either
roasted
,
or
baked
,
and
sometime
sod
in
broath
,
and
then
buttered
,
spiced
and
sauced
,
and
eaten
with
Onyons
.
Pliny
.
Of
the
medicines
.
The
Medicines
arising
from
this
beast
,
are
the
same
that
come
from
other
his
fires
before
spoken
off
,
and
especially
the
flesh
of
a
calfe
doeth
keepe
the
flesh
of
a
new
wound
,
(
if
it
be
applyed
thereunto
)
from
swelling
,
and
being
sodden
it
is
precious
against
the
bitings
of
a
mans
teeth
:
and
when
a
mad
Dogge
hath
bitten
a
man
or
a
beast
,
they
vse
to
pare
the
wound
to
the
quicke
,
and
hauing
sodden
veale
mingled
with
the
sewet
and
heele
they
lay
some
to
the
wound
,
Marcellus
and
make
the
patient
drinke
of
the
broath
:
and
the
same
broath
is
Soueraigne
against
all
the
bitings
of
Serpentes
.
The
hornes
of
a
Calfe
sodde
soft
,
are
good
against
all
intoxicate
poyson
,
and
especially
Hemlock
.
The
poulder
of
a
Calues
thigh
drunke
in
Womans
Milke
,
cureth
all
filthy
running
vlcers
,
Pliny
and
out
of
the
braine
of
a
calfe
they
make
an
oyntment
,
to
loosen
the
hardnesse
of
the
belly
.
Nicander
The
marrow
softneth
all
the
ioyntes
,
driueth
away
the
bunches
arising
in
the
body
;
hauing
an
operation
to
soften
,
fill
,
dry
and
heate
.
Take
Oyle
,
Waxe
,
rust
,
and
the
marrow
of
a
Calfe
,
against
all
bounches
in
the
face
:
and
calues
marrow
with
an
equll
quantity
of
whay
,
Rasis
.
Oyle
,
Rose-cake
and
an
Egge
,
do
soften
the
hardnesse
of
the
cheekes
and
eye-lids
,
Marcellus
being
laied
to
for
a
playster
:
and
the
same
mixed
with
Cumin
,
and
infused
into
the
eares
,
healeth
the
paines
of
them
;
and
also
easeth
the
vlcers
in
the
mouth
.
The
marrow
with
the
sewet
composed
together
,
cureth
all
vlcers
and
corruptions
in
the
secrets
of
Men
and
Women
.
The
fat
pounded
with
salt
,
cureth
the
louzye
euill
,
Pliny
.
and
likewise
the
vlcerous
sores
in
the
head
.
The
same
mixed
with
the
fat
of
a
Goose
,
Marcellus
and
the
iuyce
of
Basill
or
wild
Cumyn
;
and
infused
into
the
eares
,
helpeth
deafenesse
and
paines
thereof
.
The
fat
taken
out
of
the
thigh
of
a
Calfe
,
and
sod
in
three
porringers
of
water
and
supped
vp
,
is
good
for
them
that
haue
the
flux
:
and
the
dung
of
a
calfe
fryed
in
a
pan
,
layed
to
the
buttocks
and
secrets
,
doth
wonderfully
cure
the
bloody
flixe
:
Leonellus
also
layed
to
the
raines
,
prouoketh
vrine
,
and
sod
with
rue
,
cureth
all
the
inflamations
in
the
seate
of
a
man
or
woman
.
The
sewet
of
a
calfe
with
nitre
aswageth
the
swelling
of
the
cods
,
pliny
.
being
applied
to
them
like
a
plaister
:
and
the
sewet
alone
,
doth
cure
the
pieling
of
the
Nayles
.
The
liuer
with
sage
leaues
cut
together
,
and
pressed
to
a
liquor
,
being
drunke
,
easeth
the
paine
in
the
small
of
the
belly
.
The
gall
mingled
with
poulder
of
a
Harts
horne
,
and
the
seede
of
Marioram
,
cureth
Leprosies
and
scurfes
,
and
the
gall
alone
annoynted
vpon
the
head
,
driueth
away
nittes
.
The
melt
of
a
calfe
is
good
for
the
melt
of
a
man
,
and
for
vlcers
in
the
mouth
;
and
glew
made
of
his
stones
,
as
thicke
as
hony
,
and
annoynted
vpon
the
leprous
place
,
cureth
the
same
,
if
it
be
suffered
to
dry
thereupon
.
With
the
dung
of
calues
they
perfume
the
places
which
are
hurt
with
Scorpions
,
and
the
ashes
of
this
dunge
with
vineger
,
stayeth
bleeding
:
Marcellus
magnifieth
it
aboue
measure
,
for
the
cure
of
the
gout
,
to
take
the
fime
of
a
calfe
which
neuer
eate
grasse
,
mixed
with
lees
of
vineger
,
and
also
for
the
deafenesse
of
the
eares
,
(
when
there
is
paine
with
al
)
take
the
vrine
of
a
Bul
,
Goate
,
or
calfe
,
and
one
third
part
of
vineger
well
sod
together
,
with
the
herbe
Fullonia
,
then
put
it
into
a
flagon
with
a
small
mouth
,
and
let
the
necke
of
the
patient
be
perfumed
therewith
.
Of
the
supposed
Beast
CACVS
.
THere
be
some
of
the
late
writers
,
which
take
the
cacus
spoken
of
by
Virgill
in
his
eight
book
of
Aeneids
,
to
be
a
wilde
Beast
,
which
Virgill
describeth
in
these
words
:
Hic
spelunca
;
fuit
vaslo
submota
recessu
:
Solis
inaccensam
radijs
semporque
recenti
Ora
virum
tristi
pendebant
pallida
tabo
.
Ore
vomens
ignes
magna
se
mole
ferebat
,
nequeunt
expleri
corda
tuendo
Pectori
semiferi
atque
extinctus
faucibus
ignes
,
Semihominis
caci
:
facies
quam
dira
tegebat
caede
tepebat
humus
foribusque
affixa
superbis
:
Huic
monstro-vulcanus
erat
pater
,
&c.
That
is
,
cacus
was
halfe
a
beast
and
halfe
a
man
,
who
had
a
caue
in
the
earth
against
the
Sunne
,
his
Denne
replenished
with
the
heades
of
men
,
and
hee
himselfe
breathing
out
fire
,
so
that
the
earth
was
warmed
with
the
slaughter
of
men
slaine
by
him
,
whose
slaughter
he
fastened
vpon
his
owne
doores
,
being
supposed
to
be
the
sonne
of
Vulcan
.
And
there
be
some
that
affirme
this
Cacus
,
to
haue
wasted
and
depopulated
all
Italy
,
and
at
length
when
Hercules
had
slaine
Geryon
,
as
he
came
out
of
Spaine
thorough
Italy
with
the
Oxen
which
he
had
taken
from
Geryon
,
Cacus
drew
diuers
of
them
into
his
Caue
by
their
tailes
:
but
when
Hercules
missed
daily
some
of
his
Cattell
,
and
knewe
not
which
way
they
strayed
,
at
last
he
came
to
the
Denne
of
Cacus
:
and
seeing
all
the
steppes
stand
forward
by
reason
the
Cattell
were
drawne
in
backeward
,
he
departed
;
and
going
away
,
he
heard
the
loughing
of
the
Oxen
for
their
fellowes
,
whereby
he
discouered
the
fraud
of
Cacus
:
whereuppon
he
presently
ranne
and
tooke
his
club
,
the
monster
being
within
his
Caue
,
closed
vp
the
mouth
thereof
with
a
wonderfull
great
stone
,
and
so
hid
himselfe
for
feare
:
but
Hercules
went
to
the
toppe
of
the
Mountaine
and
there
digging
downe
the
same
,
vntill
he
opened
the
Caue
,
then
leaped
in
suddenly
and
slew
the
Monster
,
and
recouered
his
Oxen.
But
the
truth
is
,
this
forged
Cacus
was
a
wicked
seruant
of
Euander
,
which
vsed
great
robbery
in
the
Mountaines
,
and
by
reason
of
his
euill
life
was
called
cacus
,
for
Ca●os
in
Greeke
signifieth
euill
.
He
was
said
to
breath
forth
fire
because
he
burned
vp
their
corne
growing
in
the
fields
,
and
at
last
was
betrayed
of
his
owne
sister
;
for
which
cause
she
was
deified
,
and
the
Virgins
of
Vesta
made
Sacrifice
to
her
:
and
therefore
it
shall
be
ydle
to
prosecute
this
fable
any
farther
(
as
Albertus
Magnus
doth
)
it
being
like
the
fable
of
Alcida
,
which
the
Poets
faine
was
a
bird
of
the
earth
,
and
being
inuincible
burned
vp
al
Phrygia
,
and
at
last
was
slaine
by
Minerua
.
OF
THE
CAMELL
.
ALthough
there
be
diuers
sorts
of
Camels
,
according
to
the
seuerall
Countryes
,
yet
is
the
name
not
much
varied
,
but
taken
in
the
generall
sence
for
the
denomination
of
euery
particular
.
Of
the
name
The
Haebrewes
call
it
Gamal
;
the
Chaldaeans
Gamela
,
and
Gamele
:
The
Arabians
,
Gemal
:
Gemel
A●●egeb
:
Algiazar
.
The
Persians
,
Schetor
:
the
Saracens
,
Shymel
;
the
Turkes
call
a
company
of
Camels
trauailing
together
,
Corauana
.
The
Italians
and
Spaniardes
cal
a
Camell
Camello
,
the
French
chameau
,
the
Germanes
Ramelthier
,
all
deriued
of
the
Latine
Camelus
,
and
the
Greeke
camelos
.
The
Illyrians
,
artemidorvs
.
The
Etymologie
of
the
word
.
Horus
call
it
Vuelblud
:
and
the
reason
of
the
name
camelos
in
Greeke
is
,
because
his
burden
or
load
is
layed
vpon
him
kneeling
or
lying
,
deriued
(
as
it
may
seeme
)
of
camptein
Merous
,
the
bending
of
his
knees
and
slownesse
of
pace
;
wherefore
a
man
of
a
slow
pace
,
was
among
the
Egyptians
deciphered
by
a
camell
.
For
that
cause
,
there
is
a
Towne
in
Si●●
called
Gangamela
;
that
is
,
the
house
of
a
camell
,
erected
by
Darius
the
Sonne
of
Histaspi●
,
allowing
a
certaine
prouision
of
food
therein
for
wearied
and
tyred
camels
.
The
epithites
giuen
to
this
beast
are
not
many
among
Authors
,
for
he
is
tearmed
by
them
rough
,
deformed
,
and
thirsting
;
as
Iuuenall
.
Deformis
poterunt
immania
membra
,
camell
:
And
Persius
in
his
fifth
Satyre
saith
;
Tolle
recens
primus
piper
è
sitiente
camelo
.
There
are
of
them
diuers
kindes
,
according
to
their
countries
wherein
they
breed
:
as
in
India
,
The
kinds
of
Camels
.
in
Arabia
,
and
in
Bactria
:
All
those
which
are
in
India
,
are
saide
by
Didimus
to
be
bred
in
the
Mountaines
of
the
Bactrians
,
and
haue
two
bunches
on
their
backe
,
and
one
other
on
their
breast
,
whereupon
they
leane
:
they
haue
somtimes
a
Bore
for
theyr
fyre
,
which
feedeth
with
the
flocks
of
she-camels
;
for
as
Mules
and
Horsses
will
couple
together
in
copulation
,
so
also
will
Bores
and
camels
:
and
that
a
camell
is
so
ingendred
sometimes
,
The
generation
of
Bactrian
Camels
.
the
roughnes
of
his
haire
like
a
Boares
or
Swines
,
and
the
strength
of
his
body
,
are
sufficient
euidences
;
and
these
are
worthily
called
Bactrians
,
because
they
were
first
of
all
conceiued
among
them
,
hauing
two
bunches
on
their
backes
;
whereas
the
Arabian
hath
but
one
.
The
colour
of
this
camell
,
is
for
the
most
part
browne
,
or
puke
?
yet
there
are
heards
of
white
ones
in
India
.
The
head
and
necke
of
this
beast
is
different
in
proportion
from
all
others
,
yet
the
Ethyopians
haue
a
beast
called
Nabim
,
which
in
his
neck
resembleth
a
Horse
,
and
in
his
hed
a
Camell
.
They
haue
not
teeth
on
both
sides
,
although
they
want
hornes
(
I
meane
both
the
Arabian
and
Bactrian
Camell
:
)
whereof
Aristotle
disputeth
the
reason
;
in
the
thirde
Booke
of
the
partes
of
creatures
,
and
fourteenth
chapter
.
Their
necks
are
long
and
nimble
,
whereby
the
whole
body
is
much
relieued
;
and
in
their
necke
toward
the
neather
part
of
their
throte
,
there
is
a
place
called
Anhar
,
wherein
a
Camell
dooth
by
speare
or
sword
,
most
easily
receiue
his
mortall
or
deadly
wound
.
Siluaticus
.
His
belly
is
variable
,
now
great
,
now
small
like
an
Oxes
;
his
gall
is
not
distinguished
within
him
like
other
beasts
,
but
onely
carried
in
great
veynes
,
and
therefore
some
haue
thought
he
had
none
,
and
assigned
that
as
a
cause
of
his
long
life
.
Betwixt
his
thighes
he
hath
two
vdders
,
Aristotle
Pliny
.
which
haue
foure
speanes
depending
from
them
like
a
Cowes
.
His
genital
part
is
confected
,
and
standeth
vpon
a
sinnew
,
insomuch
as
there
of
may
a
stringe
be
made
,
for
the
bending
of
the
strongest
bow
.
The
tayle
is
like
the
taile
of
an
Asse
,
hangging
down
to
their
knees
,
they
haue
knees
in
euery
leg
,
hauing
in
their
former
legs
3
▪
bones
,
&
in
the
hinder
foure
.
They
haue
an
ancle
like
an
Oxes
,
and
very
small
buttockes
,
for
the
proportion
of
their
great
body
:
their
foot
is
clouen
,
but
so
,
that
in
the
vnder
part
it
hath
but
two
Fissures
or
cleftes
,
opening
the
breadth
of
a
finger
,
and
in
the
vpper
part
foure
Fissures
or
cleftes
,
opening
a
little
,
and
hauing
a
little
thing
growing
in
them
like
as
is
in
the
foot
of
a
Goose
:
The
foot
it selfe
is
fleshy
like
a
Beares
,
and
therefore
they
are
shod
with
leather
when
they
trauaile
,
least
the
gauling
of
their
feet
cause
them
to
tyre
.
Auicenna
affirmeth
,
that
he
had
seene
Camels
with
whole
feet
,
like
a
Horsses
,
but
their
feet
(
although
fleshy
)
are
so
tyed
together
with
little
lunges
,
that
they
neuer
weare
;
and
their
manner
of
going
or
pace
is
like
a
Lyons
,
so
walking
,
as
the
left
foot
neuer
outgoeth
the
right
,
whereas
all
other
beasts
change
the
setting
forward
of
their
feet
,
and
leane
vpon
their
left
feet
while
they
remoue
their
right
;
but
these
alter
step
after
step
,
so
as
the
left
foot
behind
,
followeth
the
right
before
,
and
the
hinder
foote
followeth
the
lefte
before
.
Those
Camels
which
are
conceiued
by
Bores
are
the
strongest
,
and
fall
not
so
quickly
in
to
the
myre
as
other
,
although
his
load
be
twice
so
heauy
.
Camels
loue
grasse
(
called
Schoennanthi
)
and
especially
Barley
,
which
they
eat
vp
wonderfull
greedily
vntill
all
be
in
their
stomach
,
The
food
of
Camels
and
then
will
they
chewe
thereupon
all
the
night
long
:
so
that
the
greatnesse
of
their
belly
to
lodge
their
meat
in
before
concoction
is
better
then
the
benefite
of
their
vpper
teeth
,
because
he
can
ruminate
and
chaw
it
so
often
as
he
pleaseth
.
There
is
a
certaine
herbe
,
which
hath
a
seede
like
a
mirtle
seed
,
that
is
poyson
to
wormes
,
Siluaticus
.
and
this
seede
is
foode
for
Cammels
;
wherewith
they
grow
fatte
.
It
is
therefore
called
Camell-thorne
,
and
Astergar
in
the
Aarabian
toung
.
In
the
prouince
of
Aden
both
Sheepe
,
Oxen
,
Horses
,
and
Camels
,
eate
a
kinde
of
fish
,
and
them
better
being
drie
and
stale
,
Paul
.
venet
.
Philostratus
Calius
.
then
new
and
fresh
,
by
reason
the
immoderate
heat
in
that
region
,
burneth
vp
all
pasture
and
fruites
:
neither
is
there
any
beast
which
is
so
easily
fed
as
a
Camell
.
They
will
not
drink
of
cleare
or
cleane
water
,
but
of
muddy
and
slimie
,
and
therefore
they
stamp
in
it
with
their
feete
.
Their
drinke
must
not
be
cleare
.
They
will
indure
thirst
for
three
or
foure
dayes
together
,
but
when
they
come
to
drink
,
they
suck
in
aboue
measure
,
recompensing
their
former
thirst
,
and
prouiding
against
that
which
is
to
come
,
and
of
all
kinds
the
Bactrians
are
least
trobled
with
thirst
.
They
stale
from
one
side
to
another
,
otherwise
then
any
other
beasts
doe
:
this
beast
is
very
hot
by
nature
,
and
therfore
wanton
and
full
of
sport
and
wrath
:
braying
most
fearfully
when
they
are
angred
.
They
engender
like
Elephants
and
Tigers
,
that
is
;
the
female
lying
or
sitting
on
the
ground
,
which
the
male
imbraceth
like
other
males
;
and
continue
in
copulation
awhole
day
together
.
Their
procreation
When
they
are
to
ingender
,
they
goe
vnto
the
secretst
places
they
can
finde
,
herein
excelling
in
modesty
the
ancient
Massagetes
,
who
were
not
ashamed
to
lie
with
their
wiues
in
the
open
field
,
and
publique
view
of
one
another
,
wher
as
bruite
beasts
by
instinct
of
nature
,
make
the
procreation
of
their
kinde
to
be
a
most
secret-shamefull-honest
action
.
At
the
time
therefore
of
their
lust
,
they
are
most
vnruely
and
fierce
,
yeilding
to
none
,
no
not
to
their
owne
keepers
:
the
best
time
of
their
copulation
is
in
September
,
for
in
Arabia
,
they
begin
to
ingender
in
the
third
yeare
of
their
age
,
and
so
within
ten
or
eleuen
moneths
after
she
is
deliuered
of
young
,
being
neuer
aboue
one
at
a
time
for
twins
come
not
in
her
greate
belly
;
so
she
goeth
a
yeare
before
she
conceiue
againe
,
although
her
young
be
seperated
or
weaned
,
before
which
time
they
doe
not
commonly
.
Caelius
.
Auicen
.
Vnto
their
former
modesty
for
their
copulation
,
we
may
adde
another
deuine
instinct
,
and
most
true
obseruation
about
the
same
,
for
the
male
will
neuer
couer
his
mother
,
or
his
sister
:
wherfore
it
is
sincerely
reported
,
that
when
a
certaine
Camel-keeper
[
desirous
to
trie
this
secret
]
hauing
the
male
,
sonne
to
a
female
which
he
also
kepte
,
he
so
couered
the
female-mother-Camell
in
all
parts
of
her
body
except
her
secrets
,
that
nothing
coulde
be
seene
of
her
,
and
so
brought
her
lustfull
son
to
couer
her
;
which
according
to
his
present
rage
he
perfourmed
.
As
soone
as
he
had
done
it
,
his
maister
and
owner
pulled
away
the
maske
or
disguise
from
the
damme
,
in
the
presence
of
the
sonne
,
whereby
he
instantly
perceiued
his
keepers
fraud
,
in
making
him
vnnaturally
to
haue
copulation
with
his
owne
mother
.
In
reuenge
whereof
he
ranne
vppon
him
,
and
taking
him
in
his
mouth
,
lift
him
vp
into
the
ayre
,
presently
letting
him
fall
with
noise
and
cry
vnderneath
his
murdring
and
manquelling
feete
;
where
,
with
vnappeasable
wrath
and
bloud
desiring
lyuor
,
he
pressed
and
trode
to
pieces
the
incest
marriage-causer
,
twixt
him
and
his
dearest
mother
;
and
yet
not
herewith
satisfied
,
like
some
reasonable
creature
,
depriued
of
heauenly
grace
,
and
caried
with
deadly
reuenge
against
such
vncleannes
,
being
perswaded
that
the
gilt
of
such
an
offence
could
neuer
receiue
sufficient
expiation
by
the
death
of
the
first
deuiser
,
except
the
beguiled
party
sufferd
also
som
smart
of
penalty
;
adiudged
himselfe
to
death
,
and
no
longer
worthy
to
liue
by
natures
benifite
,
which
had
so
violated
the
wombe
that
first
conceiued
him
;
and
therfore
running
to
and
fro
,
as
it
were
to
finde
out
a
hangman
for
himselfe
,
at
last
found
a
sleepy
rocke
,
from
whence
he
leaped
downe
to
end
his
life
;
and
although
he
could
not
preuent
his
offence
,
yet
he
thought
it
best
to
cleanse
away
his
mothers
adultery
with
the
sacrifice
of
that
bloud
which
was
first
conceiued
in
that
wombe
wherein
hee
had
defiled
.
These
camels
are
kept
in
heards
and
are
as
swift
as
horses
,
according
to
the
measure
of
their
strength
,
not
onely
because
of
their
nimblenesse
,
but
also
because
their
strides
and
reach
doth
gather
in
more
ground
:
for
which
cause
they
are
vsed
by
the
Indians
for
race
,
The
pace
&
agility
of
camels
when
they
goe
to
fetch
the
golde
which
is
said
to
be
kept
by
the
Formicae
Lions
,
which
are
not
much
bigger
then
Foxes
:
Herodotus
.
yet
many
times
doe
these
Lions
ouertake
the
camels
in
course
and
teare
the
riders
in
pieces
They
haue
bene
also
vsed
for
battell
or
warre
[
by
the
Arabians
in
the
Persian
warre
:
]
but
their
feare
is
so
greate
of
an
Horse
,
that
(
as
Xenophon
saith
)
in
the
institution
of
cyrus
,
when
the
armies
came
to
ioyne
,
neither
the
camel
would
aproach
to
the
Horse
,
or
the
horse
to
the
camell
;
whereupon
it
is
accounted
a
base
and
vnprofitable
thing
for
a
man
to
nourish
camels
for
fight
,
yet
the
Persians
for
the
fighte
of
Cyrus
in
Lidia
,
euer
nourished
camels
and
horses
together
,
to
take
away
their
feare
one
from
another
.
Of
the
labor
and
employment
of
Camels
.
Therfore
they
are
vsed
for
carriage
which
they
will
perfourme
with
greate
facility
,
being
taughte
by
their
keepers
to
kneell
and
lie
downe
to
take
vp
their
burthens
,
which
by
reason
of
their
height
a
man
cannot
lay
on
them
;
alwaies
prouided
,
that
he
will
neuer
goe
beyond
his
ordinary
lodging
and
baiting
place
,
or
endure
more
then
his
vsuall
burthen
;
and
it
hath
beene
seen
that
one
of
these
Bactrian
camels
,
hath
carried
aboue
ten
Minars
of
corne
,
and
aboue
that
a
bed
with
fiue
men
therein
.
Pliny
.
They
will
trauell
in
a
day
aboue
forty
ordinary
miles
,
for
as
Pliny
saieth
,
that
there
was
from
Thomna
to
Gaza
sixty
and
two
lodging
places
for
camels
,
which
was
in
length
one
thousand
,
fiue
hundred
,
thirty
and
seauen
miles
.
They
are
also
vsed
for
the
plough
in
Numidia
,
and
for
this
cause
are
yoaked
sometimes
with
horses
,
but
Heliogabalus
like
as
the
Tartarians
,
Diodorus
yoaked
them
together
not
onely
for
priuate
spectacles
and
playes
,
but
also
for
drawing
of
waggons
and
chariots
.
When
they
desire
to
haue
them
free
and
strong
for
any
labor
in
the
field
,
or
war
,
they
vse
to
geld
both
the
male
and
the
female
,
the
manner
whereof
is
in
this
sorte
.
The
male
by
taking
away
his
stones
,
and
the
female
by
searing
her
priuie
parts
within
the
brimme
and
laps
thereof
with
a
hotte
yron
,
which
being
so
taken
away
,
they
can
neuer
more
ioyne
in
copulation
,
and
these
are
more
patient
in
labor
and
thirst
,
and
likewise
better
endure
the
extreamitie
of
sand
in
those
parts
,
Pliny
.
hauing
this
skill
that
if
the
mists
of
raine
or
sand
,
do
neuer
so
much
obscure
the
way
from
the
rider
,
yet
doeth
shee
remember
the
same
without
all
staggering
.
O●
the
vse
of
th●●r
naturall
p●●ts
.
The
vrine
of
this
beaste
is
excellent
for
the
vse
of
fullers
,
of
the
haire
called
Buber
or
camels
Wooll
,
is
cloath
made
for
apparrell
,
(
called
camelotta
or
camels
haire
,
)
and
the
haire
of
the
caspian
camels
is
so
softe
,
that
it
may
bee
therein
compared
with
the
softest
Milesian
Wooll
,
Aelianus
.
whereof
their
Princes
and
priestes
make
their
garmentes
:
and
it
is
very
proable
,
that
the
garmentes
of
Saint
Iohn
Baptist
was
of
this
kinde
.
In
the
cittie
of
calacia
vnder
the
great
ch●m
and
in
the
prouince
of
Egrigaia
,
is
cloathe
made
of
the
haire
of
camels
,
Baytius
.
and
wh●●e
wool
(
called
Zambilotti
)
shewing
most
gloriously
,
but
the
best
of
this
kind
are
in
the
land
of
Gog
and
M●gog
.
The
flesh
of
a
camell
not
to
be
eaten
.
Diodorus
Leo
Affric
:
It
is
forbidden
in
holy
Scripture
to
eate
a
Camell
,
for
although
it
chew
the
cud
,
yet
is
not
the
hoofe
altogether
clouen
:
and
besides
,
the
flesh
thereof
is
harde
of
disgestion
,
and
the
iuyce
thereof
verye
naught
,
heating
the
body
aboue
measure
;
yet
many
times
haue
men
of
base
condition
and
minds
eaten
thereof
,
as
in
Arabia
,
and
in
the
kingdome
of
Fezzen
:
&
Athaeneus
affirmeth
,
●hat
the
king
of
Persia
was
wont
to
haue
a
whole
Camel
rosted
for
his
owne
table
at
his
royall
feastings
:
and
Heliogabalus
likewise
caused
to
bee
prepared
for
himselfe
the
heeles
of
Camels
,
and
the
spurs
of
cockes
and
Hennes
,
pulled
off
aliue
,
Lampridius
.
and
whole
Ost●iches
and
Camels
;
saying
,
(
though
falsely
)
that
God
commaunded
the
Iewes
to
eat
them
.
Camels
milke
is
wholesome
for
meat
,
because
it
is
thinnest
of
all
other
,
and
because
thereof
it
breedeth
fewer
obstructions
,
and
is
good
for
softening
of
the
belly
:
for
the
naturall
disposition
of
this
beast
,
it
is
partly
already
related
,
whereby
the
singular
vse
thereof
may
be
collected
:
yet
there
are
certaine
prouerbes
and
stories
thereof
,
farther
express●ing
their
qualities
.
A
historie
of
their
naturall
dispo●●ion
.
Caelius
It
is
disdaine●ull
,
and
a
discontented
creature
:
whereupon
it
is
fained
of
the
Poets
,
that
they
besought
Iupiter
to
giue
them
Hornes
,
with
which
petition
he
was
so
offended
,
that
he
tooke
from
them
their
eares
,
and
ther●ore
in
that
,
those
are
reproued
,
which
are
so
far
in
loue
with
other
things
they
want
,
that
they
deserue
to
loose
the
things
they
haue
.
Likewise
the
wantonnes
thereof
appeareth
by
the
prouerbe
of
a
dauncing
Camell
,
when
one
take●h
vpon
him
more
then
his
skill
will
serue
to
discharge
:
yet
hath
not
this
Beast
beene
free
from
ignominy
,
for
when
the
Emperor
Iustinian
had
founde
the
Treason
of
Arsaces
the
Armenian
,
Caelius
.
he
caused
him
to
ride
thorough
the
citty
vpon
a
Camell
,
to
be
shamed
for
his
offence
,
Solinus
.
although
in
former
times
it
was
a
kind
of
triumph
and
honor
to
be
caried
vpon
a
Camell
,
lead
thorough
a
citty
.
In
the
lake
of
Asphaltites
wherein
all
things
sinke
that
come
in
it
,
many
Camels
and
Buls
swim
thorough
without
daunger
.
The
Arabians
sacrifice
a
camell
to
the
vnknowne
God
,
because
camels
go
into
strange
countries
,
and
likewise
sacrifice
their
Virgins
before
they
be
maryed
,
Sacrifices
of
Idolatry
Gyraldus
.
Aelianus
.
Of
the
●eare
and
hat●ed
of
cam●ls
.
Herodotus
S●l●●us
.
Po●phyrius
The
●en●th
of
their
life
Pliny
.
because
of
the
chastity
of
this
beast
,
and
the
Sagarentes
with
great
obseruance
,
keepe
the
combat
of
camels
,
in
the
honour
of
Minerua
.
These
Beasts
are
hated
of
Horsses
and
Lyons
,
for
when
Xerxes
trauaild
ouer
the
riuer
Chidorus
,
through
Paeonia
and
Crestonia
,
in
the
night
time
the
Lyons
descended
into
the
campe
and
touched
no
creatures
therein
,
except
the
camels
,
whome
they
destroyed
for
the
most
part
.
A
camell
will
liue
in
the
soile
wherein
he
is
bred
fifty
or
an
hundred
yeares
,
and
if
hee
be
translated
into
any
other
Nation
he
falleth
into
madnesse
,
or
scabs
,
or
the
gowt
,
and
then
they
liue
not
aboue
thirty
yeares
.
There
is
a
kind
of
grasse
that
groweth
by
the
high
waies
in
the
countrey
of
Babylon
,
that
killeth
Camels
when
they
tast
thereof
.
The
medicines
in
the
bodies
o●
camels
.
Ponzet●us
Card●●alis
Auicen●●
.
There
are
also
medicinall
properties
in
camels
,
for
by
reason
hee
is
of
a
hotte
and
dry
temperament
,
if
a
man
infected
with
poyson
be
put
into
the
warme
belly
of
a
camell
newly
slaine
,
it
looseneth
the
power
of
the
poyson
,
and
giueth
strength
to
the
naturall
parts
of
the
body
.
The
fat
taken
out
of
the
bunch
and
perfumed
,
cureth
the
Hemmorhoids
,
and
the
blood
of
a
camell
fryed
,
is
pretious
against
the
bloody
flix
or
any
other
loosenes
of
the
belly
,
the
braine
dryed
and
drunke
with
Vineger
,
helpeth
the
falling
euill
.
The
gall
drunke
with
Hony
,
helpeth
the
Quinzy
:
and
if
it
be
laide
to
the
eye-browes
and
forehead
,
sod
in
three
cups
of
the
best
hony
,
it
cureth
the
dimnes
of
the
eyes
,
and
auoydeth
the
flesh
that
groweth
in
them
:
and
if
the
haires
of
a
Camels
taile
be
wounde
together
like
a
string
,
and
tyed
to
the
left
arme
(
Pliny
affirmeth
)
they
will
deliuer
one
from
a
quartan
Ague
.
Marcellus
The
milke
of
camels
newly
deliuered
of
young
,
helpeth
obstructions
,
and
all
shortnes
of
breath
,
and
is
also
good
against
the
Dropsie
and
hardnes
of
the
melt
.
Also
when
one
hath
drunke
poyson
,
this
is
a
good
.
Antidote
and
amendeth
the
temper
of
the
body
.
The
fime
of
Camels
dryed
to
dust
with
oyle
,
will
cr●spe
or
curle
the
haire
,
and
stay
bleeding
at
the
nose
,
and
the
same
hot
,
is
good
against
the
Gout
.
The
vrine
is
most
profitable
for
running
sores
,
there
haue
bene
which
haue
preserued
it
fiue
yeares
together
and
vsed
it
against
hardnes
of
the
belly
,
washing
also
therewith
sore
heads
,
and
it
helpeth
one
to
the
sence
of
smelling
,
if
it
be
held
to
the
nose
,
likewise
against
the
Dropsie
,
the
Spleane
,
and
the
Ring-worme
.
Of
the
Camell
DROMEDARIE
.
A
Camell
is
called
of
the
Graecians
Dromos
,
by
reason
of
the
swiftnes
of
his
race
,
and
also
an
Arabian
camell
,
which
hath
al
things
common
with
the
former
Bactrian
camell
,
except
,
The
description
of
a
D●omedary
,
and
the
Etymologie
of
his
name
,
first
in
the
shape
,
for
she
hath
but
one
bunch
on
the
back
,
and
many
Nations
,
as
the
Italians
,
French
,
Germans
,
and
Spaniards
,
vse
the
word
Dromedary
,
onely
without
addition
;
The
Graecians
neuer
name
it
without
the
addition
of
a
camel
.
Therefore
this
is
a
kinde
of
camell
of
lesse
stature
,
but
much
swifter
;
for
which
cause
,
it
is
deriued
from
running
.
Didymus
.
Isidorus
.
A
It
cheweth
the
cud
like
a
Sheepe
,
and
the
other
camell
:
History
.
the
French
king
had
sent
him
from
the
great
Turke
two
of
these
,
white
coloured
,
and
I
my selfe
haue
seene
one
of
them
,
being
fifteene
cubits
high
,
wanting
some
nine
inches
,
and
about
six
cubits
in
length
,
hauing
the
vpper
lip
clouen
in
the
middle
like
a
Hare
,
and
two
broad
nailes
on
his
feet
,
which
in
the
vpper
part
appeared
clouen
,
but
vnderneath
they
were
whole
and
fleshy
without
diuision
,
and
round
in
proportion
like
a
pewter
dish
:
It
hath
also
a
harde
bunch
on
his
brest
,
whereon
it
leaned
,
sitting
down
and
rising
:
and
also
vpon
either
knee
one
:
these
are
saide
to
liue
fifty
yeares
,
but
the
Bactrians
an
hundred
:
Aelianus
.
they
were
vsed
for
drawing
of
Charriots
,
and
great
presents
for
Princes
,
and
when
they
goe
to
warre
euery
one
carrieth
two
Archers
,
which
fit
vpon
him
,
backe
to
backe
,
shooting
forth
their
darts
,
one
against
the
front
of
the
enimy
,
Diodorus
and
the
other
against
the
prosecutours
and
followers
.
They
are
able
to
go
an
hundred
miles
in
a
day
,
bearing
a
burthen
of
15.
hundred
waight
,
yea
sometimes
two
thousand
,
bending
vpon
his
knee
to
take
vp
his
load
and
rider
,
which
receiued
,
he
riseth
vp
againe
with
great
patience
,
being
obedient
and
ruleable
,
yet
kicking
when
his
angry
,
which
is
very
seldome
;
and
therefore
Terence
did
significantly
describe
a
good
seruant
by
the
name
of
Dromo
,
deriued
from
Dromas
a
runner
:
and
for
the
conclusion
of
the
History
of
these
two
sortes
of
camels
,
I
will
heere
adde
the
relation
and
memorable
obseruations
of
Iohannes
Leo
Afer
,
in
his
ninth
booke
of
the
description
of
Affricke
,
in
his
owne
words
following
.
But
the
Asians
,
must
alway
carry
prouender
to
sustaine
their
beastes
,
neuer
trauailing
but
they
haue
one
camell
loaden
with
meat
,
for
the
other
loaden
with
carriage
,
and
so
indure
a
double
charge
:
and
when
the
Affricans
go
to
any
Martes
or
fayres
being
to
returne
emptie
and
vnloaded
,
they
take
no
thought
for
their
Camels
food
.
Of
these
camels
there
be
three
kindes
,
one
of
them
called
Hugiun
,
(
being
broad
and
tall
)
and
therefore
apt
to
beare
packes
and
burthens
,
but
not
before
they
be
foure
yeare
olde
,
and
after
their
ordinary
loade
,
is
one
thousand
waight
of
Italian
measure
,
being
taught
by
the
ierking
of
a
small
rod
,
on
the
brest
and
knees
,
to
lie
downe
for
their
burthens
and
afterward
to
rise
vp
againe
.
And
the
Affricans
do
vse
to
geld
their
camels
,
reseruing
but
one
male
for
the
couering
of
ten
females
.
Another
kind
of
their
camels
they
cal
Bechetos
,
such
as
haue
two
bunches
,
one
for
burthen
,
and
the
other
for
a
man
to
ride
vppon
:
and
the
third
sort
are
called
Ragnahil
,
which
are
of
lower
stature
and
leaner
bodies
then
the
residue
,
vnfit
for
burthen
,
and
therefore
are
vsed
for
the
saddle
,
by
all
the
Noble
men
of
Numidia
,
Arabia
,
and
Libia
:
being
able
to
runne
an
hundred
miles
a
day
,
and
performing
long
iourneyes
with
little
or
no
prouender
:
for
the
King
of
Tombuto
being
to
send
to
Dara
,
or
Selmessa
,
(
which
is
distant
from
his
court
,
nine
hundred
miles
)
his
messenger
performeth
it
vpon
one
of
these
Ragnahils
,
within
the
space
of
eight
dayes
.
In
the
beginning
of
the
springe
they
are
most
frolicke
and
vnruely
,
because
then
they
incline
to
generation
:
at
which
time
,
they
rage
and
fall
vpon
many
that
come
vnto
them
,
and
especially
those
from
whome
they
haue
receiued
blowes
,
remembring
at
that
time
,
and
requiting
their
former
iniuries
,
vppon
such
as
wronged
them
,
whome
if
they
can
take
in
ther
mouth
,
they
lift
them
vp
into
the
ayre
,
and
then
cast
them
downe
againe
vnder
their
feet
,
and
tread
vpon
them
,
in
which
distemperd
venerous
fury
,
they
remain
forty
daies
.
They
can
easily
endure
thirst
,
fiue
,
nine
,
or
fifteene
daies
,
in
necessity
;
neither
wil
their
keeper
giue
them
drinke
at
three
daies
thirst
,
for
feare
to
harme
them
.
As
these
camels
are
plesant
&
profitable
,
so
also
they
seem
to
participate
with
the
nature
of
man
;
for
they
being
wearied
,
no
spur
or
stroke
can
make
them
hasten
to
their
iourneyes
end
,
therfore
in
Ethyopia
and
Barbary
,
they
sing
certaine
songs
behind
the
Beast
,
which
so
reuiue
their
decaied
sprits
,
that
they
set
forward
so
fast
,
forgetting
their
tyred
lims
,
to
their
iourneyes
end
,
that
their
keepers
can
hardly
follow
.
I
haue
also
seene
in
Alcair
,
a
camell
,
that
could
dance
at
the
sound
of
a
Timbrell
,
being
thereunto
taught
when
he
was
young
by
this
meanes
;
first
he
was
brought
into
a
roome
like
a
stable
,
the
pauement
wherof
was
made
hot
by
a
fire
vnderdeath
it
,
and
without
doors
stood
a
musitian
playing
on
his
timbrell
,
the
camell
not
for
loue
of
the
musick
,
but
for
the
heat
vnder
his
feete
,
lifted
vp
first
one
foot
,
and
then
another
,
as
they
doe
which
daunce
,
and
so
the
heat
increasing
,
he
likewise
did
lift
vp
faster
,
whereunto
he
was
accustomed
for
the
space
of
ten
moneths
,
at
euery
time
one
houre
and
a
halfe
,
during
which
time
the
timbrell
still
sounded
;
so
that
at
last
,
vse
framed
nature
to
such
a
straine
,
that
he
hearing
a
timbrell
,
he
instantly
remembred
the
fire
that
was
wont
to
punish
his
feet
,
and
so
presently
would
leap
to
and
fro
like
a
dancer
in
publick
spectacle
,
to
the
admiration
of
all
beholders
.
Thus
farre
Leo
Afer
.
Of
the
two
sorts
of
Camelopardals
.
THis
beast
is
called
in
Haebrew
Zamer
.
Deut.
14.
which
the
Arabians
translate
Saraphah
,
and
sometime
Gyrapha
,
Gyraffa
,
and
Zirafa
,
the
Chaldaeans
Deba
,
and
Ana
,
the
Persians
Seraphah
,
Of
the
name
and
the
Septuagiot
Graecians
,
Camelopardalis
,
which
word
is
also
retained
by
the
Latines
,
whereunto
Albertus
addeth
Oraflus
,
and
Orasius
.
The
Ethyopians
cal
it
Nabin
,
Iuli.
Capital
.
from
whence
commeth
Anabula
,
and
Pausanias
translateth
it
an
Indian
Sheepe
,
so
indeed
Anabula
may
be
Englished
a
wild
Sheepe
.
Pliny
.
A
History
.
Isidorus
.
There
were
tenne
of
these
seene
at
Rome
,
in
the
daies
of
Gordianus
the
Emperor
,
and
before
that
time
,
Caesar
being
Dictatour
.
And
such
an
one
was
sent
by
the
Sultan
of
Babilon
to
the
Emperor
Fredericke
,
so
that
it
is
without
question
that
there
is
such
a
beast
,
which
is
engendred
of
a
Camell
and
a
female
Libard
,
or
Panther
as
Horace
saith
:
Diuersum
confusa
genus
pathera
camelo
.
The
generation
and
description
.
But
the
same
which
the
Latines
call
Panthera
the
Graecians
call
Pardalis
.
The
head
thereof
is
like
to
a
camels
,
the
necke
to
a
Horsses
,
the
body
to
a
Harts
;
and
his
clouen
Hoofe
is
the
same
with
a
cammels
:
the
colour
of
this
Beaste
is
for
the
most
parte
Red
and
white
,
mixed
together
,
therefore
very
beautifull
to
behold
,
by
reason
of
the
variable
and
interchangeable
skinne
,
being
full
of
spottes
:
but
yet
they
are
not
alway
of
one
colour
.
He
hath
two
litle
hornes
growing
on
his
head
of
the
colour
of
yron
,
Leo
Affric
:
Oppiamus
.
Heliodorus
.
his
eies
rowling
and
frowing
,
his
mouth
but
small
like
a
Harts
,
his
toung
is
nere
three
foot
long
,
and
with
that
he
will
so
speedily
gather
in
his
meate
,
that
the
eies
of
a
man
will
faile
to
behold
his
hast
,
and
his
necke
diuersly
coloured
,
is
fifteene
foote
long
,
which
he
holdeth
vp
higher
then
a
Camels
,
and
far
aboue
the
proportion
of
his
other
parts
.
His
forfeete
are
much
longer
then
his
hinder
,
and
therefore
his
backe
declineth
towards
his
buttocks
,
theyr
manner
of
going
.
which
are
very
like
an
asses
.
The
pace
of
this
beast
differeth
from
all
other
in
the
world
,
for
he
doth
not
moue
his
right
and
left
foote
one
after
another
,
but
both
together
,
and
so
likewise
the
other
,
whereby
his
whole
body
is
remoued
at
euery
step
or
straine
.
These
beastes
are
plentifull
in
Ethiopia
,
India
,
and
the
Georgian
region
,
which
was
once
called
Media
.
Likewise
in
the
prouince
of
Abasia
in
India
,
it
is
called
Surnosa
,
The
countris
breeding
these
beasts
.
and
in
Abasia
Surnappa
,
and
the
latter
picture
here
set
down
,
was
truely
taken
by
Melchior
Luorigus
at
Constantinople
,
in
the
yeare
of
saluation
1559.
By
the
sight
of
one
of
these
,
sent
to
the
great
Turke
for
a
present
:
which
picture
and
discription
,
was
afterwarde
sent
into
Germany
,
and
was
imprinted
at
Norimberge
.
It
is
a
solitary
beaste
and
keepeth
altogether
in
woodes
,
if
it
be
not
taken
when
it
is
young
:
Their
naturall
disposition
and
mildnesse
.
they
are
very
tractable
and
easie
to
be
handled
,
so
that
a
childe
may
leade
them
with
a
small
line
or
cord
about
their
heade
,
and
when
any
come
to
see
them
,
they
willingly
and
of
their
owne
accorde
,
turne
themselues
round
as
it
were
of
purpose
to
shewe
their
soft
haires
,
and
beautifull
coulour
,
being
as
it
were
proud
to
rauish
the
eies
of
the
beholders
.
The
skinne
is
of
great
price
and
estimation
among
merchants
and
princes
,
and
it
is
said
that
vnderneth
his
belly
,
the
coulourable
spots
are
wrought
in
fashion
of
a
fishers
net
,
The
skinne
.
and
the
whole
bodie
so
admirably
intercouloured
with
variety
,
that
it
is
in
vaine
for
the
witte
or
art
of
man
,
once
to
go
about
or
endeauour
the
aemulous
imitation
thereof
.
The
taile
of
this
beaste
is
like
the
taile
of
an
Asse
,
and
I
cannot
iudge
that
it
is
either
swifte
for
pace
,
or
strong
for
labour
,
and
therefore
well
tearmed
a
wilde
Sheepe
,
because
the
flesh
hereof
is
good
for
meat
,
and
was
allowed
to
the
Iewes
by
God
himselfe
for
a
cleane
beast
.
OF
THE
ALLOCAMELVS
.
SCaliger
affirmeth
,
that
in
the
land
of
the
Giants
,
ther
is
a
beast
which
hath
the
heade
,
necke
,
and
eares
,
of
a
Mule
,
but
the
body
of
a
Camell
;
wherefore
it
is
probable
,
that
it
is
conceiued
by
a
Camell
and
a
Mule
:
the
picture
whereof
is
before
sette
downe
,
as
it
was
taken
from
the
sight
of
the
beast
,
and
imprinted
with
a
discription
at
Middleborough
in
the
yeare
1558.
which
was
neuer
before
seen
in
Germany
,
nor
yet
spoken
by
the
Pliny
.
They
said
that
it
was
an
Indian
Sheepe
,
out
of
the
region
of
Peru
,
and
so
was
brought
to
Antwerpe
,
sixe
thousand
miles
distant
from
that
nation
.
It
was
about
two
yardes
high
,
and
fiue
foote
in
length
,
the
neck
was
as
white
as
any
Swan
:
the
colour
of
his
other
parts
was
yellowish
,
and
his
feet
like
an
Ostrige-Camels
:
and
although
it
were
a
male
,
yet
it
did
render
his
vrine
backward
:
it
was
afterwarde
giuen
to
the
Emperour
by
Theodoric
Neus
,
a
citizen
of
the
nether
Colen
.
It
was
a
most
gentle
and
meek
beast
like
the
Camelopardall
,
not
past
foure
yeare
olde
:
wherefore
I
thought
good
to
expresse
it
in
this
place
,
because
of
the
similitude
it
hath
with
the
manners
of
the
fourmer
beaste
,
although
it
want
hornes
and
differ
in
some
other
members
.
Of
another
Beast
called
Campe
.
DIodorus
Siculus
maketh
relation
,
that
when
Dionisius
with
his
Army
trauailed
thorough
the
desert
and
dry
places
,
annoyed
with
diuers
wild
beasts
,
he
came
to
Zambirra
a
citty
of
Lybia
,
where
he
slewe
a
beast
bred
in
those
partes
called
Campe
,
which
had
before
that
time
destroyed
many
men
,
which
action
did
purchase
him
among
the
inhabitantes
a
neuer
dying
fame
,
and
that
therefore
there
might
remaine
a
continuall
remembrance
to
all
posterity
of
that
fact
,
he
raised
vp
there
a
monument
of
the
slaine
beast
to
stand
for
euermore
.
OF
THE
CAT.
Once
cattes
were
all
wilde
,
but
afterward
they
retyred
to
houses
,
Of
the
tameing
of
Cattes
and
their
countreys
.
wherefore
there
are
plenty
of
them
in
all
countries
:
Martiall
in
an
Epigram
,
celebrated
a
Pannonian
cat
with
this
distichon
:
Pannonicas
nobis
nunquam
dedit
vmbria
cattas
,
Mauult
haec
dominae
mittere
dona
pudens
.
The
Spanish
blacke
cats
are
of
most
price
among
the
Germaines
,
because
they
are
nimblest
,
and
haue
the
softest
haire
fit
for
garment
.
The
best
cats
A
cat
is
in
all
partes
like
a
Lyonesse
,
(
except
in
her
sharpe
eares
)
wherefore
the
Poets
faine
,
that
when
Venus
had
turned
a
cat
into
a
beautifull
woman
(
calling
her
Aeluros
)
who
forgetting
her
good
turne
,
contended
with
the
goddesse
for
beauty
:
in
indignation
wherof
,
she
rerurned
her
to
her
first
nature
,
onely
making
her
outward
shape
to
resemble
a
lyon
,
which
is
not
altogither
idle
,
but
may
admonish
the
wisest
,
that
faire
&
foule
,
men
and
beasts
,
hold
nothing
by
their
owne
worth
and
benefit
,
but
by
the
vertue
of
their
creator
:
Wherefore
if
at
any
time
they
rise
against
their
maker
,
let
them
looke
to
loose
their
honour
and
dignity
in
their
best
part
,
and
to
returne
to
basenes
and
inglorious
contempt
,
out
of
which
they
were
first
taken
,
and
howsoeuer
their
outwarde
shape
and
condition
please
them
,
yet
at
the
best
they
are
but
beasts
that
perish
,
for
the
Lyons
suffer
hunger
.
Cats
are
of
diuers
colours
,
but
for
the
most
part
gryseld
,
like
to
congealed
yse
,
which
commeth
from
the
condition
of
her
meate
:
her
head
is
like
vnto
the
head
of
a
Lyon
,
Sipontinus
except
in
her
sharpe
eares
:
Of
the
seueral
parts
.
her
flesh
is
soft
and
smooth
:
her
eies
glister
aboue
measure
,
especialy
when
a
man
commeth
to
see
a
cat
on
the
sudden
,
and
in
the
night
,
they
can
hardly
be
endured
,
for
their
flaming
aspect
.
Wherfore
Democritus
describing
the
persian
smaradge
saith
that
it
is
not
transparent
,
but
filleth
the
eie
with
pleasant
brightnes
,
such
as
is
in
the
eies
of
Panthers
and
cats
,
for
they
cast
forth
beames
in
the
shaddow
and
darkenes
,
but
in
the
sunshine
they
haue
no
such
clearnes
,
and
thereof
Alexander
Aphrodise
giueth
this
reason
,
both
for
the
sight
of
Cattes
and
of
Battes
,
that
they
haue
by
nature
a
most
sharpe
spirit
of
seeing
.
Albertus
compareth
their
eye-sight
to
carbuncles
in
darke
places
,
because
in
the
night
,
they
can
see
perfectly
to
kill
Rattes
and
Myce
:
the
root
of
the
herbe
Valerian
(
commonly
called
Phu
)
is
very
like
to
the
eye
of
a
Cat
,
and
wheresouer
it
groweth
,
if
cats
come
thervnto
,
they
instantly
dig
it
vp
,
for
the
loue
thereof
,
as
I
my selfe
haue
seene
in
mine
owne
Garden
,
and
not
once
onely
,
but
often
,
euen
then
when
as
I
had
caused
it
to
bee
hedged
or
compassed
round
about
with
thornes
,
for
it
smelleth
marueilous
like
to
a
cat
.
The
Egyptians
haue
obserued
in
the
eies
of
a
cat
,
the
encrease
of
the
Moone-light
,
for
with
the
Moone
they
shine
more
fully
at
the
ful
,
and
more
dimly
in
the
change
and
wain
,
and
the
male
cat-doth
also
vary
his
eyes
with
the
Sunne
;
for
when
the
sunne
ariseth
,
the
apple
of
his
eie
is
long
;
Gillius
.
toward
noone
it
is
round
,
and
at
the
euening
it
cannot
be
seene
at
all
,
but
the
whole
eie
sheweth
alike
.
The
tongue
of
a
cat
is
very
attractiue
,
and
forcible
like
a
file
,
attenuating
by
licking
the
flesh
of
a
man
,
Pliny
.
for
which
cause
,
when
she
is
come
neere
to
the
blood
,
so
that
her
own
spittle
be
mingled
therewith
,
she
falleth
mad
.
Her
teeth
are
like
a
saw
,
and
if
the
long
haires
growing
about
her
mouth
(
which
some
call
Granons
)
be
cut
away
,
she
looseth
hir
corage
.
Her
nailes
sheathed
like
the
nailes
of
a
Lyon
,
striking
with
her
forefeete
,
both
Dogs
and
other
things
,
The
game
&
food
of
cats
.
as
a
man
doth
with
his
hand
.
This
beast
is
woonderfull
nimble
,
setting
vpon
her
prey
like
a
Lyon
,
by
leaping
:
and
therefore
she
hunteth
both
rats
,
all
kind
of
Myce
,
&
Birds
,
eating
not
onely
them
,
but
also
fish
,
wherewithall
she
is
best
pleased
.
Hauing
taken
a
Mouse
,
she
first
playeth
with
it
,
and
then
deuoreth
it
,
but
her
watchfull
eye
is
most
strange
,
to
see
with
what
pace
and
soft
steps
,
she
taketh
birds
and
flies
;
and
her
nature
is
to
hide
her
own
dung
or
excrements
,
for
she
knoweth
that
the
fauour
and
presence
thereof
,
will
driue
away
her
sport
,
the
little
Mouse
being
able
by
that
stoole
,
Pliny
.
A
secret
.
to
smell
the
presence
of
hir
mortall
foe
.
To
keepe
Cats
from
hunting
of
Hens
,
they
vse
to
tie
a
litle
wild
rew
vnder
their
wings
,
and
so
likewise
from
Doue-coates
,
if
they
set
it
in
the
windowes
,
they
dare
not
approach
vnto
it
for
some
secret
in
nature
.
Some
haue
said
that
cats
will
fight
with
Serpentes
,
and
Toads
,
Of
their
loue
and
hatred
and
kill
them
,
and
perceiuing
that
she
is
hurt
by
them
;
she
presently
drinketh
water
and
is
cured
:
but
I
cannot
consent
vnto
this
opinion
:
it
being
rather
true
of
the
Weasell
as
shal
be
afterward
declared
.
Ponzettus
sheweth
by
experience
that
cats
and
Serpents
loue
one
another
,
for
there
was
(
sayth
he
)
in
a
certain
Monastery
,
a
Cat
norished
by
the
Monkes
,
and
suddenly
the
most
parts
of
the
Monkes
which
vsed
to
play
with
the
Cat
fell
sicke
:
whereof
the
Physitians
could
find
no
cause
,
but
some
secret
poyson
,
and
al
of
them
were
assured
that
they
neuer
tasted
any
:
at
the
last
a
poore
laboring
man
came
vnto
them
,
affirming
that
he
saw
the
Abbey-cat
playing
with
a
Serpent
,
which
the
Physitians
vnderstanding
,
presently
conceiued
that
the
Serpent
had
emptied
some
of
her
poyson
vppon
the
cat
,
which
brought
the
same
to
the
Monkes
,
and
they
by
stroking
and
handeling
the
cat
,
were
infected
therewith
;
and
whereas
there
remained
one
difficulty
,
namely
,
how
it
came
to
passe
,
the
cat
her selfe
was
not
poisoned
thereby
,
it
was
resolued
,
that
forasmuch
as
the
Serpentes
poison
came
from
him
but
in
playe
and
sporte
,
and
not
in
malice
and
wrath
,
that
therefore
the
venom
thereof
being
lost
in
play
,
neither
harmed
the
Cat
at
al
,
nor
much
endaungered
the
Monkes
:
and
the
very
like
is
obserued
of
myce
that
will
play
with
Serpents
.
Aelianus
.
Cats
will
also
hunt
Apes
,
and
follow
them
to
the
woods
,
for
in
Egypt
certaine
Cattes
set
vpon
an
Ape
,
who
presently
tooke
himselfe
to
his
heeles
and
climed
vp
into
a
tree
,
after
when
the
cattes
followed
with
the
same
celerity
and
agility
:
(
for
they
can
fasten
their
clawes
to
the
barke
,
and
runne
vp
very
speedily
:
)
the
Ape
seeing
himselfe
ouermatched
with
number
of
his
aduersaries
,
leaped
from
branch
to
braunch
,
and
at
last
tooke
hold
of
the
top
of
a
bough
,
whereupon
he
did
hang
so
ingeniously
,
that
the
Cats
durst
not
approch
vnto
him
for
feare
of
falling
,
and
so
departed
.
The
nature
of
this
Beast
is
,
to
loue
the
place
of
her
breeding
,
The
loue
of
home
.
neither
will
she
tarry
in
any
strange
place
,
although
carried
very
farre
,
being
neuer
willing
to
forsake
the
house
,
for
the
loue
of
any
man
,
and
most
contrary
to
the
nature
of
a
Dogge
,
who
will
trauaile
abroad
with
his
maister
;
and
although
their
maisters
forsake
their
houses
,
yet
will
not
these
Beastes
beare
them
company
,
and
being
carried
forth
in
close
baskets
or
sackes
,
they
will
yet
returne
againe
or
loose
themselues
.
A
Cat
is
much
delighted
to
play
with
hir
image
in
a
glasse
,
and
if
at
any
time
she
behold
it
in
water
,
presently
she
leapeth
down
into
the
water
which
naturally
she
doth
abhorre
,
but
if
she
be
not
quickly
pulled
forth
and
dryed
she
dieth
thereof
,
because
she
is
impatient
of
alw●e
.
Those
which
will
keepe
their
Cattes
within
doores
,
and
from
hunting
Birds
abroad
,
must
cut
off
their
eares
,
Albertus
.
A
way
to
make
Cats
keepe
home
.
for
they
cannot
endure
to
haue
drops
of
raine
distil
into
them
and
therfore
keep
themselues
in
harbor
.
Nothing
is
more
contrary
to
the
nature
of
a
Cat
,
then
is
wet
and
water
,
and
for
this
cause
came
the
Prouerbe
that
they
loue
not
to
wet
their
feet
.
It
is
a
neate
and
cleanely
creature
,
oftentimes
licking
hir
own
body
to
keepe
it
smooth
and
faire
,
hauing
naturally
a
flexible
backe
for
this
purpose
,
and
washing
hir
face
with
her
fore
feet
:
A
coniecturall
secret
.
but
some
obserue
,
that
if
she
put
her
feete
beyond
the
crowne
of
her
head
,
that
it
is
a
presage
of
raine
,
and
if
the
backe
of
a
cat
be
thinne
the
beast
is
of
no
courage
or
value
.
They
loue
fire
and
warme
places
,
whereby
it
falleth
out
that
they
often
burne
their
coates
.
Their
copulation
.
They
desire
to
lie
soft
,
and
in
the
time
of
their
lust
(
commonly
called
cat-wralling
)
they
are
wilde
and
fierce
,
especially
the
males
,
whoe
at
that
time
(
except
they
be
gelded
)
will
not
keepe
the
house
:
at
which
time
they
haue
a
peculiar
direfull
voyce
.
The
maner
of
their
copulation
is
this
,
the
Female
lyeth
downe
and
the
Male
standeth
,
and
their
females
are
aboue
measure
desirous
of
procreation
,
for
which
cause
they
prouoke
the
male
,
and
if
he
yeeld
not
to
their
lust
they
beate
and
claw
him
,
but
it
is
onely
for
loue
of
young
and
not
for
lust
:
Aristotle
the
meale
is
most
libidinous
,
and
therefore
seeing
the
female
will
neuer
more
engender
with
him
,
during
the
time
hir
young
ones
sucke
,
hee
killeth
and
eateth
them
if
he
meet
with
them
,
(
to
prouoke
the
female
to
copulation
with
him
againe
,
Aelianus
.
for
when
she
is
depriued
of
her
young
,
she
seeketh
out
the
male
of
her
own
accord
,
)
for
which
the
female
most
warily
keepeth
them
from
his
sight
.
During
the
time
of
copulation
,
the
female
continually
cryeth
,
whereof
the
Writers
giue
a
double
cause
;
one
,
because
she
is
pinched
with
the
talants
or
clawes
of
the
male
in
the
time
of
his
lustfull
rage
,
and
thother
,
because
his
seed
is
so
fiery
whot
,
that
it
almost
burneth
the
females
place
of
conception
.
When
they
haue
litered
or
as
we
commonly
say
kittened
,
they
rage
against
Dogges
,
and
will
suffer
none
to
come
neere
their
young
ones
.
The
best
to
keep
are
such
as
are
littered
in
March
,
Choyse
of
young
Cats
.
they
go
with
young
fifty
daies
,
and
the
females
liue
not
aboue
sixe
or
seuen
yeares
,
the
males
liue
longer
especially
if
they
be
gelt
or
libbed
:
the
reason
of
their
short
life
is
their
rauening
of
meate
which
corrupteth
within
them
.
They
cannot
abide
the
sauour
of
oyntments
but
fall
madde
thereby
;
Gillius
Caelius
alu
.
Mundell●
Their
diseases
.
they
are
sometimes
infected
with
the
falling
euill
,
but
are
cured
with
Gobium
.
It
is
needelesse
to
spend
any
time
about
her
louing
nature
to
man
,
how
she
flattereth
by
rubbing
her
skinne
against
ones
Legges
,
how
she
whurleth
with
her
voyce
,
hauing
as
many
tunes
as
turnes
,
for
she
hath
one
voice
to
beg
and
to
complain
,
another
to
testifie
her
delight
&
pleasure
,
another
among
hir
own
kind
by
flattring
,
by
hissing
,
by
puffing
,
by
spitting
,
insomuch
as
some
haue
thought
that
they
haue
a
peculiar
intelligible
language
among
themselues
.
Therefore
how
she
beggeth
,
playeth
,
leapeth
,
looketh
,
catcheth
,
tosseth
with
her
foote
,
riseth
vp
to
strings
held
ouer
her
head
,
sometime
creeping
,
sometimes
lying
on
the
back
,
playing
with
one
foot
,
somtime
on
the
bely
,
snatching
,
now
with
mouth
,
&
anon
with
foot
,
aprehending
greedily
any
thing
saue
the
hand
of
a
man
with
diuers
such
gestical
actions
,
it
is
needelesse
to
stand
vpon
;
insomuch
as
Coelius
was
wont
to
say
,
The
hurt
that
commeth
by
the
familiarity
of
a
cat
.
that
being
free
from
his
Studies
and
more
vrgent
waighty
affaires
,
he
was
not
ashamed
to
play
and
sport
himselfe
with
his
Cat
,
and
verily
it
may
well
be
called
an
idle
mans
pastime
.
As
this
beast
hath
beene
familiarly
nourished
of
many
,
so
haue
they
payed
deare
for
their
loue
,
being
requiret
with
the
losse
of
their
health
,
and
sometime
of
their
life
for
their
friendship
:
and
worthily
,
because
they
which
loue
any
beasts
in
a
high
mesure
,
haue
so
much
the
lesse
charity
vnto
man
.
Therefore
it
must
be
considered
what
harmes
and
perils
come
vnto
men
by
this
beast
.
It
is
most
certaine
that
the
breath
and
sauour
of
cats
consume
the
radicall
humour
and
destroy
the
lungs
,
Ahynzoar
.
and
therefore
they
which
keepe
their
cats
with
them
in
their
beds
haue
the
aire
corrupted
and
fall
into
feuer
hectickes
and
consumptions
.
Alex
,
benidict
.
There
was
a
certaine
company
off
Monkes
much
giuen
to
nourish
and
play
with
Cattes
,
whereby
they
were
so
infected
,
that
within
a
short
space
none
of
them
were
able
either
to
say
,
reade
,
pray
,
or
sing
,
in
all
the
monastery
;
and
therefore
also
they
are
dangerous
in
the
time
of
pestilence
,
for
they
are
not
onely
apt
to
bring
home
venomous
infection
,
but
to
poyson
a
man
with
very
looking
vpon
him
;
wherefore
there
is
in
some
men
a
naturall
dislike
and
abhorring
of
cats
,
their
natures
being
so
composed
,
that
not
onely
when
they
see
them
,
but
being
neere
them
and
vnseene
,
and
hid
of
purpose
,
they
fall
into
passions
,
fretting
,
sweating
,
pulling
off
their
hats
,
and
trembling
fearefully
,
as
I
haue
knowne
many
in
Germany
,
the
reason
whereof
is
,
because
the
constellation
which
threatneth
their
bodies
which
is
peculiar
to
euery
man
,
worketh
by
the
presence
and
offence
of
these
creatures
:
and
therefore
they
haue
cryed
out
to
take
away
the
Cats
.
The
like
may
be
sayd
of
the
flesh
of
cats
,
●●
cats
flesh
which
can
sildome
be
free
from
poyson
,
by
reason
of
their
daily
foode
eating
Rats
and
Mice
,
Wrens
and
other
birds
which
feede
on
poyson
,
and
aboue
all
the
braine
of
a
cat
is
most
venomous
,
for
it
being
aboue
measure
dry
,
Ponzettus
.
Alexander
.
stoppeth
the
animall
spirits
,
that
they
cannot
passe
into
the
ventricle
,
by
reason
whereof
memory
faileth
,
and
the
infected
person
falleth
into
a
phrenzy
.
The
cure
wherof
may
he
this
,
take
of
the
Water
of
sweete
Marioram
with
Terra
lemnia
the
waite
of
a
groate
mingled
together
,
and
drinke
it
twice
in
a
month
,
putting
good
store
of
spices
into
all
your
meate
to
recreate
the
spirits
withall
,
let
him
drinke
pure
Wine
,
wherein
put
the
seede
of
Diamoschu
.
But
a
cat
doth
as
much
harme
with
her
venemous
teeth
,
therefore
to
cure
her
biting
,
they
prescribe
a
good
diet
,
sometime
taking
Hony
,
turpentine
,
and
Oyle
of
Roses
melt
together
and
laied
to
the
wound
with
Centory
:
sometime
they
wash
the
wound
with
the
vrine
of
a
man
,
and
lay
to
it
the
braines
of
some
other
beast
and
pure
wine
mingled
both
together
.
Mathaeolus
The
haire
also
of
a
cat
being
eaten
vnawares
,
stoppeth
the
artery
and
causeth
suffocation
:
and
I
haue
heard
that
when
a
child
hath
gotten
the
haire
of
a
cat
into
his
mouth
,
it
hath
so
clouen
&
stucke
to
the
place
that
it
could
not
be
gotten
off
again
,
and
hath
in
that
place
bred
either
the
wens
or
the
kings
euill
:
to
conclude
this
point
it
appeareth
that
this
is
a
dangerous
beast
,
&
that
therfore
as
for
necessity
we
are
constrained
to
nourish
them
for
the
suppressing
of
small
vermine
:
so
with
a
wary
and
discret
eie
we
must
auoyde
their
harmes
,
making
more
account
of
their
vse
then
of
their
persons
.
In
Spaine
and
Gallia
Narbon
,
they
eate
cats
,
but
first
of
al
take
away
their
head
and
taile
,
and
hang
the
prepared
flesh
a
night
or
two
in
the
open
cold
aire
,
to
exhale
the
sauour
and
poyson
from
it
,
finding
the
flesh
thereof
to
be
almost
as
sweete
as
a
Cony
.
It
must
needes
be
an
vncleane
and
impure
beast
that
liueth
onely
vpon
vermin
and
by
rauening
,
for
it
is
commonly
said
of
a
man
when
he
neezeth
,
Perottus
.
that
he
hath
eaten
with
Cats
:
likewise
the
familiars
of
Witches
do
most
ordinarily
appeare
in
the
shape
of
cats
,
which
is
an
argument
that
this
beast
is
dangerous
in
soule
&
body
.
It
is
said
that
if
bread
be
made
wherin
the
dung
of
cats
is
mixed
,
it
wil
driue
away
Rats
and
Mice
.
But
we
conclude
the
story
of
this
beast
with
the
medicinal
obseruations
,
and
tary
no
longer
in
the
breath
of
such
a
creature
compounded
of
good
and
euil
.
It
is
reported
that
the
flesh
of
cats
salted
&
sweetned
hath
power
in
it
to
draw
wens
from
the
body
,
&
being
warmed
to
cure
the
Hemorrhoids
and
paines
in
the
raines
and
backe
,
according
to
the
verse
of
vrsinus
:
Et
lumbus
lumbis
praestat
adesus
opem
.
Galenus
.
The
medicinall
vertues
of
a
cat
.
Aylsius
prescribeth
a
fat
cat
sod
for
the
gout
,
first
taking
the
fat
,
and
annoynting
therewith
the
sicke
part
,
and
then
wetting
Wooll
or
Towe
in
the
same
,
and
binding
it
to
the
offended
place
.
For
the
paine
and
blindnesse
in
the
eye
,
by
reason
of
any
skinnes
,
Webs
,
or
nailes
,
this
is
an
approued
medicine
.
Take
the
head
of
a
blacke
Cat
,
which
hath
not
a
spot
of
another
colour
in
it
,
and
burne
it
to
pouder
in
an
earthen
pot
leaded
or
glazed
within
,
then
take
this
poulder
and
through
a
quill
blow
it
thrice
a
day
into
thy
eie
,
and
if
in
the
night
time
any
heate
do
thereby
annoy
thee
,
take
two
leaues
of
an
Oke
wet
in
cold
water
and
binde
them
to
the
eye
,
and
so
shall
all
paine
fly
away
,
and
blindnes
depart
although
it
hath
oppressed
thee
a
whole
yeare
,
and
this
medicine
is
approued
by
manye
Physitians
both
elder
and
later
.
The
liuer
of
a
cat
dryed
and
beate
to
poulder
is
good
against
the
stone
:
Galen
.
the
dung
of
a
female
cat
with
the
claw
of
an
Oule
hanged
about
the
necke
of
a
man
that
hath
had
seuen
fits
of
a
quartane
Ague
,
cureth
the
same
:
Sextus
a
neezing
poulder
made
of
the
gall
of
a
black
cat
,
and
the
waight
of
a
groate
thereof
taken
and
mingled
with
foure
crownes
waight
of
Zambach
,
helpeth
the
conuulsion
and
wrynesse
of
the
mouth
:
Aetius
.
Rasis
.
Albertus
Pliny
.
and
if
the
gall
of
a
Cat
with
the
black
dung
of
the
same
cat
,
be
burned
in
perfume
vnder
a
woman
trauailing
with
a
dead
child
,
it
will
cause
it
presently
to
come
forth
:
and
Pliny
saith
that
if
a
pin
,
or
thorne
,
or
fish
bone
,
sticke
in
ones
mouth
,
let
him
rub
the
outside
against
it
with
a
little
cats
dung
,
and
it
will
easily
come
forth
.
Giuen
to
a
Woman
suffering
the
fluxe
,
with
a
little
Rozen
and
Oyle
of
Roses
,
it
stayeth
the
humour
;
and
for
a
Web
in
the
eie
of
an
horse
euening
and
morning
,
blow
in
the
poulder
of
cats
dung
,
and
it
shall
be
cured
.
OF
THE
WILDE
CAT.
ALl
Cats
at
the
beginning
were
Wilde
,
and
therefore
some
doe
interpret
ijm
.
Esay
.
34.
for
wilde
cats
;
and
the
Germans
call
it
Bonumruter
,
that
is
,
a
tree-rider
,
because
she
hunteth
Birds
and
foules
from
tree
to
treee
.
The
Spaniard
calleth
it
Gato-montes
,
and
in
some
places
of
France
it
is
called
chat-caretz
.
There
are
great
store
of
them
in
Heluetia
,
especially
in
the
Woods
,
and
sometime
neere
the
Waters
,
also
being
in
colour
like
tame
cats
but
blacker
,
such
as
in
Englang
is
called
a
Poolcat
.
I
saw
one
of
them
,
which
was
taken
in
September
,
and
obserued
,
that
it
was
in
length
from
the
forehead
to
the
toppe
of
the
taile
,
foure
full
spannes
,
and
a
blacke
line
or
strake
all
along
the
backe
,
and
likewise
some
blacke
vpon
the
Legges
;
betwixt
the
breast
and
the
necke
there
was
a
large
white
spot
,
and
the
colour
of
her
other
parts
was
dusky
,
red
,
and
yellow
,
especially
about
the
buttocks
,
the
heeles
of
her
feet
were
blacke
,
her
tayle
longer
then
an
ordinary
house
cats
,
hauing
two
or
three
blacke
circles
about
it
,
but
toward
the
top
all
blacke
.
They
abound
in
Scandinauia
,
where
the
Linxes
deuoure
them
:
otherwise
they
are
hunted
with
Dogges
,
or
shot
with
Gunnes
,
Olaus
mag:
and
many
times
the
countrey
men
seeing
one
in
a
tree
,
doth
compasse
it
about
with
multitude
,
and
when
she
leapeth
downe
kill
hir
with
their
clubs
,
according
to
the
verse
of
Neuersianus
:
Felemque
minacem
Arboris
in
trunco
,
Longis
perfigere
telis
.
In
the
prouince
of
Malabar
,
these
cattes
liue
vpon
trees
,
because
they
are
not
swift
to
run
,
but
leape
with
such
agility
,
that
some
haue
thought
they
did
flye
:
and
verily
they
do
flie
,
for
they
haue
a
certaine
skin
,
which
when
they
lie
in
quiet
,
cleaueth
or
shrinketh
vp
to
their
bellies
,
but
being
stirred
,
the
same
spreadeth
from
their
forefeet
to
their
hinder
,
like
the
Wing
of
a
Bat
;
by
vertue
whereof
,
they
stay
vp
themselues
in
the
aire
,
passing
form
tree
to
tree
like
a
foule
:
as
also
doth
the
Pontique
mouse
,
as
shall
be
declared
afterward
.
The
skinnes
of
wild
cats
are
vsed
for
garments
,
for
there
is
no
skinne
warmer
,
as
by
experience
appeareth
in
Scithia
and
Moscouia
,
where
their
women
are
clothed
with
the
furre
of
cats
,
but
especially
for
buskins
and
sleeues
with
their
haire
turned
inward
,
not
only
against
cold
but
for
medecine
,
against
contracted
sinnewes
,
or
the
gout
.
The
fat
of
this
beast
is
reserued
by
some
for
heating
,
softening
,
and
displaying
tumours
in
the
flesh
:
and
whatsoeuer
Rasis
or
any
other
said
of
the
house
Cat
before
in
the
medicinall
partes
,
that
also
appertaineth
to
this
,
except
as
in
all
other
,
so
it
falleth
forth
heerin
,
that
the
vertues
of
the
wild
kind
is
more
effectuall
then
the
tame
.
There
are
some
among
the
Rhaetians
and
Germans
,
which
eate
the
flesh
heerof
accounting
it
delicate
,
hauing
first
cut
off
the
head
and
taile
:
they
cannot
abide
the
fume
of
rue
,
or
of
bitter
almonds
;
there
is
nothing
memorable
,
in
the
nature
of
this
beast
that
I
can
learne
,
except
that
which
is
related
by
Aetius
,
that
when
men
are
bitten
by
Crocodils
,
this
beast
by
a
naturall
instinct
hating
a
Crocodill
,
will
come
about
the
wounded
persons
,
otherwise
fearing
the
presence
of
man
.
We
may
heerunto
adde
the
beast
which
is
bred
in
Armerica
called
Heyratt
,
spoken
of
by
Theuetus
:
which
name
signifieth
a
beast
of
Hony
,
and
the
reason
is
,
because
it
desireth
hony
aboue
measure
,
for
it
will
climbe
the
trees
,
and
comming
to
the
caues
of
Bees
,
it
will
with
such
dexterity
,
take
out
the
Hony
with
their
nailes
,
that
it
neither
hurteth
the
Bees
or
receiueth
harme
by
them
.
It
is
about
the
bignesse
of
a
Catte
,
and
of
a
Chesse-nut
colour
.
OF
THE
COLVS
.
The
name
.
THere
is
among
the
Scithians
and
Sarmatians
a
foure-footed
wild
Beast
called
Colus
,
and
of
some
Sulac
in
Latine
;
of
the
Polonians
Sothac
,
Of
the
colour
.
of
the
Moscouites
Seigak
,
of
the
Tartarians
Akkijk
and
Snak
,
of
the
Turkes
Akomi
,
being
in
quantity
and
stature
betwixt
a
Ramme
and
a
Hart
,
and
dusky
white
colourd
,
a
miraculous
〈◊〉
in
her
〈◊〉
.
●●●bo
.
lib.
7.
but
the
young
ones
yellow
:
of
a
singular
swiftnesse
and
celerity
in
course
.
Her
manner
is
to
drinke
by
the
holes
in
her
Nostrils
,
whereby
she
shuffeth
vp
aboundance
of
Water
and
carrieth
it
in
her
head
,
so
that
shee
will
liue
in
dry
pastures
remote
from
all
moisture
a
great
season
,
quenching
her
thirst
by
that
Cisterne
in
her
head
.
Of
the
countries
of
their
breede
.
They
are
most
plentifull
to
be
found
in
Tartaria
,
in
Pontus
,
where
are
so
many
plaines
that
a
man
can
see
nothing
but
heauen
and
earth
:
likewise
they
are
found
in
Moscouia
,
in
Podocia
,
Of
their
hunting
and
taking
.
&
about
the
Ryuer
Neprus
,
and
Boristhenes
:
they
can
neuer
be
taken
but
by
werisomnesse
;
wherefore
if
men
follow
them
with
Pipes
and
Timbrels
,
playing
vpon
them
,
they
so
weary
themselues
with
leaping
and
running
to
and
fro
,
being
compassed
in
by
multitudes
of
men
,
that
they
fall
downe
for
weakenesse
,
and
so
are
taken
.
They
liue
in
flockes
together
,
sometimes
fiue
hundred
;
and
after
Easter
in
the
spring
,
two
hundred
in
a
troupe
:
hauing
a
Snout
like
a
Hogs
,
they
endure
much
hunger
but
no
cold
.
In
March
they
dig
vp
with
their
Hornes
,
a
certaine
roote
,
whereof
they
eate
,
Of
their
procreation
.
and
presently
their
lust
for
generation
encreaseth
vnto
rage
;
insomuch
that
for
satisfieng
therof
they
continue
in
that
act
both
male
&
female
,
vntil
they
lose
al
strength
of
body
,
lying
halfe
dead
on
the
earth
by
the
space
of
24.
houres
,
not
able
to
goe
or
stand
:
during
which
time
,
they
are
often
taken
aliue
,
but
when
they
come
againe
to
themselues
,
they
rather
dy
then
endure
to
be
tamed
.
The
flesh
of
them
is
very
sweete
and
wholsome
,
they
conceiue
and
bring
forth
for
the
most
parte
twinnes
or
two
at
a
time
;
their
greatest
enemie
is
a
Wolfe
(
for
in
the
Winter
and
snow
they
hunt
and
kill
them
.
)
Their
hornes
are
about
foure
palmes
in
length
,
growing
vpright
or
bending
very
little
&
very
sharp
,
wherewithall
they
can
pierce
the
belly
of
a
Horse
or
other
beast
that
standeth
ouer
them
:
at
the
roote
,
they
are
about
sixe
ynches
compasse
,
and
so
growing
lesse
and
lesse
to
the
top
;
one
of
them
waigheth
about
nine
ounces
;
the
blade
toward
the
point
is
transparent
,
being
held
against
the
light
or
sunne
,
because
it
is
white
and
thin
,
but
the
neather
part
is
dusky
and
thicker
,
and
therefore
it
is
not
penetrable
by
the
eie
of
man
.
There
are
about
14.
circles
like
rings
compassing
about
the
horne
,
one
aboue
another
,
but
the
vppermost
is
not
perfect
.
This
horne
is
of
great
price
,
being
a
present
for
any
Noble
man
,
for
in
Turkey
they
are
sold
for
sixe
Craconian
shillings
;
yet
I
know
no
other
vse
of
them
,
but
either
to
make
hafts
for
kniues
,
or
else
hornes
for
Spectacles
.
This
beast
liueth
altogether
in
the
plaines
,
except
in
snow
,
and
then
he
runneth
into
the
Woods
;
where
he
may
be
taken
more
easily
,
and
killed
with
the
stroke
of
a
Staffe
.
Mat:
michon
When
the
Tartarians
know
in
what
plaines
they
lye
,
their
King
commeth
and
with
a
multitude
of
men
compasseth
them
and
wearieth
them
by
musicke
as
aforesaid
.
All
this
was
related
to
me
,
by
one
that
had
killed
of
them
aboue
two
hundred
with
his
owne
hand
,
(
saith
that
right
honorable
and
most
learned
Gentleman
Iohannes
Bonarus
Baoron
of
Balszee
a
Polonian
.
)
OF
THE
CONY
.
AMong
the
diuers
kinds
of
Hares
,
conies
haue
the
third
rank
,
being
therfore
called
in
Latine
Lepusculi
(
as
it
were
litle
hares
)
&
sometime
Leberidae
as
it
wer
a
Leueret
or
young
Hare
,
as
well
as
Cuniculus
:
whereof
the
reason
is
,
that
it
maketh
holes
in
the
earth
,
Strabo
Or
the
name
for
Cuniculus
was
a
Latin
word
for
a
hole
or
caue
in
the
earth
,
before
it
was
taken
for
a
cony
▪
Scaphan
in
the
singular
,
&
Schephanim
in
the
plural
Leuit.
11.
and
Psal.
104.
is
taken
in
Haebrew
for
a
cony
or
conies
,
&
not
for
a
Hedg-hog
,
as
the
Septuaginta
translate
,
or
for
a
Porcaspine
,
although
they
liue
also
in
caues
and
secret
places
of
the
earth
;
Platina
.
Hermolaus
.
Polibius
Grapaldus
The
etymology
of
the
name
.
and
therfore
Choerogrillus
or
Choerogillius
or
Choerogryllinus
cannot
signifie
a
cony
:
as
the
Septuagints
translate
Scaphan
,
but
a
Hedg-Hog
,
as
the
word
deriued
from
the
face
of
a
Hog
doth
most
euidently
declare
,
which
can
by
no
means
agree
with
a
Cony
.
In
the
14.
of
Deut.
the
word
.
Scaphan
is
ioyned
with
a
Hare
,
because
it
is
a
beast
neere
of
kind
vnto
it
,
for
it
is
euident
,
that
both
of
them
chew
the
cud
,
howsoeuer
a
cony
hath
not
a
simple
clouen
foot
into
two
parts
.
A
cony
also
is
called
Adapes
,
because
of
the
roughnes
of
his
feet
;
The
Chaldee
calleth
it
Thapsa
,
the
Arabians
Vebar
,
the
Persian
Beganzerah
,
&
the
Arabians
following
somtime
the
Greeke
,
call
it
Alraneb
,
that
is
,
Hares
.
The
Graecians
call
it
vulgarly
Skele
and
Dasipos
Couniclos
,
Scunax
,
and
Lagis
,
Georychios
a
Hare
digging
,
liuing
in
the
earth
.
The
Italians
call
it
conigli
,
the
French
counin
;
the
●paniards
coneio
;
the
Germans
,
Kinnigle
or
Kunel
,
and
sometime
Kunlein
;
the
Illyrians
Kralik
or
Krolijk
.
Their
count
.
Munsterus
There
are
few
countries
wherein
conies
doe
not
breed
,
but
the
most
plenty
of
all
is
in
England
,
they
are
also
in
an
Island
where
are
but
few
men
neere
vnto
Dicaearcha
,
or
as
it
is
now
called
Puteoli
in
Italy
.
Likewise
in
all
Spain
,
especially
in
those
parts
neere
vnto
Lombardy
,
Athaeneus
.
whereupon
Appius
in
Varro
did
write
to
one
of
his
acquaintance
which
had
tarryed
long
in
Spain
,
that
he
thoght
he
was
there
folowing
or
hunting
of
conies
,
because
as
their
multitude
is
great
,
so
it
would
aske
long
time
to
take
them
.
Among
the
Baleares
are
also
great
store
of
conies
,
Pliny
.
and
once
they
so
abounded
there
,
that
the
people
wer
constraind
to
entreat
at
the
handes
of
Augustus
,
a
military
company
of
Pioners
to
destroy
them
,
and
when
camillus
was
besieging
the
citty
Veij
in
Italy
,
he
learned
of
the
conies
,
which
had
vndermined
a
whole
citty
in
Spain
,
V●rro
.
likewise
to
take
and
ouerthrow
that
citty
by
their
example
of
vndermining
,
whereupon
Martiall
said
:
Monstrauit
tacitas
hostibus
ille
vias
.
Vegetius
saith
,
that
the
prouerbe
cuniculos
agere
tooke
his
beginning
,
when
one
by
secret
vnderminings
and
not
by
open
violence
ouerthroweth
a
Towne
or
nation
.
There
are
also
saith
Albertus
great
store
of
wilde
conies
in
Bohemia
,
so
like
a
Hare
as
one
beast
may
be
like
another
,
saue
onely
they
seeme
stronger
,
and
are
shorter
and
lesser-which
thing
caused
Baptista
Fiera
to
write
thus
:
credideram
leporem
sic
forma
simillima
fallit
,
Ambo
super
foetant
,
dente
vel
aure
pares
.
Pet.
Matyr
likewise
affirmeth
in
his
Ocaean
Decades
,
that
in
curiana
a
region
of
the
new
found
worlde
,
are
conies
for
colour
,
quantity
,
and
haire
,
like
Hares
,
which
the
inhabitantes
call
Vitias
,
Their
partes
&
members
.
and
there
are
two
litle
Islands
caled
cuniculariae
,
which
seeme
to
be
denominated
of
conies
,
standing
betwixt
corsica
and
Sardinia
.
For
their
seueral
parts
,
they
are
most
like
vnto
a
Hare
,
except
in
their
head
and
taile
which
is
shorter
,
and
their
colour
which
is
alway
brighter
,
Agricola
.
Aelianus
.
The
vse
of
their
skinnes
crescennensis
and
lesse
browne
and
sandy
:
or
else
sometimes
conies
are
white
,
black
,
gryseld
,
tauny
,
blewish
,
yellow-spotted
,
ash-coloured
,
and
such
like
.
And
Alysius
saith
,
that
in
some
places
,
they
are
also
greene
,
and
their
skinnes
are
of
great
vse
through
the
world
,
especially
in
all
the
North
and
East
for
garments
,
facings
,
and
linings
.
The
gray
and
yellowish
are
the
worst
,
but
the
white
and
blacke
are
more
pretious
,
especially
of
the
English
,
if
the
blacke
be
aspersed
with
some
white
or
siluer
haires
:
and
in
their
vse
the
Buckes
are
most
durable
,
yet
heauier
and
harsher
.
The
belly
is
most
soft
,
gentle
,
&
easie
,
&
therfore
more
set
by
,
The
vse
of
their
flesh
.
Pliny
.
although
of
lesse
continuance
.
Their
flesh
is
very
white
and
sweet
,
especially
of
the
young
ones
,
being
about
fourteen
or
twenty
daies
olde
,
and
some
haue
deuised
a
cruell
delicate
meat
,
which
is
to
cut
the
yong
ones
out
of
the
dams
belly
,
and
so
to
dresse
and
eat
them
,
but
I
trust
there
is
no
man
among
christians
so
inhumanely
gluttonous
,
as
once
to
deuise
or
approue
the
sweetnes
of
so
foule
a
dish
:
but
the
tame
ones
are
not
so
good
,
for
in
Spaine
,
they
will
not
eat
of
a
tame
cony
,
because
euery
creature
doth
partake
in
tast
of
the
ayre
,
wherein
he
liueth
,
and
therfore
tame
conies
which
are
kept
in
a
close
and
vnsweet
ayre
,
by
reason
of
their
owne
excrementes
,
cannot
tast
so
well
,
or
be
so
wholesome
as
those
which
run
wilde
in
the
mountaines
and
fields
,
free
from
all
infection
of
euill
ayre
,
They
loue
aboue
all
places
the
rockes
,
and
make
Dennes
in
the
earth
,
The
places
of
their
abod
and
whereas
it
is
said
,
Psal.
104.
that
the
stony
rocks
are
for
the
cony
,
it
is
not
to
be
vnderstood
as
though
the
feet
of
the
cony
could
pierce
into
the
rocke
,
as
into
the
earth
,
and
that
she
diggeth
hir
hole
therein
as
in
looser
ground
;
but
that
finding
among
the
rocks
holes
,
already
framed
to
her
hand
,
or
else
some
light
earth
mingled
therewith
,
she
more
willingly
entreth
thereinto
,
as
being
more
free
from
raine
&
floods
then
in
lower
and
softer
ground
:
for
this
cause
they
loue
also
the
hils
and
lower
grounds
and
woods
where
are
no
rocks
,
as
in
England
which
is
not
a
rocky
countrey
,
but
wheresoeuer
she
is
forced
to
liue
,
there
she
diggeth
hit-holes
,
wherein
for
the
daytime
she
abideth
,
but
morning
&
euening
commeth
out
from
thence
,
and
sitteth
at
the
mouth
thereof
.
In
their
copulation
they
engender
like
Elephants
,
Tigres
,
and
Linxes
,
that
is
,
Their
copulation
and
procreation
.
Tho.
Gypson
.
the
male
leapeth
on
the
backe
of
the
female
,
their
priuy
parts
being
so
framed
to
meet
one
another
behind
,
because
the
females
do
render
their
vrine
backward
:
their
secrets
and
the
seed
of
the
male
are
very
small
.
They
begin
to
breed
in
some
countryes
,
being
but
sixe
moneths
old
,
but
in
England
at
a
yeare
old
,
and
so
continue
bearing
euery
moneth
,
at
the
least
seuen
times
in
one
yeare
,
if
they
litter
in
March
,
but
in
the
winter
they
do
not
engender
at
al
;
and
therefore
the
authors
say
of
these
and
Hares
,
that
they
abound
in
procreation
,
by
reason
whereof
,
a
little
store
wil
serue
to
encrease
a
great
borough
.
Their
young
being
littered
are
blind
and
see
not
til
they
be
9.
dayes
old
,
and
their
dam
hath
no
suck
for
them
,
til
she
hath
bene
six
or
seauen
houres
with
the
male
,
Tho.
Gypson
.
at
the
least
for
sixe
houres
after
she
cannot
suckle
them
,
greatly
desiring
to
go
to
the
Bucke
,
and
if
she
be
not
permitted
presently
,
shee
is
so
farre
displeased
,
that
she
wil
not
be
so
inclined
againe
for
14.
daies
after
.
I
haue
bin
also
credibly
informed
by
one
that
kept
tame
conies
,
that
he
had
Does
which
littered
three
at
a
time
,
and
within
fourteene
daies
after
,
they
littered
foure
more
.
Their
ordinary
number
in
one
litter
is
fiue
,
and
sometimes
nine
,
but
neuer
aboue
:
and
I
haue
seene
that
when
a
Doe
hath
had
nine
in
her
belly
,
two
or
three
of
them
haue
perished
and
bene
oppressed
in
the
wombe
by
suffocation
.
The
males
will
kill
the
young
ones
,
if
they
come
at
them
like
as
the
Bore-cats
,
and
therefore
the
female
doth
also
auoid
it
carefully
,
The
cruelty
of
the
males
and
of
some
females
.
couering
the
nest
or
litter
with
grauell
or
earth
,
that
so
they
may
not
be
discouered
:
there
are
also
some
of
their
females
very
vnnaturall
,
not
caring
for
their
yong
ones
,
but
suffer
them
to
perish
,
both
because
they
neuer
prouide
a
warme
littour
or
nest
for
them
,
as
also
because
they
forsake
them
being
littered
,
or
else
deuoure
them
.
For
the
remedy
of
this
euill
,
he
that
loueth
to
keepe
them
for
his
profit
,
must
take
them
before
they
be
deliuered
,
and
pull
off
the
haire
or
flesh
vnderneath
their
belly
,
and
so
put
it
vpon
their
nest
,
that
when
the
young
one
commeth
forth
,
it
may
not
perish
for
cold
,
and
so
the
dam
will
be
taught
by
experience
of
paine
to
do
the
like
herselfe
:
Thus
farre
Thomas
Gypson
an
English
physitian
.
For
Conies
you
may
giue
them
Vine-leaues
,
Fruits
,
Herbes
,
Grasse
,
Bran
,
Their
meat
and
food
Oatmell
,
Mallowes
,
the
parings
of
Apples
;
likewise
Cabadges
,
Apples
themselues
,
and
Lettuce
;
and
I
my selfe
gaue
to
a
cony
blew
wolfe-baine
,
which
she
did
presently
eat
with
out
hurt
,
but
Gallingale
and
blind
Nettle
they
will
not
eat
.
In
the
winter
they
wil
eat
hay
,
the
danger
in
their
meat
&
drinke
oats
and
chaffe
,
being
giuen
to
them
thrice
a
day
:
when
they
eat
greenes
they
must
not
drinke
at
all
,
for
if
they
do
,
it
is
hazzard
but
they
will
incurre
the
Dropsie
:
and
at
other
times
they
must
for
the
same
cause
drink
but
litle
,
and
that
little
must
be
alway
fresh
.
It
is
also
dangerous
to
handle
their
yong
ones
,
in
the
absence
of
the
dam
,
for
hir
iealousie
will
easily
perceiue
it
,
which
causeth
her
so
to
disdain
them
,
that
either
she
biteth
,
forsaketh
,
or
killeth
them
.
Foxes
wil
of
their
own
acord
hunt
both
Hares
&
conies
,
to
kil
and
eat
them
.
Albertus
the
medicins
in
a
Cony
.
Touching
their
medicinall
properties
,
it
is
to
be
obserued
that
the
brain
of
conies
hath
bin
eaten
for
a
good
Antidot
against
poyson
:
so
also
the
Hart
which
is
hard
to
be
disgested
,
hath
the
same
operation
that
is
in
triacle
.
There
is
also
an
approued
medicine
for
the
Squinancy
or
Quinsie
:
take
a
liue
cony
,
&
burn
her
in
an
earthen
pot
to
pouder
,
then
take
a
spoonful
of
that
pouder
in
a
draught
of
wine
,
and
drink
the
most
part
thereof
,
and
rubbe
your
throat
with
the
residue
,
and
it
shal
cure
with
speed
and
ease
,
as
Marcellus
saith
.
The
fat
is
good
against
the
stopping
of
the
bladder
and
difficulty
of
vrine
being
anointed
at
a
fire
vpon
the
hairy
place
of
the
secrets
(
as
Alex.
Benedictus
affirms
.
)
Other
things
,
I
omit
concerning
this
beast
,
because
as
it
is
vulgar
,
the
benefits
thereof
are
commonly
known
.
Of
the
Indian
little
Pig-Cony
.
I
Receiued
the
picture
of
this
Beast
from
a
certain
Noble-man
,
my
louing
friend
in
Paris
,
whose
partes
it
is
not
needefull
to
describe
,
seeing
the
ymage
it selfe
is
perspicuous
and
easie
to
be
obserued
.
The
quantity
of
this
beast
doth
not
exceede
the
quantity
of
a
vulgar
Coney
,
but
rather
the
body
is
shorter
,
yet
fuller
,
as
also
I
obserued
by
those
two
,
which
that
noble
and
learned
Physitian
Ioh.
Munzingerus
sent
me
.
It
hath
2.
litle
low
ears
,
round
and
almost
pild
without
hair
,
hauing
also
short
legs
,
5.
claws
vpon
one
foot
behind
,
and
six
before
:
teeth
like
a
mouse
,
but
no
taile
,
and
the
colour
variable
.
I
haue
seene
of
them
all
white
,
and
all
yellow
,
and
also
different
from
both
those
:
their
voyce
is
much
like
the
voice
of
a
pigge
,
and
they
eat
all
kinds
of
Herbes
,
Fruites
,
Oats
,
and
Bread
;
and
some
giue
them
water
to
drinke
,
but
I
haue
nourished
some
diuers
moneths
together
,
and
neuer
giuen
them
any
water
,
but
yet
I
gaue
them
moyst
foode
,
as
Herbes
,
Apples
,
Rapes
,
and
such
like
,
or
else
they
would
incurre
the
Dropsie
.
Their
flesh
is
sweet
for
meat
,
of
a
yellowship
colour
,
like
the
Lard
of
Swine
,
and
therefore
not
so
white
as
is
our
vulgar
Cony
:
they
do
not
dig
like
other
Coneys
,
and
for
the
farther
description
of
their
nature
,
I
will
expresse
it
in
the
wordes
of
Munzingerus
aforesaid
;
for
thus
he
writeth
.
ONe
of
the
males
is
sufficient
in
procreation
for
seuen
or
nine
of
the
females
,
and
by
that
means
they
are
made
more
fruitful
,
but
if
you
put
them
one
male
to
one
femal
,
then
will
the
venereous
salacity
of
the
male
procure
abortment
.
It
is
affirmed
,
that
they
go
threescore
daies
with
young
before
they
litter
,
and
I
saw
of
late
one
of
them
beare
8.
at
one
time
in
her
wombe
,
but
three
of
them
were
stifled
.
They
bring
forth
in
the
winter
,
and
their
whelpes
are
not
blind
as
are
the
conies
.
They
are
no
way
so
harmefull
as
other
are
,
either
to
bite
or
dig
,
but
more
tractable
in
hand
;
howbeit
vntamable
.
If
two
males
be
put
to
one
female
,
they
fight
fircely
,
but
they
will
not
hurt
the
Rabbets
.
As
the
male
is
most
libidinous
,
so
doeth
he
follow
the
female
with
a
little
murmuring
noyse
,
bewraying
his
appetite
for
generation
,
without
wrath
,
and
these
are
also
called
Spanish
conies
,
by
Peter
Martyr
,
whose
nature
except
in
their
abundant
suprefaetation
commeth
nearer
to
Hogs
then
Conies
.
OF
THE
FALLOW
DEERE
,
commonly
called
a
Bucke
and
a
Doe
.
THere
are
some
beastes
(
saith
Pliny
)
which
nature
hath
framed
to
haue
hornes
grow
out
of
their
head
,
like
fingers
out
of
a
hand
,
and
for
that
cause
they
are
called
Platicerotae
:
the
name
.
such
is
this
vulgar
fallow
Deere
,
being
therefore
called
ceruus
palmatas
,
that
is
a
palmed
Hart
,
by
reason
of
the
similitude
the
horne
hath
with
the
hand
and
fingers
.
The
Germaines
call
this
beast
Dam
,
and
Damlin
,
and
Damhirtz
.
The
Italians
Daino
,
and
Danio
;
the
French
,
Dain
,
and
Daim
.
The
Spaniards
Gamo
,
and
Cortza
;
the
Craecians
vulgarly
at
this
daie
Agrimi
,
and
Platogna
,
and
Aristole
Prox
:
The
Latines
Dama
,
Gaza
and
Damula
,
becuse
(
ae
manu
)
that
is
,
it
quickly
flyeth
from
the
hand
of
man
,
hauing
no
other
defence
but
her
heeles
;
and
the
female
proca
,
and
the
Polonians
Lanij
.
It
is
a
common
beast
in
most
countries
,
being
as
corpulent
as
a
Hart
,
but
in
quantity
resembleth
more
a
Roe
,
except
in
colour
.
〈…〉
.
The
males
haue
hornes
which
they
loose
yearely
,
but
the
females
none
at
al
:
their
colour
diuers
,
but
most
commonly
branded
,
or
sandie
on
the
backe
,
like
the
furrow
of
a
new
plowed
fielde
,
hauing
a
black
strake
downe
all
along
the
backe
,
a
taile
almost
as
long
as
a
Calues
,
their
bellies
and
sides
spotted
with
white
,
which
spots
they
loose
in
their
old
age
,
and
the
females
doe
especially
vary
in
colour
,
being
sometimes
all
white
,
and
therefore
like
vnto
Goats
,
except
in
their
haire
which
is
shorter
.
The
horns
of
this
beast
are
carried
about
euery
where
to
be
seene
,
and
therefore
this
is
also
likely
to
be
the
same
beast
which
Aristotle
called
Hippelaphus
as
some
would
haue
it
;
yet
I
rather
thinke
that
Hippelaphus
was
like
to
that
rare
seene
horsse
which
Francis
the
first
of
that
name
king
of
France
,
had
presented
vnto
him
for
a
gift
:
What
Hippelaphus
is
which
was
engendred
of
a
horse
and
a
Hart
,
and
therefore
can
haue
no
other
name
then
Hippelaphus
,
signifieng
a
Horsse-hart
.
In
the
blood
of
these
kind
of
Deere
are
not
strings
or
Fibres
,
wherefore
it
doth
not
congeale
as
other
doth
,
Aristotle
A
secret
in
the
blood
.
and
this
is
assigned
to
be
one
cause
of
their
fearefull
nature
;
they
are
also
saide
to
haue
no
gall
:
in
their
hornes
they
differ
not
much
from
a
Hartes
(
except
in
quantity
)
and
for
their
other
parts
they
much
resemble
a
Roe-bucke
:
their
flesh
is
good
for
nourishment
,
but
their
blood
doth
increase
aboue
measure
melancholy
,
which
caused
Hiera
to
write
thus
of
it
,
after
his
discourse
of
the
Roe
.
Damula
aduslam●gis
si
matris
ab
vbere
repta
est
,
Haic
prio●
in
nostro
forte
erit
orbelecus
:
For
the
preparation
or
dressing
of
a
Bucke
,
we
shall
say
more
when
wee
come
to
the
description
of
a
Hart.
Albertus
translateth
the
word
Algazell
a
fallow
Deere
,
and
sayeth
that
the
flesh
thereof
is
very
hurtfull
,
being
cold
and
dry
and
bringeth
the
Hemmorhoides
if
it
be
not
well
seasoned
with
Pepper
,
Cinnamon
,
mustard
seed
,
and
hony
,
or
else
Garlick
,
which
caused
Iuuenall
to
cry
out
vpon
the
excesse
of
richmen
for
their
feasts
and
delicate
fare
,
being
compared
with
the
ancients
which
liued
vpon
fruits
,
in
these
words
folowing
as
they
are
left
in
his
eleuenth
Satyre
.
Olmi
ex
quauis
arbore
mensa
fiebat
,
At
nunc
diuitibus
caenandi
nulla
voluptas
:
Nil
Rhombus
nil
dama
sapit
putere
videntur
Vnguentum
atque
rosae
,
&c.
The
dung
or
fime
of
this
Beast
mingled
with
oyle
of
Myrtles
,
increaseth
haire
,
and
amendeth
those
which
are
corrupt
.
Of
the
medicines
If
the
tongue
heereof
be
perfumed
vnder
a
leech
or
ticke
that
sticketh
in
the
throat
of
man
or
beast
,
it
causeth
the
leech
to
fall
off
presently
;
and
the
pouder
of
such
a
tongue
helpeth
in
a
Fistula
,
some
of
the
late
writers
do
prescribe
the
fat
of
a
moul
,
of
a
Deere
,
and
of
a
Beare
mingled
togither
to
rub
the
head
withall
for
increase
of
memory
.
Of
the
second
kind
of
Deere
the
ROE-BVCKE
.
The
representation
both
of
Male
and
Female
.
The
Graecians
Dorcas
as
the
Septuagints
do
euery
where
translate
,
which
Strabo
termeth
corruptly
Zorces
,
also
Dorx
Kemas
,
Nebrous
,
and
vulgarly
at
this
day
Zarkadi
;
and
Dorcalis
Dorcadion
,
for
a
little
Roe
.
The
Latines
do
also
vse
the
worde
Dorcas
in
common
with
the
Graecians
,
and
beside
caprea
and
capreolus
for
a
little
Goat
,
for
I
do
not
thinke
that
any
learned
man
,
can
finde
any
difference
betwixt
caprea
and
capreolus
,
The
reason
of
the
latine
name
.
except
in
age
and
quantity
.
The
reason
of
these
two
latter
names
is
,
because
of
the
likenesse
it
hath
with
a
Goat
,
for
Goats
as
we
shal
shew
in
their
description
haue
many
kinds
distinguished
from
one
another
in
resemblaunce
,
but
in
the
hornes
a
Roe
doth
rather
resemble
a
Hart
,
for
the
female
haue
no
hornes
at
all
.
These
beasts
are
most
plentifull
in
Affricke
,
beyond
the
Sea
of
carthage
,
but
they
are
of
another
kind
then
those
which
Aristotle
denied
to
be
in
Affrica
:
there
are
also
in
Egypt
,
Auicen
.
The
Countries
breeding
Roes
.
Marcellus
Albertus
.
Pliny
.
Strabo
Their
nature
and
seueral
parts
.
&
in
Germany
,
and
in
the
Heluetian
Alpes
.
Likewise
in
catadupa
beyond
Nilus
,
in
Arabia
,
in
Spaine
,
and
in
Lycia
:
and
it
is
to
be
obserued
that
the
Lycian
Roes
doe
neuer
goe
ouer
the
Syrian
Mountaines
.
Aelianus
doth
deliuer
these
thinges
of
the
Lybian
Roes
,
which
for
the
colour
and
parts
of
their
body
may
seeme
to
belong
to
all
.
They
(
saith
hee
)
are
of
an
admirable
velocity
or
swiftnes
,
but
yet
inferiour
to
the
Lybian
horses
,
their
belly
is
parted
with
blacke
strakes
and
drops
,
and
the
other
parts
of
their
body
are
of
a
red
yellowish
colour
,
they
haue
long
feet
,
but
longer
eares
,
their
eies
blacke
,
and
their
horns
are
an
ornament
to
their
heads
.
Their
swiftnesse
doth
not
onely
appeare
vpon
the
earth
but
also
vpon
the
Waters
,
for
with
their
feet
they
cut
the
waters
when
they
swim
as
with
oares
;
and
therefore
they
loue
the
lakes
&
strong
streames
,
breaking
the
floods
to
come
by
fresh
pasture
,
as
sweet
rushes
and
Bul-rushes
.
Their
hornes
grow
onely
vpon
the
males
,
and
are
set
with
sixe
or
seauen
braunches
,
S●●rpsius
but
the
females
haue
none
,
and
therfore
also
they
differ
in
horne
from
the
fallow-deere
:
so
as
they
cannot
be
called
Platycerotae
,
for
their
Hornes
are
not
palmed
like
a
hand
,
Albertus
and
although
they
be
branchy
,
yet
are
they
shorter
:
they
differ
not
much
from
the
common
Deere
,
but
in
their
horne
:
and
whereas
the
hornes
of
other
beastes
are
hollow
toward
the
roote
,
whereunto
entreth
a
certaine
bony
substance
,
the
hornes
of
these
(
as
also
of
the
vulgar
Bucke
and
the
Elke
)
are
solide
,
without
any
such
emptinesse
;
onely
,
they
are
full
of
pores
.
Pliny
.
P●●●anias
.
Vi●ll●●us
.
E●●chach
.
Of
their
eie-sight
.
It
hath
also
beene
beleeued
,
that
a
Roe
doth
not
change
her
hornes
,
because
they
are
neuer
found
;
whereas
in
truth
,
they
fall
off
yearly
as
doth
a
Harts
,
but
they
hide
them
,
to
the
intent
they
should
not
be
found
.
It
hath
likewise
beene
thought
,
a
Roe
was
called
in
Greeke
Dorcas
,
because
of
the
quicknes
of
hir
sight
,
Origen
super
ca●t
.
Tex●or
.
and
that
she
can
see
as
perfectly
in
the
night
as
in
the
day
;
and
not
onely
for
her selfe
,
but
the
learned
Physitians
haue
obserued
,
a
certaine
viscous
humour
about
hir
bowels
,
which
being
taken
forth
and
annoynted
vpon
a
mans
eies
,
which
are
darke
,
heauy
,
pliny
.
and
neere
blind
,
it
hath
the
same
effect
to
quiken
his
eie-sight
.
It
is
also
said
of
them
that
they
neuer
winke
,
no
not
when
they
sleepe
,
for
which
conceit
,
their
blood
is
prescribed
for
them
that
are
pur-blind
.
The
taile
of
this
beast
is
shorter
and
lesser
then
is
the
fallow-Deeres
,
Cardanus
insomuch
as
it
is
doubtfull
whether
it
be
a
taile
or
not
.
The
place
of
their
aboade
They
keepe
for
the
most
part
in
the
Mountaines
among
the
rocks
,
being
very
swift
,
and
when
they
are
pursued
by
Dogs
,
(
Martiall
saith
)
they
hang
vpon
the
rocks
by
their
horns
to
deceiue
the
dogs
,
after
a
strange
manner
ready
to
fall
and
kill
themselues
,
and
yet
haue
no
harme
,
whether
the
Dogs
dare
not
approch
as
appeareth
in
this
Epigram
:
Pendentem
summa
capream
de
rupe
videbis
Casuram
speres
,
decipit
illa
cones
:
yet
this
doth
better
agree
with
the
wild
Goat
then
with
the
Roe
,
as
shall
be
manifested
in
due
time
.
Their
concord
with
other
beasts
Columello
Aelianus
saith
,
that
the
Cynoprosopy
,
men
with
Dogs
faces
liue
vpon
the
flesh
of
Roes
and
Bugles
,
in
the
wildernesse
of
Egypt
:
and
also
it
is
vsuall
to
conclude
them
in
Parks
,
for
they
wil
agree
very
naturally
with
Hares
and
Swine
;
wherfore
in
the
Lordship
which
Varro
bought
of
Piso
,
it
was
seene
how
at
the
sound
of
a
Trumpet
,
both
Roes
and
Boares
,
would
come
to
their
vsuall
places
for
meate
:
and
although
they
bee
naturally
very
wilde
,
yet
will
they
quickly
grow
tame
and
familiar
to
the
hand
of
man
,
for
Blondus
did
nourish
many
at
Rome
.
Being
wilde
they
are
hunted
with
Dogs
,
shot
with
Guns
,
taken
in
nets
,
of
their
taking
.
but
this
falleth
out
sildome
,
because
they
liue
most
among
the
rocks
.
They
are
most
easily
taken
in
the
woods
.
When
they
are
chased
,
they
desire
to
run
against
the
wind
,
because
the
coldnesse
of
the
aire
refresheth
them
in
their
course
,
and
therefore
they
which
hunt
them
place
their
Dogs
with
the
wind
,
for
sometimes
against
the
hunters
minds
,
Bellisarius
do
what
t●ey
can
to
the
contrary
,
she
taketh
hir
course
that
way
:
but
Harts
when
they
heare
the
barkings
of
Dogs
,
run
with
the
wind
,
that
the
sauor
of
their
feet
may
passe
away
with
them
.
They
are
often
taken
by
the
counterfaiting
of
their
voice
,
which
the
hunter
doth
by
taking
a
leafe
and
hissing
vpon
it
.
Cresconius
The
vse
of
their
flesh
.
They
are
very
good
meate
(
as
Philostratus
affirmeth
)
and
that
the
Indians
dresse
at
their
feasts
whole
Lyons
and
Roes
for
their
ghests
to
eate
,
and
the
Sophists
in
their
banket
which
is
described
by
Athaeneus
,
had
Roes
therein
:
and
therefore
Fiera
preferreth
it
before
the
fallow-deere
,
alledging
the
agreement
that
is
betwixt
it
and
the
body
of
man
,
being
dressed
according
to
Art
.
Hic
optata
feret
nobis
fomenta
calore
,
Simion
Sethi
Auicenna
.
Tr●●●anus
Vda
leui
modicis
mox
que
coquenda
focis
.
And
therefore
also
affirmeth
,
that
it
excelleth
all
wilde
beastes
whatsoeuer
,
being
not
onely
fitte
for
nourishment
but
for
the
sicke
,
as
for
them
that
haue
the
Chollicke
,
or
the
falling
euill
,
or
the
Timpanie
,
and
therefore
they
are
best
at
a
yeare
olde
or
vnder
.
Likewise
,
their
broath
with
Pepper
,
Loueage
,
seede
of
Rue
,
Parsley
,
Hony
,
Mustardseed
and
Oyle
;
Apicius
and
for
sauce
to
the
meate
they
take
Pepper
,
Rue
,
Hony
melted
,
and
an
onyon
:
sometime
also
they
seeth
the
hanches
or
hippes
,
and
make
Pasties
of
the
sides
and
ribbes
.
It
is
a
Beast
full
of
feare
,
and
therefore
the
flesh
thereof
although
it
be
very
dry
;
Of
the
disposition
&
passion
.
yet
will
it
engender
some
melancholy
;
of
the
feare
Martiall
saith
thus
:
Tam
despar
aquilae
columba
non
est
.
Hec
dorcas
rigido
fugar
leoni
.
As
the
Doue
from
the
Eagle
,
and
the
Roe
from
the
Lyon
,
which
afterward
grew
vnto
a
Prouerbe
.
It
hath
also
some
Epethets
among
Authors
,
which
doe
confirme
their
disposition
ful
of
feare
:
as
flying
,
weake
,
wanton
,
and
such
like
;
yet
will
they
fight
one
with
another
so
fiercely
,
that
sometime
they
kill
each
other
.
They
feare
also
the
Wolfes
,
whereof
came
the
prouerbe
,
Their
enemies
in
nature
.
that
first
of
all
the
Roes
wil
be
ioyned
to
the
Wolfes
,
to
expresse
an
incredible
matter
.
They
haue
also
beene
vsed
for
Sacrifice
to
Diana
,
for
the
Saphriae
Women
in
Patras
,
did
lay
vpon
hir
great
altar
whole
Harts
,
Bores
,
Roes
and
other
beasts
aliue
:
and
the
Coptitae
did
eate
the
Males
;
Sacrifices
of
Roes
.
but
religiously
worshipped
the
females
,
not
daring
to
eate
them
,
Pausanias
.
Aelianus
because
they
beleeued
that
Isis
loued
them
dearely
.
Of
these
Beasts
came
the
Islands
Capreae
beyond
Surrentum
into
Campania
,
where
Tiberius
had
a
famous
Castle
,
and
was
ennobled
by
his
presence
;
but
since
the
decay
thereof
,
it
is
now
celebrated
for
the
multitude
of
quailes
that
are
found
therein
.
The
medicines
arising
from
a
Roe
.
Marcellus
The
remedies
or
medicines
comming
from
this
Beast
are
these
:
first
,
the
flesh
of
them
eaten
,
is
good
against
all
paines
in
the
small
guts
,
for
it
dryeth
and
stayeth
the
belly
.
Pliny
affirmeth
,
that
the
teeth
of
a
Dragon
tyed
to
the
sinnewes
of
a
Hart
in
a
Roes
skinne
,
and
wore
about
ones
necke
,
maketh
a
man
to
be
gratious
to
his
superiors
,
and
them
to
be
fauorable
and
pitifull
to
him
in
all
his
supply
cations
:
And
if
the
white
flesh
in
the
brest
of
an
Hiaena
,
and
seuen
haires
thereof
with
the
genitall
of
a
Hart
,
betyed
in
a
piece
of
a
Roes
skinne
,
and
hanged
about
a
Womans
necke
,
it
maketh
that
her
wombe
shall
suffer
no
abortements
;
but
these
things
are
triuiall
,
and
not
to
be
beleeued
but
at
pleasure
.
I
know
that
the
taile
of
a
Dragon
tyed
to
the
Nerues
of
a
Hart
in
a
Roes
skinne
,
the
sewet
of
a
Roe
with
Goose-grease
,
the
marrow
of
a
Hart
and
an
onyon
,
with
Rozen
&
running
lime
,
doe
wonderfully
help
the
falling
euill
,
(
if
it
be
made
into
a
plaister
.
)
Sextus
saith
,
that
if
one
giue
the
braine
of
a
Roe
drawen
or
pressed
through
a
ring
to
an
infant
,
it
will
preserue
him
for
euer
from
the
falling
sicknesse
and
apparitians
.
The
Liuer
of
a
Roe
sod
in
salt
Water
,
and
the
eyes
of
a
purblind
man
held
ouer
the
fume
or
reak
thereof
,
are
cured
of
their
blindnesse
:
and
some
seeth
it
in
a
little
cup
,
and
annoynt
the
eies
with
the
scumme
or
froth
comming
from
it
.
The
same
liuer
being
burned
to
poulder
,
and
the
dust
cast
on
a
man
bleeding
,
staieth
the
yssue
or
fluxe
.
The
gall
of
this
beast
mixed
with
Wine
,
and
the
meale
of
Lupines
the
waight
of
a
groate
,
and
Hony
,
take
away
the
spots
of
the
face
&
the
same
gal
mixed
with
water
,
helpeth
a
sun-burned
face
,
and
freckles
:
The
same
with
Hony
Atticke
,
taketh
away
the
dimnes
from
the
eies
,
&
with
the
iuyce
of
a
gourd
annoynted
vpon
the
eie
browes
,
causeth
that
where
the
haire
hath
beene
pulled
off
,
that
it
neuer
shal
grow
againe
;
and
this
gall
is
alway
the
better
for
the
age
thereof
,
and
as
Hypocrates
did
prescribe
,
it
must
be
kept
in
a
siluer
pipe
or
boxe
.
For
the
tingling
of
the
eares
,
take
with
this
gall
the
Oyle
of
Roses
,
with
the
iuyce
of
an
Onyon
beaten
together
,
and
instilled
warme
into
the
eares
for
a
present
remedy
:
so
also
,
with
the
oyle
of
Roses
onely
,
it
helpeth
the
payne
in
the
teeth
,
and
with
the
hony
atticke
,
all
swellings
and
paines
in
the
iawes
or
chappes
,
putting
thereto
Myrrhe
,
saffron
,
Sextus
and
Pepper
.
The
same
gall
with
a
little
hoggs-bread
,
and
the
poulder
of
burnt
Alumme
with
Anyse
seede
,
made
into
a
suppository
,
procureth
loosenes
,
if
the
party
haue
not
the
Hemerrhoides
.
Also
the
gaull
taken
with
hony
and
the
iuyce
of
Eglantine
,
Aetius
.
cureth
the
exulceration
of
the
virile
member
by
annoynting
it
.
The
Spleene
being
drunke
,
helpeth
windinesse
,
and
the
melt
is
commended
against
the
chollicke
and
the
biting
of
serpents
.
Against
the
laundise
they
take
the
dung
of
a
Roe
dryed
and
sifted
,
and
drinke
it
in
wine
:
Galen
.
the
same
also
so
drunke
,
cureth
the
Ague
:
and
bycause
the
Roe-bucke
doth
wonderfully
loue
his
female
,
there
be
some
that
affirme
,
that
if
a
woman
eate
the
bladder
of
a
Roe
,
it
will
likewise
make
her
husband
to
loue
her
exceedingly
.
OF
THE
FIRST
KIND
OF
TRAGElaphus
which
may
be
called
a
Deere-goate
.
Plinyus
.
THere
is
another
kind
so
like
a
Deere
(
although
conceiued
of
a
Bucke-Goate
and
a
female
Hart
)
that
I
cannot
but
expresse
the
figure
and
briefe
narration
thereof
in
this
place
.
of
the
generation
of
this
beast
.
It
is
like
a
Deere
(
except
the
beard
and
the
bristles
growing
about
the
shoulders
)
and
Pliny
affirmeth
that
they
are
found
about
the
riuer
Phasis
,
in
Arabia
and
Arachotae
,
which
is
a
Citty
of
India
so
called
of
Arachotus
a
riuer
issuing
from
Caucasus
which
the
Graecians
call
Tragelaphos
,
Athenaeus
The
countries
of
this
beast
and
the
name
heerof
.
and
the
Germans
ein
Brandhirse
,
and
some
thinke
this
beast
to
be
mentioned
by
the
name
of
Ako
in
Deut.
14.
This
doubtles
is
the
same
beast
which
Aristotle
calleth
Hippelaphus
,
because
he
attributeth
the
selfe
same
things
to
it
that
Pliny
ascribeth
to
this
,
both
for
the
beard
,
the
bristles
,
and
deepe
haire
about
the
shoulders
,
which
hangeth
downe
like
the
mane
of
a
horse
.
The
similitude
both
in
proportion
and
quantity
holdeth
with
a
Hart
in
the
feete
which
are
clouen
,
and
that
the
female
thereof
doth
want
hornes
.
The
hornes
of
the
male
are
like
the
hornes
of
a
Roe
.
Therefore
howsoeuer
some
haue
imagined
that
there
is
no
such
Beast
to
be
found
in
the
world
,
they
are
rather
to
be
pittied
then
confuted
,
for
it
is
not
to
be
doubted
,
that
neither
the
auncients
nor
other
euer
haue
seene
all
the
diuers
and
maruailous
shapes
of
Beastes
,
which
are
to
be
found
in
many
remote
and
far
distant
places
of
the
world
,
especially
in
Arabia
and
India
,
where
are
many
desarts
;
and
therefore
the
reason
why
they
affirme
this
,
is
because
they
neuer
saw
any
such
,
and
so
it
is
to
be
vnderstood
:
for
the
rare
pictures
of
these
beasts
called
in
ancient
time
Canathra
,
Zenophon
.
Plutarch
.
Coelius
whereupon
children
were
carried
in
Pageants
and
shewes
,
gaue
them
occasion
to
think
that
these
were
but
mens
deuises
,
and
that
God
neuer
ordained
such
creatures
.
Georgius
Fabritius
which
sent
me
this
Picture
,
doth
among
other
thinges
write
vnto
me
very
probably
that
this
kinde
is
onely
distinguished
from
other
informe
,
name
,
and
strength
,
and
not
in
kind
:
and
this
being
more
strange
and
lesse
knowne
among
men
,
was
called
by
the
Graecians
Tragelaphus
,
being
greater
then
the
vulgar
Deere
,
deeper
haired
,
and
blacker
in
colour
,
Of
the
parts
.
and
this
(
saith
he
)
is
taken
in
the
ridings
or
forrests
of
Misena
,
bordering
vppon
Bohemia
,
and
the
common
sort
of
hunters
hold
opinion
,
that
by
reason
it
loueth
to
lie
where
Coles
are
made
,
Of
the
countries
of
this
beast
.
and
in
their
dust
,
feeding
vpon
such
grasse
as
groweth
in
those
places
,
that
therefore
the
Germanes
call
it
Brandhtrze
,
and
so
the
Foxes
which
resemble
them
in
colour
,
are
called
Brandfusche
.
It
is
for
certaine
that
these
are
greater
and
stronger
then
Harts
,
Agricola
Of
their
strength
and
colour
.
their
vpper
part
of
the
backe
being
blacke
,
and
the
neather
neere
the
belly
not
White
(
as
in
a
Hart
)
but
rather
blackish
;
but
about
his
genitals
very
blacke
.
I
haue
seene
the
hornes
to
haue
seauen
spires
or
braunches
,
growing
out
of
one
of
them
,
being
palmed
at
the
top
.
These
are
like
to
those
which
are
called
Achaeines
in
Greeke
,
by
reason
of
their
paine
and
sorrow
:
and
Kummerer
in
Germane
,
by
cause
they
liue
in
continuall
sorrow
for
their
young
ones
,
while
they
are
not
able
to
runne
out
of
their
dennes
,
belike
fearing
by
some
instinct
of
nature
,
A
secret
in
their
pa●sion
.
least
their
tender
and
weake
age
,
should
betray
them
to
the
hunters
,
before
they
be
able
to
runne
away
.
THE
FIGVRE
OF
ANOTHER
Tragelaphus
or
Deere-goate
,
expressed
by
BELLONIVS
.
THere
is
another
Tragelaphus
(
saith
he
)
whereof
I
finde
no
name
among
the
French
:
it
wanteth
a
beard
,
The
description
of
his
seuerall
parts
.
and
the
Haire
thereof
resembleth
an
Ibex-goate
(
whose
description
followeth
afterward
among
Goates
:
)
the
hornes
heereof
are
like
a
Goats
,
but
more
crooked
and
bending
,
compassing
behinde
as
a
Rammes
doe
,
which
he
neuer
looseth
.
His
face
,
Nose
,
and
eares
,
are
like
a
sheepes
,
the
skinne
of
his
Cods
being
very
thicke
and
hanging
downe
.
His
Legs
are
white
like
a
sheepes
,
his
taile
white
;
his
haires
are
so
long
about
his
necke
and
stomacke
,
that
you
would
thinke
it
were
bearded
.
His
haire
on
the
shoulders
and
brest
blacke
,
and
it
hath
two
gray
spots
on
his
flanks
on
either
side
:
the
Nostriles
are
blacke
,
the
beake
or
face
White
;
so
also
is
the
belly
beneath
,
but
the
description
heereof
seemeth
rather
to
agree
with
a
Pygargus
,
or
Musmon
,
of
which
I
shall
speake
afterward
.
Either
sexe
loose
euery
yeare
their
hoofes
,
and
Harts
doe
their
Hornes
,
that
nature
may
shew
their
resemblance
in
their
feet
to
a
Hart
,
as
he
doth
in
their
head
to
a
Goat
.
His
eare
is
short
like
a
Goats
,
but
his
eie
,
genitall
,
stones
,
and
taile
,
like
a
Harts
,
though
somwhat
shorter
.
The
hornes
like
a
Rammes
,
crooked
and
distinguished
in
the
middle
,
by
a
blacke
line
all
their
length
,
which
is
two
Roman
feete
and
one
finger
,
and
in
compasse
at
the
roote
,
one
foot
,
one
palme
,
and
a
halfe
,
standing
one
from
another
,
where
they
differ
most
not
aboue
one
foote
,
three
palmes
,
one
finger
and
a
halfe
.
The
rugged
circles
going
about
them
,
toward
the
top
are
bunchy
,
and
toward
the
bottom
or
roote
they
are
low
,
with
beaten
notches
or
impressions
.
Their
quantity
in
length
and
breadth
.
They
are
not
at
the
top
distant
one
point
from
another
,
aboue
one
foote
and
a
palme
.
The
length
of
their
face
,
from
the
Crowne
to
the
tip
of
the
Nose
,
one
foote
,
and
three
fingers
:
the
breadth
in
the
forehead
where
it
is
broadest
,
two
palmes
and
one
finger
.
The
height
of
this
beast
not
aboue
three
foote
and
a
halfe
,
except
where
his
mane
standeth
,
and
the
whole
length
heere
of
from
the
crown
of
the
head
to
the
taile
is
foure
feet
and
a
halfe
and
two
fingers
.
It
hath
onely
teeth
beneath
on
the
neather
chap
,
and
those
in
number
not
aboue
sixe
,
neither
did
I
obserue
any
defect
in
them
.
It
cheweth
the
cud
like
other
clouen-footed
beasts
.
The
Nostrils
are
blacke
,
from
whom
the
vpper
lip
is
deuided
by
a
long
perpendicular
line
.
It
is
a
gentle
,
pleasant
and
wanton
beast
,
in
the
disposition
,
Of
the
description
of
this
beast
.
rather
resembling
a
Goate
then
a
Hart
,
desiring
the
steepest
and
slipperyest
places
whereon
it
leapeth
,
and
from
whence
(
it
is
reptored
)
that
it
doth
cast
downe
it selfe
headlong
vpon
the
hornes
naturally
,
that
by
them
it
may
breake
the
violence
of
his
fall
or
leape
,
and
then
stayeth
his
body
vpon
the
sore-knees
.
It
will
runne
apace
,
but
it
is
most
excellent
in
leaping
,
for
by
leaping
it
ascendeth
the
highest
Mountaines
and
rockes
.
The
females
are
greater
then
the
males
,
but
not
in
Horne
or
Haire
,
it
eateth
Grasse
,
Oates
,
Cheas●ill
,
Hay
,
and
Bread
,
they
bring
forth
twinnes
euery
time
:
and
this
we
call
in
England
a
Barbary-Deere
.
Thus
farre
Doctor
Cay
.
OF
THE
HART
AND
HINDE
.
THe
male
of
this
beast
is
called
in
Haebrew
Ajal
Deut.
14.
The
names
of
a
Hart.
and
the
Arabians
doe
also
retaine
that
word
in
their
translations
,
the
Persians
cal
him
Geuazen
,
the
Septuagints
Elaphos
,
the
Graecians
at
this
day
Laphe
Pelaphe
,
and
Saint
Ierom
for
the
Latins
Ceruus
,
the
Chaldees
Aielah
,
the
Italians
Ceruo
,
the
Spaniards
Cieruo
,
the
French
Cerf
,
the
Germans
Hirtz
of
Hirs
and
Hirsch
,
the
Plimmings
Hert
,
the
Polonians
Gelen
,
the
Illirians
Ielijelij
.
The
female
or
Hinde
likewise
termed
in
Haebrew
Aial
,
and
sometime
Alia
and
Aielet
,
The
names
of
a
Hinde
the
Latines
and
Italians
Cerua
,
the
Spaniards
,
Cierua
the
Germans
Hinde
and
Hindin
,
and
the
Germans
more
speciallye
Hin
and
Wilprecht
,
the
French
Biche
,
and
the
Polonians
Lanij
.
The
young
faunes
or
calfes
of
this
Beast
they
call
in
Latine
Hinnuli
,
the
Graecians
Anebros
,
the
Haebrewes
Ofer
,
the
Germans
Hindcalb
.
The
nams
of
a
hinde-calfe
Also
it
is
not
to
be
forgotten
,
that
they
haue
diuers
other
names
to
dinstinguish
their
yeares
and
countries
,
as
for
example
:
when
they
begin
to
haue
hornes
,
which
appeare
in
the
second
yeare
of
their
age
like
Bodkins
without
braunches
,
which
are
in
Latine
called
Subulae
,
Aristotle
.
Pliny
.
O●
Spittards
&
Subulous
.
they
are
also
cald
Subulones
for
the
similitude
they
haue
with
bodkins
,
and
the
Germans
cal
such
an
one
Spirzhirtz
which
,
in
English
is
called
a
Spittard
,
and
the
Italians
corbiati
,
but
the
french
haue
no
proper
name
for
this
beast
that
I
can
learn
vntil
he
be
a
three
yearing
,
and
then
they
call
him
(
ein
Gabler
)
which
in
Latine
are
called
Furcarij
.
And
indeed
I
was
once
of
this
opinion
that
these
Subulones
were
only
two-yearing
Harts
,
vntil
I
consulted
with
a
Sauoyen
of
Segusium
,
Of
Brocardes
.
who
did
assure
me
from
the
mouths
of
men
traind
vp
in
hunting
wild
beasts
from
their
youth
,
that
there
are
a
kind
of
Subulones
which
they
call
also
Brocardi
with
straight
and
vnforked
hornes
except
one
branch
,
in
the
mountaine
of
Iura
neare
the
lake
Lemanus
,
and
that
these
also
do
liue
among
other
Hartes
,
for
there
was
seene
neere
a
monastry
called
the
Roman
Monasterie
by
certaine
hunters
,
in
the
yeare
1553.
a
vulgar
Hart
with
branched
hornes
,
and
his
female
,
and
likewise
with
a
Subulon
or
Brocarde
,
which
when
in
pursuit
he
was
constrained
to
leape
from
rocke
to
rock
,
to
get
to
the
Water
,
he
brake
his
legge
and
so
was
taken
.
These
Brocards
are
as
great
in
quantity
as
other
vulgar
Hartes
,
The
quantity
of
Brocards
.
but
their
bodies
are
leaner
and
they
swifter
in
course
.
Of
their
horns
.
They
haue
but
one
braunch
growing
out
of
the
stem
of
their
horne
,
which
is
not
bigger
then
a
mans
finger
,
and
for
this
cause
in
the
rutting
time
,
when
they
ioyne
with
their
females
,
they
easily
ouercome
the
vulgar
Hart
,
with
his
branched
and
forked
hornes
.
The
hunters
call
this
Brocard
the
shield-bearer
to
the
residue
,
for
by
him
they
are
deliuerd
being
hunted
:
for
whereas
it
is
the
nature
of
the
vulgar
Hart
,
to
get
into
ditches
,
and
hide
himselfe
in
hollow
places
when
he
heareth
the
hounds
,
this
beast
neuer
coueteth
any
secret
place
to
couer
himselfe
,
but
runneth
stil
in
the
sight
of
dogs
,
who
leaue
the
other
that
hide
themselues
,
because
they
keepe
this
on
foot
:
and
so
when
the
hunters
are
passed
by
the
lurking
harts
,
they
returne
back
againe
,
being
safe
both
from
nets
and
dogs
,
while
the
poore
Brocard
is
chased
vnto
death
.
These
being
old
,
are
also
known
by
their
teeth
and
horns
,
for
they
neuer
change
them
,
but
it
is
questionable
whether
they
haue
any
hinds
or
females
,
although
my
Authour
informeth
me
,
that
he
heareth
ther
be
also
hinds
with
horns
like
these
,
being
not
aboue
one
finger
long
;
which
if
it
be
true
,
it
is
not
improbable
that
these
are
the
femals
of
that
kind
,
wherunto
I
yeeld
more
easily
,
because
the
vulgar
hinds
wil
not
admit
copulation
with
the
Brocard
,
except
they
be
constraind
,
and
as
it
were
rauished
against
their
wil
,
from
whence
it
commeth
that
they
are
so
rare
and
seldom
bred
:
their
flesh
is
much
sweeter
then
the
vulgar
harts
.
The
figure
of
the
face
and
hornes
.
The
reason
why
I
call
this
Burgundian
hart
or
Subulon
Anamynta
,
is
because
it
not
onely
wanteth
the
manifolde
braunches
of
vulgar
Hartes
,
but
that
also
which
is
called
Amynta
.
There
are
another
sort
of
Harts
called
Achaini
bred
in
Creet
neere
Achaea
,
Aristotle
.
Of
the
Achaian
harts
.
whereas
in
all
other
partes
of
creet
there
are
no
Harts
,
wherof
it
is
affirmed
by
Gaza
that
there
was
one
of
them
which
had
a
bough
of
greene
Iuy
growing
in
his
hornes
,
it
was
coniectured
that
when
it
was
young
,
some
sprig
of
that
Iuy
was
taken
in
a
slifter
of
the
horne
,
Gaza
.
a
myracle
in
the
horne
of
this
beast
.
Athaeneus
.
which
by
reason
of
some
nourishment
it
found
in
the
horn
naturall
to
that
tree
being
like
a
rockye
substance
,
it
there
grew
to
more
perfection
.
These
are
also
called
Spathenae
,
although
that
terme
be
also
giuen
vnto
vulgar
Harts
to
signifie
their
full
age
,
yet
some
are
of
opinion
that
this
Achaenie
Hart
was
but
an
inuention
or
figment
made
in
bred
,
for
there
was
in
antient
time
a
kind
of
loafe
called
Achaines
in
the
likenesse
of
a
Hart.
The
picture
of
another
face
and
hornes
.
Harts
are
bred
in
most
countries
,
Of
the
regions
breeding
Harts
.
Solinus
.
but
the
auncients
do
celebrate
and
preferre
those
of
Britaine
before
other
,
where
they
are
of
diuers
colours
both
white
and
blacke
,
as
Pausanias
affirmeth
.
In
Oedor
a
region
of
Asia
,
toward
the
Northerne
Ocaean
,
they
ride
vpon
Harts
;
likewise
there
are
●arts
in
Scythia
:
and
the
people
cald
Meditae
which
are
subiect
to
the
kings
of
Tartaria
,
make
their
Harts
so
tame
,
that
they
also
ride
vppon
them
:
there
are
none
in
creet
except
in
the
region
of
the
cydonites
▪
there
are
also
in
the
woods
of
Helvetia
,
but
not
so
many
as
in
time
past
because
Democraties
do
not
nourish
game
and
pleasures
like
vnto
Monarchies
,
and
therefore
they
are
daily
killed
by
the
vulgar
sort
,
there
being
no
law
against
it
.
The
Harts
of
Hellespont
,
and
about
Arginussa
haue
one
of
their
eares
slit
or
cut
asunder
,
Aelianus
.
Aristotle
A
secret
in
the
eares
of
Harts
.
Amianus
.
A
hystory
.
by
nature
in
their
dams
belly
,
and
therefore
they
neuer
go
ouer
the
Mountaines
into
other
regions
:
as
indeed
it
is
the
property
of
all
Harts
to
loue
,
)
their
natiue
soiles
aboue
all
other
places
.
There
is
a
citty
called
Dora
in
Assiria
,
neere
the
banks
of
Euphrates
,
where
are
many
flockes
of
Harts
,
of
whom
many
times
some
are
slaine
with
Darts
,
and
others
as
they
swim
away
to
their
accustomed
solitudes
are
oppressed
in
the
water
by
the
weight
of
Oares
,
and
so
taken
.
They
are
for
the
most
part
sand-coloured
,
and
intermingled
with
some
white
spots
,
especially
the
Hinds
and
their
calues
,
and
sometimes
milk-white
,
Pollux
.
Varinus
.
Of
the
colour
.
Aristotle
Buellius
,
Philostratus
.
a
history
.
Plutarch
.
Gellius
.
which
happeneth
vnto
them
by
some
defect
in
their
nourishment
before
they
be
calued
:
and
for
natural
imbecillity
,
so
haue
I
seen
white
Bears
,
Hares
,
Quailes
,
Partridges
,
and
Swallows
.
When
Appolonius
and
his
Colleagues
trauelled
by
Paraca
a
citty
of
India
,
they
suddenly
heard
a
noise
like
the
sound
of
a
pipe
,
and
while
they
looked
about
to
see
what
it
signified
,
they
perceiued
that
it
was
the
pipe
of
a
keeper
or
Forrester
,
which
gouerned
a
whole
flocke
of
white
Harts
:
such
an
one
was
the
was
the
hart
of
Sertorius
that
Noble
Captain
,
whereby
he
led
his
army
,
as
they
were
perswaded
by
it
,
who
affirmed
that
it
was
a
Spanish
Prophet
or
wizard
giuen
to
him
by
a
certain
Lusitanian
whom
he
took
in
an
Island
of
Portugall
;
saying
moreouer
that
she
was
inspired
by
Diana
,
and
that
shee
had
authority
from
that
Goddesse
to
admonish
him
,
and
make
the
harts
of
his
souldiors
cleaue
fast
vnto
him
,
and
therefore
if
at
any
time
he
miscaried
in
his
proceedings
,
he
could
easily
pacifie
them
from
mutinies
,
in
saying
;
that
his
hart
set
him
vppon
that
enterprize
,
so
putting
off
the
fault
cunningly
from
himselfe
to
the
beast
for
feare
of
defection
,
wherfore
also
these
wer
vsed
in
the
Bacchanals
of
Cracouia
,
and
their
flesh
being
softer
,
is
peculiarly
termed
by
the
French
Venaison
.
Of
their
horns
,
&
the
beauty
of
them
.
These
do
excell
all
other
in
the
beauty
of
hornes
,
which
are
very
high
,
yet
grow
they
not
to
their
bones
or
skalps
,
but
to
their
skin
,
branching
forth
into
many
spieres
,
being
solide
throughout
,
and
as
hard
as
stones
,
and
fall
off
once
euery
yeare
,
but
if
they
remaine
abroad
in
the
aire
,
where
some
wind
and
raine
fall
vpon
them
,
so
as
now
they
are
wet
,
and
anon
dry
againe
,
they
grow
as
light
as
any
vanishing
or
softer
substance
as
I
haue
proued
by
experience
,
finding
some
which
haue
bin
lost
by
them
in
the
woods
:
wherefore
I
gather
that
they
are
of
an
earthly
matter
concrete
and
hardned
with
a
strong
heat
made
like
vnto
bones
.
It
must
be
vnderstood
that
the
males
onely
are
horned
,
and
yet
haue
they
small
benefite
by
them
,
because
(
as
I
saide
)
they
growe
but
within
theyr
skin
,
and
these
also
they
loose
euery
yeare
in
the
spring
time
At
one
yeare
old
they
haue
nothing
but
small
bunches
,
as
it
were
significations
of
their
hornes
to
come
growing
on
their
head
;
at
two
yeares
old
they
appeare
more
perfectly
but
straight
and
simple
;
at
three
yeares
they
grow
forked
into
two
spieres
,
at
foure
into
three
,
and
so
increase
euery
yeare
in
their
branches
till
they
be
six
,
and
aboue
that
time
you
cannot
certainly
discerne
their
age
by
their
heade
,
for
their
hornes
or
spieres
grow
not
more
in
number
although
their
years
make
them
greater
in
quantity
:
yet
the
old
Harts
do
want
these
two
branches
which
the
Graecians
call
Amynterai
,
and
the
Latines
Adminicula
,
because
they
first
come
forth
:
and
I
haue
heard
that
there
were
Harts
horns
in
an
Apothicaries
shop
of
Antwerp
,
which
had
euerie
one
fifteene
branches
vpon
one
stem
,
which
if
it
be
true
,
it
goeth
beyond
al
experience
.
Euery
yeare
in
the
month
of
Aprill
they
loose
their
hornes
,
and
so
hauing
lost
them
,
The
time
of
loosing
their
hornes
.
Pliny
.
they
hide
themselues
in
the
day
time
,
inhabiting
the
shadowy
places
,
to
auoide
the
annoyance
of
flies
,
and
feed
onely
during
that
time
in
the
night
.
Their
new
hornes
come
forth
like
bunches
at
the
first
,
and
afterward
by
the
encrease
of
the
Suns
heate
,
they
grow
more
hard
,
couered
with
a
rough
skinne
,
which
the
hunters
for
honours
sake
call
a
Veluet
head
,
and
as
that
skinne
dryeth
,
they
daily
try
the
strength
of
their
new
heade
vppon
trees
,
which
not
only
scrapeth
off
the
roughnes
,
but
by
the
pain
they
feel
in
rubbing
them
,
they
are
taught
how
long
to
forbear
the
company
of
their
fellows
;
for
at
last
when
in
their
chafing
or
fretting
of
their
new
horne
against
a
tree
,
they
can
no
more
feele
any
smart
or
greefe
in
them
,
they
take
it
for
high
time
to
forsake
their
solitary
dwellings
,
and
return
againe
to
their
former
condition
,
like
one
that
is
supplied
with
new
arms
,
after
the
loosing
of
his
old
.
The
tender
and
new
hornes
the
Germans
call
Morchi
and
Kolben
:
these
being
taken
from
the
beast
are
accounted
among
great
noble
men
a
delicate
dish
of
meat
.
Cyprius
is
said
to
haue
a
Hart
with
foure
hornes
,
Aeliaenus
a
history
of
a
Hart
with
4.
horns
.
which
was
called
Nicocreos
,
and
by
him
dedicated
to
Apollo
,
which
I
do
therefore
remember
in
this
place
,
because
it
is
seldome
seene
that
a
Hart
can
bear
naturally
aboue
two
horns
.
Authors
do
generallie
affirm
,
that
when
a
Hart
hath
lost
his
hornes
,
he
hideth
them
in
some
secret
place
,
because
he
vnderstandeth
some
secret
vertues
,
are
contained
in
them
,
which
mankind
seeketh
for
,
and
therefore
he
either
enuying
the
good
of
other
,
or
fearing
least
they
bewray
him
heereafter
to
hunters
,
taketh
the
best
care
and
prouidence
his
discretion
can
affoorde
,
that
they
neuer
come
to
the
handling
of
men
.
When
the
people
asked
Apollo
what
they
shoulde
doe
with
Procles
their
Tyrant
,
the
Oracle
answerd
that
he
should
go
to
that
place
where
Harts
cast
their
horns
:
whereby
it
was
gathered
,
that
he
should
be
slaine
and
buried
in
the
earth
,
and
this
caused
the
prouerbe
:
Vbi
cerui
abijciunt
cornua
,
to
signifie
a
desperate
busines
:
yet
could
it
not
be
agreed
,
whether
the
Hart
make
more
account
of
his
right
horne
or
his
left
,
and
therefore
Aristotle
affirmeth
,
Whether
the
right
or
left
horn
be
most
pretious
.
that
the
left
horne
is
neuer
found
;
and
Pliny
,
that
the
right
horn
is
neuer
found
.
This
difference
may
be
reconciled
with
ease
,
for
right
and
left
are
so
tearmed
for
three
causes
,
or
three
manner
of
waies
.
First
,
properly
in
all
creatures
,
according
to
the
beginning
of
motion
.
Secondlie
,
for
similitude
or
likenesse
,
as
the
right
and
left
side
of
Images
,
statues
,
&c.
Thirdly
,
improperly
when
the
right
side
of
one
thing
standeth
against
the
left
side
of
another
,
being
opposite
,
as
when
two
men
stande
face
to
face
,
and
by
this
reason
may
the
left
horne
of
Aristotle
,
and
the
right
horne
of
Pliny
signifie
all
one
thing
:
but
we
know
that
the
hornes
of
harts
are
found
yearly
both
in
fields
&
woods
.
The
wilde
Harts
of
Sarmatia
neere
Turky
,
haue
the
greatest
hornes
of
all
other
,
Of
the
horns
of
Turkey
Harts
.
for
it
hath
bene
proued
that
one
paire
of
them
haue
waighed
forty
poundes
Troy
weight
and
aboue
:
and
there
they
loose
their
hornes
in
March
,
neither
do
they
fall
off
together
,
but
first
one
,
and
then
the
other
,
and
after
ther
first
falling
,
it
is
manifest
that
a
certaine
worm
getteth
on
them
and
maketh
vppon
them
many
circles
and
little
furrowes
whereby
the
roote
or
basis
being
weakened
,
the
horne
groweth
very
white
in
that
place
,
Bonarus
and
yet
not
without
some
apperaunce
of
blood
remaining
which
cleaueth
to
it
,
from
the
first
falling
off
:
for
,
when
the
head
of
this
Beast
is
disarmed
,
there
yssueth
blood
from
the
scul
,
and
in
appearance
the
naked
place
is
like
a
wound
,
and
yet
it
is
wonderful
to
marke
,
that
within
3.
daies
the
same
is
heald
and
filed
with
the
blood
which
congealeth
in
that
place
first
to
a
sinnue
,
and
afterward
to
a
hard
bone
,
so
as
in
August
at
the
farthest
,
Orus
The
reasons
why
Hartes
and
Deere
loose
their
horns
yearly
.
the
hornes
are
perfect
,
and
therefore
the
Egyptians
to
describe
a
long-liued-man
,
picture
a
Hart
loosinge
his
hornes
euery
yeare
and
new
comming
in
their
place
.
If
any
man
be
desirous
to
know
the
reasons
,
why
onely
beasts
of
this
kind
loose
their
hornes
in
this
maner
,
I
wil
not
spare
my
paines
to
set
downe
the
best
which
Authors
haue
rendred
for
this
woonder
of
nature
.
First
,
because
of
the
matter
whereof
they
consist
,
for
it
is
dry
and
earthy
like
the
substance
of
green
leaues
,
which
fal
off
yearly
,
wanting
glewing
or
holding
moisture
to
continue
them
;
and
for
this
cause
the
horne
of
a
hart
cannot
be
bent
.
Secondly
,
from
the
place
they
grow
vpon
,
for
they
are
not
rooted
vpon
the
scull
,
but
onely
within
the
skin
.
3.
from
their
efficient
cause
,
for
they
are
hardned
both
with
the
heat
of
summer
and
cold
of
winter
,
by
meanes
whereof
the
pores
to
receiue
their
nourishing
liquor
,
are
vtterly
shut
vp
and
stopped
,
so
as
of
necessity
their
natiue
heat
dyeth
:
which
falleth
not
out
in
other
Beasts
whose
hornes
are
for
the
most
part
hollow
,
and
fitted
for
longer
continuance
,
but
these
are
of
lesser
,
and
the
new
bunches
swelling
vp
toward
the
spring
,
do
thrust
off
the
old
hornes
,
being
holpe
either
by
the
boughes
of
trees
,
by
the
weight
of
the
horns
,
or
by
the
willing
excussion
of
the
beast
that
beareth
them
.
Democritus
and
other
(
as
Gillius
and
Aelianus
)
giue
other
reasons
,
but
because
they
seeme
to
be
far
fetched
,
I
wil
omit
them
.
A
natural
secret
of
gelded
Deere
.
Aristotle
.
Pliny
.
Solinus
.
Yet
by
the
waie
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
if
a
hart
be
libbed
or
gelded
when
he
is
yong
he
neuer
beareth
hornes
,
or
verie
smal
ones
,
and
if
his
horns
be
vpon
him
at
the
time
of
gelding
,
they
neuer
waxe
lesse
,
or
greater
,
or
fall
off
.
The
hinds
neuer
beare
hornes
at
all
,
as
some
haue
affirmd
,
but
I
rather
beleeue
Caesar
,
Maximilian
,
and
Zenodotus
,
who
affirm
vpon
their
knoledge
that
hinds
in
some
countries
haue
hornes
like
the
males
:
as
likewise
it
is
obserued
in
the
Elephants
of
India
,
and
for
this
cause
the
Poets
expressed
the
hinde
which
nourished
Telephus
with
hornes
,
and
that
which
Hercules
tooke
with
Golden
hornes
,
and
it
is
for
certaine
,
that
in
Ethyopia
and
Lybia
,
both
sexes
haue
hornes
.
The
face
of
this
beast
is
fleshy
,
his
Nostrils
flat
,
and
his
necke
very
long
;
his
eares
,
The
seuerall
parts
.
some
greater
,
and
some
smaller
,
but
in
the
mount
Elaphus
and
Hellespont
,
they
are
slit
.
It
is
obserued
,
that
when
a
Hart
pricketh
vp
his
eares
he
windeth
sharpe
,
very
far
and
sure
,
and
discouereth
all
treachery
against
him
,
but
if
they
hange
downe
and
wag
,
he
perceiueth
no
danger
.
By
their
teeth
is
their
age
discerned
,
and
they
haue
foure
on
both
sides
,
Aristotle
.
wherewith
they
grind
theyr
meate
,
and
besides
two
other
much
greater
in
the
male
then
in
the
female
,
and
they
bend
downward
to
bite
withal
.
Aristotle
.
All
these
beasts
haue
worms
in
their
heads
bred
vnderneath
their
tongue
in
a
hollow
place
,
where
the
neck-bone
is
ioyned
to
the
heade
,
which
are
not
bigger
then
such
as
Flyes
blow
in
rotten
flesh
.
They
are
ingendred
together
one
with
another
,
and
they
are
in
number
twenty
,
as
some
would
haue
it
,
but
I
was
giuen
to
vnderstand
by
one
that
sawe
a
heade
of
this
beast
dissected
,
wherein
were
many
more
Wormes
,
and
not
contained
in
one
place
,
but
spreade
all
ouer
the
head
.
The
breast
is
by
the
Frenchmen
called
peculiarly
Hampan
,
his
blood
is
not
like
other
beastes
,
for
it
hath
no
Fibres
or
small
veines
in
it
,
and
therefore
it
is
hardly
congealed
.
His
heart
is
very
great
,
as
it
so
falleth
out
in
all
fearefull
beasts
,
hauing
in
it
a
bone
like
a
a
crosse
as
shall
be
afterward
manifested
.
His
belly
is
not
of
one
fashion
as
it
falleth
out
in
all
other
which
chew
the
cud
.
He
hath
no
gall
,
which
is
one
cause
of
the
length
of
his
life
,
and
therefore
also
are
his
bowels
so
bitter
that
the
Dogges
will
not
touch
them
,
except
they
be
very
fat
.
The
Achaian
Harts
are
said
to
haue
their
gall
in
their
tailes
,
and
other
say
that
Harts
haue
a
gal
in
their
eares
.
Aristotle
pl●n●
.
The
Harts
of
Briletum
and
Tharne
haue
their
raines
Quadrupled
or
foure-fould
.
The
genitall
part
is
all
neruy
,
the
taile
small
,
and
the
Hinde
hath
vdders
betwixt
her
thighes
with
foure
speanes
like
a
cow
.
Of
their
dis●osi●ion
.
Pli●y
.
A
s●c●et
to
cu●●
poyson
.
Both
male
and
female
are
woonderfully
swift
and
subtile
as
shall
be
shewed
in
the
discourse
of
their
hunting
.
They
are
also
apt
and
cunning
to
swim
,
although
in
their
swimming
they
see
no
land
,
yet
doe
they
wind
it
by
their
noses
.
They
chew
the
cud
like
other
beasts
.
It
is
reported
that
when
a
Hart
is
stung
by
a
Serpent
,
that
by
eating
Elaphoscum
:
(
that
is
,
as
some
call
it
Harts
eye
,
others
Hart-thorne
,
or
grace
of
God
,
others
wilde
Ditany
,
)
it
presently
cureth
the
wound
and
expelleth
the
poyson
;
the
same
vertue
they
attribute
to
Polypodye
,
against
the
wound
of
a
Dart.
of
their
food
●●agus
Hauing
thus
entered
into
mention
of
their
foode
,
it
is
to
be
farther
obserued
,
that
the
males
of
this
kind
will
eat
Dwall
or
night-shade
which
is
also
called
Deathes-hearbe
,
and
they
also
loue
aboue
all
other
food
wilde
Elder
,
so
as
in
the
Summer
time
they
keepe
for
the
most
part
in
those
places
where
these
plantes
grow
,
eating
the
leaues
onely
,
and
not
the
boughes
or
sprigs
:
a
secret
in
the
Hind
How
Hartes
draw
serpents
out
of
theyr
holes
and
wherefore
they
eat
and
deuoure
them
.
but
the
Hind
will
eat
neither
of
both
,
except
when
she
beareth
a
male
in
her
belly
,
and
then
also
by
secret
instinct
of
nature
,
she
feedeth
like
a
male
.
They
will
also
eate
Serpents
,
but
whether
for
hatred
to
them
,
or
for
medicine
they
receiue
by
them
,
it
is
questionable
.
A
Hart
by
his
nose
draweth
a
Serpent
out
of
her
hole
,
and
therefore
the
Gramarians
deriued
Elaphos
a
Hart
,
from
Elanein
tous
opheis
,
that
is
,
of
driuing
away
Serpents
.
I
cannot
assent
to
the
opinion
of
Aelianus
,
that
affirmeth
the
Serpents
follow
the
breath
of
a
Hart
like
some
Philtre
or
amorous
cup
;
for
seeing
that
all
Authors
hold
an
hostility
in
natures
betwixt
them
,
it
is
not
probable
that
the
Serpent
loueth
the
breath
of
a
beast
,
vnto
whose
whole
body
he
is
an
enemy
,
with
a
perpetuall
antipathy
.
And
if
any
reply
,
that
the
warme
breath
of
a
Hart
is
acceptable
to
the
cold
Serpent
,
and
that
therefore
she
followeth
it
,
as
a
Dogge
creepeth
to
the
fire
,
or
as
other
beasts
the
beames
of
the
Sunne
,
I
will
not
greatly
gaine-say
it
,
seeing
by
that
meanes
it
is
most
cleare
,
that
the
breath
doeth
not
by
any
secret
force
,
or
vertue
,
extract
and
draw
her
out
of
the
Denne
,
but
rather
,
the
concomitant
quality
of
heate
,
which
is
not
from
the
secret
fire
in
the
bones
of
the
Hartes
throat
(
as
Pliny
hath
taught
)
but
rather
from
her
ordinary
expiration
,
inspiration
,
and
respiration
.
For
it
cannot
be
,
that
seeing
al
the
parts
of
a
Serpent
are
opposite
to
a
Hart
,
that
there
should
be
any
loue
to
that
which
killeth
her
.
For
my
opinion
I
thinke
that
the
manner
of
the
Harts
drawing
the
Serpent
out
of
her
Den
is
not
as
Aelianus
and
Pliny
affirmeth
,
by
sending
into
the
caue
a
warme
breath
which
burneth
and
scorcheth
the
beast
out
of
her
den
,
but
rather
when
the
Hart
hath
found
the
Serpents
nest
,
she
draweth
the
aire
by
secret
and
violent
attraction
out
from
the
Serpent
,
who
to
saue
her
life
followeth
the
ayre
out
of
her
den
,
as
when
a
vessell
is
broched
or
vented
,
the
wine
followeth
the
flying
ayre
,
and
as
a
cupping-glasse
draweth
blood
out
of
a
Scarified
place
of
the
body
:
so
the
Serpent
is
drawne
vnwillingly
to
follow
her
destroier
,
and
not
willingly
as
Aelianus
affirmeth
.
Vnto
this
opinion
both
Oribasius
in
his
commentaries
vpon
the
Aphorismes
of
Hippocrates
and
Gumterius
his
restorer
do
ioyntly
agree
:
but
the
Serpent
being
thus
drawne
forth
,
addeth
greater
force
to
her
poyson
,
whereupon
the
prouerbiall
admonition
did
arise
.
Cane
ne
incideris
in
serpentem
,
cum
extracta
a
latebris
anhelitu
cerui
,
effugerit
,
tum
enim
propter
,
Aelianus
.
iracundiam
vehementius
ei
venenum
est
,
that
is
,
Beware
thou
meete
not
with
a
Serpent
drawn
out
of
her
hole
by
the
breth
of
a
Hart
,
for
at
that
time
by
reason
of
her
wrath
,
her
poison
is
more
vehement
.
After
this
selfe
same
manner
doe
the
sea-Rams
,
drawe
the
Sea-calfes
hid
in
the
Subterranean
Rocks
,
for
by
smelling
they
preuent
the
ayr
that
should
come
vnto
them
for
refrigeration
.
O●pianus
.
Gillius
.
The
fight
betwixt
Harts
and
Serpents
There
is
many
times
strange
conflicts
betwixt
the
Hart
and
the
Serpent
,
thus
drawne
forth
,
for
the
Serpent
seeing
her
aduersary
lifteth
her
necke
aboue
the
ground
,
and
grasheth
at
the
Hart
with
her
teeth
,
breathing
out
very
bitter
hissings
:
on
the
contrary
,
the
Hart
deriding
the
vaine
endeuour
of
his
weake
aduersary
,
readier
to
fight
then
powerfull
to
harme
him
,
suffereth
him
to
embrace
both
his
necke
and
Legges
with
his
long
and
thin
body
,
but
at
an
instant
teareth
it
into
an
hundred
pieces
.
But
the
most
strange
combats
are
betwixt
the
Harts
and
Serpents
of
Libia
,
where
the
hatred
is
deeper
;
and
the
Serpents
watch
the
Hart
when
he
lyeth
a
sleepe
on
the
ground
,
and
being
a
multitude
of
them
,
set
vpon
him
together
,
fastening
their
poysonfull
teeth
in
euery
part
of
his
skinne
;
some
on
his
necke
and
breast
;
some
on
his
sides
and
backe
,
some
on
his
Legges
,
and
some
hange
vpon
his
priuy
parts
,
biting
him
with
mortall
rage
,
to
ouerthrow
their
foe
.
The
poore
Hart
being
thus
oppressed
with
a
multitude
,
and
pricked
with
venemous
pains
assayeth
to
runne
away
,
but
all
in
vaine
,
their
cold
earthy
bodyes
and
winding
tailes
,
both
ouercharge
his
strength
,
and
hinder
his
pace
:
he
then
in
a
rage
with
his
teeth
,
feete
,
and
horne
assaileth
his
enemies
,
whose
speares
are
already
entred
into
his
body
,
tearing
some
of
them
in
pieces
,
and
beating
other
asunder
:
they
neuer
the
lesse
(
like
men
)
knowing
that
now
they
must
dye
rather
then
giue
ouer
and
yeald
to
their
pittilesse
enemy
,
cleaue
fast
,
and
keepe
the
hold
of
their
teeth
vpon
his
body
,
although
their
other
partes
be
mortally
wounded
,
and
nothing
left
but
their
heades
,
and
therefore
will
dye
together
with
their
foe
,
seeing
if
they
were
asunder
no
compassion
can
delay
or
mitigate
their
naturall
vnappeaseable
hatred
.
The
Hart
thus
hauing
eased
himselfe
by
the
slaughter
of
some
,
(
like
an
Elephant
)
at
the
sight
of
their
blood
,
be
stirreth
himselfe
more
busily
in
the
eager
battaile
,
and
therfore
treadeth
some
vnder
foote
in
the
blood
of
their
fellowes
,
others
he
pursueth
with
tooth
and
horne
,
vntill
he
see
them
all
destroyed
:
and
whereas
the
heads
hang
fast
in
his
skinne
,
for
auoyding
and
pulling
them
forth
,
(
by
a
deuine
naturall
instinct
)
he
flieth
or
runneth
to
the
Waters
,
where
he
findeth
sea-crabs
,
and
of
them
he
maketh
a
medicine
,
whereby
he
shaketh
off
the
Serpents
heades
,
cureth
their
woundes
,
and
auoideth
all
their
poyson
;
this
valiant
courage
is
in
Harts
against
Serpents
,
wheras
they
are
naturally
affraid
of
Hares
and
Conies
,
and
will
not
fight
with
them
.
It
is
no
lesse
strange
that
Harts
will
eate
Serpents
;
but
the
reason
is
,
Etymologus
.
Varinus
.
for
medicine
and
cure
;
for
sometimes
the
pores
of
his
body
are
dulled
and
shut
vp
;
sometimes
the
worms
of
his
belly
doe
asend
into
the
roofe
of
his
mouth
,
while
he
cheweth
his
cud
,
and
there
cleaue
fast
:
for
remedy
whereof
the
Hart
thus
affected
,
runneth
about
to
seeke
for
Serpents
,
for
his
deuouring
of
a
Serpent
,
is
a
cure
of
this
Malady
.
Isidorus
.
Pliny
saith
,
that
when
the
Hart
is
olde
,
and
preceiueth
that
his
strength
decayeth
,
his
haire
change
,
and
his
hornes
drye
aboue
custome
,
that
then
for
the
renewing
of
his
strength
,
he
first
deuoureth
a
Serpent
,
and
afterward
runneth
to
some
Fountaine
of
water
and
there
drinketh
,
which
causeth
an
alteration
in
the
whole
body
;
both
changing
the
haire
and
horne
:
and
the
Writer
of
the
Glosse
vppon
the
42.
Psalme
,
which
beginneth
,
Like
as
the
Hart
desireth
the
Water
springes
so
longeth
my
soule
after
God
;
confirmeth
this
opinion
.
Vincentius
Belluacensis
affirmeth
,
that
Harts
eate
Serpents
,
for
to
cure
the
dimnesse
of
their
eye-sight
.
But
for
the
ending
of
this
question
,
we
must
consider
that
there
are
two
kinds
of
Harts
;
one
which
by
the
drawing
forth
of
a
Serpent
out
of
her
hole
,
The
seuerall
kinds
of
harts
doth
presently
kill
her
by
stamping
hir
vnder
feet
,
this
eateth
that
Serpent
,
and
runneth
to
springing
Water
,
after
that
he
feeleth
the
poyson
to
make
his
body
swell
,
and
then
by
drinking
doth
vomit
forth
the
poyson
,
and
in
the
meane
time
looseth
both
haire
and
horne
;
yet
the
Monkes
of
Mesaen
affirme
,
that
the
Hart
thus
poysoned
doeth
onely
couer
her
body
in
the
cold
water
and
not
drinke
thereof
,
for
that
were
exitiall
vnto
her
,
but
she
sendeth
forth
certaine
teares
,
which
are
turned
into
a
stone
(
called
Bezahar
)
of
which
shal
be
more
said
heereafter
.
The
other
kind
of
Harts
when
hee
findeth
a
Serpent
,
killeth
it
,
and
doeth
not
eate
it
,
and
immediately
after
the
victory
returneth
to
feede
in
the
Mountaines
.
Harts
are
opposed
by
Wolues
,
The
enemy
beastes
to
Harts
.
for
many
Wolues
together
doth
ouercome
a
Hart
and
therefore
it
is
but
a
fable
of
Strabo
,
that
the
Wolues
and
harts
liue
tame
together
in
the
Woodes
of
the
Veneti
.
These
kind
of
Wolues
are
called
Thoes
,
and
they
especially
feare
these
Wolues
when
they
haue
lost
their
hornes
,
and
feede
onely
in
the
night
season
,
Vincentius
.
which
caused
Ouid
to
write
thus
;
Visa
fugit
nymphe
:
veluti
perterrita
fuluum
,
Cerua
lupum
,
&c.
They
are
afraid
also
of
the
first
and
second
kinde
of
Eagles
,
for
with
their
winges
they
raise
much
dust
about
the
Harts
,
Albertus
and
then
they
being
halfe
blind
,
the
Eagles
pal
out
their
eies
,
or
else
so
beate
their
feathers
about
their
faces
,
that
they
hinder
their
sight
,
and
cause
them
to
fall
downe
headlong
from
the
Mountaines
:
Aristotle
Of
the
feare
of
harts
.
they
feare
also
the
ganning
of
Foxes
,
and
the
Lynxes
doe
likewise
lye
in
waite
to
hurt
them
.
These
are
aboue
al
other
fourefooted
Beastes
both
ingenious
and
fearefull
,
who
although
they
haue
large
hornes
,
yet
their
defence
against
other
foure-footed
Beastes
is
to
runne
away
:
For
this
cause
,
in
auncient
time
a
fugitiue
Boy
or
seruant
was
called
a
Hart
,
and
if
he
ran
away
twice
,
Cantharion
,
which
Cantharion
was
a
Spartan
fugitiue
,
that
first
ran
to
the
enemy
,
and
afterward
from
them
came
backe
againe
to
Sparta
.
C●●●tus
.
Nebendi●us
And
Martiall
thus
descibeth
Alchaeus
,
who
being
ouercome
by
Phillip
King
of
Macedon
ran
away
like
a
Hart
:
Trux
spiritus
ille
philippi
,
Ceruorum
cursu
praepete
lapsus
abit
.
The
epithets
of
a
Hart.
The
Epithets
expressing
the
qualities
of
this
Beast
are
many
:
as
nimble
,
or
agile
,
winged
,
or
swift-paced
,
ful
of
yeares
,
quick-footed
,
horned
,
wandering
,
fearefull
,
flying
,
fugitiue
,
A
kind
of
auda●ions
harts
Schneberg
:
light
,
wood-hunter
,
wilde
,
and
liuely
.
There
are
of
them
very
audations
,
for
they
will
set
vpon
men
as
they
trauaile
through
the
Woods
:
and
it
is
obserued
,
that
the
wrathfull
Hart
hath
few
bunches
on
his
horne
,
neither
is
it
so
long
as
others
,
but
bunched
at
the
roote
,
Pliny
.
yet
all
of
them
being
pressed
with
dogs
or
other
wilde
beasts
,
will
flye
vnto
a
man
for
succor
.
It
is
reported
by
Phillip
Melauchton
,
that
in
Locha
(
a
towne
of
Saxony
)
there
was
a
Hart
,
which
before
rutting
time
would
euery
yeare
leape
ouer
the
Walles
,
and
runne
ouer
rocks
and
Mountaines
,
The
subtilty
of
a
Hart
,
&
their
instruction
and
vse
.
and
yet
returne
home
againe
,
vntill
the
time
that
Duke
Fredericke
dyed
,
and
then
the
Hart
went
forth
but
neuer
returned
againe
.
The
male
when
he
feeleth
himselfe
fat
,
liueth
solitary
and
secret
,
because
he
knoweth
the
weight
of
his
body
will
easily
betray
him
to
the
hunters
if
he
be
hunted
and
pursued
.
The
female
commonly
calueth
neere
the
high
wayes
,
of
purpose
to
auoyde
noysome
beasts
to
her
young
one
,
who
doe
more
auoide
the
sight
of
man
then
her selfe
.
Also
it
is
reported
,
that
Mithredates
had
a
Bull
,
Aristotle
a
Horsse
,
and
a
Hart
,
for
his
guard
beside
men
,
who
would
not
be
bribed
to
suffer
Traytors
to
kill
him
being
a
sleepe
.
Moreouer
it
is
saide
of
Ptolaemeus
Philadelphe
,
that
hauing
a
hinde
calfe
giuen
vnto
him
,
he
brought
it
vp
so
familiarly
tame
,
and
accustomed
it
to
words
,
Isidorus
.
The
seuerall
kinds
of
harts
a
secret
against
poison
Solinus
that
at
length
it
seemed
to
vnderstand
the
Greeke
language
:
And
Aelianus
affirmeth
as
much
of
the
harts
of
India
,
for
that
language
.
When
they
are
wounded
with
a
Dart
,
and
hauing
gotten
it
out
of
their
body
by
eating
Dittany
,
they
most
carefully
avoide
the
Sun-beames
,
least
they
shine
vppon
the
greene
wound
,
for
then
it
will
hardly
be
cured
:
but
aboue
al
other
arguments
of
their
vndestanding
,
none
is
more
firme
and
euident
,
then
their
swimming
;
for
the
harts
of
Amanus
,
Libanus
,
Aelianus
.
and
Carmell
(
Mountaines
of
Siria
)
when
they
are
to
swim
ouer
the
Sea
,
to
the
fruitfull
greene
fieldes
of
Ciprus
,
they
come
downe
to
the
Sea-shore
,
and
there
they
tarry
til
they
perceiue
a
prosperous
Winde
,
and
a
calme
Water
;
which
happening
,
the
Captaine
or
leader
of
them
doth
first
of
all
enter
into
the
Water
,
and
so
the
next
followeth
,
laying
his
head
vpon
the
Captaines
buttockes
,
Of
the
swimming
of
harts
T●●tzes
Gillius
.
Oppianus
.
and
so
consequently
all
the
residue
resting
their
heads
vpon
the
president
.
In
the
hindmost
are
the
youngest
and
weakest
,
that
so
the
violence
of
the
flouds
being
broken
by
the
stronger
which
goe
before
,
the
more
infirme
which
follow
may
passe
with
lesse
difficulty
.
Thus
saile
they
along
without
star
or
compasse
to
direct
them
,
except
their
owne
sence
of
smelling
,
vsing
their
Legs
for
oares
,
and
their
broade
hornes
for
sailes
.
And
if
the
formost
be
weary
,
then
slippeth
he
backe
to
rest
his
head
vpon
the
hindmost
,
and
so
likewise
the
second
and
third
,
as
they
feele
themselues
enfeebled
,
vntill
they
arriue
at
the
happy
port
of
good
pasture
;
where
growing
stronger
like
beastes
fall
to
fighting
for
rule
and
gouernment
,
but
when
the
combat
doth
shew
the
victor
and
strongest
,
Pliny
Solinus
.
Their
loue
on
musicke
.
the
residue
do
euer
after
yeeld
obedience
to
him
.
In
like
sort
doe
the
Harts
of
Epirus
swimme
to
Corcyra
,
and
of
Cilicia
to
the
Island
Curiadactes
.
They
are
deceiued
with
musicke
,
for
they
so
loue
that
harmony
,
that
they
forbeare
their
foode
to
follow
it
.
Also
it
is
amazed
at
any
strange
sight
,
for
if
a
hunter
come
behinde
a
Horse
or
a
Bullocke
,
laying
ouer
his
backe
his
bowe
and
arrowes
,
they
stand
staring
vpon
the
new-formed
Beast
,
vntill
the
Dart
do
end
their
liues
.
Their
rage
in
rutting
time
.
At
the
time
of
their
lust
or
rutting
,
they
are
aboue
measure
fierce
,
fighting
naturally
for
the
female
,
and
sometimes
wounding
one
another
to
death
;
and
this
falleth
out
most
commonly
in
the
latter
end
of
August
,
at
which
time
Arcturus
riseth
with
the
sunne
,
Solinus
Oppianus
.
and
then
it
is
most
naturall
for
the
Hindes
to
conceiue
.
In
some
places
in
October
their
lust
ariseth
,
and
also
in
May
;
and
then
whereas
at
other
times
the
Males
liue
apart
from
the
Females
,
they
goe
about
like
lasciuious
wooers
,
seeking
the
company
of
their
femals
,
as
it
were
at
the
Market
of
Venus
.
The
Males
in
their
raging
desired
lust
,
haue
a
peculiar
voyce
,
Budaeus
which
the
French
call
by
a
feigned
word
Reere
,
and
the
Germans
Brulen
,
and
the
Latins
tearm
Rancere
;
and
the
Beastes
so
affected
Ololygones
.
When
they
find
they
Females
,
the
are
receiued
with
feare
,
then
in
short
space
one
male
will
couer
many
females
,
continuing
in
this
carnall
appetite
a
month
or
two
:
their
females
doe
sildome
admit
copulation
,
Their
copulation
.
Aristotle
being
heerein
like
vnto
Cowes
,
by
reason
of
the
rigour
of
the
males
genitall
:
and
therefore
they
sinke
downe
on
their
Buttockes
when
they
feele
the
genitall
seede
,
as
it
hath
beene
often
obserued
in
tame
Harts
,
and
if
they
can
the
females
runne
away
,
the
males
striuing
to
holde
them
backe
with
their
forefeete
:
but
surely
heerin
they
differ
from
all
other
:
Aristotle
it
cannot
wel
be
said
that
they
are
couered
standing
,
lying
,
or
going
,
(
but
rather
running
)
for
so
are
they
filled
with
greatest
celerity
.
When
one
month
or
sixe
Weekes
of
their
rutting
is
past
,
they
grow
tame
againe
,
laying
aside
all
fiercenesse
and
returne
to
their
solitary
places
,
digging
euery
one
of
them
by
himselfe
a
seuerall
hole
or
Ditch
,
wherein
they
lie
,
to
aswage
the
stronge
sauour
of
their
lust
,
for
they
stinke
like
Goates
,
and
their
face
beginneth
to
Waxe
blacker
then
at
other
times
;
and
in
those
places
they
liue
,
vntill
some
shewers
distill
from
the
Cloudes
;
after
which
,
they
returne
to
their
Pasture
againe
,
and
liue
in
flockes
together
as
before
.
The
female
being
thus
filled
,
neuer
keepeth
company
with
the
male
againe
vntill
her
burthen
be
deliuered
,
which
is
,
eyght
months
;
for
so
long
doeth
she
beare
her
young
:
The
chast●y
of
hinds
and
the
time
they
goe
with
young
.
Aristotle
pliny
.
before
her
Caluing
,
she
purgeth
hir selfe
by
eating
Seselis
,
or
Siler
of
the
Mountaine
;
and
whereas
she
neuer
purgeth
vntill
that
time
,
then
she
emptieth
hir selfe
of
pituitous
and
flegmatike
humors
.
Then
goe
they
to
the
places
neere
the
high
waies
,
and
there
they
cast
forth
their
calfe
,
(
for
the
causes
aforesaide
)
being
more
afraide
of
Wilde
Beastes
then
men
,
whom
she
can
auoide
by
flying
:
which
when
they
haue
seene
,
they
goe
and
eate
the
Seselis
aforesaide
,
and
the
skinne
which
commeth
forth
of
their
owne
Wombe
couering
the
young
one
,
Cicero
finding
in
it
some
notable
medicine
,
which
the
Graecians
cal
Chorion
,
and
not
the
herbe
Arum
,
and
this
she
doth
before
she
lye
downe
to
giue
her
young
one
sucke
,
(
as
Pliny
affirmeth
.
)
They
bring
forth
but
one
,
or
very
sildome
twaine
,
which
they
lodge
in
a
stable
fit
for
them
of
their
owne
making
,
either
in
some
rocke
,
or
other
bushye
inaccessible
place
;
Pliny
.
Aristotle
couering
them
,
and
if
they
be
stubborne
and
wilde
,
beating
them
with
their
feete
vntill
they
lye
close
and
contented
.
Oftentimes
she
leadeth
forth
her
young
,
teaching
it
to
runne
and
leape
ouer
Bushes
,
stones
,
and
small
shrubs
,
against
the
time
of
danger
;
Aelianus
.
The
manner
how
the
hind
educateth
her
calfe
.
Solinus
.
and
so
continueth
all
the
Summer
time
,
while
their
owne
strength
is
most
aboundant
:
but
in
the
Winter
time
,
they
leaue
and
forsake
them
,
bycause
all
Harts
are
feeble
in
the
Wynter
season
.
They
liue
very
long
,
as
by
experience
hath
beene
often
mentioned
;
The
time
of
their
life
.
Aristotle
Caelius
Hesiodus
.
not
only
because
they
haue
no
gall
(
as
the
Dolphin
hath
none
)
but
for
other
causes
:
also
some
affirme
,
that
a
Rauen
will
liue
nine
ages
of
a
man
,
and
a
Hart
foure
ages
of
a
Rauen
:
whereunto
Virgill
agreeth
in
these
verses
;
Terbinis
deciesque
super
exit
in
annos
,
Iusta
senescentum
quos
implet
vita
virorum
Hos
nonies
superat
viuendo
garrula
cornix
Et
quater
egreditur
cornicis
saecula
ceruus
Alipedum
ceruum
ter
vincit
cornus
:
at
illum
,
multiplicat
nouies
Phaenix
reperabilis
ales
:
that
is
,
As
the
life
of
a
man
is
threescore
and
sixe
,
so
a
Rauen
doth
liue
nine
times
so
many
years
(
Viz:
)
528.
yeares
.
The
Hart
liueth
foure
times
the
age
of
the
Rauen
(
Viz:
)
●112
.
yeares
.
The
Crow
exceedeth
the
Hart
three
times
(
:
Viz
)
6336.
but
the
Phoenix
which
is
repayred
by
her
owne
ashes
,
surmounteth
the
Crow
nine
times
,
and
so
liueth
57524.
yeares
.
The
which
I
haue
set
downe
(
not
for
truth
)
but
for
report
,
leauing
euery
reader
to
the
chiefest
matter
of
credit
,
as
in
his
owne
descretion
he
conceiueth
most
probable
.
But
it
is
confessed
of
all
,
that
Harts
liue
a
very
long
life
:
for
Pliny
affirmeth
,
that
an
hundred
yeares
after
the
death
of
Alexander
Magnus
,
there
were
certain
taken
aliue
which
had
about
their
Neckes
Golden
Collars
,
A
history
Solinus
with
an
inscription
that
they
were
put
on
by
Alexander
.
In
Calabria
(
once
called
Iapygia
and
Peucetia
)
there
was
a
coller
taken
off
from
the
necke
of
a
Hart
by
Agathocles
King
of
Sicily
,
Aristotle
which
was
couered
with
the
flesh
&
fat
of
the
Hart
;
and
there
was
writen
vpon
it
,
Diomedes
Dianae
:
whereby
it
was
coniectured
,
that
it
was
put
on
by
him
before
the
siege
of
Troy
:
for
which
cause
,
the
King
brought
the
same
and
did
offer
it
vp
in
the
Temple
of
Iupiter
.
The
like
was
in
Arcadia
,
when
Arcesilaus
dwelt
in
Lycosura
;
for
he
confidently
affirmed
,
that
he
saw
an
old
sacred
Hind
,
Pausanius
.
which
was
dedicated
to
Diana
,
hauing
this
inscription
in
hir
Coller
:
Nebros
eoon
ealoon
ota
es
Ilcon
en
Agapenor
.
When
Agapenor
was
in
Troy
,
then
was
I
a
young
calfe
taken
.
By
which
it
appeareth
,
that
a
Hart
liueth
longer
then
an
Elephant
,
for
indeede
as
they
liue
long
before
they
grow
to
any
perfection
,
their
youth
and
weaknesse
cleauing
fast
vnto
them
,
Columello
so
is
it
giuen
to
them
to
haue
a
longer
life
,
for
continuance
in
ripenesse
and
strength
of
yeares
.
Solinus
.
The
sicknes
of
Harts
These
Beastes
are
neuer
annoyed
with
feuers
,
because
their
flesh
allayeth
all
aduentitiall
and
extraordinary
heate
.
If
he
eate
Spiders
he
instantly
dyeth
thereof
,
except
he
eate
also
Wilde
Iuy
or
Sea-crabs
.
Likewise
,
Nauew-gentill
and
Oleander
,
kill
the
Hart.
When
a
Hart
is
in
his
chase
,
Gillius
.
Lullius
Aristotle
.
pliny
.
he
is
greatly
pained
in
his
bowels
,
by
reason
that
the
skynne
wherein
they
lie
is
very
thin
and
weake
,
and
apt
to
be
broken
with
any
smal
stroke
;
and
for
this
cause
he
often
stayeth
to
ease
himselfe
.
There
is
a
kind
of
thorne
called
cactus
,
wherewithall
if
a
young
one
be
pricked
in
his
legs
,
his
bones
will
neuer
make
Pipes
:
Besides
,
these
Beastes
are
annoyed
with
Scabs
and
ytches
in
their
head
and
skinne
,
termed
by
the
French
by
a
peculiar
name
(
Froyer
)
I
wil
not
stand
vpon
the
idle
conceite
of
Albertus
,
that
waspes
and
Emmets
breed
in
the
heades
of
Harts
,
Bl●●dus
The
vse
of
the
seuerall
parts
.
for
he
mistaketh
them
for
the
wormes
before
mentioned
.
The
skinnes
of
this
beast
are
vsed
for
garments
in
some
Countries
,
and
in
most
places
for
the
bottoms
of
Cushions
,
and
therefore
they
chase
such
as
are
killed
in
the
summer
time
,
when
they
are
fat
and
most
spotted
;
and
the
same
hauing
their
haire
pulled
from
them
,
are
vsed
for
Breeches
,
Buskins
,
and
gloues
.
Likewise
Pliny
and
Sextus
affirmed
,
Hesichius
Varianus
that
if
a
man
sleepe
on
the
ground
hauing
vppon
him
a
Harts
skinne
,
Serpents
neuer
anoy
him
:
wherof
Serenus
mado
this
verse
:
Aut
tu
ceruina
per
nocttem
in
pelle
quiescis
:
and
the
bones
of
young
ones
are
applied
for
making
of
Pipes
.
It
is
reported
,
that
the
blood
of
Harts
burned
together
with
herbe-dragon
,
or
chanes
,
orgament
,
and
mastick
haue
the
same
power
to
draw
Serpents
out
of
their
holes
,
which
the
Harts
haue
being
aliue
:
and
if
there
be
put
vnto
it
wilde
Pellitory
,
it
will
also
distract
and
dissipate
them
againe
.
The
marrow
of
a
Hart
hath
the
same
power
against
Serpents
,
by
oynment
or
perfumed
vpon
coales
;
and
Nicander
prescribeth
a
certaine
oynment
to
be
made
of
the
flesh
of
Serpents
,
Dioscorides
of
the
marrow
of
a
Hart
,
and
Oyles
of
Roses
,
against
the
bitings
of
Serpents
.
The
fat
of
a
Hart
hath
the
like
effects
that
the
marrow
hath
.
Achilles
that
Noble
souldier
,
was
said
neuer
to
haue
tasted
of
Milke
,
but
to
be
nourished
with
the
marrow
of
Harts
,
by
Chiro
,
as
is
affirmed
by
Varinus
and
Etymologus
.
The
like
operation
hath
the
tooth
(
as
Serenus
saith
)
Aut
genere
ex
ipso
dentem
portabtis
amicum
:
If
the
the
seede
of
a
young
Hinde-calfe
,
be
drunke
with
veniger
,
it
suffereth
no
poyson
of
Serpentes
to
enter
into
the
body
that
day
.
The
perfume
of
the
horne
driueth
away
Serpents
and
noysome
flyes
,
especially
from
the
young
Calues
,
or
from
horses
if
Womens
haire
be
added
thereunto
,
Aclianus
.
Varro
.
Palladius
Rasis
.
Gillius
Pliny
.
Solinus
.
Albertus
Cardanus
.
with
the
hoofe
of
the
Hart.
And
if
men
drinke
in
pots
wherein
are
wrought
Harts
hornes
,
it
will
weaken
all
force
of
venom
.
The
Magicians
haue
also
deuised
,
that
if
the
fat
of
a
Dragons
hart
be
bound
vp
in
the
skinne
of
a
Roe
,
with
the
Nerues
of
a
Hart
,
it
promiseth
victory
to
him
that
beareth
it
on
his
shoulder
,
and
that
if
the
teeth
be
so
bound
in
a
Roes
skinne
,
it
maketh
ones
Maister
,
Lord
,
or
all
superior
powers
,
exorable
and
appeased
toward
their
seruants
and
suitors
.
Orpheus
in
his
booke
of
stones
,
commaundeth
a
husband
to
carry
about
him
a
Harts
horne
,
if
he
will
liue
in
amity
and
concord
with
his
wife
:
to
conclude
,
they
also
adde
another
figment
to
make
men
inuincible
.
The
head
and
taile
of
a
Dragon
,
with
the
haires
of
a
Lyon
taken
from
betweene
the
browes
,
and
his
marrow
,
the
froath
or
white-mouth
of
a
victorious
Horse
,
the
nailes
of
a
Dogge
,
and
the
Nerues
of
a
Hart
and
a
Roe
,
bound
vp
altogether
in
a
Harts
skin
:
and
this
is
as
true
as
the
wagging
of
a
Dogges
taile
doth
signifie
a
tempest
.
To
leaue
these
trifles
scarce
worthy
to
be
rehearsed
,
but
onely
to
shew
the
vanity
of
men
,
giuen
ouer
to
lying
deuises
;
let
vs
come
to
the
other
naturall
and
medicinall
properties
not
as
yet
touched
.
The
flesh
of
these
Beastes
in
their
rutting
time
smelleth
strongly
like
a
Goats
,
The
vse
and
benefit
of
th●
flesh
.
the
which
thing
is
by
Blondus
attributed
also
to
the
flesh
of
the
females
with
young
,
I
know
not
how
truely
;
but
I
am
sure
that
I
haue
knowne
certaine
Noble
women
,
which
euery
morning
did
eate
this
flesh
,
and
during
the
time
they
did
so
,
they
neuer
were
troubled
with
Ague
:
and
this
vertue
they
holde
the
stronger
,
if
the
Beast
in
dying
,
haue
receiued
but
one
wound
.
The
flesh
is
tender
,
especially
if
the
beast
were
libbed
before
his
hornes
grew
:
Pliny
Solinus
.
lib
3.
de
alim
:
yet
is
not
the
iuyce
of
that
flesh
very
wholesome
,
and
therefore
Galen
aduiseth
men
to
abstaine
as
much
from
Harts
flesh
,
as
from
Asses
,
for
it
engendereth
melancholy
,
yet
is
it
better
in
Summer
then
in
Winter
.
Simeon
Sethi
speaking
of
the
whot
Countries
,
forbiddeth
to
eate
them
in
Summer
,
because
then
they
eate
Serpents
and
so
are
venemous
;
which
falleth
not
out
in
colder
Nations
,
and
therefore
assigneth
them
rather
to
be
eaten
in
Winter
time
,
because
the
concoctiue
powers
are
more
stronger
through
plenty
of
inward
heate
,
but
withall
admonisheth
,
that
no
man
vse
to
eate
much
of
them
,
for
it
will
breede
palsies
and
trembling
in
mans
body
,
begetting
grosse
humors
,
which
stop
the
Melt
and
Lyuer
:
and
Auicenne
proueth
,
that
by
eating
heereof
men
incur
the
quartane
Ague
;
wherefore
it
is
good
to
pouder
them
with
salt
before
the
dressing
,
and
then
seasoned
with
pepper
&
other
things
,
knowne
to
euery
ordinary
cooke
and
woman
,
they
make
of
them
pasties
in
most
nations
.
The
Hart
and
braine
of
a
hare
or
Cony
haue
the
power
of
triacle
for
expelling
of
euill
humors
,
but
the
liuer
is
intollerable
in
foode
:
the
hornes
being
young
are
meate
for
Princes
,
especially
because
they
auoide
poyson
.
It
was
a
cruell
thing
of
King
Ferdinand
,
that
caused
the
young
ones
to
be
cut
out
of
the
Dams
belly
and
baked
in
pastils
,
for
his
Liquorous
Epicureall
appetite
.
The
whole
nature
and
disposition
of
euery
part
of
this
beast
,
is
against
poison
and
venemous
things
(
as
before
recited
.
The
medicines
of
a
Hart
and
his
seueral
parts
.
Pliny
Dioscorides
,
Solinus
)
His
blood
stayeth
the
loosenesse
of
the
belly
and
all
fluxes
,
especially
fryed
with
oyle
,
and
the
inferior
parts
annoynted
therewith
,
and
being
drunke
in
Wine
it
is
good
against
poysoned
woundes
,
and
all
intoxications
.
The
marrow
of
this
beast
is
most
approueable
aboue
other
,
and
is
vsed
for
sweete
odour
,
against
the
gout
,
and
heate
of
men
in
consumptions
,
and
all
outward
paines
and
weakenesse
,
as
Serenus
comprised
in
one
sentence
saying
:
Et
ceruina
potest
mulcere
medulla
rigorem
,
frigoris
.
Likewise
the
fat
and
marrowe
,
mollifieth
or
disperseth
all
bunches
in
the
flesh
and
olde
swellings
;
all
vlcers
except
in
the
shinnes
and
legges
,
and
with
Venus-nauill
the
Fistula
,
mattery
vlcers
in
the
eares
with
Rozen
,
Pitch
,
Goose-greace
,
and
Goat-sewet
,
the
cleauing
of
the
lips
:
and
with
Calues
sewet
the
heate
and
paine
in
the
mouth
and
iawes
.
It
hath
also
vertue
being
drunke
in
warme
water
,
to
aswage
the
paine
in
the
bowels
and
small
guts
,
or
bloody
flixe
.
Sextus
The
gall
of
a
Bull
,
Oyle
of
bayes
,
Butter
,
and
this
marrow
,
by
annoynting
,
cureth
paine
in
the
knees
and
loynes
and
other
euils
in
the
seate
of
a
man
,
in
the
hipps
,
and
in
the
belly
when
it
is
costiue
:
It
procureth
flowers
of
Women
,
cureth
the
goute
,
pimples
in
ones
face
,
and
ringwormes
.
Absyrtus
prescribeth
it
to
be
giuen
in
sweete
Wine
with
waxe
,
vnto
a
horse
for
an
old
cough
proceeding
of
cold
,
after
purging
and
heating
,
by
holding
the
Horsses
tounge
in
ones
hand
while
the
medicine
is
thrust
downe
his
throat
.
The
same
in
sheeps
Milke
with
rubricke
and
soft
Pitch
,
drunke
euery
day
or
eaten
to
your
meate
,
helpeth
the
ptisicke
,
and
obstructions
.
Anatolius
approued
,
beane
meale
sifted
and
sod
with
Harts
marrow
to
be
giuen
to
a
horse
which
stalleth
blood
,
Marcellus
for
three
daies
together
.
Also
mingled
with
the
poulder
of
Oyster-shels
,
it
cureth
kibes
and
chilblanes
.
A
woman
perfumed
with
the
haires
of
this
beast
,
is
preserued
from
abortements
;
and
the
same
perfume
helpeth
the
difficulty
of
vrine
,
and
little
pieces
cut
off
from
the
hide
with
a
pummise
put
in
wine
,
and
rubbing
the
body
,
helpeth
the
holy-fire
.
The
pouder
of
the
bones
burned
,
is
an
antidote
against
the
falling
euill
▪
and
the
dispersing
of
the
melt
;
and
the
bones
beaten
to
poulder
,
stayeth
the
fluxe
of
the
belly
.
It
were
endlesse
to
describe
al
the
vertues
ascribed
to
the
horne
;
and
therefore
I
will
content
my selfe
with
the
recital
of
few
.
Pliny
and
Solinus
preferre
the
right
horne
,
Aristotle
the
left
,
and
the
spires
or
tops
are
more
medicinable
then
the
hard
and
solide
stemme
,
but
the
hornes
found
in
the
Woodes
lost
by
the
beastes
and
growne
light
are
good
for
nothing
.
The
other
haue
their
vses
both
raw
and
burned
,
which
may
be
these
that
follow
.
Take
the
horne
and
cut
it
into
smal
pieces
,
then
put
it
into
an
earthen
pot
annoynted
within
with
durt
,
and
so
set
it
in
a
furnace
vntill
it
become
White
,
then
wash
it
like
a
minerall
and
it
will
helpe
the
runnings
and
vlcers
in
the
eies
:
and
the
same
also
keepeth
the
teeth
white
,
and
the
gums
sound
.
The
young
hornes
while
they
be
soft
being
eaten
,
are
an
antidote
against
henbane
,
and
other
poysonfull
herbes
.
The
right
horne
hid
by
the
Hart
in
the
earth
is
good
against
the
poyson
of
Toades
.
Pliny
.
The
Harts
horne
hath
power
to
dry
vp
all
humors
,
Sextus
and
therefore
it
is
vsed
in
eie
salues
:
and
Orpheus
promiseth
to
a
bald
man
haire
on
his
head
againe
,
if
he
annoynt
it
with
oyle
and
poulder
of
this
horne
:
likewise
the
same
with
the
seede
of
blacke
mirtle
,
Marcellus
Butter
and
Oyle
,
restraineth
the
falling
away
of
the
haire
being
annoynted
vpon
the
head
after
it
is
newly
shauen
:
with
vineger
it
killeth
ringwormes
.
Sextus
The
same
burned
in
the
sunne
,
and
afterward
the
face
being
rubbed
and
washed
therwith
thrice
together
,
taketh
away
pimples-spots
out
of
the
face
:
the
poulder
drunke
in
wine
or
annoynted
on
the
head
killeth
lice
and
nits
:
the
same
with
vineger
,
Marcellus
wine
,
or
oyle
of
roses
,
annoynted
vpon
the
forehead
,
easeth
the
head-ache
if
it
proceede
of
cold
.
Galenus
A
perfume
made
of
this
horne
with
Castoreum
,
and
lime
,
or
Brimstone
,
causeth
a
dead
child
strangled
in
his
mothers
wombe
to
come
forth
;
If
the
horne
be
taken
raw
and
rubbed
vpon
the
gums
,
keepeth
the
cheekes
from
all
annoyance
of
the
tooth-ache
,
and
fasteneth
the
loose
teeth
,
as
Sereneus
said
:
Quod
vero
assumpsit
nomen
de
dente
fricando
Ceruino
ex
cornu
cinis
est
.
Galen
prescribeth
the
poulder
of
this
horne
for
the
Iaundise
,
and
for
him
that
spitteth
bloody
matter
,
and
to
stay
vomit
being
taken
in
a
reere
Egge
.
It
comforteth
also
a
rheumatike
stomach
,
and
it
is
tryed
to
cure
the
Kinges
euill
:
it
pacifieth
the
melt
,
dryeth
the
Spleene
,
driueth
all
kind
of
Wormes
out
of
the
belly
,
being
drunke
with
Hony
,
and
easeth
the
chollyck
,
expelleth
away
mothes
,
helpeth
the
strangury
,
&
the
paine
in
the
bladder
,
staieth
fluxes
in
women
both
whit
and
red
:
being
mingled
with
barly
meale
,
water
,
&
twigs
of
Cedar
:
beside
many
other
such
properties
.
The
teares
of
this
beast
after
she
hath
beene
hunted
with
a
Serpent
,
are
turned
into
a
a
stone
(
called
Belzahard
,
or
Bezahar
)
of
which
we
haue
spoken
before
:
and
being
thus
transubstantiated
doe
cure
all
manner
of
venom
(
as
Auenzoar
,
and
Cardinall
Ponzetti
affirme
)
after
many
trials
,
and
Serenus
also
expresseth
in
this
distichon
:
Seminecis
cerut
lachryman
miscere
liquori
Conuenit
,
atque
artus
illine
miscere
calentes
.
The
liuer
of
this
beast
helpeth
all
sores
in
the
feete
,
being
worne
in
the
shooes
,
the
same
dried
to
pouder
with
the
throat
or
wind-pipe
of
the
beast
,
and
mingled
with
Hony
,
and
so
eaten
helpeth
the
Cough
,
Ptisicke
,
sighing
,
and
short
breathing
.
Pliny
and
Sextus
affirme
,
that
when
a
Hind
perceiueth
her selfe
to
be
with
young
,
she
deuoureth
or
eateth
vp
a
certaine
stone
,
which
is
afterward
found
either
in
her
excrements
or
ventricle
,
and
is
profitable
for
all
Women
with
childe
and
in
trauell
,
for
by
that
onely
fact
,
the
Hinde
is
most
speedily
deliuered
without
great
paine
,
and
sildome
or
neuer
suffering
abortment
;
and
there
is
also
a
little
bone
found
in
the
heart
of
euery
one
of
these
beastes
,
which
performeth
the
same
qualities
,
instead
whereof
they
haue
such
a
thinge
to
sell
at
Venice
,
Aetuis
.
holding
it
at
a
great
price
:
but
Brasauola
affirmeth
,
that
he
opened
the
hearts
of
two
Harts
,
and
found
in
them
a
little
gristle
not
much
vnlike
to
a
crosse
,
whereof
the
one
being
of
a
Beast
new
killed
,
was
very
soft
,
but
the
other
was
much
harder
,
because
the
beast
was
slain
about
six
daies
before
.
This
bone
is
in
the
left
side
of
the
Hart
,
vpon
which
,
the
Spleene
moueth
and
sendeth
forth
her
excrements
by
vapours
,
which
by
reason
of
their
drines
are
there
turned
into
a
bone
,
and
being
firste
of
all
of
the
substaunce
of
the
Hartes
bloode
;
and
it
is
good
against
the
trembling
of
the
Hart
,
and
the
Haemorrhoides
,
but
this
bone
cannot
bee
found
in
any
,
except
he
be
killed
betwixt
the
middle
of
August
and
the
twelfth
of
September
.
Plateri●s
.
The
skinny
seed
of
the
hind-Calfe
,
is
aboue
all
other
commended
against
poison
,
and
the
bitings
of
Serpents
and
of
mad
Dogges
;
likewise
it
stayeth
al
fluxes
of
blood
,
and
spitting
of
blood
,
and
egestion
of
blood
:
&
it
being
eaten
with
Beets
and
Lentils
,
is
profitable
against
the
paine
of
the
belly
.
The
genitall
part
and
stones
,
are
wholsome
(
being
taken
in
wine
)
against
all
bitings
of
Vipers
,
Adders
,
and
Snakes
,
and
the
same
vertue
hath
the
naturall
seed
supped
vp
in
a
rere
Egge
.
The
genitall
hath
also
a
vertue
to
encrease
lust
in
euery
creature
,
it
being
either
dryed
and
drunke
;
or
else
bounde
fast
to
their
priuy
parts
.
Likewise
being
washed
in
water
,
and
afterward
dried
to
pouder
,
and
so
drunk
,
helpeth
the
chollick
,
and
the
difficulty
of
making
water
,
if
you
put
it
into
a
little
Triacle
.
The
dung
of
Harts
cureth
the
dropsie
,
especially
of
a
Subulon
or
young
Hart
:
the
vrine
easeth
the
paine
in
the
Spleene
,
the
wind
in
the
ventricle
and
bowels
,
and
infvsed
into
the
eares
,
healeth
their
vlcers
.
In
the
tip
of
the
taile
lieth
poyson
,
which
being
drunke
,
causeth
extasie
and
death
,
if
it
be
not
holpe
by
a
vomit
made
of
Butter
,
Annise
,
and
oyle
of
Sesamine
,
or
as
Cardinall
Ponzettus
saith
,
that
the
Harts
eie
is
an
Antidote
to
this
euill
:
It
may
be
knowne
by
a
yellowish-greene-colour
,
and
therefore
it
is
called
the
gall
,
for
nature
hath
appointed
that
place
to
receiue
all
the
venome
of
the
whole
Bodie
.
Of
the
hunting
and
taking
these
beasts
.
I
should
heere
end
the
discourse
of
this
beast
,
after
the
method
already
obserued
in
the
precedents
:
but
seeing
the
manner
of
the
taking
heereof
(
being
a
sport
for
princes
)
hath
yet
bin
touched
but
very
little
,
it
shall
not
be
tedious
vnto
me
,
to
abstaine
from
the
necessary
relation
of
the
subsequent
stories
,
for
the
delightfull
narration
of
the
hunting
of
the
Hart
:
to
the
end
that
as
the
former
treatise
hath
but
taught
how
to
know
a
Birde
in
a
bush
,
that
which
insueth
may
declare
the
seueral
waies
of
catching
and
bringing
the
same
to
hand
.
This
is
a
beast
standing
amazed
at
euery
strange
sight
,
euen
at
the
hunters
bow
and
Arrowe
,
comming
behind
a
stalking
Horsse
(
as
is
already
declared
▪
)
and
moreouer
,
like
as
the
Roes
are
deceiued
by
the
hissing
of
a
leafe
in
the
mouth
of
the
hunter
,
so
also
is
this
Beast
,
for
while
she
harkeneth
to
a
straunge
noyse
,
imitating
the
cry
of
a
Hind-Calfe
,
and
proceeding
from
one
man
,
shee
receiueth
a
deadly
stroke
by
the
other
:
so
also
if
they
heare
any
musicall
pipings
,
they
stand
still
to
their
owne
destruction
:
for
which
cause
the
Egyptians
decipher
a
man
ouerthrowne
by
slattery
,
by
painting
a
Hart
taken
by
musick
:
and
Varro
relateth
vpon
his
own
knowledge
,
Horus
.
A●
hi●
ogli●●●●ll
emblem
.
that
when
he
supped
in
his
Lordship
bought
of
M.
Piso
,
the
Pastour
or
Forrester
after
supper
,
tooke
but
a
Harpe
in
his
hande
,
and
at
the
sound
thereof
,
at
innumerable
flocke
of
Harts
,
Boares
,
and
other
fourefooted
beasts
came
about
their
Cabanet
,
being
drawne
thither
onely
by
the
Musicke
;
insomuch
as
he
thought
he
had
beene
in
the
Romane
Circus
or
Theater
,
beholding
the
playing
spectacles
of
all
the
Affrican
beasts
,
when
the
aedilian
Officers
haue
their
huntings
:
The
like
is
also
reported
by
Aelianus
,
sauing
that
he
addeth
,
that
no
toyle
or
engine
is
so
assured
or
vnauoidable
to
draw
these
beasts
within
a
laborinth
as
is
musicke
,
whereby
the
Hunter
getteth
as
it
were
the
Hart
by
the
eare
,
for
if
through
attention
he
hold
downe
his
eares
as
he
doth
in
musicke
,
he
distrusteth
no
harme
,
but
if
once
he
prick
vp
his
eares
as
he
commonly
doth
,
being
chased
by
men
and
dogges
,
an
infinite
labour
will
not
be
sufficient
to
ouer
take
and
compasse
him
.
Aelianus
.
It
is
reported
that
they
are
much
terified
with
the
sight
of
red
feathers
,
which
thing
is
affirmed
by
Ausonius
in
these
verses
:
An
cum
fratre
vagos
dumeta
perauia
ceruos
Circundas
maculis
,
&
multa
indagine
pennae
.
And
Ouid
also
saying
:
N●c
formidatis
ceruos
includite
pennis
.
And
Lucan
also
:
—
Sic
dum
pauidos
formidine
ceruos
Claudat
odoratae
metuentes
aera
pennae
.
Of
which
thing
the
Hunters
make
an
aduantage
,
for
when
they
haue
found
the
beast
,
they
set
their
nettes
where
they
imagine
the
beast
will
flie
,
and
then
one
of
them
sheweth
to
the
beast
on
the
other
side
,
Zenophon●
the
red
feathers
hanging
on
a
rope
,
which
scarreth
them
in
hast
into
the
Hunters
nettes
,
as
S.
Ierom
testifieth
in
one
of
his
dialogues
saying
:
Et
pauidorum
more
ceruorum
,
dum
vanos
pennarum
euitatis
volatus
fortissimis
retibus
implicamini
.
And
you
sayth
he
(
speaking
to
the
Luceferian
heretickes
)
runne
away
from
the
vaine
shaking
of
feathers
,
like
the
fearefull
Harts
,
while
in
the
meane
time
you
are
inclapsed
in
vnauoidable
and
inextricable
nets
.
And
this
caused
Seneca
to
write
,
that
the
babe
feareth
a
shadow
,
Vmbria
metaiter
ab
infaucibus
a
feris
rubeus
penna
.
and
wilde
beasts
a
red
feather
.
Many
times
the
young
Calfe
is
the
cause
of
the
taking
of
his
damme
:
for
the
Hunter
early
in
the
morning
before
day
light
,
watcheth
the
Hinde
where
shee
layeth
her
young
one
,
vntill
she
goe
and
refresh
her selfe
with
pasture
;
when
he
hath
seene
this
,
then
doeth
he
let
loose
his
Dogs
,
and
maketh
to
the
place
where
the
Hinde
Calfe
was
lefte
by
his
mother
.
The
seely
Calfe
lyeth
immoueable
as
if
hee
were
fastened
to
the
earth
,
and
so
neuer
stirring
,
but
bleating
and
braying
suffereth
himselfe
to
bee
taken
,
except
there
be
rainie
weather
,
for
the
impatience
of
colde
and
wette
will
cause
him
to
shift
for
himselfe
:
which
if
it
fall
out
,
the
Dogges
are
at
hand
to
ouertake
him
,
and
so
being
taken
is
committed
to
the
keeper
of
the
nettes
.
The
Hinde
both
hearing
&
seeing
the
thr●ldome
of
her
pore
sonne
,
commeth
to
relieue
him
without
dread
of
hounde
or
Hunter
,
but
all
in
vaine
,
for
with
his
darte
hee
also
possesseth
himselfe
of
her
▪
but
if
the
Calfe
be
greater
and
so
bee
able
to
runne
with
the
damme
among
the
heardes
,
they
are
most
hard
to
be
taken
,
for
in
that
age
they
runne
very
fast
,
and
the
feare
of
Dogges
increaseth
their
agilitie
,
insomuch
as
to
take
them
among
the
heards
is
impossible
euery
one
fighting
for
them
.
But
the
only
way
is
to
single
one
out
of
them
from
the
flock
and
so
follow
him
vntill
he
be
weary
,
for
although
he
be
very
nimble
,
yet
by
reason
of
his
tender
age
,
his
limbes
are
not
able
to
continue
long
.
The
elder
Harts
are
t●ken
in
snares
and
gins
laid
in
ditches
and
couered
with
leaues
,
whereby
the
feet
of
this
beast
are
snared
in
wood
;
this
kind
is
dedescribed
by
Zenophon
and
Pollux
,
and
is
called
in
Greeke
Podestrabe
,
in
Latine
Pedica
,
of
which
also
the
Poets
make
mention
,
as
Virgil
:
Tunc
gruibus
pedicas
&
retia
ponere
ceruis
.
And
this
kind
is
better
described
by
Gratius
,
with
whose
wordes
I
will
passe
it
ouer
as
a
thing
out
of
vse
.
Nam
fuit
&
laqueis
aliquis
curracibus
vsus
.
Ceruin●
issere
magis
conterere
neruo
Quidque
dentatas
iligno
robere
clausit
:
Saepe
habet
imprudens
alieni
lucra
laboris
Fra●●
tegit
insidias
habitu
mentita
ferino
Venator
pedicas
,
tu
dissimulantibus
armis
.
Their
manner
is
when
they
are
chased
with
Dogges
to
runne
away
with
speed
,
yet
oftentimes
stand
stil
and
looke
backe
,
not
onely
to
harken
to
the
hunter
,
but
also
to
rest
themselues
,
for
in
their
chase
they
are
euer
troubled
in
their
belly
(
as
is
before
declared
,
)
and
sometime
they
grow
so
weary
,
that
they
stand
still
,
and
are
pierced
with
arrowes
,
sometimes
they
runne
till
they
fall
downe
dead
,
sometime
they
take
themselues
to
the
water
and
so
are
refreshed
,
or
else
to
auoide
the
teeth
of
Dogs
,
they
forsake
the
drye
land
,
and
perish
in
the
floods
,
or
else
by
that
meanes
escape
scotfree
:
wherefore
it
must
be
regarded
by
euery
good
hunter
to
keepe
him
from
the
waters
,
either
among
the
woods
,
or
other
rough
places
.
But
heerin
the
subtility
of
this
beast
appeareth
,
Albertus
.
that
when
he
is
hunted
he
runneth
for
the
most
part
to
the
high
waies
,
that
so
the
sauour
of
his
steps
may
be
put
out
by
the
treadings
of
men
,
and
he
auoid
the
prosecution
of
the
Hound
.
Their
swiftnes
is
so
great
,
that
in
the
Champaigne
and
plaine
fields
they
regard
not
Dogges
,
for
which
cause
in
Fraunce
they
poyson
Arrowes
with
an
hearbe
called
Zenicum
or
Toca
,
and
it
is
a
kinde
of
Aconite
or
Wolfe-bane
,
which
hath
power
to
corrupt
and
destroy
agility
of
body
,
and
to
stay
celerity
,
and
for
their
hunting
in
France
by
Dogs
,
it
is
most
excellently
described
by
Budaeus
and
Robertus
Stephanus
in
his
French
dictionary
.
This
wild
,
deceitfull
and
subtill
beast
,
(
say
they
)
by
windings
and
turnings
do
often
deceiue
their
hunter
,
as
the
Harts
of
Meandros
flying
from
the
terrible
cry
of
Dianaes
hounds
,
wherefore
the
prudent
hunter
must
frame
his
Dogges
,
as
Pithagoras
did
his
Schollers
,
(
Lu●ers
qui
ne
parlent
point
)
with
words
of
Art
,
to
set
them
on
,
and
take
them
off
againe
at
his
pleasure
;
wherefore
he
must
first
of
all
compasse
in
the
beast
,
(
En
son
giste
)
in
her
own
lodging
,
and
so
raise
her
vp
in
the
fight
of
the
dogs
,
that
so
they
may
neuer
loose
her
footing
.
Neither
must
they
set
vppon
euery
one
,
either
of
the
heard
,
or
that
wandereth
solitary
alone
,
nor
yet
a
little
one
,
but
partly
by
aspect
or
sight
,
and
partly
by
their
footings
in
the
soft
earth
,
and
also
by
their
dung
(
Les
fumees
)
they
iudge
of
their
game
,
for
a
good
woodman
must
not
sticke
to
gather
vp
the
Deeres
excrement
or
soile
,
and
keepe
them
(
la
trompe
)
in
his
hunting
horne
:
such
things
must
the
kinges
huntsmen
and
forresters
obserue
,
as
also
the
quantity
of
his
bed
or
lodging
when
they
find
it
,
being
thus
informed
of
their
game
then
(
Discoupler
les
chieus
)
they
take
off
their
Dogge
couplings
,
and
some
on
horsback
,
other
on
foot
follow
the
cry
with
greatest
art
,
obseruation
,
and
speed
,
remembring
and
preuenting
(
Cerf
ruze
)
the
subtile
turninges
,
and
headinges
,
of
the
Hart
,
straining
with
all
dexterity
to
leape
hedge
,
pale
,
ditch
,
and
rocks
;
neither
fearing
thornes
,
woods
,
downe-hils
,
but
prouiding
a
fresh
horsse
in
case
their
first
tire
,
(
Cheuaux
de
relatis
)
and
leaping
on
him
with
speede
,
vntill
he
see
(
vn
grand
cerf
l'escuyer
du
grand
cerf
)
the
great
Hart
hauing
ten
speeres
on
his
hornes
,
and
his
little
squier-hart
to
attend
him
,
which
the
Dogs
once
perceiuing
,
onely
follow
the
great
Hart
,
taking
for
a
prohibition
to
followe
anio
other
.
The
Dogges
are
animated
by
the
winding
of
horns
,
and
voices
of
the
hunters
,
like
soldiours
to
a
battell
by
the
voice
of
a
trumpet
and
other
instruments
:
but
sometimes
the
crafty
great
beast
sendeth
forth
his
little
squire
to
be
sacrificed
to
the
Dogs
and
hunters
instead
of
himselfe
,
lying
close
in
the
meane
time
,
then
must
the
retreat
be
sounded
,
and
(
Rompre
le
chieus
)
the
dogs
be
broken
off
and
taken
in
(
Le
limter
)
that
is
,
leame
againe
vntill
they
be
brought
to
the
fairer
game
,
who
ariseth
in
feare
and
rage
,
betaking
himselfe
to
his
surest
legges
,
being
pursued
with
all
the
cries
of
hunters
,
ringing
and
ecchoing
betwixt
heauen
and
earth
,
dismaying
him
with
the
continuall
noyse
in
his
eares
,
no
lesse
dreadefull
and
fearefull
then
the
voyce
of
a
passing
bell
to
a
sicke
man
,
or
the
sight
of
the
executioner
to
a
condemned
caitife
,
yet
still
he
striueth
vntill
wearied
and
breathlesse
,
he
be
forced
to
offer
vp
his
blood
and
flesh
to
the
rage
of
al
the
obseruant
pedissequants
of
the
hunting
goddesse
Diana
.
The
vulgar
sort
call
an
olde
Hart
a
subtile
and
cunning
Beast
,
but
the
nobles
call
him
(
cerf
sage
)
a
wise
Hart
,
who
to
auoide
all
his
enemies
runneth
into
the
greatest
heards
,
and
so
bringeth
a
cloud
of
error
vpon
the
Dogges
,
to
keepe
them
from
any
further
prosecution
:
Sometime
also
beating
of
some
of
the
heard
into
his
owne
footsteps
,
that
so
he
may
more
easily
escape
and
procure
a
laborinth
to
the
Dogges
,
and
then
after
a
little
while
he
betaketh
himselfe
to
his
heeles
againe
,
running
still
with
the
wind
,
not
onely
for
refrigeration
,
but
because
he
may
the
more
easily
heare
the
voice
of
his
pursuers
,
whether
they
be
far
or
neere
.
At
last
,
being
(
for
all
this
)
found
out
againe
by
the
obseruance
of
the
hunters
,
and
skill
of
the
Dogges
,
he
flyeth
into
the
heardes
of
Cattell
,
as
Kye
,
Oxen
,
or
Sheepe
,
leaping
vpon
an
Oxe
,
and
laying
his
body
or
the
fore-part
thereof
vpon
him
,
as
a
ryder
vpon
a
Horsse
,
that
so
touching
the
earth
onely
with
his
hinder
hoofes
,
to
leaue
a
very
small
or
no
sent
at
all
behind
for
the
Hounds
to
discerne
.
The
chiefe
huntsman
or
seargeant
of
the
houndes
vnto
Lewes
the
twelfth
,
called
(
lo
grand
veneur
)
affirmed
,
that
on
a
time
they
hauing
a
Hart
in
chase
,
suddenly
the
houndes
fell
at
a
fault
,
so
as
the
beast
was
out
of
sight
,
and
not
a
Dog
would
once
stirre
his
foote
;
whereat
all
the
hunters
were
amazed
,
like
as
in
some
iugling
Appollonian
trick
,
as
though
the
hart
had
cleane
forsaken
the
earth
,
and
with
the
wings
of
some
foule
had
bene
flewne
away
;
or
as
if
the
earth
had
opened
her
mouth
to
receiue
him
into
her
protection
,
and
had
closed
againe
ouer
her
heade
,
or
else
some
Witchcraft
had
cast
a
miste
before
the
Dogges
and
hunters
eyes
:
At
last
by
casting
about
(
as
it
is
vsuall
in
such
cases
)
they
founde
the
fraud
of
the
horned
beast
,
which
is
worth
the
memory
.
There
was
a
great
whit-thorne
which
grew
in
a
shadowie
steepe
place
as
high
as
a
tree
,
and
was
inuironed
with
other
small
shrubs
about
it
,
into
the
which
the
said
hart
leapt
,
and
there
stood
aloft
the
boughes
spreading
from
one
another
,
and
there
he
remained
,
whether
because
he
could
not
get
off
againe
,
or
else
for
that
he
was
stifled
in
that
place
,
but
surely
he
was
there
thrust
thorough
and
so
dyed
,
and
so
had
they
all
rather
perish
anye
other
way
then
by
the
teeth
and
tearing
in
pieces
of
angry
and
greedy
Hounds
.
Yet
their
maner
is
,
that
when
they
see
themselues
euery
where
intercepted
,
to
make
force
at
him
with
their
hornes
that
commeth
first
vnto
him
,
except
he
be
preuented
by
some
sword
or
speare
;
which
being
done
,
the
hunter
with
his
horn
soundeth
the
fal
of
the
beast
,
and
then
euery
one
approcheth
,
luring
with
triumph
for
such
a
conquest
,
of
whom
the
skilfullest
openeth
the
beast
,
giuing
vnto
the
hounds
such
parts
as
belongeth
to
them
,
for
their
incouragement
against
another
time
;
and
for
that
purpose
the
hunters
dippe
bread
in
the
skinne
and
blood
of
the
beast
,
to
giue
vnto
the
hounds
their
ful
satisfaction
:
and
many
such
other
things
may
the
reader
desirous
of
this
knowledge
finde
in
the
Authors
aforesaide
,
to
whome
I
will
commende
him
rather
,
then
spend
more
time
in
this
busines
,
better
manifested
by
experience
,
then
by
any
written
document
,
yet
I
woulde
wish
men
to
be
sparing
in
this
exercise
,
seeing
it
hath
beene
sildome
found
that
a
man
giuen
to
hunting
,
but
he
perished
in
his
pleasure
as
Actaeon
did
by
his
owne
Dogges
:
and
therefore
Alciatus
doth
fitly
compare
togither
hunters
and
receiuers
of
theeus
and
robbers
,
calling
them
new
Actaeons
;
who
after
they
had
receiued
horns
,
must
be
destroyed
by
their
owne
Dogges
which
they
haue
nourished
.
The
best
vse
of
these
beastes
is
to
keep
them
tame
as
in
Heluetia
,
where
they
hunt
seldom
,
and
to
make
good
vse
of
them
for
norishment
rather
then
for
sport
,
as
it
is
reported
of
a
holy
man
,
who
kept
a
hind
so
familiar
with
him
▪
that
in
the
wildernes
he
liued
vpon
her
milke
.
Concluding
this
discourse
with
the
words
of
the
poet
,
for
the
instruction
of
Dogs
to
this
pastime
and
the
practise
of
the
beasts
.
Veloces
Spartae
catulos
,
acremque
molossum
,
Pasce
sero
pingui
&c.
And
againe
.
montesque
peraltos
Ingentem
clamore
premes
ad
retia
ceruum
.
Confertoque
agmine
cerui
Torpent
mole
noua
,
&
summis
vix
cornibus
extant
.
Hos
non
immissis
canibus
,
non
cassibus
vllis
,
Punicaeue
agitent
pauidos
formidine
pennae
:
Sed
frustra
oppositum
trudentes
pectore
montem
.
Comminus
obtruncant
ferro
,
grauiter
que
tudentes
Caedunt
,
&
magno
laeti
clamore
reportant
.
Of
the
Dyctyes
.
HErodotus
in
his
fourth
book
affirmeth
,
that
among
the
Affrican
Shepherds
towarde
the
East
,
there
are
bredde
in
Bassaria
Hystriches
wilde
Rammes
,
Thoes
and
Dyctyes
,
of
which
last
there
is
not
any
mention
among
all
other
writers
,
except
in
Varinus
and
Hesychius
,
who
affirme
that
among
the
Lacedemonians
a
Glead
or
Kite
was
called
Dyctis
,
but
this
spoken
of
Herodotus
I
coniecture
to
be
some
four-footed
beast
,
being
led
with
no
other
reason
then
that
the
other
with
whom
he
placeth
it
,
are
generaly
known
to
be
creaturs
of
that
kind
and
nature
:
wherefore
I
thought
good
to
expresse
the
name
of
it
in
this
place
,
desiring
the
reader
to
accept
so
much
thereof
as
is
already
knowne
,
and
to
search
farther
for
the
description
of
it
,
at
the
handes
of
them
who
are
eie-witnesses
of
the
wonders
of
Affrica
.
OF
THE
DOGGE
In
generall
.
A
Dogge
is
called
in
Haebrew
Keleb
,
and
Lamas
according
to
Munster
:
in
Caldee
Kalba
;
in
Arabique
Kalbe
,
in
Persia
Sag
;
The
name
&
deriration
thereof
.
The
Saracens
Kep
or
Kolph
:
the
Graecians
Kuon
because
of
his
loue
to
man
,
and
vulgarly
at
this
day
Skilos
and
Skule
:
the
Medians
Spaco
,
the
Germanes
Hund
,
the
Italians
Cane
;
The
French
Chien
,
the
Spaniardes
Perro
or
cauendo
,
because
his
barking
is
as
lowd
as
an
Artificiall
song
;
also
Catellus
,
the
Illyrians
Pes
or
Pas
,
and
the
Latines
Canis
.
There
is
no
region
or
countrey
in
the
world
,
The
countries
and
diuersities
of
Dogs
.
where
these
are
not
bred
in
some
store
,
as
shall
be
declared
afterwarde
in
the
particular
discourse
of
euery
kind
of
Dogges
.
For
as
shall
be
manifested
more
at
large
,
there
are
Dogges
very
great
,
some
for
hunting
,
some
for
Warre
and
defence
,
some
for
the
Bore
,
Bull
,
or
Bear
,
some
for
the
Hare
,
Cony
,
or
Hedge-hog
:
againe
some
are
smaller
which
are
called
Hounds
,
Braches
,
Beagles
,
Shepheardes
Dogges
,
House-curres
,
Spagnels
both
for
the
Water
and
Land
:
and
some
foysting
Dogges
for
the
pleasure
of
the
rich
.
In
the
first
place
there
are
to
be
handled
the
nature
of
Dogges
in
generall
,
The
general
nature
of
dogs
.
wherein
they
agree
,
and
their
common
properties
of
nature
,
such
as
are
not
destroyed
in
the
destinction
of
kindes
,
but
remaine
like
infallible
and
invariable
truths
in
euery
kinde
and
country
of
the
world
.
To
begin
with
that
which
is
outward
,
it
is
to
be
obserued
that
Dogs
are
generally
rough
,
Their
outward
parts
.
Aristotle
Albertus
A
secret
in
the
braine
.
and
their
haire
indifferently
long
(
which
in
winter
they
loose
euery
yeare
)
is
a
signe
of
a
good
constitution
;
but
if
it
grow
ouer
long
,
the
mangie
scab
will
follow
:
the
outward
proportion
of
the
head
altereth
as
the
kind
altereth
,
being
sometime
like
a
Lyon
,
sometime
like
a
Hedge-hog
,
some
long
with
a
broad
snowt
,
and
sometime
with
a
piked
snowt
,
but
the
braine
decreaseth
and
increaseth
with
the
moon
,
there
is
no
commissure
or
seame
in
his
scull
(
like
as
is
in
a
mans
)
but
it
is
a
continued
bone
without
seperation
inward
or
out-ward
.
Aristotle
.
Pliny
.
The
breast
of
a
Dogge
is
narrow
and
piked
,
his
ventricle
small
and
narrow
,
for
which
cause
he
neuer
easeth
his
bodily
excrements
without
paine
,
his
bowels
are
like
a
Lyons
:
He
hath
a
long
spleene
like
a
man
,
and
a
Hogge
:
his
yard
and
stones
hange
outward
betweene
his
hinder
legges
,
a
base
natured
curre
striketh
his
taile
betwixt
his
legges
,
his
fore-legges
bend
like
the
armes
of
a
man
,
and
he
vseth
them
in
stead
of
Armes
,
hauing
fiue
distinct
fingers
,
Aristotle
.
Blondus
.
Pliny
.
commonly
called
clawes
vpon
each
foote
before
,
and
foure
vpon
each
foot
behind
,
which
also
haue
straight
nailes
vpon
them
,
and
that
which
hangeth
higher
vpon
the
leg
is
crooked
.
The
parts
of
a
female
dog
The
females
,
because
they
bring
forth
many
whelpes
at
a
time
,
haue
vnderneath
their
bellies
great
paps
,
with
many
speanes
to
sucke
at
,
in
a
double
ranke
or
row
on
both
sides
,
and
the
generous
bitches
haue
xii
.
other
but
x
:
They
beare
their
young
within
their
belly
next
to
the
midriffe
,
their
fime
is
dry
like
a
wolfes
,
&
therby
his
temperament
is
known
to
be
hot
and
dry
,
considered
in
it selfe
,
but
compared
with
others
it
varieth
,
for
to
a
mans
,
it
is
dry
;
Galen
.
to
an
Emmets
,
it
is
moist
:
Againe
,
in
respect
of
a
man
it
is
hot
,
in
respect
of
a
Lyon
it
is
cold
.
The
voice
of
Dogges
.
Pliny
.
The
louder
and
shriller
voice
of
a
Dogge
,
is
called
barking
,
the
lower
and
stiller
,
is
called
whining
,
or
fawning
:
It
was
a
monstrous
thing
,
that
a
Dogge
should
speake
,
and
a
serpent
barke
,
as
it
is
beleeued
in
antiquity
both
came
to
passe
,
when
Tarquinius
was
driuen
out
of
his
kingdome
.
It
is
not
causelesse
that
the
barking
of
Dogges
,
hath
attributed
vnto
it
diuers
qualities
,
as
for
a
man
to
dreame
of
the
same
,
presageth
some
treasonable
harme
by
enemies
,
Arremidorus
so
likewise
if
they
fawne
and
claw
vpon
a
man
.
Among
the
precedent
tokens
of
Caesars
death
,
they
set
downe
in
certaine
verses
,
the
howling
voices
of
Owles
,
the
weeping
drops
of
the
Iuory
tree
,
&
the
continuall
barkings
of
Dogges
,
as
followeth
:
Tristia
nulle
lotis
stygius
dedit
omnia
bubo
.
mille
locis
lachrymauit
ebur
.
Inque
foro
circunque
domos
&
templa
deorum
Nocturno
vl●lasse
canes
ferunt
:
&c.
The
Egyptians
signifie
these
thinges
by
a
Dog
,
a
Scribe
,
a
Prophet
,
a
splene
,
smelling
,
laughing
,
and
neezing
.
A
Scribe
,
because
as
the
Dog
is
silent
more
then
he
barketh
,
O●us
.
Emblematicall
descriptions
.
so
must
a
perfect
Scribe
meditate
more
then
he
speaketh
:
for
to
barke
at
euery
one
were
to
pleasure
none
,
and
to
speake
continually
,
were
a
signe
of
madnes
:
Againe
,
a
Prophet
because
a
Dogge
doth
most
eagerly
behold
,
and
admire
constantly
all
holy
actions
,
and
so
ought
the
eies
and
eares
of
a
Prophet
be
attendant
vpon
heauenly
things
.
The
Spleene
because
a
Dogge
hath
little
or
no
spleene
,
and
thereof
commeth
his
madnes
and
death
;
whereof
also
it
commeth
that
the
seruants
which
haue
the
charge
of
Dogges
,
being
with
them
in
their
sicknes
and
latter
end
,
for
the
most
part
prooue
splenaticke
.
Smelling
,
neezing
,
and
Laughing
,
because
the
spleenaticke
can
doe
none
of
all
these
,
but
of
this
more
afterward
.
The
voice
of
a
Dogge
,
is
by
the
learned
,
interpreted
a
rayling
and
angry
speech
:
wherof
commeth
that
Canina
facundia
among
Authors
,
for
rayling
eloquence
.
It
is
the
nature
of
a
Dogge
when
he
maketh
water
,
to
holde
vp
his
legge
,
if
he
be
aboue
six
moneths
old
,
or
haue
bene
at
procreation
,
the
females
doe
it
for
the
most
part
sitting
,
The
making
of
vrine
.
Aristotle
.
Pliny
.
yet
some
of
the
genereous
spirits
do
also
hold
vp
their
legges
.
They
euer
smell
to
the
hinder
partes
of
one
another
,
peraduenture
thereby
,
they
discerne
their
seuerall
kind
and
disposition
of
each
other
in
their
owne
natures
:
After
they
haue
ran
a
course
,
Albertus
The
factions
of
Dogs
for
their
owne
ease
.
they
releeue
themselues
by
tumbling
and
rowling
too
and
fro
:
when
they
lie
downe
they
turne
round
in
a
circle
,
two
or
three
times
togither
,
which
they
do
for
no
other
cause
,
but
that
they
may
the
more
commodiously
lie
round
,
and
from
the
wind
.
They
sleepe
as
doth
a
man
,
and
therein
dreame
very
often
,
The
sleep
of
Dogges
.
as
may
appeare
by
their
often
barking
in
their
sleepe
:
but
it
must
be
diligently
regarded
of
them
that
loue
to
keepe
Dogges
,
that
they
permit
them
not
to
sleepe
much
,
especially
after
their
meat
when
they
are
young
,
for
as
they
are
very
whot
,
so
in
their
sleepe
doth
their
heate
draw
much
paine
into
their
stomach
and
ventrickle
.
The
time
of
their
copulation
is
for
the
most
part
at
a
yeare
old
,
yet
the
females
will
lust
after
it
at
eight
months
old
,
Their
copulation
and
lyming
Columella
howbeit
they
are
not
to
be
suffered
,
because
it
weakeneth
their
bodies
,
and
dulleth
in
them
all
generosity
:
therefore
,
after
one
yeare
they
may
safely
be
suffered
to
come
together
,
and
not
before
:
Neither
is
it
materiall
,
whether
in
Summer
or
Winter
,
but
it
is
best
in
the
beginning
of
the
spring
,
but
with
this
caution
,
that
Whelpes
of
a
litter
or
of
one
and
the
same
Bitch
,
be
neuer
suffered
to
couple
;
for
nature
reioyseth
more
in
variety
.
For
then
they
grow
salt
and
begin
to
be
proud
;
yet
in
ancient
time
,
Aristotle
for
the
more
ennobling
of
their
race
of
Dogges
,
they
did
not
suffer
them
to
engender
till
the
Male
were
foure
yeare
old
,
and
the
female
three
:
for
then
would
the
Whelpes
prooue
more
stronge
and
liuely
.
By
hunting
,
labour
,
and
trauaile
,
the
males
are
made
more
fit
for
generation
,
and
they
prooue
best
which
haue
their
sires
of
equall
age
.
They
are
not
suffered
to
engender
all
their
life
longe
,
but
vntill
ten
and
twelue
yeare
old
,
or
rather
eight
in
the
male
and
sixe
in
the
female
.
Yet
there
haue
beene
founde
which
in
one
and
other
sexe
,
Tardinus
haue
continued
in
procreation
till
they
were
twentye
yeare
olde
,
but
this
exceeded
▪
all
naturall
reason
.
When
they
begin
to
be
proud
if
you
giue
them
leauen
mingled
with
milke
and
salt
,
they
will
not
straye
and
range
abroade
:
at
the
time
of
their
copulation
,
they
cleaue
togither
for
a
certaine
space
as
if
theyr
hinder
partes
were
glewed
,
The
time
of
a
Bitches
whelping
&
bearing
her
young
.
Aristotle
and
so
they
are
filled
at
one
time
.
They
beare
their
young
the
fifth
part
of
the
yeare
,
that
is
about
two
monthes
and
odde
daies
,
but
this
reconing
is
not
generall
,
for
some
kinds
beare
their
young
three
monthes
,
and
some
more
.
They
bring
forth
many
at
a
time
sometime
fiue
,
seuen
,
nine
,
or
twelue
;
for
so
many
celles
hath
the
female
in
her
wombe
.
Albertus
relateth
that
he
saw
a
Bitch
of
the
Mastiue
kind
,
which
brought
forth
at
three
litters
fifty
Whelpes
,
that
is
nineteene
at
the
first
,
eighteene
at
the
second
,
and
thirteene
at
the
third
:
but
somtime
she
bringeth
forth
but
one
,
which
is
a
good
argument
to
proue
that
she
is
filled
at
the
first
lyming
.
They
are
purged
of
their
mensturous
fluxes
seauen
or
foureteene
daies
before
they
grow
proud
,
and
againe
,
at
their
time
of
littering
;
at
other
times
they
suffer
none
.
The
first
they
cast
forth
of
their
Wombe
is
commonly
a
Male
,
which
resembleth
the
father
,
Aristotle
The
h●st
〈◊〉
is
a
male
.
the
other
Males
and
females
as
it
happeneth
,
(
but
it
is
accounted
a
prodigious
thing
to
litter
all
males
or
all
females
)
wherein
nature
yeeldeth
an
excellent
argument
of
diuine
prouidence
,
for
the
first
borne
of
all
kindes
hath
more
resemblance
of
the
father
then
of
the
mother
.
They
are
also
Whelped
blind
,
and
so
remaine
for
nine
or
ten
dayes
,
The
blindnes
of
Whelpes
.
bycause
through
their
multitude
they
cannot
bee
perfected
in
the
Dammes
Bellye
,
which
doeth
not
happen
to
Beastes
which
beare
single
,
as
sheepe
and
Goates
.
They
vse
to
carry
them
vp
and
downe
in
their
mouthes
till
they
be
seuen
dayes
old
but
not
afterward
,
they
haue
milke
about
fiue
daies
before
theyr
littering
.
It
is
not
good
to
preserue
the
first
or
second
litter
,
but
the
third
:
and
after
they
haue
littered
it
is
good
to
giue
the
Bitch
Whay
and
Barly
bread
,
for
that
will
comfort
her
and
encrease
her
milke
;
and
in
some
places
they
take
Goates
milke
and
seeth
in
it
broken
bones
of
meate
,
whereby
they
conceiue
that
the
Damme
and
Whelpes
are
much
battered
for
that
nutriment
:
there
is
not
any
great
regard
of
the
nourishment
of
Dogges
,
for
they
will
eate
much
and
that
often
and
diuers
things
,
except
Dogges
flesh
,
for
that
cannot
be
so
dressed
and
prepared
by
the
art
of
man
,
Aelianus
A
●ecret
in
●he●
foode
.
but
they
finde
it
out
by
their
nose
and
auoide
it
.
It
is
good
to
let
the
Whelpes
sucke
two
monthes
before
they
be
weaned
,
and
that
of
their
owne
Damme
,
for
it
is
not
so
good
for
them
to
sucke
another
,
and
in
the
meane
time
exercise
them
to
meate
,
as
milke
,
Whay
,
Bread
,
and
flesh
;
also
from
the
spring
vntill
the
Sunne
entreth
Cancer
,
at
which
time
it
is
good
to
let
them
grow
leane
according
to
the
verses
of
Nemesian
.
Consuetam
minuisse
saginam
Prosuerit
,
tenuesque
magis
retinere
cibatus
,
Ne
grauts
articulos
deprauet
pondere
molles
Nam
tum
membrorum
nexus
nodosque
relaxant
.
And
afterward
when
they
are
sixe
months
old
amend
their
diet
againe
that
they
may
grow
strong
.
Tunc
rursus
miscere
sero
Cerealia
dona
Conueniet
,
fortemque
dari
de
frugibus
escam
.
Tardinus
They
will
not
eate
bucke-mast
wherewithall
Hogges
grow
fat
,
for
that
breedeth
in
them
the
paine
of
the
head
.
Athenaeus
By
eating
the
excrements
of
men
they
incurre
many
diseases
:
they
are
made
drunke
by
the
Herbe
Oenutt●as
Crowes
bee
,
they
cannot
endure
Wine
,
but
bread
sopped
in
Wine
they
deuoure
,
dryed
flesh
&
bread
in
Milke
is
their
safest
foode
,
if
Cummin
bee
now
and
then
mixed
in
their
bread
,
they
are
not
much
troubled
with
wind
in
their
bellyes
.
If
you
put
a
little
Oyle
in
their
Water
to
drinke
or
lappe
,
they
will
proue
more
able
and
swift
to
runne
.
If
he
refuse
and
loath
his
meate
,
take
a
little
whot
bread
and
giue
it
him
before
meat
,
a
remedy
for
loathing
meate
.
or
dip
broune
bread
in
vineger
and
so
presse
or
squise
the
liquor
thereof
into
his
nose
,
and
it
wil
ease
him
.
There
is
much
a
doe
to
chose
a
Whelpe
vnder
the
Damme
that
will
proue
the
best
in
the
litter
.
Of
the
cho●●e
o●●generous
whelpe
.
Some
obserue
that
which
seeth
last
,
and
take
that
for
the
best
;
other
remoue
the
Whelpes
from
the
kennell
and
lay
them
seuerall
and
apart
one
from
the
other
,
then
watch
they
which
of
them
the
Bitch
first
taketh
and
carrieth
into
her
kennell
againe
,
and
that
they
take
for
the
best
,
or
else
that
which
vomitteth
last
of
all
.
Some
againe
giue
for
a
certaine
rule
to
know
the
best
,
that
the
same
which
waigheth
least
while
it
sucketh
will
proue
best
according
to
the
verses
of
Nemesian
.
Pondere
nam
catuli
poteris
prependere
vires
Corporibusque
leues
,
grauibus
prenoscere
cursu
.
But
this
is
certaine
that
the
lighter
whelpe
wil
proue
the
swifter
,
and
the
heauier
will
bee
the
stronger
:
Other
make
this
experiment
,
first
they
compasse
in
the
Puppies
in
the
absence
of
the
Damme
with
a
little
circle
of
small
sticks
apt
to
burne
,
and
stinking
rags
,
Tardinus
then
set
they
them
on
fire
about
the
whelps
,
and
that
puppy
which
leapeth
ouer
first
,
they
take
for
the
best
,
&
that
which
commeth
out
last
they
condemne
for
the
worst
.
Assoone
as
the
bitch
hath
littered
it
is
good
to
chuse
them
you
meane
to
preserue
,
&
to
cast
away
the
refuse
,
keepe
them
blacke
,
or
broun
,
or
of
one
colour
;
for
the
spotted
are
not
to
be
accounted
of
.
And
thus
much
of
the
outward
partes
and
the
choice
of
Dogges
.
The
manifolde
attributes
of
Dogges
amonge
all
Writers
,
doe
decipher
vnto
vs
their
particular
nature
;
as
that
they
are
called
sharpe
,
bitter
,
fierce
,
subtill
,
sounding
,
bold
,
Of
the
nature
and
inward
qualities
of
Dogges
.
cared
for
attention
,
affable
,
swift
,
speedy
,
Clamorous
,
wilde
,
faithfull
,
horrible
,
rough
,
fasting
,
cruell
,
vngentle
,
vncleane
,
hurtfull
,
biting
,
filthy
,
smelling
,
sent-follower
,
watchfull
,
madde
,
hoarse
,
and
quicke-nosed
;
beside
many
such
other
both
among
the
Greekes
and
Latines
.
And
likewise
you
shall
reade
of
many
perticular
Dogges
,
and
their
names
appellatiue
,
both
in
Greeke
and
Latine
,
which
may
be
remembred
also
in
this
place
,
to
shew
what
reconing
all
ages
haue
made
of
this
beast
:
for
it
is
necessary
,
that
as
soone
as
he
beginneth
to
feede
he
presently
receiue
a
name
,
such
are
these
,
of
twoe
sillables
or
more
,
as
Scylax
,
Spoude
,
Alke
,
Rome
,
Lacon
,
Acalanthis
,
Agre
,
Labros
,
Hylactor
,
Alleus
,
Argus
(
one
of
Vlisses
Dogs
)
Asbolus
,
Augeas
,
Aura
,
Bria
,
Polis
,
Bremon
,
Katnon
,
Can●●che
,
Happarus
,
Charon
,
Chorax
,
Harpia
,
Lycitas
,
Chiron
,
Lycisca
,
Arcas
,
Dromas
,
Gnome
,
Eba
,
Hybris
,
Hyleus
,
Maira
,
Melampus
,
Orne
,
Lethargos
,
Nape
;
beside
infinite
other
among
the
ancients
:
but
among
the
later
writers
,
Turcus
,
Niphus
,
Falco
,
Ragonia
,
Serpens
,
Ichtia
,
Pilaster
,
Leo
,
Lupus
,
Stella
,
Fulgur
,
Bellina
,
Rubinum
,
Satinus
,
and
Furia
:
so
that
euery
Nation
,
and
almost
euery
man
hath
a
proper
and
peculiar
name
for
his
Dog
,
as
well
as
for
his
Oxe
.
There
is
not
any
creature
without
reason
,
more
louing
to
his
Maister
,
Of
the
loue
of
a
Dogge
.
nor
more
seruiceable
(
as
shall
appeare
afterward
)
then
is
a
Dogge
induring
many
stripes
patiently
at
the
hands
of
his
maister
,
and
vsing
no
other
meanes
to
pacifie
his
displeasure
,
then
humiliation
,
prostration
,
assentation
,
and
after
beating
,
turneth
a
reuenge
into
a
more
feruent
and
whot
loue
.
In
their
rage
they
will
set
vpon
all
strangers
,
Pliny
Plutarch
Homer
A
secret
to
pacifie
an
angry
Dog
.
Aelianus
yet
heerein
appeareth
their
Noble
spirit
,
for
if
any
fall
,
or
sit
downe
on
the
ground
&
cast
away
his
weapon
,
they
bite
him
not
;
taking
that
declining
for
submissiue
pacification
.
They
meete
their
maister
with
reuerence
and
ioy
,
crouching
or
bending
a
little
,
(
like
shamefast
and
modest
persons
:
)
and
although
they
know
none
but
their
maister
and
familiars
,
yet
will
they
help
any
man
against
another
Wilde
beast
.
They
remember
voyces
,
and
obey
their
leaders
hissing
or
whisling
.
There
was
a
Dogge
in
Venice
which
had
beene
three
yeares
from
his
Maister
,
a
history
of
a
dogs
memory
.
yet
knew
him
againe
in
the
Market
place
;
discerning
him
from
thousands
of
people
present
;
he
remembreth
any
man
which
giueth
him
meat
:
when
he
fauneth
vpon
a
man
he
wringeth
his
sknne
in
the
forehead
.
The
Dogge
which
is
broad
faced
like
a
Lyon
,
Gillius
K●amides
a
secret
in
the
feare
of
a
dog
is
most
full
of
stomach
and
courage
;
yet
the
tongue
or
skinne
of
an
Hyaena
(
by
naturall
instinct
)
maketh
him
runne
away
:
sometimes
they
will
agree
with
Wolues
,
for
they
haue
engendered
togither
,
and
as
the
lute-strings
made
of
a
Wolfe
and
a
Lambe
cannot
agree
in
musicke
,
but
one
of
them
will
break
,
so
also
will
a
Dogs
and
a
lambes
.
Aelianus
thinketh
that
Dogges
haue
reason
,
The
reason
of
Dogges
.
&
vse
logick
in
their
hunting
for
they
will
cast
about
for
the
game
,
as
a
disputant
doth
for
the
truth
,
as
if
they
should
say
either
the
Hare
is
gone
on
the
left
hand
,
or
on
the
right
hand
,
or
straight
forward
,
but
not
on
the
left
or
right
hand
and
therefore
straight
forward
.
Whereupon
he
runneth
foorth
right
after
the
true
and
infallible
fooote-steps
of
the
Hare
.
There
was
a
Dogge
in
Affrica
in
a
ship
,
which
in
the
absence
of
the
Mariners
came
to
a
pitcher
of
oyle
to
eate
some
of
it
,
and
the
mouth
of
the
pot
being
too
narrow
for
his
head
to
enter
in
(
because
the
pot
was
not
full
)
he
deuised
to
cast
flint
stones
into
the
vessel
,
whereby
the
Oyle
rose
to
the
top
of
the
pitcher
and
so
he
eate
thereof
his
fill
,
giuing
euident
testimony
thereby
,
that
he
discerned
by
nature
,
that
heauy
thinges
will
sinke
downe
,
and
light
thinges
will
rise
vp
and
flye
aloft
.
There
is
a
Nation
of
people
in
Ethiopia
(
called
Nubae
)
which
haue
a
Dogge
in
such
admirable
estimation
,
that
they
giue
vnto
him
the
honor
of
their
King
;
Solinus
Aelianus
Pliny
.
Giraldus
The
honor
done
to
dogs
for
they
haue
no
other
king
but
he
.
If
he
faune
,
they
take
him
for
well
pleased
;
if
he
barke
or
fly
vpon
them
,
they
take
him
for
angry
:
and
by
his
gestures
and
moouings
they
coniecture
his
meaning
,
for
the
gouerment
of
their
state
:
giuing
as
ready
obedience
to
his
significations
,
as
they
can
to
any
liuely
speaking
Prince
of
the
world
:
for
which
cause
,
the
Egyptians
also
picture
a
Dogge
with
a
kings
robe
,
to
signifie
a
magistrate
.
Those
people
of
Egypt
also
,
obserue
in
their
religious
processions
,
and
gesticulations
,
dumble-idle-gods
,
to
carry
about
with
them
two
Dogs
,
one
Hawke
,
and
one
Ibis
,
and
these
they
cal
foure
leters
:
by
the
two
Dogs
,
they
signifie
the
two
Hoemishpheres
which
continually
watch
and
goe
ouer
our
heads
;
by
the
Hawke
,
the
sunne
;
for
the
Hawke
is
a
whot
creature
,
and
liueth
vpon
destruction
:
by
the
Ibis
,
the
face
of
the
Moone
;
for
they
compare
the
blacke
feathers
in
this
bird
to
hir
darke
part
,
and
the
white
to
her
light
:
Other
by
the
Dogges
,
do
vnderstand
the
two
Tropicks
,
which
are
(
as
it
were
the
two
porters
of
the
sunne
for
the
South
and
North
;
by
the
Hawke
,
they
vnderstand
the
equinoctiall
or
burning
line
,
because
she
flyeth
high
:
by
the
Ibis
,
the
Zodiacke
:
and
indeede
those
painters
which
could
moste
aritificially
decipher
a
Dog
(
as
Nicias
)
were
greatly
reuerenced
among
the
Egyptians
.
The
like
folly
(
or
impious
beastlinesse
)
was
that
of
Galba
,
who
forsooke
the
presidents
of
his
predecessors
in
stamping
their
coine
with
their
owne
image
,
and
imprinted
thereupon
his
sealing
ring
,
Coelius
left
him
by
his
forefathers
,
wherein
was
engrauen
,
a
dog
bending
vpon
his
female
.
I
know
not
for
what
cause
,
the
starre
in
the
midst
of
heauen
whereunto
the
sunne
commeth
about
the
Calends
of
Iuly
,
was
tearmed
Canis
(
a
Dogge
)
and
the
whole
time
of
the
appearance
of
that
starre
,
which
is
about
thirty
daies
,
should
bee
called
Dog
daies
;
but
onely
because
then
the
heate
of
the
Sunne
dooth
torment
the
bodyes
of
men
twice
so
much
as
at
other
times
:
whereupon
they
attribute
that
to
the
starre
(
which
they
call
Sirius
)
which
rather
is
to
be
attributed
to
the
Sun
during
that
time
euery
yeare
.
Others
fable
,
Varinus
that
there
is
another
starre
close
to
him
(
called
Orion
,
)
who
was
an
excellent
hunter
,
and
after
his
death
was
placed
among
the
starres
,
and
the
starre
Canis
beside
him
was
his
hunting
dogge
:
but
by
this
starre
called
of
the
Egyptians
Solachin
,
and
of
the
Graecians
Astrocynon
,
Hesychius
Arnobius
commeth
that
Egyptian
Cynicke
yeare
which
is
accomplished
but
once
in
a
1460.
yeares
.
Vnto
this
starre
were
offered
many
sacrifices
of
Dogges
in
auncient
time
whereof
there
can
be
no
cause
in
the
World
,
as
Ouid
well
noteth
in
these
verses
:
Pro
cane
sidereo
canis
hic
imponitur
arae
:
Et
quare
fiat
nil
nisi
nomen
habet
.
As
among
the
Carians
,
whereupon
came
the
prouerbe
of
Caricum
Sacrificium
,
for
they
sacrified
a
Dog
in
stead
of
a
Goate
,
Pliny
and
the
young
Puppyes
or
Whelpes
were
also
accounted
among
the
most
auaileable
sacrifices
,
for
the
pacifing
of
their
idoll
Gods
.
The
Romans
and
Graecians
had
also
a
custom
to
sacrifice
a
Dog
in
their
Lycaan
and
Lupercall
feastes
,
which
were
kept
for
the
honor
of
Pan
,
who
defended
their
flocks
from
the
Wolfe
,
Plutarch
and
this
was
performed
in
February
yearely
,
either
because
that
the
Dogs
were
enimies
to
Wolues
,
or
else
for
that
by
their
barking
,
they
draw
them
away
in
the
night
time
from
their
Citty
:
or
else
,
because
they
reckoned
that
a
dogge
was
a
pleasing
beast
to
Pan
,
who
was
the
keeper
of
Goats
:
so
also
the
Graecians
did
offer
a
dog
to
Hecata
who
hath
three
heads
,
one
of
a
Horse
,
another
of
a
dogge
,
and
the
third
head
in
the
midst
of
a
wilde
man
:
and
the
Romans
to
Genetha
,
for
the
safe
custody
and
welfare
of
all
their
houshold
affayres
.
Their
houshold
Gods
(
called
Lares
)
were
pictured
and
declared
to
the
people
sitting
in
Dogs-skinnes
,
and
Dogges
sitting
beside
them
,
eyther
because
they
thereby
signified
their
duty
to
defend
the
house
and
houshold
,
or
else
as
Dogges
are
terrors
to
theeues
and
euill
beasts
,
so
these
by
their
assistance
were
the
punishers
of
wicked
and
euill
persons
:
or
rather
that
these
Lares
were
wicked
spirits
pryeng
into
the
affayres
of
euery
priuate
houshold
,
P●stus
Coelius
whom
God
vsed
as
executioners
of
his
wrathful
displeasure
,
vpon
godlesse
men
.
There
were
Dogges
sacred
in
the
Temple
of
Aesculapius
,
because
he
was
nourished
by
their
milke
;
and
Iupiter
himselfe
was
called
Cynegetes
,
that
is
,
a
Dogge-leader
;
because
he
taught
the
Arcadians
first
of
all
to
hunt
away
noysome
beasts
by
the
helpe
of
Dogges
:
so
also
they
sacrificed
a
Dogge
to
Mars
,
because
of
the
boldnesse
of
that
creature
.
To
conclude
,
such
was
the
vnmemorable
vanity
of
the
Heathens
in
theyr
goddes
and
sacrifices
,
as
it
rather
deserueth
perpetuall
obliuion
then
remembrance
,
Arnobius
Gyraldus
for
they
ioyned
the
shapes
of
men
and
Beastes
togither
(
saith
Arnobius
)
to
make
Goddes
Omnigenumque
deum
monstra
&
latrator
Anubis
,
such
were
theyr
Cynocephali
,
Ophiocephali
,
Anubis
,
Hecata
,
that
is
as
much
to
say
,
as
halfe
men
,
halfe
Dogges
,
halfe
Serpents
,
but
generally
all
Monsters
:
and
for
the
many
imaginary
virtues
the
ancients
haue
dreamed
to
be
in
Dogs
,
they
also
in
many
places
haue
giuen
vnto
them
solemne
funerals
in
their
hallowed
Coemiteries
,
&
after
they
were
dead
,
they
ceased
not
to
magnifie
them
,
as
Alexander
,
Of
dishonor
and
ignobility
of
Dogs
.
which
built
a
City
for
the
honor
of
a
Dog
.
All
this
notwithstanding
,
many
learned
and
wise
men
in
al
ages
haue
rekconed
a
Dogge
but
a
base
and
an
impudent
creature
,
for
the
Flamen
Dialis
of
Iupiter
in
Rome
,
was
commaunded
to
abstaine
from
touching
of
Dogges
,
for
the
same
reason
,
that
they
were
prohibited
&
not
permitted
to
enter
into
the
castle
of
Athens
&
Isle
of
Delos
,
bycause
of
their
publique
and
shamelesse
copulation
:
and
also
,
that
no
man
might
be
terrified
by
their
presence
from
supplication
in
the
temples
.
The
foolishnesse
of
a
Dogge
appeareth
in
this
,
that
when
a
stone
or
other
thing
is
cast
at
him
,
he
followeth
the
stone
and
neglecteth
the
hand
that
threw
it
,
according
to
the
saying
of
the
Poet
:
Marcellus
Arripit
vt
lapidem
catulus
,
morsuque
fatigat
,
Nec
precussori
mutua
damna
facit
.
Sic
plerique
sinunt
reros
clabier
hostes
,
Et
quos
nulla
grauant
noxia
dente
petant
.
Likewise
men
of
impudent
wits
,
shamlesse
behauiors
in
taking
and
eating
meat
,
were
called
Cynicks
;
for
which
cause
Athenaeus
speaketh
vnto
Cynicks
in
this
sort
:
You
do
not
O
Cynici
leade
abstinent
and
frugall
liues
but
resemble
Dogges
:
and
whereas
this
foure-footed
beast
differeth
from
other
creatures
in
foure
things
,
Porphyrius
you
only
follow
him
in
his
viler
and
baser
qualities
,
that
is
,
in
barking
and
license
of
railing
,
in
voracity
and
nudity
,
without
all
commendation
of
men
.
The
impudency
of
a
Dogge
is
eminent
in
all
cases
to
be
vnderstood
,
Homer
Horace
for
which
cause
that
audatious
Aristogiton
sonne
of
Cidimachus
was
called
a
Dogge
,
and
the
furies
of
ancient
time
were
figured
by
blacke
Dogges
,
and
a
Dog
was
called
Erinnis
:
Cerberus
himselfe
with
his
three
heads
signified
the
multiplicity
of
Diuels
,
that
is
,
a
Lyons
,
a
Wolfes
,
and
a
fawning
Dogges
,
one
for
the
earth
,
another
for
the
Water
,
and
the
thirde
for
the
aire
:
for
which
cause
Hercules
in
slaying
Cerberus
,
is
said
,
to
haue
ouercome
all
temptation
,
vice
,
and
wickednesse
,
for
so
did
his
three
heads
signifie
:
other
by
the
three
heads
,
vnderstand
,
the
three
times
;
by
the
Lyon
,
the
time
present
;
by
the
wolfe
,
the
time
past
;
and
by
the
fawning
Dog
,
the
time
to
come
.
It
is
deliuered
by
authors
,
that
the
roote
of
Oliander
,
or
else
a
Dogs
tooth
bound
about
the
arme
,
do
restraine
the
fury
and
rage
of
a
Dogge
:
also
there
is
a
certain
litle
bone
in
the
left
side
of
a
Toade
(
called
Apocynon
)
for
the
vertue
it
hath
in
it
against
the
violence
of
a
Dogge
:
It
is
reported
by
Pliny
,
that
if
a
liue
Rat
be
put
into
the
pottage
of
Dogges
,
after
they
haue
eaten
thereof
they
will
neuer
barke
any
more
,
and
Aelianus
affirmeth
so
much
of
the
Weasils
taile
,
cut
off
from
him
aliue
,
and
carried
about
a
man
:
also
if
one
carry
about
him
a
Dogges
hart
,
or
Lyuer
,
Constantius
or
the
skinne
wherin
Puppies
lye
in
their
dams
belly
(
called
the
Secundine
)
the
like
effect
or
operation
is
attributed
to
them
against
the
violence
of
dogs
.
There
is
a
little
blacke
stone
in
Nylus
about
the
bignesse
of
a
Beane
,
at
first
sight
whereof
a
dog
wil
run
away
.
Such
as
these
I
saw
at
Lyons
in
France
,
which
they
called
Sea-beanes
,
Stobaeus
and
they
prescribed
them
to
be
hanged
about
a
Nurses
necke
to
encrease
her
milke
:
but
to
conclude
the
discourse
of
the
basenesse
of
a
Dogge
,
those
two
prouerbes
of
holy
Scripture
,
one
of
our
Sauiour
Mat.
7.
Giue
not
that
which
is
holy
to
Dogs
;
and
the
other
of
Saint
Peter
2.
Epistle
Cap.
2.
the
Dogge
is
returned
to
the
vomit
,
doe
sufficiently
conuince
,
that
they
are
emblems
of
vile
,
cursed
,
rayling
,
and
filthy
men
;
The
vse
of
their
parts
.
which
esteeme
not
holy
things
,
but
eate
vp
againe
their
owne
vomits
.
The
skinnes
of
Dogges
are
dressed
for
gloues
,
and
close
Bootes
,
the
which
are
vsed
by
such
as
haue
vlcerous
and
swelling
Legges
or
Limbes
,
for
by
them
the
aflicted
place
receiueth
a
double
reliefe
;
first
,
it
resisteth
the
influent
humors
,
and
secondly
,
Blondus
.
it
is
not
exasperated
with
Woollen
.
The
Turkes
colour
their
Dogs
tailes
withred
,
and
it
is
a
custom
of
Hunters
to
take
Dogges
and
tie
them
in
the
Woods
vnto
trees
by
their
stones
,
for
by
crying
they
prouoke
the
Panther
to
come
vnto
them
.
It
is
not
to
be
doubted
but
that
the
flesh
of
dogges
,
is
vsed
for
meate
in
many
places
although
the
opinion
of
Rasis
be
true
and
consonant
to
reason
,
that
all
deuouring
Creatures
,
as
Dogges
,
Foxes
,
and
Wolues
;
haue
no
good
flesh
for
meate
,
bycause
they
engender
melancholy
;
and
yet
Galen
thinketh
,
that
it
is
like
to
the
flesh
of
a
Hare
,
especially
young
Whelpes
were
held
amonge
the
Romanes
a
delicate
meate
,
and
were
vsed
by
their
priestes
;
and
amonge
Whelpes
they
attrybuted
most
vertue
to
their
flesh
which
were
eaten
before
they
did
see
,
Oppianus
The
flesh
of
Dogs
eaten
.
for
by
them
came
no
euill
humor
at
al
,
as
is
often
set
down
in
Plautus
.
Instaurion●
.
Peter
Martir
and
Scaliger
doe
affirme
,
of
Cozumella
,
and
Lucatana
,
and
other
Islands
of
the
new
World
,
that
the
people
there
doe
eate
a
kind
of
Dogge
which
cannot
barke
:
These
Dogges
are
vile
to
looke
vpon
like
young
Kyds
.
The
inhabitants
of
Corsica
,
which
are
fierce
,
angry
,
Wilde
,
cruell
,
audatious
,
dissemblers
,
actiue
and
strong
,
do
also
seede
vpon
Dogges
both
wilde
and
tame
:
and
it
is
thought
that
their
meate
is
a
little
furtherance
to
their
inclination
,
for
such
is
the
naturall
disposition
of
Dogs
:
and
Sciltbergerus
,
in
the
booke
of
peregrinations
affirmeth
also
,
that
the
Tartarians
in
Ibissibur
doe
after
the
same
manner
feede
vpon
the
flesh
of
Dogges
:
from
hence
it
commeth
,
that
men
resemling
a
Dog
in
a
plaine
forhead
and
narrow
,
are
said
to
be
foolish
;
in
a
smooth
and
stretched
out
,
flatterers
;
those
which
haue
great
voyces
like
a
Ban-dog
,
are
strong
;
they
which
raile
much
(
like
often
barking
Dogges
)
are
of
a
doggish
,
angry
,
disposition
.
He
which
hath
a
great
head
like
a
Dog
is
witty
;
Admantius
hee
which
hath
a
little
head
like
an
Asses
is
blockish
,
they
which
haue
fiery
eyes
like
Dogs
,
are
impudent
and
shamelesse
:
Thinne
lips
with
narrow
folding
corners
,
in
Dogs
is
a
token
of
generosity
,
and
in
men
of
magnanimity
:
they
whose
lippes
hange
ouer
their
canine
teeth
,
are
also
adiudged
raylers
,
and
virulent
speakers
:
and
as
Carnarius
obserueth
,
vaine
glorious
braggarts
.
A
wide
mouth
,
betokeneth
a
cruell
,
madde
,
and
wicked
disposition
;
a
sharpe
nose
,
an
angry
mind
:
as
a
round
,
blunt
,
and
solide
Nose
,
signifieth
a
Lyons
stomach
and
worthinesse
.
A
sharpe
chin
,
vaine
babling
and
wantonnesse
;
they
which
are
small
in
their
girting
steade
about
their
Ioynes
,
doe
much
loue
hunting
.
Stobaeus
in
his
wicked
discourse
or
dispraise
of
women
affirmeth
,
that
the
curst
,
sharp
,
smart
,
curious
,
daynty
,
clamorous
,
implacable
and
wanton-rowling-eyed
Women
,
were
deriued
from
Dogges
:
and
Hesiode
to
amend
the
matter
saith
,
when
Iupiter
had
fashioned
man
out
of
the
earth
,
he
commaunded
Mercury
to
infuse
into
him
a
Canine
minde
,
and
a
clamorous
inclination
:
but
the
Prouerbe
of
Salomon
Cap.
30.
concludeth
the
excellency
of
a
Dog
saying
:
There
be
three
things
which
goe
pleasantly
,
and
the
fourth
ordereth
his
pace
aright
:
The
Lyon
,
which
is
the
strongest
among
Beastes
,
and
feareth
not
the
sight
of
any
body
:
Munsterus
a
hunting
Dog
strong
in
his
loynes
,
a
Goate
,
and
a
King
against
whom
there
is
no
rysing
vp
:
by
all
which
is
deciphered
a
good
King
;
for
the
Lyon
ryseth
not
against
beastes
,
except
he
be
prouoked
;
the
Dog
riseth
not
against
his
frends
,
but
wilde
beasts
;
and
the
he-Goat
goeth
before
his
flocke
like
a
guide
and
keeper
.
OF
THE
GREY-HOVND
,
with
a
naration
of
all
strong
and
great
hunting
DOGGES
.
AMong
the
diuers
kinds
of
hunting
Dogs
,
the
Grey-hound
or
Graecian
Dog
,
The
name
of
a
greyhound
called
Thereuticos
or
Elatica
(
by
reason
of
his
swiftnesse
,
)
strength
,
and
sagacity
to
follow
and
deuoure
wilde
beastes
of
great
stature
,
deserueth
the
first
place
;
for
such
are
the
conditions
of
this
Dog
,
as
Plato
hath
obserued
,
that
he
is
reasonably
sented
to
finde
out
,
speedy
and
quicke
of
foote
to
follow
,
and
fierce
and
strong
to
take
and
ouercome
:
and
yet
silent
comming
vpon
his
pery
at
vnawares
,
according
to
the
obseruation
of
Gratius
;
Siccanis
illa
suos
taciturna
superuenit
hostes
.
Like
to
the
Dogs
of
Acarnania
which
set
vpon
their
game
by
stealth
.
Of
these
are
the
greatest
dogs
of
the
world
,
which
in
this
place
are
briefely
to
be
remembred
.
These
haue
large
bodies
little
heads
,
beaked
noses
,
but
flat
,
broad
faces
aboue
their
eies
,
Oppianus
Their
description
.
Plutarch
long
necks
but
great
next
to
their
bodies
,
fiery
eies
,
broad
backs
,
and
most
generous
stomacks
,
both
against
al
wild
beasts
&
men
also
.
Their
rage
is
so
great
against
their
prey
,
that
sometimes
for
wrath
they
loose
their
eie-sight
.
They
will
not
onely
set
vpon
Buls
,
Boars
,
Their
desire
of
fit
game
.
and
such
like
beastes
,
but
also
vpon
Lyons
,
which
Mantuan
noteth
in
this
verse
;
Et
Truculentus
Helor
certare
leonibus
audens
.
The
greatest
dogs
of
this
kind
are
in
India
,
Scithia
,
and
Hircania
,
Countries
of
Greyhounds
.
and
among
the
Scithians
they
ioine
them
with
Asses
in
yoake
for
ordinary
labour
.
The
Dogs
of
India
are
conceiued
by
Tigres
,
for
the
Indians
wil
take
diuers
femals
or
Bitches
,
and
fasten
them
to
trees
in
woods
where
Tygres
abide
:
wherunto
the
greedy
rauening
Tiger
commeth
,
Generation
by
Tygres
.
Aristotle
and
instantly
deuoureth
some
one
or
two
of
them
,
if
his
lust
do
not
restrain
him
,
&
then
being
so
filled
with
meate
(
which
thing
Tygers
sildome
meete
withal
)
presently
he
burneth
in
lust
and
so
lymeth
the
liuing
Bitches
,
who
are
apt
to
conceiue
by
him
:
which
being
performd
he
retireth
to
some
secret
place
,
&
in
the
meane
time
the
Indians
take
away
the
Bitches
,
of
whom
come
these
valourous
dogs
,
which
retain
the
stomack
and
courage
of
their
father
,
but
the
shape
&
proportion
of
their
mother
,
yet
do
they
not
keepe
any
of
the
first
or
second
litter
for
feare
of
their
Tygrian
stomacks
,
but
make
them
away
and
reserue
the
third
litter
.
Of
this
kind
were
the
Dogs
giuen
to
Alexander
by
the
King
of
Albania
,
Pliny
.
A
history
of
Alexanders
dogs
.
when
he
was
going
into
India
,
and
presented
by
an
Indian
,
whom
Alexander
admired
,
and
being
desirous
to
try
what
vertue
was
contained
in
so
great
a
body
,
Gillius
Aelianus
Pliny
.
Strabo
Pollux
.
caused
a
Boare
and
a
Hart
to
be
turned
out
to
him
,
and
when
he
would
not
so
much
as
stir
at
them
,
he
turned
Beares
vnto
him
,
which
likewise
he
disdained
and
rose
not
from
his
kennel
;
wherewithal
the
king
being
moued
,
commaunded
the
heauy
and
dul
beast
(
for
so
he
termed
him
)
to
be
hanged
vp
:
his
keeper
the
Indian
informed
the
king
that
the
dog
respected
not
such
beasts
,
but
if
he
would
turne
out
vnto
him
a
Lyon
,
he
should
see
what
he
would
do
.
Immediatly
a
Lyon
was
put
vnto
him
,
at
the
first
sight
whereof
he
rose
with
speede
(
as
if
neuer
before
hee
saw
his
match
or
aduersary
worthy
his
strength
)
and
bristling
at
him
,
made
force
vpon
him
and
the
Lyon
likewise
at
the
Dogge
,
but
at
the
last
,
the
Dogge
tooke
the
Chappes
or
snowt
of
the
Lyon
into
his
mouth
,
where
he
held
him
by
maine
strength
vntill
hee
strangled
him
,
doe
the
Lyon
what
he
could
to
the
contrary
,
the
King
desirous
to
saue
the
Lyons
life
,
willed
the
Dogge
shoulde
be
pulled
off
,
but
the
labour
of
men
and
all
their
strength
was
too
litle
to
loosen
those
irefull
and
deepe
biting
teeth
which
he
had
fastened
.
Then
the
Indian
infourmed
the
King
that
except
some
violence
were
done
vnto
the
Dog
to
put
him
to
extreame
paine
,
he
would
sooner
die
then
let
goe
his
holde
;
whereupon
it
was
commaunded
to
cut
off
a
piece
of
the
Dogges
taile
,
but
the
Dog
would
not
remoue
his
teeth
for
that
hurt
:
then
one
of
his
legges
were
likwise
seuered
from
his
body
,
whereat
the
Dogge
seemed
not
apalled
;
after
that
another
legge
,
and
so
consequently
all
foure
,
whereby
the
truncke
of
his
body
fell
to
the
grounde
,
still
holding
the
Lyons
snowt
within
his
mouth
,
and
like
the
spirit
of
some
malicious
man
chusing
rather
to
die
then
spare
his
enimie
.
At
the
last
,
it
was
commaunded
to
cut
his
heade
from
his
body
,
all
which
the
angry
beast
indured
,
and
so
left
his
bodiles
head
hanging
fast
to
the
Lyons
iawes
:
whereat
the
king
was
wonderfully
mooued
,
and
sorrowfully
repented
his
rashnes
in
destroying
a
beast
of
so
noble
spirite
,
which
could
not
be
daunted
with
the
presence
of
the
king
of
beasts
:
chusing
rather
to
leaue
his
life
then
departe
from
the
true
strength
and
magnanimity
of
mind
.
Which
thing
the
Indian
perceiuing
in
the
K.
to
mitigate
the
Kings
sorrowe
,
presented
vnto
him
foure
other
Dogges
of
the
same
quantity
and
nature
,
by
the
gift
whereof
he
put
away
his
passion
,
and
receiued
rewarde
with
such
a
recompence
as
well
beseemed
the
dignity
of
such
a
King
,
and
also
the
quality
of
such
a
present
.
Pliny
reporteth
also
that
one
of
these
did
fight
with
singular
courage
and
policy
with
an
Elephant
:
and
hauing
got
holde
on
his
side
,
neuer
left
till
he
ouerthrewe
the
beast
and
perished
vnderneath
him
.
These
Dogges
growe
to
an
exceeding
greate
stature
,
and
the
next
vnto
them
are
the
Albanian
Dogs
.
The
Arcadian
Dogs
are
said
to
be
generated
of
Lions
.
Pollux
Th●
Alb●●ian
Dogges
Solmus
.
Seneca
In
Canaria
one
of
the
fortunate
Ilands
,
their
Dogs
are
of
exceeding
stature
.
The
Dogs
of
Creete
are
called
Diaponi
,
and
fight
with
wilde
Boares
:
the
Dogs
of
Epirus
called
Chaonides
of
a
Citie
Chaon
,
are
wonderfully
great
and
fierce
;
they
are
likewise
called
Molosssi
,
of
the
people
of
Epirus
so
termed
,
these
are
fayned
to
be
deriued
of
the
Dog
of
Cephalus
,
The
Dogges
Molosse
of
o●
Creet
.
Aristotle
.
Albertus
Varinus
.
the
first
Greyhound
whome
stories
mention
:
and
the
Poe●s
say
,
that
this
Greyhound
of
Cephalus
,
was
first
of
all
fashioned
by
Vulcax
in
Monesian
brasse
,
and
when
he
liked
his
proportion
,
he
also
quickned
him
with
a
soule
,
and
gaue
him
to
Iupiter
for
a
guift
,
who
gaue
him
away
againe
to
Europa
,
she
also
to
Minos
,
Minos
to
Procris
,
and
Procris
gaue
it
to
Cephalus
:
his
nature
was
so
resistable
,
that
he
ouertook
all
that
he
hunted
,
like
the
Teumesian
Foxe
.
Therefore
Iupiter
to
auoid
confusion
,
turned
both
the
incomprehensible
beasts
into
stones
.
This
Moloskus
or
Molossus
Dog
,
is
also
framed
to
attend
the
folds
of
Sheepe
,
and
doth
defend
them
from
Wolues
and
theeues
,
whereof
Virgill
writeth
thus
:
Veloces
Spartae
catulos
acremque
Molossum
Pasce
fero
pingui
nunquam
custo
dibus
illis
Nocturum
stabulis
,
furem
incursusque
luporum
Aut
imparatos
a
Tergo
horrebis
Iberos
.
These
hauing
taken
holde
,
will
hardly
be
taken
off
againe
,
like
the
Indians
and
Prasian
Dogs
,
for
which
cause
they
are
called
incommodestici
,
that
is
,
modi
nescij
such
as
knowe
no
meane
,
which
caused
Horace
to
giue
counsell
to
keepe
them
tied
vp
saying
.
Teneant
acres
tora
molossos
.
The
people
of
Epirus
doe
vse
to
buy
these
Dogges
when
they
die
,
and
of
this
kind
were
the
Dogges
of
Scylla
,
Pollux
.
Nicomedes
,
and
Eupolides
.
The
Hircanian
Dogges
are
the
same
with
the
Indian
.
The
Poeonian
,
Persian
,
and
Median
,
are
called
Syntheroi
,
that
is
companions
,
bost
of
hunting
,
and
fighting
,
as
Gratius
writeth
:
Indocilis
dat
proelia
medus
.
The
Dogges
of
Locus
and
Lacaene
are
also
very
great
and
fight
with
Bores
.
There
are
also
a
kind
of
people
called
Cynamolgi
,
Xenophon
.
●e●●as
neere
India
,
so
called
because
for
one
halfe
of
the
yeare
they
liue
vpon
the
milke
of
great
Dogges
,
which
they
keepe
to
defend
their
Countrey
from
the
great
oppression
of
Wilde
cattell
,
of
people
that
liue
vpon
the
m●●●
of
Dogs
which
descend
from
the
Woodes
and
Mountaines
of
India
vnto
them
yearely
,
from
the
Summer
solstice
to
the
middle
of
Wynter
,
in
great
numbers
of
swarmes
like
Bees
returning
home
to
their
Hiues
and
Hony-combes
;
These
cattell
set
vpon
the
people
and
destroy
them
with
their
Hornes
,
except
their
Dogges
be
present
with
them
,
which
are
of
great
stomach
and
strength
,
that
they
easily
teare
the
Wilde
cattell
in
pieces
,
and
then
the
people
take
such
as
be
good
for
meate
to
themselues
,
and
leaue
the
other
to
their
dogges
to
feed
vpon
:
Aelianus
the
residue
of
the
yeare
they
not
onely
hunt
with
these
Dogs
,
but
also
milke
the
females
drinking
it
vp
like
the
milke
of
sheepe
or
Goats
.
These
great
dogs
haue
also
deuoured
men
,
for
when
the
seruant
of
Diogenes
the
Cynike
ranne
away
from
his
maister
,
beinge
taken
againe
and
brought
to
Delphos
,
for
his
punishment
he
was
torne
in
pieces
by
Dogs
.
Aelianus
Dogs
deuourers
of
men
.
Euripedes
also
is
said
to
be
slaine
by
dogs
,
whereupon
came
the
prouerb
C●●os
Dike
,
a
Dogs
reuenge
:
for
King
Archelaus
had
a
certain
dog
which
ran
away
from
him
into
Thracia
,
and
the
Thracians
(
as
their
manner
was
)
offered
the
same
Dog
in
sacrifice
,
the
King
hearing
thereof
,
Valerius
m●●
laied
a
punishment
vpon
them
for
that
offence
,
that
by
a
certaine
day
they
should
pay
a
talent
;
the
people
breaking
day
,
suborned
Evripides
the
Poet
(
who
was
a
great
fauorite
of
the
Kings
)
to
mediate
for
them
,
for
the
release
of
that
fine
;
wherunto
the
king
yealded
:
afterward
as
the
said
king
returned
from
hunting
,
his
dogs
stragling
abroad
,
met
with
Euripedes
and
tore
him
in
pieces
,
as
if
they
sought
reuenge
on
him
,
for
being
bribed
against
their
fellow
which
was
slaine
by
the
Thracians
.
But
concerning
the
death
of
this
man
,
it
is
more
probable
that
the
dogs
which
killed
him
,
were
set
on
by
Aridaeus
and
Cratenas
,
two
Thessalian
poets
his
emulatours
&
corriuals
in
poetry
,
which
for
the
aduancement
of
their
own
credit
,
cared
not
in
most
sauage
and
Barbarous
manner
,
to
make
away
a
better
man
then
themselues
.
There
were
also
other
famous
men
which
perished
by
Dogges
,
as
Actaeon
,
Thrasus
,
and
Linus
;
of
Thrassus
Onid
writeth
thus
;
Praedaque
sis
illis
quibus
est
laconia
Delos
Aute
diem
Raptonon
ade
unda
Thraso
.
And
of
Linus
and
Actaeon
in
this
manner
;
Quique
verecunda
speculantem
membra
Dianae
,
Quique
Crotopiaden
diripuere
Linum
.
Lucian
that
scoffing
Apostata
,
who
was
first
a
Christian
and
afterward
endeauored
all
his
wit
to
raile
at
christian
religion
,
euen
as
he
lacerated
and
rent
his
first
profession
,
so
was
he
rent
in
pieces
by
dogs
;
and
Heraclitus
the
Phylosopher
of
Athens
,
hauing
beene
long
sick
and
vnder
the
hands
of
Physitians
,
he
oftentimes
anointed
his
body
with
Bugils-sewet
,
&
on
a
day
hauing
so
annoynted
himselfe
,
lying
abroad
sleeping
in
the
sun
,
the
dogs
came
,
Ranisius
and
for
the
desire
of
the
fat
tore
his
body
in
pieces
.
I
cannot
heere
forget
that
memorable
story
of
two
christian
Martyres
,
Gorgonius
and
Dorotheus
,
which
were
put
to
death
vnder
Diocletian
in
the
ninth
persecution
,
and
when
they
were
dead
,
Ranisius
Text
their
carkases
were
cast
vnto
hungry
dogs
of
this
kind
,
kept
for
such
purposes
,
yet
would
not
the
dogges
once
so
much
as
stir
at
them
,
or
come
neere
to
touch
them
;
&
because
we
may
iudge
that
the
rauening
nature
of
these
creatures
was
restrained
by
diuine
power
,
we
also
read
that
when
Benignus
the
Martyr
,
by
the
commaundement
of
Aurelian
,
was
also
throwen
aliue
to
be
deuoured
of
these
dogs
,
he
escaped
as
free
from
their
teeth
,
as
once
Daniell
did
from
the
Lyons
den
.
I
may
also
adde
vnto
these
the
dogs
of
Alania
and
Illiria
,
called
Mastini
,
who
haue
their
vpper
lips
hang
ouer
their
neather
,
and
looke
fierce
like
Lyons
,
whom
they
resemble
in
necke
,
eies
,
face
,
colour
,
and
nailes
;
falling
vpon
Beares
,
and
Boares
,
like
that
which
Anthologius
speaketh
off
,
that
leaped
into
the
sea
after
a
Dolphin
,
and
so
perished
;
or
that
called
Lidia
,
slaine
by
a
Boare
;
whose
epitaph
Martiall
made
as
followeth
:
Amphitheatrales
inter
nutrita
magistros
Lydia
dicebar
,
domino
fidissima
dextro
Nec
qui
Dictaea
Cephalum
de
gente
secutus
.
Non
me
longa
dies
,
nec
inutilis
abstulit
aetas
.
Fulminea
spumantis
apri
sum
dente
perempta
,
Nec
quaerar
inferras
quamuis
cito
rapta
per
vmbras
.
Venatrix
siluis
aspera
,
blanda
domi
Qui
non
Erigones
mallet
habere
Caenem
Lucifera
pariter
venit
ad
aestra
deae
Qualia
Dulychio
fata
fuere
cani
Quantus
erat
Calydon
aut
Erymanthe
tuus
,
Non
potui
fato
nobiliore
mori
.
There
be
in
France
certaine
great
Dogs
(
called
Auges
)
which
are
brought
out
of
great
Brittaine
,
The
French
Dogges
.
to
kill
their
Beares
,
Wolues
,
and
wilde
Boares
;
these
are
singularly
swift
and
strong
,
and
their
leaders
,
the
better
to
arme
them
against
the
teeth
of
other
beasts
,
couer
some
of
their
parts
with
thicke
cloutes
,
and
their
neckes
with
broad
collars
,
or
else
made
of
Badgers
skins
.
In
Gallia
Narbon
,
they
call
them
Limier
,
and
the
Polonians
call
all
great
made
Dogs
for
the
Wolfe
and
such
like
beastes
,
(
Vislij
:
)
and
peculiarly
for
the
Beare
and
Bore
,
Charzij
,
for
Hares
and
foule
,
Pobicdnizcij
,
and
Dogs
of
a
middle
scantling
beetwixt
the
first
and
the
second
psij
.
Grey-hounds
are
the
least
of
these
kinds
,
and
yet
as
swift
and
fierce
as
any
of
the
residue
,
refusing
no
kind
of
Beast
,
if
he
be
turnd
vp
thereunto
,
except
the
porcupine
,
who
casteth
her
sharp
pens
into
the
mouth
of
al
dogs
.
The
qualities
and
parts
of
a
good
Grey-hound
Pliny
.
Xenophon
.
The
best
Grey-hound
hath
a
long
body
,
strong
and
reasonable
great
,
a
neate
sharpe
head
,
and
splendent
eyes
,
a
long
mouth
,
and
sharp
teeth
;
little
eares
and
thin
gristles
in
them
,
a
streight
neck
,
and
a
broad
and
strong
brest
,
his
forelegs
straight
and
short
,
his
hinder
legs
long
and
straight
,
broad
shoulders
,
round
ribs
,
fleshy
buttockes
,
but
not
fat
,
a
long
taile
,
strong
and
full
of
sinnewes
,
which
Nemesian
describeth
elegantly
in
these
verses
.
—
Sit
cruribus
altis
Costarum
sub
fine
decenter
prona
carinam
:
Renibus
ampla
satis
validis
diductaque
coras
Sit
Rigidis
multamque
gerat
sub
pectore
lato
Quae
sensim
rursus
sicca
se
colligat
aluo
;
Cuique
nimis
molles
fluitent
in
cursibus
aures
Elige
tunc
cursu
facitem
facilem
facilemque
recursis
Dum
superant
vires
,
dum
loeto
flore
iuuentus
.
Of
this
kind
,
that
is
alway
the
best
to
be
chosen
among
the
whelps
,
which
way
gheth
lightest
:
for
it
will
be
soonest
at
the
game
,
and
so
hang
vpon
the
greater
beasts
hindering
their
swiftnes
,
Bellisarius
.
vntill
the
stronger
and
heauier
dogs
come
to
helpe
:
and
therefore
besides
the
markes
or
necessary
good
parts
in
a
Grey-hound
already
spoken
of
,
it
is
requisite
that
he
haue
large
sides
,
&
a
broad
midriffe
or
filme
about
his
hart
,
that
so
he
may
take
his
breath
in
and
out
more
easily
:
a
small
belly
,
for
if
it
be
great
it
will
hinder
his
speedy
course
,
likewise
his
legs
haue
long
,
thin
,
and
soft
haires
,
and
these
must
the
hunter
leade
on
the
left
hand
if
he
be
a
foot
,
Pollux
.
and
on
the
right
hand
if
he
be
on
horsebacke
.
The
time
of
teaching
a
grey-hound
.
The
best
time
to
try
them
,
and
traine
them
to
their
game
is
at
twelue
months
old
,
howbeit
some
hunt
them
at
ten
months
if
they
be
males
,
and
at
8.
monthes
if
they
be
females
,
yet
is
it
surest
not
to
straine
them
or
permit
them
to
run
any
long
course
till
they
be
20.
moneths
old
,
according
to
the
old
verse
,
Libera
tunc
primum
consuescant
colla
ligari
:
Iam
cum
bis
denos
phoebe
repauerit
ortus
,
Sed
paruos
vallis
spatio
septoue
nouelli
nec
cursus
virtute
parem
&c.
Keepe
them
also
in
the
leame
or
slip
while
they
are
abroad
vntill
they
see
their
course
,
I
meane
the
Hare
or
Deere
,
Aristotle
Xenophon
.
&
losen
not
a
yong
Dog
,
til
the
game
haue
ben
on
foot
a
good
season
,
least
if
he
be
greedy
of
the
prey
he
straine
his
lim
still
they
breake
.
When
the
Hare
is
taken
,
deuide
some
part
thereof
among
your
Dogges
,
that
so
they
may
be
prouoked
to
speed
by
the
sweetnes
of
the
flesh
.
The
time
of
engendring
.
The
Lacedemon
grey-hound
was
the
best
breed
,
they
were
first
bred
of
a
Fox
and
a
dog
,
and
therefore
they
were
called
Alopecides
,
these
admit
copulation
in
the
eight
moneth
of
their
age
,
and
sometime
in
the
sixt
,
and
so
continuing
bearing
as
long
as
they
liue
,
bearing
their
burthen
the
sixth
part
of
a
yeare
,
that
is
,
about
sixty
daies
,
one
or
two
more
or
lesse
,
and
they
better
conceiue
and
are
more
apt
to
procreation
while
they
are
kept
in
labor
,
Pliny
.
Aristotle
.
then
when
they
lie
idle
without
hunting
,
&
these
Lacedemon
Dogs
differ
in
one
thing
from
all
other
Dogges
whatsoeuer
,
for
wheras
the
male
outliueth
in
vulgar
dogges
of
all
countries
the
female
,
in
these
the
female
out-liueth
the
male
,
yet
the
male
performeth
his
labour
with
more
alacrity
,
although
the
female
haue
the
sharper
sence
of
smelling
.
The
noblest
kind
of
dogs
for
the
Hare
keep
home
,
vnlesse
they
be
led
abroad
,
and
sildome
barke
:
they
are
the
best
which
haue
the
longest
neckes
,
for
which
cause
,
Albertus
.
they
vse
this
artificiall
inuention
to
stretch
their
neckes
;
they
dig
a
deep
hole
in
the
earth
,
wherein
they
set
the
Grey-hounds
meat
,
who
being
hungry
thrusteth
downe
his
head
to
take
it
,
but
finding
it
to
be
past
his
reach
,
stretcheth
his
neck
aboue
the
measure
of
nature
,
by
custome
wherof
,
his
necke
is
very
much
lengthned
.
Other
place
the
Grey-hound
in
a
ditch
,
An
inuention
to
make
a
Grey-hound
haue
a
long
necke
.
and
his
meat
aboue
him
,
and
so
he
teacheth
vpward
,
which
is
more
probable
.
It
is
the
property
of
these
Dogs
to
be
angry
with
the
lesser
barking
Curs
,
and
they
will
not
run
after
euery
trifling
beast
,
by
secret
instinct
of
nature
,
discerning
what
kind
of
beast
is
worthy
or
vnworthy
of
their
labor
,
disdaining
to
meddle
with
a
little
or
vile
creature
.
The
diet
of
a
good
Grey-hound
.
They
are
norished
with
the
same
that
the
smaller
hunting
dogs
are
,
and
it
is
better
to
feede
them
with
milk
then
whay
.
There
are
of
this
kind
called
Veltri
,
and
in
Italian
Veltro
,
which
haue
bene
procreated
by
a
Dog
and
Leopard
,
and
they
are
accounted
the
swiftest
of
all
other
.
The
grey-hounds
which
are
most
in
request
among
the
Germans
are
called
Windspill
,
alluding
to
compare
their
swiftnes
with
the
wind
,
the
same
are
also
called
Turkischwind
and
H●tzhund
,
and
Falco
a
Falcon
,
is
a
common
name
whereby
they
call
these
Dogges
.
The
French
make
most
account
of
such
as
are
bred
in
the
mountaines
of
Dalmatia
,
or
in
any
other
mountains
,
especially
of
Turkey
,
for
such
haue
hard
feet
,
long
eares
,
and
bristle
tayles
.
There
are
in
England
and
Scotland
,
two
kind
of
hunting
dogs
,
and
no
where
else
in
al
the
world
;
the
first
kind
they
call
in
Scotland
Ane
Rache
,
and
this
is
a
foot
smelling
creature
,
both
of
wilde
beasts
,
Birds
,
and
Fishes
also
,
which
he
hid
among
the
Rockes
,
the
female
hereof
in
England
is
called
a
Brache
.
The
second
kind
is
called
in
Scotland
a
Sluth-hound
,
being
a
little
greater
then
the
hunting
hound
,
and
in
colour
for
the
most
part
browne
,
or
sandy-spotted
.
The
sence
of
smelling
is
so
quicke
in
these
,
that
they
can
follow
the
footesteps
of
theeus
,
and
pursue
them
with
violence
vntill
they
ouertake
them
;
and
if
the
theef
take
the
water
,
they
cast
in
themselues
also
,
and
swim
to
the
other
side
,
where
they
find
out
againe
afresh
their
former
labor
,
vntill
they
find
the
thing
they
seeke
for
:
for
this
is
common
in
the
borders
of
England
and
Scotland
,
where
the
people
were
wont
to
liue
much
vpon
theft
,
and
if
the
dog
brought
his
leader
vnto
any
house
,
where
they
may
not
be
suffred
to
come
in
,
they
take
it
for
granted
,
that
there
is
both
the
stollen
goods
and
the
theef
also
hidden
.
THE
HVNTING
HOVND
OF
Scotland
called
Rache
,
and
in
English
a
HOVND
.
THE
SLVTH-HOVND
OF
Scotland
,
called
in
Germany
a
Schlatthund
.
THE
ENGLISH
BLOVD-HOVNDE
.
WE
are
to
discourse
of
lesser
hunting
Dogs
in
particular
,
as
we
finde
them
remembred
in
any
Histories
and
descriptions
,
Poets
or
other
Authors
,
according
to
the
seuerall
Countries
of
their
breede
and
education
;
and
first
for
the
Brittish
Dogges
,
their
nature
and
qualities
heereafter
you
shall
haue
in
a
seuerall
discourse
by
it selfe
.
The
blood-hounde
differeth
nothing
in
quality
from
the
Scottish
Sluth
hound
,
sauing
they
are
greater
in
quantity
and
not
alway
one
and
the
same
colour
,
for
among
them
they
are
sometime
red
,
sanded
,
blacke
,
white
,
spotted
,
and
of
such
colour
as
are
other
hounds
,
but
most
commonly
browne
or
red
.
The
vertue
of
smelling
called
in
Latine
Sagacitas
,
is
attributed
to
these
as
to
the
former
hunting
Hound
,
of
whom
we
will
first
of
all
discourse
,
and
for
the
qualities
of
this
sence
which
maketh
the
Beast
admirable
,
Plautus
seemeth
to
be
of
opinion
,
that
it
receiued
this
title
from
some
Magitians
or
sage
wisards
(
called
Sagae
)
for
this
he
saith
;
in
Cureull
.
What
smelling
or
sagacity
in
Dogs
is
.
speaking
of
this
beast
:
Canem
hanc
esse
quidem
Magis
par
fuit
:
nasum
aedepoll
sagax
habet
:
It
is
also
attributed
to
Mise
,
not
for
smelling
,
but
for
the
sence
of
their
palate
or
tast
;
and
also
to
Geese
:
In
a
Dogge
it
is
that
sence
which
searcheth
out
and
descryeth
the
roustes
,
fourmes
,
and
lodgings
of
Wilde
Beasts
,
as
appeareth
in
this
verse
of
Liuius
Andronicus
:
—
Cumprimis
fida
canum
vis
Dirige
odoriesquos
ad
certa
cubilia
canes
.
And
for
this
cause
it
hath
his
proper
Epithets
as
Odora
canum
vise
,
promissa
canum
vis
,
&
naribus
acres
,
&
vtilis
:
Pincianus
called
this
kind
Plaudi
,
for
so
did
Festus
before
him
,
and
the
Germans
,
Spurhund
,
and
Leidthund
,
Iaghund
,
because
their
eares
are
long
,
thin
,
and
hanging
down
,
and
they
differ
not
from
vulgar
dogs
in
any
other
outward
proportion
,
except
onely
in
their
cry
or
barking
voice
.
The
nature
of
these
is
,
being
set
on
by
the
voice
and
Words
of
their
leader
,
to
cast
about
for
the
sitting
of
the
Beast
,
and
so
hauing
found
it
,
with
continuall
cry
to
follow
after
it
till
it
be
wearied
,
without
changing
for
any
other
,
so
that
sometime
the
hunters
themselues
take
vp
the
beast
,
at
least
wise
the
hounds
sildome
faile
to
kil
it
.
They
sildome
barke
,
Bell●sari●
except
in
their
hunting
chase
;
and
then
they
follow
their
game
throgh
woods
,
thickets
,
thornes
,
and
other
difficult
places
,
being
alway
obedient
and
attentiue
to
their
leaders
voice
,
so
as
they
may
not
goe
forward
when
he
forbiddeth
,
nor
yet
remayne
neere
to
the
Hunters
,
whereunto
they
are
framed
by
Art
and
discipline
,
rather
then
by
any
naturall
instinct
.
The
White
Houndes
are
said
to
be
the
quickest-sented
and
surest
nosed
,
and
therefore
best
for
the
Hare
:
the
blacke
ones
for
the
Boare
,
and
the
red
ones
for
the
Hart
and
Roe
:
but
heereunto
I
cannot
agree
,
because
their
colour
(
especially
of
the
two
later
)
are
too
like
the
game
they
hunt
,
although
there
can
be
nothing
certaine
collected
of
their
colour
,
yet
is
the
blacke
hound
harder
and
better
able
to
endure
cold
,
then
the
other
which
is
white
.
In
Italy
they
make
account
of
the
spotted
one
,
especially
white
and
yellowish
,
for
they
are
quicker
nosed
:
they
must
be
kept
tyed
vp
till
they
hunt
,
yet
so
as
they
be
let
loose
now
and
then
a
little
to
ease
their
bellies
,
for
it
is
necessary
that
their
kennell
be
kept
sweete
and
dry
.
It
is
questionable
how
to
discerne
a
hound
of
excellent
sence
,
yet
(
as
Blondus
saith
)
the
square
and
flat
Nose
is
the
best
signe
and
index
thereof
:
likewise
a
small
head
,
The
choyce
of
a
hound
of
the
best
nose
.
hauing
all
his
Legs
of
equall
length
,
his
brest
not
deeper
then
the
belly
,
and
his
backe
plaine
to
his
taile
,
his
eies
quicke
,
his
eares
long
hanging
,
but
sometime
stand
vp
:
his
taile
nimble
,
and
the
beake
of
his
Nose
alway
to
the
earth
,
and
especially
such
as
are
most
silent
or
bark
least
.
There
are
some
of
that
nature
,
who
when
they
haue
found
the
beast
they
will
stand
still
vntill
their
Hunter
come
,
to
whom
in
silence
by
their
face
,
eie
,
and
taile
,
Zenophon
.
Omni
bonus
Oppianus
they
shew
their
game
.
Now
you
are
to
obserue
,
the
diuers
and
variable
disposition
of
Houndes
in
their
findidg
out
the
beast
:
some
,
when
they
haue
found
the
footesteps
goe
forward
without
any
voice
or
other
shew
of
eare
or
taile
.
Againe
,
another
sort
when
they
haue
found
the
footings
of
the
beast
,
pricke
vp
their
eare
a
little
,
but
either
barke
or
wag
their
tailes
;
other
will
wag
their
taile
but
not
moue
their
eares
,
other
again
wring
their
faces
and
draw
their
skins
through
ouer
much
intention
,
(
like
sorrowfull
persons
)
and
so
follow
the
sent
holding
the
taile
immoueable
.
There
be
some
againe
which
do
none
of
these
,
but
wander
vp
and
down
,
barking
about
the
surest
markes
,
and
confounding
their
own
foot
steps
with
the
beastes
they
hunt
,
or
else
forsake
the
way
,
and
so
runne
backe
againe
to
the
first
heade
;
but
when
they
see
the
Hare
,
they
tremble
and
are
affraid
,
not
daring
to
come
neare
her
,
except
she
runne
away
first
:
these
with
the
other
,
which
hinder
the
cunning
labors
of
their
colleagues
,
trusting
to
their
feet
,
and
running
before
their
betters
,
deface
the
best
marke
,
or
else
hunt
counter
(
as
they
terme
it
)
take
vp
any
false
scent
for
the
truth
,
or
which
is
more
reprehensible
,
neuer
forsake
the
high
waies
,
and
yet
haue
not
learned
to
hold
their
peace
:
vnto
these
also
you
may
adde
,
those
which
cannot
discerne
the
footings
or
prickings
of
the
Hare
,
yet
will
they
runne
speedily
when
they
see
her
,
or
else
at
the
beginning
set
forth
very
hot
,
and
afterward
tyre
,
and
giue
ouer
lazily
;
all
these
are
not
to
be
admitted
into
the
kennell
of
good
hounds
.
But
the
good
and
aproued
hounds
on
the
contrary
,
when
they
haue
found
the
Hare
,
make
shew
therof
to
the
hunter
,
by
running
more
speedily
,
and
with
gesture
of
head
,
eyes
,
ears
,
and
taile
,
winding
to
the
Hares
muse
,
neuer
giue
ouer
prosecution
with
a
gallant
noise
,
no
not
returning
to
their
leaders
,
least
they
loose
aduantage
:
these
haue
good
and
hard
feet
,
and
are
of
stately
stomacks
,
not
giuing
ouer
for
any
hate
,
and
feare
not
the
rockes
or
other
mountaine
places
,
as
the
Poet
expresseth
:
Quae
laus
prima
canum
?
quibus
est
audacia
praeceps
:
Quae
nunc
elatis
rimantur
naribus
auras
:
Et
perdunt
clamore
feram
,
domiunque
vocando
Insequitur
tumulosque
●anis
camposque
per
omnes
.
Venandi
sagax
virtus
viresque
sequendi
,
Et
nunc
demisso
quaerunt
vestigia
rostro
.
Increpitant
quem
si
collatis
effugit
armis
,
Noster
in
arte
labor
positus
,
spes
omnius
in
illa
&c.
And
therefore
also
it
is
good
oftentimes
to
lead
the
hounds
to
the
mountaines
for
exercise
of
their
feet
,
when
you
haue
no
Hare
or
other
beast
.
And
whereas
the
nature
of
this
Hare
is
,
sometimes
to
leape
and
make
headings
,
sometime
to
tread
sof●ly
without
any
great
impression
in
the
earth
,
or
sometimes
to
lie
downe
and
euer
to
leape
or
iumpe
out
and
in
to
hir
owne
forme
or
sitting
,
the
poore
hound
is
so
much
the
more
busied
and
troubled
to
retaine
the
small
sauour
of
her
footings
which
she
leaueth
behind
her
:
for
this
cause
also
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
the
hound
must
be
holpe
no●
onely
with
the
voyce
,
●he
best
〈◊〉
o●
hunting
.
eye
,
and
hand
of
the
hunter
,
but
also
with
a
seasonable
time
,
for
in
frosty
weather
the
sauour
congealeth
and
freezeth
with
the
earth
,
so
as
you
cannot
hunt
with
any
certainty
vntil
a
thaw
thereof
,
or
till
the
sunne
arise
.
Likewise
if
raine
fall
betwixt
the
going
of
the
Hare
and
the
hunting
time
,
you
cannot
hunt
till
the
water
be
dryed
vp
,
for
the
drops
disperse
the
scent
of
the
Hare
and
the
drye
weather
recollecteth
it
againe
.
The
Summer
time
also
is
not
for
hunting
,
by
reason
the
heate
of
the
earth
consumeth
the
sauour
,
and
the
night
being
then
but
short
,
the
Hare
trauaileth
but
little
,
feeding
onely
in
the
euening
and
morning
.
Likewise
the
fragrancy
of
euery
greene
herbe
yeeldeth
such
a
sauour
,
as
doth
not
a
little
obliterate
and
ouersway
the
sauour
of
the
beast
:
and
therefore
Aristotle
in
his
wonders
,
sheweth
that
in
Aetna
in
the
summer
time
,
there
are
such
plenty
of
sweete
smelling
flowers
especially
of
violets
,
which
ouercome
the
Nostrils
of
the
houndes
,
so
as
in
vaine
they
follow
the
Hare
.
The
best
time
therefore
for
hun●ing
with
these
hounds
is
the
Autumne
or
fall
of
the
leafe
,
bycause
that
then
the
odours
of
herbs
are
weakned
,
and
the
earth
barer
then
at
other
times
.
The
best
manner
to
teach
these
hounds
,
The
first
training
of
hounds
.
is
to
take
a
liue
Hare
and
trayle
her
after
you
vpon
the
earth
,
now
one
way
,
now
another
;
and
so
hauing
drawen
it
a
conuenient
space
hide
it
in
the
earth
;
afterward
set
forth
your
hound
neere
the
traile
,
who
taking
the
winde
runneth
to
and
fro●
through
Woods
,
fields
,
pastures
,
path-wayes
,
and
hedges
,
vntill
he
finde
which
way
the
Hare
is
gon
,
but
with
a
soft
and
gentle
pace
,
vntill
at
length
comming
neer
the
lodged
Hare
,
he
mendeth
his
pace
and
bestirreth
himselfe
more
speedily
,
leaping
vpon
his
prey
like
some
serpent
,
or
as
an
arrow
shot
out
of
a
bow
,
and
so
tearing
it
in
peices
or
killing
it
with
ioy
,
loadeth
himselfe
with
his
conquest
and
bringeth
it
to
his
maister
with
triumph
,
who
must
receiue
both
dog
and
it
,
with
all
tokens
of
loue
into
his
owne
bosome
,
which
thing
caused
Nemesian
to
write
thus
;
Quia
freta
si
Morinum
dubio
refluentia
ponto
O
quanta
est
merces
&
quantum
impendia
supra
Protinus
,
haec
vna
est
catulis
iactura
Britannis
Veloces
,
nostrique
orbis
venatibus
aptos
.
There
are
diuers
Country
Dogges
like
vnto
these
,
as
the
Geloni
and
Gnosij
,
Of
the
hounds
of
sundry
countries
.
which
caused
Ouid
to
reckon
and
cal
Ichnobates
one
of
Actaeons
Dogs
Gnosius
:
whom
Oppianus
compareth
to
the
Polipus
fish
,
which
smelling
in
the
waters
the
leaues
of
Oliues
,
by
the
sent
is
drawne
to
the
land
to
eate
them
.
The
Spanish
Dogs
whome
the
French
call
Espagneulx
,
haue
long
eares
,
but
not
like
a
Braches
,
and
by
their
noses
hunt
both
Hares
and
Conies
,
they
are
not
rough
but
smooth
haired
.
The
Tuscan
Dogs
are
commended
by
Nemesian
,
notwithstanding
,
they
are
not
beautifull
to
looke
vpon
,
hauing
a
deepe
shaggy
haire
,
yet
is
their
game
not
vnpleasant
.
Soepe
Canum
forma
est
illis
licet
obsita
villo
,
Haud
tamen
in
iucunda
dabunt
tibi
munera
praeda
.
Atque
etiam
leporum
secreta
cubilia
monstrant
,
Quin
et
Tuscorum
non
est
extrema
voluptas
.
The
Vmbrian
Dogge
is
sharpe
nosed
,
but
fearefull
of
his
sporte
,
as
Gratius
expresseth
.
Aut
exigit
Vmber
:
nare
sagax
e
calle
feras
,
At
fugit
aduersus
idem
quos
efferent
hostes
Tanta
foret
virtus
;
&
tantum
vellet
in
armis
.
The
Aetolian
Dogs
haue
also
excellent
smelling
Noses
,
and
are
not
slow
or
fearefull
,
whom
Gratius
expresseth
as
followeth
:
Aetola
quaecunque
canis
de
stirpe
malignum
:
Seu
frustra
ruinis
properat
furor
et
tamen
illud
Mirum
quam
celeres
&
quantum
nare
merentur
:
Et
clangore
citat
,
quos
nondum
conspicit
apros
,
officium
,
&c.
The
French
Dogges
are
deriued
or
propagated
of
the
Dogges
of
great
Brittaine
,
and
are
swift
and
quike
sented
,
but
not
all
,
for
they
haue
of
diuers
kindes
as
Gratius
expresseth
in
these
words
:
Magnaque
diuersos
extollit
gloria
celtas
.
They
are
very
swift
and
not
sharp
nosed
,
wherefore
they
are
mingled
in
generation
with
the
Vmbrian
Dogges
,
and
therefore
he
celebrateth
in
many
verses
,
the
praise
of
the
first
Hunter
(
as
he
taketh
him
.
)
Hagno
Baeonius
and
his
Dog
Metagon
:
and
afterward
the
Dog
Petronius
,
but
it
may
be
,
that
by
Metagon
,
he
meaneth
the
dogs
of
Lybia
,
because
there
is
a
Citty
of
that
name
:
and
by
Petronius
the
dogs
of
Italy
,
for
Petronia
is
a
riuer
that
falleth
into
Tiber.
The
Gramarians
cal
a
Dog
engendered
of
a
hound
and
an
ordinary
French
Dog
,
Vertagus
a
tumbler
:
bycause
he
setteth
himselfe
to
hunting
,
and
bringeth
his
pray
to
his
maister
,
whereupon
Martiall
made
this
Distichon
:
Non
sibi
,
sed
domino
venatur
vertagus
acer
Illaesum
leporem
qui
tibi
dente
feret
.
Such
be
also
other
smelling
Dogges
,
called
in
the
German
tongue
(
Lochhundle
)
that
is
Terriors
or
Beagles
:
these
will
set
vpon
Foxes
and
Badgers
in
the
earth
,
and
by
biting
expell
them
out
of
their
Denns
;
whereof
Aristotle
reporteth
a
wonder
,
that
one
of
them
followed
a
Foxe
vnder
the
ground
in
Boeotia
,
and
there
made
so
great
anoyse
by
barking
,
that
the
hunters
went
also
into
the
caue
,
where
they
saw
many
strange
things
which
they
related
to
the
chiefe
magistrate
.
The
water
Spagnell
.
Vnto
all
these
smelling
Dogs
,
I
may
also
adde
the
water
Spagnell
,
called
in
French
Barbeti
,
and
in
Germany
(
Wasserhund
:
)
who
is
taught
by
his
maister
to
seeke
for
thinges
that
are
lost
,
(
by
words
and
tokens
)
and
if
he
meet
any
person
that
hath
taken
them
vp
,
he
ceaseth
not
to
bay
at
him
,
and
follow
him
til
he
appeare
in
his
maisters
presence
.
These
also
will
take
water-foule
,
and
hunt
Otters
and
Beauers
(
although
houndes
also
will
doe
the
same
and
watch
the
stroke
of
a
gunn
when
the
fouler
shooteth
,
and
instantly
run
into
the
water
for
the
dead
fowle
,
which
they
bring
to
their
Maister
.
They
vse
to
sneare
their
hinder
parts
,
that
so
they
may
be
the
lesse
annoyed
in
swimming
;
whose
figure
is
in
the
bottome
of
the
former
page
described
.
Of
the
mixt
kind
of
Dogs
called
in
English
Mangrels
or
Mongrels
.
THose
we
call
Mangrels
which
though
they
be
on
both
sides
,
propagated
by
Dogges
,
yet
are
they
not
of
one
kind
:
for
as
once
doggs
coupled
with
Asses
,
Leopards
,
Lyons
,
Tigres
,
Apes
,
or
any
such
beasts
,
according
to
the
old
verse
;
Cani
congeneres
lupus
,
vulpes
,
Hyaena
Tygris
So
now
it
is
ordinary
for
the
greyhound
to
couple
with
the
mastiue
,
the
hound
with
the
Grey-hound
,
the
mastiue
with
the
Shepherds
dog
,
and
the
shepherds
dog
with
anie
other
cur
or
Beagle
,
of
these
kinds
we
will
now
speak
in
order
.
And
it
is
not
to
be
omitted
that
this
comixtion
of
kinds
haue
bin
inuented
by
hunters
for
the
amendment
of
some
natural
fault
or
defect
they
found
in
the
Monophyli
,
that
is
,
one
single
kind
,
and
so
heereby
they
added
some
qualities
to
their
kind
which
they
wanted
before
either
in
strength
of
body
,
or
craft
of
wit
:
for
they
deriue
both
of
these
from
their
sires
,
Commixtion
of
kinds
in
procreation
.
Pliny
.
wherfore
Oppianus
declareth
that
in
the
Commixtion
of
dogs
,
the
ancients
coupled
together
these
kinds
,
the
Arcadians
with
the
Eleians
,
the
Cretensians
with
the
Paeonians
,
the
Carians
,
with
the
Thracians
,
the
Lacedemonians
with
the
Tyrrhenian
,
the
Sarmatian
with
the
Iberian
,
&
the
Gallican
dogs
with
the
Vmbrian
,
because
they
want
the
quicke
sence
of
smelling
:
according
to
these
verses
:
Quondam
inconsultis
mater
dabit
vmbrica
Gallis
Sensum
agilem
,
traxere
animos
de
parte
Gelonae
Hyrcano
,
&
vanae
tantum
Calydoniae
linguae
Exibit
vitium
patre
emendata
Molosso
These
dogs
so
generated
are
peculiarly
termed
in
Greeke
Hybris
and
Hybrida
as
Porphyrius
writeth
.
The
French
Wolues
were
wont
to
haue
a
dog
for
their
captain
or
leader
,
and
it
is
ordinary
for
wolues
&
dogs
to
couple
together
as
by
experience
it
hath
bin
obserued
:
And
it
is
certaine
that
mastiue
dogs
had
their
first
beginning
from
this
copulation
,
wherfore
Virgill
calleth
one
of
these
dogs
Lycisa
,
Referensque
lupumtoruo
ore
Lycisca
.
The
dogs
which
are
bred
of
Thoes
,
are
commended
for
their
rare
qualities
and
vnderstanding
parts
in
the
time
of
warres
,
by
Hagnon
Boeotius
in
these
verses
;
Hic
&
semiferam
thoum
de
sanguine
prolem
Seu
norit
voces
,
Seu
Nudi
ad
pignora
martis
Ee
subiere
ascu
,
&
paruis
domuere
lacertis
vulpina
specie
.
The
Dogges
of
Hircania
doe
of
themselues
runne
into
the
Woods
,
(
like
adulterers
)
and
seeke
out
the
Tygres
to
engender
with
them
,
which
thing
Gratius
remembreth
elegantly
in
many
verses
:
—
Vltroque
grauis
succedere
Tigrini
Ausa
canis
,
maiore
tulit
de
sanguine
fortum
Excutiet
silua
magnus
pugnator
adepta
:
In
the
ranke
of
these
Mangrels
,
I
may
adde
in
the
next
place
those
Dogges
,
Of
Dogs
defenders
and
attenders
on
men
.
Blondus
.
called
by
the
the
Graecians
Symmaschi
,
and
Somatophylakes
,
because
they
attend
vpon
men
in
their
trauelles
and
labors
to
defend
them
,
and
are
taught
to
fight
for
them
,
both
against
men
and
other
beastes
;
wherein
they
are
as
ready
both
to
take
knowledge
of
violence
offered
to
their
maister
,
and
also
to
reuenge
or
hinder
it
,
as
a
reasonable
creature
can
be
.
These
are
called
of
the
Latines
Canes
socij
defensores
,
sociable
dogs
;
of
which
there
be
two
sorts
,
the
first
,
is
lesser
,
beeing
of
rough
and
long
curled
haire
,
his
head
couered
with
long
haire
,
Aelianus
of
a
pleasant
and
tractable
disposition
,
neuer
going
far
from
his
maister
,
such
was
the
Dog
of
Tobit
,
and
the
Dog
of
Codrus
the
Poet
,
called
Chiron
,
where
of
Iuuenall
maketh
mention
;
whose
beneuolence
and
ready
mind
toward
their
keepers
and
norishers
may
appear
by
this
story
of
Colophonius
.
Vpon
a
season
he
with
a
Seruant
,
and
a
Dog
,
A
history
of
the
rare
trust
of
a
Dog
and
and
care
to
keepe
his
maisters
goods
.
Tzetzes
.
went
to
a
certaine
Mart
to
buy
merchandise
,
and
as
they
trauailed
,
his
Seruant
which
caried
the
purse
,
diuerted
a
little
out
of
the
way
,
to
performe
the
worke
of
nature
,
and
the
dog
followed
him
:
which
being
done
,
hee
forgat
to
take
vp
the
purse
of
mony
that
had
fallen
from
him
to
the
ground
in
that
place
,
and
so
departed
;
the
dog
seeing
the
pursse
,
lay
downe
beside
it
and
stirred
not
a
foot
;
afterward
the
mayster
and
man
went
forward
,
missing
their
dog
,
and
not
their
money
,
vntill
they
came
to
their
mart
or
faire
,
and
then
for
want
of
money
were
constrained
to
re-returne
backe
againe
without
doing
any
farther
thing
:
wherfore
they
resolued
to
go
back
againe
the
same
way
they
came
,
to
see
if
they
could
heare
of
their
mony
,
and
at
last
when
they
came
to
the
place
where
the
Seruant
had
left
the
pursse
,
there
they
found
both
Dog
and
monie
togither
the
poore
cur
scarceable
to
see
or
stand
for
hunger
:
when
he
saw
his
maister
and
the
seruant
come
vnto
him
,
hee
remoued
from
the
earth
,
but
life
not
able
to
tary
any
longer
in
his
bodie
,
at
one
and
the
same
time
in
the
presence
of
his
friendes
and
norishers
he
also
died
,
and
tooke
of
them
both
his
last
farewell
,
through
the
faithfull
custodie
of
their
forgotten
goods
;
for
which
it
is
apparant
,
that
one
part
of
their
faithful
disposition
is
,
to
keepe
their
nourishers
goods
committed
vnto
them
,
as
shall
be
afterwarde
more
at
large
manifested
.
Their
watchfull
care
ouer
their
maisters
may
appeare
also
by
these
stories
following
,
Aelianus
.
Tzetzes
.
for
the
dogs
of
Xantippus
followed
their
maister
to
the
ship
,
at
what
time
he
was
forewarned
by
the
Oracle
to
depart
out
of
Athens
,
by
reason
of
the
Persians
war
in
Greece
,
and
so
they
sailed
with
him
to
Salamine
;
and
as
they
sailed
,
by
the
waie
he
commanded
one
of
them
to
be
cast
into
the
sea
,
who
continued
swimming
after
the
ship
vntill
hee
died
,
for
which
cause
his
maister
buried
him
.
When
Galon
the
Syracusan
,
in
his
sleepe
had
a
fearefull
dreame
that
hee
was
strucken
with
fire
from
heauen
,
and
with
impression
of
feare
,
cryed
out
very
lamentably
;
Asclepiades
.
Aelianus
Pollux
.
his
dog
lying
beside
him
,
and
thinking
that
some
perill
or
theefe
was
doing
violence
to
his
maister
,
he
presentlie
leaped
vp
to
the
bed
,
and
with
scratching
and
barking
awaked
him
,
and
so
was
he
deliuered
from
a
horrible
feare
▪
by
the
barking
of
his
Dogge
.
The
Tyrians
which
haue
the
best
and
the
first
purple
in
the
world
,
are
said
in
Historie
to
haue
it
by
the
first
occasion
of
Hercules
dog
.
Hercules
falling
in
loue
with
a
Nimph
called
Tyro
,
and
trauelling
toward
her
with
his
dog
,
he
saw
the
purple
fish
creeping
vpon
a
stone
,
the
hungry
dog
caught
the
fish
to
eat
it
,
and
hauing
deuoured
it
,
his
lippes
were
all
dyed
or
coloured
with
the
same
:
when
the
virgin
Nymph
saw
that
colour
vpon
the
dogs
lips
,
she
denied
the
loue
of
Hercules
,
except
he
could
bring
her
a
garment
of
that
colour
,
wherupon
the
valiant
man
knowing
by
what
occasion
the
dogges
lips
receiued
such
a
tincture
,
went
and
gathered
all
the
purple
fishes
and
Wormes
hee
coulde
finde
,
and
pressing
their
blood
out
of
them
,
therewithall
coloured
a
garment
and
gaue
it
to
the
Nymphe
;
for
reward
whereof
,
he
possessed
the
virgin
,
being
by
this
meanes
the
first
inuentor
of
the
Phoenissian
tincture
.
Among
these
are
to
be
remembred
those
louing
Dogges
,
who
either
haue
fought
for
their
maisters
and
so
defended
them
,
Of
fighting
Dogs
defending
Men
Aelianus
.
Tzetzes
.
or
else
declared
them
that
murdered
their
keepers
,
or
that
which
is
more
admirable
,
leaped
into
the
burning
fires
which
consumed
the
dead
bodies
of
their
norishers
.
Such
an
one
was
the
dog
of
Caluus
,
who
being
slaine
in
a
certaine
ciuill
warre
at
Rome
,
and
his
enemies
comming
about
him
to
cut
off
his
head
,
his
poore
dog
interposed
his
body
betwixt
the
blowes
,
and
would
not
suffer
any
foe
once
to
touch
his
maisters
carcasse
,
vntill
by
more
then
six
hundred
souldiors
the
dog
was
cut
in
pieces
,
so
liuing
and
dying
a
most
faithfull
companion
and
thankefull
friend
to
him
that
fed
him
.
The
like
was
in
a
dog
of
Darius
the
last
king
of
the
Persians
,
after
he
was
slain
by
Besus
&
Narbazanes
in
the
battell
against
Alexander
,
and
so
did
the
dog
of
Silanion
fight
for
his
Maister
against
theeues
,
Pliny
.
and
when
he
was
slaine
,
hee
departed
not
from
the
body
,
but
kept
it
warily
from
Dogs
,
Birds
or
wilde
Beasts
,
sitting
vpon
his
priuy
parts
,
and
couering
them
vntill
the
Roman
captaines
came
and
buryed
it
.
Tzetzes
.
But
most
admirable
was
the
loue
of
a
certaine
dog
to
his
maister
punished
with
death
for
the
fact
against
Germanicus
.
Among
other
this
dog
would
neuer
go
from
the
prison
,
and
afterward
when
his
maisters
dead
bodie
was
broght
in
the
presence
of
many
Romans
,
the
cur
vttered
most
lamentable
and
sorrowful
cries
;
for
which
cause
one
of
the
company
threw
vnto
him
some
meat
,
to
see
if
that
would
stoppe
his
mouth
,
and
procure
silence
but
the
poore
dog
tooke
vp
the
meat
and
caried
it
to
his
maisters
mouth
,
not
without
the
singular
passion
of
the
beholders
:
at
last
the
body
was
taken
vp
and
cast
into
the
riuer
Tiber
,
the
poore
dog
leaped
in
after
it
,
and
endeauored
by
all
the
meanes
his
weaknes
could
afford
,
to
keep
it
from
sinking
,
in
the
presence
of
an
inumerable
multitude
,
which
without
teares
could
not
looke
vpon
the
louing
care
of
this
brute
beast
.
The
dogs
of
Gelon
,
Hieron
,
Lysimachus
,
Pyrrhus
king
of
Epirus
,
Polus
the
Tragoedian
,
and
Theodorus
,
leaped
into
the
burning
fires
which
consumed
their
maisters
dead
bodies
.
Nicias
a
certaine
hunter
going
abroad
in
the
woods
,
chaunced
to
fall
into
a
heape
of
burning
coales
,
hauing
no
helpe
about
him
but
his
dogs
,
there
he
perished
,
yet
they
ranne
to
the
high
waies
and
ceased
not
with
barking
and
apprehending
the
garments
of
passengers
,
to
shew
vnto
them
some
direfull
euent
:
and
at
last
one
of
the
trauailers
followed
the
dogs
,
and
came
to
the
place
where
they
saw
the
man
consumed
,
and
by
that
coniectured
the
whole
story
.
The
like
did
the
dogs
of
Marius
Caesarinus
,
for
by
their
howling
they
procured
company
to
draw
him
out
of
a
deepe
Caue
,
whereinto
he
was
fallen
on
horse-back
,
and
had
there
perished
(
being
alone
)
except
his
hounds
had
released
him
.
But
that
dogs
will
also
bewray
the
murtherers
of
their
friends
and
maisters
,
these
stories
following
,
may
euidently
manifest
.
Dogs
detectors
of
murders
As
King
Pyrrhus
by
chance
trauailed
in
his
countrey
,
he
found
a
dog
keeping
a
deade
corps
,
Plutarch
.
and
he
perceiued
that
the
dog
was
almost
pined
,
by
tarrying
about
the
body
with
out
all
food
,
wherefore
taking
pittie
on
the
beast
,
he
caused
the
body
to
be
interred
,
and
by
giuing
the
dog
his
belly
full
of
meat
,
he
drew
him
to
loue
him
,
and
so
led
him
awaie
:
afterward
as
Pyrrhus
mustred
his
souldiours
,
and
euery
one
appeared
in
his
presence
,
the
dog
also
being
beside
him
,
he
saw
the
murtherers
of
his
maister
,
and
so
not
containing
himselfe
with
voice
,
tooth
,
and
naile
,
he
set
vppon
them
:
the
king
suspecting
that
which
followd
,
examined
them
if
euer
they
had
seen
or
known
that
dog
,
they
denied
it
,
but
the
k.
not
satisfied
,
charged
them
that
surely
they
were
the
murtherers
of
the
dogs
maister
,
(
for
the
dog
all
this
while
remained
fierce
against
them
)
and
neuer
barked
before
their
appearance
,
at
the
last
their
guilty
consciences
brake
forth
at
their
mouthes
and
tongues
end
,
and
so
confessed
the
whole
matter
.
The
like
was
of
two
French
Merchants
which
trauailed
togither
,
Blondus
and
when
they
came
into
a
certaine
wood
,
one
of
them
rose
against
the
other
for
desire
of
his
money
,
and
so
slew
him
and
buried
him
.
His
dog
would
not
depart
from
the
place
,
but
filled
the
woodes
with
howlings
and
cries
;
the
murtherer
went
forwarde
in
his
iourney
,
the
people
and
inhabitants
neer
the
said
wood
,
came
and
found
both
the
murdered
corps
and
also
the
dog
which
they
tooke
vp
and
nourished
til
the
faire
was
done
and
the
merchants
returned
,
at
which
time
they
watched
the
high
waies
hauing
the
dog
with
them
,
who
seeing
the
murtherer
instantly
made
force
at
him
without
al
prouocation
,
as
a
man
would
do
at
his
mortall
enemy
,
which
thing
caused
the
people
to
apprehend
him
,
who
being
examined
,
confessed
the
fact
,
and
receiued
condigne
punishment
for
so
foule
a
deede
.
To
conclue
this
discourse
with
one
memorable
story
more
out
of
Blondus
,
who
relateth
that
there
was
a
certaine
maid
neer
Paris
,
who
was
beloued
of
two
young
men
;
one
of
them
on
a
daye
tooke
his
staffe
and
his
Dog
and
went
abroad
(
as
it
was
thought
of
purpose
to
go
to
his
loue
)
but
it
hapned
that
by
the
way
he
was
murthered
and
buried
,
&
the
dog
would
not
depart
from
the
graue
of
his
maister
:
at
the
last
he
being
missed
by
his
father
and
brethren
,
one
of
them
went
also
to
seeke
him
and
see
what
was
become
of
him
,
and
so
seeking
found
the
dog
lying
vpon
his
graue
,
who
houled
pittifully
when
he
saw
his
maisters
brother
:
the
young
man
caused
the
ground
to
be
opened
,
and
so
founde
the
wounded
corps
of
his
brother
,
which
he
brought
away
&
caused
to
be
buried
til
the
murtherer
could
be
descried
:
afterward
in
processe
of
time
,
the
dogge
in
the
presence
of
the
dead
mans
brethren
espied
the
murtherer
,
and
presently
made
force
vpon
him
very
eagerly
;
which
the
brethren
suspecting
,
aprehended
him
,
and
broght
him
before
the
gouernors
of
the
citty
,
who
examining
him
with
all
the
policies
they
could
inuent
,
what
should
be
the
occasion
why
the
dog
should
so
eagerly
fly
vppon
him
at
all
times
,
whensoeuer
hee
was
brought
into
his
presence
,
could
not
get
any
confession
of
the
fact
from
him
▪
then
the
magistrate
adiudged
that
the
young
man
and
the
Dogge
should
combate
together
.
The
Dog
was
couered
with
a
dry
sod
skin
instead
of
armor
,
and
the
murtherer
with
a
speare
,
and
on
his
body
a
little
thin
linnen
cloath
,
both
came
forth
to
the
fight
,
A
Combat
.
and
so
the
man
presently
made
force
at
the
dog
,
who
leaping
vp
to
the
face
of
the
murtherer
tooke
him
fast
by
the
throat
,
and
ouerthrew
him
,
whereat
the
wretch
amazed
,
cryed
out
,
saying
,
take
pitty
on
me
you
reuerend
fathers
,
and
pull
off
the
dog
from
my
throat
,
and
I
will
confesse
al
,
the
which
they
performed
and
he
likewise
declared
the
cause
and
manner
of
the
whole
murther
,
for
which
thing
he
was
deseruedly
put
to
death
.
And
thus
far
of
the
lesser
sociable
dogs
,
now
followeth
the
second
kind
of
the
greater
.
The
greater
sociable
Dogs
of
defence
are
such
as
souldiors
vse
in
warres
,
Blondus
.
The
greater
sociable
dogs
or
defenders
or
else
are
acustomed
to
keepe
houses
or
cattell
.
This
kind
ought
to
be
horrible
,
fierce
,
strange
and
vnacquainted
with
all
except
his
maister
,
so
that
he
be
alway
at
daggers
drawing
,
and
ready
to
fight
with
all
which
shall
but
lay
their
handes
vppon
him
,
for
which
cause
hee
is
to
bee
instructed
from
his
littering
or
infancy
by
art
and
continuall
discipline
,
to
supply
in
him
the
defects
of
nature
:
let
him
be
often
prouoked
to
wrath
by
boies
,
and
and
afterward
as
he
groweth
,
let
some
stranger
set
vppon
him
with
Weapon
,
as
staffe
or
sword
,
with
whom
let
him
combate
till
he
be
wearied
,
and
then
let
him
teare
some
peece
of
the
prouokers
garment
,
that
so
he
may
depart
with
a
conceit
of
victory
,
after
the
fight
tie
him
vp
fast
,
and
suffer
him
not
to
straggle
loose
abroad
,
but
feed
him
thus
tyed
vp
,
so
shall
he
in
short
time
prooue
a
strong
defender
,
and
eager
combatant
against
all
men
and
beasts
which
come
to
deale
with
him
.
Of
this
sort
they
nourish
many
in
Spaine
and
in
other
places
.
Such
an
one
was
the
Dogge
of
Phaereus
the
tyrant
of
Thessalye
,
Blondus
.
Of
defending
dogs
.
being
a
very
greate
and
fierce
beast
,
and
hurtfull
to
all
,
except
them
who
fed
him
dayly
.
He
vsed
to
set
this
Dogge
at
his
chamber
dore
to
watch
&
gard
him
when
he
slept
,
that
whosoere
was
afraid
of
the
Dog
,
might
not
aproach
neare
without
exquisite
torments
.
Angcas
gaue
one
of
these
to
the
Poet
Eupolis
,
who
taught
him
by
many
signes
and
gestures
for
the
loue
of
his
meate
,
to
obserue
his
seruant
Ephialtes
,
if
at
any
time
he
stole
money
from
him
.
And
at
the
last
,
the
wily
Dog
obserued
the
seruant
so
narrowly
,
that
he
found
him
robbing
his
maisters
coffers
:
wherefore
he
instantly
fell
vppon
him
and
tore
him
in
pieces
.
The
which
Dog
afterward
died
for
sorrow
of
his
maisters
death
;
wherupon
Aelianus
saith
that
the
place
of
his
death
in
A●gina
was
called
the
place
of
mourning
,
to
the
day
of
his
writing
.
Nicomedes
king
of
Bythinia
had
one
of
these
Molosssian
great
Dogs
,
which
he
norished
verie
tenderly
,
Tzetzes
.
A●rianus
.
and
made
it
very
familiar
with
him selfe
:
it
fell
out
on
a
time
,
that
this
king
being
in
dalliance
with
his
wife
Ditizele
in
the
presence
of
the
Dog
,
and
she
againe
hanging
about
the
kings
necke
,
kissing
and
prouoking
him
to
loue
with
amorous
gestures
,
the
Dog
thinking
she
had
beene
offering
some
violence
to
his
maister
the
king
,
presently
●lew
vpon
her
,
and
with
his
teeth
pulled
her
right
shoulder
from
her
bodie
,
and
so
left
the
amorous
Queen
to
die
in
the
armes
of
her
louing
husband
:
which
thing
caused
the
king
to
banish
the
Dogge
for
euer
out
of
his
sight
,
A
cruel
murther
of
a
Q.
by
a
Dogge
.
for
sorrow
whereof
he
soone
after
died
;
but
the
Queene
was
most
nobly
buried
,
at
Nicomedia
in
a
golden
sepulcher
:
the
which
was
opened
in
the
raigne
of
the
Emperour
Michaell
,
sonne
of
Theophilus
;
and
there
the
womans
body
was
found
whole
and
not
putrified
,
being
wrapped
in
a
golden
vesture
,
which
taken
off
,
and
tried
in
furnace
,
yeilded
aboue
an
hundred
and
thirteen
pounds
of
pure
gold
.
When
a
Dragon
was
setting
vppon
Orpheus
,
as
he
was
occupied
in
hawking
,
by
his
Dogs
his
life
was
saued
and
the
Dragon
deuoured
.
And
when
Caelius
one
of
the
Senators
of
Placentia
being
sicke
,
was
set
vpon
by
certaine
lewd
fellowes
,
he
reeceiued
no
wounde
till
his
Dog
was
slaine
.
A
most
memorable
story
of
the
dog
of
Rhodes
There
was
neuer
any
thing
more
strange
in
the
nature
of
Dogs
,
then
that
which
hapned
at
Rhodes
besieged
by
the
Turke
,
for
the
Dogges
did
there
descerne
betwixt
Christians
and
Turkes
;
for
toward
the
Turkes
they
were
most
eager
,
furious
,
and
vnappeasable
,
but
towards
Christians
although
vnknowne
,
most
easie
,
peaceable
and
placidious
,
which
thing
caused
a
certaine
Poet
to
write
thus
:
His
auxere
fidem
quos
nostro
fulua
sub
aere
Arua
,
&
Carpathij
defendit
littora
ponti
.
Pectora
thoracum
tunica
sacrumque
profano
Miratur
,
nutritque
Rhodos
,
custodibus
illis
It
noctes
animosa
Phalanx
innexa
trilici
Seligit
,
&
blande
exceptum
deducit
ad
vrbem
.
There
were
two
hundred
of
these
Dogges
which
brought
the
king
of
Garamants
from
banishment
,
Aelianus
.
rescuing
him
from
all
that
resisted
.
The
Colophonian
and
Castabalensian
or
Caspian
Dogges
fought
in
all
their
battels
:
Textor
.
so
likewise
the
Cimbrian
,
Hircanian
,
and
Magnesia●
Dogs
:
Pliny
.
Pet.
Martyr
.
these
also
the
Spaniards
vsed
in
India
to
hunt
out
the
naked
people
,
falling
vppon
them
as
fiercely
as
euer
they
would
vpon
Bores
,
or
other
wilde
beasts
,
being
pointed
vnto
by
their
leaders
finger
.
And
for
this
cause
was
it
,
that
Vaschus
the
Spaniard
caused
Paera
an
Indian
Lord
,
Deserued
punishment
of
vnnatural
copulation
and
three
other
his
wicked
companions
to
be
cast
vnto
Dogs
for
their
vnnaturall
lust
:
but
the
inhabitants
of
Caramair
and
Carib
,
doe
driue
away
the
Dogges
,
for
through
their
admirable
actiuitie
in
casting
dartes
,
they
pierce
the
Dogges
ere
euer
they
come
neare
them
with
poysoned
arrowes
.
And
thus
much
for
the
greate
warlike
defensiue
Dogs
.
The
Shepheards
Dog
.
In
the
next
place
followeth
the
Shepheards
Dog
,
called
by
Virgill
,
Pecuarius
Canis
:
and
this
cannot
properly
be
tearmed
a
dumbe
keeper
,
for
there
is
no
creature
that
will
more
stirre
,
barke
,
and
moue
noise
,
then
one
of
these
against
thiefe
or
wilde
beast
.
They
are
also
vsed
by
Heards-men
,
Swine-heards
,
and
Goate-heards
,
to
driue
away
all
annoyances
from
their
Cattell
,
and
also
to
guide
and
gouerne
them
,
in
executing
their
maisters
pleasure
vpon
signes
giuen
them
,
to
which
of
the
stragling
beastes
they
ought
to
make
force
.
Neither
is
it
requisite
that
this
Dog
be
so
large
or
nimble
as
is
the
Greyhounde
,
which
is
apointed
for
Deer
and
Hares
.
But
yet
that
he
be
strong
,
quick
,
ready
,
and
vnderstanding
,
both
for
brauling
&
fighting
,
so
as
he
may
feare
away
and
also
follow
(
if
need
be
)
the
rauening
Wolfe
,
and
take
away
the
prey
out
of
his
mouth
;
wherefore
a
square
proportion
of
body
is
requisite
in
these
beasts
,
and
a
tolerable
lightnes
of
foot
,
such
as
is
the
village
dog
,
vsed
onely
to
keep
houses
,
and
hereof
also
they
are
the
best
,
who
haue
the
greatest
or
lowdest
barking
voices
,
Columella
.
&
are
not
apt
to
leape
vpon
euery
straunger
or
beast
they
see
,
but
reserue
their
strength
till
the
iust
time
of
imployment
.
They
approue
also
in
this
kind
aboue
all
other
,
the
white
colour
;
because
in
the
night
time
they
are
the
more
easily
discernd
from
the
Wolfe
,
or
other
noisome
beast
;
Blondus
.
for
many
times
it
falleth
out
that
the
Shepheard
in
the
twy-light
,
Fronto
.
striketh
his
Dog
insted
of
the
Wolfe
:
these
ought
to
be
well
faced
,
blacke
or
dusky
eies
,
and
correspondent
Nostrils
of
the
same
colour
with
their
eies
,
blacke
ruddy
lippes
,
a
crooked
Camoyse
nose
,
a
flat
chap
with
two
great
broches
or
long
straight
sharpe
teeth
growing
out
thereof
,
couered
with
their
lips
,
a
great
head
,
great
eares
,
a
broad
breast
,
a
thicke
necke
,
broad
and
solide
sholders
,
straight
legs
,
yet
rather
bending
inward
then
standing
outward
;
great
and
thick
feet
,
hard
crooked
nailes
,
a
thicke
taile
which
groweth
lesser
to
the
end
thereof
,
then
at
the
first
ioynt
next
the
body
,
and
the
body
all
rugged
with
haire
,
for
that
maketh
the
dog
more
terrible
;
and
then
also
it
is
requisite
that
he
be
prouided
of
the
beast
breede
,
neyther
buy
him
of
a
hunter
(
for
such
an
one
will
be
gone
at
the
sight
of
a
Deer
or
Hare
)
nor
yet
of
a
Butcher
,
for
it
will
be
sluggish
;
therefore
take
him
yong
,
Strabo
and
bring
him
vp
continually
to
attend
sheepe
,
for
so
will
he
be
most
ready
,
that
is
trained
vppe
among
Shepheards
.
They
vse
also
to
couer
their
throat
and
necke
with
large
broad
collars
,
pricked
throgh
with
nailes
,
for
else
if
the
wilde
beast
bite
them
in
those
places
,
the
dogge
is
easily
killed
:
varro
Fronto
.
Ths
loue
of
dogs
to
the
cattell
they
attend
.
but
being
bitten
at
any
other
place
he
quickly
auoideth
the
wound
.
The
loue
of
such
to
the
cattel
they
keepe
is
very
great
,
especially
to
sheep
;
for
when
Publius
Aufidius
Pontianus
,
bought
certaine
flockes
of
Sheepe
in
the
farthest
part
of
Vmbria
,
and
brought
Shepherds
with
him
to
driue
them
home
;
with
whome
the
dogs
went
along
vnto
Heraclea
,
and
the
Metapontine
coasts
,
where
the
drouers
left
the
cattell
;
the
dogs
for
loue
of
the
Sheepe
yet
continued
and
attended
them
,
without
regard
of
any
man
,
and
forraged
in
the
fields
for
Rats
and
Mice
to
eat
,
vntill
at
length
they
grew
weary
and
leane
,
and
so
returned
back
againe
vnto
Vmbria
alone
,
without
the
conduct
of
men
,
to
their
first
maisters
,
being
many
daies
iourney
from
them
.
It
is
good
to
keep
many
of
these
together
,
at
the
least
two
for
euery
flock
,
that
so
when
one
of
them
is
hurt
or
sick
,
the
herd
be
not
destitute
:
&
it
is
also
good
to
haue
these
male
and
female
,
yet
some
vse
to
geld
these
,
thinking
that
for
this
cause
they
will
the
more
vigilantly
attend
the
flocke
:
howbeit
I
cannot
assent
hereunto
,
because
they
are
too
gentle
and
lesse
eager
when
they
want
their
stones
.
They
are
to
be
taken
from
their
dam
at
two
moneths
old
,
and
not
before
:
and
it
is
not
good
to
giue
them
hot
meate
,
for
that
will
encrease
in
them
madnes
,
neither
must
they
tast
any
of
the
dead
carkasses
of
the
Cattell
,
lest
that
cause
them
to
fal
vpon
the
liuing
;
for
when
once
they
haue
taken
a
smatch
of
their
blood
or
flesh
,
you
shal
sildom
reclaim
them
from
that
deuouring
appetite
.
The
vnderstanding
of
these
Shepherds
dogs
is
very
great
,
(
especially
in
England
)
for
the
Shepherds
wil
there
leaue
their
dogs
alone
with
the
flocks
,
and
they
are
taught
by
custome
,
to
keepe
the
sheep
within
the
compasse
of
their
pasture
,
and
discern
betwixt
grasse
and
corn
▪
for
when
they
see
the
sheep
fall
vpon
the
corne
,
they
run
and
driue
them
away
from
that
forbidden
fruit
of
their
own
acord
;
and
they
likewise
keep
very
safely
their
maisters
garments
&
victuals
,
from
all
annoyance
vntill
their
return
.
Ther
is
in
Xenophon
a
complaint
of
the
sheep
to
the
shepherds
concerning
these
dogs
:
we
maruel
(
said
the
sheep
)
at
thee
,
that
seeing
we
yeeld
thee
milk
,
lambs
,
and
cheese
,
wherupon
thou
feedest
;
A
pretty
fable
of
the
Sheep
&
the
Dogge
.
neuertheles
thou
giuest
vnto
vs
nothing
but
that
which
groweth
out
of
the
earth
,
which
we
gather
by
our
own
industry
;
and
whereas
the
dog
doth
none
of
al
these
,
him
thou
feedest
with
thine
own
hand
,
&
bred
from
thine
own
trencher
:
the
dog
hearing
this
complaint
of
the
sheep
,
replyed
;
that
his
reward
at
the
shepherds
hand
was
iust
,
and
no
more
then
he
deserved
,
for
(
saide
hee
)
I
looke
vnto
you
,
and
watch
you
from
the
rauening
Wolfe
,
and
pilfering
theefe
,
so
as
if
once
I
forsake
you
,
then
it
will
not
bee
safe
for
you
,
to
walke
in
your
pastures
,
for
perrill
of
death
,
whereunto
the
sheepe
yeelded
,
and
not
replyed
to
the
reasonable
answer
of
so
vnreasonable
a
beast
,
and
this
complaint
you
must
remember
was
vttered
when
Sheepe
could
speake
,
as
well
as
men
,
or
else
it
noteth
the
foolish
murmuring
of
some
vulgar
persons
,
against
the
chiefe
ministers
of
state
,
that
are
liberally
rewarded
by
the
princes
owne
hands
,
for
their
watchfull
custody
of
the
common-wealth
,
and
thus
much
for
the
shepheards
Dogge
.
OF
THE
VILLAGE
DOGGE
or
house-keeper
.
THis
village
Dogge
ought
to
be
fatter
and
bigger
then
the
Shepheards
Dog
,
of
an
elegant
,
square
and
strong
body
,
being
blacke
coloured
,
The
colour
of
this
Dog
.
and
great
mouthed
,
or
barking
bigly
,
that
so
he
may
the
more
terrifie
the
Theefe
,
both
by
day
and
night
,
for
in
the
night
the
beast
may
seize
vpon
the
robber
before
he
discerne
his
blacke
skinne
,
and
therefore
a
spotted
,
branded
,
party-coloured
Dogge
is
not
approued
.
His
head
ought
to
be
the
greatest
part
of
his
body
,
hauing
great
eares
hanging
downe
,
and
blacke
eies
in
his
head
,
a
broade
breast
,
thicke
necke
,
large
shoulders
,
strong
Legs
,
a
rough
haire
,
short
taile
,
and
great
nailes
:
his
disposition
must
not
be
to
fierce
,
nor
yet
to
familiar
,
for
so
he
will
fawne
vpon
the
theife
as
well
as
his
maisters
friend
.
Yet
is
it
good
that
sometime
he
rise
against
the
house-hold
seruantes
,
and
alway
against
strangers
,
and
such
they
must
be
as
can
wind
a
stranger
a
farre
off
,
and
descry
him
to
his
maister
by
barking
as
by
a
watch-word
and
setting
vpon
him
,
when
he
approcheth
neere
if
he
be
prouoked
.
Blondus
commendeth
in
this
kinde
,
such
as
sleepe
with
one
eie
open
and
the
other
shut
,
Of
marriners
dogs
on
shipboard
so
as
any
small
noyse
or
stirre
wake
and
raise
him
.
It
is
not
good
to
keepe
many
of
these
curst
Dogs
together
,
and
them
fewe
which
bee
kept
must
bee
tyed
vppe
in
the
day
time
,
that
so
they
may
be
more
vigilant
in
the
night
when
they
are
let
loose
.
There
are
of
this
kind
which
Marriners
take
with
them
to
Sea
,
to
preserue
their
goodes
on
ship-board
,
they
chose
them
of
the
greatest
bodyes
and
lowdest
voice
,
like
the
Croatian
Dog
,
resembling
a
Wolfe
in
haire
and
bignesse
,
and
such
as
are
very
watchful
,
according
to
the
saying
of
the
Poet.
Exagitant
&
lar
,
&
turba
Dianiae
fures
Peruigilant
que
lares
peruigilant
que
canes
.
Vegetius
And
such
also
they
nourish
in
Towers
and
Temples
;
in
Towers
,
that
so
they
may
descry
the
approching
enemy
when
the
Souldiers
are
asleepe
:
for
which
cause
,
Dogs
seene
in
sleepe
,
A●temdorus
signifie
the
carefull
and
watchfull
wife
,
seruants
,
or
Souldiers
,
which
foresee
dangers
and
preserue
publique
and
priuate
good
.
There
was
in
Italy
a
Temple
of
Pallas
,
wherein
were
reserued
the
axes
,
instruments
,
and
armour
of
Diomedes
and
his
colleages
,
Aristotle
.
●r●ldus
〈◊〉
keepers
〈…〉
.
D●●●
Chriso
.
the
which
temple
was
kept
by
Dogges
,
whose
nature
was
,
as
the
Authour
saith
)
that
when
Graecians
came
to
that
Temple
,
they
would
fawne
vpon
them
as
if
they
knew
them
;
but
if
any
other
countrey
men
came
,
they
shewed
themselues
Wild
,
fierce
,
and
angry
against
them
.
The
like
thing
is
reported
of
a
Temple
of
vulcan
in
Aetna
,
wherein
was
preserued
a
perpetuall
and
vnquencheable
fire
,
for
the
watching
whereof
,
were
Dogges
designed
;
who
would
fawne
and
gently
flatter
vpon
all
those
which
came
chastly
and
religiously
to
worship
there
,
leading
them
into
the
Temple
like
the
familiars
of
their
God
;
but
vpon
wicked
and
euill
disposed
leude
persons
,
they
barked
and
raged
,
if
once
they
endeauored
so
much
has
to
enter
either
the
Wood
or
temple
;
but
the
true
cause
hereof
was
the
imposture
of
some
impure
and
deceiteful
,
vnclean
,
diabolical
spirits
.
〈…〉
And
by
the
like
instinct
,
Scipio
Affricanus
was
wont
to
enter
into
the
Capital
,
and
commaund
the
Chappel
of
Iupiter
to
be
opened
to
him
,
at
whom
no
one
of
the
keeper-Dogs
would
euer
stir
,
which
caused
the
men-keepers
of
the
temple
much
to
maruaile
,
whereas
they
would
rage
fiercely
against
all
other
:
whereupon
Stroza
made
these
verses
,
falsely
imputing
this
daemonicall
illusion
to
diuine
reuelation
.
Quid
tacitos
linquam
quos
veri
haud
niscia
Crete
Nec
semper
mendax
,
ait
aurea
templa
tuentes
Parcereque
haud
vlli
solitos
,
(
mirabile
dictu
)
Docta
Tyanei
Aratos
senioris
ad
ora
Non
magico
Cantu
sed
quod
diuinitus
illis
Insita
vis
omnio
virtutis
gnara
latentis
.
The
like
strange
thing
is
reported
of
a
Temple
or
Church
in
Cracouia
,
Schneb●rg
.
dedicated
to
the
Virgin
Mary
,
wherein
euery
night
are
an
assembly
of
dogs
,
which
vnto
this
day
(
saith
the
Author
)
meete
voluntarily
at
an
appointed
houre
,
for
the
custody
of
the
Temple
,
and
those
ornaments
which
are
preserued
therein
against
theefes
and
robbers
:
and
if
it
fortune
any
of
the
Dogges
be
negligent
and
slacke
at
the
houre
aforesaide
,
then
will
he
bark
about
the
church
vntill
he
bee
let
in
,
but
his
fellowes
take
punishment
of
him
,
and
fall
on
him
biting
and
rending
his
skinne
,
yea
sometime
killing
him
;
and
these
Dogs
haue
a
set
dyet
or
allowance
of
dinner
,
from
the
Canons
and
preachers
of
the
Church
,
which
they
duely
obserue
without
breach
of
order
;
for
to
day
twoe
of
them
will
goe
to
one
Cannons
house
,
and
two
to
anothers
,
and
so
likewise
al
the
residue
in
turnes
successiuely
visit
the
seuerall
houses
within
the
cloyster
yard
,
neuer
going
twice
together
to
one
house
,
nor
preuenting
the
refection
of
their
fellowes
;
and
the
story
is
reported
by
Antonius
Schnebergerus
for
certaine
truth
,
vpon
his
owne
knowledge
.
OF
THE
MIMICKE
OR
GETVLIan
Dogge
,
and
the
little
Melitaean
Dogges
of
GENTLEWOMEN
.
THere
is
also
in
England
two
other
sortes
of
dogs
,
Iohn
Cay
.
the
figure
of
the
first
is
heere
expressed
,
being
apt
to
imitate
al
things
it
seeth
,
for
which
cause
some
haue
thoght
,
that
it
was
conceiued
by
an
Ape
,
for
in
wit
&
disposition
it
resembleth
an
ape
,
The
first
generation
of
Mimicke
Dogs
.
but
in
face
sharpe
and
blacke
like
a
Hedghog
,
hauing
a
short
recurued
body
,
very
long
legs
,
shaggy
haire
,
and
a
short
taile
:
this
is
called
of
some
(
Canis
Lucernarius
)
these
being
brought
vp
with
apes
in
their
youth
,
learne
very
admirable
&
strange
feats
,
The
feates
of
dogs
.
wherof
there
were
great
plenty
in
Egypt
in
the
time
of
king
Ptolomy
,
which
were
taught
to
leap
,
play
,
&
dance
,
at
the
hearing
of
musicke
,
and
in
many
poore
mens
houses
they
serued
insteed
of
seruants
for
diuers
vses
.
These
are
also
vsed
by
plaiers
and
Puppet-Mimicks
to
worke
straunge
trickes
,
for
the
sight
whereof
they
get
much
money
:
Albertus
such
an
one
was
the
Mimicks
dog
,
of
which
Plutarch
writeth
that
he
saw
in
a
publicke
spectacle
at
Rome
before
the
Emperor
Vespasian
.
The
dog
was
taught
to
act
a
play
,
wherein
were
contained
many
persons
parts
,
I
meane
the
affections
of
many
other
dogs
:
at
last
there
was
giuen
him
a
piece
of
bread
,
wherein
as
was
saide
was
poison
,
hauing
vertue
to
procure
a
dead
sleepe
,
which
he
receiued
and
swallowed
;
and
presently
after
the
eating
thereof
he
began
to
reele
and
stagger
too
and
fro
like
a
drunken
man
,
and
fell
downe
to
the
ground
,
as
if
he
had
bin
dead
,
and
so
laie
a
good
space
not
stirring
foot
nor
lim
,
being
drawne
vppe
and
downe
by
diuers
persons
,
according
as
the
gesture
of
the
play
he
acted
did
require
,
but
when
hee
perceiued
by
the
time
and
other
signes
that
it
was
requisite
to
arise
,
he
first
opened
his
eies
,
and
and
lift
vp
his
head
a
little
,
then
stretched
forth
himselfe
like
as
one
doth
when
he
riseth
from
sleepe
;
at
the
last
vp
he
geteth
and
runneth
to
him
to
whom
that
part
belonged
,
not
without
the
ioy
and
good
content
of
Caesar
and
all
other
the
beholders
.
To
this
may
be
added
another
story
of
a
certaine
Italian
about
the
yeare
1403.
called
Andrew
who
had
a
red
Dog
with
him
of
strange
feats
,
and
yet
he
was
blind
.
For
standing
in
the
Market
place
compassed
about
with
a
circle
of
many
people
,
there
were
brought
by
the
standers
by
many
Rings
,
Iewels
,
bracelets
and
peeces
of
gold
and
siluer
,
and
there
within
the
circle
were
couered
with
earth
,
then
the
dog
was
bid
to
seeke
them
out
,
who
with
his
nose
and
feet
did
presently
find
and
discouer
them
,
then
was
hee
also
commaunded
to
giue
to
euery
one
his
owne
Ring
Iewell
,
Bracelet
,
or
money
,
which
the
blind
dog
did
performe
directly
without
stay
or
doubt
.
Afterward
the
standers
by
,
gaue
vnto
him
diuers
peeces
of
coine
,
stamped
with
the
images
of
sundry
princes
,
and
then
one
called
for
a
piece
of
English
money
,
and
the
Dog
deliuered
him
a
peece
,
another
for
the
Emperors
coine
,
and
the
dog
deliuerd
him
a
piece
thereof
:
and
so
consequently
euery
princes
coine
by
name
,
till
all
was
restored
;
and
this
story
is
recorded
by
Abbas
Vrspergensis
,
whereupon
the
common
people
said
,
the
dog
was
a
diuell
or
else
possessed
with
some
pythonicall
spirit
:
&
so
much
for
this
dog
.
Strabo
.
O●
the
Melitaean
Dogs
.
There
is
a
towne
in
Pachynus
,
a
promontory
of
Sicily
(
called
Melita
)
from
whence
are
transported
many
fine
little
Dogs
called
(
Melitaei
canes
)
they
were
accounted
the
Iewels
of
women
,
but
now
the
said
towne
is
possessed
by
Fisher-men
,
and
there
is
no
such
reckoning
made
of
those
tender
little
dogs
,
for
these
are
not
bigger
then
common
Ferrets
,
or
Weasils
,
yet
are
they
not
small
in
vnderstanding
,
nor
mutable
in
their
loue
to
men
:
for
which
cause
they
are
also
nourished
tenderly
for
pleasure
;
whereupon
came
the
prouerbe
Melitaea
Catella
,
for
one
norished
for
pleasure
,
&
Canis
digno
throno
,
because
princes
hold
them
in
their
hands
sitting
vpon
their
estate
.
Theodorus
the
tumbler
and
dauncer
had
one
of
these
,
which
loued
him
so
well
,
that
at
his
death
he
leaped
into
the
fire
after
his
body
.
Aelianus
Now
a
daies
,
they
haue
found
another
breede
of
little
dogs
in
all
nations
,
Blondus
.
The
arte
of
making
of
little
Dogs
.
beside
the
Melitaeon
Dogs
,
either
made
so
by
art
,
as
inclosing
their
bodies
in
the
earth
when
they
are
Whelpes
,
so
as
they
cannot
grow
great
,
by
reason
of
the
place
,
or
els
,
lessening
and
impayring
their
growth
,
by
some
kind
of
meat
or
nourishment
.
These
are
called
in
Germany
▪
Bracken
Schosshundle
and
Gutschenhundle
,
the
Italians
Bottolo
,
other
Nations
haue
no
common
name
for
this
kind
that
I
know
.
Martiall
made
this
Distichon
of
a
little
French
dog
;
for
about
Lyons
in
France
there
are
store
of
this
kind
,
and
are
sold
very
deare
;
sometimes
for
ten
Crownes
,
and
sometimes
for
more
.
Delitias
paruae
si
vis
audire
catellae
Narranti
breuis
est
pagina
tota
mihi
.
They
are
not
aboue
a
foote
▪
or
halfe
a
foot
long
,
and
alway
the
lesser
the
more
delicate
and
precious
.
Their
head
like
the
head
of
a
Mouse
but
greater
,
their
snowt
sharpe
,
their
eares
like
the
eares
of
a
Cony
,
short
Legs
,
little
feete
,
long
taile
,
and
White
colour
,
and
the
haires
about
the
shoulders
longer
then
ordinary
,
is
most
commended
.
They
are
of
pleasant
disposition
,
and
will
leape
and
bite
,
without
pinching
,
and
barke
prettily
,
and
some
of
them
are
taught
to
stand
vpright
,
holding
vp
their
fore
legs
like
hands
,
other
to
fetch
and
cary
in
their
mouths
,
that
which
is
cast
vnto
them
.
There
be
some
wanton
Women
which
admit
them
to
their
beds
,
and
bring
vp
their
young
ones
in
their
owne
bosomes
,
for
they
are
so
tender
,
that
they
sildome
bring
aboue
one
at
a
time
,
but
they
loose
their
life
.
It
was
reported
that
when
Grego
in
Syracuse
was
to
goe
from
home
among
other
Gossips
,
she
gaue
hir
mayd
charge
of
two
thinges
,
one
that
she
should
looke
to
her
child
when
it
cryed
,
the
other
,
that
she
should
keepe
the
litle
dog
within
doores
.
Publius
had
a
little
dog
(
called
Issa
)
hauing
about
the
necke
too
siluer
bels
,
vpon
a
silken
Collar
,
which
for
the
neatnesse
thereof
,
seemed
rather
to
be
a
picture
then
a
creature
;
whereof
Martiall
made
this
elegant
Epigram
,
comprehending
the
rare
voyce
and
other
gestures
in
it
;
Issa
est
purior
osculo
columbae
Issa
est
earior
indicis
lapillis
Hanc
tu
,
si
queritur
loqui
putabis
Collo
nexa
cubat
capitque
somnos
Et
desiderio
coacta
ventris
Sed
blandopede
suscitat
toroque
Castae
tantus
inest
pudor
catellae
Pictam
publius
exprimit
tabella
Vt
fit
tam
similis
sibi
nec
ipsa
Aut
vtramque
putabis
esse
veram
Issa
est
blandior
omnibus
puellis
,
Issa
est
delitiae
eatella
publij
Sentit
tristitiamque
gaudiumque
Vt
suspiria
nulla
sentiantur
Gutta
pallia
,
non
fefallit
vlla
.
Deponi
monet
&
rogat
leuari
Hanc
ne
lux
rapiat
suprema
totam
.
In
qua
tam
similem
videbis
issam
Issam
denique
pone
cum
tabella
Aut
vtranque
putabis
esse
pictam
.
Marcellus
Empiricus
reciteth
a
certaine
charme
,
made
of
the
rinde
of
a
wild
figtree
,
held
to
the
Spleene
or
liuer
of
a
little
dog
,
and
afterward
hanged
vp
in
the
smooke
to
dry
,
and
pray
that
as
the
rind
or
barke
dryeth
,
so
the
liuer
or
Spleene
of
the
dog
may
neuer
grow
;
and
thereupon
the
dog
,
(
saith
that
foolish
Empericke
)
shall
neuer
grow
greater
,
then
it
was
at
the
time
that
the
barke
was
hanged
vp
to
drying
.
To
let
this
trifle
goe
,
I
will
end
the
discourse
of
these
little
dogs
with
one
story
of
their
loue
and
vnderstanding
.
There
was
a
certaine
noble
Woman
in
Sicily
,
Aelianus
A
lamentable
story
of
the
discouery
of
an
adul●erer
by
a
little
dog
.
which
vnderstanding
her
husband
was
gone
along
iorney
from
home
,
sent
to
a
louer
(
I
should
say
an
adulterer
)
she
had
,
who
came
,
&
by
bribery
&
mony
giuen
to
her
seruants
,
she
admitted
him
to
her
bed
,
but
yet
priuately
,
more
for
feare
of
punishenent
,
then
care
of
modesty
;
and
yet
for
all
her
craft
,
she
mistrusted
not
her
little
Dog
,
who
did
see
euery
day
where
she
locked
vp
this
adulterer
:
at
last
,
her
husband
came
home
,
before
her
louer
was
auoyded
,
and
in
the
night
the
little
Dog
seeing
his
true
maister
returned
home
,
ranne
barking
to
the
doore
and
leaped
vp
thereupon
,
(
within
which
the
Whoremonger
was
hidden
)
and
this
he
did
oftentimes
together
,
fawning
and
scraping
his
Lord
and
maister
also
;
insomuch
as
he
mistrusted
(
and
the
iustly
)
some
strange
euent
:
At
last
,
he
brake
open
the
doore
,
and
found
the
adulterer
ready
Armed
with
his
sword
,
wherewithall
he
slew
the
goodman
of
the
house
vnawares
:
and
so
enioyed
the
adulterate
Woman
for
his
wife
,
for
murther
followeth
if
it
go
not
before
adultery
.
This
story
is
related
by
Aelianus
to
set
forth
a
vertue
of
these
little
Dogs
,
how
they
obserue
the
actions
of
them
that
nourish
them
,
and
also
some
descretion
betwixt
good
and
euill
.
The
Dogs
of
Egypt
are
most
fearefull
of
all
other
,
and
their
custome
is
to
runne
and
drinke
,
or
drinke
of
the
Ryuer
Nilus
running
,
for
feare
of
the
Crocodils
;
Aelianus
Solinus
.
Whereupon
came
the
Prouerbe
,
of
a
man
that
did
any
thing
slightly
or
hastily
,
Vt
canis
&
Nilo
bibit
.
Alcibiades
had
a
Dog
which
he
would
not
sell
vnder
28.
thousand
Sesterces
,
that
is
seuen
hundred
French
Crownes
;
it
was
a
goodly
and
beautiful
Dog
,
yet
he
cut
off
his
taile
,
whereof
he
gaue
no
other
reason
,
being
demaunded
why
he
so
blemished
his
Beast
,
Pollux
.
but
onely
that
by
that
fact
hee
might
giue
occasion
to
the
Athenians
to
talke
of
him
.
The
Dogges
of
Caramania
can
neuer
be
tamed
,
for
their
men
also
are
wilde
and
liue
without
al
law
and
ciuility
:
and
thus
much
of
Dogs
in
special
.
In
the
next
place
I
thoght
good
to
insert
into
this
story
the
treatise
of
English
Dogs
,
Aelianus
first
of
all
written
in
Latine
by
that
famous
Doctour
in
Phisicke
Iohn
Cay
,
and
since
translated
by
A.
F.
and
directed
to
that
noble
Gesner
,
which
is
this
that
followeth
,
that
so
the
reader
may
chuse
whether
of
both
to
affect
best
.
The
Preamble
or
entrance
,
into
the
Treatise
following
.
I
Wrote
vnto
you
(
well
beloued
friend
Gesner
)
not
many
years
past
,
a
manifolde
history
,
containing
the
diuers
forms
and
figures
of
Beasts
,
Birds
,
and
Fishes
,
the
sundry
shapes
of
plants
,
and
the
fashions
of
Hearbes
,
&c.
I
wrote
moreouer
,
vnto
you
seuerally
,
a
certaine
abridgement
of
dogs
,
which
in
your
discourse
vppon
the
formes
of
Beasts
in
the
second
order
of
milde
and
tamable
beasts
,
wher
you
make
mention
of
Scottish
Dogs
,
and
in
the
winding
vp
of
your
letter
written
and
directed
to
Doctour
Turner
,
comprehending
a
Catalogue
or
rehersall
of
your
books
not
yet
extant
,
you
promised
to
set
f●r●h
in
print
,
and
openly
to
publish
in
the
face
of
the
world
among
such
your
workes
as
are
not
yet
come
abroad
to
light
and
sight
.
But
,
because
certain
circumstances
were
wanting
in
my
breuiary
of
English
dogs
(
as
seemed
vnto
me
)
I
staied
the
publication
of
the
same
,
making
promise
to
send
another
abroad
,
which
might
be
committed
to
the
hands
,
the
eies
,
the
eares
,
the
minds
,
and
the
iudgements
of
the
Readers
.
Wherefore
that
I
might
performe
that
precisely
,
which
I
promised
solemnly
,
accomplish
my
determination
,
and
satisfie
your
expectation
:
which
are
a
man
desirous
and
capable
of
all
kind
of
knowledg
,
and
very
earnest
to
be
acquainted
with
al
experiments
:
I
wil
expresse
and
declare
in
due
order
,
the
grand
and
generall
kind
of
English
dogs
,
the
difference
of
them
,
the
vse
,
the
properties
,
and
the
diuers
natures
of
the
same
,
making
a
tripartite
diuision
in
this
sort
and
manner
.
All
English
dogges
be
either
of
a
gentle
kind
seruing
the
game
,
a
homely
kind
apt
for
sundry
necessary
vses
,
or
a
currish
kind
,
meete
for
may
toies
.
Of
these
three
sorts
of
kindes
so
meane
I
to
intreate
,
that
the
first
in
the
first
place
,
the
last
in
the
last
roome
,
and
the
middle
sort
in
the
middle
seate
be
handled
.
I
call
them
vniuersally
all
by
the
name
of
English
dogs
,
as
wel
because
England
only
,
as
it
hath
in
it
English
dogges
,
so
it
is
not
with
the
Scottish
,
as
also
for
that
wee
are
more
inclined
and
delighted
with
the
noble
game
of
hunting
,
for
we
Englishmen
are
adicted
and
giuen
to
that
exercise
and
painefull
pastime
of
pleasure
,
as
well
for
the
plenty
of
flesh
which
our
parks
and
Forrests
do
foster
,
as
also
for
the
opportunity
and
conuenient
leisure
which
wee
obtaine
,
both
which
,
the
Scots
want
.
Wherefore
seeing
that
the
whole
estate
of
kindly
hunting
consisteth
principaly
in
these
two
points
,
in
chasing
the
beast
that
is
in
hunting
,
or
in
taking
the
bird
that
is
infowling
.
It
is
necessary
and
requisite
to
vnderstand
that
there
are
two
sorts
of
dogs
by
whose
meanes
,
the
feates
within
specified
are
wroght
,
and
these
practises
of
actiuity
cunningly
and
curiously
compassed
,
by
two
kindes
of
Dogs
,
one
which
rouzeth
the
beast
&
continueth
the
chase
,
another
which
springeth
the
bird
,
and
bewraieth
the
flight
by
pursute
.
Both
which
kinds
are
termed
of
the
Latines
by
one
common
name
,
that
is
,
Canes
Venatici
,
hunting
dogs
.
But
because
we
English
men
make
a
difference
betweene
hunting
and
fowling
,
for
they
are
called
by
these
seuerall
words
Venatio
,
&
Aucupium
,
so
they
term
the
dogs
whom
they
vse
in
these
sundry
games
by
diuers
names
,
as
those
which
serue
for
the
beast
,
are
called
Venatici
,
the
other
which
are
vsed
for
the
fowl
are
called
Aucupatorij
.
The
first
kind
called
Venatici
I
deuide
into
fiue
sorts
,
the
first
in
perfect
smelling
,
the
second
in
quicke
spying
,
the
third
in
swiftnes
and
quicknes
,
the
fourth
in
smelling
and
nimblenes
,
the
fift
in
subtility
and
deceitfulnes
,
heerein
these
fiue
sorts
excelleth
.
Of
the
Dogge
called
a
Harier
,
in
Latine
Leuerarius
.
THat
kinde
of
Dogge
whome
nature
hath
indued
with
the
vertue
of
smelling
,
whose
property
it
is
to
vse
a
lustines
,
a
readines
,
and
a
couragiousnes
in
hunting
,
and
draweth
into
his
nostrelles
the
aire
or
sent
of
the
beast
pursued
and
followed
,
we
call
by
this
word
Sagax
,
the
Grecians
by
this
woorde
Ichueuten
of
tracing
or
chasing
by
the
foote
,
or
Rinelaten
,
of
the
nostrells
,
which
be
the
instruments
of
smelling
.
We
may
knowe
these
kinde
of
Dogs
by
their
long
,
large
and
bagging
lips
,
by
their
hanging
eares
,
reaching
downe
both
sides
of
their
chaps
,
and
by
the
indifferent
and
measurable
proportion
of
their
making
.
This
sort
of
Dogges
we
call
Leuerarios
Hariers
,
that
I
may
comprise
the
whole
number
of
them
in
certain
specialities
,
and
apply
to
them
their
proper
and
peculier
names
,
forsomuch
as
they
cannot
all
be
reduced
and
brought
vnder
one
sort
,
considering
both
the
sundry
vses
of
them
,
and
the
difference
of
their
seruice
whereto
they
be
appointed
.
Some
for
the
Hare
,
the
Foxe
,
the
Wolfe
,
the
Hart
,
the
Bucke
,
the
Badger
,
the
Otter
,
the
Polcat
,
the
Lobster
,
the
Weasell
,
the
Conny
.
&c.
Some
for
one
thing
and
some
for
another
.
As
for
the
Conny
,
whome
we
haue
lastly
set
downe
,
we
vse
not
to
hunt
,
but
rather
to
take
it
,
sometime
with
the
nette
,
sometime
with
a
Ferret
,
and
thus
euery
seuerall
sorte
is
notable
and
excellent
in
his
naturall
quality
and
appointed
practise
.
Among
these
sundry
sortes
,
there
be
some
which
are
apt
to
hunt
two
diuers
beastes
,
as
the
Foxe
otherwhiles
,
and
other
whiles
the
Hare
,
but
they
hunt
not
with
such
towardnesse
and
good
lucke
after
them
,
as
they
doe
that
whereunto
nature
hath
formed
and
framed
them
,
not
onely
in
external
composition
and
making
,
but
also
in
inward
faculties
&
conditions
,
for
they
swarn
oftentimes
,
and
do
otherwise
then
they
should
.
Of
the
Dogge
called
a
Terrar
,
in
Latine
Terrarius
.
ANother
sorte
there
is
which
hunteth
the
Foxe
and
Badger
or
Gray
onely
,
whome
we
call
Terrars
,
because
they
(
after
the
maner
and
custom
of
Ferrets
in
searching
for
Connies
)
creep
into
the
ground
,
and
by
that
meanes
make
afraide
,
nippe
,
and
bite
the
Foxe
and
the
Badger
in
such
sort
,
that
either
they
teare
them
in
peeces
with
their
teeth
being
in
the
bosome
of
the
earth
,
or
else
haile
and
pull
them
perforce
out
of
their
lurking
angles
,
darke
dungeons
,
and
close
caues
,
or
at
the
least
through
conceiued
feare
,
driue
them
out
of
their
hollowe
harbours
,
in
so
much
that
they
are
compelled
to
prepare
speedy
flight
,
and
being
desirous
of
the
next
(
albeit
not
the
safest
)
refuge
,
are
otherwise
taken
and
intrapped
with
snares
and
nets
laide
ouer
holes
to
the
same
purpose
.
But
these
be
the
least
in
that
kind
called
Sagaces
.
Of
the
Dogge
called
a
Bloudhound
,
in
Latine
Sanguinarius
.
THe
greater
sorte
which
serue
to
hunt
,
hauing
lips
of
a
large
size
,
and
eares
of
no
small
length
,
doe
not
onely
chase
the
beast
whiles
it
liueth
,
(
as
the
other
do
of
whom
mention
aboue
is
made
)
but
being
dead
also
by
any
manner
of
casualty
,
make
recourse
to
the
place
where
it
lyeth
,
hauing
in
this
pointe
an
assured
and
infallible
guide
,
namely
,
the
sent
and
sauour
of
the
bloud
sprinkled
here
and
there
vpon
the
ground
.
For
whether
the
beast
beeing
wounded
,
doth
notwithstanding
enioy
life
,
and
escapeth
the
hands
of
the
huntsman
,
or
whether
the
said
beaste
being
slaine
is
conuayed
cleanly
out
of
the
parke
(
so
that
there
be
some
signification
of
bloud
shed
)
these
Dogges
with
no
lesse
facility
and
easinesse
,
then
auidity
and
greedinesse
can
disclose
and
bewray
the
same
by
smelling
,
applying
to
their
pursute
,
agility
and
nimblenesse
,
without
tediousnesse
,
for
which
consideration
,
of
a
singuler
specialty
they
deserued
to
be
called
Sanguinarij
bloodhoundes
.
And
albeit
peraduenture
it
may
chaunce
,
(
as
whether
it
chanceth
seldome
or
sometime
I
am
ignorant
)
that
a
peece
of
flesh
bee
subtily
stolne
and
cunningly
conuayed
away
with
such
prouisoes
and
precaueats
,
as
thereby
all
apparance
of
blood
is
either
preuented
,
excluded
,
or
concealed
,
yet
these
kinde
of
Dogs
by
certaine
direction
of
an
inward
assured
notice
and
priuy
marcke
,
pursue
the
deede
dooers
,
through
long
lanes
,
crooked
reaches
,
and
weary
waies
,
without
wandering
awry
out
of
the
limites
of
the
land
whereon
these
desperate
purloiners
prepared
their
speedy
passage
.
Yea
,
the
natures
of
these
Dogs
is
such
,
and
so
effectuall
is
their
foresight
,
that
they
can
bewray
,
separate
,
and
pick
them
out
from
among
an
infinite
multitude
and
an
innumerable
company
,
creepe
they
neuer
so
farre
into
the
thickest
throng
,
they
will
finde
him
out
notwithstanding
he
lie
hidden
in
wilde
Woods
,
in
close
and
ouergrowen
groues
,
and
lurke
in
hollow
holes
apt
to
harbor
such
vngracious
guestes
.
Moreouer
,
although
they
should
passe
ouer
the
water
,
thinking
thereby
to
auoide
the
pursute
of
the
hounds
,
yet
will
not
these
Dogs
giue
ouer
their
attempt
,
but
presuming
to
swim
through
the
streame
,
perseuer
in
their
pursute
,
and
when
they
be
arriued
and
gotten
the
further
bancke
,
they
hunt
vp
and
down
,
to
and
fro
runne
they
,
from
place
to
place
shift
they
,
vntill
thay
haue
attained
to
that
plot
of
ground
where
they
passed
ouer
.
And
this
is
their
practise
,
if
perdy
they
cannot
at
the
first
time
smelling
,
find
out
the
way
which
the
deede
doores
tooke
to
escape
.
So
at
length
get
they
that
by
art
,
cunning
,
and
diligent
indeuour
,
which
by
fortune
and
lucke
they
cannot
otherwise
ouercome
.
In
so
much
as
it
seemeth
worthely
and
wisely
written
by
Aelianus
in
his
sixt
Booke
,
and
xxxix
.
Chapter
,
To
enthumaticon
kai
dialecticon
,
to
be
as
it
were
naturally
instylled
into
these
kinde
of
dogges
.
For
they
will
not
pause
or
breath
from
their
pursute
vntil
such
time
as
they
be
apprehended
and
taken
which
committed
the
fact
.
The
owners
of
such
houndes
vse
to
keepe
them
in
close
and
darke
channels
in
the
day
time
,
and
let
them
loose
at
liberty
in
the
night
season
,
to
the
intent
that
they
might
with
more
courage
and
boldnesse
practise
to
follow
the
fellon
in
the
euening
and
solitary
hours
of
darkenesse
,
when
such
ill
disposed
varlots
are
principally
purposed
to
play
their
impudent
pageants
,
and
imprudent
pranks
.
These
hounds
(
vpon
whom
this
present
portion
of
our
treatise
runneth
)
when
they
are
to
follow
such
fellowes
as
we
haue
before
rehearsed
,
vse
not
that
liberty
to
raunge
at
will
,
which
they
haue
otherwise
when
they
are
in
game
,
(
except
vpon
necessary
occasion
whereon
dependeth
an
vrgent
and
effectuall
perswasion
)
when
such
purloyners
make
speedy
way
in
flight
,
but
being
restrained
and
drawne
backe
from
running
at
randon
with
the
leame
,
the
end
whereof
the
owner
holding
in
his
hand
is
led
,
guyded
,
and
directed
with
such
swiftnesse
and
slownesse
(
whether
he
goe
on
foote
,
or
whether
he
ride
on
horsebacke
)
as
he
himselfe
in
heart
would
wish
for
the
more
easie
apprehension
of
these
venturous
varlots
.
In
the
borders
of
England
and
Scotland
,
(
the
often
and
accustomed
stealing
of
cattell
so
procuring
)
these
kind
of
Dogges
are
very
much
vsed
,
and
they
are
taught
and
trayned
vp
first
of
all
to
hunt
cattel
,
as
well
of
the
smaller
as
of
the
greater
grouth
;
and
afterwardes
(
that
quality
relinquished
and
lefte
)
they
are
learned
to
pursue
such
pestilent
persons
as
plant
their
pleasure
in
such
practises
of
purloyning
as
we
haue
already
declared
.
Of
this
kind
there
is
none
that
taketh
the
Water
naturally
,
except
it
please
you
so
to
suppose
of
them
which
follow
the
Otter
,
which
sometimes
haunt
the
land
,
and
sometime
vseth
the
water
.
And
yet
neuertheles
al
the
kind
of
them
boyling
and
broyling
with
greedy
desire
of
the
prey
which
by
swimming
passeth
through
ryuer
and
flood
,
plunge
amyds
the
water
,
and
passe
the
streame
with
their
pawes
.
But
this
property
proceedeth
from
an
earnest
desire
wherewith
they
be
inflamed
,
rather
then
from
any
inclination
,
issuyng
from
the
ordinance
and
appointment
of
nature
.
And
albeit
some
of
this
sort
in
English
be
called
Brache
,
in
Scottish
Rache
,
the
cause
herof
resteth
in
the
she-sex
and
not
in
the
generall
kind
.
For
we
English
men
call
Bitches
belonging
to
the
hunting
kind
of
Dogs
,
by
the
tearme
aboue
mentioned
.
To
be
short
it
is
proper
to
the
nature
of
houndes
,
some
to
keepe
silence
in
hunting
vntill
such
time
as
there
is
game
offered
.
Other
some
so
soone
as
they
smell
out
the
place
where
the
beast
lurketh
,
to
bewray
it
immediately
by
their
importunate
barking
,
notwithstanding
it
be
far
&
many
furlongs
of
,
cowching
close
in
his
cabbin
.
And
these
Dogs
the
younger
they
be
,
the
more
wantonly
barke
they
,
and
the
more
liberally
,
yet
,
oftentimes
without
necessity
,
so
that
in
them
,
by
reason
of
their
young
yeares
and
want
of
practise
,
small
certainty
is
to
be
reposed
.
For
continuance
of
time
,
and
experience
in
game
,
ministreth
to
these
hounds
,
not
onely
cunning
in
running
,
but
also
(
as
in
the
rest
)
an
assured
foresight
what
is
to
be
done
,
principally
,
being
acquainted
with
their
maisters
watchwords
,
either
in
reuoking
or
imboldening
them
to
serue
the
game
.
Of
the
Dogges
called
the
Gasehound
,
in
Latine
Agasaeus
.
THis
kinde
of
Dog
which
pursueth
by
the
eye
,
preuaileth
little
,
or
neuer
a
whit
,
by
any
benefite
of
the
nose
,
that
is
by
smelling
,
but
excelleth
in
perspicuity
and
sharpenesse
of
sight
altogether
,
by
the
vertue
whereof
,
being
singuler
and
notable
,
it
hunteth
the
Foxe
and
the
Hare
.
This
Dogge
will
choose
and
separate
any
beast
from
among
a
great
flocke
or
heard
,
and
such
a
one
will
it
take
by
election
as
is
not
lancke
,
leane
and
hollow
,
but
well
spred
,
smooth
,
full
,
fat
,
and
round
,
it
followes
by
direction
of
the
eye-sight
,
which
indeede
is
cleere
,
constant
,
and
not
vncertaine
,
if
a
beast
be
wounded
&
go
astray
the
dog
seeketh
after
it
by
the
steadfastnes
of
the
eie
,
if
it
chance
peraduenture
to
returne
and
be
mingled
with
the
residue
of
the
flocke
,
this
Dog
spyeth
it
out
by
the
vertue
of
his
eye
,
leauing
the
rest
of
the
cattell
vntouched
,
and
after
he
hath
set
sure
sight
vpon
it
he
seperateth
it
from
among
the
company
and
hauing
so
done
neuer
ceaseth
vntill
he
haue
wearyed
the
Beast
to
death
.
Our
countrey
men
cal
this
Dog
Agasaeum
.
A
gase-hound
,
because
the
beames
of
his
sight
are
so
stedfastly
setled
and
vnmoueably
fastned
.
These
Dogs
are
much
and
vsually
occupied
in
the
Northern
parts
of
England
more
then
in
the
Southern
parts
,
&
in
feeldy
lands
rather
then
in
bushy
and
woody
places
,
horsemen
vse
them
more
then
footmen
,
to
the
intent
that
they
might
prouoke
their
horses
to
a
swift
gallop
(
wherewith
they
are
more
delighted
then
with
the
prey
it selfe
)
&
that
they
might
acustome
their
horse
to
leap
ouer
hedges
and
ditches
,
without
stop
or
stumble
,
without
harme
or
hazard
,
without
doubt
or
danger
,
and
to
escape
with
safegard
of
life
.
And
to
the
end
that
the
riders
themselues
when
necessity
so
constrained
,
and
the
feare
of
further
mischiefe
inforced
,
might
saue
themselues
vndamnified
,
and
preuent
each
perillous
tempest
by
preparing
speedy
flight
,
or
else
by
swift
pursute
made
vpon
their
enimies
,
might
both
ouertake
them
,
encounter
with
them
,
and
make
a
slaughter
of
them
accordingly
.
But
if
it
fortune
so
at
any
time
that
this
dog
take
a
wrong
way
,
the
maister
making
some
vsuall
signe
and
familiar
token
,
hee
returneth
forthwith
,
&
taketh
the
right
and
ready
trace
,
begining
his
chase
afresh
,
&
with
a
cleare
voice
,
and
a
swift
foot
followeth
the
game
with
as
much
corage
and
nimblenes
as
he
did
at
the
first
.
Of
the
Dogge
called
the
Grey-hound
,
in
Latine
Leporarius
.
WE
haue
another
kind
of
dog
,
which
for
his
incredible
swiftnes
is
called
Leporarius
a
Grey-hound
,
because
the
principall
seruice
of
them
dependeth
and
consisteth
in
starting
and
hunting
the
Hare
,
which
Dogs
likewise
are
indued
with
no
lesse
strength
then
lightnes
in
maintenance
of
the
game
,
in
seruing
the
chase
,
in
taking
the
Bucke
,
the
Hart
,
the
Doe
,
the
Fox
,
and
other
beasts
of
semblable
kind
ordaind
for
the
game
of
hunting
.
But
more
or
lesse
,
each
one
according
to
the
measure
and
proportion
of
their
desire
,
and
as
might
and
hability
of
their
bodies
will
permit
and
suffer
.
For
it
is
a
spare
and
bare
kind
of
Dog
,
(
of
flesh
but
not
of
bone
)
some
are
of
a
greater
sort
,
and
some
of
a
lesser
,
some
are
smooth
skinned
,
and
some
are
curled
,
the
bigger
therefore
are
appointed
to
hunt
the
bigger
Beasts
,
and
the
smaller
serue
to
hunt
the
smaller
accordingly
.
The
nature
of
the
Dogges
I
finde
to
be
wonderfull
by
the
testimony
of
all
histories
.
For
,
as
Iohn
Froisart
the
historiographer
in
his
4.
lib.
reporteth
.
A
Greyhound
of
King
Richard
,
the
second
that
wore
the
Crowne
,
and
bare
the
Scepter
of
the
realme
of
England
,
neuer
knowing
any
man
,
beside
the
kings
person
,
when
Henry
Duke
of
Lancaster
came
to
the
castle
of
Flinte
to
take
king
Richard
,
the
Dog
forsaking
his
former
Lord
and
maister
came
to
Duke
Henry
,
fawned
vpon
him
with
such
resemblances
of
goodwill
and
conceiued
affection
,
as
he
fauoured
king
Richard
before
:
he
followed
the
Duke
,
and
vtterly
left
the
King
.
So
that
by
these
manifest
circumstances
a
man
might
iudge
his
Dog
to
haue
beene
lightened
with
the
lampe
of
foreknowledge
and
vnderstanding
,
touching
his
old
maisters
miseries
to
come
,
and
vnhappines
nie
at
hand
,
which
king
Richard
himselfe
euidently
perceiued
,
accounting
this
deede
of
his
dog
a
Prophecy
of
his
ouerthrow
.
Of
the
Dogge
called
the
Leuiner
,
or
Lyemmer
in
Latine
Lorarius
.
ANother
sort
of
Dogs
be
there
,
in
smelling
singular
,
and
in
swiftnesse
incomparable
.
This
is
(
as
it
were
)
a
middle
kind
betwixt
the
Harier
and
the
Greyhound
,
as
well
for
his
kind
,
as
for
the
frame
of
his
body
.
And
it
is
called
in
Latine
Leuinarius
,
a
Leuitate
,
of
lightnesse
,
and
therefore
may
well
be
called
a
light-hound
,
it
is
also
called
by
this
word
Lorarius
,
a
Loro
,
a
leame
wherewith
it
is
led
.
This
Dogge
for
the
excellency
of
his
conditions
,
namely
smelling
and
swift
running
,
doth
follow
the
game
with
more
eagernes
,
and
taketh
the
prey
with
a
iolly
quicknesse
.
Of
the
Dogge
called
a
Tumbler
,
in
Latine
Vertagus
.
THis
sort
of
Dogges
,
which
compasseth
all
by
craftes
,
fraudes
,
subtilties
and
deceiptes
,
we
English
men
call
Tumblers
,
because
in
hunting
they
turne
and
tumble
,
winding
their
bodyes
about
in
circle-wise
,
and
then
fiercely
and
violently
venturing
vpon
the
beast
,
doth
suddenly
gripe
it
,
at
the
very
entrance
and
mouth
of
their
receptacles
,
or
closets
before
they
can
recouer
meanes
,
to
saue
and
succor
themselues
.
This
Dogge
vseth
another
craft
and
s●btilty
:
namely
,
when
he
runneth
into
a
warren
,
or
fetcheth
a
course
about
a
conyburrough
,
he
hunts
not
after
them
,
he
fraies
them
not
by
barking
,
he
makes
no
countenance
or
shaddow
of
hatred
against
them
,
but
dissembling
friendship
,
and
pretending
fauour
,
passeth
by
with
silence
and
quietnesse
,
marking
and
noting
their
holes
diligently
,
wherein
(
I
warrant
you
)
he
will
not
be
ouershot
nor
deceiued
.
When
he
commeth
to
the
place
where
Conies
be
,
of
a
certainety
,
he
cowcheth
downe
close
with
his
belly
to
the
ground
,
prouided
alwaies
by
his
skill
and
pollicie
,
that
the
winde
be
neuer
with
him
but
against
him
in
such
an
enterprize
.
And
that
the
Conyes
spy
him
not
where
he
lurketh
.
By
which
meanes
he
obtaineth
the
scent
and
sauour
of
the
conies
,
carryed
towardes
him
with
the
wind
and
the
ayre
,
either
going
to
their
holes
,
or
comming
out
,
either
passing
this
way
,
or
running
that
way
,
and
so
prouideth
by
his
circumspection
,
that
the
silly
simple
Conny
is
debarred
quite
from
his
hole
(
which
is
the
hauen
of
their
hope
,
and
the
harbour
of
their
health
)
and
fraudulently
circumuented
and
taken
,
before
they
can
get
the
aduantage
of
their
hole
.
Thus
hauing
caught
his
prey
he
carrieth
it
speedily
to
his
maister
,
wayting
his
Dogs
returne
in
some
conuenient
lurking
corner
.
These
Dogges
are
somewhat
lesser
then
the
houndes
,
and
they
be
lancker
and
leaner
,
beside
that
they
be
somewhat
pricke
eared
.
A
man
that
shall
marke
the
forme
and
fashion
of
their
bodies
,
may
well
cal
them
mungrel
Grey-hounds
if
they
were
somewhat
bigger
.
But
notwithstanding
they
counteruaile
not
the
Greyhound
in
greatnesse
,
yet
will
he
take
in
one
daies
space
as
many
Conies
as
shall
arise
to
as
big
a
burthen
,
and
as
heauy
a
loade
as
a
horse
can
carry
,
for
deceipt
and
guile
is
the
instrument
whereby
he
maketh
this
spoile
,
which
pernicious
properties
supply
the
places
of
more
commendable
qualities
.
Of
the
Dogge
called
the
theeuish
Dogge
,
in
Latine
Canis
furax
.
THe
like
to
that
whom
we
haue
rehearsed
,
is
the
theeuish
dog
,
which
at
the
mandate
&
bidding
of
his
master
fleereth
and
leereth
abrod
in
the
night
,
hunting
Conies
by
the
aire
,
which
is
leuened
with
the
sauour
and
conueied
to
the
sence
of
smelling
by
the
meanes
of
the
wind
blowing
towardes
him
.
During
all
which
space
of
his
hunting
,
he
will
not
barke
,
least
he
should
be
preiudicial
to
his
own
aduantage
.
And
thus
watcheh
and
snatcheth
vp
in
course
as
many
Conies
as
his
maister
will
suffer
him
,
and
beareth
them
to
his
maisters
standing
.
The
farmers
of
the
countrey
and
vplandish
dwellers
,
call
this
kind
of
Dog
a
night
cur
,
because
he
hunteth
in
the
darke
.
But
let
thus
much
seeme
sufficient
for
dogs
which
serue
the
game
and
disport
of
hunting
.
Of
gentle
Dogges
seruing
the
hauke
,
and
first
of
the
Spaniell
,
called
in
Latine
Hispaniolus
.
SVch
Dogs
as
serue
for
fowling
,
I
thinke
conuenient
and
requisite
to
place
in
the
second
Section
of
this
treatise
.
These
are
also
to
be
reckoned
and
accounted
in
the
number
of
the
Dogs
which
come
of
a
gentle
kinde
,
and
of
those
which
serue
for
fowling
,
there
be
two
sorts
,
The
first
findeth
game
on
the
land
,
the
other
findeth
game
on
the
water
.
Such
as
delight
on
the
land
,
play
their
parts
,
either
by
swiftnesse
of
foot
,
or
by
often
questing
,
to
search
out
and
to
spring
the
bird
for
further
hope
of
aduantage
,
or
else
by
some
secret
signe
and
priuy
token
bewray
the
place
where
they
fall
.
The
first
kind
of
such
serue
the
Hauke
,
the
second
,
the
net
,
or
,
traine
,
The
first
kind
haue
no
peculiar
names
assigned
vnto
them
,
saue
onely
that
they
be
denominated
after
the
birde
which
by
naturall
appointment
he
is
alotted
to
take
;
for
the
which
consideration
,
some
bee
called
dogs
for
the
Falcon
,
the
Phesant
,
the
Partridge
,
and
such
like
.
The
common
sort
of
people
call
them
by
one
general
word
,
namely
Spaniels
.
As
though
these
kind
of
dogs
came
originally
and
first
of
al
out
of
Spaine
.
The
most
part
of
their
skins
are
white
,
and
if
they
be
marked
with
any
spots
they
are
commonly
red
,
and
somewhat
great
therewithall
,
the
haires
not
growing
in
such
thicknes
but
that
the
mixture
of
them
may
easily
be
perceiued
.
Othersome
of
them
be
reddish
and
blackish
,
but
of
that
sort
there
be
but
a
very
few
.
There
is
also
at
this
day
among
vs
a
new
kinde
of
Dog
brought
out
of
France
(
for
we
Englishmen
are
marueilous
greedy
gaping
gluttons
after
nouelties
,
and
couetous
cormorants
of
thinges
that
be
seldome
,
rare
,
strange
,
and
hard
to
get
.
)
And
they
be
speckled
al
ouer
with
white
and
black
,
which
mingled
colours
incline
to
a
marble
blew
,
which
beautifieth
their
skins
and
affoordeth
a
seemely
show
of
comlinesse
.
These
are
called
French
dogs
as
is
aboue
declared
already
.
The
Dog
called
the
Setter
,
in
Latine
Index
.
ANother
sort
of
Dogs
be
there
,
seruiceable
for
fowling
,
making
no
noise
either
with
foot
or
with
tongue
,
whiles
they
follow
the
game
.
These
attend
diligently
vpon
their
maister
&
frame
their
conditions
to
such
becks
,
motions
,
&
gestures
,
as
it
shal
please
him
to
exhibite
and
make
,
either
going
forward
,
drawing
backward
,
inclining
to
the
right
hand
,
or
yealding
toward
the
left
,
(
In
making
mencion
of
fowles
,
my
meaning
is
of
the
Patridge
and
the
Q●aile
)
when
he
hath
found
the
bird
,
he
keepeth
sure
and
fast
silence
,
he
st●ieth
his
steps
and
wil
proceede
no
further
,
and
with
a
close
,
couert
,
watching
eie
,
layeth
his
belly
to
the
ground
and
so
creepeth
forward
like
a
worme
.
When
he
approcheth
neere
to
the
place
where
the
bird
is
,
he
lies
him
down
,
and
with
a
marke
of
his
pawes
betrayeth
the
place
of
the
birds
last
abode
,
wherby
it
is
supposed
that
this
kind
of
dog
is
called
Index
,
Setter
,
being
indeede
a
name
most
consonant
&
agreeable
to
his
quality
.
The
place
being
knowne
by
the
meanes
of
the
Dog
,
the
fowler
immediatly
openeth
and
spreedeth
his
net
,
intending
to
take
them
;
which
being
done
the
dog
at
the
customed
becke
or
vsuall
signe
of
his
Maister
riseth
vp
by
and
by
,
and
draweth
neerer
to
the
fowle
that
by
his
presence
they
might
be
the
authors
of
their
own
insnaring
,
and
be
ready
intangled
in
the
prepared
net
which
cunning
and
artificiall
indeuor
in
a
dog
(
being
a
creature
domesticall
or
houshold
seruant
,
brought
vp
at
home
with
offals
of
the
●rencher
,
and
fragments
of
victuals
,
)
is
not
so
much
to
be
marueiled
at
,
seeing
that
a
Hare
(
being
a
wild
and
skippish
beast
)
was
seene
in
England
to
the
astonishment
of
the
beholders
,
in
the
yeare
of
our
Lorde
God
,
1564.
not
only
dauncing
in
measure
,
but
playing
with
his
former
feete
vpon
a
tabberet
,
and
obseruing
iust
number
of
strokes
(
as
a
practitioner
in
that
Art
)
besides
that
,
nipping
and
pinching
a
dog
with
his
teeth
and
clawes
,
and
cruelly
thumping
him
with
the
force
of
his
feete
.
This
is
no
trumpery
tale
,
nor
trifle
toy
(
as
I
imagine
)
and
therefore
not
vnworthy
to
be
reported
,
for
I
recken
it
a
requital
of
my
trauaile
,
not
to
drowne
in
the
seas
of
silence
any
speciall
thing
,
wherein
the
prouidence
and
effectuall
working
of
nature
is
to
be
pondered
.
Of
the
Dog
called
the
water
Spaniell
,
or
finder
,
in
Latine
Aquaticus
seu
Inquisitor
.
THat
kind
of
dog
whose
seruice
is
required
in
fowling
vpon
the
water
,
partly
through
a
naturall
towardnes
,
and
partly
by
diligent
teaching
,
is
indued
with
that
property
.
This
sorte
is
somewhat
big
,
and
of
a
measurable
greatnes
,
hauing
long
,
rough
,
and
curled
haire
,
not
obtained
by
extraordinary
trades
,
but
giuen
by
natures
appointment
;
yet
neuerthelesse
(
friend
Gesner
)
I
haue
described
and
set
him
out
in
this
manner
,
namely
powled
and
notted
from
the
shoulders
to
the
hindermost
legs
,
and
to
the
end
of
his
taile
,
which
I
did
for
vse
and
customs
cause
,
that
being
as
it
were
made
somewhat
bare
and
naked
,
by
shearing
off
such
superfluity
of
haire
,
they
might
atchiue
the
more
lightnesse
,
and
swiftnes
,
and
be
lesse
hindred
in
swimming
,
so
troublesome
and
needelesse
a
burthen
being
shaken
off
.
This
kind
of
dog
is
properly
called
,
Aquaticus
,
a
water
spaniel
,
because
he
frequenteth
and
hath
vsuall
recourse
to
the
water
where
al
his
game
lyeth
,
namely
water
fowles
,
which
are
taken
by
the
help
and
seruice
of
them
,
in
their
kind
.
And
principally
ducks
and
drakes
,
whereupon
he
is
likewise
named
a
dog
for
the
duck
,
because
in
that
quality
he
is
excellent
.
With
these
Dogs
also
we
fetch
out
of
the
water
such
fowle
as
be
stounge
to
death
by
any
venemous
Worme
▪
we
vse
them
also
to
bring
vs
our
boultes
and
arrowes
out
of
the
Water
,
(
missing
our
marke
)
whereat
we
directed
our
leuell
,
which
otherwise
we
should
hardly
recouer
,
and
oftentimes
they
restore
to
vs
our
shaftes
which
wee
thought
neuer
to
see
,
touch
,
or
handle
againe
,
after
they
were
lost
:
for
which
circumstaunces
they
are
called
Inquis●tores
,
searchers
,
and
finders
.
Although
the
Ducke
otherwhiles
notably
deceiueth
both
the
Dog
and
the
Maister
,
by
dyuing
vnder
the
Water
,
and
also
by
naturall
subtilty
,
for
i●
any
man
shall
approch
to
the
place
where
they
builde
,
breede
,
and
sit
,
the
hennes
goe
out
of
their
neasts
,
offering
themselues
voluntarily
to
the
handes
,
as
it
were
,
of
such
as
drawe
neere
their
neastes
.
And
a
certaine
weakenesse
of
their
Wings
pretended
,
and
infirmity
of
their
feet
dissembled
,
they
goe
slowly
and
so
leasurely
,
that
to
a
mans
thinking
it
were
no
maisteries
to
take
them
.
By
which
deceiptfull
tricke
they
doe
as
it
were
entise
and
allure
men
to
follow
them
,
til
they
be
drawn
a
long
distance
from
their
nestes
,
which
being
compassed
by
their
prouident
cunning
,
or
cunning
prouidence
,
they
cutte
of
all
inconueniences
which
might
grow
of
their
returne
,
by
vsing
many
careful
and
curious
caueats
,
least
their
often
hunting
bewray
the
place
where
the
young
duklings
be
hatched
.
Great
therefore
is
their
desire
,
and
earnest
is
their
study
to
take
heede
,
not
only
to
their
brood
but
also
to
themselus
▪
For
when
they
haue
an
inkling
that
they
are
espied
,
they
hide
themselues
vnder
turfes
or
sedges
,
wherewith
they
couer
and
shroud
themselues
so
closely
and
so
craftely
,
that
(
notwithstanding
the
place
where
they
lurk
be
found
and
prefectly
perceiued
)
there
they
will
harbor
without
harme
,
except
the
water
spaniel
by
quick
smelling
discouer
their
deceiptes
.
Of
the
Dogge
called
the
Fisher
,
in
Latine
Canis
Piscator
.
THe
Dog
called
the
fisher
,
whereof
Hector
Boethus
writeth
,
which
seeketh
for
fish
by
smelling
among
rockes
and
stones
,
assuredly
I
know
none
of
that
kind
in
England
,
neither
haue
I
receiued
by
report
that
there
is
any
such
,
albeit
I
haue
beene
diligent
and
busie
in
demaunding
the
question
as
well
of
fishermen
,
as
also
of
hunts-men
in
that
behalfe
,
being
carefull
and
earnest
to
learne
and
vnderstand
of
them
if
any
such
were
,
except
you
hold
opinion
that
the
Beauer
or
Otter
is
a
fish
(
as
many
haue
beleeued
)
and
according
to
their
beleefe
affirmed
,
as
the
bird
Pupine
,
is
thought
to
be
a
fish
,
and
so
accounted
.
But
that
kinde
of
Dog
which
followeth
the
fish
to
apprehend
and
take
it
(
if
there
be
any
of
that
disposition
and
property
)
whether
they
do
this
thing
for
the
game
of
hunting
,
or
for
the
heate
of
hunger
,
as
other
Dogs
doe
which
rather
then
they
will
be
famished
for
want
of
foode
,
couet
the
carcases
of
carrion
and
putrified
flesh
.
When
I
am
fully
resolued
and
disburthened
of
this
doubt
I
will
send
you
certificate
in
writing
.
In
the
meane
season
I
am
not
ignorant
of
that
both
Aelianus
and
Aelius
,
call
the
Beauer
kunapotamion
a
water
dog
,
or
a
Dog-fish
,
I
know
likewise
thus
much
more
,
that
the
Beauer
doth
participate
this
propertie
with
the
dog
,
namely
,
that
when
fishes
be
scarce
they
leaue
the
water
and
range
vp
and
downe
the
land
,
making
an
insatiable
slaughter
of
young
lambes
vntill
their
paunches
be
replenished
,
and
when
they
haue
fed
themselues
full
of
flesh
,
then
returne
they
to
the
water
,
from
whence
they
came
.
But
albeit
so
much
be
granted
that
this
Beauer
is
a
Dog
,
yet
it
is
to
be
noted
that
we
recken
it
not
in
the
beadrow
of
English
Dogs
as
we
haue
done
the
rest
.
The
sea
Calfe
,
in
like
manner
,
which
our
contry
men
for
breuity
sake
cal
a
Seele
,
other
more
largely
name
a
Sea
Vele
,
maketh
a
spoile
of
fishes
betweene
rockes
and
banckes
,
but
it
is
not
accounted
in
the
catalogue
or
number
of
our
English
Dogs
,
notwithstanding
we
call
it
by
the
name
of
a
sea
Dog
or
a
sea-Calfe
.
And
thus
much
for
our
Dogs
of
the
second
sort
,
called
in
Latine
Aucupatorij
,
seruing
to
take
fowle
either
by
land
or
water
.
Of
the
delicate
,
neate
,
and
pretty
kind
of
dogges
called
the
Spaniell
gentle
,
or
the
comforter
,
in
Latine
Melitaeus
or
Fotor
.
THere
is
,
besides
those
which
wee
haue
already
deliuered
,
another
sort
of
gentle
dogs
in
this
our
English
soile
but
exempted
from
the
order
of
the
residue
,
the
Dogs
of
this
kind
doth
Callimachus
call
Melitaeos
of
the
Iseland
Melita
,
in
the
sea
of
Sicily
(
which
at
this
day
is
named
Malta
,
an
Iseland
indeede
,
famous
and
renowned
,
with
couragious
and
puisaunt
souldiers
valliantly
fighting
vnder
the
banner
of
Christ
their
vnconquerable
captaine
)
where
this
kind
of
dogs
had
their
principall
beginning
.
These
dogs
are
little
,
pretty
,
proper
,
and
fine
,
and
sought
for
to
satifie
the
delicatenes
of
dainty
dames
,
and
wanton
womens
wils
,
instruments
of
folly
for
them
to
playe
and
dally
withall
,
to
tryfle
away
the
treasure
of
time
,
withdraw
their
mindes
from
more
commendable
exercises
,
and
to
content
their
corrupted
concupiscences
with
vaine
disport
(
A
selly
shift
to
shunne
yrkesome
idlenesse
.
)
These
puppies
the
smaller
they
be
,
the
more
pleasure
they
prouoke
,
as
more
meete
play-fellowes
for
minsing
mistrisses
to
beare
in
their
bosomes
,
to
keepe
company
withal
in
their
chambers
,
to
succour
with
sleep
in
bed
,
and
nourish
with
meate
at
bourde
,
to
lay
in
their
lappes
,
and
licke
their
lips
as
they
ride
in
their
Waggons
,
and
good
reason
it
should
be
so
,
for
coursenesse
with
finenesse
hath
no
fellowship
,
but
featnesse
with
neatnesse
hath
neighbourhood
enough
?
That
plau●ible
prouerbe
verified
vpon
a
Tyrant
,
namely
that
he
loued
his
Sow
better
then
his
son
,
may
well
be
applyed
to
these
kind
of
people
,
who
delight
more
in
Dogs
that
are
depriued
of
all
possibility
of
reason
,
then
they
do
in
children
that
be
capeable
of
wisedome
,
and
iudgment
.
But
this
abuse
peraduenture
raigneth
where
there
hath
beene
long
lacke
of
issue
,
or
else
where
barrennes
is
the
best
blossom
of
beauty
.
The
vertue
which
remaineth
in
the
Spaniel
gentle
,
otherwise
called
the
comforter
.
NOtwithstanding
many
make
much
of
those
pritty
puppies
called
Spanyels
gentle
,
yet
if
the
question
were
demaunded
what
property
in
them
they
spye
,
which
should
make
them
so
acceptable
and
precious
in
their
sight
,
I
doubt
their
answer
would
belong
a
coyning
.
But
seeing
it
was
our
intent
to
trauaile
in
this
treatise
,
so
,
that
the
reader
might
reape
some
benefit
by
his
reading
,
we
will
communicate
vnto
such
coniectures
as
are
grounded
vpon
reason
.
And
though
some
suppose
that
such
dogs
are
fit
for
no
seruice
,
I
dare
say
,
by
their
leaues
,
they
be
in
a
wrong
boxe
.
Among
all
other
qualities
therefore
of
nature
,
which
be
knowne
(
for
some
conditions
are
couered
with
continuall
and
thick
clouds
,
that
the
eie
of
our
capacities
cannot
pearse
through
them
)
we
find
that
these
litle
dogs
are
good
to
as●wage
the
sicknes
of
the
stomack
,
being
oftentimes
thereunto
applied
as
a
plaster
preseruatiue
,
or
borne
in
the
bosom
of
the
diseased
and
weake
person
;
which
effect
is
performed
by
their
moderate
heat
.
Moreouer
the
disease
and
sicknes
changeth
his
place
and
entreth
(
though
it
be
not
precisely
marked
)
into
the
dog
,
which
to
bee
truth
,
experience
can
testifie
,
for
these
kind
of
dogs
sometime
fall
sicke
,
and
sometime
die
,
without
any
harme
outwardly
inforced
,
which
is
an
argument
that
the
disease
of
the
gentleman
,
or
gentlewoman
or
owner
whatsoeuer
,
entreth
into
the
dog
by
the
operation
of
heare
intermingled
and
infected
.
And
thus
haue
I
hetherto
handled
dogs
of
a
gentle
kind
whom
I
haue
comprehended
in
a
triple
diuision
.
Now
it
remaineth
that
I
annex
in
due
order
,
such
dogs
as
be
of
a
more
homely
kind
.
Dogges
of
a
course
kind
seruing
for
many
necessary
vses
,
called
in
Latine
Canis
rustici
,
and
first
of
the
Shepherds
dog
called
in
Latine
Canis
Pastoralis
.
THe
first
kind
,
namely
the
shepherds
hound
is
very
necessary
and
profitable
for
the
auoyding
of
harmes
,
and
inconueniences
which
may
come
to
men
by
the
meanes
of
beastes
.
The
second
sort
serue
to
succour
against
the
snares
and
attemptes
of
mischieuous
men
.
Our
shepherds
dog
is
not
huge
,
vaste
,
and
big
,
but
of
an
indifferent
stature
and
growth
,
because
it
hath
not
to
deale
with
the
blood
thirsty
wolfe
,
sythence
there
be
none
in
England
,
which
happy
and
fortunate
benefit
is
to
be
ascribed
to
the
puisaunt
Prince
Edgar
,
who
to
the
intent
that
the
whole
countrey
might
be
euacuated
and
quite
cleered
from
wolfes
,
charged
and
commaunded
the
Welshmen
(
who
were
pestered
with
these
butcherly
beasts
aboue
measure
)
to
pay
him
yearely
tribute
which
was
(
note
the
wisedome
of
the
king
)
three
hundred
Wolfes
.
Some
there
be
which
write
that
Ludwall
Prince
of
Wales
paid
yeerely
to
king
Edgar
three
hundred
wolfes
in
the
name
of
an
exaction
(
as
we
haue
said
before
.
)
And
that
by
the
meanes
hereof
,
within
the
compasse
and
tearme
of
foure
years
,
none
of
those
noysome
and
pestilent
beastes
were
left
in
the
coastes
of
England
and
Wales
.
This
Edgar
wore
the
crowne
royall
,
and
bare
the
Scepter
imperiall
of
this
kingdome
,
about
the
yeare
of
our
Lord
,
nine
hundred
,
fifty
nine
.
Since
which
time
we
reade
that
no
Wolfe
hath
beene
seene
in
England
,
bred
within
the
bounds
and
borders
of
this
country
,
mary
there
haue
beene
diuers
brought
ouer
from
beyond
the
seas
,
for
greedines
of
gaine
and
to
make
money
,
for
gasing
and
gaping
,
staring
,
and
standing
to
see
them
,
being
a
strange
beast
,
rare
,
and
seldome
seene
in
England
.
But
to
returne
to
our
shepherds
Dog
.
This
dog
either
at
the
hearing
of
his
maisters
voice
,
or
at
the
wagging
and
whisteling
in
his
fist
,
or
at
his
s●rill
and
horse
hissing
bringeth
the
wandering
weathers
and
straying
sheepe
,
into
the
selfe
same
place
where
his
maisters
will
and
wish
is
to
haue
them
,
wherby
the
shepherd
reapeth
this
benefit
,
namely
,
that
with
little
labour
and
no
toyle
or
mouing
of
his
feete
he
may
rule
and
guide
his
flock
,
according
to
his
own
desire
,
either
to
haue
them
go
forward
,
or
to
stand
still
,
or
to
draw
backward
,
or
to
turne
this
way
,
or
take
that
way
.
For
it
is
not
in
England
,
as
it
is
in
France
,
as
it
is
in
Flaunders
,
as
it
is
in
Syria
,
as
it
is
in
Tartaria
,
where
the
sheepe
follow
the
shepherd
,
for
heere
in
our
Countrey
the
shepherd
followeth
the
sheepe
.
And
sometimes
the
straying
sheepe
,
when
no
Dog
runneth
before
them
,
nor
goeth
about
and
beside
them
,
gather
themselues
together
in
a
flock
,
when
they
heere
the
shepherd
whistle
in
his
fist
,
for
feare
of
the
dog
(
as
I
imagine
)
remembring
this
(
if
vnreasonable
creatures
may
be
reported
to
haue
memory
)
that
the
Dog
commonly
runneth
out
at
his
maisters
warrant
which
is
his
whistle
.
This
haue
we
oftentimes
diligently
marked
in
taking
our
iourney
from
towne
to
towne
,
when
we
haue
hard
a
shepherd
whistle
we
haue
rayned
in
our
horse
and
stood
still
a
space
,
to
see
the
proofe
and
tryall
of
this
matter
.
Furthermore
with
this
dog
doth
the
Shepherd
take
sheepe
for
the
slaughter
,
and
to
be
healed
if
they
be
sick
,
no
hurt
or
harme
in
the
world
done
to
the
simple
creature
.
Of
the
mastiue
or
Bandogge
called
in
Latine
Villaticus
or
Cathenarius
.
THis
kind
of
dog
called
a
mastiue
or
Bandog
is
vaste
,
huge
,
stubborne
,
ougly
,
and
eager
,
of
a
heuy
and
bourthenous
body
,
and
therefore
but
litle
swiftnesse
,
terrible
,
and
frightfull
to
behold
,
and
more
fierce
and
fell
then
any
Arcadian
cur
(
notwithstanding
they
are
said
to
haue
their
generation
of
the
violent
lion
.
)
They
are
called
Villatici
,
because
they
are
appointed
to
watch
and
keepe
farme
places
and
countrey
cotages
sequestred
from
common
recourse
,
and
not
abutting
vpon
other
houses
by
reason
of
distance
,
when
there
any
feare
conceiued
of
theeues
,
robbers
,
spoylers
,
and
nightwanderers
.
They
are
seruiceable
,
against
the
Foxe
and
Badger
,
to
driue
Wilde
and
tame
Swine
out
of
Medowes
,
pastures
,
glebelands
and
places
planted
with
fruite
,
to
baite
and
take
the
Bull
by
the
eare
,
when
occasion
so
requireth
.
One
Dog
or
two
at
the
vttermost
,
sufficient
for
that
purpose
be
the
Bull
neuer
so
monstrous
,
neuer
so
fierce
,
neuer
so
furious
,
neuer
so
stearne
,
neuer
so
vntameable
.
For
is
is
a
kind
of
Dog
capeable
of
courage
,
violent
and
valiant
,
striking
cold
feare
into
the
hearts
of
men
,
but
standing
in
feare
of
no
man
,
insomuch
that
no
weapons
wil
make
him
shrinke
,
nor
abridge
his
boldnesse
.
Our
English
men
(
to
the
intent
that
their
dogs
might
the
more
fell
and
sierce
)
assist
nature
with
Arte
,
vse
,
and
custome
,
for
they
teach
their
Dogs
to
bayte
the
Beare
,
to
baite
the
Bull
and
other
such
like
cruell
and
bloody
Beastes
(
appointing
an
ouerseer
of
the
game
)
without
any
Collar
to
defende
their
throates
,
and
oftentimes
they
traine
them
vp
in
fighting
and
wrestling
with
any
man
hauing
for
the
safegarde
of
his
life
,
either
a
Pikestaffe
,
a
Clubbe
or
a
sword
,
and
by
vsing
them
to
such
exercises
as
these
,
their
Dogs
become
more
sturdy
and
strong
.
The
force
which
is
in
them
surmounteth
all
beleefe
,
the
fast
hold
which
they
take
with
their
teeth
exceedeth
all
credit
,
three
of
them
against
a
Beare
,
foure
against
a
Lyon
are
sufficient
,
both
to
try
masteries
with
them
and
vtterly
to
ouermatch
them
.
Which
thing
Henry
the
seuenth
of
that
name
,
King
of
England
(
a
Prince
both
politique
and
warlike
)
perceiuing
on
a
certaine
time
(
as
the
report
runneth
)
commaunded
all
such
dogs
(
how
many
soeuer
they
were
in
number
)
should
he
hanged
,
being
deepely
displeased
,
and
conceiuing
great
disdaine
,
that
an
ill
fauoured
rascall
curre
should
with
such
violent
villany
,
assault
the
valiant
Lyon
king
of
all
beastes
.
An
example
for
all
subiectes
worthy
remembraunce
,
to
admonish
them
,
that
it
is
no
aduantage
to
them
to
rebell
against
the
regiment
of
their
ruler
,
but
to
keepe
them
within
the
limits
of
loyalty
.
I
read
an
history
answerable
to
this
of
the
selfe
same
Henry
,
who
hauing
a
notable
and
an
excellent
faire
Falcon
,
it
fortuned
that
the
kings
Falconers
,
in
the
presence
and
hearing
of
his
grace
,
highly
commended
his
maiesties
Falcon
,
saying
,
that
it
feared
not
to
intermeddle
with
an
Eagle
,
it
was
so
ventrous
a
Birde
and
so
mighty
,
which
when
the
king
heard
,
he
charged
that
the
Falcon
should
be
killed
without
delay
,
for
the
selfe
same
re●son
as
it
may
seeme
)
which
was
rehearsed
in
the
conclusion
of
the
former
history
concerning
the
same
king
.
This
dog
is
called
in
like
manner
,
Cathenarius
,
a
Cathena
,
of
the
chaine
wherewith
he
is
tyed
at
the
gates
,
in
the
day
time
,
least
being
lose
he
shoulde
doe
much
mischiefe
,
and
yet
might
giue
occasion
of
fear
and
terror
by
his
big
barking
.
And
albeit
Cicero
in
his
Oration
had
Pro.
S.
Ross
.
be
of
this
opinion
,
that
such
dogs
as
barke
in
the
broad
day
light
should
haue
their
legs
broken
,
yet
our
countrey
men
,
on
this
side
the
Seas
for
their
carelesnes
of
life
setting
all
at
cinque
and
sice
are
of
a
contrary
iudgement
.
For
theeues
rogue
vp
and
downe
in
euery
corner
,
no
place
is
free
from
them
,
no
not
the
princes
pallace
,
nor
the
countreymans
cotage
.
In
the
day
time
they
practise
pilfering
,
picking
,
open
robbing
,
and
priuy
stealing
,
and
what
legerdemaine
lack
they
?
not
fearing
the
shamefull
and
horrible
death
of
hanging
.
The
cause
of
which
inconuenience
doth
not
onely
issue
from
nipping
need
and
wringing
want
,
for
all
that
steale
are
not
pinched
with
pouerty
,
some
steale
to
maintain
their
excessiue
and
prodigall
expences
in
apparrel
,
their
lewdnes
of
life
,
their
hautines
of
hart
,
their
wantonnes
of
manners
,
their
wilfull
ydlenes
,
their
ambitious
brauery
,
and
the
pride
of
the
sawcy
Salacones
me
galorrou●ton
,
vaine
glorious
and
arrogant
in
behauiour
,
whose
delight
dependeth
wholy
to
mount
nimbly
on
horsse-backe
,
to
make
them
leape
lustilie
,
spring
and
prance
,
gallop
and
amble
,
to
run
a
race
,
to
wind
in
compasse
,
and
so
foorth
,
liuing
altogither
vpon
the
fatnes
of
the
spoile
.
Othersome
there
be
which
steale
,
being
therto
prouoked
by
penury
and
need
,
like
masterles
men
applying
themselues
to
no
honest
trade
,
but
ranging
vp
and
downe
,
impudently
begging
and
complaining
of
bodily
weaknesse
where
is
no
want
of
ability
.
But
valiant
Valentine
the
Emperor
,
by
holsom
lawes
prouided
that
such
as
hauing
no
corporall
sickenes
,
sold
themselues
to
begging
,
pleaded
pouerty
with
pretended
infirmity
,
and
cloaked
their
ydle
and
slothfull
life
with
colourable
shifts
and
cloudy
cozening
,
should
be
a
perpetuall
slaue
and
drudge
to
him
,
by
whome
their
impudent
idlenes
was
bewrayed
,
and
laid
against
them
in
publick
place
,
least
the
insufferable
slouthfulnes
of
such
vagabonds
should
be
burthenous
to
the
people
,
or
being
so
hatefull
and
odious
,
should
grow
into
an
example
.
Alfredus
likewise
in
the
gouernment
of
his
common
wealth
,
procured
such
increase
of
credite
to
iust●ce
and
vpright
dealing
by
his
prudent
acts
and
statutes
,
that
if
a
man
traueling
by
the
high
way
of
the
country
vnder
his
dominion
,
chanced
to
loose
a
budget
full
of
Gold
,
or
his
capcase
farsed
with
things
of
great
value
,
late
in
the
euening
,
he
should
find
it
where
he
lost
it
safe
,
sound
,
and
vntouched
the
next
morning
,
yea
(
which
is
a
wonder
)
at
any
time
for
a
whole
months
space
if
he
sought
for
it
,
as
Ingulphus
Croyladensis
in
his
history
recordeth
.
But
in
this
our
vnhappy
age
,
in
these
(
I
say
)
our
diuelish
daies
,
nothing
can
scape
the
clawes
of
the
spoiler
,
though
it
be
kept
neuer
so
sure
within
the
house
,
albeit
the
doors
be
lockt
and
boulted
round
about
.
This
dog
in
like
maner
of
the
Graecians
is
called
Oikouros
.
Of
the
Latinists
Canis
Coltos
,
in
English
the
Dog-keeper
.
Borrowing
his
name
of
his
seruice
,
for
he
doth
not
onely
keepe
farmers
houses
,
but
also
merchants
mansions
,
wherein
great
wealth
,
riches
,
substance
,
and
costly
stuffe
is
reposed
.
And
therefore
were
certaine
dogs
found
and
maintained
at
the
common
costs
and
charges
of
the
Cittizens
of
Rome
in
the
place
cald
Capitolium
,
to
giue
warning
of
theeues
comming
.
This
kind
of
dog
is
so
called
,
In
Latine
Canis
Laniarius
,
in
English
the
Butchers
dog
.
So
called
for
the
necessity
of
his
vse
,
for
his
seruice
affoordeth
great
benefit
to
the
butcher
as
well
in
following
as
in
taking
his
cattell
when
neede
constraineth
,
vrgeth
,
and
requireth
.
This
kind
of
Dog
is
likewise
called
,
In
Latine
Molossicus
or
Molossus
After
the
name
of
a
countrey
in
Epirus
called
Molossia
,
which
harboureth
many
stoute
,
strong
,
and
sturdy
Dogs
of
this
sort
,
for
the
Dogs
of
that
countrey
are
good
indeede
,
or
else
there
is
no
trust
to
be
had
in
the
testimony
of
writers
.
This
dog
is
also
called
,
In
Latine
Canis
Mandatarius
a
Dog
messenger
or
Carrier
.
Vpon
substanciall
consideration
,
because
at
his
maisters
voice
and
commaundement
,
he
carrieth
letters
from
place
to
place
,
wrapped
vp
cunningly
in
his
lether
collar
,
fastned
thereto
,
or
sowed
close
therein
,
who
,
least
he
should
be
hindred
in
his
passage
,
vseth
these
helpes
very
skilfully
,
namely
resistance
in
fighting
if
he
be
not
ouermatched
,
or
else
swiftnesse
and
readinesse
in
running
away
,
if
he
be
vnable
to
buckle
with
the
Dog
that
would
faine
haue
a
snatch
at
his
skinne
.
This
kinde
of
Dog
is
likewise
called
,
In
Latine
Canis
Lunarius
,
in
English
the
Mooner
.
Because
he
doth
nothing
else
but
watch
and
ward
at
an
inch
,
wasting
the
wearisome
night
season
without
slombering
or
sleeping
,
bawing
and
wawing
at
the
Moon
(
that
I
may
vse
the
word
of
Nonius
)
a
quality
in
mine
opinion
strange
to
consider
.
This
kind
of
dog
is
also
called
,
In
Latine
Aquarius
,
in
English
a
water
drawer
.
And
these
be
of
the
greater
and
the
waighter
sort
,
drawing
water
out
of
wels
and
deepe
pits
,
by
a
wheele
which
they
turne
round
about
by
the
mouing
of
their
burthenous
bodies
.
This
dog
is
called
in
like
manner
.
Canis
Sarcinarius
in
latine
,
and
may
aptly
be
Englished
,
a
Tynkers
Curre
.
Because
with
marueilous
patience
they
beare
big
budgets
fraught
with
Tinkers
tooles
,
and
mettall
meete
to
mend
kettels
,
porrige-pots
,
skellets
,
and
chafers
,
and
other
such
like
trumpery
requisite
for
their
occupacion
and
loytering
trade
,
easing
him
of
a
great
burthen
,
which
otherwise
he
himselfe
should
carry
vpon
his
shoulders
;
which
condition
hath
challenged
vnto
them
the
forsaid
name
.
Besides
the
qualities
which
we
haue
already
recounted
,
this
kind
of
Dogs
hath
this
principall
property
ingrafted
in
them
,
that
they
loue
their
maisters
liberally
,
and
hate
straungers
despightfully
;
whereupon
it
followeth
that
they
are
to
their
maisters
in
traueiling
a
singuler
safegarde
,
defending
them
forceably
from
the
inuasion
of
villayns
and
theeues
▪
preseruing
their
liues
from
losse
,
and
their
health
from
hazzard
,
their
flesh
from
hacking
and
hewing
,
with
such
like
desperate
daungers
.
For
which
consideration
they
are
meritoriously
tearmed
.
In
latine
Canes
defensores
:
defending
dogs
in
our
mother
tongue
.
If
it
chance
that
the
maister
be
oppressed
,
either
by
a
multitude
,
or
by
the
greater
violence
and
so
be
beaten
downe
that
he
lie
groueling
on
the
ground
,
(
it
is
proued
true
by
experience
)
that
this
dog
forsaketh
not
his
maister
,
no
not
when
he
is
starke
dead
:
But
induring
the
force
of
famishment
and
the
outragious
tempestes
of
the
weather
,
most
vigilantly
watcheth
and
carefully
keepeth
the
deade
carkasse
many
daies
,
indeuouring
furthermore
,
to
kill
the
murtherer
of
his
maister
,
if
he
may
get
any
aduantage
.
Or
else
by
barking
,
by
howling
,
by
furious
iarring
,
snarring
,
and
such
like
means
betrayeth
the
malefactor
as
desirous
to
haue
the
death
of
his
aforsaid
maister
rigoriously
reuenged
.
An
example
heerof
fortuned
within
the
compasse
of
my
memory
.
The
Dog
of
a
certaine
wayfaring
man
trauailing
from
the
Citty
of
London
directly
to
the
Towne
of
●ingstone
(
most
famous
and
renowned
by
reason
of
the
triumphant
coronation
of
eight
seuerall
Kings
)
passing
ouer
a
good
portion
of
his
iourney
,
was
assaulted
and
set
vpon
by
certaine
confederate
theeues
lying
in
waight
for
the
spoyle
in
Come-parcke
,
a
perillous
bottom
,
compassed
about
with
Woods
too
well
knowne
for
the
manifold
murders
and
mischeeuous
robberies
their
committed
.
Into
whose
handes
this
passieger
chaunced
to
fall
,
so
that
his
ill
luck
cost
him
the
price
of
his
life
.
And
that
Dog
whose
syer
was
English
,
(
which
Blondus
registreth
to
haue
beene
within
the
bankes
of
his
remembrance
)
manifestly
perceiuing
that
his
maister
was
murthered
(
this
chanced
not
farre
from
Paris
)
by
the
hands
of
one
which
was
a
suiter
to
the
same
woman
,
whom
he
was
a
wooer
vnto
,
did
both
bewray
the
bloody
Butcher
,
and
attempted
to
teare
out
the
villains
throat
,
if
he
had
not
sought
meanes
to
auoid
the
reuenging
rage
of
the
dog
.
In
fyers
also
which
fortune
in
the
silence
and
dead
time
of
the
night
or
in
stormy
weather
of
the
saide
season
,
the
older
dogs
barke
,
ball
,
howle
,
and
yell
,
(
ye●
notwithstanding
they
be
roughly
rated
)
neyther
will
they
stay
their
tongues
till
the
houshould
seruants
awake
,
rise
,
search
,
and
see
the
burning
of
the
fire
,
which
being
perceiued
they
vse
voluntary
silence
,
and
cease
from
yolping
.
This
hath
bin
,
and
is
found
true
by
triall
,
in
sundry
parts
of
England
.
There
was
no
fainting
faith
in
that
Dog
,
which
when
his
maister
by
a
mischance
in
hunting
stumbled
and
fel
,
toppling
downe
a
deepe
ditch
being
vnable
to
recouer
of
himselfe
,
the
dog
signifying
his
maisters
mishap
,
rescue
came
,
and
he
was
hailed
vp
by
a
rope
,
whom
the
Dog
seeing
almost
drawne
vp
to
the
edge
of
the
ditch
,
cheerefully
saluted
,
leaping
and
skipping
vpon
his
maister
as
though
he
would
haue
imbraced
him
,
being
glad
of
his
presence
,
whose
longer
absence
he
was
loath
to
lacke
.
Some
Dogs
there
be
,
which
will
not
suffer
fierie
coales
to
ly
scattered
about
the
hearth
,
but
with
their
pawes
will
rake
vp
the
burning
coales
,
musing
and
studying
first
with
themselues
how
it
might
conueniently
be
done
.
And
if
so
be
that
the
coales
cast
to
great
a
heat
,
then
will
they
bury
them
in
ashes
and
so
remoue
them
forward
to
a
fit
place
with
their
noses
.
Other
dogs
be
ther
which
execute
the
office
of
a
Farmer
in
the
night
time
.
For
when
his
maister
goeth
to
bedde
to
take
his
naturall
sleepe
.
And
when
,
A
hundred
bars
of
brasse
and
yron
boltes
,
Make
all
things
safe
from
startes
and
from
reuolts
.
When
Ianus
keepes
the
gate
with
Argos
eye
,
That
dangers
none
approach
,
ne
mischiefe
nie
.
As
Virgill
vaunteth
in
his
verses
,
Then
if
his
maister
biddeth
him
goe
abroad
,
he
lingereth
not
,
but
raungeth
ouer
all
his
lands
there
about
,
more
diligently
,
Iwys
,
then
anie
farmer
himselfe
.
And
if
he
find
any
thing
ther
that
is
strange
and
pertaining
to
other
persons
besides
his
maister
,
whether
it
be
man
,
woman
,
or
Beast
,
he
driueth
them
out
of
the
ground
,
not
meddling
with
any
thing
that
do
belong
to
the
possession
and
vse
of
his
master
.
But
how
much
faithfulnes
,
so
much
diuersity
there
is
in
their
natures
.
For
there
be
some
,
which
barke
onely
with
free
and
open
throat
but
wil
not
bite
,
some
which
do
both
bark
and
bite
,
and
some
which
bite
bitterly
before
they
barke
.
The
first
are
not
greatly
to
be
feared
,
because
they
themselues
are
fearefull
,
and
fearefull
dogs
(
as
the
prouerbe
importeth
)
barke
most
vehemently
.
The
second
are
dangerous
,
it
is
wisedome
to
take
heed
of
them
,
because
they
sound
as
it
were
,
an
Alarum
of
an
afterclap
,
and
these
dogs
must
not
be
ouer
much
moued
or
prouoked
,
for
then
they
take
on
outragiously
as
if
they
were
mad
,
watching
to
set
the
print
of
their
teeth
in
the
flesh
.
And
these
kind
of
dogs
are
fierce
and
eager
by
nature
.
The
third
are
deadly
,
for
they
fly
vpon
a
man
without
vtterance
of
voice
,
snatch
at
him
,
and
catch
him
by
the
throat
,
and
most
cruelly
bite
out
collops
of
flesh
.
Feare
these
kinde
of
Curres
,
(
if
thou
be
wise
and
circumspect
about
thine
owne
safety
)
for
if
they
be
stoute
and
stubborne
Dogs
,
and
set
vpon
a
man
at
a
suddaine
vnwares
.
By
these
signes
and
tokens
,
by
these
notes
and
arguments
our
men
discerne
the
cowardly
Curre
from
the
coragious
Dog
,
the
bolde
from
the
fearefull
,
the
butcherly
from
the
gentle
and
tractable
.
Moreouer
they
coniecture
that
a
whelpe
of
an
ill
kind
is
not
woorth
keeping
,
and
that
no
dog
can
serue
the
sundry
vses
of
men
so
aptly
and
so
conueniently
as
this
sort
of
whom
we
haue
so
largely
written
already
.
For
if
any
be
disposed
to
draw
the
aboue-named
seruices
into
a
table
,
what
man
more
clearely
,
and
with
more
vehemency
of
voice
giueth
warning
either
of
a
wastfull
beast
,
or
of
a
spoiling
theefe
then
this
?
Who
by
his
barking
(
as
good
as
a
burning
Beacon
)
foresheweth
hazzardes
at
hand
?
What
manner
of
beast
stronger
?
What
seruaunt
to
his
maister
more
louing
?
What
companion
ruore
trusty
?
What
Watchman
more
vigilaunt
?
What
reuenger
more
constaunt
?
What
messenger
more
speedie
?
What
Water
▪
bearer
more
painefull
?
Finally
,
what
Packe-horsse
more
patient
?
And
thus
much
concerning
English
dogs
,
first
of
the
gentle
kind
,
secondly
of
the
courser
kind
.
Now
it
remaineth
that
we
deliuer
vnto
you
the
dogs
of
a
mungrell
or
currish
kind
,
and
then
will
we
performe
our
taske
.
Containing
Curres
of
the
mungrell
and
rascall
sort
,
and
first
of
all
the
Dog
called
in
Latine
,
Admonitor
,
and
of
vs
in
English
,
Wappe
or
Warner
.
OF
such
Dogs
as
keepe
not
their
kind
,
of
such
as
are
mingled
out
of
sundry
sortes
,
not
imitating
the
conditions
of
some
one
certaine
spice
,
because
they
resemble
no
notable
shape
,
nor
exercise
any
worthy
propertye
of
the
true
,
perfect
and
gentle
kinde
,
it
is
not
necessary
that
I
write
any
more
of
them
,
but
to
banish
them
as
vnprofitable
implements
,
out
of
the
bounds
of
my
booke
,
vnprofitable
I
say
,
for
any
vse
that
is
commendable
,
except
to
entertaine
strangers
with
barking
in
the
day
time
,
giuing
warning
to
them
of
the
house
,
that
such
and
such
be
newly
come
,
wherupon
we
cal
them
admonishing
dogs
,
because
in
that
point
they
performe
their
office
.
Of
the
Dog
called
Turnespete
in
Latine
Veruuersator
.
THere
is
comprehended
,
vnder
the
Curres
of
the
coursest
kinde
,
a
certaine
dog
in
kitchen-seruice
excellent
.
For
when
any
meat
is
to
be
roasted
,
they
go
into
a
wheel
,
which
they
turning
round
about
with
the
waight
of
their
bodies
,
so
dilligently
looke
to
their
businesse
,
that
no
drudge
nor
scullion
can
do
the
feate
more
cunningly
.
Whom
the
popular
sort
hereupon
call
Turnespets
,
being
the
last
of
all
those
which
wee
haue
first
mentioned
.
Of
the
Dogge
called
the
dauncer
,
in
Latine
Saliator
or
Tympanista
.
THere
be
also
dogs
among
vs
of
a
mungrel
kind
,
which
are
taught
and
excercised
to
daunce
in
measure
at
the
musicall
sound
of
an
instrument
,
as
,
at
the
iust
stroke
of
the
drumbe
,
at
the
sweet
accent
of
the
Citerne
,
and
tuned
stringes
of
the
harmonious
Harp
,
shewing
many
pretty
trickes
by
the
gesture
of
their
bodies
.
As
to
stand
bolt
vpright
,
to
lie
flat
vpon
the
ground
,
to
turn
round
as
a
ring
holding
their
tails
in
their
teeth
,
to
beg
for
their
meat
,
and
sundry
such
properties
,
which
they
learne
of
their
vagabundicall
maisters
,
whose
instruments
they
are
to
gather
gaine
withall
in
Citty
,
country
,
town
,
and
village
.
As
some
which
carry
old
Apes
on
their
sholders
in
coloured
iackets
to
moue
men
to
laughter
for
a
little
lucre
.
Of
other
Dogs
,
a
short
conclusion
,
wonderfully
ingendred
within
the
coasts
of
this
country
.
OF
these
there
be
three
sorts
.
The
first
,
bred
of
a
bitch
and
a
Wolfe
,
called
in
Latine
Lyciscus
.
The
second
of
a
Bitch
and
a
Fox
,
in
Latine
Lacaena
.
The
third
of
a
Beare
and
a
Bandog
,
Vrcanus
.
Of
the
first
we
haue
none
naturally
bred
within
the
borders
of
England
.
The
reason
is
for
the
want
of
Wolues
,
without
whome
no
such
dog
can
be
ingendred
.
Againe
,
it
is
deliuered
vnto
thee
in
this
discourse
,
how
and
by
what
meanes
,
by
whose
benefit
,
and
within
what
circute
of
time
,
this
country
was
cleerely
discharged
of
rauening
Wolus
,
and
none
at
al
left
,
no
,
not
to
the
least
number
,
or
to
the
beginning
of
a
number
,
which
is
an
Vnari
.
Of
the
second
sort
we
are
not
vtterly
voide
of
some
,
because
this
our
English
soile
is
not
free
from
Foxes
,
(
for
indeed
we
are
not
without
a
multitude
of
them
,
insomuch
as
diuers
keepe
,
foster
,
and
feed
them
in
their
houses
among
their
hounds
and
dogs
,
either
for
so●e
malady
of
mind
,
or
for
some
sicknes
of
body
)
which
peraduenture
the
sauor
of
that
subtill
beast
would
either
mitigate
or
expell
.
The
thirde
which
is
bred
of
a
Beare
&
a
Bandog
we
want
not
heere
in
England
,
(
A
strange
and
wonderfull
effect
,
that
cruell
enemies
should
enter
into
the
worke
of
copulation
and
bring
forth
so
sauage
a
curre
.
)
Vndoubtedly
it
is
euen
so
as
we
haue
reported
,
for
the
fiery
heat
of
their
flesh
,
or
rather
the
pricking
thorne
,
or
most
of
all
,
the
tickling
lust
of
lechery
,
beareth
such
swing
and
sway
in
them
,
that
there
is
no
contrarietie
for
the
time
,
but
of
constraint
they
must
ioyne
to
engender
.
And
why
should
not
this
be
consonant
to
truth
?
why
should
not
these
beasts
breed
in
this
land
,
as
well
as
in
other
forreine
nations
?
For
we
read
that
Tigres
and
Dogs
in
Hircania
,
that
Lyons
and
dogs
in
Arcadia
,
and
that
Wolues
and
Dogs
in
Francia
,
couple
and
procreate
.
In
men
and
women
also
lightned
with
the
Lantarne
of
reason
(
but
vtterly
voide
of
vertue
)
that
foolish
,
franticke
,
and
fleshly
action
(
yet
naturally
sealed
in
vs
)
worketh
so
effectualy
,
that
many
times
it
doth
reconcile
enemies
,
set
foes
at
friendship
,
vnanimity
,
and
attonement
,
as
Moria
mentioneth
.
The
Vicane
which
is
bred
of
a
Beare
and
a
dog
,
Is
fierce
,
is
fell
,
is
stout
and
strong
,
And
biteth
sore
to
flesh
and
bone
.
His
furious
force
indureth
long
In
rage
he
will
be
rul'd
of
none
.
That
I
may
vse
the
words
of
the
Poet
Gratius
.
This
dog
exceedeth
all
other
in
cruell
conditions
,
his
leering
and
fleering
lookes
,
his
sterne
and
sauage
vissage
,
maketh
him
in
sight
fearefull
and
terrible
,
he
is
violent
in
fighting
,
and
wheresoeuer
he
set
his
tenterhooke
teeth
,
he
taketh
such
sure
and
fast
hold
,
that
a
man
may
sooner
teare
and
rend
him
assunder
,
then
loose
him
and
seperate
his
chaps
.
He
passeth
not
for
the
Wolfe
,
the
Beare
,
the
Lyon
,
nor
the
Bull
,
and
may
woorthelie
(
as
I
thinke
)
bee
companion
with
Alexanders
Dog
which
came
out
of
India
.
But
of
these
,
thus
much
,
and
thus
farre
may
seeme
sufficient
.
A
start
to
outlandish
dogges
in
this
conclusion
,
not
impertinent
to
the
Authors
purpose
.
VSe
and
custome
hath
entertained
other
dogs
of
an
outlandish
kind
,
but
a
fewe
and
the
same
being
of
a
pretty
bignes
,
I
meane
Island
dogs
,
curled
and
rough
all
ouer
,
which
by
reason
of
the
length
of
their
haire
make
shew
neither
of
face
nor
of
body
.
And
yet
these
curs
,
forsooth
,
because
they
are
so
strange
are
greatly
set
by
,
esteemed
,
taken
vp
,
and
many
times
in
the
roome
of
the
Spaniell
gentle
or
comforter
.
The
natures
of
men
is
so
moued
,
naie
rather
married
to
nouelites
without
all
reason
,
wit
,
iudgement
or
perseuerance
,
Erromen
allotrian
paroromen
suggeneis
.
Outlandish
toyes
we
take
with
delight
,
Things
of
our
owne
nation
we
haue
in
despight
.
Which
fault
remaineth
not
in
vs
concerning
Dogs
onely
,
but
for
artificers
also
.
And
why
?
it
is
manifest
that
we
disdaine
and
contemne
our
owne
workemen
,
be
they
neuer
so
skilfull
,
be
they
neuer
so
cunning
,
be
they
neuer
so
excellent
.
A
beggerly
beast
brought
out
of
barbarous
borders
,
from
the
vttermost
countries
Northward
,
&c
,
we
stare
at
,
we
gaze
at
,
we
muse
,
we
meruaile
at
,
like
an
Asse
of
Cumanum
,
like
Thales
with
the
brazen
shanks
,
like
the
man
in
the
Moone
.
The
which
default
Hippocrates
marked
when
he
was
aliue
,
as
euidently
appeareth
in
the
beginning
of
his
booke
Peri
agmon
,
so
intituled
and
named
:
And
we
in
our
worke
intituled
De
Ephemera
Britanica
,
to
the
people
of
England
haue
more
plentifully
expressed
.
In
this
kind
looke
which
is
most
blockish
,
and
yet
most
waspish
the
same
is
most
esteemed
,
and
not
among
Cittizens
onely
and
iolly
Gentlemen
,
but
among
among
lusty
●ordes
also
,
and
noblemen
.
Further
I
am
not
to
wade
in
the
foorde
of
this
discourse
,
because
it
was
my
purpose
to
satisfie
your
expectation
with
a
short
treatise
(
most
learned
Conrade
)
not
wearisome
for
me
to
write
,
nor
tedious
for
you
to
peruse
.
Among
other
things
which
you
haue
receiued
at
my
hands
heretofore
,
I
remember
that
I
wrote
a
seuerall
description
of
the
Getullian
dog
,
because
there
are
but
a
few
of
them
,
and
therefore
very
sildome
seene
.
As
touching
dogs
of
other
kinds
you
your selfe
haue
taken
earnest
paine
in
writing
of
them
both
liuely
,
learnedly
,
and
largely
.
But
because
we
haue
drawne
this
libell
more
at
length
then
the
former
which
I
sent
you
(
and
yet
breefer
then
the
nature
of
the
thing
might
well
beare
)
regarding
your
most
earnest
and
necessary
studies
.
I
will
conclude
making
a
rehearsall
notwithstanding
(
for
memories
sake
)
of
certaine
specialties
contained
in
the
whole
body
of
this
my
breuiary
.
And
because
you
participate
principall
pleasure
in
the
knowledge
of
the
common
and
vsuall
names
of
Dogs
(
as
I
gather
by
the
course
of
your
letters
)
I
suppose
it
not
amisse
to
deliuer
vnto
you
a
short
table
containing
as
well
the
Latine
as
the
English
names
,
and
to
render
a
reason
of
euery
particular
appellation
,
to
the
intent
that
no
scruple
may
remaine
in
this
point
,
but
that
euery
thing
may
be
sifted
to
the
bare
bottome
.
A
Supplement
or
Addition
,
containing
a
demonstration
of
Dogs
names
how
they
had
their
Originall
.
THe
names
contained
in
the
generall
table
,
forsomuch
as
they
signifie
nothing
to
you
being
a
stranger
,
and
ignorant
of
the
English
toong
,
except
they
be
enterpreted
:
as
we
haue
giuen
a
reason
before
of
the
Latin
words
,
so
meane
we
to
do
no
lesse
of
the
English
,
that
euery
thing
may
be
manifest
vnto
your
vnderstanding
.
Wherein
I
intend
to
obserue
the
same
order
which
I
haue
followed
before
.
SAgax
,
in
English
Hund
,
is
deriued
of
our
English
word
hunt
.
One
letter
changed
in
another
,
namely
T
,
into
D
,
as
Hunt
,
Hund
,
whom
if
you
coniecture
to
be
so
named
of
your
country
word
Hund
,
which
signifieth
the
generall
name
(
Dogge
)
because
of
the
similitude
and
likenes
of
the
words
I
will
not
stand
in
contradiction
(
friend
Gesner
)
for
so
much
as
we
retaine
among
vs
at
this
day
manie
Dutch
words
which
the
Saxons
left
at
such
time
as
they
enioyed
this
countrie
of
Britaine
.
Thus
much
also
vnderstand
,
that
as
in
your
language
Hund
is
the
common
word
,
so
in
our
naturall
tongue
(
Dogge
)
is
the
vniuersall
,
but
Hund
is
perticuler
and
a
speciall
,
for
it
signifyeth
such
a
dog
onely
as
serueth
to
hunt
,
and
therefore
it
is
called
a
Hund.
Of
the
Gasehound
.
The
Gasehound
called
in
latine
Agasaeus
,
hath
his
name
of
the
sharpenes
and
stedfastnes
of
his
eie-sight
.
By
which
vertue
hee
compasseth
that
which
otherwise
he
cannot
by
smelling
attaine
.
As
we
haue
made
former
relation
,
for
to
gase
is
earnestly
to
view
&
behold
,
from
whence
floweth
the
deriuation
of
this
Dogs
name
.
Of
the
Grey-hound
.
The
Grey-hound
called
Leporarius
,
hath
his
name
of
this
word
Gre
,
which
word
soundeth
,
Gradus
in
latine
,
in
English
Degree
.
Because
among
al
dogs
these
are
the
most
principall
,
hauying
the
chiefest
place
,
and
being
simplie
and
absolutelie
the
best
of
the
gentle
kind
of
hounds
.
Of
the
Leuyner
or
the
Lyemmer
.
This
dog
is
called
a
Leuyner
,
for
his
lightnes
,
which
in
latine
soundeth
Leuitas
.
Or
a
Lyemmer
which
word
is
borrowed
of
Lyemme
,
which
the
Latinnists
name
Lorum
:
and
wherefore
wee
call
him
a
Leuiner
of
this
worde
Leuitas
:
(
as
we
doe
manie
things
besides
)
why
we
deriue
and
draw
a
thousand
of
our
tearmes
,
out
of
the
Greeke
,
the
Latine
,
the
Italian
,
the
Dutch
,
the
French
,
and
the
Spanish
tongue
;
(
Out
of
which
fountaines
indeede
,
they
had
their
Original
issue
.
)
How
many
words
are
buried
in
the
graue
of
forgetfulnesse
?
growne
out
of
vse
?
wrested
awry
?
and
peruersly
corrupted
by
diuers
defaults
?
we
will
declare
at
large
in
our
booke
intituled
,
Symphonia
vocum
Britannicarum
.
Of
the
Tumbler
.
Among
hounds
the
Tumbler
called
in
Latine
Vertagus
,
which
commeth
of
this
word
Tumbler
,
flowing
first
from
the
French
fountaine
.
For
as
we
say
Tumble
,
so
they
Tumbier
,
reseruing
our
sence
and
signification
,
which
the
Latinnists
comprehend
vnder
this
word
Vertere
.
So
that
we
see
thus
much
,
that
Tumbler
commeth
of
Tumbier
,
the
Vowell
,
I
,
changed
into
the
Liquid
,
L
,
after
the
maner
of
our
speech
.
Contrary
to
the
French
&
the
Italian
tongue
.
In
which
two
languages
.
A
Liquid
before
a
Vowell
for
the
most
part
is
turned
into
another
Vowell
.
As
,
may
be
perceiued
in
the
example
of
these
two
words
Implere
&
plano
,
for
Impiere
&
panio
,
L
,
before
,
E
,
changed
into
I
,
and
L
,
before
A
,
turned
into
I
,
also
.
This
I
thought
conuenient
for
a
tast
.
After
such
as
serue
for
hunting
,
orderly
do
follow
such
as
serue
for
hawking
and
fowling
,
Among
which
the
principall
and
cheefest
is
the
Spaniell
,
called
in
Latine
Hispaniolus
,
borrowing
his
name
of
Hispania
,
wherein
we
Englishmen
not
pronouncing
the
Aspiration
H
,
nor
the
Vowell
I
,
for
quicknes
and
readinesse
of
speech
say
roundly
a
Spagnell
.
Of
the
Setter
.
The
second
sort
is
called
a
Setter
,
in
Latine
Index
.
Of
the
word
(
Set
)
which
signifieth
in
English
that
which
the
Latinist
;
meane
by
this
word
Locum
disignare
,
the
reason
is
rehersed
before
more
largely
,
it
shall
not
therefore
need
to
make
a
new
repetition
.
Of
the
water
Spaniell
or
Finder
.
THe
water
Spaniell
consequently
followeth
,
called
in
Latine
Aquaticus
,
in
English
a
water
Spagnell
,
which
name
is
compound
of
two
simple
words
,
namely
Water
,
which
in
Latine
soundeth
Aqua
,
wherein
he
swimmeth
.
And
Spaine
,
Hispania
,
the
Country
from
whence
they
came
,
not
that
England
wanteth
such
kind
of
Dogs
,
(
for
they
are
naturally
bred
and
ingendred
in
this
country
,
)
but
because
they
bear
the
general
and
common
name
of
these
Dogs
since
the
time
they
were
first
brought
ouer
out
of
Spaine
.
And
we
make
a
certaine
difference
in
this
sort
of
dogs
,
either
for
somthing
which
in
their
qualities
is
to
be
considered
,
as
for
an
example
in
this
kind
called
the
Spaniel
by
the
apposition
and
putting
to
of
this
word
water
,
which
two
coupled
together
sound
water
Spaniell
.
He
is
called
a
finder
,
in
Latine
Inquisitor
,
because
that
by
serious
and
secure
seeking
,
he
findeth
such
things
as
be
lost
,
which
word
Find
in
English
is
that
which
the
latins
mean
by
this
verbe
Inuenire
.
This
dog
hath
this
name
of
his
property
,
because
the
principall
point
of
his
seruice
consisteth
in
the
premisses
.
Now
leauing
the
surueiwe
of
hunting
and
hawking
dogs
,
it
remaineth
that
we
run
ouer
the
residue
,
whereof
some
be
called
,
fine
dogs
,
some
course
,
othersome
mungrels
or
Rascals
.
The
first
is
the
Spaniell
gentle
called
Canis
Melitaeus
,
because
it
is
a
kind
of
dog
accepted
among
Gentils
,
Nobles
,
Lords
,
Ladies
,
&c.
who
make
much
of
them
,
vouchsafing
to
admit
them
so
farre
into
their
company
that
they
will
not
onelie
lul
them
in
their
laps
,
but
kisse
them
with
their
lips
,
and
make
them
their
pretty
play-fellowes
.
Such
a
one
was
Gorgons
little
puppy
mentioned
by
Theocritus
in
Siracusis
,
who
taking
his
iourney
,
straightly
charged
and
commaunded
his
maid
to
see
to
his
dog
as
charily
and
warely
as
to
his
childe
:
To
call
him
in
alwaies
that
he
wandred
not
abroad
,
as
well
as
to
rock
the
babe
asleepe
,
crying
in
the
cradle
.
This
puppitly
and
pleasant
Curre
,
(
which
some
frumpingly
tearme
fysting
houndes
)
serue
in
a
maner
to
no
good
vse
,
except
(
as
we
haue
made
former
relation
)
to
succor
and
strengthen
quailing
and
quamming
stomackes
,
to
bewray
bawdery
,
and
filthy
abhominable
leudnes
(
which
a
little
Dog
of
this
kinde
did
in
Sicilia
)
as
Aelianus
in
his
7.
booke
of
beasts
,
and
27.
chapter
recordeth
.
Of
dogs
vnder
the
courser
kind
,
we
will
deale
first
with
the
Shepherds
Dog
,
whome
we
call
the
Bandog
,
the
Tydog
,
or
the
Mastiue
,
the
first
name
is
imputed
to
him
for
seruice
,
Quoniam
pastori
famulatur
,
because
he
is
at
the
Shepheards
his
maisters
commandement
.
The
second
a
Ligamento
of
the
band
or
chaine
wherewith
hee
is
tied
,
The
thirde
a
Sagina
,
of
the
fatnes
of
his
body
.
For
this
kind
of
Dog
which
is
vsually
tyed
,
is
mighty
,
grosse
,
and
fat
fed
.
I
know
this
that
Augustinus
Niphus
,
calleth
this
Mastinus
(
which
we
call
Mastiuus
and
that
Albertus
writeth
howe
the
Lyciscus
is
ingendred
by
a
Beare
and
a
Woolfe
.
Notwithstanding
the
selfe
same
author
taketh
it
for
the
most
parte
pro
Molosso
.
A
Dog
of
such
a
country
.
Of
Mungrels
and
Rascals
somewhat
is
to
be
spoken
:
and
among
these
,
of
the
Wappe
or
Turnespet
,
which
name
is
made
of
two
simple
wordes
,
that
is
,
of
Turne
,
which
in
latine
soundeth
Vertere
,
and
of
spete
which
is
Veru
,
or
spede
,
for
the
English
word
inclineth
closer
to
the
Italian
imitation
:
Veruuersator
,
Turnespit
.
He
is
called
also
Waupe
,
of
the
naturall
noise
of
his
voice
Wau
,
which
he
maketh
in
barking
.
But
for
the
better
and
readiner
sound
,
the
vowell
u
,
is
changed
into
the
consonant
P
,
so
that
for
waupe
we
say
wappe
.
And
yet
I
wot
well
that
Nonius
borroweth
his
Baubari
of
the
naturall
voice
Bau
,
as
the
Graecians
doe
their
Bautein
of
wau
.
Now
when
you
vnderstand
this
,
that
Saltare
in
latine
signifieth
Dansare
in
English
.
And
that
our
Dogge
thereupon
is
called
a
Daunser
,
and
in
the
latine
Saltator
,
you
are
so
farre
taught
as
you
were
desirous
to
learne
:
and
now
I
suppose
,
there
remaineth
nothing
,
but
that
your
request
is
fully
acomplished
.
THus
(
Friend
Gesner
)
you
haue
,
not
onely
the
kindes
of
our
countrey
Dogges
,
but
their
names
also
,
as
well
in
Latine
as
in
English
,
their
Offices
,
Seruices
,
Diuersities
,
Natures
,
and
Properties
,
that
you
can
demaund
no
more
of
me
in
this
matter
.
And
albeit
I
haue
not
satisfied
your
mind
peraduenture
(
who
suspectest
al
speed
in
the
performance
of
your
request
imploied
,
to
be
meere
delaies
)
because
I
staid
the
setting
forth
of
that
vnperfect
pamphlet
,
which
fiue
yeares
agoe
I
sent
to
you
as
a
priuate
friend
for
your
owne
reading
,
and
not
to
be
printed
and
so
made
common
,
yet
I
hope
(
hauing
like
the
Beare
lickt
ouer
my
young
)
I
haue
waded
ouer
in
this
worke
to
your
contentation
,
which
delay
hath
made
somewhat
better
and
Deuterai
phrontides
,
Of
the
diseases
of
dogs
&
their
cures
.
Blondus
.
after
wit
more
meete
to
be
perused
.
Now
it
is
conuenient
to
shut
vp
this
treatise
of
Dogges
,
with
a
recitall
of
their
seuerall
diseases
and
cures
thereof
;
for
as
all
other
creatures
,
so
that
this
beast
is
annoyed
with
many
infirmities
.
First
,
therefore
if
you
giue
vnto
a
dog
euery
seuenth
day
or
twice
in
seuen
daies
broath
or
pottage
,
wherein
Iuy
is
sod
,
it
will
preserue
him
sound
without
any
other
medicine
,
for
this
hearbe
hath
the
same
operation
in
Dogs
to
make
wholesom
their
meat
,
that
it
hath
in
sheepe
to
clense
their
pasture
.
Pliny
.
Tardinus
.
The
small
roots
of
Ellebor
which
are
like
to
Onions
,
haue
power
in
them
to
purge
the
belly
of
Dogs
:
Other
giue
them
goats-milk
,
or
salt
beaten
small
,
or
Sea-crabs
beaten
small
and
put
into
water
,
or
Staues-acre
,
&
imediatly
after
his
purgation
,
sweet
milke
.
If
your
dog
be
obstructed
and
stopped
in
the
belly
,
which
may
be
discerned
by
his
trembling
,
sighing
,
Albertus
.
and
remoouing
from
place
to
place
,
giuen
vnto
him
Oaten
meal
and
water
to
eat
,
mingled
together
and
made
as
thick
as
a
pultisse
,
or
leauened
oten-bread
,
and
sometime
a
little
whay
to
drinke
.
The
ancients
haue
obserued
that
Dogs
are
most
annoyed
with
three
diseases
,
the
swelling
of
the
throat
,
the
gowt
,
and
madnes
;
but
the
later
writers
haue
obserued
many
noysome
infirmities
in
them
.
First
,
they
are
oftentimes
wounded
by
the
teeth
of
each
other
,
and
also
of
wilde
beasts
:
for
cure
whereof
,
Blondus
out
of
Maximus
writeth
these
remedies
following
:
First
,
let
the
sinnewes
,
Fibres
,
or
gistles
of
the
wound
be
layed
togither
,
then
sow
vp
the
lips
or
vpper
skin
of
the
wound
with
a
needle
and
thred
,
and
take
of
the
haires
of
the
dog
which
made
the
wound
and
lay
thereupon
,
vntil
the
bleeding
be
stanched
,
and
so
leaue
it
to
the
dog
to
be
licked
;
for
nature
hath
so
framed
the
Dogs
tongue
,
that
therby
in
short
space
he
cureth
deepe
wounds
.
And
if
he
cannot
touch
the
sore
with
his
toong
▪
then
doth
he
wet
his
foot
in
his
mouth
,
Albertus
.
and
so
oftentimes
put
it
vpon
the
maime
:
or
if
neither
of
these
can
be
performed
by
the
beast
himselfe
,
then
cure
it
by
casting
vpon
it
the
ashes
of
a
dogs
heade
,
or
burned
salte
,
mingled
with
liquid
pitch
powred
therupon
.
When
a
dog
returning
from
hunting
is
hurt
about
the
snowt
,
Blondus
.
by
the
venemous
teeth
of
some
wilde
beast
,
I
haue
seene
it
cured
by
making
incision
about
the
wound
,
whereby
the
poysoned
blood
is
euacuated
,
and
afterward
the
sore
was
annointed
with
oile
of
Saint
Iohns
wort
.
Wood-worms
cureth
a
dog
bitten
by
serpents
.
Plinyus
.
When
he
is
troubled
with
vlcers
or
rindes
in
his
skin
,
pieces
of
Pot-sheardes
beaten
to
powder
and
mingled
with
vineger
and
Turpentine
,
with
the
fat
of
a
Goose
;
or
else
waterwort
with
new
Lard
,
applyed
to
the
sore
,
easeth
the
same
:
and
if
it
swel
,
anoint
it
with
Butter
.
For
the
drawing
forth
a
thorne
or
splinter
out
of
a
Dogs
foote
,
take
coltes-foote
and
Lard
,
or
the
pouder
there
of
burned
in
a
new
earthen
pot
,
and
either
of
these
applyed
to
the
foot
,
draweth
forth
the
thorne
and
cureth
the
sore
:
for
by
Dioscorides
it
is
said
,
to
haue
force
to
extract
any
point
of
a
Speare
out
of
the
body
of
a
man
.
For
the
wormes
which
breede
in
the
vlcers
of
their
heeles
,
take
Vnguentum
Egiptiacum
,
and
the
iuice
of
peach
leaues
:
There
are
some
very
skilfull
hunters
which
affirme
,
that
if
you
hang
about
the
Dogs
necke
sticks
of
Citrine
,
as
the
wood
drieth
,
so
will
the
wormes
come
forth
and
dy
.
Again
for
th●s
euil
they
wash
the
wounds
with
water
,
then
rub
it
with
pitch
,
time
,
and
the
dung
of
an
Oxe
in
Vineger
;
Tardinus
.
afterward
they
apply
vnto
it
the
powder
of
Ellebor
.
When
a
dog
is
troubled
with
the
maungie
,
itch
,
or
Ring-wormes
,
first
let
him
blood
in
his
fore
legs
in
the
greatest
veyne
,
afterward
make
an
ointment
of
Quick
siluer
,
Brimstone
,
nettle-seed
,
Albertus
.
Rasis
and
twice
so
much
olde
sewet
or
Butter
,
and
therewithal
all
anoint
him
,
putting
thereunto
if
you
please
decoction
of
Hops
and
salt
water
.
Some
do
wash
maungy
Dogs
in
the
Sea-water
,
and
there
is
a
caue
in
Sicily
(
saith
Gratius
)
that
hath
this
force
against
the
scabs
of
Dogs
if
they
be
brought
thither
,
and
set
in
the
running
water
which
seemeth
to
be
as
thicke
as
oyle
.
Flegme
or
melancholly
doth
often
engender
these
euils
,
and
so
after
one
Dog
is
infected
,
all
the
residue
that
accompany
or
lodge
with
him
,
are
likewise
poisoned
:
for
the
auoyding
thereof
,
you
must
giue
them
Fumitory
,
Sorrel
,
and
whay
sod
together
,
it
is
good
also
to
wash
them
in
the
sea
,
or
in
Smiths-water
,
or
in
the
decoction
aforesaid
.
For
the
taking
awaie
of
warts
from
the
feet
of
Dogs
or
other
members
,
first
rub
and
friccase
the
wart
violently
,
and
afterward
anoint
it
with
salt
,
Oyle
,
Vineger
,
and
the
powder
of
the
rind
of
a
Gourd
,
or
else
lay
vnto
it
Alloes
beaten
with
mustard-seed
,
to
eat
it
off
,
and
afterward
lay
vnto
it
the
little
scories
or
iron
chips
,
which
flie
off
from
the
Smithes
hotte
iron
while
he
beateth
it
,
mingled
with
Vineger
,
and
it
shall
perfectly
remooue
them
.
Against
Tikes
,
Lyce
,
and
Fleas
,
annoint
the
Dogs
with
bitter
Almonds
,
Staues
acre
,
or
Roots
of
Maple
,
or
Cipers
,
or
froth
of
Oile
and
if
it
be
old
;
and
annoint
also
their
ears
with
Salt-water
,
and
bitter
Almondes
,
then
shall
not
the
flies
in
the
Summer
time
enter
into
them
.
If
Bees
,
or
Waspes
,
or
such
Beasts
sting
a
Dogge
,
lay
to
the
sore
burned
Rue
,
with
Water
;
and
if
a
greater
Fly
,
as
the
Hornet
,
let
the
Water
be
warmed
.
A
Dog
shall
be
neuer
infected
with
the
Plague
if
you
put
into
his
mouth
in
the
time
of
any
common
pestilence
,
Blondus
.
the
powder
of
a
Storks
craw
,
or
Ventrickle
,
or
any
part
thereof
with
Water
:
which
thing
ought
to
be
regarded
,
(
for
no
creature
is
so
soone
infected
with
the
plague
as
is
a
Dogge
and
a
Mule
)
and
therefore
they
must
either
at
the
beginning
receiue
medicine
,
or
else
bee
remooued
out
of
the
ayre
,
according
to
the
aduise
of
Gratius
:
Sed
varij
mitus
nec
in
omnibus
vna
potestes
,
Disce
vices
&
quae
tutela
est
proxima
,
tenta
.
Woolfe-wort
,
Pliny
.
and
Apocynon
,
whose
leaues
are
like
the
leaues
of
Iuye
,
and
smell
strongly
,
will
kill
all
Beasts
which
are
littered
blind
;
as
Wolues
,
Foxes
,
Beares
,
and
Dogs
,
if
they
eat
thereof
:
So
likewise
will
the
root
of
Chamaeleon
and
Mezereon
,
in
water
and
oyle
,
it
killeth
Mice
,
Discorides
Swine
,
and
Dogs
▪
Ellebor
,
and
Squilla
,
and
Faba
Lupina
,
haue
the
same
operation
▪
There
is
a
Gourd
(
called
Zinziber
of
the
Water
)
because
the
tast
thereof
is
like
to
Ginger
,
the
Flower
,
Fruite
,
and
Leafe
thereof
killeth
Asses
,
Mules
,
Dogs
,
and
manie
other
Foure-footed
beastes
.
The
nuts
Vomicae
,
are
poison
to
Dogges
,
except
their
care
be
cut
presently
and
made
to
bleed
.
It
will
cause
them
to
leape
strangely
vp
and
downe
,
and
kill
him
within
two
houres
after
the
tasting
,
if
it
be
not
preuented
by
the
former
remedy
.
Theophrastus
Chrysippus
affirmeth
,
that
the
water
wherein
Sperrage
beene
sodde
giuen
to
Dogges
,
killeth
them
:
the
fume
of
Siluer
or
Leade
hath
the
same
opperation
.
If
a
Dog
grow
lean
,
and
not
through
want
of
meat
,
Albertus
it
is
good
to
fill
him
twice
or
thrice
with
Butter
,
and
if
that
doe
not
recouer
him
,
then
it
is
a
signe
that
the
worme
vnder
his
tongue
annoieth
him
,
(
which
must
be
presently
pulled
out
by
some
Naule
or
Needle
)
&
if
that
satisfie
not
,
he
cannot
liue
,
but
will
in
short
time
perish
.
And
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
Oaten
bread
leauened
,
will
make
a
sluggish
dog
to
become
lusty
,
agile
,
and
full
of
spirit
.
Blondus
.
Dogs
are
also
many
times
bewitched
,
by
the
onely
sight
of
inchaunters
,
euen
as
infants
,
Lambes
,
and
other
creatures
,
according
to
Virgils
verse
;
Nescio
quis
teneros
oculus
mihi
fascinat
agnos
.
For
bewitching
spirit
entereth
by
the
eie
into
the
hart
of
the
party
bewitched
:
for
remedy
whereof
,
they
hang
about
the
necke
a
chaine
of
Corrall
,
as
for
holy
hearbs
I
hold
them
vnprofitable
.
To
cure
the
watry
eyes
of
Dogs
,
take
warme
water
,
and
first
wash
them
therewith
,
and
then
make
a
plaister
of
meale
and
the
white
of
an
Egge
,
and
so
lay
it
thereunto
.
By
reason
of
that
saying
,
Eccles.
20.
cap.
Bribes
and
gifts
blind
the
eies
of
Iudges
,
Vnicentius
.
euen
as
a
dumbe
dog
turneth
away
Correction
.
Some
haue
deliuered
,
that
greene
Crow-foote
forced
into
the
mouth
of
a
Dog
,
maketh
him
dumbe
and
not
able
to
barke
.
When
a
Dog
becommeth
deafe
,
the
oile
of
Roses
with
new
pressed
wine
infused
into
his
eares
,
cureth
him
:
and
for
the
wormes
in
the
eares
,
make
a
plaister
of
a
beaten
spunge
and
the
white
of
an
Egge
,
Tardinus
.
and
that
shall
cure
it
.
The
third
kind
of
Quinancy
(
called
Synanche
)
killeth
Dogs
,
Pollux
.
Niphus
.
because
it
bloweth
vppe
their
chaps
,
and
includeth
their
breath
.
The
cough
is
very
noisome
to
Dogs
,
wherefore
their
keepers
must
infuse
into
their
Nostrils
two
cuppes
of
wine
,
with
brused
sweete
Almonds
:
but
Tardinus
for
this
disease
,
prescribeth
great
parceley
sod
with
Oyle
,
Honey
,
and
Wine
,
and
so
giuen
to
the
Dog
.
For
the
shortnes
of
the
breath
,
Blondus
.
bore
him
thorough
the
eare
,
and
if
there
be
any
helpe
that
will
preuaile
.
If
a
bone
sticke
in
the
mouth
of
a
Dog
,
hold
vppe
his
head
backward
,
and
powre
Ale
into
his
mouth
vntill
he
cough
,
and
so
shall
he
be
eased
.
When
a
Dog
hath
surfetted
,
and
falleth
to
loth
his
meat
,
he
eateth
the
hearbe
Canaria
and
is
releeued
(
both
against
his
surfet
and
also
the
bitings
of
Serpents
.
)
For
the
wormes
in
the
belly
,
he
eateth
wheate
in
the
stalke
.
The
gowt
maketh
the
Dogs
legs
grow
crooked
,
and
it
is
neuer
so
cured
,
but
that
after
a
course
or
two
they
grow
lame
againe
.
When
his
skin
flyeth
from
his
nailes
,
take
meale
&
water
&
bind
them
therunto
for
a
remedie
;
and
these
are
for
the
most
part
,
those
diseases
wherewithall
dogs
are
infected
,
and
the
other
are
either
cured
by
heat
,
or
by
eating
of
grasse
:
and
so
for
this
part
,
I
conclude
both
the
sicknes
and
cure
of
dogs
,
with
the
saying
of
Gratius
:
Mille
tement
pestes
curaque
potentia
maior
.
Concerning
the
madnes
of
dogs
,
and
their
venemous
bitings
,
we
are
now
to
speake
:
Of
the
bitings
of
mad
dogs
and
their
curs
.
and
first
of
al
,
no
reasonable
man
ought
to
doubt
,
why
the
teeth
of
a
mad
dog
should
do
more
harme
then
of
a
sound
and
healthy
one
;
because
in
rage
and
anger
,
the
teeth
of
euery
beast
and
creature
,
receiue
venome
and
poison
from
the
head
(
as
it
is
well
obserued
by
Aegineta
)
and
so
at
that
time
fastning
their
teeth
,
they
do
more
harm
then
at
other
times
.
Against
the
simple
biting
of
a
dog
,
it
is
sufficient
to
vse
but
the
vrine
of
a
dog
,
for
there
is
not
much
venome
in
those
wounds
,
and
the
vrine
also
wil
draw
out
the
prickles
of
a
hedghog
,
because
such
wounds
haue
in
them
but
little
poyson
.
Also
(
as
Aetius
prescribeth
)
it
is
very
Soueraigne
in
such
wounds
:
first
of
all
to
couer
and
rub
the
sore
with
the
palme
of
ones
hand
,
and
then
powre
into
it
Vineger
and
Nitre
,
so
as
it
may
discend
to
the
bottome
of
the
wound
,
and
afterward
lay
vnto
it
a
new
spunge
wetted
in
the
same
Vineger
&
nitre
,
and
let
it
be
so
continued
for
the
space
of
three
daies
,
and
by
the
working
thereof
it
shal
be
whole
.
Also
it
is
generally
to
be
obserued
in
all
the
bitings
of
men
by
Dogs
,
that
first
of
all
it
is
requisite
,
that
the
wound
be
well
rubbed
ouer
by
the
palme
of
the
hand
with
Vineger
,
then
poure
into
the
wounds
,
vineger
mixed
with
water
or
with
nitre
,
laying
also
a
spunge
thereupon
,
and
so
bind
it
vpon
the
place
,
hauing
first
wetted
the
cloathes
wherewithall
you
bind
it
with
the
said
vineger
mixed
,
so
let
it
remaine
bound
vp
three
daies
together
,
and
afterward
follow
the
common
course
of
curing
,
as
in
euery
vulgar
woundes
,
or
else
,
lay
thereunto
pellitory
of
the
wall
,
mingled
and
beaten
with
salt
,
changing
it
euery
day
,
vntill
the
crust
or
vpper
skin
thereof
fall
away
.
It
is
also
good
sometimes
the
holes
being
small
,
to
wet
Lint
in
vineger
,
and
to
purge
the
wound
with
pouder
of
Annisse-seed
,
or
Cumin
;
laying
the
Lint
vpon
the
Annisse
for
two
or
three
daies
.
The
same
being
thus
purged
,
take
a
medicine
of
the
equall
partes
of
Hony
,
Turpentine
,
Butter
,
Goose-greace
,
Marrow
of
a
Hart
,
or
Calfe
,
melted
betwixt
the
teeth
of
a
man
,
and
lay
it
thereunto
,
for
it
also
cureth
the
bitinges
of
men
:
but
if
the
sore
be
inflamed
,
then
lay
vnto
it
,
Lentils
sod
with
the
parings
of
apples
and
dried
,
or
the
crummes
of
bred
with
the
iuyce
of
beetes
,
and
a
little
oyle
of
Roses
,
made
like
a
plaister
.
Diuers
Authors
haue
also
prescribed
these
outward
medicines
against
the
bitinges
of
Dogs
in
generall
,
namely
Vineger
spunged
,
the
lees
of
Vineger
,
with
Nigella
Romana
,
Venus
haire
,
Alablaster
,
Brine
with
Lint
,
Garlicke
mixed
with
hony
and
taken
into
the
body
,
Lees
of
Wine
,
Almonds
both
sweet
and
bitter
mingled
with
Hony
,
dried
Annisse-seeds
burned
,
the
leaues
of
blacke
Hore-hound
or
Archangell
beaten
with
salt
,
scallions
with
Hony
and
Pepper
of
the
case
,
the
iuyce
of
Onions
with
Rue
and
Hony
,
or
raw
Onions
with
Hony
and
Vineger
,
but
sod
ones
with
hony
&
wine
,
(
if
they
be
green
)
let
them
lie
to
the
wound
three
dayes
:
the
ashes
of
Vine-trees
with
oyle
,
ashes
of
a
figtree
with
a
seare-cloath
,
beside
infinite
other
elaborate
medicines
,
drawne
from
Trees
,
Fruits
,
fields
,
Gardens
,
and
all
other
creatures
as
if
nature
had
onely
strouen
to
prouide
sundry
ready
cures
for
this
euill
aboue
all
other
.
Leauing
therefore
the
simple
bitings
of
Dogs
,
let
vs
proceed
to
the
madnesse
of
Dogs
and
their
bitings
,
wherein
the
greater
danger
must
be
considered
,
with
greater
circumspection
of
remedies
.
First
therfore
,
the
ancients
haue
deriued
Rabiem
,
of
Rauiem
,
madnesse
,
of
the
hoarsnes
of
voice
,
(
because
a
Dog
at
that
time
hath
no
perfect
voice
.
)
But
it
is
more
probable
,
that
Rabies
commeth
of
Rapiendo
,
because
when
a
Dog
beginneth
to
be
oppressed
heerewith
,
he
biteth
,
snatcheth
,
runneth
too
and
is
fro
,
and
is
carryed
from
home
and
Maister
,
to
his
owne
perdition
:
this
by
the
Graecians
is
called
Lytta
,
and
Cynolossos
.
By
this
euill
,
not
onely
Dogs
perish
,
but
all
other
creatures
(
except
a
Goose
)
bitten
by
them
:
and
a
man
doth
not
escape
without
great
perill
.
For
Albertus
relateth
a
story
,
of
a
man
whose
arme
was
bitten
by
a
mad
Dog
,
and
after
twelue
yeares
the
sore
brake
forth
againe
,
and
he
died
within
two
dayes
;
and
the
reason
heerof
was
(
as
in
all
likelihood
that
of
Coelius
)
that
when
one
and
the
same
nature
infecteth
each
other
,
as
Dogs
do
Dogs
,
and
men
do
men
,
then
by
reason
of
their
similitude
and
naturall
sympathy
,
they
receiue
the
consuming
poyson
with
all
speed
:
but
if
another
nature
infect
that
,
betwixt
whom
in
inclination
and
passion
,
there
is
a
dissimilitude
&
Antipathy
(
as
is
betwixt
a
dog
and
a
man
)
then
will
the
poison
receiue
greater
opposition
,
and
bee
so
much
the
longer
before
it
receiue
predominant
operation
,
because
the
first
ouercommeth
nature
by
treason
,
against
which
there
is
no
resistaunce
;
and
the
s●cond
by
open
force
and
proclamation
of
Warre
,
against
which
all
the
strength
and
force
of
nature
is
combined
and
opposed
.
Heereof
also
it
came
to
passe
,
that
the
Noble
Lawyer
Baldus
,
playing
with
his
Dog
at
Trent
,
Mathaeolus
.
A
History
of
the
death
of
Baldus
.
was
bitten
by
him
in
his
lip
,
and
neglecting
the
matter
(
because
he
neuer
suspected
the
Dogs
madnes
)
after
foure
moneths
the
poison
wrought
vppon
him
,
and
he
perished
miserably
.
Those
Beastes
which
haue
teeth
like
sawes
,
(
as
Dogges
,
Wolues
,
and
Foxes
)
goe
madde
by
nature
,
without
the
bitinges
of
others
,
but
those
which
haue
no
such
teeth
(
as
Asses
and
Mules
,
)
fall
not
madde
at
any
time
vntill
they
be
bitten
by
other
.
Mishal
Ephes●us
.
Also
it
hath
bene
obserued
,
that
sometimes
a
mad
dog
hath
bitten
,
Aug.
Niphus
and
there
hath
followed
no
harme
at
all
,
whereof
this
was
the
reason
,
because
poison
is
not
equally
in
all
his
teeth
;
and
therefore
biting
with
the
purer
and
wholsomer
,
the
wound
became
not
perillous
.
A
man
bitten
with
a
mad
Dogge
,
falleth
mad
presently
when
he
commeth
vnder
the
shadow
of
a
Corn-tree
;
as
it
is
affirmed
by
most
Phisitians
,
Ponzettus
.
for
that
shaddow
setteth
the
poyson
on
fire
:
but
a
man
falling
mad
,
of
all
creatures
auoydeth
a
Dog
,
and
a
Dog
most
of
all
falleth
vpon
men
.
There
are
many
things
which
engender
madnes
in
Dogs
,
as
hot
wheaten
bread
dipped
in
beane-water
,
melancholy
bred
within
them
and
not
purged
by
Canaria
or
other
Hearbes
,
the
menstruous
pollutions
of
Women
,
and
the
paine
of
his
teeth
.
Their
madnesse
is
most
dangerous
in
the
Dog-daies
,
for
then
they
both
kil
and
perish
mortally
,
for
at
that
time
their
spittle
or
fome
,
falling
vppon
mans
body
,
Pliny
.
Do●
daies
most
perilous
for
mad
dog●
breedeth
great
daunger
;
and
that
if
a
man
tread
vpon
the
Vrine
of
a
mad
Dog
,
he
shall
feele
paine
by
it
if
he
haue
a
sore
about
him
:
from
whence
it
came
to
passe
,
that
a
stone
bitten
by
such
a
Dog
,
was
a
common
prouerbe
of
discord
.
Also
it
is
obserued
,
that
if
a
wound
be
dressed
in
the
presence
of
man
or
woman
,
which
hath
beene
bitten
by
a
madde
Dog
,
that
the
paine
thereof
wil
be
encreased
:
and
which
is
more
,
that
abortment
wi●l
follow
vpon
beasts
with
young
,
or
Egs
couered
by
the
hen
,
by
their
presence
:
But
for
remedy
,
Pliny
.
they
wash
their
hands
and
sprinckle
themselues
,
or
the
Beasts
with
that
water
,
whereby
the
euill
is
to
be
cured
.
If
the
gall
of
a
mad
Dog
,
about
the
bignes
of
a
Lentill
seed
be
eaten
,
it
killeth
within
seuen
daies
,
or
else
doth
no
harme
at
all
,
if
it
passe
seuen
daies
without
operation
.
Bortrutius
.
When
a
mad
Dog
had
suddenlie
tore
in
peeces
a
garment
about
ones
body
,
the
taylor
or
Bot●her
tooke
the
same
to
mend
,
and
forgetting
himself
,
put
on
side
of
the
breach
into
his
mouth
to
stretch
it
out
to
the
other
,
&
fell
mad
immediately
.
Men
thus
affected
,
feare
al
waters
,
their
virile
member
continually
standeth
,
they
suffer
many
conuulsions
,
and
oftentimes
barke
like
dogs
.
There
was
a
certaine
Mason
at
Zuricke
,
who
had
his
finger
greeuously
bitten
with
a
madde
Dog
about
Iuly
,
whereunto
he
layed
Garlicke
,
Rue
,
and
oile
of
Scorpions
▪
and
so
it
seemed
to
be
healed
,
wherefore
he
tooke
no
counsell
of
any
Phisiti●n
.
About
August
following
,
he
was
taken
with
a
feuer
,
being
first
very
cold
,
then
very
hot
,
and
so
continued
sweating
for
a
day
or
two
,
and
could
not
endure
the
cold
aire
.
He
thirsted
much
,
yet
when
water
or
drinke
was
brought
him
,
he
was
so
afraid
thereof
that
he
could
not
drinke
:
his
sweat
was
cold
,
and
when
he
felt
any
colde
ayre
,
hee
cried
out
for
feare
it
had
bin
water
,
thus
he
remained
trembling
,
and
offering
to
vomit
at
the
sight
of
water
,
many
times
howling
,
and
so
perished
after
two
daies
ended
.
When
a
Dog
is
mad
it
may
be
knowne
by
these
signes
,
for
he
will
neither
eat
nor
drink
,
Signs
to
kno
a
mad
Do●
.
he
looketh
awry
and
more
sadly
then
ordinary
;
his
body
is
leane
,
he
casteth
foorth
thicke
fleame
out
of
his
Nostrils
or
mouth
:
He
breathe●h
gaping
,
and
his
toong
hangeth
out
of
his
mouth
.
His
eares
is
limber
and
weake
,
his
taile
hangeth
downeward
:
his
pace
is
heauy
and
sluggish
vntil
he
run
,
and
then
it
is
more
rash
,
intemperate
and
vncertaine
.
Sometimes
running
,
and
presently
after
stand
still
againe
:
he
is
verie
thirsty
but
yet
abstaineth
from
drinke
,
he
barketh
not
,
and
knoweth
no
man
,
biting
both
strangers
and
friends
.
His
head
hangeth
downeward
,
Bertrurius
.
Ponzettus
.
he
is
fearefull
and
runneth
into
secret
places
from
his
whelps
or
fellowes
,
who
often
barke
at
him
and
will
not
eat
of
bread
vppon
which
his
blood
hath
fallen
.
His
eies
grow
very
red
,
hee
many
times
dieth
for
feare
of
water
:
some
discerne
it
by
laying
nuts
or
Graines
of
corne
to
the
bitten
place
,
and
afterward
take
them
away
and
cast
them
to
Hens
or
Pullen
,
who
for
hunger
will
eate
them
,
and
if
after
the
eating
the
fowle
liue
,
the
dog
wil
not
be
mad
;
but
if
it
die
,
then
for
certaintie
the
dog
will
fall
mad
.
The
which
passions
do
also
agree
with
them
that
are
bitten
by
him
,
and
it
is
not
to
be
forgotten
that
the
bitings
of
the
female
,
bring
more
danger
then
the
males
.
The
bodies
of
them
that
are
thus
wounded
grow
very
dry
and
are
pressed
with
inward
burning
fe●ers
,
if
by
musicke
and
delightfull
sports
they
be
not
kept
waking
;
many
times
they
die
suddenly
,
or
els
recouer
for
a
small
time
,
and
then
fall
into
a
relapsed
malady
.
Some
giue
this
to
be
the
cause
of
their
feare
of
Water
,
because
their
body
growing
dry
seemeth
to
forget
all
participation
with
humidity
,
but
Rufus
affirmeth
,
this
commeth
from
melancholy
,
wherewithall
these
persons
are
most
commonly
affected
:
which
agreeth
with
an
imagination
they
haue
,
that
they
see
Dogs
in
the
water
,
and
indeed
it
cannot
be
but
their
owne
countenance
,
which
in
these
passions
is
very
red
,
doth
woonderfully
afflict
them
:
both
in
the
water
,
and
in
all
looking
glasses
.
When
a
certaine
Philosopher
(
being
bitten
by
a
mad
dog
)
entered
into
a
bath
,
and
a
strong
apparition
of
a
Dog
presented
it selfe
vnto
him
therein
,
Aetius
.
he
stroue
against
this
imagination
with
a
singuler
confident
corage
to
the
contrary
,
saying
,
within
himselfe
.
Quid
cani
commune
est
cum
balneo
,
what
hath
a
Dog
to
do
in
a
Bath
?
and
so
went
in
and
ouercam
his
disease
:
which
thing
had
sildome
chanced
,
that
a
man
hath
recouered
this
malady
after
hee
fell
into
feare
and
trembling
,
except
Eudemus
and
Themiso
,
who
obeying
the
request
of
a
friend
of
his
,
entered
likewise
into
the
Water
,
and
after
many
torments
was
recouered
.
To
conclude
,
some
men
in
this
extremity
suffer
most
fearefull
dreames
,
profusion
of
seed
,
hoarsnes
of
voice
,
shortnes
of
breath
,
retention
of
vrine
,
which
also
changeth
colour
,
being
sometimes
blacke
,
sometime
like
milke
,
sometime
thicke
,
sometime
thin
as
water
,
rumbling
in
the
belly
,
by
reason
of
crudity
,
rednes
of
the
whole
body
,
distention
of
nerues
,
heauines
of
mind
,
loue
of
darkenes
,
and
such
like
.
Yet
doth
not
this
operation
appeare
presently
vpon
the
hurt
,
but
sometimes
at
nine
dayes
,
sometimes
at
forty
daies
,
sometimes
at
halfe
a
yeare
,
or
a
yeare
,
or
seuen
,
or
twelue
yeare
,
as
was
hath
beene
already
said
.
The
cure
of
mad
Dogs
eyther
for
preu●nting
or
●ecouering
.
Pliny
.
For
the
cure
of
these
Dogges
,
and
first
of
all
for
the
preuenting
of
madnes
,
there
are
sundry
inuented
obsuerations
.
First
,
it
is
good
to
shut
them
vp
,
and
make
them
to
fast
for
one
day
;
then
purge
them
with
Hellebor
,
and
being
purged
,
nourish
them
with
breade
of
barley-meale
.
Other
take
them
when
they
be
young
whelpes
,
and
take
out
of
their
tongue
a
certaine
little
worme
,
which
the
Graecians
call
Lytta
;
after
which
time
they
neuer
grow
mad
or
fall
to
vomitting
,
as
Gratius
noted
in
these
verses
;
Namque
subit
nodis
qua
lingua
renascibus
haeret
Verunculum
dixere
,
mala
atque
incondita
pestis
Iam
teneris
elementa
mali
,
causasque
recidunt
.
But
immediatly
it
being
taken
forth
,
they
rub
the
tongue
with
salt
and
oyle
Columella
teacheth
that
Shepheards
of
his
time
,
took
their
Dogs
tailes
,
and
pulled
out
a
certaine
nerue
or
sinnew
,
which
commeth
from
the
Articles
of
the
backe
bone
into
their
tailes
,
whereby
they
not
onely
kept
the
taile
from
growing
deformed
and
ouerlong
,
but
also
constantly
beleeued
,
Pliny
.
that
their
Dogs
could
neuer
afterward
fall
madde
:
whereunto
Pliny
agreeth
,
calling
it
a
castration
or
gelding
of
the
taile
,
adding
,
that
it
must
be
done
before
the
dog
be
forty
daies
old
▪
Some
againe
say
,
that
if
a
Dog
tast
of
a
womans
milke
which
she
giueth
by
the
birth
of
a
boy
,
he
will
neuer
fall
mad
.
Nemesian
ascribeth
the
cure
heerof
to
Castoreum
dried
and
put
into
milke
,
but
this
is
to
be
vnderstoode
of
them
that
are
already
mad
,
whose
elegant
verses
of
the
cause
,
beginning
,
and
cure
of
a
ruad
dog
,
I
haue
thoght
good
heere
to
expresse
.
Exhalat
seu
terra
siuus
seu
noxius
aer
Causa
male
,
seu
cum
gelidus
non
sufficit
humor
.
Torrida
per
venas
concrescunt
semina
flammae
.
Whatsoeuer
it
be
he
thus
warranteth
the
cure
.
Tunc
virosa
tibi
sumes
,
multumque
domabis
Castorea
adtritu
silicis
lentescere
coges
.
Exebore
huc
trito
puluis
,
lectore
feratur
A●miscensque
diu
,
facies
concrescere
vtrunque
Mox
lactis
liquidos
sensim
superadde
fluores
Vt
non
cunctantes
,
haustos
infundere
cornu
Inserto
possis
,
furiasque
repellere
tristes
.
Armetia
a
●ing
of
Valentia
,
Albertus
prescribeth
this
forme
for
the
cure
of
this
euill
:
let
the
Dog
be
put
into
the
Water
▪
so
as
the
hinderlegs
doe
onely
touch
the
ground
,
and
his
forelegs
be
tyed
vp
like
hands
ouer
his
head
,
and
then
being
taken
againe
out
of
the
water
,
let
his
haire
be
shaued
off
,
that
he
may
be
pieled
vntill
he
bleede
:
then
annoynt
him
with
oyle
of
Beetes
,
and
if
this
do
not
cure
him
within
seuen
daies
,
then
let
him
be
knocked
on
the
head
,
or
hanged
out
of
the
way
.
When
a
young
male
Dog
suffereth
madnesse
,
shut
him
vp
with
a
Bitch
;
Blondus
.
or
if
a
young
Bitch
be
also
oppressed
,
shut
her
vp
with
a
Dog
,
and
the
one
of
them
will
cure
the
madnes
of
the
other
.
But
the
better
part
of
this
labor
,
is
more
needeful
to
be
emploid
about
the
curing
of
men
,
or
other
creatures
which
are
bitten
by
dogs
,
then
in
curing
or
preuenting
that
naturall
infirmity
.
Wherefore
it
is
to
be
remembred
,
that
all
other
poysoned
wounds
are
cured
by
incision
and
circumcising
of
the
flesh
,
and
by
drawing
plaisters
,
The
cure
of
a
man
or
be●st
bitten
by
a
mad
Dogge
.
which
extract
the
venom
out
of
the
flesh
and
comfort
nature
;
and
by
cupping-glasses
,
or
burning
yrons
(
as
Coelius
affirmeth
)
vpon
occasion
of
a
miraculous
fiction
of
the
Temple
doore
key
of
S.
Bellinus
,
neere
Rhodigium
;
for
it
was
belieued
,
that
if
a
mad
man
could
hold
that
key
in
his
hand
red
whot
,
he
should
be
deliuered
from
his
fittes
for
euer
.
There
was
such
another
charme
or
incantantion
among
the
Apuleians
,
made
in
forme
of
a
prayer
against
all
bitinges
of
madde
Dogges
,
and
other
poysons
,
vnto
an
obscure
Saint
(
called
Vithus
)
which
was
to
be
saide
three
satterdaies
in
the
euening
,
nyne
times
together
,
which
I
haue
heere
set
downe
for
no
other
cause
but
to
shewe
their
extreame
folly
.
A
foolish
charme
and
prayer
to
vithus
.
Alme
vithe
pellicane
Littusque
polygnanicum
Irasque
canum
mitigas
Rictusque
canis
luridos
Oram
qui
tenes
Apulam
.
Qui
morsus
rabidos
leuas
Tu
sancte
rabiem
asperam
Tu
saeuam
prohibbe
luem
.
I
procul
hinc
rabies
,
procul
hinc
furor
omnis
abesto
.
But
to
com
to
the
cure
of
such
as
haue
bin
bitten
by
mad
dogs
:
First
I
will
set
down
some
compound
medicins
to
be
outwardly
aplyed
to
the
body
:
secondly
,
some
simple
or
vncompounded
medicines
:
In
the
third
place
such
compounded
and
vncompounded
potions
,
as
are
to
be
taken
inwardly
agaist
this
poyson
.
Discoride●
For
the
outward
compound
remedies
,
a
plaister
made
of
Opponax
and
pitch
,
is
much
commended
,
which
Menippus
vsed
,
taking
a
pound
of
Pitch
of
Brutias
,
and
foure
ounces
of
Opponax
(
as
Aetius
and
Actuarius
doe
prescribe
)
adding
withall
,
that
the
Opponax
must
be
dissolued
in
vineger
,
and
afterward
,
the
Pitch
and
that
vineger
must
be
boyled
together
,
and
when
the
vineger
is
consumed
,
then
put
in
the
Opponax
,
and
of
both
together
make
like
taynters
of
splints
and
thurst
them
into
the
wound
,
so
let
them
remaine
many
dayes
together
,
and
in
the
meane
time
drinke
an
antidot
of
sea-crabs
and
vineger
,
(
for
vineger
is
alway
pretious
in
this
confection
.
)
Other
vse
Basilica
,
Onyons
,
Rue
,
Salt
,
ruste
of
Iron
,
white
bread
,
seedes
of
horehound
,
and
triacle
:
but
the
other
plaister
is
most
forcible
to
be
applyed
outwardly
,
aboue
al
medicines
in
the
world
.
For
the
simple
or
vncompounded
medicines
to
be
taken
against
this
sore
,
are
many
:
As
Goose-grease
,
Garlike
,
the
roote
of
Wilde
roses
drunke
;
bitter
almonds
,
leaues
of
chickweed
,
or
pimpernell
,
the
old
skinne
of
a
snake
pounded
with
a
male-sea-crab
,
Betony
,
Cabbage
leaues
,
or
stalkes
,
with
persneps
and
vineger
,
lime
and
sewet
,
poulder
of
Sea-crabs
with
Hony
;
poulder
of
the
shels
of
Sea-crabs
,
the
haires
,
of
a
Dog
,
layed
vpon
the
wound
,
the
head
of
the
Dog
which
did
bite
,
mixed
with
a
little
Euphorbium
;
the
haire
of
a
man
with
vineger
,
dung
of
Goates
with
Wine
,
Walnuts
with
Hony
and
salte
,
poulder
of
figtree
in
a
scarcloath
,
Fitches
in
wine
,
Euphorbium
;
warme
horse-dung
,
raw
beanes
chewed
in
the
mouth
,
figtree
leaues
,
greene
figs
with
vineger
,
fennel
stalkes
,
Gentiana
,
dung
of
pullen
,
the
Lyuer
of
a
Buck-goate
,
young
Swallowes
burned
to
poulder
,
also
their
dung
;
to
vrine
of
a
man
,
an
Hyaenas
skin
,
flower-deluce
with
hony
,
a
Sea
hearb
called
Kakille
,
Silphum
with
salt
,
the
flesh
and
shels
of
snayles
,
leeke
seeds
with
salt
,
mints
,
the
taile
of
a
field-mouse
cut
off
from
her
aliue
and
she
●uffered
to
liue
,
rootes
of
Burres
,
with
salt
of
the
Sea
plantine
,
the
tongue
of
a
Ramme
with
salt
,
the
flesh
of
al
Sea-fishes
,
the
fat
of
a
sea-calfe
and
veruine
,
beside
many
other
superstitious
amulets
which
are
vsed
to
be
bound
to
the
Armes
,
neckes
,
and
brests
,
as
the
Canine
tooth
bound
vp
in
a
leafe
and
tyed
to
the
Arme.
A
Worme
bred
in
the
dung
of
Dogges
hanged
about
the
necke
,
the
roote
of
Gentian
in
an
Hyaenaes
skin
,
or
young
Wolfes
skin
,
and
such
like
;
whereof
I
know
no
reason
beside
the
opinion
of
men
.
The
inward
compound
potions
or
remedies
against
the
bitings
of
Dogs
may
be
such
as
these
.
Take
Sea-crabs
,
and
burne
them
with
twigs
of
white
vines
,
and
saue
their
ashes
,
then
put
to
them
the
poulder
of
Gentian
roote
well
clensed
,
and
small
beaten
,
and
as
oft
as
neede
requireth
take
two
spoonefuls
of
the
first
,
and
one
of
the
second
,
and
put
them
into
a
Cup
of
pure
and
vnmixed
wine
,
and
so
drink
it
for
foure
daies
together
,
being
well
beaten
and
stirred
,
so
as
the
Wine
be
as
thicke
as
a
Cawdell
;
and
there
is
nothing
more
forcible
then
Sea-crabs
,
Hiera
,
Diascincum
,
poulder
of
Walnuts
in
warme
raine
Water
,
Triacle
,
Castoreum
,
pilles
,
spurge-seede
,
and
a
decoction
of
Indian
thorne
with
veruine
giuen
in
water
.
These
may
serue
for
seuerall
compound
inward
remedies
against
these
poysons
,
and
now
follow
the
simple
.
First
eating
of
garlike
in
our
meate
,
drinking
of
wormwood
,
rams
flesh
burned
and
put
into
wine
and
so
drunk
.
There
is
an
hearb
called
Alysson
,
by
reason
of
the
power
it
hath
against
this
euill
,
which
being
bruised
and
drunke
,
cureth
it
.
The
liuer
of
a
Boare
dried
and
drunk
in
wine
,
hath
the
same
operation
.
Iewes
lime
drunk
in
water
,
leeks
&
onions
in
meat
,
dogs
blood
,
the
head
,
the
vaine
vnder
the
tongue
(
commonly
supposed
to
be
a
worme
,
)
and
the
liuer
of
the
dog
which
hath
don
the
hurt
,
are
also
prescribed
for
a
remedy
of
this
euill
:
but
especially
the
liuer
or
rennet
of
a
young
puppy
,
the
rinde
of
a
Wilde
figtree
,
a
d●am
of
Castoreum
with
oyle
of
roses
Centaury
,
or
Chamaeleon
;
the
roote
of
a
wild
rose
(
called
Cynorrhodon
and
Cynosbaton
)
Ellebor
,
the
braine
of
a
hen
drunke
in
some
liquor
,
sorrel
,
Hony
,
mints
,
and
plantine
:
but
Pimpinella
Germanica
is
giuen
to
all
cattell
which
are
bitten
by
a
mad
Dog
.
Besides
many
other
such
like
,
which
for
breuity
sake
I
omit
,
concluding
against
all
superstitious
curing
by
inchantments
or
supposed
miracles
,
such
as
is
in
a
certaine
church
of
S.
Lambert
in
a
citty
of
Picardye
,
where
the
masse
priestes
,
when
a
man
is
brought
vnto
them
hauing
this
euill
,
they
cut
a
crosse
in
his
forehead
,
and
lay
vpon
the
wound
a
piece
of
S.
Lamberts
stole
burning
,
(
which
they
say
(
though
falesely
)
is
reserued
to
this
day
without
diminution
)
then
do
they
sow
vp
the
wound
again
,
&
lay
another
plaister
vpon
it
,
prescribing
him
a
diet
;
which
is
to
drink
water
,
and
to
eat
hard
Egs
,
but
if
the
party
amend
not
within
forty
daies
,
they
binde
him
hand
and
foote
in
his
bed
,
and
laying
another
bed
vpon
him
,
there
strangle
him
(
as
they
thinke
without
all
sinne
)
and
for
preuentings
of
much
harme
that
may
come
by
his
life
▪
if
●ee
should
bite
another
.
This
story
is
related
by
Alysius
,
and
it
is
worth
the
noting
,
how
murther
accompanieth
superstitious
humane
inuentions
,
and
the
vaine
presumptuous
confidence
of
crosse-worshippers
:
and
thus
much
of
the
madnesse
of
dogs
,
and
the
cure
thereof
in
men
and
beasts
.
In
the
next
place
,
the
conclusion
of
this
tedious
discourse
followeth
,
which
is
,
the
naturall
medicines
arising
out
of
the
bodyes
of
dogs
,
and
so
wee
will
tye
them
vp
for
this
time
.
The
naturall
medicines
Whereas
the
inward
partes
of
men
are
troubled
with
many
euils
,
it
is
deliuered
for
truth
,
that
if
little
Melitaean
Dogs
,
or
young
sucking
puppies
,
be
layed
to
the
brest
of
a
child
or
man
that
hath
infectious
passions
or
pains
in
his
entrals
,
the
paine
wil
depart
from
the
man
into
the
beast
;
for
which
cause
they
burned
them
when
they
were
dead
.
Serenus
doth
expresse
this
very
elegantly
saying
;
Q●in
etiam
catulum
lactentem
apponere
membris
Conuenit
,
omne
malum
transcurrere
fertur
in
illum
.
Cui
tamen
extincto
munus
debetur
humandi
,
Humanos
quia
contactus
mala
tanta
sequntur
,
Et
iunctus
vitium
ducit
de
coniuge
coniux
.
Amatus
If
a
Whelpe
be
cut
asunder
aliue
,
and
layed
vpon
the
head
of
a
mad
melancholike
Woman
,
it
shall
help
her
,
and
it
hath
the
same
power
against
the
spleene
.
If
a
woman
growe
barren
after
she
hath
borne
children
,
Hippocrates
let
her
eate
young
Whelp-flesh
,
and
Polypus
fishe
sod
in
Wine
and
drinke
the
broath
,
and
she
shall
haue
ease
of
all
infirmities
in
her
stomach
and
wombe
.
Furnerius
Water
destilled
out
of
Whelpes
,
causeth
that
pieled
or
shauen
places
shall
neuer
more
haue
haire
grow
vpon
them
.
With
the
fat
of
whelps
,
bowelled
and
sod
til
the
flesh
come
from
the
bones
,
&
then
taken
and
put
into
another
vessell
,
and
the
weake
,
resolute
,
or
paralitike
members
being
therewith
anoynted
,
they
are
much
eased
if
not
recouered
.
Alysius
saith
,
he
made
experience
of
puppies
sod
aliue
in
oyle
,
whereby
he
cured
his
gouty
legd
horses
,
and
therefore
it
cannot
chuse
but
be
much
more
profitable
for
a
man
.
The
skin
of
a
dog
held
with
the
fiue
fingers
,
stayeth
distillations
;
it
hath
the
same
operation
in
gloues
and
stockins
,
and
it
will
also
ease
both
Ache
in
the
belly
,
head
,
and
feet
,
and
therefore
it
is
vsed
to
be
worne
in
the
shooes
against
the
gout
.
Pliny
.
The
flesh
of
madde
Dogges
,
is
salted
and
giuen
in
meate
to
them
which
are
bitten
by
mad
Dogs
for
a
singular
remedy
.
The
blood
is
commended
against
all
intoxicating
poysons
and
paines
in
the
small
guts
,
and
it
cureth
scabs
.
The
fat
is
vsed
against
deafenesse
of
the
eares
,
the
gout
,
nits
in
the
head
,
and
incontinency
of
vrine
,
giuen
with
Alumme
.
A
plaister
made
of
the
marrow
of
a
Dog
and
old
wine
,
is
good
against
the
falling
of
the
fundament
.
The
haire
of
a
blacke
Dog
easeth
the
falling
sicknesse
,
the
braines
of
a
Dog
in
linte
and
Wooll
layed
to
a
mans
broken
bones
for
foureteene
dayes
together
,
doeth
consolidate
and
ioyne
them
together
again
,
which
thing
caused
Serenus
to
make
these
excellent
verses
:
Infandum
dictu
cunctis
procull
absit
amicis
Sed
fortuna
potens
omen
conuertat
in
hostes
Vis
indigna
noue
si
sparserit
ossa
fragore
,
Conuentet
cerebrum
blandi
canis
addere
fractis
Lintea
deinde
superque
inductu
nectere
lauas
Saepius
&
succos
conspergere
pinguis
oliui
Bis
septem
credunt
reuatescere
cuncta
diebus
.
The
braine-pan
or
scul
of
a
Dog
cloue
asunder
,
is
aplied
to
heale
the
paine
in
the
eies
;
that
is
,
if
the
right
eie
bee
grieued
,
thereunto
apply
the
right
side
of
the
scull
,
if
the
left
eie
,
the
left
side
.
The
vertues
of
a
Dogs
head
made
into
poulder
are
both
many
and
vnspeakeable
▪
by
it
is
the
biting
of
mad
Dogs
cured
,
it
cureth
spots
and
bunches
in
the
head
,
and
a
plaister
thereof
made
with
Oyle
of
Roses
,
healeth
the
running
in
the
head
:
it
cureth
also
tumours
in
the
priuy
parts
,
and
in
the
seate
,
the
chippings
in
the
fingers
,
and
many
other
diseases
.
The
poulder
of
the
teeth
of
Dogges
,
maketh
Childrens
teeth
to
come
forth
with
speed
and
easie
,
and
if
their
gums
be
rubd
with
a
dogs
tooth
,
it
maketh
them
to
haue
the
sharper
teeth
:
and
the
poulder
of
these
Dogs
teeth
rubbed
vpon
the
Gummes
of
young
or
olde
,
caseth
tootache
and
abateth
swelling
in
the
gummes
.
The
tongue
of
a
Dogge
,
is
most
wholesome
both
for
the
curing
of
his
owne
woundes
by
licking
,
as
also
of
any
other
creatures
.
The
rennet
of
a
Puppy
drunke
with
Wine
,
dissolueth
the
Collicke
in
the
same
houre
wherein
it
is
drunke
:
Rasis
Sextus
and
the
vomit
of
a
Dog
layed
vpon
the
belly
of
a
hydropick
man
,
causeth
Water
to
come
forth
at
his
stoole
.
The
gall
healeth
all
wheales
and
blisters
after
they
be
pricked
with
a
Needle
,
and
mingled
with
Hony
it
cureth
pain
in
the
eies
,
and
taketh
away
white
spots
from
them
:
likewise
infused
into
the
eares
,
openeth
all
stoppings
,
Pliny
.
Aesculapius
reth
all
inward
paines
in
them
.
The
Spleene
drunke
in
vrine
,
cureth
the
spleenatick
;
the
melt
being
taken
from
the
Dog
aliue
,
hath
the
same
vertue
to
help
the
melt
of
man
.
The
skinne
of
Bitches
wherein
they
conceiue
their
puppies
(
which
neuer
touched
the
earth
)
is
pretious
against
difficulty
in
childbirth
,
and
it
draweth
the
infant
out
of
the
wombe
.
Dioscorid●●
The
milk
of
a
Bitches
first
whelping
,
is
an
antidote
against
poyson
,
and
the
same
causeth
haire
neuer
to
come
againe
,
if
it
be
rubbed
vpon
the
place
where
haires
are
newly
pulled
off
:
Also
infused
into
the
eyes
,
driueth
away
the
whitenes
of
them
.
Likewise
there
is
no
better
thing
to
annoint
the
gums
of
young
Children
withall
,
before
they
haue
teeth
,
for
it
maketh
them
to
come
forth
with
ease
:
it
easeth
likewise
the
paine
of
the
eares
,
and
withall
speed
healeth
burnt
mouthes
by
any
whot
meate
,
Ora
ambusta
cibo
sanabis
lacte
canino
.
The
vrine
of
a
dog
taketh
away
spots
and
wartes
,
and
being
mingled
with
salt
of
nitre
,
wonderfully
easeth
the
Kings
euill
.
The
dung
of
dogges
(
called
by
the
Apothecaryes
Album
Graecum
)
because
the
white
is
best
,
being
engendered
by
eating
of
bones
,
and
therefore
hath
no
ill
sauour
,
Galen
affirmeth
that
his
maisters
in
Physicke
,
vsed
it
against
old
sores
,
bloody
flixes
,
and
the
Quinensie
,
and
it
is
verye
profitable
to
staunche
the
blood
of
Dogs
,
and
also
against
inflamations
in
the
brests
of
Women
,
mingled
with
turpentine
.
It
was
well
prescribed
by
Auicen
,
to
expell
congeled
bloode
out
of
the
stomacke
and
bladder
,
being
taken
thereof
so
much
in
powder
as
will
lye
vppon
a
Golden
Noble
.
Of
the
Ethiopian
Eale
.
THere
is
bred
in
Ethiopia
a
certaine
strange
Beast
about
the
bignesse
of
a
Sea-horse
,
being
of
colour
blacke
or
brownish
:
it
hath
the
cheekes
of
a
Boare
,
Pliny
.
Solinus
the
tayle
of
an
Elephant
,
and
hornes
aboue
a
Cubit
long
,
which
are
mooueable
vpon
his
head
at
his
owne
pleasure
like
eares
;
now
standing
one
way
,
and
anone
mouing
another
way
,
as
hee
needeth
in
fighting
with
other
Beastes
,
for
they
stand
not
stiffe
but
bend
flexibly
,
and
when
he
fighteth
,
he
alway
stretcheth
out
the
one
,
and
holdeth
in
the
other
,
of
purpose
as
it
may
seeme
,
that
if
one
of
them
be
blunted
and
broken
,
then
hee
may
defend
himselfe
with
the
other
.
It
may
well
be
compared
to
a
Sea-horse
for
aboue
all
other
places
it
loueth
best
the
Waters
.
OF
THE
ELEPHANT
.
The
great
v●●
of
the
consideration
of
an
Elephant
.
THere
is
no
creature
among
al
the
Beasts
of
the
world
which
hath
so
great
and
ample
demonstration
of
the
power
and
wisedome
of
almighty
God
as
the
Elephant
:
both
for
proportion
of
body
and
disposition
of
spirit
;
and
it
is
admirable
to
behold
,
the
industry
of
our
auncient
forefathers
,
and
noble
desire
to
benefit
vs
their
posterity
,
by
serching
into
the
qualities
of
euery
Beast
,
to
discouer
what
benefits
or
harmes
may
come
by
them
to
mankind
:
hauing
neuer
beene
afraid
either
of
the
Wildest
,
but
they
tamed
them
;
the
fiercest
,
but
they
ruled
them
;
and
the
greatest
,
but
they
also
set
vpon
them
.
Witnesse
for
this
part
the
Elephant
,
being
like
a
liuing
Mountain
in
quantity
&
outward
appearance
,
yet
by
them
so
handled
,
as
no
little
dog
became
more
seruiceable
and
tractable
.
An
Elephant
is
by
the
Haebrewes
called
Behemah
,
by
way
of
excellency
,
as
the
Latines
for
the
same
cause
cal
him
Bellua
,
Of
the
seueral
names
in
diuers
languages
.
the
Chaldeans
for
the
same
word
,
Deu.
14.
translat
Beira
,
the
Arabians
Behitz
,
the
Persians
Behad
,
and
the
Septuagints
Ktene
,
but
the
Graecians
vulgarly
Elephas
,
not
Quasi
elebas
,
because
they
ioine
copulation
in
the
Water
,
but
rather
from
the
Haebrew
word
Dephill
;
signifieng
the
Iuory
tooth
of
an
Elephant
(
as
Munster
wel
obserueth
.
)
The
Haebrewes
also
vse
the
word
Schen
for
an
Elephants
tooth
.
Moreouer
Hesychius
called
an
Elephant
in
the
Greek
tongue
Perissas
,
the
Latines
doe
indifferently
vse
Elephas
,
and
Elephantus
;
and
it
is
said
that
Elephantus
in
the
Punicke
tongue
,
signifieth
Caesar
:
wherupon
when
the
Graundfather
of
Iulius
Caesar
had
slain
an
Elephant
,
he
had
the
name
of
Caesar
put
vpon
him
.
The
original
of
the
Caesars
The
Italians
call
this
Beast
Leofante
,
or
Lionfante
,
the
French
Elephante
,
the
Germans
Helfant
,
the
Illirians
Slon
.
We
read
but
of
three
appellatiue
names
of
Elephants
;
that
is
of
one
,
called
by
Alexander
the
great
Aiax
,
because
hee
had
read
that
the
buckler
of
great
Aiax
was
couered
with
an
Elephants
skin
,
about
whose
necke
he
put
a
Golden
collar
and
so
sent
him
away
with
liberty
.
Antiochus
one
of
Alexander
successours
had
two
Elephants
,
one
of
them
he
likewise
called
Aiax
,
in
imitation
of
Alexander
,
and
the
other
Patroclus
,
of
which
two
this
story
is
reported
by
Antipater
.
That
when
Antiochus
came
to
a
certaine
foorde
or
deepe
Water
,
Aiax
which
was
alway
the
captaine
of
the
residue
,
hauing
sounded
the
depth
thereof
,
refused
to
passe
ouer
,
and
turned
backe
againe
,
then
the
King
spake
to
the
Elephants
&
pronounced
,
that
he
which
would
passe
ouer
should
haue
principality
ouer
the
residue
:
whereupon
,
Patroclus
gaue
the
aduenture
,
and
passed
ouer
safely
,
and
receiued
from
the
king
the
siluer
trappings
and
al
other
prerogatiues
of
principality
;
the
other
seeing
it
(
which
had
alway
beene
chiefe
till
that
time
,
)
preferred
death
before
ignominy
and
disgrace
,
and
so
would
neuer
after
eate
meate
but
famished
for
sorrow
.
They
are
bred
in
the
whot
Esterne
countries
,
for
by
reason
they
can
endure
no
cold
,
they
keepe
onely
in
the
East
and
South
.
Countries
of
the
breed
of
Elephant●
.
Among
all
,
the
Indian
Elephants
are
greatest
,
strongest
,
and
tallest
,
and
there
are
among
them
of
two
sorts
,
one
greater
(
which
are
called
Prasij
)
the
other
smaller
,
Diodorus
called
Taxilae
.
)
They
be
also
bred
in
Africa
,
in
Lybia
,
much
greater
then
a
Nysaean
Horsse
,
,
Aelianu
and
yet
euery
way
inferiour
to
the
Indian
;
for
which
cause
,
if
an
Affrican
Elephant
do
but
see
an
Indian
,
he
trembleth
,
and
laboureth
by
all
meanes
to
get
out
of
his
sight
,
Philostratus
Solinus
as
being
guilty
of
their
owne
weakenesse
.
There
are
Elephants
also
in
the
I
le
Taprobane
,
and
in
Sumatra
,
in
Affrican
.
They
are
bred
in
Lybia
,
in
Aethiopia
,
among
the
Trogloditae
,
and
in
the
Mountaine
Atlas
,
Syrtes
,
Zames
,
Vertomannus
and
Sala
,
the
seuen
Mountaines
of
Tingitania
,
and
in
the
Countrey
of
Basman
,
subiect
to
the
great
Cham.
Some
Authors
affirme
,
that
the
Affrican
Elephants
are
much
greater
then
the
Indian
,
Leo
Afer
Paul
venetus
but
with
no
greater
reason
then
Columella
Writeth
;
that
there
bee
as
great
beastes
found
in
Italy
as
Elephants
are
:
whereunto
no
sound
Author
euer
yealded
.
Of
all
earthly
creatures
an
Elephant
is
the
greatest
:
for
in
India
they
are
nine
cubits
high
,
The
heigh
&
stature
of
elephants
.
and
fiue
cubits
broad
;
in
Affrica
foureteen
or
fifteene
ful
spans
,
which
is
about
eleuen
foot
high
and
proportionable
in
bredth
,
which
caused
Aelianus
to
Write
,
that
one
Elephant
is
as
big
as
three
Bugils
;
and
among
these
the
males
are
euer
greater
then
the
females
.
In
the
kingdome
of
Melinda
in
Affricke
,
there
were
two
young
ones
,
not
aboue
sixe
monthes
old
,
whereof
the
least
was
as
great
as
the
greatest
Oxe
,
but
his
flesh
was
as
much
as
you
shall
find
in
two
Oxen
;
the
other
was
much
greater
.
Vartomannus
The
colour
and
seuerall
parts
.
Their
colour
is
for
the
most
part
mouse-colour
,
or
blacke
;
and
there
was
one
all
white
in
Ethiopia
:
The
skinne
looketh
pieled
and
scabby
;
it
is
most
hard
on
the
backe
,
but
softer
vnderneath
the
belly
,
hauing
no
couering
of
haire
or
gristes
nor
yet
helpe
by
his
taile
to
driue
away
the
flies
,
Of
the
vse
of
his
skinne
.
Pliny
.
for
that
euill
doth
this
beast
feele
in
his
great
body
,
but
alway
hath
creuises
in
his
skinne
,
which
by
their
sauour
doe
inuite
the
little
flyes
to
a
continuall
feast
,
but
when
by
stretching
forth
they
haue
receiued
the
swarmes
,
by
shrinking
together
again
,
they
inclose
the
flies
and
so
kill
them
:
so
that
these
creuises
in
his
skin
,
are
vnto
him
insteede
of
a
mane
,
taile
,
and
haire
:
yet
there
are
some
few
haires
which
grow
scattering
vppon
his
hide
,
whereof
some
haue
beene
brought
out
of
America
into
Germany
,
which
were
two
palmes
long
,
but
not
so
stiffe
as
Swines
.
Their
skinne
is
so
hard
and
stiffe
,
that
a
sharpe
sworde
or
iron
cannot
pierce
it
.
Gillius
Their
head
is
very
great
,
and
the
head
of
a
man
may
as
easily
enter
into
their
mouth
,
as
a
finger
into
the
mouth
of
a
Dog
;
but
yet
their
eares
and
eyes
are
not
aequiualent
to
the
residew
of
their
proportion
:
for
they
are
smal
,
like
the
wings
of
a
Bat
or
a
Dragon
,
those
of
the
Ethiopian
Sambri
want
eares
altogither
.
Their
eyes
are
like
the
eyes
of
Swine
,
but
very
red
,
Pliny
.
they
haue
teeth
of
either
side
foure
,
wherewith
they
grinde
their
meate
like
meale
,
and
they
haue
also
two
other
which
hang
forth
beyond
the
residue
,
in
the
males
downeward
,
Vartomanus
and
these
are
the
greater
and
crooked
;
but
in
the
females
vpwarde
,
and
they
are
the
smaller
and
straight
:
the
one
of
them
they
keepe
alway
sharpe
,
to
reuenge
iniuries
,
and
with
the
other
they
root
vp
plants
&
trees
for
their
meat
:
of
their
teeth
Aelianus
so
that
nature
hath
armed
both
sexes
with
these
,
for
their
chiefest
defence
;
and
with
these
the
females
are
calued
at
the
first
,
and
indued
from
the
mothers
belly
,
and
appear
so
soone
as
they
come
foorth
:
the
males
not
so
quickly
,
but
rather
after
the
maner
of
bores
and
Sea-horsses
,
Gillius
.
Pliny
.
they
hang
out
of
their
mouths
,
and
grow
to
be
ten
foot
long
,
whereof
they
make
posts
of
houses
in
some
countries
,
and
cal
them
Ebora
,
that
is
,
young
yuory
:
which
caused
Martial
to
write
thus
;
Grandia
taurorum
portant
qui
corpora
quaeris
An
lybicas
possint
sustinnisse
trabes
.
There
is
a
certaine
booke
extant
without
the
name
of
the
Author
,
written
of
Iudaea
or
the
holy
land
,
wherein
the
Author
affirmeth
that
he
saw
an
Elephants
tooth
sold
to
a
Venetian
Merchant
,
for
six
and
thirty
Duccats
,
it
being
fourteen
spans
long
,
and
four
spans
broad
,
and
it
waighed
so
heauy
,
that
he
could
not
moue
it
from
the
ground
.
Vartomanus
also
saith
,
that
he
saw
in
the
Isle
of
Sumatra
,
two
Elephants
teeth
,
which
waighed
three
hundred
six
and
thirty
pounds
.
This
is
certain
,
that
the
teeth
of
those
Elephants
which
liue
in
the
marishes
and
watry
places
,
are
so
smooth
and
harde
,
as
they
seeme
intractable
,
and
in
some
places
they
haue
holes
in
them
,
and
againe
certaine
bunches
as
big
as
hail-stones
,
which
are
so
hard
,
as
no
art
or
instrument
can
worke
vpon
them
.
The
Elephants
of
the
mountaines
haue
lesser
and
whiter
teeth
,
fit
to
be
applied
to
any
worke
,
but
the
best
of
all
,
are
the
teeth
of
the
Campestriall
and
fielde
Elephants
,
Philostratus
which
are
whitest
and
softest
,
and
maye
well
bee
handleth
without
all
paine
.
The
teeth
of
the
female
are
more
pretious
then
of
the
male
,
and
these
they
loose
euery
tenth
yeare
;
which
falling
off
they
bury
and
couer
in
the
earth
,
pressing
them
downe
by
sitting
vppon
them
,
and
then
heal
them
ouer
with
earth
by
their
feet
,
and
so
in
short
time
the
grasse
groweth
vpon
them
:
for
,
as
when
they
are
hunted
they
know
it
is
for
no
other
cause
then
their
teeth
,
so
also
when
they
loose
their
teeth
,
they
desire
to
keepe
them
from
men
,
least
the
vertues
of
them
being
discouered
,
they
which
beare
them
shoulde
enioy
the
lesse
peace
and
security
.
It
is
admyrable
what
deuises
the
people
of
India
and
Affrica
haue
inuented
by
naturall
obseruation
,
to
finde
out
these
buried
teeth
,
The
finding
of
hidden
teeth
.
which
vnto
vs
liuing
in
the
remote
partes
of
the
world
,
we
would
iudge
impossible
by
any
ordinary
or
lawfull
course
,
except
we
should
turne
vp
the
earth
of
a
whole
country
,
or
go
to
work
by
diabolicall
coniuration
:
Aelianus
yet
haue
they
found
out
this
facile
&
ready
course
.
In
the
woods
or
fields
where
they
suspect
these
teeth
to
be
buried
,
they
bring
forth
pots
or
bottels
of
water
,
and
disperse
them
heere
one
,
there
another
,
and
so
let
them
stand
,
and
tarry
to
watch
them
,
so
one
sleepeth
,
another
singeth
,
or
bestoweth
his
time
as
he
pleaseth
,
after
a
little
time
,
they
go
and
look
in
their
pots
and
if
the
teeth
lie
neer
their
bottels
,
by
an
vnspeakable
and
secret
attractiue
power
in
nature
,
they
draw
all
the
water
out
of
them
that
are
neere
them
,
which
the
watchman
taketh
for
a
sure
signe
,
and
so
diggeth
about
his
Bottell
,
till
he
find
the
tooth
:
a
wonderfull
natural
secret
but
if
their
bottels
be
not
emptied
,
they
remoue
to
seeke
in
another
place
.
These
yuory
teeth
haue
bene
alway
of
great
estimation
among
all
the
Nations
that
euer
knew
them
,
the
Ethyopians
payed
for
a
tribute
vnto
the
king
of
Persia
euery
3.
yeare
twenty
or
these
teeth
hung
about
with
gold
and
Iet-wood
.
These
are
sold
by
waight
,
and
there
be
many
which
deceiue
the
world
with
the
bones
of
fishes
insteed
hereof
,
but
the
true
yuory
is
paler
and
heauier
,
and
falling
vpon
the
ground
will
easily
breake
,
whereas
the
bones
of
Fishes
are
more
tenatious
,
light
,
and
strong
.
It
is
like
to
the
Chernites
,
wherein
Darius
was
entombed
,
and
the
Marble
called
Lapis
Coraliticus
Corrol
stone
:
like
vnto
this
is
the
Alagi
stone
,
and
the
Paederos
Iewell
.
With
this
yuory
they
made
images
and
statues
for
their
idoll
Goddes
,
as
one
for
Pallas
in
Athens
,
for
Esculapius
in
Epidaurus
of
Venus
vnder
the
name
of
Vrania
by
Phidius
,
whereupon
she
was
called
Elephantina
,
for
Apollo
at
Rome
:
and
therefore
Pausanias
wondereth
at
the
Graecians
that
spared
no
cost
for
the
vaine
worship
of
their
Goddes
,
for
they
bought
of
the
Indians
and
Ethiopians
yuory
to
make
their
images
with
more
pompe
and
ostentation
:
besides
of
yuory
they
make
the
hafts
of
kniues
,
and
also
the
best
combs
,
and
Salomon
as
appeareth
3.
Reg.
10
▪
had
a
throne
of
yuory
couered
all
ouer
with
gold
,
for
the
costs
and
charge
wherof
he
could
not
expend
lesse
then
thirty
thousand
talents
.
The
greatnes
of
these
appeareth
by
their
vse
,
for
Polybius
reporteth
by
the
relation
of
Galussa
a
Noble-man
and
a
great
traueller
in
Affrica
,
that
with
them
they
made
posts
for
houses
,
〈◊〉
▪
Cenalis
.
and
racks
to
lay
their
cattels
meat
vpon
,
and
likewise
folds
to
enclose
them
.
Apelles
made
an
inke
of
Iuory
which
was
called
Elephantes
inke
,
and
he
painted
therewith
.
It
hath
bin
affirmed
by
Aelianus
&
some
writers
following
Pliny
,
that
these
teeth
are
Horns
,
and
that
Elephants
are
hornd
beasts
,
which
errour
rose
vpon
the
occasion
of
these
words
of
Pliny
;
Plin●us
.
Wh●ther
Elephants
haue
hornes
.
Elephantos
&
arietes
candore
tantum
cornibus
assinulatis
,
in
Santonum
littore
reciprocaos
destituit
Oceanus
:
where
Aelianus
finding
a
resemblance
betwixt
Rams
and
Elephants
in
their
white
hornes
,
was
contented
to
apply
that
name
to
them
both
,
which
appertaineth
onely
to
one
;
for
Pliny
himselfe
Lib.
18.
sheweth
his
meaning
by
another
like
speech
,
of
the
whetting
their
hornes
vpon
trees
,
and
Rhinocerotes
vpon
stones
:
for
except
he
had
named
hornes
in
the
first
place
it
might
haue
beene
questioned
whether
Rhinocerotes
had
any
hornes
,
but
rather
teeth
in
the
second
place
.
But
whatsoeuer
were
the
wordes
or
opinion
of
Pliny
,
it
is
most
certaine
,
that
after
Herodotus
and
other
auncient
writers
,
it
is
safer
to
call
these
teeth
,
then
hornes
;
and
I
will
breefely
set
downe
the
reasons
of
Philostratus
,
that
will
haue
them
to
be
teeth
,
and
afterward
of
Grapaldus
,
Aelianus
,
and
Pausanias
,
that
would
make
them
horns
,
and
so
leaue
the
reader
to
consider
whether
opinion
he
thinketh
most
agreeable
to
truth
.
First
,
that
they
are
not
hornes
,
it
is
alledged
that
hornes
fall
off
and
grow
euery
yeare
againe
,
especially
of
Harts
,
and
grow
forth
of
their
heads
,
but
teeth
which
are
called
Fannae
or
Gang-teeth
,
standing
out
of
the
mouth
,
fal
off
together
,
&
are
giuen
for
weapon
and
defence
to
beasts
,
and
such
are
an
Elephants
:
Againe
,
a
horne
hath
a
certaine
line
or
circle
neere
the
roote
,
which
is
couered
euery
yeare
,
but
this
commeth
vp
like
a
stony
substance
,
without
all
circle
or
couer
,
and
therfore
it
cannot
be
a
horn
.
Moreouer
,
those
creatures
are
said
to
haue
hornes
,
that
haue
clouen
hooues
,
this
hath
no
clouen
hoofe
,
but
onely
fiue
distinct
fingers
vpon
a
foot
.
Lastly
,
all
horned
beasts
haue
an
empty
hollownes
in
their
hornes
,
(
except
Harts
)
but
this
is
sound
and
full
thoroughout
,
except
a
little
passage
in
the
middle
like
a
hole
into
a
tooth
:
and
thus
say
they
which
will
haue
them
called
teeth
.
Now
on
the
contrary
,
those
which
will
haue
them
Hornes
,
make
these
argumentes
.
First
,
as
the
Elks
haue
their
hornes
grow
out
of
their
eye-lids
,
the
Rhinocerotes
or
Ethyopian
Buls
out
of
their
nose
,
so
as
it
is
not
vnnaturall
for
the
Elephant
to
haue
his
hornes
grow
out
of
his
mouth
.
Againe
,
hornes
fall
off
and
come
againe
in
old
beasts
,
but
teeth
do
not
so
,
and
therefore
these
are
hornes
and
not
teeth
:
the
power
of
fire
cannot
alter
teeth
,
but
these
teeth
breake
if
you
go
about
to
change
their
proportion
or
figure
,
but
hornes
of
Oxen
and
Elephants
may
be
stretched
,
bended
,
altered
,
straightned
,
and
applied
to
what
fashion
so
euer
you
will
.
Againe
,
teeth
grow
out
of
the
gummes
and
cheeke-bone
,
as
it
is
apparant
,
but
hornes
growe
out
of
the
scull
and
Temples
,
and
so
do
the
Elephants
as
by
obseruation
euery
man
may
discern
.
Lastly
as
nature
hath
giuen
another
shape
and
greater
proportion
of
body
to
Elephants
then
to
any
other
beasts
,
so
also
it
is
not
vnreasonable
that
it
vary
in
the
placing
of
his
horns
,
for
they
grow
downeward
,
and
the
very
mole
and
quantity
of
his
body
is
sufficient
to
arme
him
against
the
feare
of
death
.
Thus
they
argument
for
the
horns
of
Elephants
.
The
Poets
haue
a
prety
resemblance
of
dreames
,
comparing
true
dreames
to
hornes
and
false
dreames
to
Iuory
,
because
falshoode
is
euer
more
burnished
,
then
naked
and
ragged
trueth
.
And
besides
the
eie
of
man
is
translucent
,
and
containeth
in
it
a
horny
substance
,
and
by
the
eie
we
alway
receiue
the
best
assurance
,
but
by
the
mouth
(
signified
by
teeth
)
are
many
falshoods
vented
:
and
for
that
hornes
turne
vpwarde
to
heauen
,
the
fountaine
of
trueth
,
but
the
teeth
of
an
Elephant
growe
downward
towardes
the
earth
the
mother
of
error
.
And
for
this
cause
Aeneas
by
Virgil
and
Homer
,
is
said
to
come
in
at
the
horny
gate
of
Somnus
,
and
to
go
forth
at
the
Iuory
:
Virgils
verses
are
these
:
Sunt
geminae
Somni
portae
quarum
altera
fertur
,
Altera
candenti
praefecta
nitens
Elephanto
.
His
vbi
dum
natum
Anchises
,
vnaque
Sibillam
;
Cornea
Qua
veris
facilis
datur
exitus
vmbris
,
Sed
falsa
ad
coelum
mittunt
in
somnia
manes
,
Poesequitur
dictis
,
portaque
emittit
eburna
.
And
here
we
will
leaue
,
and
prosecute
no
further
this
discourse
of
their
hornes
and
teeth
,
but
proceede
to
the
other
outward
parts
of
this
beast
.
The
toung
is
very
small
though
broad
,
his
truncke
called
Proboscis
and
Promuscis
,
Aelianus
.
is
a
large
hollow
thing
hanging
from
his
nose
like
skinne
to
the
groundward
:
Aristotle
.
and
when
he
feedeth
it
lyeth
open
,
like
the
skin
vpon
the
bill
of
a
Turkey-cock
,
to
draw
in
both
his
meate
and
drinke
,
vsing
it
for
a
hand
,
and
therefore
improperly
it
is
called
a
hand
.
For
by
it
he
receiueth
of
his
keeper
whatsoeuer
he
giueth
him
,
with
it
he
ouerthroweth
trees
,
and
where
soeuer
he
swimmeth
,
through
it
he
draweth
breath
.
It
is
crooked
,
gristly
,
and
inflexible
at
the
roote
nexte
to
the
nose
:
within
,
it
hath
two
passages
,
one
into
the
heade
and
bodie
by
which
he
breatheth
,
and
the
other
into
his
mouth
,
whereby
he
receiueth
his
meate
:
Gillius
and
herein
is
the
woorke
of
God
most
woonderfull
,
not
onely
in
giuing
vnto
it
such
a
diuerse
proportion
and
anatomie
,
but
also
giuing
him
reason
to
knowe
this
benifite
of
it
,
that
so
long
as
he
is
in
the
water
and
holdeth
vp
that
trunck
,
he
can
not
perish
.
With
this
hee
fighteth
in
warre
,
and
is
able
to
take
vp
a
small
piece
of
money
from
the
earth
:
with
it
he
hath
beene
seene
to
pull
downe
the
toppe
of
a
tree
,
Vartomannus
which
twenty
foure
men
with
a
rope
could
not
make
to
bend
.
With
it
he
driueth
away
his
hunters
when
he
is
chased
,
for
he
can
drawe
vp
therein
a
great
quantity
of
water
,
and
shoote
it
forth
againe
,
to
the
amazement
and
the
ouerthrow
of
them
that
persecute
him
.
The
Moores
say
that
he
hath
twoe
heartes
,
one
where
withall
he
is
incensed
,
and
another
whereby
hee
is
pacified
.
But
the
trueth
is
,
as
Aristotle
in
the
dissection
of
the
hearte
obserued
,
there
is
a
double
ventrickle
,
and
bone
in
the
heart
of
an
Elephant
.
He
hath
a
Liuer
without
any
apparant
gall
,
but
that
side
of
the
liuer
being
cut
,
whereon
the
gall
shoulde
lye
,
a
certaine
humour
commeth
foorth
like
a
gall
.
Wherefore
Aelianus
sayth
,
he
hath
his
gall
in
his
maw-gutte
,
which
is
so
full
of
sinewes
,
that
one
would
thinke
he
had
foure
bellies
;
in
this
receiueth
he
his
meate
,
hauing
no
other
receptacle
for
it
:
his
intralles
are
like
vnto
a
Swines
,
but
much
greater
.
His
Liuer
foure
times
so
greate
as
an
Oxes
,
and
so
all
the
residue
excepte
the
Melte
:
he
hath
two
pappes
a
little
beside
his
breast
vnder
his
shoulders
,
and
not
betweene
his
hinder
legges
or
loynes
,
they
are
very
small
and
cannot
be
seene
on
the
side
.
Aristotle
.
The
reasons
hereof
are
giuen
,
first
that
he
hath
but
two
pappes
,
because
he
bringeth
forth
but
one
at
a
time
,
and
they
stand
vnder
his
shoulders
like
an
Apes
,
because
hee
hath
no
hoofes
but
distinct
feet
like
a
mannes
,
and
also
bicause
from
the
breaste
floweth
more
aboundance
of
milke
.
The
genitall
parte
is
like
a
Horses
,
but
lesser
then
the
proportion
of
his
bodie
affoordeth
:
the
stones
are
not
outwardly
seene
,
because
they
cleaue
to
his
raines
.
But
the
Female
hath
her
genitall
betwixte
her
thighes
:
the
forlegges
are
much
longer
then
the
hinder
legges
,
and
the
feet
be
greater
.
His
legges
are
of
equall
quantity
,
both
aboue
and
beneathe
the
knees
,
and
it
hath
anckle
bones
verie
lowe
.
The
articles
doe
not
ascende
so
high
as
in
other
creatures
,
but
kept
low
neere
the
earth
.
He
bendeth
his
hinder
legs
like
a
mans
when
he
sitteth
,
but
by
reason
of
his
great
waight
hee
is
not
able
to
bend
on
both
sides
together
,
〈◊〉
Gill●●s
but
either
leaneth
to
the
right
hand
or
to
the
left
and
so
sleepeth
:
It
is
false
that
they
haue
no
ioynts
or
articles
in
their
legs
,
for
when
they
please
they
can
vse
,
bend
,
and
moue
them
,
but
after
they
grow
old
,
they
vse
not
to
lie
downe
or
straine
them
by
reason
of
their
great
weight
,
but
take
their
rest
leaning
to
a
tree
:
and
if
they
did
not
bend
their
legs
,
they
could
neuer
go
any
ordinary
and
stayed
pace
.
Their
feet
are
round
like
a
horsses
,
but
so
as
they
reach
from
the
middle
euery
way
two
spans
length
,
and
are
as
broad
as
a
bushell
,
hauing
fiue
distinct
toes
vpon
each
foot
,
the
which
toes
are
very
little
clouen
,
to
the
intent
that
the
foot
may
be
stronger
;
and
yet
parted
,
that
when
he
treadeth
vppon
soft
grounde
,
the
weyght
of
his
body
presse
not
downe
the
legge
to
deepe
.
Hee
hath
no
nailes
vpon
his
toes
,
his
taile
is
like
an
Oxes
taile
,
hauing
a
little
haire
at
the
end
,
and
the
residue
thereof
peeled
and
without
haire
:
He
hath
not
any
bristly
hairs
to
couer
his
back
:
and
thus
much
for
their
seuerall
parts
and
their
vses
.
their
inward
natural
parts
There
is
not
any
creature
so
capable
of
vnderstanding
as
an
Elephant
,
and
therefore
it
is
requisite
to
tarry
somewhat
the
longer
in
expressing
the
seuerall
properties
,
and
naturall
qualities
thereof
,
which
sundry
and
variable
inclinations
,
cannot
choose
but
bring
great
delight
to
the
reader
.
They
haue
a
wonderfull
loue
to
their
owne
Countrey
,
so
as
although
they
be
neuer
so
well
delighted
with
diuers
meats
and
ioyes
in
other
places
,
yet
in
memory
thereof
they
send
forth
teares
,
Aelianus
Tzetzes
.
The
Places
of
their
abod
and
they
loue
also
the
waters
,
riuers
,
and
marishes
,
so
as
they
are
not
vnfitly
called
Riparij
such
as
liue
by
the
riuers
sides
:
although
they
cannot
swim
by
reason
of
their
great
and
heauy
bodies
,
vntill
they
be
taught
.
Also
they
neuer
liue
solitary
but
in
great
flocks
,
except
they
be
sicke
or
watch
their
yong
ones
,
and
for
either
of
these
they
remaine
aduenturous
vnto
death
,
Pliny
.
the
eldest
leadeth
the
herd
,
and
the
second
driueth
them
forward
,
if
they
meet
any
man
they
giue
him
way
,
and
goe
out
of
his
sight
.
Leo
Afer
:
Their
voice
is
called
by
the
word
Barrire
,
that
is
to
bray
,
and
thereupon
the
Elephants
themselus
are
called
Barri
;
Festus
Philomelae
avthor
.
for
his
voice
commeth
out
of
his
mouth
and
nostrils
togither
,
like
as
when
a
man
speaketh
breathing
;
wherefore
Aristotle
calleth
it
rawcity
,
or
hoarsnes
,
like
the
low
sound
of
a
Trumpet
,
this
sound
is
verie
terrible
in
battailes
as
shall
be
afterward
declared
.
They
liue
vpon
the
fruits
of
plants
and
rootes
,
and
with
their
truncks
and
heads
,
ouerthrow
the
tops
of
trees
,
The
meat
of
wilde
Eleph
.
Pliny
.
Solinus
and
eat
the
boughes
and
bodies
of
them
,
and
many
times
vpon
the
leaues
of
trees
he
deuoureth
Chamaeleons
,
whereby
he
is
poisoned
and
dieth
if
hee
eat
not
immediately
a
wilde
Oliue
.
They
eat
earth
often
without
harme
,
but
if
they
eat
it
sildome
,
it
is
hurtfull
and
procureth
paine
in
their
b●l●ies
;
so
also
they
eat
stones
.
They
are
so
louing
to
their
fellowes
,
that
they
will
not
eat
their
meat
alone
,
but
hauing
found
a
prey
,
they
go
and
inuite
the
residue
to
their
feastes
and
cheere
,
more
like
to
reasonable
ciuill
men
,
Aelianus
.
Hermolaus
.
then
vnreasonable
brute
beasts
.
There
are
certaine
noble
melons
in
Aethiopia
,
which
the
Elephants
being
sharpe-smelling-beastes
do
winde
a
great
way
off
,
and
by
the
conduct
of
their
noses
come
to
those
Gardens
of
Melons
,
and
there
eat
and
deuour
them
:
When
they
are
tamed
they
will
eate
Barlie
either
whole
or
grounde
:
of
whole
at
one
time
is
giuen
them
nine
Macedonian
Bushels
,
but
of
meale
six
,
and
of
drinke
eyther
wine
or
water
thirty
Macedonian
pintes
at
a
time
,
that
is
fourteen
gallons
,
but
this
is
obserued
,
that
they
drinke
not
wine
except
in
warre
,
when
they
are
to
fight
,
but
water
at
all
times
,
whereof
they
will
not
tast
,
except
it
be
muddy
and
not
cleare
,
for
they
auoid
cleare
water
,
Aelianus
Simocratus
A
secret
.
Pliny
.
loathing
to
see
their
owne
shaddow
therein
;
and
therefore
when
the
Indians
are
to
passe
the
water
with
their
Elephants
,
they
choose
darke
and
cloudy
nightes
wherein
the
moone
affordeth
no
light
.
If
they
perceiue
but
a
mouse
run
ouer
their
meat
,
they
will
not
eat
thereof
,
for
there
is
in
them
a
great
hatred
of
this
creature
.
Also
they
wil
eat
dryed
Figges
,
Grapes
,
Onions
,
Bulrushes
,
Palmes
,
and
Iuy
leaues
:
There
is
a
Region
in
India
;
called
Phalacrus
,
A
secret
in
a
countrey
of
India
.
which
signifieth
Balde
,
because
of
an
herbe
growing
therein
,
which
causeth
euery
liuing
thing
that
eateth
therof
,
to
loose
both
horn
and
haire
,
and
therefore
no
man
can
be
more
industrious
or
warie
to
auoide
those
places
,
then
is
an
Elephant
,
and
to
beare
euery
greene
thing
growing
in
that
place
when
he
passeth
thorough
it
.
Aelianus
It
will
forbeare
drinke
eight
daies
together
,
and
drinke
wine
to
drunkennesse
like
an
Ape
.
It
is
delighted
aboue
measure
with
sweet
sauours
,
oyntments
,
and
smelling
flowers
,
for
which
cause
their
keepes
will
in
the
Summer
time
lead
them
into
the
medowes
of
flowers
,
where
they
of
themselues
will
by
the
quicknes
of
their
smelling
,
Their
loue
to
sweet
flowers
.
Aelianus
.
chuse
out
and
gather
the
sweetest
flowers
,
and
put
them
into
a
basket
if
their
keeper
haue
any
;
which
being
filled
,
like
daintie
and
neat
men
,
they
also
desire
to
wash
,
and
so
will
go
and
seeke
out
water
to
wash
themselues
,
and
of
their
owne
accord
returne
backe
againe
to
the
basket
of
flowers
,
which
if
they
find
not
,
they
will
bray
and
call
for
them
.
Afterward
being
led
into
their
stable
,
they
will
not
eat
meat
vntill
they
take
of
their
flowers
and
dresse
the
brimmes
of
their
maungers
therewith
,
and
likewise
strew
their
roome
or
standing
place
,
pleasing
themselues
with
their
meat
,
because
of
the
sauor
of
the
Flowers
stucke
about
their
cratch
,
like
dainty
fed
persons
which
set
their
dishes
with
greene
hearbs
,
and
put
them
into
their
cups
of
wine
.
Their
pace
is
very
slow
,
for
a
child
may
ouertake
them
by
reason
of
their
high
and
larg
bodies
(
except
in
their
feare
)
and
for
that
cause
they
cannot
swim
:
as
also
,
Gillius
.
The
shiping
of
Elephants
by
reason
that
the
toes
of
their
feet
are
very
short
and
finally
diuided
.
When
they
are
brought
into
a
ship
,
they
haue
a
bridge
made
of
wood
,
and
couered
with
earth
,
and
greene
boughes
are
set
on
either
side
,
so
that
they
immagine
they
go
vpon
the
land
vntill
they
enter
into
the
ship
;
because
the
boughes
keepe
them
from
sight
of
the
Sea
.
They
are
most
chast
,
Aelianus
.
and
keepe
true
vnto
their
males
without
all
inconstant
loue
or
seperation
,
admitting
no
adulteries
amongest
them
,
and
like
men
which
tast
of
Venus
not
for
any
corporall
lust
,
but
for
desire
of
heires
and
successors
in
their
families
,
so
do
Elephants
,
without
all
vnchast
and
vnlawfull
lust
,
take
their
veneriall
complements
,
for
the
continuation
of
their
kind
,
and
neuer
aboue
thrice
in
all
their
daies
,
either
male
or
female
suffer
carnall
copulation
(
but
the
female
onely
twice
.
)
Yet
is
their
rage
great
when
the
female
prouoketh
them
,
and
although
they
fight
not
among
themselues
for
their
females
,
(
except
very
sildome
)
yet
do
they
so
burne
in
this
fury
,
that
many
times
they
ouerthrow
trees
and
houses
in
India
by
their
tuskes
,
and
running
their
head
like
a
Ram
against
them
,
wherefore
then
they
keepe
them
low
&
down
by
subtraction
of
their
meat
,
&
also
bring
some
stranger
to
beat
them
.
There
was
a
certaine
cunning
hunter
sent
into
Mauritania
by
the
Roman
Emp
▪
to
hunt
and
take
Elephants
;
on
a
day
he
saw
a
goodly
young
Elephant
in
copulation
with
another
,
&
instantly
a
third
aproched
with
a
direfull
braying
,
as
if
he
would
haue
eaten
vp
al
the
company
,
and
as
it
afterward
appeared
,
he
was
an
arriuall
to
the
female
,
Aelianus
.
which
we
saw
in
copulation
with
the
other
male
:
when
he
approched
neere
,
both
of
them
set
themselues
to
combat
,
which
they
performd
like
some
vnresistable
waues
of
the
Sea
,
or
as
the
hils
which
are
shaken
together
by
an
earthquake
,
wherein
each
one
charged
the
other
most
furiously
for
their
loue
,
to
the
terror
and
admiration
of
all
the
beholders
,
and
so
at
last
becam
both
disarmed
of
their
teeth
and
hornes
by
their
often
blowes
,
before
one
had
ouercome
the
other
,
and
so
at
last
by
the
hunters
were
parted
asunder
,
being
euer
afterward
quiet
from
such
contentions
about
their
females
for
copulation
.
The
Indians
separate
the
stables
of
the
females
far
asunder
from
the
males
,
because
at
that
time
they
ouerthrowe
their
houses
.
They
are
modest
and
shamefast
in
this
action
,
The
place
&
manner
of
their
copulation
Plinyus
.
for
they
seeke
the
Desarts
,
woodes
,
and
secret
places
for
procreation
,
and
somtimes
the
waters
,
because
the
waters
doe
support
the
Male
in
that
action
,
whereby
hee
ascendeth
and
descendeth
from
the
backe
of
the
female
with
more
ease
:
and
once
it
was
seene
,
that
in
Virgea
(
a
Countrey
of
the
Corascens
)
two
Elephants
did
engender
out
of
India
,
otherwise
they
couple
not
out
of
their
owne
countreys
:
When
they
goe
to
copulation
,
they
turne
their
heads
towards
the
east
,
but
whether
in
remembrance
of
Paradise
,
or
for
the
Mandragoras
,
or
for
any
other
cause
,
I
cannot
tell
:
the
female
sitteth
while
she
is
couerd
.
Albertus
.
They
begin
to
ingender
,
the
male
at
sixe
,
ten
,
twelue
,
fifteene
or
twenty
yeare
olde
,
the
female
not
before
ten
yeares
old
:
They
couple
but
fiue
daies
in
two
yeares
,
and
neuer
after
the
female
is
filled
till
she
haue
beene
cleare
one
whole
yeare
,
Solinus
.
The
time
of
copulation
Arrianus
and
after
the
second
copulation
,
he
neuer
more
toucheth
his
female
.
At
that
time
the
male
breatheth
foorth
at
his
nose
a
certaine
fat
humor
like
a
menstruous
thing
,
but
the
female
hath
them
not
til
hir
place
of
conception
be
opened
:
and
alway
the
day
after
her
filling
,
she
washeth
her selfe
before
she
returne
to
the
flocke
.
Aristotle
.
The
time
of
their
go●og
with
young
The
time
of
their
going
with
yong
is
according
to
some
two
years
,
and
according
to
other
three
,
the
occasion
of
this
diuersity
is
,
because
their
time
of
copulation
cannot
certainely
be
knowne
,
because
of
their
secrecy
,
for
the
greater
bodies
that
beasts
haue
,
they
are
the
lesse
fruitfull
.
She
is
deliuered
in
great
paine
,
leaning
vpon
her
hinder
Legges
.
They
neuer
bring
forth
but
one
at
a
time
,
and
that
is
not
much
greater
then
a
great
cowcalfe
(
of
three
monthes
old
,
)
which
she
nourisheth
sixe
or
eight
yeare
.
As
soone
as
it
is
Calued
,
Diodonus
Pogius
.
Aelianus
.
it
seeth
and
goeth
,
and
sucketh
with
the
mouth
,
not
with
the
trunke
,
and
so
groweth
to
a
great
stature
.
The
females
when
they
haue
calued
are
most
fierce
,
for
feare
of
their
young
ones
,
but
if
a
man
come
and
touch
them
,
they
are
not
angry
,
for
it
seemeth
they
vnderstand
that
he
toucheth
them
not
for
any
desire
to
take
or
harme
them
,
but
rather
to
stroke
and
admire
them
.
The
loue
of
the
male
to
the
female
&
of
both
to
the
Calfe
.
Sometimes
they
goe
into
the
Water
to
the
belly
and
there
calue
for
feare
of
the
Dragon
:
the
male
neuer
forsaketh
her
,
but
keepeth
with
her
for
the
like
feare
of
the
Dragon
,
and
feede
and
defend
their
young
ones
with
singular
loue
and
constancye
vnto
death
:
as
appeareth
by
the
example
of
one
,
that
heard
the
braying
of
her
calfe
fallen
into
a
ditch
and
not
able
to
arise
,
the
female
ranne
vnto
it
,
and
for
hast
fell
downe
vppon
it
,
so
crushing
it
to
death
,
Tzetzes
.
and
breaking
her
owne
Necke
with
one
and
the
same
violente
loue
.
As
they
liue
in
heards
,
so
when
they
are
to
passe
ouer
a
ryuer
or
Water
,
they
send
ouer
the
least
or
youngest
first
,
because
their
great
bodies
together
should
not
cause
the
deepe
water
to
swell
or
rise
aboue
their
heigth
:
the
other
stand
on
the
bancke
and
obserue
howe
deepe
he
wadeth
,
and
so
make
account
that
the
greater
may
with
more
assurance
follow
after
the
younger
and
smaller
,
Plutarch
Aelianus
Philostratus
.
then
they
the
elder
and
taller
;
and
the
females
carry
ouer
their
Calues
vpon
their
snowts
&
long
eminent
teeth
binding
them
fast
with
their
trunks
,
(
like
as
with
ropes
or
male
girts
that
they
may
not
fall
)
being
sometime
holpen
by
the
male
;
wherein
appeareth
an
admirable
point
of
naturall
wisedome
,
both
in
the
carriage
of
their
young
and
in
sending
of
the
lesser
foremost
,
not
onely
for
the
reason
aforesaid
,
but
also
because
they
being
hunted
and
prosecuted
,
it
is
requisite
that
the
greatest
and
strongest
come
in
the
reare
and
hindmost
part
,
for
the
safeguarde
of
the
weaker
,
against
the
fury
of
their
persecutors
,
being
better
able
to
fight
then
the
formost
,
whom
in
natural
loue
and
pollicy
,
they
set
farthest
from
the
danger
.
Mutius
which
had
beene
thrice
Consull
affirmeth
,
that
he
saw
Elephants
brought
on
shore
at
Puteoli
in
Italy
:
they
were
caused
to
goe
out
of
the
ship
backeward
,
all
along
the
bridge
that
was
made
for
them
,
Tha
bringing
of
Elephants
out
of
ships
.
A
secret
,
if
true
.
that
so
the
sight
of
the
Sea
might
terrifie
them
,
and
cause
them
more
willingly
to
come
on
land
,
and
that
they
might
not
be
terrified
with
the
length
of
the
bridge
from
the
continent
.
Pliny
and
Solinus
affirme
,
that
they
will
not
goe
on
shipboord
,
vntill
their
keeper
by
some
intelligible
signe
of
oath
,
make
promise
vnto
them
of
their
returne
backe
againe
.
They
sometime
as
hath
beene
said
fight
one
against
another
,
and
when
the
weaker
is
ouercome
,
Aristotle
.
Of
their
fighting
he
is
so
much
abased
and
cast
downe
in
minde
,
that
euer
after
he
feareth
the
voyce
of
the
conqueror
.
They
are
neuer
so
fierce
,
violent
,
or
wilde
,
but
the
sight
of
a
Ramme
tameth
and
dismayeth
them
,
for
they
feare
his
hornes
;
for
which
cause
the
Egiptians
picture
an
Elephant
and
a
Ramme
,
to
signifie
a
foolish
king
that
runneth
away
for
a
fearefull
sight
in
the
field
.
Gillius
Aelianus
Coelius
Zoroastres
.
Their
fear
of
Rams
,
swine
,
and
other
beasts
Volateranus
And
not
onely
a
Ramme
,
but
also
the
gruntling
clamour
or
cry
of
Hogs
:
by
which
meanes
the
Romanes
ouerthrew
the
Carthaginians
,
and
Pirrhus
which
trusted
ouermuch
to
their
Elephants
.
When
Antipater
besieged
the
Megarians
very
straitly
with
many
Elephants
,
the
Citizens
tooke
certaine
Swine
and
anointed
them
with
pitch
,
then
set
them
on
fire
and
turned
them
out
among
the
Elephants
,
who
crying
horribly
by
reason
of
the
fire
on
their
bodies
,
so
distemperd
the
Elephants
,
that
all
the
wit
of
the
Macedonians
could
not
restraine
them
from
madnesse
,
fury
,
and
flying
vpon
their
owne
company
,
onely
because
of
the
cry
of
the
Swine
.
And
to
take
away
that
feare
from
Elephants
,
they
bring
vp
with
them
when
they
are
tamed
,
young
Pigges
and
Swine
euer
since
that
time
.
When
Elephants
are
chased
in
hunting
,
if
the
Lions
see
them
,
they
runne
from
them
like
Hindecalfes
from
the
Dogges
of
Hunters
,
and
yet
Iphicrates
sayeth
,
that
among
the
Hesperian
or
westerne
Aethiopians
,
Lions
set
vpon
the
young
Calues
of
Elephants
and
wound
them
:
but
at
the
sight
of
the
mothers
,
which
come
with
speede
to
them
,
when
they
heare
them
cry
,
the
Lions
runne
away
,
and
when
the
mothers
finde
their
young
ones
imbrued
in
their
owne
bloud
,
they
themselues
are
so
inraged
that
they
kill
them
,
and
so
retire
from
them
,
The
cruelty
of
the
female
to
their
wounded
Calues
.
Solin●s
.
Stat.
Seb●si
.
after
which
time
the
Lions
returne
and
eate
their
flesh
.
They
will
not
indure
the
sauour
of
a
Mouse
,
but
refuse
the
meat
which
they
haue
run
ouer
:
in
the
riuer
Ganges
of
India
,
there
are
blew
Wormes
of
sixty
cubits
long
hauing
two
armes
;
these
when
the
Elephants
come
to
drinke
in
that
riuer
,
take
their
trunks
in
their
handes
and
pull
them
off
.
There
are
Dragons
among
the
Aethiopians
,
which
are
thirty
yards
or
paces
long
,
these
haue
no
name
among
the
inhabitants
but
Elephant-killers
.
And
among
the
Indians
also
there
is
an
inbred
and
natiue
hatefull
hostility
betwixte
Dragons
and
Elephants
:
Aelianus
for
which
cause
the
Dragons
being
not
ignorant
that
the
Elephants
feed
vpon
the
fruites
and
leaues
of
green
trees
,
doe
secretly
conuay
them selues
into
them
or
to
the
toppes
of
rockes
:
couering
their
hinder
part
with
leaues
,
and
letting
his
head
and
fore
part
hang
downe
like
a
rope
on
a
suddaine
when
the
Elephant
commeth
to
crop
the
top
of
the
tree
,
she
leapeth
into
his
face
,
and
diggeth
out
his
eies
,
and
because
that
reuenge
of
malice
is
to
little
to
satisfie
a
Serpent
,
she
twineth
her
gable-like-body
about
the
throat
of
the
amazed
Elephant
,
and
so
strangleth
him
to
death
.
Againe
they
marke
the
footsteps
of
the
Elephant
when
he
goeth
to
feed
,
and
so
with
their
tailes
,
net
in
and
intangle
his
legs
and
feet
:
when
the
Elephant
perceiueth
and
feeleth
them
,
he
putteth
downe
his
trunke
to
remoue
and
vnty
their
knots
and
ginnes
;
then
one
of
them
thrusteth
his
poisoned
▪
stinging-head
into
his
Nostrils
,
and
so
stop
vp
his
breath
,
the
other
▪
prick
and
gore
his
tender-belly-parts
.
Some
againe
meet
him
and
flye
vpon
his
eies
and
pull
them
foorth
,
so
that
at
the
last
he
must
yeeld
to
their
rage
,
and
fall
downe
vpon
them
,
killing
them
in
his
death
by
his
fall
,
whom
he
could
not
resist
or
ouercome
being
aliue
:
and
this
must
be
vnderstood
,
that
forsomuch
as
Elephants
go
togither
by
flockes
and
heards
,
the
subtill
Dragons
let
the
foremost
passe
,
and
set
vpon
the
hindmost
,
that
so
they
may
not
be
oppressed
with
multitude
.
Also
it
is
reported
that
the
blood
of
an
Elephant
is
the
coldest
blood
in
the
world
,
and
that
Dragons
in
the
scorching
heate
of
Summer
,
cannot
get
any
thing
to
coole
them
,
except
this
blood
;
for
which
cause
they
hide
themselus
in
riuers
and
brooks
whether
the
Elephants
come
to
drinke
,
and
when
he
putteth
downe
his
trunke
they
take
hold
thereof
,
and
instantly
in
great
numbers
leape
vp
vnto
his
eare
,
which
is
naked
,
bare
,
and
without
defence
:
where
out
they
sucke
the
blood
of
the
Elephant
vntill
he
fall
downe
dead
,
and
so
they
perish
both
together
.
Of
this
blood
commeth
that
ancient
Cinnabaris
,
Of
Cinnabaris
or
the
best
red
colour
made
by
commixture
of
the
blood
of
Elephants
and
Draggons
both
together
,
which
alone
is
able
and
nothing
but
it
,
to
make
the
best
representation
of
blood
in
painting
.
Some
haue
corrupted
it
with
Goats-blood
,
and
call
it
Milton
,
and
Mimum
,
and
Monochroma
:
it
hath
a
most
rare
and
singuler
vertue
against
all
poysons
,
beside
the
vnmatcheable
property
aforesaid
.
These
Serpents
or
Dragons
are
bred
in
Taprobona
,
in
whose
heads
are
many
pretious
stones
,
with
such
naturall
seales
or
figuratiue
impressions
,
as
if
they
were
framed
by
the
hande
of
man
,
for
Podisippus
and
Tzetzes
affirme
,
that
they
haue
seen
one
of
them
taken
out
of
a
Dragons
head
,
hauing
vpon
it
the
liuely
and
artificial
stampe
of
a
Chariot
.
The
fight
of
Elephants
.
Pliny
.
Elephants
are
enimies
to
wilde
Bulles
,
and
the
Rhinocerots
,
for
in
the
games
of
Pompey
,
when
an
Elephant
and
a
Rhinoceros
were
brought
together
,
the
Rhinoceros
ranne
instantly
and
whet
his
horne
vppon
a
stone
,
and
so
prepared
himselfe
to
fight
,
striking
most
of
all
at
the
belly
of
the
Elephant
,
because
he
knewe
that
it
was
the
tenderest
and
most
penetrable
part
of
the
body
.
The
Rhinoceros
was
as
long
as
the
Elephant
,
but
the
legges
thereof
were
much
shorter
,
and
as
the
Rhinocerotes
sharpen
their
hornes
vppon
the
stones
,
so
doe
the
Elephants
their
teeth
vpon
trees
:
the
sharpnesse
of
either
yeeldeth
not
to
any
steele
.
Aelianus
Oppianus
Strabo
.
Especiall
the
Rhinocerot
teareth
and
pricketh
the
legs
of
the
Elephant
:
They
fight
in
the
woods
for
no
other
cause
,
but
for
the
meat
they
liue
vpon
,
but
if
the
Rhinocerot
get
not
the
aduantage
of
the
Elephants
belly
,
but
set
vpon
him
in
some
other
part
of
his
body
,
hee
is
soone
put
to
the
worst
,
by
the
sharpenes
of
the
yuory
tooth
which
pierceth
through
his
more
then
buffehard-skinne
(
not
to
be
pierced
with
any
dart
)
with
great
facility
,
being
set
on
with
the
strength
of
so
able
an
aduersary
.
The
Tygre
also
feareth
not
an
Elephant
,
but
is
fiercer
and
stronger
,
Eustathius
for
he
leapeth
vpon
his
head
and
teareth
out
his
throat
,
but
the
Gryphins
which
ouercome
almost
all
beasts
,
are
not
able
to
stand
with
the
Lyons
or
Elephants
.
The
females
are
far
more
strong
,
chearefull
,
and
couragious
then
the
males
,
and
also
they
are
apt
to
beare
the
greater
burthens
;
but
in
War
●he
male
is
more
gracefull
and
acceptable
,
Vartomanus
The
conditions
&
corage
of
male
and
female
.
Gillius
because
he
is
taller
,
giuing
more
assured
ensignes
of
victory
and
fortitude
:
for
their
strength
is
admirable
,
as
may
be
coniecturd
by
that
which
is
formerly
recited
of
their
trunke
,
and
Vartoman
affirmeth
,
that
he
saw
three
Elephants
with
their
onely
heades
,
driue
a
great
ship
out
of
the
Sea-water
where
it
was
fastened
vnto
the
shore
.
When
he
is
most
loaded
he
goeth
surest
,
for
he
can
carry
a
woodden
Tower
on
his
backe
with
thirty
men
therein
,
and
their
sufficient
foode
and
warlike
instruments
.
The
king
of
India
was
woont
to
go
to
warre
with
30000.
Elephants
of
war
,
and
beside
these
he
had
also
followed
him
3000.
Albertus
The
strength
and
burthen
of
an
Eleph
.
of
the
chiefest
and
strongest
in
India
,
which
at
his
commaund
would
ouethrow
trees
,
Houses
,
Walles
,
or
any
such
thing
standing
against
him
:
and
indeed
vpon
these
were
the
Indians
wont
to
fight
,
for
the
defence
of
their
coast
,
and
country
.
The
farthest
region
of
that
continent
is
called
Partalis
,
inhabited
by
the
Gangarides
and
Calingae
,
the
king
whereof
was
wont
to
haue
seuen
hundred
Elephants
to
watch
his
Army
,
and
there
was
no
meane
prince
in
all
India
which
was
not
Lord
of
many
Elephants
.
Pliny
.
The
keepers
and
maintainers
of
Elep
.
Solinus
The
king
of
Palibotrae
kept
in
stipend
,
eight
thousand
euery
day
,
and
beyond
his
territory
was
the
king
of
Modubae
and
Molindae
,
which
had
foure
hundred
Elephants
.
These
fight
with
men
,
and
ouerthrowe
all
that
come
within
their
reach
,
both
with
trunkes
and
teeth
.
There
were
certaine
officers
and
guiders
of
these
Elephants
,
which
were
called
Elephantarchae
,
whoe
were
the
gouernors
of
sixteene
Elephants
,
and
they
which
did
institute
and
teach
them
Martiall
discipline
,
were
called
Elephanta
gogi
.
The
military
Elephant
did
cary
4.
Pollux
.
The
instruction
of
Elephants
for
war
Aelianus
persons
on
his
bare
backe
,
one
fighting
on
the
right
hand
,
another
fighting
on
the
left
hand
,
a
third
which
stood
fighting
backward
from
the
Elephants
head
,
and
a
fourth
in
the
middle
of
these
holding
the
raines
and
guiding
the
beast
to
the
descretion
of
the
Souldiers
,
euen
as
the
pilot
in
a
ship
guideth
the
sterne
,
wherein
was
required
an
equall
knowledge
and
dexterity
,
for
they
vnderstand
any
language
quickly
,
for
when
the
Indian
which
ruled
them
said
,
strike
heere
on
the
right
hand
,
or
els
on
the
left
,
or
refraine
and
stand
stil
,
no
reasonable
man
could
yeald
readier
obedience
.
They
did
fasten
by
iron
chaines
,
first
of
all
vpon
the
elephant
that
was
to
beare
ten
,
fifteene
,
twenty
,
or
thirty
men
,
on
either
side
,
two
panniers
of
iron
bound
vnderneath
their
belly
,
and
vpon
them
the
like
panniers
of
wood
hollow
,
wherin
they
place
their
men
at
armes
,
and
couered
them
ouer
with
small
boards
,
for
the
trunk
of
the
elephant
was
couered
with
a
maile
for
defence
,
and
vpon
that
a
broad
sword
,
and
two
cubits
long
:
this
(
as
also
the
wodden
Castle
or
paniers
aforsaid
)
were
fastened
first
to
the
necke
,
and
then
to
the
rumpe
of
the
elephant
.
Being
thus
armed
,
they
entred
the
battell
,
and
they
shewed
vnto
the
beast
to
make
them
more
fierce
,
wine
,
red
liquor
made
of
rice
,
and
white
cloth
,
for
at
the
sight
of
any
of
these
,
his
courage
and
rage
increaseth
aboue
all
measure
;
then
at
the
sound
of
the
Trumpet
he
beginneth
with
teeth
to
strike
,
teare
,
beate
,
spoyle
,
take
vp
into
the
aire
,
cast
down
again
,
stamp
vpon
men
vnder
feet
,
ouerthrow
with
his
trunke
,
and
make
way
for
his
riders
to
pierce
with
Speare
,
shield
,
and
sword
;
so
that
his
horrible
voice
,
his
wonderfull
body
,
his
terrible
force
,
his
admirable
skill
,
his
ready
and
inclinable
obedience
,
and
his
straunge
and
sildome
seene
shape
,
produced
in
a
maine
battell
no
meane
accidents
and
ouerturnes
.
For
this
cause
we
read
how
that
Pyrrhus
first
of
all
,
produced
elephants
against
the
Romans
in
Lucania
:
afterward
Asdruball
in
Affrica
,
Antiochus
in
the
East
,
and
Iugurtha
in
Numidia
.
Against
these
new
kindes
of
Castle-fighting
and
Souldier-bearing-beastes
,
on
the
contrary
they
inuented
New
kindes
of
stratagems
,
as
is
before
sette
downe
,
and
also
new
instrumentes
of
Warre
,
The
fight
against
eleph
.
for
a
Centuryon
in
Lucania
with
a
new
deuised
sharp
sword
,
cutte
of
the
trunke
of
this
Beast
:
againe
other
inuented
,
that
two
armed
Horsses
should
draw
a
charriot
,
and
in
the
same
armed
men
with
Iauelins
and
sharpe
speares
,
the
speedy
horses
should
withall
force
run
vpon
the
Elephants
,
and
the
speare-men
directing
their
course
and
Weapons
some
vpon
the
beast
,
other
vpon
the
riders
,
did
not
onely
wound
the
beast
,
but
also
by
celerity
of
the
horses
,
escape
all
danger
.
Other
againe
sent
against
him
armed
Souldiers
,
hauing
their
Armour
made
full
of
sharpe
prickes
or
piercing
piked
Nayles
,
so
that
when
the
beast
did
strike
at
them
with
his
trunke
,
he
receiued
grieuous
woundes
by
his
owne
blowes
.
Againe
there
were
certaine
young
men
Souldiers
,
armed
with
light
armour
,
which
being
mounted
vppon
swift
Horsses
,
could
cast
Darts
with
singular
facility
,
and
without
the
reach
of
the
beast
,
many
times
wounding
him
with
long
speares
,
and
so
by
example
of
the
Horse-men
,
the
foote-men
,
grew
more
bold
,
and
with
piles
in
the
earth
annoyed
the
belly
of
the
Beast
,
and
vtterly
vanquishing
it
and
the
rider
.
Againe
,
they
deuised
slings
to
cast
stones
,
wherby
they
beate
off
the
riders
,
and
many
times
ouerthrewe
the
Castle
bearer
,
as
it
were
by
some
violent
stroke
of
a
Cannot
shot
;
neither
was
there
euer
any
more
easie
way
to
disaster
these
monster-seeming-Soldiers
,
then
by
casting
of
stones
,
and
lastly
they
would
suffer
their
Elephants
and
their
riders
by
poore
hopes
and
appearances
of
feare
,
to
enter
into
the
middest
among
them
,
and
so
begirte
and
inclose
them
,
that
they
tooke
the
Elephants
aliue
;
and
also
more
shooters
of
Darts
carried
in
Chariots
with
the
stronge
course
of
Horsses
,
did
so
annoy
them
,
that
whereas
their
bodies
were
great
and
vnweldy
,
not
nimble
to
stir
out
of
place
,
it
became
more
easie
to
kill
an
elephant
then
a
Horsse
because
many
shooters
at
one
time
could
pierce
so
faire
a
marke
with
vnresistable
weapons
.
And
these
things
are
related
by
Vegetius
.
At
the
last
the
fight
with
Elephants
turned
into
a
publike
game
or
pastime
,
Games
of
Elephants
.
both
to
see
them
fought
withall
by
men
,
and
also
among
themselues
.
When
certaine
prisoners
of
the
Romans
were
taken
by
Anniball
,
he
first
constrained
them
to
skirmish
among
themselues
,
and
so
slew
one
another
except
onely
one
;
and
he
was
by
the
like
commaundement
forced
to
fight
with
an
Elephant
,
but
vpon
condition
of
liberty
if
he
escaped
aliue
:
and
thereupon
ioyned
Combat
,
and
slew
the
Elephant
,
to
the
great
griefe
and
amazement
of
all
the
Carthaginians
;
but
going
home
,
according
to
agreement
,
Anniball
fearing
that
by
this
fact
those
great
beasts
would
grow
into
contempt
,
sent
certaine
Horsemen
to
kill
him
by
the
way
.
Their
trunke
or
hand
is
most
easie
to
be
cut
off
;
for
so
it
happened
in
the
aedility
or
temple
office
of
Claudius
,
Antonius
and
Posthumus
being
consuls
,
and
afterward
in
the
Circus
,
Fenestella
.
when
the
Luculli
were
the
commons
officers
.
And
when
Pompey
was
consull
the
second
time
,
there
were
17.
or
20.
which
at
one
time
fought
within
the
Circus
,
at
the
dedication
of
the
Temple
of
Venus
the
Victoria
,
where
the
Getulians
fought
with
them
with
Speares
and
Dartes
;
for
their
happened
an
admirable
accident
,
one
of
the
Souldiers
who
hauing
a
hurt
in
his
feete
did
creepe
vppon
his
knees
betwixt
the
Legges
of
the
Elephants
,
and
cast
vp
the
Darts
ouer
his
head
into
the
beastes
belly
,
which
fell
downe
round
about
him
,
to
the
great
pleasure
of
the
beholders
,
so
that
many
of
the
elephants
perished
rather
by
Art
then
the
strength
of
the
Souldier
.
No
lesse
was
the
Miracle
of
another
slaine
with
one
stroke
,
for
a
pile
ran
into
his
temples
through
his
eie
,
and
there
stacke
so
fast
,
that
it
could
not
be
pulled
forth
againe
;
which
thing
was
afterward
assayed
by
Iulius
Caesar
,
and
in
the
third
time
of
his
consulship
,
there
were
twenty
Elephantes
,
which
in
the
Games
fought
with
fiue
hundred
men
,
and
so
many
with
Towers
on
their
backes
,
bearing
threescore
men
in
euery
Tower
.
To
conclude
,
elephants
are
afraid
of
fire
,
and
Martiall
made
this
Epigram
of
a
Bul
slaine
by
an
elephant
,
which
was
wont
to
domineer
in
all
their
triumphant
games
,
wherewithall
I
will
conclude
this
discourse
.
Qui
modo
per
to
tam
flammis
stimulatus
arenam
Sustulerat
raptas
Taurus
in
astra
pilas
Occubuit
tandem
cornuto
ardore
petitus
Dum
facilem
tolli
sic
elephanta
putat
.
In
the
next
place
it
is
good
to
relate
the
story
of
the
taking
and
taming
of
elephants
,
The
taking
of
Elephants
Pliny
.
Strabo
.
for
in
Libia
about
the
Trogloditae
,
the
hunting
and
taking
of
elephants
haue
giuen
many
names
to
seuerall
Townes
,
as
Elephantina
,
and
Elephantis
,
Epitherae
,
Philothera
,
and
the
hunting
of
Elephants
by
Ptolemais
,
by
the
port
Saba
,
the
Citty
Daraba
,
and
L●cha
.
In
Affricke
they
take
them
in
great
ditches
,
wherinto
when
they
are
fallen
,
the
people
presently
with
boughes
,
mattocks
,
leauers
,
and
digging
downe
of
high
raised
places
,
take
them
out
againe
,
and
so
turne
them
into
a
valley
wrought
by
the
labour
of
man
,
most
firmely
walled
on
both
sides
,
where
with
famine
they
tame
him
:
for
when
he
would
gently
take
a
bough
at
the
hand
of
a
man
,
they
adiudged
him
tamed
,
and
grew
familiar
with
him
,
leading
him
away
without
all
scruple
.
But
the
Indians
vse
another
more
ingenious
and
speedy
meanes
to
tame
them
,
which
is
this
;
Pliny
.
first
,
they
dig
also
a
great
ditch
,
and
place
such
meate
therein
as
the
beast
loueth
,
who
winding
it
and
comming
thereunto
,
for
desire
thereof
falleth
into
the
fosse
or
ditch
:
being
so
fallen
in
and
not
able
to
come
forth
againe
,
one
commeth
to
him
with
Whips
,
beating
him
very
griuously
for
a
good
space
,
to
the
great
griefe
of
the
beast
,
who
through
his
inclosing
can
neither
runne
away
nor
helpe
himsefe
;
then
commeth
another
during
this
time
of
punishment
and
blameth
the
first
man
for
beating
the
beast
,
who
departeth
presently
as
one
afraid
of
his
rebuke
,
the
other
pittieth
the
beast
,
and
stroaketh
him
,
and
so
goeth
away
:
then
commeth
the
Whipper
againe
,
and
scourgeth
the
Elephant
as
before
and
that
more
grieuously
to
his
greater
torment
for
a
good
space
together
:
wherevpon
the
time
fulfilled
,
the
other
commeth
againe
and
fighteth
with
the
Whipper
,
and
forcibly
seemeth
to
driue
him
away
,
Albertus
.
and
relieue
the
poore
beast
;
and
this
they
doe
successiuely
three
or
four
times
;
so
at
the
last
,
the
Elephant
groweth
to
know
and
loue
his
deliuerer
;
who
by
that
meanes
draweth
him
out
and
leadeth
him
away
quietly
:
While
this
thing
is
doing
,
the
smiter
and
Whipper
vseth
a
strange
and
vnwonted
kind
of
habit
,
so
as
he
may
neuer
be
knowne
by
the
Elephant
after
he
is
tamed
,
for
feare
of
reuenge
:
of
which
you
shall
heare
more
afterward
,
in
the
farther
discourse
and
opening
the
nature
of
this
beast
.
Arrianus
and
Strabo
relate
another
way
whereby
the
Indians
take
their
Elephantes
,
which
because
they
Write
vpon
their
owne
eye-sight
,
of
the
things
they
knewe
assuredly
,
I
haue
thought
good
to
expresse
the
deuise
.
Foure
or
fiue
Hunters
,
first
of
all
chuse
out
some
plaine
place
,
without
Trees
or
Hilles
but
declining
,
by
the
space
of
some
foure
or
fiue
furlongs
;
this
they
dig
like
a
wide
Ditch
as
aforesaid
,
and
with
the
earth
they
take
vp
,
they
raise
Walls
about
it
like
a
trench
,
and
in
the
sides
of
the
trench
they
make
certaine
dennes
with
holes
,
to
conuay
in
light
to
the
Watch-men
,
whom
they
place
therein
,
to
giue
notice
and
obserue
when
the
Elephants
are
inclosed
;
then
make
they
a
narow
bridge
couered
with
earth
at
the
farther
end
of
the
trench
,
that
the
beastes
may
dread
no
fallacy
:
and
for
the
more
speedy
effecting
&
compassing
their
desire
,
they
also
include
in
the
trench
three
or
foure
tame
female
Elephants
,
to
entise
and
draw
into
them
the
wild
ones
.
Now
these
beastes
in
the
day
time
feede
not
so
boldly
as
in
the
night
,
and
therefore
they
cannot
easily
be
deceiued
or
taken
in
the
light
;
but
in
the
night
great
flockes
of
them
follow
the
Captaine
,
(
as
we
haue
already
shewed
,
)
and
so
comming
neere
this
trench
,
partly
by
the
voice
,
and
partlye
by
the
sauour
and
smell
of
the
females
,
they
are
drawen
into
the
trench
;
then
the
Watch-men
with
all
speede
,
pull
downe
the
bridge
,
and
other
of
them
goe
into
the
next
Townes
to
call
for
helpe
,
who
vppon
the
first
notice
thereof
,
come
to
the
place
mounted
vppon
the
best
and
strongest
tame
Elephantes
,
and
so
compasse
them
about
,
giuing
meate
in
their
presence
to
the
tame
,
but
besiedging
the
inclosed
,
they
keepe
them
from
all
meate
and
foode
,
vntill
they
be
so
weakened
that
they
dare
enter
in
among
them
,
but
in
this
manner
;
they
turne
in
their
tame
Elephantes
and
goe
vnder
their
bellyes
,
and
so
when
they
come
neere
the
Wilde
Elephantes
,
they
speedily
conuaye
themselues
vnder
his
bellye
,
and
lay
vnauoydable
fetters
vppon
their
feete
:
then
prouoke
they
the
tame
ones
to
beate
and
fight
with
the
Wilde
,
who
by
reason
of
the
manacles
vpon
their
feete
,
are
easily
ouerthrowen
and
fall
to
the
ground
;
being
on
the
ground
,
they
put
halters
vpon
their
neckes
made
of
raw
Oxe
hides
,
and
so
bind
them
to
the
tame
and
domesticall
Elephantes
;
And
while
they
lye
on
the
grounde
,
they
get
vppon
them
,
and
to
the
intent
that
theyr
Ryders
may
be
without
daunger
of
harme
by
them
,
they
cut
the
skinne
of
their
neckes
round
about
in
a
circle
,
with
a
sharpe
sword
,
and
vppon
the
wounde
they
tye
and
fasten
a
rope
,
that
so
the
payne
may
constraine
the
Beast
to
be
quiet
,
so
that
by
this
they
beginne
to
feele
their
owne
weakenesse
,
and
leaue
off
their
wildenesse
,
betaking
themselues
to
the
mercy
of
their
new
Maisters
.
Being
thus
raised
from
the
earth
againe
,
and
yoaked
by
the
neckes
and
Legges
to
the
tamed
Elephants
,
they
are
safely
led
home
into
stables
,
where
they
are
fastened
to
great
pillers
by
their
neckes
,
and
if
they
refuse
to
eate
their
meate
,
with
Tymbrels
,
Cimbals
,
Harpes
,
and
other
musicall
instruments
,
they
are
so
entised
from
sullen
Wildenesse
,
that
they
forget
their
first
natures
,
and
yeald
al
louing
obedience
to
men
,
as
to
their
victorious
conquerors
and
vnresistable
maisters
.
These
beastes
by
their
sagacity
and
naturall
instinct
,
do
sometime
foresee
their
owne
perill
,
and
discouer
the
traines
and
secret
intentions
of
the
hunters
,
Aelianus
so
as
they
cannot
bee
drawen
into
the
ditches
and
fosses
by
any
allurements
:
but
presaging
their
owne
misfortunes
,
turne
backe
againe
vpon
their
hunters
,
euen
through
the
middest
of
them
,
and
so
seeke
to
saue
themselues
by
flight
,
ouerthrowing
their
enimies
that
dare
approch
vnto
them
At
which
time
there
is
a
fierce
fight
,
to
the
great
slaughter
many
times
both
of
men
and
beastes
;
for
the
men
to
stay
his
flight
,
bend
their
speares
,
and
charge
their
darts
and
arrowes
,
to
strike
the
Elephant
directly
on
the
face
,
and
if
the
beast
perceiue
that
he
hath
ouerthrowne
any
man
,
instantly
hee
maketh
to
him
,
taketh
him
in
his
teeth
,
lifting
him
vp
into
the
aire
,
and
casting
him
downe
againe
,
and
stampeth
vpon
him
,
wounding
him
many
times
with
his
teeth
or
hornes
,
wherby
the
putteth
him
to
cruell
torments
,
and
leaueth
him
not
till
he
be
dead
.
And
when
they
inuade
or
set
vpon
a
man
,
they
spread
forth
their
broad
eares
,
(
which
are
fashioned
like
the
Winges
of
Ostriches
)
as
the
sailes
of
a
ship
,
and
drawing
vp
their
trunk
vnder
their
teeth
,
their
noses
stand
forth
like
the
beake
of
some
ship
,
&
so
rush
they
with
vnresistable
violence
vpon
the
weake
bodies
of
men
,
ouerturning
them
in
no
other
sort
,
then
a
mighty
great
hulke
or
man
of
Warre
,
the
little
Oares
or
Whirries
in
the
Sea
.
And
as
the
Trumpets
in
Warre
giue
the
signes
of
fighting
,
so
do
these
send
forth
such
terrible
yelling
and
roaring
clamors
,
as
bringeth
no
meane
astonishment
to
his
persecutours
:
beside
the
lamentable
and
mournefull
voyces
of
men
,
by
them
wounded
and
fallen
to
the
earth
;
some
hauing
their
knees
and
bones
broken
,
other
their
eies
trode
out
of
their
head
,
other
their
Noses
pressed
flat
to
their
faces
,
and
their
whole
visages
so
disfigured
and
disfauoured
in
a
moment
,
that
their
neerest
friends
,
kindred
,
and
acquaintance
cannot
knowe
them
.
These
also
fill
the
spatious
aire
with
direfull
cryes
,
that
are
heard
a
great
way
off
,
into
the
Townes
and
citties
adioyning
,
hauing
no
other
meanes
to
escape
out
of
the
way
,
and
from
the
teeth
of
the
beast
,
except
he
strike
his
tooth
into
some
root
,
and
there
it
sticke
fast
vntill
the
poore
ouerthrowen
man
can
creepe
aside
and
saue
himselfe
by
flight
.
In
this
conflict
,
sometime
the
Elephants
,
and
somtimes
men
are
the
conquerors
,
by
bringing
vpon
the
beasts
diuers
terrours
and
manacles
,
out
of
which
they
are
not
very
easily
deliuered
:
for
menne
also
haue
their
trumpets
,
and
so
make
the
Woodes
and
fieldes
ring
with
them
,
the
ratling
of
their
Armour
and
shieldes
,
and
their
owne
howling
and
Whooping
,
kindling
fires
on
the
earth
,
casting
both
fire-braunds
and
burning
Torches
into
the
face
of
the
Elephant
,
by
all
which
the
huge
beast
is
not
a
little
disgraced
and
terrified
.
So
that
being
bereft
of
their
wits
,
they
turne
back
and
run
into
the
ditch
which
they
so
carefully
auoyded
before
.
But
if
their
rage
proceede
vndeterred
,
and
men
be
forced
to
yeald
vnto
them
,
forth
they
go
into
the
woods
,
making
the
trees
to
bend
vnto
them
as
a
dog
or
an
Oxe
doth
the
standing
corne
at
haruest
:
breaking
off
their
tops
and
branches
,
which
hinder
their
course
and
flight
,
as
another
beast
would
crop
off
the
eares
of
corne
;
but
where
they
are
taller
then
the
Woods
,
there
they
straine
euery
ioynt
and
member
in
them
to
get
ground
and
ouergoe
their
Hunters
;
which
they
may
performe
and
attaine
more
easily
,
because
of
their
customary
aboad
in
those
places
:
and
when
they
are
escaped
out
of
the
sight
of
their
followers
,
and
make
account
that
they
are
freed
from
farther
persecution
,
then
cast
they
of
all
feare
,
and
compound
their
distracted
senses
into
a
remembrance
of
meat
,
and
so
gather
their
food
from
Palmes
,
Trees
or
bushes
;
afterward
betaking
themselues
to
rest
and
quietnesse
.
But
if
their
Hunters
come
againe
into
their
sight
,
they
also
againe
take
them
to
their
heels
,
vntill
they
haue
gotten
more
ground
from
them
,
and
then
they
rest
againe
:
and
if
the
sunne
declyne
,
and
light
of
day
faile
the
Hunters
,
and
darkenesse
make
an
end
of
the
chase
;
then
doe
they
compasse
in
the
beasts
way
,
and
set
the
wood
a
fire
,
(
for
Elephants
feare
fire
as
much
as
Lyons
:
)
So
that
by
all
this
it
appeareth
,
that
the
fabulous
tales
of
Gabinius
the
Roman
writer
of
Elephants
,
are
not
to
be
belieued
;
when
he
affirmeth
,
that
Elephants
will
fight
against
and
resist
the
violence
of
fire
.
The
Trogloditae
hunt
and
take
Elephants
after
another
manner
,
for
they
climbe
vp
into
the
trees
,
and
there
sit
till
the
flockes
of
Elephantes
passe
by
,
and
vppon
the
last
,
the
Watch-man
suddenly
leapeth
(
with
great
courage
)
taking
hold
vpon
his
taile
and
so
slyding
down
to
his
Legges
,
and
with
a
sharpe
Axe
which
he
hath
hanging
at
his
backe
cutteth
the
Nerues
and
sinnewes
of
his
Legges
with
so
great
celerity
,
that
the
beast
cannot
turne
about
to
relieue
it selfe
,
before
shee
be
wounded
and
made
vnable
to
reuenge
her
harme
,
Pliny
.
or
preuent
her
taking
:
and
sometimes
she
falleth
downe
on
the
wounded
side
,
and
Crusheth
the
Hunter-watch-man
to
death
,
or
else
with
her
force
in
running
,
dasheth
out
his
braines
against
a
tree
.
Strabo
.
Other
waies
of
taking
Elephants
.
The
Elephant
eaters
(
called
Elephantophagi
)
doe
obserue
the
like
pollicy
,
for
by
stealth
and
secretly
they
set
vppon
the
hindmost
,
or
else
the
wandring
solitary
Elephant
,
and
cutte
his
sinnewes
,
which
causeth
the
beast
to
fall
downe
,
whom
presently
they
beheade
,
and
afterward
they
eate
the
hinder
parts
of
this
Beast
so
cast
downe
and
taken
.
Other
among
the
aforesaid
Troglodytae
,
vse
a
more
easie
,
cunning
and
lesse
perillous
kind
of
taking
Elephants
;
for
they
set
on
the
ground
very
strong
charged
bent-bowes
,
which
are
kept
by
manye
of
their
strongest
young
men
,
and
so
when
the
flockes
of
Elephants
passe
by
,
they
shoote
their
sharp
arrowes
dipped
in
the
gall
of
Serpents
,
and
wound
some
one
of
them
,
and
follow
him
by
the
blood
,
vntill
he
be
vnable
to
make
resistance
.
There
are
three
at
euery
bowe
,
two
which
hold
it
,
and
one
that
draweth
the
string
.
Other
againe
,
watch
the
trees
whereunto
the
beast
leaneth
when
he
sleepeth
,
neere
some
Waters
,
and
the
same
they
cutte
halfe
asunder
,
whereunto
when
hee
declyneth
his
bodye
,
the
Tree
is
ouerturned
and
the
Beast
also
,
and
beeing
vnable
to
rise
againe
because
of
the
short
Nerues
and
no
flexions
in
his
Legs
,
there
he
lyeth
,
till
the
Watch-man
come
and
cut
off
his
head
.
Aristotle
describeth
another
manner
of
taking
Elephants
in
this
sorte
;
The
Hunter
(
saith
he
)
getteth
vp
vpon
a
tamed
Elephant
,
and
followeth
the
Wilde
one
till
hee
haue
ouertaken
it
,
then
commaundeth
he
the
tame
beast
to
strike
the
other
,
and
so
continueth
chasing
and
beating
him
,
til
he
haue
wearied
him
and
broken
his
vntameable
nature
.
Then
doth
the
rider
leape
vppon
the
wearied
and
tyred
Elephant
,
and
with
a
sharpe
pointed
Sickle
doth
gouerne
him
after
the
tame
one
,
and
so
in
short
space
he
groweth
gentle
.
And
some
of
them
when
the
ryder
alighteth
from
their
backes
,
grow
Wilde
and
fierce
againe
;
for
which
cause
,
they
binde
their
forelegges
with
strong
bands
,
and
by
this
meanes
they
take
both
great
and
small
,
old
and
young
ones
;
but
as
the
old
ones
are
more
wilde
and
obstinate
,
and
so
difficult
to
be
taken
,
so
the
younger
keepe
so
much
with
the
elder
,
that
a
like
impossibility
or
difficulty
interposeth
it selfe
from
apprehending
them
.
In
the
Caspian
lake
,
there
are
certaine
fishes
(
called
Oxyrinchi
)
out
of
whom
is
made
such
a
firme
glew
,
Gillius
that
it
will
not
be
dissolued
in
ten
daies
after
it
hath
taken
hold
,
for
which
cause
they
vse
it
in
the
taking
of
Elephants
.
There
are
in
the
Island
Zeira
many
Elephants
,
whom
they
take
on
this
manner
:
In
the
Mountaines
they
make
certaine
cloysters
in
the
earth
,
hauing
two
great
Trees
standing
at
the
mouth
of
the
cloysters
,
and
in
those
trees
they
hang
vp
a
great
par-cullis
gate
,
within
that
Cloyster
they
place
a
tame
female
Elephant
at
the
time
of
their
vsuall
copulation
:
the
wild
Elephants
doe
speedily
winde
her
,
and
make
to
her
,
and
so
at
the
last
hauing
found
the
way
betwixt
the
two
trees
,
enter
into
her
;
sometime
twenty
and
sometime
thirty
at
a
time
:
then
are
there
two
men
in
the
said
trees
,
which
cut
the
rope
whereby
the
gate
hangeth
,
so
it
falleth
downe
and
includeth
the
Elephants
,
where
they
suffer
them
alone
for
sixe
or
seuen
daies
without
meate
,
whereby
they
are
so
infeebled
and
famished
,
that
they
are
not
able
to
stand
vpon
their
legs
.
Then
two
or
three
stronge
men
enter
in
amonge
them
,
and
with
great
staues
and
Clubbes
,
be
labour
and
cudgell
them
,
till
by
that
meanes
they
grow
tame
,
and
gentle
;
and
although
an
Elephant
be
a
monster-great-beast
and
very
subtill
,
yet
by
these
and
such
like
meanes
do
the
inhabitants
of
India
and
Aethiopia
take
many
of
them
,
with
a
very
small
labour
,
to
their
great
aduantage
.
Against
these
slights
of
men
,
may
be
opposed
the
subtill
and
cautelous
euasions
of
the
beast
,
auoyding
all
the
foot-steps
of
men
,
if
they
smell
them
vpon
any
herbe
or
leafe
,
The
subtilty
of
Elephants
against
their
hunters
.
and
for
their
fight
with
the
Hunters
,
they
obserue
this
order
.
First
of
all
,
they
set
them
foremost
which
haue
the
best
teeth
,
that
so
they
may
not
be
afraid
of
Combat
,
and
when
they
are
weary
,
by
breaking
downe
of
trees
they
escape
and
fly
away
.
But
for
their
Hunting
,
they
know
that
they
are
not
hunted
in
India
for
no
other
cause
,
then
for
their
teeth
,
and
therefore
to
discourage
the
hunters
,
they
set
them
which
haue
the
worst
teeth
before
,
and
reserue
the
strongest
for
the
second
encounter
:
for
their
wisedome
or
naturall
discretion
is
heerein
to
be
admired
,
that
they
will
so
dispose
themselues
in
all
their
battailes
when
they
are
in
chase
,
that
euer
they
fight
by
course
,
and
inclose
the
youngest
from
perill
,
so
that
lying
vnder
the
belly
of
their
Dammes
they
can
scarce
be
seene
:
and
when
one
of
them
flyeth
they
all
flye
away
,
to
their
vsuall
resting
places
,
stryuing
which
of
them
shall
goe
foremost
:
And
if
it
at
any
time
they
come
to
a
wide
and
deepe
Ditch
,
which
they
cannot
passe
ouer
without
a
bridge
,
then
one
of
them
descendeth
,
and
goeth
downe
into
the
Ditch
,
and
standeth
transuerse
or
Crosse
the
same
,
by
his
great
bodye
filling
vppe
the
empty
partes
,
and
the
residue
passe
ouer
vpon
his
backe
as
vpon
a
bridge
.
Afterward
when
they
are
all
ouer
,
they
tarry
and
helpe
their
fellowe
out
of
the
Ditch
or
Trench
againe
,
by
this
slight
or
deuise
;
one
of
them
putteth
downe
to
him
his
Legge
,
and
the
other
in
the
Ditch
windeth
his
trunke
about
the
same
,
the
residue
standers
by
cast
in
bundels
of
Sprigs
with
their
mouthes
,
which
the
Elephant
warily
and
speedily
putteth
vnder
his
feete
,
and
so
raiseth
himselfe
out
of
the
Trench
againe
,
Aelianus
.
Tzetzes
.
Plutarch
and
departeth
with
his
fellowes
.
But
if
they
fall
in
and
cannot
finde
any
helpe
or
meanes
to
come
forth
,
they
laye
aside
their
naturall
Wilde
disposition
,
and
are
contented
to
take
meate
and
drinke
at
the
handes
of
men
,
whose
presence
before
they
abhorred
;
and
being
deliuered
they
thinke
no
more
vpon
their
former
condition
,
but
in
forgetfulnesse
thereof
,
remaine
obedient
to
their
deliuerers
.
Being
thus
taken
as
it
hath
beene
said
,
it
is
also
expedient
to
expresse
by
what
Art
and
meanes
they
are
Cicurated
and
tamed
.
First
of
all
therefore
when
they
are
taken
,
The
art
of
taming
elepha
▪
Aelianus
they
are
fastened
to
some
Tree
or
Piller
in
the
earth
,
so
as
they
can
neyther
kicke
backeward
nor
Leape
forwarde
,
and
there
hunger
,
thirst
,
and
famine
,
like
twoo
most
stronge
and
forcible
Ryders
abate
their
naturall
wildenesse
,
strength
,
feare
,
and
hatred
of
men
:
Afterward
when
their
keepers
perceiue
by
their
deiection
of
minde
,
that
they
beginne
to
be
mollified
and
altered
,
then
they
giue
vnto
them
meate
out
of
their
hands
,
vpon
whom
the
beast
doth
cast
a
farre
more
fauorable
and
cheerefull
eie
,
considering
their
owne
bondage
,
and
so
at
the
last
necessity
frameth
them
vnto
a
contented
and
tractable
course
and
inclination
.
But
the
Indians
by
great
labour
and
industry
take
their
young
Calues
at
their
Watering
places
,
and
so
leade
them
away
,
intising
them
by
many
allurementes
of
meate
to
loue
and
obey
them
,
so
as
they
grow
to
vnderstand
the
Indian
language
,
but
the
elder
Indian
Elephants
doe
very
hardly
and
sildome
grow
tame
,
because
of
their
remembrance
of
their
former
liberty
,
by
any
bands
and
oppression
;
neuerthelesse
by
instrumentall
musicke
,
ioyned
with
some
of
their
coutrey
songs
and
ditties
,
they
abate
their
fiercenesse
and
bring
downe
their
high
vntractable
stomacks
,
so
as
without
all
bands
they
remaine
quiet
,
peaceable
and
obedient
,
taking
their
meate
which
is
layed
before
them
.
Pliny
and
Solinus
prescribe
the
iuyce
of
Barly
to
be
giuen
to
them
for
their
mitification
,
whereunto
also
agreeth
Dioscorides
(
calling
that
kind
of
drinke
Zythus
)
and
the
reason
heereof
is
,
bycause
of
the
tarte
sharpnesse
in
barly
water
if
it
stand
a
little
while
;
and
therfore
also
they
prescribe
vineger
and
ashes
to
rub
the
beasts
mouth
,
for
it
hath
power
in
it
to
pierce
stones
,
Plutarch
al
sharp
things
penitrate
deepe
into
his
flesh
,
and
alter
his
nature
:
the
inuention
whereof
is
attributed
to
Democritus
.
Being
thus
tamed
they
grow
into
ciuill
and
familiar
vses
,
for
Caesar
ascended
into
the
Capitall
betwixt
foure
hundred
Elephants
,
carring
at
either
side
burning
Torches
,
and
Heliogobalus
brought
foure
Waggons
drawne
with
Elephantes
in
Vaticanum
,
and
men
commonly
ride
vpon
them
,
〈◊〉
for
Apollonius
sawe
neere
the
Ryuer
Indus
,
a
Boy
of
thirteen
yeare
old
ryding
alone
vpon
an
Elephant
,
spurring
and
pricking
him
as
freely
as
any
man
will
do
a
leane
Horsse
.
They
are
taught
to
bend
one
of
their
hinder
legges
to
take
vp
their
Ryder
,
who
also
must
receiue
helpe
from
some
other
present
standers
by
,
The
taking
vp
of
their
riders
.
or
else
it
is
impossible
to
mount
on
the
backe
of
so
high
a
palfrey
.
They
which
are
not
accustomed
to
ride
vppon
these
beastes
,
are
affected
with
vomiting
and
casting
,
like
men
when
they
first
of
all
take
the
Sea
.
vac●omanus
.
Gi●lius
They
are
ruled
without
bridle
or
raines
,
onely
by
a
long
crooked
piece
of
Wood
,
bending
like
a
Sickle
,
and
nayled
with
sharpe
Nayles
,
no
man
can
sitte
more
safely
and
more
softly
vppon
a
Horsse
or
Mule
then
they
doe
which
Ryde
vppon
the
Elephants
.
N●●chus
Strabo
.
Elephants
for
the
plowe
.
The
Indians
with
their
lesser
Elephantes
(
which
they
call
bastard
Elephantes
)
plow
their
ground
and
corne
.
The
common
price
of
Elephantes
is
at
the
least
fiue
hundred
Nobles
,
and
sometimes
two
thousand
.
The
price
of
Elephants
.
The
Indian
Women
are
most
chast
and
continent
,
yet
for
an
Elephant
they
take
a
great
pride
to
be
hired
for
Whoores
,
for
they
imagine
that
the
fame
and
receiued
oppinyon
of
their
beautye
,
doeth
connteruayle
and
couer
the
shamefull
losse
of
their
honesty
(
as
Arrianus
wryteth
in
his
booke
of
Indians
.
)
Since
the
time
that
Elephants
haue
been
tamed
,
their
natures
&
dispositions
haue
beene
the
better
obserued
and
discouered
;
for
they
willingly
obey
their
keepers
,
learning
all
feates
of
Armes
,
Their
obedience
and
tr●c
t●●le
gentlenesse
.
to
take
vp
stones
and
cast
them
,
and
to
swimme
;
so
that
Strabo
affirmeth
,
there
was
no
possession
or
wealth
comparable
to
a
chariot
or
Waggon
of
Elephants
.
Mutianus
which
was
thrice
Consull
affirmed
to
Pliny
,
that
he
saw
an
Elephant
which
learned
the
Greeke
letters
,
Pliny
.
Their
learning
in
leters
and
was
able
with
his
tongue
to
Write
these
wordes
.
Autos
egoo
Tadegrapsa
laphura
te
kelt'anetheca
;
that
is
,
I
Wrote
these
thinges
and
dedicated
the
Celtican
spoyls
:
but
in
these
actions
of
Writing
,
the
hand
of
the
teacher
must
be
also
present
to
teach
him
how
to
frame
the
Letters
,
and
then
as
Aelianus
sayeth
they
will
Wryte
vppon
Tables
,
and
followe
the
true
proportion
of
the
Characters
expressed
before
their
face
,
whereupon
they
looke
as
attentiuely
as
any
Grammarian
.
In
India
they
are
taught
many
sportes
,
as
to
Daunce
and
Leape
,
which
caused
Martiall
to
Wryte
thus
;
Turpes
esseda
quod
trahunt
bisontes
Et
molles
dare
iussa
quod
chore
as
Nigro
bellua
nil
legat
magistro
Quis
spectacula
non
putet
deorum
.
When
the
Prizes
of
Germanicus
Caesar
were
played
;
there
were
many
Elephantes
which
acted
strange
feates
or
partes
,
foure
of
them
went
vppon
Ropes
and
ouer
the
Tables
of
meate
,
where
on
they
set
their
feete
so
warily
that
they
neuer
touched
any
of
the
ghests
,
the
boardes
or
standing
Cuppes
being
fully
furnished
.
And
also
they
learned
to
daunce
after
Pipes
by
measure
,
sometime
Dauncing
softly
,
and
sometime
apace
,
and
then
againe
leaping
vpright
,
according
to
the
number
of
the
thing
sung
or
played
vpon
the
instrument
:
and
they
are
apt
to
learne
,
remember
,
meditate
,
and
conceiue
such
things
,
as
a
man
can
hardly
performe
.
Their
industrious
care
to
performe
the
thinges
they
are
taught
,
appeareth
heerein
,
bycause
when
they
are
secret
and
alone
by
themselues
,
they
will
practise
leaping
,
dancing
,
and
other
strange
feats
,
which
they
could
not
learn
suddenly
in
the
presence
of
their
maisters
(
as
Pliny
affirmeth
)
for
certaine
truth
of
an
Elephant
which
was
dull
and
hard
of
vnderstanding
,
his
keeper
found
him
in
the
night
practising
those
thinges
which
hee
had
taught
him
with
many
stripes
the
day
before
,
and
cold
not
preuaile
by
reason
of
the
beasts
slow
conceit
.
Their
was
an
Elephant
playing
vpon
a
Cymball
,
Plutarch
.
and
others
of
his
fellowes
dauncing
about
him
,
for
there
was
fastened
to
either
of
both
of
his
forelegs
one
Cymball
,
and
another
hanged
to
his
trunke
,
the
beast
would
obserue
iust
time
,
and
strike
vppon
one
,
and
then
the
other
,
to
the
admiration
of
all
the
beholders
.
There
was
a
certaine
banquet
prepared
for
Elephants
vpon
a
low
bed
in
a
palour
set
with
diuers
dishes
and
po●s
of
Wine
,
whereinto
were
admitted
twelue
,
sixe
males
,
apparelled
like
men
,
and
sixe
females
apparelled
like
women
:
when
they
saw
it
,
they
sat
downe
with
great
modesty
,
taking
heere
and
there
like
discreet
temperat
ghests
,
neither
rauening
vppon
one
dish
or
other
,
and
when
they
should
drinke
,
they
tooke
the
cup
receiuing
in
the
liquor
very
manerly
,
and
for
sport
&
festiuity
would
through
their
trunks
squirt
or
cast
a
litle
of
their
drink
vpon
their
attendants
;
Aelianus
so
that
this
beast
is
not
onely
of
an
admirable
greatnes
but
of
a
more
wonderful
meakenesse
and
docibility
.
Aristotle
.
The
reuerence
of
Elephants
to
Kings
.
They
are
said
to
diseerne
betwixt
kings
and
common
persons
,
for
they
adore
and
bend
vnto
them
,
poynting
to
their
Crownes
,
which
caused
Martiall
to
Write
this
Tetrastichon
;
Quid
pius
&
supplex
elephas
te
Caesar
adorat
Non
facit
hoc
iussus
,
nulloque
docente
magistro
Hic
modo
qui
tauro
tam
metuendus
erat
Crede
mihi
numen
sentit
&
ille
tuum
.
The
King
of
Indians
was
watched
with
foure
and
twenty
Elephants
,
3.
kindes
of
Elephants
.
who
were
taught
to
forbeare
sleepe
,
and
to
come
in
their
turnes
at
certaine
houres
,
and
so
were
they
most
faithfull
,
carefull
and
inuincible
.
And
as
there
be
of
them
three
kindes
,
the
Palustrians
or
Marishye
Elephantes
are
hare-brained
and
inconstant
,
the
Elephantes
of
the
Mountaines
are
subtill
and
euill
natured
,
lying
in
waite
to
destroy
and
deuoure
,
but
the
Campestriall
Elephants
are
meeke
,
Gentle
,
Docible
,
and
apt
to
imitate
men
.
In
these
is
the
vnderstanding
of
their
country
language
,
of
obedience
to
Princes
,
gouernment
,
and
offices
;
the
loue
and
pleasure
of
glory
and
praise
:
and
also
that
which
is
not
alway
in
men
;
namely
,
equity
,
wisedome
,
and
probity
.
They
haue
also
a
kinde
of
Religion
,
for
they
worshippe
,
reuerence
,
and
obserue
the
course
of
the
Sunne
,
Moone
,
and
Starres
;
for
when
the
Moone
shineth
,
The
religion
of
elephants
.
they
goe
to
the
Waters
wherein
she
is
apparant
,
and
when
the
Sunne
ariseth
,
they
salute
and
reuerence
her
face
:
and
it
is
obserued
in
Aethiopia
,
that
when
the
Moone
is
chaunged
vntill
her
prime
and
appearance
,
these
Beastes
by
a
secret
motion
of
nature
,
Pliny
.
Solinus
.
take
boughes
from
of
the
trees
they
feede
vpon
,
and
first
of
all
lift
them
vp
to
heauen
,
and
then
looke
vppon
the
Moone
,
which
they
doe
many
times
together
;
as
it
were
in
supplication
to
her
.
In
like
manner
they
reuerence
the
Sunne
rysing
,
holding
vp
their
trunke
or
hand
to
heauen
,
Aelianus
.
in
congratulation
of
her
rising
.
Iuba
was
woont
to
say
,
that
this
beast
was
acceptable
to
those
Gods
which
ruled
Sea
and
Land
,
bycause
of
their
reuerence
to
Sunne
and
Moone
,
Elephants
sacrificed
and
what
followed
therupon
.
and
therefore
Ptolomeus
Philopator
,
offered
foure
Elephants
in
a
sacrifice
(
to
recouer
the
quietnesse
of
his
mind
)
thinking
that
the
Gods
would
haue
beene
well
pleased
therewith
,
but
finding
that
his
fearefull
dreames
and
visions
departed
not
from
him
,
but
rather
his
disquietnesse
increased
,
fearing
that
the
Gods
were
angry
with
him
for
that
action
he
made
foure
Elephants
of
brasse
,
and
dedicated
them
to
the
sun
,
Aelianus
.
Plutarch
that
so
by
this
deede
he
might
purchase
pardon
for
the
former
offence
.
This
religion
of
theirs
,
also
appeareth
before
their
death
,
for
when
they
feele
any
mortall
woundes
,
or
other
naturall
signes
of
their
later
end
,
either
they
take
vp
the
dust
,
Tzetzes
.
or
else
some
greene
herbe
,
Plin●us
.
Aelianus
and
lift
it
vp
to
heauen
in
token
of
their
innocency
and
imploration
of
their
owne
weakenes
:
and
in
like
manner
do
they
when
they
eate
any
herbe
by
natural
instinct
to
cure
their
diseases
:
first
they
lift
it
vp
to
the
heauens
(
as
it
were
to
pray
for
a
deuine
blessing
vpon
it
)
and
then
deuoure
it
.
I
cannot
omit
their
care
,
to
bury
and
couer
the
dead
carkases
of
their
companions
,
or
any
other
of
their
kind
;
Tzetzes
.
for
finding
them
dead
they
passe
not
by
them
till
they
haue
lamented
their
common
misery
,
by
casting
dust
and
earth
on
them
,
and
also
greene
boughes
,
in
token
of
sacrifice
,
holding
it
execrable
to
doe
otherwise
:
and
they
know
by
a
naturall
instinct
▪
some
assured
fore-tokens
of
their
owne
death
.
Besides
when
they
waxe
old
and
vnfit
to
gather
their
owne
meate
,
or
fight
for
themselues
the
younger
of
them
feed
,
nourish
,
and
defend
them
,
yea
they
raise
them
out
of
Ditches
and
trenches
into
which
they
are
fallen
,
exempting
them
from
all
labour
and
perill
,
and
interposing
their
owne
bodies
for
their
protection
:
neither
do
they
forsake
them
in
sicknesse
,
or
in
their
woundes
,
but
stand
to
them
,
pulling
Darts
out
of
their
bodies
,
and
helping
both
like
skilfull
Chirurgians
to
cure
their
woundes
,
and
also
like
faithfull
friendes
to
supply
their
wants
.
Againe
how
much
they
loue
their
young
which
is
a
naturall
part
of
religion
we
haue
shewed
before
.
Antipater
supposeth
that
they
haue
a
kinde
of
diuination
or
diuine
vnderstanding
of
law
and
equity
,
Plinyus
.
Their
vnderstanding
of
iustice
and
in
equity
for
when
King
Bochus
,
had
condemned
thirty
men
to
be
torne
and
trod
in
pieces
by
Elephants
,
and
tying
them
hand
and
foote
to
blocks
or
pieces
of
Wood
,
cast
them
among
thirty
Elephants
,
his
seruants
and
officers
could
not
by
al
their
wit
,
skil
,
or
prouocation
,
make
the
beasts
touch
one
of
them
:
so
that
it
was
apparant
,
they
scorned
and
disdained
to
serue
any
mans
cruell
disposition
,
or
to
be
the
ministers
of
tyrany
and
murther
.
Aelianus
.
The
reuenge
of
adulteryes
by
Elephants
They
moreouer
haue
not
onely
an
obseruation
of
chastity
among
themselues
,
but
also
are
,
reuengers
of
whoredome
and
adulterers
in
other
,
as
may
appeare
by
these
examples
in
History
.
A
certaine
Elephant
seeing
his
Maister
absent
,
and
another
man
in
bedde
with
his
Mistresse
,
he
went
vnto
the
bed
and
slew
them
both
.
The
like
was
done
at
Rome
where
the
Elephant
hauing
slaine
both
the
adulterer
and
adulteresse
,
he
couered
them
with
the
bed
clothes
vntill
his
keeper
returned
home
and
then
by
signes
drew
him
into
his
lodging
place
,
where
he
vncouered
the
adulterers
,
and
shewed
him
his
bloody
tooth
that
tooke
reuenge
vpon
them
both
for
such
a
villany
:
whereat
the
maister
wondering
,
was
the
more
pacified
because
of
the
manifest-committed
iniquity
.
And
not
onely
thus
deale
they
against
the
Woman
,
but
they
also
spare
not
to
reuenge
the
adultery
of
men
,
yea
of
their
owne
keeper
:
for
there
was
a
rich
man
which
had
married
a
Wife
not
very
amiable
or
louely
,
but
like
himselfe
for
wealth
,
riches
,
and
possessions
,
which
he
hauing
gained
,
first
of
all
set
his
heart
to
loue
another
,
more
fitting
his
lustfull
fancye
,
and
being
desirous
to
marry
her
,
strangled
his
rich
il-fauored
Wife
,
and
buried
her
not
farre
from
the
Elephants
stable
,
and
so
married
with
the
other
,
and
brought
her
home
to
his
house
:
the
Elephant
abhorring
such
detestable
murther
,
brought
the
new
married
Wife
to
the
place
vhere
the
other
was
buried
;
and
with
his
teeth
digged
vppe
the
ground
and
shewed
her
the
naked
bodye
of
her
predecessour
,
intymating
therby
vnto
her
secretly
,
how
vnworthely
she
had
married
with
a
man
,
murtherer
of
his
former
wife
.
Their
loue
and
concord
with
all
mankind
is
most
notorious
,
especially
to
their
keepers
and
Women
:
Their
loue
●o
their
keepers
and
all
men
that
harme
them
not
.
for
if
through
wrath
they
be
incensed
against
their
keepers
,
they
kill
them
,
and
afterwarde
by
way
of
repentance
,
they
consume
themselues
with
mourning
:
And
for
the
manifesting
of
this
point
Arrianus
telleth
a
notable
story
of
an
Indian
,
who
had
brought
vp
from
a
Foalea
white
Elephant
,
both
louing
it
and
being
beloued
of
it
againe
,
he
was
thereupon
carried
with
great
admiration
.
The
king
hearing
of
this
White
Elephant
,
sent
vnto
the
man
for
it
,
requiring
it
to
be
giuen
him
for
a
present
,
whereat
the
man
was
much
grieued
,
that
another
man
should
possesse
that
which
he
had
so
tenderly
educated
and
loued
,
fitting
him
to
his
bowe
and
purposes
,
and
therefore
like
a
ryuall
in
his
Elephants
loue
,
resolued
to
deny
the
king
,
and
to
shift
for
himselfe
in
some
other
place
:
whereupon
he
fled
into
a
desert
region
with
his
Elephant
,
and
the
king
vnderstanding
thereof
,
grew
offended
with
him
,
sent
messengers
after
him
to
take
away
the
Elephant
,
and
withall
to
bring
the
man
backe
againe
,
to
receiue
punishment
for
his
contempt
.
When
they
came
to
the
place
where
he
remained
and
began
to
take
order
for
their
apprehension
,
the
man
ascended
into
a
steepe
place
and
there
kept
the
kings
messengers
off
from
him
by
casting
of
stones
,
and
so
also
did
the
beast
like
as
one
that
had
receiued
some
iniury
by
them
,
at
last
,
they
got
neare
the
Indian
&
cast
him
down
,
but
the
Eleph
.
made
vpon
them
,
killing
some
of
them
,
and
defending
his
maister
and
nourisher
,
put
the
residue
to
flight
,
and
then
taking
vp
his
maister
with
his
trunke
carried
him
safe
into
his
lodging
,
which
thing
is
worthy
to
be
remembred
as
a
noble
vnderstanding
part
both
of
a
louing
friend
and
faithfull
seruant
.
The
like
may
be
said
of
the
Elephant
of
Porus
,
carrying
his
wounded
maister
the
king
in
the
battel
he
fought
with
Alexander
,
for
the
beast
drew
the
Darts
gently
out
of
his
maisters
body
without
all
paine
,
and
did
not
cast
him
vntill
he
perceiued
him
to
be
dead
and
without
blood
and
breath
,
and
then
did
first
of
all
bend
his
owne
body
as
neare
the
earth
as
he
could
,
that
if
his
maister
had
any
life
left
in
him
,
he
might
not
receiue
any
harme
in
his
alighting
or
falling
downe
.
Generally
as
is
already
said
they
loue
all
men
after
they
be
tamed
,
for
if
they
meet
a
man
erring
out
of
his
way
they
gently
bring
him
into
the
right
againe
,
Their
loue
to
their
keepers
and
al
men
that
harme
them
not
.
yet
being
wilde
are
they
afraide
of
the
foot-steps
of
men
if
they
winde
their
treadings
before
they
see
their
persons
,
and
when
they
find
an
herbe
that
yeeldeth
a
suspition
of
a
mans
presence
,
they
smell
thereunto
one
by
one
,
and
if
al
agree
in
one
sauour
,
the
last
beast
lifteth
vppe
his
voice
and
crieth
out
for
a
token
and
watchword
to
make
them
all
flie
away
.
Cicero
affirmeth
that
they
come
so
neare
to
a
mans
disposition
,
that
their
small
company
or
Nation
seemeth
to
ouergoe
or
equall
most
men
in
sence
and
vnderstanding
.
At
the
sight
of
a
beautifull
woman
they
leaue
off
all
rage
and
grow
meeke
and
gentle
,
Their
loue
of
beautiful
women
.
and
therefore
Aelianus
saith
,
that
there
was
an
Elephant
in
Egypt
which
was
in
loue
with
a
woman
that
sold
Corrals
,
the
selfe
same
woman
was
wooed
by
Aristophanes
,
and
therefore
it
was
not
likely
that
she
was
chosen
by
the
Elephant
without
singular
admiration
of
hir
beauty
,
wherein
Aristophanes
might
say
as
neuer
man
could
,
that
he
had
an
Elephant
for
his
riuall
,
and
this
also
did
the
Elephant
manifest
vnto
the
man
,
for
on
a
day
in
the
market
he
brought
her
certaine
Apples
and
put
them
into
her
bosome
,
Plutarch
holding
his
Trunke
a
great
while
therein
,
handling
and
playing
with
her
brests
.
Another
likewise
loued
a
Syrian
woman
,
with
whose
aspect
he
was
suddainely
taken
,
and
in
admiration
of
her
face
stroked
the
same
with
his
trunke
,
with
testification
of
farther
loue
:
the
woman
likewise
failed
not
to
frame
for
the
Elephant
amorous
deuises
with
Beads
and
corals
,
siluer
and
such
things
as
are
gratefull
to
these
brute
beastes
,
so
shee
enioyed
his
labor
and
diligence
to
her
great
profit
,
and
he
hir
loue
and
kindnes
without
al
offence
to
his
contentment
,
which
caused
Horat.
to
write
this
verse
:
Quid
tibi
vis
mulier
nigris
dignissima
barris
.
At
last
,
the
woman
died
,
whom
the
Elephant
missing
,
like
a
louer
distracted
betwixt
loue
and
sorrow
fell
beside
himselfe
and
so
perished
.
Neither
ought
any
man
to
maruel
at
such
a
passion
in
this
beast
,
who
hath
such
a
memory
as
is
attributed
vnto
him
,
and
vnderstanding
of
his
charge
and
busines
as
may
appeare
by
manifold
examples
,
for
Antipater
affirmeth
that
he
saw
an
Elephant
that
knewe
againe
and
tooke
acquaintance
of
his
maister
which
had
nourished
him
in
his
youth
,
after
many
yeares
absence
.
When
they
are
hurt
by
any
man
,
they
seldome
forget
a
reuenge
,
and
so
also
they
remember
on
the
contrary
to
recompence
al
benefits
as
it
hath
bin
manifested
already
.
Their
reuenge
of
harmes
&
obseruation
of
the
mesure
of
their
meat
They
obserue
things
done
both
in
waight
and
measure
,
especially
in
their
owne
meate
.
Agnon
writeth
that
an
Elephant
was
kept
in
a
great
mans
house
in
Syria
,
hauing
a
man
appointed
to
bee
his
ouerseer
,
who
did
daily
defraude
the
Beast
of
his
allowance
:
but
on
a
day
as
his
maister
looked
on
,
he
brought
the
whole
measure
and
gaue
it
to
him
:
the
Beast
seeing
the
same
,
and
remembring
howe
he
had
serued
him
in
times
past
,
in
the
presence
of
his
maister
exactly
deuided
the
corne
into
two
parts
,
and
so
laied
one
of
them
aside
:
by
this
fact
shewing
the
fraud
of
the
seruant
to
his
maister
.
The
like
storie
is
related
by
Plutarch
and
Aelianus
,
of
another
Elephant
,
discouering
to
his
master
the
falshood
and
priuy
theft
of
an
vniust
seruant
.
Strabo
About
Lycha
in
Affricke
there
are
certaine
springs
of
water
,
which
if
at
any
time
they
dry
vp
,
by
the
teeth
of
Elephants
they
are
opened
and
recouered
againe
.
They
are
most
gentle
and
meeke
,
neuer
fighting
or
striking
man
or
Beast
,
except
they
be
prouoked
,
and
then
being
angred
they
wil
take
vp
a
man
in
their
trunke
and
cast
him
into
the
ayre
like
an
Arrow
,
Gillius
.
so
as
many
times
he
is
dead
before
him
come
to
ground
.
Plutarch
affirmeth
,
that
in
Rome
a
boy
pricking
the
trunke
of
an
Elephant
with
a
goad
,
the
beast
caught
him
,
and
lift
him
vp
into
the
aire
to
shoote
him
away
and
kill
him
:
but
the
people
and
standers
by
seeing
it
,
made
so
great
a
noise
and
crye
thereat
,
that
the
beast
set
him
downe
again
faire
and
softly
without
any
harme
to
him
at
all
;
as
if
he
thought
it
sufficient
to
haue
put
him
in
feare
of
such
a
death
.
In
the
night
time
they
seeme
to
lament
with
sighes
and
teares
their
captiuity
and
bondage
,
Gillius
.
Philostratus
.
Their
mourning
in
secret
Aristotle
.
The
length
of
their
life
.
Arrianus
but
if
any
come
to
that
speede
,
like
vnto
modest
persons
they
refraine
suddenly
,
and
are
ashamed
to
be
found
either
murmuring
or
sorrowing
.
They
liue
a
long
age
,
euen
to
200.
or
300.
yeares
,
if
sicknes
or
woundes
preuent
not
their
life
:
and
some
but
to
a
120.
yeares
;
they
are
in
their
best
strength
of
body
at
threescore
,
for
then
beginneth
their
youth
.
Iuba
king
of
Lybia
writeth
,
that
he
hath
seene
tame
Elephantes
which
haue
descended
from
the
father
to
the
sonne
,
(
by
way
of
inheritance
)
many
generations
:
&
that
Ptolomaeus
Philadelphus
had
an
Elephant
,
which
continued
aliue
many
Ages
,
and
another
of
Seleuchus
Nicanor
,
Aelianus
.
which
remained
aliue
to
the
last
ouerthrow
of
all
the
Antiochi
.
The
inhabitants
of
Taxila
in
India
affirme
,
that
they
had
an
Elephant
at
the
least
three
hundred
and
fifty
yeares
old
;
for
they
said
it
was
the
same
that
fought
so
faithfully
with
Alexander
for
king
Porus
,
for
which
cause
Alexander
cald
him
Aiax
,
&
did
afterward
dedicate
him
to
the
Sunne
,
and
put
certaine
golden
chaines
about
his
teeth
,
with
this
inscription
vpon
them
:
Alexander
filius
Iouis
Aiacem
soli
:
Alexander
the
sonne
of
Iupiter
,
consecrateth
this
Aiax
to
the
Sunne
.
The
like
story
is
related
by
Iuba
,
concerning
the
age
of
an
Elephant
,
which
had
the
impression
of
a
Tower
on
his
teeth
and
was
taken
in
Atlas
400.
yeares
after
the
same
was
engrauen
.
of
the
eating
Elephants
Strabo
.
There
are
certaine
people
in
the
world
which
eate
Elephants
,
and
are
therefore
called
of
the
Nomades
(
Elephantophagi
)
Elephant-eaters
,
as
is
alreadye
declared
:
there
are
of
these
which
dwell
in
Daraba
,
neere
the
wood
Eumenes
,
beyond
the
citty
Saba
,
where
there
is
a
place
(
called
the
hunting
of
Elephants
.
The
Troglodytae
liue
also
heereupon
,
the
people
of
Affricke
cald
Asachae
,
Pliny
.
Solmus
which
liue
in
Mountains
,
do
likwise
eat
the
flesh
of
Elephants
,
and
the
Adiabarae
or
Megabari
.
The
Nomades
haue
Citties
running
vpon
Charriots
,
and
the
people
next
vnto
their
Territory
,
cut
Elephantes
in
peeces
,
and
both
sell
and
eat
them
.
Some
vse
the
hard
flesh
of
the
backe
,
and
other
commend
aboue
all
the
delicates
of
the
world
the
reines
of
the
Elephants
,
va●tomanus
.
so
that
it
is
a
wonder
that
Aelianus
would
write
,
that
there
was
nothing
in
an
Elephant
good
for
meat
except
the
trunke
,
the
lips
and
the
marrow
of
his
hornes
,
or
teeth
.
The
skin
of
this
Beast
is
exceeding
hard
,
not
to
be
pierced
by
any
dart
;
whereupon
came
the
prouerbe
Culicem
haud
curat
Elephas
Indicus
,
the
Indian
Elephant
careth
not
for
the
biting
of
a
Gnat
,
to
signifie
,
a
sufficient
ability
to
resist
all
euill
,
and
that
Noble
minds
must
not
reuenge
small
iniuries
.
The
diseases
〈◊〉
elephants
〈…〉
It
cannot
be
but
in
such
huge
and
vast
bodies
there
should
also
be
nourished
some
diseases
,
and
that
many
(
as
Strabo
saith
)
wherefore
first
of
all
ther
is
no
creatur
in
the
world
lesse
able
to
endure
cold
or
winter
,
for
their
impatiency
of
cold
bringeth
inflamation
.
Also
in
Summer
,
when
the
same
is
hotest
,
they
coole
one
another
by
casting
durty
and
filthy
water
vpon
each
other
,
or
else
run
into
the
roughest
woods
of
greatest
shadow
.
It
hath
bin
shewed
already
that
they
deuour
Chamaeleons
,
and
thereof
perish
,
except
they
eat
a
wild
Oliue
.
When
they
suffer
inflamation
and
are
bound
in
the
bellie
,
either
black
wine
or
nothing
will
cure
them
.
When
they
drinke
a
Leach
they
are
greeuously
pained
:
for
their
wounds
by
darts
or
otherwise
,
they
are
cured
by
swines
flesh
,
or
Dittanie
,
or
by
Oile
,
or
by
the
flower
of
the
Oliue
.
They
fall
mad
sometime
,
for
which
I
knowe
no
other
cure
but
to
tye
them
vppe
fast
in
yron
chaines
.
When
they
are
tired
for
want
of
sleepe
they
are
recouered
by
rubbing
their
shoulders
with
salt
,
Oile
and
water
.
Cowes
milke
warmed
and
infused
into
their
eies
,
cureth
all
euils
in
them
,
and
they
presently
like
reasonable
men
acknowledge
the
benefit
of
the
medicine
.
The
medicinall
vertues
in
this
beast
are
by
Authours
obserued
to
be
these
:
The
medicines
in
Elephants
.
Marcellus
The
blood
of
an
Elephant
and
the
ashes
of
a
Weasill
,
cure
the
great
Leprosie
:
and
the
same
blood
is
profitable
against
all
Rhewmaticke
fluxes
and
the
Sciatica
.
The
flesh
dryed
and
cold
,
or
heauy
fat
and
cold
is
abhominable
:
for
if
it
be
sod
and
st●eped
in
vineger
with
fennel-seede
,
Isidorvs
.
Rasis
and
giuen
to
a
Woman
with
child
,
it
maketh
her
presently
suffer
abortement
.
But
if
a
man
tast
thereof
salted
and
steeped
with
the
seede
aforesaide
,
it
cureth
an
old
cough
.
The
fatte
is
a
good
Antidote
either
by
oyntment
or
perfume
:
Albertus
it
cureth
also
the
payne
in
the
head
.
The
Iuory
or
tooth
is
cold
and
dry
in
the
first
degree
,
and
the
whole
substance
thereof
Corroborateth
the
hart
and
helpeth
conception
;
it
is
often
adulterated
by
fishes
and
Dogges
bones
burnt
,
and
by
White
marble
.
There
is
a
Spodium
made
of
Iuory
in
this
manner
.
Take
a
pound
of
Iuory
cut
into
pieces
,
and
put
into
a
raw
new
earthen
pot
,
couering
&
glewing
the
couer
with
lome
round
about
,
and
so
let
it
burne
til
the
pot
be
thrughly
hardened
:
afterward
take
off
the
pot
and
beate
your
Iuory
into
small
powder
,
and
being
so
beaten
,
sift
it
,
then
put
it
into
a
glasse
and
poure
vpon
it
two
pound
of
distilled
rose
Water
,
and
let
it
dry
.
Thirdly
beate
it
vnto
powder
againe
,
and
sift
it
the
second
time
,
and
put
into
it
againe
so
much
rose
water
as
at
the
first
,
then
let
it
dry
,
and
put
thereunto
as
much
Camphire
as
will
lye
vpon
three
or
foure
single
Groats
,
and
worke
it
altogether
vpon
a
marble
stone
into
little
Cakes
,
and
so
lay
them
vp
where
the
ayre
may
not
corrupt
and
alter
them
.
The
vertue
heereof
is
very
pretious
against
spittyng
of
bloode
,
and
the
bloody-flixe
,
and
also
it
is
giuen
for
refrigeration
without
daunger
of
byndinge
or
astriction
.
After
a
man
is
deliuered
from
the
lethargye
,
pestilence
,
or
sudden
forgetfulnesse
,
let
him
be
purged
and
take
the
powder
of
Iuory
and
Hiera
Ruffi
,
drunke
out
of
sweete
water
:
This
powder
with
Hony
atticke
,
taketh
away
the
spottes
in
the
face
:
the
same
with
wilde
mints
drunk
with
water
,
resisteth
and
auoydeth
the
Leprosie
at
the
beginning
.
The
powder
of
Iuory
burnt
and
drunke
with
Goates
blood
,
doeth
wonderfully
cure
all
the
paynes
,
and
expell
the
little
stones
in
the
raynes
and
bladder
:
Combes
made
of
Iuory
are
most
wholsome
,
the
touching
of
the
trunke
cureth
the
headache
:
The
liuer
is
profitable
against
the
falling
euil
,
the
same
vertue
hath
the
gall
(
if
he
haue
any
)
against
the
falling
euill
.
The
fime
by
annointing
,
cureth
a
lowsie
skin
,
and
taketh
away
that
power
which
breedeth
these
vermine
:
the
same
perfumed
easeth
Agues
,
helpeth
a
woman
in
trauaile
,
and
driueth
gnats
or
marsh-flyes
out
of
a
house
.
OF
THE
ELKE
.
AS
the
Elephant
last
handled
could
not
liue
in
any
countrey
of
the
world
but
in
the
whot
Esterne
,
and
Sowtherne
Regions
,
The
place
of
their
abode
.
Bonarus
bar●
Balizce
.
so
the
Elke
on
the
contrary
is
most
impatient
of
all
heate
,
and
keepeth
not
but
in
the
Northerne
and
cold
contries
:
for
Polonia
and
the
countries
vnder
that
clymate
will
not
preserue
an
Elke
aliue
,
as
it
hath
byn
often
tryed
by
experience
:
Countries
breeding
Elkes
.
for
which
cause
,
they
are
not
found
but
in
the
colder
Northerne
regions
;
as
Russia
,
Prussia
,
Hungaria
,
and
Illiria
,
in
the
wood
Hercynia
,
and
among
the
Borussian-Scythians
,
but
most
plentifully
in
Scandinauia
,
(
which
Pausanias
calleth
the
Celtes
)
for
all
the
auncients
called
the
Kingdomes
of
Germany
and
the
North
,
Celtarum
Regiones
.
Countryes
inhabited
by
the
Celts
.
The
figure
of
the
Elke
with
hornes
.
The
Elke
without
hornes
.
I
find
not
any
vnreconcileable
difference
among
authours
concerning
this
beast
,
Caesars
description
of
an
Elke
.
except
in
Caesar
lib.
6.
of
his
Commentaries
,
who
by
the
relation
of
other
(
not
by
his
owne
fight
)
writeth
that
there
are
Elkes
in
the
Hercynian
wood
,
like
vnto
Goats
in
their
spotted
skins
,
who
haue
no
hornes
,
nor
ioynts
in
their
legs
to
bend
withall
,
but
sleepe
by
leaning
vnto
trees
like
Elephants
,
because
when
they
are
downe
on
the
ground
they
can
neuer
rise
againe
.
But
the
truth
is
,
that
they
are
like
to
Roes
or
Hartes
,
because
Goates
haue
no
spotted
skins
,
but
Deere
haue
,
and
there
may
easily
be
a
slip
from
Caprea
a
Roe
,
to
Capra
a
Goat
:
and
Caesar
himselfe
confesseth
,
that
the
similitude
is
in
their
spotted
skins
,
which
are
not
competible
in
Goats
but
in
Roes
.
And
whereas
he
writeth
that
they
haue
no
Horns
,
the
error
of
this
relator
may
be
this
,
that
eyther
he
had
onely
seene
a
young
one
before
the
hornes
came
forth
,
or
else
an
old
one
,
that
had
lately
lost
his
hornes
;
and
by
this
I
suppose
that
the
authoritie
of
Cesar
is
sufficiently
answered
,
so
as
we
may
proceed
to
the
description
of
this
beast
collected
out
of
the
auncient
writers
,
Pausanias
;
Vopiscus
,
Caesar
and
Solinus
,
Pliny
and
the
later
writers
consenting
with
them
in
all
thinges
,
(
excepting
Caesar
in
the
two
things
aforesaid
.
)
Albertus
Magnus
,
Mathaeus
,
Michuanus
,
Seb.
Munster
,
Erasmus
,
Stella
,
Iohannes
Bonarus
,
Baoron
of
Balizce
a
Polonian
,
Iohannes
Kentmannus
,
Io.
Pontanus
.
Antonius
Schnebergerus
,
Christophorus
Wirsungus
,
and
that
most
worthy
learned
man
Georgius
Ioachimus
of
Rhaetia
,
and
Baoron
Sigismund
.
Pausanias
supposeth
it
to
be
a
beast
betwixt
a
Hart
and
a
Camell
,
Of
the
quantity
and
stature
.
Bonarus
.
and
Albertus
betwixt
a
Hart
and
a
Horsse
;
who
therefore
as
it
hath
beene
saide
,
calleth
it
Equi-ceruus
,
a
Horsse-hart
;
but
I
rather
by
the
hornes
afterward
described
,
and
by
the
foot
which
Bonarus
had
,
do
take
&
hold
it
to
be
as
bigge
euery
waie
as
two
Hartes
,
and
greater
then
a
Horsse
,
The
taming
of
Elks
and
their
labor
.
because
of
the
labour
and
qualities
attributed
thereunto
:
Whereunto
also
agreeth
Albertus
.
In
Swedia
and
Riga
they
are
tamed
and
put
into
Coaches
or
Charriottes
to
draw
men
through
great
snowes
,
and
vpon
the
yse
in
the
winter
time
they
also
are
most
swifte
,
Albertus
.
and
will
run
more
miles
in
one
day
,
then
a
Horsse
can
at
three
.
They
were
wont
to
be
presents
for
princes
,
because
of
their
singular
strength
and
swiftnes
,
for
which
cause
Alciatus
relateth
in
an
emblem
,
the
answer
of
Alexander
to
one
that
asked
him
a
question
about
celerity
;
whether
hast
doth
not
alway
make
wast
:
which
Alexander
denied
by
the
example
of
the
Elke
in
these
Verses
:
Alciatae
gentis
insignia
sustinet
Alce
Constat
Alexandrum
sic
respondisse
roganti
.
Nunquam
inquit
differre
volens
quod
&
indicat
Alce
Vnguibus
&
(
meeden
)
fert
(
anaballomeenos
)
Qui
tot
obiuisset
tempore
gesta
breui
Fortior
haes
dubites
,
ocyor
anne
siet
?
Pliny
affirmeth
(
in
my
opinion
)
verie
truelie
that
this
beast
is
like
an
Oxe
,
Of
his
partes
and
maner
of
feeding
.
Pliny
.
except
in
his
haire
,
which
is
more
like
to
a
hart
:
his
vper
lip
is
so
great
and
hangeth
ouer
the
neather
so
farre
,
that
he
cannot
eat
going
forward
,
because
it
doubleth
vnder
his
mouth
,
but
as
hee
eateth
he
goeth
backward
like
a
Sea-crabbe
,
and
so
gathereth
vp
the
grasse
that
laie
vnder
his
feet
.
His
mane
is
diuers
both
vpon
the
top
of
his
neck
,
and
also
vnderneath
his
throat
it
buncheth
like
a
beard
or
curled
locke
of
haire
,
howbeit
,
they
are
alwaie
maned
on
the
top
of
the
necke
.
Their
necke
is
verie
short
and
doth
not
in
answere
to
the
proportion
of
the
residue
of
the
body
,
and
therefore
I
haue
expressed
both
figures
of
the
Elkes
.
They
liue
in
heards
and
flockes
together
in
Scandiuania
,
and
when
the
waters
are
frozen
vp
,
the
wilde
mountaine
Wolues
set
vpon
them
in
great
multitudes
together
,
Their
fight
with
Wolues
whom
they
receiue
in
battell
vpon
the
yse
,
fighting
most
fiercely
and
cruelly
til
one
part
be
vanquished
:
In
the
meane
time
the
husbandmen
of
the
countrey
obserue
this
combate
,
and
when
they
see
one
side
goe
to
the
wall
,
they
persecute
them
,
and
take
the
victours
part
,
for
it
is
indifferent
to
take
either
the
one
side
or
the
other
;
but
most
commonly
the
Elkes
are
conquerors
by
reason
of
their
forefeet
,
for
with
them
they
pierce
the
Wolus
or
dogs
skins
,
as
with
any
sharpe
pointed
speare
or
Iauelyn
.
Some
haue
beene
of
opinion
,
that
these
are
wilde
Asses
,
but
they
are
led
hereinto
with
no
reason
,
except
because
they
are
vsed
for
trauell
and
burthen
as
is
before
said
,
for
there
is
no
proportion
or
resemblance
of
body
betwixt
them
:
besides
,
they
haue
clouen
hoofs
,
for
the
most
part
,
although
Sigismundus
Baro
affirme
,
that
there
are
some
of
this
kinde
which
haue
their
hooues
whole
and
vndeuided
.
Being
wilde
it
is
a
most
fearefull
creature
,
and
rather
desireth
to
lie
hid
in
secret
,
then
to
flye
,
except
pursued
by
hunters
;
The
manner
to
hunt
them
without
danger
.
and
there
is
no
danger
in
hunting
of
this
beast
exept
a
man
come
right
before
him
,
for
on
his
sides
he
may
safely
strike
and
wound
him
,
but
if
the
beast
fasten
his
forefeet
on
him
,
hee
cannot
escape
without
death
.
Notwithstanding
it
is
a
Beast
(
as
hath
been
said
)
as
great
as
two
Harts
,
yet
is
it
aboue
measure
fearefull
,
and
if
it
receiue
any
small
wound
,
or
shot
,
their
admirable
feare
and
pusillanimity
instantly
it
falleth
downe
and
yeeldeth
to
death
,
as
Bonarus
hunting
with
Sigismund
the
second
king
of
Polonia
in
the
woods
of
Lituania
tryed
with
his
owne
hand
,
for
with
his
hunting
spear
he
pierced
one
a
very
little
way
in
the
skin
in
the
presence
of
the
k.
who
presently
fell
downe
dead
.
In
some
countries
of
auncient
time
(
sayeth
Pausanias
)
they
tooke
them
on
this
maner
.
the
auncient
maner
of
taking
Elkes
.
They
hauing
found
out
the
field
or
hill
where
the
beasts
are
lodged
,
they
compasse
it
in
by
the
space
of
a
thousand
paces
round
in
circle
with
welts
and
toils
inuented
for
that
purpose
,
then
do
they
draw
in
their
nets
round
like
a
pursse
,
and
so
inclose
the
beasts
by
multitude
,
who
commonly
smelling
his
hunters
hideth
himselfe
in
some
deepe
ditch
or
caue
of
the
earth
,
for
the
nature
of
this
beast
hath
framed
to
it selfe
a
most
sharpe
sagacity
or
quicke
sent
of
smelling
being
not
heerein
inferiour
to
any
of
the
best
dogs
in
the
worlde
,
because
it
can
a
great
way
off
discouer
the
hunters
,
&
many
times
while
men
are
abroad
in
hunting
of
other
beasts
,
this
is
suddainely
started
out
of
her
lodging
place
,
and
so
discouered
,
chased
,
and
taken
.
Other
againe
take
it
by
the
same
meanes
that
they
take
Elephants
,
for
when
they
haue
found
the
trees
whereunto
they
leane
,
they
so
cut
and
sawe
them
,
that
when
the
beast
commeth
,
hee
ouerthroweth
them
,
and
falleth
downe
with
them
,
and
so
is
taken
aliue
.
We
read
that
there
were
Elkes
in
the
triumph
of
Aurelian
at
Rome
,
and
in
the
games
dedicated
by
Apollo
and
Diana
and
celebrated
by
Valerius
Publicola
,
were
many
Eleph
.
Vopiscus
.
Elke
and
Tigres
.
Likewise
there
were
ten
Elkes
at
Rome
vnder
Gordianus
.
Their
resistance
in
the
waters
.
When
they
are
chased
eagerly
and
can
find
no
place
to
rest
themselues
in
and
lie
secret
▪
they
run
to
the
Waters
,
and
therein
stand
,
taking
vp
water
into
their
mouths
,
and
within
short
space
doe
so
heate
it
,
Munster
.
that
being
squirted
or
shot
out
of
them
vppon
the
Dogges
,
the
heat
thereof
so
opresseth
and
scaldeth
them
,
that
they
dare
not
once
approach
or
come
nigh
her
any
more
.
The
medicin
in
an
Elke
.
The
greatest
vertue
of
medicine
that
I
can
learne
or
finde
to
be
in
this
beast
,
is
in
the
hoofe
,
for
that
worne
in
a
Ring
,
it
resisteth
and
freeth
a
man
from
the
falling
euill
,
the
Crampe
,
and
cureth
the
fits
or
pangs
,
if
it
be
put
on
when
he
is
in
his
foming
extremity
:
also
scraped
into
powder
and
put
into
Wine
and
drunke
,
it
is
vsed
in
Polonia
againste
the
same
euill
.
In
like
sort
they
mingle
it
with
Triacle
,
and
applie
it
to
the
heart
,
or
else
hange
it
about
their
necke
for
an
amulet
to
touch
their
skin
against
that
disease
:
and
because
that
both
in
auncient
time
,
and
also
now
a
daies
,
this
beast
is
sildome
seene
and
more
sildome
taken
,
the
hoofe
thereof
being
so
often
approoued
for
the
vses
before
said
,
the
rarity
(
I
say
thereof
)
maketh
it
to
be
sold
very
deare
,
which
would
be
(
if
they
could
be
found
or
taken
)
in
more
plentifull
maner
.
Some
Mounte-bankes
sell
in
steed
therof
a
Bugles
hoofe
,
but
it
may
be
easily
descried
by
scraping
,
for
(
it
is
said
)
it
smelleth
very
sweet
,
whereas
a
Bugles
sauoureth
very
ill
and
strong
.
It
is
obserued
also
that
it
hath
not
this
vertue
except
it
be
cut
off
from
the
beast
while
he
is
yet
aliue
,
and
that
in
the
months
of
August
and
September
,
at
what
time
these
Elks
are
most
of
all
annoyed
with
the
falling
sicknes
,
and
then
it
hath
strongest
vertue
to
cure
it
in
others
.
Others
affirme
,
it
wanteth
his
operation
if
it
be
cut
off
from
a
young
one
which
neuer
tasted
of
carnall
copulation
,
and
so
hath
not
bin
dulled
thereby
:
but
howsoeuer
,
this
is
certaine
,
that
sometimes
it
cureth
,
and
sometime
it
faileth
,
and
as
there
can
be
giuen
no
good
reason
of
the
cure
,
so
I
rather
ascribe
it
to
a
superstitious
conceite
or
beleefe
of
the
partie
that
weareth
it
,
rather
then
to
any
hidden
or
assured
worke
of
nature
.
The
skinnes
of
this
beast
are
dressed
by
Tawyers
,
with
the
fat
of
sishes
and
Alum
,
to
make
brest-plates
,
and
to
shelter
one
from
raine
,
The
vse
of
their
skins
.
and
they
sell
them
for
three
or
foure
Nobles
a
piece
;
but
in
Cracouia
for
fifteen
Florens
.
It
may
be
discerned
from
a
Harts
skin
by
blowing
vpon
it
,
for
the
breath
will
come
through
like
as
in
a
Buffe
,
and
the
hairs
of
this
beast
haue
also
hollow
passages
in
them
when
they
grow
vppon
the
backe
of
the
beast
,
or
else
soone
after
the
skin
is
taken
off
.
Some
also
vse
the
nerues
against
the
crampe
,
Ant.
Schnehergerus
.
binding
the
offended
member
therwith
,
and
heerewith
doe
we
conclude
this
storie
of
an
Elke
,
referring
the
reader
to
the
fable
of
Alcida
related
before
in
Cacus
if
he
haue
desire
to
know
it
for
the
affinitie
betwixt
the
name
thereof
and
Alces
an
Elke
.
OF
THE
FERRET
.
I
Take
it
to
be
most
true
without
all
exception
,
that
the
Graecians
cal
a
Ferret
Gala
Agria
,
a
wilde
Weasill
,
Ictis
and
Phereoikos
,
although
Etymologus
and
Hesychius
ascribe
the
reason
of
this
latter
name
to
her
lodging
vnder
Oakes
and
Oliue-trees
.
The
names
in
Greeke
.
Ictis
also
was
a
common
name
of
all
Weasils
,
to
those
Graecians
which
neuer
knew
or
saw
any
other
then
one
kinde
of
them
,
or
as
Sclaliger
against
Cardan
will
haue
it
,
to
signifie
a
wilde
Campestriall
Weasill
,
and
not
a
tame
kind
,
being
domesticall
and
liuing
in
houses
,
and
that
these
differ
onely
from
one
another
in
place
and
manner
of
liuing
,
and
not
in
colour
,
stature
or
qualities
.
And
where
Aristophanes
citeth
it
among
other
beasts
which
are
deuourers
of
fish
,
in
my
opinion
there
is
no
beast
that
more
desireth
fish
;
then
Ferrets
and
Cattes
,
and
for
this
cause
it
hath
his
name
Ictis
quasi
Ichthus
,
the
etymology
of
Ictys
a
Ferret
.
of
eating
of
fish
;
and
yet
I
cannot
consent
vnto
them
which
wil
haue
it
descend
and
hunt
fish
in
the
waters
like
Otters
or
Beauers
:
for
it
abhorreth
both
swimming
or
dyuing
,
Ferrets
swim
not
.
but
neer
to
the
waters
it
hunteth
fish
,
where
for
the
most
part
being
wilde
it
remaineth
.
But
heerein
seemeth
an
vnreconcilable
difference
,
that
it
is
reported
of
the
Ictys
by
Gaza
,
the
interpretour
of
Aristotle
,
that
it
was
most
greedye
of
Hony
,
and
for
that
cause
it
will
seeke
out
the
hyues
of
Bees
,
and
enter
them
without
all
feare
of
stings
.
But
when
Pliny
speaketh
of
Ictys
,
he
doth
not
cal
it
Viuerra
,
or
once
attribute
vnto
it
the
loue
of
honie
,
but
rather
the
hatered
and
loathing
thereof
,
in
so
high
a
degree
,
that
if
he
tast
of
it
,
he
falleth
into
consumptions
,
and
hardly
escapeth
death
.
And
these
things
Scaliger
alledgeth
against
Cardan
,
onely
to
prooue
that
Ictys
and
Viuerra
,
are
two
destinct
beasts
,
&
that
Cardan
was
mistaken
in
affirming
,
that
they
were
but
seuerall
names
,
expressing
one
and
the
same
beast
.
The
answere
whereunto
may
be
very
easie
,
for
althogh
Pliny
leaueth
with
out
rehersal
their
loue
of
hony
,
it
doth
not
necessarily
follow
,
that
they
loue
it
not
(
as
Aristotle
before
him
constantly
affirmeth
)
and
Scaliger
nameth
no
author
,
nor
bringeth
any
reason
to
demonstrate
their
hate
of
honey
,
or
any
harme
which
insueth
them
by
eating
thereof
:
and
therefore
against
his
authority
may
Strabo
be
opposed
,
who
in
his
thired
booke
,
speaking
of
the
Conies
of
Spaine
,
and
of
their
hunters
and
starters
,
out
of
their
holes
,
he
taketh
and
nameth
indifferently
without
all
distinction
and
exception
,
Viuerra
,
and
Ictys
,
for
the
one
and
other
.
Niphus
translateth
Ictys
,
a
Martall
,
but
without
reason
;
for
the
same
man
finding
in
Aristotle
that
there
is
War
betwixt
Locusts
and
Serpentes
,
which
is
fitly
called
Ophiomachia
;
whereas
Aristotle
nameth
Akris
a
Locust
,
hee
falleth
in
doubt
whether
it
were
not
better
to
be
Ictys
a
Martell
,
or
as
other
copies
haue
it
Aspis
an
Aspe
,
which
can
by
no
meanes
agree
vnto
them
,
for
there
is
a
kind
of
Locusts
(
called
Ophiomachum
)
because
of
their
continual
combats
with
Serpents
.
And
therefore
not
to
stande
any
longer
vppon
this
difference
,
ommitting
also
the
coniecture
of
Tzetzes
,
which
confoundeth
Ictys
with
Miluus
a
Glead
or
Kyte
,
which
canot
stand
reasonable
,
because
Homer
saith
there
was
a
kind
of
caps
made
of
the
haires
of
Ictys
,
nor
yet
of
Albertus
his
newe
found
name
of
Ankatinos
nor
Auicenna
his
Katyz
,
or
the
french
Fissau
which
is
a
Poul-cat
.
I
will
descend
to
the
description
of
the
parts
and
qualities
,
wherein
the
Authors
themselues
at
variance
,
make
their
owne
reconcilement
,
by
attributing
the
same
things
to
the
Ictya
and
Ferret
,
except
that
of
an
obscure
authour
,
which
saith
that
Ictys
is
Ankacinor
,
as
big
as
a
Grey-hound
,
and
that
it
is
wiser
&
more
industrious
in
his
youth
and
tender
age
,
then
in
his
perfection
of
strength
and
yeares
.
These
Ferrets
are
lesser
then
the
Maelitean
or
Gentlewomens
Dogs
,
and
they
were
firste
of
all
brought
out
of
Affricke
into
Spaine
,
and
therefore
are
called
by
Strabo
,
Affrican
weasils
,
G●z●
Their
seueral
partes
.
because
of
their
similitude
with
Weasils
:
for
Spaine
,
Italy
,
France
,
and
Germany
,
haue
not
this
beast
bred
among
them
,
but
brought
to
them
out
of
other
Countries
.
But
in
England
they
breed
naturally
of
the
quantity
aforesaid
,
and
they
are
tamed
to
hunt
Conies
out
of
the
earth
.
Countrey
of
breed
.
It
is
a
bolde
and
audatious
beast
,
enemy
to
all
other
except
his
owne
kind
,
drinking
and
sucking
in
the
blood
of
the
beast
it
biteth
,
but
eateth
not
the
flesh
.
When
the
Warriner
setteth
it
downe
to
hunt
,
I●●dorus
.
Per●ttus
.
Their
drinking
or
bloud
.
Agricola
.
Their
prouocation
to
hunt
hee
first
of
all
maketh
a
great
noise
to
fray
all
the
Conies
that
are
abroad
into
their
holes
,
and
so
hauing
frighted
them
pitcheth
his
nets
,
&
then
putteth
his
tame
Ferret
into
the
earth
,
hauing
a
long
string
or
cord
with
bels
about
hir
necke
,
whose
mouth
he
muzzleth
,
that
so
it
may
not
bite
the
cony
,
but
onely
terrifie
her
out
of
her
borough
and
earth
with
her
presence
or
clawes
;
which
being
perfourmed
,
she
is
by
Dogs
chased
into
the
nets
,
and
there
ouerwhelmed
,
as
is
aforesaid
in
the
history
of
the
conies
.
Theyr
body
is
longer
for
the
proportion
then
their
quantity
may
affoord
,
for
I
haue
seen
them
two
spans
long
but
very
thin
and
smal
.
Their
colour
and
eyes
Their
colour
is
variable
,
somtime
black
,
and
white
on
the
belly
,
but
most
commonly
of
a
yellowish
sandy
colour
,
like
hermeline
or
wooll
,
died
in
vrine
.
The
head
little
like
a
mouses
,
and
therefore
into
whatsoeuer
hole
or
chinke
she
putteth
it
in
,
all
her
body
will
easily
follow
after
.
The
eies
small
,
but
fiery
,
like
red
hot
yron
,
and
therefore
she
seeth
most
clearely
in
the
darke
:
Her
voyce
is
a
whyning
cry
,
neither
doth
she
chaunge
it
as
a
Cat
:
She
hath
onely
two
teeth
in
the
neather
chap
,
standing
out
and
not
ioyned
or
growing
together
.
The
genital
of
the
male
is
of
a
bony
substance
(
wherein
Pliny
and
Scaliger
agree
with
Cardan
and
Straho
for
the
Ictys
also
)
&
therefore
it
alway
standeth
stiffe
,
and
is
not
lesser
at
one
time
then
at
other
.
The
pleasure
of
the
sence
in
copulation
is
not
in
the
yard
or
genital
part
,
but
in
the
nerues
,
muscles
,
and
tunicles
wherein
the
said
genitall
runneth
.
When
they
are
in
copulation
the
female
lyeth
downe
or
bendeth
her
knees
,
and
continually
cryeth
like
a
Cat
,
either
because
the
Male
pincheth
and
claweth
her
skin
with
his
sharpe
nailes
,
or
else
because
of
the
rigidity
of
his
genitall
.
The
number
of
their
yong
ones
.
And
when
the
female
desireth
copulation
,
except
shee
bee
with
conuenient
speede
brought
to
a
Male
,
or
he
suffered
to
come
to
her
,
she
swelleth
and
dyeth
.
They
are
very
fruitfull
in
procreation
,
for
they
bring
foorth
seauen
or
eight
at
a
time
,
bearing
them
in
their
littie
belly
not
aboue
fortie
daies
.
The
young
ones
newly
littered
are
blind
30.
daies
togither
,
and
within
40.
daies
after
they
can
see
,
they
may
be
set
to
hunting
.
The
noble
men
of
France
keep
them
for
this
pleasure
,
who
are
greatly
giuen
to
hunt
conies
,
and
they
are
sold
ther
for
a
French
crown
.
Young
boies
and
schollers
also
vse
them
to
put
them
into
the
holes
of
rockes
and
Walles
to
hunt
out
Birdes
,
and
likewise
into
hollow
Trees
where
out
they
bring
the
Birds
in
the
clawes
of
their
feet
.
They
are
nourished
being
tamed
with
milke
,
Their
food
or
with
barlie
breade
,
and
they
can
fast
a
very
long
time
.
When
they
go
,
they
contract
their
long
backe
and
make
it
stand
vpright
in
the
middle
,
round
like
a
bowle
.
When
they
are
touched
,
they
smell
like
a
Martell
,
and
they
sleepe
very
much
:
being
wilde
,
they
liue
vpon
the
blood
of
conies
,
Hennes
,
Chickens
,
Hares
,
or
other
such
things
,
which
they
can
finde
and
ouermaister
.
In
their
sleepe
also
they
dreame
,
which
appeareth
by
whyning
and
crying
in
their
sleepe
,
whereas
a
long
fly
(
called
a
Fryer
)
flying
to
the
flaming
candels
in
the
night
,
is
accounted
among
poysons
,
the
Antidote
and
resister
thereof
is
by
Pliny
affirmed
to
be
a
Goats
gall
or
liuer
,
The
medicines
of
Ferrets
.
mixed
with
a
Ferret
,
or
wilde
Weasill
,
and
the
gall
of
Ferrets
is
held
pretious
against
the
poison
of
Aspes
,
although
the
flesh
and
teeth
of
a
ferret
be
accounted
poyson
.
Likewise
the
gall
of
a
Ferret
is
commended
against
the
falling
disease
,
and
not
onely
the
gal
(
saith
Marcellus
)
but
the
whole
body
,
if
it
be
rosted
,
dressed
,
and
eaten
fasting
,
like
a
young
pig
.
It
is
said
by
Rasis
and
Albertus
,
that
if
the
head
of
a
wolfe
be
hanged
vp
in
a
doue-cote
,
neither
cat
,
Ferret
,
weasil
,
Stoate
,
or
other
noysom●
beast
dare
to
enter
therein
.
These
ferrets
are
kept
in
little
hutches
,
in
houses
and
there
fed
,
where
they
sleepe
much
:
they
are
of
a
very
whottemperature
or
constitution
,
and
therefore
quickly
disgest
their
meate
,
and
being
wild
by
reason
of
their
fear
,
they
rather
seeke
their
meat
in
the
night
then
in
the
day
time
.
OF
THE
FITCH
OR
POVL-CAT
.
THe
difference
of
a
Poul-cat
from
the
wild-cat
,
Isidorus
.
The
name
&
the
notation
thereof
.
is
because
of
her
strong
stinking
sauour
,
and
therefore
is
called
Putorius
of
Putore
because
of
his
ill
smell
:
for
al
weasils
being
incensed
and
prouokt
to
wrath
,
smell
strongly
,
&
especially
the
Poul-cat
;
likewise
when
in
the
spring
time
they
endeuour
procreation
,
for
which
cause
among
the
Germans
(
when
they
would
expresse
an
infamous
Whoore
or
whoore-maister
)
they
say
they
stinke
like
an
Iltis
that
is
a
fitch
or
Poul-cat
.
The
French
call
this
beast
Putois
,
and
Poytois
,
as
it
is
to
be
found
in
Carolus
Figulus
,
the
Sauoyens
Pouttett
,
the
Illirians
and
Bohemians
Tchorz
,
and
the
Polonians
Vijdra
;
and
Scaliger
calleth
it
in
Latine
(
Catum
fuinam
)
by
another
name
than
Putorius
.
It
is
greater
then
an
ordinary
weasill
,
but
lesser
then
the
wilde
Martell
,
The
quantity
and
nature
of
this
b●●st
Stumpsius
Agricola
and
yet
commonly
fatter
:
the
haires
of
it
are
neither
smooth
and
of
one
length
,
or
of
one
colour
;
for
the
short
haires
are
somewhat
yellowish
,
and
the
long
ones
blacke
,
so
as
one
would
thinke
that
in
many
places
of
the
body
,
there
were
spottes
of
diuers
colours
,
but
yet
about
the
mouth
it
is
most
ordinarily
white
.
The
skin
is
stiffe
,
harsh
,
and
rugged
in
handling
,
and
therefore
long
lasting
in
Garments
,
yet
because
the
beast
is
alwaie
fat
,
the
sauor
of
it
is
so
rank
,
The
skins
&
vse
of
them
.
that
it
is
not
in
any
great
request
,
and
moreouer
it
is
said
that
it
offendeth
the
heade
,
and
procureth
ache
therein
;
and
therefore
it
is
sold
cheaper
then
a
Foxe
skinne
,
and
the
fattest
is
alway
the
worst
of
all
.
The
skinners
approue
the
skins
of
fitches
and
Martils
best
,
which
are
killed
in
winter
,
because
their
flesh
and
lust
is
much
lower
,
and
therefore
rendereth
a
lesse
hurtfull
smell
then
at
other
times
.
The
taile
is
not
aboue
two
handes
or
palmes
long
,
and
therefore
shorter
then
is
a
Martilles
.
In
all
other
partes
of
the
bodye
it
equalleth
a
Martill
,
or
exceedeth
very
little
,
hauing
thinner
Neckes
,
but
larger
and
greater
Bellies
,
the
Taile
,
Legges
,
and
breast
,
are
also
of
a
blacker
colour
,
but
the
belly
and
sides
,
more
yellow
.
Some
haue
deliuered
that
the
left
legges
thereof
are
shorter
then
the
right
legs
,
but
this
is
founde
vntrue
by
daily
experience
:
They
keepe
in
the
toppes
of
houses
and
secret
corners
,
delighting
to
kil
and
eat
hens
and
chickens
,
whose
craft
in
deuouring
his
prey
is
singular
,
I●●lorus
.
Their
meate
and
subtletie
not
to
be
descryed
for
to
the
intent
that
the
silly
creatures
to
be
deuoured
may
not
bewray
them
to
the
house-keepers
,
the
first
part
that
they
lay
hold
vpon
with
their
mouths
is
the
heade
of
the
hen
and
chicken
,
and
by
that
means
stayeth
his
crying
by
cropping
off
the
head
.
Some
of
these
Fitches
wander
and
keep
in
the
woods
,
and
thereby
liue
vpon
birds
and
mise
,
and
such
things
:
some
againe
liue
by
the
Sea
sides
in
rockes
,
and
they
take
Fishes
,
like
Beuers
and
Otters
:
and
some
creepe
into
the
caues
of
hollow
trees
,
where
they
eat
Frogges
,
and
most
of
all
they
delight
to
be
neare
stals
of
cattel
,
hay-houses
,
and
houses
,
where
they
meet
oftentimes
with
Egs
,
wherein
they
delight
aboue
al
other
kinds
of
meat
.
And
thus
much
for
this
beast
.
OF
THE
FOX
.
A
Fox
is
called
in
Haebrew
Schual
,
and
in
Chaldee
Thaal
,
The
seueral
names
of
foxes
in
sundry
languages
.
and
therefore
in
Psal
,
61.
where
the
Haebrew
readeth
Schualim
,
there
the
Chaldee
translateth
it
Thealaia
,
the
Arabians
call
him
Thaleb
,
and
Auicen
calleth
a
Foxe
sometime
Chabel
,
and
also
Chalca●l
;
the
Greeke
Septuagints
Alopekon
,
and
vulgarly
Alopex
,
and
Alopon
,
the
Latines
Vulpes
,
and
Vulpecula
of
Volipes
his
tumbling
pace
,
the
Italians
Volpe
,
the
French
Regnard
,
and
a
little
Foxe
Regnardeau
;
the
Spaniards
Raposa
of
rauening
;
the
Germans
Fuchs
,
the
Flemings
Vos
,
and
the
Illyrians
Liss●a
.
The
Epithets
expressing
the
nature
hereof
among
writers
,
both
poets
and
others
,
are
these
:
crafty
,
wary
,
deceitfull
,
stinking
,
strong-smelling
,
quicke-smelling
,
tayled
,
The
epithits
of
Foxes
warlike
or
contentious
,
wicked
and
rough
,
the
Graecians
fiery
colored
,
and
subtil
for
slaughter
,
and
therfore
Christ
called
Herod
a
Fox
,
because
he
vnderstood
how
by
crafty
means
he
sought
to
entrap
and
kil
him
:
and
al
the
auncientes
called
such
kind
of
men
Vulpiones
,
which
euery
nation
vnder
heauen
doth
imitate
.
There
are
store
of
Foxes
in
the
Alpine
regions
of
Heluetia
,
the
Centries
breeding
Foxes
.
Aelianus
.
and
amongst
the
Caspians
they
abound
,
so
that
their
multitude
maketh
them
tame
,
comming
into
the
Citties
,
and
attending
vpon
men
like
tame
Dogs
.
The
Foxes
of
Sardinia
are
very
Rauenous
,
for
they
kil
the
strongest
Rams
and
Goats
,
and
also
young
Calues
,
and
in
Egypt
they
are
lesser
then
they
are
in
Graecia
,
and
most
commonly
all
Foxes
are
of
stature
like
to
a
sheapheards
dog
.
Munster
.
Their
colour
is
reddish
and
more
white
toward
the
head
:
In
Moscouia
are
both
blacke
&
white
,
Viz:
about
the
riuer
Woga
,
blacke
and
ash-coloured
,
Aristotle
.
Albertus
.
The
colour
of
Foxes
and
in
the
prouince
of
Vsting
al
black
,
&
these
are
of
the
smaller
sort
,
which
are
norished
to
make
caps
of
their
skins
,
and
are
therfore
sold
at
twenty
or
thirty
Florens
a
skin
.
In
Spaine
they
are
al
white
,
and
their
skins
are
often
brought
by
the
merchants
to
be
sold
at
Franchford
mart
.
In
the
Septentrionall
or
Northern
woods
,
there
are
black
,
white
,
and
red
Foxes
,
Olaus
mag
.
and
such
as
are
cald
Crucigerae
,
that
is
Crosse-bearing
Foxes
,
for
on
their
backs
&
orethwart
their
shoulders
there
is
a
blacke
crosse
,
like
an
Asses
:
and
there
are
Foxes
aspersed
ouer
with
blacke
spots
,
and
al
these
are
of
one
and
the
same
malignaunt
and
crafty
nature
:
and
these
(
saith
Georg
▪
Fabritius
)
are
distinguished
by
their
regions
or
habitations
:
for
it
is
most
commonly
seene
,
that
Foxes
which
keepe
and
breed
toward
the
South
and
West
,
are
of
an
ash
colour
,
and
like
to
Wolues
,
hauing
loose
hanging
haires
,
as
is
to
be
seene
both
in
Spaine
and
Italy
;
and
these
are
noted
by
two
names
among
the
Germaines
,
from
the
colour
of
their
throats
.
One
kind
of
them
is
called
Koler
,
whose
throat
seemeth
to
be
sprinkled
and
darkned
with
cole-dust
,
vpon
white
,
so
as
the
tops
of
the
hair
apeare
blacke
,
the
foot
and
stalke
being
white
.
The
other
Birkfuchse
,
because
their
throat
is
al
white
,
and
of
this
kind
the
most
splendent
white
,
is
most
pretious
.
A
second
there
is
(
called
Kreutzfuchse
)
because
of
the
crosse
it
beareth
vpon
his
backe
and
shoulders
downe
to
his
forefeet
,
being
in
other
partes
like
the
former
,
except
the
throat
which
is
blacker
then
any
of
the
other
before
spoken
of
,
and
these
are
not
bredde
in
Germany
,
but
brought
thither
from
other
nations
.
A
third
kind
is
of
a
bright
skie-colour
(
called
Blauwfusche
)
and
this
colour
hath
giuen
a
different
name
to
Horsses
,
which
they
call
Blauwschimmell
,
but
in
the
Foxes
it
is
much
more
mingled
,
and
these
foxes
which
haue
rougher
and
deeper
haire
are
called
Braudfuchse
.
The
Moscouians
and
Tartarians
make
most
account
of
the
blacke
skins
,
because
their
princes
and
great
Nobles
weare
them
in
their
garments
:
yet
are
they
more
easily
adulterated
and
counterfaited
by
the
fume
or
smoke
of
Torches
made
of
pitch
.
The
white
and
blewe
skins
are
lesse
esteemed
,
because
the
haire
falleth
off
,
and
are
also
lesser
then
the
other
:
the
red
ones
are
most
plentifull
,
and
Scaliger
affirmeth
,
that
he
saw
skins
brought
into
Fraunce
by
certaine
merchants
,
which
had
diuers
white
haires
disposed
in
rowes
very
elegantlye
vpon
them
,
and
in
diuers
places
they
grew
also
single
.
In
Noruegia
and
Suetia
as
there
are
white
Harts
and
Beares
,
so
there
are
also
white
foxes
;
In
Wolocha
they
are
black
,
as
it
is
affirmed
by
Sigismundus
Liber
,
the
picture
of
the
Cross-bearing-fox
which
is
lesse
then
the
former
is
heere
following
expressed
and
set
downe
.
THE
CRVCIGERAN
FOXE
.
SErpents
,
Apes
,
and
Foxes
,
and
al
other
dangerous
harmeful
beasts
,
haue
small
eies
,
Adamantius
The
parts
and
nature
of
Foxes
.
but
sheepe
and
Oxen
which
are
simple
,
very
great
eyes
.
The
Germans
when
they
discribe
a
good
Horsse
,
they
decipher
in
him
the
outward
parts
of
many
beastes
,
from
whom
(
it
seemeth
)
he
partaketh
his
generosity
,
and
from
a
Foxe
they
ascribe
vnto
him
short
eares
,
a
long
and
bushy
taile
,
and
easie
and
soft
treading
step
,
(
for
these
belong
to
a
Foxe
.
)
The
male
Foxe
hath
a
hard
bony
genitall
,
Aristotle
.
his
taile
is
long
and
hairy
at
the
end
,
his
temperament
or
constitution
is
whot
,
as
appeareth
both
bycause
of
his
resemblance
or
similitude
with
Dogges
and
Weasils
,
and
also
his
ranke
and
stronge
smelling
sauour
;
for
being
dead
,
his
skinne
hath
power
in
it
of
heating
,
and
his
fat
or
oyle
after
a
decoction
is
of
the
same
force
&
condition
.
The
greatest
occasion
of
his
hunting
is
the
benefit
of
his
skinne
,
for
his
flesh
is
in
all
things
like
a
Dogs
,
The
flesh
of
Foxes
euil
to
be
eaten
.
and
although
Galen
,
Mnesimachus
,
and
Silutus
affirme
,
that
in
the
Autume
or
latter
part
of
the
yeare
,
some
men
vse
to
eate
the
flesh
of
Foxes
,
(
especially
being
Cubs
)
that
is
young
,
tender
,
and
not
smelling
:
but
Aetius
and
Rasis
affirme
,
(
and
that
with
great
reason
)
that
their
flesh
,
and
the
flesh
of
Hedg-hogs
and
Hares
,
is
not
agreeable
to
the
nature
of
man
.
But
their
skinne
retaineth
the
qualities
of
the
whot
beast
being
pulled
off
,
by
reason
of
the
long
and
soft
haire
growing
thereupon
;
The
vse
of
their
skinnes
and
the
skins
of
Cubs
which
are
preferred
before
the
elder
,
are
of
least
value
,
because
their
haire
is
apt
to
fall
off
,
which
being
thin
doth
not
admit
any
deepe
rootings
of
the
haire
.
The
Thracians
in
the
time
of
Xenopho●
,
wore
Caps
of
Foxes
skinnes
vpon
their
heades
and
eares
,
in
the
coldest
and
hardest
winters
,
and
from
hence
it
commeth
,
that
in
some
Authors
the
couers
of
mens
heads
,
(
commonly
called
in
Greeke
Pericephalaea
)
are
termed
Alopecia
,
or
Alopeci●●
and
for
this
purpose
in
Germany
at
this
day
,
they
slit
asunder
the
skin
of
foxes
tailes
,
and
sow
it
together
againe
,
adding
to
it
a
sufficient
number
till
it
be
framed
into
a
cap
:
but
the
skin
of
the
belly
and
sides
is
of
more
pretious
estimation
,
because
it
is
more
soft
and
smooth
,
and
therefore
is
sold
for
twice
so
much
as
the
other
parts
.
In
the
Summer
time
the
skinnes
are
little
worth
,
because
that
then
the
beasts
are
troubled
with
the
Alopecia
,
that
is
,
the
falling
off
or
loosenesse
of
the
haire
;
and
therefore
then
also
they
are
daungerous
to
bee
vsed
,
because
of
that
disease
:
men
which
haue
the
gout
,
shrinking
vp
of
the
sinnewes
,
or
other
cold
fluxions
of
the
Rhewme
in
their
Legs
,
can
use
no
better
or
more
wholesome
thing
then
to
weare
buskins
of
the
skins
of
Foxes
;
Alev.
ab
alex
the
Scythians
make
them
shooes
,
and
soale
them
with
the
backes
of
Foxe
and
Myse
skinnes
,
vpon
which
they
go
.
The
Latines
haue
a
proper
word
for
the
voyce
of
a
Fox
,
which
is
Gannio
Gannire
,
to
Ganne
,
and
it
is
also
metaphorically
applyed
to
men
,
when
by
scrietching
clamours
they
trouble
others
;
as
Terence
in
Adelph
:
quid
iile
gannit
?
Quid
vult
?
donotus
The
voyce
of
Foxes
.
And
Plautus
also
;
Gannit
odiosus
omni
toti
familiae
,
and
for
this
voyce
did
Mantuan
Write
this
verse
:
Putes
vlutare
lupos
,
gannire
sagaces
-
vulpeculos
.
But
yet
as
Albertus
and
Constantinus
haue
truely
obserued
,
that
in
the
time
of
his
hunger
he
will
barke
like
a
little
Dogge
,
and
the
Harts
are
greatly
afraid
of
this
ganning
of
Foxes
.
It
hath
beene
already
shewed
in
the
story
of
the
Badger
,
how
the
Foxe
by
laying
his
excrements
in
the
Badgers
den
,
getteth
the
same
to
his
owne
vse
;
Their
d●ns
&
caues
in
the
earth
.
Gillius
.
Oppianus
for
the
abode
of
Foxes
in
the
day
time
is
in
the
caues
and
holes
of
the
earth
,
and
come
not
abroad
til
the
night
.
These
dens
haue
many
caues
in
them
,
and
passages
in
and
out
,
that
when
the
Tertars
shall
set
vpon
him
in
the
ear●h
▪
he
may
go
forth
some
other
way
:
and
forasmuch
as
the
Wolfe
is
an
enemy
to
the
Foxe
,
he
layeth
in
the
mouth
of
his
den
,
an
Herbe
(
called
Sea-onyon
)
which
is
so
contrary
to
the
nature
of
a
Wolfe
,
and
he
so
greatly
terrified
therewith
,
Zoroastres
Gillius
.
that
hee
will
neuer
come
neere
the
place
where
it
either
groweth
or
lyeth
;
the
same
is
affirmed
of
the
Turtle
to
saue
her
young
ones
,
but
I
haue
not
read
that
Wolues
will
prey
vpon
Turtles
,
and
therefore
we
reiect
that
as
a
fable
.
When
Aristomanes
was
taken
by
the
Lacaedemonians
,
Pliny
.
and
included
into
a
rocke
or
quarey
of
stones
,
he
escaped
out
of
their
handes
,
by
digging
another
passage
out
of
it
then
where
he
was
put
in
;
saying
,
that
it
was
a
shame
for
a
man
to
haue
lesse
wit
then
a
fox
.
When
they
are
in
their
dens
,
they
lye
vpon
their
bellies
with
their
hinder
Legges
stretched
forth
at
length
,
like
as
a
man
when
he
sleepeth
on
his
belly
,
and
therefore
it
seemeth
that
their
legs
are
so
framed
to
creepe
and
pierce
vnder
the
earth
and
dig
out
their
way
after
their
owne
pleasure
.
This
is
such
a
deuouring
beast
that
it
forsaketh
nothing
fit
to
be
eaten
,
The
food
of
Serpents
for
it
killeth
Hares
and
Connies
,
and
with
his
breath
draweth
fielde
Myce
out
of
their
holes
like
as
a
Hart
draweth
out
Serpents
with
his
breath
,
and
deuoureth
them
.
He
deuoureth
also
all
kind
of
Pullen
,
they
also
eate
Grapes
,
Apples
,
and
Peares
,
whereupon
came
the
prouerbe
in
Plautus
,
Tam
facile
vinces
quam
vulpes
pyrum
comest
.
Thou
shalt
as
easily
ouercome
him
,
as
a
Foxe
eateth
a
Peare
:
which
is
applyed
to
any
easie
or
dispatchable
businesse
.
In
Arabia
,
and
Syria
Palaestina
,
they
are
so
rauenous
,
harmefull
,
and
audacious
,
that
in
the
night
by
ganning
and
barking
,
they
inuite
one
another
(
as
it
were
)
by
a
Watchworde
,
to
assemble
in
great
multitudes
together
,
for
to
prey
vpon
all
things
,
and
they
feare
not
to
carry
into
their
dens
,
old
shooes
and
vessels
,
or
instrumentes
of
husbandry
:
for
which
cause
,
when
the
husbandmen
heare
therof
,
they
gather
all
thinges
into
their
houses
and
watch
them
.
But
as
it
falleth
out
in
all
gluttonous
rauening
persons
,
that
while
they
striue
to
fil
their
bellies
,
they
poison
their
liues
,
so
also
it
fareth
with
Foxes
,
for
nature
hath
so
ordained
,
The
harme
of
Foxes
.
that
if
a
Foxe
eat
any
meat
wherein
are
bitter
Almondes
,
they
die
thereof
,
if
they
drinke
not
presently
:
and
the
same
thing
do
Aloes
in
their
meate
worke
vppon
them
,
Discorides
.
as
Scaliger
affirmeth
vpon
his
owne
sight
or
knowledge
Apocynon
or
Bear
foot
giuen
to
dogs
,
wolues
,
Serapio
.
Foxes
,
and
all
other
beasts
which
are
littered
blind
,
in
fat
or
any
other
meat
killeth
them
,
if
vomit
helpe
them
n●t
,
which
falleth
out
very
sieldome
,
and
the
seeds
of
this
hea●be
haue
the
same
operation
.
It
is
reported
by
Democritus
,
that
if
wilde
r●e
be
secretly
hu●ge
vnder
a
Hens
wi●g
no
Fox
wil
meddle
with
her
,
and
the
same
writer
also
declareth
for
approoued
,
that
if
you
mingle
the
gal
of
a
Fox
,
or
a
cat
,
with
their
ordinary
foode
,
they
shall
remaine
free
from
the
the
d●ngers
of
these
beasts
.
When
they
engender
and
admit
copulation
,
they
are
ioyned
like
dogs
,
Their
carnal
copulation
.
the
male
vpon
the
female
:
and
the
female
when
she
perceiueth
her
wombe
filled
,
shee
departeth
and
liueth
very
secret
,
for
it
falleth
out
very
seldome
that
a
female
or
Bitch-Foxe
is
taken
great
with
young
.
She
bringeth
forth
ordinarily
foure
at
a
time
,
and
those
blinde
and
imperfect
,
without
Articles
in
their
Legges
,
which
are
perfected
and
framed
by
licking
,
for
Beares
,
Wolues
,
Lyons
,
Foxes
,
Dogges
,
and
Thoes
which
are
Multipara
and
Multifida
,
that
is
fruitefull
,
bearinge
many
at
one
time
,
and
also
Clouen
or
slitte-sooted
,
into
many
clawes
,
haue
not
the
benefit
of
nature
to
perfect
their
young
ones
in
their
wombes
.
Kytes
,
vultures
,
and
Eagles
lye
in
wayt
to
destroy
the
Foxes
Cubs
or
Whelpes
.
Foxes
do
not
onely
engender
with
their
owne
kinde
,
but
also
with
Wolues
,
Dogges
,
or
any
other
beastes
of
equall
proportion
,
both
of
quantity
and
time
of
going
with
yong
,
so
the
Laconian
Dogs
are
engendered
by
a
Dogge
and
a
Foxe
,
and
the
Hyaena
,
of
a
Wolfe
and
a
Foxe
(
as
Albertus
affirmeth
)
and
the
Simiuulpa
of
an
Ape
and
a
Foxe
,
as
is
already
in
the
story
of
Apes
declared
.
There
be
also
many
euils
wherewithall
Foxes
are
annoyed
,
and
first
of
all
he
falleth
sometime
into
madnesse
as
a
Dogge
,
The
diseases
of
Foxes
.
and
the
same
euils
follow
a
madde
Foxe
,
which
already
are
manifested
to
accompany
a
mad
Dog
,
and
that
more
often
in
Summer
then
in
winter
.
Albertus
.
Albert.
Liber
Aetius
.
When
a
Foxe
feeleth
himselfe
sicke
,
nature
hath
taught
him
to
eate
the
gum
of
Pine-trees
,
wherewithall
he
is
not
onely
cured
,
but
also
receiueth
length
of
daies
.
They
are
also
vexed
with
the
falling
away
of
their
haire
,
called
therefore
Alopecia
,
because
Foxes
are
most
commonly
vexed
therewith
,
and
as
we
see
in
plantes
,
that
some
of
them
drye
and
consume
through
want
of
moysture
to
feede
them
,
other
are
suffocated
and
choaked
by
aboundance
,
and
as
it
were
drowned
in
humidity
:
so
it
happeneth
in
haire
,
which
groweth
out
of
the
body
of
beastes
,
and
the
heades
of
men
,
no
otherwise
then
plants
out
of
the
earth
,
and
are
therefore
to
be
nourished
by
humours
;
which
if
they
faile
and
waxe
drye
,
the
haire
also
shorteneth
with
them
,
and
as
it
were
rotteth
away
in
length
:
but
if
they
abound
and
ouerflowe
,
then
do
they
loosen
the
rootes
of
the
haire
,
and
cause
them
to
fall
off
totally
.
This
disease
is
called
Alopecia
,
and
the
other
Ophiasis
,
because
it
is
not
generall
,
but
only
particular
in
one
member
or
part
of
the
body
or
head
,
&
there
it
windeth
or
indenteth
like
a
Serpents
figure
.
Mychaell
Ferus
affirmeth
,
that
sometime
the
liuer
of
the
Foxe
inflameth
,
and
then
it
is
not
cured
but
by
the
vlcerous
blood
flowing
to
the
skin
,
and
that
euill
blood
causeth
the
Alopecia
,
or
falling
away
of
the
haire
,
for
which
cause
(
as
is
already
said
)
a
Foxes
skin
is
little
worth
that
is
taken
in
the
summer
time
.
The
length
of
the
life
of
a
Foxe
is
not
certainely
knowen
,
yet
as
Stumpsius
and
others
affirme
,
The
length
of
their
life
.
it
is
longer
then
the
life
of
a
Dog
.
If
the
vrine
of
a
Foxe
fall
vpon
the
grasse
or
other
Herbs
it
drieth
and
killeth
them
,
and
the
earth
remaineth
barren
euer
afterward
.
The
sauour
of
a
Foxe
is
more
strong
then
of
any
other
vulgar
beast
,
he
stincketh
at
Nose
and
taile
,
Varinus
for
which
cause
Martiall
calleth
it
Olidam
Vulpem
,
an
Olent
or
smelling
beast
.
Hic
olidam
clamosus
ages
in
retia
vulpem
.
Touching
the
hunting
or
taking
of
Foxes
,
I
approue
the
opinion
of
Xenophon
,
who
auoucheth
,
The
hunting
and
taking
of
Foxes
.
leporum
capturam
venatico
studia
quam
vulpium
digniorem
;
that
is
,
the
Hunting
of
the
Hare
is
a
more
noble
game
or
pastime
then
the
hunting
of
the
Foxe
.
This
beast
is
more
fearefull
of
a
Dogge
then
a
Hare
,
for
the
onely
barking
of
Dogges
causeth
him
to
rise
many
times
from
his
denne
or
lodgings
out
of
the
earth
,
or
from
the
middle
of
bushes
,
Aelianus
briars
,
and
brambles
,
wherein
he
hid
himselfe
:
and
for
his
hunting
this
is
to
be
obserued
;
Oppianus
that
as
in
hunting
of
a
Hart
it
hath
beene
already
related
,
the
Hunter
must
driue
the
beast
with
the
winde
,
because
it
hindereth
his
refrigeration
,
so
in
hunting
of
a
Foxe
he
driue
him
againe
the
winde
,
and
then
he
preuenteth
all
his
crafty
and
subtill
agitations
and
diuises
;
for
it
stayeth
his
speede
in
running
,
and
also
keepeth
his
sauour
fresh
alway
in
the
Nose
of
the
Dogs
that
follow
him
:
Dellisarius
.
for
the
Dogges
that
kill
a
Fox
must
be
swifte
,
stronge
,
and
quicke
sented
,
and
it
is
not
good
to
put
on
a
few
at
once
,
but
a
good
company
together
,
for
be
assured
the
Foxe
will
not
loose
his
owne
blood
till
hee
hazzard
some
of
his
enemies
,
and
with
his
taile
which
he
windeth
euery
way
,
doth
hee
delude
the
hunters
:
when
the
Dogs
are
pressed
neere
vnto
him
,
and
are
ready
to
bite
him
,
Text●r
.
he
striketh
his
taile
betwixt
his
Legs
,
and
with
his
owne
vrine
wetteth
the
same
,
and
so
instantly
striketh
it
into
the
dogs
mouths
,
whereof
when
they
haue
tasted
,
so
many
of
them
as
it
touched
will
commonly
leaue
off
and
follow
no
farther
.
Their
teeth
are
exceeding
sharp
,
and
therefore
they
feare
not
to
assault
or
contend
with
beasts
,
exceeding
their
stature
,
strength
,
and
quantity
.
Somtime
he
leapeth
vp
into
a
tree
,
and
there
standeth
to
be
seene
and
bayed
at
by
the
Dogs
and
Hunters
,
Oppianus
like
as
a
Champion
in
some
fort
or
Castle
,
and
although
fire
be
cast
at
him
,
yet
will
he
not
discend
down
among
the
dogs
;
yea
,
he
endureth
to
be
beaten
and
pierced
with
Hunters
speares
,
but
at
length
being
compelled
to
forsake
his
holde
and
giue
ouer
to
his
enemies
,
downe
he
leapeth
,
falling
vpon
the
crew
of
barking
Dogs
,
like
a
flash
of
lightning
,
and
where
he
layeth
hold
there
he
neuer
looseth
teeth
,
or
aswageth
wrath
,
til
other
dogs
haue
torne
his
limbs
,
and
driuen
breath
out
of
his
body
.
If
at
any
time
he
take
the
earth
,
then
with
Terriour
dogges
they
ferret
him
out
of
his
den
againe
.
In
some
places
they
take
vpon
them
to
take
him
with
nets
which
sildome
proueth
,
because
with
his
teeth
he
teareth
them
in
pieces
;
yet
by
Calentius
this
deuise
is
allowed
in
this
verse
:
Et
laqueo
Vulpes
&
decipe
casse
foïnas
.
But
this
must
be
wrought
vnder
the
earth
in
the
caues
,
dennes
,
or
furrowes
,
made
of
pur-which
is
to
be
performed
two
manner
of
waies
,
one
by
placing
the
gin
in
some
perch
of
Wood
,
so
as
that
assoone
as
the
beast
is
taken
by
the
Necke
,
it
may
presently
fly
vp
and
hang
him
,
for
otherwise
with
his
teeth
hee
will
sheare
it
asunder
and
escape
away
aliue
:
or
else
that
neere
the
place
where
the
rope
is
fastened
,
to
slippe
vppon
the
heade
of
the
Foxe
,
there
bee
placed
some
thicke
collor
or
brace
,
so
as
hee
can
neuer
bite
it
asunder
.
The
French
haue
a
kind
of
Ginne
to
take
them
by
the
Legges
(
which
they
call
Hausepied
)
and
I
haue
heard
of
some
which
haue
found
the
Foxes
Legge
in
the
same
Gin
,
A
noble
instance
of
a
Foxes
corag●
bitten
off
with
his
owne
teeth
from
his
body
,
rather
putting
himselfe
to
that
torment
with
his
owne
teeth
,
then
to
expect
the
mercy
of
the
Hunter
,
and
so
went
away
vppon
three
feet
:
and
other
haue
counterfeited
themselues
dead
,
restraining
their
breath
and
winking
,
not
stirring
any
member
when
they
saw
the
Hunter
come
to
take
them
out
of
the
Ginne
,
The
subtlery
of
a
Fox
take
in
a
snare
.
who
comming
and
taking
his
Legge
forth
,
not
suspecting
any
life
in
them
,
so
soone
as
the
Foxe
perceiueth
himselfe
free
,
away
hee
went
and
neuer
gaue
thankes
for
his
deliuerance
:
for
this
cause
Blondus
saith
truely
,
that
onely
wise
and
olde
Hunters
are
fit
to
take
Foxes
,
for
they
haue
so
many
deuises
to
beguile
men
,
and
deliuer
themselus
,
that
it
is
hard
to
know
when
he
is
safely
taken
vntill
he
be
throughly
dead
.
They
also
vse
to
set
vp
Ginnes
for
them
bayted
with
Chickens
in
Busnes
and
Hedges
:
but
if
the
setter
be
not
at
hand
so
soone
as
the
Foxe
is
insnared
,
it
is
daungerous
but
that
the
beast
will
deliuer
it selfe
.
In
some
places
againe
they
set
vp
an
iron
toyle
,
hauing
in
it
a
ring
for
the
foxe
to
thrust
in
his
head
,
and
through
that
sharpe
pikes
,
at
the
farther
end
whereof
is
placed
a
piece
of
flesh
,
so
that
when
the
hungry
foxe
commeth
to
bite
at
the
meate
and
thrusteth
in
his
head
,
the
pikes
sticke
fast
in
his
necke
,
and
he
ineuitably
insnared
:
Moreouer
as
the
harmefulnesse
of
this
beast
hath
troubled
many
,
so
also
they
haue
deuised
moe
engins
to
deceiue
and
take
him
;
for
this
cause
there
is
another
pollicy
to
kill
him
by
a
bowe
,
full
bent
,
with
a
sharpe
arrow
,
and
so
tenderly
placed
as
is
a
trap
for
a
Mouse
,
and
assoone
as
euer
the
foxe
treadeth
thereon
,
presently
the
arrow
is
discharged
into
his
owne
bowels
,
by
the
waight
of
his
foote
.
Againe
,
for
the
killing
of
this
beast
they
vse
this
sleight
,
they
take
of
Bacon-grease
or
Bacon
as
much
as
ones
hand
,
and
rost
the
same
a
little
,
and
therewith
annoint
their
shoesoles
,
and
then
take
the
Liuer
of
a
Hogge
cut
in
pieces
,
and
as
they
come
out
of
the
wood
where
the
beast
lodgeth
,
they
must
scatter
the
said
pieces
in
their
foote-steps
and
drawe
the
carcasse
of
a
dead
Cat
after
them
,
the
sauour
whereof
will
prouoke
the
beast
to
follow
the
foot-steps
,
then
haue
they
a
cunning
Archer
or
handler
of
a
Gunne
,
who
obserueth
and
watcheth
in
secret
till
the
Beast
come
within
his
reach
,
and
so
giueth
him
his
great
&
deadly
wound
.
But
if
the
Fox
be
in
the
earth
,
and
they
haue
found
his
denne
then
they
take
this
course
to
worke
him
out
.
They
take
a
long
thing
like
a
Bee-hiue
,
and
open
at
one
end
,
and
yron
wiers
at
the
other
like
a
grate
,
and
at
the
open
end
is
set
a
little
doore
to
fall
downe
vppon
the
mouth
,
and
to
inclose
the
Fox
when
he
entereth
in
by
touching
of
a
small
rod
that
supporteth
that
doore
.
This
frame
is
set
to
the
Foxes
dens
mouth
,
and
all
the
other
passages
watched
and
stopped
.
The
Fox
hauing
a
desire
to
go
forth
,
&
seeing
light
by
the
wiers
,
misdeemeth
no
harme
,
and
entereth
into
the
hiue
which
is
wrought
close
into
the
mouth
of
his
den
,
and
being
entered
into
it
,
the
rodde
turneth
the
dore
fast
at
the
lower
end
or
entraunce
,
and
so
the
fox
is
intrapped
,
to
be
disposed
of
at
the
will
of
the
taker
.
The
beast
●s
〈◊〉
●miesf
〈◊〉
Foxes
are
annoied
with
many
enemies
,
and
to
beginne
with
the
least
,
the
small
flies
and
called
gnats
do
much
trouble
and
infect
them
,
against
whome
the
foxe
vseth
this
policie
:
He
taketh
a
mouthful
of
straw
or
soft
hay
,
or
haire
,
and
so
goeth
into
the
water
,
dipping
his
hinder
parts
,
by
litle
and
litle
,
then
the
flies
betake
themselues
to
his
heade
,
which
he
keepeth
out
of
water
,
which
the
fox
feeling
,
dippeth
or
diueth
also
the
same
vnder
water
to
his
mouth
,
Albertus
wherein
he
holdeth
the
hay
as
aforesaid
,
whereunto
the
flies
runneth
for
sanctuary
or
dry
refuge
,
which
the
fox
perceiuing
,
suddenly
casteth
it
out
of
his
mouth
,
and
runneth
out
of
the
water
,
by
this
meanes
easing
himselfe
of
al
those
enemies
.
In
like
manner
,
as
al
beasts
are
his
enemies
,
and
hee
friend
and
louing
to
none
,
so
with
strength
,
courage
,
and
policie
,
he
dealeth
with
euery
one
,
not
onely
against
the
beastes
of
the
land
,
but
also
against
the
monsters
of
the
sea
.
When
he
findeth
a
neast
of
waspes
in
the
earth
,
or
in
other
places
,
as
in
Trees
,
he
laieth
his
taile
to
the
hole
,
and
so
gathereth
into
it
a
great
many
of
them
,
which
he
presently
dasheth
against
the
Wall
,
or
Tree
,
or
stones
adioyning
,
and
so
destroyeth
them
,
and
thus
he
continueth
vntill
he
haue
killed
them
al
,
and
so
maketh
himselfe
execute
to
their
heapes
of
hony
.
Gillius
His
manner
is
when
he
perceiueth
or
seeth
a
flocke
of
foule
to
flye
in
the
aire
,
to
rowle
himselfe
in
red
earth
,
making
his
skin
to
looke
bloody
,
and
lie
vpon
his
backe
,
winking
with
his
eie
,
and
holding
in
his
breath
as
if
he
were
dead
,
which
thing
the
birds
,
namely
Crows
,
Rauens
and
such
like
obseruing
,
because
of
the
hatred
of
his
person
,
they
for
ioy
alight
&
triumph
at
his
ouerthrow
,
and
this
the
fox
indureth
for
a
good
season
,
till
oportunity
seruing
his
turne
,
and
some
of
the
fowle
come
neare
his
snowt
,
then
suddenly
hee
catcheth
some
one
of
them
in
his
mouth
,
feeding
vpon
him
like
a
liuing
and
not
a
dead
foxe
,
and
so
doth
deuoure
and
eate
him
,
as
the
Leopard
doth
deuoure
and
eate
Apes
,
and
the
Sea-frog
other
little
fishes
.
In
like
sort
he
deceiueth
the
Hedgehogge
,
for
when
the
hedghog
perceiueth
the
foxe
comming
to
him
,
he
rowleth
himselfe
togither
like
a
foote-ball
,
and
so
nothing
appeareth
outward
exeept
his
prickles
,
which
the
fox
cannot
indure
to
take
into
his
mouth
,
and
then
the
crafty
fox
to
compasse
his
desire
,
licketh
gently
the
face
and
snowt
of
the
Hedgehogge
,
by
that
meanes
bringing
him
to
vnfold
himselfe
againe
,
and
to
stand
vpon
his
legs
,
which
being
done
,
he
instantly
deuoureth
,
or
else
poisoneth
the
beast
with
the
vrine
that
he
rendereth
vpon
the
Hedgehogges
face
:
and
at
other
times
hee
goeth
to
the
waters
,
and
with
his
taile
draweth
fishes
to
the
brimme
of
the
Riuer
,
and
when
that
he
obserueth
a
good
booty
,
hee
casteth
the
Fishes
cleane
out
of
the
water
vppon
the
dry
lande
,
and
then
devoureth
them
.
All
kinds
of
Hawkes
are
enemies
to
foxes
,
and
foxes
to
them
,
because
they
liue
vppon
Carrion
,
and
so
in
the
prouince
of
Vla.
Auicen
saw
a
fox
and
a
Crow
fight
together
a
longe
season
,
and
the
Crow
with
his
talentes
so
bee
gripling
the
foxes
mouth
,
that
he
coulde
not
barke
,
and
in
the
meane
time
she
beat
and
picked
his
head
with
her
bill
vntil
he
bled
againe
.
The
Eagles
fight
with
foxes
and
kil
them
,
and
Olaus
Magnus
affirmeth
,
that
in
the
Northern
Regions
they
lay
Egges
and
hatch
their
young
in
those
skinnes
which
they
themselus
haue
stripped
off
from
foxes
and
other
beasts
.
The
Kites
,
Vultures
,
and
wolues
are
enemies
to
foxes
,
because
they
are
al
flesh-deuouring-creaturs
,
but
the
fox
which
hath
so
many
enemies
,
by
strength
or
subtilties
ouer
commeth
al
Whereupon
Persius
calleth
a
subtill
man
a
Foxe
;
saying
,
Astutam
vapido
seruas
sub
pectore
vulpem
.
The
medicinall
vses
of
this
beast
are
these
:
first
,
(
as
Pliny
and
Marcellus
affirme
)
a
Fox
sod
in
water
till
nothing
of
the
Foxe
be
left
whole
except
the
bones
,
The
medicines
arising
out
of
Foxes
.
and
the
Legges
or
other
parts
of
a
gouty
body
washed
and
daily
bathed
therein
,
it
shall
driue
away
all
paine
and
griefe
,
strengthning
the
defectiue
and
weake
members
;
so
also
it
cureth
all
the
shrinking
vp
and
paines
in
the
sinnewes
:
and
Galen
attributeth
the
same
vertue
to
an
Hyaena
sod
in
Oyle
,
and
the
lame
person
bathed
therein
,
for
it
hath
such
power
to
euacuate
and
draw
forth
whatsoeuer
euill
humour
aboundeth
in
the
body
of
man
,
Sextus
that
it
leaueth
nothing
hurtfull
behinde
.
Neuerthelesse
,
such
bodies
are
soone
againe
replenished
through
euill
dyet
,
and
relapsed
into
the
same
disease
againe
.
The
Fox
may
be
boyled
in
fresh
or
salt
water
with
annise
and
time
,
and
with
his
skin
on
whole
and
not
slit
,
or
else
his
head
cut
off
,
there
being
added
to
the
decoction
two
pintes
of
oile
.
The
flesh
of
a
Foxe
sod
and
layed
to
afore
bitten
by
a
Sea-hare
,
Mathaeolus
it
cureth
and
healeth
the
same
.
The
Foxes
skinne
(
as
is
already
said
)
is
profitable
against
all
moyste
fluxes
in
the
skinne
of
the
body
,
and
also
the
gowt
,
and
cold
in
the
sinnewes
.
The
ashes
of
Foxes
flesh
burnt
and
drunk
in
wine
,
is
profitable
against
the
shortnesse
of
breath
and
stoppings
of
the
liuer
.
The
blood
of
a
Foxe
dissected
and
taken
forth
of
his
vrine
aliue
,
and
so
drunke
,
Albertus
Siluuius
breaketh
the
stone
in
the
bladder
,
or
else
(
as
Myrepsus
saieth
)
kill
the
Foxe
,
and
take
the
blood
and
drinke
a
cupfull
thereof
,
and
afterward
with
the
same
wash
the
genitall
parts
,
and
within
an
houre
the
stone
shall
be
voyded
:
the
same
vertue
is
in
it
being
dryed
and
drunke
in
wine
with
sugar
.
Oxycraton
and
Foxes
blood
infused
into
the
Nostrils
of
a
lethargicke
Horsse
,
Absyrtus
cureth
him
.
The
fat
is
next
to
a
Buls
and
a
Swines
,
so
as
the
fat
or
larde
of
Swyne
may
be
vsed
for
the
fat
of
Foxes
,
and
the
fat
of
Foxes
for
the
Swynes
grease
in
medicine
.
Some
do
heerewith
annoynt
the
places
which
haue
the
Crampe
,
and
all
trembling
and
shaking
members
.
The
fatte
of
a
Foxe
and
a
Drake
inclosed
in
the
belly
of
a
Goose
,
and
so
rosted
,
with
the
dripping
that
commeth
from
it
they
annoynt
paralyticke
members
.
The
same
with
powder
of
Vine
twigs
mollified
and
sod
in
lye
,
attenuateth
and
bringeth
downe
all
swelling
tumours
in
the
flesh
.
Aetius
.
The
fat
alone
healeth
the
Alopecias
and
loosnesse
of
the
haire
;
it
is
commended
in
the
cure
of
all
sores
and
vlcers
of
the
head
,
but
the
gall
and
fime
with
Mustard-seede
is
more
approued
.
The
fat
is
also
respected
for
the
cure
of
paine
in
the
eares
,
if
it
be
warmed
and
melt
at
the
fire
and
so
instilled
;
Hierocles
Absyrtus
Theomnestus
and
this
is
vsed
against
tingling
in
the
eares
.
If
the
haires
rot
away
on
a
Horsse
taile
,
they
recouer
them
againe
by
washing
the
place
with
vrine
and
branne
,
with
Wine
and
Oyle
,
and
afterward
annoynt
it
with
foxes
grease
.
When
sores
or
vlcers
haue
procured
the
haire
to
fall
off
from
the
heade
,
take
the
head
of
a
younge
foxe
burned
with
the
leaues
of
blacke
Orchanes
and
Alcyonium
,
and
the
powder
cast
vpon
the
head
recouereth
againe
the
haire
.
Aegineta
.
If
the
braine
be
often
giuen
to
infants
and
sucking
children
,
it
maketh
that
they
shall
remaine
free
from
the
falling
euill
.
Pliny
prescribeth
a
man
which
twinkleth
with
his
eies
,
and
cannot
looke
stedfastly
,
to
weare
in
a
chaine
the
tongue
of
a
foxe
;
and
Marcellus
biddeth
to
cut
out
the
tongue
of
a
liue
foxe
,
and
so
turne
him
away
,
and
hange
vppe
that
tongue
to
dry
in
purple
thred
,
and
afterward
put
it
about
his
necke
that
is
troubled
with
the
whitenesse
of
the
eies
,
and
it
shall
cure
him
.
But
it
is
more
certainely
affirmed
,
that
the
tongue
either
dryed
or
greene
,
layed
to
the
flesh
wherein
is
any
Dart
or
other
sharpe
head
,
it
draweth
them
forth
violently
,
Discorides
and
renteth
not
the
flesh
,
but
onely
where
it
is
entred
.
The
liuer
dryed
and
drunke
cureth
often
sighing
,
the
same
or
the
lights
drunke
in
blacke
Wine
,
openeth
the
passages
of
breathing
.
The
same
washed
in
Wyne
and
dryed
in
an
earthen
pot
in
an
Ouen
,
and
afterward
seasoned
with
Sugar
,
is
the
best
medicine
in
the
world
for
an
old
cough
,
for
it
hath
bin
approued
to
cure
it
,
although
it
hath
continued
twenty
yeares
,
drinking
euery
day
two
sponfuls
in
Wine
.
The
lightes
of
foxes
drunke
in
Wate●
〈◊〉
they
haue
been
dryed
into
powder
,
Pliny
.
helppeth
the
Melt
,
and
Myrepsus
affirmeth
,
that
when
he
gaue
the
same
powder
to
one
almost
suffocated
in
a
pleurisie
,
it
preuailed
for
a
remedy
.
Archigene
prescribeth
the
dried
liuer
of
a
Fox
for
the
Spleneticke
with
Oxymell
:
and
Marcellinus
for
the
Melt
,
drunke
after
the
same
manner
;
Sextus
and
Sextus
aduiseth
to
drinke
it
simply
without
composition
of
Oxymell
.
The
gall
of
a
Foxe
instilled
into
the
eares
with
Oyle
,
cureth
the
paine
in
them
,
and
mixed
with
Hony
Atticke
and
annointed
vpon
the
eies
,
taketh
away
al
dimnes
from
them
,
after
an
admirable
manner
.
The
melt
bound
vpon
the
tumors
and
bunches
of
the
brest
,
cureth
the
Melt
in
mans
body
.
The
reynes
dried
and
mingled
with
Honie
,
being
anointed
vpon
kernels
,
take
them
away
.
For
the
swelling
of
the
chaps
,
rub
the
reines
of
a
Fox
within
the
mouth
.
The
genitals
because
of
their
gristly
and
bony
substance
,
are
approued
for
the
dispersing
of
the
stone
in
the
bladder
.
The
stones
take
away
pimples
and
spots
in
the
face
.
The
dung
pounded
with
Vineger
,
by
anointment
cureth
the
Leprosie
speedily
.
These
and
such
other
vertues
medicinal
both
the
elder
and
later
Phisitians
haue
obserued
in
a
Fox
,
wherewithal
we
wil
conclude
this
discourse
;
sauing
that
many
writers
haue
deuisd
diuers
witty
inuentions
and
fables
of
Foxes
,
vnder
them
to
expresse
vices
of
the
world
,
as
when
they
set
a
Foxe
in
a
Friers
weed
,
preaching
to
a
sort
of
Hens
and
Geese
,
following
the
fixion
of
Archilochus
Fox
,
to
signifie
how
irreligious
pastors
in
holy
habittes
beguile
the
simple
with
subtilty
.
Also
of
a
Foxe
teaching
a
Hare
to
say
his
Credo
or
Creed
betwixt
his
legs
,
and
for
this
cause
almightie
God
in
his
word
compareth
false
prophets
to
Foxes
Ezek.
13.
destroying
the
young
Grapes
and
plants
.
The
Weasill
brought
a
Fox
into
a
garner
of
corne
through
a
small
hole
,
and
when
he
had
filled
his
belly
,
he
assayed
to
come
out
againe
at
the
same
place
,
but
in
vaine
,
because
his
body
swelled
with
ouer
eating
,
and
therefore
hee
was
constrained
to
come
out
as
emptie
and
hungry
as
he
came
in
:
whereuppon
this
conference
was
made
betwxit
them
:
Forte
per
angustam
tenuis
Voulpecula
rimam
,
Repserat
in
cameram
frumenti
,
postaque
rursus
.
Ire
for
as
pleno
tendebat
corpore
frustra
.
Cui
mustela
procul
,
si
vis
ait
,
effugere
isthinc
Macra
cauum
repetes
arctum
,
quem
macra
subisti
.
OF
THE
GENNET-KAT
,
called
Genetha
.
THis
beast
is
called
Genitocatus
,
either
for
the
similitude
it
holdeth
with
a
cat
,
or
else
because
it
hath
beene
beleeued
that
it
was
engendered
by
a
cat
,
but
I
rather
do
assent
that
the
right
name
thereof
is
Ginetta
or
Ginetha
,
because
they
are
bred
in
Spaine
with
the
Ginnet
horsses
,
and
so
taketh
his
name
from
the
place
.
Albertus
(
though
a
learned
man
yet
many
times
he
was
deceiued
in
the
names
of
beastes
,
)
called
this
creature
Genocha
,
and
the
Germaines
call
it
ei●
Gennithkatz
.
The
quantity
or
stature
heereof
is
greater
then
a
cat
,
Albertus
but
lesser
then
a
Foxe
,
and
therefore
I
thinke
it
about
the
mold
or
bignes
of
a
young
Fox
of
six
moneths
old
.
It
is
a
meek
and
gentle
creature
,
except
it
be
prouoked
,
for
in
Constantinople
they
are
kept
tame
,
and
are
suffered
to
goe
vp
and
downe
from
house
to
house
like
cats
;
being
wilde
they
loue
the
valleyes
and
lowe
places
,
●ellonius
.
especially
the
marishes
or
land
neere
the
waters
,
for
the
steepe
rocky
mountaines
they
cannot
endure
.
Isidorus
.
And
these
Cardan
taketh
for
to
be
of
the
Weasill
kind
,
because
the
forme
and
disposition
thereof
,
especially
to
the
tame
and
Domesticall
Weasill
,
and
in
Spaine
they
are
cald
Foinai
,
Vincentius
●●linac
.
being
blacke
and
ash-coloured
distinguished
and
variably
,
interlined
with
many
spots
.
Of
the
skinne
.
The
skinne
smelt
sweetly
and
somewhat
like
to
a
Mosk-cat
,
and
from
Lyons
in
France
,
they
are
brought
into
Germany
,
three
or
foure
of
them
being
sold
for
a
Noble
.
It
is
very
probable
that
it
is
a
little
kind
of
Panther
or
Leopard
,
for
there
is
a
little
Panther
which
hath
such
spots
,
and
besides
of
such
a
stature
and
harmeles
disposition
,
whose
skin
in
olde
time
was
pretiously
vsed
for
Garments
,
and
the
sauor
thereof
was
very
pleasant
,
and
therfore
I
superseed
any
further
discourse
heereof
,
till
we
come
to
the
declaration
of
the
greater
beast
.
OF
THE
GOAT
Male
and
Female
.
The
seueral
names
.
THe
male
or
great
Goat-Bucke
,
is
called
in
Haebrew
Atud
,
and
the
lesser
Seir
,
and
Zeir
.
The
Chaldee
translateth
it
Gen
,
13.
Teias-i●ij
and
Numb.
15
,
Ize
,
the
Arabians
Teus
and
Maez
:
the
Persians
Asteban
and
Busan
;
the
Graecian
,
Tragos
,
of
deuouring
or
rauening
in
meat
,
according
to
the
verse
:
Tragus
ab
Edendo
quod
grana
fracta
pane
.
Also
Chimaron
and
Enarchan
:
the
Latines
Hircus
,
and
somtime
Caper
,
which
word
properly
signifieth
a
gelded-goat
,
as
Martiall
vseth
it
in
this
verse
:
Dum
iugulas
hircum
factus
es
ipse
Caper
.
The
Italians
Beccho
,
the
Germaines
Bock
,
and
for
distinction
sake
,
Geissbocke
,
and
Reechbock
;
and
Booeck
,
the
Spaniards
Cabron
,
the
French
Bouc
,
the
Illyrians
Kozell
.
The
reason
of
the
Latine
word
Hircus
,
is
deriued
of
Hirtus
(
signifying
rough
)
by
reason
of
the
roughnes
of
their
bodies
.
And
it
is
further
to
be
vnderstoode
that
the
generall
kind
of
goats
(
which
the
Latines
distinguish
by
Hircus
,
Capra
,
and
Hoedus
)
that
is
,
by
their
sex
,
or
by
their
age
:
the
Haebrewes
cal
them
singularly
Ez
,
and
plurally
Izim
,
Numb.
15
for
a
goat
of
a
yeare
old
,
you
shall
read
Izbethsch
neth
.
The
Chaldee
vseth
also
the
general
word
Oza
,
the
Arabian
Schaah
,
the
Persian
Buz
,
and
whereas
Leuit
,
16
,
Seir
is
put
for
Caper
a
gelded
goate
,
there
the
Chaldee
rendereth
it
Zephirah
,
the
Arabians
Atud
,
and
the
Persian
Buzgalaie
.
And
in
the
same
chapter
you
shal
read
Azazel
,
which
Dauid
Kimhi
rendereth
for
the
name
of
a
mountaine
nere
Sinai
,
where
goats
vse
to
feede
and
lodge
:
and
the
Septuagints
translate
it
Apopompaion
,
signifying
emission
or
sending
away
,
and
for
this
cause
I
suppose
,
that
when
the
scape-goa●
was
by
the
priest
sent
out
of
the
Temple
,
hee
went
to
that
mountaine
,
and
therefore
the
word
Azazel
seemeth
to
be
compounded
of
Ez
,
a
goat
,
&
Azal
Iuit
,
that
is
,
he
went
;
for
the
scape-goat
went
&
carried
away
the
euil
.
The
Graecians
cal
the
female
goat
Aix
,
which
seemeth
to
be
deriued
of
Ez
the
Haebrew
word
.
The
Arabians
Dakh
and
Metaham
,
as
I
find
in
Autcen
,
the
Saracens
An
se
,
the
Italians
,
Artumnus
.
Peccho
,
changing
,
B.
from
the
male
into
P.
and
the
Spaniards
Capron
,
the
French
Cheure
or
Chieure
,
the
Germaines
Geiss
,
the
Illyrians
Koza
,
and
the
Tuscanes
at
this
day
call
a
female
goat
(
Zebei
.
)
And
this
may
suffice
for
the
names
of
both
male
and
female
.
Their
nature
is
to
be
declared
seuerally
,
except
in
those
thinges
wherein
they
agree
without
difference
,
and
first
of
all
:
the
male
is
rightly
termed
Dux
&
maritus
Caprarum
the
guide
and
husband
of
the
females
,
and
therefore
Virgill
saith
of
him
not
improperly
,
Vir
gregis
ipse
Caper
.
The
hee●goat
is
the
husband
of
the
flock
:
and
except
in
his
genitals
and
horns
he
differeth
not
in
any
proportion
or
substance
from
the
female
.
His
hornes
are
longer
and
stronger
then
are
the
females
,
Their
seuerall
partt
.
and
therefore
vpon
prouocation
he
striketh
through
an
ordinary
peece
of
armor
or
shield
at
one
blow
:
his
force
and
the
sharpenes
of
his
hornes
are
so
preg●able
.
He
hath
many
attributes
among
the
learned
,
as
left-sided
,
aged
,
The
epithets
of
Goats
.
greedy
,
bearded
,
swift
,
long
legged
,
horne-bearer
,
captaine
of
the
flocke
,
heauy
,
rough
,
hoarse-voiced
,
rugged
,
vnarmed
,
vncleane
,
strong-smelling
,
lecherous
,
bristle●
,
wanderer
,
vile
,
wanton
,
sharpe
,
stinking
,
two-horned
,
and
such
like
:
whereby
his
nature
and
qualities
are
so
deciphered
as
it
needeth
no
long
treatise
of
explication
.
There
is
no
beast
that
is
more
prone
and
giuen
to
lust
then
is
a
Goate
,
The
venerious
disposition
of
Goats
.
for
he
ioyneth
in
copulation
before
all
other
beastes
.
Seuen
daies
after
it
is
yeaned
and
kiddened
,
it
beginneth
and
yealdeth
seede
,
although
without
proofe
.
And
seuen
monthes
old
it
engendereth
to
procreation
,
and
for
this
cause
that
it
beginneth
so
soone
,
it
endeth
at
5.
yeares
,
Aelianus
and
after
that
time
is
reckoned
vnable
to
accomplish
that
worke
of
nature
.
When
the
Egyptians
wil
describe
fecundity
or
ability
of
generation
,
they
do
it
by
picturing
of
a
male
Goate
.
That
which
is
most
strange
and
horrible
among
other
beastes
is
ordinary
and
common
among
these
,
for
in
them
scarce
the
Brother
ioyneth
with
the
Sister
,
and
a
Camell
can
neuer
he
brought
to
couer
his
dam
:
but
among
these
the
young
ones
being
males
,
Columella
couer
their
mothers
,
euen
while
they
sucke
hir
milke
.
If
they
be
fat
,
they
are
lesse
venerous
then
being
macilent
or
leane
.
Herodotus
declareth
that
in
his
time
a
Goat
of
Mendesia
in
Egypt
,
had
carnal
copulation
with
a
woman
in
the
open
sight
of
men
,
and
afterward
was
led
about
to
be
seene
.
When
they
desire
copulation
they
haue
a
proper
voyce
wherewithall
(
as
it
seemeth
)
they
prouoke
the
female
to
loue
.
This
is
called
in
Italy
Biccari
,
&
Biccarie
,
which
the
Venetians
apply
to
al
lecherous
companions
as
commonly
as
a
prouerb
,
and
this
they
neuer
vse
but
at
that
time
.
By
reason
of
his
lust
his
eies
sink
deepe
into
the
corners
of
their
holes
(
called
Eirqui
)
and
Apuleius
with
other
Grammarians
do
deriue
the
word
Hircus
wherby
this
beast
is
called
,
from
that
disposition
.
By
drinking
salt
water
they
are
made
desirous
and
apt
to
procreation
.
At
that
time
they
fight
mutually
one
with
another
for
their
females
,
and
it
is
a
terme
among
the
late
writers
,
to
call
those
men
Hirci-Goats
which
are
contented
to
permit
other
men
to
lye
with
their
Wiues
in
publique
,
before
their
owne
faces
for
gaine
,
Coelius
because
they
imagine
that
such
is
the
property
of
Goates
.
But
I
know
not
with
what
reason
they
are
moued
heereunto
,
for
there
is
a
memorable
story
to
the
contrary
.
In
Sibaris
there
was
a
young
manne
called
Crathis
,
which
being
not
able
to
retaine
lust
,
but
forsaken
of
God
and
giuen
ouer
to
a
reprobate
sence
,
A
memorable
story
of
the
punishment
of
buggery
.
committed
buggery
with
a
female
Goate
,
the
which
thing
the
maister
Goate
beheld
and
looked
vpon
,
and
dissembled
,
concealing
his
mind
and
iealousie
for
the
pollution
of
his
female
.
Afterward
finding
the
said
young
man
a
sleepe
,
(
for
he
was
a
shepherd
)
he
made
all
his
force
vpon
him
,
and
with
his
hornes
dashed
out
the
buggerers
braines
.
The
man
being
founde
dead
on
this
manner
,
and
the
Goat
which
he
had
rauished
deliuered
of
a
monster
,
hauing
a
mans
face
and
a
Goates
legs
,
they
called
it
Siluanus
,
and
placed
it
in
the
rank
of
idoll
Gods
,
but
the
wretched
man
himselfe
was
buried
with
more
honor
then
beseemed
,
for
they
gaue
him
a
Noble
funerall
,
and
finding
a
riuer
in
Achaia
which
mingled
water
with
another
,
they
called
it
Crathis
,
after
the
name
of
that
vnnatural
and
beastly
monster
;
wherupon
also
came
the
Italian
Crathis
which
Strabo
remembreth
.
By
which
story
it
is
euident
,
that
iealous
riuality
resteth
as
wel
in
Goats
as
in
men
of
more
reasonable
capacity
and
vnderstanding
.
Coelius
.
Strabo
The
females
desire
of
copulation
is
no
lesse
then
the
males
,
for
while
they
suck
they
admit
the
male
,
and
at
the
seuenth
month
they
conceiue
.
The
best
time
of
their
admission
to
procreation
is
about
the
end
of
Autumne
(
according
to
Columella
his
opinion
.
The
lust
of
the
females
and
their
copulation
.
)
They
are
not
filled
the
first
day
of
copulation
,
but
the
second
,
or
third
,
and
those
which
are
ioyned
in
Nouember
doe
bring
forth
their
young
in
the
spring
when
all
thinges
grow
fresh
and
greene
:
wherefore
if
they
chance
to
be
slack
,
and
not
willing
to
engender
or
couple
,
Meanes
to
stir
vp
the
goats
to
copulation
.
their
keepers
vse
this
sleight
or
pollicy
,
to
procure
and
stir
vp
their
lust
.
They
rub
their
vdders
with
Nettles
vntil
they
constrain
blood
,
&
afterward
with
a
handful
of
salt
and
nitre
,
or
else
with
pepper
or
Myrrhe
;
after
which
rubbing
,
their
desire
of
copulation
much
increaseth
,
and
it
maketh
the
female
to
prouoke
the
male
and
vndergo
him
more
willingly
;
Aelianus
.
and
this
thing
also
procureth
in
them
aboundance
of
milke
(
as
Aristotle
affirmeth
)
he
had
seene
tryed
by
making
experiment
thereof
vpon
the
brests
of
Women
,
virgins
,
and
widdowes
:
And
generally
all
the
keepers
of
Cattell
doe
heerewith
rubbe
their
genitals
,
for
the
furthering
and
prouoking
in
them
carnall
copulation
,
with
the
things
aforesaid
.
Concerning
the
time
that
they
beare
yong
,
it
is
in
Italy
8.
years
,
The
time
of
their
young
bearing
.
and
being
fat
they
are
not
apt
to
conceiue
,
wherefore
they
make
them
leane
before
they
admit
them
to
their
bucks.
One
male
is
sufficient
for
ten
femals
,
and
som
(
saith
Varro
)
prouide
but
one
for
15.
(
as
Menas
,
)
and
other
but
one
for
20.
(
as
Murus
.
)
Ther
is
no
creatur
that
smelleth
so
strongly
as
doth
a
male
Goat
,
by
reason
of
his
immoderate
lust
,
The
strong
smell
or
●auor
of
a
goat
.
In
Mercat
.
and
in
imitation
of
them
the
latines
call
men
which
haue
strong
breaths
(
Hircosi
)
Coatish
:
whereupon
Plautus
saiteh
to
an
old
lecherous
fellow
which
could
not
keepe
his
lips
from
slauering
of
women
,
Cum
sis
iam
aetatis
plenus
,
anima
foetida
Senex
hircole
tu
osculere
mulierem
.
And
therefore
Tiberius
Caesar
who
was
such
a
filthy
and
greasie-smelling
old
man
,
was
called
(
Hircus
Vetolus
)
an
olde
Goate
,
in
the
Atellanican
comaedie
.
They
coniecture
of
men
that
haue
hairy
legs
to
be
vnchast
and
full
of
lust
,
by
reason
of
their
similitude
with
a
goat
,
and
those
which
haue
shril
and
clamorous
voice
,
the
Grecians
cal
(
Margoi
)
that
is
(
Block-heads
.
)
Those
which
haue
eies
like
to
goats
they
call
Aegopoi
Goat-eies
,
Plutarch
.
that
is
very
red
eies
.
The
Egyptians
affirm
that
their
femal
goats
when
Sirius
the
star
in
the
beginning
of
dog-daies
riseth
with
the
sun
,
do
continually
looke
vpon
the
east
,
and
that
their
attentiue
obseruation
is
a
most
certaine
argument
of
the
reuolution
,
A
secret
in
female
goats
.
that
is
the
appearance
and
departure
of
the
said
dog-daies
.
The
like
things
do
the
Libians
report
of
their
Goates
concerning
that
star
,
and
moreouer
that
they
foresee
and
foreshew
chaunge
of
weather
,
Aelianus
for
they
depart
from
their
stables
,
and
run
wantonly
abroad
before
showers
,
and
afterwarde
hauing
well
fed
of
their
owne
accord
returne
to
their
folds
againe
.
Concerning
the
description
of
their
seuerall
parts
,
The
descripon
of
goates
and
th●ir
best
properties
.
it
is
good
to
follow
the
direction
of
Cossinius
,
first
to
looke
to
their
age
(
as
is
before
said
)
if
men
desire
to
prouide
Goates
for
heard-breed
and
profit
,
so
as
their
Kids
may
be
like
them
,
and
they
beare
young
or
continue
procreation
eight
yeare●
at
the
least
.
And
for
their
outward
parts
,
let
them
be
firme
,
great
,
well
compacted
,
full
of
muscles
,
and
the
superficies
of
their
whole
body
be
soft
and
equall
,
without
bunches
or
indentures
:
therefore
a
thicke
haire
,
Lorentius
two
dugges
hanging
vnder
their
snout
or
chin
,
are
good
signes
of
the
best
Goats
.
The
lesser
kind
I
coniecture
to
be
the
right
Mambrine
or
Syrian
Goat
,
although
some
of
the
late
writers
call
it
an
Indian
Goat
,
the
reason
is
,
because
(
as
hath
been
said
)
they
cal
al
strange
beasts
by
the
names
of
Indians
,
if
they
find
them
not
in
their
owne
countrey
.
The
eares
of
it
are
large
and
broad
,
as
the
picture
describeth
,
and
such
eares
haue
the
Goates
of
Gallia-Narbon
,
being
at
the
least
as
broade
as
a
mans
spanne
,
they
are
of
colour
like
wilde-Goates
,
their
hornes
verye
sharpe
,
and
standing
not
farre
distant
one
from
the
other
,
and
haue
stones
like
a
stone
horse
,
being
in
al
other
parts
not
vnlike
to
the
vulgar
and
common
Goat
.
Albertus
.
How
Goates
●●ke
breath
,
Varro
Some
curious
heardsmen
(
as
Alcmaeon
and
Archelaus
)
haue
deliuered
to
the
world
,
that
goats
take
breath
thorough
their
eares
,
and
Phyles
approueth
their
concept
,
because
hee
had
scene
an
experiment
of
a
Goat
,
that
his
mouth
and
nostrilles
being
stopped
fast
,
neuerthelesse
he
seemed
not
to
be
troubled
for
want
of
breath
:
and
for
this
also
is
alleadged
the
authority
of
Oppianus
,
who
writeth
of
certaine
wilde
goats
called
(
Aegari
,
)
that
they
haue
a
certaine
hole
or
passage
in
the
middle
of
their
heade
,
betwixt
the
hornes
,
which
goeth
directly
vnto
the
liuer
,
and
the
same
stopped
with
liquid
Waxe
,
suffocateth
or
stifleth
the
beast
.
If
this
be
true
(
as
I
woulde
not
any
way
extenuate
the
authority
of
the
writer
)
then
it
is
very
likely
that
some
haue
(
without
difference
)
attributed
to
all
kinds
of
Goats
that
which
was
propper
to
this
kinde
alone
,
for
the
former
opinion
is
not
reasonable
:
Neuerthelesse●
leaue
euery
man
to
his
owne
liberty
of
beleeuing
or
refusing
.
The
quicke
sence
of
hea●ing
.
There
is
no
beast
that
heareth
so
perfectly
and
so
sure
as
a
Goat
,
for
he
is
not
only
holp
in
this
sence
with
his
eares
,
but
also
hath
the
organ
of
hearing
in
part
of
his
throate
,
wherefore
when
the
Egyptians
describe
a
man
which
hath
an
excellent
eare
,
they
expresse
him
by
a
goat
.
〈…〉
.
Mind
.
There
are
some
kind
of
goates
in
Illyria
which
haue
whole
hooues
like
a
horse
,
and
these
are
onely
founde
in
that
Region
:
In
all
other
Nations
of
the
worlde
,
they
are
clouen-footed
.
The
vse
of
●●●ir
seuerall
〈◊〉
.
The
vse
of
their
seueral
parts
is
singular
,
and
firste
of
al
to
beginne
with
their
skinne
,
the
people
of
Sardinia
(
as
saith
Nymphiderus
)
nourish
goates
for
their
skinnes
,
whereof
they
make
〈◊〉
garments
,
being
dressed
with
the
haire
vpon
them
,
and
they
affirme
strange
virtue
in
them
▪
namely
that
they
heat
their
bodies
in
the
Winter
,
and
coole
them
in
the
summer
,
and
the
haires
growing
vppon
those
skinnes
are
a
cubit
long
,
therefore
the
man
that
weareth
them
in
Winter
time
,
turneth
the
hary
side
next
to
his
bodie
,
and
so
is
warmed
by
it
:
and
in
Summer
,
the
raw
side
,
and
so
the
haire
keepeth
the
sunne
from
piercing
his
skin
and
violence
of
heat
:
And
this
also
is
vsuall
in
Sueuia
,
where
the
women
weare
garments
of
Goats
haire
in
the
winter
,
and
also
make
their
childrens
coats
thereof
,
according
to
Virgils
saying
in
Moreto
,
Suida●
.
Var●●us
Et
cinctus
villosae
tegmine
Caprae
.
For
this
cause
the
Merchants
buy
them
rough
in
those
parts
of
Sauoy
neer
Geneua
,
and
their
choyse
is
,
of
the
young
ones
which
die
naturally
,
or
are
kild
,
or
els
such
as
were
not
aboue
2.
years
old
.
The
Tirians
in
the
Persian
war
,
wore
vpon
their
backes
goat-skins
.
In
auncient
time
they
made
hereof
Diphtera
,
that
was
a
kind
of
parchment
,
wheron
they
wrote
on
both
sides
,
〈◊〉
.
and
had
the
name
in
Greeke
from
that
vse
:
which
Hermolaus
by
a
metaphorical
allusion
,
(
called
Opistographi
.
)
From
the
vse
of
these
in
garments
,
came
the
apellation
of
harlots
to
be
cald
Pellices
,
and
a
whores
bag
was
called
Penula-Scortea
,
such
a
one
is
vsed
by
pilgrims
which
go
to
visit
the
church
of
Saint
Iames
of
Calec
,
and
such
Carriers
or
foote-poastes
had
wont
to
vse
in
their
iournies
,
which
caused
Martiall
to
write
thus
:
Ingrediare
viam
coelo
licet
vsque
sereno
An
subitas
nusquam
scortea
depit
aquas
.
The
Sandals
which
men
were
wont
to
weare
on
their
feete
in
the
East
Countries
,
were
also
made
of
Goats
skins
,
and
there
was
a
custome
in
Athens
,
that
men
for
honour
of
Bacchus
,
did
dance
vpon
certain
bottels
made
of
Goats
skins
,
and
ful
of
wind
,
the
which
were
placed
in
the
middest
of
the
Theatre
,
and
the
dauncer
was
to
vse
but
one
Leg
,
to
the
intent
that
he
might
often
fall
from
the
slippery
bottels
,
and
make
the
people
sport
;
wherevnto
Virgill
alluded
this
saying
:
Plinyus
Mollibus
in
pratis
vnctos
saliere
pro
vtres
.
There
is
also
a
Ladanum
tree
in
Carmania
,
by
the
cutting
of
the
barke
whereof
there
yssueth
forth
a
certaine
gumme
,
which
they
take
and
preserue
in
a
Goats
skin
;
their
vse
in
war
wherein
the
Souldiers
were
wont
to
lie
all
winter
,
and
therefore
we
read
that
Claudius
the
Emperour
had
giuen
him
thirty
tents
of
Goats
skinnes
for
his
Souldiers
attendant
vpon
the
iudges
:
and
the
Marriners
also
by
these
defended
themselues
from
the
violence
of
stormes
vpon
the
sea
:
and
so
I
leaue
this
part
of
the
beast
with
remembrance
of
that
which
is
written
in
holy
scripture
Heb.
11.
that
the
people
of
God
in
ancient
times
did
fly
away
from
the
rage
of
persecution
,
being
apparelled
or
rather
meanely
disguised
in
goat
skins
,
being
charitably
holped
by
the
beastes
,
that
were
cruelly
put
to
death
by
wretched
men
.
In
the
next
place
the
milke
of
Goats
commeth
to
be
considered
for
that
also
hath
bin
,
is
,
and
wil
be
of
great
account
for
Butter
and
Cheese
,
which
the
writers
call
Tyropoeia
,
The
milke
of
Goates
.
and
Virgill
celebrateth
the
singular
commendation
both
of
the
Woll
and
of
the
milke
in
these
verses
;
Haec
quoque
non
cura
nobis
leuiore
tuenda
Nec
minor
vsus
erit
quamuis
Milesia
magno
Vellera
mutentur
Tyrios
incocta
rubores
Deusior
hinc
soboles
hinc
largi
copia
lactis
Quo
magis
exhausto
spumauerit
vbere
mulctra
Laeta
magis
pressis
manabunt
flumina
manonis
Nec
minus
interca
barbas
,
incanaque
menta
Cyniphij
tondent
hirei
setasque
comantes
Vsus
in
Castrorum
:
&
miseris
velamina
nautis
.
Therfore
their
milk
is
profitable
for
Butter
,
although
inferior
to
a
Cows
,
yet
equall
to
a
sheepes
,
and
the
heardsmen
giue
their
goats
salt
before
they
be
deliuered
of
their
young
,
To
increase
Goats
milke
Albertus
for
this
maketh
them
abound
in
milke
Others
with
Goats
milke
preserue
their
Wine
from
corruption
by
sowrenes
;
first
they
put
into
their
wine
the
twentyeth
part
so
much
as
is
of
the
Wine
,
and
so
let
it
stand
in
the
same
vessell
couered
three
or
foure
daies
,
A
secret
in
the
milke
of
Goates
.
Myrepsus
afterward
they
turne
it
into
a
sweet
and
fresh
vessell
,
and
so
it
remaineth
preserued
from
all
annoyance
of
sourenesse
.
Cheeses
made
of
Goats
milke
were
wont
to
be
called
Velabrenses
Casei
,
because
among
the
Romans
they
were
made
at
Velabrum
,
and
that
with
smoke
,
whereupon
Martial
made
this
Distichon
;
Non
quemcunque
focum
nec
fumum
caseus
omnem
Sed
velabrensem
qui
bibit
:
ipse
sapit
.
Aristotle
and
Iulius
Pollux
doe
commend
the
Sicilian
Cheese
,
which
was
made
of
sheepe
and
Goats
milke
together
,
and
by
Athaeneus
it
is
called
(
Caseus
Tromilicus
)
and
by
Simonides
Stromilius
.
In
Rhaetia
of
Heluetia
there
are
excellent
Cheeses
made
of
Goates
milke
and
cow-mile
mixed
together
.
The
milke
also
of
a
Goat
mixed
to
a
womans
milke
is
best
for
the
nourishment
of
man
,
because
it
is
not
too
fat
,
Hermolaus
yet
Galen
saith
if
it
be
eaten
without
Hony
,
water
,
and
salt
,
it
curdleth
in
the
belly
of
a
man
like
a
cheese
and
strangleth
him
;
and
being
so
vsed
it
purgeth
the
belly
:
from
thence
came
the
fiction
of
the
Poets
,
that
Iupiter
was
noursed
by
a
Goate
,
and
that
afterward
in
his
warre
against
the
Titanes
or
Giants
,
he
slew
that
Goate
by
the
counsell
of
Themis
and
wore
her
skin
for
an
armour
,
and
so
hauing
,
obtained
victory
placed
the
Goate
among
the
stars
,
wherupon
she
was
called
Aixourania
,
a
heauenly
Goate
,
and
so
Germanicus
Caesar
made
this
verse
vpon
him
,
and
Iupiter
himselfe
was
called
Agiochus
:
—
Illa
putatur
Agio●hus
.
Nutrix
esse
Iouis
si
vere
Iupiter
infans
Vbera
Cretae
mulssit
fidissima
Caprae
Sydere
quae
claro
gratum
testatur
alumnum
The
flesh
of
male
Goats
is
not
wholsome
for
mans
body
,
but
the
flesh
of
a
female
in
the
spring
and
fall
of
the
leafe
,
Of
the
flesh
of
Goats
.
by
reason
of
the
good
nourishment
may
be
eaten
without
danger
.
They
are
worse
then
bul-beefe
,
because
they
are
sharper
in
concoction
and
hotter
,
wherefore
if
they
disgest
not
well
,
they
increase
melancholy
.
The
liuer
of
a
Goat
being
eaten
,
doth
bring
the
falling
sicknesse
,
yet
being
salted
a
good
space
,
and
then
sodde
with
Vine
braunches
or
other
such
broad
leaues
,
to
keepe
them
asunder
,
and
some
wine
poured
into
the
water
when
they
are
almost
sod
,
they
become
very
sweet
and
delicate
meate
;
and
therefore
the
Athenians
praised
the
Lacedemonians
,
that
in
their
feast
which
they
called
Copidae
,
they
slew
a
Goat
;
and
held
it
for
a
deuine
meat
.
Also
Clitomachus
an
Academicke
of
Carthage
,
relateth
of
a
certaine
Thebane
Champion
,
which
excelled
in
strength
all
the
Champions
of
his
time
,
and
that
he
did
eat
continually
Goats
flesh
,
for
it
is
very
strong
and
remaineth
a
long
season
in
the
body
,
&
doth
much
good
being
disgested
,
notwithstanding
the
strong
and
ranke
smell
thereof
,
otherwise
it
is
dangerous
as
is
already
said
,
therefore
Fiera
hauing
commended
the
Kydd
,
when
hee
commeth
to
speake
of
the
Goat
,
he
writeth
thus
:
Cum
male
olet
siccat
,
fit
iam
caper
improbus
,
absit
Et
Cadat
ante
focos
victima
Bacche
tuos
.
But
Pliny
affirmeth
,
that
if
a
male
Goat
eate
Barley-bread
or
Parsneps
washed
,
the
same
day
that
he
is
killed
,
then
there
is
no
poison
in
his
flesh
:
the
stones
of
a
Bucke-goat
,
resist
concoction
,
and
beget
euil
humors
in
the
body
:
wherefore
such
a
banket
is
cald
in
Greek
(
Tragos
Hulibertas
)
for
Goats
after
their
copulation
,
Aegineta
.
haue
an
euil
flesh
,
not
fat
,
but
dry
,
and
the
remedy
to
make
their
flesh
sweeter
,
is
to
geld
the
male
when
he
is
young
and
tender
,
Albertus
.
for
so
his
temperature
is
amended
by
a
cold
and
moist
constitution
.
The
inhabitants
of
Portugall
eat
Goats
flesh
,
and
account
it
delicate
meat
;
especially
such
as
dwell
in
the
mountaines
.
In
Germany
they
make
of
it
a
kind
of
meat
which
is
called
Klobwsst
,
and
is
prepared
on
this
manner
:
they
take
a
Goats
Hart
newly
taken
out
of
his
bodie
,
Textor
.
and
slit
it
into
small
peeces
,
and
break
six
Egs
vpon
it
,
and
the
crums
of
white
bread
,
seasoned
with
spices
and
Saffron
,
and
so
put
into
a
bagge
,
and
sod
or
roasted
:
afterward
they
are
serued
vpon
the
table
,
and
strewed
ouer
with
kitchen
suger
.
The
guts
being
salted
are
called
(
Hilla
)
which
the
French
stuffe
like
pudinges
,
and
call
them
(
Saulcisses
)
from
whence
commeth
our
English
sawsadge
;
of
this
sewet
and
fatte
of
Goats
are
the
best
candles
made
,
because
it
is
hard
and
not
ouer
liquyd
.
The
bloode
of
a
Goat
hath
an
vnspeakable
propertie
,
for
it
scoureth
rustie
yron
better
then
a
file
,
it
also
softneth
an
Adamant
stone
,
Pliny
.
Hermolaus
.
Pausanius
and
that
which
no
fire
is
able
to
melt
;
nor
yron
to
break
,
being
of
such
an
inuincible
nature
,
that
it
contemneth
al
violent
things
,
yet
is
it
dissolued
by
the
warme
blood
of
a
Goat
.
The
Load-stone
draweth
iron
,
and
the
same
being
rubbed
with
garlicke
,
dieth
and
looseth
that
propertie
,
but
being
dipped
againe
in
goats
blood
,
reuiueth
and
recouereth
the
former
nature
.
Osthanes
,
prescribeth
for
a
remedy
of
loue
,
the
vrine
of
a
Goate
to
be
mingled
with
Spicknard
,
and
so
drunk
by
him
which
is
ouercome
with
that
passion
,
assuring
him
thereby
that
they
shall
fal
in
as
great
lothing
as
euer
before
they
wer
in
louing
.
With
the
hoofs
of
a
Goat
they
driue
away
Serpentes
,
and
also
with
the
haires
by
burning
and
perfuming
them
in
the
place
where
the
Serpents
lodge
.
Pallagdius
.
With
the
hornes
of
goats
they
make
Bowes
,
for
in
Delos
there
was
dedicated
the
horn
of
a
Goat
,
which
was
two
cubits
long
and
a
span
▪
and
heereat
ought
no
man
to
wonder
,
Archa●hines
.
for
that
noble
bow
of
Pandarus
which
Homer
commendeth
,
was
made
of
a
horne
of
a
female
Goat
.
Affricanus
declareth
,
that
in
auncient
time
they
made
fruitful
their
Vine-yards
by
this
meanes
:
Varinus
they
tooke
three
hornes
of
a
female
goat
,
and
buried
them
in
the
earth
with
their
points
or
tops
downeward
,
to
the
root
of
the
Vine
stocks
,
leauing
the
hollow
tops
,
standing
a
little
out
of
the
ground
,
and
so
when
the
raine
descended
,
it
filled
the
hornes
,
and
soked
to
the
roote
of
the
Vine
,
perswading
themselues
thereby
that
they
receiued
no
small
aduantage
in
their
Grapes
.
The
gaul
of
a
Female-goat
put
into
a
vessel
and
set
in
the
earth
,
is
said
by
Albertus
to
haue
a
naturall
power
in
it
to
draw
Goates
vnto
it
,
as
though
they
receiued
great
commodity
thereby
.
Likewise
,
if
you
would
haue
white
haires
to
grow
in
any
part
of
a
Horse
;
shaue
off
the
haire
and
annoint
the
place
with
the
gall
of
a
Goat
,
so
shall
you
haue
your
desire
.
The
Sabcans
,
by
reason
of
the
continuall
vse
of
Mirrhe
and
Frankinsens
,
grow
to
a
loathing
of
that
sauour
:
for
remedy
of
which
anoyance
,
they
perfume
their
houses
by
burning
stirackes
in
goats
skins
.
And
thus
much
for
the
seuerall
parts
of
a
goat
.
There
were
in
ancient
time
three
kindes
of
Heards-men
which
receiued
dignity
one
aboue
another
;
the
first
were
called
(
Bucollici
)
Neat-heards
,
because
they
keepe
the
greater
Cattell
:
the
second
were
(
Opiliones
)
Shepheards
,
of
their
attendaunce
vpon
sheepe
:
the
third
,
last
,
and
lowest
kind
,
were
termed
,
Aepoli
and
Caprarij
,
that
is
(
Goat-heards
)
or
keepers
of
Goates
,
and
such
were
the
Locrentians
,
who
were
called
Ozolae
,
because
of
theyr
filthy
smell
,
for
they
had
the
most
parte
of
their
conuersation
amonge
other
beastes
.
A
Goate-heard
or
keeper
of
these
cattle
must
be
a
sharpe
stearne
,
harde
;
laborious
,
patient
,
bold
and
chearefull
,
and
such
a
one
as
can
easily
run
ouer
the
rocks
through
the
Wildernesse
,
and
among
the
bushes
without
feare
or
griefe
,
so
that
he
must
not
follow
his
flocke
like
other
heards
,
but
goe
before
them
:
they
must
also
be
light
and
nimble
,
to
follow
the
wandering
goats
,
that
runne
awaie
from
their
fellowes
,
and
so
bring
them
back
againe
,
for
Goates
are
nimble
,
mooueable
,
and
inconstant
,
and
therefore
apt
to
depart
awaie
,
except
they
be
restrained
by
the
heard
and
his
Dogge
.
Neither
haue
Goates
a
Captaine
or
Bell-bearer
like
vnto
sheepe
,
whom
they
follow
,
but
euery
one
is
directed
after
his
owne
will
,
and
heerein
appeareth
the
pride
of
this
beast
,
that
he
scorneth
to
come
behind
either
catell
or
sheepe
,
but
alwaies
goeth
before
;
and
also
in
their
owne
heardes
among
themselues
,
the
Bucke
goeth
before
the
Female
,
for
the
reuerence
of
his
beard
(
as
Aelianus
saith
)
the
labor
of
the
goat-heard
must
be
to
see
his
cattel
well
fed
abroad
in
the
day
time
,
and
well
foulded
at
night
,
the
first
rule
therefore
in
this
husbandry
is
to
deuide
the
flockes
,
and
not
to
put
any
great
number
of
them
together
,
for
heerein
they
differ
from
sheep
,
who
loue
to
liue
together
in
multitudes
,
as
it
were
affecting
society
by
which
they
thriue
better
,
and
mourne
not
so
much
as
when
they
are
alone
:
but
goats
loue
singularity
,
and
may
well
be
called
Schismatiks
among
Cattell
,
and
therefore
they
thriue
best
lying
together
in
small
numbers
,
otherwise
,
in
great
flockes
they
are
soone
infected
with
the
pestilence
,
and
therefore
in
France
,
they
care
not
to
haue
Magnos
Gregos
sed
plures
:
not
great
flocks
,
but
many
.
The
number
of
their
flocke
ought
not
to
exceede
fifty
,
whereupon
Varro
writeth
this
story
of
Gabinus
a
Roman
Knight
,
who
had
a
field
vnder
the
suburbes
containing
a
thousand
Akers
of
pasture
ground
,
who
seeing
a
poore
goat-heard
bring
his
goats
euery
day
to
the
citty
,
and
receiued
for
their
milke
a
peny
a
peece
,
he
being
led
with
couetousnesse
,
proponed
to
himselfe
this
gaine
,
that
if
he
stored
his
said
fielde
with
a
thousand
Milch-female-goates
,
he
also
should
receiue
for
their
milke
a
thousand
pence
a
day
;
whereupon
he
added
action
to
his
intent
,
and
filled
his
fielde
with
a
thousand
goates
,
but
the
euent
fell
out
otherwaies
then
he
expected
:
for
in
short
time
the
multitude
infected
one
another
,
and
so
he
lost
both
milke
and
flesh
,
whereby
it
is
apparant
,
that
it
is
not
safe
to
feed
great
flocks
of
these
cattell
together
.
In
Indian
,
in
the
Region
Coitha
,
the
inhabitants
giue
their
milch-goates
dried
fishes
to
eate
,
but
their
ordinary
foode
is
leaues
,
tender
braunches
,
and
boughes
of
trees
,
and
also
bushes
or
brambles
;
whereupon
Virgill
wrot
in
this
mauner
:
Pascuntur
vero
siluas
&
summa
Lycaei
morentesque
rubos
&
amantes
arctua
dumos
.
They
loue
to
feede
on
the
Mountaines
better
then
in
the
vallies
and
greene
fieldes
;
alwaies
striuing
to
licke
vp
the
yuie
or
green
plants
,
or
to
climbe
vpon
trees
,
cropping
off
with
their
teeth
all
maner
wild
herbs
,
and
if
they
be
restrained
and
inclosed
in
fields
,
then
they
doe
the
like
to
the
plants
that
they
find
there
,
wherefore
there
was
an
auncient
law
among
the
Romans
,
when
a
man
let
out
his
ground
to
farme
he
should
alwaies
condition
and
except
with
the
farmer
that
he
should
not
breede
any
Goate
in
his
ground
,
for
their
teeth
are
enemies
to
all
tender
plantes
:
their
teeth
are
also
exitiable
to
a
tree
,
and
Pliny
and
Varro
affirme
,
that
the
Goate
by
licking
the
Oliue
tree
maketh
it
barren
;
for
which
cause
in
ancient
time
,
A
Goate
was
not
sacrifized
to
Minerua
to
whom
the
Olyue
was
sacred
.
There
is
no
creature
that
feedeth
vpon
such
diuersity
of
meat
as
Goats
,
for
which
cause
they
are
elegantly
brought
in
by
Eupolis
the
olde
Poet
,
bragging
of
theyr
belly
cheare
,
wherein
they
number
vp
aboue
fiue
and
twenty
seueral
things
,
different
in
name
,
nature
,
and
tast
:
and
for
this
cause
,
Eustathius
defended
by
strong
argument
against
Disarius
,
that
men
and
cattell
which
feede
vpon
diuers
things
,
haue
lesse
health
then
those
beasts
which
eate
one
kind
of
fruite
alone
.
They
loue
Tameriske
,
Alderne
,
Elme-tree
,
assarabacke
,
and
a
tree
called
Alaternus
,
which
neuer
beareth
fruit
but
only
leaues
:
also
three
leaued-grasse
,
yuie
,
the
hearbe
Lada
,
which
groweth
no
where
but
in
Arabia
,
whereby
it
commeth
to
passe
,
that
many
times
the
haire
of
Goats
is
found
in
the
gumbe
called
Ladanum
,
for
the
peoples
greedy
desire
of
the
gumbe
,
causeth
them
to
wipe
the
iuyce
from
the
Goates
beard
.
For
the
increase
of
milke
in
them
,
giue
them
Cinquefoyle
fiue
daies
together
before
they
drinke
,
or
else
binde
Dittany
to
their
bellies
,
or
(
as
Lacuna
translateth
the
words
out
of
Affric●nus
)
you
may
lay
milke
to
their
bellies
,
belike
by
rubbing
it
thereupon
.
The
wild
Goats
of
Creete
,
Aristotle
.
eate
dittany
aforesaid
against
the
stroks
of
Darts
:
and
Serapion
auoucheth
by
the
experience
of
Galen
,
that
goats
by
licking
the
leaues
of
Tamariske
,
loose
their
gall
,
and
likewise
that
he
saw
them
licking
Serpents
which
had
newly
lost
their
skins
,
and
the
euent
therof
was
,
that
their
age
neuer
turned
or
changed
into
whitenesse
or
other
externall
signes
thereof
.
Also
it
is
deliuered
by
good
obseruation
that
if
they
eate
or
drinke
out
of
vessels
of
Tamariske
,
Constantinus
they
shal
neuer
haue
any
Spleen
;
if
any
one
of
them
eate
Sea-holly
,
the
residue
of
the
flocke
stand
still
and
will
not
goe
●orward
,
till
the
meate
be
out
of
his
mouth
.
The
Grammarians
say
that
Chim●ra
was
killed
by
Bellerophon
the
son
of
Glaucus
in
the
Mountain
Lycius
,
Aelianus
.
and
the
reason
heereof
is
,
that
the
Poets
fained
Chimaera
to
bee
composed
of
a
Lyon
,
a
Dragon
,
and
a
Goate
,
and
in
that
mountaine
all
those
three
were
kept
and
fed
:
for
in
the
top
were
Lions
,
in
the
middle
were
Goats
,
and
also
at
the
foot
thereof
Serpents
.
If
they
suffer
heate
or
cold
they
are
much
endaungered
,
for
such
is
their
nature
that
they
auoide
all
extremity
,
and
the
females
with
younge
are
most
of
al
molested
with
cold
.
If
they
haue
conceiued
in
the
Wynter
then
many
abortementes
or
casting
their
young
followeth
.
In
like
sort
it
hapneth
if
they
eate
Walnuts
(
and
not
to
their
full
)
vnripe
,
therefore
either
they
must
be
suffered
to
eate
of
them
to
saciety
,
or
else
they
are
not
to
be
permitted
to
them
.
Dioscorides
If
at
any
time
they
eate
Scammony
,
Hellebore
,
Lesseron
,
or
Mercury
,
they
are
much
troubled
in
their
stomach
,
and
loose
their
milke
,
especially
the
white
Hellebor
.
The
publicans
in
the
prouince
of
Cyrene
haue
all
the
gouernment
of
the
pastures
,
Pliny
.
and
therfore
they
permit
not
Benzwine
to
grow
in
their
country
finding
thereby
greate
gaine
;
and
if
at
any
time
their
sheepe
or
goats
meete
with
any
braunch
thereof
,
they
eate
it
geedily
,
but
the
sheepe
immediatly
fall
to
sleepe
and
the
goates
to
Neezing
.
Agolethros
and
Sabine
are
poyson
to
Goates
.
The
Herbe
called
in
Greeke
Rhododendron
,
and
may
be
englished
Rose-tree
,
is
poyson
goates
,
and
yet
the
same
helpeth
a
man
against
the
vemon
of
Serpents
.
The
prickle
or
spindle
tree
(
called
also
Euonimus
)
which
groweth
in
the
Mount
Occynius
(
cal●ed
Ordyno
)
about
the
bignesse
of
a
pine-apple-tree
,
hauing
soft
leaues
like
the
same
,
and
it
budde●h
in
September
,
and
the
flower
is
like
to
a
white
violet
flower
,
this
killeth
Goates
,
except
they
be
purged
with
black
Hellebor
imediately
after
they
haue
eaten
thereof
.
Horus
The
Egyptians
when
they
wil
describe
a
man
deuouring
sheepe
or
Goats
,
they
picture
the
herbe
Curilago
or
Conyza
,
because
it
also
killeth
them
.
Also
as
Clodrysippus
affirmeth
they
auoide
Cumin
,
for
it
maketh
them
mad
or
bringeth
vpon
them
lethargies
,
and
such
like
infirmities
.
He
auoydeth
also
the
spettle
of
man
,
for
it
is
hurtfull
to
him
,
and
to
the
Sea-fish
Scolopendra
,
and
yet
he
eateth
many
venemous
herbes
and
groweth
fat
thereby
;
Aelianus
and
this
also
may
be
added
,
that
Goats
grow
fat
when
they
are
with
young
,
but
by
drinking
of
Honey
they
are
weakened
,
and
indaungered
of
death
.
Concerning
their
drinke
,
it
is
necessary
for
a
skilfull
Goat-herd
to
obserue
the
nature
of
the
beast
,
and
the
best
time
and
place
of
their
watering
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Virgill
:
—
I●be●
fronde●tia
Capris
Arb●ta
sufficere
,
&
fluuios
prebere
rerentes
.
In
the
Summer
they
are
to
be
watered
twice
a
day
,
and
at
other
times
once
onely
in
the
afternoone
:
but
it
is
reported
of
the
Goats
of
Cephalenia
,
Aristotle
.
Myndius
.
that
they
drinke
not
euery
daie
like
other
goats
,
but
onely
once
or
twice
in
six
moneths
,
and
therefore
they
turne
themselues
to
the
winde
or
cold
aire
of
the
sea
,
and
by
gawning
,
Aelianus
.
sucke
into
their
mouths
or
bellies
that
which
serueth
them
instead
of
water
.
When
the
sun
declineth
,
they
lie
and
looke
not
vpon
one
another
but
on
the
contrary
,
and
they
which
lodge
in
the
fields
take
vppe
their
rest
among
their
acquaintance
.
But
if
they
be
vsed
to
fold
or
house
,
they
remember
it
,
and
repaire
thither
of
their
owne
accord
:
which
thing
caused
the
Poet
to
write
in
this
maner
:
Atque
ipsae
memores
rede●ntin
tecta
,
suosque
Ducunt
:
&
graund●
superaut
vix
vbere
limen
.
Concerning
their
stables
or
houses
to
lodge
in
for
their
defence
against
the
colde
,
the
diligent
heard-man
must
obserue
,
that
nothing
must
be
layed
vnder
the
Goat
to
lie
vpon
,
and
it
is
best
to
make
his
stable
vpon
stones
,
or
some
such
hard
flower
,
and
the
same
must
bee
kept
and
turned
drie
euery
day
from
annoyance
of
their
dung
,
for
that
hurteth
their
heads
.
It
is
good
to
set
the
window
of
their
stable
to
the
Sun
,
and
from
the
wind
,
Columella
.
according
to
the
counsell
of
Virgill
;
Et
stabula
a
ventis
hyberno
opponere
soli
,
Ad
medium
conuersa
diem
cum
frigidus
olim
Iam
cadit
extremoque
irrorat
Aquarius
anno
.
Although
goats
be
stronger
then
sheepe
,
yet
they
are
neuer
so
found
,
for
in
buying
and
selling
of
them
,
he
was
neuer
accounted
a
wise
man
,
that
either
hoped
to
buy
,
or
promised
to
sell
without
fault
.
It
was
sufficient
in
open
market
places
,
when
and
where
goats
wer
to
be
sold
,
to
promise
,
Hodie
capras
recte
esse
&
bibere
posse
&
eas
licite
habere
,
that
is
,
that
the
day
of
their
sale
they
were
well
,
and
could
drinke
,
and
they
were
his
owne
,
and
it
was
lawfull
for
him
to
haue
them
.
But
farther
no
man
was
vrged
,
for
(
Archelaus
sayth
)
they
are
euer
febricitante
,
because
their
breath
is
whotter
,
and
their
copulation
more
fiery
,
and
therefore
their
heardmen
must
not
be
vnprouided
of
good
and
sufficient
medicine
to
helpe
them
,
and
not
onely
against
their
naturall
diseases
,
but
also
their
continual
horn-wounds
which
they
giue
one
another
by
their
often
fightings
,
and
also
when
they
aspire
to
climb
vpon
steepe
and
cragy
pointed
rockes
or
trees
,
they
often
fall
and
are
wounded
,
in
such
cases
they
haue
no
such
Physitian
as
their
keeper
,
whose
bagge
and
box
must
be
as
an
Apothecaries
shoppe
to
yeelde
continuall
remedies
to
all
their
agreeuances
.
The
best
meanes
to
preserue
them
in
health
next
to
a
good
diet
and
warme
lodging
,
is
,
to
plant
Alysson
neere
to
their
stabling
houses
.
And
their
continuall
ague
spoken
of
before
is
profitable
to
their
body
,
for
when
it
departeth
and
leaueth
them
,
presently
they
perish
and
die
.
Sheepe
and
Goats
haue
a
natural
foresight
of
the
pestilence
or
murrain
,
Florentinus
.
of
earthquakes
,
and
of
wholesome
temperate
Weather
,
and
of
aboundance
and
store
of
fruites
;
but
neither
of
both
shall
bee
euer
infested
by
the
pestilence
,
if
you
giue
them
the
power
of
a
Storkes
Ventricle
or
mawe
one
spoonfull
therof
in
Water
euery
day
.
Quintilius
.
And
whereas
all
other
kind
of
Cattell
when
they
are
sicke
consume
and
pule
away
by
little
and
little
,
onely
Goates
perish
suddenly
,
insomuch
as
all
that
are
sicke
are
vnrecouerable
,
and
the
other
of
the
flocke
must
be
instantly
let
blood
and
separated
before
the
infection
ouerspread
all
,
and
the
reason
of
their
sudden
death
,
is
because
of
their
aboundance
of
foode
,
which
ministerth
speedy
flaxe
for
the
fire
of
their
disease
to
burne
.
At
such
times
they
must
not
feede
all
the
day
long
,
but
onely
thrice
or
foure
times
a
day
be
led
forth
to
grasse
,
and
brought
in
againe
to
their
stables
.
If
any
other
sicknesse
annoy
them
they
are
to
be
cured
with
reede
,
and
the
rootes
of
white
Thorne
beate
together
with
yron
Pestles
,
and
mingled
with
raine
Water
,
and
so
giuen
to
the
Cattell
to
be
drunke
:
but
if
this
medicine
helpe
not
,
then
either
sell
them
away
,
or
else
kill
them
,
and
salt
them
till
you
minde
to
eate
them
.
Goates
are
not
troubled
with
Lice
or
Nits
but
onely
with
Tickes
.
There
is
a
certaine
Wine
called
Melampodion
,
the
report
is
that
one
Melampos
a
shepherd
had
it
reuealed
vnto
him
,
to
cure
the
madnesse
of
a
Goates
:
it
is
made
of
blacke
Ellebor
,
and
goats
milke
.
Goats
are
also
molested
and
subiect
to
the
falling
sicknesse
and
this
is
knowne
by
their
voyce
and
cold
most
braines
;
Coelius
.
and
therefore
the
Roman
priests
were
commaunded
too
abstaine
from
touching
such
beasts
.
They
are
also
troubled
with
the
gowt
;
the
Female-goate
easeth
the
paine
of
her
eyes
by
pricking
them
vpon
a
Bul-rush
,
and
the
Male-goate
by
pricking
them
vpon
a
Thorne
,
and
so
pituitous
matter
followeth
the
pricke
,
whereby
the
sight
is
recouered
without
any
harme
done
to
the
Apple
;
Aelianus
.
and
from
hence
it
is
supposed
,
that
the
Physitians
learned
their
Parakeutesis
pricking
of
so●e
eies
with
a
needle
.
The
Females
neuer
winke
in
their
sleepe
,
being
heerein
like
the
Roe-buckes
.
There
are
certaine
birds
(
called
Capri-mulgi
)
because
of
their
sucking
of
Goates
,
and
when
these
or
any
of
them
haue
sucked
a
Goate
she
presently
falleth
blinde
.
If
at
any
time
she
be
troubled
with
the
Dropsie
,
Pliny
.
an
yssue
must
be
made
vnder
her
shoulder
,
and
when
the
humour
is
auoyded
,
stop
vp
the
hole
with
liquid
pitch
.
They
drinke
the
seede
of
Seselis
to
make
them
haue
an
easie
deliuerance
of
their
younge
,
and
for
that
cause
Columella
prescribeth
a
pinte
of
sod
corne
and
Wine
to
be
infused
into
their
throates
in
that
extremity
;
their
other
maladies
being
like
vnto
sheepe
,
we
will
reserue
their
description
and
cure
to
that
History
.
Probus
These
Goates
haue
in
auncient
times
beene
vsed
for
sacrifices
,
not
onely
by
the
Soueraigne
commaunde
of
almightye
God
,
but
also
by
the
practise
of
Heathen
people
,
for
their
perfect
sacrifice
which
consisted
of
a
Ram
,
a
goate
,
a
Hog
,
and
a
Bull
,
was
called
Hecatombe
and
Tryttis
.
The
reason
why
Swine
and
goates
were
sacrificed
among
the
heathen
,
was
because
the
Swine
dig
vp
the
earth
with
their
Noses
,
and
rooted
out
the
Corne
,
they
were
sacrificed
to
Ceres
;
and
the
Goates
spoile
the
Vines
by
biting
,
for
which
cause
,
they
sacrificed
him
to
Bacchus
;
that
so
the
drunken
God
might
bee
pacified
with
the
bloode
of
that
Beaste
,
whose
hallowed
grapes
hee
had
deuoured
:
Whereuppon
the
Poet
Wryteth
thus
:
Sus
dederat
poenas
exemplo
territus
horum
Palmite
debueras
abstinuisse
Caper
Quem
spectans
aliquis
dentes
in
vite
permentem
Talia
non
tacito
dicta
dolore
dedit
Rode
caper
vitem
tamen
hinc
cum
stabis
adaras
In
tua
quod
spargi
cornua
possit
,
erit
.
When
they
sacrificed
a
goate
in
Graecia
,
they
tried
him
by
giuing
him
Pease
or
cold
water
to
drinke
,
which
if
he
refused
,
they
also
refused
him
for
sacrifice
,
but
if
he
tasted
it
,
they
tooke
and
offered
him
.
Martiall
hauing
seene
or
rather
heard
of
a
Countrey
priest
,
sacrifising
a
goate
,
and
being
assisted
by
a
Countrey
man
,
when
the
beast
was
slaine
the
priest
commaunded
the
poore
countrey
man
to
cutte
off
the
stones
,
Teter
vt
immunda
carnis
abiret
odar
,
to
let
the
vnwholsome
vapour
of
the
vncleane
flesh
out
of
the
body
.
Afterward
the
priest
being
busie
about
the
sacrifice
,
and
stooping
downe
to
the
carkeise
of
the
beast
,
his
coddes
appeared
behinde
him
betwixt
his
legges
,
the
which
when
the
countrey
man
saw
,
hee
suddenly
cut
them
off
with
his
sharpe
knife
,
thinking
that
the
auncient
ceremony
of
fasting
required
this
to
be
done
:
whereupon
Martiall
wrot
this
Epigram
,
Sic
modo
qui
Tuscus
fueras
,
nunc
Gallus
aruspeae
Dum
ingulas
hircum
factus
es
ipse
caper
.
The
Mendesians
worshipped
Goates
both
males
&
females
,
Gyraldus
because
as
they
imagine
they
were
like
to
their
God
Pan.
The
Egyptians
also
deified
the
male
goate
for
his
genitall
members
,
as
other
nations
did
Priapus
.
The
Gentiles
had
also
a
brazen
goate
,
whereupon
Venus
rode
in
brasse
,
which
picture
they
called
(
Pandemon
)
and
Venus
(
Epitragia
,
)
I
thinke
that
lust
could
not
be
better
described
then
by
this
emblem
,
for
venereous
persons
will
suffer
their
whoores
to
doe
any
disgrace
vnto
them
,
for
their
carnall
pleasure
.
And
thus
much
for
these
male
and
female
goates
,
now
follow
the
stories
of
the
wilde
goates
and
the
kids
in
order
.
OF
THE
GOATE
,
CALLED
by
PLINY
a
DEERE
.
THere
is
no
man
that
shall
see
this
beast
,
but
will
easily
yeeld
vnto
my
opinion
,
that
it
is
a
goate
&
not
a
deere
,
the
hair
,
beard
and
whole
proportion
of
body
most
euidently
demonstrating
so
much
,
neither
is
there
any
difficultie
herein
,
except
for
the
horne
which
turne
forward
at
the
point
and
not
backward
,
which
thing
yet
swarueth
not
so
much
from
a
goate
as
from
a
deare
,
and
therefore
can
be
no
good
reason
to
alter
my
opinion
.
There
are
of
this
kinde
as
Doctor
Cay
affirmeth
in
the
Northerne
part
of
England
,
and
that
figure
which
is
engrauen
at
Rome
in
a
marble
piller
being
a
remembrance
of
some
Triumphe
which
Pliny
setteth
forth
,
differeth
in
no
part
from
this
beasts
description
and
proportion
.
Yet
I
take
it
that
it
may
be
brought
into
England
from
some
other
nation
and
so
be
seene
in
some
Noble
mans
house
,
but
that
it
should
be
bred
there
,
I
cannot
finde
any
monument
of
authoritie
,
but
rather
I
coniecture
the
same
to
be
bred
in
Spain
.
Of
these
kinds
there
are
three
Epigrams
in
martiall
whereby
is
declared
their
mutuall
fights
killing
one
another
:
their
feare
of
dogges
,
and
their
flesh
desired
both
of
men
and
beasts
.
The
first
Epigram
describing
their
wilfull
fight
one
killing
another
and
so
sauing
a
labour
to
the
hunter
,
for
they
kill
themselues
to
his
hand
,
is
thus
.
Frontibus
aduersis
molles
concurrere
damas
,
Spectauere
canes
praedam
stupuitque
superbus
,
Vnde
leues
animae
tanto
caluere
furore
?
Aspicis
imbelles
tenent
quam
fortia
damae
In
mortem
paruis
concurrere
frontibus
audent
Vidimus
&
fati
sorte
iacere
pari
Venator
cultro
nil
superesse
suo
Sic
pugnant
Tauri
sic
cecidere
viri
.
The
second
Epigram
is
a
Dialogue
speaking
to
the
Emperour
,
who
tooke
care
to
encrease
his
game
,
seeing
not
onely
men
were
enemies
to
them
but
they
also
to
one
another
,
wherevpon
he
writeth
this
distichon
;
Praelia
tam
timidis
quanta
sit
ixa
feris
Vis
Caesar
damis
parcere
,
mitte
canes
.
The
thirde
Epigram
is
a
complaint
of
their
weake
and
vnarmed
state
,
hauing
neither
teeth
like
Bores
,
not
hoenes
like
Harts
to
defend
themselues
,
but
lie
open
to
the
violence
of
all
their
enemies
:
Dente
timetur
Aper
defendunt
cornua
ceruum
Imbelles
damae
quid
nisi
preda
sumus
.
These
are
of
a
whitish
yellow
colour
on
the
back
,
and
are
nourished
sometime
for
the
pleasure
,
and
somtime
for
the
profit
of
their
possessors
,
for
they
wil
suffer
hunting
like
a
Deere
and
also
be
tamed
for
milke
like
a
Goat
.
And
heere
of
I
finde
no
other
especiall
mention
among
Authors
beside
that
which
is
already
rehearsed
.
OF
THE
WILDE
GOAT
,
AND
THE
figure
of
the
Heluetian
Alpian
wilde
or
Rocke-Goat
.
WIlde-goats
are
transfigured
into
many
similitudes
,
and
also
dispersed
into
many
countries
beyond
the
seas
and
in
the
Alpes
,
the
picture
of
the
Alpine
wilde
Goat
is
heere
set
down
.
They
are
also
to
be
found
in
Italy
,
in
the
mountaines
of
Fiscela
and
Tetrica
,
Varro
insomuch
as
the
tame
goats
which
are
nourished
there
,
are
said
to
be
deriued
of
these
wilde
goats
,
these
are
calld
Cinthian
Goats
,
because
they
are
bred
in
the
mountaines
of
Delos
called
Cinthus
.
There
are
of
these
which
are
found
in
the
tops
of
the
Libian
mountaines
as
great
as
Oxen
,
whose
shoulders
and
legges
abound
with
loose-shaggy
haire
,
their
shinnes
small
,
their
faces
are
rounde
,
their
eies
are
hollowe
and
hard
to
be
seene
.
Their
hornes
crooking
backward
to
their
shoulders
,
not
like
other
Goats
,
for
they
stand
farre
distant
one
from
another
:
and
among
all
other
Goats
they
are
indued
with
a
most
singuler
dexterity
of
leaping
,
for
they
leap
from
one
top
to
another
,
standing
a
great
way
asunder
,
and
although
many
times
they
fall
downe
vpon
the
hard
rocks
,
which
are
interposed
betwixt
the
Mountaines
,
yet
receiue
they
no
harme
:
for
such
is
the
hardnesse
of
their
members
,
to
resist
that
violence
,
and
of
theyr
hornes
to
breake
their
fals
,
that
they
neither
are
offended
thereby
in
head
nor
legs
.
Such
are
the
Goates
of
Soractum
as
Cato
Writeth
,
which
leape
from
Rocke
to
rocke
,
aboue
threescore
foote
:
of
this
kind
are
those
Goates
before
spoken
off
in
the
History
of
the
tame
Goat
,
which
are
thought
to
breath
out
of
their
eares
,
and
not
out
of
their
Nostrils
;
they
are
very
swift
and
strong
horned
,
the
loue
betwixt
the
Dammes
and
the
Kids
in
this
kind
,
is
most
admirable
;
for
the
Damme
doth
most
carefully
educate
and
nourish
her
young
,
the
younge
ones
againe
,
doe
most
thankefully
recompence
their
mothers
carefulnesse
,
much
like
vnto
reasonable
men
,
which
keepe
and
nourish
theyr
owne
parents
in
their
old
decrepit
age
,
(
which
the
loue
of
God
and
nature
doth
enioyn
them
)
for
satisfaction
of
there
owne
education
,
so
doe
these
young
wild
Goates
,
toward
their
owne
mothers
:
for
in
their
age
they
gather
their
meate
and
bring
it
to
them
,
and
likewise
they
runne
to
the
riuers
or
watering
places
,
and
with
their
mouthes
sucke
vp
water
,
which
they
bring
to
quench
the
thirst
of
their
parentes
:
and
when
as
their
bodies
are
Ruffe
and
vglye
to
looke
vppon
,
the
younge
ones
licke
them
ouer
with
their
tongues
,
so
making
them
smooth
and
neate
.
And
if
at
any
time
the
Damme
be
taken
by
the
Hunters
,
the
young
one
doth
not
forsake
her
till
he
be
also
insnared
:
and
you
would
thinke
by
the
behauiour
of
the
imprisoned
Damme
towards
her
young
Kids
,
and
likewise
of
the
Kid
towards
his
Damme
,
that
they
mutually
contend
one
to
giue
it selfe
for
the
other
:
for
the
dam
forseeing
her
yong
one
to
houer
about
her
in
the
handes
of
her
enemies
,
and
continually
to
follow
;
with
sighes
and
teares
seemeth
to
wish
and
perswade
them
to
depart
,
and
to
saue
themselues
by
flight
,
as
if
they
could
say
in
the
language
of
men
,
Fugite
filij
infestos
venatores
ne
me
miseram
capti
materno
nomine
priuate
;
that
is
to
say
,
Runne
away
my
sons
,
saue
your selues
from
these
harmefull
and
greedy
Hunters
,
least
if
you
be
taken
with
me
,
I
be
for
euer
depriued
of
the
name
of
a
mother
.
The
young
ones
againe
on
the
other
side
wandering
about
their
mother
,
bleate
forth
many
a
mournefull
songe
,
leaping
to
the
Hunters
and
looking
in
their
faces
,
with
pittifull
asspects
,
as
if
they
said
vnto
him
;
we
adiure
you
(
oh
Hunters
)
by
the
maker
of
vs
al
,
that
you
deliuer
our
mother
from
your
thraldome
,
and
in
sted
of
her
take
vs
hir
vnhappy
children
,
bend
your
hard
harts
,
feare
the
lawes
of
God
which
forbiddeth
innocents
to
be
punished
,
and
consider
what
reuerence
you
owe
to
the
olde
age
of
a
mother
;
therefore
againe
(
we
pray
you
)
let
our
liues
satisfie
you
for
our
dammes
liberty
.
But
poor
creaturs
,
when
they
see
that
nothing
can
moue
the
vnexerable
mind
of
the
hunters
,
they
resolue
to
dye
with
her
whom
they
cannot
deliuer
,
and
thereupon
of
their
owne
accord
,
giue
themselues
into
the
handes
of
the
Hunters
,
and
so
are
led
away
with
their
mother
.
Concerning
the
Libyan
goates
before
spoken
off
,
which
liue
in
the
tops
of
Mountaines
,
they
are
taken
by
nets
,
or
snares
,
or
else
killed
by
Darts
and
arrowes
,
or
some
other
art
of
Hunting
.
But
if
at
any
time
they
discend
downe
into
the
plaine
fieldes
they
are
no
lesse
troubled
,
then
if
they
were
in
the
waues
of
some
great
water
.
And
therefore
any
man
of
a
slow
pace
may
there
taken
them
,
without
any
great
difficulty
.
The
greatest
benefit
that
ariseth
from
them
is
their
skinne
and
their
hornes
,
with
their
skinnes
they
are
clothed
in
Winter
time
against
tempests
,
Frostes
and
Snowe
,
and
it
is
a
common
weede
for
Shepherds
,
and
Carpenters
.
The
hornes
serue
them
in
steed
of
buckets
,
to
draw
Water
out
of
the
running
streames
,
wherewithall
they
quench
their
thirst
,
for
they
may
drinke
out
of
them
,
as
out
of
cups
;
They
are
so
great
,
that
no
man
is
able
to
drinke
them
off
at
one
draught
,
and
when
cunning
artifficers
haue
the
handling
of
them
▪
they
make
them
to
receiue
three
times
as
much
more
.
The
selfe
same
things
are
Wryten
of
the
Wilde
Goates
of
Egypt
,
who
are
said
neuer
to
be
hurt
by
Scorpions
.
There
is
a
great
Citty
in
Egypt
(
called
Coptus
)
who
were
wont
to
be
much
addicted
to
the
worship
of
Isis
,
and
in
that
place
there
are
great
aboundance
of
Scorpions
,
which
with
their
stings
and
poyson
,
do
oftentimes
giue
mortall
and
deadly
woundes
to
the
people
,
whilest
they
mourne
about
the
Chappell
(
for
they
worship
that
Goddesse
)
with
funeral
lamentation
:
against
the
stinging
of
these
Scorpions
:
the
Egyptians
haue
inuented
a
thousand
deuises
whereof
this
was
the
principall
:
At
the
time
of
their
assembly
,
they
turne
in
wild
fem
:
goats
naked
among
the
Scorpions
lying
on
the
ground
,
by
whose
presence
they
are
deliuered
and
escape
free
from
the
woundes
of
the
Serpents
,
whereupon
the
Coptites
doe
religiously
consecrate
these
female
Goats
to
deuinity
,
thinking
that
their
Idoll
Isis
did
wholy
loue
them
,
and
therfore
they
sacrificed
the
males
but
neuer
the
females
.
It
is
reported
by
Plutarch
that
wilde
Goates
doe
aboue
other
meate
loue
meale
and
figges
,
wherefore
in
Armenia
there
are
certaine
black
Fishes
which
are
poyson
;
with
the
pouder
or
meale
of
these
fishes
they
couer
these
figges
,
and
cast
them
abroad
where
the
Goates
do
haunt
,
and
assoone
as
the
beasts
haue
tasted
them
,
they
presently
die
.
Now
to
the
wilde
Goat
before
pictured
,
called
in
Latine
Rupi
Capra
and
Capricornus
,
and
in
Greek
a
Gargos
,
and
Aigastros
,
and
of
Homer
Ixalon
,
of
the
Germanes
Gemmes
or
Gemmuss
,
the
Rhetians
which
speake
Italian
,
call
it
Camuza
,
the
Spaniards
Capramontes
,
the
Polonians
Dzykakoza
,
the
Bohemians
,
Korytanski
Kozlik
;
that
is
to
say
,
a
Carinthian
Goate
,
because
that
part
of
the
Alpes
called
Carinthia
is
neere
bordering
vpon
Bohemia
.
Bellanius
writeth
,
Albertus
.
that
the
French
cal
him
Chambris
,
and
in
their
ancient
tongue
Ysard
,
this
is
not
very
great
of
bodye
,
but
hath
crooked
hornes
which
bend
backeward
to
his
back
,
whereupon
he
staieth
himselfe
when
he
falleth
from
the
slippery
Rockes
or
Mountaines
.
Plinyus
These
hornes
are
not
fit
to
fight
they
are
so
small
and
weake
,
and
therefore
nature
hath
bestowed
them
vpon
them
for
the
cause
aforesaid
.
Of
all
other
Goats
this
is
the
least
,
it
hath
red
eies
,
but
a
qu●cke
eie-sight
,
his
hornes
are
blacke
,
being
nine
or
ten
fingers
longe
,
and
compassed
about
with
diuers
circles
,
but
at
the
top
none
at
all
,
which
is
sharp
and
crooked
like
a
hooke
.
They
arise
at
the
roote
Paralelwise
,
that
is
by
equall
distance
one
from
another
,
being
hollow
the
bredth
of
ones
Thumbe
,
the
residue
solide
like
the
Harts
.
The
Males
in
this
kinde
differ
not
from
the
Females
,
neither
in
horne
,
colour
,
or
proportion
of
body
:
they
are
in
bignesse
like
the
common
Goate
,
but
somewhat
hier
.
Their
colour
is
betwixt
brown
and
red
.
In
the
Summer
time
they
are
red
,
and
in
the
winter
time
they
are
browne
.
There
hath
beene
seene
of
them
which
were
white
and
blacke
in
distinct
colour
one
from
another
,
and
the
reason
heere
of
is
,
because
they
chaunge
colour
many
times
in
the
year
.
There
are
some
of
them
altogether
white
,
but
these
are
seldome
found
;
they
inhabit
for
the
most
part
the
Rockes
or
Mountaines
,
but
not
the
tops
like
the
Ibe●ks
,
neither
doe
they
leape
so
far
as
the
foresaid
goats
.
They
come
down
somtime
to
the
roots
of
the
Alpes
,
and
there
they
licke
sand
from
the
rockes
,
like
as
the
village
tame
goates
to
procure
them
an
appetite
.
The
Heluetians
call
these
places
in
their
naturall
tongue
Fultzen
,
that
is
Salares
:
about
these
places
do
the
Hunters
hide
themselues
and
secretly
with
guns
,
bowes
,
or
other
such
instrumentes
they
suddendly
shoote
and
kill
them
.
When
they
are
hunted
they
step
vp
to
the
steepest
rocks
,
and
most
inaccessible
for
Dogges
,
by
that
meanes
prouiding
their
own
safty
:
bu●
if
the
hunters
presse
after
them
and
clime
vpon
the
rocks
,
with
hands
,
and
feet
,
they
leape
from
thence
,
from
stone
to
stone
,
making
their
waie
to
the
tops
of
the
Mountaines
,
so
long
as
euer
they
are
able
to
goe
or
climbe
,
and
then
they
hange
by
the
Hornes
of
their
heade
,
as
if
they
were
ready
to
fall
,
which
caused
Martiall
to
write
thus
:
Pendentem
summa
Capream
de
rupe
videbis
Casuram
speres
decipit
illa
Canes
.
Where
the
Poet
attributeth
that
to
the
Roe
which
belongeth
to
the
wilde
goat
,
and
there
they
hange
many
times
till
they
perish
,
because
they
cannot
loose
themselues
againe
,
or
else
they
are
shotte
with
guns
,
or
fall
downe
headlong
,
or
else
are
driuen
off
by
the
hunters
.
From
the
day
of
Saint
Iames
they
vse
themselues
to
the
coldest
partes
of
the
Mountains
,
because
they
vnderstand
winter
is
approaching
,
making
custome
to
be
their
shield
against
cold
weather
:
there
haue
bene
some
of
these
made
tame
,
so
that
they
haue
discended
downe
to
the
flocks
of
tame
Goats
,
whome
they
do
not
auoide
like
the
Ibex
.
From
these
wilde
goats
hath
that
same
herbe
(
called
Doronicum
)
and
of
the
Grecians
,
Doronieu
,
giuen
a
name
among
the
Germaines
Geniesseh
Worts
,
that
is
,
wilde-goats-herb
,
being
excellent
to
cure
the
Collick
,
and
therefore
highly
esteemed
among
the
Arabians
Graecians
,
and
Mauritanians
.
It
is
hot
and
dry
in
the
second
degree
,
and
the
countrey
people
in
Heluetia
do
giue
it
against
dizines
in
the
head
,
because
these
wilde
goats
oftentimes
feed
vpon
the
same
,
and
yet
are
neuer
troubled
with
that
infirmity
,
although
they
runne
round
about
the
mountaines
.
There
are
hunters
which
drinke
the
blood
of
this
goat
comming
hot
out
of
his
body
,
immediately
after
the
wound
giuen
,
against
that
sicknes
.
The
fat
&
milke
of
a
wilde
goat
mingled
together
,
haue
cured
one
long
sick
of
the
Ptisick
.
The
wilde
goats
of
Creet
,
being
wounded
with
poysoned
Dartes
,
runne
presently
and
eate
of
the
hearbe
Dittani
,
by
the
vertue
and
iuice
whereof
,
they
not
onely
auoid
the
arrow
which
sticketh
in
their
skin
,
but
also
death
,
and
cure
the
poyson
.
OF
THE
KYD.
HAuing
formerly
discoursed
of
seuerall
kindes
of
Goates
,
Of
the
name
now
it
followeth
that
we
should
also
intreat
of
the
Kid
which
is
the
yssue
of
a
Goat
;
and
first
of
the
seuerall
names
therof
.
It
is
called
in
Haebrew
Egedi
,
which
because
it
signifieth
also
a
Lambe
,
they
put
vnto
it
Haissim
,
and
the
plurall
masculine
is
Gedaijm
,
and
the
feminine
Gedioth
,
Gen.
35.
where
the
Caldean
translation
hath
Gadeia
,
the
Persian
Bus-kahale
,
or
else
Cahali
busan
;
for
the
Persians
render
Cahale
for
Sheter
,
in
Haebrew
Busan
,
for
Issim
.
The
Septuagints
render
Erifon
,
and
vulgarly
at
this
day
,
the
Grecians
cal
him
Eriphoi
,
but
the
truth
is
,
that
Eriphoi
are
kids
of
three
or
foure
months
old
,
and
after
that
time
vntill
their
procreation
,
Varinus
they
are
called
Chimaroi
,
the
Latines
cal
him
Hoedi
ab
edendo
,
from
eating
(
as
Isidorus
saith
)
for
then
their
flesh
is
tender
and
fat
,
and
the
tast
therof
pleasant
.
The
Italians
call
it
Cauretto
,
or
Capretto
,
and
Ciauerello
;
the
Rhetians
which
speak
Italian
,
Vlzol
:
the
Spaniardes
Cabrito
,
the
French
Chereru
,
the
Germans
Gitse
,
or
Kitslain
,
the
Polonians
Koziel
.
It
was
a
question
whether
nature
would
finish
her
parts
vpon
a
young
one
out
of
the
dams
belly
,
wherefore
a
triall
was
made
vpon
a
kid
which
neuer
saw
his
dam
,
for
vpon
a
season
a
dissexion
was
made
vpon
a
Female-goate
great
with
young
,
and
out
of
her
belly
was
her
young
one
taken
aliue
,
so
as
it
could
neuer
see
the
mother
;
the
same
kid
was
put
into
a
house
where
were
many
boales
full
of
wine
,
oyle
,
milke
,
and
Hony
,
and
other
lyquid
thinges
:
there
also
lay
beside
him
diuers
kindes
of
fruits
,
both
of
the
vine
,
of
corne
,
and
of
plants
;
at
last
this
kid
was
seene
to
arise
and
stand
vpon
his
feete
,
and
as
if
somebody
had
told
him
that
his
Legges
were
made
to
walke
vpon
,
he
shooke
off
all
that
moistnesse
which
he
brought
with
him
out
of
his
mothers
belly
,
afterwardes
he
scratched
his
side
with
his
foote
,
and
then
went
and
smelled
at
all
the
former
vessels
,
and
at
last
comming
to
the
milke-boule
,
he
supped
and
licked
thereof
,
which
when
the
behoulders
saw
,
they
all
cryed
out
that
Hipocrates
rule
was
most
true
,
Animalium
naturas
esse
indoctas
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
natures
of
creatures
are
not
formed
by
Art
,
but
of
their
owne
inclination
.
There
is
nothing
more
wanton
then
a
Kid
,
whereupon
Ouid
made
this
verse
:
Splendidior
vitro
tenero
lasciuior
hoedo
.
They
often
iumpe
and
leape
among
themselues
,
and
then
they
promise
faire
weather
,
Aelianu●
.
but
if
they
keep
continually
with
the
flocks
and
depart
not
from
their
mothers
,
or
continually
sucke
and
licke
vp
their
meat
:
also
they
for-shew
a
storm
,
and
therfore
they
must
be
gathered
to
their
folds
,
according
to
the
Poets
saying
;
si
sine
fine
modoque
:
Pabula
delbent
cum
tutas
vesper
adire
Compellat
caulas
monstrabunt
ad
fore
nimbos
.
If
Geese
swallow
the
haires
of
Kids
or
Goats
they
die
thereof
Kids
are
not
to
be
separated
from
their
Dammes
,
A●atolius
Varro
or
weaned
till
they
be
three
months
old
,
at
which
time
they
may
be
ioyned
to
the
flockes
:
they
are
nourished
when
they
are
young
after
the
same
manner
as
they
be
at
a
year
old
,
except
that
they
must
be
more
narrowly
looked
vnto
,
least
their
lasciuiousnesse
ouerthrow
their
age
:
and
besides
their
Milk
,
you
must
giue
vnto
them
three
leaued-grasse
,
Palladius
Iuy
,
and
the
toppes
of
lentiles
tender
leaues
,
or
small
twigges
of
trees
:
and
whereas
commonly
they
are
brought
forth
in
twinnes
,
it
is
best
,
to
choose
out
the
strongest
headed
kid
for
the
flock
,
and
to
sel
the
other
away
to
the
Butchers
.
Out
of
the
rennet
of
the
Calues
or
Kids
is
the
Coagulation
.
There
was
a
certaine
law
(
as
appeareth
by
Baifyus
)
in
the
bookes
of
the
ciuill
Lawyers
,
that
shooes
should
be
made
of
the
skinnes
of
Kids
,
as
appeared
by
auncient
Marble
monuments
at
Rome
,
which
thing
Martiall
approueth
in
his
verses
to
Phebus
;
shewing
how
time
altereth
al
things
and
that
the
skins
of
kids
which
were
wont
to
couer
bald
heads
,
are
not
put
vpon
bare
legs
;
the
verses
are
these
that
follow
,
Oedina
tibi
pelle
Contegenti
Nudae
tempore
verticemque
caluae
Fefliue
tibi
phebe
dixit
ille
Qui
dixit
c●put
esse
calciatum
.
Albertus
Out
of
the
hide
of
a
Kid
is
made
good
glue
,
and
in
the
time
of
Cicero
they
stuffed
beddes
with
Kids
haire
:
their
flesh
hath
been
much
esteemed
for
delicate
meat
;
&
for
that
cause
dressed
and
trimmed
sundry
waies
;
the
best
Kids
for
meate
haue
been
said
to
come
from
Melos
,
or
Vmbratia
,
or
Viburtinum
,
which
neuer
tasted
grasse
,
but
haue
more
milke
in
them
then
blood
;
according
to
the
saying
of
Iuuenall
:
De
viburtino
veniet
pinguissimus
agro
Hoedulus
&
toto
grege
mollior
nescius
herbae
H●c
dum
ausus
virgas
humilis
mordere
falicti
.
For
this
cause
they
may
safely
be
eaten
all
the
yeare
long
while
they
sucke
,
both
of
men
of
temperate
and
whot
constitution
,
Arnoldus
for
they
are
lesse
hurtfull
then
the
Rammes
,
and
doe
easily
disgest
,
and
nourish
temperately
,
for
they
engender
thinne
and
moyst
blood
,
and
also
helpe
all
whot
and
temperate
bodies
,
and
they
are
at
the
best
when
as
they
are
neither
too
olde
,
that
is
aboue
sixe
monthes
,
nor
two
younge
,
that
is
vnder
two
monethes
.
The
red
or
sandy
coloured
are
the
best
,
yet
is
their
flesh
hurtfull
to
the
Collicke
.
Simeon
Sethi
affirmeth
,
that
if
a
man
eate
a
kids
liuer
before
he
drinke
in
the
morning
,
he
shal
not
be
ouer
drunke
that
day
.
Celtus
also
prescribeth
it
in
the
sickenesse
of
the
Holy-fire
.
They
are
wholesome
,
sod
,
roasted
,
or
baked
,
but
the
ribs
are
best
sodde
.
Platina
teacheth
one
way
whereby
it
was
dressed
in
his
time
for
a
delicate
dishe
;
they
tooke
some
fielde
Herbes
and
fat
broath
,
twoe
Whites
of
an
Egge
well
beaten
together
,
with
twoo
heades
of
Garlike
,
a
little
Saffron
,
and
a
little
Pepper
,
with
the
Kiddes
flesh
,
put
all
together
into
a
dish
rosted
before
at
the
fire
,
vpon
a
spitte
(
with
Parsely
,
Rosemary
,
and
Lawrel
leaues
)
and
so
serud
out
with
that
sauce
,
and
set
it
on
the
table
:
but
if
they
did
not
eate
it
before
it
was
colde
,
it
weakened
the
eye●sight
,
and
raised
vp
venerial
lust
.
The
bloode
also
of
a
Kid
was
made
into
a
bludding
,
and
giuen
to
be
eaten
of
them
which
haue
the
bloody-flixe
.
They
haue
also
deuised
to
dresse
a
Kidde
whot
,
and
to
fill
his
belly
with
Spices
and
other
good
things
:
likewise
it
is
sod
in
Milke
with
Lawrell
,
with
diuers
other
fashions
,
which
euery
Cooke
is
able
to
practise
without
the
knowledge
of
learning
.
And
thus
I
might
conclude
the
discourse
of
Kiddes
with
a
remembraunce
of
their
constellation
in
the
Waggoner
,
vppon
the
Bulles
Horne
,
which
the
Poets
obserue
for
signes
and
tokens
foreshewing
Rayn
and
Clowdy
weather
,
according
to
Virgils
verse
:
Quantus
ab
occasu
veniens
pluuialibus
,
Hoedi
.
These
Starres
rise
in
the
Euening
about
the
Nones
of
October
and
in
December
,
they
were
wont
to
sacrifice
a
kid
with
wine
to
Faunus
.
There
is
a
byrd
called
Captilus
which
is
a
great
deuourer
of
kiddes
and
Lambes
,
and
the
same
also
is
hunted
by
a
Dragon
,
for
when
she
hath
filled
hir selfe
with
these
beastes
,
being
wearied
and
idle
,
the
Dragon
doth
easily
set
vpon
hir
and
ouer
take
her
.
Also
when
they
fish
for
the
Worm
seuen
Cubits
long
in
the
Riuer
Indus
,
they
bait
their
hooke
with
a
lambe
or
Kid
,
as
is
reported
by
Aelianus
;
and
the
auncientes
were
wont
by
inspection
into
the
intrals
of
Kiddes
,
to
declare
or
search
into
thinges
to
come
,
as
Gyraldus
amongst
other
their
superstitious
vanities
rehearseth
.
The
manifold
medicinall
properties
of
Goates
come
now
in
the
end
of
this
story
to
be
declared
,
and
first
of
all
it
is
to
bee
noted
,
that
these
properties
are
seuerall
,
both
in
the
Male
,
female
,
and
Kidde
;
and
therefore
they
are
not
to
be
confounded
,
but
as
the
delygence
of
learned
Authors
hath
inuented
,
and
left
them
seuerally
recorded
,
so
they
require
at
our
hands
which
are
the
heyres
of
such
benificiall
helpes
,
the
same
care
and
needfull
curtisie
.
There
are
some
which
doe
continually
nourish
Goates
in
stables
neere
their
dwelling
Houses
with
an
opinion
that
they
help
to
continue
them
in
health
,
Plinyus
The
medicines
arising
out
of
male
Goates
.
for
the
ancientes
ordained
that
a
man
which
had
beene
bitten
or
stroke
by
Serpents
,
and
could
not
easily
be
cured
thereof
,
should
bee
lodged
in
a
Goates
stable
.
The
haires
of
a
Goate-bucke
burned
and
perfumed
in
the
presence
or
vnder
a
man
whose
genitall
is
decayed
it
cureth
him
.
Sextus
.
The
poulder
of
a
Wine
bottell
made
of
a
Goates
skinne
with
a
little
Rozen
doeth
not
onely
stanch
the
bloode
of
a
greene-wounde
,
but
also
cure
the
same
.
The
powder
of
the
Horne
with
Nitre
and
Tamariske
seede
,
butter
,
and
Oyle
▪
Pliny
after
the
head
is
shauen
by
annointing
it
therewith
strengthneth
the
haire
from
falling
off
,
when
it
groweth
againe
and
cureth
the
Alopecia
,
and
a
horne
burnt
to
powder
and
mingled
with
meale
,
Sextus
cureth
the
chippings
in
the
head
and
the
scabs
:
for
taking
away
the
smell
of
the
arme-pits
,
they
take
the
Horne
of
an
old
Goat
and
either
scrape
or
burne
the
same
,
then
adde
they
to
it
a
like
quantity
of
Mirrhe
,
the
Goates
gall
,
and
first
scrape
or
shaue
off
the
haire
,
and
afterward
rub
them
therewith
euery
day
and
they
are
cured
by
that
perfrication
.
Dioscorides
The
bloud
fryed
in
a
panne
,
and
afterwardes
drunke
with
Wine
,
Aetius
.
is
a
preseruatiue
against
intoxications
,
and
cureth
the
bloody-flixe
,
and
the
bloode
in
a
Seare-cloath
is
applyed
against
the
goute
,
and
clenseth
away
all
Leprosies
,
and
if
the
bloode
come
forth
of
the
Nose
without
stay
,
then
rubbe
the
Nose
with
this
bloud
of
a
Goate
.
It
being
fitted
to
meate
cureth
all
the
paines
of
the
inward
partes
:
being
sodde
vppon
coales
stayeth
the
loosenesse
of
the
belly
,
and
the
same
applyed
to
the
belly
mixed
with
fine
flower
,
Marcellus
and
Rozen
easeth
the
paine
in
the
small
guts
;
the
same
mixed
with
the
marrow
of
a
Goate
which
hath
beene
fed
with
Lentiles
cureth
the
Dropsie
,
and
being
drunke
alone
breaketh
the
stone
in
the
reines
,
and
with
Parsly
drunke
in
Wine
also
dissolueth
the
stone
in
the
bladder
,
and
preuenteth
all
such
calculating
grauell
in
time
to
come
.
There
is
a
Medicine
called
by
the
Apothecaryes
Diuina
manus
,
Gods
hand
,
against
the
stone
,
and
they
make
it
in
this
manner
.
When
Grapes
begin
to
waxe
ripe
,
Albertus
.
they
take
a
new
earthen
pot
and
poure
into
it
Water
,
and
seeth
the
same
till
all
the
scumme
or
earthy
substance
thereof
be
eiected
:
&
the
same
pot
clensed
,
then
take
out
of
the
flock
a
Male
Goat
of
foure
year
old
,
or
thereabouts
,
and
receiue
his
blood
as
it
runneth
forth
of
his
slaughtered
body
into
that
pot
,
so
as
you
let
goe
the
first
and
last
streame
thereof
to
the
ground
and
saue
the
residue
:
then
let
it
thicken
in
the
pot
,
and
so
being
therein
congealed
,
break
it
into
many
pieces
with
a
reede
,
and
then
couering
it
with
some
linnen
cloth
,
and
set
it
abroad
in
the
day
time
where
it
may
gather
dew
,
and
then
the
next
day
set
it
abroad
in
the
Sunne
againe
to
exhale
the
same
dew
,
(
if
in
the
meane
time
there
fall
no
raine
)
then
let
it
dry
,
and
afterward
make
thereof
a
powder
,
and
preserue
it
in
a
boxe
,
and
when
the
euill
pincheth
,
vse
a
spoonefull
of
it
with
Wine
of
Creete
,
and
Philagrius
commendeth
the
manifold
benefit
heereof
,
for
he
had
often
tryed
it
,
and
with
a
medicine
made
of
an
Affrican
Sparrow
mixed
with
this
,
he
procured
one
to
make
water
,
and
to
void
a
great
stone
which
had
not
vented
his
vrine
in
many
daies
,
and
liued
in
the
meane
time
in
horrible
paynes
,
and
the
same
vertue
is
attrybuted
heereunto
,
if
it
bee
annointed
neere
the
bladder
,
and
one
be
bathed
in
the
warme
aire
and
so
oftentimes
both
the
bath
and
the
ointment
be
reiterated
.
Marcellus
teacheth
how
one
may
make
tryall
of
the
vertue
of
this
blood
,
for
if
he
take
a
Male-goate
,
and
put
him
vp
close
seuen
daies
,
feeding
him
in
the
meane
time
continually
with
baies
,
and
afterward
cause
a
young
Boy
to
kil
him
,
and
receiue
his
bloud
in
a
bladder
,
and
put
in
the
said
bladder
sandy
stones
like
vnto
those
that
are
engendered
in
the
bladder
of
man
,
within
short
time
he
shall
see
those
stones
dissolued
and
scarce
to
be
found
in
the
bladder
of
blood
,
by
which
he
confidently
affirmeth
,
that
nothing
in
the
World
is
of
like
power
to
remooue
the
stone
,
but
withal
he
willeth
some
superstitious
obseruations
,
as
namely
that
he
be
killed
by
a
chast
person
:
and
on
a
thursday
or
sunday
or
such
like
:
but
the
conclusion
is
that
the
saide
blood
must
bee
dryed
to
powder
in
an
Ouen
,
and
afterward
prescribeth
that
three
ounces
heereof
,
one
ounce
of
Time
,
one
ounce
of
Peniroyall
,
three
ounces
of
burned
Polypus
,
one
ounce
of
white
Pepper
,
one
ounce
of
Apian
,
and
one
ounce
of
Loueage-seede
to
be
giuen
to
the
party
in
sweet
wine
fasting
,
and
hauing
no
meat
in
his
stomack
vndigested
,
and
hauing
digested
the
medicine
he
must
eat
presently
.
And
therefore
if
it
be
true
as
all
antiquity
and
experience
approueth
,
that
the
Goates
blood
breaketh
and
dissolueth
the
Adamant
stone
,
then
much
more
(
saith
Iacobus
Siluius
)
may
it
worke
vppon
the
stone
in
a
mans
bladder
.
The
flesh
of
Goats
decocted
in
Water
,
take
away
all
bunches
and
kernels
in
the
body
.
Pliny
The
fat
of
this
beast
is
more
moysT
then
a
females
or
a
kids
,
and
therefore
it
is
most
strong
in
operation
,
to
scatter
,
dissolue
,
and
resolue
more
then
a
sheep
.
Dioscorides
.
It
cureth
all
fissures
in
the
lippes
mixed
with
Goose-greace
,
Rozen
,
Pitch
,
and
the
marrow
of
a
Hart.
Also
if
one
be
troubled
with
swellings
in
his
Temples
or
in
his
Legges
,
let
him
vse
of
this
sewet
halfe
a
pound
,
and
a
pound
of
Capons-greace
mixed
therewith
,
and
spreading
it
vpon
a
cloth
like
a
seare-cloth
,
let
him
apply
it
to
the
sore
and
it
shall
help
mightily
.
Marcellus
Also
when
the
necke
of
an
Oxe
swelleth
,
it
hath
been
prooued
for
a
golden
remedy
,
to
take
and
annoint
it
with
Goates-greace
,
liquid
Pitch
,
the
marrowe
of
a
Bugle
or
Oxe
,
and
olde
Oyle
,
and
may
as
well
be
called
Tetrapharmacum
,
as
that
of
Galen
made
of
Wax
,
Rozen
,
Columella
Pitch
,
and
Goates-sewet
.
Also
if
the
blood
be
fallen
into
Oxens
Legges
,
it
must
be
let
forth
,
or
else
it
will
breed
the
mange
;
and
therefore
first
of
all
the
place
must
be
cut
with
a
knife
,
and
then
rubbed
with
clouts
wet
in
salt
and
oile
,
and
last
of
all
annointed
with
old
sewet
and
Goats-greace
.
Rasis
Two
ounces
of
this
Goates-greace
and
a
pinte
of
greene
Oyle
mixed
together
,
and
melted
in
a
potte
,
and
infused
into
one
that
hath
the
bloody-flixe
,
cureth
him
speedily
:
when
the
whot
dung
or
fime
of
a
Goate
is
mixed
with
Saffron
and
applyed
to
the
gouty
members
Hydropicke
,
it
worketh
vpon
them
a
strange
cure
:
and
some
ad
heerunto
the
stalks
of
Iuy
beaten
,
Mustard-seed
,
and
the
flower
of
wilde
Cucumber
.
The
Lyuer
of
this
beast
layed
vppon
a
man
that
hath
beene
bitten
by
a
mad
Dogge
,
causeth
him
neuer
to
be
afrayd
of
Water
:
the
same
being
sodde
,
yealdeth
a
certaine
lyquor
,
Galen
.
and
sore
eyes
being
annointed
with
that
liquor
,
within
twelue
times
recouer
;
and
drunke
in
sharpe
Wine
,
and
layed
to
the
Nauell
,
stayeth
the
fluxe
;
also
sod
in
Wine
no
scumme
or
froth
being
taken
off
from
it
,
but
permitted
to
ioine
with
it
,
helpeth
the
bloody-flixe
.
Myrepsus
The
entralles
of
a
Goate
eaten
are
profitable
against
the
falling
sicknesse
.
The
Gall
killeth
the
Leprosie
,
al
swellings
and
Botches
in
such
bodyes
,
and
being
mingled
with
Cheese
,
Quicksiluer
,
and
powder
of
sponge
,
and
made
as
thicke
as
hony
,
taketh
away
the
spots
and
burles
in
the
face
.
It
also
rooteth
out
and
consumeth
dead
flesh
in
a
wound
,
and
also
mingled
with
bran
and
the
vrine
of
a
Bull
,
cureth
the
scurffe
in
the
head
.
Actius
also
teacheth
women
how
to
conceiue
with
childe
,
if
she
dip
a
purple
cloth
in
Goats-blood
,
and
apply
it
to
her
Nauell
seuen
daies
,
and
afterwarde
lie
with
a
man
in
the
prime
and
encrease
of
the
Moone
:
the
gall
of
a
wilde
Goat
is
commended
priuately
,
for
the
helpe
of
them
that
are
purblind
,
and
for
all
whitenes
and
vlcers
in
the
eies
;
and
when
the
haires
which
trouble
the
eyes
be
pulled
vp
,
if
the
place
be
anoynted
with
the
gall
of
goates
,
the
haire
will
neuer
growe
any
more
.
The
melt
being
sod
,
helpeth
the
Flix
,
and
the
Spleene
taken
hot
out
out
of
the
beastes
belly
,
and
applied
to
the
Spleene
of
a
man
,
doeth
within
short
time
ease
it
of
all
paine
,
if
afterward
it
be
hanged
vppe
in
any
fume
or
smoake
to
be
dryed
.
Albertus
and
Rasis
say
,
Marcellus
that
if
a
man
eat
two
Goats
stones
,
and
presently
lye
with
his
wife
,
she
shall
bring
foorth
a
male
childe
,
but
if
he
eate
but
one
,
then
shall
the
child
haue
but
one
stone
.
The
fyme
decocted
with
Honny
,
and
layed
to
vlcers
and
swellinges
,
dissolueth
or
draweth
them
,
and
mingled
with
Vineger
,
is
most
profitably
vsed
to
take
away
blacke
spottes
in
the
face
.
And
if
hee
which
is
sicke
of
the
falling
euill
doe
eate
thereof
fifteene
pilles
,
or
little
Balles
,
it
shall
procure
vnto
him
much
ease
.
If
it
bee
mingled
with
Mouse-dunge
,
Galen
.
toasted
at
the
fire
and
sprinkled
with
Honney
,
and
so
annointed
vppon
balde
places
,
where
you
woulde
haue
the
hayre
to
growe
againe
,
and
mingled
with
Vineger
wherein
a
sea-onion
hath
bin
st●eped
,
and
bound
to
the
forehead
or
temples
,
asswageth
the
pain
of
the
brain-pan
.
The
pastorall
Carthaginians
,
to
the
intent
that
the
humour
flowing
out
at
their
Childrens
noses
,
may
neuer
hurt
them
,
burne
a
vaine
in
the
crowne
of
the
head
with
Wooll
,
when
they
are
foure
yeare
old
,
and
thereby
they
conceiue
that
they
are
kept
and
conserued
in
perpetuall
good
health
:
and
if
when
they
burne
their
children
,
they
fell
into
a
crampe
,
they
eased
them
presently
by
casting
vppon
them
the
vrine
of
goates
.
Herodotus
.
When
a
man
is
thicke
of
hearing
,
mingle
together
the
gall
of
an
Oxe
,
and
the
vrine
of
a
Goate
,
and
infused
into
the
eares
,
although
there
bee
in
them
a
verye
mattery
substance
.
Galen
prescribeth
this
potion
to
euacuate
that
Water
which
lyeth
betwixt
the
skinne
by
Vrine
,
if
one
drinke
Hysope
Water
and
the
vrine
of
a
goat
:
Likewise
it
helpeth
the
Dropsie
,
and
the
duste
of
an
Elephauntes
tooth
drunke
in
this
goates
Vrine
,
it
dissolueth
the
stone
in
the
reynes
and
bladder
,
without
all
fearefull
perill
and
daunger
.
The
medicines
arising
out
of
the
female
goat
are
these
,
we
find
that
the
Female-goat
,
Pliny
.
and
the
land
toad
being
sodden
together
,
are
cures
of
singular
woorth
for
the
diseases
of
all
liuing
foure-footed-beasts
.
The
(
Magi
)
or
wisemen
say
,
that
the
right
eie
of
a
greene
liuing
Lizard
,
being
taken
out
and
his
hedforthwith
strok
off
and
put
in
a
goats
skin
is
of
a
great
force
against
quartan
Agues
.
The
ashes
of
a
goats
hide
besmeared
ouer
with
oile
,
Pliny
.
taketh
away
the
spots
in
the
face
.
The
same
ashes
made
of
a
goates
hide
,
recouereth
the
blisters
and
gals
of
the
feet
.
The
shauiug
of
the
Goates
skinne
,
Marcellus
being
rubbed
with
pummicestone
,
and
mixed
with
Vineger
,
Pliny
.
is
an
excellent
approued
good
remedy
for
the
smal
pox
If
a
woman
bleed
ouermuch
at
the
nose
,
Marcellus
.
let
her
breasts
be
bound
with
a
thong
made
of
a
goats
skinne
.
The
same
being
sodden
with
the
haire
on
it
,
the
iuyce
being
soked
vppe
,
Marcellus
.
staieth
the
belly
.
It
is
not
good
for
those
that
haue
the
falling
sicknesse
to
sleepe
or
lie
in
a
goates
skinne
,
if
at
any
time
the
passion
mooueth
them
to
it
;
Pliny
yet
it
is
hurtfull
for
their
heade
,
by
reason
of
the
ranke
smell
,
and
not
for
any
other
particuler
priuat
cause
.
Goats
haires
being
burnt
,
do
appease
all
yssues
of
blood
,
Coelius
Aureliaenus
which
being
mixed
with
Vineger
they
are
good
to
staunch
the
bleeding
at
nose
,
and
you
may
blow
in
their
nostrils
goats
haires
burnt
and
whole
,
and
also
myrrhe
mixed
with
goats
haires
so
burnt
.
Aesculapius
Sextus
The
same
also
burned
and
mingled
with
pitch
and
Vineger
,
helpeth
the
bleeding
at
nose
,
Gallen
and
being
put
in
the
nose
they
stir
vp
lethargies
.
Marcellus
.
Sextus
.
Pliny
.
The
sauor
of
the
Goats
horne
or
of
the
haire
doth
the
like
,
Goats
dung
in
sweet
water
▪
doth
expell
the
stone
in
the
body
,
so
doth
the
ashes
of
Goats
haire
in
like
mane●
,
which
being
burned
and
brused
,
and
giuen
in
a
medicine
,
they
doe
mightily
helpe
and
recouer
the
strangury
.
Marcellus
It
is
also
reported
that
Goats
horne
and
the
haires
being
burnt
,
will
driue
away
Serpents
:
and
their
ashes
soked
or
annoynted
,
is
very
good
against
strokes
or
sti●ging
of
Serpents
.
Plinyus
.
To
stay
the
flux
in
the
belly
,
take
the
hairs
that
grow
behind
on
the
Goats
sitting
place
,
and
burne
them
,
which
being
tempered
with
beaten
Barly
and
oile
,
must
be
perfumed
vnder
a
mans
seat
.
Hippocrates
Goats
flesh
being
rosted
by
the
fire
where
dead
men
are
burnt
,
is
good
for
those
that
haue
the
falling
sicknes
.
The
same
is
a
good
remedie
against
the
falling
sicknes
.
It
is
good
for
such
to
absteine
from
Hogs
flesh
,
beefe
,
or
Goats
flesh
.
They
that
drinke
goats
blood
wax
pale
presently
on
it
,
Sextus
Coelius
.
which
is
excellent
to
get
out
spots
of
any
thing
:
it
also
very
good
against
those
that
are
intoxicat
with
poyson
,
and
therefore
must
be
drunk
with
wine
;
and
being
sod
with
marrow
,
Marcellus
it
is
good
against
the
same
disease
,
so
is
the
male-Goates
blood
.
The
roote
of
sinke-foyle
drunke
in
wine
,
helpeth
il
humors
.
Goats
blood
also
,
either
of
the
male
or
of
the
female
,
Discorides
aswageth
the
inwards
and
the
flowings
or
laskes
of
the
belly
:
it
is
good
for
those
that
haue
the
Dropsie
,
being
tempered
with
honye
,
and
also
sodden
with
marrow
.
Some
vse
it
against
the
bloodie
Flix
and
paine
of
the
belly
,
being
also
sodden
with
marrow
,
Pliny
.
it
is
good
against
the
same
disease
.
If
you
mix
Goats
blood
with
chisel
sleept
in
broth
and
a
little
Rosin
put
into
it
,
whereof
make
a
plaister
and
lay
it
to
the
belly
or
other
parts
,
and
it
recouereth
any
paine
thereabouts
.
The
fat
of
the
male
Goat
is
more
faster
,
and
therfore
good
for
those
that
haue
the
bloody
flix
.
Marcellinus
The
substance
of
a
Goat
is
fat
,
yet
is
not
the
fat
of
a
Goat
so
moist
as
a
swines
,
but
for
bitings
,
&
those
that
are
grieued
in
their
bellie
goats
fat
is
better
then
swines
,
not
because
it
hath
more
operation
in
it
to
expell
the
greefe
,
but
by
reason
it
is
thicke
,
whereas
the
Swines
greace
will
run
about
like
oyle
:
Galen
.
neither
is
the
fat
of
Kyds
so
warme
and
dry
as
female-Goats
,
neither
the
male-Goats
so
fat
as
the
gelded
Goats
,
in
Latin
called
(
Hircus
)
also
female-Goats
fat
is
more
binding
then
the
●allow
of
Oxen
,
but
the
males
fat
is
good
against
Scorpions
made
in
a
perfume
.
It
is
also
good
for
those
that
are
poysoned
with
French
green
flyes
called
(
Cantharides
.
)
Aetius
.
Being
tempered
with
wax
is
taketh
away
the
stinging
of
Serpents
,
it
helpeth
any
biting
or
wound
:
If
a
womans
breast
grieue
her
after
her
deliuery
of
child
,
let
her
seeth
husked
Barley
and
scallions
,
and
the
fat
of
a
male-Goate
,
whereof
let
her
drinke
a
little
.
Against
the
ach
of
the
eies
,
take
Goats
fat
and
sheeps
togither
,
Pliny
.
with
a
little
warme
water
.
Almost
euerie
greef
of
the
body
if
it
be
no
wound
,
wil
be
more
easily
recouerd
by
plaisters
,
but
if
the
greefe
be
as
it
were
grounded
,
Gallen
(
or
an
old
greefe
)
let
it
be
burned
,
and
vpon
the
place
so
scorched
,
put
Butter
or
the
fat
of
a
male-Goat
,
it
will
also
recouer
and
heal
kibes
and
Chilblanes
.
It
helpeth
the
kings
euill
,
so
doeth
the
fat
of
the
female-Goates
helpe
the
same
disease
.
Collumella
The
males
fat
mixed
with
Arsenicke
,
taketh
away
the
roughnes
of
the
nails
:
it
also
healeth
the
nailes
of
the
Leprosie
without
any
paine
:
it
expelleth
the
Cartharid●ns
being
applyed
with
the
iuyce
of
the
grape
that
groweth
on
a
wilde
Vine
.
This
goates
fat
is
profitable
to
helpe
any
about
the
straightnes
of
their
mouths
or
lips
,
being
tempred
with
wax
it
allaieth
sores
and
blisters
,
Pliny
.
and
with
pitch
and
Brimstone
it
healeth
them
,
and
being
applied
with
hony
and
the
iuyce
of
a
brambell
,
it
cureth
the
swellings
arising
in
the
hands
or
fingers
,
especially
in
curing
of
fellons
.
The
fat
of
a
Bull
well
salted
,
or
if
it
be
in
an
ach
or
griefe
,
dipt
it
in
oile
without
salt
,
and
so
after
the
same
manner
is
the
Male-goats
fat
vsed
,
which
being
tempered
with
roses
,
taketh
away
the
wheales
or
blisters
that
riseth
in
the
night
,
being
also
dropped
into
the
ears
of
one
that
is
deafe
,
it
recouereth
him
.
It
helpeth
the
falling
sicknes
,
putting
thereto
as
much
of
the
gal
of
Buls
,
iust
of
the
same
weight
,
Aesculapius
and
seeth
it
together
,
and
then
laie
it
in
the
skinne
of
the
gall
that
it
touch
not
the
ground
,
and
drinke
it
out
of
the
water
.
It
is
also
good
against
the
stinging
of
Scorpions
being
applied
with
Butter
and
the
meale
of
(
Zea
)
warmed
and
washed
with
red
Wine
.
The
broath
that
is
confected
of
Goats
fat
sodden
,
Dioscorides
is
excellent
for
those
that
are
troubled
with
the
Pthisicke
,
to
sup
now
and
then
a
fewe
,
also
it
helpeth
the
cough
being
tempered
with
new
sweet
wine
,
that
an
ounce
may
be
put
in
a
goblet
&
so
mixed
with
a
branch
of
Rue
.
It
being
also
sodden
with
husked
barly
,
easeth
those
that
haue
fretting
in
the
guts
.
The
same
also
sodden
with
barley
flower
and
wine
made
of
pomegranates
and
Cheese
,
Mar●illus
let
it
be
giuen
to
those
that
are
troubled
with
the
bloody
flixe
,
and
let
them
take
it
with
the
iuyce
of
husked
barly
.
Rasis
also
saith
,
that
the
fat
of
a
fierce
Lyon
is
of
such
singular
account
,
that
if
a
glyster
be
made
of
it
,
with
the
water
of
barly
sod
,
either
with
the
water
of
tosted
meale
,
Dioscorides
and
boyled
Sunach
,
and
so
dissolued
with
waxe
,
it
is
a
most
pretious
remedy
for
the
swelling
of
the
inwards
.
But
Goats
fat
doth
much
help
the
griefes
of
the
inward
parts
that
nothing
commeth
forth
but
cold
water
.
Pliny
.
The
fat
of
the
Buck-goat
many
vse
(
being
sod
with
bread
and
ashes
)
against
the
bloody
flixe
,
and
also
the
she-goates
fat
being
taken
out
of
her
back
alone
being
a
little
cold
,
and
then
supped
vp
:
Other
allow
the
fat
to
be
sodden
with
Barly
flower
,
Cinnamon
,
annise
,
and
vineger
mixed
together
.
The
same
fat
taken
so
out
of
the
backe
mixed
with
barly
bran
,
and
Cinnamon
,
annise
,
and
vineger
,
Pliny
.
of
each
of
them
alike
,
and
seeth
thereof
,
and
being
strained
giue
it
the
patient
that
is
diseased
with
the
bloody
flixe
,
and
it
shall
most
speedily
help
him
.
The
same
also
mixed
with
Pellitory
and
Ciprian
Waxe
,
may
be
laide
to
the
gowte
.
Marcellus
Also
sodden
with
Goates
Dunge
and
Saffron
,
and
layed
on
the
gout
it
asswageth
the
griefe
.
The
marrow
of
the
Female-goate
,
in
the
forth
place
next
after
the
marrow
of
the
Hart
,
the
Calfe
,
and
the
Bull
is
commended
of
Dioscorides
,
but
the
last
of
all
is
the
sheeps
fat
.
The
Harts
is
most
renowned
of
all
,
next
the
Calues
,
then
the
Buck-goats
,
and
last
of
all
the
Female-goats
.
To
help
the
griefe
of
eies
.
Take
the
marrow
of
Goats
,
and
annoynt
your
eies
,
and
it
will
cure
them
.
Goates
blood
sodde
with
marrow
may
be
taken
against
all
toxicall
poyson
.
Pliny
saith
,
that
theyr
dung
being
annointed
with
Hony
,
is
good
for
the
watering
or
dropping
of
the
eyes
,
and
their
marrow
against
aches
.
The
blood
of
Goates
,
their
marrow
,
and
their
Liuer
,
is
very
good
to
ease
the
belly
.
Goates
blood
sodden
with
the
marrow
helpeth
the
blody
flix
,
and
those
that
haue
the
dropsie
,
and
yet
I
think
that
the
bucks
is
more
effectual
and
of
greater
operation
so
it
be
eaten
with
mastick
.
Also
the
goats
marrow
is
good
for
the
eies
of
Horses
.
The
right
Horne
of
a
Goat
is
of
some
held
to
be
of
more
effect
then
the
other
,
Pliny
which
I
rather
hold
to
be
superstitious
,
Pliny
.
whatsoeuer
other
reason
or
secret
quality
the
Horne
may
afford
for
the
bitings
of
Serpents
,
take
Goates
horne
and
burne
the
haires
of
them
,
and
the
ashes
of
them
soked
in
Water
,
and
Goates
Milke
with
the
horne
,
and
wilde
Margerom
,
and
three
cups
of
wine
put
together
,
and
being
drunk
against
the
stinging
of
an
adder
expelleth
the
poison
.
Sextus
.
The
ashes
of
Goates
horne
being
all
annointed
with
Oyle
,
tempered
with
Mirtle
,
stayeth
the
sweating
of
the
body
.
Harts
horne
and
Goats
being
burned
and
(
if
it
be
requisite
)
is
good
to
wash
the
teeth
withall
,
and
it
will
make
them
looke
white
,
Plinius
and
the
gums
soft
.
It
is
also
good
against
the
bloody-flixe
,
and
watering
of
the
eyes
in
regard
they
are
most
vsuall
.
Yet
they
neither
asswage
the
griefes
nor
consume
them
,
which
are
of
a
could
and
dry
nature
.
Harts
horne
being
burnt
as
also
a
Goates
horne
,
taketh
away
bitings
.
Goates
dung
or
the
horne
being
burnt
to
ashes
,
and
dipped
in
vineger
,
stoppeth
the
blood
.
Gallen
The
corrupt
blood
that
commeth
out
of
the
Lyuer
of
a
Bucke-Goate
is
more
effectuall
and
of
a
better
operation
,
and
the
ashes
of
a
Goates
horne
or
dung
soked
in
Wine
or
vineger
and
annoint
the
Nostrils
,
stayeth
bleeding
at
the
Nose
.
Plinius
Goates
Horne
being
burned
at
the
end
,
and
the
pieces
or
scorchinges
that
rise
thereof
,
must
be
shaken
into
a
new
vessell
vntill
the
horne
be
quite
consumed
,
then
beate
and
bruise
them
with
vineger
made
of
Sea-onyons
,
and
anoint
the
euill
called
Saint
Anthonies
fire
,
and
it
is
of
a
miraculous
operation
.
●●●ius
It
will
make
one
sleepe
that
is
troubled
with
the
weakenesse
of
his
head
and
watching
,
if
it
be
layed
vnder
their
pillow
.
It
being
mixed
with
bran
and
oyle
of
mirtle
,
it
keepeth
the
haires
fast
that
are
falling
off
the
head
.
The
sauour
of
the
Horne
burned
descrieth
the
falling
sicknes
,
so
doth
the
smell
of
the
intrals
of
a
Goat
or
the
liuer
eaten
:
likewise
it
raiseth
vp
a
lethargick
man
.
They
vse
also
the
hornes
of
Harts
and
Goats
to
make
white
the
teeth
and
to
fasten
the
gums
.
The
same
shorne
or
shauen
into
mixt
Hony
,
represseth
the
fluxe
of
the
belly
:
In
the
paine
of
the
belly
perfume
the
shauings
of
the
same
,
mingled
with
oile
&
burned
barly
,
the
same
perfume
is
good
to
be
laid
vpon
the
vlcers
of
horses
.
The
hoofes
of
Goats
are
prescribed
by
Palladius
to
be
burned
for
the
driuing
away
of
Serpentes
,
and
the
dust
of
them
put
into
vineger
cureth
the
Alopecias
.
The
dust
of
their
hoofes
is
good
to
rub
the
teeth
withall
,
also
to
driue
away
the
swellings
in
the
disease
called
S.
Anthonies
fire
.
Burne
the
foote
of
the
Goate
with
the
horne
,
and
reserue
the
dust
thereof
in
a
boxe
,
and
when
you
will
vse
it
wette
the
place
,
first
with
Wine
,
and
afterwardes
cast
on
the
powder
.
The
iuyce
of
a
goates
head
sod
with
haire
,
is
commended
for
burstnesse
in
the
belly
,
and
the
ancient
Magicians
gaue
the
braine
of
the
goats
to
little
infants
against
the
falling
sicknesse
,
but
pressed
through
a
golde
ring
,
the
same
cureth
carbunckles
in
the
belly
being
taken
with
Hony
.
If
the
body
or
head
bee
rubbed
with
that
Water
or
meate
which
falleth
out
of
the
mouth
of
a
goate
,
mingled
with
hony
and
salt
they
kill
all
kinde
of
Lice
,
and
the
same
thing
giueth
remedy
to
the
paine
of
the
belly
,
but
if
it
be
taken
ouermuch
it
purgeth
.
The
broath
of
the
entrals
to
be
gargarized
in
the
mouth
,
cureth
the
exulceration
of
the
toung
and
arteries
.
The
Lyuer
of
the
Female-goate
sodde
and
eaten
is
giuen
against
the
falling
euill
,
and
taketh
from
the
conuulsion
,
and
with
the
liquor
thereof
,
after
it
is
sod
it
is
good
to
annoint
the
pur-blinde
eies
,
Galen
.
Dioscorides
also
it
is
good
to
holde
the
eyes
open
ouer
it
while
it
seetheth
,
and
to
receiue
into
them
the
fume
,
and
the
reason
heerof
is
because
that
goats
see
as
perfectly
in
the
night
as
in
the
day
time
,
and
therefore
Celsus
saith
,
that
this
medicine
is
most
agreeable
to
them
that
cannot
see
at
all
in
the
night
,
as
it
hapneth
to
women
whose
monethly
courses
are
stopped
,
and
then
it
is
good
for
them
to
annoint
theyr
eies
with
the
blood
of
a
Goate
,
and
eate
the
liuer
sod
or
rosted
.
The
pouder
of
the
liuer
burnd
,
purged
and
drunke
in
wine
,
cureth
the
collicke
.
If
a
woman
in
trauell
or
with
childe
be
swollen
vp
,
let
her
take
a
Goats
liuer
rowled
in
warme
ashes
,
Trallianus
and
let
her
eat
it
in
foure
daies
,
and
drinke
old
wine
thereunto
,
so
shall
she
be
deliuered
.
The
gall
is
contrary
to
all
poysoned
Witch-craft
made
vppon
the
rusticke
Weasill
,
and
if
the
Kings
euill
be
dayly
touched
therewith
at
the
beginning
,
it
will
keepe
it
from
ouer-spreading
,
Pliny
.
and
with
beaten
Alum
it
disperseth
scabs
:
The
old
Magicians
wer
wont
to
say
,
that
when
a
man
rubbed
his
eies
when
he
lay
down
,
and
put
it
vnderneath
his
pillow
,
Marcellus
.
he
should
sleepe
soundly
,
it
driueth
away
scabbes
in
the
head
if
it
be
mingled
with
fullers
chaulke
,
so
as
the
haires
may
dry
alittle
,
and
the
same
with
Honey
helpeth
the
eies
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Serenus
:
Hybt
aei
mellis
succi
cum
felle
caprino
Subueniunt
oculis
dira
caligine
pressis
.
The
Physitians
in
application
heereof
to
the
cure
of
eyes
take
many
ways
,
and
mix
it
with
other
drugs
,
as
when
they
giue
it
against
whitenesse
in
the
eyes
with
Hellebore
,
againste
wounds
and
pin
and
webs
with
wine
,
and
against
the
broken
tunicles
with
a
womans
milk
,
and
therefore
Rasis
and
Albertus
do
iustly
call
the
gal
of
a
goat
an
eie-salue
,
and
also
beeing
instilled
into
the
eares
when
they
are
ful
of
paine
,
it
cureth
them
,
first
mingling
it
with
a
scruple
of
Hony
in
an
earthen
sheard
,
Marcellus
.
and
so
infusing
it
into
the
eare
,
and
shutting
it
in
with
a
little
wooll
.
Also
all
the
paines
in
the
eares
are
cured
by
the
stalkes
or
iuyce
of
leekes
,
gall
of
Goats
,
and
sweete
water
;
and
if
there
be
any
rupture
in
the
eare
then
vse
therewith
a
Womans
milke
,
or
warme
oyle
of
roses
:
likewise
against
the
cankers
in
the
gums
,
and
the
Squinancy
it
is
profitable
to
vse
it
with
Hony
.
For
all
tumors
or
swellings
in
the
necke
,
take
equall
quantities
of
this
gal
,
of
Goose-grease
,
and
the
yolke
of
an
Egge
,
and
these
being
all
mingled
together
let
the
offended
place
be
rubbed
therewith
.
The
same
with
the
iuyce
of
Cyclamyne
and
a
litle
alum
looseneth
the
belly
,
Marcellus
and
Wool
being
well
dipped
therein
and
bound
to
the
Nauell
of
the
belly
,
expelleth
the
worms
,
it
cureth
the
faults
in
the
seat
by
anointment
,
it
hath
also
another
vertue
in
it
expressed
by
the
Poet
in
this
verse
;
Languidus
antiquo
purgatur
penis
Iaccho
.
Ac
super
illi
nitur
foecundae
felle
capellae
.
The
melt
sod
cureth
the
bloody-flixe
,
and
the
bladder
burnt
and
giuen
in
posset
drinke
is
good
for
them
that
cannot
containe
vrine
in
their
sleepe
,
Sextus
&
the
secunds
of
a
female
goat
being
drunk
in
wine
of
women
after
their
deliuery
,
Plinius
eiecteth
&
casteth
forth
their
secunds
also
.
The
milke
is
many
waies
auaileable
,
for
Demcerates
the
Physitian
in
the
recouery
of
Confidia
the
daughter
of
Seruilius
which
had
beene
Consull
,
vsed
the
milke
of
Goats
along
season
which
he
fed
with
Lentiles
:
sea-crabs
mixed
with
this
milke
,
expelleth
poyson
,
and
the
first
milke
of
a
Goat
which
is
milked
from
her
after
the
weaning
of
the
Kid
drunke
by
him
that
hath
a
quartane
ague
,
easeth
the
fits
thereof
.
And
some
of
the
ancient
Phisitians
gaue
as
much
dunge
of
swallowes
as
will
lie
vpon
three
groats
,
Columella
mixed
with
this
milke
against
a
quartane
Ague
,
and
when
young
lambes
were
sicke
,
the
shepherds
cured
them
by
infusing
into
their
chaps
the
milke
of
goates
:
the
powder
of
Betony
drunke
out
of
Goates
milke
stayeth
bleeding
.
Plinius
The
holy
fire
is
a
disease
of
sheepe
almost
incurable
,
because
if
any
remedy
doe
but
touch
them
,
they
fall
mad
:
but
they
onely
in
this
Malady
admit
for
the
recreation
or
remedy
goats
milke
.
The
roote
of
the
greater
Siler
decocted
in
Goats
milke
;
cureth
those
cold
vstions
in
the
flesh
or
belly
,
when
the
place
looketh
blacke
or
looseth
sence
:
and
Aesculapius
taught
his
followers
and
patients
to
drinke
it
against
the
ytche
,
or
any
biting
,
and
if
at
any
time
there
be
any
straine
in
any
member
of
the
body
,
so
that
the
Article
seemeth
to
decline
and
loose
his
former
strength
and
humour
,
it
is
recouered
againe
by
binding
vnto
it
lyne-seede
sod
in
Goates
milke
.
Funerius
aduiseth
to
wash
the
face
therewith
that
the
beauty
of
it
may
be
more
splendant
.
Take
seuen
Sea-crabs
and
being
beaten
to
powder
mingle
them
with
one
pinte
of
Goates
milke
and
a
cup
of
Oyle
,
and
so
straine
them
diligently
,
and
infuse
them
into
a
Horsses
mouth
which
is
sicke
of
the
headache
and
it
shal
cure
him
.
The
milke
also
by
the
counsell
of
Philistion
with
the
iuyce
of
Cabages
,
Salt
,
and
Hony
,
is
giuen
against
the
shortnesse
of
breath
,
and
if
the
right
eie
of
a
Chamaelion
be
pulled
out
of
her
aliue
,
and
put
into
Goats
milke
,
and
applyed
to
the
eyes
,
it
cureth
the
whitnesse
of
the
eies
.
The
fat
of
a
Bull
mixed
with
this
milke
and
infused
into
the
eares
,
cureth
their
mattery
euils
,
and
causeth
them
to
heare
more
assuredly
and
fiermely
.
The
gummes
of
children
annoynted
therewith
,
causeth
their
teeth
to
come
forth
with
lesse
paine
,
and
it
fasteneth
the
loose
teeth
by
often
rubbing
:
the
corners
in
the
throat
,
and
the
arteries
are
deliuered
from
exulcerations
by
gargarizing
this
milke
,
either
warmed
at
the
fire
,
or
else
as
it
commeth
forth
of
the
vdder
.
The
seede
of
Cresses
decocted
in
this
milke
and
drunke
,
Plinyus
Marcellus
easeth
the
paines
in
the
stomach
,
and
also
purgeth
being
mixed
with
salt
and
Hony
.
Marcellus
prescribeth
this
excellent
purgation
which
shall
neuer
make
the
party
sicke
,
that
is
a
pinte
of
Goates
milke
,
two
ounces
of
salt
Ammoniacke
and
one
ounce
of
the
best
Mecis
,
beate
them
altogether
and
giue
them
to
the
patient
fasting
,
Hippocrates
and
so
let
him
walke
a
good
while
till
the
mdicine
be
wrought
in
his
body
,
and
if
a
woman
be
with
child
and
oppressed
with
headache
or
haue
an
Ague
,
she
may
safely
take
this
milke
sod
with
Hony
.
The
Physitians
make
a
speciall
drinke
of
this
milke
,
which
they
cal
Schiston
;
it
is
sod
in
a
new
earthen
pot
,
and
hath
put
into
it
the
branches
of
a
fig-tree
,
and
so
many
cuppes
of
sweet
water
,
as
there
were
pintes
of
milke
,
and
when
it
boyleth
,
keepe
it
from
seething
ouer
,
by
putting
into
it
a
siluer
vessell
with
colde
water
,
and
being
taken
from
the
fire
,
deuide
it
into
many
vessels
till
it
be
cold
,
so
the
whay
wil
part
from
the
milke
:
and
some
take
the
whay
and
seeth
it
againe
till
the
third
part
be
onely
left
,
and
afterward
set
it
abroad
in
the
Sunne
to
coole
,
and
this
may
be
safely
drunke
fiue
dayes
together
(
euery
day
a
pint
)
at
fiue
seueral
times
,
against
the
falling
euil
,
melancholy
,
palsies
in
Leprosies
,
gowtes
or
paines
in
the
Articles
,
and
the
sicknesse
of
the
liuer
,
which
is
like
to
a
plereusie
.
Or
let
him
drinke
the
Goats
milke
,
the
third
part
thereof
mingled
with
hony
(
as
Hippocrates
prescribeth
)
or
with
the
seed
of
Mathrum
(
as
Serenus
counselleth
)
in
this
verse
:
—
Stomacho
medentur
Semina
Mathrifactae
cum
lacte
capella
.
A
draught
of
Goats
milke
sodden
with
mallowes
,
and
a
little
salt
put
to
it
,
represseth
the
gripings
of
the
belly
,
Plinius
and
if
you
put
a
little
rennet
vnto
it
,
it
wil
be
more
profitable
.
Goats
milk
tempered
with
rennet
,
before
it
be
altogether
strained
,
while
it
is
warme
,
it
must
be
giuen
to
those
that
haue
the
bloodie
flix
to
drinke
,
and
it
will
helpe
them
presently
:
put
also
to
a
good
potion
of
sweet
Wine
mingled
with
goates
milke
,
Marcellus
and
a
little
rennet
of
a
kid
(
as
much
as
a
nut
kernell
is
)
which
being
tempred
with
the
hand
,
let
it
be
giuen
to
the
patient
,
laboring
with
the
bloody
flix
,
before
it
be
strained
,
for
the
space
of
three
daies
.
Let
this
drinke
be
giuen
one
that
is
fasting
about
the
time
he
riseth
,
and
being
boyled
,
put
sufficient
Barly
flower
to
it
,
Marcellus
.
and
being
in
like
manner
like
pap
or
pottage
,
you
must
giue
it
to
the
patient
to
drinke
for
the
same
disease
.
Goats
milke
being
sodden
halfe
away
,
may
be
giuen
to
those
that
haue
the
bloody
flix
.
If
they
that
be
troubled
with
fretting
of
the
guts
,
and
the
flix
,
are
weakened
by
reason
of
their
often
going
to
the
stoole
.
Plinius
The
broath
of
a
fat
Henne
sod
with
Butter
or
goats
milke
,
or
Sheepes
,
warmed
by
it
selfe
,
or
else
sod
with
Butter
,
is
very
good
to
be
giuen
vnto
them
.
Take
three
ounces
of
Amylum
,
Marcellus
being
a
kind
of
meat
,
three
moneths
olde
,
into
as
much
goats
milke
sod
as
you
shall
thinke
fit
,
and
so
giue
it
the
patient
by
svppository
meanes
for
the
bloody
Flix
.
Oxen
,
Dioscorides
Sheepes
,
or
goats
milke
,
staieth
the
exulcerations
and
flowings
of
the
belly
,
so
it
bee
sod
on
the
coales
,
after
the
vse
of
glisters
,
if
a
mans
secret
inwards
do
abound
with
filth
,
but
if
not
after
the
foments
be
laid
to
the
roots
and
stocke
of
the
yard
,
fresh
goates
milke
must
be
applied
about
the
measure
Hemian
and
no
lesse
,
but
it
must
not
be
done
altogether
but
a
part
.
The
next
day
let
the
milke
seeth
til
the
one
halfe
be
diminished
,
still
taking
away
that
which
is
vpermost
(
I
meane
the
skinne
or
froth
that
gathereth
in
setling
)
and
so
vse
it
.
Aeti●s
.
For
the
risings
and
flowings
of
the
belly
and
the
flix
,
it
is
very
good
to
get
cows
milke
or
Goats
,
as
is
before
mentioned
of
the
Cow
.
Panicke
being
sod
in
goates
milke
,
helpeth
the
belly
,
being
taken
twice
a
day
,
and
so
it
is
good
for
the
fretting
of
the
guts
.
Old
bread
tempered
with
goates
milke
,
Plnyus
being
giuen
those
that
haue
the
fluxe
in
their
belly
twice
a
day
,
in
manner
of
supping
,
it
is
a
present
helpe
.
The
iuyce
of
planted
pease
,
soked
with
goats
milke
,
helpeth
the
lask
of
the
belly
.
The
melt
is
good
with
goates
milke
,
after
one
hath
fasted
two
daies
,
let
him
drinke
goats
milke
,
that
are
fedde
with
Iuy
,
without
any
other
kinde
of
meate
,
for
three
daies
togither
.
They
that
are
troubled
with
the
paine
of
the
melt
the
best
remedy
is
this
:
let
milche
goats
be
kept
fasting
three
daies
,
and
in
the
thirde
day
let
him
eate
Iuie
onely
,
and
let
them
bee
milked
before
they
drinke
,
Pliny
and
let
the
fasting
patient
greeued
about
his
melt
,
take
three
sextaries
Warme
of
that
milke
,
so
soone
as
she
is
milked
,
and
so
let
him
drinke
it
the
space
of
three
daies
,
during
which
time
he
shall
not
eat
nor
drinke
any
other
meate
,
and
it
shall
helpe
him
maruailously
.
Marcellus
He
that
hath
the
consumption
of
the
Spleene
,
let
him
drinke
the
whay
of
Goats
that
are
fed
with
Iuy
.
Goats
milke
also
halfe
sodden
,
so
it
be
of
them
that
feede
on
Iuy
onely
,
it
may
bee
giuen
to
children
that
are
troubled
with
the
paine
in
the
melt
.
A
drinke
made
of
Goats
milke
and
rennet
put
to
it
(
as
cheese
is
acustomed
to
be
made
)
and
giuen
to
those
that
haue
the
Dropsie
,
Aesculapius
they
shal
be
holpen
.
Also
Goats
milke
killeth
the
wormes
.
Sextus
.
Those
that
are
troubled
with
the
greefe
of
the
reynes
,
let
him
take
three
cups
of
Cretian
sod
in
wine
,
and
so
much
of
Goats
milk
,
and
three
and
thirty
grains
of
Cowcumber-seed
,
all
wel
bruised
togither
,
which
hee
may
drinke
at
one
draught
.
Anatolius
saith
,
Amitolins
.
that
a
porenger
full
of
Goats
milke
,
with
as
much
Amylum
,
which
is
as
much
as
three
porengers
of
Sheepes
milke
,
and
three
ounces
of
oile
,
all
which
well
tempered
together
must
be
giuen
through
a
horne
to
a
horsse
that
pisseth
blood
,
and
it
wil
remedy
the
same
:
and
Polygonius
saith
,
that
goates
milke
and
Amylum
with
three
Egges
and
the
iuyce
of
pellitory
,
is
good
for
the
same
disease
in
horses
.
Pelagonius
.
The
meale
of
Bettony
soked
out
of
Goats
milk
stayeth
the
blood
dropping
out
of
the
paps
.
Pliny
.
Phisitians
do
drink
certaine
medicines
made
of
goats
milke
that
increase
Venus
.
Marcellus
.
The
men
of
Thessalia
drinke
another
roote
of
a
certaine
hearbe
(
called
Orchim
)
beeing
softer
and
nothing
inferior
with
Goats
milke
to
stirre
vp
men
to
carnall
copulation
,
and
they
drinke
the
harder
kind
of
roote
so
tempered
to
stay
it
.
The
roote
Ragwort
(
as
some
call
it
)
being
giuen
to
women
with
childe
,
it
maketh
them
that
they
cannot
conceiue
,
being
of
watery
condition
:
against
which
Goats
milke
soked
with
honey
,
is
an
excellent
remedy
.
If
the
hinder
parts
that
are
somewhat
fleshy
stand
further
out
then
the
rest
,
and
open
,
Sextus
annoint
them
with
Goates
milke
warmed
.
If
any
mans
Sheepe
be
sicke
,
Innominatus
let
him
take
Goates
milke
mingled
with
Wine
,
and
so
let
him
giue
it
them
to
drinke
.
If
Lambes
bee
troubled
with
Agues
or
sicknesse
,
let
goates
milke
bee
giuen
them
thorough
a
horne
.
Cheese
made
of
goates
milke
is
an
excellent
helpe
for
those
that
haue
drunke
Miselden
.
Collumella
For
other
bitings
of
beasts
(
besides
that
of
a
madde
Dogge
)
goates
cheese
wel
dried
with
wilde
Margerom
must
be
drunk
.
The
same
also
is
excellent
against
the
stinging
of
Serpentes
;
For
all
other
bitinges
and
stinginges
of
lesser
Beastes
,
it
is
also
a
very
good
remedy
.
Being
dryed
out
of
Vineger
and
Honey
,
taketh
away
vlcers
and
blisters
.
This
same
cheese
when
it
is
new
,
so
it
bee
wel
pressed
and
no
whay
left
in
it
,
and
mixed
with
honey
,
is
most
excellent
against
the
quartan
Ague
.
Serenus
.
Goats
cheese
also
represseth
all
dolors
and
punctions
,
and
being
soft
and
new
,
and
made
with
hony
,
Pliny
.
and
couered
with
a
wollen
or
linnen
cloath
,
taketh
awaie
the
puffing
vp
of
the
flesh
.
It
being
dryed
with
scallions
,
you
may
anoint
Saint
Antonies
fire
with
it
.
Being
dried
out
of
Hony
and
Vineger
,
Aesculapius
Pliny
(
when
men
do
bath
)
without
oile
,
it
may
be
annointed
on
blacke
wheales
.
That
which
is
fresh
and
well
riuuated
,
being
laid
on
the
eies
,
it
quicklie
aswageth
the
paine
.
It
is
also
exceeding
good
for
the
pricking
of
the
eies
,
the
greefe
of
the
head
and
feete
,
it
is
also
good
for
the
dropping
of
the
eyes
,
with
a
little
warme
Water
applied
vnto
it
,
and
if
it
bee
a
swelling
of
the
eies
then
out
of
honey
,
either
of
which
greefes
is
to
bee
kept
warme
with
whay
.
For
the
greefe
of
a
mans
yard
,
seeth
goates
cheese
and
honey
,
of
a
like
quantity
in
a
poulteise
made
in
a
new
earthen
pot
,
and
so
laid
thereunto
twice
a
day
,
but
firste
wash
the
place
with
old
wine
that
is
to
be
cured
.
It
is
good
for
Carbuncles
,
and
if
a
woman
be
sicke
of
her
wombe
,
and
troubled
with
a
Febre
,
let
her
take
the
fift
part
of
halfe
a
Chaeuix
,
Pliny
.
of
Pettispurge
,
and
so
much
nettle
seede
,
and
halfe
a
Chaeuix
of
goates
cheese
scraped
,
being
tempered
with
old
wine
,
and
afterward
being
sodden
let
her
sup
it
vp
,
and
if
she
haue
the
Flix
let
her
drinke
the
blacke
wilde
grape
,
and
the
rinde
of
a
Pomegranat
,
and
a
nutkernel
,
and
the
rennet
of
a
Bul
,
these
being
washed
in
blacke
wine
,
goats
cheese
,
and
wheat-flower
put
them
together
.
Discorides
The
fime
or
dung
of
such
females
as
liue
in
the
Mountaines
drunke
in
wine
,
cureth
the
falling
euill
;
and
in
Galens
time
they
gaue
the
trindles
of
Goats
in
Wine
against
the
Iaundise
,
and
with
the
fime
they
annoynt
them
that
haue
the
fluxe
,
and
made
into
a
poltesse
is
very
helpfull
against
the
Collicke
:
but
Marcellus
prepareth
it
on
this
manner
:
first
it
must
be
steeped
in
water
and
strained
,
with
sixty
graines
of
pepper
,
and
three
porringers
of
sweet
water
,
and
so
deuide
it
into
three
equal
potions
to
be
drunke
,
in
three
seueral
daies
:
but
the
body
of
the
patient
must
be
first
washed
or
annointed
with
Acopus
,
so
as
all
perfrictions
by
sweate
may
be
auoyded
.
Aetius
against
the
hardnesse
of
the
Spleene
prescribeth
a
plaister
made
of
Goats
dung
,
barly
meale
,
and
the
dung
alone
against
all
tumours
or
swellings
of
the
melt
.
Against
water
lying
betwixt
the
skinne
,
and
the
skinne
and
the
flesh
this
is
prepared
many
waies
,
and
first
against
the
Dropsie
,
Archigenes
they
seeth
it
in
the
vrine
of
a
Boy
which
hath
tasted
of
poyson
,
or
in
the
Goates
vrine
,
till
it
be
as
thicke
that
it
will
sticke
and
cleaue
,
and
it
will
purge
all
by
the
belly
,
and
also
the
shauings
of
hides
which
Corriers
make
,
sod
in
vineger
with
Goates
dung
is
accounted
in
England
a
singular
medicine
to
represse
all
hydropick
swelling
in
the
legs
and
belly
.
The
fime
of
Female-goates
drunke
in
sweete
water
expelleth
the
stone
out
of
the
bladder
.
Plinea
Against
the
paine
in
the
hippes
,
the
Arabians
prescribe
it
in
this
manner
,
which
they
call
adustion
(
betwixt
the
thumbe
and
the
hand
)
there
is
a
hollow
place
wherein
they
put
Wooll
diped
in
Oyle
;
afterward
they
set
on
fire
little
piles
of
Goates
dung
in
the
same
Wooll
,
and
there
let
it
burne
till
the
fume
and
vapour
thereof
be
sensibly
felt
in
the
hip-bone
:
some
vse
to
apply
this
to
the
fat
,
but
in
our
time
it
is
all
out
of
vse
,
and
yet
seeing
the
paines
of
the
hip
doe
rather
fall
into
the
thighes
,
shinnes
and
Legges
,
then
assend
vp
into
the
Armes
and
shoulders
,
Aetius
and
Cornarius
saye
,
that
this
adustion
for
the
hips
was
vsed
in
the
auncient
time
diuers
waies
,
and
some
on
this
manner
,
holding
the
burning
dung
in
a
paire
of
tonges
vnto
the
leg
of
that
side
where
the
paine
lieth
,
vntill
the
adustion
be
felt
in
the
hip
,
and
this
course
vsed
Dioscorides
.
Quintillius
vsed
another
way
,
which
was
this
:
he
first
of
all
heate
the
Goates
dung
,
and
therewithall
burned
the
soft
and
fleshy
part
of
the
great
toe
,
neare
vnto
the
Naile
,
vntill
it
pierced
to
the
sicke
place
;
after
such
vstians
,
they
lay
beaten
leaues
of
leekes
with
salt
to
the
place
,
but
in
the
hard
bodies
of
country
men
invred
to
labour
,
they
apply
the
dung
of
goats
with
barly
meale
and
vineger
.
The
same
with
Saffron
and
Goates
sewet
,
applied
to
the
gowt
,
healeth
it
,
or
else
musterdseede
,
stalkes
of
Iuy
,
Bittony
,
or
the
flower
of
Wilde
cowcumber
,
the
same
drunke
with
spikneard
,
or
other
spice
,
stirreth
vp
a
womans
flowers
,
and
causeth
easie
deliuerance
,
but
being
beaten
into
meale
and
vineger
and
layed
to
a
womans
belly
,
with
wooll
and
Frankcumcense
,
stayeth
all
fluxes
and
Issues
:
also
little
bals
of
the
same
with
haires
and
the
fat
of
a
Sea-calfe
wrought
altogether
and
perfumed
vnder
a
woman
,
hath
the
same
effect
,
or
else
the
Lyuer
of
a
Sea-calfe
and
the
shauings
of
Ceder
wood
.
Pliny
affirmeth
,
that
the
midwiues
of
his
time
staied
the
greatest
fluxe
of
the
belly
by
drinking
the
vrine
of
a
Goat
,
and
afterwardes
anoynting
it
with
the
dung
of
a
Horse
that
hath
bruised
his
hoofe
.
Vegetius
Anatolius
Goats
blood
with
vineger
cureth
the
same
,
and
if
an
Apletree
haue
worms
in
it
,
the
dung
of
a
Goate
and
the
vrine
of
a
man
laied
to
the
root
driue
them
away
.
The
vrine
of
Goates
blood
drunke
with
vineger
,
resisteth
the
stinging
of
Serpents
,
and
also
being
laid
to
bunches
and
swellings
in
the
flesh
,
in
what
part
soeuer
they
be
,
it
disperseth
and
expelleth
them
.
Against
the
stifnesse
of
the
Necke
which
they
call
Opisthotonos
,
Take
vrine
of
a
Goate
and
the
heades
of
scallions
bruzed
to
iuyce
,
and
infuse
them
into
the
eares
;
and
the
same
mingled
with
the
oyle
of
roses
and
a
little
Nytre
,
cureth
the
paine
in
the
eares
by
infusion
,
or
by
the
smoke
perfumed
in
a
Goats
horne
twenty
dayes
together
.
Against
naturall
deafenesse
take
the
horne
of
a
Goate
newly
slaine
,
and
fill
it
with
the
vrine
and
hang
it
vp
nine
daies
in
the
smoke
,
Gallus
and
afterwards
vse
it
.
The
vrine
of
a
goate
made
warme
,
and
instilled
into
the
eares
,
and
the
fime
annoynted
with
fat
is
good
for
the
vaines
of
the
throat
.
For
the
Dropsie
drinke
one
spooenfull
mingled
with
Cardus
,
and
warme
it
at
the
fire
,
also
mingled
with
wine
or
water
,
it
expelleth
the
stone
in
the
bladder
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Serenns
:
Nec
non
obscaenus
caprae
:
potabitur
humor
Obruat
hic
morbum
tabefact
aque
saxa
remittit
.
The
same
Physitian
prescribed
Goats
trindles
to
be
drunke
in
wine
against
the
Iandis
,
and
to
stay
the
fluxes
of
women
,
the
same
dung
tied
in
a
cloath
about
vnquiet
children
,
especially
women-kind
,
maketh
them
more
still
,
being
mingled
with
wine
,
cureth
the
bitings
of
vipers
,
and
the
dung
taken
out
of
the
Goats
belly
and
annointed
vpon
the
sore
,
cureth
it
with
all
speede
:
the
same
vertue
it
hath
to
heale
men
wounded
by
Scorpions
,
being
decocted
in
Vineger
it
cureth
also
the
biting
of
a
mad
Dog
,
mixed
with
honey
and
wine
.
Being
laid
vpon
a
wound
it
keepeth
it
from
swelling
,
it
hath
the
same
vertue
mingled
with
Barley-meale
,
but
healeth
the
kings
euill
,
It
is
vsed
also
to
ripen
sores
and
ruptures
,
being
applyed
to
the
suppurations
,
it
keepeth
downe
the
swellings
of
womens
brests
,
being
first
dried
and
then
steeped
in
new
wine
,
and
so
laide
to
the
sore
,
for
it
disgesteth
inflamation
.
When
the
eyelids
be
thicke
,
hard
,
red
,
and
bald
,
take
goats
dung
and
Mouse
dung
,
of
eyther
a
like
quantity
burned
,
and
twice
so
much
of
the
powder
of
the
Graecian
canes
with
honey
Atticke
,
and
anoint
them
therewith
;
being
heate
with
Vineger
and
put
vpon
the
sore
it
cureth
Tetters
and
Ring
wormes
,
and
disperseth
Carbuncles
in
the
belly
:
also
being
heated
in
Vineger
with
cow
milke
,
oile
of
Cipres
and
Laurell
,
it
purgeth
and
cureth
al
wounds
of
the
legs
and
shins
,
it
pulleth
out
thorns
or
sharp
pricks
out
of
the
body
,
as
that
learned
Physitian
Mytiae
hath
proued
,
as
sheepes
dung
also
doeth
:
laying
it
round
about
the
wound
it
cureth
burnings
and
draweth
out
heat
,
with
oile
of
roses
and
Vineger
(
as
Gallen
writeth
.
)
It
is
also
commended
for
broken
ioynts
,
because
it
suffereth
them
not
to
swell
or
start
out
being
once
set
,
therefore
it
must
be
vsed
with
Honey
and
wine
,
and
it
hath
the
same
operation
for
broken
ribbes
,
for
it
openeth
,
draweth
and
healeth
:
also
it
being
decocted
with
Vineger
,
it
healeth
the
paines
in
the
nerues
although
they
be
ready
to
rot
,
and
easeth
the
paine
in
the
ioynts
:
the
fime
of
a
fat
Goat
cureth
the
gout
,
and
the
contraction
or
shrinking
of
the
nerues
;
being
dressed
with
Vineger
and
made
as
thick
as
Hony
,
it
helpeth
the
trembling
members
.
It
is
verie
dry
,
and
therefore
(
Arnoldus
saith
)
it
cureth
the
Fistula
,
making
a
plaister
thereof
with
the
meale
of
Beanes
,
Wine
and
Leigh
,
which
hath
beene
seene
wonderfully
to
drie
vp
the
Fistula
.
With
Oxymel
and
Vineger
it
cureth
the
Aleptius
but
it
must
be
burned
.
Take
seauen
bals
of
Goats
dung
,
worke
them
in
Vineger
,
then
anoint
your
forehead
therewith
,
and
it
easeth
the
paine
in
the
head
,
or
else
mingle
it
with
oile
of
roses
,
and
spred
it
vpon
a
cloath
laying
it
to
your
Temples
,
change
it
morning
and
euening
,
and
you
shal
find
great
ease
thereby
.
If
the
eies
be
swolne
at
any
time
,
bind
this
dung
vnto
them
:
being
mingled
with
Liquid
pitch
,
and
honey
,
healeth
them
which
are
sicke
of
the
Quinansie
,
being
gargarized
in
the
mouth
,
he
which
is
sicke
of
an
olde
Cough
,
let
him
take
the
dryed
trindles
and
put
them
into
the
best
wine
,
and
drinke
it
off
,
so
shall
he
presently
auoid
his
fleame
and
filthy
humor
and
be
healed
.
The
remedies
out
of
a
wilde
Goat
.
The
same
vertue
which
are
in
the
Goats
before
spoken
of
,
do
also
belong
to
the
wilde
Goats
,
the
blood
taketh
away
bunches
in
the
flesh
,
and
being
mingled
with
Sea-palme
,
causeth
the
hair
to
fall
off
.
An
ointment
made
of
the
fat
of
Goates
,
is
profitable
to
them
which
haue
webs
in
their
eies
,
and
the
fat
of
mountaine
Goats
,
helpeth
infected
Lightes
:
His
liuer
broiled
vpon
coales
and
taken
alone
,
helpeth
the
Flix
,
but
most
certainely
when
it
is
dried
and
drunke
in
wine
:
the
gawle
is
good
for
many
things
,
especially
it
is
a
Treacle
against
poison
,
suffusions
,
whitnesse
and
blindnesse
of
the
eies
,
by
annointing
,
it
cureth
the
purblind
and
the
webs
in
the
eie
,
and
generally
it
hath
the
same
properties
in
euery
part
as
the
tame
goats
before
spoken
of
.
The
like
may
be
said
of
the
Kyds
or
young
goats
,
and
first
of
all
a
Kyd
being
slit
assunder
aliue
,
and
his
warme
flesh
laide
to
a
poisoned
wound
,
doeth
most
assuredly
heale
the
same
.
Others
take
the
warm
flesh
of
kyds
and
perfume
them
with
hair
,
by
the
sauor
whereof
they
driue
away
Serpents
:
the
skinne
newly
pulled
off
,
and
put
vppon
the
body
beaten
with
stripes
,
taketh
away
their
paine
:
others
againe
vse
it
against
the
Crampe
,
and
not
without
reason
,
for
the
tender
skinnes
of
Lambes
and
Goates
,
being
sprinkled
or
dipped
in
Warme
Oyle
,
giueth
very
much
strength
and
patience
,
to
endure
the
convultion
.
Praxagoras
prescribeth
the
flesh
against
the
falling
euil
,
and
by
gargarizing
the
broath
when
it
was
sod
,
cureth
the
Quinsie
and
sorenesse
of
the
throat
.
Demetrius
saith
,
that
the
braine
being
drawne
thorough
a
gold
ring
and
giuen
to
a
Hawke
which
hath
the
fallinge
sicknes
,
it
will
worke
admirably
vpon
her
.
The
blood
being
dried
and
decocted
with
marrow
,
is
good
against
all
intoxicat
passions
and
being
mingled
with
sharpe
Vineger
before
it
be
congealed
,
it
helpeth
the
spitting
of
blood
:
the
same
being
eaten
,
cureth
all
kinde
of
Flixes
,
being
taken
three
daies
together
.
Gallen
rehearseth
in
the
Antidot
of
Vrbane
,
among
other
things
the
blood
of
Kyds
to
draw
the
deade
young
ones
out
of
the
dammes
belly
.
With
the
fatte
there
is
an
ointment
made
with
rose
water
,
to
heale
the
fissures
of
the
lippes
and
nose
,
which
is
much
desired
of
women
,
not
onely
for
the
before
rehearsed
virtue
,
but
also
because
by
annointing
they
keepe
by
it
their
face
from
Sunne-burning
.
The
French
and
Italians
call
it
(
Pomato
)
because
it
smelleth
like
Apples
,
they
put
also
into
it
muske
and
Rose-water
,
a
pound
of
kyds
sewet
,
and
warme
it
in
a
Bath
vntill
all
bee
white
,
and
so
wash
it
with
the
saide
rose
water
,
and
afterward
repose
it
in
a
glasse
:
The
ointment
which
is
caled
(
Vnguentum
album
)
is
like
vnto
it
:
the
ashes
of
the
thighes
of
a
kyd
,
healeth
burstnes
and
stancheth
blood
:
the
rennet
is
also
commendable
against
Hemlocke
,
or
toad-stoole
,
and
against
al
the
poisonfull
strokes
of
Sea-beasts
;
Being
drunke
in
Wine
it
stayeth
bleeding
,
and
refresheth
excreations
of
bloode
;
being
taken
with
Vineger
it
helpeth
also
the
flix
,
being
drunk
fasting
,
it
hath
some
operation
to
stay
womens
flowers
.
The
lights
of
a
kydde
sod
and
eaten
fasting
,
preserueth
from
drunkennesse
that
day
,
and
the
powder
of
it
burned
,
easeth
the
itching
of
the
eies
,
and
pield
eyelids
,
if
it
be
applyed
like
Stibium
:
likewise
the
bladder
of
a
female
kyd
drunke
in
powder
,
helpeth
the
inconstancy
of
vrine
:
the
melt
laide
vppon
the
Spleene
of
an
infant
asswageth
the
paine
and
tumors
thereof
;
the
liuer
is
not
fit
for
temperate
men
,
but
for
weake
colliricke
men
.
The
inhabitants
of
the
mount
Atlas
do
gather
Euforbium
,
and
corrupt
it
with
Kyddes
milke
,
but
it
is
discerned
by
fire
;
for
the
good
Euforbium
being
burned
,
yeeldeth
an
vnacceptable
sauor
,
and
so
we
conclude
this
storie
,
with
the
two
Emblems
of
Altiatus
.
One
against
them
that
take
much
paine
and
make
good
beginninges
but
euell
endes
,
like
a
goat
which
giueth
a
good
messe
of
milke
and
ouerturneth
it
with
hir
foot
:
Quod
fine
egregios
turpi
muculaueris
orsus
Innoxamque
tuum
verteris
officium
Fecisti
quod
Capra
sui
mulctraria
lactis
Cum
ferit
&
proprias
calce
pro
fundit
opes
.
The
other
Emblem
is
vpon
a
Goat
,
the
which
by
her
keeper
was
constrained
to
giue
a
young
wolfe
suck
,
who
afterward
notwithstanding
that
good
turn
,
deuoureth
his
nurse
:
and
it
maie
be
applied
vnto
them
which
nourish
their
owne
harmes
,
and
saue
a
theef
from
the
gallowes
.
Capra
lupum
non
sponte
meo
nunc
vbere
lacto
Quod
male
pastoris
prouida
cura
iubet
Ceruerit
ille
simul
mea
me
post
vbere
pascit
Improbitas
nullo
flectitur
obsequio
.
There
is
a
prettie
comparison
of
a
Harlottes
loue
to
a
fisherman
which
putteth
vpon
him
a
goats
skin
with
the
hornes
,
to
deceiue
the
Sargus-fish
,
for
that
fish
loueth
a
goat
aboue
all
other
creatures
,
and
therefore
the
fisher-man
beguileth
her
with
a
false
appearance
,
as
the
flattering
loue
of
Harlots
do
simple
minds
by
fained
protestations
.
OF
THE
GVLON
.
THis
beast
was
not
known
by
the
ancients
,
but
hath
bin
since
discouered
in
the
Northern
parts
of
the
world
,
and
because
of
the
great
vorasity
thereof
,
it
is
called
(
Gulo
)
that
is
,
a
deuourer
in
imitation
of
the
Germans
,
who
call
such
deuouring
creatures
Vilsruss
,
and
the
Swedians
,
Cerff
,
in
Lituania
and
Muscouia
,
it
is
called
Rossomokal
.
It
is
thought
to
be
engendered
by
a
Hyaena
&
a
Lionesse
,
for
in
quality
it
resembleth
a
Hyaena
,
Mathias
&
it
is
the
same
which
is
called
(
Crocuta
:
)
it
is
a
deuouring
and
an
vnprofitable
creature
,
hauing
sharper
teeth
then
other
creatures
.
Some
thinke
it
is
deriued
of
a
wolfe
and
a
dog
,
for
it
is
about
the
bignesse
of
a
dog
:
it
hath
the
face
of
a
Cat
,
the
body
and
taile
of
a
Foxe
;
being
black
of
colour
:
his
feet
and
nailes
be
most
sharp
,
his
skin
rusty
,
the
haire
very
sharp
,
and
it
feedeth
vpon
dead
carkases
.
These
things
are
reported
by
Olaus
Magnus
,
and
Mathias
Michou
;
But
I
would
to
God
that
this
same
(
more
then
beastly
intemporate
gluttony
)
had
beene
circumscribed
and
confined
within
the
limets
of
those
vnchristian
or
hereticall-apostaticall-countries
,
and
had
not
spred
it selfe
and
infected
our
more
ciuell
and
christian
partes
of
the
World
;
so
should
not
nobility
,
society
,
amity
,
good
fellowship
,
neighborhood
,
and
honesty
,
be
euer
placed
vpon
drunken
or
gluttonous
companions
:
or
any
man
be
comended
for
bibbing
and
sucking
in
wine
and
beere
like
a
swine
:
When
in
the
meane
season
no
sparke
of
grace
,
or
christianity
,
appeareth
in
them
:
which
notwithstanding
they
take
vppon
them
,
being
heerein
worse
then
beastes
,
who
stil
reserue
the
notes
of
their
nature
,
and
preserue
their
liues
;
but
these
,
loose
the
markes
of
humanity
,
reason
,
memory
and
sence
,
with
the
condicions
of
their
families
,
applying
themselues
to
consume
both
patrimony
and
pence
in
this
voracity
,
and
forget
the
Badges
of
christians
,
offering
sacrifice
to
nothing
but
their
bellies
.
The
church
forsaketh
them
,
the
spirit
accurseth
them
,
the
ciuell
world
abhorreth
them
,
the
Lord
condemneth
them
,
the
diuill
expecteth
them
,
and
the
fire
of
hell
it selfe
is
prepared
for
them
,
and
all
such
deuourers
of
Gods
good
creatures
,
to
helpe
,
&c.
To
helpe
their
disgestion
,
for
although
the
Hiena
and
Gulon
,
and
some
other
monsters
are
subiect
to
this
gluttonie
,
yet
are
ther
many
creatures
more
in
the
world
,
who
although
they
be
beastes
and
lacke
reason
,
yet
can
they
not
by
any
famine
,
stripes
,
or
prouocations
be
drawne
to
exceede
their
naturall
appetites
,
or
measure
in
eating
or
drinking
.
There
are
of
these
beastes
two
kindes
,
The
kinds
of
Gulons
.
distinguished
by
coulour
,
one
blacke
,
and
the
other
like
a
Wolfe
,
they
seldome
kill
a
man
or
any
liue
beastes
,
but
feede
vpon
carrion
and
dead
carkasses
,
as
is
before
saide
,
yet
sometimes
when
they
are
hungry
,
they
prey
vpon
beastes
,
as
horses
and
such
like
,
and
then
they
subtlely
ascend
vp
into
a
tree
,
and
when
they
see
a
beast
vnder
the
same
,
they
leape
downe
vpon
him
and
destroy
him
.
A
Beare
is
afraid
to
meete
them
,
and
vnable
to
match
them
,
by
reason
of
their
sharpe
teeth
.
This
beast
is
tamed
,
and
nourished
,
in
the
courts
of
Princes
,
for
no
other
cause
then
for
an
example
of
incredible
voracitie
.
When
he
hath
filled
his
belly
,
if
he
can
find
no
trees
growing
so
neare
together
,
as
by
sliding
betwixte
them
,
hee
may
expell
his
excrements
,
then
taketh
he
an
Alder-tree
,
and
with
his
forefeete
rendeth
the
same
asunder
,
and
passeth
through
the
middest
of
it
,
for
the
cause
aforesaid
.
When
they
are
wilde
,
men
kill
them
with
bowes
and
guns
,
for
no
other
cause
than
for
their
skins
which
are
pretious
and
profitable
,
for
they
are
white
spotted
,
changeably
interlined
like
diuers
flowers
,
for
which
cause
the
greatest
princes
,
and
richest
nobles
vse
them
in
garments
in
the
Winter
time
:
The
skinnes
of
Gulons
.
such
are
the
kinges
of
Polonia
,
Sweue-land
,
Goatland
,
and
the
princes
of
Germany
,
neither
is
there
any
skinne
which
will
sooner
take
a
colour
,
or
more
constantly
retaine
it
.
The
outward
appearance
of
the
saide
skinne
is
like
to
adamaskt
garment
,
and
besides
this
outward
part
there
is
no
other
memorable
thing
woorthy
obseruation
in
this
rauenous
beast
,
and
therefore
in
Germany
it
is
called
a
foure-footed
Vulture
.
OF
THE
GORGON
,
or
strange
Lybian
Beast
.
AMong
the
manifold
and
diuers
sorts
of
Beasts
which
are
bred
in
Affricke
,
it
is
thought
that
the
Gorgon
is
brought
foorth
in
that
countrey
.
It
is
a
feareful
and
terrible
beast
to
behold
,
it
hath
high
and
thicke
eie-lids
,
The
country
and
description
.
eies
not
very
great
,
but
much
like
an
Oxes
or
Bugils
,
but
all
fiery-bloudy
,
which
neyther
looke
directly
forwarde
,
nor
yet
vpwards
,
but
continuallye
downe
to
the
earth
,
and
therefore
are
called
in
Greeke
Catobleponta
.
From
the
crowne
of
their
head
downe
to
their
nose
they
haue
a
long
hanging
mane
,
which
maketh
them
to
look
fearefully
.
It
eateth
dea●ly
and
poysonfull
hearbs
,
and
if
at
any
time
he
see
a
Bull
or
other
creature
whereof
he
is
afraid
,
he
presently
causeth
his
mane
to
stand
vpright
,
and
being
so
lifted
vp
,
opening
his
lips
,
and
gaping
wide
,
sendeth
forth
of
his
throat
a
certaine
sharpe
and
horrible
breath
,
which
infecteth
and
poysoneth
the
air
aboue
his
head
,
so
that
all
liuing
creatures
which
draw
in
the
breath
of
that
aire
are
greeuously
afflicted
thereby
,
loosing
both
voyce
and
sight
,
they
fall
into
leathall
and
deadly
convulsions
.
It
is
bred
in
Hesperia
and
Lybia
.
The
Poets
haue
a
fiction
that
the
Gorgones
were
the
Daughters
of
Medusa
and
Phorcynis
,
Aelianus
and
are
called
Steingo
,
and
by
Hesiodus
Stheno
,
and
Euryale
inhabiting
the
Gorgadian
Ilands
in
the
Aethiopick
Ocean
,
ouer
against
the
gardens
of
Hesperia
.
Medusa
is
said
to
haue
the
haires
of
his
head
to
be
liuing
Serpentes
,
against
whom
Perseus
fought
and
cut
off
his
hed
,
for
which
cause
he
was
placed
in
heauen
on
the
North
side
of
the
Zodiacke
aboue
the
Waggon
,
and
on
the
left
hand
holding
the
Gorgons
head
.
The
truth
is
that
there
were
certain
Amozonian
women
in
Affricke
diuers
from
the
Scithians
,
against
whom
Perseus
made
Warre
,
and
the
captaine
of
those
women
was
called
Medusa
,
whom
Perseus
ouerthrew
and
cut
off
her
head
,
and
from
thence
came
the
Poets
fiction
discribing
it
with
Snakes
growing
out
of
it
as
is
aforesaid
.
These
Gorgons
are
bred
in
that
countrey
,
and
haue
such
haire
about
their
heads
as
not
onely
exceedeth
all
other
beastes
,
but
also
poysoneth
when
he
standeth
vpright
.
Pliny
calleth
this
beast
Catablepon
,
because
it
continually
looketh
downeward
,
and
saith
that
all
the
parts
of
it
are
but
smal
excepting
the
head
which
is
very
heauy
,
and
exceedeth
the
proportion
of
his
body
which
is
neuer
lifted
vp
,
but
all
liuing
creatures
die
that
see
his
eies
.
By
which
there
ariseth
a
question
whether
the
poison
which
he
sendeth
foorth
,
proceede
from
his
breath
or
from
his
eyes
.
Wherupon
it
is
more
probable
,
that
like
the
Cockatrice
he
killeth
by
seeing
,
then
by
the
breath
of
his
mouth
which
is
not
competible
to
any
other
beasts
in
the
world
.
Besides
when
the
Souldiors
of
Marias
followed
Iugurtha
,
they
sawe
one
of
these
Gorgons
,
and
supposing
it
was
some
sheepe
,
bending
the
head
continually
to
the
earth
,
and
mouing
slowly
,
they
set
vpon
him
with
their
swordes
,
whereat
the
Beast
disdaining
suddenly
discouered
his
eies
,
setting
his
haire
vpright
at
the
sight
whereof
the
Souldiors
fel
downe
dead
.
Marius
hearing
thereof
sent
other
souldiers
to
kill
the
beaste
,
but
they
likewise
died
as
the
former
.
At
last
the
inhabitauntes
of
the
countrey
,
tolde
the
Captaine
the
poyson
of
this
beasts
nature
,
and
that
if
he
were
not
killed
vpon
a
sodaine
with
the
onely
sight
of
his
eies
,
he
sent
death
into
his
hunters
:
then
did
the
Captaine
lay
an
ambush
of
souldiers
for
him
,
who
slew
him
so
dainely
with
their
speares
and
brought
him
to
the
Emperour
;
whereupon
Marius
sent
his
skinne
to
Rome
,
which
was
hung
vp
in
the
Temple
of
Hercules
,
wherein
the
people
were
feasted
after
the
triumphes
;
by
which
it
is
apparant
that
they
kill
with
their
eies
and
not
with
their
breath
.
So
that
the
fable
of
Seruius
which
reporteth
that
in
the
furthest
place
of
Atlas
these
Gorgons
are
bredde
,
and
that
they
haue
but
one
eie
a
peece
,
is
not
to
be
belieued
,
excepte
he
meane
,
as
elsewhere
he
confesseth
,
that
there
were
certaine
maides
which
were
sisters
called
Gorgons
,
and
were
so
beautyfull
that
all
young
men
were
amazed
to
beholde
them
.
Whereupon
it
was
saide
,
that
they
were
turned
into
stones
:
meaning
that
their
loue
bereft
them
of
their
witte
and
sence
.
They
were
called
the
daughters
of
Cetus
,
and
three
of
them
were
made
Nimphes
,
which
were
called
Pephredo
,
Enyo
,
and
the
third
Dinon
,
so
called
a
Geraldus
saith
:
because
they
were
olde
women
so
soone
as
they
were
borne
,
whereunto
was
assigned
one
eie
and
one
tooth
.
But
to
omit
these
fables
,
it
is
certaine
that
sharpe
poisoned
sightes
are
called
Gorgon
Blepen
,
and
therefore
we
will
followe
the
authority
of
Pliny
and
Atheneus
.
It
is
a
beast
all
set
ouer
with
scales
like
a
Dragon
,
hauing
no
haire
except
on
his
head
,
great
teeth
like
Swine
,
hauing
wings
to
flie
,
and
hands
to
handle
,
Hyginus
.
in
stature
betwixt
a
Bull
and
a
Calfe
.
There
be
Ilandes
called
Gorgonies
,
wherein
these
monster
-
Gorgons
were
bredde
,
and
vnto
the
daies
of
Pliny
,
the
people
of
that
countrey
retained
some
part
of
their
prodigious
nature
,
it
is
reported
by
Xenophon
,
that
Hanno
King
of
Carthage
ranged
with
his
armie
in
that
region
,
and
founde
there
certaine
women
of
incredible
swiftnesse
and
perniscitie
of
foote
.
Whereof
he
tooke
two
onely
of
all
that
appeared
in
sight
,
which
had
such
roughe
and
sharp
bodies
,
as
neuer
before
were
seene
.
Wherefore
when
they
were
dead
,
he
hung
vp
their
skinnes
in
the
Temple
of
Iuno
,
for
a
monument
of
their
straunge
natures
,
which
remained
there
vntill
the
destruction
of
Carthage
.
By
the
consideration
of
this
beast
there
appeareth
one
manifest
argument
of
the
creators
deuine
wisdome
and
prouidence
,
who
hath
turned
the
eies
of
this
beaste
downeward
to
the
earth
,
as
it
were
thereby
burying
his
poyson
from
the
hurt
of
man
:
and
shaddowing
them
with
rough
,
long
,
and
strong
haire
,
that
their
poysoned
beames
should
not
reflect
vpwards
,
vntill
the
beast
were
prouoked
by
feare
or
danger
,
the
heauines
of
his
head
being
like
a
clogge
to
restraine
the
liberty
of
his
poysonfull
nature
,
but
what
other
partes
,
vertues
,
or
vices
,
are
contained
in
the
compasse
of
this
monster
,
God
onely
knoweth
,
who
peraduenture
hath
permitted
it
to
liue
vppon
the
face
of
the
earth
,
for
no
other
cause
but
to
be
a
punnishment
and
scourge
vnto
mankind
:
and
an
euident
example
of
his
owne
wrathfull
power
to
euerlasting
destruction
.
And
thus
much
may
serue
for
a
discription
of
this
beast
,
vntill
by
gods
prouidence
,
more
can
be
knowne
thereof
.
OF
THE
HARE
.
A
Hare
is
a
four-footed
beast
of
the
earth
,
which
the
Haebrews
call
Arnebet
,
in
the
feminine
gender
,
which
word
gaue
occasion
to
an
opinion
that
all
Hares
were
females
,
or
at
the
least
that
the
males
bring
forth
young
as
well
as
females
:
whereof
we
shall
see
more
in
the
sequell
of
this
story
.
And
the
Iewes
say
that
it
signifieth
nothing
else
in
Haebrew
but
a
Hare
,
for
which
word
Deut.
14.
the
Chaldee
translateth
Arneba
,
the
Arabians
Ernab
,
the
Persians
Kargos
.
Anicenna
caleth
it
Arnebeti
,
Siluaticus
,
Of
the
seueral
name
.
Arnoberi
,
Arnebus
,
and
Arnaben
;
the
Saracens
Arneph
,
the
Graecians
Leporis
,
Lagoos
,
Lagos
,
Lagooos
,
because
of
his
immoderat
lust
.
It
is
called
Ptox
for
his
feare
,
and
in
Latine
Lepus
,
of
Leuipes
,
signifieng
swiftnesse
of
feete
,
and
that
it
is
not
heard
when
it
goeth
,
howsoeuer
some
men
deriue
it
from
Leporis
the
Greeke
word
,
others
deriue
Lagos
from
La
,
betokening
euelation
,
and
Oos
signifieng
an
eare
,
because
she
pricketh
vp
one
of
her
eares
when
shee
runneth
.
The
Italians
call
it
Lieuora
,
the
French
Licure
,
and
Leurauh
,
Leureteau
,
the
Spaniards
Hebre
,
the
Germans
Hass
,
or
Haas
,
the
Illyrians
Zagitz
.
Of
the
seueral
kinds
.
There
be
foure
sorts
of
Hares
,
some
liue
in
the
mountaines
,
some
in
the
fields
,
some
in
the
marishes
,
and
some
euery
where
without
any
certaine
place
of
abode
.
They
of
the
mountains
are
most
swift
,
they
of
the
fields
lesse
nimble
,
they
of
the
marshes
most
slow
,
&
the
wandring
Hares
are
most
daungerous
to
follow
:
for
they
are
so
cunning
in
the
wayes
,
and
muses
of
the
field
,
running
vp
the
hils
and
rockes
,
because
by
custome
they
know
the
nearest
way
,
and
forbearing
downe
hills
,
sometime
making
heads
vpon
the
plain
ground
,
to
the
confusion
of
the
Dogs
,
and
the
dismaying
of
the
hunter
.
Of
the
Elyan
Hares
.
Pollux
saith
,
that
there
be
certaine
Hares
called
Elymaei
(
almost
as
big
as
Foxes
)
being
blackish
,
of
long
bodies
,
and
large
white
spots
vpon
the
toppe
of
their
tailes
;
these
are
so
called
of
their
countrey
(
like
the
Elymaean
Dogs
.
)
There
be
also
Hares
called
Moschiae
,
so
called
because
of
their
sweet
smell
,
or
else
that
they
leaue
in
their
footsteps
such
a
strong
sauour
,
Hermolaus
.
whereunto
when
the
Dogges
smell
,
they
are
said
to
be
almost
mad
.
At
Pisa
the
Hares
be
very
great
,
because
there
they
haue
more
gratefull
meate
than
in
other
places
.
A
secret
in
the
Mulchian
Hares
.
Niphus
.
O
the
contry
Hare
,
&
their
seuerall
parts
.
In
the
neather
Pannonia
they
are
much
fatter
and
better
tasted
than
they
be
in
Italy
,
the
Italian
Hare
hath
his
fore-legs
low
,
a
part
of
his
backe
pale
or
yellowish
,
the
belly
white
,
the
eares
long
:
In
Gallia
beyond
the
Alpes
,
they
are
also
white
,
and
therefore
some
haue
thought
that
in
the
winter
time
they
eate
snow
:
and
this
is
certaine
,
that
when
the
snowe
melteth
,
their
colour
is
much
altered
.
There
hath
beene
white
haired
Conies
whose
skin
was
blacke
,
and
haire
of
their
eares
blacke
.
They
are
bred
in
Libia
,
in
Scithia
,
and
in
Italy
,
in
the
top
of
the
mountaines
,
and
so
brought
into
other
countries
.
Some
againe
haue
bin
white
in
the
Winter
,
and
returne
to
their
former
colour
in
Summer
.
There
are
great
store
of
white
conies
in
Vilna
,
Bonarus
.
and
Lethuanya
,
but
they
are
lesser
esteemed
,
and
sold
cheaper
.
(
Schenebergerus
saith
)
the
backe
of
a
Hare
is
commonly
russet
,
or
like
oliue
colour
interlined
with
some
blacke
spots
:
the
common
Hare
of
the
Alpes
neuer
changeth
colour
,
and
it
is
greater
than
the
ordinary
Hare
.
There
are
white
Hares
also
in
England
,
and
in
Muscouia
,
there
are
a
multitude
of
Hares
of
all
colours
,
but
no
where
so
many
as
in
the
desert
Islands
,
because
there
are
no
Foxes
there
to
kill
the
young
ones
,
or
Eagles
which
frequent
the
highest
mountaines
in
the
continent
,
and
the
people
that
inhabit
there
regarde
not
hunting
.
In
the
next
place
we
are
to
describe
all
the
parts
and
members
of
hares
,
for
it
is
admirable
to
behold
how
euery
limbe
and
part
of
this
beast
is
composed
for
celerity
:
Their
seueral
parts
.
and
first
of
all
the
head
is
round
,
nimble
,
short
,
and
of
conuenient
longitude
,
prone
to
turn
euery
way
;
the
cares
longe
and
lofty
like
an
Asses
,
for
nature
hath
so
prouided
,
that
euery
fearefull
and
vnarmed
creature
should
haue
long
and
large
ears
,
that
by
hearing
it
might
preuent
his
enemies
,
and
saue
it selfe
by
flight
.
The
lippes
continually
moue
sleeping
and
waking
,
and
from
the
slit
which
they
haue
in
the
middle
of
their
nose
,
commeth
the
term
of
hare-lips
,
which
are
so
deuided
in
men
;
for
if
a
woman
with
childe
see
one
of
them
sodainly
,
it
is
dangerous
if
the
child
proue
not
hair-lipt
.
They
haue
also
teeth
on
both
sides
.
Whatsoeuer
beast
be
borne
in
your
flocke
,
hauing
that
marke
vpon
them
,
which
is
commonly
called
hares-tooth
,
neuer
suffer
them
to
sucke
their
dam
,
but
cast
them
aware
as
vnprofitable
and
Bastard
cattell
;
the
necke
of
a
hare
is
long
,
small
,
round
,
soft
,
and
flexible
,
the
shoulder-bone
straight
and
broad
,
for
her
more
easie
turning
,
her
legges
before
soft
and
sound
,
standing
a
little
asunder
very
flexible
,
broder
behind
then
before
,
and
the
hinder
legges
longer
then
the
former
,
a
breast
not
narrowe
,
but
fitted
to
take
breath
in
course
,
a
nimble
backe
and
fleshy
belly
,
tender
loines
,
hollow
sides
,
fat
buttockes
filled
vp
,
comely
,
strong
and
neruy
loines
,
the
forefeet
very
flexible
,
onely
it
wanteth
a
commodious
taile
for
course
.
The
eies
are
browne
,
it
is
a
subtil
beast
,
but
not
bold
,
Of
their
several
sences
it
sildome
looketh
forward
,
because
it
goeth
by
iumpes
.
The
eie-lids
comming
from
the
brows
,
are
too
short
to
couer
their
eies
,
and
therefore
this
sence
is
very
weake
in
them
,
and
besides
their
ouermuch
sleepe
,
their
feare
of
Dogges
and
swiftnesse
,
causeth
them
to
see
the
lesse
;
when
they
Watch
they
shut
their
eies
,
and
when
they
sleep
they
open
them
.
A
secret
.
Wherefore
the
Egyptians
when
they
will
signifie
and
open
a
manifest
matter
,
they
picture
a
hare
sleeping
.
They
watch
for
the
most
part
all
the
night
:
when
the
eye-lid
of
a
man
is
pulled
backe
,
so
as
it
will
not
couer
the
ball
of
the
eye
.
The
Graecians
call
it
Lagophthalmous
,
that
is
:
hares
eies
,
for
so
doeth
Coelius
define
it
:
it
commeth
sometimes
,
Orus
when
in
the
cure
it
is
cut
away
too
much
,
or
else
when
the
hinder
lid
falleth
downe
,
and
standeth
not
vp
to
meet
the
other
,
but
concerning
the
colour
of
their
eies
,
it
is
not
very
possible
to
discouer
it
,
as
wel
for
the
causes
aforesaid
,
as
also
because
it
is
sieldome
taken
but
dead
,
yet
this
is
certaine
,
that
with
what
colour
it
beginneth
,
in
that
it
continueth
to
the
last
,
according
to
Virgils
verses
.
Quem
fuga
non
rapit
ore
Canum
,
non
occulit
vmbra
Concolor
immotum
sub
Ioue
terra
tegit
.
The
liuer
is
so
parted
assunder
,
that
a
man
would
thinke
there
were
two
liuers
in
one
body
,
and
Pliny
is
bold
to
affirme
,
that
in
Briletum
,
Thirne
,
Propontis
,
Sycynum
,
Bolba
,
and
other
places
they
are
al
such
.
Whether
males
beare
yong
like
females
.
Archelaus
vppon
this
occasion
affirmeth
,
that
a
hare
beareth
young
both
male
and
female
,
so
that
the
Gramarians
know
not
of
what
sex
to
make
it
.
Albertus
and
Democritus
are
absolute
in
this
point
.
Blondus
confesseth
he
cannot
tell
,
the
common
sort
of
people
suppose
,
they
are
one
yeare
male
,
and
another
female
.
Aelianus
also
affirmeth
so
much
,
and
by
relation
of
his
friend
,
he
ventereth
the
matter
,
and
saith
moreouer
,
that
a
male
hare
was
once
found
almost
dead
,
whose
belly
being
opened
,
there
were
three
young
ones
aliue
taken
out
of
hir
bellie
,
and
that
one
of
them
looked
vp
aliue
,
after
it
had
lyen
a
while
in
the
Sunne
,
and
it
put
out
the
tongue
as
though
it
desired
meat
,
whereupon
milke
was
brought
to
it
,
and
so
it
was
nourished
.
But
al
this
is
easily
answered
,
if
a
man
follow
the
counsell
of
Archadius
,
and
looke
vpon
the
secrets
of
nature
,
he
shal
finde
a
most
plaine
distinction
:
but
the
hunters
obiect
that
there
be
some
which
are
onely
females
and
no
more
:
but
no
male
that
is
not
also
a
female
,
and
so
they
make
him
an
Hermaphrodyte
.
Niphus
also
affirmeth
so
much
,
for
he
saw
a
Hare
which
had
stones
and
a
yard
,
and
yet
was
great
with
young
,
and
also
another
which
wanted
stones
,
and
the
males
genitall
,
and
also
had
young
in
her
bellye
.
Rondeleius
saith
,
that
they
are
not
stones
,
but
certaine
little
bladders
filled
with
matter
,
which
men
find
in
female-Hares
with
young
,
such
as
are
vpon
the
belly
of
a
Beuer
,
wherein
also
the
vulgar
sort
are
deceiued
,
taking
those
bunches
for
stones
,
as
they
do
these
bladders
.
And
the
vse
of
these
parts
both
in
Beuers
and
Hares
is
this
;
that
against
raine
both
one
and
other
se●
suck
therout
a
certaine
humor
,
and
annoint
their
bodies
all
ouer
therewith
,
and
so
are
defended
in
time
of
raine
.
The
belly
of
a
Sow
,
a
Bitch
,
and
a
Hare
,
haue
many
cels
in
them
,
because
they
bring
forth
many
at
a
time
,
when
a
hare
lyeth
downe
,
she
bendeth
her
hinder
legs
vnder
her
loines
,
as
all
rough-footed-beasts
do
.
They
are
deceiued
which
deliuer
by
authority
of
holy
Scriptures
that
hares
loue
to
lodge
them
vpon
rocks
,
but
we
haue
manifested
else-where
,
that
those
places
are
to
bee
vnderstood
of
Conies
.
They
haue
fore-knowledge
both
of
wind
and
weather
,
Summer
and
Winter
by
their
noses
,
Aelianus
Their
nature
and
disposition
.
for
in
the
Winter
they
make
their
formes
in
the
Sun-shine
,
because
they
canot
abide
frost
and
cold
,
and
in
the
Summer
they
rest
toward
the
North
,
remaining
in
some
higher
ground
where
they
receiue
colder
ayre
.
We
haue
shewed
already
that
their
sight
is
dimm
,
but
yet
heerin
it
is
true
that
Plutarch
saith
,
they
haue
Visum
indefessum
,
an
indefattigable
sence
of
seeing
,
so
that
the
continuance
in
a
meane
degree
,
counteruaileth
in
them
the
want
of
excellency
.
Their
hearing
is
most
pregnant
,
for
the
Egyptians
when
they
signifie
hearing
picture
a
hare
,
and
for
this
cause
we
haue
shewed
you
already
that
their
eares
are
long
like
hornes
,
their
voyce
is
a
whyning
voice
,
and
therefore
Authors
call
it
Vagitum
,
as
they
doe
a
yong
childs
,
accorto
the
verse
of
Ouid
:
Intus
aut
infanti
Vagiat
ore
Puer
.
They
rest
in
the
day
time
,
Their
time
of
sleep
&
food
and
walk
abroad
to
feed
in
the
night
,
neuer
feeding
near
home
,
either
because
they
are
delighted
with
forren
foode
,
or
else
because
they
woulde
exercise
their
legs
in
going
,
or
else
by
secret
instinct
of
nature
,
to
conceale
their
forms
and
lodging
places
vnknowne
,
their
hart
and
blood
is
colde
,
which
Albertus
assigneth
for
a
cause
of
their
night-feeding
:
they
eat
also
grapes
,
and
when
they
are
ouercome
with
heat
,
they
eat
of
an
herbe
called
Lactuca
Leporina
,
and
of
the
Romaines
and
Hetrurians
,
Ciserbita
,
of
the
Venetians
,
Aelianus
.
Lactucinos
,
of
the
French
Lacterones
,
that
is
,
hares
Lettuce
,
hares
house
,
hares
pallace
,
and
there
is
no
disease
in
this
beast
the
cure
whereof
she
doth
not
seeke
for
in
this
hearbe
.
Hares
are
said
to
chew
the
cud
in
the
holy
Scripture
,
they
neuer
drinke
,
but
content
themselues
with
the
dew
,
and
for
that
cause
they
often
fal
rotten
.
It
is
reported
by
Phillippus
Belot
,
that
when
a
hare
drunke
Wine
shee
instantly
died
,
they
render
their
Vrine
backwardes
,
and
their
milke
is
as
thicke
as
a
Swines
,
and
of
all
creatures
they
haue
milke
in
vdders
before
they
deliuer
their
young
.
They
are
verie
exceedingly
giuen
to
sleepe
,
because
they
neuer
winke
perfectly
:
some
authors
deriue
their
name
Lagon
in
Greeke
,
from
Laein
to
see
,
and
thereupon
the
Graecians
haue
a
common
prouerbe
Lagos
Catheudon
,
a
sleeping
Hare
for
a
disembling
and
counterfetting
person
,
because
the
Hare
seeth
when
shee
sleepeth
,
for
this
is
an
admirable
and
rare
Worke
of
nature
,
that
all
the
residewe
of
her
bodilye
partes
take
their
rest
,
but
the
eye
standeth
continually
sentinell
.
Of
their
copulation
and
engendring
.
Hares
admit
copulation
backewarde
,
and
heerein
they
are
like
to
Connies
,
because
they
breede
euery
moneth
for
the
most
part
,
and
that
many
;
at
that
time
the
female
prouoking
the
male
to
carnal
copulation
,
and
while
they
haue
yong
ones
in
their
belly
they
admit
copulation
,
whereby
it
commeth
to
passe
that
they
do
not
litter
al
at
a
time
,
but
many
daies
asunder
,
bringing
forth
one
perfect
,
and
another
bald
without
haire
,
but
al
blind
like
other
clouen-footed-beasts
.
It
is
reported
that
twoe
Hares
brought
into
the
Isle
Carpathus
,
filled
that
Iland
with
such
aboundance
,
that
in
short
time
they
destroyed
al
the
fruites
,
whereuppon
came
the
prouerbe
Carpathius
Leporem
,
to
signifie
them
which
plow
and
sow
their
owne
miseries
.
It
falleth
out
by
deuine
prouidence
,
that
Hares
and
other
fearefull
beasts
which
are
good
for
meat
,
shall
multiply
to
greater
numbers
in
short
space
,
because
they
are
naked
and
vnarmed
,
lying
open
to
the
violence
of
men
and
beasts
,
but
the
cruell
and
malignant
creatures
which
liue
only
vpon
the
deuouring
of
their
inferiours
,
as
the
Lyons
,
Wolues
,
Foxes
,
and
Beares
,
conceiue
but
verie
seldome
,
because
there
is
lesse
vse
for
them
in
the
world
,
and
God
in
his
creatures
keepeth
downe
the
cruell
and
rauenous
,
but
aduanceth
the
simple
,
weake
,
and
despised
:
when
the
female
hath
littered
her
young
ones
,
she
firste
licketh
them
with
her
tongue
,
and
afterwards
seeketh
out
the
male
for
copulation
.
Hares
do
sildome
wax
tame
,
and
yet
they
are
amongst
them
,
Hares
sildom
tamed
.
which
are
neither
Placidae
nor
Faerae
,
tame
nor
wilde
,
but
middle
betwixt
both
,
and
Cardane
giueth
this
reason
of
their
vntamable
nature
,
because
they
are
perswaded
that
all
men
are
their
enemies
.
Scaliger
writeth
,
that
he
saw
a
tame
Hare
in
the
castle
of
Mount
-
Pesal
,
An
example
of
a
tame
hare
.
whoe
with
her
hinder
legges
would
come
and
strike
the
Dogges
of
her
owne
accord
,
as
it
were
defieng
their
force
,
and
prouoking
them
to
follow
her
.
Therefore
for
their
meate
they
may
be
tamed
and
accustomed
to
the
hand
of
man
,
but
they
remaine
vncapable
of
al
discipline
and
ignorant
of
their
teachers
voice
,
so
as
they
can
neuer
be
brought
to
be
obedient
to
the
call
and
command
of
their
teacher
,
neither
will
go
nor
come
at
his
pleasure
.
It
is
a
simple
creature
,
hauing
no
defence
but
to
run
away
,
yet
it
is
subtile
,
as
may
apear
by
changing
of
her
forme
,
and
by
scraping
out
her
footsteps
when
shee
leapeth
into
her
forme
,
that
so
she
may
deceiue
her
hunters
,
Aelianus
.
also
she
keepeth
not
her
young
ones
togither
in
one
litter
,
but
layeth
them
a
furlong
one
from
another
,
that
so
she
may
not
loose
them
altogether
,
if
peraduenture
men
or
beastes
light
vppon
them
.
The
subtility
of
hares
.
Neither
is
she
carefull
to
feede
her selfe
alone
,
but
also
to
be
defended
against
her
enemies
,
the
Eagle
,
the
Hawke
,
The
defence
of
the
hare
against
her
enemies
.
the
Fox
,
and
the
Wolfe
,
for
she
feareth
all
these
naturally
,
neither
can
there
be
any
peace
made
betwixt
her
and
them
,
but
she
rather
trusteth
the
scratching
brambles
,
the
solitarie
woods
,
the
ditches
and
corners
of
rockes
or
hedges
,
the
bodies
of
hollow
trees
,
and
such
like
places
,
then
a
dissembling
peace
with
her
aduersaries
.
The
wilde
Hawke
when
she
taketh
a
Hare
,
she
setteth
one
of
her
talants
in
the
earth
,
and
with
the
other
holdeth
her
prey
,
striuing
and
wrastling
with
the
beast
vntil
she
haue
pulled
out
his
eies
,
and
then
killeth
him
.
The
Foxes
also
compasse
the
poor
Hare
by
cunning
,
Albertus
for
in
the
night
time
when
he
falleth
into
her
foot-steps
,
he
restraineth
his
breth
,
and
holdeth
in
his
sauor
,
going
forward
by
little
and
little
,
vntil
he
find
the
form
of
the
Hare
,
and
then
thinking
to
surprize
her
,
on
a
suddaine
leapeth
at
her
to
catch
her
,
but
the
watchfull
Hare
doth
not
take
sleepe
after
a
carelesse
manner
,
delighting
rather
in
suspition
than
security
,
when
she
pereciueth
the
approaching
of
such
a
guest
,
(
for
she
windeth
him
with
her
Nostrils
)
and
thinketh
it
better
to
goe
from
home
,
than
make
a
feast
to
her
foe
.
Wherefore
she
leapeth
out
of
her
forme
and
runneth
away
with
all
speed
she
can
.
The
Foxe
also
followeth
but
a
farre
off
,
and
she
hearing
her
aduersarie
no
more
,
betaketh
her selfe
to
rest
againe
,
vnder
some
bramble
or
other
bush
,
supposing
that
the
ground
shee
hath
gotten
shal
neuer
be
recouered
of
her
againe
:
but
the
prouerbe
is
old
and
true
,
faire
and
softly
goeth
far
,
so
the
Fox
which
seldome
getteth
meat
but
winneth
it
with
his
wit
&
his
heels
,
foloweth
as
fast
as
he
can
,
for
a
slow
pace
ouertaketh
the
hare
at
rest
,
which
when
she
perceiueth
,
forth
shee
goeth
againe
,
forsaking
her
quiet
sleepe
,
for
the
sauegarde
of
her
life
,
&
hauing
gone
so
much
ground
as
she
did
before
,
she
betaketh
her
to
rest
the
second
time
,
hoping
that
now
shee
hath
quit
her selfe
from
her
foe
;
but
the
Foxes
belly
hath
no
eares
,
and
therefore
hunger
is
to
him
like
a
thousand
whips
,
or
a
whole
kennel
of
hounds
,
forceing
him
forward
after
his
game
.
The
hare
for
her
better
sauegard
getteth
vp
into
some
smal
tree
,
being
sleepy
and
weary
through
the
Foxes
pursute
;
the
Fox
commeth
to
the
tree
and
shaketh
it
by
the
rootes
,
and
wil
not
suffer
the
hare
to
take
any
rest
,
for
he
hopeth
that
time
and
trauel
wil
bring
hir
to
his
dish
,
she
leapes
away
againe
,
and
letteth
no
grasse
grow
vnder
his
feet
,
hoping
that
her
heeles
shal
deliuer
her
from
the
Foxes
teeth
:
After
followes
the
Fox
,
and
at
length
(
as
the
greater
pursse
ouer
waigheth
the
smaller
,
and
the
great
horsse
of
Warre
ouerwearieth
the
little
hunting
nag
,
)
so
doth
the
lusty
limbes
of
the
Fox
,
outlast
the
weake
legges
of
the
hare
,
and
when
she
can
go
no
more
,
needes
must
her
weakenes
betray
her
to
hir
foe
,
and
so
was
hir
flight
and
want
of
rest
like
a
sicknesse
before
her
death
,
and
the
Foxes
presence
like
the
voice
of
a
passing
bell
.
Aelianus
.
And
on
the
contrary
,
all
the
labour
of
the
Foxe
,
like
a
gentle
and
kinde
exercise
for
the
preparing
of
his
stomacke
to
such
a
feast
.
The
fift
and
least
kind
of
Wolues
are
also
enemies
to
hares
,
and
the
Weasill
do
craftily
sport
and
play
with
the
hare
vntill
he
haue
wearied
him
,
and
then
hangeth
fast
vpon
her
throat
,
and
will
not
loose
her
holde
,
rume
the
hare
neuer
so
fast
,
till
at
last
through
want
of
breath
and
losse
of
blood
,
she
falleth
into
the
hands
of
her
cruel
play-fellow
,
who
turneth
sport
into
good
earnest
,
&
taketh
nothing
from
her
but
her
blood
,
leauing
her
carcasse
to
be
deuoured
by
the
hands
of
others
,
and
in
this
manner
is
the
seely
hare
hunted
by
beastes
:
Now
let
vs
heare
how
she
is
hunted
of
men
.
The
hunting
of
hares
.
It
is
before
expressed
,
that
euery
limbe
of
a
hare
is
composed
for
celerity
,
and
therefore
she
neuer
trauelleth
but
iumpeth
,
her
eares
lead
her
the
way
in
her
chase
,
for
with
one
of
them
she
harkeneth
to
the
voice
of
the
dogges
,
and
the
other
she
stretcheth
forth
like
a
saile
to
hasten
her
course
,
alwaies
stretching
her
hinder-feet
beyond
her
former
,
and
yet
not
hindering
them
at
all
,
but
sometimes
when
her
ardent
desire
maketh
her
straine
to
fly
from
the
dogges
,
she
falleth
into
the
nettes
,
for
such
is
the
state
of
the
miserable
,
that
while
they
runne
from
one
perill
,
they
fal
into
another
;
according
to
the
saying
of
holy
Scripture
,
Esay
24.
He
that
scapeth
out
of
the
snare
,
shall
fall
into
the
ditch
.
And
this
is
to
be
noted
,
that
if
the
hare
had
the
wit
to
runne
forth
right
,
and
neuer
to
turne
,
she
could
not
be
so
easily
ouertaken
,
but
because
of
her
loue
to
the
place
of
her
breed
,
there
she
is
taken
and
looseth
her
life
where
she
had
her
beginning
:
for
she
preferreth
that
place
aboue
all
other
for
safty
.
Againe
some
of
the
elder
hares
,
assoone
as
they
heare
the
Dogges
,
flye
to
the
toppes
of
the
high
mountaines
,
for
they
more
easily
runne
vppe
the
hill
,
then
downe
.
Wherefore
the
hunter
must
studiously
auoid
that
disaduantage
,
and
keepe
her
down
in
the
vallies
.
In
paths
and
hygh
waies
shee
runneth
more
speedily
,
wherefore
they
must
be
kept
from
that
also
.
The
hares
of
the
mountaines
do
oftentimes
exercise
themselues
in
the
plaine
,
and
through
practise
grow
acquainted
with
the
nearest
waies
to
their
own
lodging
;
so
that
if
at
any
time
the
husbandmen
set
vpon
them
in
the
fieldes
,
they
dally
with
them
till
they
seeme
to
be
almost
taken
,
and
then
on
a
suddain
take
the
nearest
way
to
the
mountains
,
not
suspected
by
the
hunters
,
and
so
take
sanctuary
in
the
vnaccessible
places
,
whether
dogs
nor
horse
dare
ascend
.
For
the
hares
which
keep
in
the
bushes
are
not
able
to
indure
labour
,
and
not
very
swift
(
by
reason
of
the
paine
in
their
feet
)
growing
fatte
thorough
idlenes
and
discontinuance
of
running
,
they
must
be
hunted
on
this
sort
:
first
of
al
they
go
through
young
woods
and
hedges
,
such
as
grow
not
very
thicke
,
for
the
thicker
hedges
they
leape
ouer
,
but
when
they
come
to
many
thicke
places
that
they
must
leape
ouer
,
they
quickely
fall
downe
and
are
tired
.
The
dogs
first
of
all
go
from
them
carelessely
,
because
they
cannot
see
them
through
the
trees
,
but
suffer
them
to
run
in
the
woods
following
a
farr
off
by
the
scent
,
vntill
at
last
they
get
the
sight
of
her
,
and
then
through
their
better
exercise
and
skill
,
easily
ouer
take
her
:
but
the
campestriall
or
fielde-hare
being
leaner
of
body
and
oftner
chased
,
is
taken
with
more
difficultie
,
by
reason
of
her
singular
agility
,
she
therfore
when
she
begins
her
course
leapeth
vp
from
the
ground
as
if
she
flew
,
afterward
passeth
through
brambles
and
thicke
bushes
with
al
expedition
,
and
if
at
any
time
she
come
into
deepe
grasse
or
corne
she
easilie
deliuereth
her selfe
and
slideth
thorough
it
.
And
as
it
is
saide
of
the
Lyons
,
that
with
their
tailes
they
stirre
vp
their
strength
and
courage
,
so
are
the
eares
of
this
beast
like
Angels
wings
,
ships
sailes
,
and
rowing
Oares
,
to
helpe
her
in
her
flight
;
for
when
she
runneth
,
she
bendeth
them
backward
and
vseth
them
insteed
of
sharpe
spurs
to
prick
forward
her
dulnes
,
&
in
hir
course
she
taketh
not
one
way
,
but
maketh
heades
like
laborinthes
to
to
circumvent
and
trouble
the
dogs
,
that
so
she
may
go
whether
she
wil
,
alwaies
holding
vppe
one
eare
,
and
bending
it
at
her
pleasure
to
be
the
moderator
of
her
chase
.
Neither
is
she
so
vnprouident
or
prodigall
of
her
strength
,
as
to
spend
it
al
in
one
course
,
but
obserueth
the
force
of
her
prosecutor
,
who
if
he
be
slow
and
sluggish
,
shee
is
not
profuse
of
her
celerity
,
but
onely
walketh
gently
before
the
Dogges
,
and
yet
safely
from
their
clowches
,
reseruing
her
greatest
strength
to
her
greatest
necessity
,
for
she
knoweth
that
shee
can
out-runne
the
Dogges
when
she
pleaseth
,
and
therefore
it
is
a
vaine
conceit
to
trouble
her selfe
more
then
she
is
vrged
.
But
if
there
be
a
Dogge
following
her
more
swiftly
then
the
residew
,
then
she
setteth
forward
with
all
the
force
shee
can
,
and
when
she
hath
left
both
hunters
and
Dogs
a
great
way
behind
her
,
she
getteth
to
some
little
hill
or
rising
of
the
earth
,
there
she
raiseth
her selfe
vpon
her
hinder
legges
,
like
a
Watch-man
in
his
Tower
,
obseruing
how
farre
or
neare
the
enemy
approacheth
,
and
perceuing
that
shee
is
deliuered
from
pursuit
of
all
daunger
,
seemeth
to
deride
the
imbecillitie
of
their
forces
.
The
younger
hares
by
reason
of
their
weake
members
,
tread
heauier
vppon
the
earth
then
the
elder
,
and
therefore
leaue
the
greater
sauour
behind
them
:
and
in
ancient
time
if
the
Hunters
had
taken
a
young
Leuerit
,
they
let
her
go
againe
in
the
honour
of
Diana
.
At
a
yeare
old
they
runne
very
swift
,
and
their
sauour
is
stronger
in
the
woods
then
in
the
plaine
fields
.
The
Hare
is
followed
by
the
foote
and
so
discryed
,
especially
in
soft
grounds
or
high
waies
,
but
if
they
go
to
the
rocks
,
to
the
mountains
,
or
to
the
hollow
places
,
they
are
more
vncertaine
,
if
they
lie
down
vpon
the
earth
(
as
they
loue
to
do
)
in
red
fallow
grounds
,
they
are
easily
descryed
.
When
they
are
started
in
the
plaine
fields
they
run
far
,
but
in
the
Woods
they
make
short
courses
:
If
they
heare
the
Dogges
,
they
raise
themselues
on
their
legges
and
runne
from
them
,
but
if
fearefull
immagination
oppresse
them
,
as
they
oftentimes
are
very
sad
and
melancholy
,
supposing
to
heare
the
noise
of
Dogges
where
there
are
none
such
sturring
,
then
doe
they
runne
too
and
fro
,
fearing
and
trembling
,
as
if
they
were
fallen
mad
.
Their
footsteps
in
the
Winter
time
are
more
apparant
then
in
the
Summer
,
because
as
the
nights
be
longer
,
so
they
trauell
farther
:
neither
do
they
smell
in
the
winter
Mornings
so
soone
as
it
is
day
vntill
the
frost
and
yce
be
thawed
,
but
especially
their
footsteps
are
vncertaine
in
the
full
moone
,
for
then
they
leape
and
play
together
scattring
and
putting
out
the
sauour
,
nor
in
the
spring
time
also
when
they
do
ingender
,
they
confound
one
anothers
footsteps
by
multitude
.
They
which
will
goe
foorth
to
hunt
or
take
pleasure
in
that
pastime
,
must
rise
earely
,
least
they
be
depriued
of
the
smell
of
her
foote-steps
,
so
shall
not
the
dogges
be
able
any
waie
to
find
the
Hare
,
nor
the
hunters
their
game
and
pastime
:
for
the
nature
of
the
footstep
remaineth
not
long
,
but
suddenly
in
a
manner
vanisheth
awaie
euerie
houre
.
Againe
,
they
must
set
the
hils
and
rockes
,
the
riuers
,
and
also
the
brooks
with
nets
and
gins
,
thereby
as
it
were
stopping
vp
the
starting
holes
,
paths
,
and
waies
,
wherein
the
hare
for
the
most
part
trusteth
,
whether
they
be
broad
or
narrow
:
The
best
time
for
the
effecting
&
bringing
heereof
is
after
the
Sunne
rising
,
and
not
in
twy
light
or
breake
of
the
day
,
least
the
nett●s
be
set
neare
the
Hares
forme
,
and
she
be
scar●ed
away
,
but
if
they
be
set
a
farre
off
,
there
is
no
daunger
of
her
departure
after
the
Sunne
is
vp
,
because
then
shee
giueth
her selfe
to
sleepe
:
the
nets
must
be
set
on
this
manner
,
let
the
rodes
bee
pitched
vpright
,
fastning
their
snares
to
the
tops
,
raising
the
net
in
the
middle
,
and
hange
a
long
stone
at
one
side
,
that
when
the
Hare
is
in
the
net
she
may
not
go
out
againe
.
When
the
Hare
is
raised
,
hee
which
followeth
her
to
the
nets
,
must
driue
her
in
with
great
cry
,
and
being
in
the
net
,
he
must
gently
restraine
the
Dogs
,
and
make
signification
to
the
hunter
that
she
is
taken
,
or
else
if
it
faile
,
let
him
shew
the
contrary
.
The
keeper
of
the
nets
must
keepe
silence
,
least
by
hearing
of
his
voice
she
be
auerted
,
and
the
hunter
must
take
the
Dogs
and
go
to
the
forme
,
there
to
start
the
Hare
;
and
the
fashion
was
in
auntient
time
among
the
Pagans
,
first
of
all
to
call
vpon
Apollo
and
Diana
,
(
their
immagined
Goddes
of
hunting
)
to
speede
their
sport
,
to
whome
they
promised
part
of
their
game
.
But
when
the
dog
is
sent
forth
,
and
after
much
winding
and
casting
about
,
falleth
into
the
footsteppe
of
the
Hare
,
then
let
him
loose
another
,
and
seeing
them
runne
in
one
course
,
vncouple
all
the
houndes
,
let
him
follow
after
,
speaking
to
his
dogs
by
name
,
saying
nowe
A
,
then
B.
Hoika
C.
and
such
like
Words
of
Art
,
not
pressing
them
too
eagerly
at
the
beginning
,
but
gentlie
encoraging
them
to
the
pursuit
.
The
Dogs
take
this
for
a
signe
of
ioy
,
and
being
glad
to
gratifie
their
maisters
,
run
along
with
gallant
cry
,
turning
ouer
the
doubtful
footsteps
,
now
one
way
,
then
another
,
like
the
cuts
of
Indentures
,
through
rough
and
plain
,
crooked
and
straight
,
direct
and
compasse
,
wagging
of
their
tailes
,
and
glistering
with
their
eies
,
vntil
they
find
the
Hares
form
:
then
they
make
signification
thereof
to
the
hunter
with
their
tailes
,
voices
,
and
paces
;
nowe
running
together
,
now
standing
stil
deuided
asunder
,
they
set
vpon
the
beast
,
who
sudainly
riseth
,
and
turnes
the
cry
of
the
hounds
after
hir
flight
,
then
must
the
hunters
cry
out
:
Io
Dogs
,
there
boies
,
there
Io
,
A
,
Io
,
B
,
Io
,
C
,
and
the
shortest
word
is
fittest
to
applawde
the
Dogs
.
Let
the
hunter
also
runne
after
,
so
as
he
neuer
meet
the
Hare
and
trouble
the
hounds
,
the
poore
Hare
gets
her
out
of
sight
,
and
runs
to
the
place
where
she
was
first
started
,
but
if
she
fall
into
the
nets
by
the
way
,
the
keeper
of
the
nets
must
giue
token
to
the
hunters
by
his
hollowing
voice
,
after
the
vsuall
manner
of
woodmen
:
O
Oha
,
O
ohe
,
that
the
game
is
at
an
end
,
and
then
call
the
Dogs
by
name
:
If
the
Hare
run
farre
,
and
stand
long
on
foot
,
and
if
the
dogs
passe
ouer
the
Hares
footsteps
and
discry
them
not
,
then
must
the
hunter
recal
them
with
a
peculiar
hunting
terme
,
and
lead
them
to
the
place
,
or
casting
about
it
as
neare
as
he
can
,
rebuking
the
Dogges
that
range
at
vncertainties
,
and
exhorting
them
that
be
diligent
;
who
when
they
haue
found
the
footings
againe
,
run
on
as
before
,
with
al
alacrity
.
In
the
mean
season
let
the
hunter
stand
still
til
the
dogs
do
infalliably
demonstrat
vnto
him
that
they
haue
found
the
game
againe
,
then
let
the
hunter
proceede
as
before
,
exhorting
his
dogs
to
the
sport
,
and
if
it
last
al
day
,
the
hunter
must
regard
that
he
restrain
and
keepe
the
Dogges
to
the
wearyed
Hare
,
least
if
they
start
a
fresh
one
,
their
labour
be
lost
.
If
it
be
in
Summer
about
noone
,
let
him
rest
his
dogges
for
strengthning
of
their
feete
till
the
heat
be
ouer
;
if
it
be
snowy
weather
,
and
the
winde
set
Northerly
,
the
footesteps
remaine
long
and
are
not
easely
melted
,
but
if
the
South
winde
blowe
,
the
foote
steps
are
very
quickly
shortened
:
and
neither
when
the
snowe
falleth
fast
,
or
the
winde
bloweth
strong
,
must
the
Dogges
be
ledde
foorth
to
hunting
,
for
the
snow
burneth
the
Dogges
noses
,
and
the
frost
killeth
the
heat
of
the
Hares
foot
;
then
let
the
hunter
take
his
nets
and
some
other
companion
with
him
,
and
go
to
the
woodes
or
mountaines
,
tracing
out
the
foot-steps
of
the
beast
in
the
snow
vnto
the
forme
,
which
is
in
some
steep
or
shadowed
place
,
where
the
windes
blow
ouer
the
snow
,
for
in
such
places
doth
the
Hare
seek
her
lodging
;
hauing
found
it
,
let
him
not
come
too
neare
,
least
he
raise
her
from
hir
seat
,
but
cast
round
about
,
and
if
he
find
no
footings
from
that
place
,
he
may
take
it
for
graunted
,
that
the
Hare
is
found
.
Hauing
so
done
,
let
him
leaue
her
,
and
seeke
another
before
the
snow
be
melt
,
and
the
footings
dashed
,
hauing
respect
to
the
time
of
the
day
,
that
so
he
may
inclose
and
take
them
before
the
euening
:
then
let
him
draw
his
nets
round
about
them
,
compasing
the
whole
plat
wherein
shee
resteth
,
and
then
raise
her
from
her
stoole
:
if
she
auoide
the
net
,
he
must
follow
her
by
the
foot
vnto
her
next
lodging
place
,
which
will
not
be
far
off
,
if
he
follow
her
close
,
for
the
snow
doth
weary
her
and
clot
vpon
her
hinder
feet
,
so
as
the
hunter
may
take
her
with
his
hand
,
or
kil
her
with
his
staffe
.
Blondus
showeth
another
way
of
taking
Hares
:
The
hunters
spread
and
deuide
themselues
by
the
vntilled
and
rough
wais
,
leading
a
Grey-hound
in
a
slip
,
beating
the
bushes
,
hedges
,
and
thornes
,
and
many
times
sending
before
them
a
quicke
smelling
Hound
,
which
raiseth
the
Hare
out
of
her
muse
,
and
then
let
goe
the
Grey-hound
with
hunting
terms
and
cryes
,
exhorting
him
to
follow
the
game
;
and
many
times
the
Dogs
teare
the
Hare
into
many
pieces
,
but
the
hunters
must
pull
them
bleeding
from
the
mouth
of
their
Dogs
.
Others
againe
lie
in
waite
behinde
Bushes
and
trees
to
take
the
Hare
on
a
sudden
,
and
some
in
the
vineyards
,
for
when
they
are
fat
&
resty
,
they
are
easily
ouertaken
,
especially
in
the
cold
of
winter
.
Cyrus
(
as
appeareth
in
Zenophon
)
was
taught
to
make
ditches
for
the
trapping
of
Hares
in
their
course
,
and
the
Eagles
and
Hawkes
watch
the
Hare
when
she
is
raised
and
hunted
by
the
houndes
,
and
set
vpon
her
on
the
right
side
,
whereby
they
kill
and
take
her
,
so
that
it
is
true
which
was
said
at
the
beginning
,
that
Hares
are
hunted
by
men
and
beasts
.
Hauing
thus
discoursed
of
hunting
and
taking
of
hares
,
Of
parks
and
warrens
of
Hares
.
now
it
followeth
also
in
a
word
or
two
to
discourse
of
Parkes
or
inclosed
Warrens
,
wherein
Hares
,
Conies
,
Deere
,
Boares
,
and
other
such
beastes
may
alwaies
bee
ready
,
as
it
were
out
of
a
store-house
or
seminary
to
serue
the
pleasure
and
vse
of
their
maisters
.
Grapaldus
saith
,
that
the
first
Roman
that
euer
inclosed
wilde
beasts
,
was
Fuluius
Herpinus
,
and
Gillius
saith
that
Varro
had
the
first
warren
of
Hares
:
the
manner
was
(
saith
Columella
)
that
Richmen
possessed
of
whole
Towns
and
Lordships
,
neare
some
village
,
inclosed
a
peece
of
land
by
paile
,
mud-wall
,
or
bushe
,
storing
the
same
with
diuers
wilde
beastes
,
and
such
a
one
there
was
in
the
Lordship
that
Varro
bought
of
Marcus
Piso
in
Tusculanum
:
and
Quintus
Hortentius
saw
at
Lawretum
a
wood
inclosed
,
containing
fifty
Akers
,
wherein
were
nourished
all
sortes
of
wild
beasts
,
within
the
compasse
of
a
wall
.
Quintus
Althea
commanded
his
forester
to
call
the
beastes
together
before
him
and
his
guestes
sitting
at
supper
,
and
instantly
he
founded
his
pipe
,
at
the
voice
whereof
there
assembled
together
a
great
company
of
all
sorts
,
to
the
admiration
of
the
beholders
.
Quintus
Fuluius
had
a
Parke
in
Tarquinium
,
wherein
were
included
not
onely
all
the
beastes
before
spoken
off
,
but
also
wilde
sheepe
,
and
this
contained
forty
Akers
of
ground
:
besides
he
had
two
other
.
Pompaeius
erected
a
Parke
in
France
,
containing
the
compasse
of
three
thousand
paces
,
wherein
hee
preserued
not
onely
Deere
,
Hares
,
and
Connies
,
but
also
Dor-mise
,
Bees
,
and
other
beastes
;
the
manner
whereof
ought
to
be
thus
;
first
that
the
walles
or
pales
be
high
,
or
close
iointed
,
so
as
neither
Badgers
,
nor
Cattes
may
creepe
through
,
or
Wolues
,
or
Foxes
,
may
leape
ouer
:
Wherein
ought
also
to
be
bushes
,
and
broad
trees
for
to
couer
the
beastes
against
heate
and
cold
,
and
other
secret
places
to
content
their
natures
,
and
to
defend
them
from
Eagles
and
other
rauening
foules
:
In
which
,
three
or
foure
couple
of
Hares
do
quickly
multiply
into
a
great
warren
.
It
is
also
good
to
sowe
Guoards
,
Miseline
,
Corne
,
Barly
,
Peies
,
and
such
like
,
wherein
Hares
delight
and
will
thereby
quickly
waxe
fat
.
For
their
fatting
,
the
hunters
vse
another
deuice
,
they
put
waxe
into
their
eares
,
and
so
make
them
deafe
,
then
turne
them
into
the
place
where
they
should
feed
,
where
being
freed
from
the
feare
of
sounds
(
because
they
want
hearing
)
they
grow
fat
before
other
of
their
kind
.
Concerning
the
vse
of
their
skins
,
in
some
countries
they
make
sleeues
and
breeches
of
them
,
especially
lynings
for
all
outward
colde
diseases
.
The
civil
vse
of
their
seuerall
parts
.
Heliogabalus
lay
vpon
a
bed
filled
with
flew
or
wooll
of
Hares
,
for
then
that
,
there
is
nothing
more
soft
,
for
which
cause
the
Grecians
made
spunges
thereof
,
to
clense
the
eies
of
men
.
The
Goldsmithes
vse
the
feete
or
Legges
of
Hares
in
steed
of
brushes
or
broomes
,
to
take
off
the
dust
from
their
plate
.
The
flesh
of
hares
hath
euer
beene
accounted
a
delicate
meate
(
among
all
other
foure-footed-beastes
)
as
the
Thrush
among
the
foules
of
the
aire
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Martiall
:
Inter
aues
Turdus
si
quis
me
iudice
certet
Inter
quadrupedes
gloria
prima
lepus
.
In
auncient
time
(
as
Coelius
saith
)
the
Brittons
were
forbidden
to
eate
Hares
,
like
as
the
Iewes
by
the
law
of
Moses
,
Leu.
11.
Deut.
14.
Plutarch
inquireth
the
reason
whye
the
Iewes
worship
swine
and
Hares
because
they
did
not
eate
their
flesh
:
whereunto
answer
was
made
,
that
they
abstained
from
Hares
,
because
their
colour
,
eares
,
and
eies
,
were
like
asses
;
wherein
the
ignorance
of
Gods
law
appeared
,
for
they
abstained
from
Hares
at
Gods
commandement
,
because
they
were
not
clouen-footed
,
for
the
Egyptians
accounted
all
swift
creatures
to
be
partakers
of
diuinity
.
Their
flesh
ingendereth
thicke
blood
,
therefore
it
is
to
bee
prescribed
for
a
dry
diet
,
for
it
bindeth
the
belly
,
procureth
vrine
,
and
helpeth
the
paine
in
the
bowels
:
but
yet
it
is
not
good
for
an
ordinary
diet
,
it
is
hot
and
dry
in
the
second
degree
,
and
therefore
it
nourisheth
but
little
being
so
hard
,
as
Gallen
witnesseth
.
The
blood
is
farre
more
whot
then
the
flesh
,
it
is
thinne
,
and
therefore
watery
like
the
blood
of
all
fearefull
beasts
;
The
bloud
&
flesh
eaten
the
hinder
parts
from
the
loines
are
most
delicate
meate
,
called
in
Latine
Pulpamentum
,
it
was
wont
to
be
dressed
with
salt
,
&
Coriander
seed
,
yet
the
forepart
is
the
sweeter
,
for
the
manner
of
the
dressing
whereof
I
leaue
to
euery
mans
humour
.
It
was
once
beleeued
that
the
eating
of
the
hinder
loines
of
a
hare
would
make
one
faire
or
procure
beauty
,
wherupon
Martiall
receiued
a
hare
from
Gellia
a
friend
of
his
with
this
message
:
For
mosus
septem
Marce
diebus
eris
.
And
he
retorted
the
iest
in
this
manner
vpon
Gellia
;
Si
me
non
fallis
si
verum
(
lux
mea
)
dicis
Edisti
nunquam
Gellia
tu
leporem
.
Lampridius
writeth
that
a
certaine
Poet
played
vpon
Alexander
Seuerus
the
Emperor
for
eating
▪
hares
fleshe
,
which
made
him
faire
,
whereas
in
truth
hee
was
very
black
;
In
this
manner
;
Pulchrum
quod
vides
esse
nostrum
regem
Quem
Syrum
suum
detulit
propago
Venatus
facit
,
&
lepus
comesus
Ex
quo
continuum
capit
leporem
.
The
Emperor
seeing
those
verses
,
for
Emperors
hauing
long
eares
and
hands
,
made
answer
vnto
them
as
followeth
;
Pulchrum
quod
put
as
esse
vestrum
regem
Vulgari
,
(
miserande
)
de
fabella
.
Si
verum
putas
esse
non
●rascor
Tantum
tu
comedas
velim
lepusculos
Vt
fias
animi
malis
repulsis
Pulcher
,
ne
inuideas
liuore
mentis
.
If
any
man
finde
fault
with
the
Emperors
verses
,
Erasmus
hath
already
answered
the
obiection
,
that
Kings
and
Emperors
are
not
subiect
to
lawes
of
versesieng
,
besides
his
aunswer
was
in
Greeke
and
this
is
but
translated
.
The
eating
of
hares
procureth
sleepe
,
and
thus
much
for
the
flesh
and
parts
.
The
Epethites
of
a
Hare
expressing
their
natures
are
,
The
epithits
of
Hares
Eared
,
trusting
their
feet
,
feareful
,
careful
,
fruitefull
,
flying
,
raging
,
vnhorned
,
little
,
crafty
,
tender
,
sharp-smelling
,
swift
,
whining
,
and
wandering
,
beside
many
other
Greeke
names
.
When
Xerxes
gathered
his
Army
to
goe
against
Graecia
,
Stories
of
monstrous
Hares
.
a
man
brought
forth
a
Hare
which
fore-shewed
that
great
Armye
should
worke
no
strange
effect
.
And
another
mare
of
three
yeare
old
broght
forth
a
hare
which
spake
as
soone
as
it
was
littered
,
biting
her
mother
with
her
teeth
,
and
killing
her
and
while
they
looked
vpon
her
,
sucking
her
dams
blood
,
fethers
grew
out
of
her
backe
in
fashion
of
wings
,
which
being
done
the
moster
lifting
vp
the
voice
,
spake
in
this
manner
;
Fundite
iam
lachrymas
&
suspiria
miseri
mortales
,
ego
hinc
abeo
:
that
is
to
say
,
O
ye
wretched
mortall
men
weepe
and
sigh
I
go
away
:
at
which
words
she
flew
away
and
was
neuer
seene
more
.
There
were
present
at
the
sight
heereof
seuen
publike
notaries
,
which
called
witnesses
and
made
instruments
thereupon
,
(
as
Antonius
Bautius
writeth
in
his
Epistle
to
Petrus
Toletus
of
Lyons
in
the
yeare
1537.
In
December
:
)
whereunto
the
saide
Toletus
made
this
answer
,
The
daies
shall
come
(
saith
he
)
except
the
mercy
of
God
preuent
them
,
that
children
shall
thinke
they
doe
obedience
to
their
parents
if
they
put
them
to
death
.
They
shall
grieue
because
they
were
borne
,
and
say
they
are
adulterate
,
as
the
Hare
that
was
borne
of
the
Maire
.
Likewise
it
is
reported
by
Lisander
,
that
when
the
Corinthians
refused
the
conduct
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
and
the
Lacedemonians
besiedging
the
Citty
,
fell
to
be
very
much
afraid
,
and
vnwilling
to
scale
the
walles
;
whiles
they
stood
in
this
amaze
,
suddenly
a
Hare
leaped
out
of
the
towne
ditch
;
which
thing
when
Lisander
saw
,
he
exhorted
his
Souldiers
,
saying
;
Be
not
afraid
(
O
ye
Spartanes
)
of
this
sluggish
and
vnexercised
people
,
for
you
see
they
stirre
not
out
of
the
citty
,
but
suffer
Hares
to
lodge
vnder
their
Walles
;
whereupon
came
the
prouerbe
(
Dormire
lepores
submoenibus
)
Hares
sleepe
vnder
their
Walles
,
to
signifie
a
slothfull
,
secure
,
sluggish
,
idle
,
and
vnthrifty
people
.
The
Eagles
of
Norway
lay
their
younge
ones
in
Hares
skinnes
,
which
themselues
pull
off
.
There
is
also
a
bird
in
Scithia
,
about
the
bignesse
of
a
Bustard
,
which
bringeth
forth
two
at
a
time
,
and
keepeth
them
in
a
Hares
skinne
which
she
hangeth
vpon
a
bough
Hares
were
dedicated
to
loue
,
because
(
Xenophon
saith
)
there
is
no
man
that
seeth
a
Hare
but
he
remembred
what
he
hath
loued
.
They
say
the
citty
Bocas
of
Laconia
was
builded
by
a
signe
of
good
fortune
taken
from
a
Hare
,
for
when
the
inhabitants
were
driuen
out
of
their
countrey
they
went
to
the
Oracle
to
desire
a
place
to
dwell
in
,
from
whom
they
receiued
answer
,
that
Diana
should
shew
them
a
dwelling
place
:
they
going
out
of
their
countrey
a
hare
met
with
them
which
they
consented
to
follow
,
and
there
to
build
where
the
Hare
should
lodge
,
and
they
followed
her
to
a
myrtle
tree
,
where
the
hare
hid
her selfe
,
in
which
place
they
builded
their
citty
,
and
euer
afterwards
retained
with
veneration
a
myrtle
tree
.
Pausanius
And
thus
I
will
conclude
this
morrall
discourse
of
hares
,
with
that
Epigram
of
Martiall
made
vpon
occasion
of
a
hare
that
in
sport
passed
through
the
mouth
and
teeth
of
a
tame
Lyon
,
saying
that
she
was
ambitious
in
offering
her
life
to
the
Lyons
teeth
in
this
wise
:
Non
facit
ad
saeuos
cernix
nisi
prima
leones
Scilicet
a
magnis
ad
te
descendere
tauris
Desperanda
tibi
est
ingentis
gloria
fati
Quid
fugis
hos
dentes
ambitiose
lepus
Et
quae
non
cernunt
frangere
colla
velint
Non
potes
hoc
tenuis
praeda
sub
hoste
mori
.
The
powder
of
a
hare
with
oyle
of
mirtle
,
dryueth
away
paine
in
the
head
,
and
the
same
burned
cureth
the
cough
:
the
powder
thereof
is
good
for
the
stone
in
the
bladder
:
The
medicins
of
Hares
Pliny
.
also
the
blood
and
fime
of
a
hare
burnt
in
a
raw
pot
to
powder
,
afterwards
drunke
fasting
with
Wine
and
warme
water
,
it
cureth
the
stone
:
and
Sextus
saith
,
hee
made
triall
of
it
by
putting
a
spoonefull
of
the
powder
into
Water
wherein
was
a
sand
stone
,
and
the
same
stone
did
instantly
melt
and
disolue
:
so
likewise
a
young
hare
cut
out
of
the
dams
belly
and
burnt
to
powder
,
hath
the
same
operation
.
A
wastcoat
made
of
hare
skins
straighten
the
bodies
of
young
and
old
:
also
the
same
dipped
in
oyle
laide
to
the
sore
places
of
a
horsses
Legges
where
the
skinne
is
off
by
ouer
reatching
,
it
often
cureth
the
sore
:
the
blood
taken
warme
out
of
the
body
amendeth
Sunne
burning
,
freckles
,
pimples
,
and
many
other
faultes
in
skinne
and
face
;
which
Celsus
prescribeth
to
bee
doone
first
by
washing
the
place
many
houres
together
,
in
the
morning
with
the
blood
,
and
afterwardes
annoynting
it
with
oile
:
the
same
vertue
is
in
the
fat
of
swannes
mingled
with
oyle
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Serenus
:
Cygnaeos
adipes
hilari
miserto
lyaeo
,
Omne
malum
propere
maculoso
ex
ore
fugabis
Sanguine
vel
leporis
morbus
delabitur
omnis
.
It
also
cureth
and
taketh
away
the
thicke
skin
of
the
eie
,
it
adorneth
the
skinne
,
produceth
haire
in
able
places
,
and
easeth
the
gout
.
Or
no
cutim
,
perduco
pilos
&
sedo
podagrani
Sanguine
si
fuerint
membra
perunctameo
.
It
being
fried
,
helpeth
the
bloody-flixe
,
vlcers
in
the
bowels
,
an
old
laske
,
and
taketh
away
the
poyson
of
an
arrow
:
It
being
annointed
vpon
a
whot
outward
vlcer
it
ripeneth
it
.
After
a
bath
,
it
cureth
a
great
leprosie
by
washing
.
The
rennet
of
a
Hare
staieth
loosenesse
,
the
flesh
is
profitable
for
vlcers
in
the
bowels
,
it
breaketh
the
stone
being
beaten
,
and
being
decocted
like
a
Fox
easeth
the
gout
and
the
shrinking
vp
of
the
sinnewes
.
The
fat
with
the
flowers
of
beanes
beaten
together
,
draweth
thornes
out
of
the
flesh
;
If
naile
sticke
in
the
sole
of
the
foote
beat
together
the
fat
of
a
hare
and
a
rawe
sea-crab
,
then
lay
it
to
the
place
and
right
against
it
vpon
the
same
foote
lay
also
two
or
three
beane
flowers
,
and
let
it
lie
a
day
and
a
night
and
so
it
shal
be
cured
:
and
the
same
draweth
a
poisoned
arrow
out
of
a
Horsse
.
Andreas
reporteth
to
Gesner
that
he
hath
often
heard
that
the
sewet
of
a
Hare
layed
to
the
crowne
of
a
womans
head
,
expelleth
her
secunds
,
and
a
dead
child
out
of
the
wombe
.
The
powder
made
of
this
wool
or
haire
stauncheth
bleeding
,
if
the
haires
be
pulled
off
from
a
liue
Hare
,
and
stopped
into
the
nose
.
The
powder
of
the
wooll
of
a
Hare
burned
,
mingled
with
the
oyle
of
Mirtles
,
the
gal
of
a
Bull
,
and
Allum
warmed
at
the
fire
and
annoint
it
vppon
the
heade
,
fasteneth
the
haire
from
falling
off
:
also
the
same
powder
decocted
with
Hony
,
helpeth
the
paine
in
the
bowels
,
although
they
be
broken
:
being
taken
in
a
round
ball
the
quantity
of
a
beane
together
;
but
these
medicines
must
be
vsed
euery
day
.
Arnoldus
prescribeth
the
haire
to
be
cut
short
and
so
to
be
taken
into
the
body
against
burstnesse
:
A
perfume
made
of
the
dung
and
haires
of
a
Hare
,
and
the
fat
of
a
sea-calfe
,
draweth
forth
womens
flowers
.
The
seede
of
a
wilde
Cowcumber
,
and
an
Oyster
shell
burned
,
and
put
into
Wine
,
mingled
with
the
haire
of
a
Hare
,
and
wooll
of
a
sheep
,
with
the
flower
of
roses
,
cureth
inflamations
of
womens
secrets
after
their
child-birth
.
Also
Hipocrates
prescribeth
the
shel
of
a
Cuttle-fish
to
be
beaten
into
wine
and
layed
in
sheeps
wooll
and
Hares
haire
,
helpeth
the
falling
downe
of
the
wombe
of
a
woman
with
child
.
If
a
mans
feete
be
scorched
with
cold
,
the
powder
of
a
Hares
Wooll
is
a
remedy
for
it
.
The
head
of
a
Hare
burned
and
mingled
with
fat
of
Beares
and
vineger
,
causeth
haire
to
come
where
it
is
fallen
off
,
and
Gallen
saith
that
some
haue
vsed
the
whole
body
of
a
hare
so
burned
and
mingled
for
the
foresaid
cure
,
being
layed
in
manner
of
a
plaister
.
By
eating
of
a
hares
head
the
trembling
of
the
Nerues
and
the
losse
of
motion
and
sence
in
the
members
receiueth
singuler
remedy
.
These
thinges
also
preserueth
teeth
from
aking
:
the
powder
of
a
hares
head
burned
with
salt
mingled
together
,
rubbed
vpon
the
teeth
or
if
ye
will
put
thereunto
the
whitest
fennell
,
and
the
dryed
beanes
of
a
Cutle
fish
.
The
Indians
burne
together
the
hares
head
and
mice
for
this
purpose
.
When
ones
mouth
smelleth
strong
this
powder
with
spicknard
asswageth
the
smell
.
The
braine
is
good
against
poison
.
The
heart
of
a
Hare
hath
in
yt
a
theriacall
vertue
also
.
The
braine
is
proued
to
haue
power
in
it
for
comforting
and
reparing
the
memory
.
The
same
sod
and
eaten
helpeth
tremblings
which
hapeneth
in
the
accessions
of
sicknesse
,
such
as
one
is
in
the
cold
shaking
fit
of
an
Ague
:
It
is
to
bee
noted
,
that
all
trembling
hath
his
originall
cause
from
the
infirmitie
or
weakenesse
of
the
Nerues
,
as
is
apparant
in
olde
age
,
although
the
immediat
causes
may
be
some
cold
constitution
,
as
aboundance
of
cold
humors
,
drinking
of
cold
drink
,
and
such
like
;
all
which
tremblings
are
cured
by
eating
the
braine
of
a
hare
roasted
,
(
saith
Dioscorides
and
Egineta
.
)
It
also
helpeth
children
to
breed
teeth
easily
,
if
the
gummes
be
rubbed
therewith
,
for
it
hath
the
same
power
against
inflamation
,
that
hony
and
Butter
hath
:
being
drunke
in
wine
and
the
stones
thereof
rosted
and
eaten
,
it
is
good
for
him
which
hath
any
paine
in
his
bladder
,
Serenus
.
and
if
the
vrine
exceede
ordinary
,
for
staying
thereof
take
the
braine
heereof
to
be
drunke
in
wine
.
The
tooth
of
a
hare
layed
to
that
part
where
the
teeth
ake
,
easeth
them
.
Take
the
mawe
with
the
dung
in
it
,
Rasis
and
wash
it
in
old
wine
so
as
the
dung
may
mingle
therewith
,
and
then
giue
it
to
one
sicke
of
the
bloody
flixe
,
and
it
shal
cure
him
.
The
rennet
hath
the
same
vertue
that
is
in
a
Calues
or
Kyds
,
and
whereas
Nicander
praiseth
it
in
the
first
place
,
for
the
vertue
it
hath
in
it
against
poyson
,
Nicoon
an
ancient
Phisitian
giueth
it
the
second
place
,
Aristotle
.
Gallen
for
it
is
full
of
sharpe
digesting
power
,
and
therefore
hath
a
drying
quality
.
It
dissolueth
the
congealed
and
coagulated
milke
in
the
belly
,
and
also
clotted
blood
within
in
the
stomach
more
effectually
,
then
the
rennet
of
any
other
beast
,
being
alway
the
better
for
the
age
.
Being
mingled
with
vineger
,
it
is
drunke
against
poyson
,
Dioscorides
and
also
if
a
man
or
Beast
bee
annoynted
with
it
,
no
Serpent
,
Scorpion
,
Spider
,
or
wilde
Mouse
,
whose
teeth
are
venomous
will
venter
to
sting
the
body
so
annointed
or
else
inwardly
take
thereof
three
spoonfuls
with
wine
against
the
said
bitings
,
or
of
any
Sea-fish
or
Hemlocke
after
the
wound
receiued
,
and
with
vineger
it
is
soueraigne
against
all
poison
of
Chamaeleons
,
or
the
blood
of
Bulles
.
The
same
being
drunke
in
vineger
or
applyed
outwardly
to
womens
breasts
,
disperseth
the
coagulated
milke
in
them
:
also
being
mingled
with
Snailes
,
or
any
other
shelfish
,
which
feede
vpon
greene
herbes
or
leaues
,
it
draweth
forth
Thornes
,
Dartes
,
Arrowes
,
or
Reedes
out
of
the
belly
:
or
mingled
with
gum
of
Franckincense
,
Oyle
,
bird-lime
,
Marcellus
.
and
Bees-glew
,
of
each
an
equall
quantity
with
vineger
,
it
stauncheth
blood
and
all
yssues
of
blood
flowing
out
of
the
belly
:
and
it
also
ripeneth
an
old
sore
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Serenus
;
Si
inducas
leporis
asper
sa
coagula
vino
.
Being
layed
to
the
kings
euill
in
Lint
with
vineger
,
it
disperseth
and
cureth
it
:
also
it
healeth
Cankers
,
it
cureth
a
quartan
Ague
,
also
mixed
with
Wine
and
drunke
with
vineger
,
against
the
falling
euill
and
the
stone
in
the
bladder
:
If
it
bee
mixed
with
Sagapanum
and
Wine
Amyney
,
and
infused
into
the
eares
,
giueth
help
,
as
also
the
paine
of
the
teeth
.
It
dissolueth
blood
in
the
lights
,
and
easeth
the
paine
of
blood
congealed
in
your
stomacke
:
Dioscorides
when
one
spiteth
blood
,
if
he
drinke
Samia
and
Mirtle
wine
,
with
the
rennet
of
a
hare
,
it
shal
giue
him
very
present
ease
.
The
later
learned
Physitians
take
a
drinke
made
of
vineger
and
Water
,
and
giue
it
warme
to
eiect
and
expell
blood
out
of
the
Lightes
,
and
if
any
drop
thereof
cleaue
in
the
bowels
,
then
doe
they
three
or
foure
times
together
iterate
this
potion
,
and
after
apply
and
minister
all
binding
astringent
medicines
and
emplasters
,
and
for
the
bloody-flix
it
is
good
to
be
vsed
:
It
is
held
also
profitable
by
Dioscorides
and
other
the
ancients
,
that
if
the
pap
or
brest
of
a
Woman
bee
annointed
therewith
,
it
stayeth
the
sucking
infantes
loosenesse
of
the
belly
,
or
else
giuen
to
the
child
with
Wine
,
or
(
if
it
haue
an
Ague
)
with
Water
.
There
is
saith
Aristotle
in
the
rennet
a
fiery
quality
▪
but
not
in
the
highest
degree
,
for
as
fire
dissolueth
and
discerneth
,
so
doth
this
in
milke
distinguish
the
ayery
part
from
the
watery
,
and
the
watery
from
the
earthye
:
Wherefore
when
one
tasteth
an
olde
rennet
,
he
shall
thinke
hee
tasteth
an
old
putrified
Cheese
,
but
as
leauen
is
to
bread
,
which
hardneth
ioyneth
,
and
seasoneth
the
same
,
so
is
rennet
to
Cheese
;
and
therfore
both
of
them
haue
the
same
qualityes
of
dissoluing
and
binding
:
Galen
affirmeth
that
he
cured
one
of
gowty
tumours
and
swellings
,
by
applying
thereunto
olde
and
strong
putrified
cheese
beaten
in
a
morter
,
and
mixed
with
the
salted
fatte
or
leg
of
a
Swine
.
If
a
man
sicke
of
the
bloody-flixe
drinke
thereof
in
a
reere
egge
two
scruples
for
three
daies
together
fasting
,
it
will
procure
him
remedy
.
For
pacifieng
the
Collicke
,
drinke
the
rennet
of
a
Hare
:
the
same
mingled
with
Goose
grease
,
stayeth
the
incontinensie
of
vrine
,
it
also
retaineth
womens
flowers
.
If
it
be
drunk
with
vineger
it
helpeth
the
secunds
,
and
being
applied
with
Saffron
and
the
iuyce
of
leeks
,
driueth
a
dead
child
out
of
the
wombe
.
If
it
be
drunke
three
or
foure
daies
together
after
child-birth
it
causeth
barrennesse
.
There
are
(
saith
Pliny
)
a
kind
of
Wormes
which
being
bound
to
women
before
the
sunne
rysing
in
a
harts
skin
,
cause
them
that
they
cannot
conceiue
:
this
power
is
called
Afocion
.
Masarius
saith
,
that
if
a
Woman
drinke
this
rennet
to
her
meate
before
she
conceiue
with
child
,
she
shall
be
deliuered
of
a
Male
child
:
and
such
is
the
foolish
opinion
of
them
which
affirme
at
this
day
,
that
if
men
eate
parsly
or
white
buds
of
blacke
yuie
,
it
maketh
them
vnable
to
carnall
copulation
.
Aetuis
The
rennet
of
a
Hare
easeth
and
disperseth
al
tumors
and
swellings
in
womens
breasts
,
the
Lights
of
a
Hare
powdred
with
salt
,
with
Franckinsens
,
and
white
Wine
,
helpeth
him
that
is
vexed
with
the
falling
sicknesse
,
if
he
receiue
it
thirty
daies
together
.
Sextus
ascribeth
the
same
remedy
to
the
hart
,
and
Pliny
commendeth
the
Lights
to
heale
the
paine
in
the
eies
,
by
binding
it
vpon
the
eies
.
Being
drunke
in
powder
,
it
cureth
the
secrets
.
If
the
heeles
be
troubled
with
kybes
they
are
healed
with
the
fat
of
Beares
;
but
if
they
bee
wrunge
with
a
cold
,
they
are
healed
with
the
dust
of
a
Hares
haire
,
or
the
powder
of
the
Lights
;
Likewise
when
the
foote
is
hurt
with
straight
shooes
,
it
hath
the
same
operation
.
The
ancient
Magi
tooke
the
skin
of
an
Oxe
in
powder
,
with
the
vrine
of
Boies
,
and
sprinkled
it
on
the
toes
of
there
feete
,
binding
the
heart
of
a
Hare
to
the
hands
of
him
that
hath
a
quartan
Ague
:
and
some
cure
it
by
hanging
the
heart
of
a
young
hare
or
Leueret
to
the
necke
or
arme
,
Sextus
.
in
the
beginning
of
the
fit
of
him
that
is
so
visited
.
The
heart
of
a
hare
dried
mixed
with
Franckincense
or
Manna
in
white
wine
drunke
thirty
daies
together
,
cureth
the
falling
sicknesse
.
Pliny
.
For
the
paine
in
the
belly
take
the
same
medicine
,
and
being
drunke
with
warme
water
mingled
with
Samia
,
cureth
the
fluxes
of
women
:
also
if
a
man
that
hath
the
fluxe
eat
the
Liuer
of
a
Hare
dipped
in
sharpe
vineger
it
helpeth
him
if
hee
bee
Liuer
sicke
:
or
if
one
haue
the
falling
sicknesse
,
eate
the
quantity
of
an
ounce
thereof
,
and
it
helpeth
him
.
The
gall
of
a
Hare
,
the
Hart
,
Lungs
,
Lights
and
liuer
of
a
Weasill
,
mixed
together
,
three
drams
,
one
dram
of
Castoreum
,
fours
drams
of
Myrrha
,
a
dram
of
vineger
and
Hony
beat
together
,
Galen
.
cureth
him
that
hath
a
swimming
or
dizzinesse
in
his
brain
.
The
gal
newly
taken
forth
mingled
with
a
like
portion
of
hony
,
and
warme
in
the
skinne
of
an
onyon
,
and
so
put
into
the
eare
,
giueth
remedy
to
him
that
can
heare
nothing
.
If
he
that
is
sicke
in
the
melt
,
that
is
if
it
be
ouer
hard
,
swallow
downe
the
melt
of
a
Hare
not
touching
it
with
his
teeth
,
or
seeing
it
with
his
eies
,
it
cureth
him
.
The
belly
of
a
hare
with
the
intrals
tosted
and
burned
in
a
frying-pan
mixed
with
oyle
,
and
anointed
vpon
the
head
,
restoreth
decaied
haires
.
The
raines
of
a
hare
inueterated
and
drunke
in
Wine
,
expelleth
the
stone
,
Auicen
and
being
sod
,
cut
,
and
dryed
in
the
sun
,
helpeth
the
paine
in
the
raines
,
if
it
be
swallowed
downe
and
not
touched
with
the
teeth
.
The
raines
of
a
hare
,
and
of
a
Moore-henne
,
cureth
them
that
are
poisoned
by
Spiders
,
the
stones
of
a
hare
rosted
and
drunke
in
wine
,
staieth
the
incontinencie
of
vrine
.
In
the
paine
of
the
loines
,
and
of
the
hip
bones
they
haue
the
same
operation
.
The
secrets
and
stones
of
hares
are
giuen
to
men
and
women
to
make
them
apter
to
copulation
and
conception
,
but
this
opinion
hath
no
other
ground
beside
the
foecundity
of
the
beastes
that
beareth
them
.
They
which
carry
about
with
them
the
anckle
bone
of
a
hare
,
shal
neuer
be
pained
in
the
belly
(
as
Pliny
saith
.
)
So
likewise
Sextus
and
Marcellus
.
Take
the
anckle
bone
out
of
a
liue
hare
and
haires
from
her
belly
,
there
withall
make
a
threed
and
bind
the
said
bone
to
him
that
hath
the
Collicke
,
and
it
shall
ease
him
.
The
said
bone
also
beaten
to
powder
is
reckoned
amonge
the
chiefe
remedies
against
the
stone
.
When
women
haue
hard
trauel
,
put
it
into
Creticke-wine
with
the
liquor
of
penyroyall
,
and
it
procureth
speedy
deliuery
,
being
bound
to
the
benummed
ioynts
of
a
mans
legge
bringeth
great
ease
:
so
also
do
the
feete
being
bruised
and
drunke
in
warme
wine
,
releeueth
the
arteries
and
shortnesse
of
breath
:
and
some
beleeue
that
by
the
foote
of
a
hare
cut
off
aliue
,
the
gout
is
eased
.
The
fime
of
a
hare
cureth
scortched
members
,
and
whereas
it
was
no
small
honour
to
virgins
in
ancient
time
,
to
haue
their
brestes
continually
stand
out
,
euery
one
was
prescribed
to
drinke
in
wine
or
such
other
thinges
,
nine
graines
of
hares
dung
:
the
same
drunke
in
wine
at
the
Euening
staieth
coughing
in
the
night
,
in
a
potion
of
warme
wine
it
is
giuen
to
them
that
haue
the
bloody
flix
,
likewise
if
a
man
be
sicke
of
the
Collicke
,
and
drink
three
pieles
thereof
in
sweet
wine
,
it
procureth
him
much
ease
:
being
decocted
with
hony
and
eaten
euery
day
,
the
quantity
of
a
beane
in
desperate
cases
,
mendeth
ruptures
in
the
bowels
.
Asclepiades
in
his
medicine
whereby
he
procured
fruitfulnesse
to
Noble
Women
,
hee
gaue
them
foure
drams
of
Mirrha
,
two
drams
of
Flower-deluce
,
two
of
hares
dung
,
confected
with
colli●iall
water
,
and
so
put
vp
into
their
bellies
after
ceasing
of
the
flowers
,
before
they
lay
with
their
husbands
.
Albertus
and
Raphael
prescribe
this
medicine
to
help
a
woman
that
wanteth
milke
in
her
brests
,
Cristall
,
white
mustard-seed
,
and
Hares
dung
put
into
broath
made
with
Fennell
.
THE
HEDG-HOG
.
Of
the
kinds
of
hedghogs
.
Implici
tumque
sinu
spinosi
corporis
erem
.
The
Arabians
call
him
Ceufud
,
or
Coufed
,
the
Caldeans
Caupeda
,
the
Septuagints
Mugale
.
Siluaticus
calleth
it
Agilium
,
Auicen
Aduldu●
,
and
Aliherha
signifieth
a
great
Mountaine
Hedghog
:
the
Grecians
Cher
,
and
Acanthonocos
,
or
Echinos
,
by
reason
of
the
prickes
vpon
his
backe
.
The
Latines
Echinus
,
Ericius
,
Ricius
,
Herix
,
and
Erinatius
,
the
Italians
Riccio
,
and
Rizo
,
the
Spaniards
Erizo
,
the
Portingals
Ouriso
,
or
Orizo
,
Cache
,
because
of
hiding
themselues
:
the
French
Herison
,
the
Germans
Igal
,
as
in
lower
Germany
,
in
Holland
,
Een
Yseren
Vercken
in
English
a
Hedghog
,
or
an
vrchine
:
by
which
name
also
we
call
a
man
that
holdeth
his
Necke
in
his
bosome
:
the
Italians
Gess
,
Malax
,
Their
place
of
abode
.
&
Illirians
Azvuijer
Zatho
,
&
Otzischax
.
So
then
for
the
entrance
of
this
discourse
we
take
it
for
granted
,
that
Herinatius
and
Echinus
signifie
one
thing
,
except
one
of
them
signifie
that
kind
which
is
like
to
a
Hogge
,
and
the
other
that
kinde
which
is
like
to
a
Dogge
,
for
they
differ
in
place
,
or
in
habitation
:
some
of
them
keepe
in
the
mountaines
and
in
the
Woods
or
hollow
trees
,
The
quantitye
.
and
other
about
Barnes
and
houses
:
in
the
Summer
time
they
keepe
neare
vineyards
and
bushy
places
,
and
gather
fruite
,
laying
it
vp
against
winter
.
The
parts
.
Hermolaus
.
It
is
about
the
biggnesse
of
a
Cony
,
but
more
like
to
a
Hogge
,
being
beset
and
compassed
all
ouer
with
sharpe
thorney
haires
,
as
well
on
the
face
as
on
the
feete
:
and
those
sharpe
prickles
are
couered
with
a
kind
of
soft
mosse
,
but
when
she
is
angred
or
gathereth
her
foode
she
striketh
them
vp
by
an
admirable
instinct
of
nature
,
as
sharpe
as
pinnes
or
Needles
:
these
are
haire
at
the
beginning
,
but
afterwardes
grow
to
be
prickles
,
which
is
the
lesse
to
be
marueiled
at
,
because
there
bee
Mise
in
Egypt
(
as
Pliny
saith
)
which
haue
haire
like
Hedghogs
.
It
hath
none
of
these
prickles
on
the
belly
,
and
therefore
,
when
the
skin
is
off
,
it
is
in
all
parts
like
a
Hog
.
Albertus
.
His
stones
are
inward
and
cleaue
to
his
loins
like
as
a
birds
,
he
hath
two
holes
vnder
his
taile
,
to
eiect
his
excrements
,
which
no
creature
liuing
hath
beside
him
.
His
meate
is
Apples
,
Wormes
,
or
Grapes
;
When
he
findeth
Apples
or
Grapes
on
the
earth
,
hee
rowleth
himselfe
vppon
them
,
vntill
he
haue
filled
all
his
prickles
,
and
then
carrieth
them
home
to
his
den
,
neuer
bearing
aboue
one
in
his
mouth
.
And
if
it
fortun
that
one
of
them
fall
off
by
the
way
,
he
likewise
shaketh
of
all
the
residue
,
and
walloweth
vpon
them
a
fresh
,
vntill
they
be
all
setled
vpon
his
backe
againe
,
so
foorth
hee
goeth
,
making
a
noyse
like
a
cart
wheale
.
And
if
hee
haue
any
young
ones
in
his
nest
,
they
pull
of
his
load
wherewithall
he
is
loaded
,
eating
thereof
what
they
please
,
and
laying
vppe
the
residue
for
the
time
to
come
.
When
they
are
nourished
at
home
in
houses
and
brought
vp
tame
,
they
drinke
both
Milke
and
Wine
:
Their
copulation
.
But
there
is
an
Hearbe
(
called
Potomagiton
)
whereof
if
they
tast
,
they
die
presently
.
When
they
are
in
carnall
copulation
they
stand
vpright
,
and
are
not
ioyned
like
other
beastes
,
for
they
imbrace
one
another
,
standing
belly
to
belly
:
but
the
prickly
thornes
vppon
their
backes
will
not
suffer
them
to
haue
copulation
like
Dogges
or
Swine
,
and
for
this
cause
they
are
a
very
little
while
in
copulation
,
because
they
cannot
stand
long
together
vpon
their
hinder
Legges
.
When
the
female
is
to
bring
forth
her
young
ones
,
and
feeleth
the
naturall
paine
of
her
deliuery
,
she
pricketh
her
owne
belly
,
to
delay
and
put
of
her
misery
,
to
her
further
paine
,
whereupon
came
the
prouerbe
(
as
Erasmus
saith
)
Echinus
Partum
Differt
,
the
hedghog
putteth
of
the
littering
of
her
young
which
is
also
applyed
against
them
which
put
of
and
defer
those
necessary
workes
,
which
God
and
nature
hath
prouided
them
to
vndergoe
;
as
when
a
poore
man
defereth
the
paiement
of
his
debt
,
vntill
the
value
and
summe
grow
to
be
far
more
great
then
the
principall
.
●heir
inward
〈◊〉
●nd
di●●●●●tion
The
inward
disposition
of
this
beast
,
appeareth
to
bee
very
crafty
and
full
of
suttlety
,
by
this
,
because
(
Licophron
saith
)
that
Nauplius
had
a
cunning
crooked
wit
,
and
was
called
by
him
a
Hedghog
.
When
they
hide
themselues
in
their
den
,
they
haue
a
naturall
vnderstanding
of
the
turning
of
the
wind
,
South
and
North
,
and
they
that
are
norished
tame
in
houses
,
immediatly
before
that
change
remoue
from
one
Wal
to
another
:
the
wild
ones
haue
two
holes
in
their
caue
,
the
one
north
,
thother
south
,
obseruing
to
stop
the
mouth
against
the
wind
,
as
the
skiful
mariner
to
stiere
&
turne
the
rudder
or
sails
,
for
which
occasion
Aristotle
saith
,
that
some
haue
held
opinion
,
Oppianus
.
that
they
do
naturally
fore-know
the
chang
of
weather
.
There
is
mortall
hatred
betwixt
the
Serpent
and
the
Hedgehog
,
The
enimies
to
Hedghogs
the
Serpent
seeketh
out
the
Hedghogs
den
,
and
falleth
vpon
her
to
kill
her
,
the
Hedghog
draweth
it selfe
vp
together
round
like
a
foot-ball
,
so
that
nothing
appeareth
on
her
but
her
thorney
prickes
:
whereat
the
Serpent
biteth
in
vaine
,
for
the
more
she
laboreth
to
anoy
the
Hedghog
,
the
more
she
is
wounded
and
harmeth
her selfe
,
yet
notwithstanding
the
height
of
her
minde
,
and
hate
of
her
heart
doth
not
suffer
her
to
let
goe
her
hold
,
till
one
or
both
parties
bee
destroyed
.
The
Hehghog
rowleth
vpon
the
Serpent
piercing
his
skin
and
flesh
,
(
yea
many
times
tearing
the
flesh
from
the
bones
)
whereby
he
scapeth
aliue
and
killeth
his
aduersary
,
carrying
the
flesh
vpon
his
speares
,
like
an
honorable
banner
won
from
his
aduersary
in
the
field
.
The
Wolfe
also
is
afraid
of
and
flyeth
from
the
Hedghog
,
and
there
is
also
a
story
of
hatred
between
the
Hare
and
the
hedghog
,
for
it
is
said
that
a
Hare
was
seene
to
plucke
off
the
prickles
from
the
Hedghog
,
and
leaue
her
bald
,
pieled
,
and
naked
,
without
any
defence
.
The
Fox
is
also
an
enemy
to
the
poore
Hedgehogge
,
and
lieth
in
waite
to
kill
it
,
for
the
prouerbe
is
true
.
Multa
nouit
vulpes
,
Echinus
Vero
vnum
magnum
:
That
is
to
say
,
the
Foxe
knoweth
many
deuises
:
to
helpe
himselfe
,
but
the
Hedgehogge
knowes
but
one
great
one
,
for
by
rowling
vp
her selfe
(
as
before
said
)
shee
opposeth
the
thornes
of
her
back
,
against
the
Foxes
teeth
:
which
alone
were
sufficient
to
secure
her
from
a
greater
aduersary
;
but
the
wily
Fox
perceiuing
that
he
can
no
where
fasten
his
teeth
without
danger
of
himselfe
,
pisseth
vpon
the
Hedghogs
face
and
poisoneth
hir
:
Wherupon
the
poor
beast
is
forced
to
lay
open
himselfe
,
and
to
take
breath
against
the
Foxes
stincking
excrement
:
which
thinge
the
Foxe
espying
,
looseth
no
oportunity
,
but
presently
teareth
the
Hedghog
in
peeces
,
thus
the
poore
beast
auoiding
the
poyson
,
falleth
into
the
mouth
of
his
enemy
.
The
manner
of
Hedgehog
is
,
that
whensoeuer
they
are
hunted
by
men
,
they
draw
vp
their
Legs
and
put
downe
there
head
to
the
mossy
part
of
there
belly
,
so
as
nothing
of
them
can
be
taken
but
there
prickles
:
and
perceiuing
that
shift
wil
not
serue
the
turne
,
but
their
case
growing
desperate
,
they
render
out
of
their
owne
bodies
a
certain
vrine
hurtful
to
their
skin
and
back
,
enuying
that
any
good
thereby
should
euer
come
to
mankind
;
and
therefore
seeing
they
naturally
know
the
manifold
vses
of
their
owne
hides
,
heere
is
the
cunning
of
her
hunting
,
to
cause
her
first
of
all
to
render
her
vrine
,
and
afterward
to
take
her
,
for
the
vrine
maketh
the
thornes
of
her
back
to
fall
off
euery
day
,
and
therefore
they
take
this
course
for
their
last
refuge
:
But
in
these
cases
the
hunters
must
poure
vppon
the
Hedghog
warme
water
,
for
feeling
warmth
she
presently
vnfolds
her self
,
and
lyeth
open
which
the
Hunter
must
obserue
,
and
instantly
take
her
by
one
of
her
hinder
Legges
,
so
hanging
her
vp
till
she
be
killed
with
famine
;
otherwise
there
commeth
no
benefit
by
her
taking
.
With
the
same
skin
flead
off
brushes
,
are
made
for
garments
,
Coelius
.
The
eating
of
their
flesh
.
so
that
they
complaine
il
which
affirme
,
that
there
is
no
good
or
profitable
condicion
comming
to
mankind
by
this
beast
.
Againe
this
is
to
be
resereud
and
vsed
for
dressing
of
flaxe
(
as
Massarius
saith
)
and
also
it
is
set
vpon
a
Iaueline
at
the
dore
to
driue
away
Dogs
.
In
ancient
time
they
did
not
eate
the
flesh
of
Hedgehogs
,
but
now
a
daies
men
eate
thereof
,
(
of
them
which
are
of
the
swinish
kind
.
)
When
the
skin
is
off
their
bodies
,
they
skald
it
a
little
in
wine
and
vineger
,
afterward
lard
it
and
put
it
vppon
a
Spitte
,
and
there
let
it
be
rosted
,
and
afterwardes
eaten
,
but
if
the
head
be
not
cut
off
at
one
blow
the
flesh
is
not
good
.
The
Epithits
belonging
to
this
beast
are
not
many
;
it
is
called
red
,
sharp
,
maryne
,
volible
,
and
rough
,
whereupon
Erasmus
said
,
Exhirco
in
laeuem
nunquam
mutabis
Echinum
And
thus
much
for
the
naturall
and
morall
partes
of
this
Beast
.
The
medicinal
parts
of
Hedghogs
Now
followeth
the
medicinall
.
Tenne
sprigs
of
Lawrell
,
seauen
graines
of
Pepper
,
and
of
Opponax
as
big
as
a
Pease
,
the
skin
of
the
ribs
of
a
Hedghog
,
dryed
and
beaten
cast
into
three
cups
of
Water
and
warmed
,
so
being
drunk
of
one
that
hath
the
Collicke
,
and
let
rest
,
he
shall
in
perfect
health
;
A●●ius
but
with
this
exception
,
that
for
a
man
it
must
bee
the
membrane
of
a
male
Hedgehog
,
and
for
a
woman
a
female
.
The
same
membrane
,
or
the
body
of
all
Hedgehogs
burnt
to
ashes
,
hath
power
in
it
of
clensing
,
digesting
,
and
detracting
,
and
therefore
it
is
vsed
by
Phisitians
for
taking
downe
of
proud
swelling
wounds
,
and
also
for
the
clensing
of
vlcers
and
boyles
;
but
specially
the
powder
of
the
skinne
hath
that
vertue
;
also
it
being
rosted
with
the
head
,
and
afterwardes
beate
vnto
powder
and
annoynted
on
the
head
with
Hony
,
cureth
the
Alopec●as
.
Rasis
The
same
powder
restoreth
haire
vpon
a
wound
if
it
be
mingled
with
Pitch
,
and
if
you
adde
thereunto
Beares-grease
,
it
will
restore
vnto
a
bald
man
his
head
of
haire
againe
,
if
the
place
be
rubbed
vntill
it
be
ready
to
bleed
.
Marcellus
The
same
powder
cureth
the
Fistula
,
and
some
mingle
red
Snailes
with
this
dust
,
applying
it
in
a
plaister
to
ruptures
and
swellings
in
the
cods
,
and
being
mingled
with
oile
by
anointment
,
it
taketh
away
the
burles
in
the
face
,
and
being
drunke
in
wine
is
a
remedy
against
the
paines
of
the
raines
or
the
water
betwixt
the
skin
and
the
flesh
.
Aelianus
A
suffumigation
made
of
a
Hedgehogs
skin
,
vnder
them
that
haue
their
vrine
stopped
,
by
Gods
help
(
saith
my
Author
)
the
stopping
shall
be
remoued
,
if
it
proceede
not
from
the
stone
,
nor
from
an
impostime
.
The
flesh
salted
,
dried
,
&
beat
to
powder
,
and
so
drunk
with
sweete
vineger
,
helpeth
the
paine
in
the
raines
,
the
beginning
of
Dropsies
,
conuulsions
,
and
Leprosies
,
and
all
those
affections
which
the
Graecians
cal
Cachectae
.
The
Mountaine
Hedghog
is
better
then
the
domesticall
,
hauing
prickles
like
Needles
pointes
,
but
Legges
like
to
the
other
:
Dioscorides
the
meate
is
of
better
tast
and
doth
more
helpe
to
the
stomack
,
softning
the
belly
and
prouoking
the
vrine
more
effectually
,
and
all
this
which
is
attributed
to
Hedghogs
is
much
more
powerfull
in
the
porcupine
.
The
Hedghog
salted
and
eaten
is
good
against
the
Leprosie
,
the
Crampe
,
and
all
sicknesse
in
the
Nerues
,
and
Ptisicke
and
paine
in
the
bellye
,
rising
of
windinesse
and
difficulty
of
digestion
:
the
powder
anointed
on
Women
with
child
alwaies
keepeth
them
from
abortment
.
Marcellus
.
The
flesh
being
stale
giuen
to
a
madde
man
,
cureth
him
,
and
being
eaten
kepeth
one
from
the
Strangury
;
also
being
drunke
in
wine
,
expelleth
the
stone
in
the
bladder
,
and
is
good
against
a
quotidian
feuer
and
the
bitinges
of
Serpentes
.
The
fatte
of
a
Hedgehog
stayeth
the
fluxe
of
the
bowels
;
If
the
fat
with
warme
water
and
hony
be
gargarized
,
Auicen
it
amendeth
a
broken
and
hoarse
voice
,
the
left
eie
being
fried
with
oile
,
yealdeth
a
liquor
which
causeth
sleepe
,
if
it
bee
infused
into
the
eares
with
a
quill
.
The
gall
with
the
braine
of
a
Bat
and
the
milke
of
a
Dog
,
Albertus
.
cureth
the
raines
;
likewise
,
the
said
gall
doth
not
suffer
vncomely
haires
to
grow
againe
vpon
the
eie-browes
,
where
once
they
haue
bin
pulled
vp
.
It
maketh
also
a
good
eie-salue
.
Warts
of
al
sorts
are
likewise
taken
away
by
the
same
,
the
melt
sod
and
eaten
with
meat
,
it
healeth
all
paines
in
the
melt
,
Pliny
.
and
the
raines
dried
are
good
against
a
leprosie
or
ptisicke
comming
by
vlcer
,
or
the
difficulty
of
vrine
,
the
bloody-flixe
,
and
the
cough
.
The
dunge
of
a
Hedghog
fresh
,
and
Sandaracha
with
vineger
and
liquid
pitch
,
being
laied
to
the
head
,
staieth
the
falling
away
of
the
haire
.
When
a
man
is
bitten
with
a
mad
dog
,
or
pricked
with
prickles
of
a
Hedghog
,
his
own
vrine
laid
there
vnto
with
a
spunge
or
Wooll
,
is
the
best
cure
:
or
if
the
thornes
sticke
in
the
wound
of
his
foote
,
let
him
hold
it
in
the
warme
vrine
of
a
man
,
and
it
shall
easily
shake
them
forth
:
and
Albertus
and
Rasis
affirme
,
that
if
the
right
eie
of
a
Hedghog
be
fryed
,
with
the
oile
of
Alderne
or
line-seed
,
and
put
in
a
vessell
of
red
brasse
,
and
afterward
anoint
his
eies
therewith
,
as
with
an
eie-salue
,
he
shall
see
as
well
in
the
darke
as
in
the
light
.
And
thus
I
will
conclude
this
discourse
,
with
one
story
that
a
Hedghog
of
the
earth
was
dedicated
to
the
Good-god
among
the
foolish
Pagans
,
and
the
water
Hedghog
to
the
euill
,
and
that
once
in
the
cittye
of
Phrigia
called
Azanium
when
a
great
famine
troubled
the
inhabitants
,
and
no
sacrifice
could
remoue
it
,
one
Euphorbus
sacrificed
a
hedghog
,
whereupon
the
famine
remoued
and
he
was
made
priest
,
and
the
citty
was
called
Traganos
vpon
the
occasion
of
that
sacrifice
.
OF
THE
HORSSE
.
WHen
I
consider
the
wonderfull
worke
of
God
in
the
creation
of
this
Beast
,
enduing
it
with
a
singular
body
and
Noble
spirit
,
the
principal
wherof
is
a
louing
and
dutifull
inclination
to
the
seruice
of
man
.
Wherein
he
neuer
faileth
in
peace
nor
Warre
,
being
euery
way
more
neare
vnto
him
for
labour
and
trauell
:
and
therefore
more
deare
(
the
food
of
man
onely
excepted
:
)
we
must
needes
account
it
the
most
noble
and
necessary
creature
of
all
foure-footed-beasts
,
before
whom
no
one
for
multitude
and
generality
of
good
qualities
is
to
be
preferred
,
compared
or
equaled
,
whose
commendations
shal
appeare
in
the
whole
discourse
following
.
It
is
called
in
Haebrew
Sus
,
&
a
Mare
Susah
,
The
seueral
names
of
horses
.
the
which
word
some
deriue
from
Sis
signifiing
ioy
,
the
Syrians
call
it
Rekesh
and
Sousias
,
the
Arabians
Ranica
,
and
the
Caldeans
Ramakim
,
Susuatha
,
the
Arabians
Bagel
,
the
Persians
Asbacha
,
the
Grecians
Hippos
,
and
at
this
day
Alogo
,
the
Latines
Equus
,
and
Caballus
,
the
Italians
and
Spaniardes
Cauallo
,
the
French
Cheuall
,
the
Germans
Kossz
,
the
Bohemians
Kun
,
the
Illirians
Kobyla
,
the
Polonians
Konij
.
It
is
also
profitable
to
consider
the
reason
of
some
of
these
names
,
both
in
the
Latine
&
Greek
tong
:
and
first
of
all
Equus
seemeth
to
be
deriued
,
Ab
aequalitate
,
from
equality
,
The
deriuation
of
sundry
names
.
because
they
were
first
vsed
in
Charets
and
draughtes
,
and
were
ioyned
together
being
of
equall
strength
,
Legs
and
stature
,
Caballus
seemeth
to
be
deriued
from
the
Greeke
word
Caballes
,
which
was
a
common
name
for
ordinary
Hackney-horsses
,
and
Horsses
of
carriage
,
whereupon
Seneca
commendeth
Marcus
Cato
,
that
in
his
triumph
of
Censorship
,
Vno
Caballo
contentum
et
ne
toto
quidem
,
partem
enim
sarcinae
ab
vtroque
latere
dependentes
occupabant
.
That
is
to
say
,
that
he
was
contented
with
one
Horsse
for
his
own
saddlel
,
and
yet
not
totally
one
neither
,
for
the
packes
that
hung
on
either
side
of
him
,
possessed
the
greatest
part
,
and
the
true
deriuation
of
his
word
,
seemeth
to
accord
with
Caxe
,
which
signifieth
a
manger
,
and
Alis
aboundance
,
because
riding
Horsses
are
more
plentifully
fed
,
and
these
Horsses
were
also
vsed
for
plowing
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Horac
;
Optat
ephippia
bos
piger
optat
arace
Caballus
.
The
Grecians
call
it
Hippos
,
which
seemes
to
be
deriued
from
standing
vpon
his
feete
,
and
this
beast
onely
seemeth
to
be
one
of
the
number
of
them
,
which
are
called
Armenta
.
And
besides
all
histories
are
filled
with
appellatiue
names
of
horsses
,
such
as
these
are
Alastor
,
Aethon
,
Nicteus
,
and
Orneus
,
the
Horsses
of
Pluto
.
Aetha
a
Mare
of
Agamemnon
remembred
by
Homer
.
Aethion
,
Statio
,
Eous
,
Phlego
,
Pyrois
:
the
Horsses
of
the
Sun
;
Claudian
Lampus
,
Podargus
,
Xampus
,
Arnon
,
the
horsses
of
Erymus
:
by
whose
ayde
Hercules
is
saide
to
ouercome
Cygnus
,
the
Sonne
of
Mars
.
Balius
,
Xanthus
,
and
Pedasus
,
the
horsses
of
Achilles
,
Boristenes
,
for
whom
Adrianus
made
a
graue
(
as
Dion
writeth
)
Bromius
,
Caerus
,
Calydon
,
Camphasus
,
Cnasius
,
Corythe
,
and
Herpinus
,
two
names
of
Brittaine
horsses
cited
by
Martial
and
Gillius
.
Cylarus
the
swift
horsses
of
Castor
,
Dimos
,
and
Phobos
,
the
horsses
of
Mars
.
Enriole
,
Glaucus
,
and
Sthenon
,
the
horsses
of
Neptune
,
Parthenia
,
and
Euripha
,
Mares
belonging
to
the
Sentaurs
of
Hippodamia
,
slain
by
Ornomaus
.
Harpe
,
another
Mare
Phoenix
,
and
Corax
:
the
horsses
of
Eleosthenes
.
Epidaminus
,
who
wan
the
prizes
in
the
sixty
sixe
Olimpiade
,
and
caused
a
statue
to
be
made
in
Olympus
,
and
his
said
horsses
and
Charriot
called
Pantarces
,
and
beside
these
,
other
Cnacias
and
Samus
.
The
Epithits
that
belong
to
horsses
,
are
either
generall
or
particular
,
The
epithits
of
Horsses
.
the
general
may
be
rehearsed
in
this
place
,
such
as
these
are
following
:
brasse-footed
,
continuall
,
horne-footed
,
sounding-footed
,
foming
,
bridle-bearer
,
neighing
,
maned
,
dusty
,
four-footed
,
fretting
,
saddle-bearing
,
watery
,
or
sweating
,
whole-footed
;
and
many
such
others
both
among
the
Greekes
and
Latines
,
which
howsoeuer
they
may
containe
diuers
Alegories
in
them
,
and
therefore
may
seeme
to
be
figuratiuely
set
downe
,
yet
I
thought
good
being
of
other
opinion
to
reckon
them
heere
in
the
beginning
,
that
so
the
reader
may
consider
,
that
I
would
be
vnwilling
to
omit
any
thing
in
this
story
,
which
might
any
way
tend
to
the
dignity
of
the
subiect
we
intreat
of
,
or
the
expressing
of
his
nature
.
Wherefore
,
wee
will
firste
of
all
beginne
with
the
description
of
the
naturall
partes
of
a
good
Horsse
.
The
haire
of
a
horsse
falleth
off
euery
yeare
,
the
neather
eye
lid
or
browe
hath
no
long
haires
growing
vpon
it
,
and
therefore
Nicon
that
famous
painter
of
Greece
,
when
hee
had
most
curiously
limbed
forth
a
horsses
perfection
,
&
faild
in
no
part
of
nature
or
art
,
The
naturall
outward
and
inward
parts
of
Horsses
.
but
onely
in
placing
haires
vnder
his
eie
,
for
that
onely
fault
h●e
receiued
a
disgracefull
blame
.
The
haire
of
the
manes
ought
to
be
long
,
that
part
which
groweth
betwixt
the
eares
,
vpon
the
Temples
,
hanging
downe
betwixt
the
eyes
,
the
Graecians
tearme
Procomion
,
the
Latines
Caprona
,
and
in
English
it
may
be
called
a
fore-top
,
which
is
graunted
to
horsses
not
onely
for
ornament
sake
,
but
also
for
necessitie
to
defend
their
eies
.
Aelianus
.
The
horsses
are
naturally
proud
of
these
lockes
and
manes
,
as
may
appear
by
those
mares
which
are
kept
for
procreation
of
mules
,
by
copulation
with
Asses
,
which
at
the
first
despise
to
ingender
with
those
shaueling
and
short
haired
Stallions
.
Wherefore
their
keepers
shaue
off
their
manes
,
and
their
fore-tops
,
afterwards
leading
them
to
the
waters
,
wherein
while
the
Mares
behold
their
owne
deformity
,
they
grow
so
shamed
,
deiected
,
and
discouraged
,
that
euer
after
they
admit
with
quietnesse
the
Asses
to
couer
them
.
Therefore
it
is
neuer
good
to
cut
the
mane
or
the
fetter-lockes
except
necessity
require
,
for
the
mane
and
fore-top
is
an
ornament
to
the
Necke
and
head
,
and
the
fetter
lockes
to
the
Legges
and
feete
:
and
he
that
keepeth
horsses
must
as
well
regard
to
haue
them
comely
for
outward
grace
,
as
stronge
and
able
for
necessary
labour
.
Many
vse
to
cut
the
Neckes
of
their
riding
Horsses
euen
,
as
they
doe
of
their
drawing
Horsses
,
which
thing
although
it
may
seeme
to
be
done
for
greater
encrease
,
and
farther
groweth
of
haire
,
yet
is
it
vnseemely
for
an
honest
rider
:
some
againe
cut
it
to
stand
compasse
like
a
bow
,
and
many
vse
the
Armenian
fashion
,
cutting
the
mane
by
rowes
,
leauing
some
longer
then
other
,
as
it
were
the
batlements
of
a
Church
;
but
the
best
fashion
of
all
is
the
Persian
cut
,
whereby
the
one
halfe
of
the
thicknesse
is
cut
away
on
the
left
side
,
and
the
other
on
the
right
side
smoothly
turned
ouer
and
combed
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Virgill
:
Densa
iuba
&
dextro
iactata
recumbit
in
armo
.
But
if
the
Horsse
be
double
maned
and
so
the
haire
fall
halfe
on
the
one
side
,
and
halfe
on
the
other
,
then
cut
all
the
middle
haires
away
,
and
leaue
both
the
sides
whole
:
for
such
was
the
inuention
of
the
Parthians
.
In
a
Coult
or
young
foale
the
hinder
part
is
hier
then
the
fore
part
,
but
as
he
grows
in
yeares
,
so
likewise
the
forepart
groweth
higher
then
the
hinder
.
This
beast
hath
two
bones
in
his
head
,
and
other
two
discending
from
his
forehead
to
the
Nostrils
,
two
inferior
Gumbes
,
or
Cheeke-bones
,
forty
teeth
,
that
is
to
say
,
foure
and
twenty
grynders
,
foure
canyne
,
and
twelue
biting
teeth
;
there
are
seauen
crosse
ribbes
in
his
Necke
,
and
seuen
from
his
raines
to
his
hole
,
his
taile
hath
twelue
commisures
,
and
two
Ragulae
in
his
fore-shoulders
,
from
his
shoulders
to
his
Legges
other
two
,
from
his
Legges
to
his
knees
two
moe
,
in
his
knees
there
are
twoo
supporters
,
and
from
the
shin
,
to
the
Articles
two
mo
,
there
are
sixteene
small
bones
in
the
bottome
of
his
hoofe
,
and
but
one
in
his
brest
,
in
the
inward
parts
there
are
six
and
twenty
ribs
,
from
the
hinder
parts
to
the
top
of
his
reynes
,
Ve●etius
the
two
grinding
bones
;
and
from
them
to
the
hinder
part
of
the
head
there
are
two
moe
,
and
two
little
ribbes
from
the
vpper
part
of
the
thigh
to
the
Gamba
,
and
from
thence
to
the
haire
of
the
pasternes
,
there
are
two
,
and
the
little
ones
to
the
hooues
sixteene
,
so
all
the
bones
in
number
are
accounted
a
hundred
and
seuenty
.
Now
it
followeth
to
declare
the
measure
and
number
of
the
members
;
there
are
twelue
steps
or
degrees
in
the
roofe
of
his
mouth
,
his
tongue
is
halfe
a
foot
long
,
the
vpper
lip
hath
twelue
ounces
,
the
vnder
lip
fiue
,
euery
one
of
the
cheeks
ten
:
from
the
fore-locke
to
the
Nostrils
he
hath
one
foot
in
length
,
his
two
eares
containe
six
ounces
,
and
his
eies
foure
ounces
a
peece
.
From
his
fore-locke
to
the
Mercurius
,
there
are
contained
8.
ynches
,
the
backbone
containeth
three
and
thirty
crosse
ribs
.
From
the
conuulsial
of
the
reines
,
to
the
top
of
the
taile
,
are
twelue
commissures
,
the
length
of
his
Sagula
containeth
also
twelue
ounces
,
from
his
shoulders
to
his
legges
six
,
from
his
legs
to
his
knees
a
foote
in
length
,
from
the
Articles
to
the
hooues
foure
ounces
,
in
his
whole
length
sixe
feete
.
And
this
is
the
stature
of
a
couragious
and
middle
horsse
,
for
I
know
there
are
both
bigger
and
lesser
.
The
quality
and
the
measure
of
the
nerues
of
sinnewes
is
this
,
from
the
middle
nostrils
through
the
heade
necke
and
backe
bone
,
is
a
dubble
file
or
thred
to
the
toppe
of
the
taile
,
which
contayneth
twelue
foot
in
length
.
The
two
broad
sinnews
in
the
necke
do
containe
foure-foot
,
from
the
shoulders
to
the
knees
,
there
are
two
sinnewes
,
from
the
knee
to
the
bottome
of
the
foot
there
are
foure
sinnewes
,
in
the
fore-legs
there
are
ten
sinnews
in
the
hinder
legges
there
are
other
ten
sinnewes
,
from
the
reynes
to
the
stones
there
are
foure
sinnewes
,
so
the
whole
number
of
them
amounteth
to
thirty
foure
.
Consequently
the
number
of
the
vaines
is
to
be
declared
.
In
the
pallet
or
roofe
of
the
mouth
,
there
are
two
vaines
,
vnder
the
eies
other
two
,
in
the
brest
other
two
,
and
in
the
legges
other
two
,
foure
vnder
the
pastrones
,
two
in
the
ancles
,
foure
in
the
crowne
of
the
pastrones
,
foure
out
of
the
thighes
,
two
out
of
the
loines
,
two
out
of
the
Gambaes
,
one
out
of
the
tayle
,
and
two
in
the
wombe
or
Matrix
,
so
the
whole
number
is
nine
and
twenty
.
There
are
certaine
vaines
aboue
the
eies
which
are
diuided
in
horsses
,
wherin
they
are
let
blood
,
by
making
to
them
small
incisions
the
blood
also
is
taken
out
of
the
vaines
,
in
the
pallet
or
roofe
of
the
mouth
.
There
was
an
auncient
custome
of
letting
horsses
blood
vpon
Saint
Steuens
day
,
by
reason
of
many
holy
daies
one
succeeding
another
,
but
that
custome
is
now
growne
out
of
vse
:
Also
some
take
blood
out
of
the
Matrixe
vaines
,
but
that
is
not
to
be
admitted
in
geldings
,
because
with
their
stones
they
lose
a
great
part
of
their
heat
,
excepting
extreame
necessity
,
but
out
of
the
pallat
bloode
may
bee
let
euery
moneth
and
stallions
when
they
are
kept
from
mares
,
if
the
vaine
of
their
mouthes
bee
opened
,
fal
into
blindnes
,
although
it
is
no
good
part
of
husbandry
to
let
them
bleed
that
yeare
,
wherein
they
admit
copulation
,
for
the
vacuation
of
blood
and
seede
,
is
a
dubble
charge
to
nature
.
But
the
Organicall
vaine
of
the
necke
,
is
the
best
letting
of
blood
,
both
in
stoned
and
gelded
horsses
.
The
later
leaches
make
incision
in
the
great
vaine
called
Fontanella
,
and
in
Inen
Thymus
or
Iugulis
.
The
eies
of
a
horsse
are
grey
,
or
glassy
,
and
it
is
reported
by
Augustus
,
that
his
eies
were
much
more
brighter
then
other
mens
,
resembling
horsses
:
these
eies
see
perfectly
in
the
night
,
yet
their
colour
varieth
as
it
doth
in
men
,
according
to
the
caprine
and
glazie
humor
.
And
sometimes
it
falleth
out
,
that
one
,
and
the
same
horsse
hath
two
eies
of
distinct
colours
.
When
the
eies
of
a
horsse
hang
outward
,
he
is
called
Exophthalmos
.
Such
faire
eies
are
best
,
for
Bucephalus
the
horsse
of
Alexander
had
such
eies
,
but
when
the
eies
hang
inward
,
they
are
called
Coeloph-Thalmoi
,
and
the
Parthians
count
them
the
best
horsses
,
Coelius
.
whose
eies
are
of
diuers
colours
,
and
are
therefore
called
Heteroph
Thalmoi
,
because
the
breed
of
that
horsse
was
said
to
take
the
beginning
from
the
Parthians
,
and
the
reason
why
the
people
loued
these
horsses
was
,
because
they
were
fearefull
,
and
apt
to
run
away
in
warres
.
The
eares
of
a
horsse
,
are
tokens
and
notes
of
his
stomacke
,
as
a
taile
is
to
a
Lyon
,
Aristotle
.
his
teeth
are
changed
,
yet
they
grow
close
together
like
a
mans
.
It
is
a
hard
thing
for
a
Horsse
to
haue
a
good
mouth
,
except
his
stallion
teeth
bee
pulled
out
,
for
when
he
is
chafed
or
heated
,
he
cannot
be
helde
backe
by
his
rider
,
but
disdaineth
the
bridle
:
wherefore
after
they
be
three
yeare
and
a
halfe
old
,
those
teeth
ought
to
be
pulled
forth
.
In
old
age
,
a
horses
teeth
grow
whiter
,
but
in
other
creatures
blacker
.
A
mare
hath
two
vdders
betwixt
her
thighes
,
yet
bringeth
foorth
but
one
at
a
time
:
many
of
the
Mares
haue
no
paps
at
al
,
but
only
they
which
are
like
their
dammes
.
In
the
heart
of
a
Horsse
there
is
a
little
bone
,
like
as
in
an
Oxe
,
and
a
Mule
,
he
hath
no
gall
like
Mules
,
and
Asses
,
and
other
whole-footed-beastes
,
howsoeuer
(
some
say
)
it
lyeth
in
his
belly
,
and
others
that
it
cleaueth
to
his
liuer
,
or
to
the
gut-colon
.
The
smal
guts
of
a
horse
lie
neare
that
gut
,
that
so
oneside
of
his
belly
may
bee
free
and
full
of
passage
;
and
from
hence
it
commeth
,
that
the
best
Horsses
,
when
they
runne
or
trauel
hard
,
haue
a
noyse
or
rumbling
in
their
belly
.
The
hip-bone
of
a
horsse
is
called
by
some
the
Haunch
,
as
the
Arabians
say
,
the
taile
,
(
because
therwith
he
driueth
away
flies
)
is
called
Muscarium
,
it
ought
to
be
long
,
and
ful
of
haires
.
The
legges
are
called
Gambae
of
Campo
,
signifying
treading
:
the
hooues
of
a
horsse
ought
neither
to
be
high
nor
very
low
,
neither
ought
the
horsse
to
rest
vpon
his
ancles
,
and
those
horsses
which
haue
straight
bones
in
the
Articles
of
their
hinder
knees
,
set
harde
on
the
grounde
,
and
weary
the
ryder
:
but
where
the
bones
are
short
in
the
same
places
,
as
they
are
in
Dogges
,
there
the
horsse
also
breaketh
,
and
woundeth
one
legge
with
another
,
and
therefore
such
horsses
are
called
Cynopodae
.
They
haue
also
quicke
flesh
in
their
hooues
,
and
their
hooues
are
sometimes
called
hornes
,
vppon
which
for
their
better
trauel
,
men
haue
deuised
to
fasten
yron
plates
or
shooes
.
This
hoof
ought
to
be
hard
and
hollow
,
that
the
Beast
may
not
bee
offended
,
when
he
goeth
vppon
stones
;
they
ought
not
to
be
white
,
nor
broade
,
but
alwaies
kept
moist
,
that
so
they
may
trauel
the
better
,
hauing
strong
feet
,
hard
and
sound
hooues
,
for
which
cause
the
Graecians
call
them
Eupodes
.
Forasmuch
as
it
is
requisite
for
euery
man
to
prouide
him
horsses
of
the
best
race
,
The
Horses
of
diuers
notions
.
and
their
kinds
are
diuers
in
most
places
of
the
world
,
so
the
coursers
of
horsses
do
many
times
beguil
the
simpler
sort
of
buyers
,
by
lying
and
deceiptful
affirmation
of
the
wrong
countries
of
the
best
horsses
,
which
thinge
bringeth
a
confusion
:
for
there
are
as
many
kinds
of
horsses
as
nations
,
I
will
therefore
declare
seuerally
the
countries
breeding
the
horsses
,
for
the
Region
and
aire
maketh
in
them
much
alteration
,
that
so
the
reader
may
in
a
short
view
see
a
muster
of
horsses
made
of
all
nations
.
The
wildernes
of
Arcauania
,
Oppianus
and
Etolia
is
as
fit
for
feeding
of
horsses
as
Thessalie
.
The
horsses
of
the
Greekes
,
Armenians
,
and
Troians
are
fit
for
war
,
of
the
Greekish
I
wil
speake
more
afterward
.
Alexandria
was
wont
to
take
great
delight
in
horsses
and
combats
of
horsses
:
Apolonius
Horses
with
hornes
and
winges
Appolonius
writeth
Lib.
5.
Aethiopia
(
as
it
is
reported
)
breedeth
horsses
hauing
wings
and
horns
.
Varro
commendeth
the
Apulian
horsses
,
and
Volatteranus
writeth
,
that
they
and
the
horsses
of
Rosea
are
most
fit
for
warre
:
he
meaneth
aboue
all
the
horsses
of
Italy
.
There
haue
bene
very
fruitful
pastures
in
Arcadia
for
cattell
,
especially
for
breeding
horsses
and
Asses
that
are
Stallions
,
for
the
procreation
of
Mules
,
and
the
breed
of
the
Arcadian
horses
excelleth
.
The
same
man
prefereth
the
horsses
of
Thessalia
&
the
Grekish
horsses
,
for
they
are
sound
of
their
feete
and
heade
,
but
not
of
comely
buttockes
,
they
haue
their
backe
bone
whole
,
Ruellius
great
,
and
short
.
The
latter
two
I
might
haue
referred
to
the
whole
body
of
the
horsse
.
Absyrtus
The
horsses
of
Armenia
are
very
necessary
and
conuenient
for
war
,
for
they
and
the
Capadocians
do
breed
of
the
Parthian
horsses
,
sauing
their
heads
are
somewhat
bigger
.
Of
the
Hackney
or
common
horsses
,
I
wil
say
more
afterward
where
I
touch
the
difference
of
horsses
,
and
of
their
pace
.
The
Barbarian
horsses
are
the
same
as
the
Lybian
horsses
.
Vegetius
commendeth
the
horsses
of
Toringa
and
Burgundia
after
them
of
Vonusci
.
Brittaine
breedeth
little
horsses
&
amblers
.
Of
horsses
that
are
celebrate
of
the
Calpian
mountaine
,
See
in
the
Spanish
.
The
horsses
of
Cappadocia
and
Armenia
haue
their
breed
of
the
Parthians
,
but
their
heades
are
bigger
,
and
are
of
a
most
famous
nobilitie
,
for
that
country
before
any
other
land
,
Vegetius
.
is
most
commodious
for
the
nourishing
of
horsses
,
according
to
the
verses
of
Nemesian
:
Cappadocumque
not
as
referat
generosa
propago
,
Armata
&
palmas
nuper
grex
omnis
auorum
.
The
Cappadocians
do
pay
to
the
Persians
euery
yeare
,
beside
siluer
,
a
thousand
and
fiue
hundred
Horsses
,
&c.
The
Medes
haue
the
doble
of
these
,
and
they
Sir-name
the
Cappadocians
horsses
famous
and
swift
,
for
he
saith
,
that
whiles
these
are
young
,
they
are
accounted
weake
by
reason
of
their
young
teeth
,
and
their
body
feeding
on
milke
,
but
the
older
they
grow
,
Strabo
.
so
much
the
swifter
they
are
,
being
very
couragious
and
apt
for
war
and
hunting
,
for
they
are
not
afraid
of
weapons
,
neither
to
encounter
with
wilde
beasts
.
Mazaca
is
a
citty
of
Cappadocia
,
scituate
vnder
the
mountaine
Argaeus
now
called
Cesarea
,
as
Eusebius
remembreth
in
his
Chronicles
,
and
from
that
citty
commeth
the
Mazacenian
horsse
for
the
Cappadocian
horsse
.
Suetonius
And
not
onely
the
countrey
,
but
the
citty
it selfe
sometime
was
called
Cappadocia
from
this
citty
or
walled
towne
I
suppose
the
horsses
of
Mazaca
were
so
called
,
which
Oppianus
calleth
Mazaci
,
of
these
also
and
more
,
I
will
set
downe
these
verses
of
Nemesian
:
Sit
tibi
praeterea
sonipes
Maurusia
tellus
Quemque
coloratus
Mazax
deserta
per
arua
Ne
pigeat
quod
turpe
deformis
&
aluus
Q●oque
iubis
pronos
ceruix
diuerberet
armos
Paret
in
obsequium
lentae
moderamine
virgae
.
Q●in
&
promissi
spatiosa
per
aequora
campi
,
Paulatimque
,
auidos
post
terga
relinquunt
.
Cum
se
Threicius
Boreas
super
extulit
antro
,
&c
His
etiam
emerito
vigor
est
iuuenilis
in
aeuo
.
Non
prius
est
animo
quam
corpore
passa
ruina
.
Quem
mittit
modo
sit
gentile
sanguine
firmus
,
Pauit
,
&
assiduos
docuit
tolerare
labores
Est
illis
,
quodque
infrenes
,
quod
liber
vterque
,
Nam
flecti
facilis
,
lasciuaque
colla
secutus
Verbera
sunt
praecepta
fugae
,
sunt
verbera
freni
.
Cursibus
acquirunt
commoto
sanguine
vires
,
Haud
secus
effusis
Nerei
per
caerula
ventis
,
Horum
tarda
venit
longi
fiducia
cursus
:
Nam
quaecunqne
suis
virtus
bene
floruit
annis
.
And
peraduenture
Nemesianus
vnderstood
certaine
horsses
of
Lybia
,
by
the
name
of
the
Mazacion
horsses
,
when
as
he
ioyns
them
with
the
Maurasian
horsses
,
and
cal
them
painted
Mauzacion
horsses
,
which
agreeth
not
with
Cappadocian
,
writing
also
,
that
they
are
ruled
with
a
stroke
of
aire
insteed
of
a
bridle
,
which
thing
we
haue
reade
in
Authors
writing
of
the
Masylian
horsses
in
the
countrie
of
Lybia
,
and
whereof
we
will
speak
when
we
discourse
of
the
Lybian
horsses
.
But
the
Cappadocian
horsses
are
swift
and
lusty
in
their
old
age
,
as
it
is
related
by
Oppianns
.
Againe
if
Mazacian
horsses
be
the
same
that
the
Cappadocian
are
,
what
is
the
reason
why
Oppianus
doth
name
them
apt
,
vnlesse
peraduenture
euerie
Mazacian
horsse
is
a
Cappadocian
,
and
not
otherwise
.
The
horsses
of
Chalambria
,
are
so
named
of
a
place
in
Lybia
,
Varrius
the
Cheonian
horsses
are
the
same
with
the
Aprirolan
horsses
.
The
Colophonians
and
Magnetians
do
bestow
great
labour
in
breeding
of
horsses
,
for
the
Colophonians
dwell
in
a
plaine
,
as
I
haue
read
in
a
certaine
Greeke
author
Strabo
lib.
14.
writeth
that
the
Colophonians
in
times
past
did
abound
with
sea-forces
,
and
haue
much
excelled
in
horssemen
,
that
wheresoeuer
in
anie
nation
there
was
waged
warre
,
they
hired
and
required
the
aide
of
the
Colophonian
horsse-men
,
and
so
it
was
made
a
common
prouerbe
:
Colophonem
addidit
Erasmus
.
The
horsses
of
Creet
are
commended
by
Oppianus
and
else-where
.
From
their
loines
vpward
they
are
as
bigge
as
the
Cyrenian
horsses
,
with
well
set
thighes
,
excellent
for
the
soundnes
of
their
feet
,
and
holding
their
breath
a
long
time
in
riding
,
and
therfore
fit
for
single
races
or
in
chariots
.
Strabo
The
Epean
horsses
,
are
remembred
of
Oppianus
,
and
the
Epeans
are
a
people
of
Achaia
,
and
the
Achaian
horsses
are
commended
of
the
same
.
The
Lipidanean
kinde
of
horsses
is
more
excellent
;
and
he
preserreth
the
Thessalian
horsses
before
those
of
Epidaurea
,
but
the
Epieotian
horses
are
biting
and
stubborne
:
Absyrtus
saith
,
that
the
Epieotian
horses
,
&
the
Samerican
and
Dalmatian
,
although
they
are
stubborne
and
wil
not
abide
the
bridle
,
and
besides
are
base
and
contemptible
,
yet
they
are
bold
in
war
and
combats
,
and
therefore
the
Epieotian
horses
and
the
Sicilian
despise
not
if
their
qualities
and
comely
parts
be
aparant
in
them
,
although
sometime
he
hath
run
awaie
from
the
enemie
,
as
the
poet
saith
:
Quamuis
saepe
fugaille
verso
egerit
hostes
,
Et
patria
Epirum
referat
.
Epiria
and
Chaonia
,
is
also
a
part
of
Epirus
Alpestrian
,
although
sometimes
it
be
taken
for
the
whole
country
of
Epirus
.
The
horsses
of
Chaonia
are
commended
,
as
Gratius
remembreth
,
writing
of
the
Sicylian
horsses
,
in
these
verses
to
this
effect
,
that
no
man
hath
presumed
to
striue
with
the
Chaonians
,
and
the
Achaian
hand
doth
not
expresse
their
deserts
:
Queis
Chaonia
contendere
coatra
,
Ausit
,
vix
merita
quas
signat
Achata
palma
.
There
are
a
people
of
Arabia
called
Erembi
,
which
some
some
call
Ichthyophagans
,
Oppianus
and
Trogloditans
.
Vegetius
in
the
thirde
place
commendeth
the
Frisian
Horsses
for
swiftnesse
and
long
continuance
of
course
,
after
the
Hunnian
,
Burgundians
.
The
French
horsse
is
the
same
that
the
Menapians
,
and
S.
Hierom
writeth
,
that
wordly
men
are
delighted
with
the
French
geldings
,
but
Zacharies
Asse
loosed
from
his
bandes
,
reioyceth
good
men
.
Lucius
Apuleius
hath
commended
the
French
beasts
,
for
if
the
young
sole
be
deriued
of
a
genereous
kind
,
it
is
an
argument
it
wil
proue
a
noble
beast
.
The
Gelanoian
horsses
are
a
kind
of
base
horsses
not
fit
for
warre
,
whether
this
name
proceed
of
a
strange
contrey
,
I
haue
no
certaine
knowledge
thereof
.
There
is
a
certaine
riuer
in
Sicilia
called
Gelas
,
of
which
country
the
horsses
are
of
great
value
and
much
set
by
.
And
also
the
Gelons
are
a
people
of
Scythia
,
who
in
their
flight
fight
vppon
horsses
,
of
which
Lucanus
writeth
to
this
effect
.
Massagetes
quo
fugit
equo
,
fortesque
;
Geloni
.
And
Virgill
,
Bisaltae
quo
more
solent
,
acerque
;
Gelonus
.
Cum
fugit
in
Rhodopen
,
aut
in
deserta
Getarum
.
Et
lac
coueretum
cum
sanguine
potat
equino
,
signifying
thus
much
that
the
Massagetes
and
valianut
Gelons
flie
away
vpon
horsses
like
the
Bisaltans
,
when
they
flye
into
Rhodope
,
or
into
the
wildernesse
of
the
Gelans
,
and
drinke
milke
mixed
with
horsse-blood
for
hunger
and
famine
.
But
these
fearefull
horsses
are
not
meet
for
war.
Germania
hath
greater
horsses
and
hard
trotters
,
whose
pace
is
very
hard
and
troublesome
.
The
Getican
horsses
runne
most
swiftly
.
The
horsses
of
the
Greeks
haue
good
sound
broad
feet
,
Aelianus
.
and
of
a
great
body
,
a
comely
fine
head
,
their
forepart
somewhat
high
of
stature
,
straight
and
well
compacted
,
and
of
a
wel
fashioned
body
,
but
the
ioyning
of
their
buttockes
not
so
agreeable
and
answerable
to
the
rest
:
they
are
most
swift
and
couragious
,
yet
notwithstanding
in
all
Greece
the
Thessalian
horsses
are
most
esteemed
,
Nemesianus
writeth
also
of
the
Greekish
horsses
.
Greece
therefore
yeeldeth
choice
horsses
,
Absyrtus
and
well
hoofed
.
In
Heluetia
the
horsses
are
fitted
and
very
expect
in
war
,
and
especially
the
Algecian
horsses
,
which
will
last
and
continue
a
long
time
.
In
Spaine
also
the
horsses
are
of
a
great
stature
of
body
,
well
proportioned
and
strait
,
hauing
a
fine
head
,
the
ioynts
of
their
bodies
very
well
deuided
,
set
a
part
,
and
ready
or
flexible
,
simple
and
short
burtockes
,
but
not
very
strong
and
comely
.
They
are
stronge
and
able
to
sustaine
the
vndergoing
or
compassing
of
iourneyes
,
neither
are
they
slender
bodied
or
subiect
to
leannesse
,
but
they
are
nothing
nimble
for
course
,
as
shall
appeare
by
the
words
of
the
Authors
following
,
neither
are
they
spurred
when
they
are
ridden
:
Ruellius
from
their
growing
euen
to
their
middle
age
,
they
are
pliant
and
easie
to
be
handled
,
afterward
they
waxe
wilde
and
biting
.
The
Cappadocian
horsse
is
renowned
,
the
like
,
or
the
next
triumph
or
victory
haue
the
Spanish
horsses
in
running
the
ring
.
Neither
doeth
Siuilia
yeeld
horsses
inferior
for
the
ring
then
those
:
and
Affrica
is
accustomed
to
bring
foorth
the
most
swift
Horsses
by
copulation
with
the
Spanish
bloode
to
the
vse
of
the
saddle
.
Oppianus
saith
that
their
Iberan
horsses
are
more
excellent
,
and
do
so
much
surre-passe
other
horsses
in
swiftnesse
,
how
much
the
Eagle
or
the
winding
Hawke
in
the
ayre
,
&
the
Dolphin
in
the
sea
excelleth
other
birds
and
fishes
,
but
they
are
smal
and
of
little
strength
and
no
corage
(
although
Absyrtus
affirmeth
)
if
you
read
him
well
,
that
they
are
of
a
great
stature
of
bodie
,
they
being
rid
but
a
little
way
do
loose
their
swiftnes
of
pace
,
they
are
of
a
comely
body
,
but
their
hooues
are
not
hollow
or
hard
.
The
Spanish
horsses
are
desired
of
great
Princes
and
Peers
:
Camerarius
.
&
the
Maguates
because
their
opinion
is
that
they
are
swift
and
nimble
,
and
out
of
Spaine
they
are
respected
for
lightnes
and
elegancy
.
The
iudgement
of
the
auncients
for
the
general
breed
of
horsses
was
this
,
that
the
greatest
horsses
are
bred
from
the
third
climat
,
to
the
end
of
the
sixt
and
most
of
al
in
Spaine
,
yet
we
haue
seene
stronger
and
bigger
horsses
bred
in
the
seuenth
climat
,
and
those
more
able
to
indure
labor
then
those
that
are
vnder
the
thirde
or
fourth
climat
.
The
Horsses
of
the
Celliberans
somewhat
a
dusty
colour
:
and
they
chaung
if
they
bee
transported
into
the
farther
Spaine
,
Albertus
and
the
Parthian
Horsses
are
like
them
in
regard
they
excel
in
nimblenes
and
dexterity
of
running
,
wherof
Martial
writeth
thus
,
Videbis
altam
liciane
Bilbilim
equis
&
armis
vobilem
:
which
Bilbilis
is
a
Citty
of
Celiberia
.
Of
the
Callacians
and
Genntes
we
will
speake
also
in
the
Spanish
Horsses
that
are
bred
in
the
Calpian
Mountaine
afterward
,
Strabo
when
wee
entreate
the
differences
of
Horsses
according
to
their
degree
.
The
Hunnes
bring
vp
their
Horsses
hardly
,
able
to
indure
cold
and
hunger
,
and
they
haue
great
and
crooked
heads
,
staring
eies
,
straight
Nostrils
,
broad
chappes
,
and
strong
and
rough
Neckes
,
and
long
manes
downe
to
their
Legges
;
great
ribbes
,
straight
backs
,
bushy
tailes
,
strong
shankes
or
Legges
,
small
feete
,
full
and
wide
hoofes
,
their
flankes
hollow
,
and
all
their
whole
body
full
of
holes
.
There
is
no
fatnesse
in
their
hanch
or
buttocks
,
they
haue
no
strings
in
their
sinnewes
or
arteries
,
and
they
exceede
in
length
more
then
in
highth
,
hauing
great
bellies
hanging
downe
,
big-boned
and
leannesse
(
which
is
a
deformitye
in
other
Horsses
)
in
these
it
shewed
their
statelinesse
:
their
courage
is
moderate
and
wary
,
and
these
are
able
to
indure
woundes
.
These
Hunnian
Horsses
else
where
he
calleth
them
Hunnican
Horsses
,
and
the
same
in
times
past
Hunnes
:
but
they
are
called
a
daies
Vngarian
Horsses
.
The
companies
or
armies
of
Hunnes
,
wandering
vp
and
downe
with
most
swift
horses
filled
al
things
with
slaughter
and
terror
.
They
are
biting
&
kicking
horsses
,
as
most
Pannonicks
are
(
for
they
call
Panonia
at
this
day
Hungaria
)
of
which
there
is
a
prouerbe
of
Malignity
sprung
vp
,
Non
nisi
irritati
aut
opin●one
offensae
metu
ferociunt
:
that
is
to
say
.
They
wax
not
ferne
or
rage
not
,
Vegetius
but
either
by
opinion
or
fear
of
offense
affirming
that
the
Pannonians
are
very
fit
for
War.
There
is
not
any
that
can
hold
and
constrain
or
draw
the
bridles
in
,
or
loose
them
forth
,
that
rydeth
an
Indian
Horsse
when
hee
praunseth
and
runneth
violently
,
but
such
a
one
that
hath
beene
trained
vppe
from
his
childhood
in
the
skill
of
Horsses
:
these
men
haue
accustomed
to
hold
them
with
the
bridle
,
and
also
to
break
their
wilfulnesse
by
snaffles
or
bits
,
and
those
that
are
well
skilled
in
handling
Horsses
do
,
compell
them
from
their
vnrulinesse
,
and
restraine
them
within
a
small
cyrcuit
.
Yet
notwithstanding
to
make
this
circle
and
finish
it
,
it
requireth
the
help
of
hands
,
and
it
is
a
great
skil
belonging
to
horsemen
.
They
which
are
most
skilfull
of
this
art
,
and
cunning
dooers
of
it
,
know
very
wel
how
to
bring
their
course
into
a
circle
,
whose
compasse
is
not
to
be
regarded
chiefely
when
it
can
beare
but
two
Souldiers
fighting
together
at
one
time
.
Aelianus
There
are
among
the
Indian
Psyllans
(
for
there
are
also
other
Affricks
of
that
name
)
Horsses
bred
no
bigger
then
Rams
,
and
they
say
that
in
Indian
there
are
Horsses
with
one
horne
,
of
which
horne
drinking
cups
may
be
made
,
hauing
this
vertue
in
them
,
that
if
you
put
poyson
into
them
and
a
man
drinke
thereof
it
shall
not
hurt
him
,
because
the
horne
doth
driue
away
or
expell
the
euill
or
poyson
.
Whereof
you
shall
see
more
at
large
in
the
History
of
Monocerotes
:
and
Aelianus
himselfe
else
where
,
and
Philes
following
him
,
write
the
same
thing
of
a
cup
made
of
the
horne
of
an
Indian
Asse
,
hauing
one
horne
.
The
Istrian
Horsses
are
of
good
able
feete
,
very
straight
,
whole
backt
,
and
hollow
,
but
swift
of
course
.
Oppianus
.
The
Moores
Horsses
(
saith
Oppianus
)
are
most
excellent
,
as
well
to
holde
out
long
courses
,
as
also
to
indure
hard
labours
:
the
Lybians
next
vnto
these
are
of
a
most
durable
celerity
:
they
are
shaped
alike
,
except
that
the
Lybian
horsses
are
big
,
and
of
a
longer
body
,
hauing
thicker
ribs
and
sides
,
and
their
brest
is
larger
before
on
their
crest
:
they
can
easily
abide
the
heate
of
the
sun
and
daily
thirst
.
Affrica
hath
beene
accustomed
to
put
the
most
swiftest
horsses
of
the
Spanish
blood
to
the
vse
of
the
saddle
:
and
(
Liuius
saith
)
in
Lib.
23.
that
it
was
a
custome
to
the
Numidians
,
being
in
battell
to
leade
two
horsses
together
,
and
in
manner
of
vauters
oftentimes
,
in
the
most
sharpe
conflict
could
leap
from
the
weary
horsse
to
a
fresh
,
(
so
great
was
the
dexterity
of
the
rider
and
the
docibility
of
the
beast
.
)
From
Tunis
of
Affrica
,
Massalia
,
and
Numidia
,
there
are
also
brought
very
singular
horsses
,
passing
for
running
,
which
the
common
people
call
Barbary
horsses
.
The
Massylians
(
a
people
of
Lybia
)
haue
verie
good
horsses
,
which
they
gouerne
with
a
rod
without
a
bridles
,
from
whence
Virgill
in
his
fourth
of
his
Aeneidos
calleth
them
vntamed
and
wilde
Numides
:
and
Siluis
saith
also
;
The
Numides
a
nation
hauing
no
skil
of
the
bridle
,
do
leap
vp
and
downe
here
and
there
and
euery
where
,
as
Martiall
writeth
:
Hic
passim
exultant
Numidae
gens
in
scia
freni
Quis
inter
geminas
per
ludum
nobilis
aures
Quadrupedem
fllectit
non
cedens
virga
lupati
.
Also
the
rod
rules
the
Massilian
horsse
:
the
same
Nemesianus
writeth
of
those
which
hee
calleth
Mazacians
(
as
I
haue
before
spoken
of
the
Cappadocian
horsses
.
)
The
Dorcadian
horses
although
they
are
of
a
marueilous
swiftnes
,
yet
they
are
inferior
to
the
Lybian
horses
in
running
.
The
Lybian
Mares
are
taken
with
a
pipe
,
and
by
these
allurements
they
are
made
tame
and
leaue
off
all
wilde
qualities
,
and
whither
soeuer
the
pipe
shal
allvre
them
,
thither
they
follow
,
and
the
shepheard
when
he
stands
,
they
leaue
of
marching
forward
,
and
if
he
sing
more
pleasantly
,
they
are
so
delighted
with
it
,
that
they
cannot
hold
teares
.
The
Shepheards
of
these
flockes
,
make
their
shepheards
pipe
of
the
tree
(
called
Rhododaphus
)
the
sound
whereof
delighteth
those
that
go
before
the
heard
.
Gratius
also
writeth
to
that
effect
;
Fingit
equos
Pisis
Numidae
&c.
Audax
&
patiens
operum
genus
ille
vigebit
Centum
actus
spatijs
atque
eluctabitur
iram
Nec
magni
cultus
sterilis
quodcunque
remisit
Terra
sui
tenuesque
sitis
producere
riui
.
Although
the
place
be
not
perfect
,
yet
that
is
spoken
concerning
the
Numidian
and
Lybian
horsses
,
is
manifest
as
well
by
the
wordes
of
Oppianus
before
recited
,
as
also
by
that
which
Aelianus
setteth
downe
:
for
(
saith
he
)
I
haue
heard
these
thinges
touching
the
Lybian
horsses
of
the
men
of
that
nation
,
that
of
all
other
horsses
they
are
the
swiftest
,
and
that
they
haue
no
sence
of
their
labors
,
being
lanke
by
reason
of
their
slendernes
and
thinnesse
of
their
shape
,
and
are
wholy
of
themselues
fit
to
endure
their
maisters
negligence
,
for
their
maisters
giue
them
no
meat
or
fodder
,
neyther
doeth
any
man
rubbe
or
dresse
them
with
the
curry-combe
after
they
haue
labored
or
traueld
;
neither
do
they
lay
anie
litter
or
straw
for
them
to
lie
on
,
nor
pare
their
hooues
,
but
so
soone
as
they
haue
ended
their
iourney
,
leaping
off
their
backes
,
they
turne
them
to
seeke
their
foode
:
and
in
like
manner
the
men
of
Lybia
worne
with
leanesse
,
and
al
besmeard
with
filth
,
do
ride
on
horses
of
this
sort
.
The
horsses
and
Oxen
of
Affrica
,
which
dwell
between
Getulia
and
vs
,
are
as
ours
,
that
is
,
hauing
longer
lips
(
the
interpreter
translates
it
hooues
.
)
Their
kinges
take
delight
in
troopes
of
horsses
,
so
that
there
are
numbred
to
him
euery
yeare
one
hundred
thousand
Coltes
.
The
Chalambrian
Libians
are
before
spoken
of
,
and
the
Nasauions
we
will
speake
of
here
after
.
Barbarie
breedeth
very
fewe
Horses
,
but
the
Arabians
which
inhabite
in
the
desart
,
and
the
people
of
Libia
doe
breed
very
many
,
and
they
do
not
so
much
accustome
them
to
iourneyes
and
warfare
,
as
to
Hunting
,
and
feeding
them
with
Camels
milke
only
twise
a
day
and
night
,
whereby
they
keepe
them
fine
,
but
very
leane
,
and
in
the
time
of
grasse
,
they
turne
them
out
to
feede
in
the
fielde
,
but
they
ride
not
on
them
.
The
Horsses
of
Massilia
are
equall
with
the
Libians
.
The
people
of
Magnetia
haue
been
renowned
in
feeding
and
bringing
vp
Horses
,
and
they
are
very
skillfull
in
combate
on
Horse-backe
(
as
Lucanus
saith
.
)
The
Magnetians
are
famous
for
Horsses
,
and
the
nation
of
Nycaia
for
Oares
:
Magnetia
is
a
contrey
of
Macedonia
,
bordering
vppon
,
Thessalie
,
so
the
Citty
and
countrey
of
Asia
lyeth
toward
Maeandrus
.
Opianus
commendeth
the
Magnetian
Horsses
.
The
Moores
sight
often
on
Horse-backe
with
speares
,
but
their
Horses
are
naked
and
their
bridles
made
of
rushes
.
The
Massylians
following
the
Lybians
(
for
the
most
part
)
are
furnished
after
that
maner
,
and
they
resemble
others
,
hauing
little
horsses
,
both
swift
,
obedient
,
and
easily
to
be
ruled
with
a
rod
.
Strabo
.
The
collars
of
their
horses
are
made
of
wood
or
haire
,
whereby
the
bridles
hange
The
principall
horsses
of
Barbarie
are
not
swift
,
but
in
respect
they
liue
on
fodder
they
are
more
handsome
and
better
in
flesh
,
which
they
vse
in
eminent
daunger
when
it
standeth
them
vpon
to
escape
the
rage
of
their
enemies
.
Thus
far
I
haue
related
the
words
of
Oppianus
,
Leo
Assric●iu●
touching
the
norishing
of
horsses
,
among
the
Lybians
,
where
he
sheweth
that
they
are
all
alike
,
both
in
shape
and
other
proportion
.
Touching
the
Nemesian
horsses
,
they
are
all
one
with
the
Maurans
and
Marusans
(
as
Strabo
witnesseth
)
calling
them
nimbe
and
swift
kinds
amongst
the
Moores
.
The
Sicilians
are
swifter
then
the
Moores
,
and
the
Moores
are
of
a
more
valiaunt
courage
then
the
Sicilians
,
or
some
such
like
other
thing
,
who
are
furnished
with
yellow
colours
,
and
shew
to
the
eye
most
shining
and
splendant
,
and
which
is
more
they
only
desire
the
roaring
of
a
Lyon
,
for
which
when
they
come
to
other
wilde
beasts
by
way
of
hunting
,
he
commendeth
them
to
be
excellent
:
then
he
sayth
that
the
yellow
is
the
best
colour
.
In
the
country
of
Mauritania
are
great
store
of
Lyons
,
and
of
the
Nazacanos
wee
haue
spoke
of
before
sufficiently
.
The
Median
horsses
are
of
exceeding
greatnesse
,
and
the
men
of
that
countrey
are
so
bewitched
with
the
rich
attire
and
shape
of
their
bodies
,
Absyrtus
and
also
their
horsses
being
so
loose
with
super
fluity
or
rankenes
,
that
the
horses
take
delight
in
their
maisters
,
both
in
greatnes
and
infairenes
of
body
,
and
such
costly
furniture
vpon
their
backes
,
Aelianus
that
they
seeme
to
perceiue
their
owne
stature
and
comelines
.
The
Medes
euery
year
by
way
of
custome
pay
3.
thousand
horses
.
Herodotus
also
calleth
the
Nisean
horses
the
Medes
,
wherof
more
shal
be
spoke
afterwards
.
The
Menapians
amongst
our
countrimen
the
onely
men
,
which
I
suppose
were
once
cald
French
of
Caesar
and
the
Rugians
,
(
as
warriours
for
the
most
part
are
in
estimation
.
I
also
find
that
the
Rugians
inhabited
that
country
which
is
now
called
Rugerland
,
and
that
Paulus
Diaconus
remembreth
them
lib.
1.
Touching
the
affaires
of
Longobardus
,
there
are
that
say
they
departed
into
Mechelburgia
.
These
are
the
right
off
spring
of
the
Germaines
(
saith
Althametus
)
they
are
counted
as
Germaines
,
both
in
language
and
vertue
.
Gratius
writeth
of
the
Marcibians
,
saying
the
Marcibians
scarce
yeld
their
tough
necke
to
the
sword
.
Virgill
also
declareth
Mycenia
to
be
a
countrie
of
moste
notable
horses
:
and
Gratius
commendeth
a
horse
fit
for
huntinge
highly
in
these
verses
:
Consule
Penei
qualis
prefunditur
amne
Thessalus
aut
patriae
quem
conspexere
mycaenae
Glaucum
nempe
ingens
nempe
ardua
fundit
in
auras
Orura
quis
Eleas
potior
lustrault
arenas
?
Ne
tamen
hoc
attingat
opus
iact
antior
illi
Virtus
quam
siluas
duramque
lacessere
martem
.
The
Mylian
horsses
were
once
great
in
estimation
(
as
Camerarius
writeth
;
Also
the
Mesamonians
are
a
people
of
Lybia
,
liuing
as
spoilers
of
the
ships
of
Syrtea
.
Of
all
these
horses
beforsaid
,
the
Missaean
horse
is
the
goodliest
,
and
fittest
to
cary
the
body
of
a
King
,
they
are
of
a
passing
good
shape
,
an
easie
pace
,
and
verie
submissiue
to
the
bridle
;
hauing
a
little
head
,
and
a
long
and
thicke
mane
,
with
yellow
or
browne
haires
hanging
downe
on
both
sides
:
Armenia
is
verie
fit
for
feeding
horses
,
wherin
is
a
certain
meddow
called
Hippoboans
by
which
they
make
their
iourney
which
passe
from
Persia
and
Babylon
into
the
Caspian
border
,
in
which
place
they
feede
fiue
hundred
Mares
which
belong
vnto
their
King
.
The
Misaean
horses
(
written
with
Iota
and
simple
Sigma
,
as
Eustathius
writeth
)
are
the
most
excellent
and
best
;
some
say
that
they
haue
their
generation
from
Germanie
,
others
out
of
Armenia
,
but
they
haue
a
certaine
kind
of
shape
like
the
Parthians
.
In
India
most
of
their
liuing
creatures
are
far
greater
then
in
other
places
(
except
horses
)
for
the
Misaean
horsses
,
do
exceede
the
Indian
horsses
,
as
Herodotus
writeth
)
in
his
seauenth
booke
,
describing
the
Persian
horsse
.
Behind
the
speares
(
saith
he
)
came
ten
Horses
in
most
sumptuous
furniture
,
which
were
Nisaeans
,
so
called
,
because
there
is
a
great
field
named
Nisaeus
in
the
countrey
of
Medica
,
which
yeeldeth
horsses
of
a
great
stature
.
After
these
followed
Iupiters
chariot
drawne
with
eight
horsses
,
after
which
Xerxes
was
caried
in
a
chariot
drawne
by
Nisaean
horsses
,
and
by
how
much
the
greater
the
Lybian
Elephant
is
then
the
Nisaean
horsse
,
so
much
greater
are
the
Nisaean
horsses
then
the
Indian
(
as
the
same
man
saieth
)
in
his
first
booke
:
but
the
king
was
about
to
offer
a
white
horse
,
that
is
of
the
Nisaean
horses
,
hauing
a
better
marke
as
some
expounded
.
There
are
that
say
that
Nisaeus
is
a
plane
of
Persis
,
where
the
most
famous
and
notable
horsses
are
bred
.
Some
interpret
it
to
they
yellow
Nisaean
horsse
,
because
all
the
horsses
of
Nisaean
are
of
this
colour
.
Betweene
Susinax
and
Bactria
,
there
is
a
place
which
the
Greeks
call
(
Nisos
)
in
which
the
most
singular
fine
horsses
are
bred
.
There
are
also
that
suppose
they
are
had
from
the
red
sea
,
and
al
those
to
be
of
a
yellow
colour
.
Herodotus
writinge
of
Nisaeus
maketh
it
a
part
of
Media
.
Orpheus
also
writeth
that
there
is
a
place
in
the
red
Sea
called
Nisa
.
Stephanus
also
maketh
mention
of
(
Nysaean
Pedion
)
with
the
Medes
,
of
which
people
the
horsses
are
so
called
.
Coelius
Rhodiginus
reproued
a
certaine
man
which
translanted
the
Islandish
horsses
for
the
Nisaean
horsses
.
Plutarchis
saith
that
Pirrhus
had
an
apparition
of
a
Nisaean
horsse
armed
and
furnished
with
a
rider
,
that
Alexander
the
great
was
captaine
thereof
.
The
Medes
haue
Colts
of
a
most
noble
kind
of
horsses
,
which
(
as
auncient
writers
do
teach
vs
,
and
as
we
our selues
haue
seene
)
men
when
they
beginne
the
battell
with
a
fierce
encounter
are
wont
to
prance
valiantly
,
which
are
called
Nisaean
horses
.
Touching
the
Paphlagonians
about
the
education
of
their
horsses
see
more
among
the
Venetians
:
The
Parthian
horses
are
of
a
large
body
,
couragious
,
of
a
gentle
kinde
and
most
sound
of
their
feet
.
Concerning
those
horsses
which
haue
but
one
eye
,
commended
among
the
Parthians
,
and
of
those
which
are
distinguished
by
diuersitie
of
colors
,
from
those
that
come
forth
first
,
I
haue
spoke
already
out
of
Absyrtus
.
The
Armenian
and
Parthian
horsses
are
of
a
swifter
pace
then
the
Siculians
,
and
the
Iberi
swifter
then
the
Parthians
,
whereof
Gratius
writeth
to
this
effect
:
Scilicit
&
Parthis
inter
sua
mollia
rura
Musit
honor
veniat
Caudini
saxa
Taburni
Gargamdue
trucem
,
aut
ligurinas
de
super
Alpes
Ante
opus
excussis
caedet
vnguibus
;
&
tamen
illi
Estanimus
,
funget
que
meas
senissus
in
artes
Sed
iuxta
vitium
posuit
Deus
.
That
is
to
say
among
the
Parthians
there
hath
remained
honor
for
their
soft
Countries
,
but
let
him
come
to
the
Rockes
of
Caudmus
,
Tabernus
and
too
rough
Garganus
,
or
vppon
the
Ligurian
Alpes
,
then
he
will
quickly
shake
off
his
hooues
:
and
make
a
shew
of
great
valiantnes
.
The
horses
of
the
Celtibarians
are
somwhat
white
,
and
if
they
may
be
brought
into
Spaine
they
change
their
colour
.
But
the
Parthians
are
alike
,
for
they
excell
all
others
in
nimblenes
and
dexterity
of
running
:
How
the
Parthians
do
make
their
pace
easie
in
the
trotters
and
hard
footing
horsses
,
after
the
manner
of
geldings
,
shall
bee
declared
afterwards
,
for
persia
preferreth
these
horsses
aboue
the
censure
of
their
patrimonies
,
aswell
to
cary
,
(
hauing
an
easie
pace
)
and
being
of
most
excellent
dignity
:
As
for
their
pace
it
is
thicke
and
short
,
and
he
doth
delight
and
lift
vp
the
rider
being
not
instructed
by
art
,
but
effecteth
it
by
nature
.
Amongst
these
ambling
nagges
,
(
called
of
the
Latines
among
the
common
sort
Totonarij
)
their
pace
is
indifferent
,
and
whereas
they
are
not
alike
,
they
are
supposed
to
haue
something
common
from
both
;
as
it
hath
bin
prooued
:
whereof
Vegetius
writeth
in
this
manner
.
In
a
short
iourny
they
haue
the
more
comelines
and
grace
in
going
,
but
when
they
trauel
far
they
are
impatient
,
stuborn
,
and
vnles
they
be
tamed
wil
be
stuborn
against
the
rider
;
and
that
which
is
a
more
greater
maruell
,
when
they
are
chafed
,
they
are
of
a
delightfull
comelines
,
their
necke
turneth
in
manner
of
a
bow
,
that
is
seemeth
to
lie
on
their
brest
.
The
Pharsalian
mares
euermore
bring
foales
very
like
their
Syre
,
and
therfore
very
well
so
named
,
Equae
probae
,
we
read
of
the
Phasian
horsses
which
receiue
their
name
(
from
the
the
marke
or
brand
of
a
bird
so
named
)
or
else
because
of
their
excellent
beauty
and
comlinesse
.
The
Rosean
horsses
Varro
so
nameth
of
Rosea
,
which
Volatteranus
writeth
to
be
most
fit
for
war
:
Coelius
and
this
Rosea
otherwise
Roscea
,
Festus
saith
,
that
it
is
a
country
in
the
the
coasts
of
the
Reatiens
,
so
called
,
because
the
fields
are
said
to
be
moist
with
that
dew
.
The
horsses
of
Sacae
if
they
happen
to
throw
down
their
rider
,
they
forthwith
stand
stil
that
they
may
get
vp
againe
Vegetius
hauing
commended
the
Persian
horsses
saith
,
that
the
Armenians
and
Sapharens
do
follow
next
.
Aelianus
.
This
Saphirine
verily
is
an
Island
in
the
Arabian
coast
,
and
the
people
of
Sapiria
lie
beside
Pontus
.
The
horses
of
Epirota
,
Salmarica
,
and
Dalmatia
,
althogh
they
wil
not
abide
to
be
bridled
,
yet
they
snew
that
they
are
warlicke
by
their
legs
.
Vegetius
The
Sardinian
horsses
are
nimble
and
fair
,
but
lesser
then
others
.
The
Sarmatican
kinde
of
horsses
is
feat
and
wel
fashioned
in
this
kind
,
very
fit
for
running
,
vnmixt
,
hauing
a
wel
se●
body
,
a
strong
head
,
and
a
comely
necke
.
Some
horsses
they
cal
Aetogenes
,
from
a
certaine
marke
which
they
haue
in
their
shoulders
and
colour
,
which
the
Sarmatians
doe
take
vnto
themselues
as
very
good
,
with
which
they
doe
contend
about
their
cruelty
,
wherefore
they
imploy
them
in
warlicke
outrodes
,
but
those
that
beare
the
Eagles
marke
in
their
buttockes
and
taile
,
they
are
disallowed
of
them
,
and
they
report
that
they
marke
them
so
because
they
wil
not
vse
them
,
by
reason
least
the
rider
shold
quickly
be
destroyed
or
run
into
some
trouble
.
Pliny
.
The
Sarmatians
when
they
entend
any
long
iourneyes
,
the
day
before
they
keepe
them
fasting
,
giuing
them
a
little
drinke
,
and
so
they
wil
ride
them
a
hundered
and
fifty
miles
continually
going
.
These
horsses
are
very
fit
for
war
,
and
many
of
them
are
sounde
gelded
in
ther
tender
age
,
and
they
say
they
neuer
loose
their
teeth
.
It
is
a
custome
of
Scythia
and
Sarmatia
to
geld
their
horsses
to
make
them
more
gentle
:
they
are
swift
,
litle
,
and
fierce
,
but
very
stubborne
and
vntamed
,
neither
doeth
Circo
,
(
scituate
neare
Sicili●
)
breed
horsses
inferior
to
the
Spanish
,
as
Vegetius
writeth
.
The
Epirotan
and
Siculian
horses
are
not
to
be
despised
,
if
they
were
well
bred
and
educated
,
they
want
not
comelinesse
and
good
qualities
.
The
Siculian
horsses
are
most
swift
.
Litlybaeum
is
a
promontory
of
Sicilia
lying
towards
Lybia
,
which
a
certaine
verse
maketh
more
plain
but
as
I
vnderstand
it
is
the
three-clifttopt-mountaine
Aetna
,
which
casteth
forth
fire
,
and
couereth
the
carcasse
of
Euceladus
the
Gianut
,
lyeng
there
vnder
,
(
whereof
Oppianus
writeth
)
and
some
others
also
.
But
(
saith
he
)
the
Armenians
and
Parthians
haue
swifter
coursers
by
farre
,
then
the
Siculians
.
Now
,
let
vs
heare
Gratius
himselfe
,
discoursing
of
the
Siculian
horsses
,
as
wel
as
of
the
Lybycan
.
Sic
&
strymonio
f●cilis
tutela
Bisaltae
,
Possent
Aetnaeas
vtinam
seferre
per
artes
.
Quiludus
Siculis
:
quid
tum
si
turpia
colla
Aut
tenuis
dorso
curuatur
spina
?
per
illos
Cantalus
Graijs
Agragas
,
vict
aeque
fragosum
Ne
broden
liquere
ferae
.
O
quantus
in
armis
Ille
meis
,
cuius
docties
pecuaria
faetus
Suff●cient
queis
Chaontas
contendere
contra
Ausit
vix
merita
signat
Achaia
palma
.
But
as
for
Gratius
I
suspect
the
place
to
be
vnperfect
;
for
Agragas
is
a
mountaine
of
Sicilia
,
hauing
a
towne
scituate
in
the
top
of
it
bearing
the
same
name
,
where
their
auncestors
w●re
wont
to
nourish
and
bring
vp
the
best
horsses
.
There
is
also
in
Sicilia
a
mountain
called
Mebrodes
,
Hebrodon
which
some
thinke
to
be
so
called
by
reason
of
the
plentie
of
dear
,
but
they
haue
no
author
for
it
,
and
as
for
the
printed
booke
of
Gratius
,
I
finde
it
expresseth
it
not
so
wel
as
Virgill
setteth
it
downe
,
saieng
,
that
Agragas
was
a
breeder
of
most
couragious
and
notable
horsses
:
but
yet
Serutus
saith
,
(
according
to
Pindarus
)
that
the
Agrigentines
in
times
past
sent
their
horsses
to
the
iusting
or
combates
of
Graecia
,
returning
with
victorie
from
thence
,
and
we
haue
also
read
that
in
Cappadocia
whole
troopes
of
horsses
haue
bin
destroyed
.
The
men
of
Delphos
by
the
answere
of
Apollo
got
herds
and
great
store
of
horses
from
Agrigentine
,
and
those
were
excellent
.
Aristophanes
calleth
those
great
Aetnean
horsses
(
Canthiari
)
either
of
the
greatnesse
of
the
mountaine
,
or
else
great
Canthars
are
bred
in
it
,
or
of
the
horsses
of
Aetna
,
being
notable
for
swiftnesse
and
running
.
The
horses
that
are
bred
in
Creet
and
Cappadoeia
are
also
most
excellent
.
In
Greece
there
are
most
notable
horsses
of
Thessalie
,
which
Absyrtus
saith
be
the
best
in
all
Greece
.
The
words
of
Gratius
the
Poet
speaking
of
the
Thessalian
horsses
are
before
recited
.
The
mares
of
Admetus
were
the
most
excellent
,
Strabo
but
as
Homer
reporteth
the
Thessalian
were
before
them
.
The
Solitude
or
wildernes
of
Arcauanus
is
as
commodious
to
feed
horsses
,
as
Thessalia
.
It
is
certaine
that
Thessalia
excels
with
horsses
,
from
whence
Xerxes
is
said
to
haue
made
a
combat
,
that
he
might
try
his
horsses
there
where
he
vnderstoode
the
best
breed
of
Greekish
horsses
to
be
,
and
from
whence
this
prouerbe
arose
,
Decernetur
equa
Thessalia
(
:
Viz:
)
let
the
Thessalian
Mare
be
tried
by
battaile
,
a
prouerbe
of
excellent
worth
,
because
in
old
time
the
chiefest
praise
was
of
the
Thessalian
Mares
:
which
is
very
apparant
by
the
Oracle
that
was
deliuered
to
the
Aeginensians
.
Suidas
relateth
(
but
I
know
not
out
of
what
author
)
that
Thessalia
hath
excelent
horsmen
;
Thrasia
expert
shooters
,
and
India
light
armor
:
so
hath
likewise
Creet
and
Caria
.
Erasmus
writeth
that
Thessalia
is
most
fit
to
feed
horsses
,
who
do
far
excel
the
Arcadians
and
Epidaures
as
Strabo
witnesseth
lib.
8.
Caesar
was
said
(
when
he
was
dictator
)
to
haue
made
the
first
shew
among
the
Romaines
of
the
Horsses
,
fighting
against
buls
,
Textor
.
and
killing
them
,
whereof
Lucianus
writeth
thus
:
Thessalius
sompes
bellis
feralibus
omen
.
That
is
to
say
:
the
Thessalian
horsse
is
profitable
for
fence
and
deadly
conflicts
.
There
is
also
in
Thessalia
a
citty
(
named
Pella
)
from
whence
I
deeme
the
Pellaean
horsses
are
so
called
of
Gratius
,
yet
there
be
other
places
called
Pella
(
as
Macedonia
and
Achaia
)
wherof
Gratius
writeth
thus
:
Spadices
vis
Pellaei
valuere
Cerauni
Et
tibi
deuotae
magnum
pecuaria
Cyrrae
Phaebe
decus
nostras
agere
in
sacraria
tousas
.
Which
(
Cerani
)
are
mounts
of
Epirus
,
and
Cyrrha
is
a
Towne
of
Phocis
scituate
at
the
foot
of
the
hil
Parnassus
,
where
Appollo
Cyrrhaeus
was
worshipped
.
The
Tyrrheans
being
excellent
warriors
are
commended
of
Oppianus
out
of
the
Islands
of
the
Tyrrhenean
sea
(
especially
Corsica
and
Sardinia
)
there
be
very
short
horsses
,
but
they
are
of
good
courage
and
gentle
withall
.
The
Thracian
horsses
are
foule
and
ill-shapen
,
being
rough
al
ouer
their
bodyes
,
Volatteran
:
and
hauing
very
great
shoulders
,
which
in
the
Greeke
is
named
(
Calomysten
)
such
a
one
as
wil
cast
downe
the
rider
on
the
ground
from
off
his
backe
,
they
are
crook-backt
,
or
bunched
out
;
or
els
of
diuers
kinds
;
and
therefore
they
haue
an
vnsure
and
reeling
pace
,
and
their
course
is
yery
vnconstant
.
Absyrtus
saith
,
the
Thracian
horsses
are
the
best
.
The
Thuringean
horsses
are
neighbors
to
Hessis
,
which
Pliny
and
Volatteranus
supposed
,
are
called
(
Mediterranean
Cimbri
.
)
There
be
some
that
suppose
the
Venetians
to
discend
from
a
people
of
Paphlagonia
,
(
called
Venetaus
)
which
after
the
destruction
of
Troy
came
to
these
places
,
and
by
these
they
make
an
argument
,
coniecturing
it
to
be
good
,
in
regard
they
are
wholy
imployed
about
breeding
horsses
,
which
at
this
time
faileth
altogether
,
but
in
former
daies
they
were
very
careful
to
follow
their
businesse
about
the
training
vp
of
young
mules
,
whereof
Homer
writeth
.
And
Dyonisius
the
Tirant
of
Sicilia
ordained
,
that
the
breede
of
horsses
should
be
fetcht
from
hence
,
to
make
warlike
combats
with
them
,
that
among
the
Graecians
the
excellencie
of
the
Venetian
breede
should
remaine
,
and
that
a
great
while
after
that
breed
of
horsses
got
the
praise
.
Vuallachus
this
daie
is
called
of
the
Saxones
a
gelded
horse
,
&
brought
out
of
that
countrie
which
sometimes
was
called
Dacia
.
The
Lycospades
and
Lycophotians
shal
be
spoken
of
heerafter
.
Of
the
choice
of
good
Horsses
,
PAladius
aduiseth
to
obserue
foure
things
in
choyse
of
a
Stallion
horsse
,
the
forme
or
outward
proportion
,
the
colour
,
the
merrit
,
and
the
beauty
,
all
which
are
necessary
to
be
obserued
in
the
choise
of
Coltes
or
elder
Horsses
,
that
they
may
be
of
a
generous
race
,
hauing
soft
legs
,
lofty
paces
,
gent●e
treading
,
such
as
will
lead
the
way
,
and
be
not
affraid
of
any
water
,
The
members
of
an
eligble
horsse
.
bridge
,
nor
suddain
noises
;
hauing
a
gentle
necke
,
a
sharpe
head
,
a
short
belly
,
a
fat
backe
,
a
dapple
colour
,
nimble
eares
,
thicke
mane
lying
on
the
right
side
,
a
dubble
bone
discending
by
his
loins
,
a
sounding
hoofe
,
and
legs
that
cannot
stand
stil
,
which
Virgill
expresseth
in
these
words
:
Nec
non
&
pecori
est
idem
delectus
equino
Tu
modo
quos
in
spem
statuis
,
summittere
gentis
Precipuum
iaminde
a
teneris
impende
laborem
Continnue
pecoris
,
generosi
pullus
in
aruis
Altius
ingreditur
,
&
mollia
crura
reponit
.
Primus
&
íre
viam
,
&
fluuios
tentare
minaces
Audet
,
&
ignoto
sese
committere
ponti
:
Nec
vanos
horret
crepitus
,
illa
ardua
ceruix
Argutumque
caput
,
breuis
aluus
,
obesaque
terga
Luxuriatque
toris
animo
sum
pectus
honesti
Spadices
glaucique
color
,
deterrimus
albis
Et
giluo
:
tam
si
qua
sonum
procul
arma
dedere
Stare
loco
nescit
micat
auribus
&
traemit
artus
Collectumque
praemens
voluit
subnaribus
ignem
Densa
iuba
&
dextro
tactata
recumbit
in
armo
Ac
duplex
agitur
perlumbos
spina
cauatque
Tellurem
&
solido
grauiter
sonat
vngula
cornu
.
Varro
sheweth
that
at
the
first
foaling
of
a
colt
,
a
man
may
obserue
by
certain
signes
how
he
will
proue
when
he
is
in
perfection
:
signs
to
chuse
a
good
Colt
.
for
if
he
be
cheareful
,
bold
,
and
not
terrified
at
any
strange
sight
,
if
he
run
before
the
company
,
be
wanton
and
contend
with
his
equales
in
course
,
and
ouer-run
them
:
if
he
leape
ouer
a
ditch
,
go
ouer
a
bridge
,
or
through
water
,
and
being
prouoked
appeareth
meeke
,
these
are
the
most
true
signes
of
an
elegiable
Colt
.
Also
it
is
to
be
considered
,
whether
they
rise
quickly
,
being
stird
from
their
rest
,
and
run
away
speedily
,
if
their
bodies
be
great
,
long
,
full
of
muscles
,
and
sharpe
,
hauing
a
little
head
,
blacke
eies
,
open
aad
wide
nostrils
,
sharpe
pricked
eares
,
a
soft
and
broad
neck
,
not
long
,
a
thicke
mane
curled
,
and
falling
on
the
right
side
,
a
broad
and
ful
breast
,
large
shoulders
,
and
shoulder-bones
,
round
ribs
,
a
little
belly
,
a
dubble
backe-bone
,
or
at
the
least
not
thin
,
bunchie
or
extended
;
his
loines
pressed
downewards
,
broad
,
and
well
set
,
little
and
smal
stones
,
a
long
taile
,
with
curled
haire
,
highe
,
straighte
and
equal
legges
,
round
knees
not
great
,
nor
bending
inward
,
round
buttockes
,
brawny
and
fleshy
thighes
,
high
,
Columella
Varro
Albertus
.
hard
,
hollow
,
and
round
hooues
,
wel
set
to
the
crowne
of
their
pasterne
,
hauing
vaines
conspicuous
and
apparant
ouer
al
his
body
.
That
colt
which
at
the
time
of
his
foaling
hath
the
moste
highest
legges
,
is
likelyest
by
common
reason
to
proue
most
able
and
noble
in
his
age
,
for
of
al
the
ioynts
in
the
body
the
knees
and
legges
grow
least
,
and
they
which
haue
flexible
ioynts
in
their
infancy
,
wil
be
more
nimble
and
flexible
in
their
age
.
Of
the
chois
of
a
horse
vn
backed
or
neuer
ridden
.
And
thus
much
for
the
parts
of
a
colt
.
Now
,
in
the
next
place
we
must
likewise
take
consideration
of
a
horsse
vntamed
,
and
ready
for
the
saddle
.
For
the
outward
partes
of
his
bodie
saith
Xenophon
,
yeeld
euident
signification
of
his
minde
,
before
he
be
backed
.
Plato
willeth
that
the
state
of
his
body
bee
straight
,
and
articulate
,
his
head
bony
,
his
cheekes
little
,
his
eies
standing
out
,
and
not
sunke
into
his
head
,
flaming
like
blood
,
looking
cruelly
if
the
body
be
blacke
,
but
blacke
eies
if
the
body
be
white
doe
argue
a
gentler
and
better
disposition
:
short
and
little
eares
,
the
crowne
of
his
head
greater
then
the
residue
,
broad
Nostrils
,
whereby
he
not
onely
looketh
more
terribly
but
breatheth
more
easily
,
for
when
one
Horsse
is
angry
with
another
,
in
their
rage
they
are
wont
to
stretch
out
their
Nostrils
vehemently
.
The
beake
or
snout
of
a
Horsse
,
ought
not
to
stand
out
like
a
swynes
,
but
to
bend
downe
a
little
crooked
,
the
head
to
be
so
ioyned
to
the
necke
,
as
it
may
bend
more
commodiously
,
that
is
,
if
the
necke
be
small
next
to
the
head
,
so
will
the
necke
stand
before
the
rider
,
and
his
eies
appeare
before
his
feete
:
and
although
he
bee
full
of
stomacke
,
yet
will
he
neuer
be
violent
or
stiffe
necked
.
It
ought
also
to
be
considered
,
whether
his
cheek-bones
be
sharpe
,
tender
,
or
vnequall
,
standing
one
aboue
another
,
for
their
imparity
maketh
the
Horsses
necke
to
be
hard
,
and
stubborne
.
The
backe-bone
aboue
his
shoulders
higher
commodious
to
set
the
saddle
vpon
,
&
his
whole
body
the
better
compacted
,
if
the
backe
bone
be
duble
,
and
smooth
;
for
then
shall
the
rider
sit
more
easily
,
and
the
forme
of
the
Horsse
appeare
more
delectable
.
A
large
brest
sheweth
his
comlinesse
and
strength
,
making
him
fit
to
take
longer
reaches
without
doubling
of
his
Legges
,
because
in
a
broad
breast
the
Legs
stand
further
asunder
:
large
side
or
ribbes
swelling
out
aboue
the
belly
,
for
they
shew
the
ability
of
the
Horsse
both
to
his
food
and
worke
,
a
round
euen
belly
and
his
loines
being
broad
and
short
,
causeth
the
forlegs
to
be
lifted
vp
more
easily
,
and
the
hinderlegs
to
follow
,
for
the
smal
loines
do
not
onely
deforme
,
but
enfeeble
and
oppresse
the
Horsse
,
therefore
the
loines
ought
to
bee
duble
,
the
ribbes
broad
and
fleshy
,
agreeable
to
the
breast
and
sides
,
buttocks
sollide
and
broad
,
with
a
long
taile
reaching
downe
to
the
heeles
of
his
hinder
Legges
.
Thighes
full
of
sinnewes
,
the
bones
of
his
Legges
thicke
like
the
postes
of
the
whole
body
,
but
that
thicknesse
ought
neither
to
be
of
vaines
nor
flesh
,
for
then
they
are
quickly
inflamed
and
wounded
,
when
they
trauile
in
rough
and
sharpe
waies
:
for
if
the
flesh
be
cut
a
little
,
the
commissures
parte
asunder
,
and
causeth
the
Horsse
to
halte
,
and
aboue
all
other
thinges
haue
a
regard
to
his
feet
,
and
therin
especially
to
his
hoof
,
for
being
thick
,
it
is
better
then
being
thin
,
likewise
if
they
be
hard
,
causeth
the
pasterne
to
stand
higher
from
the
ground
,
for
so
in
their
pace
the
soft
and
hard
parts
of
the
foote
doe
equally
sustaine
one
another
,
and
the
hard
hoofe
yealdeth
a
sound
like
a
Simbal
,
for
the
goodnesse
of
a
horse
appeareth
by
the
sound
of
his
feete
.
Now
on
the
contrary
side
it
is
good
also
to
set
downe
the
faults
and
signes
of
reprobation
in
Horsses
,
and
first
of
all
therefore
,
a
great
and
fleshy
head
,
great
eares
,
narrow
Nostrils
,
hollow
eyes
,
a
long
necke
,
a
mane
not
hairy
,
a
narrow
breast
,
hollow
shoulders
,
narrow
sides
,
and
little
fleshy
sharpeloines
,
bare
ribs
,
hard
and
heauy
Legges
,
knees
not
apt
to
bend
,
weake
thighs
,
not
strong
,
crooked
legs
,
thin
,
full
fleshy
,
plaine
and
low
hoofs
,
all
these
things
are
to
be
auoided
in
the
choise
of
your
Horsse
.
Of
the
choise
of
Stallions
and
breeding
Mares
.
NOw
in
the
next
place
let
vs
consider
the
choise
of
Horsses
and
Mares
appointed
for
breede
and
procreation
,
and
we
haue
shewed
already
that
in
a
stallion
we
are
principally
to
consider
the
colour
,
forme
,
merit
,
and
beauty
.
This
Stallion
is
called
in
Italy
Rozzone
,
in
France
Estalon
,
in
Germany
Ein
Springhengst
,
and
in
Latine
Admissarius
quia
ad
generandam
sobolem
admittitur
,
bicause
he
is
sent
to
beget
and
engender
.
The
Graeci
.
Anabates
or
Ocheutes
.
Of
the
color
.
First
of
all
therefore
to
beginne
with
the
colour
:
that
Horsse
is
best
which
is
of
one
continued
colour
,
although
oftentimes
(
as
Rufus
saith
)
Horsses
of
a
despicable
colour
proue
as
Noble
as
any
other
.
The
cheefe
colours
are
these
;
bay
,
white
,
carnation
,
golden
;
russet
,
mouse-colour
,
fleabitten
,
spotted
,
pale
and
blacke
:
of
all
these
the
blacke
or
bay
is
to
be
preferred
.
Oppianus
maketh
distinction
of
Horsses
by
their
colour
in
this
manner
,
the
gray
or
blewish
spotted
is
fittest
for
the
hunting
of
the
Hart
,
the
bright
bay
for
the
Beare
and
Leopards
,
the
blacke
with
flaming
eies
against
the
Lyons
.
The
naturall
colour
of
the
wilde
Horsses
are
an
ashe
colour
with
a
blacke
strake
from
the
head
along
the
backe
to
the
taile
,
but
among
tame
Horsses
there
are
many
good
ones
of
Black
,
White
,
Browne
,
Red
,
and
flea-bitten
colour
.
But
yet
it
is
to
be
remembred
that
seldome
or
neuer
Coultes
be
foaled
white
,
but
rather
of
other
colour
,
degenerating
afterward
by
the
increase
of
their
age
for
such
Horsses
are
more
liuely
,
durable
,
and
healthy
,
then
other
of
their
kinde
,
and
therefor
Plutarch
commendeth
a
white
Horsse
of
Sylla
for
his
swiftnes
of
foot
and
stomacke
:
among
al
colours
,
●●r●nus
first
the
blacke
,
then
the
bay
,
next
the
white
,
and
last
the
gray
are
most
commended
.
Camerarius
commendeth
a
certain
colour
cald
in
Latin
Varius
and
may
bee
englished
daple
gray
,
because
of
the
diuers
in-textures
of
colours
,
which
although
many
nations
doe
disalow
,
yet
vndoubtedly
,
that
colour
(
saith
he
)
is
a
signe
and
argument
of
a
good
nature
,
constituted
and
builded
vpon
a
temporate
commixture
of
humors
.
Where
black
,
white
,
and
yellow
haires
appeare
,
so
that
the
sight
of
one
of
these
is
nothing
inferiour
to
the
equestriall
party
coloured
caparisons
:
Among
Horsses
which
are
diuers
coloured
,
they
which
haue
stars
in
their
forehead
,
and
one
white
foote
,
were
most
commended
;
such
were
the
Thrasian
Horsses
not
admitted
in
copulation
,
of
which
Virgill
speaketh
in
this
manner
;
—
Thracius
albis
Portat
equus
buolor
moculis
vestigia
primi
Alba
peda
,
frontemque
ostentans
arduus
albam
.
Blacke
Horsses
also
which
haue
one
russet
or
swart
spot
in
their
faces
,
or
else
a
black
toung
are
highly
commended
for
generation
,
but
the
pale
coloured
Horsses
are
no
waies
to
be
admitted
to
couer
Mares
,
because
their
colour
is
of
no
acount
:
&
likewise
it
is
seldom
seen
that
the
Fole
proueth
better
then
the
sire
.
The
bay
colour
hath
bin
receiued
without
exception
for
the
best
trauailers
,
for
it
is
supposed
that
Baudius
(
amongst
the
Latines
)
is
deriued
of
Vadium
quia
inter
,
coetera
animalia
fortius
vadat
;
because
among
other
creatures
he
goeth
most
surelye
.
It
is
also
behoouefull
that
in
a
Stallion
Horsse
,
the
mane
bee
of
the
same
colour
with
the
body
.
Artificial
●eane●
to
m●ke
Mares
conceiue
the
best
colourd
Colts
.
Horsse-keepers
haue
deuised
to
make
their
Mares
conceiue
strange
colours
,
for
when
the
Mares
would
go
to
the
horse
,
they
paint
a
Stallion
with
diuers
colours
,
and
so
bring
him
into
the
sight
and
presence
of
the
Mare
;
where
they
suffer
him
to
stand
a
good
while
vntill
she
perfectly
conceiue
in
her
imagination
the
true
Idea
and
ful
impression
of
those
pictures
,
and
then
they
suffer
him
to
couer
her
;
which
being
performed
she
conceiueth
a
Foale
of
those
colours
:
In
like
manner
,
Pigeons
conceiue
younge
ones
of
diuers
colours
.
The
Germans
to
mingle
the
colour
of
horses
haires
(
especially
to
bring
blacke
among
white
)
take
the
roots
of
fearue
,
and
of
sage
,
and
seeth
them
together
in
leigh
,
and
then
wash
their
horsses
all
ouer
therewith
.
For
the
making
of
their
horsses
white
,
they
take
that
fat
which
ariseth
from
the
decoction
of
a
moule
in
an
earthen
pot
,
and
there
withal
anoint
the
places
they
would
haue
white
.
Also
they
shaue
off
the
haires
,
and
put
vpon
the
balde
place
crude
hony
,
and
Badggers
grease
,
which
maketh
the
haires
to
arise
white
:
and
many
other
meanes
are
vsed
by
horsse-leatches
,
as
afterward
shal
be
shewed
.
In
the
olde
age
of
a
horsse
his
hair
doth
naturally
change
white
,
aboue
all
other
beasts
that
we
know
,
and
the
reason
is
,
because
the
brain-pan
,
is
a
more
thin
and
slender
bone
,
then
the
greatnesse
of
his
body
would
require
,
which
appeareth
by
this
,
that
receiuing
a
blow
in
that
place
,
his
life
is
more
indangered
then
by
hurting
any
other
member
,
acording
to
the
obseruation
of
Homer
:
Et
qua
fetae
haerent
capiti
laetaleque
vuluus
Precipae
sit
equis
.
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
for
the
colour
of
a
Stallion
:
now
followeth
the
form
or
outward
proportion
of
the
body
,
The
forme
which
ought
to
be
great
and
solide
,
his
stature
aunswerable
to
his
strength
,
his
sides
large
,
his
buttockes
round
,
his
breast
broad
,
his
whole
body
full
and
rough
,
with
knots
of
muscles
,
his
foot
dry
and
solide
,
hauing
a
high
hoofe
at
the
heele
.
The
parts
of
his
beauty
are
these
,
a
little
&
dry
head
,
the
skin
almost
cleauing
to
the
bons
,
short
&
pricked
eares
,
The
beautye
of
a
Stallion
.
great
eies
,
broad
nostrils
,
a
long
and
large
mane
and
taile
,
with
a
solid
and
fixed
rotundity
of
his
hoofes
,
&
such
an
one
,
as
thrusteth
his
head
deepe
into
the
water
when
he
drinketh
,
his
ribs
and
loines
like
an
Oxes
,
a
smooth
and
straight
backe
,
his
or
hippes
long
,
broad
,
and
fleshy
,
his
Legges
large
,
fleshy
and
dry
,
the
sinnewes
and
ioynctures
thereof
great
and
not
fleshy
neare
the
hoofes
:
that
the
hinder
part
of
his
body
be
higher
then
his
forepart
,
like
as
in
a
Hart
,
and
this
beauty
better
appeareth
in
a
leane
body
then
in
a
fat
,
for
fatnesse
couereth
many
faults
;
the
former
parts
are
thus
expressed
by
Horace
:
Regibus
hic
mos
est
vbi
equos
mercantur
,
opertos
Inspiciunt
,
nesi
facies
vt
saepe
decora
.
Molli
fulta
pede
est
,
emptorem
inducat
hiantem
Quod
pulchri
clunes
,
breue
quod
caput
ardua
ceruix
.
If
you
will
make
triall
of
your
stallion
whether
he
be
fit
for
procreation
,
Hipparchus
teacheth
you
this
experiment
:
presse
the
genytall
member
with
your
two
fingers
,
and
with
lockes
of
Woll
draw
out
his
seede
which
being
so
drawne
out
,
if
it
cleaue
and
hang
together
,
so
as
it
will
not
be
cut
nor
easily
parted
,
it
is
a
demonstration
of
a
good
Stalion
,
but
if
it
hang
not
together
like
birdlime
,
but
easily
go
asunder
like
milke
or
whay
,
such
a
Horse
is
not
to
be
admitted
to
couer
your
Mares
.
The
age
of
a
Stallion
.
When
Horsses
be
olde
among
other
faultes
they
engender
Foales
lame
in
their
feete
,
and
therefore
they
are
to
be
kept
and
not
to
be
admitted
to
copulation
nor
War
,
for
his
rage
is
like
a
weake
fire
among
wet
stuble
according
to
these
verses
:
—
Morbo
grauis
aut
segnior
annis
Deficit
,
abde
domo
,
nec
turpi
ignosce
senecta
Frigidus
in
venerem
senior
frustraque
laborem
Ingratum
trahit
:
&
si
quando
ad
praelia
ventum
est
Vt
quondam
in
stipulis
magnus
sine
viribus
ignis
In
cassum
furit
.
Therefore
it
behooueth
that
a
Stalion
Horsse
be
not
vnder
three
yeares
old
when
he
couereth
a
Mare
,
and
it
is
best
for
him
to
beginne
at
fiue
,
Collumella
.
for
so
he
will
indure
in
generation
not
onely
till
he
be
twenty
yeare
old
,
but
also
to
thirty
or
forty
yeares
,
as
in
some
countries
hath
beene
often
proued
.
They
are
not
to
bee
admitted
to
couer
aboue
fifteene
in
one
yeare
at
the
most
,
and
a
young
Horsse
not
aboue
ten
or
twelue
in
one
yeare
;
the
residue
may
be
suffered
with
obseruation
of
their
strength
and
nature
.
The
King
of
Babilon
beside
his
Horsses
War
had
eight
hundreth
Stalions
,
which
were
admitted
to
couer
sixe
thousand
Mares
,
so
that
euer
one
had
twenty
a
peece
,
Palladius
.
ther
is
also
a
place
in
Syria
neare
Apamia
,
where
in
one
plot
of
ground
were
nourished
thirty
thousand
Mares
,
&
three
thousand
Stalions
(
as
Coelius
saith
)
so
that
euery
Stalion
had
an
hundreth
Mares
to
couer
(
in
that
place
)
which
number
exceedeth
the
proportion
of
nature
.
It
is
also
to
be
remembred
that
Stalions
are
to
be
seperated
from
Mares
al
the
yeare
long
,
except
at
the
time
of
procreation
,
and
then
also
he
must
be
largely
fed
according
to
these
verses
.
His
animaduersis
,
instant
sub
tempus
,
&
omnes
Impendunt
cur
as
denso
distendere
pingui
,
Quem
legere
ducem
&
pecori
duxere
maritum
:
Florentesque
secant
herbas
,
fluuiosque
mini
strant
,
Farraque
:
ne
blando
nequeant
superesse
labori
:
Inualidique
patrum
referant
ieiunia
nati
.
Ipsa
autem
macie
tenuant
armenta
volentes
.
Atque
vbi
concubitus
primos
iam
nota
voluptas
Sollicitat
,
frondesque
negant
,
&
fontibus
arcent
.
Saepe
etiam
cursu
quatiunt
,
&
Sole
fatigant
:
Cum
grauiter
tunsis
gemit
area
frugibus
:
&
cum
Surgentum
ad
Zephyrum
paleae
iactantur
inanes
.
Hoc
faciunt
,
nimio
ne
luxu
obtusior
vsus
Sit
genitali
aruo
,
&
sulcos
oblimet
inertes
.
Sed
rapiat
sitiens
Venerem
,
interiusque
recondat
.
Absyrtus
It
is
also
to
be
obserued
,
that
the
males
which
are
designed
for
procreation
be
not
ouer
much
labored
,
for
then
he
wil
be
the
more
weake
for
generation
,
nor
yet
suffered
to
bee
to
idle
,
for
then
a
certaine
fleamie
humour
is
increased
in
them
,
which
likewise
disableth
them
in
copulation
,
and
thus
much
for
the
males
.
Almost
al
the
same
things
which
haue
bin
said
of
the
male
,
belong
to
the
female
,
except
the
belly
of
the
female
ought
to
be
greater
,
The
choise
of
Mares
but
if
there
be
any
whit
speckles
or
spots
in
the
eies
of
the
female
,
such
as
are
not
contracted
by
accident
,
but
breede
in
them
by
nature
▪
such
a
one
is
refused
for
breede
,
for
a
Horsse
borne
of
such
a
Mare
,
when
he
commeth
to
be
olde
,
will
likewise
be
affected
with
the
same-blindesse
:
but
if
it
bee
a
female
,
by
reason
of
her
yearely
purgation
,
she
may
peraduenture
auoid
that
mischiefe
.
It
behooueth
therefore
that
the
Mares
appointed
for
race
,
be
wel
compacted
,
of
a
decent
quality
,
being
faire
and
beautifull
to
looke
vpon
,
the
belly
and
loines
being
great
,
●
age
not
vnder
three
nor
aboue
ten
yeares
old
.
The
copulation
of
horses
and
Mares
.
Concerning
their
admission
to
generation
,
it
is
to
be
remembred
,
that
the
Latines
haue
a
proper
tearme
to
signifie
the
appetite
of
the
female
to
the
male
,
which
they
call
(
Equire
)
that
is
,
(
Horssing
)
and
they
continue
in
that
lust
sixty
daies
together
,
the
signes
whereof
are
these
:
They
forsake
their
company
,
running
not
toward
the
East
and
West
,
but
the
contrary
,
to
the
North
and
South
:
neither
permit
they
any
body
to
come
neare
them
,
vntill
they
either
bee
wearied
or
meete
with
the
male
,
and
if
they
meet
with
a
female
like
themselues
,
they
ioyne
neare
to
her
,
and
seeme
to
reioyce
at
her
society
,
lifting
vp
the
taile
,
changing
of
the
voice
,
and
sending
forth
of
her
secretes
,
a
certaine
thin
humour
,
somewhat
like
the
seede
of
a
horsse
,
which
is
called
Hippomanes
.
They
also
make
water
more
often
then
at
other
times
,
so
that
among
al
the
females
of
the
world
,
Aristotle
.
Albertus
.
there
is
none
beside
a
woman
,
that
is
more
greedy
of
procreation
then
a
Mare
,
because
they
want
a
menstruous
purgation
and
yet
eat
aboundance
of
meat
,
which
Virgill
expresseth
,
setting
downe
their
vnlimitable
rage
,
which
carrieth
them
ouer
mountaines
and
riuers
,
in
the
time
of
this
fury
.
Scilicet
ante
omnes
furor
est
insignis
equarum
Et
mentem
venus
ipsa
dedit
,
quo
tempore
Glauci
Potniades
malis
membra
absumpsere
quadrigae
Illas
ducit
amor
traus
Gargara
,
transque
sonantem
Ascantum
,
superant
montes
&
flumina
tranant
.
Also
at
that
time
,
their
genital
hangeth
forth
more
then
at
other
times
,
but
if
their
manes
be
shorne
off
,
their
lust
is
extinguished
.
It
is
reported
also
by
Columella
that
in
Spaine
,
in
the
Mountain
Tagro
which
reacheth
into
Portugall
vpon
the
Ocean
,
there
be
Mares
which
rage
so
far
in
lust
,
that
by
their
ardent
desire
of
copulation
they
conceue
by
the
Southwest
wind
,
without
the
company
of
a
horsse
,
(
euen
as
Hens
do
lay
Egges
being
not
trode
by
a
Cocke
)
which
are
called
Hypenemia
,
but
those
Foales
liue
not
till
they
be
aboue
three
year
old
.
And
it
is
the
property
of
these
Mares
(
saith
Auicen
)
by
kicking
against
the
wind
with
their
hinder
legs
,
to
open
their
owne
wombe
,
and
to
receiue
in
that
delectable
aire
,
wherwithall
they
are
satisfied
.
Also
he
saith
,
that
he
heard
of
an
old
man
,
which
was
borne
in
the
I
le
of
Pealtupha
,
that
the
Mares
therof
neuer
cease
running
,
from
th
one
end
of
the
Iland
to
the
other
,
when
the
rage
of
their
lust
is
vppon
them
;
which
thing
is
elegantly
described
by
a
Poet
,
how
they
turne
themselues
to
the
West
,
standing
vpon
the
rockes
,
and
there
draw
in
the
cold
aire
,
which
oftentimes
maketh
them
conceiue
,
wondering
that
they
conceiue
not
rather
by
the
east
sunrising
or
South
,
then
by
the
westerly
wind
bordering
vpon
the
north
,
the
Poets
words
are
these
:
Continuoque
auidis
vbi
subdita
flamma
medullis
,
Vere
magis
(
quia
vere
calor
redit
ossibus
)
illae
Ore
omnes
versae
in
Zephyrum
,
stant
rupibus
altis
Exceptamque
leues
auras
:
&
saepe
sine
vllis
Coniugijs
vento
grauidae
(
mirabile
dictu
)
Saxa
per
,
&
scopulos
,
&
depressas
conualles
Diffugiunt
,
non
Eure
tuos
neque
Solis
adortus
:
In
Boream
Caurumque
aut
vide
Nigerrimus
auster
Nascitur
,
&
pluuio
contristat
frigore
coelum
.
Sometimes
Horsses
and
Mares
admit
copulation
at
two
yeare
old
,
but
those
Foales
neuer
proue
excellent
,
but
at
three
yeare
old
or
thirty
monthes
,
they
suffer
coniunction
safely
and
with
profit
,
because
they
cease
to
loose
their
teeth
.
Pliny
They
continue
in
their
generation
,
bearing
euery
second
yeare
,
the
male
vntill
he
be
thirty
yeare
olde
,
and
the
female
as
long
as
she
liueth
;
but
the
male
ingendereth
yearely
;
And
it
is
reported
of
a
horse
in
Opus
,
that
couered
a
Mare
after
he
was
forty
yeare
old
,
being
onely
holp
vp
and
down
from
the
Mare
.
Pliny
,
Oppianus
,
Aelianus
,
and
Aristotle
,
doe
confidently
affirme
,
A
history
of
a
stallion
to
his
own
dam
that
when
the
King
of
Scythia
had
all
his
generous
breede
of
Horsse
destroyed
by
a
pestilence
(
except
one
of
his
best
Mares
and
a
Stallion
which
was
a
Foale
of
that
Mares
)
being
desirous
to
continue
the
breede
,
caused
his
horsse-keeper
to
put
the
Sonne
and
Mother
together
,
but
the
Horsse
refused
copulation
with
his
owne
parents
.
Afterward
the
Horsse-keeper
couered
the
Mare
with
artificiall
skinnes
,
and
likewise
dressed
the
Horsse
in
such
manner
,
as
one
could
not
know
the
other
,
wherupon
being
brought
together
the
second
time
,
the
Stallion
couered
his
owne
mother
:
Afterward
the
Horsse
keeper
discouered
them
,
the
one
to
the
other
,
whereby
they
knew
the
fraude
,
and
grew
guiltye
in
themselues
,
of
incestious
commixtion
;
Whereupon
they
tooke
no
other
reuenge
vppon
themselues
,
but
ranne
to
the
top
of
a
high
rocke
,
and
there
successiuely
threw
downe
themselues
,
one
after
another
,
so
ending
their
miserable
daies
,
&
preuenting
their
Maisters
hopes
;
to
teach
al
mankind
,
that
they
ought
not
to
seeke
to
thriue
by
sins
against
nature
,
the
like
is
before
rehearsed
of
a
male
Camell
.
The
very
like
story
is
reported
of
a
Horsse
in
the
coasts
of
Rea
,
yet
this
is
not
held
to
be
generall
:
for
beasts
(
as
Aristotle
saith
)
do
promiscuously
couer
one
another
;
the
father
the
Daughter
,
the
Sonne
the
mother
,
the
Brother
the
Sister
,
and
this
maketh
them
to
be
perfect
beasts
;
and
the
stories
before
recited
may
be
true
,
yet
are
they
extraordinary
:
otherwise
the
common
rule
of
Ouid
remaineth
true
.
That
it
is
not
a
filthy
thing
for
beasts
to
obserue
no
degrees
of
nature
.
—
Coeunt
ani
malia
mullo
Caetera
delectu
,
nechabetur
turpe
iuuencae
Ferre
patrem
tergo
,
fit
equo
sua
filia
coniux
.
The
best
time
of
the
yeare
for
the
ioyning
of
Horsses
and
Mares
for
copulation
,
is
from
the
vernall
aequinoctiall
to
the
summer
solstice
,
because
then
the
Coults
which
are
foaled
in
due
time
,
haue
the
greene
herbes
and
all
the
warme
weather
for
the
succour
of
their
infancy
:
and
if
the
Mare
(
after
shee
hath
beene
once
couered
)
refuse
the
male
,
let
her
rest
tenne
daies
,
and
then
bring
her
to
the
male
againe
;
if
shee
refuse
the
second
time
,
you
may
take
it
for
graunted
,
that
she
is
filled
already
.
Wherfore
seeing
it
is
knowne
certainly
that
a
Mare
goeth
twelue
months
with
young
,
it
is
an
easie
matter
so
to
order
the
time
of
her
copulation
,
The
meanes
to
procure
horsses
to
copulation
.
that
her
foale
may
alwaies
be
deliuered
in
a
warme
and
seasonable
time
of
the
year
:
for
which
cause
there
is
an
invention
for
stiring
vp
of
the
lust
both
in
the
male
and
female
:
the
Hymenaean
shepherds
,
by
the
sweetnesse
of
songs
vpon
their
pipes
,
stirred
vp
their
Horsses
and
Mares
to
copulation
,
but
the
more
assured
way
is
,
to
follow
the
direction
of
Columella
and
Absyrtus
,
to
prouoke
them
by
naturall
meanes
,
like
as
Buls
and
Kyne
.
And
first
of
all
for
the
male
,
giue
him
the
taile
of
a
Hart
burned
,
mingled
with
wine
,
and
annoint
therewithall
his
stones
and
generall
member
,
and
so
shal
the
dul
Stallion
be
more
prone
to
venery
;
also
there
is
a
kind
of
Satirium
,
which
they
giue
to
them
in
drinke
,
or
the
powder
of
a
horsses
stones
:
likewise
if
the
female
refuse
,
take
shrimpes
beaten
softe
with
water
(
as
thicke
as
hony
)
therewithal
touch
the
nature
of
the
Mare
in
hir
purgation
,
and
afterwards
hold
it
to
her
Nose
,
or
else
take
hennes
dunge
mixed
with
Rozen
and
Turpentyne
,
and
annoynt
the
secrets
of
the
Mare
,
which
shall
so
far
increase
her
lust
,
as
it
cureth
the
lothsomnesse
better
then
the
shrimps
,
and
increaseth
lust
.
But
you
must
regard
,
that
no
leane
and
ill
fauoured
Mare
be
annointed
,
because
the
horse
is
quickly
wearied
from
his
lust
,
and
so
delighteth
only
to
be
tickled
therewith
without
doing
any
thing
.
Other
againe
doe
first
of
all
bring
some
vulger
horsse
to
the
Mare
,
who
prouoketh
and
stirreth
her
to
lust
,
and
when
he
is
neare
the
very
facte
of
filling
her
,
they
lead
her
away
,
to
a
more
generous
Stallion
,
to
be
couered
by
him
:
And
so
if
none
of
these
meanes
do
preuaile
with
her
,
they
doe
rub
her
secrets
with
a
Nettle
,
and
that
causeth
her
to
suffer
the
Horsse
to
enter
.
Democritus
also
saith
that
it
is
in
our
power
to
cause
our
Horsses
to
bring
forth
males
or
females
;
To
ingender
a
male
or
female
.
for
if
we
suffer
them
to
couple
when
the
North
winde
bloweth
,
or
the
third
day
before
the
full
Moone
,
or
bind
his
leaft
stone
,
hee
shall
get
a
male
;
but
if
when
the
South
wind
bloweth
,
or
three
daies
after
the
full
Moone
,
or
binde
the
right
stone
of
the
Horsse
,
it
will
proue
a
female
.
Also
if
at
the
time
of
copulation
,
the
Horsse
leape
off
from
the
Mare
on
the
right
side
,
it
is
a
token
it
will
be
a
male
,
but
if
on
the
left
side
,
it
wil
be
a
female
.
Carnall
copulation
is
most
acceptable
to
Horsses
,
and
lesse
grieuous
vnto
them
then
to
Neate
,
for
there
is
no
kind
(
man
only
excepted
)
that
is
so
venereous
and
nimble
in
generation
as
is
a
Horsse
or
Mare
.
The
males
know
their
females
with
whom
they
liue
,
although
they
haue
bine
but
a
few
daies
together
;
and
if
strange
females
fall
into
their
company
,
they
expell
them
away
by
biting
,
feeding
single
and
alone
with
their
female
by
themselues
;
but
if
any
male
or
other
stone
Horsse
come
within
their
walke
,
then
presently
they
make
force
at
him
;
if
their
female
stir
from
them
,
they
restraine
her
by
biting
:
and
in
this
time
of
their
rage
,
they
neither
regard
the
rider
,
nor
their
aduersary
,
nor
the
bridle
,
nor
cruell
stripes
,
nor
steep
hills
,
nor
rocks
,
or
caues
of
the
earth
,
if
they
wind
the
amorous
sauour
of
their
fellowes
;
according
to
the
saying
of
Virgill
in
these
verses
:
Nonne
vides
,
vt
tota
tremor
pertentet
equorum
Corpora
,
si
tantum
not
as
odor
attulit
auras
?
Ac
neque
eos
iam
frena
virum
,
nec
verbera
saeua
,
Non
scopuli
,
rupesque
cauae
,
atque
obiectae
retardant
Flumina
,
correptos
vnda
torquentia
montes
.
It
hath
beene
also
receiued
,
that
a
barren
mare
shal
conceiue
if
you
take
a
bunch
of
leeks
bruised
small
and
put
into
a
cup
of
Wine
and
twelue
French
flies
called
Cantarides
in
water
,
put
them
two
daies
together
into
the
genitall
of
a
mare
,
like
a
Glyster
,
and
afterwards
put
her
to
a
Horsse
anointing
her
secre●s
with
the
said
ointment
two
seuerall
times
,
when
the
horse
leaps
down
from
her
;
or
else
they
take
Nyter
,
Sparrows
dung
,
Rozen
,
and
Turpentine
,
thrusting
the
same
into
the
mares
genitall
,
whereby
it
hath
been
proued
,
that
fecundity
oftentimes
followed
.
Also
some
vse
Syler
of
the
mountaines
to
procure
conception
in
Mares
and
Cowes
,
and
the
true
signe
of
conception
is
,
when
their
nature
(
that
is
)
the
fluent
humour
,
out
of
their
secrets
ceaseth
for
a
month
,
or
two
,
or
three
:
and
Pliny
saith
that
when
a
mare
is
filled
she
changeth
her
colour
,
and
looketh
more
red
,
which
is
to
be
vnderstood
not
of
her
haire
,
but
of
her
skinne
,
lips
and
eies
,
her
haire
standing
more
full
then
before
.
Then
let
them
be
seperated
from
the
males
,
The
ordring
of
a
Mare
with
foale
.
Varro
Palladius
.
exempting
them
from
moist
places
,
cold
,
and
labour
,
for
all
these
are
enemies
to
her
foaling
,
and
cause
abortement
.
Likewise
they
must
not
haue
too
much
meate
nor
too
little
,
but
onely
a
temperate
dyet
and
softe
lodging
,
their
better
ordering
is
elegantly
described
in
Virgill
in
these
verses
Non
illas
grauibus
quisquamiug
a
ducere
plaustras
,
Non
saltu
superare
viam
,
sit
passus
&
acri
Carpere
prata
fuga
:
sluuiosque
innare
rapaces
.
Saltibus
in
vacuis
pascant
:
&
plena
secundum
Flumina
,
&
viridissima
gramine
ripa
:
Spleuncaeque
tegant
:
&
sacra
procubet
vmbra
.
This
is
most
certaine
that
if
a
Woman
in
her
flowers
,
touch
a
mare
with
foale
(
or
sometimes
doe
but
see
her
)
it
causeth
to
cast
her
foale
,
if
that
purgation
,
be
the
first
after
her
virginity
:
Orus
.
In
like
manner
,
if
they
smell
of
the
snuffe
of
a
candle
,
or
eat
bucke-mast
or
Gartian
.
The
Egyptians
when
they
wil
describe
a
woman
suffering
abortement
,
they
picture
a
Mare
treading
vpon
a
Wolfe
,
for
if
a
Mare
kicke
at
a
Wolfe
or
tread
where
a
Wolfe
hath
troad
,
shee
casteth
her
foale
:
If
an
asse
couer
a
Mare
,
which
a
horsse
hath
formerly
filled
,
there
followeth
abortment
,
but
if
a
horsse
couer
a
Mare
,
which
an
Asse
hath
formerly
filled
,
there
followeth
no
abortment
,
because
the
horsses
seed
is
hotter
then
the
Asses
,
If
a
Mare
be
sicke
of
abortment
or
foaling
,
Pollipody
mingled
with
warme
water
giuen
hir
in
a
horne
,
is
a
present
remedy
.
The
Scythians
when
they
perceiue
their
Mares
to
be
quicke
with
foale
,
Aristotle
.
The
time
of
their
going
with
young
.
they
ride
vpon
them
,
holding
opinion
that
thereby
,
they
cast
forth
their
foales
with
lesse
paine
and
difficulty
.
They
carry
their
young
one
in
their
wombes
as
hath
beene
already
said
,
twelue
moneths
,
but
sometimes
they
come
at
eleuen
moneths
and
ten
daies
,
and
those
are
commonly
males
,
for
the
males
are
sooner
perfected
in
the
womb
then
the
females
,
and
commonly
the
females
are
foaled
at
twelue
months
or
ten
daies
,
and
those
which
tary
longer
are
vnprofitable
and
not
worth
education
.
A
Mare
is
most
easily
deliuered
of
her
young
among
other
beasts
,
and
beareth
most
commonly
,
but
one
at
a
time
,
yet
it
hath
been
seen
that
twins
hath
proceeded
from
her
.
At
the
time
of
her
deliuery
,
shee
hath
lesse
purgation
of
blood
,
then
so
great
a
molde
of
body
can
affoorde
,
and
when
she
hath
foaled
,
Aristotle
shee
deuoureth
her
seconds
,
and
also
a
thing
that
cleaueth
to
her
foales
fore-heade
,
being
a
piece
of
blacke
flesh
called
Hippomanes
,
neither
doth
shee
suffer
her
young
one
to
sucke
vntill
she
haue
eaten
that
,
for
by
smelling
thereunto
,
the
young
and
old
horsses
,
or
other
of
that
kind
would
fal
mad
,
and
this
thing
haue
the
imposters
of
the
world
,
vsed
for
a
Phyltre
or
amorous
cuppe
,
to
draw
Women
to
loue
them
,
Virgill
speaketh
thus
of
it
;
Quaeritur
&
nascentis
Equi
de
fronte
reuulsus
Et
matris
praereptus
amor
.
And
againe
,
Hinc
demiem
Hippomanes
vero
quod
nomine
dicunt
Pastores
.
Lentum
distillat
ab
inguine
virus
Hippomanes
,
quod
saepe
malae
legere
nouercae
Miscueruntque
herbas
&
non
innoxia
verba
.
This
poison
made
into
a
candle
(
Anaxilaus
saith
)
in
the
burning
thereof
,
there
shall
bee
a
presentation
of
many
monstrous
horsse-heads
.
There
is
verie
great
poison
contained
in
this
Hippomanes
,
for
the
Arcadian
Phormis
made
a
horsse
of
brasse
at
Olympia
,
and
put
Hipomanes
into
the
same
,
and
if
the
horsses
at
any
time
had
seene
this
brazen
horsse
,
they
weare
so
farre
inraged
with
lust
,
that
no
halters
or
bands
could
hold
them
,
but
breaking
all
,
runne
and
leaped
vpon
the
said
brazen
horsse
,
and
although
it
wanted
a
taile
,
yet
wold
they
forsake
any
beautiful
Mare
and
runne
to
couer
it
;
neither
when
they
came
vnto
it
,
and
found
it
by
their
heeles
to
be
sounding
and
hard
brasse
,
woulde
they
despaire
of
copulation
,
but
more
and
more
,
with
noise
of
mouth
,
rage
,
and
endeuor
of
body
,
labor
to
leape
vpon
the
same
,
althogh
the
slippery
brasse
gaue
them
no
admission
or
stay
of
abod
vpon
the
backe
of
that
substance
,
neither
could
they
be
drawne
from
the
saide
brazen
Image
,
vntil
by
the
great
strength
and
cruel
stripes
of
the
riders
they
were
forcibly
driuen
away
.
Some
thinke
this
little
peece
of
flesh
to
cleaue
to
the
fore-head
,
others
to
the
loynes
,
and
many
to
the
genitals
:
but
howsoeuer
it
is
an
vnspeakeable
part
of
Gods
prouidence
,
to
make
the
Mares
belly
a
sepulchre
for
that
poison
,
for
if
it
should
remaine
in
the
males
as
in
the
females
,
the
whole
race
of
horsses
would
vtterly
perish
and
be
destroied
throgh
rage
of
lust
,
for
which
cause
the
keepers
and
breeders
of
horses
;
do
diligently
obserue
the
time
of
their
Mares-foaling
,
and
instantly
cut
off
the
same
from
the
Colte
,
reseruing
it
in
the
hoofe
a
Mare
,
to
procure
the
Stallions
to
carnal
copulation
,
and
the
Colt
from
which
they
cut
this
piece
of
flesh
,
they
sacrificed
it
,
for
it
is
manifest
faith
Elianus
,
that
the
Mare
will
neuer
loue
that
foale
,
from
whence
shee
hath
not
eaten
and
consumed
this
peece
of
flesh
.
And
this
poison
is
not
onely
powerful
in
brute
beasts
,
but
also
in
reasonable
men
,
for
if
at
any
time
by
chance
or
ignorantly
they
tast
heereof
,
they
likewise
fall
to
be
so
madde
and
praecipitate
in
luste
,
raging
both
with
gestures
and
voice
,
that
they
caste
their
lustfull
eyes
,
vppon
euerie
kind
of
Women
,
attempting
wheresoeuer
they
meet
them
to
rauish
or
ingender
with
them
:
and
besides
because
of
this
oppression
of
their
minde
,
their
body
consumeth
and
vadeth
away
:
for
three
daies
after
the
Colt
is
foaled
hee
can
hardly
touch
the
ground
with
his
head
.
It
is
not
good
to
touch
them
,
for
they
are
harmed
by
often
handling
,
onely
it
is
profitable
,
that
it
be
suffered
with
the
damme
in
some
warme
and
large
stable
,
so
as
neither
it
be
vexed
with
cold
,
nor
in
daunger
to
be
oppressed
by
the
Mare
thorough
want
of
roome
.
Also
their
hooues
must
be
looked
vnto
,
least
their
dung
sticking
vnto
them
burne
them
,
afterward
when
it
waxeth
stronger
,
turne
him
out
into
the
field
with
his
damme
,
least
the
Mare
ouer-mourne
her selfe
for
want
of
hir
foale
,
for
such
beasts
loue
their
young
ones
exceedingly
.
After
three
daies
let
the
Mare
bee
exercised
and
rid
vppe
and
downe
,
but
with
such
a
pace
as
the
foale
may
follow
her
,
for
that
shall
amend
and
encrease
her
milke
.
If
the
Colt
haue
soft
hooues
,
it
will
make
him
runne
more
speedily
vppon
the
hard
ground
,
or
else
lay
little
stones
vnder
their
feet
,
for
by
such
meanes
their
hooues
are
hardned
,
and
if
that
preuaile
not
,
take
swines
grease
,
and
brimstone
neuer
burned
,
and
the
stalkes
of
Garlicke
bruzed
and
mingled
all
together
,
and
therewithall
anoint
the
hooues
.
The
mountaines
also
are
good
for
the
breeding
of
Colts
for
two
causes
,
first
for
that
in
those
places
their
hooues
are
hardned
,
and
secondly
by
their
continual
ascending
and
discending
,
their
bodies
are
better
prepared
for
induring
of
labour
:
And
thus
much
may
suffice
for
the
educating
and
nursing
of
foales
.
For
their
weaning
obserue
this
rule
,
first
seperate
them
from
their
dams
twentyfoure
houres
togither
,
in
the
next
morning
let
them
be
admitted
to
sucke
their
belly
full
,
and
then
remoued
to
be
neuer
more
suckled
:
atv.
moneths
old
begin
to
teach
them
to
eat
bread
or
hay
,
and
at
a
yeare
old
giue
them
barly
and
bran
,
and
at
two
yeares
old
,
weane
them
vtterly
.
Of
handling
,
taming
,
or
breaking
of
Horsses
.
THey
which
are
appointed
to
breake
horsses
,
are
called
by
the
Graecians
Eporedicae
,
Hipodami
,
and
Hipocomi
,
the
Latins
Equisones
,
Arulatores
,
and
Cociones
,
in
Italian
Io
Cozone
.
Absyrtus
is
of
opinion
that
foales
are
to
be
vsed
to
hand
,
and
to
be
begun
to
be
tamed
at
eighteene
moneths
old
,
not
to
be
backed
but
onely
tied
by
the
heade
in
a
halter
to
a
racke
or
maunger
,
so
that
it
may
not
be
terrified
for
any
extraordinary
noise
,
for
which
cause
they
vse
them
to
brakes
,
but
the
best
time
is
at
three
yeares
old
,
as
Crescetiensis
teacheth
in
many
chapters
,
wherefore
when
they
begin
to
be
handled
,
let
him
touch
the
rough
partes
of
his
bodie
,
as
the
mane
and
other
places
,
wherein
the
horsse
taketh
delight
to
be
handled
:
neither
let
him
bee
ouer
seaueare
and
Tyrannous
,
and
seeke
to
ouercome
the
beast
by
stripes
,
but
as
Cicero
saith
,
by
faire
meanes
or
by
hunger
and
famine
.
Some
haue
vsed
to
handle
them
sucking
,
and
to
hange
vp
in
their
presence
bits
and
bridles
,
that
so
by
the
sight
and
hearing
the
gingling
thereof
in
their
eares
,
they
might
grow
more
familiar
.
And
when
they
came
to
hand
to
lay
vpon
their
backes
a
litle
boy
flat
on
his
belly
;
and
afterward
to
make
him
sit
vpon
him
formally
,
holding
him
by
the
head
,
and
this
they
do
at
three
yeare
old
,
but
commit
him
to
no
labor
vntill
he
be
foure
yeare
old
,
yet
domesticall
and
small
horsses
for
ordinarie
vse
are
tamed
at
two
yeare
olde
,
and
the
best
time
for
the
effecting
heereof
,
is
in
the
moneth
of
March.
It
is
also
good
in
riding
of
a
young
horsse
to
light
often
,
and
to
get
vp
againe
,
then
let
him
bring
him
home
and
vse
him
to
the
stable
,
the
bottome
whereof
,
is
▪
good
to
be
paued
with
round
stones
,
or
else
planks
of
oake
,
strewing
litter
vpon
it
when
he
lieth
down
,
that
so
he
may
lie
soft
and
stand
hard
.
It
is
also
good
to
be
regarded
,
that
the
plankes
bee
so
laid
,
as
the
vrine
may
continually
run
off
from
them
,
hauing
a
little
close
ditch
to
receiue
it
,
that
so
the
horsses
feet
may
not
be
hurt
thereby
,
and
a
good
maister
of
horsses
must
oftentimes
go
into
his
stable
,
that
so
he
may
obserue
the
vsage
of
this
beast
.
The
manger
also
ought
to
be
kept
continually
cleane
for
the
receiuing
of
his
prouender
,
that
so
no
filth
or
noisome
thing
be
mingled
therewith
:
there
ought
also
to
be
partitions
in
it
,
that
so
euery
beast
may
eat
his
owne
allowance
,
for
greedy
horsses
do
not
onely
speedily
rauen
vp
their
owne
meat
,
but
also
rob
their
fellowes
.
Others
againe
haue
such
weake
stomackes
that
they
are
offended
with
the
breath
of
their
fellowes
,
and
will
not
eate
except
they
eat
alone
.
The
racke
also
is
to
be
placed
according
to
their
stature
,
that
so
their
throat
may
not
be
too
much
extended
,
by
reaching
high
,
nor
their
eyes
or
head
troubled
,
because
it
is
placed
too
low
.
There
ought
also
to
be
much
light
in
the
stable
,
least
the
beast
accustomed
to
darkenesse
,
be
offended
at
the
Sunne
light
,
and
winke
ouer
much
,
being
not
able
to
indure
the
beams
when
he
is
led
abroad
,
but
yet
the
stable
must
be
warme
and
not
hot
;
for
althogh
heat
do
preseru
fatnes
,
yet
it
bringeth
indisgestion
and
hurteth
a
horsses
nature
,
therefore
in
the
Winter
time
the
stable
must
be
so
ordered
,
as
the
beast
may
not
be
offended
or
fall
into
diseases
by
ouermuch
heat
or
suddaine
cold
▪
Vegetius
In
the
Summer
time
let
them
lodge
both
night
and
day
in
the
open
aire
.
This
also
in
stabling
of
your
horsses
must
be
auoided
,
namely
the
sties
of
Swine
,
for
the
stinke
,
the
breath
,
the
gruntling
of
hogs
,
is
abhominable
for
horsses
,
and
nature
hath
framed
no
simpathie
or
concorde
betwixte
the
noble
and
couragious
spirite
of
a
horsse
,
and
the
beastlie
sluggish
condition
of
a
Swine
.
Remoue
also
far
awaie
from
your
horsses
stables
all
kind
of
fowle
,
which
were
woont
to
haunt
those
places
,
to
gather
vp
the
remnant-graines
of
their
prouender
,
leauing
behind
them
their
little
fethers
,
which
if
the
horsse
licke
vp
in
his
meat
,
sticke
in
his
throat
,
or
else
their
excrements
which
procureth
the
loosenes
of
his
bellie
.
It
must
also
be
regarded
,
that
the
stable
must
be
kept
neat
,
sweet
,
and
cleane
,
Camerarius
so
as
in
absence
of
the
horsse
,
it
may
notly
like
a
place
for
swine
:
The
instruments
also
,
and
implements
thereof
,
such
as
are
the
horsse
cloathes
,
the
curri-combes
,
the
mane-combes
,
saddles
and
bridles
be
disposed
and
hung
vp
in
order
behind
the
horsse
,
so
as
it
maie
neither
trouble
him
eating
or
lieng
,
nor
yet
giue
him
occasion
to
gnaw
,
eat
,
and
deuour
them
to
their
owne
damage
or
hurt
,
for
such
is
the
nature
of
some
wanton
horsses
,
to
pul
assunder
and
destroie
whatsoeuer
they
can
reach
.
They
are
therefore
oftentimes
to
be
exercised
and
backed
,
and
principally
to
bee
kept
in
a
good
diet
,
for
want
of
food
deiecteth
the
spirit
of
the
noblest
horsse
,
and
also
maketh
the
meane
horsse
to
be
of
no
vse
;
but
on
the
contrary
,
a
good
diet
doth
not
onelie
make
a
meane
horsse
to
be
seruicable
,
but
also
continue
the
worth
and
value
of
the
best
,
which
thing
Poets
considered
,
when
they
fained
that
Arion
the
horsse
of
Neptune
and
some
others
were
made
by
Ceres
the
Goddesse
of
corne
,
which
any
meane
witted
man
may
intetpret
to
signifie
,
that
by
abundance
of
prouender
the
nature
of
horsses
was
so
farre
aduanced
aboue
ordinary
,
that
like
the
sonnes
of
the
Gods
they
perform
incredible
things
:
whether
therefore
they
eat
chaffe
,
or
hay
,
or
grasse
,
or
graine
,
according
to
the
diuersities
of
countries
,
let
it
be
wholesome
,
cleane
,
fresh
,
and
sweet
,
without
dust
,
grauel
,
mustines
,
or
euill
smell
.
In
the
morning
giue
them
barley
or
prouender
,
a
little
at
a
time
in
distinct
or
seueral
portions
,
twice
or
thrice
one
after
another
,
so
as
he
may
chew
and
eke
disgest
it
thoroghly
,
otherwise
if
he
rauen
it
in
,
as
he
wil
do
hauing
much
at
a
time
,
he
rendreth
it
in
his
dung
whole
and
not
disgested
.
About
three
houres
after
he
hath
eaten
his
prouender
,
giue
him
a
little
of
hay
,
and
three
houres
after
that
his
dinners
allowance
of
graine
,
as
in
the
morning
,
and
afterwards
about
two
or
three
a
clock
hay
againe
,
and
then
some
drink
:
last
of
all
giue
him
his
allowance
of
prouender
for
Supper
,
with
a
bottle
or
two
of
hay
,
which
ought
to
be
more
plentiful
than
the
former
seruings
:
&
yet
these
rules
are
not
to
be
vnderstood
as
though
they
might
not
be
altered
,
for
the
times
prefixed
may
be
preuented
if
ocasion
require
.
Their
best
prouender
is
oats
and
barley
,
yet
barly
ingendreth
the
thinner
and
better
blood
,
and
therefore
it
is
to
be
preferred
,
only
the
measure
of
the
prouender
is
lefte
to
the
discretion
of
the
horsse-keeper
,
and
there
is
no
meate
more
wholsome
for
a
horsse
,
than
barly
and
chaffe
,
because
it
wil
make
him
ful
of
life
,
and
also
able
to
indure
labor
,
yet
not
ouer
fat
.
In
England
in
many
place●
they
giue
their
horsses
bread
made
of
Fitches
,
beans
,
and
pease
.
When
one
is
to
make
a
iourney
on
horsse-back
,
let
him
not
giue
his
horse
to
much
prouinder
the
noone
before
,
but
somewhat
the
more
hay
,
and
bread
steeped
in
wine
,
and
also
let
him
serue
him
sooner
at
night
than
ordinary
,
that
so
the
beast
may
take
the
more
rest
.
There
be
which
refuse
to
giue
horsses
wet
prouender
or
steeped
bread
,
because
they
conceiue
that
it
will
breed
in
them
loathsomnesse
of
meat
;
but
the
truth
is
,
a
reasonable
horsse-keeper
preuenteth
that
mischeefe
,
and
besides
,
the
meat
of
a
horsse
is
altogither
so
drie
,
that
the
beast
himselfe
is
indangered
to
be
sicke
of
that
disease
;
and
therefore
it
is
as
safe
to
giue
him
moistened
foode
sometimes
,
as
well
as
to
giue
him
bread
mingled
with
salt
.
Camerarius
When
a
horsse
is
weary
or
sweateth
,
let
him
not
drinke
nor
eat
prouender
,
but
after
he
is
walked
a
litle
while
,
giue
him
hay
,
first
of
al
couering
him
with
a
large
cloath
,
and
remember
,
that
hay
is
not
to
be
cast
before
a
horsse
,
as
it
is
out
of
the
reeke
,
but
first
of
all
,
it
must
be
pulled
,
and
shaken
betwixt
the
handes
,
for
the
auoiding
of
dust
,
and
other
filth
.
Restrain
the
horsse
as
much
as
you
may
from
eating
the
litter
vnder
his
feet
,
for
euen
the
best
meat
so
defiled
is
vnholsome
.
It
is
also
good
sometimes
to
suffer
him
to
picke
vp
his
meat
on
the
ground
betwixt
his
forelegs
,
that
will
make
his
necke
to
grow
thinner
,
leanner
,
and
more
comely
.
Let
his
necke
be
fast
bound
in
the
stable
with
a
Letherne
collar
,
and
bind
with
a
manicle
his
fore-legge
to
the
hinder
leg
on
the
contrary
side
,
and
so
shal
his
legs
be
preserued
in
more
health
,
because
they
cannot
mooue
out
of
their
place
but
with
difficulty
.
Concerning
the
drinke
of
horsses
,
something
more
is
to
be
added
in
this
place
,
and
namely
brackysh
and
troubled
water
,
such
as
runneth
softly
,
as
in
great
pondes
,
is
fittest
for
horsse
,
because
that
water
,
being
hot
and
thicke
nourisheth
better
,
but
the
swift
Water
is
colder
,
R●s●ius
and
therefore
more
vnholsome
,
but
yet
in
hot
times
(
as
in
Summer
)
the
sweet
and
clearer
water
is
more
conuenient
if
custome
bee
not
against
it
.
And
because
a
horsse
(
except
he
drinke
freely
)
can
neuer
be
fat
,
let
his
mouth
oftentimes
be
washed
within
with
salt
and
wine
,
and
that
will
make
him
eat
and
drinke
more
liberally
:
and
yet
the
running
water
is
more
wholsome
for
horsses
,
because
whatsoeuer
is
moueably
fluent
,
is
lesse
subiect
to
poyson
then
that
which
standeth
still
;
but
if
a
horsse
sweat
or
be
weary
,
it
is
not
safe
to
let
him
drinke
any
thing
,
except
he
first
stale
,
for
in
such
cases
followeth
distention
.
And
it
is
better
to
turne
or
lead
forth
your
horsse
to
water
,
then
to
bring
it
vnto
them
.
And
if
at
any
time
necessity
cause
this
to
be
done
,
then
let
the
Water
be
very
cleare
and
fresh
.
His
stable
or
lodging
ought
to
be
ordered
,
as
neither
it
offend
him
by
cold
in
winter
,
nor
yet
thorough
heat
in
Summer
,
for
both
these
extremeties
are
pernicious
:
and
therfore
when
the
weather
is
extreame
colde
,
then
must
the
horsses
backe
and
belly
be
couered
with
a
cloath
,
and
when
on
the
contrary
it
exceedeth
in
heat
,
then
must
his
litter
be
taken
away
.
Also
in
heate
he
must
bee
couered
with
linnen
to
auiode
flies
,
and
in
cold
with
woollen
to
helpe
nature
:
likewise
it
is
good
toward
night
to
picke
,
cleanse
,
and
open
his
hooues
,
with
some
artificiall
instrument
,
and
to
thrust
into
the
hollow
cow-dung
,
or
in
defect
thereof
horse-dung
with
a
little
strawe
,
that
so
he
may
not
shake
it
out
againe
,
but
this
is
not
good
to
be
done
euerie
daye
,
but
rather
euery
second
day
,
and
it
is
good
to
mingle
therewith
sewet
or
greace
,
or
els
a
new
laide
Egge
with
warme
●shes
.
In
auncient
time
they
vsed
not
to
shoo
their
horsses
with
yron
,
vntill
the
daies
of
Catullus
,
who
remembreth
this
custome
,
saying
:
Ferream
vt
soleam
tenaci
in
voragine
mula
:
So
that
it
seemeth
that
this
deuise
was
first
of
al
inuented
for
mules
.
These
horsse-shooes
,
ought
to
be
round
like
his
feet
,
and
not
heauy
,
least
the
horsses
nimblenes
be
thereby
hindered
;
&
great
care
must
be
had
in
nailing
or
seting
them
on
,
least
the
tender
and
fleshy
part
of
the
foot
be
thereby
pierced
.
Pollux
.
Another
charge
of
a
horsse-keeper
is
to
keepe
his
horsses
lippes
soft
,
tender
,
and
gentle
,
so
as
he
may
more
sencibly
feele
his
bit
:
and
for
this
cause
let
him
often
rub
them
with
his
hands
and
warme
Water
,
and
if
neede
require
with
oyle
also
:
and
in
handling
of
a
horsse
this
must
be
obserued
for
a
generall
rule
,
that
neither
he
come
to
the
horsse
right
before
his
face
,
nor
behind
his
taile
,
because
both
these
are
dangerous
to
the
rider
;
least
by
his
heeles
or
mouth
hee
harme
him
,
but
on
his
side
he
may
safely
set
vpon
him
or
handle
his
horsse
,
and
when
he
leadeth
him
,
he
must
likewise
goe
on
his
side
.
Likewise
good
and
painefull
dressing
of
a
horsse
is
no
small
meanes
to
retaine
him
in
in
sound
and
perfect
health
:
and
therfore
he
must
often
be
touched
with
the
curry-comb
,
and
afterward
with
a
handfull
of
strawe
,
so
as
the
hand
may
follow
the
stroke
to
lay
the
haire
smooth
:
and
their
fashion
was
in
old
time
to
brush
ouer
their
horsses
with
a
little
tone
linnen
instrument
made
like
a
sword
,
whereby
they
excusse
all
dust
from
the
beast
:
and
heerein
it
is
wisedome
to
beginne
at
the
head
and
mane
,
and
so
to
descende
to
other
parts
,
and
to
touch
the
horsses
backe
gently
:
he
may
wash
the
head
and
mane
because
it
being
so
bony
it
is
daungerous
least
the
combe
offend
and
greeue
the
beast
,
except
it
be
layed
on
very
tenderly
,
but
it
is
not
good
to
wash
the
legges
,
because
daily
washing
softneth
the
hoofe
by
sliding
downe
of
the
Water
,
and
therefore
it
is
sufficient
onely
to
stroke
them
downe
with
his
hands
.
The
neather
part
also
of
the
belly
is
not
to
be
kept
ouer
clean
,
for
the
more
it
is
clensed
with
water
,
the
more
is
the
horsse
pained
therein
:
Camerarius
when
a
horsse
is
dressed
it
is
good
to
bring
him
out
of
the
stable
,
that
so
in
the
open
ayre
hee
may
be
tyed
in
a
longer
halter
,
and
seeme
to
be
at
liberty
,
whereby
he
shall
be
brought
to
more
cleannesse
and
tractable
gentlenesse
,
standing
vppon
some
smooth
stones
,
till
all
the
dust
and
loofe
haires
both
by
the
combe
and
brush
be
driuen
away
,
and
in
the
meane
time
the
stable
be
emptied
,
and
this
is
to
be
performed
before
the
horsses
watering
.
You
must
also
regarde
the
skin
wherein
the
horsses
yard
runneth
be
kept
cleane
,
for
if
it
be
stopped
it
hindereth
vrine
,
and
maketh
the
horsse
sicke
,
and
when
your
horsse
is
in
dressing
,
let
him
haue
before
him
no
manner
of
meat
either
of
hay
or
prouender
.
Let
them
be
ledde
to
the
Water
twice
a
day
,
and
wash
therein
both
legges
and
belly
,
except
in
the
Winter
time
,
wherein
it
is
not
safe
to
wet
the
beast
so
often
:
and
if
there
be
in
them
any
appearance
of
sicknesse
and
infirmity
,
or
if
you
haue
any
purpose
to
giue
vnto
them
any
kinde
of
medicine
,
then
must
you
altogether
forbeare
to
Water
them
.
Some
vse
to
wash
their
horsses
legges
with
warme
wine-lees
to
refresh
their
ioyntes
and
sinnewes
after
hard
iournies
,
which
custome
seemeth
very
allowable
:
Vegetius
other
vse
insteed
thereof
warme
dish-water
out
of
the
kitchin
,
and
the
backes
they
wash
with
colde
water
and
salt
.
Vnderneath
their
tails
and
neare
their
yards
,
you
shal
find
them
in
the
Summer
time
to
be
much
annoyed
with
flies
,
and
therefore
it
is
a
needefull
part
of
the
horsse-keepers
watch-fulnes
to
looke
in
those
places
and
driue
them
away
,
for
so
his
charge
will
take
the
better
rest
.
And
euermore
there
must
be
nourished
a
mutuall
beneuolence
betwixt
the
horsse
and
horsse-keeper
,
so
as
the
beast
may
delight
in
the
presence
and
person
of
his
attendant
;
and
for
this
cause
he
may
be
kept
from
hunger
,
wet
litter
,
cold
in
the
winter
,
and
flies
in
the
Summer
;
and
furthermore
a
dilligent
caution
must
be
had
,
that
the
beast
be
not
prouoked
thorough
ouer
much
severity
,
for
if
the
horsse
by
his
keepers
violence
be
often
driuen
to
his
racke
and
maunger
to
auoid
stripes
,
either
he
hurteth
his
shoulders
or
legges
by
his
owne
weight
or
force
,
or
else
groweth
into
a
trembling
at
the
presence
of
a
man
,
and
so
neuer
yeeldeth
any
louing
obedience
;
or
els
faleth
into
some
furious
and
vnreclaimable
euill
qualities
.
The
master
therfore
ought
often
to
enter
into
his
stable
,
and
take
a
view
of
his
horsses
vsage
,
whereby
the
beast
wil
quickly
take
notice
of
him
,
especially
if
he
haue
but
one
,
for
it
is
a
great
follie
and
peece
of
ill
husbandry
to
trust
Seruantes
and
not
to
ouer-see
them
.
Cato
was
wont
to
say
:
Frons
occipitio
prior
:
That
is
,
As
the
forehead
is
before
the
nape
of
the
necke
,
meaning
thereby
that
nature
hath
set
him
highest
and
formost
,
which
should
not
hide
himselfe
,
but
take
his
place
vppon
him
and
discharge
it
,
for
it
is
not
safe
or
any
part
of
wisdome
,
to
see
by
another
mans
eies
;
or
worke
altogether
by
Deputies
.
Men
must
also
be
affraid
of
lending
their
horsses
,
for
the
Germans
haue
a
pretty
prouerbe
,
that
they
will
not
trust
their
wiues
at
great
feasts
out
of
their
sight
,
for
commonly
they
learne
some
euill
fashion
or
other
more
then
they
had
before
,
and
so
much
more
horsses
(
after
lending
)
returne
home
againe
to
their
maisters
with
alteration
of
strength
and
quality
.
Of
adorning
and
furnishing
horsses
.
I
Cannot
approue
them
that
cut
off
their
horsses
taile
,
or
foretop
;
one
receiued
beginning
from
an
ignorant
perswasion
of
increasing
the
strength
of
the
Horsses
backe
,
The
furnitur
of
a
horse
&
his
triming
.
and
the
other
from
an
immagined
comelines
,
by
triming
it
with
ribben
or
some
deuised
knot
,
or
that
it
hindred
the
horsses
sight
.
In
the
first
,
the
beast
is
wronged
and
depriued
of
his
helpe
againste
flies
,
and
decency
of
his
hinder
parts
,
and
in
the
second
nature
acused
,
for
not
adorning
the
horsses
forhead
with
more
gawdy
and
variable
coloured
hairs
,
and
prouiding
a
bunch
of
haire
to
weaken
his
eyes
:
but
neither
of
these
are
tollerable
,
for
a
wise
man
once
to
imagine
,
and
therefore
I
will
not
spend
any
more
time
to
confute
this
vaine
adorning
of
Horsses
.
Let
the
horsse-keeper
take
heed
that
he
harme
not
the
beast
when
he
putteth
on
his
bridle
,
for
a
little
negligence
quickly
bringeth
a
great
offence
,
by
touching
,
wringing
,
and
oppressing
any
tender
part
in
the
horsses
head
or
mouth
.
He
must
alway
put
on
his
bridle
on
the
left
side
,
and
if
the
horsse
of
his
owne
accord
do
not
open
his
mouth
to
the
bit
,
then
musthe
gently
open
his
mouth
with
one
finger
,
and
so
put
it
vppon
him
;
and
if
by
that
meanes
he
open
not
his
mouth
,
then
presse
or
wring
his
lip
vpon
his
great
canine
tooth
,
which
thing
causeth
any
horsse
to
open
his
mouth
.
Also
it
must
be
regarded
that
the
horsse
in
leading
be
not
drawne
after
you
,
for
so
will
he
be
made
hard
headed
,
vnwilling
to
follow
:
againe
his
cheekes
must
not
be
pinched
by
the
bridle
,
least
the
skin
grow
sencelesse
,
and
also
it
must
not
hange
long
or
loose
in
his
mouth
,
for
so
he
will
be
alway
biting
his
bit
,
and
giue
lesse
obedience
to
his
Rider
.
Camerarius
writeth
that
he
hath
seene
some
put
salt
vpon
their
bits
,
whereof
the
horse
licking
or
tasting
,
became
more
willing
to
take
it
into
his
mouth
:
and
for
the
better
performance
heereof
,
it
is
necessary
to
obserue
by
often
triall
,
what
kind
or
fashioned
bitt●
best
beseemeth
and
fitteth
the
horsses
mouth
,
and
finding
it
,
keepe
him
thereunto
continually
:
and
when
it
is
put
on
,
neither
wring
his
cheekes
,
or
let
him
rowle
it
betwixt
his
teeth
.
The
saddle
also
must
be
so
fastned
to
his
backe
,
as
that
it
may
not
turne
or
rowle
vpon
the
same
;
wherefore
he
which
layeth
it
thereupon
,
most
come
on
the
left
side
,
and
gently
without
violence
or
noise
,
set
it
vpon
the
beast
:
so
as
neither
girths
,
peytrill
,
sturrops
,
trappings
,
or
crupyard
,
fall
betwixt
the
backe
and
saddle
,
neither
couering
therewith
the
horsses
wither
,
nor
yet
touching
his
hips
or
loynes
.
First
of
all
let
the
peytrill
on
the
breast
be
buckled
,
then
the
girths
in
order
neere
the
forelegs
,
not
vpon
the
belly
,
for
vpon
the
belly
they
wil
be
sliding
off
,
and
that
is
against
the
rules
of
riding
;
for
Bene
equitant
qui
bene
cingunt
,
that
is
to
say
;
they
ride
well
which
bind
fast
:
and
this
ought
to
be
done
in
an
open
place
,
where
both
the
rider
and
the
horse
may
haue
more
liberty
:
wherewithal
a
generous
and
great
stomacked
beaste
is
much
delighted
:
neither
must
he
be
tyed
or
drawne
too
hard
till
the
rider
be
seated
.
Looke
also
often
to
the
girthes
,
that
they
wring
not
the
sides
,
or
pul
of
the
skin
.
Of
riding
and
sitting
on
horsebacke
.
WHen
you
are
to
get
vp
and
mount
on
horesebacke
,
take
hold
on
the
lower
part
of
the
bridle
neere
the
bit
,
with
the
lefte
hand
,
with
such
a
distance
as
may
both
keepe
him
from
rising
,
nor
giue
him
offence
if
you
take
aduantage
to
get
into
the
saddle
,
and
with
the
right
hand
take
the
raines
on
the
toppe
of
the
shoulders
and
the
mane
,
and
so
hold
them
as
you
giue
no
checke
to
the
Horses
mouth
in
mounting
:
there
are
other
rules
for
this
among
riders
,
wherewithall
I
will
not
meddle
,
onely
it
is
good
to
vse
your
horsse
to
backing
,
both
sadled
and
bare
,
aswel
from
the
plaine
ground
,
as
from
blocks
and
risings
,
inuented
for
the
ease
of
man
.
Therefore
before
you
goe
to
Horssebacke
,
first
stroke
your
Horsse
and
make
much
of
him
with
gentle
words
,
or
other
conuenient
sound
which
the
Horsse
vnderstandeth
,
and
so
will
he
stand
more
willingly
til
you
be
on
his
backe
:
for
this
thing
,
there
is
in
Plutarch
an
excellent
story
of
Alexander
the
great
,
when
Bucephalus
was
first
of
all
presented
to
his
father
King
Phillip
,
by
a
Thassalian
(
called
Phillonix
:
)
For
when
the
King
was
perswaded
to
go
forth
into
the
fielde
to
try
the
qualities
of
this
beast
,
which
was
so
highly
commended
for
rare
partes
,
and
valued
at
such
a
price
,
as
none
but
a
King
might
yealde
for
him
▪
then
the
Horsse
beganne
to
snort
,
and
kicke
,
and
to
admit
no
man
to
come
vnto
him
within
the
length
of
the
rains
,
but
kept
aloft
like
a
wild
and
vntamed
Horsse
;
yealding
no
obedience
to
voice
or
other
signes
of
the
riders
:
whereat
the
King
fel
exceeding
angry
,
and
bid
them
lead
away
the
vnruly
and
vntamed
Horse
:
Alexander
being
present
,
complained
of
the
ignorance
and
fearefulnesse
of
the
riders
,
and
that
they
were
the
cause
why
such
a
generous
and
gallant
beast
was
no
better
manned
.
At
the
hearing
wherof
,
King
Phillip
smiled
,
and
yet
so
carried
himselfe
as
though
he
had
not
heard
the
words
of
his
Sonne
,
vntill
Alexander
repeated
his
saying
the
second
time
;
whereunto
his
father
replyed
,
what
(
sir
Boy
)
will
you
make
your selfe
more
skilfull
then
these
old
cunning
riders
?
will
you
lay
on
them
an
imputation
of
feare
and
ignorance
?
yes
(
said
Alexander
)
I
will
aduenture
to
handle
this
Horsse
better
then
any
other
:
yea
but
(
saide
Phillip
)
what
punishment
then
wilt
thou
vndergoe
if
thou
faile
and
performe
not
what
thou
hast
said
?
What
punishment
(
said
Alexander
)
why
I
will
giue
them
the
price
of
the
Horsse
:
Whereat
the
King
laughed
and
strok
vp
the
Wager
,
and
so
had
Alexander
the
raines
of
the
Horsse
deliuered
to
him
,
who
presently
turned
him
about
against
the
Sun-rising
,
that
so
he
might
not
bee
terrified
with
the
shaddow
of
the
beholders
,
and
so
led
him
vp
and
downe
softly
two
or
three
turnes
,
and
at
last
wan
the
Horsse
to
hand
,
which
he
gently
stroked
and
applauded
:
and
when
he
had
gotten
perfect
intelligence
and
vnderstanding
of
the
Horsses
stomacke
,
he
cast
off
his
cloake
,
and
addressed
himselfe
to
mount
on
his
backe
,
so
holding
the
raines
and
bearing
his
hand
and
whole
body
as
he
did
not
checke
or
pinch
the
Horsses
mouth
:
so
he
inclined
him
first
of
al
to
lay
away
his
stirred
and
angry
minde
,
and
afterward
paced
him
to
and
fro
gently
which
the
Horsse
indured
:
At
last
he
put
Spurs
vnto
him
,
and
made
him
runne
,
leap
,
carrier
,
and
curuet
,
to
the
terror
at
the
first
of
all
the
beholders
,
&
afterward
to
their
singular
admiration
and
praise
of
himselfe
:
which
caused
the
company
or
traine
to
applaude
this
fact
,
and
forced
the
old
man
his
father
,
to
send
forth
teares
for
ioy
:
and
when
Alexander
desended
from
his
Horsse
,
hee
could
not
containe
himselfe
,
but
he
must
needes
goe
kisse
and
embrace
such
a
Sonne
;
whereby
it
is
manifest
,
that
when
a
man
is
to
ride
on
a
generous
spirited
Horsse
,
hoshal
bend
him
to
endure
the
burthen
by
gentlenesse
and
familiarity
,
so
as
the
beast
may
still
know
and
loue
his
rider
.
Likewise
when
the
maister
mounteth
,
it
is
requisit
that
the
seruant
be
on
the
other
side
of
the
horsse
to
hold
the
stirrop
,
for
so
shall
he
get
vp
more
surely
and
set
himselfe
mor
softly
.
Some
Horsses
are
taught
to
bend
their
knees
to
take
vp
their
aged
and
sick
Maisters
,
Xenophon
.
that
so
they
may
be
the
lesse
offended
in
ascending
to
their
backs
,
and
this
custom
(
saith
Pollux
)
did
first
of
al
begin
among
the
Persians
.
The
ancient
Germans
were
so
singularly
exercised
in
Horsmanship
,
that
standing
vpon
the
ground
and
holding
a
Speare
of
launce
in
their
handes
,
they
mounted
without
other
stirrop
or
vantage
vppon
their
Horsses
backs
;
and
not
onely
when
they
were
ordinarily
attired
in
common
garments
,
but
then
also
,
when
they
were
armed
(
tho
Iulius
Caesar
take
from
them
all
glory
of
chiualry
)
yet
now
adaies
the
inuention
of
Saddles
with
stirrops
,
is
most
easie
both
for
Horsse
and
Horsseman
,
being
then
better
the
Pelethronian
inuention
time
.
When
the
Rider
is
in
his
Saddle
,
and
is
well
seated
,
he
must
not
sit
as
in
a
Chaire
or
chariot
,
bended
together
,
but
rather
keepe
his
body
vpright
,
onely
bowing
outwardly
his
knees
,
for
so
shal
he
be
better
able
to
defend
himselfe
,
or
offend
his
aduersary
;
for
he
must
rather
seeme
to
stand
then
to
sit
on
horsebacke
.
The
Rider
or
maister
of
Horsses
must
spare
his
Horsse
in
the
heate
of
Summer
,
(
about
Dog
daies
)
and
in
the
colde
of
Winter
,
Russius
and
neuer
at
any
time
to
ride
past
the
twylight
of
the
euening
.
The
Horsse
being
empty
,
is
more
prone
to
make
water
then
being
full
,
and
therefore
must
not
be
hindered
in
that
desire
:
and
alway
after
his
staling
,
ride
him
not
too
fast
,
vntil
his
nerues
which
were
extended
to
let
forth
the
vrine
be
contracted
,
setled
and
drawne
together
againe
.
If
in
the
winter
time
a
horsse
be
to
passe
ouer
a
foord
of
water
(
which
wil
ascend
vp
aboue
his
belly
)
let
him
stale
first
of
al
,
Absirtus
least
he
fall
into
the
strangury
,
and
also
be
a
little
eased
of
his
loade
.
There
is
no
beast
that
reioyseth
more
in
celerity
and
swiftnesse
then
a
horse
,
because
so
soone
as
he
is
turned
out
of
hand
,
he
instantly
runneth
away
speedily
,
and
doth
walke
softly
as
at
other
times
:
and
this
is
a
pleasure
to
them
,
except
when
they
are
prouoked
aboue
their
desires
:
and
the
counsel
of
Xenophon
when
you
are
to
ride
fast
or
for
a
wager
,
is
this
;
bend
the
vpper
part
of
the
body
forward
,
stretching
out
the
hand
that
carrieth
the
raines
;
now
drawing
it
in
,
and
then
letting
it
at
length
againe
;
and
therefore
it
is
good
in
such
cases
to
vse
short
raines
,
and
if
the
Horsse
in
his
course
stretch
forth
the
raines
of
his
owne
accorde
,
then
is
it
a
signe
of
an
vnskilfull
Rider
,
or
of
a
weake
and
tireable
horsse
.
Pollux
.
Adde
not
Spurs
but
in
great
necessity
,
but
guide
and
prouoke
him
with
voice
and
riding
rod
,
for
quick
and
good
metled
Horsses
,
are
by
the
Spur
made
fierce
;
and
gentle
natured
beastes
made
sluggards
like
Asses
,
which
by
often
beating
seem
to
neglect
and
dispise
stripes
.
You
must
also
shorten
and
lengthen
your
iournies
and
times
of
ridings
,
so
as
they
may
neither
be
certaine
to
the
beast
,
nor
yet
ouer
long
;
and
specially
after
a
long
iourney
,
take
a
shorter
if
you
ride
vpon
the
same
horsse
.
First
of
all
let
him
be
vsed
to
plaine
and
equal
waies
,
and
if
he
be
to
leape
or
goe
vppe●
hill
,
it
was
a
precept
of
the
old
Graecians
,
that
then
the
Rider
must
lay
the
raines
in
his
necke
.
If
the
Horsse
at
any
time
be
either
more
fierce
or
sluggish
then
ordinary
,
he
may
be
holp
by
these
meanes
.
Wildenesse
and
fiercenesse
of
Horsses
,
is
like
to
anger
and
rage
in
men
,
and
therefore
occasions
of
offence
in
word
and
deede
must
be
auoided
:
therefore
assoone
as
the
Rider
is
vpon
his
backe
,
let
him
rest
a
little
before
he
set
forward
,
and
then
also
let
the
horsse
moue
but
his
own
pace
:
for
as
men
are
offended
with
sudden
violence
and
imperious
gestures
,
so
also
are
horsses
:
but
if
the
horsse
being
stirred
to
his
race
,
bee
more
forward
and
whot
then
ordinary
,
he
must
be
gently
restrained
by
the
bridle
;
and
it
is
better
to
qualifie
their
rage
in
long
and
spacious
direct
iournies
,
then
in
often
winddings
and
turnings
.
But
if
any
man
be
so
simple
as
to
thinke
that
by
length
of
iourney
or
race
,
his
horsse
wil
be
more
meeke
,
because
he
may
be
tyred
,
hee
deceiueth
himselfe
,
for
as
rage
in
man
inuenteth
hurtful
reuenge
,
and
turneth
into
malice
by
continuance
,
so
also
in
horsses
it
procureth
a
headlong
ruine
(
if
it
be
not
preuented
)
both
to
horsse
and
rider
:
and
therefore
if
your
horsse
be
of
a
generous
spirit
,
neuer
prouoke
him
to
ferocity
,
for
as
they
are
wilde
and
fierce
,
so
are
they
wicked
and
harmefull
.
It
is
also
better
to
vse
light
and
gentle
bridles
then
heauy
and
sharpe
,
except
the
rider
can
by
his
art
so
frame
the
sharpe
,
as
the
gentle
bitte
:
and
also
the
rider
must
so
frame
himselfe
in
his
art
of
ryding
,
that
in
the
commotion
of
his
Horsse
,
hee
may
not
touch
any
member
or
part
of
him
,
but
onely
his
backe
whereupon
he
sitteth
.
He
must
also
learne
his
different
termes
,
to
incite
and
stir
vp
his
Horsse
to
run
forward
,
which
the
Graecians
call
(
Clogmos
)
or
else
to
restraine
him
and
keepe
him
in
which
they
call
(
Poppysmus
)
the
one
closeth
the
lippes
,
and
the
other
toucheth
the
palat
.
If
the
Horsse
be
fearefull
of
any
thing
,
you
must
shew
the
thing
to
him
plainly
,
that
so
by
custom
he
may
learne
not
to
be
skittish
,
and
let
him
smell
thereunto
,
till
he
learne
not
to
be
afraid
,
but
if
men
beate
them
,
they
do
but
feare
them
more
;
for
while
they
are
so
ill
handled
,
they
suspect
that
the
things
wherof
they
are
afraid
are
the
cause
of
their
stripes
.
In
like
sort
when
they
go
on
the
one
side
,
or
turne
back
againe
,
it
is
good
to
vse
the
spurs
,
because
they
encrease
their
terror
and
peruersenesse
;
and
therefore
as
peaceable
encouragement
and
friendly
perswasion
is
the
best
meanes
to
perswade
a
man
in
his
feare
,
the
like
course
must
be
taken
with
a
Horsse
,
that
so
he
may
goe
straight
on
without
doubt
or
trembling
;
and
learne
not
to
account
any
thing
horrible
to
his
nature
.
When
a
Horsse
is
so
tyred
and
wearied
in
his
iourney
that
a
man
would
iudge
him
vnfit
for
any
labour
,
take
off
his
Saddle
and
burthen
,
and
put
him
into
some
stable
or
greene
fielde
,
where
he
may
tumble
and
towle
ouer
and
ouer
,
and
he
shall
easily
recouer
.
In
ancient
time
,
if
horsses
were
to
be
trauailed
through
snow
,
they
made
them
bootes
of
sackcloth
to
weare
in
their
iourney
.
Of
the
disposition
of
horsses
in
generall
.
AMong
the
flockes
or
heardes
of
Horsses
,
there
is
not
a
Captaine
or
leader
going
before
or
gouerning
the
residue
,
as
among
Oxen
,
Sheepe
,
and
Elephants
;
because
the
nature
of
these
is
more
instable
and
moueable
it
being
a
swift
and
high
spirited
beast
,
and
therefore
hath
receiued
a
body
furnished
with
such
members
as
are
apt
to
be
swaied
by
such
spirit
:
for
Lactantius
truly
obserueth
in
them
a
desire
of
glory
,
because
after
victory
,
the
conquerours
exsult
and
reioyce
,
but
the
conquered
or
ouercome
,
mourne
and
hange
downe
their
heades
:
which
thinge
Virgill
expresseth
in
this
verse
;
Insultare
solo
,
&
gressus
glomerare
superbos
.
But
more
plainely
Ouid
,
the
triumph
of
the
conquering
horsse
,
saying
:
Hic
generosus
honos
&
gloria
maior
equorum
Nam
capiunt
animis
palmam
,
gaudentque
triumpho
Seu
septem
spatijs
circo
mexuere
coronam
.
Nonne
vides
victor
quanto
sublimius
altum
Attollat
caput
,
&
vulgi
se
venditet
aura
,
Celsaue
cum
caeso
decoratur
tergaeleone
Quam
tumidus
,
quantoque
venit
spectabilis
actu
:
Compes●atque
solum
,
generoso
concita
pulsu
,
Vngula
sub
spolijs
grauiter
redemitis
opimis
.
And
Pliny
affirmeth
that
when
they
are
ioyned
together
in
chariots
,
they
vnderstand
theyr
encouragements
of
glory
and
comendation
:
and
therefore
there
is
not
any
beaste
of
so
high
a
stomach
as
a
horsse
.
Of
the
naturall
disposition
of
horsses
.
THey
loue
wet
places
and
baths
,
for
which
cause
they
are
called
Philolutra
,
they
also
loue
musicke
as
hath
beene
already
declared
,
and
the
whole
hoaft
or
Army
of
the
Sybarites
,
taught
their
Horsses
to
daunce
at
the
sound
of
a
Pipe
:
and
Coelius
writeth
heereof
in
this
manner
;
So
great
(
saith
he
)
was
the
riot
and
wantonnesse
of
the
Sybarit●
,
that
at
their
common
feastes
they
brought
in
horsses
to
daunce
before
men
;
which
thing
being
knowne
by
the
Crotoniatae
,
they
offered
them
Warre
,
and
agreed
vppon
the
fight
:
whereupon
,
in
the
day
of
battell
,
the
Crotoniats
brought
with
them
diuers
▪
Pipers
and
Minstrils
,
who
vppon
a
signe
giuen
to
them
,
sounded
their
instruments
,
whereupon
the
Sibaritan
horsses
came
running
&
dancing
among
their
aduersaries
,
and
so
betraied
them selues
and
their
riders
to
the
enemy
.
The
like
story
is
reported
by
Athaeneus
,
of
the
people
(
called
Cardiani
)
for
they
also
taught
their
Horsses
to
daunce
vpon
their
hinder
Legges
,
and
to
worke
many
straunge
feates
with
their
forefeete
,
at
the
hearing
of
certaine
measures
played
vpon
Pipes
.
The
Bisaltans
waged
Warre
against
the
Cardians
,
and
they
had
to
their
Captaine
a
certaine
man
(
called
Onaris
)
who
when
hee
was
a
Boy
was
sold
to
Cardia
,
and
there
hee
serued
with
a
Barber
:
In
the
time
of
his
seruice
he
oftentimes
heard
,
that
the
Oracle
had
foretold
,
A
History
.
how
the
Cardians
should
be
ouercome
by
the
Bisaltans
,
and
therefore
he
to
preuent
the
worst
ranne
away
from
his
maister
,
and
came
home
safe
to
Bisalta
his
owne
country
,
and
was
by
his
countrey
men
created
Captaine
of
all
their
warlike
forces
:
he
vnderstanding
what
trickes
the
Cardians
taught
their
Horsses
in
dancing
,
brought
out
of
Cardis
certaine
Pipes
,
and
taught
diuers
Bisaltans
to
sound
and
play
the
measures
vpon
them
,
which
the
Cardians
taught
their
Horsses
:
whereupon
when
as
they
ioyned
battell
with
the
Cardian
Horsses
(
for
all
the
force
of
the
Cardians
lay
in
their
Horses
)
he
commanded
his
piping
Bisaltans
to
sounde
their
musicke
,
which
the
Horsses
vnderstood
,
who
presently
stood
vp
vpon
their
hinder
legges
,
and
would
not
fight
any
more
or
goe
any
further
,
so
as
they
were
ouerthrowne
by
their
aduersaries
.
Solinus
They
haue
also
a
singular
pleasure
in
publike
spectacles
;
and
therefore
haue
beene
obserued
to
be
prouoked
not
only
by
pipes
or
such
instrumentall
musicke
,
but
also
by
songs
or
vocall
harmony
,
by
variety
of
colours
,
and
by
burning
Torches
:
Dion
also
Writeth
that
he
saw
a
Horsse
taught
to
know
and
to
do
reuerence
to
a
king
.
And
Textor
affirmeth
that
he
saw
a
Horsse
at
Paris
at
the
triumphs
,
tilt
,
and
Turnaments
made
for
the
marriage
of
Lewes
the
twelueth
to
Mary
,
a
Lady
of
Brittaine
,
which
being
commaunded
by
his
Ryder
to
salute
the
Queene
,
presently
did
bend
both
his
knees
vnto
her
,
and
then
rose
againe
running
away
as
fast
as
a
bird
could
flye
.
Homer
seemeth
also
to
affirme
that
there
are
in
Horsses
diuine
qualityes
,
vnderstanding
things
to
come
,
for
being
tyed
to
their
mangers
they
mournd
for
the
death
of
Patroclus
,
and
also
fore-shewed
Achilles
what
should
happen
vnto
him
:
for
which
cause
Pliny
saieth
of
them
,
that
they
lament
their
lost
maisters
with
teares
,
and
foreknow
battailes
,
Virgill
writeth
thus
of
the
horsse
of
Pallas
:
Post
bellatrix
equus
,
positis
insignibus
Aethon
Lachrymans
,
quisque
humectat
grandibus
ora
.
Accursius
affirmeth
,
that
Caesar
three
daies
before
he
died
found
his
ambling
Nag
weeping
in
the
stable
,
which
was
a
token
of
his
ensewing
death
,
which
thing
I
should
not
beleeue
,
except
Tranquillus
in
the
life
of
Caesar
,
had
related
the
same
thing
,
and
he
addeth
moreouer
,
that
the
Horsses
which
were
consecrated
to
Mars
for
passing
ouer
Rubricon
,
being
let
to
run
wilde
abroad
without
their
maisters
,
because
no
man
might
meddle
with
the
horses
of
the
Gods
,
were
found
to
weepe
aboundantly
and
to
abstaine
from
all
meat
.
Whereof
their
could
be
no
cause
giuen
,
but
the
loue
of
their
former
maisters
.
It
is
also
reported
of
Rodatus
,
a
captain
to
Charls
the
great
,
who
after
the
death
of
the
Emp.
was
made
a
Monk
,
his
horse
would
neuer
suffer
any
to
come
on
his
back
except
his
maister
,
who
likewise
had
abstained
from
riding
many
yeares
:
But
it
happened
that
certaine
Pagans
,
brake
in
vpon
the
said
monastery
,
whereupon
poore
Rodatus
went
vnto
his
horse
,
who
after
many
years
discontinuance
,
willingly
tooke
vp
his
aged
maister
vpon
his
back
,
and
so
carried
him
vntil
he
●riumphed
ouer
his
aduersaries
,
and
no
maruaile
for
dogs
and
horses
are
most
louing
to
men
,
if
they
be
brought
vp
carefully
,
and
liberally
,
they
recompence
the
good
turnes
of
their
benefactors
.
It
is
obserued
in
the
nature
of
horses
that
they
seldome
hurt
a
man
or
child
,
except
in
their
madnes
,
yet
are
there
malitious
horses
,
as
well
as
men
.
It
is
reported
by
Pliny
and
Tzetzes
,
that
when
a
foale
hath
lost
his
dam
,
the
residue
of
the
Mares
which
giue
suck
,
bring
it
vp
,
and
that
they
are
seldom
found
at
variance
,
except
the
barren
mares
pull
away
the
foales
from
the
naturall
dams
.
For
there
is
no
creature
so
louing
to
their
young
ones
,
as
are
Mares
,
neither
any
so
desirous
of
young
:
for
which
cause
,
when
they
are
barren
themselues
,
they
labour
to
steale
them
away
from
others
.
They
which
were
wont
to
runne
rases
,
would
performe
it
vpon
Mares
,
Aristotle
.
newly
deliuered
of
Foals
,
they
tyed
vp
the
Foals
at
home
,
and
led
the
Mares
to
the
begining
of
the
race
,
making
the
end
thereof
at
the
Foales
stable
;
and
so
putting
the
Beast
forward
,
she
runneth
homewardes
more
speedily
for
the
remembrance
of
her
Foale
.
Of
the
feare
of
Horsses
and
their
enemies
in
nature
.
HOrsses
are
afraid
of
Elephants
in
battaile
,
and
likewise
of
a
Cammell
,
for
which
cause
when
Cyrus
fought
against
Cra●sus
,
he
ouerthrew
his
Horsse
by
the
sight
of
Camels
,
for
a
Horsse
cannot
abide
to
looke
vpon
a
Camell
.
If
a
Horsse
tread
in
the
foot-path
of
a
Wolfe
,
he
presently
falleth
to
be
astonished
;
Likewise
,
if
two
or
more
drawing
a
charriot
,
come
into
the
place
where
a
Wolfe
hath
troad
,
they
stand
so
still
as
if
the
Charriot
and
they
were
frozen
to
the
earth
,
sayth
Aelianus
and
Pliny
.
Aesculapius
also
affirmeth
the
same
thing
of
a
Horsse
,
treading
in
a
Beares
footsteps
,
and
assigneth
the
reason
to
be
in
some
secret
,
betwixt
the
feete
of
both
beastes
.
We
haue
shewed
already
,
that
if
a
Mare
strike
a
Wolfe
,
Orus
.
or
treade
in
the
footsteppes
thereof
,
she
presently
casteth
her
Foale
;
and
therefore
the
Egyptians
,
when
they
signifie
a
Woman
suffering
abortement
,
picture
a
Mare
kicking
a
Wolfe
.
The
Dextanian
Horsses
being
not
gelded
,
dare
fight
with
Lyons
,
but
being
gelded
,
like
al
other
Horsses
,
Oppianus
they
are
so
afraid
of
Lions
,
that
no
stripes
,
nor
Spurs
,
is
able
to
bring
them
in
their
presence
,
the
Caropion
Horsses
excepted
.
Al
kind
of
Swine
are
enemies
to
Horses
,
the
Estridge
also
is
so
feared
of
a
Horse
,
Cardan
.
that
the
Horsse
dares
not
appeare
in
his
presence
.
The
like
difference
also
is
betwixt
a
Horsse
and
a
Beare
.
There
is
a
bird
which
is
called
Anclorus
which
neyeth
like
a
Horsse
,
flying
about
,
the
Horsse
doth
many
times
driue
it
away
,
but
because
it
is
somewhat
blind
,
and
cannot
see
perfectly
,
therfore
the
horsse
doth
oftentimes
ketch
it
,
and
deuoure
it
,
hating
his
owne
voice
in
a
creature
so
vnlike
himselfe
.
It
is
reported
by
Aristotle
,
that
the
Bustard
loueth
a
Horsse
exceedingly
,
for
seeing
other
Beastes
feeding
in
the
pastures
,
dispiseth
and
abhorreth
them
,
but
as
soone
as
euer
it
seeeth
a
Horsse
,
it
flyeth
vnto
him
for
ioy
,
although
the
Horsse
run
away
from
it
:
Aelianus
.
and
therefore
the
Egyptians
,
when
they
see
a
weake
man
driuing
away
a
stronger
,
they
picture
a
Bustard
flying
to
a
horsse
.
Horsses
are
also
taught
to
leape
,
if
a
man
take
him
by
the
rains
,
and
go
ouer
the
ditch
before
him
,
holding
him
fast
,
and
pulling
him
to
him
.
But
if
he
be
vnwilling
,
then
let
another
come
behinde
him
and
strike
him
with
a
Whip
,
or
with
a
rod
,
so
will
he
leape
ouer
without
delay
;
and
thus
when
you
haue
vsed
him
to
leape
empty
,
likewise
accustome
him
loaded
.
First
ouer
smaller
and
then
ouer
greater
hedges
.
But
at
the
beginning
let
him
leape
in
softe
ground
,
and
being
wel
practized
in
harder
,
and
when
he
beginneth
to
leape
,
let
the
Rider
put
Spurres
vnto
him
,
for
so
will
he
performe
his
leape
with
more
safety
to
himselfe
and
the
rider
;
and
by
custome
hee
may
leape
,
and
runne
as
wel
downe
the
hil
as
vp
hil
;
and
therefore
the
Persians
,
and
Nodrisians
vse
and
accustome
their
Horsses
to
run
both
down
hil
,
and
vp
hil
.
These
Epethits
following
,
do
serue
and
expresse
the
nature
of
Horsses
:
ful
of
stomach
,
generous
,
magnanimious
,
strong
,
ardent
,
sharpe
,
couetous
,
fierce
,
bolde
,
threatening
,
terrible
,
foaming
;
such
were
the
Horsses
of
Arcauania
,
Argose
,
Mysene
,
Aria
,
Elis
,
Epid.
Spaine
,
Thesalt
,
Farsalis
,
of
which
country
was
Bucephalus
,
the
Horsse
of
Alexander
.
Ballasia
,
a
prouince
addicted
to
Mahomet
,
hath
many
of
these
excellent
,
great
,
and
swift
horsses
,
whose
hoofes
are
so
hard
,
that
they
neede
no
yron
shooes
,
although
they
trauaile
ouer
rocks
and
mountaines
.
The
Arabians
also
haue
such
horses
,
and
in
the
kingdom
of
Senega
,
they
haue
no
breed
of
Horsses
at
all
,
by
reason
of
the
heate
of
their
Countrey
,
which
doth
not
onely
burne
vp
all
pasture
,
but
also
cause
Horsses
to
fa●l
into
the
strangury
;
for
which
cause
they
doe
buy
Horsses
very
deare
,
vsing
in
stead
of
hay
,
the
stalkes
of
Pease
dryed
and
cut
asunder
,
and
Millet
seede
,
in
stead
of
Oates
,
wherewithall
they
grow
exceeding
fat
,
and
the
loue
of
that
people
,
is
so
great
to
Horsses
,
that
they
giue
for
a
Horsse
furnished
,
nine
bond-slaues
,
or
if
it
please
them
well
,
fourteen
;
but
when
they
haue
bought
their
Horsses
,
they
send
for
Witches
,
and
obserue
therein
this
ceremony
.
They
make
a
burning
fire
with
stickes
,
putting
therein
certain
fuming
Herbes
,
afterwardes
they
take
the
Horsse
by
the
bridle
,
and
set
him
ouer
this
smoking
fire
,
annointing
him
with
a
very
thinne
oyntment
,
muttering
secretly
certaine
charmes
,
and
afterwardes
hanging
other
charmes
about
their
Necke
in
a
red
skinne
,
shut
them
vp
close
for
fifteene
daies
together
:
then
did
they
bring
them
forth
,
affirming
that
by
this
meanes
,
they
are
made
more
valiant
,
and
couragious
in
war
.
The
loue
and
knowledge
of
Horsses
to
men
.
ANd
to
this
discourse
of
Horsses
belongeth
their
nature
,
either
of
louing
or
killing
men
.
Of
the
nature
of
Alexanders
Horsse
before
spoken
off
called
Bucephalus
,
is
sufficiently
said
,
except
this
may
be
added
,
that
so
long
as
he
was
naked
and
without
furniture
,
he
would
suffer
any
man
to
come
on
his
backe
,
but
afterwardes
being
sadled
and
furnished
,
hee
could
endure
none
but
Alexander
his
maister
:
For
if
any
other
had
offered
to
come
neare
him
,
for
to
ride
him
,
he
first
of
all
terrified
him
with
his
neighing
voice
,
and
afterwardes
troad
him
vnder
foot
if
he
ran
not
away
.
When
Alexander
was
in
the
Indian
Warres
,
and
ryding
vpon
this
Horsse
in
a
certaine
battaile
,
performed
many
valiant
acts
,
and
through
his
own
improuidence
,
fell
into
an
ambush
of
his
foes
,
from
which
he
had
neuer
bin
deliuered
aliue
,
but
for
the
puisancy
of
his
Horsse
,
who
seeing
his
maister
beset
with
so
many
enemies
,
receiued
the
Dartes
into
his
owne
body
,
and
so
with
violence
pressed
through
the
middest
of
his
enemies
,
hauing
lost
much
bloude
,
and
receiued
many
woundes
,
ready
to
die
for
paine
,
not
once
staied
his
course
till
hee
had
brought
his
maister
the
King
safe
out
of
the
battell
,
Gillius
and
set
him
on
the
ground
;
which
being
performed
in
the
same
place
hee
gaue
vppe
the
ghoast
and
dyed
,
(
as
it
were
comforting
himselfe
with
this
seruice
)
that
by
his
owne
death
hee
had
saued
the
life
of
such
a
King
:
for
which
cause
,
after
Alexander
had
gotten
victory
,
in
that
very
place
where
his
Horsse
died
he
built
a
citty
and
called
it
Bucephalon
.
Textor
.
It
is
also
reported
that
when
Limus
the
Emperour
would
haue
had
his
Horsses
to
teare
in
pieces
his
Daughter
,
because
she
was
a
Christian
,
he
himselfe
was
by
one
of
them
bitten
to
death
.
Neocles
the
Sonne
of
Themistocles
perished
by
the
biting
of
a
Horsse
:
neither
heerein
onely
is
the
nature
of
Horsses
terrible
,
because
also
they
haue
been
taught
to
teare
men
in
pieces
:
for
it
is
said
that
Busiris
and
Diomedes
did
feede
their
Horsses
with
mans
flesh
,
and
therefore
Hercules
tooke
the
like
reuenge
of
Diomedes
,
for
hee
gaue
him
to
his
Horsses
to
be
eaten
:
of
Diomedes
were
these
verses
made
,
Vt
qui
terribiles
programen
habentibus
herbis
,
Impius
humano
viscere
pauit
equos
.
The
like
also
is
reported
of
Glaucus
(
the
son
of
Sysiphus
)
who
fed
Horsses
with
mans
flesh
at
Potnia
a
city
of
Boeotia
,
and
afterward
when
he
could
make
no
more
prouision
for
them
,
they
deuoured
their
maister
:
whereof
Virgill
writeth
thus
;
Et
mentem
venus
ipsa
dedit
quo
tempore
Glauci
,
Potniades
malis
membra
absumpsere
quadrigae
.
But
this
is
thought
a
fiction
,
to
expresse
them
which
by
feeding
and
keeping
of
Horsses
,
consume
their
wealth
and
substance
:
and
thus
much
for
the
natural
inclination
of
Horses
.
Of
seuerall
kindes
of
Horsses
.
THere
be
seuerall
kinds
of
horsses
which
require
a
particular
tractate
by
themselues
,
and
firste
of
all
the
martiall
or
great
warlicke
horsse
,
which
for
profit
the
poet
coupleth
with
sheepe
:
Lanisierae
pecudes
&
equorum
bellica
proles
.
The
parts
of
this
horsse
are
already
described
in
the
Stallion
,
the
residue
may
be
supplied
out
of
Xenophon
and
Oppianus
.
He
must
be
of
a
singular
courage
and
docibility
,
with
out
maime
,
fear●
,
or
other
such
infirmity
.
He
must
be
able
to
run
vp
and
down
the
steepest
hils
,
to
leap
,
and
bite
,
and
fight
in
battail
,
but
with
the
direction
of
his
rider
:
for
by
these
is
both
the
strength
of
his
body
and
mind
discouered
;
and
aboue
al
,
such
a
one
as
will
neuer
refuse
to
labor
,
though
the
day
be
spent
:
wherefore
the
rider
must
first
look
to
the
institution
and
first
instruction
of
his
horsse
,
for
knowledge
in
martiall
affaires
is
not
naturall
in
men
or
horsses
,
and
therefore
except
information
and
practise
adorne
nature
,
it
cannot
be
,
but
either
by
feare
or
heady
stubbornes
,
they
will
ouerthrow
themselues
and
their
riders
.
First
of
all
they
must
not
be
geldings
,
because
they
are
fearefull
,
but
they
must
bee
such
as
wil
reioyce
and
gather
stomacke
at
the
voice
of
musicke
,
or
trumpets
,
and
at
the
ringing
of
armour
:
they
must
not
be
afraid
of
other
horsses
,
and
refuse
no
combate
,
but
be
able
to
leape
high
and
far
,
and
rush
into
the
battell
,
fighting
(
as
is
said
)
with
heeles
and
mouth
.
The
principall
things
which
he
must
learne
are
these
:
Xenophon
.
first
to
haue
a
lofty
and
flexible
necke
,
and
also
to
be
free
,
not
needing
the
spur
;
for
if
he
be
sluggish
and
need
often
agitation
too
and
fro
by
the
hand
of
the
rider
,
or
els
if
he
be
full
of
stomacke
and
sullen
,
so
as
he
will
do
nothing
but
by
flattery
and
faire
speeches
,
he
much
troubleth
the
mind
of
the
rider
:
but
if
he
run
into
the
battell
with
the
same
outward
aspect
of
body
,
as
he
doth
vnto
a
flocke
or
company
of
Mares
,
with
lowde
voice
,
high
necke
,
willing
minde
,
and
great
force
,
so
shall
he
be
both
terrible
to
looke
vppon
,
and
valiantly
puissant
in
his
combate
.
Wherefore
the
rider
must
so
cary
his
hand
,
as
the
reynes
may
draw
in
the
horsses
necke
,
and
not
so
easily
,
as
in
a
common
trauelling
gelding
,
but
rather
sharply
to
his
greeuance
a
little
,
by
which
he
wil
be
taught
as
it
were
by
signes
and
tokens
to
fight
,
stand
still
,
or
run
away
.
The
manner
of
his
institution
may
bee
this
:
The
institution
of
a
warlicke
horsse
.
after
the
dressing
and
furnishing
of
your
horsse
as
aforesaid
,
and
likewise
the
backing
,
first
of
al
moue
,
stir
,
or
walk
your
horsse
gentlie
,
vntil
he
be
wel
acquainted
with
the
cariage
of
your
hand
and
whole
body
,
and
afterward
accustome
him
to
greater
and
speedier
pace
or
exercise
,
vse
him
also
to
run
longer
races
,
and
also
by
drawing
in
your
hand
to
stay
or
stop
suddenly
:
for
there
are
horsses
so
instructed
that
they
can
stay
themselues
in
their
speediest
course
vpon
an
instant
,
without
any
circumambulation
,
shaking
off
the
violence
of
their
course
,
like
an
ordinary
trotting
nag
,
by
mounting
vp
a
little
with
their
forefeet
.
And
alway
it
is
to
be
remembred
that
after
the
mounting
on
horsse-backe
,
you
must
first
of
al
begin
on
the
left
hand
,
bending
your
hand
that
waie
,
and
also
to
the
right
hand
when
you
would
haue
your
horsse
to
turne
on
that
side
.
And
aboue
all
other
things
horsses
are
deligh●ed
w●●●
crooked
,
bending
and
round
courses
,
such
as
are
in
circles
and
Rings
,
and
he
must
be
accustomed
〈…〉
other
horsses
,
leauing
them
behind
him
,
Men
haue
perished
by
rashnes
in
riding
.
and
likewise
turning
toward
them
and
making
at
them
with
his
face
to
them
:
but
headlong
and
precipitate
courses
,
such
as
hunters
make
without
guiding
body
,
hand
or
horsse
,
are
euermore
to
be
avoided
,
for
manie
men
haue
perished
from
their
horsses
,
as
the
Poets
witnesse
of
Nipheus
Leucagus
,
Liger
,
Clonius
,
Remulus
,
Amycus
.
And
also
among
the
Historiographers
.
Agenor
,
Fulco
of
Ierusalem
,
Phillip
,
son
of
Ludonicus
Crassus
king
of
France
,
and
Bela
king
of
Pannonia
.
Of
Horsse-men
,
and
the
orders
of
Chiualry
and
Knight-hood
.
THe
principal
horsse-men
of
the
world
celebrated
in
stories
,
for
training
,
ruling
,
and
guiding
their
horsses
according
to
the
art
of
warre
,
may
for
the
dignity
of
Knight-hood
(
wher
withall
they
are
honoured
)
and
from
whom
that
Equestrial
order
is
deriued
,
be
recited
in
this
place
.
It
is
manifest
by
S●pontinus
that
the
Romaine
Equestrial
order
,
was
in
the
middle
betwixt
the
Senatours
and
the
common
people
,
The
honour
of
horssemanship
.
for
at
the
first
the●e
was
no
difference
betwixt
Equites
and
Indices
,
for
both
of
them
had
for
a
badge
,
cognisaunce
,
or
note
of
their
honour
,
power
to
weare
a
ring
of
gold
,
and
in
the
consulship
of
Marcus
Cicero
the
title
was
turned
to
Equestriall
or
name
of
a
knight
or
man
at
Armes
,
by
that
meanes
reconciling
himselfe
to
the
Senate
,
and
affirming
that
he
was
deriued
from
that
order
,
and
from
that
time
came
the
Equester
ordo
,
being
as
is
said
before
the
people
,
and
recorded
after
the
people
,
because
of
the
latter
creation
thereof
:
yet
had
they
not
their
beginning
at
this
time
,
but
onely
now
they
firste
came
into
the
orders
of
the
common-wealth
;
for
they
were
called
(
Celeres
)
vnder
Romulus
,
of
one
Celer
,
who
at
the
command
of
Romulus
slew
Remus
,
and
he
was
made
the
chief
iudge
of
three
hundred
.
They
were
afterward
called
Flexumines
,
eyther
because
they
swayed
the
minds
of
them
whom
they
iudged
,
or
else
which
is
more
probable
,
because
of
martialling
and
instructing
their
horsses
for
war
:
afterward
because
they
tooke
a
great
company
of
horsse-men
,
without
all
aide
of
footmen
,
Festus
.
at
the
citty
Trossulum
in
Thuscia
,
they
were
called
Trossulai
,
and
Trossuli
,
and
yet
some
ignorant
persons
honored
with
the
title
of
Trossuli
in
remembrance
of
that
victory
,
were
ashamed
thereof
as
vnworthy
their
dignities
.
They
were
forbidden
to
weare
purple
like
as
were
the
Senators
,
and
their
golden
Ring
was
a
badge
both
of
peace
and
war
.
The
maister
of
the
horsse
among
the
Romains
called
by
the
Graecians
Hipparchus
,
and
by
the
Latines
Magister
Equitum
,
was
a
degree
of
honor
next
to
the
Dictator
,
and
Marcius
the
Dictator
made
the
first
maister
of
horsse-men
,
who
was
called
Spurius
,
Suidas
.
and
set
him
in
place
next
to
himselfe
.
These
Equestrial
men
or
knights
of
state
were
wont
to
be
publicans
at
the
least
,
and
it
was
ordained
that
no
man
should
be
called
into
that
order
,
except
both
he
,
his
father
,
and
grand-father
,
were
free
men
,
and
were
worth
in
value
,
twenty
thousand
pound
;
Turon
and
Tiberius
made
this
law
,
but
afterward
it
grew
remisse
and
not
obserued
,
whereby
both
bond
men
and
Scribes
were
rewarded
with
this
dignity
from
the
Emperour
,
for
Orations
and
pleasing
speeches
:
yet
were
the
Decuriall
iudges
chosen
out
of
this
rank
;
for
indeed
by
primary
and
institution
,
they
were
the
flower
and
seminary
of
the
Roman
gentry
.
Pliny
complaineth
that
this
dignity
which
was
wont
to
be
a
reward
for
military
men
,
who
had
aduentured
their
liues
for
the
honor
of
their
country
,
was
now
bestowed
corruptly
,
and
for
mony
vpon
meane
bribing
persons
.
It
should
seeme
they
had
euery
one
a
horsse
of
honor
giuen
to
him
for
his
note
,
for
if
one
of
them
had
grown
fat
and
vnweeldy
,
not
able
to
manage
and
gouern
this
hors
,
it
was
taken
from
him
.
And
Cato
took
away
the
horse
from
Scipio
A●iaticus
,
because
he
had
intercepted
mony
,
&
from
hence
cam
the
terms
of
their
allowance
,
as
Equistrae
aes
,
for
that
mony
which
was
paid
for
a
horse
to
one
kni.
&
pararium
aes
,
for
a
double
fee
to
an
Equestrial
man
.
The
Athenian
orders
.
Among
the
Athenians
the
highest
order
was
of
them
which
were
〈…〉
medimni
,
which
had
plowd
so
much
land
as
had
sowd
〈…〉
of
corn
,
&
the
next
degree
were
their
Equites
,
knights
,
or
horssemen
,
because
for
the
defence
of
their
citty
,
they
were
able
euery
one
to
norish
a
horsse
of
war
.
There
wer
of
these
in
ancient
time
but
6.
C
▪
and
afterward
they
were
increased
vnto
1200.
and
the
sacrifices
which
wer
made
for
they
pomps
and
triumphs
,
Aristophanes
Coelius
Suidas
.
were
called
Hippades
:
and
they
had
liberty
to
norish
their
long
ha●
which
was
forbidden
to
other
men
,
and
their
tax
to
the
sacrifice
was
at
the
least
halfe
a
talent
,
(
which
is
at
the
least
300.
crowns
)
and
this
sacrifice
was
made
for
the
health
of
thei●
horsses
:
there
were
two
maisters
created
ouer
these
,
to
wage
and
order
war
,
and
ten
inferior
gouernours
or
wardens
to
look
to
the
prouision
and
norishing
of
horsses
.
Among
the
Lacedemonians
they
had
foure
gouernments
.
The
monarchy
for
the
kings
,
the
Aristocraty
for
the
old
men
,
the
Olygarchie
for
their
Ephori
or
commissioners
,
the
Democratye
for
their
young
men
,
with
gouerned
,
managed
,
and
instructed
horsses
.
Nestor
that
ancient
knight
was
commended
for
this
skill
,
and
had
therefore
giuen
him
the
title
of
Hippotes
.
Among
the
Chalcidensians
there
was
not
a
rich
man
but
they
took
him
into
this
order
,
and
the
Cretians
likewise
did
euer
highly
account
hereof
,
and
made
it
their
highest
degree
of
honor
,
for
euen
the
Romans
did
sometimes
gouern
whole
prouinces
with
no
other
then
these
,
and
Egipt
had
this
in
peculiar
,
that
no
other
order
,
no
not
a
Senator
might
be
president
or
gouern
among
them
.
The
Achaeans
had
this
degre
in
high
estimat
,
like
as
the
Germans
their
Bataui
or
states
.
The
Cittizens
of
Capua
were
and
are
disguised
with
a
perpetuity
of
this
honour
,
because
in
the
Latines
war
,
they
did
not
reuolt
from
the
Romans
,
and
among
all
other
the
Gaditan
wer
most
honored
herewith
,
for
at
one
time
and
for
one
battel
they
created
400.
This
title
hath
spred
and
adornd
it selfe
with
many
more
degrees
,
as
that
among
the
French
Caballarij
and
Equites
aurati
,
and
such
as
are
knights
of
Ierusalem
and
diuers
other
,
some
for
religion
,
and
some
for
feats
of
armes
:
whereas
the
Persians
vsed
a
certain
kind
of
garment
in
warre
,
called
Manduas
,
from
hence
commeth
the
knights
vper
garment
to
be
called
a
mantel
,
for
al
the
Persians
were
horssemen
.
The
noblest
horses
and
such
as
coulde
run
most
speedily
and
swiftly
were
ioyned
together
in
chariots
for
races
,
courses
,
spectacles
,
games
,
and
combats
,
for
great
values
and
prizes
.
—
Nempe
volucrem
Sic
laudamus
equum
:
facili
cui
plurima
palma
Feruet
,
&
exultat
rauco
victoria
circo
.
And
againe
Ouid
saith
:
Non
ego
nobiluim
venio
spectator
equorum
And
Horace
:
N●c
te
nobilium
fugiat
certamen
equorum
Primus
in
certamine
.
There
was
one
Anniceris
a
Cyrenian
most
skilful
in
this
practise
,
and
according
to
the
vain
humors
of
men
,
was
not
a
little
proud
heerof
,
and
for
his
loue
to
Plato
would
needs
in
the
Academy
shew
him
and
his
schollers
his
skill
,
and
therefore
ioyning
his
horsses
and
chariot
togither
,
made
many
courses
with
such
an
euen
and
delineat
proportion
,
that
his
horses
and
wheeles
neuer
wandered
a
hair
bredth
from
the
circle
or
place
limited
,
but
alway
kept
the
same
road
and
footsteps
,
whereat
euery
one
marueiled
:
but
Plato
reproued
the
dubble
diligence
and
vaine
practise
of
the
man
,
saying
to
him
in
this
manner
:
It
cannot
be
,
that
a
man
which
hath
trauelled
and
laboured
so
much
in
an
art
or
skil
of
no
worth
or
vse
in
the
common
wealth
,
that
euer
he
can
addict
his
mind
to
graue
,
serious
,
and
profitable
businesse
,
for
while
he
applyeth
all
his
parts
and
powers
of
body
and
soule
to
this
,
he
is
the
lesse
able
and
more
vnapt
to
those
thinges
which
are
alone
more
worthy
of
admiration
.
The
ancient
custome
was
to
vse
other
mens
horsses
in
this
combate
,
and
therefore
in
the
funerall
of
Patroclus
,
Homer
bringeth
in
Menelaus
,
vsing
the
horsse
of
Agamemnon
.
There
were
foure
seuerall
places
wherein
these
games
of
horsses
and
chariots
were
wont
to
bee
obserued
and
kept
,
and
they
were
called
after
these
places
,
Olympia
,
Pythia
,
Nemea
,
and
Isthmia
,
and
of
all
these
the
Olympiads
were
the
cheefe
whereof
all
stories
are
full
,
for
they
were
celebrated
in
Olympus
euery
fifte
yeare
inclusiuelie
,
that
is
,
after
the
end
of
euery
fourth
yeare
.
The
writers
of
Chronicles
do
agree
that
the
games
of
Olympus
were
first
instituted
by
Hercules
in
the
2752.
yeare
of
the
world
,
beginning
the
worlde
from
Noahs
flood
,
and
they
beginne
to
record
and
number
the
first
Olympiad
to
be
about
the
3185.
yeare
of
the
world
,
about
seuenteene
yeare
before
the
building
of
Rome
.
There
were
of
these
Olympiads
,
328.
and
the
last
of
these
by
computation
or
account
fell
abovt
the
yeare
of
our
Lord
534.
after
the
birth
of
Iesus
Christ
,
the
blessed
Sauior
of
the
world
.
The
perfection
of
these
games
began
the
twenty
fiue
Olympiad
,
at
what
time
Pagondas
the
Theban
was
pronounced
victor
:
for
then
were
swift
horsses
brought
into
the
games
,
and
were
called
(
Teleioi
)
that
is
,
perfect
in
agility
and
growth
:
and
these
are
called
by
Pindarus
(
Monampycia
,
)
afterwarde
came
in
Synoris
with
two
horsses
,
and
in
succession
both
Colts
,
Mares
,
and
Mules
:
their
courses
are
thus
expressed
by
Virgill
,
Ergo
animos
aevumque
notabis
,
Et
quis
cuique
dolor
victo
,
quae
gloria
palmae
.
Nonne
vides
?
cum
praecipiti
certamine
campum
Corripuere
,
runt
que
effusum
carcere
currus
:
Cum
spes
arrectae
inuenum
:
exultantiaque
haurit
Corda
pauor
pulsans
,
illi
instant
verbere
torto
,
Et
proni
dant
lora
:
volat
viferuidus
axis
.
Iamque
humiles
,
iamque
elati
sublime
videntur
Aera
per
vacuum
ferri
atque
assurgere
in
auras
,
Nec
mora
,
nec
requies
:
vt
fuluae
nimbus
arenae
Tollitur
:
humescunt
spumis
,
flatuque
sequentum
:
Tantus
amor
laudum
tantae
est
victoria
curae
.
Sin
ad
bella
magis
studium
turmasque
feroces
:
Aut
Alphaea
rotis
prelabi
flumina
Pisae
.
Et
Iouis
in
luco
,
currus
agitare
volantes
Primus
equi
labor
est
animos
atque
arma
videre
Bellantum
lituosque
pati
tractuque
gementem
Ferre
rotam
&
stabulo
frenos
audire
sonantes
And
Horace
expresseth
it
in
this
maner
:
Sunt
quos
curriculo
paluerem
Olympicum
Collegisse
iuuat
,
metaque
farindis
Euitata
rotis
palmaque
nobilis
Terrarum
dominos
euehit
ad
deos
.
Women
were
wont
to
be
excluded
from
these
games
,
vntill
Cynisca
the
daughter
of
Archidamus
king
of
the
Spartans
,
first
of
all
other
women
nourished
and
trained
horsses
for
these
currule
and
Charyot
games
,
and
when
she
brought
her
horsses
to
Olympus
,
she
obtaind
the
prize
,
therfore
her
horses
wer
consecrated
to
Iupiter
Olympus
,
and
their
figures
remained
in
brasse
in
his
Temple
.
Pliny
.
It
is
also
said
that
Echerates
a
Thessalian
ouercame
in
the
Olympian
games
with
a
Mare
great
with
foale
:
And
it
is
also
reported
that
Miltiades
the
son
of
Cimon
Stesagora
(
one
of
the
tenne
captaines
of
Athens
)
ran
away
from
Pisistratus
the
Tyrante
,
and
in
the
time
of
his
absence
,
he
was
twice
victor
at
Olympus
by
foure
Mares
,
the
first
time
he
bestowed
the
glory
vpon
his
cozen
German
Miltiades
,
his
mothers
brothers
sonne
,
and
the
second
time
he
tooke
it
to
himselfe
,
for
which
cause
he
was
slaine
by
the
sons
of
Pisistratus
,
his
Mares
were
also
buried
ouer
against
him
,
with
an
inscription
that
they
had
won
four
games
in
Olympus
,
so
that
it
appeared
,
hee
ranne
diuers
times
and
neuer
missed
victory
.
At
Athens
they
obserued
these
courses
with
horsses
in
honor
of
Theseus
,
and
called
the
place
of
the
running
,
Hippodromus
.
The
Latines
call
it
Stadium
,
and
Curriculum
,
and
it
was
appointed
in
some
plain
valley
,
according
to
the
prouerbe
;
Equus
in
planiciem
,
in
the
middest
whereof
was
a
building
called
(
Circus
)
whereon
the
beholders
stood
to
looke
vpon
the
pastime
,
and
there
were
also
places
to
containe
the
horsses
and
Chariots
,
till
they
were
turned
out
to
run
,
(
called
Carceres
)
according
to
the
verses
of
Silius
Sic
vbi
prosiluit
piceo
de
carcere
preceps
Ante
suos
it
victor
Equus
.
And
Horace
also
Vt
cum
carceribus
missos
rapit
vngula
currus
Instat
equis
auriga
suos
vincetibus
,
illum
Preteritum
temnens
exstremos
inter
Enutom
.
And
heereof
came
the
pouerbe
(
A
carceribus
ad
calcem
)
signifieng
,
from
the
beginning
of
the
race
to
the
latter
end
.
Eurithonius
inuented
a
chariot
called
Harma
,
and
was
the
firste
that
euer
ran
in
Olympus
with
foure
horsses
in
the
same
,
of
whom
Virgill
writeth
thus
:
Primus
Erichthonius
currus
&
quataeior
ausis
Iungere
Equos
rapidisque
insistere
victor
.
And
from
hence
came
the
tearme
Quadriga
for
a
chariot
with
foure
horsses
.
There
was
a
chariot
in
Athens
drawne
by
one
horsse
,
and
the
games
thereof
were
called
Polemysteri●
,
Likewise
at
Rome
in
the
Consuall-feasts
celebrated
for
the
honour
of
Neptune
,
they
ran
with
horsses
both
ioynd
and
single
.
There
were
likewise
games
at
Rome
,
called
Aequitia
,
and
Equiria
,
celebrated
euery
yeare
,
the
twelfth
of
the
calenders
of
May
,
wherein
after
the
horsses
they
coursed
Foxes
tyed
to
peeces
of
wood
set
on
fire
,
this
is
called
in
Latine
also
,
Tarneamentum
,
and
in
Italian
by
Scoppa
,
Hagiostra
,
and
in
French
Formierim
.
There
is
also
a
playe
with
horsses
for
children
cald
Troya
,
first
inuented
by
Ascantus
when
he
besieged
Alba
,
&
by
him
broght
and
taught
to
the
Romaines
,
of
which
Virgill
speaketh
,
saying
:
Incedunt
pueri
,
pariterque
ante
ora
parentum
Frenatis
lucent
in
equis
,
Cornea
bina
ferunt
praefixa
hastilia
ferro
:
Pars
laeues
humero
pharetras
.
Tres
equitum
numero
turmae
,
ternique
vagantur
Ductores
:
pueri
bisseni
quenque
secuti
.
Signum
clamore
paratis
Aepytides
longe
dedit
,
insonuitque
flagello
,
Olli
discurrere
pares
,
atque
agmina
terni
Diductus
soluere
choris
,
rursusque
vocati
Conuertere
vias
,
infestaque
tela
tulere
.
Inde
alios
ineunt
cursus
,
aliosque
recursus
Aduersis
spatijs
,
alternosque
orbibus
orbes
Impediunt
pugnaeque
cient
simulacha
sub
armis
.
Et
nunc
terga
fugae
nudant
:
nunc
spicula
vertunt
Infensi
;
facta
pariter
nunc
pace
feruntur
.
Hunc
morem
cursus
,
atque
haec
certamina
primus
Ascanius
,
longam
muris
cum
cingeret
Albam
Retulit
,
&
priscos
docuit
celebare
Latinos
.
Hinc
maxima
porro
Accepit
Roma
,
&
patrium
seruauit
honorem
:
Troiaque
nunc
pueri
,
Troianum
dicitur
agmen
.
Of
the
greatest
Horsse-maisters
,
and
nourishers
of
Horsse
.
IT
is
reported
of
King
Salomon
,
that
he
had
forty
thousand
stables
of
horsses
,
for
chariots
,
and
twelue
thousand
for
warre
.
The
Lybians
when
they
went
to
warre
,
did
fight
out
of
their
chariots
,
and
therefore
they
were
said
to
fight
vpon
two
horses
.
The
Centaures
were
the
first
that
euer
taught
men
to
fight
on
horsse-back
,
and
the
Roman
Turnia
consisted
of
two
and
thirty
horsse-men
,
the
Captaine
whereof
was
called
Beeurio
.
The
people
of
Nomades
called
Surgatij
,
brought
eight
thousand
horssemen
at
one
time
into
the
field
,
which
neither
vsed
armor
,
nor
brasse
,
nor
yron
,
except
only
their
daggers
,
and
a
rope
of
leather
thonges
,
wherewithall
they
entred
the
battaile
,
and
ioyning
with
their
enemie
,
they
made
certain
ginnes
,
or
loopes
thereupon
,
which
they
cast
vpon
the
necks
of
horsses
and
men
,
and
so
with
multitudes
drew
them
vnto
them
,
in
which
draught
they
strangled
them
.
The
Indians
vse
the
very
selfe
same
Armour
on
horsse-backe
that
they
do
on
foot
,
but
yet
they
lead
empty
horsses
and
chariots
to
leape
vp
and
down
vpon
,
and
to
refresh
their
fighting
horsses
,
and
the
number
of
their
horsse-men
were
at
one
time
,
fourescore
thousand
.
When
Pharnuches
the
Arabian
,
was
riding
on
horsse-backe
,
there
was
a
Dogge
ran
betwixt
his
horsses
legges
,
wherewithall
the
horsse
being
amazed
,
suddainely
leaped
vpright
,
and
cast
off
his
Rider
,
who
being
brused
with
the
fall
,
fell
into
a
consumption
:
whereupon
the
Seruantes
at
the
commaundement
of
their
Maister
,
brought
the
saide
horse
into
the
place
where
he
cast
his
Rider
,
and
there
cut
off
his
legges
aboue
the
knees
.
There
was
also
a
fashion
for
horsses
to
sight
in
battailes
without
bridles
:
For
Fuluius
Flaccus
,
when
the
Romaines
ouerthrew
the
Celtiberians
in
Spaine
,
caused
them
to
pull
off
their
bridles
from
their
horsses
,
that
so
they
might
runne
with
all
voilence
,
without
restraint
of
Riders
vpon
their
enemies
;
whereupon
followed
victory
:
for
many
times
it
falleth
out
that
the
horsse
hath
more
courage
then
his
Rider
,
wherefore
a
good
horse-man
must
haue
skill
to
annoy
his
enemie
,
and
defend
himselfe
;
and
likewise
,
to
make
his
horsse
to
come
off
and
on
without
feare
or
dread
,
according
to
necessity
.
There
is
a
prouerbe
in
Greeke
,
(
Choris
hippeis
)
that
is
,
(
Seorsim
equites
)
the
horssemen
are
assunder
,
whereof
Suidas
giueth
this
reason
:
when
Datys
inuaded
the
territory
of
the
Athenians
ranging
and
destroying
at
his
pleasure
,
no
man
daring
to
abide
his
forces
,
at
his
departure
,
the
Ionians
climed
vp
into
trees
,
and
signified
vnto
the
Athenians
,
that
the
horssemen
had
broken
ranke
and
were
assunder
.
Whereupon
Miltiades
set
vpon
the
scatered
company
,
and
obtained
a
noble
victory
.
Of
fighting
in
warre
vpon
Horsses
.
THe
most
cruell
and
fearefull
kind
of
fight
,
is
the
arming
of
horsses
,
which
were
called
in
auncient
time
Catafracti
,
and
Clibanarij
,
and
Acatafracti
,
and
Ferentarij
,
fighting
first
of
all
with
speare
,
and
afterwardes
with
sword
and
shielde
,
casting
sometimes
also
Dartes
at
one
another
,
and
bearing
bowes
to
shoot
arrowes
,
their
horsses
making
roome
for
them
,
which
way
soeuer
they
went
:
for
with
sharpe
pikes
and
other
crooked-keene-cutting-instruments
,
fastened
to
their
armour
or
Chariot-wheeles
,
in
the
violence
of
their
course
,
they
wounded
,
killed
,
ouer-turned
,
or
cut
assunder
whatsoeuer
flesh
came
in
their
reach
.
The
auncient
horsse-men
of
the
Romaines
had
no
brest-plates
,
(
as
Polibius
affirmeth
)
and
therefore
they
were
naked
in
their
fore
parts
,
prouiding
for
the
daunger
that
was
behind
them
,
and
defending
their
breasts
by
their
owne
celerity
:
their
shieldes
were
made
of
Oxe
skinnes
plighted
and
pasted
togither
,
being
a
little
round
in
compasse
like
the
fashion
of
a
mans
belly
.
There
was
also
great
vse
of
swift
horsses
in
Warre
,
for
the
Romaine
souldiors
caryed
with
them
two
horsses
a
peece
,
D●●n
.
being
taught
and
exercised
like
Indians
,
when
they
had
neede
to
flie
,
to
leape
vpon
their
empty
horsse
,
for
the
sparing
of
their
other
:
and
they
were
therefore
called
Amppiphi
,
being
apt
to
carry
their
maisters
out
of
danger
,
and
from
hence
(
Aelianus
saith
)
the
Romaines
tooke
the
patterne
of
their
Phalanx
,
(
called
Antistomus
▪
which
they
vsed
to
terrifie
the
Barbarians
,
setting
their
horses
in
a
doubble
front
,
so
as
they
appeared
headed
both
waies
:
and
this
was
also
the
custome
of
al
the
▪
Germaines
,
when
the
number
of
their
horsse-men
was
not
equall
,
they
mingled
the
foot-men
,
with
their
light
horses
,
Alexander
.
who
being
experienced
to
runne
suddainely
with
the
horse-men
,
leaped
into
the
battaile
,
and
surprized
the
enemies
flying
away
:
and
the
same
fashion
did
the
Spaniards
also
vse
(
Strabo
saith
,
)
for
the
terrifieng
of
their
enemies
,
making
the
foot
men
to
fall
into
the
battell
among
the
horse-men
.
Those
which
did
shoot
Darts
on
horsebacke
,
were
called
Hippotoxotiae
,
and
therefore
Aristophanes
in
his
discourse
of
byrds
,
calleth
Hawkes
by
that
name
,
for
the
resemblance
betwixt
them
and
horses
,
bearing
these
Riders
.
The
hawkes
are
so
called
in
the
swiftnes
of
their
course
;
&
because
the
talants
of
the
Hauke
are
crooked
like
bowes
.
Arianus
writeth
that
the
horse-men
of
Alexander
carried
speares
in
their
handes
,
fourteene
cubits
long
;
whereunto
I
cannot
consent
,
for
eight
cubits
is
a
common
size
,
as
much
as
any
Souldier
on
horse-backe
is
able
to
vse
.
In
battaile
there
are
wings
of
Horse-men
,
which
are
so
called
,
because
like
Wings
they
couer
and
protect
the
Army
.
And
there
were
also
Legionary
Horse-men
,
because
they
were
ioyned
to
the
Legions
of
Souldiers
,
and
the
company
of
Elephants
,
Foot-men
,
and
Horsse-men
which
were
wont
to
goe
before
the
King
,
were
called
Agema
.
A
company
of
Horsses
set
like
a
Tower
in
a
Quadrangular
forme
in
a
fielde
,
was
called
(
Pergus
.
)
The
Armour
of
Horsses
on
his
front
or
fore-part
,
is
called
(
Prometopidia
)
vpon
the
eares
(
Parotia
)
vpon
the
cheekes
(
Paria
)
vpon
the
brest
(
Prasternidia
)
vpon
the
sides
(
Parapleuridia
)
vpon
the
loines
(
Parameridia
,
)
vpon
the
Legges
(
Paracnemidia
..
)
And
the
time
of
arming
a
Horsse
is
knowne
of
euery
Souldier
.
Of
Riding
.
THe
Meades
,
Persians
,
and
Armenians
,
were
the
first
that
inuented
the
art
of
riding
and
shooting
,
(
as
Strabo
saith
,
)
Pausanias
cald
Neptune
Hippeos
for
no
other
cause
,
but
that
it
was
supposed
he
was
the
first
inuented
the
art
of
riding
.
Pollidorus
ascribeth
it
to
Bellerophon
.
Lysias
the
Orator
saieth
that
the
Aamazonian
Women
were
the
first
of
all
mortall
creatures
that
first
aduentured
to
backe
Horsses
.
Others
ascribe
it
to
the
Centaures
:
But
to
leaue
the
inuention
,
and
come
to
the
Art
.
Damis
in
the
life
of
Apollonius
,
setteth
downe
the
sum
of
the
Art
of
riding
,
which
briefely
is
this
.
To
sit
straight
vpon
his
Horsse
,
to
rule
him
valiantly
,
to
turne
him
with
the
bridle
which
way
soeuer
he
pleaseth
,
to
beate
him
when
hee
is
stubborne
,
to
auoyde
Ditches
,
Gulfes
,
and
Whyrpooles
when
he
rideth
through
Waters
;
going
vp
a
hill
,
to
lengthen
the
raines
,
and
to
restraine
and
draw
them
in
going
down
the
hill
;
now
and
then
to
stroke
his
haire
,
and
not
alwaies
to
vse
stripes
.
Martial
hath
an
excellent
Epigrame
vppon
one
Priscus
a
rash-headed-hunter
,
who
neither
feared
Hedges
,
Hils
,
Dales
,
Ditches
,
Rockes
,
Riuers
,
nor
other
perils
;
vsing
a
bridle
to
his
Horsse
but
none
to
his
affections
,
and
therefore
he
telleth
him
,
that
he
may
sooner
break
a
Hunters
necke
,
then
take
away
a
Hares
life
:
for
ther
are
deceits
in
the
rocks
,
hils
,
and
plaine
fieldes
,
to
shake
the
rider
from
horsebacke
to
the
earth
.
Thus
followeth
the
Epigram
.
Parcius
vtaris
moneo
rapiente
veredo
Prisce
,
nec
in
leopores
tam
violentus
eas
.
Saepe
satisfecit
praedae
venator
,
&
acri
Decidit
excussus
nec
rediturus
equo
.
Insidias
&
campus
habet
:
nec
fussa
,
nec
agger
,
Nec
sint
saxa
licet
,
fallere
plana
solent
.
Non
deerunt
qui
tanta
tibi
spectacula
praestent
:
Inuidia
fatised
leuiore
cadunt
.
Si
te
delectant
animosa
pericula
,
Thuscis
(
Tutior
est
virtus
)
insidiemur
apris
.
Quid
te
frena
iuuant
temeraria
?
Saeptus
illis
Prisce
datum
est
equitem
rumpere
,
quam
leporem
.
The
best
place
for
riding
,
is
a
barren
and
plaine
Country
.
It
is
reported
of
Claudius
,
that
when
he
had
roade
a
great
way
in
the
Country
vpon
his
enemies
and
met
no
body
,
he
returned
backe
againe
into
his
owne
Campe
,
and
blamed
the
sluggishnesse
of
his
enemies
,
because
no
one
of
them
was
seene
abroad
.
It
is
reported
by
Aristotle
,
that
the
further
a
man
rideth
,
the
more
apt
hee
shall
be
to
weepe
;
and
the
reason
is
,
because
of
all
the
motions
of
the
body
,
riding
is
the
wholsomest
,
both
for
the
stomach
,
and
for
the
hippes
;
for
a
man
must
not
sit
on
horsebacke
,
as
if
hee
were
carried
in
a
coach
;
but
rather
keepe
his
backe-bone
vpright
,
not
onely
to
be
moued
by
his
Horsse
that
beareth
him
,
but
also
by
himselfe
;
and
therefore
hee
must
sit
close
to
the
Horsses
hips
,
extending
his
Legges
to
the
vttermost
,
vsing
not
onely
his
eies
to
looke
before
him
,
but
also
lifting
vp
his
neck
to
help
his
sight
:
for
so
the
soft
pace
of
the
Horsse
doth
corroborate
the
spirit
aboue
al
other
exercises
;
likewise
,
the
body
and
stomack
;
also
it
purgeth
the
senses
,
and
maketh
them
sharp
;
yet
sometimes
by
the
violent
course
of
a
Horsse
,
the
breast
of
a
man
,
or
some
other
part
about
the
raines
receiue
damage
,
(
as
some
haue
obserued
:
)
yet
is
it
not
so
much
to
be
ascribed
to
the
motion
of
riding
,
as
to
the
vneasie
pace
,
or
rather
to
the
vneasie
seat
of
the
rider
.
The
Scythians
aboue
all
other
Nations
haue
the
loosest
and
broadest
bodies
;
and
the
reason
is
,
because
they
wrap
not
their
children
in
swadling
cloathes
as
other
people
,
and
likewise
because
they
haue
no
regard
vnto
their
sitting
vpon
horseback
,
and
lastly
for
their
continual
sloath
and
easie
:
for
the
men
vse
much
to
ride
in
Chariots
,
and
Litters
,
before
they
get
on
horsebacke
,
but
after
they
are
accustomed
thereunto
they
ride
so
much
,
that
their
hips
and
bones
fal
ful
of
ache
,
and
they
are
also
thereby
made
vnfit
for
generation
,
because
in
a
iourney
of
an
hundred
Miles
they
neuer
light
to
ease
themselues
and
their
beastes
.
These
men
hereafter
named
,
were
excellent
riders
&
tamers
of
Horsses
.
Antomedon
,
seruant
of
Achilles
,
Idaeus
,
seruant
to
Paraimus
;
Metiseus
seruant
to
Turnus
;
Myrtilus
seruant
to
Ocnomaus
;
Ceberes
seruant
to
Darius
;
Anniceris
,
seruant
to
Cyreneus
;
Picus
to
Mesapus
;
and
Lausus
Silius
remembreth
Cyrnus
,
Durius
,
Atlas
,
and
Iberus
.
The
instruments
of
Riding
appertaining
to
a
Horsse
.
A
Good
rider
must
consider
the
hardnesse
or
softnesse
of
his
Horsses
mouth
,
that
so
hee
may
temper
his
bit
;
for
a
stiffe
necked
horsse
,
is
not
so
much
to
be
guided
by
rod
and
Spur
,
as
by
bit
,
and
bridle
:
wherefore
it
must
sometime
be
hard
,
&
sometimes
gentle
.
The
hard
bits
are
called
Lupati
,
because
they
are
vnequal
,
and
indented
like
to
a
wolues
teeth
,
wherevnto
the
Horsse
being
accustomed
,
groweth
more
tractable
and
obedient
to
a
gentle
bit
.
According
to
the
saying
of
Ouid
:
Tempore
pareot
equus
,
lentis
,
animosis
habenis
Et
placido
duros
,
accipit
ore
lupos
.
And
Virgill
againe
speaketh
to
like
effect
:
prensisque
negabunt
Verbera
lenta
pati
,
&
duris
parere
lupatis
Asper
equus
,
duris
contunditur
,
ora
lupatis
.
And
Silius
saith
:
Quadrupedem
flectit
,
non
cedens
virga
lupatis
.
There
is
also
another
instrument
made
of
yron
or
Wood
(
called
Pastomis
)
and
englished
(
Barnacles
)
which
is
to
be
put
vpon
the
horsses
Nose
,
to
restraine
his
tenatious
fury
from
biting
,
and
kicking
,
especially
at
such
time
,
as
he
is
to
be
shod
or
dressed
.
The
Indians
wer
wont
to
vse
no
bridles
,
like
the
Graecians
and
Celts
,
but
only
put
vpon
their
horses
mouth
a
piece
of
a
raw
Oxe
skin
,
fastened
round
about
,
containing
in
it
certaine
yron
pricks
standing
to
the
Horsses
lips
,
putting
a
long
a
round
trench
through
his
mouth
,
to
the
edge
whereof
they
fasten
the
raines
,
wherewithall
they
guide
the
beast
.
The
Turkish
Horsses
,
and
Spanish
Iennets
haue
bits
,
with
open
circles
in
the
middle
,
consisting
of
leather
,
or
Iron
,
to
restraine
the
Horsses
fury
.
The
raines
are
(
called
Habenae
)
because
they
make
the
horsses
,
Habeles
,
that
is
,
tractable
,
and
rulable
,
to
be
turned
,
restrained
,
or
put
forward
,
at
our
pleasure
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Cilius
;
Ferrato
calce
,
atque
effusa
,
largus
habena
,
Cunctantem
impellebat
equum
.
And
Virgill
:
Ipse
ter
aducta
,
circum
caput
egit
habena
.
Neither
is
there
any
Horsse
,
swift
,
or
slow
,
noble
,
or
vnnoble
,
that
can
be
guided
without
these
,
which
must
be
held
continually
in
the
hand
of
the
rider
,
they
must
not
be
vnequal
,
one
longer
then
another
,
neither
thicke
,
neither
weake
,
nor
brickle
.
There
was
a
certaine
Golden
chaine
(
called
Ampix
)
wherewithall
the
fore-tops
of
Horses
were
wont
to
bee
bound
or
tyed
vp
,
and
thereupon
Homer
calleth
the
Horsse
of
Mars
,
(
Crysampix
)
and
from
hence
came
that
custome
of
womens
frontlets
,
to
be
adorned
with
gold
and
pretious
stones
.
There
are
also
other
ornaments
of
Horses
called
trappings
,
and
in
Latine
(
Phalerae
)
deriued
from
Phalon
in
Greeke
,
signifying
bright
,
because
they
were
wont
to
put
a
great
deale
of
Gold
and
Siluer
on
them
,
(
as
Liuius
saith
)
which
Horsses
so
trapped
,
were
presents
for
great
Princes
:
And
there
is
a
kind
of
Achates
stone
,
wherwithall
the
Indians
do
adorne
their
Horsse
trappings
:
and
it
was
apparent
in
Homers
time
,
that
they
vsed
little
Bels
,
or
sounding
pieces
of
Brasse
to
bee
fastened
to
their
horsses
bridles
and
trappings
;
they
hanged
likewise
Iewels
,
and
pearles
to
the
breast
of
their
Horsses
,
which
Virgill
expresseth
in
this
manner
:
Instratros
ostro
alipdes
,
pictisque
tapetis
Aurea
pectoribus
,
demissa
monilia
pendent
Tecti
auro
,
fuluum
mandunt
,
sub
dentibus
aurum
.
A
good
horse-man
must
also
haue
a
paring
knife
,
wherewithall
to
purge
and
open
his
Horsses
feet
;
this
is
called
by
Rusius
(
Rossneta
)
and
by
others
Scalprum
.
There
is
a
kind
of
Manicle
for
the
pasternes
of
Horsses
,
(
called
Numella
.
)
Moreouer
a
good
rider
must
prouide
him
stirrops
,
(
called
Subsellares
and
Staphae
)
which
although
it
bee
but
a
new
deuise
,
yet
are
they
so
necessary
for
euery
Ryder
,
as
without
them
they
cannot
long
continue
.
They
must
not
be
made
to
straight
for
the
foot
,
because
that
then
they
doe
not
onley
hinder
motion
in
that
part
,
and
so
make
it
benummed
and
colde
,
but
also
giue
occasion
of
great
hurt
to
the
Ryder
in
case
the
Horsse
fall
,
except
he
can
so
temper
himselfe
to
put
but
a
very
little
part
of
his
foote
therein
.
There
are
also
Spurs
requisit
to
a
Rider
(
called
Calcaria
)
because
they
are
fastened
to
the
heele
of
a
man
,
wherewithall
he
pricketh
his
dull
Horsse
when
he
would
haue
him
hasten
the
iourney
;
and
the
Greekes
deriue
it
from
Muops
,
signifieng
a
pricking
flye
,
from
imitation
of
which
creature
it
may
seeme
they
tooke
this
inuention
:
but
this
must
bee
remembred
,
that
they
are
prepared
for
the
dull
and
sluggish
Horsse
,
and
not
for
the
free
and
full
of
life
;
for
such
a
Horsse
being
pricked
therwith
runneth
forth
rather
with
rage
&
disdaine
then
for
loue
of
the
iourney
,
and
many
times
the
torment
thereof
maketh
him
by
kicking
out
of
his
heeles
to
cast
off
his
rider
.
Lastly
,
he
must
haue
regard
to
his
Saddle
,
whereon
hee
must
sit
:
for
the
Barbarians
did
vse
to
ride
vpon
bare
Horsses
backes
,
but
since
that
time
,
the
wiser
sort
of
horse-men
haue
inuented
a
seate
for
their
owne
security
.
Martiall
writeth
heereof
thus
:
Stragula
succincti
,
venatur
sume
veredi
,
Nam
solet
a
nudo
,
surgere
ficus
equo
.
Of
hunting
Horsses
.
HVnting
Horsses
because
of
their
swiftnesse
,
were
wont
to
be
called
(
Veredi
)
according
to
the
saying
:
Sunt
et
veredi
,
cursu
pernices
;
Although
they
vse
this
kind
also
for
posts
,
and
performance
of
speedy
iournies
.
The
males
are
much
better
then
the
females
,
and
therfore
they
seldome
vse
Mares
in
hunting
,
because
they
are
not
so
well
able
to
leape
,
or
endure
the
woodes
,
for
which
cause
Gratius
writeth
in
this
manner
of
them
;
Restat
equos
finire
notis
,
quos
arma
Dianae
Admittant
:
non
omne
me
as
genus
audet
in
artes
Est
vitium
ex
animo
:
sunt
quos
imbellia
fallant
:
Corpora
:
praeueniens
quondam
est
incommoda
virtus
.
Oppianus
in
his
discourse
of
hunting
horsses
,
(
as
wee
haue
said
already
)
aduiseth
to
make
choise
of
them
by
the
colour
,
vnto
whom
Gratius
consenteth
saying
:
Venanti
melius
pugnant
color
,
optima
nigri
.
They
that
are
of
blewish
colour
,
hauing
variable
spotted
Legs
(
he
saith
)
are
fittest
to
hunt
Harts
:
they
that
are
of
a
bright
gray
,
to
hunt
Bears
,
and
Leopards
;
they
that
are
bay
,
or
of
a
readish
colour
,
to
hunt
the
Boars
;
they
that
are
blacke
,
hauing
glazen
eyes
,
are
good
against
Lyons
:
and
thus
much
for
the
hunting
Horsses
.
Of
coursers
or
swift
light
running
Horsses
.
AFter
the
vse
of
Wagons
,
and
Chariots
,
which
men
had
inuented
for
their
ease
in
trauel
,
&
growing
to
bee
weary
therof
,
by
reason
of
many
discommodities
,
they
came
also
to
the
vse
of
single
Horsses
,
which
therefore
they
called
coursers
,
and
now
a
daies
a
Horsse
for
Saddle
,
whereupon
men
performe
their
iournies
;
and
the
Poets
say
the
inuenter
heerof
,
was
Belerophon
the
Son
of
Neptune
,
to
whom
his
father
gaue
Pegasus
the
flying
Horsse
,
which
therfore
they
describe
with
winges
,
and
place
for
a
star
in
heauen
like
an
Angell
,
because
of
his
incredible
celerity
:
others
attribute
it
to
the
inuention
of
Sesostris
,
otherwise
called
Sesonchosis
,
a
K.
of
Egypt
,
some
to
Orus
,
when
he
waged
war
against
his
brother
Typhon
;
For
these
horsses
,
are
no
lesse
profitable
in
war
,
then
in
peace
,
although
none
vse
them
in
these
daies
,
but
common
Souldiers
,
yet
in
auncient
time
the
greatest
nobles
rode
vpon
them
.
The
Emperor
Probus
had
one
of
these
Horsses
,
which
was
nothing
comely
nor
very
highe
,
yet
would
he
endure
ordinary
iournies
,
to
run
a
hundred
mile
a
day
,
whereupon
his
maister
was
wont
to
say
merily
,
that
hee
was
better
for
a
flying
,
then
a
fighting
Souldier
.
The
Horsses
of
Spaine
are
of
this
kinde
,
which
they
call
Iennets
,
of
Genibus
theyr
knees
,
because
when
the
rider
is
on
their
backs
,
he
must
hold
his
knees
close
to
the
Saddle
and
sides
,
for
his
better
ease
.
Like
vnto
these
are
the
Barbary
Horsses
,
whom
they
geld
,
to
keepe
them
from
the
hardnesse
of
the
Nerues
,
which
happeneth
vnto
them
in
their
heate
and
trauell
.
There
are
a
kinde
of
Horsses
called
Lycospacles
,
and
the
reason
of
this
name
is
,
as
some
say
;
because
when
they
were
Foales
,
they
escaped
the
teeth
of
Wolues
,
being
set
on
by
them
:
and
therefore
they
run
the
more
speedily
to
their
dying
day
,
for
the
wounds
of
Wolues
makes
a
Horsse
light-footed
;
but
this
is
not
likely
,
for
feare
cannot
put
that
into
them
which
is
not
bred
of
nature
,
euen
as
we
say
,
that
Vlisses
by
auoyding
Circes
cup
,
or
Cyclops
,
was
therfore
made
wise
,
but
rather
on
the
contrary
,
because
he
was
wise
,
therefore
hee
did
auoide
Circes
cup
;
so
likewise
wee
say
,
that
these
Horsses
are
not
lighter
of
foot
,
nor
fuller
of
courage
,
because
they
were
set
vpon
by
Wolues
,
and
deliuered
by
feare
,
but
because
nature
hath
framed
them
,
nimble
,
valiant
,
and
couragious
;
therefore
they
did
auoide
the
Wolfe
.
Aelianus
also
saith
that
these
Horsses
,
had
a
wonderfull
knowledge
,
and
sagacity
,
to
discerne
betwixt
Graecians
and
other
nations
;
for
when
a
Graecian
came
vnto
them
,
they
loued
them
,
stood
stil
,
and
tooke
meat
at
their
hands
,
but
if
a
Barbarian
,
or
stranger
came
vnto
them
,
they
discerned
them
by
their
nose
,
as
a
dog
doth
the
foot-steps
of
a
beast
,
lifting
vp
their
voice
,
they
ranne
as
fast
away
from
them
as
they
would
from
any
rauening
beast
.
These
loued
not
onely
their
familiars
,
but
aboue
all
other
things
,
to
be
neate
,
fine
,
and
cleauely
in
Chariots
:
For
if
at
any
time
they
came
through
water
,
drawing
of
a
Chariot
they
tooke
a
pride
in
clensing
themselues
from
all
durte
and
filthinesse
cleauing
to
their
legs
or
face
.
And
that
which
is
more
strange
,
they
were
vnwilling
in
race
,
to
be
staied
or
taken
out
therof
,
as
appeared
by
this
story
,
related
by
Festus
.
There
is
saith
he
in
Rom
a
great
gate
called
Ratumena
,
which
tooke
his
name
from
the
death
of
a
young
man
,
an
Hetrurian
,
whoe
perished
there
in
a
race
of
chariots
,
being
conqueror
,
because
his
horses
would
not
stay
vntill
they
came
into
the
Capitoll
,
and
saw
the
framed
earthen
Chariots
which
were
placed
in
the
porch
of
Iupiters
Temple
by
the
Romans
,
and
were
appointed
to
fashioned
in
earth
by
the
hand
of
a
cunning
potter
,
the
which
being
wrought
in
earth
,
and
put
into
the
furnace
,
they
grew
so
great
that
they
could
not
bee
taken
out
whole
;
at
the
sight
of
these
,
the
Horsses
of
Ratumena
stood
stil
,
but
first
of
al
,
their
maister
was
slain
in
the
course
by
falling
off
.
The
horsses
of
Tartaria
are
so
incredibly
swift
,
that
they
will
goe
twentye
Germaine
miles
in
one
day
.
There
was
a
race
of
Horsses
at
Venice
(
called
Lupiferae
)
which
were
exceeding
swift
,
and
the
common
fame
is
,
that
they
came
vpon
this
occasion
.
There
was
a
certaine
merry
fellow
which
would
become
surety
for
euery
man
,
for
which
hee
was
commonly
Iested
at
in
the
whole
Citty
.
It
fortuned
on
a
day
,
as
he
trauailed
abroade
in
the
Woodes
,
that
he
met
with
certaine
hunters
that
had
taken
a
Wolfe
,
they
seeing
him
asked
him
merrily
if
he
would
be
surety
for
the
Wolfe
,
and
make
good
all
his
damages
that
he
had
done
to
their
flocks
,
and
Foales
,
who
instantly
confessed
hee
would
vndertake
for
the
Wolfe
,
if
they
would
set
him
at
liberty
,
the
hunters
tooke
his
word
,
and
gaue
the
Wolfe
his
life
,
whereupon
he
departed
without
thankes
to
the
hunters
.
Afterward
in
remembrance
of
this
good
turne
,
he
brought
to
the
house
of
his
surety
a
great
company
of
Mares
without
marke
or
brand
,
which
he
receiued
,
and
branded
them
with
the
image
of
a
Wolfe
,
and
they
weretherfore
called
(
Lupiferae
)
from
whom
descended
that
gallant
race
of
swift
horsses
among
the
Veneti
:
vppon
these
ride
the
postes
,
carrying
the
letters
of
kings
and
Emperors
to
the
appointed
places
,
and
these
are
said
to
refuse
copulation
with
any
other
Horsses
that
are
not
of
their
owne
kind
and
linage
.
The
Persian
horsses
are
also
exceeding
swift
,
which
indeede
haue
giuen
name
vnto
all
others
.
The
messengers
of
the
great
Cam
King
of
Tartaria
,
haue
their
postes
so
appointed
at
euery
fiue
and
twenty
miles
end
,
of
these
running
light
horsses
,
that
they
ride
vpon
them
,
two
or
three
hundred
miles
a
day
;
And
the
Pegasarian
coursers
of
France
,
by
the
like
change
of
horsses
,
run
from
Lyons
to
Rome
in
fiue
or
sixe
daies
.
The
Epethits
of
a
swifte
running
corser
are
these
,
winged
or
wing-bearing
,
Larke-footed
,
breathing
,
speedy
,
light
,
stirred
,
couetous
of
race
,
flying
,
sweating
,
not
slow
,
victorious
,
rash
,
violent
,
and
Pegasaean
.
Virgill
also
describeth
a
swift
and
sluggish
horsse
most
excellently
in
these
verses
;
sending
one
of
them
to
the
Ring
,
and
victory
of
running
,
without
respect
of
Countrey
or
foode
,
they
are
to
be
praised
for
enriching
his
maister
,
and
the
other
for
his
dulnesse
to
the
mill
,
the
verses
are
these
following
,
—
Nempe
volucrem
.
Sic
laudamus
equum
,
facili
cui
plurima
palma
Feruet
,
&
exultet
vanco
victoria
circo
.
Nobilis
hic
,
quocunque
venit
,
degramine
cuius
Clara
fuga
ante
alios
,
&
primus
in
aequore
puluis
Sed
venale
pecus
Corithae
,
posteritas
&
Hirpini
,
sirara
,
iugo
victoria
sedit
,
Nil
tibi
maiorum
respectus
,
gratia
nulla
Vmbrarum
,
dominos
pretijs
mutare
iubentur
Exiguis
,
tritoque
trahunt
Epirhedia
collo
.
Segnipedes
,
dignique
malam
versare
Nepotis
.
One
of
these
swift
light
horsses
is
not
to
be
admitted
to
race
or
course
vntil
he
be
past
three
yeare
old
,
and
then
may
he
be
safely
brought
to
the
ring
and
put
to
the
stretching
of
his
legs
in
a
composed
or
violent
pace
as
Virgill
saith
:
Carpere
mox
gyrum
inicipiat
gradibusque
sonare
.
Compositis
,
sinuetque
alterna
volumina
crurum
.
Pliny
affirmeth
that
if
the
teeth
of
Wolues
be
tyed
to
these
horsses
it
wil
make
them
neuer
to
giue
ouer
in
race
,
and
when
the
Sarmatians
were
to
take
long
iournies
,
the
day
before
they
gaue
their
horsses
very
little
drinke
and
no
meat
at
al
,
and
so
would
they
ride
them
an
hundred
and
fifty
miles
out
right
.
The
Arabians
also
in
many
regions
vse
to
ride
vpon
Mares
,
vpon
whom
they
perform
great
iournies
,
and
King
Darius
did
also
fight
his
battailes
vpon
Mares
which
had
foales
;
Vartomanus
.
for
if
at
any
time
their
affaires
went
to
wrack
&
they
in
danger
,
the
Mares
in
remembrance
of
their
foales
at
home
would
carry
them
away
more
speedily
then
any
other
horsse
,
and
thus
much
for
the
light
or
swift
horsses
.
Of
the
Gelding
.
THey
haue
vsed
to
lib
their
Horsses
and
take
away
their
stones
,
and
such
an
one
is
caled
in
Latine
Canterius
or
Cantherius
,
which
is
deriued
of
Cauterium
because
they
were
seared
with
whot
irons
,
or
else
from
the
stronger
boughes
or
branches
of
Vines
so
called
because
they
were
pruned
.
In
French
Cheual
Ogre
,
Cantier
,
Cheuron
,
and
Soppa
doth
interpret
the
Spanish
Ianetto
to
be
a
Gelding
.
It
is
said
of
Cato
Censorius
that
he
was
carried
and
rode
vpon
a
Gelding
,
and
of
these
the
Turkish
Horsses
receiue
the
greatest
commendations
.
Grapaldus
.
Forasmuch
as
many
Horsses
by
their
seede
and
stones
are
made
very
fierce
,
truculent
,
and
vnruly
,
by
taking
away
of
them
,
they
are
made
seruiceable
and
quiet
which
before
yealded
vnto
man
very
little
profit
:
and
this
inuention
may
seeme
first
of
all
to
be
taken
from
them
which
fed
diuers
together
in
one
heard
,
being
taught
the
intollerable
rage
of
their
stoned
Horsses
towards
their
Colleagues
and
guides
;
for
abating
wherof
they
tooke
from
them
their
male-parts
.
Camerarius
Of
the
manner
heereof
you
may
reade
plentifully
in
Rusius
,
and
hee
affirmeth
that
the
Scythians
and
Sarmatians
,
who
keepe
all
their
Horsses
in
heardes
,
were
the
first
deuisers
thereof
:
For
these
people
vsing
to
robbe
and
forrage
,
were
many
times
by
the
neighing
of
their
vnruly
Horsses
discouered
;
for
their
property
is
to
neigh
not
onely
at
Mares
,
but
also
at
euery
stranger
that
they
see
or
winde
,
and
for
Males
they
were
so
head
strong
that
they
would
diuers
time
cary
away
the
ryder
perforce
and
against
his
will
to
his
owne
destruction
,
in
the
rage
of
their
naturall
lust
.
Camerarius
.
If
they
be
gelded
vnder
their
dams
when
they
sucke
,
it
is
reported
by
some
,
that
from
such
their
teeth
neuer
fal
away
,
and
beside
in
the
heate
of
their
course
their
nerues
are
not
hardened
,
for
which
cause
they
are
the
best
of
all
to
run
withall
.
They
vse
to
geld
them
in
March
in
the
beginning
of
the
spring
,
afterward
being
wel
nourished
they
are
no
lesse
strong
,
able
and
couragious
then
other
vnlibbed
,
also
there
is
a
pretty
prouerbe
Cantherius
in
Fossa
,
a
Gelding
in
a
Ditch
,
which
is
then
to
be
vsed
,
when
a
man
vndertaketh
a
busines
which
he
is
not
able
to
manage
,
for
a
Horsse
can
do
much
in
a
plaine
,
L●●i●s
but
nothing
at
al
in
a
Ditch
.
It
is
reported
that
Iubellius
,
Taurea
,
and
C.
Assellius
,
fought
a
combate
on
Horse-backe
neare
the
Citty
(
Capua
,
)
and
when
one
had
prouoked
another
a
good
while
in
the
plaine
fieldes
,
Taurea
descended
into
a
hollow
way
,
telling
his
fellow
combatant
,
that
except
he
came
downe
vnto
him
,
it
would
be
a
fight
of
Horsses
and
not
of
Horse-men
,
Whereunto
Assellius
yealded
and
came
downe
into
the
Ditch
:
at
whom
his
aduersary
iested
,
asking
him
if
he
did
not
know
that
a
Gelding
cold
do
nothing
in
a
ditch
,
from
whence
came
the
common
prouerbe
aforesaid
.
There
is
also
another
prouerbe
(
Anthenius
in
Porta
.
)
A
Gelding
in
the
gate
,
to
signifie
a
a
man
who
after
he
had
vndertaken
the
performance
of
some
great
exploit
,
his
hart
faileth
in
the
very
enterance
,
for
it
is
reported
of
one
(
Sulpecias
Galba
)
who
riding
out
of
the
Citty
,
Vestus
his
horse
tyred
in
the
gate
.
There
is
likewise
another
adage
in
Plautus
which
is
this
:
Crete
haec
mulier
cantherino
ritu
astans
somniat
.
That
is
to
say
,
this
Woman
sleepes
standing
like
a
new
dressed
Horsse
,
and
is
applied
against
them
which
in
a
kind
of
foolish
iesture
shut
their
eies
when
they
talke
or
worke
:
and
thus
much
for
the
Gelding
.
Of
carriering
Horsses
for
pompe
or
Triumphe
.
THe
nature
of
these
Horsses
is
to
lift
vp
themselues
and
rise
before
,
standing
vpon
their
hinder
Legges
,
which
is
not
possible
for
any
to
doe
without
a
generous
and
gallant
spirit
,
and
also
nimble
and
strong
loines
to
beare
vp
the
hinder
Legges
,
for
it
is
not
as
many
suppose
that
this
power
of
rising
before
from
the
softnesse
of
his
Legges
,
but
rather
from
his
loines
and
hips
betwixt
his
hinder
Legs
,
for
when
his
mouth
is
a
little
checked
with
the
bridle
he
presently
bendeth
his
hinder
pasterns
and
Ancles
,
and
so
lifteth
vp
his
fore
parts
,
that
his
belly
and
yard
doe
appeare
,
and
in
doing
heerof
the
rider
must
not
beare
his
hand
hard
,
but
giue
him
the
bridle
,
that
so
he
may
doe
it
willingly
and
with
greater
grace
of
the
beholdders
.
There
are
some
which
teach
Horsses
to
lift
vp
themselues
by
knocking
their
pasternes
with
a
rod
,
which
the
Horsse
vnderstandeth
as
wel
as
he
doth
his
race
,
when
hee
is
stroke
on
the
back
by
the
rider
.
And
in
teaching
of
a
Horse
this
feat
,
it
must
be
obserued
,
that
he
neuer
haue
rest
vntil
he
haue
learned
it
,
and
that
at
certain
signes
and
tokens
,
Xen●ph●●
.
he
be
taught
of
his
owne
accord
to
performe
diuers
and
sundry
iestures
:
but
if
after
long
riding
and
copious
labor
,
he
begin
to
vnderstand
his
maisters
pleasure
,
and
rise
twice
or
thrice
together
,
then
you
may
giue
him
the
raines
,
nothing
doubting
but
that
hee
vnderstandeth
and
wil
be
obedient
to
the
pleasure
of
the
rider
.
And
in
this
kind
he
is
acounted
the
best
careering
Horse
,
which
wil
rise
high
&
oftnest
together
;
neither
is
there
any
quality
so
comendable
in
a
Horse
as
this
,
or
that
so
draweth
and
(
as
it
were
)
so
imprisoneth
the
eies
of
old
&
young
,
and
other
beholders
,
for
which
cause
Marshall
Horsses
for
seruice
of
war
,
are
to
be
instructed
herein
;
And
thus
much
for
this
Horse
.
Of
load
or
Pack-horsses
.
WHere
they
keep
Horsses
in
heards
and
flocks
,
they
haue
some
which
are
not
fit
for
the
saddle
,
nor
for
the
wars
,
and
therefore
are
to
be
employed
for
the
carring
of
burthens
,
or
to
the
cart
;
althogh
as
Festus
saith
)
mules
were
first
vsed
for
carrying
and
draught
;
but
for
as
much
as
all
Nations
haue
not
Mules
,
they
are
therfore
inforced
to
vse
Horsses
,
and
for
this
purpose
the
Geldings
are
much
better
then
the
stoned
Horsses
;
wherfore
the
countrymen
of
most
nations
take
Horsses
,
for
this
purpose
,
after
they
be
old
,
past
breeding
,
or
haue
some
other
blemish
in
winde
or
lim
,
wherby
they
are
disabled
to
trauell
vnder
a
man
:
for
so
great
is
the
greedines
of
our
age
,
that
horsses
are
not
spared
so
long
as
they
be
able
to
liue
;
according
to
the
common
prouerbe
(
Assinis
equis
Mulis
feriae
nullae
)
Horsses
,
Mules
,
and
Asses
,
keepe
no
hollidaies
:
where
the
law
of
God
concerning
the
Saboth
is
not
obserued
;
for
the
nourishing
of
horsses
doth
counteruaile
the
charges
.
Among
these
may
be
remembred
those
little
Nags
called
Hinni
&
Ginni
spoken
of
already
in
the
discorse
of
Asses
,
wherof
som
are
generated
betwixt
a
Horse
and
an
Asse
,
and
others
fal
to
be
very
little
,
through
some
sicknesse
which
happeneth
vnto
them
in
their
dams
belly
:
these
are
vsed
with
shorne
manes
according
to
the
saying
of
Propertius
:
huc
mea
detonsis
aucta
est
cynthia
manuis
.
They
are
vsed
for
pleasure
,
to
carry
the
young
sonnes
of
noble
men
and
Gentle
men
.
There
are
also
horsses
called
(
Equifunales
,
because
in
their
triumphs
they
were
led
with
a
halter
next
after
the
triumph
.
Of
wilde
Horsses
,
the
Sea-horse
,
and
the
Hart-horse
(
called
Hippellaphus
.
)
IN
the
daies
of
Gordianus
there
were
brought
to
Rome
forty
wilde
Horsses
,
and
in
the
map
of
Gordianus
wood
,
there
were
pictured
three
hundred
.
They
are
called
in
Latine
Equiferi
,
and
in
Greek
Hippagroi
,
they
abound
in
Spain
,
&
in
the
Alpes
,
and
in
the
deserts
of
Aethiopia
there
are
many
of
them
,
which
haue
two
long
venomous
teeth
standing
out
of
their
mouth
:
they
differ
also
in
their
hoofes
from
other
Horses
,
for
they
are
clouen-footed
like
Harts
,
and
they
haue
a
long
mane
growing
all
a
long
their
backe
to
their
taile
:
Oppianus
And
if
at
any
time
the
inhabitants
take
them
by
ginnes
and
other
slights
,
they
fall
so
sullen
that
they
abstaine
from
meate
and
drinke
disdaining
to
be
kept
in
any
seruitude
or
bondage
,
the
Wilde
Horsses
of
India
haue
but
one
horne
:
Albertus
.
In
the
Alpes
they
are
of
an
ash-colour
,
with
a
blacke
list
downe
their
backes
.
The
wilde
horsses
of
Scythia
,
neare
the
Riuer
Hypanis
,
are
cleane
white
.
The
wilde
horsses
of
Syria
liue
in
flockes
and
heards
togither
,
and
in
euery
hearde
they
haue
one
Captaine
or
Maister
ouer
the
residue
,
and
if
it
Fortune
that
any
of
the
younger
horsses
leape
vpon
a
Mare
,
this
captaine-horsse
runneth
after
him
,
neuer
giuing
ouer
till
he
hath
bit
off
his
stones
.
There
are
wilde
horsses
in
Brushia
which
are
like
to
other
horsses
in
all
parts
,
excepting
their
backes
,
Aristotle
which
are
so
soft
and
weake
,
that
they
cannot
endure
to
be
fat
vppon
,
neyther
are
they
easily
tamed
,
and
the
people
of
the
country
eat
their
flesh
:
In
Polonia
there
is
a
kinde
of
wilde
horsse
which
hath
hornes
like
a
Hart
,
and
therefore
I
take
it
to
bee
the
same
which
is
called
Hypellaphus
,
whose
picture
is
heere
described
as
it
was
taken
heere
in
England
,
by
that
learned
Physitian
Docter
Cay
.
The
figure
of
HIPELLAPHVS
.
THis
beast
was
brought
out
of
Norway
,
hauing
a
mixt
form
,
betwixt
a
Hart
and
a
Horsse
,
hauing
a
wel
compacted
body
,
a
long
and
leane
leg
,
a
clouen
hoofe
,
a
short
taile
,
and
in
all
parts
you
would
iudge
him
to
be
a
Hart
,
but
in
his
head
and
eares
you
would
iudge
him
to
be
a
mule
,
&
in
his
horns
a
Roe
,
the
vpper
lip
hanging
ouer
the
neather
almost
as
much
as
an
Elkes
:
his
mane
like
a
horses
,
but
thinner
and
standing
more
vpright
,
without
other
alteration
:
from
their
shoulders
to
their
taile
,
they
haue
a
like
bristling
mane
growing
on
the
backe
bone
,
as
longe
as
their
other
haire
,
a
bunch
vnder
their
chappes
,
and
vppon
that
a
bunch
or
shagie
haire
,
the
hair
about
their
shoulders
is
more
longer
than
ordinary
,
but
their
neckes
so
short
that
they
can
neither
drinke
their
drinke
nor
eat
their
meat
vpon
the
ground
,
except
they
bend
downe
vpon
their
knees
.
The
males
in
this
kind
doe
onely
beare
hornes
,
and
such
as
do
not
grow
out
of
the
Crownes
of
their
head
,
but
as
it
were
out
of
the
middle
on
either
side
,
a
litle
aboue
the
eies
,
and
so
bend
to
the
sides
:
They
are
sharp
and
full
of
bunches
like
Harts
,
no
where
smooth
but
in
the
tops
of
the
speers
,
and
where
the
vaines
run
to
carry
nutriment
to
their
whole
length
,
which
is
couered
with
a
hairye
skin
:
they
are
not
so
rough
at
the
beginning
or
at
the
first
prosses
specially
in
the
for
part
as
they
are
in
the
second
,
for
that
onely
is
full
of
wrinckles
;
from
the
bottom
to
the
middle
they
growe
straight
,
but
from
thence
they
are
a
little
recurued
;
they
haue
onely
three
speers
or
prosses
,
the
two
lower
turne
awry
,
but
the
vppermost
groweth
vpright
to
heauen
,
yet
sometimes
it
falleth
out
(
as
the
keepers
of
the
saide
beast
affirmed
)
that
either
by
sicknes
or
else
through
want
of
food
,
the
left
horn
hath
but
two
branches
:
In
length
they
are
one
Roman
foot
and
a
halfe
,
and
one
finger
and
a
halfe
in
bredth
,
at
the
roote
two
Roman
palmes
.
The
top
of
one
of
the
hornes
is
distant
from
the
top
of
the
other
three
Roman
feet
and
three
fingers
,
and
the
lower
speere
of
one
horne
is
distant
from
the
lower
of
the
other
,
two
Roman
feet
measured
from
the
roots
:
in
substance
and
collor
they
are
like
to
Harts
hornes
,
they
waied
together
with
the
dry
broken
spongy-bone
of
the
forehead
,
fiue
pound
and
a
halfe
,
and
halfe
an
ounce
,
(
I
meane
sixteene
ounces
to
the
pound
:
)
they
fall
off
euery
yeare
in
the
month
of
Aprill
like
to
Harts
,
and
they
are
not
hollow
.
The
bredth
of
their
fore-heads
betwixt
the
hornes
is
two
Roman
palmes
and
a
halfe
,
the
top
of
the
crown
betwixt
the
horns
is
hollow
on
the
hinder
part
,
and
in
that
siecel
lieth
the
brain
which
discendeth
downe
to
the
middle
region
of
the
eies
.
Theyr
teeth
are
like
Harts
,
and
inwardly
in
their
cheekes
they
grow
like
furrowes
,
bigger
then
in
a
Horsse
;
the
tooth
rising
out
sharp
aboue
the
throat
,
as
it
should
seeme
that
none
of
his
meate
should
fall
thereinto
vnbruised
.
This
beast
in
his
young
age
is
of
a
mouse
or
Asse
colour
;
but
in
his
elder
age
it
is
more
yellowish
,
especially
in
the
extreame
partes
of
his
body
:
the
haire
smooth
but
most
of
all
on
his
legges
,
but
vnder
his
belly
,
in
the
inner
part
of
his
knee
,
the
top
of
his
Neck
,
breast
,
shoulders
,
and
back-bone
,
not
so
smooth
:
In
heigth
it
was
about
22.
handfuls
and
three
fingers
,
being
much
swifter
then
any
horse
,
the
female
beareth
euery
yeare
as
the
keeper
said
in
Norway
two
at
a
time
,
but
in
England
it
brought
forth
but
one
.
The
flesh
of
it
is
blacke
,
and
the
fibere
broad
like
an
Oxes
;
but
being
dressed
like
harts
flesh
and
baked
in
an
Ouen
,
it
tasted
much
sweeter
.
It
eateth
commonly
grasse
,
but
in
england
seldome
after
the
fashion
of
horsses
,
which
forbeare
hay
when
they
may
haue
bread
;
but
leaues
,
rindes
of
trees
,
bread
and
Oats
,
are
most
acceptable
vnto
it
.
It
reacheth
naturally
thirty
hand
breadths
high
,
but
if
any
thing
be
higher
which
it
doth
affect
:
it
standeth
vp
vpon
the
hinder
legs
,
and
with
the
forelegs
there
imbraseth
or
leaneth
to
the
tree
,
and
with
his
mouth
biteth
off
his
desire
.
It
drinketh
water
and
also
English
Ale
in
great
plenty
,
yet
without
drunkennesse
;
and
there
were
that
gaue
it
wine
,
but
if
it
drinke
plentifully
it
became
drunk
.
It
is
a
most
pleasant
creature
being
tamed
,
but
being
wilde
is
very
fierce
,
and
an
enemy
to
mankind
,
persecuting
men
not
only
when
he
seeth
them
by
the
eie
,
but
also
by
the
sagacity
of
his
nose
following
by
foote
more
certainly
then
any
horse
,
for
which
cause
they
which
kept
them
neare
the
high
waies
,
did
euery
yeare
cut
off
their
hornes
with
a
saw
:
It
setteth
both
vpon
horse
and
foot-men
;
trampling
and
treading
them
vnder
foot
whom
he
did
ouermatch
,
when
he
smelleth
a
man
before
hee
seeth
him
,
hee
vttereth
a
voice
like
the
gruntling
of
a
Swine
being
without
his
female
:
it
doth
most
naturally
affect
a
woman
,
thrusting
out
his
genital
(
which
is
like
a
Harts
)
as
if
it
discernd
sexes
.
In
Norway
,
they
cal
it
an
Elke
or
Elend
,
but
it
is
plaine
they
are
deceiued
in
so
calling
it
,
because
it
hath
not
the
legges
of
an
Elke
,
which
neuer
bend
,
nor
yet
the
hornes
,
as
by
conference
may
appeare
.
Muchlesse
can
I
beleeue
it
to
be
the
Hippardius
,
because
the
female
wanteth
hornes
,
and
the
head
is
like
a
Mules
;
but
yet
it
may
be
that
it
is
a
kind
of
Elke
,
for
the
hornes
are
not
alwaies
alike
,
or
rather
the
Elke
is
a
kind
of
Horsse-hart
,
which
Aristotle
calleth
Arrochosius
of
Arracotos
a
region
of
Assya
,
and
heerein
I
leaue
euery
man
to
his
iudgment
;
referring
the
reader
vnto
the
former
discourses
of
a
Elke
and
the
Tragelaphus
.
OF
THE
SEA-HORSE
.
THe
Sea-horsse
,
called
in
Greeke
Hippotomos
,
and
in
Latine
Equus
Fluuiatilis
;
It
is
a
most
vgly
and
filthy
beast
,
so
called
because
in
his
voice
and
mane
he
resembleth
a
Horsse
,
but
in
his
head
an
Oxe
or
a
Calfe
;
in
the
residue
of
his
body
a
Swine
,
for
which
cause
some
Graecians
call
him
somtimes
a
Sea-horsse
,
and
sometimes
a
Sea-oxe
,
which
thing
hath
moued
many
learned
men
in
our
time
to
affirme
,
that
a
Sea-horsse
was
neuer
seene
;
whereunto
I
would
easily
subscribe
(
saith
Bellonias
)
were
it
not
that
the
auncient
figures
of
a
Sea-horsse
,
altogether
resembled
that
which
is
heere
expressed
;
and
was
lately
to
bee
seene
at
Constantinople
,
from
whom
this
picture
was
taken
.
It
liueth
for
the
most
part
in
Nilus
,
yet
is
it
of
a
doubtful
life
,
for
it
brings
forth
and
breedeth
on
the
land
,
and
by
the
proportion
of
the
Legges
it
seemeth
rather
to
bee
made
for
going
,
then
for
swimming
:
for
in
the
night
time
it
eateth
both
Hay
and
frutes
,
forraging
into
corne
fieldes
,
and
deuouring
whatsoeuer
commeth
in
the
way
;
And
therefore
I
thought
it
fit
to
be
inserted
into
this
story
.
As
for
the
Sea-calfe
,
which
commeth
sometimes
to
land
onely
to
take
sleepe
,
I
did
not
iudge
it
to
belong
to
this
discourse
,
because
it
feedeth
onely
in
the
waters
.
This
picture
was
taken
out
the
Colossus
In
the
Vatican
at
Rome
,
representing
the
Riuer
Nylus
,
and
eating
of
a
Crocadile
:
and
thus
I
reserue
the
farther
discourse
of
this
beast
vnto
the
History
of
Fishes
,
adding
only
thus
much
,
that
it
ought
to
be
no
wonder
to
consider
such
monsters
to
come
out
of
the
Sea
,
which
resemble
horsses
in
their
heads
,
seeing
therein
are
also
creatures
like
vnto
Grapes
and
swords
.
The
Orsean
Indians
do
hunt
a
beast
with
one
horne
,
hauing
the
body
of
a
Horsse
,
and
the
head
of
a
Hart.
The
Aethiopians
likewise
haue
a
beast
,
in
the
necke
like
vnto
a
Horsse
,
and
the
feet
and
legs
like
vnto
an
Oxe
.
The
Rhinocephalus
hath
a
necke
like
a
Horsse
,
and
also
the
other
parts
of
his
body
,
but
it
is
said
to
breath
out
aire
which
killeth
men
.
Pausanias
writeth
▪
that
in
the
Temple
of
Gabales
there
is
the
picture
of
a
Horsse
,
which
from
his
breast
backwards
is
like
a
whale
.
Lampsacenus
writeth
,
that
in
the
Scythian
Ocean
,
ther
are
Ilands
wherein
the
people
are
called
Hippopodes
,
hauing
the
bodyes
of
men
but
the
feete
of
Horsses
,
and
the
Lamya
heereafter
to
be
declared
,
hath
the
feete
of
a
Horsse
,
but
in
other
things
the
members
of
a
Goat
:
and
thus
much
for
the
seuerall
kinds
of
Horsses
,
both
for
them
that
are
properly
so
called
,
and
also
for
any
other
which
like
bastards
retaine
any
resemblance
of
nature
with
this
Noble
and
profitable
kind
of
beast
.
Of
the
diet
of
Horsses
and
their
length
of
life
.
HAuing
thus
discoursed
of
the
kinds
of
horsses
,
and
their
seueral
accidents
,
and
vses
,
both
for
War
,
and
peace
,
pleasure
,
and
necessity
;
now
likewise
it
followeth
,
that
we
should
proceed
to
their
dyet
,
and
manner
of
feeding
:
wherein
wee
are
first
of
all
to
consider
,
that
the
naturall
constitution
of
a
Horsse
,
is
whot
and
temperate
.
Whot
,
because
of
his
Leuity
,
Russius
and
Velocity
,
and
length
of
life
;
temperate
because
he
is
docible
,
pleasant
,
and
gentle
towardes
his
maister
and
keeper
.
He
therefore
that
will
keepe
Horsses
,
must
prouide
for
them
aboundance
of
meate
,
for
all
other
cattell
may
be
pinched
without
any
great
danger
,
only
horses
can
endure
no
penury
.
(
Varro
saith
)
that
in
feeding
of
Horsses
,
we
must
consider
three
things
;
first
of
all
what
foode
the
country
wherein
wee
liue
doth
yeald
;
secondly
when
it
must
be
giuen
:
thirdly
,
by
whom
,
but
specially
the
place
of
feeding
Horsses
is
to
be
considered
,
for
although
Goates
can
liue
in
the
Mountaines
,
better
then
in
the
greene
fields
,
yet
Horsses
liue
better
in
the
greene
fieldes
,
then
they
can
in
the
Mountaines
.
For
which
cause
when
we
chuse
pasture
for
horsses
,
we
must
see
that
it
be
fat
,
such
as
groweth
in
meddowes
,
that
in
the
winter
time
it
may
be
sunny
,
&
in
the
summer
it
may
be
open
and
cold
,
neither
so
soft
vnder
foot
,
but
that
the
Horsses
hoofes
may
feele
some
hardnesse
,
for
horses
,
Mules
,
and
Asses
,
do
loue
wel
greene
grasse
,
and
fruits
,
yet
principally
they
grow
fat
with
drinking
;
When
they
are
in
the
stables
,
let
them
haue
dry
hay
.
Palladius
.
A
Mare
when
shee
hath
foaled
giue
herbarly
,
and
generally
at
all
times
in
the
Winter
season
Bullimung
,
or
a
mixture
of
al
kinds
of
graine
is
fit
for
them
in
the
house
,
according
to
these
verses
of
Nemetian
:
Inde
vbi
pubentes
,
calamos
durauerit
aestas
Lactentesque
vrens
herbas
siccauerit
omnem
Mensibus
humorem
,
culmisque
armarit
,
aristas
Ordea
tum
,
paleasque
leues
,
praebere
memento
Puluere
quin
etiam
,
puras
secernere
fruges
Cura
sit
,
atque
toros
,
manibus
,
percurrere
equorum
Gaudeat
,
vt
plausu
,
sonipes
,
letumque
,
relaxet
,
Corpus
,
&
altores
,
rapiat
per
viscera
succos
,
Id
curent
famuli
,
comitumque
animosa
iuuentus
.
We
haue
shewed
already
,
that
they
must
haue
straw
,
or
litter
to
lie
vpon
,
and
Pollux
doth
set
downe
the
kinds
of
meates
for
Horsses
,
as
Barly
,
Hay
,
or
French
wheat
,
rise
,
and
hay
;
for
hard
and
dry
meat
is
fittest
for
Horsses
,
because
it
doth
not
fill
them
with
wind
;
but
al
green
meat
is
the
lesse
aproued
,
by
reason
of
inflamation
.
Three-leaud-grasse
is
also
good
for
horsses
,
especially
if
they
be
young
,
for
chaffe
,
hay
,
grasse
,
and
Oats
,
are
their
natural
and
pleasing
foode
:
and
although
grasse
be
moist
,
yet
in
the
young
age
of
a
Horsse
,
he
delights
in
moist
meates
,
for
they
stretch
out
his
belly
,
and
encrease
his
growth
,
but
when
he
is
elder
,
then
ought
he
to
be
nourished
with
dryer
foode
;
as
chaffe
,
barly
,
Oates
,
and
such
things
.
For
although
chaffe
,
by
reason
of
their
drynes
make
not
a
Horsse
fat
,
yet
doe
they
preserue
him
in
perfect
strength
,
for
al
hard
things
which
are
disolued
with
difficulty
,
do
retaine
their
force
of
nutriment
longer
,
but
softer
meats
do
not
so
;
therefore
the
best
diet
or
habitude
for
Horsses
is
to
retaine
the
meane
betwixt
fatnesse
and
leannes
.
For
fatnesse
ministreth
many
humors
to
the
nourishment
of
sicknesse
,
and
leannesse
diminisheth
naturall
strength
,
maketh
the
body
deformed
.
In
some
countries
they
giue
their
horsses
vine
branches
in
the
Autumne
,
to
moue
their
bellies
,
and
increase
their
strength
.
The
hearb
Medica
which
aboundeth
in
Media
,
is
very
nourishable
to
Horsses
,
but
the
first
stalkes
are
refused
,
saith
Aristotle
,
the
residue
being
watered
with
stincking
Water
,
Mathaeolus
Dioscorides
is
most
commodious
.
In
Italy
they
fat
their
horsses
with
Trifoley
,
in
Calabria
with
Sulla
,
or
Arthritica
,
and
the
Thrasians
,
neare
the
Riuer
Strymon
,
with
a
greene
Thistle
.
In
the
spring
time
giue
your
younger
Horsses
Bullimung
for
many
daies
together
,
for
that
will
not
onely
make
them
fat
,
but
also
purge
their
bellies
:
for
this
purgation
is
most
necessary
for
Horsses
,
which
is
called
soyling
,
and
ought
to
continue
ten
daies
together
,
without
any
other
meat
,
giuing
them
the
eleuenth
day
a
little
Barly
,
and
so
forward
to
the
fourteeneth
;
after
which
day
,
continue
them
in
that
diet
ten
daies
longer
,
and
then
bring
them
forth
to
exercise
a
little
,
and
when
as
they
sweat
,
annoint
them
with
Oyle
,
and
if
the
weather
bee
colde
,
keepe
a
fire
in
the
stable
:
And
you
must
remember
when
the
Horsse
beginneth
to
purge
,
that
he
be
kept
from
Barley
and
drinke
,
and
giue
him
greene
meat
,
or
Bullimumg
,
wherof
that
is
best
that
groweth
neare
the
Sea
side
.
But
if
the
Horsse
goe
to
soile
in
Aprill
,
after
fiue
daies
bring
him
forth
,
and
wash
him
all
ouer
with
Water
,
then
wiping
his
haire
from
all
wet
and
filth
,
and
loose
haires
,
poure
vpon
him
Wine
and
Oyle
,
pressing
it
smooth
vppon
his
backe
,
downe
to
his
skinne
,
so
let
him
be
wiped
all
ouer
againe
and
carried
into
the
stable
,
to
be
dieted
with
Masline
,
or
Bullimung
as
before
,
except
he
be
troubled
with
the
Glaunders
,
and
then
he
must
not
feed
on
it
in
the
daye
time
,
least
through
the
heate
of
the
Sunne
,
he
fall
into
the
Mange
or
into
madnesse
.
It
is
also
requisite
that
while
we
feede
our
Horsses
with
green
Corne
,
they
be
let
blood
in
the
vaines
of
the
breast
,
and
also
cutte
in
the
roofe
of
their
mouths
,
that
so
those
places
being
emptied
which
were
stuffed
with
corruption
,
the
vacuety
may
be
replenished
with
better
blood
;
a
Horsse
thus
dieted
shall
not
onely
liue
in
more
health
and
free
from
sicknesse
,
but
also
be
more
stronge
to
vndergoe
his
labour
.
With
the
blood
that
commeth
out
of
him
,
mingled
with
Niter
,
Vineger
,
and
Oyle
,
you
shall
annoint
him
all
ouer
,
if
so
be
he
bee
subiect
to
the
Glaunders
,
or
to
the
Mange
,
and
then
keepe
him
in
the
stable
fiue
daies
together
,
suffering
no
curri-combe
to
come
vpon
him
,
vntill
the
sixt
day
,
feeding
him
in
the
meane
time
with
greene
Corne
,
or
Bullimung
;
and
then
bring
him
forth
againe
,
washing
him
al
ouer
with
water
,
and
rubbing
him
with
a
hard
whisp
,
vntill
the
humor
or
moistures
be
wholy
wiped
off
,
and
he
fed
as
before
fourteene
daies
together
.
If
you
please
not
to
keep
him
in
the
stable
,
then
in
the
spring
time
,
turne
him
out
in
some
meddow
,
or
greene
pasture
,
and
there
let
him
feed
at
his
owne
pleasure
;
for
it
hath
bin
often
proued
,
that
such
a
dyet
hath
recouered
many
sicke
Horsses
.
It
is
reported
of
the
Horotae
,
and
Gedrusij
,
and
men
of
Freeseland
,
the
Macedonians
,
and
Lydians
,
doe
feede
their
Horsses
with
fishes
:
Likewise
the
Paeonians
which
inhabit
about
Prasius
neare
the
Mountaine
Orbelus
,
doe
feede
their
Horsses
and
all
cattell
which
they
yoake
with
fishes
.
Concerning
the
drinke
of
Horsses
we
haue
spoken
elswhere
,
and
therefore
we
shal
not
need
to
say
anything
of
it
heere
,
except
that
the
drinking
much
,
and
the
horsse
thrusting
his
head
in
deepe
into
the
troubled
water
,
is
an
vnfalible
signe
of
his
goodnesse
;
and
the
custome
of
some
is
,
for
to
giue
their
horsses
mashes
made
of
water
and
corne
sod
together
or
else
,
Beare
,
Ale
or
Wine
,
by
drinking
whereof
,
they
encrease
their
spirits
and
stomach
.
Albertus
saith
,
that
some
to
make
their
Horsses
fat
,
take
Snailes
,
and
beate
them
in
pieces
,
so
putting
them
into
their
meates
whereby
they
grow
to
a
false
fatnesse
,
which
is
easily
disolued
.
By
eating
of
blacke
Hellibor
,
Oxen
,
Horsses
and
Swine
,
are
killed
:
and
thus
much
for
the
foode
of
Horsse
.
Concerning
the
voice
of
Horsses
,
the
Latines
call
him
Hinnitum
,
and
the
Graecians
,
Phruma
,
and
Phrumatesta
;
but
this
is
certaine
,
that
from
their
very
foaling
,
the
females
haue
a
shrill
and
sharper
voice
then
the
males
,
which
is
fuller
,
and
broader
,
vntill
they
be
two
yeare
old
,
and
after
copulation
their
voice
encreaseth
,
so
continuing
vntill
they
bee
twenty
yeare
olde
,
after
which
time
,
it
falleth
,
and
decreaseth
againe
.
The
length
of
a
Horsses
life
,
(
according
to
Aristotle
)
is
eighteen
or
twenty
yeares
,
and
if
they
bee
well
it
ended
and
regarded
in
their
youth
:
It
hath
been
found
,
that
some
haue
liued
vnto
fiue
and
twenty
,
The
time
of
theyr
life
.
or
thirty
year
old
.
The
femals
liue
longer
then
the
males
,
because
of
their
generation
,
for
the
immoderate
lust
of
Horsses
,
shortneth
their
daies
.
And
it
hath
beene
found
that
a
Mare
hath
liued
to
forty
,
or
fifty
yeares
,
and
a
Horsse
to
three
and
thirty
:
wherefore
I
do
leaue
the
relation
of
Pliny
and
Atheneus
,
to
be
censured
by
the
Reader
,
who
affirme
,
that
horsses
in
their
time
,
liued
threescore
or
seauenty
yeares
.
Albertus
also
affirmeth
,
that
a
Souldiour
told
him
for
a
certaine
truth
,
that
he
knew
a
horsse
which
liued
till
he
was
three
score
yeares
olde
,
and
at
that
age
,
did
seruice
in
the
field
.
And
August
.
Niphus
also
affirmeth
,
that
the
Riders
of
Ferdinand
the
first
,
told
him
,
there
was
a
horsse
in
their
maisters
stable
of
seuenty
yeare
old
.
The
age
of
a
horsse
may
be
known
by
his
teeth
,
and
the
Persian
,
Bohemian
,
Epirian
,
&
Sycilian
horsses
,
liue
longer
then
the
Spanish
or
Numidian
.
In
their
years
,
the
female
neuer
groweth
after
fiue
,
nor
the
male
after
6.
in
height
or
length
,
so
as
the
male
are
soner
perfited
in
the
womb
then
the
femals
,
on
the
contrary
the
females
do
sooner
grow
to
their
perfection
after
their
foalling
then
the
males
.
The
males
haue
more
teeth
then
the
females
,
and
in
each
sex
they
which
haue
fewest
teeth
,
liue
not
so
long
,
and
in
their
old
age
,
their
teeth
grow
white
.
Now
their
age
is
discerned
by
their
teeth
on
this
manner
,
the
first
foure
,
that
is
two
aboue
,
and
two
beneath
,
be
changed
,
after
they
be
thirty
yeare
olde
,
and
a
yeare
after
the
foure
next
are
changed
in
like
manner
,
againe
after
another
yeare
,
foure
more
are
chaunged
,
so
that
after
foure
yeare
,
and
six
months
,
he
looseth
no
teeth
,
except
the
canine
,
which
commeth
again
in
the
fift
and
sixt
yeare
;
so
that
afterwards
their
age
cannot
be
diserned
,
because
in
the
seauenth
yeare
,
they
are
al
filled
;
An
other
vnfained
note
of
their
age
,
is
the
hollownesse
of
their
temples
,
and
their
eye-lids
beginning
to
wax
gray
,
and
their
teeth
hanging
out
of
their
mouths
.
They
also
haue
litle
blackes
in
the
middle
of
their
teeth
.
Some
trye
the
age
of
their
horsses
,
as
a
wise
and
learned
man
writeth
,
by
considering
twelue
teeth
,
sixe
aboue
,
and
six
beneath
,
for
the
old
horsses
haue
longer
and
thinner
teeth
,
which
are
black
at
the
top
,
and
there
are
certaine
broaches
or
wrinckles
in
their
teeth
,
which
being
filled
,
the
marke
is
said
to
be
out
of
their
mouth
.
Some
try
the
age
of
their
horsses
by
their
cheekes
,
for
they
pull
vp
the
skin
from
the
bones
,
and
if
it
will
quickly
fal
backe
againe
into
his
former
place
,
they
take
it
for
an
assured
token
of
the
horsses
youth
:
but
if
if
it
stande
out
and
fal
slowly
downe
,
then
on
the
contrary
,
they
iudge
the
horsse
to
be
old
,
and
thus
much
for
the
age
and
dyet
of
horsses
.
Of
the
vses
of
Horsse-flesh
,
Mares
milke
,
and
other
parts
.
TThere
were
certaine
people
in
Scythia
,
which
were
called
Hippophagi
,
because
they
liued
vpon
horsse-flesh
;
such
also
were
the
Sarmatians
and
the
Vandals
:
likewise
in
Scythia
the
lesse
,
neare
Taurica
Chersonnessus
,
the
people
do
not
onelie
eat
the
flesh
of
horsses
,
but
also
their
milk
,
and
make
cheese
thereof
.
Athaeneus
also
affirmeth
,
that
the
manner
of
the
ancient
Persians
was
,
vpon
the
feasts
of
their
natiuities
to
rost
an
Oxe
,
an
Asse
,
a
Horsse
,
and
a
Cammell
whole
,
and
so
set
them
before
their
guests
.
Inlike
sort
,
they
eat
horse-flesh
and
Camels-flesh
at
Damascus
,
and
in
Pollonia
wilde
horsses
,
especiallye
that
part
,
which
groweth
vnder
the
mane
.
The
Sarmatians
make
meat
of
Millet
seed
,
and
mingle
it
with
Mares
milk
,
or
with
blood
taken
out
of
the
vaines
of
their
legs
,
wherewithall
they
make
puddings
,
Mat●michou
Pau●venetus
and
this
is
their
chiefe
food
.
So
likewise
doe
the
Tartarians
,
who
hauing
a
horsse
sicke
,
cut
off
his
vlcer
or
wound
,
and
so
kil
him
and
eat
his
flesh
.
The
Gothes
also
in
the
daies
of
Virgill
did
drinke
the
blood
of
horsses
,
as
appeareth
by
these
verses
:
Profuit
incensos
,
aestus
auertere
&
inter
Ima
fertre
pedis
,
salientem
sanguine
venam
Bisaltae
,
quo
more
solent
,
acerque
Gelonus
Cumfugit
in
Rhodapem
,
atque
indeserta
Getarum
Et
lac
concretum
,
cum
sanguine
potat
equino
.
The
poets
do
also
faine
,
that
Pelias
,
the
Sonne
of
Tirus
and
Neptune
,
was
educated
by
a
Mare
,
and
Metabus
brought
vp
his
Daughter
Camillus
with
Mares
milke
,
because
she
was
borne
wilde
,
hee
also
bredde
her
among
the
bushes
,
according
to
these
verses
:
Hic
natamindumis
,
interque
horrentia
lustra
Armentalis
equae
&
lacte
ferino
Nutribat
,
teneris
immulgens
vbera
labris
.
The
Tartarians
drinke
Mares
milke
,
which
they
dresse
like
white
wine
,
and
call
it
Churnis
,
whereof
Paulus
Venetus
rehearseth
this
story
.
The
king
of
Tartar
saith
he
,
nourisheth
aboue
ten
thousand
milke
white
horsses
and
Mares
,
and
euery
yeare
,
vppon
the
eight
and
twenty
day
of
August
,
they
obserue
a
solemn
feast
,
wherein
the
milk
of
these
white
mares
is
dressed
and
set
forth
in
comely
vessels
.
Afterward
the
king
taketh
a
bowle
full
thereof
,
and
poureth
it
on
the
ground
rounde
about
him
,
being
so
taught
by
his
Magitians
,
to
offer
sacrifice
to
the
goddes
of
his
country
:
For
they
perswade
him
,
that
the
gods
licke
vp
that
milke
spilt
on
the
ground
,
and
afterwards
the
king
drinketh
vp
the
residew
,
and
besides
him
no
body
that
day
,
except
it
be
of
the
kings
lignage
,
or
of
the
country
of
Horiach
(
for
the
people
of
that
country
,
haue
liberty
to
tast
thereof
that
day
,
)
because
of
a
battaile
which
once
they
obtained
for
the
great
Cam.
The
property
of
this
milke
is
to
loosen
the
belly
;
and
because
it
is
thin
and
hath
no
fat
in
it
,
therefore
it
easily
discendeth
,
and
doeth
not
curdle
in
the
stomacke
,
and
it
is
sayde
that
the
Scythians
can
keep
it
twelue
daies
togither
,
therwithal
satisfying
their
hunger
,
&
quenching
their
thirst
,
and
thus
much
shall
satisfie
for
the
naturall
discourses
of
horsses
;
heereafter
followeth
the
morrall
.
The
morrall
discourse
of
Horsses
,
concerning
fictions
,
pictures
,
and
other
deuises
.
ANd
first
of
al
for
the
morral
dignity
of
horsses
,
ther
is
a
celestiall
constellation
called
Hippos
,
according
to
these
verses
of
Arratus
thus
translated
:
Huic
Equus
ille
iubam
quatiens
fulgore
micanti
Summum
contingit
caput
aluo
stellaque
tungens
vna
.
The
Latines
call
this
starre
Pegasus
,
and
they
say
that
hee
is
the
sonne
of
Neptune
and
Gorgon
;
Medusa
with
striking
his
foot
vpon
a
Rock
in
Hellicon
a
mountaine
of
Baeotia
,
opened
a
fountaine
,
which
after
his
name
was
called
Hippocrene
.
Others
tell
the
tale
in
this
sort
,
at
what
time
Bellerophon
came
to
Praetus
the
sonne
of
Abas
the
king
of
the
Argiues
,
Antia
the
kinges
wife
fell
in
loue
with
her
ghuest
,
and
making
it
knowne
vnto
him
,
promised
him
halfe
hir
husbands
kingdome
if
he
woulde
lie
with
her
,
but
he
like
an
honest
man
abhorring
so
foule
a
fact
,
vtterly
refused
to
accomplish
the
desire
and
dishonesty
of
the
lustfull
Queene
;
wherupon
shee
being
affraid
least
he
should
disclose
it
vnto
the
king
,
preuented
him
by
her
owne
complaint
,
enforming
the
king
that
he
would
haue
rauished
her
:
when
the
king
heard
this
accusation
(
because
he
loued
Bellerophon
wel
,
)
would
not
giue
punishment
himselfe
,
but
sent
him
to
Scheno●eas
the
father
of
Queen
Antia
,
that
he
in
defence
of
his
daughters
chastity
might
take
reuenge
vpon
him
,
who
presently
cast
him
to
Chimaera
,
which
at
that
time
depopulated
all
the
coast
of
Lycia
:
but
Bellerophon
by
the
helpe
of
the
horsse
Pegasus
did
both
ouercome
and
auoide
the
monster
,
and
being
weary
of
his
life
perceiuing
that
there
was
no
good
nor
truth
vpon
the
earth
,
determined
to
forsake
the
world
and
flye
to
heauen
:
who
comming
neare
to
Heauen
,
casting
downe
his
eies
to
the
earth
,
trembled
to
see
how
farre
hee
was
distant
from
it
,
and
so
his
heart
fainting
for
feare
,
fell
downe
backewarde
and
perished
,
but
his
horsse
kept
on
his
flight
to
heauen
,
and
was
there
placed
among
the
stars
by
Iupiter
.
Euripides
telleth
the
tale
otherwise
,
for
hee
saith
that
Chiron
the
Centaure
had
a
Daughter
nourished
in
the
mountaine
Pelius
which
was
called
Theas
and
afterward
Hippe
,
because
of
her
exceeding
hunting
on
horsse
backe
,
shee
was
perswaded
by
Aeolus
(
the
sonn
of
Hellen
,
a
Nephew
of
Iupiters
,
to
let
him
lie
with
her
,
wherupon
she
conceiued
with
child
,
and
when
the
time
of
her
deliuerance
cam
,
she
fled
from
her
father
into
the
woods
,
for
feare
the
losse
of
her
virginity
should
be
knowne
vnto
him
,
but
hee
followed
her
to
see
what
was
the
cause
of
his
Daughters
departure
,
whereupon
shee
desired
of
the
Goddes
that
her
father
might
not
see
her
in
trauaile
,
her
prayer
was
graunted
,
and
shee
after
her
deliuery
,
was
turned
into
a
mare
,
and
placed
amongst
the
stars
.
Others
say
that
shee
was
a
prophetesse
,
and
because
she
reuealed
the
counsels
of
the
Goddes
,
was
therefore
metamorphized
in
that
shape
in
the
place
aforesaid
.
Others
say
,
that
because
shee
gaue
ouer
to
worship
Diana
,
she
lost
her
first
presence
:
but
to
returne
to
the
first
tale
of
Bellerophon
,
who
after
the
death
of
Chimaera
,
growing
proud
for
his
valor
attempted
to
fly
to
heauen
,
but
Iupiter
trobled
his
horsse
with
a
fury
,
and
so
he
shook
off
his
rider
,
who
perished
in
the
field
,
Alecus
apo
tese
alese
,
because
of
his
error
:
and
Pegasus
was
placed
in
heauen
.
But
to
come
nearer
to
the
description
of
the
poetical
horsse
,
Albertus
Magnus
and
some
others
say
,
that
it
is
a
beast
bred
in
Aethiopia
,
hauing
the
head
and
feete
of
a
horsse
,
but
horned
,
and
wings
much
greater
then
the
winges
of
an
Eagle
,
which
he
not
doth
lift
vp
into
the
aire
like
a
bird
,
but
onely
stretcheth
them
out
when
he
runneth
,
whereby
his
only
presence
is
terrible
to
all
creatures
,
vnto
whom
he
is
enemy
,
but
especially
to
men
:
but
for
the
truth
heereof
(
although
Pliny
and
some
others
seeme
to
affirme
as
much
)
yet
will
I
set
downe
nothing
for
trueth
and
certainety
,
because
as
the
poets
call
euery
swifte
horsse
volutres
,
and
Alipedes
,
so
the
errour
of
that
figure
,
hath
rather
giuen
occasion
to
the
framing
of
this
newe
Monster
Pegasus
,
then
anye
other
reasonable
Aligory
.
Likewise
I
knowe
no
cause
why
the
poets
shoulde
faine
,
that
Ceres
was
turned
into
a
Mare
,
and
hidde
hir selfe
in
the
heards
of
Oncius
,
Neptune
falling
in
loue
with
her
,
followed
her
to
those
fields
,
and
perceiuing
that
hee
was
deceiued
,
turned
himselfe
also
into
a
horsse
,
and
so
had
to
doe
with
her
,
whereat
Ceres
was
greeuously
offended
,
and
fell
into
a
very
great
fury
,
for
which
cause
shee
was
called
Erinnis
:
yet
afterwardes
shee
washed
her selfe
in
the
Riuer
Ladon
,
laying
aside
al
her
rage
and
fury
,
at
the
fulnes
of
time
she
brought
foorth
Arion
.
And
the
Arcadians
also
had
a
certaine
Denne
,
wherein
they
had
a
great
remembrance
of
this
rauishment
of
Ceres
,
sitting
in
a
Denne
,
wherein
they
say
she
hidde
hir selfe
from
all
creatures
,
and
whereunto
they
offer
diuine
worship
.
They
picture
her
in
a
colts
skinne
,
sitting
like
a
woman
in
all
parts
,
with
a
long
garment
downe
to
her
ancles
,
but
the
head
of
a
horsse
with
the
pictures
of
many
Dragons
,
and
other
such
wilde
beasts
,
holding
in
one
of
her
hands
a
Dolphin
,
and
in
the
other
a
Doue
.
By
all
which
it
is
not
easie
for
euery
man
to
knowe
and
conceiue
their
meaning
,
that
plenty
of
food
signified
by
Ceres
,
doth
not
only
maintaine
men
,
Fowls
,
Beasts
,
and
Fishes
,
but
also
the
immoderate
vse
therof
draweth
men
to
inordinate
lust
and
concupisence
,
and
that
the
Goddes
of
the
Heathen
were
more
rather
to
be
accounted
beastes
then
men
.
Diana
also
among
the
Arcadians
was
called
Eurippa
,
for
the
finding
out
of
those
Mares
which
Vlysses
had
lost
:
which
Vlysses
erected
a
statue
for
Neptune
the
greate
Ryder
,
and
they
say
that
Hippolitus
being
torne
in
pieces
by
Horsses
through
the
loue
of
Diana
,
and
skill
of
Aesculapius
,
by
the
vertue
of
certaine
Hearbes
hee
was
restored
vnto
life
againe
:
Whereupon
Iupiter
being
sore
vexed
and
angry
with
Aesculapius
for
such
an
inuention
,
deluding
as
it
were
the
fury
of
the
Goddes
,
killed
him
with
lightning
;
and
thrust
him
downe
to
hell
,
because
no
wretched
man
woulde
feare
death
if
such
deuises
might
take
place
:
which
fact
Virgil
describeth
in
these
verses
:
At
Triuia
Hippolitum
secretis
alma
recondit
Sedibus
&
nymphae
Aegeriae
nemorique
relegat
Solus
vbi
in
siluis
Italis
ignobilius
aeuum
Exigerit
,
versoque
vbi
nomine
virbius
esset
Vnde
etiam
Triuiae
templo
lucisque
sacratis
Cornipedes
arcentur
equi
quod
litore
currum
Et
iuuenem
Monstris
pauidi
effudere
marinis
.
The
Poets
also
do
attribute
vnto
the
night
,
blacke
horsses
,
and
vnto
the
day
white
.
Homer
saith
,
that
the
names
of
the
day-horsses
are
Lampus
&
Phaethon
,
to
the
moon
they
ascribe
two
horsses
,
one
blacke
and
another
white
,
the
reason
of
these
inuentions
,
for
the
day
and
the
night
is
,
to
signifie
their
speedy
course
or
reuolution
by
the
swiftnes
of
horsses
,
and
of
the
darkenes
of
the
night
by
the
blacke
horsses
,
and
the
light
of
the
day
by
the
white
,
and
the
Moone
which
for
the
most
part
is
hidde
and
couered
with
earth
,
Textor
.
both
encreasing
and
decreasing
,
they
had
the
same
reason
to
signifie
her
shadowed
part
by
a
black
horse
,
and
her
bright
part
by
a
white
one
.
The
like
fixtion
they
had
of
H●c●te
,
whom
Ausonias
calleth
Tergemina
,
because
shee
is
described
with
the
heade
of
a
Horsse
,
Heltodorus
a
Dogge
,
and
a
wilde
Man
,
the
horsse
on
the
right
hand
,
the
Dogge
on
the
left
hand
,
and
the
wilde
man
in
the
middle
:
whereby
they
declared
,
how
vulgar
,
illiterate
,
and
vnciuilized
men
,
do
participate
in
their
conditions
,
the
labors
and
enuy
of
brute
beasts
.
We
may
also
read
in
the
Annales
of
Tacitus
,
that
in
his
time
there
was
a
Temple
raised
to
Equestriall
fortune
,
that
is
,
for
the
honor
of
them
which
managed
horsses
to
their
owne
profit
,
and
the
good
of
their
countrey
,
and
that
Fuluius
the
Praetor
in
Spaine
,
because
he
obtained
a
victory
against
the
Celtiberians
,
by
the
valiant
diligence
of
his
horssemen
,
was
the
first
that
builded
that
temple
.
Likewise
,
there
was
another
temple
in
Baeotis
for
the
same
cause
dedicated
vnto
Hercules
.
Coelius
The
auncient
Pagans
call
the
Godde
of
Horsses
H●ppona
,
as
the
Godde
of
Oxen
B●bona
.
It
is
also
apparant
,
that
many
Nations
vse
to
Sacrifice
horsses
,
for
at
S●lentinuma
horsse
was
cast
aliue
into
the
fyre
and
offered
to
Iupiter
.
Likewise
the
L●cedemonians
sacrifyced
a
horse
to
the
winds
:
Gyraldus
at
Rome
also
they
sacrificed
a
horse
to
Mars
,
&
therof
cam
the
terme
of
Equus
October
,
which
was
sacrificed
euery
yeare
in
October
in
Campus
Martius
.
This
horsse
was
often
taken
out
of
a
chariot
,
which
was
a
Conqueror
in
race
,
&
stood
on
the
right
hand
,
assone
as
he
was
killed
som
one
caried
his
taile
to
a
place
called
Regia
,
and
for
his
head
there
was
a
continuall
combate
betwixt
the
inhabitants
of
the
streetes
(
Suburra
)
and
(
S●c●auia
)
which
of
them
should
possesse
it
:
for
the
Suburans
would
haue
fastened
it
to
the
wal
of
Regia
,
and
the
Sacrauiens
to
the
Tower
Mamillia
.
The
reason
why
they
sacrifyced
a
horse
,
some
haue
coniecturd
because
the
Romans
were
the
off
spring
of
the
Troyans
,
and
they
being
deceiued
by
a
horsse
,
their
posterity
made
that
Sacrifice
for
punishment
of
horsses
:
but
it
is
more
reasonable
,
that
because
they
Sacrificed
a
conquering
horsse
,
〈◊〉
they
did
it
onely
for
the
honour
of
Mars
(
the
god
of
victorie
)
or
els
because
they
would
signifie
,
that
flying
awaie
in
battell
was
to
be
punished
by
the
example
of
sacrificing
of
a
swift
horsse
.
The
Carmani
did
also
worship
Mars
,
and
because
they
had
no
horsses
to
vse
in
warre
,
they
were
forced
to
vse
Asses
,
for
which
cause
they
Sacrificed
an
Asse
vnto
him
.
There
is
another
fable
amongst
the
Poets
,
that
the
Methimnaeans
were
commaunded
by
the
Oracle
to
cast
a
Virgin
into
the
Se●
to
Neptune
,
which
they
performd
:
now
there
was
a
yong
man
whose
name
was
(
Ennallus
)
which
was
in
loue
with
the
said
Virgin
,
and
seeing
hir
in
●he
Waters
,
swum
after
her
to
saue
her
,
but
both
of
them
were
couered
with
the
waters
of
the
Sea
,
yet
after
a
certaine
space
,
Ennallus
returned
backe
again
,
and
brought
newes
that
the
virgin
liued
among
the
pharies
of
the
Sea
,
and
that
he
after
that
he
had
kept
Neptunes
horses
,
by
the
helpe
of
a
great
waue
,
escaped
awaie
by
swimming
;
for
the
poets
fain
that
Neptunes
chariot
was
drawn
by
horsses
of
the
sea
,
acording
to
these
verses
of
Gilius
:
Non
aliter
quotiens
perlabitur
aequora
curru
Extremamque
petit
Phaebaea
cubilia
Tethyn
Fraenatis
neptunus
equis
.
They
also
faine
that
the
Sunne
is
drawne
with
two
swift
white
Horsses
,
Idolatry
by
the
pictures
of
Horsses
from
whence
came
that
abhomination
,
that
the
Kings
of
Iudaea
had
erected
Horsses
and
Chariots
in
honor
of
the
Sunne
,
which
were
set
at
the
entrance
of
the
Temple
of
the
Lord
;
which
Horsses
were
destroyed
by
Iosias
,
as
we
reade
in
holy
Scripture
.
Munster
.
And
the
manner
of
their
abhomination
was
,
that
when
they
did
worship
to
the
Sunne
,
they
roade
vpon
those
Horsses
from
the
entrance
of
the
Temple
to
the
chamber
of
Nethan-melech
.
The
Persians
also
sacrificed
a
Horsse
to
Apollo
according
to
these
verses
of
Ouid
:
Placat
equum
Persis
,
radij
hyperiona
cinctus
Ne
detur
sceleri
victima
tarda
deo
.
And
for
this
cause
the
Masagetes
sacrificed
a
horsse
(
the
swiftest
of
all
Beasts
)
vnto
the
sun
,
the
swiftest
of
all
the
Gods
.
Philostratus
also
recordeth
,
that
Palamedes
gaue
charge
to
the
Graecians
to
sacrifice
to
the
Sunne
rising
a
white
horsse
.
The
Rhodians
in
honor
of
the
Sun
did
cast
yearly
away
into
the
Sea
,
the
Chariots
dedicated
to
the
Sunne
,
in
imagination
that
the
Sunne
was
carried
about
the
World
in
a
Chariot
,
drawen
by
sixe
Horsses
.
As
the
Army
of
the
Persians
did
proceede
forward
on
their
iournie
,
The
ceremony
of
the
Persians
going
to
war
the
fire
which
they
did
(
call
holy
and
eternall
)
was
lifted
vp
on
Siluer
alters
:
Presently
after
this
,
there
followed
the
Wise-men
,
and
after
those
wise-men
came
165.
young
men
,
being
cloathed
with
as
many
red
little-garments
as
there
are
daies
in
the
year
:
Instantly
vpon
the
same
,
came
the
holy
Chariots
of
Iupiter
,
which
was
drawne
by
white
Horsses
:
after
which
,
with
a
resplendant
magnitude
the
Horsse
of
the
Sun
was
seene
to
appeare
(
for
so
it
was
called
)
and
this
was
the
manner
of
their
sacrifice
.
Coelius
The
King
of
Indians
also
(
as
is
said
)
when
the
daies
began
to
waxe
long
,
he
descended
downe
to
the
Riuer
Indus
,
and
thereunto
sacrificed
black
Horsses
and
Buls
,
for
the
Buls
in
ancient
time
were
consecrated
to
the
riuers
,
and
horsses
also
were
throwne
therinto
aliue
,
Varrmus
as
the
Troians
did
into
Xanthus
.
The
Veneti
(
which
worshiped
Diomedes
with
singuler
honor
)
did
sacrifice
to
him
a
whit
horsse
:
when
the
Thebanes
made
war
on
the
Lacedaemonians
,
Strabo
it
is
said
that
Caedasus
apeared
in
a
vision
to
Pelapidas
,
one
of
the
Thebane
Captaines
,
and
told
him
that
now
the
Lacedaemonians
were
a
Laeuctra
,
and
would
take
vengance
vpon
the
Thebanes
,
and
their
Daughters
;
Whereupon
Pelapidas
to
auert
that
mischiefe
,
caused
a
young
foale
to
be
gallantly
attired
,
and
the
day
before
they
ioyned
battel
,
to
be
led
to
a
Sepulcher
of
their
virgins
,
and
ther
to
be
killed
and
sacrificed
.
The
Thessalians
obserued
this
custome
at
their
marriges
and
nuptial
sacrifices
,
the
man
tooke
a
Horsse
of
War
armed
and
furnished
,
which
he
led
into
the
Temple
,
after
the
sacrifice
ended
he
deliuered
the
raines
of
the
bridle
into
the
hands
of
his
Wife
who
led
the
same
Horsse
home
againe
,
but
for
what
signification
or
cause
this
rite
was
obserued
,
Plutarch
.
Aelianus
which
relateth
the
story
sheweth
not
,
but
saieth
he
referreth
himselfe
to
the
Thessalians
to
declare
their
owne
reasons
of
this
obseruation
,
and
thus
much
shall
suffice
concerning
the
sacrificing
of
Horsses
.
Another
moral-honor
done
vnto
them
was
their
burial
;
The
burial
of
Horses
For
we
haue
shewed
already
that
Volucer
the
Horsse
of
Verus
the
Emperour
was
honourably
buried
,
the
Mares
of
Cinon
which
had
won
three
games
at
Olympus
,
were
likewise
interred
neare
his
owne
body
.
The
Scithians
at
the
burial
of
their
kings
vsed
for
to
strangle
one
of
his
harlots
,
his
cupberer
,
his
Cooke
,
his
Horsse-keeper
,
his
messenger
,
and
also
Horsses
and
other
cattell
;
and
after
a
yeare
they
do
this
the
second
time
;
taking
fifty
of
his
dearest
seruantes
which
were
natural
Scythians
and
strangled
them
;
Likewise
fifty
of
his
best
Horsses
,
out
of
whose
bellies
they
pul
out
their
bowels
and
guttes
,
and
filling
their
bellies
vppe
againe
with
chaffe
,
they
sowe
them
vp
:
then
make
they
halfe
an
arch
vpon
two
posts
standing
vpright
,
and
likewise
the
other
halfe
vpon
two
other
postes
ouer
the
kings
graue
;
Likewise
fastening
in
the
earth
diuers
other
sharp
posts
vpon
which
they
put
the
fifty
horsses
,
so
fastening
them
with
thicke
pieces
of
timber
al
along
their
neck
and
back
,
so
that
the
shoulders
of
the
horses
rest
vpon
the
fore-arch
and
their
bellies
on
the
hinder
,
their
legs
standing
vpward
,
then
bridle
they
the
horsses
,
and
stretch
foorth
the
reynes
of
their
bridles
vnto
the
poastes
of
the
earth
,
afterwards
vpon
euery
one
of
the
dead
horsses
they
lay
a
dead
man
,
putting
a
stake
through
his
backe
out
of
his
necke
,
and
the
ne●ther
part
of
the
said
stake
they
fasten
in
the
poste
,
which
pierceth
or
goeth
thorough
the
horsse
,
and
thus
hauing
compassed
about
the
graue
of
their
king
,
with
such
horsses
and
horsse-men
,
they
depart
,
leauing
both
one
and
the
other
to
the
consumption
of
nature
,
and
after
this
manner
did
they
bury
all
their
kings
.
Adrian
buried
his
hunting
horsse
,
Enomaus
his
Mares
,
Partheria
and
Eripha
.
Likewise
Miltiades
,
〈◊〉
.
Euagoras
,
and
Augustus
the
Emperor
:
At
Agrigentum
also
there
are
many
Piramides
erected
vpon
the
sepulchres
of
horsses
,
and
thus
much
shal
suffice
for
the
buriall
of
horsses
.
Aelianus
.
●●iny
.
We
haue
shewed
you
already
how
men
and
women
haue
bin
transformed
into
horses
,
according
to
the
fiction
of
the
Poets
,
as
of
Saturne
,
Iupiter
,
Neptune
,
Ceres
,
Hippes
,
and
Ocyrrhoes
the
daughtrrs
of
Chiron
.
●●lus
Predictions
〈…〉
by
horses
In
like
sort
there
haue
beene
predictions
or
ostentations
of
things
to
come
,
taken
from
a
Wolfe
,
a
Fox
,
and
a
Serpent
,
and
a
Horsse
,
which
were
called
Auspicia
Pedestria
.
Dreames
also
haue
beene
declared
by
horsses
,
for
Publius
Vatinius
in
the
Macedonian
warre
,
comming
towards
Rome
in
the
night
time
,
supposed
he
saw
two
yong
men
of
excellent
beauty
to
meet
him
,
and
tell
him
that
Perses
the
king
was
taken
by
Paulus
,
which
thing
he
declared
to
the
Senate
,
but
was
by
them
put
into
prison
as
a
contemner
of
the
Maiesty
and
honor
of
that
Captaine
,
but
afterwards
it
appeard
by
the
letters
of
Paul
that
Perses
was
taken
that
very
day
;
whereupon
Vatinius
was
deliuered
out
of
prison
,
and
rewarded
with
land
and
liberty
.
●●ler
.
Max.
It
also
apeareth
that
the
same
day
that
Castor
and
Pollux
washed
away
the
sweat
of
them selues
and
their
horsses
,
in
the
lake
of
Iuturne
,
that
they
watched
for
the
safety
of
the
Roman
Empire
,
and
their
Temple
which
was
ioyned
to
the
same
fountain
being
fast
locked
,
vpon
a
suddaine
flew
open
without
the
hand
of
man
.
Aenaeas
also
in
Virgill
saith
,
that
he
knew
war
woulde
follow
by
the
appearance
of
foure
horsses
,
which
in
a
green
field
set
vpon
a
whole
campe
,
whereuppon
in
Virgill
he
speaketh
thus
to
Anchises
.
Quatuor
hic
,
primum
omen
Equos
in
gramine
vidi
Trudentes
campum
late
candore
nouali
Et
pater
Anchises
bellum
o
terra
hospita
partes
Bello
armantur
equi
,
bellum
haec
armenta
minantur
Sed
tamen
ijdem
olim
curru
succedere
sueti
Quadrupedes
&
fraena
iugo
concordia
ferre
Spes
est
pacis
ait
.
Lucan
also
speaketh
to
the
same
purpose
that
horsses
presage
warre
;
Primus
ab
aequorea
percussis
cuspide
saxis
Thessalicus
sonipes
bellis
feralibus
omen
Exiluit
.
Alexander
also
writeth
,
that
the
Germans
were
wont
to
bring
vp
white
horsses
which
wer
neuer
vsed
to
labour
,
by
whose
neighing
they
were
forewarned
of
warres
,
and
of
other
strange
euentes
.
It
is
vulgarly
knowne
how
Darius
came
to
the
kingdome
of
Persia
,
after
it
was
agreed
amongst
the
seuen
princes
,
that
he
whose
horsse
did
first
neigh
in
the
morning
in
a
place
appointed
,
should
be
saluted
king
,
Ebares
his
rider
in
the
night
time
tooke
one
of
the
Mares
which
he
knew
his
maisters
horsse
loued
,
and
ledd
her
into
the
suburbs
,
and
there
tied
her
,
afterward
he
brought
thither
Darius
his
horse
,
and
led
him
about
hir
2.
or
three
times
,
and
at
length
suffered
him
to
couer
her
,
and
so
ledde
them
both
away
togither
.
In
the
next
morning
the
princes
met
as
soone
as
day
brake
,
and
road
vp
and
down
the
subburbs
,
vntil
at
last
they
came
to
the
place
where
the
Mare
of
Darius
was
tied
the
night
before
,
whereunto
the
horsse
of
Darius
ran
neighing
strongly
,
and
presently
it
thundered
and
lightned
in
a
cleere
day
:
whereuppon
the
residue
of
the
princes
alighted
from
their
horses
,
and
did
reuerence
to
king
Darius
,
whom
by
diuine
appointment
was
thus
aduanced
to
the
Scepter
.
Although
there
be
some
that
say
Ebores
by
handling
of
a
Mares
genitall
and
keeping
his
hand
warme
,
vntill
they
came
to
the
place
aforesaide
,
there
stroking
the
Nostrils
of
his
maisters
horsse
,
caused
him
thus
to
neigh
and
win
the
kingdome
,
yet
I
rather
incline
to
the
former
opinion
which
was
related
by
Herodotus
in
his
Thalia
.
There
haue
also
beene
horsses
of
strange
fashions
,
for
as
we
haue
shewed
already
,
that
a
Mare
did
bring
forth
a
Hare
,
so
also
(
Liuy
sayth
)
an
Oxe
did
bring
foorth
a
Foale
.
Of
Monster
horse
.
Nero
did
shew
certaine
Hermaphrodite
mares
,
wherewithall
his
chariot
was
drawne
,
which
was
a
thing
worth
the
sight
,
that
the
Monarcke
of
the
worlde
should
sit
vpon
Monsters
.
Iulius
Caesar
had
a
horsse
which
had
clouen
hooues
like
a
mans
fingers
,
and
because
he
was
foaled
at
that
time
when
the
south-sayers
had
pronounced
that
hee
should
haue
the
gouernment
of
the
world
,
therefore
he
nourished
him
carefully
,
Pli●ius
and
neuer
permitted
any
man
to
backe
him
but
himselfe
,
which
afterwards
he
dedicated
in
the
Temple
of
Venus
,
for
he
conceiued
,
that
such
a
strange
beast
bredde
in
his
owne
flocke
was
a
prediction
vnto
him
of
great
honor
.
The
Palatine
of
Vilua
had
a
horsse
soled
with
fiue
legs
,
Dion
.
Coelius
and
Henry
the
count
-
Palatine
had
likewise
a
horsse
with
sixe
legs
:
Thus
much
may
suffice
for
the
monster
horsses
.
In
the
next
place
it
is
good
to
enquire
what
the
Centaures
are
,
who
are
described
by
the
Poets
to
haue
their
forepar●like
men
,
and
their
hinder
part
like
horsses
,
Of
Centaurs
the
occasion
wherof
is
thus
related
by
Pindarus
:
that
Centauru
the
Sonne
of
Ixion
,
committed
buggery
wich
the
mares
of
Magnetia
,
vnder
the
mountaine
Pelius
,
from
whence
came
that
monstrous
birth
in
the
vpper
part
resembling
the
father
and
in
the
neather
the
mother
.
These
faith
he
possessed
the
mountaines
and
desart
places
of
Thessaly
,
being
giuen
to
all
manner
of
Latrociny
and
Depraedation
.
They
were
called
also
Hippocentauri
:
And
some
saye
that
they
were
first
of
all
nourished
by
the
Nimphes
in
the
mountaine
Pelius
,
who
afterwards
being
the
first
that
tamed
horsses
,
were
thought
to
be
halfe
men
,
and
halfe
horses
,
because
they
were
seene
backward
,
and
from
hence
came
the
fable
that
they
were
tamed
by
Hercules
,
which
was
one
of
his
greatest
labours
:
But
yet
that
no
man
may
wonder
or
thinke
it
impossible
that
such
monstrous
creatures
should
haue
existence
in
nature
,
these
authorities
following
may
perswade
sufficiently
.
Plutarch
in
his
banker
of
wisemen
,
affirmeth
,
there
was
a
horsse-keeper
which
broght
into
the
house
of
Periander
an
infant
or
rather
a
monster
which
he
had
got
vpon
a
Mare
,
which
had
the
head
,
necke
,
hands
and
voice
o●
a
child
,
and
the
other
partes
like
a
horsse
,
Diocles
presently
iudged
it
to
bee
a
monster
,
and
signified
contentions
and
strifes
in
the
world
.
But
Thales
told
Periander
he
was
of
another
opinion
,
namely
,
that
it
was
no
monster
,
but
a
meere
naturall
birth
from
such
a
copulation
,
and
therefore
aduised
Periander
,
that
either
he
should
keepe
no
riders
,
or
els
let
them
haue
wiues
.
Claudius
Caesar
also
writeth
,
that
in
the
time
of
his
raigne
there
was
such
a
one
borne
in
Thessaly
,
which
dyed
the
same
day
it
was
borne
:
and
Pliny
that
he
afterwards
saw
it
seasoned
in
hony
,
brought
out
of
Egypt
to
be
shewed
to
the
Emperor
.
These
Centaures
Homer
calleth
Feray
,
that
is
Ferae
,
wilde
persons
.
The
Lapithae
and
the
Centaures
are
said
to
be
very
like
the
one
to
the
other
and
were
also
once
very
louing
,
but
they
fell
afterwards
to
deadly
war
,
by
reason
the
Centaures
in
a
banket
being
drunk
,
offered
to
rauish
the
famals
of
the
Lapithae
,
for
which
cause
the
Lopithae
slew
them
in
their
iealosie
,
wheron
fell
a
mortal
war
,
whereby
the
poets
signifie
how
intemperancy
in
men
&
beasts
doth
not
only
bring
with
it
other
sins
,
but
also
causeth
much
slaughter
.
And
so
I
conclude
the
story
of
Centaures
,
holding
it
possible
that
such
should
be
generated
by
vncleane
and
vnnaturall
copulation
,
but
vnpossible
that
they
should
liue
long
after
birth
,
and
therefore
the
Centaurs
of
the
Poets
are
nothing
els
but
men
sitting
on
horssebacke
,
mistaken
for
one
entire
creature
which
were
diuided
,
and
so
I
conclude
with
the
verse
of
Horace
:
Humano
capiti
cernicem
pictor
Equinan
Hoc
monstrum
puto
Centaurus
foret
.
Of
the
statues
and
figures
of
Horsses
.
IT
is
was
no
smal
dignity
that
the
ancient
Cephalenes
did
stamp
their
mony
with
the
picture
of
a
horsse
,
for
surely
from
them
it
came
,
〈◊〉
.
that
coine
was
firste
of
all
called
currant
,
because
of
the
ymage
of
a
speedy
horsse
,
wherewithall
it
wes
imprinted
.
Textor
also
writeth
,
that
amongest
the
auncientes
there
was
a
custome
to
make
the
Character
of
a
horsse
in
the
forehead
of
a
boud-slaue
,
there
was
also
ymages
of
horssemen
and
horsses
renowned
in
many
countries
for
the
honor
of
both
,
such
were
the
statues
of
the
Amazons
(
cald
Hippiades
(
who
by
Lysias
the
Oratour
are
saide
to
be
the
first
that
euer
backed
horsses
:
Such
was
the
statue
of
Claelia
,
Quintus
Martius
;
Tremulus
,
Domitianus
,
and
manye
other
both
men
and
women
:
for
the
Romaines
had
the
Equestriall
statues
in
great
reuerence
and
ceremony
,
no
doubt
in
imitation
of
the
Graecians
,
but
with
this
difference
,
that
they
pictured
none
but
the
swift
horsses
,
but
the
Romans
,
horsses
and
chariots
,
and
from
hence
came
the
custome
to
haue
chariots
in
triumph
.
But
this
custome
to
haue
six
horsses
in
a
chariot
was
brought
in
last
of
all
by
Augustus
.
Aristolemus
pictured
the
chariots
and
wagener
.
Pisicrates
the
woman
Pitho
,
with
a
wagon
.
Eut●●crates
the
sonne
of
Lysippus
expressed
the
Equestriall
combate
at
the
Oracle
of
Troph●nium
with
singular
art
,
also
many
Chariots
of
Medea
,
the
horsse
and
his
cariage
:
there
were
also
〈…〉
chariots
at
Rome
in
the
porch
of
Iupiters
Temple
,
as
we
haue
shewed
before
in
the
discourse
of
chariots
.
When
Constantinus
the
great
took
a
view
of
the
citie
of
Rome
,
and
passing
from
place
to
place
,
came
at
length
to
Forum
Traiani
,
the
most
exquisite
building
of
all
the
world
,
he
st●od
amazed
at
the
admirable
frame
of
Giants
,
which
were
lineally
deciphered
therein
,
whereof
disparing
to
imitate
any
part
of
that
worke
,
he
chose
onely
to
erect
the
picture
of
such
a
horsse
&
prince
,
Amianus
as
in
the
middle
of
the
same
was
erected
,
in
remembrance
of
Traiane
▪
and
so
much
he
intimated
to
his
followers
:
close
by
him
stood
that
princely
Hormisda●a
(
a
persian
)
who
made
the
Emperor
this
answere
:
Ante
imperator
stabulum
tale
condi
iu●eto
si
vales
:
Equus
quem
fabrica●e
disponis
ita
late
succedat
vt
iste
quem
videmus
:
O
Noble
Empe.
before
you
make
such
a
horsse
,
first
of
all
builde
such
a
stable
;
that
your
worke
in
all
parts
may
be
correspondent
to
this
which
you
propose
vnto
your selfe
to
imitate
.
M●●●llus
the
Macedonian
raised
two
porches
which
were
compassed
about
with
two
horsses
,
without
inscription
or
dedication
,
which
now
are
compassed
with
the
porches
of
Octauia
,
&
the
row
of
Equestrial
statues
in
the
front
of
the
said
buildings
,
now
the
greatest
ornament
of
that
place
,
he
also
brought
out
of
Macedonia
.
And
it
is
said
that
Alexander
the
great
caused
Lysippus
(
that
singular
workeman
)
to
frame
the
pictures
of
all
those
knights
which
in
his
company
were
slaine
at
the
Riuer
Granicum
,
and
also
to
place
his
owne
picture
amongst
them
.
In
the
citty
of
Rome
there
are
two
mountaines
called
Equilini
,
in
one
of
them
are
the
ba●hes
of
Dic●lesian
,
and
the
great
Marble
horsses
,
with
two
men
halfe
naked
,
holdinge
their
reines
,
being
most
singular
workemanship
,
whereof
one
hath
this
inscription
in
latine
letters
Opus
Praxitelis
,
the
work
of
Praxitiles
,
the
other
Opus
Phidiae
the
work
of
Phidias
:
and
it
is
cleare
,
that
they
were
brought
thither
by
Tyridates
king
of
Armenia
,
for
whose
entertainment
Nero
caused
the
Theatre
of
Pompey
to
be
couered
all
ouer
with
gold
in
the
space
of
one
daie
.
C●pontinus
The
story
of
the
Troian
horsse
is
vulgarlie
known
,
which
is
also
caled
Equus
Durateus
,
or
Durens
,
wherein
Graecian
princes
hid
themselues
,
when
they
tooke
Troy
,
according
to
these
verses
:
Nec
cum
duratens
Troianis
pergama
partu
Inflammascit
Equus
nocturno
graiugenarum
.
The
truth
whereof
standeth
thus
,
the
Graecians
making
shew
that
they
had
vowed
a
vow
vnto
Pallas
,
framed
a
horsse
of
so
great
bignes
,
that
it
coulde
not
be
taken
into
Troy
,
except
the
gates
were
pulled
downe
;
and
this
they
placed
hard
to
the
wals
of
Troy
:
Sinon
(
the
counterfet
runagat
)
being
then
within
the
wals
among
the
Troyans
,
perswaded
them
to
pull
downe
their
wals
and
pul
in
that
wooden
horsse
;
affirming
that
if
they
could
get
it
,
Pallas
would
stand
so
friendly
to
them
that
the
Graecians
should
neuer
be
able
to
mooue
warre
against
them
:
wherefore
they
pull
downe
their
gates
,
and
part
of
their
wall
,
and
by
that
meanes
do
bring
the
horsse
into
the
citty
:
while
the
Troyans
were
thus
reuelling
and
making
merry
with
themselues
,
and
not
thinking
of
any
harme
might
ensue
vpon
them
,
the
leaders
of
the
Graecian
army
who
by
deceit
all
this
while
kept
themselues
close
hid
,
(
euer
since
which
time
the
Graecians
are
tearmed
of
all
nations
deceitfull
)
on
a
suddaine
rose
out
of
their
lurking
places
,
and
so
going
forward
inuaded
the
citty
,
being
destitute
of
any
defence
,
and
by
this
meanes
subdewed
it
.
Others
are
of
opinion
,
that
the
poets
fiction
of
the
Troyan
horsse
,
was
no
other
but
this
,
that
there
was
a
mountaine
neare
Troy
called
Equus
,
and
by
aduantage
thereof
Troy
was
taken
,
whereunto
Virgill
seemeth
to
alude
,
saying
;
Instar
montis
Equum
diuina
Palladis
arte
Aedificant
.
For
they
saie
that
Pallas
and
Epeus
made
the
horsse
,
and
therefore
I
coniecture
,
that
the
Troian
horsse
was
nothing
else
but
an
engine
of
war
,
like
vnto
that
which
is
called
Aries
:
For
(
Pausanias
saith
)
that
Epeus
was
the
inuenter
,
thereof
.
And
Higintas
saith
,
that
the
Troyan
horsse
was
Machina
oppugnatoira
,
a
deuise
of
war
,
to
ouerthrow
the
wals
.
Of
this
horsse
there
was
a
brazen
image
at
Athens
in
Acropolis
,
with
this
inscription
,
Chaeridemus
,
Fuangeli
filius
caelenenatus
dicauit
.
When
Alexander
looked
vpon
his
own
picture
at
Ephesus
which
Apelles
had
drawne
with
all
his
skill
,
the
king
did
not
commend
it
according
to
the
worth
thereof
:
It
fortuned
that
a
horsse
was
brought
into
the
roome
,
who
presentlie
neighed
at
the
picture
of
Alexanders
horsse
,
smelling
vnto
it
as
to
a
liuing
horsse
,
where
at
Apelles
spake
thus
to
the
king
:
Ho
men
Hippos
eoice
sou
graphicoteros
Cata
polu
.
That
is
to
say
:
the
horsse
is
a
better
discerner
of
truth
then
you
.
There
was
one
Phormis
which
went
from
Maenalus
in
Arcadia
into
Scicilia
,
to
serue
Gelon
the
Sonne
of
Dinomenes
,
vnder
whom
and
his
brother
Hiero
he
arose
to
great
estate
of
wealth
,
and
therefore
he
gaue
many
guifts
to
Apollo
at
Delphos
,
and
made
two
brazen
horsses
with
their
riders
at
Olympia
,
setting
Dionisius
the
Graecian
vpon
one
,
and
Simon
Egenenta
vpon
the
other
.
Aemilius
Censorinus
(
a
cruel
Tirant
in
Scicilia
)
bestowed
great
gifts
vpon
such
as
could
inuent
new
kind
of
Torments
;
there
was
one
Aruntius
Paterculus
,
hoping
to
receiue
from
him
some
great
reward
made
a
brazen
horsse
,
and
presented
it
to
the
Tirant
:
to
include
therein
such
as
he
should
condemne
to
death
:
at
the
receipt
whereof
Aemilius
which
was
neuer
iust
before
,
first
of
all
put
the
author
into
it
,
that
he
might
take
experience
how
cursed
a
thing
it
was
to
minister
vnto
crueltie
.
Apelles
also
painted
Clytus
on
horsse-backe
hastening
to
war
,
and
his
armour
bearer
reaching
his
helmet
vnto
him
,
so
liuely
,
that
other
dumb
beasts
were
affraid
of
his
horsse
.
And
excellent
was
the
skil
of
Nealces
who
had
so
pictured
a
horsse
foaming
that
the
beholders
were
wont
to
take
their
handkerchefs
to
wipe
it
from
his
mouth
:
and
thus
much
for
the
morrall
vses
of
horsses
.
Of
the
seuerall
diseases
of
Horsses
and
their
cures
.
SEeing
in
this
discourse
I
haue
principally
aymed
at
the
pleasure
,
delight
,
and
profitte
of
Englishmen
,
I
haue
thought
good
to
discource
of
the
diseases
of
horsses
and
their
cures
in
the
words
of
our
owne
countrymen
M.
Blundevile
,
and
M.
Markham
,
whose
works
of
these
matters
are
to
be
recorded
like
the
Illiads
of
Homer
in
many
places
and
seuerall
Monumentes
,
to
the
the
entent
that
enuy
or
Barbarisme
may
neuer
be
able
to
burie
them
in
obliuion
,
or
neglect
to
root
them
out
of
the
world
,
without
the
losse
of
other
memorable
labors
.
Wherefore
good
Reader
,
for
the
ensuing
Tractate
of
diseases
and
cure
;
compiled
by
them
,
after
that
I
had
read
ouer
the
labors
of
C.
Gesner
,
and
compared
it
with
them
,
finding
nothing
of
substance
in
him
,
which
is
not
more
materially
,
perspicuously
,
profitably
,
and
familiarly
,
either
extracted
or
expressed
by
them
,
in
a
method
most
fitting
this
Hystory
,
I
haue
thoght
good
to
follow
them
in
the
description
of
the
disease
and
the
remedy
,
first
(
according
to
time
)
declaring
them
in
the
words
of
M.
Blund
.
and
afterwards
in
the
words
of
M.
Markam
methodically
one
after
the
other
in
the
same
place
:
wherwithal
I
trust
the
liuing
authors
will
not
be
displeased
,
that
so
you
may
with
one
labour
examin
both
;
and
I
hope
,
that
neither
they
nor
any
of
their
friends
or
Schollers
shall
receiue
any
iuste
cause
of
offence
,
by
adding
this
part
of
their
studies
to
our
labors
,
neither
their
bookes
imprinted
,
be
any
way
disgraced
or
hindered
,
but
rather
reuiued
,
renobled
,
and
honoured
.
To
beginne
therefore
(
saith
Maister
Blundeuill
)
after
the
discourse
of
the
nature
of
a
horsse
followeth
those
things
which
are
against
nature
,
the
knowledge
whereof
is
as
need
fully
profitable
as
the
other
.
Things
against
nature
be
those
whereby
the
heathfull
estate
of
a
horsse-body
is
decayed
,
which
are
in
number
three
.
That
is
,
the
causes
,
the
sicknes
,
and
the
accidentes
;
of
the
two
first
in
order
,
and
the
other
promiscuously
as
neede
requireth
.
Of
causes
and
kinds
thereof
.
THe
causes
of
sickenes
be
vnnaturall
affects
,
or
euill
dispositions
preceding
sicknesse
,
and
prouoking
the
same
,
which
of
themselues
do
not
hinder
the
actions
of
the
bodye
,
but
by
meanes
of
sicknesse
comming
betwixt
.
Blundevile
Of
causes
,
some
be
called
internal
,
and
some
Externall
.
Internall
be
those
that
breede
within
the
body
of
the
beast
,
as
euill
iuice
.
Externall
be
those
that
chance
outwardly
to
the
body
,
as
heat
,
cold
,
or
the
stinging
of
a
Serpent
,
and
such
like
.
In
knowing
the
cause
of
euery
disease
,
consisteth
the
chiefe
skill
of
the
Ferrer
.
For
vnlesse
he
knoweth
the
cause
of
the
disease
,
it
is
impossible
for
him
to
cure
it
wel
and
skilfully
.
And
therefore
I
wish
al
Ferrers
to
be
diligent
in
seeking
to
know
the
causes
of
all
diseases
,
as
wel
in
the
parts
similer
,
as
instrumentall
▪
and
to
know
whether
such
causes
be
simple
,
or
compound
:
for
as
they
be
simple
or
compound
,
so
do
they
engender
simple
or
compound
diseases
.
Of
sicknesse
what
it
is
,
and
how
many
generall
kinds
there
be
,
also
with
what
order
the
diseases
of
Horsses
are
heerein
declared
.
And
finally
,
of
the
foure
times
,
belonging
to
euery
sicknesse
.
SIcknes
is
an
euill
affect
contrary
to
nature
,
hindring
of
it selfe
,
some
action
of
the
body
.
Of
sickenes
there
be
three
generall
kindes
,
whereof
the
firste
consisteth
in
the
parts
simyler
;
the
second
in
the
parts
instrumental
:
and
the
third
in
both
parts
togither
.
The
first
kind
,
is
called
of
the
Latines
Intemper●es
,
that
is
to
say
,
euill
temperature
,
which
is
either
simple
or
compound
.
It
is
simple
,
when
one
quality
onlie
doth
abound
or
exceed
too
much
,
as
to
be
too
hot
or
too
cold
;
it
is
compound
,
as
when
manie
qualities
do
exceed
,
as
when
the
body
is
too
hot
and
too
drie
,
or
too
cold
and
too
moist
.
The
second
kind
is
called
Mala
constitutio
,
that
is
to
say
,
an
euil
state
or
composition
,
which
is
to
be
considered
,
eyther
by
the
shape
,
number
,
quantity
,
or
sight
of
the
member
,
or
part
euell
affected
or
diseased
.
The
thirde
kind
is
called
Vnitatis
solutio
,
that
is
to
saie
,
the
loosening
or
diuision
of
the
vnitie
,
which
as
it
may
chaunce
diuerslie
;
so
it
hath
diuers
names
accordinglie
:
for
if
such
solution
or
diuision
be
in
a
bone
,
then
it
is
called
a
fracture
,
if
it
be
in
anie
fleshie
part
,
then
it
is
called
a
wounde
or
vlcer
;
in
the
vaines
a
rupture
,
in
the
sinnews
a
conuulsion
or
crampe
,
and
in
the
skin
an
excoriation
.
Againe
,
of
diseases
,
some
be
called
long
,
and
some
sharpe
and
short
,
called
of
the
Latines
,
Morbi
accuti
,
which
be
perillous
,
and
do
quickly
kill
the
body
.
The
long
,
do
tarrye
longer
by
it
.
Yet
moreouer
there
is
sicknes
by
it selfe
,
and
sicknes
by
consent
.
Sicknesse
by
it selfe
,
is
that
which
being
in
some
member
,
hindereth
the
action
thereof
by
it selfe
.
Sicknesse
by
consent
,
is
deriued
out
of
one
member
into
another
,
through
the
neighborhood
and
community
that
is
betwixt
them
:
as
the
pain
of
the
head
which
commeth
from
the
stomacke
.
Thus
the
learned
Physitians
which
write
of
mans
body
,
do
diuide
sicknesse
.
But
Absirtus
writing
of
horsse-leach
craft
,
saith
of
that
sicknes
or
rather
malady
(
for
so
he
termeth
it
,
vsing
that
worde
as
a
generall
name
to
all
manner
of
diseases
that
be
in
a
horsse
)
there
be
foure
kinds
:
that
is
to
say
,
the
moist
malady
,
the
dry
malady
,
the
malady
of
the
ioynts
,
and
the
malady
betwixt
the
flesh
and
the
skin
.
The
moist
malady
is
that
which
we
call
the
Glanders
:
the
dry
maladie
is
an
incurable
consumption
,
which
some
perhaps
would
call
the
mourning
of
the
cheine
,
but
not
rightly
,
as
shall
well
appeare
vnto
you
heereafter
:
The
malady
of
the
ioynts
comprehendeth
al
griefes
and
sorances
that
be
in
the
ioyntes
:
And
the
malady
betwixt
the
flesh
and
the
skin
,
is
that
which
we
call
the
scab
:
vnto
which
foure
kindes
of
maladies
Vegetius
addeth
three
others
,
that
is
,
the
Farcine
,
the
paine
of
the
Reynes
or
Kidneys
,
and
the
cankered
Mangenesse
,
most
commonly
called
of
the
old
writers
the
Leprosie
;
and
so
maketh
seauen
kinds
of
maladies
,
vnder
which
all
other
particular
diseases
are
comprehended
.
Againe
,
Laurentius
Russius
,
vseth
an
other
kind
of
diuision
of
sicknes
.
Of
horsses
diseases
(
saith
he
)
some
be
naturall
,
and
some
accidentall
.
The
natural
be
those
that
do
come
either
through
the
excesse
,
or
lacke
of
engendring
seed
,
or
by
error
of
nature
,
in
missorming
the
young
,
or
else
by
some
defect
of
the
damme
or
sire
,
in
that
perhaps
they
be
diseased
within
,
and
haue
their
seed
corrupted
.
The
accidentall
diseases
be
those
that
come
by
chaunce
,
as
by
surfetting
of
cold
,
heat
,
and
such
like
thing
.
But
forasmuch
as
none
of
these
writers
doe
follow
their
owne
diuisions
,
nor
handle
the
partes
thereof
accordingly
:
to
auoide
their
confusion
,
and
to
teach
plainely
:
I
thought
good
and
profitable
therefore
to
vse
this
my
owne
diuision
and
order
heere
following
.
First
then
,
of
diseases
some
be
inward
,
and
some
be
outward
.
The
inward
be
those
that
breede
within
the
horsses
bodie
,
and
are
properly
called
maladies
and
diseases
,
whereof
some
do
ocupy
al
the
wholebodie
,
and
some
particular
parts
or
members
of
the
body
.
Of
those
then
that
occupie
all
the
body
,
and
not
be
accident
to
any
priuate
member
,
I
do
first
treat
,
as
of
Agues
,
of
the
Pestilence
,
and
such
like
,
and
then
of
those
that
be
incident
to
euery
particluar
member
,
beginning
at
the
head
,
and
so
proceede
orderly
throughout
all
the
members
,
euen
downe
to
the
sole
of
the
foot
,
obseruing
therein
so
nie
as
I
can
,
the
selfe
same
order
that
Galen
vseth
in
his
booke
,
De
locis
male
affectis
,
declaring
first
,
what
manner
of
disease
it
is
,
and
how
it
is
called
in
English
,
and
also
in
Italian
,
because
the
Kings
stable
is
neuer
without
Italian
riders
,
of
whome
our
Ferrers
haue
borrowed
many
names
,
as
you
shal
perceiue
heerafter
.
Then
the
causes
whereof
it
proceeds
,
and
the
signes
how
to
know
it
,
and
finally
,
the
cure
and
diet
belonging
to
the
same
,
and
because
I
find
not
inward
diseases
enow
to
answeare
euery
part
of
the
body
,
I
doe
not
let
to
enterlace
them
with
outward
diseases
,
incident
to
those
partes
,
yea
rather
,
I
leaue
out
no
outwarde
disease
belonging
to
anie
particular
member
,
and
to
the
entent
you
maie
the
better
know
to
what
diseases
or
sorances
euerie
part
or
member
of
the
horsses
bodie
is
most
commonly
subiect
.
And
note
by
the
way
,
that
I
call
those
outward
diseases
that
proceede
not
of
any
inwarde
cause
,
but
of
some
outwarde
cause
,
as
when
a
horsse
is
shouldered
by
meanes
of
some
outward
cause
,
or
his
backe
galled
with
the
saddle
,
or
his
sides
spurgalled
,
or
his
hooue
cloid
with
a
naile
,
and
such
like
,
which
properly
may
be
called
sorances
or
griefes
.
Thirdly
,
I
talke
of
those
diseases
as
wel
outward
as
inward
,
that
maie
indifferently
chance
in
anie
part
of
the
bdie
,
as
of
Impostumes
,
cankerous
Vlcers
,
Woundes
,
Fistules
,
Burninges
,
Brousinges
,
Breaking
of
bones
,
and
such
like
.
Fourthly
,
because
most
diseases
are
healed
either
by
letting
of
blood
,
by
taking
vp
of
vains
,
by
purgation
,
or
els
by
cauterisation
,
that
is
to
say
,
by
giuing
the
fire
:
I
talke
of
those
foure
necessary
things
seuerally
by
themselues
;
and
finally
,
I
shew
you
the
true
order
of
paring
and
shooing
all
manner
of
hooues
,
according
as
the
diuersity
of
hooues
require
:
and
to
the
intent
you
may
the
better
vnderstand
mee
,
you
haue
the
perfect
shapes
of
all
necessary
shooes
,
plainely
set
forth
in
figures
before
your
eyes
.
Thus
much
touching
mine
order
which
I
haue
hitherto
obserued
.
Now
it
is
necessary
to
know
,
that
to
euery
disease
or
malady
,
belongeth
foure
seuerall
times
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
beginning
,
the
increasing
,
the
state
,
and
declination
,
which
times
are
diligently
to
be
obserued
of
the
Ferrer
,
because
they
require
diuers
applying
of
medicine
:
for
that
medicine
which
was
meete
to
be
vsed
in
the
beginning
of
the
disease
,
perhaps
is
not
to
be
vsed
in
the
declination
thereof
:
and
that
which
is
requisite
,
and
very
needefull
,
to
be
applyed
in
the
state
or
chiefest
of
the
disease
,
may
be
very
dangerous
to
be
vsed
in
the
beginning
.
And
therefore
the
Ferrer
ought
to
be
a
man
of
iudgement
,
and
able
to
discerne
one
time
from
another
,
to
the
intent
he
may
apply
his
medicines
rightly
.
Hither
of
causes
and
sicknesse
in
generall
.
Now
it
is
also
meete
,
that
we
speake
in
generall
of
signes
whereby
sicknesse
is
knowne
.
Of
the
signes
of
sicknesse
in
generall
.
●●undevile
SIcknesse
according
to
the
learned
Physitians
,
is
knowne
foure
manner
of
waies
:
first
by
inseparable
or
substantiall
accidents
,
as
by
the
shape
,
number
,
quality
,
and
sight
of
the
part
or
member
diseased
.
For
if
it
bee
otherwise
formed
,
or
more
or
lesse
in
number
or
quantity
,
or
else
otherwise
placed
then
it
ought
to
be
,
then
it
is
not
well
.
Secondly
,
sicknesse
is
knowne
by
alteration
of
the
quality
,
as
if
it
be
too
hot
,
or
too
cold
,
too
moist
,
or
too
dry
.
Thirdly
,
when
the
action
of
any
member
is
hurt
or
letted
,
as
when
the
eie-sight
is
not
perfect
,
it
is
a
manifest
signe
that
the
eie
is
euill
affected
or
sicke
.
Likewise
,
when
there
breedeth
no
good
blood
in
the
body
,
it
is
an
euident
token
that
the
liuer
is
not
wel
.
Fourthly
,
sicknesse
is
known
by
the
excrements
that
come
from
the
beast
,
as
by
dung
,
or
stale
:
for
if
his
dung
be
too
strong
of
sent
,
full
of
whole
Cornes
,
or
of
Wormes
,
too
hard
or
too
soft
,
or
euill
coloured
,
it
is
a
token
that
he
is
not
well
in
his
body
:
so
likewise
if
his
stale
be
too
thicke
,
or
too
thinne
,
too
white
,
or
too
red
,
it
betokeneth
some
surfet
,
raw
digestion
,
or
else
some
griefe
in
his
reynes
,
bladder
or
stones
.
But
Vegetius
saith
,
that
it
is
best
knowne
,
whether
a
Horsse
be
sicke
or
not
,
or
toward
sicknesse
,
by
these
signes
heere
following
:
for
if
he
be
more
slow
and
heauy
in
his
trotting
,
or
gallopping
,
harder
of
Spurre
,
then
he
was
woont
to
be
,
or
spreadeth
his
litter
abroad
with
his
feete
,
often
tumbling
in
the
night
season
,
fetching
his
breath
short
and
violently
,
loud
snuffling
in
the
Nose
,
and
c●●ting
out
vapors
at
his
Nostrils
,
or
lyeth
downe
immediatly
after
his
prouender
,
or
maketh
long
draughts
in
his
drinking
,
or
in
the
night
season
is
now
downe
,
and
now
on
foot
,
or
if
in
the
next
morning
he
be
very
hot
in
his
pasternes
,
or
betwixt
his
eares
,
or
that
his
eares
hang
more
then
they
are
wont
to
doe
:
againe
,
if
his
eye-sight
be
dim
,
and
his
eies
hollow
in
his
head
,
his
haires
standing
right
vp
,
and
his
flanks
hollow
and
empty
,
whensoeuer
two
or
three
of
these
signes
doe
concur
together
,
then
it
is
to
be
thought
,
saith
Vegetius
,
that
the
Horsse
is
not
well
,
and
therefore
hee
would
haue
him
immediatly
to
bee
separated
from
his
companyons
that
bee
whole
,
and
to
bee
placed
by
himselfe
vntill
his
disease
bee
perfectly
knowne
and
cured
,
and
especially
if
it
bee
any
contagious
disease
.
I
haue
seene
diuers
Ferrers
heere
in
England
to
vse
that
for
the
triall
of
a
Horsses
sicknesse
▪
which
I
neuer
read
in
any
Author
,
that
is
,
to
feele
his
stones
,
whether
they
be
hot
or
cold
,
and
to
smell
at
his
nostrils
,
and
so
by
the
sauour
thereof
to
iudge
what
sicknesse
the
Horsse
hath
.
Truely
I
thinke
that
no
euill
waie
,
if
they
can
discerne
with
their
sense
of
smelling
,
the
diuersity
of
sauours
,
that
commeth
out
of
his
Nostrils
,
and
then
aptly
apply
the
same
to
the
humours
whereof
such
sauours
bee
bred
,
and
so
orderly
to
seeke
out
the
originall
cause
of
his
sickenes
.
But
I
feare
mee
,
that
more
Ferrers
smell
without
iudgement
,
than
with
such
iudgement
,
and
no
maruell
why
,
sith
that
few
or
none
be
lerned
,
or
haue
beene
brought
vp
with
skilful
maisters
.
But
from
hence
forth
I
trust
that
my
trauaile
,
will
cause
such
Ferrers
as
can
read
,
and
haue
some
vnderstanding
already
,
to
bee
more
diligent
in
seeking
after
knowledge
then
they
haue
bin
heeretofore
,
whereby
they
shall
be
the
better
able
to
serue
their
countrey
,
and
also
to
profit
themselues
,
with
good
fame
,
wheras
now
for
lacke
of
knowledge
they
incurre
much
slander
.
Of
the
Feauer
and
the
diuers
kinds
thereof
in
a
horsse
.
I
Thinke
it
will
seeme
straunge
vnto
some
,
to
heare
that
a
horsse
should
haue
an
Ague
or
Feauer
,
but
it
was
not
strange
vnto
the
men
of
olde
time
,
as
to
Absyrtus
,
Hierocles
,
Blundev●●e
Xenophon
,
Vegetius
,
and
such
like
olde
Souldiors
,
thoroughlie
experimented
in
horsses
griefes
.
A
Feuer
,
according
to
the
learned
Phisitians
,
is
an
vnnaturall
and
immoderate
heat
,
which
proceeding
first
from
the
hart
,
spreadeth
itselfe
thoroughout
all
the
arteries
and
vaines
of
the
bodie
,
and
so
letteth
the
actions
thereof
.
Of
Feauers
there
be
three
generall
kindes
,
whereof
the
first
,
is
that
which
breedeth
in
the
spirites
,
being
inflamed
or
heated
more
than
their
nature
requireth
.
The
second
breedeth
in
the
humors
,
being
also
distempered
by
heat
.
The
third
in
the
firme
parts
of
the
body
,
being
continually
hot
.
What
spirits
and
humors
be
,
hath
beene
told
you
before
in
the
keepers
Office
.
Of
these
three
generall
kinds
doe
spring
many
other
speciall
kinds
,
as
Quotidians
,
Tertians
,
Quartanes
,
Feauers
Hectique
,
and
very
many
others
,
whereunto
mans
body
is
subiect
,
whereof
none
of
my
Authors
do
treat
,
vnlesse
Vegetius
,
who
speaketh
somewhat
of
a
Feauer
Quotidian
,
of
a
Feauer
continuall
,
and
also
of
a
feauer
Accidentall
.
He
speaketh
also
of
Summer
,
Autumne
,
and
Winter
Feauers
,
without
making
any
great
difference
betwixt
them
,
more
then
that
one
is
worse
than
another
,
by
reason
of
the
time
and
season
of
the
yeare
,
so
that
in
effect
all
is
but
one
Feauer
.
Wherefore
according
vnto
Absirtus
opinion
,
I
will
breefely
shew
you
first
the
causes
whereof
it
proceedes
,
and
then
the
signes
how
to
know
it
,
and
finally
how
to
cure
the
same
.
The
Feauer
chaunceth
sometime
by
surfetting
of
extreame
labour
or
exercise
,
as
of
too
much
trauelling
,
and
especially
in
hot
weather
,
of
too
swift
gallopping
and
running
,
and
sometime
by
extreame
heat
of
the
Sunne
,
and
also
by
extreame
cold
of
the
ayre
,
and
sometime
it
breedeth
of
crudity
or
raw
digestion
,
which
many
times
happeneth
by
ouer
greedy
eating
of
sweet
green
corne
,
or
of
such
prouender
as
was
not
throughly
dried
nor
clensed
:
for
after
such
greedy
eating
,
and
specially
of
such
meat
,
neuer
followeth
perfect
digestion
.
The
signes
to
know
a
Feauer
be
these
.
The
horsse
doth
continually
hold
downe
his
head
,
and
is
not
able
to
lift
it
vp
,
his
eies
are
euen
blown
so
as
hee
cannot
easily
open
them
:
yea
and
many
times
they
be
watering
,
the
flesh
of
his
lippes
and
of
all
his
bodye
is
lush
and
feeble
,
his
stones
hange
low
,
his
body
is
hot
,
and
his
breath
is
very
hotte
and
strong
,
he
standeth
weakly
on
his
legges
,
and
in
his
going
draweth
them
lazily
after
him
,
yea
hee
cannot
goe
but
very
softly
,
and
that
staggering
heere
and
there
he
will
lie
downe
on
his
side
,
and
is
not
able
to
turne
himselfe
or
to
wallow
;
he
forsaketh
his
meat
both
hay
and
prouender
,
and
is
desirous
of
nothing
but
of
drinke
,
which
as
Absirtus
saith
,
is
an
assured
token
of
a
Feauer
:
he
also
sleepeth
but
little
.
The
cure
and
diet
.
Let
him
blood
in
the
face
and
Temples
,
and
also
in
the
pallate
of
his
mouth
,
and
the
first
day
giue
him
no
meat
,
but
onely
warme
drinke
,
and
that
by
little
and
little
.
Afterward
giue
him
continually
grasse
,
or
else
very
sweet
hay
wet
in
water
,
and
let
him
be
kept
warme
,
and
sometime
walke
him
vppe
and
downe
faire
and
softly
in
a
temperate
ayre
,
and
then
let
him
rest
,
and
when
you
see
that
he
beginnes
to
amend
,
giue
him
by
little
and
little
at
once
barly
faire
sifted
and
wel
sodden
,
and
also
mundified
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
huske
pulled
awaye
,
like
as
when
you
blanch
Almonds
.
Of
diuers
sorts
of
Feuers
,
according
to
Vigetius
,
and
first
of
that
which
continueth
but
one
day
.
THe
Feauer
of
one
day
called
by
the
Geeek
name
Ephemera
,
or
els
by
the
Latin
name
Diaria
,
chaunceth
many
times
through
the
rashnesse
and
small
discretion
of
the
keeper
,
or
some
other
that
letteth
not
to
ride
a
horsse
vnmeasurably
,
either
before
or
after
watering
,
whereby
the
horsse
afterward
in
the
stable
entreth
into
an
extreame
heate
,
and
so
falleth
into
his
Feuer
,
which
you
shall
know
partly
,
by
his
waterish
and
bloodshotten
eyes
,
and
partly
,
by
his
short
,
violent
and
hot
breathing
,
and
panting
.
Moreouer
,
he
will
forsake
his
meate
,
and
his
Legs
wil
wax
stiffe
and
feeble
.
The
cure
.
Let
him
haue
rest
all
the
next
day
following
,
and
be
comforted
with
warme
meate
,
then
let
him
be
walked
vp
and
downe
saite
and
softly
,
and
so
by
little
and
little
brought
againe
to
his
former
estate
.
Of
the
Feauer
continuall
.
THe
Feuer
continuall
,
is
that
which
continueth
without
intermission
,
and
is
called
in
Italian
by
the
Latine
name
Febris
continua
,
which
springeth
of
some
inflamation
or
extreame
heate
,
bredde
in
the
principall
members
or
inwarde
partes
,
about
the
heart
,
which
is
knowne
in
this
sort
.
The
Horsse
doth
not
take
his
accustomed
rest
,
whereby
his
flesh
dothfal
away
euery
day
more
and
more
,
and
sometime
there
doth
appear
hot
inflamations
in
his
flankes
,
and
aboue
his
withers
.
The
cure
.
Purge
his
head
by
squirting
into
his
Nostrils
mans
vrine
,
or
the
Water
of
an
Oxe
that
hath
beene
rested
a
certaine
time
,
to
the
intent
such
water
may
be
the
stronger
,
and
then
giue
him
the
drinke
writen
in
the
next
Chapter
.
Of
the
Feuer
taken
in
the
Autumne
,
that
is
to
say
,
at
the
fall
of
the
leafe
.
IF
a
Horsse
chance
to
get
a
Feauer
at
the
fall
of
the
leafe
,
cause
him
immediatly
to
be
let
blood
in
the
necke
vaine
,
and
also
in
the
third
furrow
of
the
roofe
of
his
mouth
,
and
then
giue
him
this
drinke
.
Take
of
Iermander
foure
ounces
,
of
Gum
dragant
,
and
of
dryed
roses
,
of
each
one
ounce
,
beat
them
all
into
fine
powder
,
and
put
them
into
a
quart
of
Ale
,
adding
thereunto
of
Oyle
oliue
foure
ounces
,
and
of
Hony
as
much
,
and
giue
it
the
Horsse
lukewarme
.
Of
the
Feuer
in
Summer
season
.
A
Feuer
taken
in
Summer
season
is
much
worse
then
in
any
other
time
,
and
especially
if
it
be
taken
in
the
Dogge
daies
,
for
then
the
accidents
be
more
furious
.
Blundevile
The
signes
be
these
:
his
artires
wil
beate
euidently
,
and
hee
will
shed
his
seede
when
he
staleth
,
and
his
going
wil
be
vnorderly
.
The
cure
.
Let
him
blood
in
a
vaine
that
he
hath
in
his
hinder
hanch
,
about
foure
fingers
beneath
the
fundament
,
or
if
you
cannot
finde
that
vaine
,
let
him
blood
in
the
necke
vaine
,
toward
the
withers
,
and
if
it
be
needefull
you
may
giue
him
also
this
drinke
.
Take
the
iuyce
of
a
handfull
of
Parslein
mingled
with
Gum
dragant
,
with
Ensens
,
and
a
fewe
Damaske
roses
,
beaten
all
into
fine
powder
,
and
then
put
thereunto
a
sufficient
quantity
of
ale
made
sweete
with
Hony
.
Of
the
Feuer
in
winter
.
FOr
the
Feauer
in
Winter
,
it
shall
be
good
to
take
the
powder
of
the
drugs
last
mentioned
,
and
with
a
quill
or
reede
,
to
blowe
it
vp
into
his
left
Nostrill
to
make
him
to
neese
.
It
shall
be
good
also
to
let
him
bloode
in
the
necke
vaine
,
Blundevile
and
in
the
palat
of
the
mouth
,
and
then
to
giue
him
one
of
these
drinkes
heere
following
.
Take
of
Ireos
sixe
ounces
,
of
round
Pepper
one
ounce
,
of
Bay-berries
,
and
of
the
seede
of
Smallage
,
of
each
one
ounce
,
and
let
him
drinke
them
with
sodden
Wine
.
Or
else
take
a
pint
of
good
Milke
,
and
put
therein
of
Oyle
foure
ounces
,
of
Saffron
one
scruple
,
of
Myrrhe
two
scruples
,
of
the
seede
of
Smallage
a
spoonefull
,
and
make
him
drinke
that
:
or
make
him
this
drinke
.
Take
of
Aristoloch
,
otherwise
called
round
Hartwo●t
one
ounce
,
of
Gention
,
of
Isop
,
of
Wormwoode
,
of
Sothernwood
,
of
each
one
ounce
,
of
dry
fat
Figs
sixe
ounces
,
of
the
seede
of
Smallage
three
ounces
,
of
Rue
a
handfull
,
boile
them
all
in
a
cleane
vessell
with
Riuer
Water
,
vntill
the
third
part
be
consumed
,
and
when
you
see
it
looke
blacke
and
thicke
,
take
it
from
the
fire
,
straine
it
,
and
giue
the
Horsse
to
drinke
thereof
lukewarme
.
As
touching
his
dyet
,
let
his
water
be
alwaies
lukewarme
,
wherein
would
be
put
a
little
Wheat
meale
,
and
remember
to
giue
him
no
meate
so
long
as
his
fit
continueth
.
And
because
in
all
Agues
it
is
good
to
quicken
the
naturall
heate
of
the
Horsse
,
by
rubbing
and
fretting
his
body
,
it
shall
not
be
amisse
in
some
faire
day
to
vse
this
friction
,
called
of
the
ancient
writers
Apotorapie
,
which
is
made
in
this
sort
.
Take
of
Damaske
Roses
one
pound
,
of
olde
Oyle
a
pinte
,
of
strong
vineger
a
pinte
and
a
halfe
,
of
Mintes
and
Rue
beaten
into
powder
,
of
each
one
ounce
and
a
halfe
,
together
with
one
olde
dry
Nut
,
beate
them
and
mingle
them
together
,
then
being
strained
and
made
lukwarme
,
rub
and
chafeal
the
horses
body
therewith
against
the
haire
,
vntill
he
beginneth
to
sweate
,
then
set
him
vp
in
the
warmest
place
of
the
stable
,
and
couer
him
well
.
Of
the
Feuer
which
commeth
of
raw
digestion
,
or
of
repletion
.
YOu
shall
know
if
the
Feuer
proceedeth
of
any
such
cause
,
by
these
signes
heere
following
.
The
Horsse
will
blow
at
the
nose
more
then
hee
is
accustomed
to
doe
,
seemeth
to
fetch
his
winde
onely
at
his
nose
,
and
his
breath
will
bee
short
,
hot
and
dry
;
you
shall
see
his
flanks
walke
,
and
his
backe
to
beate
.
The
cure
.
Cause
him
to
be
let
blood
aboundantly
in
the
head
,
and
palat
of
his
mouth
,
and
by
squirting
warme
vineger
in
the
morning
into
his
nostrils
,
force
him
to
neese
:
and
if
hee
bee
costiue
,
let
his
fundament
be
raked
,
or
else
giue
him
a
glister
to
ease
the
paine
in
his
head
.
And
as
touching
his
dyet
,
giue
him
but
little
prouender
,
or
hay
,
neither
let
him
drink
much
nor
often
,
but
betwixt
times
.
But
in
any
wise
let
him
be
well
rubbed
and
chafed
,
and
that
a
good
while
together
,
and
if
you
vse
the
friction
declared
in
the
last
chapter
before
in
such
sort
as
there
is
said
,
it
shall
do
him
very
much
good
.
Of
the
Feuer
accidentall
comming
of
some
vlcer
in
the
mouth
or
throat
.
THe
Horsse
not
being
well
kept
and
gouerned
,
after
that
he
hath
beene
let
blood
in
the
vpper
partes
:
yea
,
and
also
besides
that
of
his
owne
nature
is
subiect
vnto
the
distillation
in
his
throate
,
or
partes
there
about
,
the
painefull
swelling
or
vlcer
wherof
,
causeth
the
Horsse
to
fall
into
a
grieuous
Ague
.
Whereof
,
besides
the
former
remedies
apt
to
purge
humors
,
it
shall
be
necessary
also
,
to
let
him
bloode
in
the
vaine
of
the
head
,
and
in
the
palat
of
his
mouth
,
and
to
bee
short
in
all
those
places
where
the
disease
causeth
most
griefe
.
And
if
the
Horsse
bee
so
sore
pained
as
he
cannot
swallow
downe
his
meate
,
it
shall
bee
good
to
giue
him
lukewarme
water
,
mingled
with
Barly
meale
,
or
wheat
meale
,
and
besides
that
,
to
make
him
swallow
downe
seuen
sops
sopped
in
wine
one
after
another
,
at
one
time
:
some
vse
at
the
second
time
to
dip
such
sops
in
sweet
sallet
oile
.
Thus
far
Vegetius
.
Of
the
Pestilent
Ague
.
IT
seemeth
by
Laurentius
Russius
,
that
Horsses
be
also
subiect
to
a
pestilent
feuer
,
which
almost
incureable
,
Blundevile
is
called
of
him
Infirmitas
Epidimialis
,
that
is
to
say
,
a
contagious
and
pestiferous
disease
,
whereof
there
dyed
in
one
yeare
in
Rome
aboue
a
thousand
Horses
,
which
as
I
take
it
came
by
some
corruption
of
the
aire
,
whereunto
Rome
in
the
chiefe
of
Summer
is
much
subiect
,
or
else
corrupt
humors
in
the
body
ingendered
by
vnkinde
food
,
by
reason
perhaps
,
that
the
City
was
then
pestered
with
more
horse-men
then
there
could
be
conueniently
harbored
or
fed
.
Laurentius
himselfe
rendereth
no
cause
therof
,
but
onely
sheweth
signes
how
to
know
it
,
which
be
these
.
The
Horsse
holdeth
down
his
head
,
eateth
little
or
nothing
,
his
eyes
waterish
,
and
his
flanks
doe
continually
beat
.
The
cure
.
First
giue
him
this
glister
.
Take
of
the
pulpe
of
Coloquintida
one
ounce
,
of
Dragantum
one
ounce
and
a
halfe
,
of
Centuary
and
Wormwood
,
of
each
one
handfull
,
of
Castoreum
halfe
an
ounce
,
boile
them
in
water
,
then
being
strained
,
dissolue
therein
,
of
Gerologundinum
sixe
ounces
,
of
salt
an
ounce
and
a
halfe
,
and
halfe
a
pound
of
Oyle
oliue
,
and
minister
it
lukewarme
with
a
horne
,
or
pipe
made
of
purpose
.
Make
also
this
plaister
for
his
head
:
take
of
Squilla
fiue
ounces
,
of
Elder
,
of
Castoreum
,
of
Mustard
seed
and
of
Euforbium
,
of
each
two
ounces
,
dissolue
the
same
in
the
iuyce
of
Daffodill
,
and
of
Sage
,
and
laie
it
to
the
Temples
of
his
head
next
vnto
his
eares
,
or
else
giue
him
any
of
these
three
drinks
heere
following
;
take
of
the
best
Triacle
two
or
three
ounces
,
and
distemper
it
in
good
wine
,
and
giue
it
him
with
a
horne
;
or
else
let
him
drinke
euery
morning
the
space
of
three
daies
,
one
pound
or
two
of
the
iuyce
of
Elder
rootes
,
or
else
giue
him
euery
morning
to
eate
,
a
good
quantity
of
Venus
haire
,
called
of
the
Latines
Capillus
Veneris
,
newly
and
fresh
gathered
,
but
if
it
be
old
then
boile
it
in
water
,
and
giue
him
the
decoction
thereof
to
drink
with
a
horne
.
Martins
opinion
and
experience
touching
a
Horsses
Feuer
.
THough
Martin
haue
not
seene
so
many
seuerall
kindes
of
feuers
,
to
chance
to
Horsses
,
Blundevile
yet
he
confesseth
that
a
Horsse
will
haue
a
feauer
,
and
saith
that
you
shal
know
it
by
these
signes
.
For
after
the
Horsse
hath
beene
sicke
two
or
three
daies
,
if
you
looke
on
his
tongue
,
you
shall
see
it
almost
raw
and
scalt
,
with
the
heate
that
coms
out
of
his
body
,
and
he
wil
shake
and
tremble
,
reele
and
stagger
when
his
fit
commeth
,
which
fit
wil
keepe
his
due
howers
,
both
of
comming
and
also
of
continuance
,
vnlesse
you
preuent
it
by
putting
the
horsse
into
a
heat
,
which
would
be
done
so
soone
as
you
see
him
begin
to
tremble
,
either
by
riding
him
,
or
tying
vp
his
Legs
,
and
by
chasing
him
vp
and
downe
in
the
stable
,
vntil
he
leaue
shaking
,
and
then
let
him
be
kept
warm
,
and
stand
on
the
bit
the
space
of
two
houres
,
that
done
,
you
may
giue
him
some
hay
,
by
a
little
at
once
,
and
giue
him
warme
water
,
with
a
litle
ground
mault
twice
a
day
,
the
space
of
three
or
foure
daies
,
and
once
a
day
wash
his
tongue
with
Alom
water
,
vineger
,
and
Sage
.
But
if
you
see
that
all
this
preuailes
not
,
then
purge
him
with
this
drinke
,
after
that
he
hath
fasted
al
one
night
.
Take
of
Aloes
one
ounce
,
of
Agaricke
halfe
an
ounce
,
of
Lycoras
and
Annis
seedes
of
each
a
dram
,
beaten
to
powder
,
and
let
him
drinke
it
with
a
quart
of
white
wine
lukewarme
,
and
made
sweet
with
a
little
Hony
,
in
the
morning
fasting
,
and
let
him
be
chafed
a
little
after
it
,
and
be
kept
warme
,
and
suffered
to
stand
on
the
bit
meatlesse
two
or
three
houres
after
,
and
he
shall
recouer
his
health
againe
quickly
.
Of
sicknesse
in
generall
,
and
the
Feuer
.
IN
general
,
sicknes
is
an
opposit
foe
to
nature
,
warring
against
the
agents
of
the
body
and
minde
,
seeking
to
confound
those
actions
which
vphold
and
maintaine
the
bodies
strength
and
liuely-hood
:
Markham
.
Who
coueteth
to
haue
larger
definition
of
sicknesse
,
let
him
reade
Vegesius
Rusius
,
or
excellent
Maister
Blundiuile
,
who
in
that
hath
bin
admirably
well-deseruing
plainefull
.
For
mine
owne
part
,
my
intent
is
to
write
nothing
more
then
mine
own
experience
,
and
what
I
haue
approued
in
Horsses
diseases
most
auaileable
:
and
first
of
the
Feuer
or
Ague
in
a
Horsse
,
though
it
bee
a
disease
seldome
or
not
at
all
noted
by
our
Mechannicall
Horsse
Farriors
,
who
cure
many
times
what
they
know
no●
,
and
kill
wher
they
might
cure
,
knew
they
the
cause
:
yet
I
haue
my selfe
seene
of
late
(
both
by
the
demonstrate
opinions
of
others
better
learned
,
and
by
the
effects
of
the
disease
)
some
two
Horses
which
I
dare
auouch
were
mightily
tormented
with
a
Feauer
:
though
diuers
Leeches
had
thereof
giuen
diuers
opinions
,
one
saying
it
was
the
bots
,
by
reason
of
his
immoderate
languishment
:
another
affirmed
him
to
be
bewitcht
,
by
reason
of
his
great
shaking
,
heauinesse
,
and
sweating
:
but
I
haue
found
it
and
approued
it
to
be
a
Feuer
,
both
in
effect
,
nature
,
and
quality
,
the
cure
whereof
is
thus
:
for
the
originall
cause
of
a
Feuer
,
is
surfet
,
breeding
putrifaction
in
the
blood
:
then
when
his
shaking
beginneth
,
take
three
new
laide
Egges
,
breake
them
in
a
dish
,
and
beate
them
together
,
then
mixe
thereto
fiue
or
sixe
spoonefuls
of
excellent
good
Aqua
vitae
,
and
giue
it
him
in
a
horne
,
then
bridle
him
,
and
in
some
Close
or
Court
,
chafe
him
til
his
shaking
cease
and
he
beginne
to
sweat
:
then
set
him
vp
and
cloath
him
warme
.
And
during
the
time
of
his
sicknesse
,
giue
him
no
water
to
drinke
,
but
before
he
drinke
it
,
boile
therein
Mallowes
,
Sorrell
,
Purslaine
,
of
each
two
or
three
handfuls
.
As
for
his
foode
,
let
it
bee
sodden
Barly
,
and
now
and
then
a
little
Rye
in
the
sheafe
to
clense
and
purge
him
,
chiefely
if
he
be
drye
inwardly
and
grow
costiue
.
This
I
haue
proued
vneffectlesse
for
this
disease
,
and
also
much
auaileable
for
any
other
inward
sicknesse
proceeding
either
of
raw
digestion
,
too
extreame
riding
,
or
other
surfet
.
Diuers
haue
written
diuersly
of
diuers
Agues
,
and
I
coulde
prescribe
receiptes
for
them
,
but
since
I
haue
not
been
experimented
in
them
al
,
I
meane
to
omit
them
,
intending
not
to
exceede
mine
owne
knowledge
in
any
thing
.
Of
the
Pestilence
.
THe
Pestilence
is
a
contagious
disease
,
proceeding
as
Pelagonius
saith
,
somtime
of
ouermuch
labour
,
heate
,
colde
,
hunger
,
aad
sometime
of
sudden
running
after
long
rest
,
or
of
the
retention
or
holding
of
stale
or
vrine
,
Blundevile
or
of
drinking
colde
water
whiles
the
Horsse
is
hot
and
sweating
,
for
all
these
things
do
breede
corrupt
humors
in
the
Horsses
body
,
whereof
the
Pestilence
doth
chiefely
proceede
,
or
else
of
the
corruption
of
the
aire
,
poysoning
the
breath
,
whereby
the
Beastes
should
liue
,
which
also
happeneth
sometime
of
the
corruption
of
e-euill
vapors
and
exhalations
that
spring
out
of
the
earth
,
and
after
great
floodes
or
earthquakes
,
and
sometime
by
meanes
of
some
euill
distillation
or
influence
of
the
Planettes
,
corrupting
sometime
the
plants
and
fruits
of
the
earth
,
and
sometime
diuers
kinde
of
cattell
,
and
sometime
both
men
,
Women
and
children
,
as
wee
daiely
see
by
experience
.
It
seemeth
that
this
euill
or
mischiefe
in
times
paste
came
suddenly
,
without
giuing
any
warning
,
for
none
of
mine
Authors
doth
declare
any
signes
how
to
know
whether
a
Horsse
hath
this
disease
or
not
,
but
onely
affirme
,
that
if
one
Horsse
do
▪
die
of
it
,
al
his
fellowes
that
beare
him
company
will
follow
after
,
if
they
bee
not
remedied
in
time
:
so
that
as
far
as
I
can
learne
,
the
sudden
death
of
one
or
two
,
first
,
must
bee
the
onely
meane
to
knowe
that
this
disease
doeth
reigne
.
And
the
remedy
that
they
giue
is
this
.
First
separate
the
whole
from
the
sicke
:
yea
,
and
haue
them
cleane
out
of
the
aire
of
those
that
be
dead
,
the
bodies
whereof
as
Vegetius
saith
,
if
they
be
not
deep
buried
,
will
infect
al
the
rest
.
And
let
them
blood
as
wel
in
the
neck
,
as
in
the
mouth
,
&
then
giue
them
this
drink
:
take
of
Gentian
,
of
Aristoloch
,
of
Bay
berries
,
of
Myrrhe
,
of
the
scraping
of
Iuory
,
of
each
like
quantity
,
beate
them
into
fine
powder
,
and
giue
as
well
to
the
sicke
as
to
the
whole
,
whome
you
would
preserue
from
this
contagion
,
euery
day
a
spoonefull
or
two
of
this
powder
in
a
pinte
of
good
wine
,
so
long
as
you
shall
see
it
needefull
.
This
medicine
before
rehearsed
,
is
called
of
the
ancient
writers
Diapente
,
that
is
to
say
:
a
composition
of
fiue
simples
,
and
is
praised
to
be
a
soueraigne
medicine
and
preseruatiue
against
al
inward
diseases
,
and
therefore
they
would
haue
such
as
trauell
by
the
way
,
to
carty
of
this
powder
alwaies
about
them
.
There
be
many
other
Medicines
which
I
leaue
to
write
,
because
if
I
should
rehearse
euery
mans
medicine
,
my
booke
would
be
infinite
,
I
for
my
part
would
vse
no
other
then
either
that
before
expressed
,
or
else
wine
and
treacle
onely
.
Of
the
diseases
in
the
head
.
Blundevile
THe
head
is
subiect
to
diuers
diseases
according
to
the
diuers
partes
thereof
:
for
in
the
pannicles
or
little
fine
skins
cleaning
to
the
bones
,
and
couering
the
braine
,
do
most
properly
breed
headach
and
migram
.
Againe
in
the
substance
of
the
braine
(
which
in
a
Horsse
is
as
much
in
quantity
as
is
almost
the
braine
of
a
meane
hog
)
do
breede
the
Frensie
,
madnesse
,
sleeping
euill
,
the
palsey
and
forgetfulnesse
.
Finally
,
in
the
ventricles
or
celles
of
the
braine
,
and
in
those
conducts
through
which
the
spirits
annimall
doe
giue
feeling
and
mouing
to
the
body
,
do
breede
the
turnsick
or
staggers
,
the
faling
euill
,
the
night
mare
,
the
Apoplexy
,
the
palsie
,
and
the
conuulsion
or
Cramp
,
the
Catarre
or
Rheume
,
which
in
a
Horsse
is
called
the
Glaunders
,
but
first
of
headach
.
Of
headeach
.
THe
headeach
,
either
commeth
of
some
inward
causes
:
as
of
some
cholerick
humor
,
bred
in
the
pannicles
of
the
braine
,
or
else
of
som
outward
cause
,
as
of
extream
heat
or
cold
,
of
some
blow
,
or
of
some
violent
sauour
.
Eumelus
saith
,
that
it
commeth
of
raw
digestion
:
but
Martin
saith
most
commonly
of
cold
:
the
signes
be
these
.
The
Horsse
will
hang
downe
his
head
,
and
also
hang
downe
his
eares
,
his
sight
will
be
dimme
,
his
eies
swollen
and
waterish
,
and
he
will
forsake
his
meat
.
The
cure
.
Let
him
bloode
in
the
palat
of
his
mouth
.
Also
purge
his
head
with
this
perfume
.
Take
of
Garlike
stalkes
a
handfull
,
all
to
broken
in
short
pieces
,
and
a
good
quantity
of
Frankencense
,
and
being
put
into
a
chafingdish
of
fresh
coales
,
holde
the
chafingdish
vnder
the
Horsses
Nostrils
,
so
as
the
fume
may
ascende
vp
into
his
head
:
and
in
vsing
him
thus
once
or
twice
,
it
wil
make
him
to
cast
at
the
nose
,
and
so
purge
his
head
of
al
filth
.
Pelogonius
saith
,
that
it
is
good
to
pouer
into
his
Nostrils
wine
,
wherein
hath
beene
sodden
Euforbium
,
Centuary
,
and
Frankencence
.
Of
the
frenzy
and
madnesse
of
a
Horse
.
THe
learned
Physicians
do
make
diuers
kindes
,
as
well
of
frensie
,
as
of
madnesse
,
which
are
not
needefull
to
be
recited
,
sith
I
could
neuer
read
in
any
Author
,
nor
learne
of
any
Ferrer
,
that
a
horsse
were
subiect
to
the
one
halfe
of
them
.
Absiruus
,
Hierocles
,
Eumelus
,
Pelagonius
,
and
Hippocrates
,
do
write
simply
de
furore
&
rabie
:
that
is
to
say
,
of
the
madnesse
of
a
Horsse
.
But
indeede
vegetius
in
his
second
booke
of
horseleach-craft
,
seemeth
to
make
foure
mad
passions
belonging
to
a
Horsse
,
intituling
his
Chapters
in
this
sort
,
de
Appioso
,
de
Frenetico
,
de
Cardiacis
,
de
Rabioso
,
the
effects
wherof
though
I
feare
me
it
wil
be
to
no
great
purpose
,
yet
to
content
such
as
perhaps
haue
read
the
Author
as
wel
as
I
my selfe
,
I
wil
heere
briefly
rehearse
the
same
.
When
some
naughty
blood
(
saith
he
)
doth
strike
the
filme
or
pannacle
of
the
brain
,
in
one
part
onely
,
and
maketh
the
same
grieuously
to
ake
,
then
the
beast
becommeth
Appiosum
,
that
is
to
say
,
as
it
seemeth
by
his
owne
words
next
following
,
both
dul
of
mind
and
of
sight
.
This
word
Appiosum
,
is
a
strange
word
,
and
not
to
be
found
againe
in
any
other
Author
,
and
because
in
this
passion
,
the
one
side
of
the
head
is
onely
grieued
,
the
Horsse
turneth
round
,
as
though
he
went
in
a
Mill.
But
when
the
poyson
of
such
corrupt
blood
doth
infect
the
mid
braine
,
then
the
Horse
becommeth
Frantike
,
and
will
leape
and
fling
,
and
wil
run
against
the
wals
.
And
if
such
blood
filleth
the
vaines
of
the
stomach
,
or
breast
,
then
it
infecteth
as
well
the
heart
as
the
brain
,
and
causeth
alienation
of
mind
,
and
the
body
to
sweate
,
and
this
disease
is
called
of
Vegetius
,
Passocardiaca
,
which
if
Equus
Appiosus
chance
to
haue
,
then
he
becommeth
Rabiosus
,
that
is
to
say
,
starke
mad
.
For
saith
he
,
by
ouermuch
heat
of
the
liuer
and
blood
,
the
vaines
,
and
artires
of
the
heart
are
choked
vp
,
for
griefe
and
paine
whereof
the
Horsse
biteth
himselfe
,
and
gnaweth
his
owne
flesh
.
Of
two
sorts
of
mad
horses
,
I
beleeue
I
haue
seene
my selfe
heere
in
this
Realme
.
For
I
saw
once
a
black
Sweathland
Horsse
(
as
I
tooke
him
to
be
)
in
my
Lord
of
Hunsdons
stable
at
Hunsdon
,
comming
thither
by
chance
with
my
Lord
Morley
,
which
Horsse
would
stand
all
day
long
biting
of
the
manger
,
and
eat
little
meate
or
none
,
suffering
no
man
to
aproch
vnto
him
,
by
which
his
doings
,
and
partly
by
his
colour
and
complexion
,
I
iudged
him
to
be
vexed
with
a
melancholy
madnesse
,
called
of
the
Physitians
,
Mania
,
or
rather
Melancholia
,
which
commeth
of
a
corrupt
Melancholy
,
and
filthy
blood
or
humor
,
somtime
spred
throughout
al
the
vaines
of
the
body
,
and
sometimes
perhaps
remaining
only
in
the
head
,
or
else
in
the
spleene
,
or
places
next
adioyning
.
The
other
mad
Horsse
was
a
Roane
of
Maisters
Ashleies
,
maister
of
the
Iewell
house
,
which
with
his
teeth
crushed
his
maisters
right
forefinger
in
pieces
,
whilest
he
offered
him
a
little
hay
to
eate
,
whereby
hee
lost
in
a
manner
the
vse
of
his
whole
hand
,
to
the
great
griefe
of
al
his
friends
,
and
also
of
al
the
muses
,
which
were
wont
to
be
much
delighted
with
such
passing
sweete
musick
as
that
his
fine
quauering
hand
could
sometime
make
vpon
diuers
instrumentes
,
but
especially
vpon
the
Virginals
.
This
Horsse
I
say
though
he
could
eat
his
meat
,
drinke
his
drink
,
and
sleepe
:
yet
if
hee
were
neuer
so
little
offended
,
he
would
take
on
like
a
spirit
,
and
both
bite
and
strike
at
any
man
that
came
nigh
him
:
yea
and
would
bite
himselfe
by
the
shoulders
most
terribly
,
pulling
away
lumps
of
flesh
,
so
broad
as
a
mans
hand
:
and
whensoeuer
he
was
ridden
,
he
was
faine
to
be
musled
with
a
mussell
of
iron
,
made
of
purpose
to
keep
him
from
biting
either
of
his
rider
or
himselfe
,
which
no
doubt
proceeded
of
some
kinde
of
frenzy
or
madnes
,
whereunto
the
Horsse
was
subiect
,
by
meanes
that
hotblood
(
as
I
take
it
)
abounded
ouermuch
in
him
.
But
now
as
touching
the
causes
,
signes
,
and
cure
of
Horsses
madnesse
,
you
shal
heare
the
opinion
of
old
writers
:
for
Martin
neuer
tooke
such
cure
in
hand
.
Absirtus
,
and
the
other
Authors
before
mentioned
say
,
that
the
madnesse
of
a
Horsse
commeth
either
by
meanes
of
some
extreame
heat
taken
by
traueling
,
or
long
standing
in
the
hot
sun
,
or
else
by
eating
ouer
many
fitches
,
or
by
some
hot
bloode
resorring
to
the
pannicles
of
the
brain
,
or
through
aboundance
of
choler
remaining
in
the
vaines
,
or
else
by
drinking
of
some
very
vnwholsome
water
.
The
signes
bee
these
,
he
wil
bite
the
manger
,
and
his
owne
body
,
and
run
vpon
euery
man
that
comes
nigh
him
,
he
will
continually
shake
his
eares
,
and
stare
with
his
eies
,
and
fome
at
the
mouth
:
and
also
as
Hipocrates
saith
,
hee
will
forsake
his
meat
and
pine
himselfe
with
hunger
.
The
cure
.
Cause
him
to
be
let
blood
in
his
Legs
aboundanly
,
which
is
doone
(
as
I
take
it
)
to
diuert
the
bloode
from
his
head
.
Notwithstanding
it
were
not
amisse
,
to
let
him
blood
in
the
Neck
and
brest
vains
.
Then
giue
him
this
drinke
:
take
the
roots
of
wild
Cowcumber
,
and
boile
it
in
harsh
red
wine
,
&
put
thereunto
a
litle
Nitre
,
and
giue
it
him
with
a
horn
lukwarm
:
or
if
you
can
get
no
Cucumber
,
then
take
Rue
,
&
Mints
,
and
boile
them
in
the
wine
.
It
were
not
amisse
also
to
adde
thereunto
a
handfull
of
blacke
Elleborus
,
for
that
is
a
very
good
herbe
against
madnes
.
Eumelius
saith
,
that
if
you
giue
him
mans
dung
in
wine
to
drink
3.
mornings
together
,
it
wil
heale
him
:
also
to
take
of
black
Elleborus
2.
or
3.
handfuls
,
&
boile
it
in
a
sufficient
quantity
of
strong
vineger
,
&
therwith
rub
and
chafe
both
his
head
and
all
his
body
once
or
twice
a
day
,
for
the
oftner
his
head
is
rubbed
the
better
,
and
often
exercise
is
very
profitable
to
al
his
body
.
Some
againe
would
haue
the
skin
of
his
head
to
be
pierced
in
diuers
places
with
an
hot
iron
,
to
let
out
the
euill
humors
:
but
if
none
of
all
this
will
preuaile
,
then
the
last
remedy
is
to
geld
him
of
both
his
stones
,
or
else
of
one
at
the
least
,
for
either
that
wil
heale
him
or
else
nothing
.
As
touching
the
diet
and
vsage
of
a
mad
Horsse
,
the
Authors
doe
not
agree
,
for
some
would
haue
him
kept
in
a
close
,
darke
and
quiet
house
,
voyde
from
all
noise
,
which
as
Absirtus
saith
,
will
either
make
him
madder
,
or
else
kill
him
out
of
hand
.
His
diet
would
be
thin
,
that
is
to
say
:
without
any
prouender
,
and
that
daie
that
he
is
let
blood
and
receiueth
his
drinke
,
they
would
haue
him
fast
vntill
euen
,
and
then
to
haue
a
warme
mash
of
Barly
meale
:
yea
,
methinkes
it
were
not
amisse
to
feed
him
only
with
warm
mashes
and
hay
,
and
that
by
a
little
at
once
vntill
he
be
somewhat
recouered
.
Another
of
the
Head-ache
.
Markham
.
THe
Head-ache
as
most
are
opynionated
,
proceedeth
of
cold
and
rast
digestion
,
the
cure
is
,
take
a
Goose
feather
annointed
with
Oyle
de
bay
,
and
thrust
it
vp
into
the
horsses
nostrils
,
to
make
him
neese
,
then
take
a
wreath
of
Pease-straw
or
wet
hay
,
and
putting
fire
thereunto
,
hold
it
vnder
the
horsses
nose
,
so
as
the
smoke
may
ascend
vp
into
his
head
,
then
being
thus
perfumed
,
take
a
knife
and
pricke
him
in
the
pallat
of
the
mouth
,
so
as
he
may
licke
vp
and
chaw
his
own
blood
,
which
done
,
haue
great
care
in
keeping
his
head
warme
,
and
doubt
not
his
recouery
.
Of
the
sleeping
euill
.
Blundevile
THis
is
a
disease
forcing
the
beast
continually
to
sleepe
,
whether
he
wil
or
not
,
taking
his
memory
and
appetite
cleane
away
,
and
therefore
is
called
of
the
Physitians
Lethargus
,
it
proceedeth
of
aboundance
of
flegme
moistening
the
brain
ouermuch
It
is
easie
to
know
it
,
by
the
continuall
sleeping
of
the
Horsse
.
The
cure
of
this
disease
according
to
Pelagonius
,
Vegetius
,
and
others
,
is
in
this
sort
.
Let
him
bloode
in
the
necke
,
and
then
giue
him
this
drinke
:
Take
of
Camomile
and
Motherwort
,
of
each
two
or
three
handfuls
,
and
boile
them
in
a
sufficient
quantity
of
water
,
and
put
thereunto
a
little
wheat
bran
,
salt
and
vineger
,
and
let
him
drinke
a
pinte
of
that
euery
day
,
the
space
of
three
or
foure
daies
together
.
It
is
good
also
to
perfume
and
chafe
his
hed
,
with
Time
&
Peniroyall
sodden
together
in
vineger
,
or
with
Brimstone
and
feathers
burned
vpon
a
chafingdish
of
coales
vnder
his
nose
:
and
to
prouoke
him
to
neese
,
by
blowing
pepper
and
Pyrethre
beaten
to
powder
,
vp
into
his
nostrils
:
yea
and
to
annoint
the
palate
of
his
mouth
,
with
Hony
and
Mustard
mingled
together
,
and
in
his
drinke
,
which
would
be
alwaies
warme
water
,
to
put
Parsly
seede
,
and
Fennell
seede
,
to
prouoke
vrine
.
His
Legs
also
would
bee
bathed
,
and
his
hooues
filled
with
wheat
bran
,
salt
,
and
vineger
,
sodden
togither
,
and
laid
too
so
hot
as
hee
may
indure
it
,
and
in
any
case
suffer
him
not
to
sleepe
but
keepe
him
waking
and
stirring
,
by
continual
crying
vnto
him
,
or
pricking
him
with
some
sharp
thing
that
cannot
passe
through
the
skin
,
or
else
by
beating
him
with
a
whip
,
and
this
doing
he
shall
recouer
.
Another
of
the
sleeping
euill
.
Markham
.
THe
sleeping
euil
in
a
horsse
,
differeth
nothing
from
that
which
the
Physitians
cal
the
Lethargy
in
men
,
for
it
prouoketh
the
horsse
to
sleep
continually
,
without
disisting
,
robbing
his
memory
and
appetite
of
their
qualities
:
the
knowledge
thereof
is
easily
knowne
by
his
drowsinesse
,
and
the
cure
in
this
sort
:
Let
one
stand
by
him
,
and
either
with
fearefull
noise
or
stripes
,
perforce
keepe
him
waking
:
then
let
him
bloode
vnder
the
eies
,
and
in
the
necke
,
and
then
take
a
leafe
or
two
of
the
best
Tobacco
,
which
being
dryed
and
beaten
to
powder
,
with
a
quill
blow
it
vp
into
his
nostrils
,
and
giue
him
to
drinke
vineger
,
salt
,
and
Mustard
mingled
well
together
,
to
which
if
you
put
a
little
Honye
,
it
shall
not
be
amisse
:
and
also
when
he
drinketh
any
water
,
put
thereto
either
Fennel-seedes
,
Anny-seedes
or
Pepper
.
Of
a
Horsse
that
is
taken
.
A
Horsse
is
said
to
be
taken
,
when
he
is
depriued
of
his
feeling
and
mouing
,
Blundevile
so
as
he
is
able
to
stir
no
manner
of
way
,
but
remaineth
in
such
state
and
forme
,
as
he
was
taken
in
.
Which
disease
is
called
of
the
Physitians
by
the
Greeke
name
Catalepsis
,
and
in
Latine
Deprehensio
,
or
Congelatio
and
of
Vegetius
,
Sideratio
,
which
also
calleth
those
beasts
that
haue
this
disease
I●●●enta
sideratitia
.
The
physitians
say
,
that
it
commeth
of
aboundance
of
Phlegme
and
choler
mixt
together
,
or
else
of
melancholy
blood
,
which
is
a
cold
dry
humor
opressing
the
hinder
parts
of
the
brain
.
But
Vegetius
saith
,
that
it
coms
of
some
extreame
outward
cold
,
striking
sodainely
into
the
empty
vaines
,
or
some
extreame
heate
or
raw
digestion
,
or
else
of
some
great
hunger
,
caused
by
long
fasting
.
It
is
easie
to
knowe
by
the
description
before
mentioned
.
As
touching
the
cure
,
Vegetius
saith
,
that
if
it
come
of
colde
,
then
it
is
good
to
giue
him
to
drinke
,
one
ounce
of
Laserpitium
,
with
Wine
and
Oyle
mixt
together
,
and
made
lukewarme
:
if
of
heat
,
then
to
giue
it
him
with
water
and
hony
:
if
of
crudity
,
then
to
hea●e
him
by
fasting
:
if
of
hunger
,
then
by
feeding
him
well
with
Pease
.
But
Martin
saith
,
that
this
disease
is
called
of
the
French-men
Surprins
,
and
it
commeth
(
as
he
saith
)
most
chiefly
of
cold
taken
after
a
heat
,
&
he
wisheth
a
horsse
that
is
thus
taken
,
to
be
cured
in
this
sort
.
First
to
be
let
blood
on
both
sides
of
the
breast
,
and
then
to
be
put
in
a
heat
either
by
continuall
stirring
and
molesting
him
,
or
else
if
he
wil
stir
by
no
meanes
,
then
to
bury
him
all
saue
the
head
in
a
warme
dunghil
,
and
ther
to
let
him
lie
vntil
his
limbs
haue
some
feeling
.
And
before
you
so
bury
him
,
it
shall
be
good
to
giue
him
this
drinke
.
Take
of
Malmsie
three
pints
,
and
put
thereunto
a
quarterne
of
Suger
,
and
some
Cinamon
and
Cloues
,
and
let
him
drinke
it
good
and
warme
,
and
vntill
he
be
perfectly
whole
,
let
him
be
kept
warm
,
and
often
exercised
and
walked
vp
and
down
in
the
stable
,
and
thinly
dieted
,
and
drink
nothing
but
warme
water
,
wherein
if
you
put
some
Fennell
and
Parsly
seed
,
to
prouoke
him
to
vrine
,
it
shal
be
the
better
.
And
if
he
cannot
dung
,
let
him
bee
raked
,
and
haue
a
glister
made
of
the
broath
of
Mallowes
and
fresh
Butter
.
Another
of
a
Horsse
that
is
taken
.
A
Horsse
which
is
bereft
of
his
feeling
,
moouing
or
stirring
,
is
said
to
be
taken
,
and
in
sooth
so
he
is
,
in
that
he
is
arrested
by
so
vallainous
a
disease
,
yet
some
Farriors
,
Markham
.
not
wel
vnderstanding
the
ground
of
the
disease
,
conster
the
word
taken
,
to
bee
striken
by
some
Plannet
or
euill
spirit
,
which
is
false
,
for
it
proceedeth
of
too
great
aboundance
of
fleme
and
choler
,
simboliz'd
together
,
the
cure
is
thus
.
Let
him
blood
in
his
spur
vains
,
and
his
breast
vaines
,
and
then
by
foulding
him
in
aboundant
number
of
cloaths
,
driue
him
into
an
extreame
sweat
,
during
which
time
of
his
sweating
,
let
one
chafe
his
legs
with
oyle
de
bay
,
then
after
he
hath
sweat
the
space
of
two
houres
,
abate
his
cloaths
moderatly
,
and
throughly
after
he
is
dry
,
annoint
him
all
ouer
with
Oyle
Petrolium
,
and
in
twice
or
thrice
dressing
him
he
wil
be
sound
.
Of
the
Staggers
.
THis
is
a
dizzinesse
of
the
head
,
called
in
Latine
vertigo
,
and
of
the
Italians
as
I
remember
Capistura
.
It
commeth
of
some
corrupt
bloode
,
Blundevile
or
grosse
and
tough
humors
oppressing
the
brain
,
from
whence
proceedeth
a
vaporous
spirit
,
dissolued
by
a
weake
heat
,
which
troubleth
all
the
head
.
The
signes
be
these
;
dimnesse
of
sight
,
the
reeling
and
staggering
of
the
Horsse
,
who
for
very
pain
wil
thrust
his
head
against
the
walles
,
and
forsake
his
meate
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Let
him
blood
in
the
temple
vaines
,
and
then
with
a
knife
make
an
hole
an
inch
long
ouerwart
his
forehead
,
hard
vnderneath
his
fore-top
,
and
raise
the
skinne
with
a
Cornet
,
thrusting
it
vpward
towards
the
head-stale
a
good
handfull
,
and
then
put
in
a
taint
dipt
in
Turpentine
and
hogs
greace
molten
together
,
renewing
the
taint
euery
day
once
vntill
it
be
whole
,
and
do
the
like
vpon
the
ridge
of
the
rumpe
,
but
methinkes
it
were
better
to
do
the
like
,
in
the
powle
of
his
head
,
or
nape
of
his
necke
,
for
so
should
the
euil
humors
haue
both
waies
the
easier
and
speedier
passage
:
and
as
touching
his
dyet
,
let
him
haue
continually
warme
drinke
,
and
mashes
,
and
once
a
day
be
walked
vp
and
downe
faire
and
softly
to
exercise
his
body
.
Of
the
Staggers
.
THe
Staggers
is
a
dizy
disease
,
breeding
frenzy
in
a
Horsse
,
which
if
it
be
not
instantly
helped
,
Markham
.
is
mortall
:
the
cure
is
thus
.
Let
him
blood
in
the
temple
vaines
,
and
then
aply
to
his
temples
cloath
in
the
iuyce
of
Garlike
,
and
Aqua
vitae
mixt
together
:
if
you
crush
Garlike
and
put
it
in
his
eares
,
it
is
excellent
:
or
if
you
slit
his
forehead
,
and
loosening
the
skin
from
the
bone
,
taint
it
with
Turpentine
and
Sallet-oyle
,
it
will
vndoubtedly
help
him
.
Of
the
falling
euill
.
Blundevile
THis
is
a
kind
of
convulsion
or
crampe
,
called
of
the
Latins
by
the
Greek
name
Epilepsia
,
in
Italian
,
Il
morbo
caduco
,
depriuing
the
beast
at
certaine
times
,
and
for
a
certaine
space
of
the
vse
of
feeling
,
hearing
and
seeing
,
and
of
al
the
other
senses
.
And
although
it
be
a
disease
that
hath
bin
seldome
seene
to
chance
vnto
Horses
of
this
Countrey
,
yet
it
appeareth
by
Absirtus
,
and
also
by
Vegetius
,
and
diuers
others
,
that
Horsses
be
subiect
therunto
.
For
Absirtus
writing
to
his
friend
Tiberius
Claudius
saith
,
that
vnto
horses
chanceth
many
times
the
falling
sicknesse
.
The
signes
whereof
are
these
.
The
Horsse
will
fall
down
suddenly
,
partly
through
the
resolution
of
his
members
,
and
partly
through
distension
of
his
sinnewes
,
and
al
his
body
will
quiuer
and
quake
,
and
somtime
he
wil
fome
at
the
mouth
.
Vegetius
againe
writeth
in
this
sort
:
by
a
certain
course
of
the
Moone
horses
and
other
beasts
many
times
do
fal
,
and
die
for
a
time
as
wel
as
men
.
The
signs
wherof
are
these
.
Being
fallen
,
their
bodies
will
quiuer
and
quake
,
and
their
mouths
will
fome
,
and
when
a
man
would
thinke
that
they
would
die
out
of
hand
,
they
rise
suddenly
vp
and
fal
to
their
meat
.
And
by
feeling
the
gristle
of
their
Nostrils
with
your
finger
,
you
shall
know
whether
they
wil
fal
often
or
not
:
for
the
more
cold
the
gristle
be
,
the
oftner
,
and
the
lesse
cold
it
be
,
the
seldomer
,
they
wil
fal
.
The
cure
.
Let
him
bloode
aboundantly
in
the
necke
vaines
,
and
within
fiue
daies
after
let
him
blood
againe
in
the
temple
vaines
and
let
him
stand
in
a
warme
and
darke
stable
,
and
annoint
al
his
body
with
comfortable
ointments
,
and
his
head
and
eares
with
Oyle
of
Bay
,
and
liquid
Pitch
or
Tar
,
mingled
together
.
And
also
put
some
therof
into
his
eares
,
and
and
then
make
a
Biggen
for
him
of
some
soft
warm
skin
,
as
of
a
sheepes
skin
,
or
els
of
canuas
,
stuffed
vnderneath
with
woll
,
and
make
him
this
purging
drink
.
Take
of
Radish
roots
two
ounces
,
of
the
root
of
the
herb
called
in
Latine
Panax
or
Panaces
,
and
of
Scammony
,
of
each
one
ounce
,
beate
al
these
things
together
,
and
boile
them
in
a
quart
of
Hony
,
and
at
sundry
times
as
you
shal
see
it
needefull
,
giue
him
a
good
spoonefull
or
two
of
this
in
a
quart
of
Ale
lukewarme
,
whereunto
would
be
put
three
or
foure
spoonefuls
of
oyle
.
It
is
good
also
to
blow
the
powder
of
Motherwort
,
or
of
Pyrethrum
,
vp
into
his
nostrils
,
and
if
the
disease
do
continue
stil
for
al
this
,
then
it
shal
be
needeful
to
pearse
the
skinne
of
his
forehead
in
diuers
places
with
a
hot
iron
,
and
to
let
out
the
humors
oppressing
his
braine
.
of
the
night
Mare
.
THis
is
a
disease
oppressing
either
man
or
beast
in
the
night
season
when
he
sleepeth
,
so
as
he
cannot
drawe
his
breath
,
and
is
called
of
the
Latines
Incubus
.
It
commeth
of
a
continual
crudity
or
raw
digestion
of
the
stomach
,
from
whence
grosse
vapors
ascending
vp
into
the
head
,
do
oppresse
the
braine
,
and
al
the
sensitiue
powers
,
so
as
they
cannot
do
their
office
,
in
giuing
perfect
feeling
and
mouing
to
the
body
.
And
if
this
disease
chancing
often
to
a
man
,
be
not
cured
in
time
,
it
may
perhaps
grow
to
a
worse
mischiefe
,
as
to
the
faling
euil
,
madnesse
,
or
Apopelexy
.
But
I
could
neuer
learne
that
Horses
were
subiect
to
this
disease
,
neither
by
relation
,
nor
yet
by
reading
,
but
only
in
an
old
English
writer
,
who
sheweth
neither
cause
nor
signes
,
how
to
know
when
a
horsse
hath
it
,
but
onely
teacheth
how
to
cure
it
with
a
fond
foolish
charme
,
which
because
it
may
perhaps
make
you
gentle
Reader
to
laugh
,
as
wel
as
it
did
me
,
for
recreation
sake
I
will
heere
rehearse
it
.
Take
a
flint
stone
that
hath
a
hole
of
his
owne
kinde
,
and
hang
it
ouer
him
,
and
write
in
a
bill
.
In
nomine
patris
,
&c.
Saint
George
our
Ladies
Knight
,
He
walked
day
,
so
did
he
night
,
Vntill
he
her
found
,
He
her
beate
,
and
he
her
bound
,
Till
truely
her
troath
she
him
plight
,
That
she
would
not
come
within
the
night
,
There
as
saint
George
our
Ladies
knight
,
Named
was
three
times
,
saint
George
.
And
hang
this
scripture
ouer
him
,
and
let
him
alone
:
with
such
proper
charmes
as
this
is
,
the
false
Friers
in
times
past
were
wont
to
charme
the
mony
out
of
plaine
folks
purses
.
Of
the
Apoplexy
.
THe
Apoplexy
,
is
a
disease
depriuing
all
the
whole
body
of
sense
and
mouing
.
And
if
it
depriue
but
part
of
the
body
,
then
it
is
called
of
the
Latines
by
the
Greeke
name
Paralysis
,
in
our
tongue
a
palsie
.
It
proceedes
of
cold
,
grosse
,
and
tough
humors
,
Blundevile
oppressing
the
braine
all
at
once
,
which
may
breed
partly
of
crudities
and
raw
digestion
,
and
partly
by
meanes
of
some
hurt
in
the
head
,
taken
by
a
fall
,
stripe
,
or
otherwise
.
As
touching
Apoplexy
,
few
or
none
writing
of
horsleach-craft
do
make
any
mention
thereof
:
but
of
the
Palsie
Vegetius
writeth
in
this
manner
.
A
Horsse
(
saith
he
)
may
haue
the
palsie
as
wel
as
a
man
,
which
is
knowne
by
these
signes
.
He
will
go
grouelling
and
sideling
like
a
Crab
,
carrying
his
necke
awry
,
as
if
it
were
broken
,
and
goeth
crookedly
with
his
legs
,
beating
his
head
against
the
wals
and
yet
forsaketh
not
his
meate
nor
drink
,
and
his
prouender
seemeth
moist
and
wet
.
The
cure
.
Let
him
blood
in
the
temple
vaine
,
on
the
contrary
side
of
the
wrying
of
his
necke
,
and
annoint
his
necke
with
comfortable
ointment
,
and
splent
it
with
splents
of
wood
to
make
it
stand
right
,
and
let
him
stand
in
a
warme
stable
,
and
giue
him
such
drinks
as
are
recited
in
the
next
chapter
following
.
But
if
all
this
profiteth
not
,
then
draw
his
necke
with
a
hot
yron
on
the
contrary
side
:
that
is
to
say
,
on
the
whole
side
,
from
the
neather
part
of
the
eare
downe
to
the
shoulders
,
and
draw
also
a
good
long
strike
on
his
temple
,
on
that
side
and
on
the
other
temple
make
him
a
little
star
in
this
sort
,
*
and
from
his
raines
to
his
mid
backe
,
draw
little
lines
,
in
a
manner
of
a
ragged
staffe
,
and
that
will
heale
him
.
Of
the
Crampe
or
convulsion
of
the
sinnewes
.
and
Muscles
.
A
Conuulsion
or
crampe
,
is
a
forceable
and
painefull
contraction
or
drawing
together
of
the
sinnewes
and
Muscles
which
doe
happen
sometime
through
the
whole
body
,
and
sometime
but
in
one
part
or
member
only
.
And
according
as
the
body
may
be
diuersely
drawne
,
so
do
the
Physitians
,
and
also
mine
Authors
that
write
of
horse-leach
craft
,
giue
it
diuers
names
.
For
if
the
body
be
drawne
forward
,
then
they
call
it
in
Greeke
Emprosthotonos
,
in
Latine
Tensio
ad
anteriora
.
And
if
the
body
be
drawne
backe
,
it
is
called
in
Greeke
Opisthotonos
,
in
Latine
Tensio
ad
pesteriora
.
But
if
the
body
be
starke
and
straite
,
bowing
neither
forward
,
nor
backward
,
then
it
is
called
simply
in
Greeke
Tetanos
,
in
Latine
Distensio
or
Rigor
:
which
names
also
are
applied
to
the
like
conuulsions
of
the
necke
.
Notwithstanding
,
Vegetius
writing
of
this
diease
,
in●ituleth
his
chapters
de
Roborosis
,
a
strange
terme
,
and
not
to
be
found
againe
in
any
other
A●thor
.
A
conuulsion
as
I
said
before
,
may
chance
as
well
to
one
part
or
member
of
the
body
,
as
to
the
whole
body
:
as
to
the
eie
,
to
the
skin
of
the
forehead
,
to
the
rootes
of
the
to●gue
,
to
the
iawes
,
to
the
lips
,
to
the
arme
,
hand
or
Legge
:
that
is
to
say
,
whensoeuer
the
sinnew
or
muscle
seruing
to
the
moouing
of
that
part
,
is
euill
affected
or
grieued
.
Of
which
conuulsions
,
though
ther
be
many
diuers
causes
:
yet
Hippocrates
bringeth
them
all
into
two
:
that
is
to
say
,
into
fulnesse
and
emptinesse
:
for
when
a
conuulsion
proceedeth
either
of
some
inflamation
of
superfluous
eating
or
drinking
,
or
for
lacke
of
due
purgation
,
or
of
ouermuch
rest
and
lacke
of
exercise
,
all
such
causes
are
to
be
referred
to
reple●ion
or
fulnesse
.
But
if
a
conuulsion
come
by
means
of
ouermuch
purging
or
bleeding
,
or
much
watching
,
extreame
labor
,
long
fasting
,
or
by
wounding
or
pricking
of
the
sinnewes
,
then
al
such
causes
are
to
be
referred
vnto
emptinesse
.
And
if
the
conuulsion
proceede
of
fulnesse
,
it
chanceth
suddenly
,
and
all
at
once
,
but
if
of
emptynesse
,
then
it
commeth
by
little
and
little
,
and
leisurely
.
Besides
these
kindes
of
conuulsions
,
there
is
also
chancing
many
times
in
a
mans
singers
,
Legges
and
toes
,
another
kind
of
conuulsion
,
which
may
bee
called
a
windye
conuulsion
,
for
that
it
proceedes
of
some
grosse
or
tough
vapor
,
entred
into
the
braunches
of
the
sinnewes
,
which
maketh
them
to
swell
like
a
Lute
string
in
moyst
weather
,
which
though
it
be
very
painefull
for
the
time
,
yet
it
may
bee
soone
driuen
away
,
by
chafing
or
rubbing
the
member
grieued
with
a
warme
cloath
.
And
this
kind
of
conuulsion
or
cramp
chanceth
also
many
times
to
a
Horsses
hinder
Legs
,
standing
in
the
stable
.
For
I
haue
seene
some
my selfe
,
that
haue
had
one
of
their
hinder
Legges
drawne
vp
with
the
crampe
almost
to
the
belly
so
stiffe
and
hard
,
as
no
man
hath
beene
able
to
stir
it
,
neither
could
the
Horsse
himselfe
set
it0
down
to
the
ground
of
a
long
season
,
which
I
think
might
be
soone
remedied
:
first
by
continuall
chafing
,
fretting
,
or
rubbing
his
Legs
with
a
good
wispe
,
and
then
by
tying
vp
the
other
hinder
Legge
,
or
else
the
forelegge
on
the
fore
side
,
when
by
he
should
be
forced
to
set
down
the
pained
Leg.
Thus
far
I
haue
discoursed
of
the
conuulsion
of
sinnewes
,
and
of
the
causes
therof
,
according
to
the
opinions
of
the
learned
Physitians
.
Now
I
wil
briefly
shew
you
the
causes
,
signes
,
and
cure
thereof
,
according
to
the
doctrine
of
mine
Authors
that
write
of
horseleach-craft
.
Absirtus
saith
,
that
this
disease
doeth
come
,
either
by
driuing
the
Horsse
into
a
sweate
when
he
halteth
,
or
for
that
he
hath
troden
vpon
some
naile
,
or
by
taking
cold
after
iournying
and
sweating
in
Winter
season
,
whereby
his
lippes
are
clung
together
,
or
by
long
lying
and
rest
after
sweating
,
whereby
the
sinnewes
of
his
forelegges
be
nummed
,
or
by
hauing
some
stripe
of
his
priuy
members
,
or
by
long
trauelling
in
the
colde
Mountaines
,
where
snowe
and
Ise
doth
abound
.
For
Theomnestus
Writeth
,
that
comming
out
of
Paonia
,
with
the
King
and
his
army
,
and
passing
ouer
the
Mountaines
to
goe
into
Italy
,
there
fell
such
aboundance
of
snow
,
as
not
onely
many
Souldiers
dyed
,
sitting
still
on
their
horses
backs
,
with
their
Weapons
in
their
handes
,
being
so
starke
and
stiffe
,
and
cleauing
so
fast
to
their
Saddles
,
as
they
cold
not
easily
be
pulled
out
of
them
:
but
also
diuers
horsses
in
their
going
were
so
nummed
as
they
could
not
bow
their
legs
:
yea
and
some
were
found
s●arke
dead
,
standing
stil
on
their
feete
,
and
few
Horsses
or
none
escaped
at
that
time
free
from
this
conuulsion
,
of
sinnewes
,
insomuch
that
Theomnestus
his
owne
Horsse
which
he
loued
dearely
,
was
sore
vexed
therewith
.
The
signes
to
know
whether
a
Horsse
bee
troubled
with
the
conuulsion
in
the
sinnewes
or
not
,
bee
these
.
His
head
and
necke
will
be
so
stiffe
and
starke
as
hee
can
bow
it
no
manner
of
way
,
his
eares
wil
stand
right
vp
,
and
his
eies
will
be
hollow
in
his
head
,
and
the
fleshy
parts
therof
in
the
great
corners
,
will
be
turned
backward
,
his
lips
will
be
clung
fast
together
,
so
as
hee
cannot
open
his
mouth
,
and
his
tongue
so
nummed
as
he
can
neither
eate
nor
drinke
,
his
backbone
and
taile
wil
be
so
stiffe
,
as
he
cannot
moue
it
one
way
nor
other
,
and
his
Legs
so
stiffe
,
as
they
will
not
bow
,
and
being
layed
hee
is
not
able
to
rise
,
and
specially
on
his
hinder
Legges
,
but
falleth
downe
on
his
buttockes
,
like
a
Dogge
when
hee
sitteth
on
the
ground
,
and
by
meanes
of
the
conuulsion
in
his
backe
,
his
bladder
also
for
neighbourhoode
sake
,
suffereth
,
whereby
the
Horsse
cannot
stale
but
with
great
paine
.
The
cure
.
Put
him
into
a
sweat
,
either
by
burying
him
all
saue
the
head
in
some
warme
dunghill
,
or
if
he
be
a
horsse
of
price
,
cary
him
into
a
hot
house
,
where
is
no
smoak
,
and
let
him
sweat
there
.
Then
annoint
all
his
body
,
heade
,
necke
,
legges
,
and
all
with
oyle
of
Cypres
,
and
oile
of
Bay
mingled
together
.
Or
else
with
one
of
these
ointments
.
Take
of
Hogs-greace
two
pound
,
of
Turpentine
halfe
a
pound
,
of
Pepper
beaten
in
powder
one
dramme
,
of
new
Wax
one
pound
,
of
olde
Oyle
two
pound
,
boile
all
these
together
,
and
being
made
very
warme
,
annoint
all
his
body
therewith
.
Or
els
with
this
ointment
.
Take
of
new
wax
one
pound
,
of
Turpentine
foure
ounces
,
of
oile
de
Bay
as
much
,
of
Opopanax
two
ounces
,
of
Deeres
sewet
and
oile
of
Storar
,
of
each
three
ounces
,
melt
al
these
together
,
and
annoint
all
his
body
therewith
.
It
is
good
also
to
bath
his
head
with
the
decoction
of
Fitches
,
or
els
of
Lupines
,
and
make
him
this
drink
.
Take
xx
.
graines
of
long
Pepper
,
finely
beaten
into
powder
,
of
Cedar
two
ounces
,
of
Nitre
one
ounce
,
of
Lacerpitium
as
much
as
a
Beane
,
and
mingle
all
these
together
with
a
sufficient
quantity
of
white
Wine
;
and
giue
him
thereof
to
drinke
a
quart
euery
Morning
and
Euening
for
the
space
of
three
or
foure
daies
,
or
else
this
drink
.
Take
of
Opopanax
two
ounces
,
of
Storar
three
ounces
,
of
Gentian
three
ounces
,
of
Manna
Succ●rie
,
three
ounces
,
of
Myr
one
scruple
,
of
long
Pepper
two
scruples
,
giue
him
this
with
old
Wine
;
or
make
him
a
drinke
of
Lacerpitium
,
Cumin
,
Annis
seed
,
Fenegreeke
,
Bay
berries
,
and
old
oyle
.
In
old
time
they
were
wont
to
let
him
bloode
in
the
Temples
,
which
Absirtus
doth
not
alow
,
saying
that
it
will
cause
the
sinnewes
of
his
lips
to
dry
vp
,
so
as
the
horsse
being
not
able
to
moue
them
,
shall
pine
for
hunger
.
As
touching
his
diet
,
giue
him
at
the
first
warm
mashes
,
and
such
soft
meat
as
he
may
easily
get
down
,
and
wet
haie
,
bringing
him
to
harder
food
by
little
and
little
.
And
in
any
case
,
let
him
be
kept
very
warme
,
and
ridden
or
walked
once
a
day
to
exercise
his
legges
and
lims
.
Theomnestus
cured
his
horsse
,
as
he
saieth
,
by
placing
him
in
a
warm
stable
,
and
by
making
a
cleer
fire
without
any
smoak
round
about
him
,
and
the
horsse
not
being
able
to
open
his
iawes
of
himselfe
,
hee
caused
his
mouth
to
be
opened
,
and
put
therein
sops
dipt
in
a
confection
called
Entrigon
conditum
,
and
also
annointed
al
his
bodie
with
a
medicine
or
ointment
called
Acopum
(
the
making
whereof
herafter
followeth
)
dissolued
in
Cypres
oile
,
which
made
him
to
fal
into
a
sweat
,
and
being
before
halfe
dead
and
more
,
brought
him
againe
to
his
feeling
and
mouing
,
so
as
he
did
rise
and
eat
his
meat
.
Of
the
Crampe
or
convulsions
of
the
Sinnewes
or
Muscles
.
A
Convulsion
or
cramp
,
is
a
forcible
drawing
together
of
the
sinnewes
,
sometimes
vniuersally
ouer
the
whole
body
,
as
I
haue
seene
one
horsse
in
my
life
time
,
and
sometimes
but
in
one
part
or
member
,
as
I
haue
knowne
and
helpt
diuers
.
These
convulsions
haue
two
grounds
,
namely
,
either
natural
,
or
els
accidental
:
natural
,
as
proceeding
of
cold
windie
humours
ingendred
in
the
body
,
and
dispersed
into
those
partes
,
worke
there
the
effects
of
greeuance
.
Accidental
,
is
by
wounding
or
pricking
the
sinnews
of
which
immediatly
ensueth
a
convulsion
.
If
it
be
naturall
,
and
the
disease
generally
dispersed
;
then
the
cure
is
thus
:
dig
a
great
deep
hole
in
some
old
dunghil
,
&
there
bury
him
all
saue
the
head
,
so
he
may
sweate
there
for
the
space
of
two
houres
at
the
least
,
then
take
him
out
,
and
annoint
his
body
all
ouer
with
Narueoile
,
Turpentine
,
and
Deares
suet
mingled
together
on
the
fire
,
and
bathe
his
heade
in
the
iuice
of
Rue
and
Camo
mile
.
Then
giue
him
to
drinke
old
Ale
brewd
with
Sinamon
,
Ginger
,
Fenecreeke
and
long
Pepper
:
of
each
three
ounces
.
As
for
his
dyet
,
let
it
be
warme
mashes
,
sodden
wheat
and
hay
,
thoroughly
carded
with
a
paire
of
wool
cards
:
let
him
be
kept
verie
warme
and
ayred
abroad
once
a
daie
at
the
least
.
If
this
convulsion
be
not
onely
in
one
member
,
then
it
is
sufficient
if
euery
daye
with
hard
ropes
of
hay
or
straw
you
rub
and
chafe
that
part
exceedingly
,
and
apply
there
to
a
little
quantity
of
the
oyle
Pepper
.
If
the
convulsion
be
accidentall
,
proceeding
of
some
hurt
,
whereby
the
sinnews
is
wounded
or
prickt
,
then
shal
you
incontinently
take
vp
the
sinnew
so
wounded
,
searching
the
wound
with
great
discretion
,
and
cut
it
cleane
insunder
,
then
shal
you
endeuor
to
heale
vp
the
same
with
vnguents
,
plaisters
&
balms
,
as
shall
be
hereafter
mentioned
in
the
chapters
of
wounds
and
vlcers
,
of
what
kind
or
nature
soeuer
.
Of
the
cold
in
the
head
.
ACcording
to
the
cold
which
the
horsse
hath
taken
,
is
new
or
old
,
great
or
small
,
and
also
according
as
humors
do
abound
in
his
head
,
and
as
such
humors
be
thicke
or
thin
,
Blundevile
so
is
the
disease
more
or
lesse
daungerous
.
For
if
the
horsse
casteth
little
or
no
matter
out
of
his
nose
,
nor
hath
no
very
great
cough
but
onely
heauy
in
his
heade
,
and
perhaps
lightly
cougheth
now
and
then
,
it
is
a
signe
that
he
is
stopped
in
the
head
,
which
we
were
wont
to
call
the
pose
.
But
if
his
head
be
ful
of
humors
congeald
by
some
extream
cold
taken
of
long
time
past
,
and
that
he
casteth
fowle
filthy
matter
out
at
the
nose
,
and
cougheth
greeuously
,
then
it
is
a
signe
that
hee
hath
either
the
Glaunders
,
or
the
Strangullion
,
mourning
of
the
cheine
,
or
consumption
of
the
lungs
.
For
all
such
diseases
doe
breed
for
the
most
part
of
the
Rhueme
or
distillation
that
commeth
from
the
head
.
Of
the
cures
whereof
we
leaue
to
speake
,
vntill
we
come
to
talke
of
the
diseases
in
the
throat
,
minding
heere
to
shew
you
how
to
heale
the
pose
or
colde
before
mentioned
.
Martin
saith
,
it
is
good
to
purge
his
head
,
by
perfuming
him
with
Frankencence
,
and
also
to
prouoke
him
to
neeze
by
thrasting
two
Goose
feathers
dipt
in
oyle
de
Bay
vp
into
his
nostrils
and
then
to
trot
him
vppe
and
downe
halfe
an
houre
,
for
these
feathers
will
make
him
to
cast
immediatly
at
the
nose
.
Laurentius
Russius
would
haue
him
to
be
perfumed
with
Wheat
,
Penneroyal
,
and
sage
sodden
well
togither
and
put
into
a
bag
so
hot
as
may
be
,
which
bagge
would
be
so
close
fastened
to
his
head
,
that
all
the
sauour
thereof
may
ascend
vp
into
his
nostrils
,
and
his
head
also
would
be
couered
and
kept
warme
:
and
to
prouoke
him
to
neeze
,
he
would
haue
you
to
bind
a
soft
clout
annointed
with
sope
,
or
els
with
Butter
and
oyle
de
Bay
vnto
a
sticke
,
and
to
thrust
that
vp
and
downe
into
his
nostrils
,
so
high
as
you
may
conueniently
goe
,
and
let
him
be
kept
warm
and
drink
no
cold
water
.
Yea
,
it
shal
be
good
for
three
or
foure
daies
,
to
boile
in
his
water
a
little
Fenegreek
,
wheate
meale
,
and
a
few
Annis
seeds
.
And
euerie
daie
after
that
you
haue
purged
his
head
by
perfuming
him
,
or
by
making
him
to
neeze
,
cause
him
to
be
trotted
vp
and
downe
,
either
in
the
warme
Sunne
,
or
els
in
the
house
halfe
an
hour
,
which
would
be
done
before
you
water
him
,
and
giue
him
his
prouender
.
Of
the
cold
in
the
head
.
THe
pose
or
cold
in
a
horsse
,
is
the
most
generall
disease
that
hapneth
,
and
is
the
easiest
perceiued
,
both
by
stopping
,
ratling
in
the
nose
,
and
coughing
,
Markham
.
the
cure
thereof
is
in
this
sort
:
If
it
be
but
newly
taken
by
some
carelesse
regard
,
and
immediately
perceiued
,
you
shal
need
no
other
remedy
but
to
keepe
him
warme
euery
Morning
and
Euening
after
his
water
,
to
ride
him
forth
,
and
to
trot
him
vp
and
downe
very
fast
till
his
cold
break
,
and
then
gently
to
gallop
him
a
little
,
which
moderate
exercise
with
warme
keeping
will
quickly
recouer
him
againe
;
but
if
the
cold
hath
had
long
residence
in
him
,
and
still
encreaseth
,
then
you
shall
giue
him
this
drinke
three
daies
togither
.
Take
of
strong
Ale
one
quart
,
of
the
best
Treakle
six
penniworth
,
of
long
Pepper
and
graines
,
of
each
as
much
beaten
to
powder
,
of
the
iuice
of
Garlicke
two
spoonefuls
,
boile
all
these
togither
,
and
giue
it
the
horsse
to
drinke
,
so
warme
as
he
may
suffer
it
,
and
then
trotte
him
vp
and
downe
by
the
space
of
an
houre
or
more
,
and
keepe
him
warme
,
giuing
him
to
drinke
no
cold
water
.
Of
the
diseases
of
the
eies
.
HOrsses
eies
be
subiect
to
diuers
griefes
,
as
to
be
waterish
or
blood-shotten
,
Blundevile
to
bee
dim
of
sight
,
to
haue
the
pin
and
web
,
and
the
haw
,
whereof
some
comes
of
inward
causes
,
as
of
humors
resorting
to
the
eies
,
and
some
of
outward
,
as
of
cold
,
heate
,
or
stripe
.
Of
weeping
or
watering
eies
.
This
,
as
Laurentius
Russius
saith
,
may
come
sometime
by
confluence
of
humors
,
and
sometime
by
some
stripe
,
whose
cure
I
leaue
to
recite
,
because
it
doeth
not
differ
much
from
Martins
experience
heere
following
:
take
of
Pitch
,
Rosen
and
Mastick
,
a
like
quantity
,
melt
them
togither
.
Then
with
a
little
sticke
,
hauing
a
clout
bound
to
the
end
thereof
,
and
dipt
therein
,
annoint
the
Temple
vaines
on
both
sides
,
a
hand
ful
aboue
the
eies
,
as
broad
as
a
Testern
,
and
then
clap
vnto
it
immediately
a
few
flockes
of
like
colour
to
the
horsse
,
holding
them
close
to
his
head
with
your
hand
,
vntill
they
sticke
fast
vnto
his
head
,
then
let
him
blood
on
both
sides
(
if
both
sides
be
infected
)
a
handfull
vnder
the
eies
.
Russius
also
thinketh
it
good
to
wash
his
eies
once
a
day
with
pure
white
wine
,
and
then
to
blow
therein
a
little
of
Tartarum
,
and
of
Pomis
stone
,
beaten
into
fine
powder
.
Of
watering
eyes
.
WAtering
eies
commeth
most
commonly
in
some
stripe
or
blowe
,
and
the
cure
is
thus
.
Lay
vnto
his
Temples
a
plaister
of
Turpentine
and
Pitch
molten
together
,
Markham
.
then
wash
his
eies
with
white
Wine
,
and
afterward
blow
the
pouder
of
burnt
Allome
into
the
same
.
Of
bloud-shotten
eies
,
also
for
a
blow
,
or
itching
and
rubbing
in
the
eies
.
Martin
neuer
vsed
any
other
medicine
,
then
this
water
heere
following
,
wherewith
he
did
alwaies
heale
the
foresaid
griefes
:
take
of
pure
Rose
water
,
of
Malmesie
,
Blundevile
of
Fennel
water
,
of
each
three
sponfuls
,
of
Tutia
as
much
as
you
can
easily
take
with
your
thumbe
and
finger
,
of
cloues
a
dozen
beaten
into
fine
powder
;
mingle
them
together
,
and
being
luke
warme
,
or
cold
if
you
will
,
wash
the
inward
part
of
the
eie
with
a
feather
dipt
therein
twice
a
day
vntill
he
be
whole
.
Russius
saith
that
to
bloudshotten
eies
it
is
good
to
lay
the
white
of
an
Egge
,
or
to
wash
them
with
the
iuice
of
Selidonye
.
Another
of
blood-shotten
eies
,
or
any
other
sore
eie
,
comming
of
rume
of
other
humor
.
FOr
any
sore
eye
make
this
water
,
take
of
the
water
of
Eye-bright
,
of
Rosewater
,
Markham
.
and
Malmesey
,
of
each
three
spoonefuls
,
of
Cloues
6.
or
seauen
beaten
to
fine
powder
,
of
the
iuice
of
Houselicke
two
spoonefuls
,
mix
all
these
togither
and
wash
the
horsses
eies
therewith
once
a
day
,
and
it
will
recouer
him
.
Of
dimnesse
of
sight
,
and
also
for
the
pin
and
web
,
or
any
other
spot
in
the
eie
.
IF
the
horsse
be
dim
of
sight
,
or
hath
any
pearle
growing
in
his
eie
,
or
thin
film
couering
the
ball
of
his
eie
,
than
Russius
would
haue
you
take
of
pomis
stone
of
Tartarum
,
and
of
sal
Gemma
,
of
each
like
weight
,
Blundevile
and
being
beaten
into
very
fine
powder
to
blow
a
little
of
that
in
his
eie
,
continuing
so
to
do
euerie
daie
once
or
twice
,
vntill
he
be
whole
.
Martin
saith
,
that
hee
alwaies
vsed
to
blow
a
little
sandiuoire
into
the
eie
once
a
day
,
which
simple
he
affirmeth
to
be
of
such
force
,
as
it
will
breake
any
pearle
or
web
in
short
space
,
and
make
the
eie
very
cleare
and
faire
.
Russius
amongst
a
number
of
other
medicines
,
praiseth
most
al
the
powder
of
a
blacke
flint
stone
.
Of
the
Pin
and
Web
,
and
other
dimnesse
.
Markham
.
FOr
to
cure
the
Pinne
,
Web
,
Peatle
,
Fylme
,
or
other
dimnesse
,
vse
this
meanes
following
:
Take
of
Sandiuere
,
the
powder
of
burnt
Allom
,
and
the
powder
of
black
Flint-stone
of
each
like
quantity
:
and
once
a
day
blow
a
little
thereof
into
the
horsses
eye
,
and
it
will
weare
away
such
imperfect
matter
,
and
make
the
eie
cleere
.
Of
the
Haw
,
called
of
the
Italians
,
Il
vnghia
de
gli
occhi
.
THis
is
a
gristle
couering
sometime
more
then
one
halfe
of
the
eie
.
It
proceedeth
of
grosse
and
tough
humours
,
Blundevile
discending
out
of
the
heade
,
which
Haw
,
as
Martin
saith
,
would
be
cut
away
in
this
sort
.
First
pull
both
the
eyelids
open
with
two
seuerall
threds
,
stitched
with
a
needle
to
either
of
the
lids
.
Then
catch
holde
of
the
Haw
with
another
needle
and
thred
,
and
pull
it
out
so
far
as
you
may
cutte
it
round
the
bredth
of
a
penny
,
and
leaue
the
blacke
behind
.
For
by
cutting
away
too
much
of
the
fat
and
blacke
of
the
eie
,
the
horsse
many
times
becommeth
blear
eied
.
And
the
haw
being
clean
taken
away
,
squirt
a
littie
white
wine
or
beere
into
his
eie
.
Another
of
the
Haw
.
A
Haw
is
a
grosse
grissell
growing
vnder
the
eye
of
a
horsse
,
and
couering
more
then
one
halfe
of
his
sight
;
Markham
.
which
if
he
bee
suffered
will
in
short
time
perrish
the
eie
:
the
cure
is
thus
,
Lay
your
thumbe
vnder
his
eie
,
in
the
very
hollow
,
then
with
your
finger
pull
downe
the
lid
,
and
with
a
sharpe
needle
and
thred
take
hold
of
the
haw
,
and
plucking
it
out
,
with
a
sharpe
knife
cut
it
away
the
compasse
of
a
penny
,
or
more
,
that
done
,
wash
the
eie
with
a
little
Beere
.
Of
Lunaticke
eies
.
VEgetius
writeth
De
oculo
lunatico
,
but
he
sheweth
neither
cause
nor
signes
thereof
,
but
onely
saith
that
the
old
men
tearmed
it
so
,
Blundevile
because
it
maketh
the
eie
sometime
to
looke
as
though
it
were
couered
with
white
,
and
sometime
cleare
.
Martin
saith
,
that
the
horsse
that
hath
this
disease
,
is
blind
at
certain
times
of
the
Moone
,
insomuch
that
he
seeth
almost
nothing
at
all
during
that
time
,
and
then
his
eyes
will
look
yellowish
:
yea
,
and
somewhat
reddish
,
which
disease
according
to
Martin
,
is
to
be
cured
in
this
sort
.
First
vse
the
plaister
mentioned
before
in
the
chapter
of
waterish
or
weeping
eies
,
in
such
order
as
is
there
prescribed
,
and
then
with
a
sharpe
knife
make
two
slittes
on
both
sides
of
his
head
an
inch
long
,
somewhat
towardes
the
nose
,
a
handfull
beneath
the
eies
,
not
touching
the
vaine
:
and
with
a
cornet
loosen
the
skinne
vpward
the
breadth
of
a
groat
,
and
thrust
therein
a
round
peece
of
leather
,
as
broad
as
a
two
penny
peece
,
with
a
hole
in
the
middest
to
keepe
the
whole
open
,
and
looke
to
it
once
a
day
,
that
the
matter
may
not
be
stopped
,
but
continually
run
the
space
of
ten
daies
,
then
take
the
leather
out
,
and
heale
the
wound
with
a
little
flax
dipt
in
the
salue
heere
following
:
Take
of
Turpentine
,
of
hony
,
of
wax
,
of
each
like
quantity
,
and
boile
them
togither
,
which
being
a
little
warmed
,
wil
be
liquid
to
serue
your
purpose
,
and
take
not
away
the
plaisters
from
the
temples
vntil
they
fal
away
of
themselues
,
which
being
fallen
,
then
with
a
smal
hot
drawinge
yron
,
make
a
starre
in
the
midst
of
each
Temple
vaine
where
the
plaister
did
lie
.
Which
star
would
haue
a
hole
in
the
middest
made
with
the
button
end
of
your
drawing
yron
.
Another
of
lunaticke
or
moone
eies
.
Markham
.
OF
these
Lunaticke
eyes
,
I
haue
knowne
diuers
:
they
are
blinde
at
certaine
times
of
the
Moone
,
they
are
very
redde
,
fiery
,
and
full
of
filme
:
they
come
with
ouer-riding
,
and
extraordinary
heat
and
fury
,
the
cure
of
them
is
thus
:
Lay
vppon
the
Temples
of
his
head
a
plaister
of
Pitch
,
Rozen
,
and
Mastick
molten
togither
very
exceeding
hot
:
then
with
a
little
round
yron
made
for
the
purpose
,
burne
three
or
foure
holes
an
inch
or
more
vnderneath
his
eies
,
and
annoint
those
holes
euery
day
with
Hogges
greace
,
then
put
it
in
his
eies
euery
day
with
a
little
Hony
,
and
in
short
time
he
wil
recouer
his
sight
.
Of
the
Canker
in
the
eie
.
THis
commeth
of
a
ranke
and
corrupt
blood
discending
from
the
head
into
the
eie
.
The
signes
.
You
shall
see
red
pimples
,
some
small
,
and
some
great
,
both
within
and
without
vpon
the
eye-lids
,
and
al
the
eye
will
looke
redde
,
Blundevile
and
be
full
of
corrupt
matter
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Firste
,
let
him
blood
on
that
side
the
necke
,
that
the
eie
is
greeued
,
the
quantity
of
a
pottle
.
Then
take
of
Rochalum
,
of
greene
Coporas
of
each
half
a
pound
,
of
white
Coporas
one
ounce
,
and
boile
them
in
three
pints
of
running
water
,
vntill
the
halfe
be
consumed
,
then
take
it
from
the
fire
,
and
once
a
day
wash
his
eie
with
this
water
being
made
luke
warme
with
a
fine
linnen
cloath
,
and
clense
the
eie
therewith
so
oft
as
it
may
look
raw
,
continuing
thus
to
do
euery
day
vntill
it
be
whole
.
Of
diseases
incident
to
the
eares
,
and
poll
of
the
head
,
and
first
of
an
Impostume
in
the
eare
.
IMpostumes
breed
either
by
reason
of
some
blow
or
brusing
,
or
els
of
euil
humors
congealed
in
the
eare
by
some
extream
colde
,
the
signes
bee
apparant
,
by
the
burning
and
painefull
swelling
of
the
eare
and
part
thereabout
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
in
this
sort
.
First
,
ripe
the
impostume
with
this
plaister
.
Take
of
Lineseed
beaten
into
powder
,
of
wheat
Flower
,
of
each
halfe
a
pint
,
of
hony
a
pint
,
of
Hogges
greace
or
barrowes
greace
one
pound
.
Warme
al
these
thinges
togither
in
an
earthen
pot
,
and
stir
them
continuallie
with
a
flat
stick
or
slice
,
vntill
they
be
thoroughly
mingled
and
incorporated
togither
,
and
then
spreade
some
of
this
plaister
being
warme
vpon
a
peece
of
linnen
cloath
,
or
soft
white
leather
,
so
broad
as
the
swelling
and
no
more
,
and
lay
it
warme
vnto
it
,
and
so
let
it
remaine
one
wholeday
,
and
then
renewe
it
with
fresh
ointment
,
continuing
so
to
doe
vntill
it
breake
,
then
lance
the
sore
,
so
that
it
may
haue
passage
downeward
,
and
taint
it
to
the
bottome
with
a
taint
of
flax
dipt
in
this
ointment
:
take
of
Mel
Rosatum
,
of
oyle
oliue
and
turpentine
,
of
each
two
ounces
,
and
mingle
them
togither
,
and
make
him
a
biggen
of
Canuas
to
close
in
the
sore
,
so
as
the
taint
with
the
ointment
may
abide
within
,
renewing
the
taint
once
a
day
,
vntill
it
be
whole
.
But
if
the
horsse
haue
paine
in
his
eares
,
without
any
great
swelling
or
impostumation
,
then
thrust
in
a
litle
blacke
wooll
dipt
in
oile
of
Camomile
,
and
that
will
heale
it
.
Of
the
Poll
euill
.
THis
is
a
disease
like
a
Fistula
growing
betwixt
the
eares
and
the
poll
or
nape
of
the
necke
,
and
proceedeth
of
euill
humors
gathered
togither
in
that
place
,
or
els
of
some
blow
or
bruse
,
for
that
is
the
weakest
and
tenderest
part
of
all
the
head
,
and
therefore
soonest
offended
,
which
rude
Carters
do
little
consider
whilst
in
their
fury
they
beat
their
horsses
vpon
that
place
of
the
head
with
their
whippestocks
,
and
therefore
no
horsse
is
more
subiect
to
this
disease
then
the
cart
horsse
,
and
this
disease
commeth
most
in
winter
season
.
The
signes
.
You
shall
perceiue
it
by
the
swelling
of
the
place
,
which
by
continuance
of
time
will
breake
it selfe
,
rotting
more
inward
then
outward
,
and
therefore
is
more
perilous
if
it
be
not
cured
in
time
,
and
the
sooner
it
be
taken
in
hand
the
b●●ter
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
If
it
be
not
broken
,
ripe
it
with
a
plaister
of
hogges
greace
laid
vnto
it
so
hot
as
may
bee
,
and
make
a
biggen
for
the
Poll
of
his
head
to
keepe
it
from
colde
,
which
biggen
would
haue
two
holes
open
,
so
as
his
eares
may
stande
out
,
and
renew
the
plaister
euery
day
once
vntill
it
breake
,
keeping
the
sore
place
as
warme
as
may
be
.
And
if
you
see
that
it
will
not
breake
so
soone
as
you
woulde
haue
it
,
then
there
as
it
is
softest
and
most
meetest
to
be
opened
,
take
a
round
hot
yron
,
as
big
as
your
little
finger
,
and
sharpe
at
the
point
,
and
two
inches
beneath
that
soft
place
,
thrust
it
in
a
good
deepenesse
vpwarde
,
so
as
the
point
of
the
yron
may
come
out
at
the
ripest
place
,
to
the
intent
that
the
matter
may
discend
downeward
,
and
come
out
at
the
neather
hole
,
which
would
be
alwaies
kept
open
,
and
therefore
taint
it
with
a
taint
of
Rax
dipt
in
hogs
greace
,
and
lay
a
plaister
of
hogges
greace
also
vpon
the
same
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
the
space
of
foure
daies
,
which
is
done
cheefely
to
kill
the
heat
of
the
fire
.
Then
at
the
foure
daies
end
,
take
of
Turpentine
halfe
a
pound
,
cleane
washed
in
nine
sundry
waters
,
and
after
that
throughly
dried
,
by
thrusting
out
the
Water
with
a
slice
on
the
dishes
side
,
then
put
thereunto
two
yolkes
of
Egges
,
and
a
little
saffron
,
and
mingle
them
well
together
:
that
done
,
search
the
depth
of
the
hole
with
a
whole
quil
,
and
make
a
taint
of
a
peece
of
spunge
,
so
long
as
it
may
reach
the
bottome
,
and
so
bigge
as
it
may
fill
the
wound
,
and
annoint
the
taint
with
the
aforesaide
ointment
,
and
thrust
it
into
the
wound
,
either
with
that
quill
,
or
else
by
winding
it
vp
with
your
finger
and
thumbe
,
by
litle
and
little
vntill
you
haue
thrust
it
home
:
and
then
lay
on
the
plaister
of
hogges
greace
made
luke
warme
,
renuing
it
euery
day
once
or
twice
vntil
it
be
whole
.
But
if
the
swelling
cease
,
then
you
need
not
to
vse
the
plaister
,
but
onely
to
taint
it
,
and
as
the
matter
decreaseth
,
so
make
your
taint
euerie
daye
lesser
and
lesser
,
vntill
the
wounde
bee
perfectly
whole
.
Of
the
Viues
.
Blundevile
THe
Viues
be
certaine
kirnels
growing
vnder
the
horsses
eare
,
proceeding
of
some
rancke
or
corrupt
bloode
resorting
to
the
place
,
which
within
are
ful
of
little
white
grains
,
like
white
salt
kirnels
.
The
Italians
cal
them
Viuole
,
which
if
they
bee
suffered
to
grow
,
Laurentius
Russius
saith
,
that
they
will
greeuously
paine
the
horsse
in
his
throat
,
so
as
he
shal
not
be
able
to
swallow
his
meat
,
nor
to
breth
.
They
be
easie
to
know
,
for
they
may
be
felt
and
also
seene
:
The
cure
according
vnto
Martin
,
is
in
this
sort
:
First
drawe
them
right
down
in
the
midst
with
a
hot
yron
,
from
the
root
of
the
ear
so
far
as
the
tip
of
the
eare
wil
reach
,
being
puld
down
:
and
vnder
the
root
againe
draw
two
strikes
on
each
side
like
a
broad
arrow
head
,
then
in
the
midst
of
the
first
line
launce
them
with
a
launcet
,
and
taking
hold
of
the
kirnels
with
a
paire
of
pinsons
,
pul
them
so
far
forward
,
as
you
may
cut
the
kirnels
out
without
hurting
the
vaine
;
that
done
,
fil
the
hole
with
white
salte
.
But
Hierocles
would
haue
them
to
bee
cured
in
this
sort
:
take
a
peece
of
spunge
sowsed
wel
in
strong
Vineger
,
and
bind
that
to
the
sore
,
renewing
it
twice
a
day
vntil
it
hath
rotted
the
kirnels
,
that
done
,
lance
the
neathermost
part
where
the
matter
lieth
,
and
let
it
out
,
and
then
fill
it
vp
with
salt
finely
braied
,
and
the
next
day
wash
al
the
filth
away
with
warm
water
,
and
annoint
the
place
with
honie
and
fitch-flower
mingled
togither
.
But
beware
you
touch
none
of
the
kirnels
with
your
bare
finger
for
feare
of
venoming
the
place
,
which
is
verie
apt
for
a
Fistula
to
breed
in
.
Another
of
the
Viues
.
THe
Viues
be
certaine
kirnels
,
growing
vnder
the
horsses
eare
,
which
come
of
corrupt
blood
,
Markham
.
the
cure
is
diuersly
spoke
and
written
of
,
but
this
is
the
best
mean
which
I
haue
tried
:
that
if
you
finde
the
kernels
to
enflame
and
greeue
the
horsse
,
take
a
handful
of
Sorrel
,
and
lap
it
in
a
Bur-docke
leafe
,
and
roast
it
in
the
hot
embers
like
a
warden
,
then
being
taken
out
of
the
fire
,
apply
it
so
hot
as
may
be
to
the
fore-part
,
suffering
it
to
lie
thereunto
the
space
of
a
day
and
a
night
,
and
then
renew
it
,
till
such
time
that
it
ripen
and
break
the
sore
,
which
it
wil
in
short
space
do
.
When
it
is
broken
and
the
vilde
matter
taken
away
,
you
shal
heale
vp
the
sore
place
with
the
yolk
of
an
Egge
,
halfe
a
spooneful
of
hony
,
and
as
much
wheat-flower
as
wil
serue
to
make
it
thicke
,
plaister-wise
,
which
being
bound
thereunto
,
wil
in
three
or
foure
daies
heale
the
same
.
Of
the
Cankerous
Vlcer
in
the
nose
.
THis
disease
is
a
fretting
humor
,
eating
and
consuming
the
flesh
,
Blundevile
and
making
it
al
raw
within
,
and
not
being
holpen
in
time
wil
eat
through
the
gristle
of
the
nose
.
It
commeth
of
corrupt
blood
,
or
else
of
sharp
humors
ingendered
by
meanes
of
some
extreame
cold
.
The
signes
be
these
.
He
wil
bleede
at
the
nose
,
and
al
the
flesh
within
wil
be
raw
,
and
filthy
stinking
sauours
,
and
matter
wil
come
out
at
the
nose
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Take
of
green
Coporas
,
of
Allum
,
of
each
one
pound
,
of
white
Coporas
one
quarterne
,
and
boile
these
in
a
pottle
of
running
water
,
vntil
a
pint
be
consumed
,
then
take
it
off
,
and
put
thereunto
halfe
a
pinte
of
hony
:
then
cause
his
head
to
be
holden
vp
with
a
drinking
staffe
,
&
squirt
into
his
nostrils
with
a
squirt
of
brasse
,
or
rather
of
Elder
,
some
of
this
water
being
lukewarme
,
three
or
foure
times
one
after
another
,
but
betwixt
euery
squirting
▪
giue
him
liberty
to
hold
downe
his
head
,
and
to
blow
out
the
filthy
matter
,
for
otherwise
perhaps
you
may
choke
him
.
And
after
this
it
shal
be
good
also
without
holding
vp
his
head
any
more
,
to
wash
and
rub
his
Nostrils
with
a
fine
cloute
bound
to
a
white
sticks
end
,
and
wet
in
the
water
aforesaid
,
and
serue
him
thus
once
a
day
vntill
he
be
whole
.
Of
bleeding
at
the
nose
.
I
Haue
seen
Horsses
my selfe
,
that
haue
bled
at
the
nose
,
which
haue
had
neither
sore
nor
vlcer
in
their
Nose
,
and
therefore
I
cannot
choose
,
but
say
with
the
Physitians
,
that
it
commeth
by
means
that
the
vaine
which
endeth
in
that
place
,
is
either
opened
,
broken
or
settered
.
It
is
opened
many
times
by
meanes
that
blood
aboundeth
too
much
,
or
for
tha●
it
is
too
fine
,
or
too
subtill
,
and
so
pierceth
through
the
vaine
.
Againe
it
may
be
bro●●●
by
some
violent
strain
,
cut
or
blow
.
And
finally
,
it
may
bee
fretted
or
gnawn
through
,
by
the
sharpnesse
of
the
blood
,
or
else
of
some
other
humor
contained
therein
.
As
touching
the
cure
,
Martin
saith
,
it
is
good
to
take
a
pinte
of
red
Wine
,
and
to
put
therein
a
quartern
of
Bole
Armeny
,
beaten
into
fine
powder
,
and
being
made
lukewarm
,
to
poure
the
one
halfe
therof
the
first
day
into
his
nostril
that
bleedeth
,
causing
his
head
to
bee
holden
vp
,
so
as
the
liquor
may
not
fal
out
,
and
the
next
day
to
giue
him
the
other
halfe
.
But
〈◊〉
●his
preuaileth
not
,
then
I
for
my
part
would
cause
him
to
be
let
blood
in
the
brest
vaine
,
〈…〉
same
side
that
he
bleedeth
at
seueral
times
:
then
take
of
Frankencense
one
ounce
,
of
Aloes
halfe
an
ounce
,
and
beate
them
into
powder
,
and
mingle
them
throughly
with
the
whites
of
egges
,
vntil
it
be
so
thick
as
hony
,
and
with
soft
Hares
haire
,
thrust
it
vp
into
his
nostrill
,
filling
the
hole
so
full
,
as
it
cannot
fall
out
,
or
else
fil
his
Nostrils
ful
of
Asses
dung
,
or
Hogs
dung
,
for
either
of
them
is
excellent
good
to
restraine
any
fluxe
of
blood
.
Of
the
bleeding
at
the
nose
,
or
to
staunch
Fluxe
of
blood
in
any
sort
.
I
Haue
knowne
many
Horsses
in
great
danger
by
bleeding
,
Markham
.
and
I
haue
tryed
diuers
remedies
for
the
fame
,
yet
haue
I
not
found
any
more
certaine
then
this
:
take
a
spooneful
or
two
of
his
blood
,
and
put
it
in
a
Sawcer
,
and
set
it
vpon
a
chafingdish
of
coles
,
&
●et
it
boile
til
it
be
al
dryed
vp
into
powder
,
then
take
that
powder
,
and
if
hee
bleede
at
the
●e
,
with
a
Cane
or
quil
blow
the
same
vp
into
his
Nostrils
:
if
his
bleeding
come
of
any
〈◊〉
or
other
accident
,
then
into
the
wounde
put
the
same
powder
,
which
is
a
present
●●edy
.
New
Horse-dung
or
earth
,
is
a
present
remedy
,
applyed
to
the
bleeding
place
,
〈◊〉
are
Sage
leaues
bruised
and
put
into
the
wound
.
Blundevile
Of
the
diseases
in
the
mouth
,
and
first
of
the
bloudy
rifts
or
chops
in
the
palat
of
the
mouth
.
THis
disease
is
called
of
the
Italians
,
Palatina
,
which
as
Laurentius
Russius
saith
,
commeth
by
eating
hay
or
prouender
that
is
full
of
pricking
seedes
,
which
by
continual
pricking
&
fretting
the
furrowes
of
the
mouth
do
cause
them
to
rankle
,
and
to
bleed
corrupt
and
stinking
matter
,
which
you
shal
quickly
remedy
,
as
Martin
saith
,
by
washing
first
the
sore
places
with
vineger
and
salt
,
and
then
by
annointing
the
same
with
hony
.
Of
the
bladders
in
a
Horsses
mouth
,
which
our
old
Ferrers
were
wont
to
cal
the
Gigs
.
The
Italians
call
them
Froncelle
.
THese
be
litle
soft
swellings
or
rather
pustuls
with
blacke
heads
,
growing
in
the
inside
of
his
lips
,
next
vnto
the
great
iaw-teeth
,
which
are
so
painful
vnto
the
horse
,
as
they
make
him
to
let
his
meat
fal
out
of
his
mouth
,
or
at
the
least
to
keepe
it
in
his
mouth
vnchawed
,
whereby
the
horsse
prospereth
not
.
Russius
saith
,
that
they
come
either
by
eating
too
much
cold
grasse
,
or
else
pricking
,
dusty
,
and
filthy
prouender
.
The
cure
wherof
,
according
to
Martin
,
is
in
this
sort
.
Slit
them
with
a
launcet
,
and
thrust
out
all
the
corruption
,
and
then
wash
the
sore
places
with
a
little
vineger
and
salt
,
or
els
with
Alum
water
.
Of
the
bladders
in
a
Horse
mouth
.
Markham
.
SOme
Horsses
will
haue
bladders
like
paps
growing
in
the
inside
of
their
lips
,
next
to
their
great
teeth
,
which
are
much
painful
:
the
cure
whereof
is
thus
.
Take
a
sharp
paire
of
shears
,
and
clip
them
away
close
to
the
gum
,
and
then
wash
the
sore
place
with
running
water
,
Allum
and
hony
boiled
together
,
til
it
he
whole
.
Of
the
Lampasse
.
THe
Lampasse
,
called
of
the
Italians
Lampascus
,
proceedeth
of
the
aboundance
of
blood
,
resorting
to
the
first
furrow
of
the
mouth
,
I
meane
that
which
is
next
vnto
the
vpper
foreteeth
,
causing
the
said
furrow
to
swell
so
high
as
the
Horsses
teeth
,
so
as
he
cannot
chew
his
meate
,
but
is
forced
to
let
it
fall
out
of
his
mouth
.
The
remedy
is
to
cut
al
the
superfluous
flesh
away
,
with
a
crooked
hot
iron
made
of
purpose
,
which
euery
Smith
can
do
.
Another
of
the
Lampasse
.
THe
Lampasse
is
a
thick
spungy
flesh
,
growing
ouer
a
horsses
vpper
teeth
,
hindering
the
coniunction
of
his
chaps
,
●arkham
.
in
such
sort
that
hee
can
hardly
eat
:
the
cure
is
as
followeth
.
Cut
all
that
naughty
flesh
away
with
a
hot
yron
,
and
then
rub
the
sore
well
with
salt
,
which
the
most
ignorant
Smith
can
do
sufficiently
.
Of
the
Canker
in
the
mouth
.
THis
disease
as
Martin
saith
,
is
a
rawnesse
of
the
mouth
and
tongue
,
which
is
full
of
blisters
,
●lundevile
so
as
he
cannot
eat
his
meate
.
Which
proceedes
of
some
vnnaturall
heate
,
comming
from
the
stomach
.
For
the
cure
whereof
,
take
of
Allum
halfe
a
pound
,
of
Hony
a
quarter
of
a
pinte
,
of
columbine
leaues
,
of
Sage
leaues
of
each
a
handfull
:
boile
al
these
together
in
three
pints
of
water
,
vntill
a
pinte
be
consumed
,
and
wash
the
sore
places
therewith
so
as
it
may
bleede
,
continuing
so
to
do
euery
day
once
vntill
it
be
whole
.
Another
of
the
Canker
in
the
mouth
.
THis
disease
proceedeth
of
diuers
causes
,
as
of
vnnaturall
heat
of
the
stomach
,
of
foule
feeding
,
Markham
.
or
of
the
rust
or
vennome
of
some
bit
or
snaffell
,
vndiscretly
lookt
vnto
:
the
cure
is
thus
.
Wash
the
sore
place
with
strong
vineger
,
made
thick
with
the
powder
of
Allum
,
two
or
three
daies
together
,
euery
time
vntil
it
bleede
,
which
will
kill
the
poyson
and
vigor
of
the
exulcerated
matter
:
then
make
this
water
,
take
of
running
water
a
quart
,
of
Allum
foure
ounces
,
of
Hony
foure
or
fiue
spoonefuls
,
of
Wood-bineleaues
,
of
Sage-leaues
,
and
of
Collombine-leaues
,
of
each
halfe
a
handful
,
boile
al
these
together
til
one
halfe
be
consumed
,
then
take
it
off
,
and
euery
day
with
the
water
warmed
,
wash
the
sore
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Of
the
heat
in
the
mouth
and
lips
.
SOmetime
the
heat
that
commeth
out
of
the
stomach
breedeth
no
Canker
,
but
maketh
the
mouth
hot
,
and
causeth
the
horse
to
forsake
his
meat
.
The
cure
wherof
,
Blundevile
as
Martin
saith
,
is
in
this
sort
.
First
,
turne
vp
his
vpperlip
,
and
iagge
it
lightly
with
a
launcet
,
so
as
it
may
bleede
,
and
then
wash
both
that
and
al
his
mouth
and
tongue
with
Vineger
and
salt
.
Of
the
tongue
being
hurt
with
the
bit
or
otherwise
.
IF
the
tongue
be
cut
or
hurt
any
manner
of
way
,
Martin
saith
,
it
is
good
first
to
wash
it
with
Allum
water
,
and
then
to
take
the
leaues
of
black
Bramble
and
to
chop
them
togither
small
with
a
little
lard
,
that
done
to
binde
it
vp
in
a
little
clout
,
making
it
round
like
a
ball
,
then
hauing
dipt
the
round
end
in
hony
,
rub
the
tongue
therewith
:
continuing
so
to
do
once
a
day
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Of
the
Barbles
,
or
Paps
vnderneath
the
tongue
.
THese
be
two
little
paps
,
called
of
the
Italians
Barbole
,
growing
naturally
(
as
I
thinke
)
in
euery
Horsses
mouth
vnderneath
the
tongue
,
in
the
neather
iawes
,
which
if
they
shoot
of
any
length
,
Russius
saith
,
that
they
wil
hinder
the
Horsses
feeding
,
and
therefore
he
and
Martin
also
would
haue
them
to
be
clipt
away
with
a
paire
of
sheeres
,
and
that
don
,
the
Horsses
mouth
to
be
washed
with
vineger
and
salt
.
Of
the
paine
in
the
teeth
and
gums
,
of
the
Wolfes
teeth
,
and
Iaw-teeth
.
A
Horse
may
haue
paine
in
his
teeth
,
partly
by
discent
of
humors
from
his
head
,
down
into
his
teeth
and
gums
,
which
is
to
be
perceiued
by
the
ranknesse
and
swelling
of
the
gums
,
and
partly
hauing
two
extraordinary
teeth
called
the
wolfes
teeth
,
which
be
two
little
teeth
growing
in
the
vpper
iawes
,
next
vnto
the
great
grinding
teeth
,
which
are
so
paineful
to
the
Horse
,
as
he
cannot
endure
to
chaw
his
meat
,
but
is
forced
either
to
let
it
fal
out
of
his
mouth
,
or
else
to
keepe
it
stil
halfe
chawed
,
whereby
the
Horse
prospereth
not
,
but
waxerh
leane
and
poore
,
and
he
wil
do
the
like
also
when
his
vpper
Iaw-teeth
be
so
far
growne
as
they
ouerhang
the
neather
Iaw-teeth
,
and
therewith
be
so
sharp
,
as
in
mouing
his
iawes
they
cut
and
race
the
insides
of
his
cheeks
,
euen
as
they
were
raced
with
a
knife
.
And
first
as
touching
the
cure
of
the
paine
in
the
teeth
,
that
commeth
by
meanes
of
some
distillation
:
Vegetius
saith
,
it
is
good
to
rub
al
the
outside
of
his
gums
with
fine
chalke
and
strong
vineger
mingled
together
,
or
else
after
that
you
haue
washed
the
gums
with
vineger
,
to
strew
on
them
of
Pomegranate
piles
.
But
methinkes
that
besides
this
,
it
were
not
amisse
to
stop
the
temple
vains
,
with
the
plaister
before
mentioned
,
in
the
chapter
of
weeping
and
waterish
eies
.
The
cure
of
the
Wolfes
teeth
,
and
of
the
iaw-teeth
according
to
Martin
is
in
this
sort
.
First
cause
the
horsse
head
to
be
tyed
vp
to
some
rafter
or
post
,
and
his
mouth
to
be
opened
with
a
cord
,
so
wide
as
you
may
easily
see
euery
part
thereof
.
Then
take
a
round
strong
iron
toole
,
half
a
yard
long
,
and
made
at
the
one
end
in
al
points
like
vnto
the
Carpenters
gouge
,
wherewith
he
maketh
his
holes
to
be
bored
with
a
wimble
or
augor
,
&
with
your
left
hand
set
the
edge
of
your
toole
at
the
foot
of
the
wolfs
teeth
,
on
the
outside
of
the
iaw
,
turning
the
hollow
side
of
the
toole
downward
,
holding
your
hand
steadily
,
so
as
the
toole
may
not
slip
from
the
foresaid
tooth
:
then
hauing
a
mallet
in
your
right
hand
strike
vpon
the
head
of
the
toole
one
pretty
blow
,
and
therwith
you
shal
loosen
the
tooth
,
and
cause
it
to
bend
inward
:
then
staying
the
midst
of
your
toole
vpon
the
horses
neather
iaw
,
wrinch
the
tooth
outward
,
with
the
inside
or
hollow
side
of
the
toole
,
and
thrust
it
clean
out
of
his
head
:
Blundevile
that
done
,
serue
the
other
Wolfes
tooth
on
the
other
side
in
like
manner
,
and
fill
vp
the
empty
places
with
salt
finely
braied
.
But
if
the
vpper
iawe-teeth
do
also
ouerhang
the
neather
teeth
,
&
so
cut
the
inside
of
his
mouth
as
is
aforesaid
,
then
keeping
his
mouth
stil
open
,
take
your
toole
and
mallet
,
and
pare
al
those
teeth
shorter
,
running
alongst
them
euen
from
the
first
vnto
the
last
,
turning
the
hollow
side
of
your
toole
towards
the
teeth
so
shal
not
the
toole
cut
the
inside
of
his
cheekes
,
and
the
backe
or
round
side
being
turned
toward
the
foresaid
checkes
,
and
that
doone
wash
all
his
mouth
with
vineger
and
salt
,
and
let
him
go
.
Why
the
diseases
in
the
necke
,
withers
,
and
backe
,
be
declared
heere
before
the
diseases
in
the
throate
.
HAuing
hitherto
spoken
of
the
diseases
incident
to
a
horsses
head
,
and
to
al
the
parts
thereof
,
natural
order
requireth
that
we
shold
now
discend
into
the
throat
,
as
a
part
next
adiacent
to
the
mouth
.
But
forasmuch
as
the
diseases
in
the
throate
haue
not
onely
afinity
with
the
head
,
but
also
with
the
lungs
and
other
inward
parts
,
which
are
many
times
grieued
by
meanes
of
distillation
comming
from
the
head
,
and
through
the
throat
:
I
wil
speake
of
the
diseases
,
incident
to
the
necke
,
withers
,
and
backe
of
a
Horsse
,
to
the
intent
that
when
I
come
to
talke
of
such
diseases
,
as
rheumes
and
distillations
doe
cause
,
I
may
discourse
of
them
orderly
without
interruption
.
Of
the
Cricke
in
the
necke
.
BEcause
a
Cricke
is
no
other
thing
but
a
kind
of
conuulsion
,
and
for
that
we
haue
spoken
sufficiently
bofore
of
al
kinds
thereof
in
the
chapter
of
conuulsion
:
I
purpose
not
heere
therefore
to
trouble
you
with
many
wordes
,
but
onely
shewe
you
Russius
opinion
,
and
also
Martins
experience
therein
.
The
cricke
then
called
of
the
Italians
Scima
or
Luterdo
according
to
Russius
,
and
according
to
Martin
is
,
when
the
Horsse
cannot
turne
his
neck
any
maner
of
way
,
but
hold
it
stil
right
forth
,
insomuch
as
he
cannot
take
his
meate
from
the
ground
but
by
times
,
and
that
very
slowly
,
Russius
saith
it
commeth
by
meanes
of
some
great
weight
laid
on
the
horsses
shoulders
,
or
else
by
ouermuch
drying
vp
of
the
sinnewes
of
the
necke
.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Martin
is
in
his
sort
.
Draw
him
with
a
hot
iron
from
the
root
of
the
eare
on
both
sides
of
the
necke
,
through
the
midst
of
the
same
euen
down
to
the
breast
,
a
straw
deep
,
so
as
both
ends
may
meet
vpon
the
breast
:
then
make
a
hole
in
his
forehead
,
hard
vnder
the
fore-top
,
and
thrust
in
a
cornet
vpwarde
betwixt
the
skin
and
the
flesh
a
handfull
deepe
,
then
put
in
a
Goose
feather
,
doubled
in
the
midst
and
annointed
with
Hogs-greace
to
keepe
the
hole
open
,
to
the
intent
the
matter
may
run
out
the
space
of
ten
daies
.
But
euery
day
during
that
time
,
the
hole
must
be
clensed
once
,
and
the
feather
also
clensed
and
fresh
annointed
,
and
so
put
in
again
.
And
once
a
day
let
him
stand
vpon
the
bit
one
houre
or
two
,
or
be
ridden
two
or
three
miles
abroad
by
such
a
one
as
wil
beare
his
head
,
and
make
him
to
bring
it
in
.
But
if
the
Cricke
be
such
as
the
Horsse
cannot
holde
his
necke
straite
,
but
cleane
awry
,
as
I
haue
seene
diuers
my selfe
:
then
I
thinke
it
not
good
that
the
Horsse
be
drawne
with
a
hot
iron
on
both
sides
of
the
necke
,
but
onely
on
the
contrary
side
.
As
for
example
,
if
he
bend
his
head
toward
the
right
side
,
then
to
draw
him
as
is
a
foresaid
onely
on
the
lefte
side
,
and
to
vse
the
rest
of
the
cure
as
is
aboue
saide
,
and
if
neede
bee
you
may
splent
him
also
with
handsome
staues
meete
for
the
purpose
to
make
his
necke
stand
right
.
Of
Wennes
in
the
neck
.
A
Wen
is
a
certaine
kirnell
like
a
tumor
of
swelling
,
the
inside
whereof
his
hard
like
a
gristle
,
and
spongious
like
a
skin
ful
of
wrets
.
Of
Wens
,
some
be
great
,
and
some
be
small
.
Againe
,
some
be
very
painefull
,
and
some
not
paineful
at
all
.
The
Physitians
say
,
that
they
proceede
of
grosse
and
vicious
humors
,
but
Vegetius
saith
that
they
chance
to
a
Horsse
by
taking
cold
,
or
by
drinking
of
waters
that
be
extreame
cold
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
:
take
of
Mallowes
,
Sage
,
and
red
nettles
,
of
each
one
handful
,
boile
them
in
running
water
,
and
put
therunto
a
litle
butter
,
and
hony
,
and
when
the
herbs
be
soft
,
take
them
out
and
all
to
bruise
them
,
and
put
thereunto
of
oile
of
Bay
two
ounces
,
and
two
ounces
of
Hogs-greace
,
and
warme
them
together
ouer
the
fire
,
mingling
them
well
together
;
that
done
,
plaister
it
vpon
a
piece
of
leather
so
big
as
the
Wen
,
and
lay
it
to
so
hot
as
the
Horse
may
endure
it
,
renewing
it
euery
day
in
such
sort
,
the
space
of
eight
daies
,
and
if
you
perceiue
that
it
will
come
to
no
head
,
then
lance
it
from
the
midst
of
the
Wen
downward
,
so
deep
as
the
matter
in
the
bottom
may
be
discouered
and
let
out
,
that
doone
,
heale
it
vp
with
this
salue
:
take
of
Turpentine
a
quarter
,
and
wash
it
nine
times
in
faire
new
water
,
then
put
thereunto
the
yolk
of
an
egge
,
and
a
little
English
Saffron
beaten
into
powder
,
and
make
a
taint
or
rowle
of
Flax
,
and
dip
it
in
that
ointment
,
and
lay
it
vnto
the
sore
,
renewing
the
same
euery
day
once
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Of
swelling
in
the
necke
after
bloodletting
.
THis
may
come
of
the
fleame
being
rusty
,
and
so
causing
the
vaine
to
rankle
,
or
else
by
meanes
of
some
cold
wind
striking
suddainely
into
the
hole
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
annoint
it
with
oyle
of
Camomell
warmed
,
and
then
lay
vpon
it
a
little
hay
wet
in
cold
water
,
and
bind
it
about
it
with
a
cloth
,
renewing
it
euery
day
the
space
of
fiue
daies
,
to
see
whether
it
wil
grow
to
a
head
,
or
else
vanish
away
.
If
it
grow
to
a
head
,
then
giue
it
a
slit
with
a
lancet
,
and
open
it
with
a
Cornet
that
the
matter
may
come
out
.
Then
heale
it
vp
,
by
tainting
it
with
Flax
dipt
in
Turpentin
and
Hogs-greace
molten
together
,
dressing
it
so
once
a
day
vntil
it
be
whole
.
How
to
staunch
blood
.
IF
a
Horsse
be
let
blood
when
the
signe
is
in
the
necke
,
the
vaine
perhaps
will
not
leaue
bleeding
so
soone
as
a
man
would
haue
it
,
which
if
any
such
thing
chance
,
then
Russius
saith
,
it
is
good
to
binde
thereunto
a
little
new
Horse
dung
tempered
with
chalke
and
strong
vineger
,
and
not
to
remooue
it
from
thence
the
space
of
three
daies
,
or
else
to
lay
thereunto
burnt
silke
,
felt
,
or
cloath
,
for
al
such
things
wil
staunch
blood
.
Of
the
falling
of
the
Crest
.
THis
commeth
for
the
most
part
of
pouerty
,
Blundevile
and
specially
when
a
fat
Horse
falleth
away
sodainely
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Draw
his
Crest
the
deepnes
a
straw
,
on
the
contrary
side
with
a
hot
iron
,
the
edge
of
which
iron
would
be
halfe
an
inch
broad
,
and
make
your
beginning
and
ending
somewhat
beyond
the
fall
,
so
as
the
first
draught
may
go
all
the
way
hard
vppon
the
edge
of
the
mane
,
euen
vnderneath
the
rootes
of
the
same
,
bearing
your
hand
right
downward
,
into
the
neckeward
,
then
answer
that
with
another
draught
beneath
,
&
so
far
distant
from
the
first
as
the
fal
is
broad
,
compassing
as
it
were
al
the
fall
,
but
stil
on
the
contrary
side
:
and
betwixt
those
two
draughts
right
in
the
midst
,
draw
a
third
draught
,
then
with
a
button
iron
of
an
inch
about
,
burne
at
each
end
a
hole
,
and
also
in
the
space
betwixt
the
draughts
,
make
diuers
holes
distant
three
fingers
broade
one
from
another
:
that
done
,
to
slake
the
fire
annoint
it
euery
day
once
,
for
the
space
of
nine
daies
with
a
feather
dipt
in
fresh
butter
moulten
.
Then
take
Mallowes
and
Sage
,
of
each
one
a
handfull
,
boile
them
well
in
running
water
,
and
wash
the
burning
away
vntill
it
be
raw
flesh
,
then
dry
it
vp
with
this
powder
.
Take
of
hony
halfe
a
pinte
,
and
so
much
vnslect
lime
as
wil
make
that
hony
thicke
like
paast
:
then
hold
it
in
a
fire-pan
ouer
the
fire
vntil
it
be
baked
so
hard
as
it
may
be
made
in
powder
,
and
sprinkle
that
vpon
the
sore
places
.
Of
the
falling
of
the
Crest
.
THe
falling
of
the
Crest
is
occasioned
most
commonly
through
pouerty
:
yet
somtimes
I
haue
seen
it
chance
through
the
il
proportion
of
the
crest
,
Markham
.
which
being
hye
,
thicke
and
heauy
,
the
necke
thin
and
weake
vnderneath
,
is
not
able
to
support
or
sustaine
it
vp
,
how
euer
it
be
there
is
remedy
for
both
:
if
it
proceede
of
pouerty
,
first
try
by
good
keeping
to
get
it
vp
againe
,
but
if
it
wil
not
rise
,
or
that
the
originall
of
the
disease
be
in
the
il
fashion
of
the
crest
,
then
let
this
be
the
cure
:
First
with
your
hand
raise
vp
the
Crest
as
you
would
haue
it
stand
,
or
rather
more
to
that
side
from
which
it
declineth
,
then
take
vp
the
skin
betweene
your
fingers
on
that
side
from
which
the
Crest
swarueth
,
and
with
a
sharpe
knife
cut
away
the
breadth
of
very
neere
an
inch
,
and
the
length
of
foure
inches
,
which
doone
stitche
vp
the
skinne
together
againe
with
three
or
foure
stitches
,
and
by
meanes
of
strings
,
weights
,
or
other
deuises
,
keepe
the
crest
perforce
leaning
on
that
side
,
applying
thereunto
a
plaister
of
Deeres
sewet
and
Turpentine
,
boiled
together
,
till
the
sore
bee
healed
:
and
at
the
selfe
same
instant
that
by
this
maner
of
insition
you
draw
together
and
straiten
the
skin
on
that
side
,
you
shal
in
this
sort
giue
liberty
to
the
other
side
,
wherby
the
crest
may
the
easier
attaine
to
his
place
:
Take
a
hot
yron
made
in
fashion
of
a
knife
,
the
edge
being
a
quarter
of
an
inch
broad
,
and
therewith
from
the
vpper
part
of
his
crest
vnto
the
neather
part
of
the
same
extending
towardes
his
shoulder
,
draw
three
lines
in
this
forme
,
‑
‑
‑
and
the
same
anoint
daily
with
fresh
butter
,
vntil
such
time
as
it
be
perfectly
whole
.
‑
‑
‑
By
this
manner
of
cure
,
you
may
make
any
laue-eard
Horsse
,
to
be
as
pricke
eard
‑
‑
‑
&
comly
,
as
any
other
Horse
whatsoeuer
.
Of
the
manginesse
of
the
maine
.
THe
manginesse
proceedeth
of
rankenesse
of
blood
,
or
of
pouerty
,
of
lowsines
,
or
else
of
rubbing
where
a
mangy
Horsse
hath
rubbed
,
Blundevile
or
of
filthy
dust
lying
in
the
mane
for
lacke
of
good
dressing
.
The
signes
be
apparant
by
the
itching
and
rubbing
of
the
Horsse
,
and
the
scabbes
,
fretting
both
flesh
and
skin
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
,
is
thus
:
take
of
fresh
grease
one
pound
,
of
quicksiluer
halfe
an
ounce
,
of
Brimstone
one
ounce
,
of
rape
oyle
halfe
a
pint
,
mingle
them
together
,
and
stir
them
continually
in
a
pot
with
a
slice
,
vntill
the
quicksiluer
be
so
wrought
with
the
rest
,
as
you
shall
perceiue
no
quicksiluer
therein
.
That
done
,
take
a
blunt
knife
,
or
an
old
Horssecombe
,
and
scratch
all
the
mangy
places
therewith
vntill
it
bee
raw
and
bloody
,
and
then
annoint
it
with
this
ointment
,
in
the
sunshine
if
it
may
be
,
to
the
intent
the
ointment
may
sinke
in
:
or
else
hold
before
it
a
fire
pan
or
some
broad
bar
of
iron
made
hot
,
to
make
the
ointment
to
melt
into
the
flesh
And
if
you
see
that
within
the
space
of
three
dayes
after
,
with
this
once
annointing
,
he
leaue
not
rubbing
,
then
marke
in
what
place
he
rubbeth
,
and
dresse
that
place
againe
,
and
you
shall
see
it
heale
quickly
.
Of
the
falling
of
the
haire
of
the
mane
.
IT
falleth
for
the
most
part
,
because
it
is
eaten
with
little
Wormes
,
fretting
the
rootes
in
sunder
,
which
according
to
Martin
you
shall
remedy
in
this
sort
.
Annoint
the
mane
and
Crest
with
sope
,
then
make
stronglie
and
wash
all
the
mane
and
Crest
withall
,
and
that
wil
kill
the
wormes
,
within
twice
or
thrice
washing
.
Of
griefes
in
the
withers
.
TO
a
horsses
withers
and
backe
,
do
chance
many
griefes
and
sorances
,
which
as
Russius
saith
,
do
sometime
proceed
of
inward
causes
,
as
of
the
corruption
of
humors
,
and
sometime
of
outward
causes
,
as
through
the
galing
and
pinching
of
some
naughty
saddle
,
or
by
some
heauy
burthen
laide
on
the
horsses-backe
or
such
like
.
And
of
such
griefes
some
be
but
superficiall
blisters
,
swellings
,
light
gals
or
brusings
:
and
be
easily
cured
.
Some
againe
do
pierce
to
the
very
bone
,
and
be
dangerous
,
and
especially
if
they
bee
nigh
the
backe
bone
;
let
vs
first
then
shew
you
the
cure
of
the
smaller
griefes
,
and
then
of
the
greater
.
Another
of
blistrings
,
or
small
swellings
in
the
withers
or
backe
and
gallings
.
WHensoeuer
you
see
any
swelling
rise
,
then
Martin
woulde
haue
you
to
bind
a
litle
hot
horse
dung
vnto
it
,
and
that
will
asswage
it
.
If
not
,
Blundevile
then
to
pricke
it
round
about
the
swelling
,
either
with
a
fleame
,
or
els
with
a
sharpe
pointed
knife
not
too
deepe
,
but
so
as
it
may
pierce
the
skin
,
and
make
the
blood
to
issue
forth
.
That
done
,
take
of
Mallowes
or
else
of
smallage
,
two
or
three
handfuls
,
and
boile
them
in
running
Water
vntill
they
be
so
soft
as
pap
:
Then
straine
the
water
from
it
,
and
bruse
the
hearbs
in
a
trean
dish
,
putting
thereunto
a
little
Hogges
greace
or
els
sallet
oile
,
or
sheepes
sewet
,
or
any
other
fresh
greace
,
boile
them
and
stir
them
togither
,
not
frying
them
hard
,
but
so
as
it
may
be
soft
and
supple
,
and
then
with
a
clout
laie
it
warme
vpon
the
sore
,
renewing
it
euerie
daie
once
vntill
the
swelling
be
gone
.
For
this
will
either
driue
it
awaie
,
or
els
bring
it
into
his
heade
,
which
lightlie
chaunceth
not
,
vnlesse
there
bee
some
gristle
or
boane
perished
.
Russius
biddeth
you
,
so
soone
as
you
see
any
swilling
rise
,
to
shaue
the
place
with
a
rasor
and
lay
thereunto
this
plaister
:
take
a
little
wheat
flower
and
the
white
of
an
egge
beaten
togither
,
and
spreade
it
on
a
little
clout
,
which
beeing
laide
vnto
the
swelling
two
or
three
daies
and
not
remoued
,
wil
bring
it
to
a
heade
,
and
when
you
come
to
take
it
off
,
pull
it
away
so
softly
as
you
can
possible
,
and
whereas
you
see
the
corruption
gathred
togither
,
then
in
the
lowest
place
thereof
,
pierce
it
vpwarde
with
a
sharpe
yron
somewhat
hot
,
that
the
corruption
may
come
out
,
and
annoint
the
sore
place
euerie
day
once
with
fresh
butter
,
or
Hogges
greace
,
but
if
the
skinne
be
onely
chafed
off
,
without
anie
swelling
,
then
wash
the
place
with
water
and
salt
,
or
els
with
warme
Wine
,
and
springle
this
pouder
thereon
:
take
of
vnsleact
lime
beaten
into
fine
pouder
,
and
mingle
it
with
honie
vntil
it
be
as
thicke
as
any
paast
,
and
make
rolles
or
bals
thereof
,
and
bake
them
in
a
fire-pan
ouer
the
fire
,
vntil
they
be
so
hard
as
they
may
be
brought
to
pouder
,
for
this
is
a
verie
good
pouder
to
drie
vp
anie
galling
or
sore
.
The
pouder
of
Mirre
or
burnt
silke
,
fealt
,
or
cloath
,
or
anie
olde
post
,
is
also
good
for
such
purposes
,
but
whensoeuer
you
vse
this
pouder
of
lime
and
honie
,
let
the
place
be
washed
,
as
is
aforesaide
.
Of
great
swellings
and
inflammations
in
a
Horsses
withers
.
IF
the
swelling
be
verie
great
,
then
the
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
drawe
round
about
the
swelling
with
a
hotte
Iron
,
and
then
crosse
him
with
the
same
yron
in
maner
of
a
checker
,
then
take
a
rounde
hot
yron
hauing
a
sharpe
point
,
and
thruste
it
into
the
swelling
place
on
each
side
vp
toward
the
point
of
the
withers
;
to
the
intent
the
matter
may
issue
downward
at
the
holes
.
That
done
,
taint
both
the
holes
with
a
taint
dipt
in
hogges
greace
to
kil
the
fire
,
and
also
annoint
al
the
oth●r
burnt
places
therewith
,
continuing
so
to
doe
vntil
the
swelling
be
asswaged
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
,
vntil
the
fiery
matter
be
clean
fallen
away
,
and
then
taint
him
againe
with
washed
Turpentine
mingled
with
yolkes
of
Egges
and
Saffron
in
such
manner
as
hath
beene
aforesaide
,
renewing
the
taint
euerie
day
once
vntill
it
bee
whole
.
If
you
see
that
the
swelling
for
all
this
goe
not
away
,
then
it
is
a
signe
of
some
impostumation
within
,
and
therefore
it
shal
be
necessary
to
lance
it
,
and
to
let
out
the
corruption
;
then
take
of
Hony
halfe
a
pinte
,
of
Verdigrease
two
ounces
beaten
to
powder
,
and
mingle
it
together
with
the
Hony
,
then
boyle
them
in
a
pot
vntill
it
looke
red
,
then
being
lukwarme
,
make
either
a
taint
or
plaister
,
according
as
the
wound
shal
require
,
renewing
the
same
euery
day
once
,
vntil
it
be
whole
.
But
the
sore
may
be
so
vehement
,
that
for
lacke
of
looking
in
time
,
it
will
pierce
downeward
betwixt
both
shoulders
toward
the
intrailes
,
which
is
very
daungerous
:
yea
,
and
as
Russius
saith
,
mortall
,
because
the
corruption
of
the
sore
infecting
the
lungs
and
h●rt
(
which
be
the
vitall
partes
and
chiefe
preservers
of
life
)
the
body
must
needs
decay
.
And
therefore
Martin
would
haue
you
to
fil
the
hole
with
the
salue
last
mentioned
,
and
to
thrust
in
afterwarde
a
peece
of
a
spunge
,
as
well
to
keepe
the
hole
open
,
as
also
to
sucke
out
the
corruption
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
,
vntill
it
be
whole
.
Of
the
hornes
or
hard
knobs
growing
vnder
the
saddle
side
.
THis
is
a
dead
skin
like
a
peece
of
leather
,
called
of
the
Itallans
Corno
,
that
is
to
say
,
a
horne
,
for
that
it
is
hard
vnder
hand
,
and
commeth
by
meanes
of
some
straight
saddle
,
pinching
the
horsse
more
on
the
one
side
than
on
the
other
:
or
els
on
both
sides
equally
.
Blundevile
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Martin
,
is
in
this
sort
:
Annoint
them
with
fresh
butter
or
Hogges
greace
,
vntil
they
be
mollified
and
made
so
soft
as
you
may
either
cut-them
,
or
pull
them
away
,
and
then
wash
the
wound
with
mans
stale
,
or
with
white
wine
,
and
dry
it
with
powder
of
vnsleact
lime
mixt
with
hony
.
Of
Wennes
or
knobs
growing
about
the
saddle
skirts
.
THese
be
great
harde
knobs
growing
most
commonly
betwixt
two
ribs
,
apparant
to
the
eie
,
which
by
their
hardnesse
seeme
to
come
of
some
old
bruse
,
and
are
called
of
Italians
le
Curf.
The
cure
whereof
,
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
mollifie
them
,
by
annointing
them
with
Hogges
greace
euery
day
once
or
twice
,
the
space
of
eight
daies
,
and
if
you
perceiue
that
it
will
come
to
no
head
with
this
,
then
lance
it
from
the
middle
downeward
,
that
the
matter
may
come
out
:
then
taint
it
with
washed
Turpentine
,
yolkes
of
Egges
,
and
safforon
mingled
togyther
as
is
aforesaid
,
renewing
the
taint
euery
daye
once
vntill
it
be
whole
.
Of
the
Nauill
gall
.
THe
Nauill
gal
is
a
bruse
on
the
backe
behind
the
saddle
right
against
the
Nauill
of
the
horsse
,
and
thereof
taketh
his
name
.
It
commeth
either
by
splitting
of
the
saddle
behind
,
or
for
lacke
of
stuffing
,
or
by
meanes
of
the
hinder
buckle
fretting
that
place
,
or
else
by
some
great
weight
laid
on
his
backe
:
you
shal
perceiue
it
by
the
puffed
vppe
,
and
spungy
flesh
,
looking
like
rotten
lightes
or
lunges
,
and
therefore
is
called
of
the
Italians
Pulmone
,
or
Pulmoncello
.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Martin
,
is
thus
.
Cut
it
roundabout
with
a
sharpe
knife
or
rasor
euen
to
the
bone
,
leauing
no
rotten
flesh
behinde
:
that
done
,
take
the
white
of
an
Egge
and
salt
beaten
togither
,
and
lay
that
plaister
wise
to
the
sore
vpon
a
little
towe
,
renewing
it
once
a
day
the
space
of
two
daies
.
Then
take
of
hony
a
quarterne
of
a
pint
,
and
of
Verdigrease
an
ounce
beat
into
powder
,
and
boile
them
togither
in
a
pot
,
stirring
it
still
vntil
it
looke
redde
,
and
being
luke
warme
,
make
a
plaister
with
to●e
and
clap
it
to
the
wound
,
washing
and
clensing
well
the
wound
first
with
a
little
warme
Vineger
or
white
wine
,
continuing
it
once
a
day
,
vntill
it
begin
to
heale
and
skin
,
then
dry
it
vp
,
by
sprinkling
thereon
this
pouder
following
.
Take
of
hony
a
quarterne
,
and
as
much
of
vnslect
lime
as
will
thicken
the
hony
like
vnto
paast
,
and
in
a
fire
pan
ouer
the
fi●e
,
stir
it
stil
vntil
it
be
hard
baked
,
so
as
it
may
bee
beaten
into
pouder
,
but
before
you
throw
on
the
powder
,
wash
the
wound
first
with
warme
Vineger
,
continuing
so
to
do
vntill
it
be
perfectly
skinned
and
whole
.
Of
the
swaying
of
the
backe
.
THis
is
called
of
the
Italians
,
Malferuto
,
Blundevile
and
according
to
Russius
and
Martins
opinions
,
commeth
either
by
some
great
straine
,
or
else
by
heauy
burthens
:
you
shal
perceiue
it
by
the
reeling
and
roling
of
the
horsses
hinder
parts
in
his
going
,
which
will
falter
many
times
,
and
sway
sometimes
backward
,
and
sometime
sideling
,
and
be
ready
to
fall
euen
to
the
ground
,
and
the
horsse
being
laide
,
is
scant
able
to
get
vp
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Couer
his
backe
with
a
sheeps
skin
,
comming
hot
from
the
sheepes
backe
,
laying
the
fleshy
side
next
vnto
his
backe
,
and
lay
a
howsing
cloath
vpon
the
same
to
keepe
his
backe
as
warme
as
may
be
,
and
so
let
it
continue
,
vntil
it
beginne
to
smel
:
then
take
the
old
skin
away
,
and
lay
a
new
vnto
it
,
continuing
so
to
do
the
space
of
three
weekes
.
And
if
he
amend
not
with
this
,
then
draw
his
backe
with
a
hot
yron
out
on
both
sides
of
the
ridge
of
his
backe
,
from
the
Pitch
of
the
Buttockes
,
vnto
a
handful
within
the
saddle
,
and
let
euery
line
be
an
inch
distant
one
from
another
,
and
then
againe
ouerthwart
checker-wise
,
but
let
not
such
stroks
be
very
deep
,
and
so
burned
as
euery
one
looke
yellow
,
then
lay
on
this
charge
following
.
Take
pitch
one
pound
,
of
Rozen
halfe
a
pound
,
of
bole
Armony
halfe
a
pound
made
in
powder
,
and
halfe
a
pinte
of
Tarre
,
and
boile
all
these
togither
in
a
pot
,
stirring
it
vntill
euery
thing
bee
molten
and
thoroughlie
mingled
togither
,
then
being
luke
warme
,
dawbe
al
the
burning
therewith
very
thicke
,
and
thereupon
clap
as
many
flockes
of
the
horsses
colour
,
as
you
can
make
to
abide
on
,
and
remoue
it
not
before
it
falaway
it selfe
,
an
if
it
be
in
Summer
,
you
may
turne
him
to
grasse
.
Of
the
weakenesse
in
the
backe
.
IT
doth
appeare
by
Laurentius
Russius
,
that
there
is
an
other
kind
of
weakenesse
in
the
backe
,
called
in
Italian
le
gotte
,
or
morsecatura
de
le
reni
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
fretting
or
biting
of
the
reines
,
which
as
the
said
Russius
saith
,
proceedeth
of
abundance
of
humors
,
resorting
to
that
place
,
whereby
all
the
hinder
partes
of
the
horse
doe
leese
their
feeling
and
strength
,
and
the
horsse
falleth
downe
on
the
ground
:
yea
,
and
such
humors
resorting
to
the
hart
,
do
suffocate
the
same
,
and
in
two
or
three
houres
do
cause
the
horsse
to
die
.
The
remedie
according
to
Russius
,
is
in
this
sort
:
Let
him
blood
abundantlie
in
the
necke
,
and
draw
his
backe
with
a
hot
yron
,
in
such
sort
as
is
declared
in
the
last
Chapter
.
He
saith
also
it
is
good
to
make
him
swim
through
a
riuer
,
and
to
rowell
him
on
his
hanches
,
nigh
the
huckle
bones
;
and
to
make
the
haire
to
grow
againe
,
it
is
good
as
he
saith
to
aynoint
the
place
with
hogges
greace
,
and
three
leaued
grasse
stamped
together
.
Of
Hydebound
.
HIdebound
,
is
when
the
skinne
cleaueth
so
fast
to
the
horsses
backe
,
that
a
man
cannot
pul
it
from
the
flesh
with
his
hand
,
which
Ruellius
calleth
Coriago
:
it
commeth
meth
for
the
most
part
of
pouertie
,
or
els
when
the
horsse
after
some
great
heate
hath
beene
suffered
to
stand
long
in
the
raine
or
wet
weather
,
for
that
wil
cause
the
skinne
to
shrinke
,
and
to
cling
to
his
ribs
.
It
is
knowne
by
the
leannesse
of
the
horsse
,
and
gantnes
of
his
bely
,
and
by
fast
sticking
of
the
skin
vnto
the
ribs
when
you
pul
at
it
with
your
hand
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Let
him
blood
on
both
sides
the
bellie
in
the
flanke
vaines
betwixt
the
flanke
and
the
girding
place
:
that
done
,
giue
him
this
drinke
.
Take
a
quart
of
white
Wine
,
or
els
of
good
Ale
,
and
put
thereunto
three
ounces
of
good
sallet
oyle
,
of
Cummin
one
ounce
,
of
Annis
seedes
two
ounces
,
of
Licoras
two
ounces
,
beaten
al
into
fine
powder
,
and
giue
it
him
luke
warme
with
a
horne
.
And
when
he
hath
drunk
let
one
standing
at
his
huckle-bone
,
rub
him
hard
with
his
hand
along
the
back
,
and
ouerthwart
the
ribbes
the
space
of
halfe
an
houre
:
that
done
,
set
him
in
a
warme
stable
,
and
let
him
stand
in
litter
vp
to
the
belly
,
and
couer
all
his
backe
and
ribs
with
a
sacke
first
thoroughly
soked
in
a
tub
of
cold
water
,
and
then
well
and
hard
wroung
,
and
ouer
that
caste
another
cloath
,
and
girde
it
fast
with
a
surcingle
,
stuffing
him
well
about
the
backe
with
fresh
straw
,
continuing
thus
to
doe
euery
day
once
the
space
of
a
weeke
,
during
which
time
giue
him
no
cold
water
but
luke
warme
,
and
put
therein
a
little
ground
mault
.
The
wet
sacke
wil
cause
the
backe
to
gather
heat
it selfe
,
and
the
skin
to
loosen
from
the
flesh
,
and
if
you
will
bestow
more
cost
,
you
may
annoint
all
his
body
with
wine
and
oile
mingled
togither
,
according
to
the
opinion
of
the
old
writers
,
which
no
doubt
is
a
very
comfortable
thing
,
and
must
needs
supple
the
skinne
,
and
loosen
it
from
the
flesh
.
Of
the
diseases
in
the
throat
and
lungs
,
and
why
the
griefes
of
the
shoulders
and
hippes
be
not
mentioned
before
amongst
the
griefes
of
the
withers
and
backe
.
Blundevile
SOme
perhaps
would
looke
heere
,
that
for
so
much
as
I
haue
declared
the
diseases
of
the
necke
,
withers
and
backe
,
that
I
should
also
follow
on
now
with
the
griefes
of
the
shoulders
and
hips
.
But
sith
that
svch
griefes
for
the
most
part
doth
cause
a
horse
to
halt
,
and
that
it
requireth
some
skill
to
know
when
a
horse
halteth
,
whether
the
fault
be
in
his
shoulder
,
hip
,
legge
,
ioynt
,
or
foot
,
I
thinke
it
is
not
good
to
seperate
those
parts
assunder
,
specially
sith
nature
hath
ioyned
them
togither
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
shoulders
to
the
forelegs
,
and
the
hips
to
the
hinder
legges
.
And
therefore
according
to
natures
order
,
I
will
treate
of
them
in
their
proper
place
:
that
is
to
say
,
after
that
I
haue
shewed
al
the
diseases
that
be
in
the
inward
horses
body
,
not
onely
aboue
the
midriffe
,
as
the
diseases
of
the
throat
,
lungs
,
breast
,
and
hart
,
but
also
vnder
the
midriffe
,
as
those
of
the
stomacke
,
liuer
,
guts
,
and
of
all
the
rest
And
first
,
as
touching
the
diseases
of
the
throat
,
the
Glaunders
,
and
Strangullion
,
to
al
horses
is
most
common
.
Of
the
Glanders
and
Strangulion
,
so
called
according
to
the
Italian
name
,
Strangui●lion
.
MOst
Ferrers
do
take
the
Glanders
and
Strangullion
to
bee
all
one
disease
,
but
it
is
not
so
,
for
the
glanders
is
that
which
the
Physitians
call
Tronsillae
,
and
the
Strangullion
is
that
which
they
call
in
Latine
Angina
,
in
Greeke
Synanchi
,
and
we
commonly
call
it
in
English
,
the
squinnancy
,
or
Qunzie
.
Tronsillae
,
is
interpreted
by
them
to
be
inflammations
of
the
kirnels
,
called
in
Latine
Glandes
the
Italian
Glandulae
,
which
lie
on
both
sides
of
the
throat
,
vnderneath
the
roote
of
the
toongue
,
nigh
vnto
the
swallowing
place
,
of
which
word
Gland●●
,
or
Gl●ndulae
,
I
thinke
we
borrow
this
name
glanders
.
For
when
the
horse
is
troubled
with
this
disease
,
hee
hath
great
kirnels
vnderneath
his
iawes
,
easie
to
be
seene
or
felt
,
paining
him
so
,
as
he
can
not
easily
swallow
down
his
meat
,
which
commeth
first
of
cold
distilation
out
of
the
head
:
But
if
such
kirnels
be
not
inflamed
,
they
will
perhaps
goe
away
of
themselues
,
or
else
by
laying
a
little
hot
horse-dung
and
strawe
vnto
them
,
the
warmth
thereof
wil
dissolue
them
,
and
make
them
to
vanish
away
.
But
if
they
be
inflamed
,
they
will
not
go
away
but
encrease
and
wax
greater
and
greater
,
and
be
more
painful
euery
daie
then
other
,
and
cause
the
horsse
to
cast
continually
filthie
matter
at
his
nose
:
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Martin
is
thus
:
First
ripe
the
kirnels
with
this
plaister
.
Take
of
bran
two
handfuls
,
or
as
much
as
will
thicken
a
quart
of
wine
or
Ale
:
then
put
thereunto
halfe
a
pounde
of
hogges
greace
,
and
boile
them
togither
,
and
lay
it
hot
to
the
sore
with
a
cloath
,
renewing
it
euery
day
vntil
it
be
ready
to
breake
,
then
lance
it
,
and
let
out
al
the
matter
,
and
taint
it
with
a
taint
of
flax
dipt
in
this
salue
:
Take
of
Turpentine
,
of
hogs
greace
,
of
each
like
quantity
,
and
a
little
waxe
,
and
melt
them
togither
,
and
renew
the
taint
euerie
daie
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Laurentius
Russius
saith
,
that
this
disease
is
verie
common
to
colts
,
because
in
them
doth
abound
flexible
moisture
,
apt
to
be
dissolued
with
euerie
little
heat
,
and
to
turne
to
putrifaction
:
and
therefore
if
the
horse
be
not
ouer
young
,
he
would
haue
you
first
to
let
him
bloode
in
the
necke
vaine
,
and
then
to
lay
vnto
the
same
sore
a
ripening
playster
,
made
of
Mallowes
,
Linseeds
,
Rew
,
Wormwood
,
ground
Iuy
,
Oile
of
Baies
,
add
Dialthea
,
and
to
annoint
his
throat
also
,
and
all
the
sore
place
with
fresh
butter
:
and
the
sore
being
ripe
,
to
lance
it
,
or
els
to
rowel
it
,
that
the
matter
may
come
forth
.
But
the
kernels
wil
not
decrease
,
then
pul
them
away
by
the
rootes
,
and
to
dry
vp
the
vlcerous
place
with
an
ointment
made
of
vnslect
lime
,
Pepper
,
Brimstone
,
Nitrum
,
and
oile
Oliue
.
It
shall
be
also
good
to
purge
his
head
by
perfuming
him
euery
day
once
,
in
such
sort
as
hath
beene
before
declared
.
And
let
the
horsse
be
kept
warm
about
the
head
and
stand
in
a
warme
stable
,
and
let
him
drinke
no
cold
water
:
but
if
you
see
that
after
you
haue
taken
away
the
kirnels
,
the
horsse
doth
not
for
all
that
leaue
casting
filthy
matter
at
the
nose
,
then
it
is
to
be
feared
,
that
hee
hath
some
spice
of
the
mourning
of
the
Chine
,
for
both
diseases
proceed
of
one
cause
,
and
therefore
I
thinke
good
to
speake
of
it
heere
presently
.
But
first
I
will
set
downe
a
drinke
which
I
haue
seene
prooued
vppon
a
horse
that
I
thought
could
neuer
haue
bin
recouered
of
the
same
disease
,
and
yet
it
did
recouer
him
in
very
short
space
,
so
as
he
trauelled
immediately
after
many
miles
,
without
the
helpe
of
any
other
medicine
.
A
drinke
for
the
Strangullion
or
Glaunders
.
TAke
of
warm
milk
as
it
commeth
from
the
Cow
a
quart
,
or
instead
thereof
a
quart
of
new
Beere
or
Ale
warmed
,
and
put
thereunto
of
moulten
Butter
the
quantity
of
an
Egge
:
and
then
take
one
head
of
Garlicke
,
Blundevile
first
clean
pilled
and
then
stamped
smal
,
which
you
must
put
into
the
milke
or
drinke
being
made
luke
warme
,
and
giue
it
the
horse
with
a
horne
,
and
immediately
after
the
drinke
be
giuen
,
catch
hold
of
his
tongue
with
your
hand
,
and
hauing
broken
two
raw
Egges
either
vpon
his
foreteeth
,
or
against
the
staffe
wherewith
his
head
is
holden
vp
,
cast
those
broken
Egges
,
shels
and
all
into
his
throat
,
making
him
to
swallow
downe
the
same
,
that
doone
,
ride
him
vp
and
downe
till
he
beginne
to
sweate
,
then
set
him
vp
couered
warme
with
an
old
couerlet
and
straw
,
not
suffering
him
to
eate
nor
drinke
for
the
space
of
two
or
three
houres
after
,
and
let
his
drinke
for
the
space
of
two
or
three
daies
,
bee
somewhat
warme
,
whereinto
it
is
good
to
put
a
handfull
or
two
of
bran
or
ground
malt
,
and
in
giuing
the
said
drinke
,
it
shall
not
be
amisse
to
poure
some
thereof
into
either
nostrill
.
Of
the
mourning
of
the
Chine
.
THis
word
mourning
of
the
Chine
,
is
a
corrupt
name
borrowed
of
the
French
toong
,
wherein
it
is
cald
Mote
deschien
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
death
of
the
backe
.
Because
many
do
hold
this
opinion
that
this
disease
doth
consume
the
marrow
of
the
backe
:
for
remedy
whereof
,
they
vse
strange
kinds
of
cures
.
For
some
taking
it
to
be
a
rheume
,
go
about
to
stop
it
,
by
laying
a
strictiue
,
or
binding
charges
to
the
nape
of
the
necke
.
Some
againe
,
do
twine
out
the
pith
of
the
backe
with
a
long
wire
thrust
vp
into
the
horsses
head
,
and
so
into
his
necke
and
backe
,
with
what
reason
I
know
not
.
Well
,
I
know
that
few
horsses
do
recouer
that
haue
this
disease
.
Some
againe
thinke
that
the
lungs
of
the
horse
be
rotten
,
and
that
the
horse
doth
cast
them
out
at
his
nose
.
But
Martin
saith
,
that
he
hath
cut
vp
diuers
horsses
which
haue
been
iudged
to
haue
dyed
of
the
mourning
of
the
chine
,
but
he
could
find
neuer
either
back
or
lungs
to
be
perished
,
but
onely
the
liuer
,
and
most
commonly
that
side
of
the
liuer
,
which
answeareth
the
nostrill
whereat
he
casteth
,
whereof
we
will
talke
in
his
proper
place
,
when
we
come
to
speake
of
the
diseases
in
the
Liuer
.
The
Italians
do
call
this
disease
Ciamorro
,
the
olde
Authors
do
cal
it
the
moist
malady
,
whereof
Theomnestus
maketh
two
differences
.
For
in
the
one
the
matter
which
he
doth
cast
at
the
nose
is
white
,
and
doeth
not
smell
at
all
:
and
in
the
other
,
that
which
he
casteth
is
filthy
and
sticking
corruption
.
They
proceed
both
of
cold
humors
congealed
in
the
head
,
but
more
abounding
in
the
one
then
in
the
other
;
by
reason
perhaps
that
the
horsse
was
not
cured
in
time
:
for
of
colde
first
commeth
the
Pose
,
and
the
cough
,
then
the
Glanders
,
and
last
of
all
the
mourning
of
the
chine
.
When
the
horse
casteth
matter
at
the
nose
that
is
not
stinking
,
he
may
easily
be
cured
by
such
remedyes
as
haue
beene
before
declared
in
the
chapter
of
the
Pose
:
but
if
the
matter
be
very
filthy
and
stincking
,
then
it
is
very
harde
to
cure
.
Notwithstanding
,
it
shall
not
grieue
me
to
write
vnto
you
heere
,
the
experience
of
Theomnestus
,
and
of
Laurentius
Russius
.
Theomnestus
cure
is
thus
.
Take
of
Water
and
hony
called
of
the
Physitians
Hydromel
,
a
quart
,
and
put
thereunto
three
ounces
of
oyle
,
and
powre
that
into
his
nostrill
euerye
morning
the
space
of
three
daies
:
and
if
that
do
not
profit
him
,
then
let
him
drinke
euery
day
,
or
once
in
two
daies
,
a
quart
of
olde
wine
,
mingled
with
some
of
the
medicine
or
rather
the
precious
meate
,
called
of
the
olde
writers
Tetraphramacum
,
and
that
will
restore
him
to
his
former
estate
.
Laurentius
Russius
saith
,
that
of
al
diseases
ther
is
non
more
perillous
,
nor
more
to
be
suspected
,
th●n
the
rheume
which
commeth
of
cold
,
for
horses
haue
large
Conduites
,
and
are
full
of
moisture
,
and
therefore
if
colde
once
enter
,
it
findeth
matter
inough
to
worke
on
,
to
breede
continuall
distillation
,
as
well
outwardly
at
the
nose
,
as
inwardly
,
descending
downe
to
the
vitall
part
in
such
sort
,
as
it
doth
not
suffocat
the
same
.
The
signes
according
to
the
said
Russius
be
these
,
the
horse
doth
cast
matter
continually
at
the
nos●
,
sometime
thinne
and
sometime
thicke
,
his
nostrils
,
eares
,
and
al
his
outward
parts
,
wil
be
cold
to
the
feeling
,
his
eyes
,
head
,
and
all
his
body
heauy
,
and
he
will
cough
,
and
haue
smal
appetite
to
his
meat
,
and
lesse
to
his
drinke
,
and
sometime
he
will
tremble
and
shake
:
his
cure
is
in
this
sort
.
Purge
his
head
,
partly
by
perfuming
him
,
and
partly
by
making
him
to
neeze
in
such
sort
,
as
hath
beene
before
taught
in
the
chapter
of
the
pose
,
which
waies
of
perfuming
and
purging
his
head
as
they
bee
good
,
so
doeth
Russius
praise
these
two
heere
following
to
be
most
excellent
:
the
first
is
this
:
Take
of
the
stalkes
of
Vitis
alba
otherwise
called
Brioni
,
or
wilde
Vine
,
two
or
three
good
handfuls
,
and
being
brused
,
put
them
into
a
linnen
bagge
,
and
fasten
the
bagge
to
the
horses
head
,
so
as
he
may
receiue
the
scent
vp
into
his
nostrils
,
without
touching
the
hearb
wi●h
his
mouth
,
and
this
will
cause
the
humors
to
run
downe
aboundantly
.
The
second
medicine
;
Take
of
Euforbium
beaten
into
fine
powder
,
three
ounces
,
of
the
iuice
of
Betes
one
pound
,
of
Swines
blood
halfe
a
pound
,
boile
al
these
togither
vntil
they
bee
thr●ughly
mingled
togither
,
and
liquide
like
an
ointment
,
and
then
take
it
from
the
fire
and
put
thereunto
one
ounce
more
of
Euforbium
and
mingle
them
againe
thoroughly
togither
,
and
preserue
the
same
in
a
box
,
to
vse
at
needefull
times
in
this
sort
:
Make
two
stiffe
long
rowles
or
tampins
of
linnen
clowtes
,
or
such
like
stuffe
,
sharpe
pointed
like
suger-loues
:
which
tampins
are
called
of
the
physitians
in
Latine
Pessi
,
and
being
annointed
with
the
ointment
aforesaid
,
thrust
them
vp
into
the
horsses
nostrils
,
and
let
them
abide
therein
a
pretty
whilk
,
then
pul
them
out
,
and
you
shal
see
such
abundance
of
matter
●●me
forth
at
his
nose
,
as
is
marueilous
to
behold
:
Russius
also
praiseth
verye
much
this
medicine
heere
following
.
Take
as
much
of
the
middle
barke
of
an
Elder
tree
,
growing
on
the
water
side
,
as
will
fil
a
new
earthen
pot
of
a
meane
size
,
putting
thereunto
as
much
cleere
water
as
a
pot
will
hold
,
and
let
it
boile
vntil
one
halfe
be
consumed
:
and
then
to
be
filled
vppe
againe
with
fresh
water
,
continuing
so
to
doe
three
times
one
after
another
,
and
at
the
last
time
that
the
one
halfe
is
consumed
,
take
it
from
the
fire
,
and
straine
it
throgh
a
linnen
cloth
.
Then
take
two
partes
of
that
decoction
,
and
one
part
of
hogges
greace
,
or
Butter
,
and
being
warmed
againe
togither
,
giue
the
horsse
to
drinke
thereof
one
horneful
,
and
poure
another
hornefull
into
his
nostril
that
casteth
,
and
whensoeuer
you
giue
him
this
medicine
,
let
the
horse
bee
empty
and
fasting
,
and
keepe
him
without
meat
also
two
or
three
hours
after
,
for
this
is
a
very
good
drinke
for
anye
sicknesse
that
commeth
of
cold
.
Moreouer
,
open
the
skinne
of
his
foreheade
,
and
of
his
temples
,
and
also
of
his
taile
with
a
sharpe
hot
yron
,
that
the
corrupt
humours
may
yssue
outward
.
That
done
,
take
hot
brickes
,
or
else
a
pan
of
fresh
burning
coales
,
and
hold
it
nigh
vnto
his
belly
and
flankes
,
to
the
entent
that
they
may
bee
thoroughly
warmed
,
and
being
so
warmed
annoint
them
al
ouer
with
oyle
de
Bav
,
or
Dialthea
,
to
defend
his
body
from
the
cold
,
and
let
his
head
be
well
couered
,
and
al
his
bely
kept
warme
.
Yea
and
it
were
good
to
bath
his
head
sometime
,
as
Russius
saith
,
with
a
bath
made
of
Rew
,
Wormewoode
,
Sage
,
Iuneper
,
Bay
leaues
,
and
Hysop
.
And
let
his
drinke
be
warme
water
mingled
with
Wheat
meale
;
yea
,
and
to
make
it
the
more
comfortable
,
it
were
good
as
Russius
saith
,
to
put
thereunto
some
Cinamon
,
Ginger
,
Galingale
,
&
such
hot
pieces
.
And
his
meat
in
Winter
season
would
bee
no
other
but
sodden
corne
,
or
warme
mashes
,
made
of
ground
Malt
and
wheat
bran
:
in
summer
season
if
he
went
to
grasse
,
I
think
it
would
do
him
most
good
,
so
that
he
go
in
a
dry
warm
ground
,
for
by
feeding
alwaies
downeward
,
he
shall
purge
his
head
the
better
as
Russius
saith
.
Thus
much
of
the
Glanders
,
and
mourning
of
the
Chine
.
Now
we
wil
speake
somwhat
of
the
strangullion
,
according
to
the
opinion
of
the
Authors
,
though
not
to
the
satisfaction
perhaps
of
our
English
Ferrers
.
Of
the
strangullion
or
Squinancy
.
THe
Strangullion
,
called
of
the
Latines
Angina
,
according
to
the
Physitians
,
is
an
inflamation
of
the
inward
partes
of
the
throate
,
and
as
I
saide
before
,
is
called
of
the
Greeks
Synanchi
,
which
is
as
much
to
say
in
English
as
strangling
,
wherof
this
name
strangullion
as
I
thinke
is
deriued
for
this
disease
doth
strangle
euery
man
or
beast
,
and
therefore
is
numbred
amongst
the
perilous
and
sharp
diseases
called
of
the
Latines
Morbi
accuti
,
of
which
strangilng
the
physitians
in
mans
body
make
foure
differences
.
The
first
and
worst
is
,
when
no
part
within
the
mouth
nor
without
,
appereth
manifestly
to
be
inflamed
,
and
yet
the
patient
is
in
great
perill
of
strangling
.
The
second
is
,
when
the
inwarde
parts
of
the
throat
onely
be
inflamed
.
The
third
is
,
when
the
inward
and
outward
partes
of
the
throat
be
both
inflamed
.
The
fourth
is
,
when
the
muscles
of
the
necke
are
inflamed
,
or
the
inward
ioynts
thereof
so
loosened
,
as
they
straiten
thereby
both
the
throat
,
or
wesand
,
or
wind-pipe
:
for
short
breath
is
incident
to
all
the
foure
kinds
before
recited
,
and
they
proceede
all
of
one
cause
:
that
is
to
say
,
of
some
collerick
or
bloody-fluxion
,
which
comes
out
of
the
branches
of
the
throat-vaines
into
those
parts
,
and
there
breedeth
some
hot
inflamation
.
But
now
to
proue
that
a
horse
is
subiect
to
this
disease
,
you
shall
hear
what
Absirtus
,
Hierocles
,
Vegetius
,
and
others
doe
say
,
Absirtus
writing
to
his
friend
a
certaine
Ferrer
or
horse-leach
,
called
Aistoricus
,
speaketh
in
this
manner
.
When
a
Horse
hath
the
strangvllion
it
quickly
killeth
him
,
the
signes
whereof
be
these
.
His
temples
will
be
hollow
,
his
tong
will
swell
and
hang
out
of
his
mouth
,
his
eies
also
will
be
swollen
,
and
the
passage
of
his
throat
stopt
so
as
he
can
neither
eat
nor
drinke
.
All
these
signes
be
also
confirmed
by
Hierocles
.
Moreouer
,
Vegetius
rendereth
the
cause
of
this
disease
,
affirming
that
it
proceedeth
of
aboundance
of
subtile
blood
,
which
after
long
trauell
will
inflame
the
inward
or
outward
muscles
of
the
throat
or
wisand
,
or
such
affluence
of
blood
may
come
,
by
vse
of
hot
meats
after
great
trauell
,
being
so
alteratiue
,
as
they
cause
those
parts
to
swell
in
such
sort
as
the
Horse
can
neither
eat
nor
drinke
,
nor
draw
his
breath
.
The
cure
according
to
vegetius
,
is
in
this
sort
.
First
bath
his
mouth
and
tongue
well
with
hot
water
,
and
then
annoint
it
with
the
gal
of
a
Bull
,
that
done
giue
him
this
drinke
.
Take
of
old
oyle
two
pound
,
of
olde
wine
a
quart
,
nine
figs
,
and
nine
Leekes
heads
well
stamped
and
braied
together
.
And
after
you
haue
boiled
these
a
while
before
you
straine
them
,
put
therunto
a
little
Nitrum
Alexandrinum
,
and
giue
him
a
quarte
of
this
euery
morning
and
euening
.
Absirtus
and
Hierocles
would
haue
you
to
let
him
blood
in
the
palate
of
his
mouth
,
and
also
to
poure
wine
and
oile
into
his
nostrils
and
also
giue
him
to
drinke
this
decoction
of
Figs
and
Nitrum
sodden
together
,
or
else
to
anoint
his
throat
within
with
nitre
oyle
and
hony
,
or
else
with
hony
&
hogs
dung
mingled
together
,
which
differeth
not
much
from
Galen
his
medicine
,
to
be
giuen
vnto
man
.
For
he
saith
,
that
hony
mingled
with
the
powder
of
hogs
dung
that
is
white
,
and
swallowed
downe
,
doth
remedy
the
squanancy
presently
.
Absirtus
also
praiseth
the
oyntment
made
of
Bdellium
,
and
when
the
inflamation
beginneth
somwhat
to
decrease
,
he
saieth
it
is
good
to
purge
the
horse
,
by
giuing
him
wild
Cocumber
,
and
Nitre
to
drink
.
Let
his
meat
be
grasse
if
it
may
be
gotten
,
or
else
wet
hay
,
and
sprinkled
with
Nitre
.
Let
his
drinke
also
be
lukewarme
water
,
with
some
barly
meale
in
it
.
Of
the
Cough
.
OF
Coughes
,
some
be
outward
and
some
be
inwarde
.
Those
bee
outward
which
doe
come
of
outward
causes
,
as
by
eating
a
feather
,
or
by
eating
dusty
or
sharpe
straw
and
such
like
things
:
which
tickling
his
throate
,
causeth
him
to
cough
:
you
shal
perceiue
it
by
wagging
and
wrying
his
head
in
his
coughing
,
and
by
stamping
somtime
with
his
foote
,
laboring
to
get
out
the
thing
that
grieueth
him
,
and
cannot
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Take
a
Willow
wand
,
rowled
throughout
with
a
fine
linnen
clout
,
and
then
annoint
it
all
ouer
with
hony
,
and
thrust
it
downe
his
throat
,
drawing
your
hand
to
and
fro
,
to
the
intent
it
may
either
driue
down
the
thing
that
grieueth
him
,
or
else
bring
it
vp
,
and
do
this
twice
or
thrice
,
annointing
euery
time
the
sticke
with
fresh
hony
.
Of
the
inward
and
wet
cough
.
OF
inward
Coughs
some
be
wet
and
some
be
dry
.
The
wet
cough
is
that
commeth
of
cold
,
taken
after
some
great
heat
giuen
to
the
Horsse
,
dissoluing
humors
,
which
being
afterward
congealed
,
do
cause
obstruction
and
stopping
in
the
lungs
.
And
I
call
it
the
wet
cough
,
because
the
Horse
in
his
coughing
,
will
voide
moist
matter
at
his
mouth
after
that
it
is
once
broken
.
The
signes
be
these
.
The
Horsse
will
be
heauy
,
and
his
eies
wil
run
a
water
,
and
he
wil
forsake
his
meate
,
and
when
he
cougheth
,
he
thrusteth
out
his
head
,
and
reacheth
with
great
paine
at
the
first
,
as
though
hee
had
a
dry
cough
,
vntill
the
fleame
be
broken
,
and
then
hee
will
cough
more
hollow
,
which
is
a
signe
of
amendment
.
And
therfore
,
according
to
Martins
experience
,
to
the
intent
the
fleam
may
breake
the
sooner
,
it
shal
be
necessary
to
keepe
him
warme
,
by
clothing
him
with
a
double
cloth
,
and
by
littering
him
vp
to
the
belly
with
fresh
straw
,
and
then
to
giue
him
this
drinke
:
take
of
barly
one
peck
,
and
boile
it
in
2.
or
3.
gallons
of
faire
water
,
vntil
the
barly
begin
to
burst
,
and
boile
therewith
of
bruised
Licoras
,
of
Annis-seedes
,
or
Raisins
,
of
each
one
pound
,
then
straine
it
,
and
to
that
liquor
put
of
hony
a
pinte
,
and
a
quarterne
of
Sugar
candy
,
and
keepe
it
close
in
a
pot
to
serue
the
horse
therwith
foure
seuerall
mornings
,
and
cast
not
away
the
sodden
barly
with
the
rest
of
the
strainings
,
but
make
it
hot
euery
day
to
perfume
the
horse
withal
,
being
put
in
a
bag
,
and
tyed
to
his
hed
,
and
if
the
horse
will
eat
of
it
,
it
shal
do
him
the
more
good
.
And
this
perfuming
in
winter
season
would
be
vsed
about
ten
of
the
clocke
in
the
morning
,
when
the
Sun
is
of
some
height
,
to
the
intent
the
horse
may
be
walked
abroad
,
if
the
Sun
shine
,
to
exercise
him
moderatly
.
And
vntill
his
cough
weare
away
,
faile
not
to
giue
him
warm
water
,
with
a
little
ground
mault
.
And
as
his
cough
breaketh
more
and
more
,
so
let
his
water
euery
be
lesse
warmed
then
other
.
Of
the
dry
cough
.
THis
seemeth
to
come
of
some
grosse
and
tough
humor
cleauing
hard
to
the
hollow
places
of
the
lungs
which
stoppeth
the
wind-pips
,
so
as
the
horse
cannot
easily
draw
his
breath
,
and
if
it
continue
,
it
wil
either
grow
to
the
pursick
,
or
else
breake
his
wind
altogether
.
The
signs
be
these
.
He
wil
cough
both
often
,
drily
,
and
also
vehemently
,
without
,
voiding
at
the
nose
,
or
mouth
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Martin
,
is
in
this
sort
.
Take
a
close
earthen
pot
,
and
put
therein
three
pints
of
strong
vineger
,
and
foure
egs
,
shels
and
all
vnbroken
,
and
foure
Garlike
heads
cleane
pilled
and
bruised
,
and
set
the
pot
being
very
close
couered
in
some
warme
dunghill
,
and
there
let
it
stand
a
whole
night
:
and
the
next
morning
with
your
hand
take
out
the
egges
,
which
will
be
so
soft
as
silke
,
and
lay
them
by
,
vntill
you
haue
strained
the
Garlike
and
Vineger
through
a
faire
cloath
,
then
put
to
that
liquor
,
a
quarterne
of
hony
,
and
halfe
a
quarterne
of
Sugarcandy
,
and
two
ounces
of
Lycoras
,
and
two
ounces
of
Annis-seedes
,
beaten
al
into
fine
powder
.
And
then
the
Horsse
hauing
fasted
al
the
night
before
,
in
the
morning
betwixt
seuen
and
eight
of
the
clocke
,
open
his
mouth
with
a
cord
,
and
whorle
therein
one
of
the
egges
,
so
as
he
may
swallow
it
downe
,
and
then
immediately
poure
in
after
it
a
horneful
of
the
aforesaide
drinke
,
being
first
made
lukewarme
,
and
cast
in
another
egge
,
with
another
horne
full
af
drinke
,
and
so
continue
to
do
,
vntill
he
hath
swallowed
vp
all
the
egges
,
and
drunke
vp
all
the
drinke
:
and
then
bridle
him
,
and
couer
him
with
warmer
cloathes
then
he
had
before
,
and
bring
him
into
the
stable
,
and
ther
let
him
stand
on
the
bit
,
at
the
bare
rack
,
wel
littered
vp
to
the
belly
,
the
space
of
two
houres
.
Then
vnbit
him
,
and
if
it
be
in
winter
,
offer
him
a
handfull
of
wheaten
straw
:
if
in
summer
giue
him
grasse
,
and
let
him
eat
no
hay
,
Blundevil●
vnlesse
it
be
very
wel
dusted
,
and
sprinkled
with
water
,
and
giue
him
not
much
thereof
.
And
therefore
you
shal
need
to
giue
him
the
more
prouender
,
which
also
most
be
wel
clensed
of
al
filth
and
dust
,
and
giue
him
no
water
,
the
space
of
9.
daies
.
And
if
you
perceiue
that
the
cough
doth
not
weare
away
,
then
if
it
be
in
winter
,
purge
him
with
these
pilles
.
Take
of
lard
two
pound
laid
in
water
two
houres
:
then
take
nothing
but
the
cleane
fat
thereof
,
and
stamp
it
in
a
morter
,
and
thereto
put
of
Licoras
,
of
Annis-seeds
,
of
Fenegreeke
,
of
each
beaten
into
powder
three
ounces
,
of
Aloes
in
powder
two
ounces
,
of
Agerick
one
ounce
.
Knead
these
together
like
paast
,
and
make
thereof
six
bals
as
big
as
an
egge
.
Then
the
horse
hauing
fasted
ouer
night
,
giue
him
the
next
morning
these
pilles
one
after
another
,
anointed
with
hony
and
oile
mingled
together
in
a
platter
,
and
to
the
intent
he
may
swallow
them
down
whether
he
wil
or
not
,
when
you
haue
opened
his
mouth
catch
hold
of
his
tong
,
and
hold
it
fast
while
you
whirle
in
one
of
the
pil●
,
that
done
,
thrust
it
into
his
throat
with
a
roling-pin
,
&
then
let
his
tongue
go
vntill
he
hath
swallowed
it
downe
:
then
giue
him
in
like
manner
all
the
rest
of
the
pilles
,
and
let
him
stand
on
the
bit
warme
cloathed
and
littered
,
the
space
of
three
houres
at
the
least
,
and
after
that
,
giue
him
a
little
wet
hay
,
and
warme
water
with
a
little
ground
mault
in
it
to
drinke
,
and
let
him
drinke
no
other
but
warme
water
the
space
of
a
weeke
.
And
now
and
then
in
a
faire
sunny
day
,
it
shall
be
good
to
trot
him
one
houre
abroad
to
breath
him
.
Of
the
fretized
,
broken
and
rotten
lungs
.
THis
proceedeth
as
Absirtus
and
Theomnestus
saith
,
either
of
an
extreame
cough
,
or
of
vehement
running
,
or
leaping
,
or
of
ouer
greedy
drinking
after
great
thirst
for
the
lungs
be
inclosed
in
a
very
thin
filme
or
skin
,
and
therefore
easie
to
be
broken
,
which
if
it
be
not
cured
in
time
,
doth
grow
to
apostumation
,
and
to
corruption
,
oppressing
all
the
lungs
,
which
of
old
Authors
is
called
Vomica
,
and
Supp●ratio
.
But
Theomnestus
saith
,
that
broken
lungs
,
and
rotten
lungs
,
be
two
diuers
diseases
,
and
haue
diuers
signes
,
and
diuers
cures
.
The
signes
of
broken
lungs
be
these
.
The
Horse
draweth
his
wind
short
,
and
by
little
at
once
,
he
will
turne
his
head
often
toward
the
place
grieued
,
and
groneth
in
his
breathing
,
he
is
afraid
to
cough
,
and
yet
cougheth
as
though
he
had
eaten
small
bones
.
The
same
Theomnestus
healed
a
friends
horse
of
his
,
whose
lunges
were
fretized
,
or
rather
broken
as
he
saith
,
by
continual
eating
salt
,
with
this
manner
of
cure
here
following
.
Let
the
Horsse
haue
quiet
and
rest
,
and
then
let
him
blood
in
the
hanches
,
where
the
vaines
appeare
most
:
and
giue
him
to
drinke
the
space
of
seuen
daies
barly
or
rather
Otes
sodden
in
Goates
milke
:
or
if
you
can
get
no
milke
,
boile
it
in
water
,
and
put
therein
some
thicke
collops
of
larde
and
of
Deeres
sewet
,
and
let
him
drinke
that
:
and
let
his
common
drinke
in
winter
season
be
the
decoction
of
wheat
meale
,
and
in
summer
time
,
the
decoction
of
barly
,
and
this
as
he
sayth
wil
binde
his
lungs
againe
together
.
Vegetius
vtterly
disalloweth
letting
of
blood
in
any
such
disease
as
this
is
,
&
all
maner
of
sharp
medicynes
,
for
feare
of
prouoking
the
cough
,
by
means
wherof
the
broken
places
can
neuer
heale
perfectly
.
And
therfore
neither
his
medicines
nor
meat
would
be
harsh
,
but
smooth
,
gentle
and
cooling
.
The
best
medicine
that
may
be
giuen
him
at
all
times
is
this
:
take
of
Fenegreeke
,
and
of
Linceede
,
of
each
halfe
a
pound
,
of
Gum
dragagant
,
of
Mastick
,
of
Myrrhe
,
of
Sugar
,
of
Fitch
flower
,
of
each
one
ounce
.
Let
all
these
things
be
beaten
into
fine
powder
,
and
then
infused
one
whole
night
in
a
sufficient
quantity
of
warme
Water
,
and
the
next
day
giue
him
a
quarte
of
this
lukewarme
,
putting
thereunto
two
or
three
ounces
of
oile
of
Roses
,
continuing
so
to
do
many
dayes
together
,
and
if
the
disease
be
new
,
this
wil
heal
him
:
yea
and
it
will
ease
him
very
much
although
the
disease
be
old
,
which
is
thought
vncurable
.
And
in
winter
season
so
long
as
he
standeth
in
the
stable
,
let
him
drink
no
cold
water
,
and
let
his
meat
be
cleane
without
dust
,
but
in
summer
season
it
were
best
to
let
him
runne
to
grasse
,
for
so
long
as
he
eateth
grasse
,
a
man
shalscantly
perceiue
this
disease
.
Thus
much
of
broken
lungs
.
Of
putrified
and
rotten
lungs
.
THe
signes
to
know
whether
a
Horsses
lungs
be
putrified
or
rotten
,
according
to
Theomnestus
are
these
.
The
Horsse
will
eat
and
drinke
greedilyer
then
he
was
wont
to
do
,
he
shal
be
oftner
vexed
with
a
cough
,
and
in
coughing
he
will
cast
little
lumps
of
matter
out
at
his
mouth
.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Theomnestus
,
is
thus
.
Giue
him
to
drinke
euery
morning
,
the
space
of
seuen
daies
the
iuyce
of
Purslain
mingled
with
Oyle
of
Roses
,
and
ad
thereunto
a
little
tragagantum
that
hath
been
layed
before
in
steep
in
Goates
milke
,
or
else
in
Barly
or
Oten
milke
,
strained
out
of
the
corne
.
When
the
Apostume
is
broken
,
then
a
very
strong
vile
and
euill
sauour
will
come
out
of
his
Nostrils
:
for
remedy
whereof
,
it
shall
be
good
to
giue
him
the
space
of
seuen
daies
this
drink
here
following
:
take
of
the
roote
called
Costus
two
ounces
,
and
of
Casia
or
else
of
Cinamon
three
ounces
beaten
into
fine
powder
,
and
a
fewe
Raisins
,
and
giue
it
him
to
drinke
with
wine
.
But
Vegetius
would
haue
him
to
be
cured
in
this
sort
and
with
lesse
cost
I
assure
you
.
Take
of
Frankincense
and
Aristoloch
,
of
each
two
ounces
,
beaten
into
fine
powder
,
and
giue
him
that
with
wine
,
or
else
take
of
vnburnt
Brimstone
two
ounces
,
and
of
Aristoloch
one
ounce
and
a
halfe
beaten
into
powder
,
and
giue
him
that
with
wine
.
And
hee
would
haue
you
also
to
draw
his
breast
with
a
hot
iron
,
to
the
intent
the
humors
may
issue
forth
outwardly
.
Of
shortnesse
of
breath
.
A
Horsse
may
haue
shortnesse
of
breath
,
by
hasty
running
after
drinking
,
or
vpon
a
full
stomach
,
or
by
the
discending
of
humors
vnto
his
throat
or
lungs
,
after
som
extreame
heate
dissoluing
the
said
humors
,
which
so
long
as
there
is
nothing
broken
,
may
in
the
beginning
be
easily
holpen
.
The
signes
bee
these
.
The
Horsse
will
continually
pant
,
and
fetch
his
breath
short
,
which
wil
come
very
hot
out
at
his
nose
,
and
in
his
breathing
he
will
squise
in
the
nose
,
and
his
flanks
will
beate
thicke
▪
yea
and
some
cannot
fetch
their
breath
vnlesse
they
hold
their
neckes
right
out
and
straight
,
which
disease
is
called
of
the
old
writers
by
the
Greeke
name
Orthopnoea
.
The
cure
.
Let
him
blood
in
the
neck
,
and
giue
him
this
drinke
,
take
of
wine
,
and
oile
,
of
each
a
pint
,
of
Frankincense
halfe
an
ounce
,
and
of
the
iuyce
of
Horehound
halfe
a
pinte
.
It
is
good
also
to
poure
into
his
throate
hony
,
butter
and
Hogs-greace
moulten
together
,
and
made
lukewarme
.
Tiberius
saith
,
it
is
good
to
giue
him
whole
egges
,
shels
and
all
,
steeped
and
made
soft
in
vineger
:
that
is
to
say
,
the
first
day
three
,
the
second
day
fiue
,
and
the
third
day
seuen
,
and
to
power
wine
and
and
oile
into
his
nostrils
.
I
for
my
part
would
take
nothing
but
Annis-seedes
,
Licoras
,
and
Sugarcandy
,
beaten
all
into
fine
powder
,
giue
him
that
to
drinke
,
with
wine
and
oile
mingled
together
.
Of
the
Pursicke
.
THis
is
a
shortnes
of
breath
,
and
the
horse
that
is
so
diseased
is
called
of
the
Italians
,
Cauallo
pulsiuo
,
or
Bolse
,
which
I
thinke
is
deriued
of
the
Latin
word
Vulsus
,
by
changing
V.
into
B.
and
I
think
differeth
not
much
from
him
that
hath
broken
lungs
,
called
of
vegetius
and
other
old
writers
vulsus
,
for
such
shortnesse
of
breath
coms
either
of
the
same
causes
,
or
else
much
like
,
as
aboundance
of
grosse
humors
,
cleauing
harde
to
the
hollow
places
of
the
lungs
,
and
stopping
the
wind-pips
.
And
the
wind
being
kept
in
,
doth
resort
downeward
as
Russius
saith
,
into
the
Horsses
guts
,
and
so
causeth
his
flanks
to
beat
continually
without
order
:
that
is
to
say
,
more
swiftly
and
hier
vp
to
the
backe
,
then
the
flankes
of
any
Horsse
that
is
sound
of
wind
.
And
if
the
disease
be
old
,
it
is
seldome
or
neuer
cured
,
and
though
I
finde
many
medicines
,
prescrided
by
diuers
Authors
,
fewe
or
none
do
content
me
,
vnlesse
it
be
that
of
Vegetius
,
recited
before
in
the
Chapter
of
broken
lungs
.
And
if
that
preuaileth
not
,
then
I
thinke
it
were
not
amisse
according
to
Russius
to
purge
him
with
this
drinke
,
heere
following
:
take
of
Maiden
haire
,
of
Ireos
,
of
Ash
,
of
Licoras
,
of
Fenegreeke
,
of
Raisins
,
of
each
halfe
an
ounce
,
of
Cardanum
,
of
pepper
,
Blundevile
of
bitter
Almonds
,
of
Baurach
,
of
each
,
two
ounces
,
of
nettle
seede
,
and
of
Aristoloch
,
of
each
three
ounces
,
boile
them
al
together
in
a
sufficient
quantity
of
water
,
and
in
that
decoction
dissolue
halfe
an
ounce
of
Agarike
,
and
two
oun.
▪
of
Coloquintida
,
together
with
two
pound
of
Hony
,
and
giue
him
of
this
a
pinte
or
a
quarte
at
diuers
times
:
and
if
it
be
too
thick
make
it
thinner
,
by
putting
therunto
water
wherin
Licoras
hath
beene
sodden
,
and
if
neede
be
you
may
also
draw
both
his
flankes
crosse-wise
with
a
hot
iron
,
to
restraine
the
beating
of
them
,
and
also
slit
his
Nostrils
,
to
giue
him
more
aire
.
And
if
it
bee
in
summer
turne
him
to
grasse
,
if
in
winter
let
him
be
kept
warme
,
and
giue
him
now
and
then
a
little
sodden
wheat
.
Russius
would
haue
it
to
bee
giuen
him
three
daies
together
and
also
newe
sweet
wine
to
drinke
,
or
else
other
good
wine
mingled
with
Licoras
water
.
Of
a
Consumption
.
A
Consumption
is
none
other
thing
but
an
exulceration
of
the
lunges
,
proceeding
of
some
fretting
or
gnawing
humor
,
descending
out
of
the
head
into
the
lungs
.
And
I
take
it
to
be
that
disease
which
the
old
writers
are
wont
to
cal
the
dry
Malady
:
which
perhaps
some
wold
rather
interpret
to
be
the
mourning
of
the
chine
,
with
whom
I
intend
not
to
striue
.
But
thus
much
I
must
needes
say
,
that
euery
Horsse
hauing
the
mourning
of
the
Chine
,
doth
continually
cast
at
the
nose
,
but
in
the
dry
Malady
it
is
contrary
.
For
all
the
Authors
that
write
thereof
affirme
,
that
the
Horsse
auoideth
nothing
at
the
Nose
.
And
the
signs
be
to
know
the
dry
Malady
,
according
to
their
doctrin
,
be
these
.
His
flesh
doth
cleane
consume
away
,
his
belly
is
gaunt
,
and
the
skinne
thereof
so
harde
stretched
,
or
rather
shrunke
vp
,
as
if
you
strike
on
him
with
your
hand
it
will
sound
like
a
Tabar
,
and
he
will
be
hollow
backt
,
and
forsake
his
meat
,
and
though
he
eateth
it
,
(
as
Absirtus
saith
)
yet
he
doth
not
digest
it
,
nor
prospereth
not
withall
,
he
would
cough
and
cannot
but
hickingly
,
as
though
he
had
eaten
small
bones
.
And
this
disease
is
iudged
of
all
the
Authors
to
be
incurable
.
Notwithstanding
,
they
say
,
that
it
is
good
to
purge
his
head
with
such
perfumes
as
haue
beene
shewed
you
before
in
the
Chapter
of
the
Glanders
,
and
also
to
giue
him
alwaies
Coleworts
,
chopt
small
with
his
prouender
.
Some
would
haue
him
to
drinke
the
warme
blood
of
sucking
pigs
new
slaine
,
and
some
the
iuyce
of
Leekes
,
with
oile
and
wine
mingling
together
.
Others
praise
wine
and
Frankincense
,
some
oyle
and
Rue
,
some
would
haue
his
body
to
be
purged
and
set
to
grasse
.
Of
the
consumption
of
the
flesh
,
and
how
to
make
a
leane
Horse
fat
.
MArtin
saith
that
if
a
Horse
take
a
great
cold
after
a
heat
it
wil
cause
his
flesh
to
wast
,
and
his
skin
to
wax
hard
and
dry
,
and
to
cleaue
fast
to
his
sides
,
and
hee
shall
haue
no
appetite
vnto
his
meat
,
and
the
fillets
of
his
backe
wil
fal
away
,
and
all
the
flesh
of
his
buttocks
,
and
of
his
shoulders
,
will
be
consumed
▪
The
cure
whereof
is
thus
.
Take
two
sheepes
heads
vnflead
,
boile
them
in
three
gallons
of
Ale
,
or
faire
running
water
,
vntill
the
flesh
be
consumed
from
the
bones
,
that
done
,
strain
it
through
a
fine
cloth
,
and
then
put
thereunto
of
Sugar
one
pound
,
of
Cinamon
two
ounces
,
of
conserue
of
Roses
,
of
Barberries
,
of
Cherries
,
of
each
two
ounces
,
and
mingle
them
together
,
and
giue
the
Horsse
euery
day
in
the
morning
,
a
quart
thereof
lukewarme
,
vntil
all
be
spent
:
and
after
euery
time
he
drinketh
,
let
him
be
walked
vp
and
downe
in
the
stable
,
or
else
abroade
if
the
weather
be
warme
,
and
not
windy
,
and
let
him
neither
eate
nor
drinke
in
two
houres
after
,
and
let
him
drinke
no
cold
water
,
but
lukewarme
,
the
space
of
fifteene
daies
,
and
let
him
be
fed
by
little
and
little
,
with
such
meate
as
the
Horse
hath
most
appetite
vnto
.
But
if
the
horse
be
nesh
and
tender
,
&
so
wax
lean
without
any
apparant
griefe
or
disease
,
then
the
old
writers
would
haue
him
to
be
fed
now
and
then
with
partched
Wheat
,
and
also
to
drinke
Wine
with
his
water
,
and
eate
continually
wheate
bran
mingled
with
his
prouender
,
vntill
hee
waxe
stronge
,
and
hee
must
be
often
dressed
and
trimmed
,
and
lye
softe
,
without
the
which
things
his
meat
will
do
him
but
little
good
.
And
his
meat
must
be
fine
and
cleane
,
and
giuen
him
often
and
by
litttle
at
once
.
Russius
saith
,
that
if
a
Horsse
eating
his
meat
with
good
appetite
,
doth
not
for
al
that
prosper
,
but
is
stil
leane
:
then
it
is
good
to
giue
him
Sage
,
Sauin
,
Bay
berries
,
Earth-nuttes
,
and
Boares
greace
,
to
drinke
with
wine
:
or
to
giue
him
the
intrals
of
a
Barbell
or
Tench
,
with
white
Wine
.
He
saith
also
that
sodden
Beanes
mingled
with
Branne
and
Salt
,
will
make
a
leane
Horsse
fat
in
very
short
space
.
Of
griefe
in
the
breast
.
Blundevile
LAurentius
Russius
writeth
of
a
disease
called
in
Italian
Grauezza
di
petto
,
which
hath
not
beene
in
experience
amongst
our
Ferrers
,
that
I
can
learn
.
It
coms
,
as
Russius
saith
,
of
the
superfluity
of
blood
,
or
other
humors
dissolued
by
some
extreame
heat
,
and
resorting
down
the
breast
,
paining
the
Horsse
,
so
as
he
cannot
well
go
.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Russius
is
thus
.
Let
him
bloode
on
both
sides
of
the
breast
in
the
accostomed
vaines
,
and
rowell
him
vnder
the
breast
,
and
twice
a
daye
turne
the
rowells
with
your
hand
,
to
mooue
the
humours
that
they
may
yssue
forth
,
and
let
him
goe
so
roweled
the
space
of
fifteene
daies
.
Of
the
paine
of
the
heart
called
Anticor
,
that
is
to
say
,
Contrary
to
the
heart
.
THis
proceedeth
of
aboundance
of
ranke
blood
bred
with
good
feeding
&
ouermuch
rest
:
which
blood
resorting
to
the
inward
parts
doth
suffocate
the
heart
,
and
many
times
causeth
swellinges
to
appeare
before
the
breast
,
which
will
grow
vpwarde
to
the
necke
,
and
then
it
killeth
the
Horsse
.
The
signes
.
The
Horse
will
hang
downe
his
head
in
the
manger
,
forsaking
his
meate
,
and
is
not
able
to
lift
vp
his
head
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Let
him
blood
on
both
sides
aboundantly
in
the
plat
vaines
,
and
then
giue
him
this
drinke
:
take
a
quart
of
malmesie
,
and
put
thereunto
halfe
a
quarterne
of
Sugar
,
and
two
ounces
of
Cinamon
,
and
giue
it
him
lukewarme
,
then
keepe
him
warme
in
the
stable
,
stuffing
him
well
about
the
stomach
that
the
wind
offend
him
no
manner
of
way
,
and
giue
him
warme
water
with
mault
alawies
to
drinke
,
and
giue
him
such
meate
as
he
will
eate
.
And
if
the
swelling
do
appeare
,
then
besides
letting
him
blood
,
strike
the
swelling
in
diuers
places
with
your
fleame
that
the
corruption
may
goe
forth
:
and
annoint
the
place
with
warme
Hogs
greace
,
and
that
wil
either
make
it
to
weare
away
or
else
to
grow
to
a
head
,
if
it
be
couered
and
kept
warme
.
Of
tired
Horsses
.
BIcause
we
are
in
hand
heere
with
the
vitall
partes
,
and
that
when
the
Horsses
be
tyred
with
ouermuch
labour
,
their
vitall
spirits
wax
feeble
,
I
thinke
it
best
to
speak
of
them
euen
heere
,
not
with
long
discoursing
as
Vegetius
vseth
,
but
briefely
to
shew
you
how
to
refresh
the
poore
Horsse
hauing
neede
thereof
,
which
is
doone
chiefely
by
giuing
him
rest
,
warmth
and
good
feeding
,
as
with
warme
mashes
and
plenty
of
prouender
.
And
to
quicken
his
spirits
,
it
shall
be
good
to
poure
a
little
oyle
and
vineger
into
his
Nostrils
,
and
to
giue
him
the
drinke
of
sheeps
heads
recited
before
in
the
Chapter
of
consumption
of
the
flesh
,
yea
and
also
to
bath
his
Legges
with
this
bath
:
take
of
Mallowes
,
of
Sage
,
of
each
two
or
three
handfuls
,
and
a
Rose-cake
:
boile
these
things
together
,
and
being
boyled
,
then
put
vnto
it
a
good
quantity
of
butter
or
of
Sallet-oyle
.
Or
else
make
him
this
charge
:
take
of
Bole
Armony
and
of
Wheat-flower
of
each
halfe
a
pound
,
and
a
little
Rozen
beaten
into
powder
,
and
a
quart
of
strong
vineger
,
and
mingle
them
together
,
and
couer
all
his
Legs
therewith
,
and
if
it
be
summer
,
turne
him
to
grasse
.
Of
the
diseased
parts
vnder
the
midriffe
,
and
first
of
the
stomacke
.
THe
old
Authors
make
mention
of
many
diseases
incident
to
a
horses
stomacke
,
as
loathing
of
meat
,
spewing
vp
his
drinke
,
surfetting
of
prouender
,
the
hungry
euil
,
and
such
like
,
which
few
of
our
Ferrers
haue
obserued
:
and
therefore
I
wil
breefely
speake
of
as
many
as
I
thinke
necessary
to
bee
knowne
,
and
first
of
the
loathing
of
meate
.
Blundevile
Of
the
loathing
of
meat
.
A
Horsse
may
loath
his
meat
through
the
imtemperature
of
his
stomack
,
as
for
that
it
is
too
hot
or
too
cold
.
If
his
stomacke
be
too
hot
,
then
most
commonly
it
will
either
inflame
his
mouth
and
make
it
to
breake
out
in
blisters
,
yea
and
perhaps
cause
some
cancker
to
breed
there
.
The
cure
of
all
which
things
hath
beene
taught
before
.
But
if
he
forsake
his
meat
onely
for
very
heat
,
which
you
shall
perceiue
by
the
hotnesse
of
his
breath
and
mouth
,
then
coole
his
stomack
by
giuing
him
cold
water
mingled
with
a
little
Vineger
and
oile
to
drinke
,
or
else
giue
him
this
drinke
.
Take
of
milke
,
and
of
wine
,
of
each
one
pinte
,
and
put
thereunto
three
ounces
of
Me●
Rosatum
,
and
wash
al
his
mouth
with
Vineger
and
salt
.
If
his
stomacke
be
too
colde
,
then
his
haire
wil
stare
and
stand
right
vp
,
which
Absirtus
and
others
were
wont
to
cure
,
by
giuing
the
horse
good
wine
and
oile
to
drinke
,
and
some
would
seeth
in
wine
Rew
,
or
Sage
,
some
would
adde
thereunto
white
Pepper
and
Mirre
,
some
woulde
giue
him
Onions
and
Rocket
seed
to
drinke
with
wine
,
Againe
there
be
other
somewhich
prescribe
the
blood
of
a
young
Sow
with
old
wine
.
Absirtus
would
haue
the
horse
to
eat
the
green
blades
of
wheat
,
if
the
time
of
the
yeare
wil
serue
for
it
.
Columella
saith
,
that
if
a
horsse
or
anie
other
beaste
,
do
loath
his
meate
it
is
good
to
giue
him
wine
,
and
the
seede
of
Gith
,
or
else
Wine
and
stampt
garlicke
.
Of
casting
out
his
drinke
.
VEgetius
saith
,
that
the
horse
may
haue
such
a
Palsie
proceeding
of
cold
in
his
stomack
as
he
is
notable
to
keepe
his
drinke
,
but
many
times
to
cast
it
out
again
at
his
mouth
.
The
remedy
whereof
is
to
let
him
blood
in
the
necke
,
and
to
giue
him
cordiall
drinkes
,
that
is
to
say
,
made
of
hotte
and
comfortable
spices
,
and
also
to
annoint
al
his
breast
and
vnder
his
shoulders
with
hot
oyles
,
and
to
purge
his
head
,
by
blowing
vp
into
his
Nostrils
,
pouders
that
prouoke
neezing
,
such
as
haue
beene
taught
you
before
.
Of
surfetting
with
glut
of
prouender
.
THe
glut
of
prouender
or
other
meat
not
digested
,
doth
cause
a
horse
to
haue
great
paine
in
his
body
,
so
as
hee
is
not
able
to
stande
on
his
feete
,
but
lyeth
downe
,
and
waltereth
as
though
he
had
the
Bots.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Martins
experience
,
is
in
this
sort
.
Let
him
blood
in
the
necke
,
then
trot
him
vppe
and
downe
for
the
space
of
an
houre
,
and
if
he
cannot
stale
,
draw
out
his
yard
,
and
wash
it
with
a
little
white
wine
,
luke
warme
,
and
thrust
into
his
yard
either
a
brused
cloue
of
Garlicke
,
or
else
a
little
oile
of
Cammomile
,
with
a
wax
candle
.
If
he
cannot
dung
,
then
rake
his
fundament
,
and
giue
him
this
glister
.
Take
of
Mallows
two
or
three
handfuls
,
and
boile
them
in
a
pottle
of
faire
running
water
,
and
when
the
mallows
be
sodden
,
then
straine
it
,
and
put
therevnto
a
quart
of
fresh
Butter
,
and
halfe
a
pinte
of
oile
Oliue
;
and
hauing
receiued
this
glister
,
lead
him
vp
and
downe
,
vntill
he
hath
emptied
his
belly
,
then
set
him
vp
,
and
keepe
him
hungry
the
space
of
three
or
foure
daies
,
and
the
hay
that
he
eateth
,
let
it
be
sprinkeled
with
water
,
and
let
him
drinke
water
,
wherein
should
be
put
a
little
bran
,
and
when
he
hath
drunke
,
giue
him
the
bran
to
eate
,
and
giue
him
little
or
no
prouender
at
al
,
for
the
space
of
eight
or
ten
daies
.
Of
another
kind
of
surfetting
with
meat
or
drinke
,
called
of
vs
,
foundering
in
the
body
.
THis
disease
is
called
of
the
old
writers
in
Greeke
Crithiasis
,
in
Latine
Hordiatio
,
it
commeth
as
they
say
,
by
eating
of
much
prouender
suddainely
after
labour
,
whilst
the
horse
is
hot
and
panting
,
Blundevile
whereby
his
meate
not
being
digested
,
breedeth
euill
humors
,
which
by
little
and
little
do
spread
thoroughout
his
members
,
and
at
length
do
oppresse
all
his
body
,
and
doe
cleane
take
away
his
strength
,
and
make
him
in
such
a
case
,
as
he
can
neither
goe
,
nor
bow
his
ioyntes
,
nor
being
laide
,
he
is
not
able
to
rise
againe
,
neither
can
he
stale
but
with
great
paine
.
It
may
come
also
,
as
they
saie
,
of
drinking
too
much
in
trauelling
by
the
waie
when
the
horse
is
hot
,
but
then
it
is
not
so
dangerous
,
as
when
it
commeth
of
eating
too
much
.
But
howsoeuer
it
commeth
,
they
saie
all
,
that
the
humours
will
immediatelie
resorte
downe
into
the
horses
legges
,
and
feet
,
and
make
him
to
cast
his
hooues
:
and
therfore
I
must
needs
iudge
it
to
be
no
other
thing
but
a
plaine
foundering
,
which
word
foundering
is
borrowed
,
as
I
take
it
,
of
the
French
word
Fundu
,
that
is
to
say
,
molten
.
For
foundering
is
a
melting
or
dissolution
of
humors
,
which
the
Italians
cal
Infusione
.
Martin
maketh
diuers
kindes
of
foundering
,
as
the
foundering
of
the
bodie
,
which
the
French
men
call
most
commonly
Morfundu
,
and
foundering
in
the
legs
and
feet
,
also
foundering
before
and
behind
,
which
some
Authors
doe
denie
,
as
Magister
Maurus
,
and
Laurentius
Russius
,
affirming
that
there
are
fewer
humors
behind
than
before
,
and
that
they
cannot
easily
be
dissolued
or
molten
,
being
so
far
distant
from
the
hart
,
&
the
other
vital
parts
.
Whereunto
a
man
might
answere
,
that
the
natural
heat
of
the
hart
doth
not
cause
dissolution
of
humors
,
but
some
vnnaturall
and
accidentall
heate
,
spred
throughout
all
the
members
,
which
is
daily
proued
by
good
experience
.
For
we
see
horses
foundered
not
only
before
or
behind
,
but
also
of
al
foure
legs
at
once
,
which
most
commonly
chanceth
either
by
taking
cold
sodenly
after
a
great
heate
,
as
by
standing
stil
vpon
some
cold
pauement
,
or
abroad
in
the
cold
wind
,
or
els
perhaps
the
horse
trauelling
by
the
way
,
and
being
in
a
sweat
was
suffred
to
stand
in
some
cold
water
whilst
he
did
drinke
,
which
was
worse
then
his
drinking
:
for
in
the
mean
time
the
cold
entering
at
his
feet
,
ascended
vpward
,
and
congealed
the
humors
which
the
heat
before
had
dissolued
,
and
thereby
when
he
commeth
once
to
rest
,
he
waxeth
stiffe
and
lame
of
his
legs
But
leauing
to
speak
of
foundering
in
the
legs
,
as
wel
before
as
behind
,
vntil
we
come
to
the
griefs
in
the
legs
&
feet
,
we
intend
to
talk
here
only
of
foundring
in
the
body
,
according
to
Martins
experience
.
The
signes
to
know
if
a
horse
be
foundered
in
the
body
,
be
these
.
His
haire
wil
stare
and
he
wil
be
chil
,
and
shrug
for
cold
,
and
forsake
his
meat
,
hanging
down
his
head
,
and
quiuer
after
cold
water
,
and
after
2.
or
3.
daies
he
wil
begin
to
cough
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
scour
his
belly
with
the
glister
last
mentioned
,
and
then
giue
him
a
comfortable
drink
made
in
this
sort
.
Take
of
Malmsie
a
quart
,
of
Sugar
halfe
a
quartern
▪
of
hony
halfe
a
quarterne
,
of
Sinamon
halfe
an
ounce
,
of
Licoras
and
Annis
seedes
,
of
each
two
spoonfuls
,
beaten
into
fine
powder
,
which
being
put
into
the
Malmsie
,
warme
them
togither
at
the
fire
,
so
as
the
hony
may
be
molten
,
and
then
giue
it
him
luke
warm
:
that
done
,
walke
him
vp
and
down
in
the
warme
stable
the
space
of
halfe
an
houre
,
and
then
let
him
stand
on
the
bit
2.
or
3.
houres
without
meat
,
but
let
him
be
warme
couered
,
and
wel
littered
,
and
giue
him
hay
sprinkled
with
a
little
water
,
and
clean
sifted
prouender
by
a
little
at
once
,
and
let
his
water
be
warmed
with
a
little
ground
Malt
therein
.
And
if
you
see
him
somewhat
cheered
,
then
let
him
blood
in
the
neck
,
and
also
perfume
him
once
a
day
with
a
little
Frankincense
,
and
vse
to
walke
him
abroad
when
the
weather
is
faire
and
not
windy
,
or
els
in
the
house
if
the
weather
be
foule
:
and
by
thus
vsing
him
you
shal
quickly
recouer
him
.
Of
the
hungry
euill
.
THis
is
a
verie
great
desire
to
eat
,
following
some
great
emptinesse
,
or
lacke
of
meate
,
and
it
is
called
of
the
olde
Authorus
by
the
Greeke
name
Bulimos
,
which
is
as
much
to
say
,
as
a
great
hunger
proceeding
,
as
the
Physitians
say
,
at
the
first
of
some
extreame
outward
cold
,
taken
by
long
trauelling
in
cold
barren
places
,
and
especially
where
snow
aboundeth
,
which
outward
cold
causeth
the
stomacke
to
be
cold
,
and
the
inward
powers
to
be
feeble
.
The
cure
according
to
Absyrtus
and
Hierocles
,
is
in
the
beginning
to
comfort
the
horses
stomacke
,
by
giuing
him
bread
sopt
in
wine
.
And
if
you
be
in
a
place
of
rest
,
to
giue
him
wheat
flower
and
wine
to
drinke
,
or
to
make
him
cakes
or
bals
of
flower
and
wine
kneaded
togither
,
and
to
feed
him
with
that
,
or
with
wine
and
nuttes
of
pine
trees
.
Hierocles
saith
,
if
any
such
thing
chaunce
by
the
way
whereas
no
flower
is
to
be
had
,
then
it
shall
be
best
to
giue
him
wine
and
earth
wrought
togither
,
either
to
drinke
or
else
to
eate
in
bals
.
Of
the
disease
in
the
liuer
.
ALl
the
olde
Authors
speake
much
of
the
paine
in
the
liuer
,
but
none
of
them
do
declare
whereof
it
commeth
,
or
by
what
meanes
,
sauing
that
Hippocrates
saith
,
that
some
horses
get
it
by
violent
running
vpon
some
stony
or
hard
ground
.
I
for
my
part
thinke
that
the
liuer
of
a
horse
is
subiect
to
as
many
diseases
as
the
liuer
of
a
man
,
and
therefore
may
be
pained
diuersly
.
As
sometime
by
the
intemperatnesse
of
the
same
,
as
for
that
it
is
perhaps
too
hot
,
or
too
cold
,
too
moist
,
or
too
dry
:
sometimes
by
meanes
of
euill
humors
,
as
choler
,
or
flegme
abounding
in
the
same
,
according
as
the
liuer
is
eyther
hot
or
cold
:
for
heat
breedeth
choler
,
and
cold
,
flegme
,
by
means
of
which
intemperature
proceedeth
all
the
weakenes
of
the
liuer
.
It
may
be
pained
also
sometime
by
obstruction
and
stopping
,
and
sometime
by
hard
knobs
,
inflammation
,
Apostume
,
or
vlcer
bred
therein
,
sometime
by
consumption
of
the
substance
thereof
.
The
signes
of
heate
and
hot
humors
,
be
these
,
loathing
of
meat
,
great
thirst
,
and
loosenes
of
belly
,
voiding
dung
of
strong
sent
,
and
leannesse
of
body
.
The
signes
of
cold
,
and
cold
humors
be
these
:
appetite
to
meat
without
thirst
,
a
belly
neither
continually
loose
nor
stiptike
,
but
betweene
times
,
no
strong
sent
of
dung
,
nor
leannesse
of
body
,
by
which
kind
of
signes
,
both
firste
and
last
mentioned
,
and
such
like
,
the
weakenesse
&
greefe
of
the
liuer
is
also
to
bee
learned
and
sought
out
.
Obstruction
or
stopping
most
commonly
chanceth
by
trauelling
or
laboring
vpon
a
full
stomacke
,
whereby
the
meat
not
being
perfectly
digested
,
breedeth
grosse
and
tough
humours
,
which
humours
by
vehemency
of
the
labour
,
are
also
driuen
violently
into
the
small
vaines
,
whereby
the
liuer
should
receiue
good
nutriment
,
and
so
breedeth
obstruction
and
stopping
.
The
signes
whereof
in
mans
body
is
heauinesse
and
distension
,
or
swelling
,
with
some
griefe
in
the
right
side
vnder
the
short
ribs
,
and
especially
when
he
laboureth
imediately
after
meat
,
which
things
I
beleeue
if
it
were
diligently
obserued
,
were
easie
enough
to
find
in
a
horse
,
by
his
heauie
going
at
his
setting
forth
and
often
turning
his
head
to
the
side
greeued
.
Of
an
olde
obstruction
,
and
especially
if
the
humors
be
cholericke
,
breedeth
many
times
a
harde
knob
on
the
liuer
,
called
of
the
Physitians
Schirrus
,
which
in
mans
body
may
be
felt
,
if
the
body
bee
not
ouer
fat
:
and
it
is
more
easie
for
him
to
lie
on
the
right
side
than
on
the
lefte
,
because
that
lying
on
the
left
side
,
the
weight
of
the
knob
would
oppresse
the
stomacke
and
vitall
partes
verye
sore
,
by
which
signes
methinkes
a
dilligent
Ferrer
may
learne
,
whether
a
horse
hath
any
such
disease
or
not
.
The
inflammation
of
the
liuer
commeth
by
meanes
that
the
blood
either
through
the
abundance
,
thinnesse
,
boiling
heat
,
or
sharpenes
thereof
,
or
else
through
the
violence
of
some
outwarde
cause
,
breaketh
out
of
the
vaines
,
and
floweth
into
the
bodie
of
the
liuer
,
and
there
being
out
of
his
proper
vessels
doth
immediatly
putrifie
and
is
inflamed
,
and
therewith
corrupteth
so
much
fleshie
substaunce
of
the
liuer
as
is
imbrewed
withall
;
and
therefore
for
the
most
part
,
the
hollow
side
of
the
liuer
is
consumed
:
yea
,
and
sometime
the
full
side
.
This
hotte
bloody
matter
then
is
properlie
called
an
inflammation
,
which
by
naturall
heate
is
afterwarde
turned
into
a
plaine
corruption
,
and
then
it
is
called
an
Impostume
,
which
if
it
breake
out
and
run
,
then
it
is
called
an
Vlcer
,
or
filthie
sore
:
Thus
you
see
,
of
one
euill
Fountaine
may
spring
diuers
greefs
,
requiring
diuers
cures
.
And
thogh
none
of
mine
Authours
,
nor
anie
other
Ferrer
that
I
know
haue
waded
thus
farre
,
yet
I
thought
good
by
writing
thus
much
,
Blundevile
to
giue
such
Ferrers
as
be
wise
,
discreet
and
diligent
,
occasion
to
seeke
for
more
knowledge
and
vnderstanding
than
is
taught
them
,
and
methinkes
that
it
is
a
great
shame
,
that
the
Ferrers
of
this
age
should
not
know
much
more
than
the
Ferrers
of
old
time
,
sith
that
besides
that
,
the
olde
mens
knowledge
is
not
hidden
from
them
,
they
haue
also
their
own
experience
,
and
time
also
bringeth
euery
day
new
things
to
light
.
But
now
to
proceede
in
discoursing
of
the
liuer
according
to
the
Physitians
doctrine
as
I
haue
begunne
,
I
say
then
of
an
inflammation
in
the
hollowe
side
of
the
liuer
,
the
signes
be
these
:
loathing
of
meat
,
great
thirst
,
loosenes
of
belly
,
easie
lyeng
on
the
right
side
,
and
paineful
lyeng
on
the
left
.
But
if
the
inflammation
be
on
the
full
side
or
swelling
side
of
the
liuer
,
then
the
patient
is
trobled
with
difficulty
of
breathing
,
with
a
dry
cough
and
greeuous
paine
,
pulling
and
twitching
the
wind-pipe
,
and
to
lie
vpon
the
right
side
is
more
painful
than
the
left
,
and
the
swelling
may
be
felt
with
a
mans
hande
.
But
you
must
vnderstand
by
the
way
,
that
al
these
things
last
mentioned
be
the
signes
of
some
great
inflammation
,
for
smal
inflammations
haue
no
such
signes
,
but
are
to
be
iudged
onely
by
griefe
vnder
the
short
ribs
and
fetching
of
the
breath
.
The
signes
of
Apostumation
is
paineful
and
great
heate
.
The
signes
of
Vlcerations
is
decrease
of
the
heat
with
feeblenes
and
fainting
.
For
the
filthy
matter
flowing
abroad
with
euil
vapours
corrupteth
the
heart
,
and
many
times
causeth
death
.
The
signes
of
the
consumption
of
the
liuer
,
shal
bee
declared
in
the
next
chapter
,
and
as
for
the
curing
of
al
other
diseases
before
mentioned
,
experience
must
first
teach
it
ere
I
can
write
it
.
Notwithstanding
,
I
cannot
thinke
but
that
such
things
as
are
good
to
heale
the
like
diseases
in
mans
body
are
also
good
for
a
horse
,
for
his
liuer
is
like
in
substaunce
and
shape
to
a
mans
liuer
,
differing
in
nothing
but
onely
in
greatnesse
.
And
therefore
I
would
wish
you
to
learne
at
the
Physitians
hands
,
who
I
am
sure
first
,
as
touching
the
weakenes
of
the
Liuer
,
proceeding
of
the
vntemperatenes
thereof
,
wil
bid
you
to
heale
euery
such
vntemperatnes
by
his
contrary
;
that
is
to
say
,
heat
,
by
colde
,
and
drinesse
by
moisture
:
and
so
contrary
:
And
therefore
it
shal
bee
verye
necessary
for
you
to
learne
the
qualities
,
natures
,
and
vertues
of
hearbs
,
drugs
,
and
al
other
simples
,
and
how
to
apply
them
in
time
.
And
for
to
heale
the
obstruction
of
the
liuer
,
they
wil
counsel
you
perhaps
to
make
the
horse
drinkes
of
such
simples
as
these
be
,
Agrimony
,
Fumitory
,
Camomile
,
Worme-wood
,
Licoras
,
Annis
seeds
,
Smallage
,
Persly
,
Spiknard
,
Gentian
,
Succorie
,
Endiue
,
Sperage
,
Lupins
,
the
vertues
whereof
you
shall
learne
in
the
herbals
:
but
amongest
all
simples
,
there
is
none
more
praised
than
the
liuer
of
a
Woolfe
beaten
into
powder
,
and
mingled
in
any
medicine
that
is
made
for
any
disease
in
the
liuer
.
The
cure
of
an
inflammation
consisteth
in
letting
blood
,
and
in
bathing
,
or
fomenting
the
sore
place
with
such
hearbes
and
oyles
,
as
may
mollifie
and
disperse
humors
abroad
,
wherewith
some
simples
that
be
astrigent
would
be
alwaies
mingled
:
yea
,
and
in
al
other
medicines
that
be
applyed
to
the
liuer
,
for
any
manner
of
diseases
.
Simples
that
mollifie
and
disperse
be
these
:
Linseed
,
Fenegreeke
:
Camomel
,
Annis
seedes
,
Meliot
:
and
such
like
things
.
Simples
astringent
be
these
:
Red
Rose
leaues
,
Bramble
leaues
,
Wormwood
,
Plantaine
,
Mirrhe
,
Masticke
,
Stirax
,
and
such
like
.
Apostumes
are
to
be
ripend
and
voided
.
Vlcers
must
be
clensed
,
and
scowred
downward
either
by
the
belly
or
by
Vrine
:
and
therefore
the
vse
of
such
simples
as
prouoke
vrine
in
such
case
is
necessary
:
The
olde
writers
of
horseleach
craft
do
say
,
that
when
a
horse
is
greeued
in
his
liuer
,
he
wil
forsake
his
meat
,
and
his
body
wil
waste
,
his
mouth
wil
be
dry
,
his
tongue
rough
and
harsh
:
yea
,
and
it
wil
smel
,
and
he
wil
refuse
to
lye
on
that
side
where
his
griefe
is
.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Absirtus
is
in
this
sort
.
Let
him
drink
stampt
Ireos
with
wine
alayed
with
water
.
Hee
praiseth
also
an
hearbe
much
like
vnto
Calamint
:
called
of
Pliny
,
Polymoria
,
or
let
him
drinke
Sauerie
with
wine
and
oyle
.
I
thinke
that
Agrimony
or
liuer-woort
is
as
good
as
the
best
of
them
.
Absirtus
would
haue
his
body
to
be
chafed
with
wine
and
oile
mixt
togither
:
and
to
be
wel
littered
that
he
may
lie
soft
:
and
his
prouender
that
should
be
giuen
him
to
be
steeped
first
in
warme
water
:
and
now
and
then
some
Nitrum
to
be
put
in
his
drinke
.
Of
the
consumption
in
the
Liuer
.
I
Beleeue
that
no
inward
member
of
a
horse
doth
suffer
so
much
as
the
lungs
and
liuer
,
and
that
not
so
much
by
continual
as
by
vnordinate
,
and
vntimely
trauaile
,
labour
,
and
exercise
,
whereby
either
the
horses
lunges
,
or
his
liuer
do
most
commonly
perish
,
and
is
consumed
:
yea
,
and
sometime
both
.
Of
the
consumption
of
the
lungs
,
we
haue
talked
sufficiently
before
:
therefore
let
vs
shew
you
heere
the
causes
whereof
the
consumption
of
the
liuer
proceedeth
.
The
Physitians
say
,
that
it
may
come
of
anie
humour
,
but
chiefelie
and
most
commonlie
of
cholericke
matter
,
shed
throughout
the
substance
of
the
liuer
,
which
putrifieng
by
little
and
little
,
and
leisurely
,
doeth
at
length
corrupt
and
perish
all
the
substance
of
the
liuer
,
which
thing
in
mans
body
doth
first
proceede
,
as
the
physitians
say
,
either
by
eating
corrupt
meates
,
or
else
by
continuall
drinking
of
sweet
wines
.
But
methinkes
that
the
consumption
of
a
horses
liuer
,
should
come
by
some
extream
heat
,
inflaming
the
blood
,
which
afterward
being
putrified
,
doeth
corrupt
and
exulcerate
the
substance
of
the
liuer
.
For
after
inflammation
,
as
I
saide
before
,
commeth
Apostumation
,
and
then
exulceration
,
which
is
very
hard
to
cure
,
because
the
substance
of
the
liuer
is
spongeous
like
vnto
the
Lunges
.
And
whilst
the
liuer
is
so
corrupted
,
there
can
bee
no
good
digestion
,
for
lacke
whereof
the
body
receiueth
no
good
nutriment
,
and
therefore
must
needes
also
languish
and
consume
.
The
signes
according
to
Martin
be
these
.
The
horse
will
forsake
his
meat
,
and
wil
stande
stretching
himselfe
in
length
,
and
neuer
couet
to
lie
downe
,
and
his
breath
will
be
so
strong
,
as
no
man
can
abide
it
,
and
he
wil
continually
cast
yellowish
matter
at
the
one
nostrill
,
or
else
at
both
,
according
as
one
or
both
sides
of
the
lyuer
is
corrupted
,
and
on
that
side
that
he
casteth
most
,
he
will
haue
vnder
his
iaw
,
euen
about
the
midst
thereof
a
knob
or
kirnell
as
much
as
a
Walnut
,
which
when
Martin
findeth
,
hee
committeth
his
carcasse
to
the
Crowes
,
taking
him
to
bee
past
cure
.
But
if
he
were
let
blood
in
time
,
and
had
such
drinkes
giuen
him
,
as
are
good
to
comfort
and
strength
the
liuer
,
he
thinketh
that
the
horse
might
be
recouered
.
I
neuer
read
any
medicine
for
the
wasting
of
the
liuer
,
as
I
remember
,
but
this
onely
diet
,
which
I
found
in
an
olde
English
booke
.
Let
him
drinke
for
the
space
of
three
daies
no
other
thing
but
warme
wort
,
and
let
him
eate
no
other
meat
but
Oates
baked
in
an
ouen
,
and
let
him
stand
meatlesse
the
first
night
before
you
giue
him
the
woort
:
But
I
thinke
it
were
not
amisse
to
put
into
the
wort
that
he
drinketh
euery
morning
some
good
confection
or
powder
made
of
Agrimony
,
red
Rose
leaues
,
Saccharum
,
Rosaceum
,
Diarchadon
,
Abbatis
,
Diasantalon
,
Licoras
and
of
the
liuer
of
a
Woolfe
,
and
such
other
simples
as
doe
comfort
and
strengthen
the
liuer
,
or
else
to
giue
him
the
same
things
with
Goates
milke
lukewarme
.
Of
the
diseases
in
the
Gall.
IN
my
opinion
the
gall
of
a
horse
is
subiect
to
diuers
diseases
,
as
wel
as
the
gal
of
a
man
,
as
to
obstruction
,
whereof
commeth
the
fulnesse
and
emptines
of
the
bladder
and
likewise
the
stone
in
the
gall
.
But
obstruction
may
chaunce
two
manner
of
waies
:
First
,
when
the
waie
,
whereby
the
choler
should
proceede
from
the
liuer
vnto
the
bladder
of
the
gall
as
vnto
his
receptacle
,
is
stopped
,
and
thereby
the
bladder
remaineth
empty
,
whereof
may
spring
diuers
euill
accidents
:
as
vomitting
,
the
lax
or
bloody
flix
.
Secondly
,
when
the
way
whereby
such
choler
should
yssue
forth
of
the
bladder
of
the
Gall
downe
into
the
guts
is
shut
vp
,
wherby
the
bladder
is
ouer
full
and
aboundeth
with
too
much
choler
,
which
causeth
heauinesse
,
suffocation
,
belching
,
heat
,
thirst
,
and
disposition
to
angrinesse
.
The
signes
of
both
kinds
of
obstruction
in
the
gall
is
costiuenes
and
yellowishnes
of
skin
infected
with
the
yellow
Iaundis
.
The
stone
in
the
gall
which
is
somewhat
blackish
proceedeth
of
the
obstruction
of
the
conduites
of
the
bladder
,
whereby
the
choler
being
long
kept
in
,
waxeth
dry
and
turneth
at
length
to
harde
grauell
or
stones
,
whereof
because
there
is
neither
signes
nor
any
greeuous
accident
knowne
to
the
Physitians
,
I
leaue
to
talke
anie
farther
thereof
,
and
the
rather
for
that
none
of
mine
Authors
do
make
anie
mention
of
the
gall
at
all
.
Notwithstanding
to
giue
some
light
vnto
the
lerned
Ferrers
,
and
that
they
may
the
better
vnderstand
the
inward
partes
of
a
horse
,
I
thought
good
to
write
thus
much
,
thinking
it
no
time
lost
while
I
may
profit
them
anie
way
.
Of
the
diseases
in
the
Spleene
.
THe
Splene
,
as
I
haue
said
before
in
many
places
,
is
the
receptacle
of
melancholy
,
and
of
the
dregs
of
blood
,
and
is
subiect
to
the
like
diseases
that
the
liuer
is
,
that
is
to
say
,
to
swelling
,
obstruction
,
hard
knobs
,
and
inflamation
:
for
the
substance
of
the
splene
is
spongeous
,
and
there
sort
apt
to
sucke
in
al
filth
and
to
dilate
it selfe
,
wherefore
being
ful
it
must
needs
swel
,
which
wil
appeare
in
the
left
side
vnder
the
short
ribs
,
and
such
swelling
causeth
also
shortnesse
of
breath
,
and
especially
when
the
body
doth
labour
or
trauel
.
It
is
painful
also
to
lie
on
the
right
side
,
because
the
splene
being
swollen
so
oppresseth
the
midriffe
,
and
especially
when
the
stomacke
is
ful
of
meat
,
and
the
patient
hath
worse
disgestion
than
appetite
,
and
is
troubled
with
much
winde
,
both
vpwarde
and
downeward
.
Moreouer
the
vapor
of
the
humor
doth
offend
the
hart
,
making
it
faint
and
causeth
al
the
body
to
be
heauy
and
dul
,
and
if
such
swelling
be
suffered
to
go
vncured
,
then
if
it
be
a
melancholy
humor
,
and
abounding
ouer-much
,
it
waxeth
euery
day
thicker
and
thicker
,
causing
obstruction
not
onely
in
the
vaines
and
artires
,
which
is
to
be
perceiued
by
heauinesse
and
greefe
on
the
left
side
,
but
also
in
the
splene
it self
,
whereas
by
vertue
of
the
heat
it
is
hardned
euery
day
more
and
more
,
and
so
by
little
and
little
waxeth
to
a
hard
knob
,
which
doth
not
only
occupy
al
the
substance
of
the
splene
,
but
also
many
times
al
the
left
side
of
the
wombe
,
and
thereby
maketh
the
euil
accidents
or
griefes
before
recited
much
more
than
they
were
.
Now
as
touching
the
inflammation
of
the
splene
which
chaunceth
very
sildome
,
for
so
much
as
euery
inflammation
proceedeth
of
pure
blood
,
which
sildome
entereth
into
the
splene
:
I
shal
not
need
to
make
many
words
,
but
refer
you
ouer
to
the
chapter
of
the
Liuer
,
for
in
such
case
they
differ
not
,
but
proceeding
of
like
cause
,
haue
also
like
signes
,
and
do
require
like
cure
.
The
old
writers
say
,
that
horses
be
often
▪
greeued
with
griefe
in
the
splene
,
and
specially
in
Summer
season
with
greedy
eating
of
sweet
green
meats
,
and
they
cal
those
horses
Lienosos
,
that
is
to
say
splenetike
.
The
signes
whereof
(
say
they
)
are
these
,
hard
swelling
on
the
left
side
,
short
breath
,
often
groning
,
and
greedy
appetite
to
meat
.
The
remedie
whereof
according
to
Absirtus
is
to
make
a
horse
to
sweat
once
a
day
during
a
certaine
time
,
by
riding
him
or
otherwise
trauelling
him
,
and
to
poure
into
his
left
nostril
euery
day
the
iuyce
of
mirabolans
mingled
with
wine
and
water
,
amounting
in
alto
the
quantity
of
a
pint
.
But
methinks
it
would
do
him
more
good
,
if
he
drank
it
as
Hierocles
would
haue
him
to
do
.
Eumelius
praiseth
this
drinke
:
take
of
Cummin
seed
and
of
hony
,
of
each
six
ounces
,
and
of
Lacerpitium
as
much
as
a
beane
,
of
Vineger
a
pint
,
and
put
al
these
into
three
quartes
of
water
,
and
let
it
stand
so
al
night
,
and
the
next
morning
giue
the
horse
thereof
to
drinke
,
being
kept
ouer
night
fasting
.
Theomnestus
praiseth
the
decoction
of
Capers
,
especially
if
the
barke
of
the
root
thereof
may
be
gotten
sodden
in
water
to
a
sirrop
.
Or
else
make
him
a
drinke
of
Garlick
,
Nitrum
,
Hore-hound
,
and
worm-wood
,
sodden
in
harsh
wine
:
and
he
would
haue
the
left
side
to
be
bathed
in
warme
water
and
to
be
hard
rubbed
.
And
if
al
this
wil
not
helpe
,
then
to
giue
him
the
fire
which
Absirtus
doth
not
allow
saying
the
splene
lyeth
so
,
as
it
cannot
easily
bee
fired
,
to
do
him
anye
good
.
But
for
so
much
as
the
liuer
and
splene
are
members
much
occupied
in
the
ingendring
and
seperating
of
humors
,
many
euil
accidents
and
griefes
doe
take
their
first
beginning
of
them
,
as
the
Iandis
,
called
in
a
horse
,
the
yellowes
,
drinesse
of
body
,
and
consumption
of
the
flesh
,
without
any
apparant
cause
why
,
which
the
Phisitians
call
Atrophis
also
euill
habite
of
the
bodie
,
called
of
them
Chachexia
,
and
the
Dropsie
.
But
first
wee
will
speake
of
the
Iaundis
or
Yellowes
.
Of
the
Yellowes
.
THe
Physitians
in
a
mans
body
do
make
two
kinds
of
Iandis
:
that
is
to
say
,
the
Yellow
proceeding
of
choler
dispersed
throughout
the
whole
body
,
and
dieng
the
skin
yellow
,
and
the
blacke
proceeding
of
melancholie
,
dispersed
likewise
throughout
the
whole
bodie
,
and
making
al
the
skin
blacke
.
And
as
the
yellow
Iaundis
commeth
for
the
most
part
,
either
by
obstruction
or
stopping
of
the
cundits
belonging
to
the
bladder
of
the
gall
,
which
(
as
I
said
before
)
is
the
receptable
of
Choler
,
or
by
some
inflamation
of
the
liuer
,
wherby
the
blood
is
conuerted
into
choler
,
&
so
spreadeth
throughout
the
body
:
euen
so
the
black
Iandis
commeth
by
meane
of
some
obstruction
in
the
liuer-vain
,
that
goeth
to
the
splene
,
not
suffering
the
spleene
to
do
his
office
,
in
receiuing
the
dregs
of
the
blood
from
the
liuer
,
wherin
they
abound
too
much
,
or
else
for
that
the
spleene
is
already
too
ful
of
dregs
,
and
so
sheddeth
them
backe
againe
into
the
vaines
.
But
as
for
the
blacke
Iandis
they
haue
not
bin
obserued
to
be
in
horses
as
in
men
,
by
any
of
our
Ferrers
in
these
daies
that
I
can
learn
.
And
yet
the
old
writers
of
horseleach-craft
,
do
seeme
to
make
two
kindes
of
Iandis
,
called
of
them
Cholera
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
dry
Choler
,
and
also
the
moist
choler
.
The
signs
of
the
dry
choler
,
as
Absirtus
saith
,
is
great
heat
in
the
body
,
and
costiuenesse
of
the
belly
,
wherof
it
is
said
to
be
dry
.
Moreouer
,
the
horse
wil
not
couet
to
lie
down
,
because
he
is
so
pained
in
his
body
,
and
his
mouth
will
be
hot
and
dry
.
It
commeth
,
as
he
saith
,
by
obstruction
of
the
cundit
,
wherby
the
choler
should
resort
into
the
bladder
of
the
gal
,
and
by
obstruction
also
of
the
vrin
vessels
,
so
as
he
cannot
stale
.
The
cure
according
to
his
experience
,
is
to
giue
him
a
glister
made
of
oile
,
water
and
Nitrum
,
&
to
giue
him
no
prouender
,
before
that
you
haue
raked
his
fundament
,
and
to
power
the
decoction
of
Mallowes
mingled
with
sweet
wine
into
his
nostrils
and
let
his
meate
be
grasse
,
or
else
sweet
hay
sprinkled
with
Nitre
and
water
,
and
he
must
rest
from
labor
,
&
be
often
rubbed
.
Hierocles
would
haue
him
to
drinke
the
decoction
of
wild
coleworts
sodden
in
wine
.
Again
of
the
moist
choler
of
Iandis
,
these
are
the
signes
.
The
horses
eies
will
looke
yellow
,
and
his
nostrils
will
open
wide
,
his
eares
and
his
flanks
wil
sweat
,
and
his
stale
will
be
yellow
and
cholerick
,
and
he
wil
grone
when
he
lieth
downe
,
which
disease
the
said
Absirtus
was
wont
to
heale
,
as
he
saith
,
by
giuing
the
Horsse
a
drinke
made
of
Time
and
Cumin
,
of
each
like
quantity
stampt
together
,
and
mingled
with
wine
,
hony
,
and
water
,
and
also
by
letting
him
blood
in
the
pasterns
.
This
last
disease
seemeth
to
differ
nothing
at
all
from
that
which
our
Ferrers
cal
the
yellowes
.
The
signs
wherof
,
according
to
Martin
,
be
these
.
The
Horse
will
bee
faint
,
and
sweat
as
hee
standeth
in
the
stable
,
and
forsake
his
meat
:
and
his
eies
,
and
the
inside
of
his
lips
and
all
his
mouth
within
will
be
yellow
.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
him
is
in
this
sort
.
Let
him
bloode
in
the
Necke
vaine
,
a
good
quantity
,
and
then
giue
him
this
drinke
:
take
of
white
wine
,
of
Ale
a
quart
,
and
put
thereunto
of
Saffron
,
turmericke
,
of
each
halfe
an
ounce
,
and
the
iuyce
that
is
wroong
out
of
a
handfull
of
Celendine
,
and
being
lukewarme
,
giue
it
the
Horse
to
drinke
,
and
keepe
him
warme
the
space
of
three
or
foure
daies
,
giuing
him
warme
water
with
a
little
bran
in
it
.
Of
the
Yellowes
THe
yellowes
is
a
general
disease
in
horsses
,
and
differ
nothing
from
the
yellow-iandise
in
men
:
it
is
mortall
,
and
many
horses
die
thereof
:
the
signes
to
know
it
is
thus
:
Markham
.
pull
downe
the
lids
of
the
horsses
eies
,
and
the
white
of
the
eie
will
bee
yellow
,
the
inside
of
his
lips
wil
be
yellow
,
and
gums
,
the
cure
followeth
.
First
let
him
bloode
in
the
palat
of
the
mouth
,
that
he
may
suck
vp
the
same
,
then
giue
him
this
drink
:
take
of
strong
Ale
a
quart
,
of
the
greene
ordure
of
Geese
strained
,
three
or
foure
spoonefuls
:
of
the
iuyce
of
Salendine
as
much
,
of
saffron
halfe
an
ounce
,
mix
these
together
,
and
being
warme
,
giue
it
the
horse
to
drinke
.
Of
the
euill
habit
of
the
body
,
and
of
the
dropsie
.
AS
touching
the
drines
and
consumption
of
the
flesh
,
without
any
apparant
cause
why
,
Blundevile
called
of
the
Physitians
as
I
said
before
Atrophia
,
I
know
not
what
to
say
more
then
I
haue
already
before
in
the
chap.
of
consumption
of
the
flesh
,
and
therefore
resort
thither
.
And
as
for
the
euil
habit
of
the
body
,
which
is
to
be
euil
colored
,
heauy
,
dul
,
&
of
no
force
,
strength
,
nor
liuelines
,
commeth
not
for
lack
of
nutriment
,
but
for
lack
of
good
nutriment
,
for
that
the
blood
is
corrupted
with
flegme
,
choler
,
or
melancholy
,
proceeding
either
fro
the
spleene
,
or
else
through
weakenesse
of
the
stomach
or
Liuer
,
causing
euill
digestion
,
or
it
may
come
by
foule
feeding
:
yea
,
&
also
for
lacke
of
moderate
exercise
.
The
euill
habit
of
the
body
,
is
next
cosin
to
the
dropsie
,
whereof
though
our
Ferrers
haue
had
no
experience
,
yet
because
mine
old
Authors
writing
of
horselcach-craft
do
speak
much
thereof
:
I
thinke
it
good
heere
briefely
to
shew
you
their
experience
therein
,
that
is
to
say
,
how
to
know
it
,
and
also
how
to
cure
it
.
But
sith
none
of
them
do
shew
the
cause
whereof
it
proceedes
,
I
thinke
it
meete
first
therefore
to
declare
vnto
you
the
causes
therof
,
according
to
the
doctrin
of
the
learned
Physitians
,
which
in
mans
body
do
make
three
kinds
of
dropsies
,
calling
the
first
Anasarca
,
the
second
Ascites
,
and
the
third
Timpanias
.
Anasarca
,
is
an
vniuersall
swelling
of
the
body
through
the
aboundance
of
water
,
lying
betwixt
the
skin
and
the
flesh
,
and
differeth
not
from
the
disease
last
mentioned
,
called
Cachexia
,
that
is
to
say
,
euill
habit
of
the
bloode
,
sauing
that
the
body
is
more
swoln
in
this
then
in
Cachexia
,
albeit
they
proceede
both
of
like
causes
as
of
coldnesse
and
weakenesse
of
the
liuer
,
or
by
meanes
that
the
hart
,
spleene
,
stomack
,
and
other
members
seruing
to
digestion
,
by
grieued
or
diseased
.
Ascites
is
a
swelling
in
the
couering
of
the
belly
,
called
of
the
Physitians
,
Abdomen
comprehending
both
the
skin
,
the
fat
,
eight
muscles
,
and
the
filme
or
panicle
called
Peritoneum
,
through
the
aboundance
of
some
whayish
humor
entred
into
the
same
,
which
besides
the
causes
before
alledged
,
proceedeth
most
chiefely
by
means
that
some
of
the
vessels
within
be
broken
or
rather
cracked
,
out
of
the
which
,
though
the
blood
being
somewhat
grosse
cannot
yssue
forth
▪
yet
the
whayish
humor
being
subtil
,
may
run
out
into
the
belly
,
like
water
distilling
through
a
cracked
pot
.
Timpanias
called
of
vs
commonly
the
Timpany
,
is
a
swelling
of
the
aforesaid
couering
of
the
belly
,
through
the
aboundance
of
wind
entred
into
the
same
,
which
wind
is
ingendered
of
crudity
and
euill
digestion
,
and
whilest
it
aboundeth
in
the
stomach
,
or
other
intrals
finding
no
yssue
out
,
it
breaketh
in
violently
through
the
smal
cundits
among
the
panicles
of
the
aforesaid
couering
,
not
without
great
paine
to
the
patient
,
and
so
by
tossing
to
and
fro
,
windeth
at
length
into
the
space
of
the
couering
it selfe
.
But
surely
such
wind
cannot
be
altogether
void
of
moisture
.
Notwithstanding
,
the
body
swelleth
not
so
much
with
this
kinde
of
dropsie
as
with
the
other
kind
called
Ascites
.
The
signs
of
the
dropsie
is
shortnes
of
breath
,
swelling
of
the
body
,
euil
colour
,
lothing
of
meat
,
and
great
desire
to
drinke
,
especially
in
the
dropsie
called
Ascites
,
in
which
also
the
belly
wil
sound
like
a
bottle
halfe
ful
of
water
:
but
in
the
Timpanie
it
wil
sound
like
a
Tabar
.
But
now
though
mine
authors
make
not
so
many
kinds
of
dropsies
,
yet
they
say
al
generally
,
that
a
horse
is
much
subiect
to
the
dropsie
.
The
signs
according
to
Absirtus
and
Hierocles
,
be
these
.
His
belly
,
legs
,
and
stones
,
wil
be
swollen
,
but
his
back
,
buttocks
,
and
flanks
,
wil
be
dryed
and
shrunke
vp
to
the
very
bones
.
Moreouer
,
the
vaines
of
his
face
and
temples
,
and
also
the
vaines
vnder
his
tong
wil
be
so
hidden
,
as
you
cannot
see
them
,
and
if
you
thrust
your
finger
hard
against
his
body
,
you
shal
leaue
the
print
therof
behind
,
for
the
flesh
lacking
natural
heat
wil
not
returne
again
to
his
place
,
and
when
the
horselyeth
down
he
spreadeth
himselfe
abroad
,
not
being
able
to
he
round
together
on
his
belly
,
and
the
haire
of
his
back
by
rubbing
wil
fal
away
.
Pelagonius
in
shewing
the
signs
of
the
dropsie
,
not
much
differing
from
the
Physitians
first
recited
,
seemeth
to
make
two
kinds
therof
,
calling
the
one
the
Timpany
,
which
for
difference
sake
may
be
called
in
English
the
wind
dropsie
,
and
the
other
the
water
dropsie
.
Notwithstanding
both
haue
one
cure
,
so
farre
as
I
can
perceiue
,
which
is
in
this
sort
.
Let
him
bee
warme
couered
,
and
walked
a
good
while
together
in
the
sun
to
prouoke
sweat
,
and
let
all
his
body
be
wel
and
often
rubbed
alongst
the
haire
,
&
let
him
seed
vpon
Colworts
,
small●ge
,
and
Elming
boughs
,
and
of
al
other
thinges
that
may
loosen
the
belly
,
or
prouoke
vrin
,
and
let
his
common
meat
be
grasse
if
it
may
be
gotten
,
if
not
,
then
hay
sprinkled
with
water
and
Nytrum
.
It
is
good
also
to
giue
him
a
kinde
of
pulse
called
Cich
,
steeped
a
day
and
a
night
in
water
,
and
then
taken
out
,
and
laid
so
as
the
water
may
drop
away
from
it
.
Pelagonius
would
haue
him
to
drink
Parsly
stampt
with
wine
,
or
the
root
of
the
herb
called
〈◊〉
Latin
Panax
,
with
wine
.
But
if
the
swelling
of
the
belly
wil
not
decrease
for
al
this
,
then
slit
a
litle
hole
vnder
his
belly
a
handful
behind
the
nauil
,
&
put
into
that
hole
a
hollow
reed
or
●ome
other
pipe
,
that
the
water
or
wind
may
go
out
,
not
al
at
once
,
but
by
litle
and
little
at
diuers
times
,
and
beware
that
you
make
not
the
hole
ouer
wide
,
least
the
caule
of
the
belly
fal
downe
thereunto
,
and
when
al
the
water
is
cleane
run
out
,
then
heale
vp
the
wound
as
you
do
al
other
wounds
,
and
let
the
horse
drinke
as
little
as
is
possible
.
Of
the
euill
habit
of
the
stomacke
.
IF
your
horse
either
by
inward
sicknes
,
or
by
present
surfet
,
grow
to
a
loath
of
his
meate
,
Markham
.
or
by
weakenesse
of
his
stomak
cast
vp
his
meat
and
drinke
,
this
shall
be
the
cure
for
the
same
:
first
,
in
all
the
drinke
he
drinks
,
let
him
haue
the
powder
of
hot
spices
,
as
namely
of
Ginger
Annis-seeds
,
Lycoras
,
Sinamon
,
and
Pepper
,
then
blow
vp
into
his
Nostrils
the
powder
of
Tobacco
to
occasion
him
to
neese
,
instantly
after
he
hath
eaten
any
meat
,
for
an
houre
together
after
,
let
one
stand
by
him
,
and
hold
at
his
Nose
a
piece
of
sower
Leuen
steept
in
vineger
,
then
annoint
all
his
breast
ouer
with
the
Oyle
of
Ginnuper
and
Pepper
mixt
together
.
Of
the
diseases
of
the
guts
of
a
Horse
,
and
first
of
the
Colike
.
THe
guttes
of
a
Horse
may
be
diseased
with
diuers
griefes
as
with
the
Collick
,
Blundevile
with
costiuenesse
,
with
the
Lax
,
with
the
bloody-flixe
and
wormes
.
The
collick
is
a
greeuous
paine
in
the
great
gut
,
called
of
the
Physitians
Colon
,
whereof
this
disease
taketh
his
name
,
which
gut
,
because
it
is
very
large
and
ample
,
and
ful
of
corners
,
it
is
apt
to
receiue
diuers
matters
,
and
so
becommeth
subiect
to
diuers
griefes
.
For
somtime
it
is
tormented
with
the
aboundance
of
grosse
humors
gotten
betwixt
the
panicle
of
the
said
gut
,
and
sometime
with
winde
hauing
no
yssue
out
,
sometime
with
inflamation
,
and
sometime
with
sharp
fretting
humors
.
But
so
far
as
I
can
learn
,
a
horse
is
most
commonly
troubled
with
the
colike
that
commeth
of
wind
,
and
therefore
our
Ferrers
do
tearm
it
the
wind
colike
.
The
signes
whereof
be
these
.
The
Horse
will
forsake
his
meat
,
and
lie
downe
and
wallow
and
walter
vpon
the
ground
,
and
standing
on
his
feet
he
will
stamp
for
very
paine
with
his
fore-feet
,
and
strike
on
his
belly
with
his
hinder
foot
and
looke
often
towards
his
belly
,
which
also
towards
the
flanks
wil
swell
,
and
seeme
greater
to
the
eie
then
it
was
wont
to
be
.
The
cure
wherof
according
to
Martin
,
is
in
this
sort
:
take
a
quart
of
Malmesie
,
of
cloues
,
pepper
,
Sinamon
,
of
each
halfe
an
ounce
,
of
Sugar
halfe
a
quarterne
,
and
giue
it
the
horse
lukewarme
,
and
annoint
his
flanks
with
oyle
of
Bay
,
and
then
bridle
him
and
trot
him
immediately
vp
and
downe
the
space
of
an
houre
,
vntil
he
dung
,
and
if
he
will
not
dung
then
rake
him
,
and
if
neede
be
prouoke
him
to
dung
,
by
putting
into
his
fundament
an
onyon
pilled
and
iagged
with
a
knife
crosse-wise
,
so
as
the
iuyce
thereof
may
tickle
his
fundament
,
and
for
the
space
of
three
or
foure
daies
let
him
drinke
no
cold
water
,
and
let
him
be
kept
warm
.
Russius
was
wont
to
vse
this
kind
of
cure
:
take
a
good
big
reede
a
span
long
or
more
,
and
being
annointed
with
oyle
,
thrust
it
into
the
horses
fundament
,
fastning
the
outward
end
therof
vnto
his
taile
,
so
as
it
cannot
slip
out
,
and
then
hauing
first
annointed
&
chafed
al
the
horses
belly
with
some
hot
oyle
,
cause
him
to
be
ridden
hastily
vp
&
down
some
hilly
ground
,
and
that
will
make
him
to
voide
the
winde
out
of
his
belly
through
the
reed
:
which
done
,
let
him
be
kept
warm
and
fed
with
good
prouender
,
and
warm
mashes
made
of
wheat
meale
,
and
fennell
seed
,
and
let
him
drink
no
cold
water
vntil
he
be
whole
.
Absirtus
would
haue
you
to
giue
him
a
glister
made
of
wilde
Cucumber
,
or
else
of
hens
dung
,
Nitrum
,
and
strong
wine
.
Of
Costiuenesse
,
or
belly-bound
.
COstiuenesse
is
when
a
horse
is
bound
in
the
belly
and
cannot
dung
,
which
may
come
by
glut
of
prouender
,
or
ouermuch
feeding
and
rest
,
whereof
we
haue
talked
sufficient
before
,
also
by
wind
,
grosse
humors
,
or
cold
causing
obstruction
,
and
stopping
in
the
guts
.
The
cure
whereof
,
according
to
Martin
,
is
in
this
sort
.
Take
of
the
decoction
of
Mallowes
a
quarte
,
and
put
thereunto
halfe
a
pinte
of
Oyle
,
or
in
stead
thereof
,
halfe
a
pinte
of
fresh
Butter
,
and
one
ounce
of
Benedicte
laxatiue
,
and
poure
that
into
his
fundament
with
a
little
Horne
meete
for
the
purpose
,
that
doone
,
clappe
his
taile
to
his
fundament
,
holding
it
still
with
your
hand
,
whilest
another
doth
leade
him
in
his
hand
,
and
trot
him
vp
and
downe
,
Blundevile
that
the
medicine
may
worke
the
better
,
and
hauing
voyded
all
that
in
his
belly
,
bring
him
vnto
the
stable
,
and
there
let
him
stand
a
while
on
the
bitte
wel
couered
,
and
warme
littered
,
and
then
giue
him
a
little
hay
,
and
let
his
drinke
be
warmed
,
it
shall
not
be
amisse
also
to
giue
him
that
night
a
warme
mash
.
Of
the
Laxe
.
THe
Italians
call
this
disease
Ragiatura
,
and
the
Horse
that
hath
this
disease
Cauallo
Arragiato
,
or
Sforato
.
It
may
come
through
the
aboundance
of
cholerike
humors
discending
from
the
Liuer
or
gall
,
downe
to
the
guts
.
But
Russius
saith
,
that
it
commeth
most
commonly
by
drinking
ouermuch
colde
water
immediately
after
prouender
,
or
by
sudden
trauelling
vpon
a
ful
stomach
,
before
his
meat
be
dygested
,
or
by
hasty
running
,
or
galloping
immediately
after
water
.
If
this
disease
continue
long
,
it
wil
make
the
Horse
very
weake
and
feeble
,
so
as
he
shall
not
be
able
to
stand
on
his
legs
.
Notwithstanding
,
sith
nature
feeling
her selfe
oppressed
,
endeuoureth
thus
to
ease
her selfe
by
expelling
those
humors
that
grieue
her
,
I
wold
not
wish
you
suddenly
to
stop
it
,
least
som
worse
inconuenience
grow
thereof
.
But
if
you
see
that
the
Horse
looseth
his
flesh
,
and
waxeth
more
dul
and
feeble
then
he
was
wont
to
be
,
then
giue
him
this
drinke
often
experimented
by
Martin
,
and
that
shal
stop
him
:
take
of
beane-flower
,
and
of
bole
Armony
of
each
a
quarterne
,
mingle
these
things
together
in
a
quart
of
red
wine
,
and
giue
it
him
lukwarm
,
and
let
him
rest
and
be
kept
warme
,
and
let
him
drinke
no
cold
drinke
but
lukewarm
,
and
put
therein
a
little
beane
flower
,
and
let
him
not
drinke
but
once
a
day
,
and
then
not
ouer
much
for
the
spece
of
three
or
foure
daies
.
Of
the
bloody-flixe
.
IT
seemeth
by
the
old
writers
,
that
a
horse
is
also
subiect
to
the
bloody
Flixe
.
For
Absirtus
,
Hierocles
,
and
Democritus
,
say
all
with
one
voice
,
that
the
guts
of
a
horse
may
be
so
exulcerated
,
that
he
wil
voide
bloody
matter
at
his
fundament
:
yea
,
and
his
fundament
therwith
will
fal
out
,
which
disease
they
cal
Disenteria
,
which
is
is
as
much
to
say
,
as
a
painful
exulceration
of
the
guts
,
vnder
the
which
,
the
old
men
as
it
seemeth
by
the
wordes
of
Hierocles
,
and
Absirtus
,
would
comprehend
the
disease
called
of
the
Physitians
Tenasmus
,
that
is
to
say
,
a
desire
to
dung
often
,
and
to
do
but
little
,
and
that
with
great
paine
:
And
also
another
disease
called
Procidentia
ani
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
falling
out
of
the
fundament
,
which
the
Physitians
do
account
as
seueral
diseases
.
Notwithstanding
,
for
somuch
as
Dysenteria
,
and
Tenasmus
,
do
spring
both
of
like
causes
:
yea
,
and
also
for
that
the
falling
out
of
the
fundament
hath
some
affinity
with
them
,
I
wil
follow
mine
Authors
,
in
ioyning
them
altogether
in
this
one
chapter
.
The
Physitians
make
diuers
kindes
of
bloody-flixe
,
for
sometime
the
fat
of
the
slimy
filth
which
is
voided
,
is
sprinkled
with
a
little
blood
,
sometime
the
matter
that
voydeth
is
mixt
with
the
scraping
of
the
guts
,
and
sometime
it
is
waterish
bloode
,
like
water
wherein
flesh
hath
beene
washed
,
and
sometime
blood
mixt
with
melancholy
,
and
sometime
pure
blood
,
and
by
the
mixture
of
the
matter
you
shall
know
in
mans
body
,
whether
the
vlceration
be
in
the
inner
smal
guts
or
no
,
if
it
bee
the
matter
and
blood
wil
be
perfectly
mixt
togither
,
but
if
it
be
in
the
outward
guts
,
then
they
be
not
mingled
together
,
but
come
out
seuerall
,
the
blood
most
commonly
following
the
matter
.
Of
this
kind
is
that
disease
called
before
Tenasmus
,
for
that
is
an
vlcer
in
the
right
gut
seruing
the
fundament
and
doth
proceede
euen
as
the
Flixe
doth
of
some
sharpe
humors
,
which
being
violently
driuen
,
and
hauing
to
passe
through
many
crooked
and
narrow
waies
,
do
cleaue
to
the
guts
,
and
with
their
sharpenesse
fret
them
,
causing
exulceration
and
grieuous
paine
.
The
flixe
also
may
come
of
some
extreame
cold
,
heat
or
moistnesse
,
or
by
meane
of
receiuing
some
violent
purgation
,
hauing
therein
ouer
much
Scamony
,
or
such
like
violent
simple
,
or
through
weakenesse
of
the
Liuer
,
or
other
members
seruing
to
digestion
.
Now
as
touching
the
falling
out
of
the
fundament
,
the
Physitians
say
,
that
it
commeth
through
the
resolution
or
weakenesse
of
the
muscles
,
seruing
to
draw
vp
the
fundament
,
which
resolution
may
come
partly
by
ouer-much
straining
,
and
partly
they
may
be
loosened
by
ouermuch
moisture
,
for
which
cause
children
being
ful
of
moisture
are
more
subiect
to
this
disease
then
men
.
And
for
the
selfe
same
cause
I
thinke
that
Horsses
hauing
very
moyst
bodyes
be
subiect
thereunto
.
Thus
hauing
shewed
you
the
causes
of
the
diseases
before
recited
,
I
wil
shew
you
the
cure
prescribed
by
the
old
writers
.
Absirtus
would
haue
the
fundament
on
the
outside
to
be
cut
round
about
,
but
so
as
the
inward
ringe
thereof
be
not
touched
,
for
that
were
dangerous
and
would
kil
the
horse
,
for
so
much
as
his
fundament
would
neuer
abide
within
his
body
,
and
that
done
,
he
would
haue
you
to
giue
him
to
drinke
the
powder
of
vnripe
Pomgranat
shels
,
called
in
Latine
Malicorium
,
together
with
wine
and
water
,
which
indeede
because
it
is
astringent
is
not
to
be
misliked
:
but
as
for
cutting
of
the
fundament
,
I
assure
you
I
cannot
iudge
what
he
should
meane
thereby
,
vnlesse
it
be
to
widen
the
fundament
,
by
giuing
it
long
slits
or
cuts
on
the
outside
,
but
well
I
know
that
it
may
cause
more
paine
,
and
greater
inflamation
.
And
therefore
methinkes
it
were
better
in
this
case
to
follow
the
Physitians
precepts
,
which
is
first
to
consider
whether
the
fundament
being
fallen
out
bee
inflamed
or
not
,
for
if
it
bee
not
inflamed
,
then
it
shall
bee
good
to
annoynt
it
first
with
Oyle
of
Roses
somewhat
warmed
,
or
else
to
wash
it
with
warme
red
wine
.
But
if
it
be
inflamed
,
then
to
bath
it
wel
,
first
with
a
spunge
dipt
in
the
decoction
of
Mallowes
,
Camomile
,
Lineseede
and
Fenegreek
,
and
also
to
annoint
it
wel
with
oyle
of
Camomile
and
Dill
mingled
together
,
to
asswage
the
swelling
,
and
then
to
thrust
it
in
againe
faire
and
softly
,
with
a
soft
linnen
cloth
.
That
done
,
it
shall
be
good
to
bathe
all
the
place
about
with
red
wine
wherein
hath
beene
sodden
Acatium
,
Galles
,
A
corne
cups
,
parings
of
Quinces
,
and
such
like
simples
as
be
astringent
,
and
then
to
throw
on
some
astringent
powder
made
of
bole
Armony
,
Frankincens
,
Sanguis
Draconis
,
Myrrh
,
Acatium
,
and
such
like
:
yea
,
and
also
to
giue
the
Horsse
this
drinke
much
praised
of
all
the
old
writers
.
Take
of
Saffron
one
ounce
,
of
Myrrh
two
ounces
,
of
the
hearb
called
in
Latine
Abrotonum
,
named
in
some
of
our
English
herbals
Sothernwood
,
three
ounces
,
of
Parsly
one
ounce
,
of
garden
Rue
,
otherwise
called
herb
Grace
three
ounces
,
of
Piritheum
,
otherwise
called
of
some
people
spittlewort
,
and
of
Isope
of
each
two
ounces
,
of
Cassia
which
is
like
Cynamon
,
one
ounce
.
Let
al
these
things
be
beaten
in
fine
powder
&
then
mingled
with
chalk
and
strong
vineger
wrought
into
paast
,
of
which
paast
make
little
cakes
,
and
dry
them
in
the
shadow
,
and
being
dryed
,
dissolue
some
of
them
in
a
sufficient
quantity
of
barly
milk
,
or
iuyce
called
of
the
old
writers
,
and
also
of
the
Physitians
,
Cremor
Ptisane
,
and
giue
to
the
Horse
to
drinke
thereof
with
a
horne
,
for
the
medicine
,
as
the
Authors
write
,
doth
not
onely
heale
the
bloody-flixe
and
the
other
two
diseases
before
recited
,
but
also
if
it
be
giuen
with
a
quart
of
warme
water
it
will
heale
al
griefe
and
pain
in
the
belly
,
and
also
of
the
bladder
,
that
commeth
for
lacke
of
staling
.
And
being
giuen
with
sweete
wine
it
will
heale
the
biting
of
any
Serpent
or
mad
dog
.
Of
the
Wormes
.
IN
a
Horsses
guts
do
breed
three
kindes
of
wormes
,
euen
as
there
doth
in
mans
body
,
Blundevile
though
they
be
not
altogether
like
in
shape
.
The
first
long
and
round
,
euen
like
to
those
that
children
do
most
commonly
voyde
,
and
are
called
by
the
generall
name
wormes
.
The
second
little
worms
hauing
great
heads
and
small
long
tailes
like
a
needle
,
and
be
called
Bots.
The
3.
be
short
and
thick
like
the
end
of
a
mans
little
finger
,
and
therefore
be
cald
Troncheons
:
and
though
they
haue
diuers
shapes
according
to
the
diuersity
of
the
place
perhaps
where
they
breed
,
or
else
according
to
the
figure
of
the
putrified
matter
whereby
they
breede
:
yet
no
doubt
they
proceede
all
of
one
cause
,
that
is
to
say
,
of
a
raw
,
grosse
and
flegmatike
matter
apt
to
putryfaction
,
ingendred
most
commonly
by
foule
feeding
,
and
as
they
proceede
of
one selfe
cause
,
so
also
haue
they
like
signes
,
and
like
cure
.
The
usignes
be
these
.
The
Horse
wil
forsake
his
meate
,
for
the
Troncheons
and
the
Bots
wil
couet
alwaies
to
the
maw
and
paine
him
sore
.
He
will
also
lye
downe
and
wallow
,
and
standing
he
will
stamp
and
strike
at
his
belly
with
his
hinder
foote
,
and
looke
often
toward
his
belly
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
:
take
of
sweet
milke
a
quart
,
of
hony
a
quarterne
,
and
giue
it
him
lukewarme
,
and
walke
him
vppe
and
downe
for
the
space
of
an
houre
,
and
so
let
him
rest
for
that
day
,
with
as
little
meate
or
drinke
as
may
bee
,
and
suffer
him
not
to
lye
downe
.
Then
the
next
day
giue
him
this
drinke
:
take
of
berbe
Grace
a
handful
,
of
Sauin
as
much
,
and
being
wel
stampt
,
put
therunto
a
little
Brimstone
,
and
a
little
foote
of
a
Chimny
,
beaten
into
fine
powder
,
and
put
all
these
things
together
in
a
quart
of
wort
or
Ale
,
and
there
let
them
lye
in
steepe
the
space
of
an
houre
or
two
,
then
straine
it
well
through
a
faire
cloath
,
and
giue
it
the
Horsse
to
drinke
lukewarme
,
then
bridle
him
and
walke
him
vp
and
downe
the
space
of
an
houre
:
that
done
bring
him
into
the
stable
,
and
let
him
stand
on
the
bit
two
or
three
houres
,
and
then
giue
him
a
little
Hay
.
Laurentius
Russius
saith
,
that
it
is
good
to
giue
the
Horse
the
warme
guts
of
a
young
hen
with
a
salt
three
daies
together
in
the
morning
,
and
not
to
let
him
drinke
vntill
it
bee
noone
.
Some
say
that
it
is
good
to
ride
him
hauing
his
bit
first
annointed
with
dung
comming
hot
from
the
man
:
some
againe
vse
to
giue
him
a
quantity
of
Brimstone
,
and
halfe
as
much
Rozen
beaten
into
powder
and
mingled
together
with
his
prouender
,
which
he
must
eate
a
good
while
before
he
drinketh
.
I
haue
found
by
often
triall
,
that
if
you
giue
the
horse
with
a
horne
a
good
pretty
dishfull
of
salt
brine
,
be
it
flesh
brine
or
cheese
brine
,
it
wil
kil
any
of
the
three
kinds
of
worms
,
and
make
the
horse
to
auoide
them
dead
in
short
time
after
.
Of
Wormes
in
generall
.
BEsides
the
Bottes
,
there
are
other
Worms
,
which
lie
in
the
great
paunch
or
belly
of
a
Horse
,
and
they
bee
shining
,
of
colour
like
a
Snake
,
sixe
inches
in
length
,
Markham
.
great
in
the
midst
and
sharpe
at
both
endes
,
and
as
much
as
a
spindle
:
they
cause
great
paine
in
a
Horsses
belly
,
as
you
shall
perceiue
by
his
continuall
striking
of
himselfe
on
the
belly
with
his
foot
,
the
cure
is
thus
:
Giue
him
two
or
three
mornings
together
new
Milke
and
Garlike
boyled
together
,
or
chopt
hay
in
his
prouender
either
of
both
will
serue
:
it
killeth
the
wormes
and
maketh
them
to
void
.
Of
the
paine
in
the
kidneynes
.
MEthinkes
that
the
Kidnies
of
a
Horse
should
be
subiect
to
as
many
griefes
as
the
kidnies
of
a
man
,
as
to
inflamation
,
obstruction
,
Apostumes
and
Vlcers
,
Blundevile
and
specially
to
obstruction
that
commeth
by
meanes
of
some
stone
or
grauell
gathered
together
in
the
kidnies
,
whereby
the
Horse
cannot
stale
but
with
paine
,
for
I
haue
seene
diuers
horsses
my selfe
that
haue
voided
much
grauell
in
their
stale
,
which
without
doubt
did
come
from
the
kidnies
,
but
my
Authors
doe
referre
such
griefes
to
the
bladder
and
vrine
,
and
write
of
no
disease
but
onely
of
the
inflamation
of
the
kidnies
,
which
is
called
of
them
Nephritis
,
and
so
it
is
cald
of
the
Physitians
.
It
commeth
as
they
say
by
some
great
straine
ouer
some
ditch
,
or
else
by
bearing
some
great
burthen
.
The
signes
whereof
be
these
.
The
Horse
will
go
rolling
behinde
and
staggering
,
his
stones
will
shrinke
vp
,
and
his
stale
will
be
blackish
and
thick
.
I
think
this
disease
differeth
not
from
that
which
we
called
before
the
swaying
of
the
back
when
we
talked
of
the
griefes
in
the
backe
and
loines
,
and
therefore
resorte
thither
.
The
cure
of
this
disease
,
according
to
the
best
of
the
old
writers
is
in
this
sort
.
Bath
his
backe
and
loines
with
wine
,
Oyle
,
and
Nitrum
warmed
together
,
after
that
you
haue
so
bathed
him
,
let
him
be
couered
with
warme
cloathes
,
and
stand
littered
vp
to
the
belly
with
straw
,
so
as
he
may
lye
softe
,
and
giue
him
such
drinkes
as
may
prouoke
Vrine
,
as
those
that
bee
made
with
Dill
,
Fennell
,
Annis
,
Smallage
,
Parsly
,
Spikenard
,
Myrrhe
and
Cassia
.
Some
say
it
is
good
to
giue
him
a
kind
of
pulse
called
Cich
with
Wine
.
Some
againe
doe
praise
Ewes
Milke
or
else
Oyle
and
Deeres
sewet
molten
together
and
giuen
him
to
drink
,
or
the
roote
of
the
herbe
called
Asphodelus
,
Englished
by
some
Daffadill
,
sodden
in
wine
.
Of
the
diseases
belonging
to
the
bladder
and
vrine
of
a
Horse
.
HIerocles
saith
,
that
a
horse
is
subiect
to
three
kinds
of
diseases
incident
to
the
bladder
or
vrine
,
the
firste
is
called
Stranguria
,
the
second
Dysuria
,
the
third
Iscuria
.
Stranguria
,
otherwise
called
in
Latine
Stillicidium
,
and
of
our
old
Ferrers
,
according
to
the
French
name
Chowdepis
,
is
when
the
horse
is
prouoked
to
stale
often
,
and
voideth
nothing
but
a
few
droppes
,
which
commeth
as
the
physitians
say
,
either
through
the
sharpenes
of
the
vrine
,
or
by
some
exulceration
of
the
bladder
,
or
else
by
meanes
of
some
Apostume
in
the
liuer
or
kidnies
,
which
Apostume
being
broken
,
the
matter
resorteth
downe
into
the
bladder
,
and
with
the
sharpenes
thereof
causeth
a
continuall
prouocation
of
pissing
.
Dysuria
is
when
a
horse
cannot
pisse
but
with
great
labour
and
paine
,
which
for
difference
sake
I
wil
cal
from
hence
forth
the
paine-pisse
.
It
may
come
sometime
through
the
weakenesse
of
the
bladder
and
colde
intemperature
thereof
,
and
sometime
through
the
abundance
of
flegmatike
and
grosse
humours
,
stopping
the
necke
of
the
bladder
.
Ischuria
,
is
when
the
horsse
cannot
pisse
at
all
,
and
therefore
may
be
called
the
pissupprest
,
or
suppresseion
of
vrine
,
whether
you
will
:
methinkes
alwaies
that
the
shorter
and
the
more
proper
the
name
is
,
the
better
and
more
easie
it
is
to
pronounce
.
It
may
come
as
the
Phisitians
say
,
by
weaknesse
of
the
bladder
,
or
for
that
the
Water
conduit
is
stopt
with
grosse
humors
,
or
with
matter
discending
from
the
liuer
or
kidnies
,
or
with
the
stone
:
yea
and
sometimes
by
meanes
of
some
inflammation
or
hard
knobbe
growing
at
the
mouth
of
the
conduit
,
or
for
that
the
sinnewes
of
the
bladder
is
nummed
,
so
as
the
bladder
is
without
feeling
:
or
it
may
come
by
retention
,
and
long
holding
of
the
water
,
most
of
which
causes
Hierocles
also
reciteth
,
adding
thereunto
that
it
may
chaunce
to
a
horse
thorough
ouer-much
rest
and
ydlenes
,
and
also
by
meanes
of
some
extreame
cold
,
and
especially
in
winter
season
,
for
the
which
warmth
of
the
fire
is
a
present
remedy
.
But
now
mine
Authors
do
not
shew
for
euery
one
of
these
three
kinds
of
diseases
seuerall
signes
,
but
onely
say
,
that
when
a
horse
cannot
stale
,
he
wil
stand
as
thogh
he
would
stale
,
and
thrust
out
his
yard
a
little
,
and
also
for
very
paine
,
stand
beating
his
tail
betwixt
his
thighes
.
Neither
do
they
seeme
to
appoint
seuerall
cures
,
but
do
make
a
hochpoch
,
mingling
them
altogither
,
some
of
them
praising
one
thing
and
some
another
:
For
some
say
it
is
good
to
mingle
the
iuice
of
leekes
with
sweete
smelling
wine
and
oile
together
,
and
to
his
right
nostrill
,
and
then
to
walke
him
vp
and
downe
vpon
it
,
and
that
will
make
him
to
stale
.
Some
say
it
is
good
to
giue
him
Swallage
seed
,
or
else
the
root
of
wilde
Fennell
sodden
with
wine
to
drinke
,
or
to
put
fine
sharpe
Onions
,
cleane
pilled
,
and
somewhat
brused
into
his
fundament
,
and
to
chafe
him
immediately
vppon
it
,
either
by
riding
him
or
otherwise
,
and
that
shall
cause
him
to
stale
presently
.
It
is
good
also
to
bath
al
his
back
and
loines
with
warme
water
.
The
scraping
of
the
inward
parts
of
his
owne
hooues
beaten
into
powder
and
mingled
with
wine
and
powred
into
his
right
nostril
will
make
him
to
stale
,
if
you
chafe
him
vpon
it
,
and
the
rather
as
Hierocles
saith
,
if
you
carry
him
to
some
sheepes
coat
or
other
place
where
sheepe
are
wont
to
stand
,
the
smel
of
whose
dung
and
pisse
,
without
any
other
medicine
as
he
saith
,
will
prouoke
him
to
stale
,
Some
will
giue
the
horsse
white
Dogges
dung
dried
and
mingled
with
salt
,
wine
,
and
Amoniacum
to
drinke
,
some
hogges
dunge
onely
with
Wine
,
and
some
the
dregges
of
horse-pisse
with
wine
,
and
many
other
medicines
which
I
leaue
to
rehearse
for
feare
of
being
too
tedious
,
and
especially
,
sith
Martins
experience
doeth
follow
heere
at
hand
,
agreeing
in
all
points
with
Laurentius
Russius
cure
,
which
is
in
this
sort
.
First
draw
out
his
yard
and
wash
it
well
in
white
wine
,
and
scoure
it
well
,
because
it
will
be
many
times
stopped
with
durt
and
other
baggage
togither
,
and
hardned
like
a
stone
,
and
then
put
a
little
oile
of
Cammomile
into
the
conduit
with
a
wax
candle
and
a
brused
cloue
of
Garlick
,
and
that
will
prouoke
him
to
stale
.
And
if
that
will
not
helpe
.
Take
of
Parsly
two
handfuls
,
of
Coriander
one
handfull
,
stampe
them
and
straine
them
with
a
quart
of
white
wine
,
and
dissolue
therein
one
ounce
of
cake-Sope
,
and
giue
it
luke
warme
vnto
the
horse
to
drinke
and
keepe
him
as
warme
as
may
be
,
and
let
him
drinke
no
cold
water
for
the
space
of
fiue
or
six
dayes
,
and
when
you
would
haue
him
to
stale
,
let
it
be
eyther
vpon
plenty
of
strawe
,
or
vpon
some
greene
plot
,
or
els
in
a
sheeps
coat
,
the
sauor
whereof
wil
greatly
prouoke
him
to
stale
,
as
hath
bin
aforesaid
.
Of
pissing
blood
.
PElagonius
saith
,
that
if
a
horse
be
ouermuch
laboured
,
or
ouercharged
with
heauy
burthen
,
or
ouer
fat
,
he
will
many
times
pisse
blood
,
and
the
rather
as
I
thinke
,
for
that
some
vaine
is
broken
within
the
horses
body
,
and
then
cleere
blood
will
come
forth
many
times
,
as
the
Physitians
say
,
without
any
pisse
at
all
.
But
if
the
blood
be
perfectly
mingled
togither
with
his
stale
,
then
it
is
a
signe
that
it
commeth
from
the
kidnies
hauing
some
stone
therein
,
which
through
vehement
labour
,
doeth
fret
the
kidnies
and
vaines
thereof
,
and
so
cause
them
to
bleed
,
through
which
while
the
vrine
passeth
,
must
needs
be
infected
and
died
with
the
blood
.
It
may
come
also
by
some
stripe
,
or
from
the
muscle
that
incloseth
the
necke
of
the
bladder
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Pelagonius
,
Absirtus
,
Hierocles
,
and
the
rest
,
is
thus
.
Let
the
horse
blood
in
the
palate
of
the
mouth
,
to
conuert
the
blood
the
contrary
way
,
then
take
of
Tragagant
that
hath
been
steeped
in
wine
,
halfe
an
ounce
,
and
of
Poppy
seede
one
dram
and
once
scruple
,
and
of
Stirax
as
much
,
and
twelue
Pineaple
kirnels
:
let
all
these
things
be
beaten
and
mingled
wel
togither
,
and
giue
the
horse
thereof
euery
morning
,
the
space
of
seauen
daies
,
the
quantity
of
a
hasell-nut
distempered
in
a
quart
of
wine
:
methinkes
that
the
quantity
of
a
Walnut
were
too
little
for
so
much
wine
.
Some
write
that
it
is
good
to
make
him
a
drinke
with
the
root
of
the
hearbe
Asphopelus
,
which
some
call
Daffadil
mingled
with
wheat
flower
and
Sumach
sodden
long
in
water
,
and
so
to
bee
giuen
the
horse
with
some
wine
added
thereunto
,
or
make
him
a
drinke
of
Goats
milk
and
oile
,
straining
thereunto
a
little
Fromenty
.
Anatolius
saith
that
it
good
to
giue
the
horse
three
daies
togither
,
sodden
beanes
cleane
pilled
whereunto
would
be
added
some
Deeres
sewet
and
a
little
wine
.
Of
the
Colt
euill
.
Blundevile
THis
name
Colt
euil
,
in
my
iudgement
,
doeth
properly
signifie
that
disease
,
which
the
physitians
cal
Priapismus
,
which
is
a
continual
standing
together
,
with
an
vnnatural
swelling
of
the
yarde
proceeding
of
some
winde
,
filling
the
artires
and
hollow
sinnew
or
pipe
of
the
yard
,
or
else
through
the
abundance
of
seed
,
which
do
chance
oftentimes
to
man
,
and
I
think
sometime
to
stoned
horses
.
Notwithstanding
Martin
saith
that
the
colt
euil
is
a
swelling
of
the
sheathe
of
the
yard
and
part
of
the
belly
thereabout
,
caused
of
corrupt
seed
,
comming
out
of
the
yard
,
and
remaining
within
the
sheath
where
it
putrifieth
.
And
geldings
most
commonly
are
subiect
to
this
disease
,
not
being
able
for
lacke
of
natural
heat
,
to
expel
their
seed
any
further
.
For
horses
,
as
Martin
saith
,
are
sieldome
troubled
with
this
disease
because
of
their
heat
,
vnlesse
it
be
when
they
haue
beene
ouer
trauailed
,
or
otherwise
weakened
.
The
cure
,
according
to
him
,
is
thus
.
Wash
the
sheath
cleane
within
with
Luke-warme
Vineger
,
then
draw
out
his
yard
and
wash
that
also
:
that
done
ride
him
into
some
running
streame
vppe
to
the
belly
;
tossing
him
therein
too
and
fro
to
alay
the
heat
of
the
members
,
and
vse
him
thus
two
or
three
daies
and
hee
shal
be
whole
.
Another
of
the
Colt
euill
.
THe
Colt
euill
is
a
disease
that
commeth
to
stoned
horses
,
through
rankenes
of
nature
and
want
of
vent
,
it
appeareth
in
his
cod
and
sheathe
,
which
wil
swell
exceedingly
,
Markham
.
the
cure
is
nothing
,
for
if
you
wil
but
euery
day
,
twice
or
thrice
driue
him
to
the
mid-side
in
some
Pond
or
running
riuer
,
the
swelling
will
fall
and
the
horse
wil
doe
wel
.
If
the
horse
be
of
yeeres
,
and
troubled
with
this
griefe
,
if
you
put
him
to
a
Mare
it
is
not
amisse
,
for
standing
stil
in
a
stable
without
exercise
,
is
a
great
occasion
of
this
disease
.
Of
the
mattering
of
the
yard
.
IT
commeth
at
couering
time
,
when
the
horse
and
mare
both
are
ouer-hot
and
so
perhaps
burne
themselues
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Take
a
pinte
of
white
wine
,
and
boile
therein
a
quarterne
of
roche
Alome
,
and
squirt
thereof
into
his
yarde
three
or
foure
squirtfuls
,
one
after
another
,
and
thrust
the
squirt
so
far
as
the
liquor
may
pierce
to
the
bottome
,
to
scowre
away
the
bloody
matter
,
continuing
thus
to
do
once
a
day
vntil
he
be
whole
.
Of
the
shedding
of
seed
.
THis
disease
is
called
of
the
Physitians
Gonorrhea
,
Blundevile
which
may
come
sometime
thorough
aboundance
and
rankenesse
of
seed
,
and
sometime
by
the
weakenes
of
the
stones
and
seed
vessels
not
able
to
retaine
the
seed
vntill
it
be
digested
and
thickned
.
Vegetius
saith
,
that
this
disease
will
make
the
horse
very
faint
and
weake
,
and
especially
in
Summer
season
,
For
cure
whereof
,
the
said
Vegetius
would
haue
the
horse
to
be
ridden
into
some
cold
water
,
euen
vp
to
the
belly
,
so
as
his
stones
may
bee
couered
in
water
,
and
then
his
fundament
being
first
bathed
with
warme
water
and
oile
,
he
would
haue
you
to
thrust
in
your
hand
and
arme
euen
to
the
very
bladder
,
and
softly
to
rubbe
and
claw
the
same
,
and
the
parts
thereabouts
,
which
be
the
seed
vessels
:
that
done
to
couer
him
warm
that
he
take
no
cold
,
and
euery
day
he
woulde
haue
you
to
giue
the
horse
hogges
dung
to
drinke
with
red
wine
vntil
he
be
whole
.
I
for
my
part
,
if
I
thought
it
came
of
weakenes
,
as
is
aforesaide
,
which
I
would
iudge
by
the
waterishnesse
of
the
seed
and
vnlustines
of
the
horse
,
would
giue
him
red
wine
to
drinke
,
and
put
therein
a
little
Acatium
,
the
iuyce
of
Plantaine
,
and
a
little
Masticke
,
and
bath
his
backe
with
redde
Wine
and
oyle
of
Roses
mingled
togither
.
Of
the
falling
of
the
yard
.
IT
commeth
as
I
take
it
,
through
the
weakenes
of
the
member
,
by
meanes
of
some
resolution
in
the
muscles
and
sinnewes
seruing
the
same
,
caused
at
the
first
(
perhaps
)
by
some
great
straine
or
stripe
on
the
backe
.
It
may
come
also
by
wearines
and
tiring
.
For
remedy
whereof
,
Absirtus
was
wont
to
wash
the
yard
with
salt
water
from
the
sea
if
it
may
be
gotten
,
and
if
not
with
water
and
salt
,
and
if
that
preuailed
not
,
he
would
al
to
pricke
the
outmost
skinne
of
the
yard
with
a
sharpe
needle
but
not
deepe
,
and
then
wash
all
the
prickes
with
strong
Vineger
,
and
that
did
make
the
horse
as
he
saith
,
to
draw
vp
his
yarde
againe
immediately
:
yea
,
and
this
also
will
remedy
the
falling
out
of
the
fundament
.
Pelagonius
would
haue
you
to
put
into
the
pipe
of
his
yard
,
hony
and
salt
boiled
togither
and
made
liquid
,
or
else
a
quicke
fly
,
or
a
graine
of
Frankencense
or
a
cloue
of
Garlicke
clean
pilled
,
and
somewhat
brused
,
and
also
to
powre
on
his
back
oile
,
wine
,
Nitre
made
warm
and
mingled
togither
.
But
Martins
experience
is
in
this
sort
.
First
wash
the
yarde
with
warm
white
wine
,
and
then
anoint
it
with
oyl
of
Roses
and
hony
mingled
togither
,
and
put
it
vp
into
the
sheath
,
and
make
him
a
cod-peece
of
Canvas
to
keepe
it
still
vp
,
and
dresse
him
thus
euery
day
once
vntil
it
be
whole
.
And
in
any
case
let
his
backe
be
kept
warme
,
either
with
a
dubble
cloath
,
or
else
with
a
charge
made
of
bole
Armonie
,
Egges
,
wheate-flower
,
Sanguis
Draconis
,
Turpentine
,
and
Vineger
,
or
els
lay
on
a
wet
sacke
,
which
being
couered
with
another
dry
cloath
wil
keepe
his
backe
very
warme
.
Of
the
swelling
of
the
Cod
and
stones
.
ABsirtus
saith
,
that
the
inflammation
and
swelling
of
the
cod
and
stones
,
commeth
by
meanes
of
some
wound
,
or
by
the
stinging
of
some
Serpent
,
or
by
fighting
one
horse
with
another
.
For
remedy
whereof
,
hee
was
woont
to
bath
the
cod
with
water
wherein
hath
beene
sodden
the
roots
of
wilde
Cucumber
and
salt
,
and
then
to
annoint
it
with
an
ointment
made
of
Cerusa
oile
,
Goates
greace
,
and
the
white
of
an
Egge
.
Some
againe
would
haue
the
cod
to
be
bathed
in
warme
Water
,
Nitrum
and
Vineger
togither
,
and
also
to
be
annointed
with
an
ointment
made
of
chalke
,
or
of
potters
earth
,
Oxe
dung
,
cumin
,
Water
and
Vineger
,
or
else
to
be
annointed
with
the
iuice
of
the
herb
Solanum
,
called
of
some
night-shade
,
or
with
the
iuyce
of
Hemblocke
growing
on
dunghils
:
yea
and
also
to
be
let
bloud
in
the
flankes
.
But
Martin
saith
,
that
the
swelling
of
the
cods
commeth
for
the
most
part
after
some
sicknesse
or
surfetting
with
colde
,
and
then
it
is
a
signe
of
amendment
.
The
cure
according
to
his
experience
is
in
this
sort
.
First
let
him
blood
on
both
sides
the
flanke
veines
.
Then
take
of
oile
of
Roses
,
of
Vineger
of
each
halfe
a
pinte
,
and
halfe
a
quarterne
of
Bole
Armony
beaten
to
powder
.
Mingle
them
togither
in
a
cruse
,
and
being
luke-warme
,
annoint
the
cods
therewith
with
two
or
three
fea●hers
bound
togither
,
and
the
next
day
ride
him
into
the
water
so
as
his
coddes
may
be
within
the
water
,
giuing
him
two
or
three
turnes
therein
,
and
so
returne
faire
and
softly
to
the
stable
,
and
when
he
is
dry
annoint
him
againe
as
before
,
continuing
thus
to
do
euery
day
once
vntil
they
be
whole
.
The
said
Martin
saith
also
,
the
cods
may
be
swollen
by
meanes
of
some
hurt
or
euil
humors
resorting
into
the
Cod
,
and
then
he
would
haue
you
couer
the
cods
with
a
charge
made
of
Bole
Armony
and
Vineger
wrought
togither
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
vntil
the
swelling
go
away
,
or
that
it
breake
of
it selfe
,
and
if
it
breake
then
taint
it
with
Mel
Rosatum
,
and
make
him
a
breech
of
Canuas
to
keepe
it
in
,
renewing
the
taint
euery
day
once
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Of
incording
and
brusing
.
THis
terme
incording
is
borrowed
of
the
Italian
word
Incordato
,
which
in
plain
English
is
as
much
to
say
as
bursten
,
Blundevile
and
might
be
more
rightly
tearmed
of
vs
vncodded
.
For
when
a
horse
is
bursten
,
his
guts
falleth
downe
into
the
cod
making
it
to
swell
.
The
Italians
as
I
take
it
did
cal
it
Incordato
because
the
gut
followes
the
string
of
the
stone
called
of
them
Ilcordone
,
or
Lachorda
,
whereof
Incordato
seemes
to
be
deriued
with
some
reason
.
According
to
which
reason
we
should
cal
it
rather
instringhed
than
inchorded
,
for
Chorda
doth
signifie
a
string
or
chord
.
Notwithstanding
,
sith
that
incording
is
already
receiued
in
the
stable
,
I
for
my
part
am
very
well
content
therewith
,
minding
not
to
contend
against
it
.
But
now
you
haue
to
note
,
that
either
man
or
beast
may
be
bursten
diuersly
,
and
according
to
the
names
of
the
partes
greeued
,
the
Physitians
doe
giue
it
diuers
names
:
for
you
shall
vnderstande
,
that
next
vnto
the
thicke
outward
skinne
of
the
belly
,
there
is
also
another
inward
thin
skin
couering
al
the
muscles
,
the
Caule
,
and
the
guts
of
the
belly
,
called
of
the
Anatomists
Peritoneum
,
which
skin
commeth
from
both
partes
and
sides
of
the
backe
,
and
is
fastened
to
the
midriffe
aboue
,
and
also
to
the
bottome
of
the
belly
beneath
,
to
keepe
in
al
the
contents
of
the
neather
belly
.
And
therefore
if
the
skin
be
broken
,
or
ouer
sore
strained
or
stretched
,
then
either
some
part
of
the
caule
or
guts
slippeth
downe
,
sometime
into
the
cod
,
sometime
not
so
farre
.
If
the
gut
slip
downe
into
the
cod
,
then
it
is
called
of
the
Physitians
by
the
Greek
name
Enterocele
,
that
is
to
say
,
gut-bursten
.
But
if
the
caule
fall
downe
into
the
cod
,
then
it
is
called
of
the
Physitians
Epiplocele
,
that
is
to
say
,
Caule-bursten
.
But
either
of
the
diseases
is
most
properlie
incident
to
the
male
kind
,
for
the
femal
kind
hath
no
cod
.
Notwithstanding
they
may
be
so
bursten
,
as
either
gut
or
caule
may
fal
downe
into
their
natures
,
hanging
there
like
a
bag
:
But
if
it
fal
not
downe
so
lowe
,
but
remaineth
aboue
nigh
vnto
the
priuy
members
or
flankes
,
which
place
is
called
of
the
Latines
Inguen
,
then
of
that
place
the
bursting
is
called
of
the
physitians
Bubonocele
,
whereunto
I
knowe
not
what
English
name
to
giue
,
vnlesse
I
should
cal
it
flanke-bursten
:
Moreouer
the
cod
or
flanke
may
bee
sometime
swollen
,
by
meanes
of
some
waterish
humour
gathered
together
in
the
same
,
which
is
called
of
the
physitians
Hydrocele
,
that
is
to
say
,
water-bursten
,
and
sometime
the
cod
may
be
swollen
by
meanes
of
some
hard
peece
of
flesh
cleauing
to
the
thin
skins
or
panicles
of
the
stones
,
and
then
it
is
called
of
the
physitians
Sarcocele
,
that
is
to
say
,
flesh-bursten
.
But
forasmuch
as
none
of
mine
Authors
,
Martin
nor
anie
other
Ferrer
in
these
daies
that
I
knowe
,
haue
intermedled
with
anie
kind
of
bursting
,
but
onely
with
that
wherein
the
gut
falleth
downe
into
the
cod
:
leauing
all
the
rest
apart
,
I
wil
onely
talke
of
this
;
and
that
according
to
Martins
experience
,
which
I
assure
you
differeth
not
much
from
the
precepts
of
the
old
writers
:
But
first
you
shal
vnderstand
,
that
the
gut
bursten
,
and
flanke
bursten
,
doth
proceed
both
of
one
cause
,
that
is
to
say
,
by
meanes
that
the
skinne
,
called
before
Peritoneum
,
is
either
sore
strained
,
or
else
broken
,
either
by
some
stripe
of
another
horse
,
or
els
by
some
strain
in
leaping
ouer
an
hedge
,
ditch
,
or
pale
,
or
otherwise
:
yea
and
many
times
in
passing
a
carier
,
through
the
carelesnes
of
the
rider
stoping
the
horse
sodenly
without
giuing
warning
,
wherby
the
horse
is
forced
to
cast
his
hinder
legs
abroad
,
so
straineth
or
bursteth
the
skin
aforesaid
,
by
meanes
whereof
the
gut
falleth
downe
into
the
cod
.
The
signes
be
these
.
The
horse
will
forsake
his
meat
,
and
stand
shoring
and
leanning
alwaies
on
that
side
that
he
is
hurt
:
and
on
that
side
,
if
you
search
with
your
hande
,
betwixt
the
stone
and
the
thigh
vpward
to
the
body
,
and
somewhat
aboue
the
stone
you
shall
find
the
gut
it selfe
big
and
hard
in
the
feeling
,
whereas
on
the
other
side
you
shal
find
no
such
thing
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Bring
the
horse
into
some
house
or
place
that
hath
ouer
head
a
strong
balk
or
beame
going
ouerthwart
,
and
strew
that
place
thicke
with
strawe
:
then
put
on
foure
pasternes
with
foure
ringes
on
his
feete
,
and
then
fasten
the
one
end
of
a
long
rope
to
one
of
those
Ringes
,
then
thread
all
the
other
rings
with
the
loose
end
of
the
Rope
,
and
so
drawe
all
his
foure
feete
togither
,
and
cast
him
on
the
straw
.
That
done
,
cast
the
rope
ouer
the
baulke
,
and
hoise
the
horse
so
as
he
may
lye
flatte
on
his
backe
,
with
his
legs
vpward
without
struggling
.
Then
bath
his
stones
well
with
warme
Water
and
Butter
molten
togither
,
and
the
stones
being
somewhat
warme
,
and
wel
mollified
,
raise
them
vp
from
the
body
with
both
your
hands
being
closed
by
the
fingers
fast
togither
,
and
holding
the
stones
in
your
hands
in
such
manner
,
worke
downe
the
gut
into
the
body
of
the
horse
,
by
striking
it
downward
continually
with
your
two
thumbs
,
one
labouring
immediately
after
another
,
vntill
you
perceiue
that
side
of
the
stone
to
bee
so
so
smal
as
the
other
,
and
hauing
so
discorded
,
that
is
to
say
,
returnd
the
gut
into
his
right
place
;
take
a
list
of
two
fingers
broad
throughly
annointed
with
fresh
butter
,
and
tie
his
stones
both
togither
with
the
same
so
nigh
as
may
bee
,
not
ouer
hard
,
but
so
as
you
may
put
your
finger
betwixt
.
That
done
,
take
the
horse
quietly
down
,
and
lead
him
faire
and
softly
into
the
stable
,
whereas
he
must
stand
warme
,
and
not
be
stirred
for
the
space
of
3.
weekes
.
But
forget
not
the
next
day
after
his
discording
to
vnloosen
the
list
and
to
take
it
away
,
and
as
wel
at
that
time
as
euery
day
once
or
twice
after
,
to
cast
a
dish
or
two
of
cold
water
vp
into
his
cods
and
that
wil
cause
him
to
shrinke
vppe
his
stones
and
thereby
restraine
the
gut
from
falling
downe
,
and
at
the
three
weekes
end
be
sure
,
it
were
not
amisse
to
geld
the
stone
on
that
side
away
,
so
shall
he
neuer
be
encorded
againe
on
that
side
.
But
let
him
not
eat
much
nor
drinke
much
,
and
let
his
drinke
be
alwayes
warme
.
Of
the
botch
in
the
graines
of
a
horse
▪
IF
a
horse
be
full
of
humours
and
then
suddenly
laboured
,
the
humours
will
resort
into
the
weakest
parts
,
and
there
gather
together
and
breede
a
botch
,
and
especially
in
the
hinder
parts
betwixt
the
thighes
,
not
farre
from
the
cods
.
The
signes
be
these
.
The
hinder
legges
wil
be
al
swollen
,
and
especially
from
the
houghes
vpwarde
,
and
if
you
feele
with
your
hand
you
shal
find
a
great
kind
of
swelling
,
and
if
it
be
round
and
hard
it
wil
gather
to
a
head
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
ripe
it
with
a
plaister
:
take
of
Wheat-flower
,
of
Turpentine
,
and
of
hony
,
of
each
like
quantity
,
stirring
it
together
to
make
a
stiffe
plaister
,
and
with
a
cloth
lay
it
vnto
the
sore
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
vntil
it
breake
or
waxe
soft
,
and
then
launce
it
as
the
matter
may
runne
downeward
:
Then
taint
it
with
Turpentine
and
Hogges
greace
moulten
togither
,
renewing
it
euery
daye
once
,
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Of
the
diseases
incident
to
the
wombe
of
a
Mare
,
and
specially
of
barrennesse
.
IT
seemeth
by
some
writers
,
that
the
wombe
of
a
Mare
is
subiect
to
certaine
diseases
,
though
not
so
many
as
the
wombe
of
a
Woman
,
as
to
ascent
,
descent
,
falling
out
,
convulsion
,
barrennesse
,
aborsment
,
yea
Aristotle
and
others
do
not
let
to
write
,
that
menstrual
blood
doth
naturally
void
from
the
Mare
,
as
from
the
Woman
,
though
it
bee
so
little
in
quantity
,
as
it
cannot
be
well
perceiued
.
But
sith
none
of
mine
Authors
haue
written
thereof
to
any
purpose
,
nor
any
Ferrer
of
this
time
that
I
knowe
,
haue
had
any
experience
in
such
matters
I
wil
passe
them
all
ouer
with
silence
,
sauing
barrennes
,
whereof
I
promised
before
in
his
due
place
,
to
declare
vnto
you
the
causes
and
such
kind
of
cure
for
the
same
,
as
the
old
writers
haue
taught
.
A
Mare
then
may
be
barren
through
the
vntemperatenesse
of
the
wombe
or
matrix
,
aswell
for
that
it
is
too
hot
and
fiery
,
or
else
to
cold
and
moist
,
or
too
dry
,
or
else
too
short
,
or
too
narrow
,
or
hauing
the
necke
thereof
turned
awry
,
or
by
meanes
of
some
obstruction
or
stopping
in
the
matrix
,
or
for
that
the
mare
is
too
fat
or
too
leane
,
and
many
times
mares
goe
barren
,
for
that
they
be
not
well
horsed
.
Wel
,
the
cure
of
barrennesse
that
commeth
through
the
fault
of
the
matrixe
or
wombe
according
to
the
old
writers
is
thus
.
Take
a
good
handful
of
Leekes
,
stamp
them
in
a
morter
with
halfe
a
glasseful
of
wine
,
then
put
thereunto
twelue
Flies
,
called
of
the
Apothecaries
Cantharides
,
of
diuers
colours
,
if
they
may
be
gotten
,
then
straine
altogether
with
a
sufficient
quantity
of
water
to
serue
the
mare
therewith
two
daies
together
,
by
powring
the
same
into
her
nature
with
a
horn
or
glister-pipe
made
of
purpose
,
and
at
the
end
of
three
daies
next
following
offer
the
horse
vnto
her
that
should
couer
her
,
and
immediately
after
that
she
is
couered
,
wash
her
nature
twice
together
with
cold
water
.
Another
receipt
for
the
same
purpose
.
TAke
of
Nitrum
,
of
sparrowes
dung
,
and
Turpentine
,
of
each
a
like
quantitye
well
wrought
together
and
made
like
a
suppository
,
and
put
that
into
her
nature
,
and
it
wil
cause
her
to
desire
the
horse
and
also
to
conceiue
.
Hippocrates
saith
,
that
it
is
good
also
to
put
a
nettle
into
the
horses
mouth
that
should
couer
her
.
Of
the
Itch
,
Scabbe
,
and
manginesse
in
the
taile
,
and
falling
of
the
taile
.
Blundevile
IN
springtime
horses
many
times
are
trobled
with
the
troncheons
in
their
fundament
,
and
then
they
wil
rubbe
their
taile
,
and
breake
the
haire
thereof
,
and
yet
in
his
taile
perhaps
,
shal
be
neither
itch
,
scurffe
nor
scabbe
:
wherefore
if
you
rake
the
horse
wel
with
your
hand
annointed
with
Sope
,
and
search
for
those
tronchens
and
pul
them
cleane
out
,
you
shal
cause
him
to
leaue
rubbing
:
and
if
you
see
that
the
haire
doe
fal
awaie
it
felfe
,
then
it
is
a
signe
,
that
it
is
either
eaten
with
wormes
,
or
that
there
is
some
scurffe
or
scab
fretting
the
hair
,
and
causing
such
an
itch
in
his
taile
as
the
horse
is
alwaies
rubbing
the
same
.
As
touching
the
wormes
,
scurffe
or
scab
,
it
shal
be
good
to
annoint
all
the
taile
with
sope
,
and
then
to
wash
it
cleane
euen
to
the
ground
with
stronge
lie
,
and
that
wil
kil
the
wormes
,
and
make
the
haire
to
growe
againe
.
And
if
much
of
the
taile
be
worne
awaie
,
it
shall
bee
needefull
to
keepe
the
taile
continually
wet
,
with
a
spunge
dipt
in
faire
water
,
and
that
will
make
the
haire
to
growe
very
fast
.
But
if
the
horses
taile
be
maungy
,
then
heale
that
like
as
you
do
the
manginesse
of
the
maine
before
rehearsed
.
Againe
,
if
there
breed
any
Canker
in
the
taile
(
which
wil
consume
both
flesh
and
bone
,
and
as
Laurentius
Russius
saith
,
make
the
ioyntes
to
fall
away
one
by
one
)
it
shall
be
good
as
Martin
saith
,
to
wash
all
his
taile
with
Aquafortis
,
or
strong
water
made
in
this
sort
:
take
of
greene
Coporas
,
of
Alum
,
of
each
one
pounde
,
of
white
coporas
,
a
quarterne
.
Boile
al
these
things
togither
in
three
quartes
of
runninge
water
in
a
strong
earthen
pot
,
vntil
one
halfe
be
consumed
,
and
then
with
a
little
of
this
water
being
made
luke-warme
,
wash
his
taile
with
a
little
clout
,
or
Flax
bound
to
the
end
of
a
sticke
,
continuing
so
to
do
euery
day
once
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Of
the
Scabbe
.
THe
Scab
is
a
foule
scurffe
in
diuers
parts
of
a
horses
body
,
&
commeth
of
pouerty
or
il
keeping
,
or
many
times
by
going
amongst
woodes
wherein
they
are
infected
with
water
boughes
:
it
is
most
incident
to
olde
horses
,
which
wil
die
thereof
,
and
chiefely
in
the
spring
time
when
the
newe
blood
appeares
:
the
cure
whereof
I
haue
spoken
before
.
How
to
know
when
a
horse
halteth
before
in
what
part
his
griefe
is
.
Being
now
come
to
talke
of
the
griefes
in
the
shoulders
,
legs
,
hips
,
houghes
,
ioyntes
,
and
hooues
,
causing
the
horse
most
commonly
to
halt
:
I
thinke
it
good
first
to
shew
you
the
way
how
to
find
in
what
part
of
his
legs
the
horse
is
grieued
when
he
halteth
either
before
or
behind
.
And
first
you
haue
to
consider
that
if
a
horse
halteth
before
,
it
must
be
eyther
in
his
shoulders
,
in
his
legs
,
or
in
his
feet
.
If
it
be
in
his
shoulders
and
new
hurt
,
the
horse
wil
not
lift
that
leg
,
but
traile
it
nigh
the
ground
.
If
it
be
old
hurt
,
he
wil
cast
that
Leg
further
from
him
in
his
going
then
the
other
,
and
if
he
be
turned
on
the
foreside
,
then
he
wil
halt
so
much
the
more
.
If
a
horse
halteth
in
the
leg
,
it
is
either
in
the
knee
,
in
the
shank
,
or
els
in
the
pastern
ioynt
,
if
it
be
either
in
the
knee
,
or
pastern
ioynt
,
he
will
not
bow
that
leg
in
his
going
like
the
other
,
but
go
very
stifly
vpon
it
.
If
he
halteth
in
the
shank
,
then
it
is
by
means
of
some
splent
,
wind-gal
,
or
such
apparant
griefe
,
apt
to
be
seen
or
felt
.
If
he
halt
in
the
foot
,
it
is
either
in
the
cronet
,
heele
,
in
the
toe
,
in
the
quarters
,
or
sole
of
the
foot
.
If
it
be
in
the
cronet
the
griefe
wil
be
apparant
,
the
skin
being
broken
or
swolen
some
manner
of
way
:
if
in
the
heele
,
as
by
ouerreach
or
otherwise
,
then
he
wil
tread
most
on
the
toe
:
if
vpon
any
of
the
quarters
,
then
going
on
the
edge
of
a
bank
or
hilly
ground
,
he
will
halt
more
then
on
the
plain
ground
,
and
by
the
horses
comming
toward
you
,
and
going
from
you
vpon
such
edge
or
banck
,
you
shall
easily
perceiue
whether
his
griefe
be
in
the
inward
quarter
or
in
the
outward
quarter
:
the
quarter
is
to
be
vnderstood
,
from
the
mid-hooue
to
the
heele
.
If
he
halt
in
the
toe
,
which
is
not
commonly
seen
,
then
he
wil
tred
more
vpon
the
heele
.
If
the
griefe
be
in
the
sole
of
his
foot
,
then
he
wil
halt
al
after
one
sort
vpon
any
ground
,
vnlesse
it
be
vpon
the
stones
.
And
to
be
sure
in
what
part
of
the
foote
the
griefe
is
,
it
shall
be
good
first
to
make
him
go
vpon
the
plain
ground
,
and
then
vpon
a
hard
&
stony
ground
:
yea
,
and
also
a
banky
ground
.
Thus
hauing
declared
vnto
you
in
generall
,
how
to
know
in
what
part
a
horse
is
grieued
when
he
halteth
before
:
I
thinke
it
meete
first
to
shew
you
orderly
all
the
particular
griefes
and
sorances
,
whereunto
the
fore-parts
of
a
horse
is
subiect
,
together
with
the
causes
,
signs
and
cure
thereof
.
That
done
,
I
will
speak
of
halting
behind
,
and
shew
you
first
generally
where
the
griefe
is
,
and
then
particulary
declare
vnto
you
euery
griefe
incident
to
the
hinder
parts
of
a
horse
.
And
lastly
,
I
will
speake
of
such
griefes
and
sorances
as
are
commonly
in
both
parts
,
that
is
to
say
,
as
wel
to
the
forelegs
and
fore-feet
,
as
to
the
hinder
legs
and
hinder
feet
.
Of
the
griefe
and
pinching
in
the
shoulder
.
THis
commeth
either
by
laboring
and
straining
the
Horse
too
young
,
or
else
by
some
great
burthen
;
you
shal
perceiue
it
by
the
narrownes
of
the
brest
,
and
by
consuming
flesh
of
the
shoulders
,
insomuch
as
the
forepart
of
the
shoulder
bone
wil
sticke
out
,
and
be
a
great
deal
higher
then
the
flesh
.
And
if
it
be
of
long
continuance
,
he
wil
be
very
hollow
in
the
brisket
towards
the
armeholes
,
and
he
wil
go
wider
beneath
at
the
feet
,
then
aboue
at
the
knees
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Giue
him
a
slit
of
an
inch
long
with
a
sharp
knife
or
rasor
vpon
both
sides
an
inch
vnder
the
shoulder
bones
:
then
with
a
Swans
quil
put
into
the
slit
,
blow
vp
first
the
one
shoulder
and
then
the
other
,
as
big
as
can
possible
,
euen
vp
to
the
withers
,
&
with
your
hand
strike
the
winde
equally
into
euery
place
of
the
shoulders
.
And
when
they
be
both
ful
,
then
beat
al
the
windy
places
with
a
good
hasel
wand
or
with
both
your
hands
,
clapping
vpon
the
places
puffed
vp
with
wind
,
so
fast
as
they
can
walke
one
after
another
ouer
al
the
shoulder
:
then
with
a
flat
slice
of
iron
,
loosen
the
skin
within
from
the
flesh
:
that
done
,
rowel
the
two
slits
or
cuts
with
two
round
rowels
made
of
the
vpper
leather
of
an
old
shoo
,
with
a
hole
in
the
middest
that
the
matter
may
yssue
forth
,
and
let
such
rowles
be
3.
inches
broad
,
and
so
put
in
as
they
may
lie
plain
and
flat
within
the
cut
:
then
make
a
charge
to
lay
vpon
the
same
in
this
sort
.
Take
of
Pitch
,
and
rosen
,
of
each
one
pound
,
of
tar
halfe
a
pinte
,
boile
these
things
altogether
in
a
pot
,
and
when
it
is
somwhat
cooled
,
take
a
sticke
with
a
wollen
clout
bound
fast
to
the
end
thereof
,
and
dip
it
into
this
charge
,
and
couer
or
daube
al
the
shoulder
therewith
.
That
done
,
clap
thereunto
a
pounde
of
Floxe
of
such
colour
as
the
Horse
is
,
or
as
nigh
vnto
the
same
as
may
be
,
euery
other
day
clense
both
the
woundes
and
rowels
,
and
put
them
in
againe
,
continuing
thus
to
do
the
space
of
fifteene
daies
.
Then
take
them
out
,
and
heale
vp
the
wounds
with
two
taints
of
Flax
dipt
in
Turpentine
,
and
hogs
grease
molten
together
,
renewing
the
same
euery
day
once
,
vntil
the
wounds
be
whole
.
But
let
the
charge
lye
stil
,
vntill
it
fal
away
of
it selfe
,
and
let
the
horse
run
to
grasse
,
vntill
he
hath
had
a
frost
or
two
.
Of
the
wrinching
of
the
shoulder
.
THis
commeth
sometime
by
a
fal
,
and
sometime
by
turning
too
suddenly
in
some
in
euen
ground
,
or
by
rash
running
out
of
some
doore
,
or
by
some
stripe
of
another
horse
,
or
by
some
sudden
stop
in
passing
a
Cariere
:
you
shal
perceiue
it
in
his
going
by
trailing
his
legs
vpon
the
ground
,
so
close
vnto
himselfe
as
hee
can
possible
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Let
him
blood
the
quantity
of
three
pintes
,
on
the
breast
in
the
palat
vaine
,
receiuing
the
blood
in
a
pot
,
and
thereunto
put
first
a
quart
of
strong
vineger
,
and
halfe
a
doozen
broken
egges
,
shelles
and
all
,
and
so
much
wheat-flower
as
will
thicken
all
that
liquor
.
That
done
,
put
thereunto
bole
Armony
beaten
into
fine
powder
one
pounde
,
Sanguis
Draconis
two
ounces
,
and
mingle
them
altogether
,
so
as
the
flower
may
not
be
perceiued
,
and
if
it
be
too
stiffe
,
you
may
make
it
more
liquid
or
soft
,
with
a
little
vineger
.
Then
with
your
hand
daube
al
the
shoulder
from
the
mane
downward
,
and
betwixt
the
fore-bowels
all
against
the
haire
,
and
let
not
the
horse
depart
out
of
that
place
,
vntill
the
charge
be
surely
fastned
vnto
the
skin
.
That
done
,
carry
him
into
the
stable
,
and
tie
him
vp
to
the
racke
,
and
suffer
him
not
to
lie
down
al
that
day
,
and
giue
him
a
little
meat
,
dieting
him
moderatly
the
space
of
fifteen
daies
:
during
which
time
,
he
may
not
stir
out
of
his
place
,
but
onely
to
lye
downe
,
and
euery
day
once
refresh
the
shoulder
point
with
this
charge
,
laying
still
new
vpon
the
olde
,
and
at
the
fifteene
daies
end
,
lead
him
abroad
to
see
how
he
goeth
,
and
if
he
be
somewhat
amended
,
then
let
him
rest
without
trauelling
,
the
space
of
one
month
,
and
that
shal
bring
his
shoulder
to
perfection
.
But
if
he
be
neuer
the
better
for
this
that
is
done
,
than
it
shal
be
needeful
to
rowell
him
with
a
leather
rowell
vpon
the
shoulder
point
,
and
to
keepe
him
rowelled
the
space
of
fifteene
daies
,
renewing
the
rowel
,
and
clensing
the
wound
euery
other
day
,
and
then
walke
him
vp
and
downe
faire
and
softly
,
and
turne
him
alwaies
on
the
contrary
side
to
the
sore
,
and
when
hee
goeth
vpright
,
pul
out
the
rowell
and
heale
the
wound
with
a
taint
of
flax
dipt
in
Turpentine
,
and
hogs
greace
molten
together
.
And
if
al
this
will
not
serue
,
then
it
shal
be
needful
to
draw
him
checker
wise
with
a
hot
iron
ouer
all
the
shoulder
point
,
and
also
make
him
to
draw
in
a
plough
euery
day
two
houres
at
the
least
,
to
settle
his
ioynts
for
the
space
of
three
weekes
or
a
month
,
and
if
any
thing
wil
help
him
,
these
two
last
remedies
wil
help
him
,
and
make
him
to
go
vpright
againe
.
Of
splaiting
in
the
shoulder
.
THis
commeth
by
some
dangerous
sliding
or
slipping
,
wherby
the
shoulder
parteth
from
the
breast
,
and
so
leaues
an
open
rift
,
not
in
the
skin
,
but
in
the
flesh
and
filme
next
vnder
the
skin
,
and
so
he
halteth
&
is
not
able
to
goe
,
you
shal
perceiue
it
by
trailing
his
legge
after
him
in
his
going
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
put
a
paire
of
strait
pasternes
on
his
fore-feet
,
keeping
him
stil
in
the
stable
without
disquieting
him
.
Then
take
of
Dialthea
one
pound
,
of
sallet-oyle
one
pinte
,
of
oyle
de
bayes
halfe
a
pound
,
of
fresh
butter
halfe
a
pound
,
melt
al
these
things
together
in
a
pipkin
,
and
annoint
the
grieued
place
therwith
,
and
also
round
about
the
inside
of
the
shoulder
,
and
within
two
or
three
daies
after
,
both
that
place
and
all
the
shoulder
besides
wil
swel
.
Then
either
prick
him
with
a
lancet
or
fleame
,
in
al
the
swelling
places
,
or
else
with
some
other
sharp
hot
iron
,
the
head
whereof
would
be
an
inch
long
,
to
the
intent
that
the
corruption
may
run
out
,
and
vse
to
annoint
it
stil
with
the
same
ointment
.
But
if
you
see
that
it
wil
not
go
away
but
swel
stil
,
and
gather
to
a
head
,
then
lance
it
where
the
swelling
doth
gather
most
,
and
is
soft
vnder
the
finger
,
&
then
taint
it
with
flax
dipt
in
this
ointment
:
take
of
Turpentine
and
of
hogs
grease
of
each
two
ounces
,
and
melt
them
together
,
renewing
the
taint
twice
a
day
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Of
the
shoulder
pight
.
THis
is
when
the
shoulder
point
or
pitch
of
the
shoulder
is
displased
,
Blundevile
which
griefe
is
called
of
the
Italians
Spallato
,
and
it
commeth
by
reason
of
some
great
fal
forward
rush
or
straine
.
The
signes
be
these
.
That
shoulder
point
wil
sticke
out
further
then
his
fellow
,
and
the
Horse
will
halt
right
downe
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
make
him
to
swim
in
a
deepe
water
vp
and
down
a
doozen
turnes
,
and
that
shal
make
the
ioynt
to
returne
in
his
place
.
Then
make
two
tough
pins
of
ashen
wood
as
much
as
your
little
finger
,
sharp
at
the
points
,
each
one
fiue
inches
long
:
that
done
,
slit
the
skin
an
inch
aboue
the
point
,
and
an
inch
beneath
the
point
of
the
shoulder
,
and
thrust
in
one
of
the
pins
from
aboue
downward
,
so
as
both
ends
may
equally
stick
without
the
skin
.
And
if
the
pin
of
wood
wil-not
easily
passe
through
,
you
may
make
it
way
first
with
an
iron
pin
.
That
done
,
make
other
two
holes
crosse
to
the
first
holes
,
so
as
the
other
pin
may
crosse
the
first
pin
right
in
the
midst
with
a
right
crosse
,
and
the
first
pin
would
be
somewhat
flat
in
the
midest
,
to
the
intent
that
the
other
being
round
,
may
passe
the
better
without
stop
and
close
the
iuster
together
.
Then
take
a
peece
of
a
little
line
somwhat
bigger
then
a
whipcord
,
and
at
one
end
make
a
loope
,
which
being
put
ouer
one
of
the
pins
ends
,
wind
the
rest
of
the
line
good
&
straite
about
the
pins
ends
,
so
as
it
may
lye
betwixt
the
pins
ends
and
the
skin
,
and
fasten
the
last
end
with
a
pack
needle
and
a
pack
thread
,
vnto
the
rest
of
the
cord
,
so
as
it
may
not
slip
:
and
to
do
well
,
both
the
prickes
and
the
cord
would
be
first
annointed
with
a
little
hogs
greace
.
Then
bring
him
into
the
stable
,
and
let
him
rest
the
space
of
9.
daies
,
but
let
him
lye
down
as
little
as
may
be
,
and
put
on
a
pasterne
on
the
sore
leg
,
so
as
it
may
be
bound
with
a
cord
vnto
the
foot
of
the
manger
,
to
keepe
that
legge
alwaies
whilest
he
standeth
in
the
stable
more
forward
then
the
other
.
And
at
the
nine
daies
end
take
out
the
prickes
,
and
annoint
the
sore
places
with
a
litle
Dialthea
,
or
with
hogs
grease
,
and
then
turn
him
out
to
grasse
.
Of
the
swelling
of
the
forelegs
after
great
labor
.
GReat
labor
and
heat
causeth
humors
to
resort
down
into
the
legs
making
them
swel
,
The
cure
whereof
,
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Bath
them
with
buttered
beere
or
els
with
this
bath
here
following
:
take
of
Mallowes
3.
handfuls
,
a
rose
cake
,
Sage
one
handful
:
boile
them
together
in
a
sufficient
quantity
of
water
,
and
when
the
Mallowes
bee
soft
,
put
in
halfe
a
pound
of
butter
,
and
halfe
a
pinte
of
Sallet-oile
,
and
then
being
somewhat
warme
,
wash
the
swelling
therwith
euery
day
once
,
the
space
of
three
or
4.
daies
.
And
if
the
swelling
wil
not
go
away
with
this
,
then
take
Wine
lees
,
and
Cumin
,
and
boile
them
together
,
and
put
thereunto
a
little
wheate-flower
,
and
charge
al
the
swelling
therewith
,
and
walke
him
often
:
and
if
it
will
not
serue
,
then
take
vp
the
great
veine
aboue
the
knee
on
the
inside
,
suffering
him
not
to
bleed
from
aboue
,
but
al
from
beneath
.
Of
the
Foundering
in
the
forelegs
.
THe
cause
of
this
griefe
is
declared
before
in
the
Chapter
of
foundering
in
the
body
,
whereas
I
shewed
you
,
that
if
a
horse
be
foundred
in
the
body
,
the
humors
wil
immediatly
resort
downe
into
his
legs
,
as
Martin
saith
within
the
space
of
24.
houres
,
and
then
the
horse
wil
go
crovching
al
vpon
the
hinder
legs
,
his
forelegs
being
so
stiffe
,
as
he
is
not
able
to
bow
them
.
The
cure
whereof
,
according
to
Martin
,
is
in
this
sort
.
Garter
each
leg
immediatly
one
handful
aboue
the
knee
,
with
a
list
good
and
hard
,
and
then
walke
him
or
chafe
him
,
and
so
put
him
in
a
heat
,
and
being
somewhat
warmed
,
let
him
blood
in
both
the
breast
vaines
,
reseruing
the
blood
to
make
a
charge
withal
in
this
manner
.
Take
of
that
bloode
two
quartes
,
and
of
Wheate-flower
halfe
a
pecke
,
and
sixe
Egges
,
shelles
and
all
,
of
bole
Armony
halfe
a
pounde
,
of
Sanguis
Draconis
halfe
a
quarterne
,
and
a
quarte
of
stronge
Vineger
:
mingle
them
altogether
,
and
charge
all
his
shoulders
,
Breast
,
Backe
,
Loynes
,
and
Forelegges
therewith
,
and
then
walke
him
vpon
some
hard
ground
,
suffering
him
not
to
stand
still
,
and
when
the
charge
is
dry
,
refresh
it
againe
.
And
hauing
walked
him
three
or
4.
houres
together
,
lead
him
into
the
stable
,
and
giue
him
a
little
warm
water
with
ground
mault
in
it
,
and
then
a
litle
hay
and
prouender
,
and
then
walke
him
againe
,
either
in
the
house
,
or
else
abroad
,
and
continue
thus
the
space
of
foure
daies
:
and
when
all
the
charge
is
spent
,
couer
him
well
with
a
housing
cloth
,
and
let
him
both
stand
&
lye
warme
,
and
eat
but
little
meat
during
the
foure
daies
.
But
if
you
see
that
at
the
foure
daies
end
he
mendeth
not
a
whit
,
then
it
is
a
sign
that
the
humor
lies
in
the
foot
,
for
the
which
you
must
search
with
your
butter
,
paring
all
the
soles
of
the
fore-feete
so
thin
as
you
shall
see
the
water
yssue
through
the
sole
.
That
done
,
with
your
butter
,
let
him
blood
at
both
the
toes
,
and
let
him
bleede
well
.
The
stop
the
veine
with
a
little
hogs-grease
,
and
then
tacke
on
the
shooes
,
and
Turpentine
molten
together
,
and
laid
vpon
a
little
Flax
,
and
cram
the
place
where
you
did
let
him
blood
hard
with
tow
,
to
the
intent
it
may
be
surely
stopt
.
Then
fil
both
his
feet
with
hogs
grease
,
and
bran
fried
together
in
a
stopping
Pan
,
so
hot
as
is
possible
.
And
vpon
the
stopping
clap
a
piece
of
leather
,
or
else
two
splents
to
keepe
the
stopping
.
And
immediatly
after
this
,
take
two
Egges
,
beat
them
in
a
dish
,
and
put
therto
bole
Armony
,
and
bean-flower
somuch
as
wil
thicken
the
same
,
and
mingle
them
wel
together
,
&
make
therof
two
plaisters
,
such
as
may
close
each
foot
round
about
,
somwhat
aboue
the
cronet
,
and
bind
it
fast
with
a
list
or
roler
,
that
it
may
not
fall
away
,
nor
be
remoued
for
the
space
of
three
daies
,
but
let
the
sole
be
clensed
,
and
new
stopped
euery
day
once
,
and
the
cronets
to
be
remoued
euery
two
daies
,
continuing
so
to
do
vntill
it
be
whole
.
During
which
time
,
let
him
rest
vnwalked
,
for
feare
of
loosening
his
hooues
.
But
if
you
see
that
he
begin
to
amend
,
you
may
walke
him
faire
and
softly
once
a
day
vpon
some
soft
ground
,
to
exercise
his
legs
and
feet
,
and
let
him
not
eat
much
,
nor
drink
cold
water
.
But
if
this
fundering
breake
out
aboue
the
hooue
,
which
you
shal
perceiue
by
the
loosenesse
of
the
coffin
,
aboue
by
the
cronet
,
then
when
you
pare
the
sole
,
you
must
take
al
the
fore-part
of
the
sole
cleane
away
,
leauing
the
heeles
whole
,
to
the
intent
the
humors
may
haue
the
freer
passage
downeward
,
and
then
stop
him
,
and
dresse
him
about
the
cronet
as
is
before
said
.
Of
Foundring
.
OF
all
other
sorances
,
Foundering
is
soonest
got
,
and
hardlyest
cured
:
yet
if
it
may
be
perceiued
in
twenty
and
foure
houres
,
Markham
.
and
taken
in
hand
by
this
meanes
heereafter
prescribed
,
it
shal
be
cured
in
other
twenty
and
foure
houres
:
notwithstanding
,
the
same
receit
,
hath
cured
a
horse
that
hath
bin
foundred
a
year
&
more
,
but
then
it
was
longer
in
bringing
it
to
passe
.
Foundering
commeth
when
a
horse
is
heated
,
being
in
his
grease
and
very
fat
,
and
taketh
thereon
a
suddaine
cold
which
striketh
downe
into
his
legs
,
and
taking
away
the
vse
and
feeling
thereof
.
The
signe
to
know
it
is
,
the
horse
cannot
go
,
but
wil
stand
cripling
with
al
his
foure
legs
together
:
if
you
offer
to
turne
him
,
he
wil
couch
his
buttocks
to
the
ground
,
and
some
Horses
haue
I
seene
sit
on
their
buttocks
to
feede
.
The
cure
is
thus
:
Let
him
blood
of
his
two
breast
vaines
,
of
his
two
shackle
vains
,
and
of
his
two
vaines
aboue
the
cronets
of
his
hinder
hooues
:
if
the
vaines
wil
bleed
,
take
from
them
3.
pints
at
least
,
if
they
wil
not
bleed
,
then
open
his
neck
vain
and
take
so
much
from
thence
.
Saue
the
blood
,
and
let
one
stand
by
and
stir
it
as
he
bleeds
lest
it
grow
into
lumps
,
when
he
hath
don
bleeding
,
take
as
much
wheat-flower
as
wil
thicken
the
blood
,
the
whits
of
20.
Egges
,
and
three
or
foure
yolkes
,
then
take
a
good
quantity
of
Bolea●
minacke
,
and
a
pinte
of
strong
vineger
,
incorporate
al
these
wel
together
,
and
withal
charge
his
backe
,
necke
,
head
,
and
eares
:
then
take
two
long
rags
of
cloath
and
dip
in
the
same
charge
,
and
withal
garter
him
so
straite
as
may
be
aboue
both
his
knees
of
his
forelegs
,
then
let
his
keeper
take
him
out
to
some
stony
causie
,
or
high-way
paued
with
stone
,
and
there
one
following
him
with
a
cudgel
,
let
him
trot
vp
and
down
for
the
space
of
an
hour
or
two
or
more
that
don
,
set
him
vp
and
giue
him
some
meat
and
for
his
drinke
let
him
haue
a
warm
mash
:
some
three
or
foure
houres
after
this
,
take
off
his
garters
,
and
set
him
in
some
pond
of
water
vp
to
the
mid-side
,
and
so
let
him
stand
for
two
houres
,
then
take
him
out
and
set
him
vp
,
the
next
day
pul
off
his
shooes
,
and
pare
his
feet
very
thin
,
and
let
him
blood
both
of
his
heeles
and
toes
,
then
set
on
his
shooes
again
and
stop
them
with
hogs
grease
and
bran
boiling
hot
,
and
splint
them
vp
,
and
so
turne
him
out
to
run
,
and
he
shall
be
sound
.
Of
the
splent
as
well
in
the
inside
or
outside
of
the
knee
,
as
other
where
in
the
Legges
.
THis
sorance
to
any
mans
feeling
is
a
very
gristle
sometime
as
big
as
a
Walnut
,
and
sometime
no
more
then
a
Hasel
nut
,
which
is
called
of
the
Italians
,
Spinella
,
Blundevile
and
it
commeth
,
as
Laurentius
Russius
saith
,
by
trauelling
the
horse
too
younge
,
or
by
oppressing
him
with
heauy
burthens
offending
his
tender
sinnewes
,
and
so
causeth
him
to
halt
.
It
is
easie
to
know
because
it
is
apparant
to
the
eye
,
and
if
you
pinch
it
with
your
thumbe
and
finger
,
the
horse
will
shrinke
vp
his
leg
.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Martin
,
is
in
this
sort
.
Wash
it
wel
with
warm
water
,
and
shaue
off
the
haire
,
and
lightly
scarifie
al
the
sore
places
with
the
point
of
a
rasor
,
so
as
the
bloode
may
yssue
forth
.
Then
take
of
Cantharides
halfe
a
spoonefull
,
and
of
Euforbium
as
much
,
beaten
into
fine
powder
,
and
mingle
them
together
with
a
spoonefull
of
oile
de
bay
,
and
then
melt
them
in
a
little
pan
,
stirring
them
well
together
,
so
as
they
may
not
boile
ouer
,
and
being
so
boiling
hot
,
take
two
or
3.
feathers
,
and
annoint
all
the
sore
place
therewith
.
That
done
,
let
not
the
Horse
stir
from
the
place
where
you
so
dresse
him
for
one
houre
after
,
to
the
intent
he
shake
not
off
the
ointment
.
Then
carry
him
fair
and
softly
into
the
stable
,
and
tye
him
as
he
may
not
reach
with
his
head
beneath
the
manger
,
for
otherwise
hee
wil
couet
to
bite
away
the
smarting
and
pricking
medicine
,
which
if
it
should
touch
his
lips
,
would
quickly
fetch
of
the
skin
.
And
also
let
him
stand
without
litter
all
that
day
and
night
.
The
next
day
annoint
the
sore
place
with
fresh
butter
,
continuing
so
to
do
euery
day
once
for
the
space
of
9.
daies
,
for
this
shal
allay
the
heate
of
the
medicine
,
and
cause
both
that
,
and
the
crust
to
fall
away
of
it selfe
,
and
therewith
either
cleane
take
away
the
splent
,
or
at
the
least
remoue
it
out
of
the
knee
into
the
leg
,
and
so
much
diminish
it
,
as
the
Horse
shal
goe
right
vp
,
and
halte
no
more
through
occasion
thereof
.
Laurentius
Russius
would
haue
the
splent
to
be
cured
by
fiering
it
longst
wise
and
ouerthwart
.
I
haue
seen
the
splent
to
be
cleane
taken
away
thus
,
first
hauing
clipt
away
the
haire
growing
vpon
the
hard
place
,
you
must
beat
it
with
a
good
big
stick
of
hasill
almost
a
foot
long
,
in
which
sticke
somwhat
distant
from
the
one
end
thereof
would
be
set
fast
a
sharp
pricke
of
a
little
piece
of
steele
,
to
pricke
the
sore
place
therewith
,
once
or
twice
to
make
the
bloode
yssue
out
,
neuer
leauing
to
beat
it
first
softly
,
and
then
harder
and
harder
vntil
it
waxeth
soft
in
euery
place
to
the
feeling
,
and
to
thrust
out
the
bloud
,
partly
with
the
sticke
,
leaning
on
it
with
both
your
hands
,
and
partly
with
your
thumbs
:
that
done
,
wind
about
the
sore
place
with
a
piece
of
double
red
wollen
cloth
,
holding
it
so
as
it
may
lye
close
thereunto
,
then
feare
it
vpon
the
cloth
with
the
flat
side
of
your
fearing
iron
,
made
hot
,
and
not
red-hot
,
but
so
as
it
may
not
burne
through
the
cloth
,
that
done
,
take
away
the
cloth
,
and
lay
vpon
the
sore
a
peece
of
shoomakers
wax
,
made
like
a
little
cake
,
so
broad
as
is
the
sore
place
,
and
then
sear
that
into
his
Legs
with
your
searing
iron
,
vntill
the
wax
be
throughly
molten
,
dryed
,
and
sunken
into
the
sore
:
that
don
,
seare
another
piece
of
waxe
in
like
manner
into
the
sore
,
vntill
it
be
dryed
vp
,
and
then
you
may
trauell
your
horse
immediatly
vpon
it
if
you
will
,
for
he
will
not
halt
no
more
.
Of
the
splent
.
A
Splent
is
a
sorance
of
the
least
moment
,
vnlesse
it
bee
on
the
knee
,
or
else
a
through
Splent
,
both
which
cannot
bee
cured
:
A
Splent
is
a
spungy
harde
grissell
or
bone
,
Markham
.
growing
fast
on
the
inside
of
the
shin-bone
of
a
Horsse
,
where
a
little
making
stark
the
sinnewes
compels
a
Horsse
somewhat
to
stumble
:
the
cures
are
diuers
and
thus
they
be
.
If
the
splent
be
young
,
tender
,
and
but
new
in
breeding
,
then
cast
the
horse
,
and
take
a
spoonefull
of
that
Oyle
called
Petrolium
,
and
with
that
Oyle
rubbe
the
Splent
till
you
make
it
soft
,
then
take
a
fleame
,
such
as
you
let
a
horse
bloud
withall
,
and
strike
the
splent
in
two
or
three
places
,
then
with
your
two
thombes
thrust
it
hard
,
and
you
shal
see
crusht
matter
&
blood
come
out
,
which
is
the
very
Splent
,
then
set
him
vp
and
let
him
rest
,
or
run
at
grasse
for
a
weeke
or
more
:
others
for
a
young
Spleent
do
thus
:
take
a
hasell
sticke
and
cut
it
square
,
and
therewithall
beate
the
splint
till
it
be
soft
,
then
take
a
blew
cloath
and
lay
vppon
the
splent
,
and
take
a
Taylors
pressing
yron
made
hot
and
rub
it
vp
and
downe
vpon
the
cloath
ouer
the
splent
and
it
shall
take
it
cleane
away
.
But
if
the
splent
be
old
&
great
and
growne
to
the
perfection
of
hardnesse
,
then
you
must
cast
the
Horse
and
with
a
sharp
knife
slit
down
the
splent
,
then
take
Cantharides
and
Euforbium
,
of
each
like
quantity
,
and
boyle
them
in
Oyle
debay
,
and
with
that
fill
vp
the
slit
,
and
renewe
it
for
three
daies
together
,
then
take
it
away
,
&
anoint
the
place
with
Oyle
debay
,
Oyle
of
Roses
or
Tar
,
vntill
it
be
whole
.
Of
a
Malander
.
Blundevile
A
Malander
is
a
kinde
of
scab
growing
in
the
forme
of
lines
,
or
strokes
,
ouerthwart
the
bent
of
the
knee
,
and
hath
long
haires
with
stubborne
rootes
,
like
the
bristles
of
a
Bore
which
corrupteth
and
cankereth
the
flesh
,
like
the
rootes
of
a
child
as
scabbed
head
:
and
if
it
bee
great
it
will
make
the
Horse
to
go
stiffe
at
the
setting
forth
,
and
also
to
halt
.
This
disease
proceedeth
sometime
of
corrupt
bloode
,
but
most
commonly
for
lacke
of
cleane
keeping
,
and
good
rubbing
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
,
is
thus
.
First
wash
it
well
with
warm
water
,
then
shaue
both
haire
and
scab
clean
away
,
leauing
nothing
but
the
bare
flesh
,
whereunto
lay
this
plaister
.
Take
a
spoonefull
of
Sope
,
and
as
much
of
lime
:
mingle
them
together
,
that
it
may
be
like
paast
,
and
spread
as
much
on
a
clout
as
will
couer
the
sore
,
and
binde
it
fast
on
with
a
list
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
the
space
of
two
or
three
daies
,
and
at
the
three
dayes
end
,
take
away
the
plaister
and
annoint
the
sore
with
oyle
of
Roses
made
lukewarme
,
and
that
shall
fetch
away
the
crust
▪
scurfe
,
bred
by
meanes
of
the
plaister
,
which
being
taken
away
,
wash
the
sore
place
well
euery
day
once
with
his
owne
stale
,
or
else
with
mans
vrine
,
and
then
immediately
straw
vpon
it
the
powder
of
burnt
oystershels
,
continuing
thus
to
do
euery
day
once
,
vntill
it
be
whole
.
Another
of
the
Mallander
.
A
Mallander
is
a
peeuish
sorance
and
commeth
of
ill
keeping
,
it
is
on
the
fore-legs
,
iust
on
the
inside
,
Markham
.
at
the
bending
of
the
kne
,
it
will
make
a
horse
go
stark
,
&
stumble
much
the
cure
is
in
this
sorte
.
Cast
the
Horse
,
and
with
some
instrument
pluck
off
the
dry
scab
that
wil
sticke
thereon
,
and
rub
it
till
it
bleede
,
then
take
and
bind
it
thereto
for
three
daies
,
in
which
space
you
shall
see
a
white
asker
on
the
sore
,
then
take
that
off
,
and
annoint
it
with
oyle
of
Roses
or
fresh
butter
,
vntill
it
be
throughly
cured
.
Of
an
vpper
attaint
or
ouerreach
vpon
the
backe
sinnew
of
the
shanke
,
somewhat
aboue
the
ioynt
.
THe
Italians
call
this
sorance
Atrincto
,
which
is
a
painefull
swelling
of
the
maister
sinnew
,
by
meanes
that
the
Horse
doth
sometime
ouerreach
,
and
strike
that
sinnew
with
the
toe
of
his
hinder
foote
,
which
causeth
him
to
halt
.
The
signes
be
apparant
by
the
swelling
of
the
place
,
and
by
the
horses
halting
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Martin
,
is
thus
:
wash
the
place
with
warme
water
,
and
shaue
all
the
haire
so
farre
as
the
swelling
goeth
,
and
scarifie
euery
part
of
the
sore
place
lightly
with
the
point
of
a
rasor
,
that
the
bloode
may
yssue
forth
.
Then
take
of
Cantharides
and
of
Euforbium
,
of
each
halfe
an
ounce
,
mingle
them
together
with
halfe
a
quarterne
of
Sope
,
and
with
a
slice
spread
some
of
this
oyntmentouer
al
the
sore
,
suffering
him
to
rest
there
as
you
dresse
him
for
one
halfe
houre
after
,
and
then
you
may
carry
him
into
the
stable
,
and
there
let
him
stand
without
litter
,
and
tyed
as
hath
beene
said
before
in
the
Chapter
of
the
spleene
,
and
the
next
day
dresse
him
with
the
same
ointment
once
againe
,
euen
as
you
did
before
.
And
the
thirde
daye
annoint
the
place
with
fresh
Butter
,
continuing
so
to
do
the
space
of
nine
daies
,
and
at
the
nine
daies
end
make
him
this
bath
.
Take
of
Mallowes
three
handfuls
,
a
Rose-cake
,
of
Sage
an
handfull
.
Boile
them
togither
in
a
sufficient
quantity
of
water
.
And
when
the
Mallowes
be
soft
,
put
in
halfe
a
pounde
of
Butter
,
and
halfe
a
pinte
of
Sallet
oyle
,
and
then
being
somewhat
warme
,
wash
the
sore
place
therewith
euery
day
once
,
the
space
of
three
or
foure
dayes
.
Of
a
nether
taint
.
THis
is
a
little
bladder
ful
of
ielly
,
much
like
vnto
a
wind-gal
,
not
apparant
to
the
eie
,
Blundevile
but
to
the
feeling
,
growing
in
the
midst
of
the
pasterne
,
somewhat
aboue
the
frush
.
It
commeth
by
a
straine
,
or
else
by
some
wrench
,
or
by
any
ouer-reach
,
and
maketh
the
horse
to
halt
.
The
signes
be
these
.
The
neathet-ioynt
toward
the
Fewterlocke
will
be
hot
in
feeling
,
and
somewhat
swollen
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Martin
is
in
this
sort
.
Tie
him
aboue
the
ioynt
with
a
list
somewhat
harde
,
and
that
will
cause
the
bladder
to
appeare
to
the
eye
.
Then
lance
it
with
a
sharpe
pointed
knife
,
and
thrust
out
al
the
ielly
.
That
doone
,
lay
vnto
it
the
white
of
an
Egge
,
and
a
little
salt
beaten
together
,
and
laid
vppon
Flaxe
or
Towe
,
and
binde
it
fast
vnto
the
sore
,
renewing
it
once
a
day
the
space
of
foure
or
fiue
daies
,
during
which
time
let
him
rest
,
and
then
you
may
boldly
labour
him
.
Of
an
Ataint
.
AN
Attaint
is
a
griefe
that
commeth
by
an
ouer-reach
,
Markham
.
as
clapping
one
legge
vppon
another
,
or
by
some
other
horses
treading
vpon
his
heels
,
the
cure
is
:
take
a
sharp
knife
and
cut
out
the
ouer-reach
,
that
is
,
if
it
be
neuer
so
deepe
like
a
hole
,
cut
it
plain
and
smooth
,
howe
broade
soeuer
you
make
it
,
then
wash
it
with
Beere
and
Salt
,
and
lay
to
it
Hogges
grease
,
Wax
,
Turpentine
,
and
Rozen
,
of
each
like
quantity
boiled
and
mingled
togither
,
and
this
wil
in
few
daies
heale
him
,
be
it
neuer
so
sore
.
Of
an
ouer-reach
vpon
the
heele
.
THis
is
a
cut
,
so
as
the
skinne
hang●s
downe
at
the
heele
,
made
with
the
toe
of
the
hinder
foot
,
and
is
apparant
to
the
eie
,
and
it
wil
cause
the
horse
somewhat
to
halt
.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Cut
away
the
skinne
that
hangeth
downe
,
and
binde
a
little
Flaxe
dipt
in
the
white
of
an
Egge
,
mingled
with
a
little
bole
Armony
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
the
space
of
three
or
foure
daies
,
and
that
will
heale
it
.
Of
false
quarters
.
THis
is
a
rifte
sometime
in
the
outside
,
but
most
commonly
in
the
inside
of
the
hooue
,
because
the
inside
is
euer
the
weaker
part
,
which
sides
are
commonly
cald
quarters
,
and
therof
this
sorance
taketh
his
name
,
and
is
called
a
false
quarter
,
that
is
to
say
,
a
crased
or
vnsound
quarter
,
which
name
indeed
is
borrowed
of
the
Italians
,
calling
it
in
their
toong
Falso
quarto
.
It
commeth
by
euil
shooing
,
and
partly
by
euil
paring
.
The
signes
be
these
.
The
horse
wil
for
the
most
part
halt
,
and
the
rift
wil
bleed
,
and
is
apparant
to
the
eye
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
If
the
horse
halt
,
then
pul
off
the
shooe
,
and
cut
so
much
away
on
that
side
of
the
shooe
where
the
griefe
is
,
as
the
shooe
being
immediately
put
on
againe
,
the
rift
may
be
vncouered
.
Then
open
the
rift
with
a
Rosenet
or
drawer
,
and
fil
the
rift
with
a
role
of
Towe
dipt
in
Turpentine
,
Waxe
,
and
Sheepes
sewet
molten
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
,
vntil
it
be
whole
:
And
the
rift
being
closed
in
the
top
,
draw
him
betwixt
the
haire
and
the
hooue
with
a
hot
yron
ouerthwart
that
place
,
to
the
intent
that
the
hooue
may
shoote
al
whole
downeward
,
and
when
the
horse
goeth
vpright
,
ride
him
with
no
other
shooe
,
vntil
his
hooue
be
throughly
hardened
againe
.
Of
halting
behind
,
and
where
the
griefe
is
.
Blundevile
IF
a
horse
halt
behind
,
the
griefe
must
either
be
in
the
hip
,
in
the
stiffle
,
in
the
hough
,
in
the
hamme
,
in
the
legge
,
in
the
neather
ioynt
,
pasterne
or
foot
.
If
he
halt
in
the
hippe
of
a
new
hurt
,
the
horse
wil
go
sideling
,
and
not
followe
so
well
with
that
legge
as
with
the
other
.
But
if
it
be
old
hurt
,
the
sore
hippe
wil
shrink
and
be
lower
then
the
other
.
And
is
best
seene
,
when
hee
goeth
vp
a
hil
,
or
vpon
the
edge
of
some
banke
,
so
as
the
woorste
legge
may
go
on
the
higher
side
,
for
then
he
wil
halt
so
much
more
,
because
it
is
paineful
vnto
him
to
go
so
vneuenly
wrinching
his
legge
.
If
the
griefe
bee
in
the
stiffle
,
then
the
horse
in
his
going
wil
cast
the
stiffle
ioynt
outward
,
and
the
bone
on
the
inside
wil
be
farre
bigger
than
the
other
.
If
the
griefe
bee
in
the
hough
,
then
it
is
by
meanes
of
some
Spauen
,
or
some
other
hurt
apparant
to
the
eie
.
And
the
like
may
be
said
of
the
ham
,
wherein
may
be
seene
the
Selander
,
or
such
like
apparant
sorance
,
causing
the
horse
to
halt
:
If
the
griefe
be
eyther
in
the
leg
,
pasterne
or
foot
,
then
you
shal
finde
it
by
such
signes
as
haue
bin
taught
you
before
.
And
therefore
let
vs
now
speake
of
those
sorances
,
that
are
properly
incident
to
the
hinder
legs
.
Of
the
String-halt
.
THe
String-hault
is
a
disease
that
maketh
a
horse
twitch
vp
his
legge
sodenly
,
and
so
hault
much
,
it
commeth
sometimes
naturally
,
and
sometimes
causually
,
by
means
of
some
great
cold
whereby
the
sinnewes
are
strained
:
the
best
cure
thereof
,
is
to
dig
a
pit
in
some
dunghil
,
Markham
.
as
deepe
as
the
horse
is
hie
,
and
set
the
horse
in
,
&
couer
him
with
warme
dung
,
and
so
let
him
stande
the
space
of
two
houres
,
then
take
him
out
and
make
him
cleane
,
and
then
bath
him
al
ouer
with
Traine-oile
made
warme
,
and
it
wil
help
him
.
Of
a
horse
that
is
hipped
,
or
hurt
in
the
hippes
.
THe
horse
is
said
to
be
hipt
,
when
the
hip-bone
is
remooued
out
of
his
right
place
,
which
griefe
is
called
of
the
Italians
Mal
del
ancha
.
It
cummeth
most
commonly
by
some
great
stripe
or
straine
,
slipping
,
sliding
,
or
falling
.
The
signes
be
these
.
The
horse
wil
halt
,
and
in
his
going
he
wil
go
sideling
,
and
the
sore
hip
wil
fal
lower
than
the
other
,
and
the
flesh
in
processe
of
time
will
consume
cleane
away
.
And
if
it
be
suffred
to
run
so
long
,
it
wil
neuer
be
restored
vnto
his
prestine
estate
.
The
best
way
as
Martin
sayth
to
make
him
go
vpright
,
is
to
charge
his
hip
and
backe
with
Pitch
and
Rozen
molten
togither
,
and
laid
on
warme
,
and
then
some
flox
of
his
owne
colour
to
be
clapped
vppon
the
same
,
and
so
let
him
run
to
grasse
,
vntil
he
go
vpright
.
But
the
sore
hip
wil
neuer
rise
againe
so
high
as
the
other
.
If
the
horse
be
not
hipped
,
but
onely
hurt
in
the
hip
,
and
that
newly
,
then
first
take
of
oile
de
Bay
,
of
Dialthea
,
of
Nerual
,
of
Swines-greace
,
melt
them
altogither
,
stirring
them
continually
vntil
they
be
throughly
mingled
togither
,
and
annoint
the
sore
place
against
the
haire
with
this
ointment
euery
day
once
,
the
space
of
a
fortnight
,
and
make
the
ointment
to
sinke
wel
into
the
flesh
,
by
holding
a
hot
broad
barre
ouer
the
place
annointed
,
weauing
your
hand
too
and
fro
,
vntil
the
ointment
be
entred
into
the
skin
.
And
if
at
the
fortnights
end
,
you
see
that
the
horse
amendeth
no
whitte
for
this
,
then
slit
a
hole
downward
in
his
skin
,
and
an
inch
beneath
the
hip-bone
,
making
the
hole
so
wide
,
as
you
may
easily
thruste
in
a
rowel
with
your
finger
,
and
then
with
a
little
broade
slice
or
yron
,
losen
the
skin
from
the
flesh
aboue
the
bone
,
and
round
about
the
same
,
so
broad
as
the
rowel
may
lye
flat
and
plaine
betwixt
the
skin
and
the
flesh
,
which
rowel
would
be
made
of
soft
Calues-leather
,
with
a
hole
in
the
midst
like
a
ring
,
hauing
a
thred
tied
vnto
it
,
to
pul
it
out
when
you
would
clense
the
hole
,
and
if
the
rowel
be
rowled
about
with
flax
fasttied
on
,
&
anointed
with
th
ointment
vnder
written
,
it
wil
draw
so
much
the
more
:
and
thrust
in
the
rowel
first
double
,
and
then
spred
it
abroad
with
your
finger
.
That
done
,
tainr
it
with
a
good
long
taint
of
flax
or
tow
dipt
in
a
little
Turpentine
and
hogs-greace
molten
togither
and
made
warme
,
and
cleanse
the
hole
and
the
rowel
euery
day
once
,
and
also
renew
the
taint
euery
day
for
the
space
of
a
fornight
.
And
before
you
dresse
him
,
cause
him
euery
day
to
be
ledde
vp
and
downe
a
foot
pace
a
quarter
of
an
houre
,
to
make
the
humors
come
downe
,
and
at
the
fortnights
end
pul
out
the
rowel
,
and
heale
vp
the
wound
with
the
same
salue
,
making
the
taint
euery
day
lesser
,
and
lesser
vntil
it
be
whole
.
And
so
soone
as
it
is
whole
,
draw
with
a
hot
yron
crosse
lines
,
of
eight
or
nine
inches
long
,
right
ouer
the
hip-bone
,
so
as
the
rowelled
place
may
bee
in
the
very
midst
thereof
,
and
burne
him
no
deeper
,
but
so
as
the
skin
may
looke
yellow
and
then
charge
al
that
place
,
and
ouer
al
his
buttocks
with
this
charge
.
Take
of
pitch
one
pound
,
of
Rozen
halfe
a
pounde
,
of
Tarre
halfe
a
pinte
:
Boile
them
together
,
and
then
being
good
and
warme
,
spred
it
on
with
a
clout
tied
in
a
riuen
sticke
:
and
then
clap
on
a
few
flockes
of
the
horses
colour
.
And
if
it
be
in
Summer
,
let
the
horse
runne
to
grasse
a
while
,
for
the
more
he
trauelleth
at
his
owne
wil
,
the
better
it
is
for
him
.
Of
stiffling
,
and
hurts
in
the
stiffle
.
THe
horse
is
said
to
be
stiffled
,
when
the
stiffling
bone
is
remoued
from
the
place
:
but
if
it
be
not
remoued
nor
loosened
,
and
yet
the
horse
halteth
by
meanes
of
some
griefe
there
,
then
we
say
that
the
horse
is
hurt
in
the
stiffle
,
and
not
stiffled
.
The
stiffle
commeth
by
means
of
some
blow
,
or
some
great
straine
,
slipping
or
sliding
.
The
signes
be
these
.
If
he
be
stiffled
,
the
one
bone
wil
sticke
out
farther
than
the
other
,
and
is
apparant
to
the
eie
.
Martin
woulde
haue
you
to
cure
the
stiffle
in
al
points
like
vnto
the
shoulder-pight
,
sauing
that
the
pins
need
not
bee
so
long
,
because
the
stifling
place
is
not
so
broad
as
the
shoulder
,
and
standing
in
the
stable
,
let
him
haue
a
pasterne
with
a
Ring
on
his
forelegge
,
and
thereunto
fasten
a
cord
,
which
cord
must
go
about
his
necke
,
and
let
it
be
so
much
strained
,
as
it
may
bring
his
forelegge
more
forward
than
the
other
to
keepe
the
bone
from
starting
out
.
But
if
the
horse
bee
but
hurt
in
the
stiffle
with
some
stripe
or
straine
,
then
the
bone
wil
not
stand
out
,
but
perhaps
the
place
may
be
swollen
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
annoint
the
place
with
the
ointment
mentioned
before
,
euery
day
once
the
space
of
a
fortnight
,
and
if
the
horse
amend
not
with
this
,
then
rowel
him
with
a
hearen
rowel
,
or
else
with
a
quil
,
and
let
the
neather
hole
be
somwhat
before
the
sore
place
,
and
clense
the
hole
euery
daye
,
by
turning
the
rowel
,
continuing
stil
to
annoint
the
place
with
the
ointment
aforesaid
,
and
that
wil
make
him
whole
.
Of
foundering
behind
.
THis
happes
most
commonly
when
a
horse
is
very
fat
,
and
hath
his
greace
moulten
within
him
,
which
is
soone
done
with
euery
little
heate
.
You
shal
perceiue
it
by
his
going
,
for
he
wil
be
afraide
to
set
his
hinder
feet
to
the
grounde
,
and
he
wil
bee
so
weake
behind
,
as
he
wil
stand
quiuering
and
shaking
and
couet
alwaies
to
lie
downe
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
garter
him
aboue
the
houghes
,
and
then
force
him
to
go
awhile
to
put
him
in
a
heat
,
and
being
somewhat
warme
,
let
him
bloode
in
the
thigh
vaines
,
reseruing
of
that
blood
a
pottle
,
to
make
him
a
charge
in
this
sort
.
Put
vnto
that
blood
,
of
Wheat-flower
and
of
Beane-flower
,
of
each
a
quarter
of
a
pecke
,
of
Bole
Armony
one
pound
,
of
Sanguis
Draconis
two
ounces
,
six
Egges
,
shels
and
al
,
of
Turpentine
halfe
a
pound
,
of
Vineger
a
quart
.
Mingle
al
these
thinges
togither
,
and
therewith
charge
both
his
hinder
Legges
,
his
Reynes
,
and
Flankes
,
al
against
the
haire
.
And
if
the
horse
cannot
dung
,
lette
him
be
raked
,
and
giue
him
this
glister
:
take
of
Mallowes
three
handfuls
,
and
boile
them
wel
in
faire
Water
from
a
pottle
to
a
quart
.
Then
straine
it
and
put
thereunto
halfe
a
pounde
of
Butter
,
and
of
Sallet
Oyle
a
quarter
of
a
pinte
,
and
hauing
emptied
his
belly
,
giue
him
also
this
drinke
to
comforte
him
;
take
of
Malmesie
a
quart
,
and
put
thereunto
a
little
Cinamon
,
Mace
,
and
Pepper
,
beaten
into
fine
powder
and
of
Oyle
a
quarter
of
a
pinte
,
and
giue
the
horse
to
drinke
of
that
Luke-warme
with
a
horne
.
That
don
,
let
him
be
walked
vp
and
downe
a
good
while
togither
if
he
be
able
to
go
:
if
not
,
then
tie
him
vp
to
the
racke
,
and
let
him
be
hanged
with
Canuas
and
ropes
,
so
as
he
may
stand
vppon
the
ground
with
his
feet
:
For
the
lesse
he
lieth
the
better
,
and
pare
his
hinder
feet
thin
,
vntill
the
deaw
come
out
,
and
tacking
on
the
shooes
againe
,
stoppe
the
hooues
with
bran
and
hogs
greace
boiled
togither
,
and
let
both
his
feet
hauing
this
geere
in
it
,
be
wrapped
vp
in
a
cloath
euen
to
his
pasternes
,
and
there
tie
the
clout
fast
.
Let
his
diet
be
thinne
and
let
him
drinke
no
colde
water
,
and
giue
him
in
winter
wet
hay
,
and
in
Summer
grasse
.
Of
the
dry
Spauen
.
Blundevile
THe
dry
Spauin
called
of
the
Italians
Spauano
or
Sparauagno
,
is
a
great
hard
knob
as
big
as
a
Walnut
growing
in
the
inside
of
the
hough
,
hard
vnder
the
ioynt
,
nigh
vnto
the
maister
vaine
,
and
causeth
the
horse
to
halt
,
which
sorance
commeth
by
kind
because
the
horses
parents
perhaps
had
the
like
disease
at
the
time
of
his
generation
,
and
sometime
by
extreame
labour
and
heat
dissoluing
humors
which
do
descend
thorough
the
maister
vaine
,
continually
feeding
that
place
with
euil
nutriment
,
and
causeth
that
place
to
swel
.
Which
swelling
in
continuance
of
time
becommeth
so
hard
as
a
bone
,
and
therefore
is
called
of
some
the
bone-Spauen
.
It
needeth
no
signes
or
tokens
to
knowe
it
because
it
is
very
much
apparant
to
the
eie
,
and
therefore
most
Ferrers
doe
take
it
to
be
incurable
.
Notwithstanding
,
Martin
saith
,
that
it
may
bee
made
lesse
with
these
remedies
heere
following
.
Wash
it
with
warme
water
,
and
shaue
off
the
haire
so
farre
as
the
swelling
extendeth
and
scarifie
the
place
,
so
as
it
may
bleed
.
Then
take
of
Cantharides
one
dozen
,
of
Euforbium
halfe
a
spoonefull
,
breake
them
into
powder
,
and
boile
them
togither
with
a
little
oile
de
Bay
,
and
with
two
or
three
feathers
bound
togither
,
put
it
boiling
hot
vpon
the
sore
,
and
let
his
taile
be
tyed
vp
for
wiping
away
the
medicine
;
and
then
within
halfe
an
houre
after
,
set
him
vp
in
the
stable
,
and
tie
him
so
as
he
may
not
lie
downe
al
the
night
for
feare
of
rubbing
off
the
medicine
,
and
the
next
day
annoint
it
with
fresh
butter
,
continuing
thus
to
do
euery
day
once
the
space
of
fiue
or
sixe
daies
,
and
when
the
haire
is
growne
againe
,
draw
the
sore
place
with
a
hot
yron
.
Then
take
another
hot
sharpe
yron
like
a
Bodkin
,
somewhat
bowing
at
the
point
,
and
thruste
it
in
at
the
neather
end
of
the
middle-line
,
and
so
vppeward
betwixt
the
skinne
and
the
flesh
to
the
compasse
of
an
inch
and
a
halfe
.
And
then
taint
it
with
a
little
Turpentine
and
Hogges-greace
moulten
together
and
made
warme
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
the
space
of
nine
daies
.
But
remember
first
immediately
after
his
burning
to
take
vppe
the
maister
vaine
,
suffering
him
to
bleed
a
little
from
aboue
,
and
tie
vp
the
vper
end
of
the
vaine
,
and
leaue
the
neather
end
open
,
to
the
intent
that
hee
may
bleede
from
beneath
vntil
it
cease
it selfe
,
and
that
shal
diminish
the
Spauen
,
or
else
nothing
wil
do
it
.
Of
the
Spauen
,
both
bone
and
blood
.
DOubtlesse
a
Spauen
is
an
euil
sorance
,
and
causeth
a
horse
to
hault
principally
in
the
beginning
of
his
griefe
,
Markham
.
it
appeareth
on
the
hinder
Legges
within
,
and
against
the
ioynt
,
and
it
will
bee
a
little
swolne
,
and
some
horses
haue
a
thorough
Spauen
,
which
appeareth
both
within
and
without
.
Of
the
Spauen
there
are
two
kindes
,
the
one
hard
the
other
soft
:
That
is
:
a
bone-Spauen
,
and
a
blood-Spauen
,
for
the
bone-Spauen
I
holde
it
harde
to
cure
,
and
therefore
the
lesse
necessary
to
be
dealt
withal
,
except
very
great
occasion
vrge
,
and
thus
it
may
be
holpen
.
Cast
the
horse
and
with
a
hot
yron
slitte
the
flesh
that
couereth
the
Spauen
,
and
then
lay
vpon
the
Spauen
,
Cantharides
and
Euforbium
boyled
together
in
oile
de
Bay
,
and
annoint
his
legges
round
about
,
either
with
the
oile
of
Roses
,
and
with
Vngue●tum
album
camphiratum
.
Dresse
him
thus
for
three
daies
togither
,
then
afterwarde
take
it
awaye
and
for
three
daies
more
lay
vnto
it
onely
vpon
Flaxe
and
vnsleact
lime
,
then
afterward
dresse
it
with
Tarre
vntil
it
be
whole
.
The
Cantharides
and
Euforbium
,
wil
eat
&
kil
the
spungy
bone
,
the
lime
wil
bring
it
clean
away
,
and
the
Tarre
wil
sucke
out
the
poison
,
and
heale
al
vp
sound
:
but
this
cure
is
dangerous
,
for
if
the
incision
be
done
by
an
vnskilful
man
,
and
he
either
by
ignorance
or
by
the
swaruing
of
his
hand
,
burne
in
twaine
the
great
vaine
that
runnes
crosse
the
Spauen
,
then
the
horse
is
spoiled
.
Now
for
the
blood
Spauen
that
is
easily
helpt
,
for
I
haue
knowne
diuers
which
haue
beene
but
newly
beginning
,
helpt
onely
by
taking
vppe
the
Spauen
vaine
,
and
letting
it
bleed
wel
beneath
,
and
then
stop
the
wound
with
Sage
,
and
Salt
,
but
if
it
be
a
great
blood
Spauen
,
then
with
a
sharpe
knife
,
cut
it
as
you
burnt
the
bone
Spauen
,
and
take
the
Spauen
away
,
then
heale
it
vp
with
Hogges-greace
and
Turpentine
onely
.
Of
the
wet
Spauen
,
or
through
Spauen
.
THis
is
a
soft
swelling
growing
on
both
sides
of
the
hough
and
seemes
to
goe
cleane
through
the
hough
,
and
therefore
may
bee
called
a
through
Spauen
.
But
for
the
most
part
the
swelling
is
on
the
inside
,
because
it
is
continually
fed
of
the
master
vain
,
&
is
greater
than
the
swelling
on
the
outside
.
The
Italians
cal
this
sorance
Laierda
,
or
Gierdone
,
which
seemeth
to
come
of
a
more
fluxible
humor
,
and
not
so
viscous
or
slimy
as
the
other
Spauen
doeth
,
and
therefore
this
waxeth
not
so
harde
,
nor
groweth
to
the
nature
of
a
bone
as
the
other
doeth
,
and
this
is
more
curable
then
the
other
.
It
needes
no
signes
,
because
it
is
apparant
to
the
eie
,
and
easie
to
know
by
the
description
thereof
before
made
:
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Firste
wash
,
shaue
,
and
scarifie
the
place
as
before
.
Then
take
of
Cantharides
halfe
an
ounce
,
of
Euforbium
an
ounce
broken
to
powder
,
&
Oyle
de
Bay
one
ounce
,
mingle
them
wel
together
colde
,
without
boiling
them
,
and
dresse
the
sore
therewith
two
daies
togither
,
and
euery
day
after
,
vntil
the
haire
be
growne
againe
,
annoint
it
with
fresh
Butter
.
Then
fire
him
both
without
and
within
,
as
before
,
without
tainting
him
,
and
immediately
take
vp
the
maister
veine
,
as
before
:
and
then
for
the
space
of
nine
daies
,
annoint
him
euery
daye
once
with
Butter
,
vntil
the
fiered
place
beginne
to
scale
,
and
then
wash
it
with
this
bath
.
Take
of
Mallowes
three
handfuls
,
of
Sage
one
handful
,
and
as
much
of
red
nettles
,
boile
them
in
water
vntil
they
be
soft
,
and
put
thereunto
a
litle
fresh
butter
,
and
bath
the
place
euery
day
once
for
the
space
of
three
or
foure
daies
,
and
vntil
the
burning
be
whole
,
let
the
horse
come
in
no
wet
.
Of
the
Selander
.
THis
is
a
kind
of
scab
breeding
in
the
ham
,
which
is
the
bent
of
the
hough
,
and
is
like
in
al
points
,
to
the
Malander
,
proceeding
of
like
causes
,
and
requireth
like
cure
,
and
therefore
resort
to
the
Malander
.
Of
the
hough
boonie
,
or
hard
knob
.
THis
is
a
round
swelling
boony
,
like
a
Paris
bal
,
growing
vpon
the
tippe
or
elbow
of
the
hough
,
and
therefore
I
thought
good
to
cal
it
the
hough-boonie
.
This
sorance
commeth
of
some
stripe
or
bruse
,
and
as
Martin
saith
,
is
cured
thus
.
Take
a
round
hot
yron
somewhat
sharpe
at
the
ende
like
a
good
bigge
bodkin
,
and
let
it
be
somewhat
bending
at
the
point
.
Then
holding
the
sore
with
your
left
hande
,
pulling
it
somewhat
from
the
sinnewes
,
pierce
it
with
the
yron
,
being
first
made
red
hot
,
thrusting
it
beneath
in
the
bottome
,
and
so
vpward
into
the
belly
,
to
the
intent
that
the
same
ielly
may
yssue
downeward
out
at
the
hole
,
and
hauing
thrust
out
al
the
ielly
,
taint
the
hole
with
a
tainte
of
Flaxe
dipt
in
Turpentine
,
and
Hogges
greace
moulten
together
,
and
also
annointe
the
out-side
with
Hogges
greace
made
warme
,
renewing
it
euery
daye
once
vntill
the
hole
be
ready
to
shut
vp
,
making
the
taint
euery
day
lesser
and
lesser
,
to
the
intent
it
may
heale
vp
.
Of
the
Curbe
.
Blundevile
THis
is
a
long
swelling
beneath
the
Elbow
of
the
hough
,
in
the
great
sinnewe
behind
,
and
causeth
the
horse
to
halt
,
after
that
he
hath
been
a
while
laboured
and
thereby
somewhat
heated
.
For
the
more
the
sinnew
is
strained
,
the
greater
griefe
,
which
againe
by
his
rest
is
eased
.
This
commeth
by
bearing
some
great
weight
when
the
horse
is
younge
,
or
else
by
some
straine
or
wrinch
,
whereby
the
tender
sinnewes
are
greeued
,
or
rather
bowed
(
as
Russsius
saith
(
whereof
it
is
,
called
in
Italian
Curba
a
Curuando
,
that
is
to
say
,
of
bowing
,
for
anguish
whereof
it
doth
swel
,
which
swelling
is
apparant
to
the
eie
,
and
maketh
that
legge
to
shew
bigger
than
the
other
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
:
Take
of
wine-Leeze
a
pinte
,
a
porringer
ful
of
Wheat
flower
,
of
Cumin
halfe
an
ounce
,
and
stirre
them
well
togither
,
and
being
made
warme
charge
the
sore
3.
or
4.
daies
,
and
when
the
swelling
is
almost
gone
,
then
draw
it
with
a
hot
yron
,
and
couer
the
burning
with
Pitch
and
Rozen
moulten
together
,
and
lay
it
on
good
and
warme
,
and
clap
thereon
some
flockes
of
his
owne
colour
,
or
so
nigh
as
may
be
gotten
,
and
remoue
them
not
,
vntil
they
fal
away
of
themselues
.
And
for
the
space
of
nine
daies
let
the
horsse
rest
,
and
come
in
no
wet
.
Another
of
the
Curbe
.
Markham
.
A
Curbe
is
a
sorance
that
maketh
a
horse
to
halt
much
,
and
it
appeares
vpon
his
hinder
legges
,
straight
behind
vpon
the
cambrell
place
,
and
a
little
beneath
the
Spauen
,
and
it
wil
be
swolne
as
big
as
halfe
a
Walnut
,
the
cure
followeth
:
Take
a
small
cord
and
bind
his
legges
hard
aboue
it
,
and
beneath
it
,
then
beat
it
,
and
rub
it
with
a
heauy
sticke
til
it
growe
soft
,
then
with
a
fleame
strike
it
in
three
or
foure
places
,
and
with
your
thumbes
crush
out
the
filthy
brused
matter
,
then
loose
the
corde
,
and
annoint
it
with
Butter
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Of
the
paines
.
Blundevile
THis
is
a
kinde
of
scabbe
,
called
in
Italian
,
Crappe
,
which
is
full
of
fretting
matterish
water
,
and
it
breede●h
in
the
pasternes
for
lacke
of
cleane
keeping
and
good
rubbing
after
the
horse
hath
beene
iournied
,
by
means
wherof
the
sand
&
dirt
remaining
in
the
haire
,
fretteth
the
skin
and
flesh
,
and
so
breedeth
a
scab
.
And
therefore
those
horses
that
haue
long
haire
,
and
are
rough
about
the
feet
,
are
soonest
troubled
with
this
disease
,
if
they
be
not
the
cleanlier
kept
.
The
signes
be
these
.
His
legs
wil
bee
swollen
and
hot
,
and
water
wil
yssue
out
of
the
scab
,
which
water
his
hot
and
fretting
,
as
it
wil
scalde
off
the
haire
and
breed
scabs
,
so
farre
as
it
goeth
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
wash
wel
al
the
pasternes
with
Beere
and
Butter
warmed
togither
,
and
his
legs
being
somewhat
dried
with
a
cloth
:
clip
away
al
the
haire
,
sauing
the
fewter
lockes
.
Then
take
of
Turpentine
,
of
Hogges-greace
,
of
hony
of
each
like
quantity
,
mingle
them
togither
in
a
pot
,
and
put
thereunto
a
little
Bole
Armony
,
the
yelkes
of
two
Egges
,
and
as
much
Wheat-flower
as
wil
thicken
the
things
aforesaid
,
and
make
it
plaister-like
,
and
for
that
cause
it
had
need
to
be
very
wel
wrought
and
stirred
togither
.
Then
with
a
slice
strike
some
of
the
plaister
vpon
such
a
peece
of
linnen
cloath
as
wil
serue
to
go
round
about
the
pasterne
,
and
bind
it
fast
on
with
a
rowler
,
renewing
it
once
a
day
,
vntil
it
be
whole
,
and
let
not
the
horse
be
trauelled
nor
stand
wet
.
Another
of
the
paines
.
PAines
is
a
sorance
that
commeth
of
hot
ill
humors
of
il
keeping
:
it
appeareth
in
the
Fetlockes
,
Markham
.
and
wil
swel
in
the
Winter
time
,
and
wil
send
foorth
a
sharpe
water
:
the
haire
wil
stare
,
and
the
cure
is
thus
:
Wash
them
euery
day
twice
or
thrice
with
gun-pouder
and
Vineger
,
and
they
wil
be
whole
in
one
weeke
at
the
most
.
Of
Mules
or
kibed
heeles
,
called
of
the
Italians
Mule
.
THis
is
a
kind
of
scab
breeding
behind
,
somewhat
aboue
the
neather
ioynt
,
growing
ouerthwat
the
fewterlock
,
which
commeth
most
commonly
for
being
bred
in
cold
ground
,
or
else
for
lack
of
good
dressing
,
after
that
he
hath
bin
labored
in
foule
mire
and
dirty
waies
,
which
durt
lying
stil
in
his
legs
,
fretteth
the
skin
,
and
maketh
scabby
rifts
,
which
are
soone
bred
,
but
not
so
soone
gotten
away
.
The
anguish
wherof
maketh
his
legs
somtime
to
swell
,
and
specially
in
winter
and
spring
time
,
and
then
the
horse
goeth
very
stifly
,
and
with
great
pain
.
The
sorance
is
apparant
to
the
eie
,
and
is
cured
according
to
Martin
in
this
sort
.
Take
a
piece
of
linnen
cloth
,
and
with
the
salue
recited
in
the
last
chap.
make
such
a
plaister
as
may
couer
al
the
sore
place
,
and
binde
it
fast
on
that
it
may
not
fall
off
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
vntil
the
sore
leaue
running
,
and
beginneth
to
wax
dry
,
then
wash
it
euery
day
once
with
strong
water
,
vntill
it
be
cleane
dryed
vp
,
but
if
this
sorance
be
but
in
breeding
,
&
there
is
no
raw
flesh
,
then
it
shal
suffice
to
anoint
it
with
Sope
two
or
three
daies
,
and
at
the
three
daies
end
to
wash
them
with
a
little
Beefe
broath
or
dish
water
.
Of
Frettishing
.
FRettishing
is
a
sorance
that
commeth
of
riding
a
horse
,
til
he
sweat
,
and
then
to
set
him
vp
without
litter
,
wher
he
taketh
suddenly
cold
in
his
feet
,
&
chiefely
before
:
Markham
.
it
appears
vnder
the
heele
in
the
hart
of
the
foot
:
for
it
will
grow
dun
,
and
wax
white
and
crumbly
like
a
Pomys
,
&
also
in
time
it
wil
show
,
by
the
wrinckles
on
his
hoofe
,
and
the
hoofe
wil
grow
thicke
and
brickle
,
he
wil
not
be
able
to
tread
,
on
stones
or
hard
ground
,
nor
well
to
trauel
but
stumble
and
fal
:
the
cure
is
thus
:
Take
and
pare
his
feet
so
thin
as
may
be
,
then
rost
two
or
three
Egs
,
in
the
Embers
very
hard
,
&
being
extream
hot
taken
out
of
fire
,
crush
them
in
his
foot
,
and
then
clap
a
piece
of
leather
theron
,
and
splint
it
that
the
Egges
may
not
fal
out
,
and
so
let
him
run
and
he
will
be
sound
.
Of
sorances
or
griefes
that
be
common
to
all
foure
feet
.
HItherto
we
haue
declared
vnto
you
the
causes
,
signs
and
cure
of
all
such
griefes
as
are
properly
incident
,
either
to
the
forelegs
,
or
hinder
legs
:
now
therefore
we
speake
of
those
griefes
that
be
common
to
them
both
,
and
first
of
windgals
.
Of
Windgalles
.
THe
windgall
called
of
the
Italians
Galla
,
is
a
bladder
full
of
corrupt
ielly
,
Blundevile
whereof
some
be
great
and
some
bee
small
,
and
do
grow
on
each
side
of
the
ioynt
,
and
is
so
painfull
,
and
especially
in
summer
season
when
the
wether
is
hot
and
the
waies
hard
,
as
the
horse
is
not
able
to
trauell
but
halteth
downe
right
.
They
come
for
the
most
part
through
extreame
labor
and
heat
,
whereby
the
humors
being
dissolued
,
doe
flow
and
resort
into
the
hollow
places
about
the
neather
ioynts
,
and
there
be
congealed
and
couered
with
a
thin
skin
like
a
bladder
.
They
bee
apparant
to
the
eie
and
therefore
neede
no
other
signes
to
know
them
.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Wash
them
with
water
and
shaue
off
the
haire
,
scarifie
them
with
the
point
of
a
rasor
,
and
dresse
them
with
Cantharides
in
the
selfesame
manner
as
the
splent
in
the
knee
was
taught
before
,
and
annoint
them
afterward
with
butter
vntil
the
skin
be
whole
.
And
if
this
will
not
heale
it
,
then
draw
them
with
a
hot
iron
like
a
ragged
staffe
.
That
done
slit
the
middle
line
which
passeth
right
downe
through
the
windgall
with
a
sharpe
knife
,
beginning
beneath
and
so
vpward
the
length
of
halfe
an
inch
,
to
the
intent
you
may
thrust
the
ielly
out
at
that
hole
,
then
lay
vnto
it
a
little
pitch
and
rozen
molten
together
,
and
made
lukewarme
,
and
put
a
few
floxe
on
it
,
and
that
will
heale
him
.
And
you
may
dry
vp
the
windgall
in
such
manner
as
heere
followeth
.
First
chop
off
the
haire
so
far
as
the
windgall
extendeth
,
and
hauing
striken
it
with
a
fleame
,
thrust
out
the
ielly
with
your
finger
.
Then
take
a
peece
of
red
wollen
cloath
and
clap
it
to
the
place
,
and
with
a
hot
broad
searing
iron
seare
it
,
so
as
the
iron
may
not
burne
through
the
cloth
,
which
is
don
to
dry
vp
the
humors
.
Then
hauing
taken
away
the
cloth
,
lay
vnto
the
place
a
peece
of
shoomakers
waxe
made
like
a
flat
cake
,
about
the
breadth
of
a
testorn
,
and
with
your
iron
not
made
ouer
hot
,
streek
softly
vpon
it
too
and
fro
,
vntill
the
said
wax
be
throughly
melted
into
the
sore
.
Wherupon
lay
a
few
flox
,
and
let
him
go
.
Which
flocks
will
afterward
fall
away
of
their
owne
accord
.
Of
Windgals
.
WIngals
are
easie
to
cure
,
they
be
little
swellings
like
blebs
or
bladders
,
on
either
side
the
ioint
next
vnto
the
feuter-locks
,
as
wel
before
as
behind
,
and
they
come
through
the
occasion
of
great
trauell
,
Markham
.
in
hard
,
grauelly
,
or
sandy
waies
.
The
cure
is
.
Take
Pitch
,
Rozen
,
and
Mastick
,
of
each
like
quantity
,
melt
them
together
,
and
with
a
stick
lay
it
round
about
the
horses
legs
,
and
whilest
it
is
hot
lay
flocks
theron
:
the
nature
of
this
plaister
,
is
neuer
to
come
away
whilst
there
is
any
windgall
on
the
Horses
legs
,
but
when
they
are
dried
vp
,
then
it
will
fall
away
of
itselfe
.
Of
wrinching
the
neather
ioynt
.
THis
commeth
many
times
by
treading
awry
in
some
cart
root
or
otherwise
.
The
signs
be
these
.
The
ioynt
will
be
swollen
and
sore
,
and
the
horse
will
halt
.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Martin
is
thus
:
take
of
Dialthea
halfe
a
pounde
,
and
as
much
of
Neruall
.
Mingle
them
together
and
anoint
the
sore
place
therewith
,
chafing
it
well
with
both
your
hands
that
the
oyntment
may
enter
,
continuing
so
to
do
euery
day
once
,
vntill
the
oyntment
be
all
spent
,
and
let
the
horse
rest
.
But
if
this
will
not
preuaile
,
then
wash
it
with
warm
water
and
shaue
away
all
the
haire
sauing
the
fewter-lock
.
Scarifie
it
and
lay
to
it
Cantharides
,
and
heale
it
as
you
do
each
splent
in
the
knee
.
Of
enterfering
.
BIcause
enterfering
is
to
be
holpen
by
shooing
,
wee
purpose
not
to
speake
of
it
,
vntill
we
come
to
talke
of
the
order
of
paring
and
shooing
all
manner
of
hooues
.
Another
of
Enterfering
.
ENterfering
is
a
griefe
that
commeth
sometimes
by
ill
shooing
,
and
somtimes
naturally
,
when
a
horse
trots
so
narrow
that
he
hewes
on
leg
vpon
another
,
it
appeareth
both
before
and
behind
,
betweene
the
feete
against
the
fet-lockes
,
and
there
is
no
remedy
but
shooing
him
with
shooes
made
thin
and
flat
on
the
outside
,
and
narrow
and
thicke
within
.
Of
the
shakell
gall
.
IF
a
horse
be
galled
in
the
pasterns
,
with
shakell
,
locke
pasterne
,
or
halter
,
anoint
the
sore
place
with
a
little
Hony
and
Verdigrease
boiled
together
,
vntill
it
looke
red
which
is
a
good
ointment
for
all
gallings
on
the
withers
and
immediatly
strow
vpon
the
ointment
,
being
first
laid
vpon
the
leg
,
a
little
chopt
flax
or
tow
and
that
will
stick
fast
,
continuing
so
to
do
euery
day
once
vntill
it
be
whole
.
Of
hurts
in
the
legs
,
that
commeth
by
casting
in
the
halter
or
collar
.
●●undevile
IT
chanceth
many
times
,
that
a
Horsse
hauing
some
itch
vnder
his
eares
,
is
desirous
to
scratch
the
same
with
his
hinder
foote
which
whilest
he
reacheth
too
and
fro
,
doth
fasten
in
the
coller
or
halter
,
wherewith
the
more
that
he
striueth
the
more
he
galleth
his
Legges
,
and
many
times
it
chanceth
for
that
he
is
tyed
so
long
,
by
means
wherof
being
laid
,
and
the
halter
slack
about
his
feet
,
rising
perhaps
or
turning
he
snarleth
himselfe
so
as
he
is
not
able
to
get
vp
,
but
hangeth
either
by
the
neck
or
Legges
,
which
sometimes
are
galled
euen
to
the
hard
bone
.
Russius
calleth
such
kinde
of
galling
Capistratura
,
which
he
was
wont
to
heale
with
this
ointment
heere
following
,
praising
it
to
be
excellent
good
for
the
cratches
,
or
any
scab
,
bruise
,
or
wound
:
take
of
oile
Oliue
one
ounce
,
of
Turpentine
two
or
three
ounces
,
melt
them
together
ouer
the
fire
,
and
then
put
thereunto
a
little
wax
,
and
work
them
well
togither
,
and
annoint
the
sore
place
therwith
.
Martin
saith
it
is
good
to
annoint
the
sore
place
with
the
white
of
an
egge
and
sallet-oile
beaten
together
,
and
when
it
commeth
to
a
scab
,
annoint
it
with
butter
being
molten
,
vntill
it
looke
browne
.
Of
the
Cratches
or
Rats
tailes
,
called
of
the
Italians
Crepaccie
.
THis
is
a
kind
of
long
scabby
rifts
growing
right
vp
and
down
in
the
hinder
part
,
from
the
fewterlock
vp
to
the
Curb
,
and
commeth
for
lacke
of
cleane
keeping
,
and
is
easily
seene
if
you
take
vp
the
horses
foot
,
and
lift
vp
the
haire
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Take
of
Turpentine
halfe
a
pound
,
of
hony
a
pint
,
of
hogs-grease
a
quarterne
,
and
3.
yolks
of
Egs
,
and
of
bole
Armony
a
quartern
,
beaten
into
fine
powder
,
of
bean
flower
halfe
a
pinte
,
mingle
all
these
well
together
,
and
make
a
salue
thereof
,
and
with
your
finger
annoint
all
the
sore
places
,
sheading
the
haire
as
you
go
,
to
the
intent
you
may
the
easier
find
them
,
and
also
to
make
the
salue
enter
into
the
skin
,
and
let
the
horse
come
in
no
wet
,
vntill
he
be
whole
.
Of
the
Scratches
.
SCratches
will
cause
a
horse
to
halt
sore
,
and
they
come
only
by
naughty
keeping
,
and
they
appeare
in
the
pasterns
vnder
the
Fetlocks
,
as
if
the
skin
were
cut
ouerthwart
,
Markham
that
a
man
may
lay
in
a
wheat-straw
:
the
cure
is
thus
:
bind
vnto
them
(
the
haire
being
cut
cleane
away
)
black
Sope
and
Lime
kned
together
,
for
three
daies
,
then
lay
that
by
,
and
annoynt
the
place
with
butter
,
and
heale
the
sore
with
Bores
greace
and
Tar
mixt
well
together
.
Of
the
Ring-bone
.
THis
is
a
hard
grisle
growing
vpon
the
cronet
,
and
sometime
goeth
round
about
the
cronet
,
and
is
called
in
Italian
Soprosso
.
Laurentius
Russius
saith
,
that
it
may
grow
in
any
other
place
of
the
Leg
,
but
then
we
cal
it
not
a
Ring-bone
,
but
a
knot
or
knob
.
It
commeth
at
the
first
either
by
some
blow
of
another
Horse
,
or
by
striking
his
owne
foote
against
some
stub
,
or
stone
,
or
such
like
casualty
.
The
paine
whereof
breederh
a
viscous
and
slimy
humor
,
which
resorting
to
the
bones
,
that
are
of
their
owne
nature
colde
and
dry
,
waxeth
hard
,
cleaueth
to
some
bone
,
and
in
processe
of
time
becommeth
a
bone
.
The
signes
be
these
.
The
Horse
will
halt
,
and
the
hard
swelling
is
apparant
to
the
eie
,
being
higher
then
any
place
of
the
cronet
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
wash
it
well
with
warme
water
,
and
shaue
away
all
the
haire
,
so
as
the
sore
place
may
be
all
discouered
.
Then
scarifie
it
lightly
with
the
point
of
a
rasor
,
so
as
the
bloude
may
yssue
forth
.
Then
if
the
sore
be
broad
,
take
of
Euforbium
one
ounce
,
of
Cantharides
halfe
an
ounce
,
broken
into
fine
powder
,
and
of
Oyle
de
Bay
one
ounce
,
and
if
the
sore
bee
but
little
,
the
one
halfe
of
this
may
serue
.
Boile
these
things
together
,
stirring
them
continually
least
it
run
ouer
,
and
with
two
or
three
feathers
,
lay
it
boiling
hot
vnto
the
sore
,
&
let
not
the
horse
stir
from
that
place
for
halfe
an
houre
after
,
then
carry
him
into
the
stable
,
both
vsing
and
curing
him
for
the
space
of
nine
daies
,
in
such
order
as
hath
been
said
before
in
the
chapter
of
the
splent
.
But
when
the
haire
beginneth
to
grow
again
,
then
fire
the
sore
place
with
right
lines
from
the
pasterne
downe
to
the
coffin
of
the
hooue
,
and
let
the
edge
of
the
drawing
iron
be
as
thick
as
the
backe
of
a
meat
knife
,
and
burne
him
so
deepe
as
the
skinne
may
looke
yellow
:
that
done
,
couer
the
burning
with
pitch
and
rozen
molten
together
,
and
clap
thereon
flox
of
the
Horsses
owne
colour
,
or
somewhat
nigh
the
same
,
and
about
three
daies
after
,
lay
againe
some
of
the
last
mentioned
plaister
,
or
oyntment
,
and
also
new
floxe
vpon
the
olde
,
and
there
let
them
remaine
,
vntill
they
fall
away
of
themselues
.
But
if
these
ring-bones
,
or
knobs
,
breede
in
any
other
place
,
then
in
the
cronet
,
you
shal
cure
them
,
as
is
before
said
,
without
firing
them
.
Of
the
Ring-bone
.
THe
Ring-bone
is
an
il
disease
,
and
apeareth
before
on
the
foot
aboue
the
hoofe
,
aswell
before
as
behind
,
Markham
.
and
will
be
swolne
3.
inches
broad
,
and
a
quarter
of
an
inch
or
more
of
height
,
and
the
haire
will
stare
and
wax
thin
,
and
will
make
a
Horse
halt
much
,
the
cure
is
.
Cast
the
Horse
,
and
with
an
iron
made
flat
and
thin
,
burne
away
that
gristle
which
annoies
him
,
then
take
wax
,
Turpentine
,
Rozen
,
Tar
,
and
hogs-grease
,
of
each
like
quantity
,
mingle
them
together
plaister-wise
,
and
with
it
cure
the
sore
:
this
plaister
wil
also
cure
any
other
wound
or
vlcer
whatsoeuer
.
Of
the
Crowne-scab
.
THis
is
a
kind
of
filthy
and
stinking
scab
,
breeding
round
about
the
feete
vpon
the
cronets
,
Blundevile
and
is
an
eluish
and
painful
disease
,
called
in
Italian
Crisaria
.
It
seemeth
to
come
by
meanes
that
the
Horse
hath
bin
bred
in
some
colde
wet
soile
,
striking
corrupt
humors
vp
to
his
feet
,
and
therefore
the
horse
that
hath
this
griefe
is
worse
troubled
in
winter
then
in
summer
.
The
signs
be
these
.
The
haire
of
the
cronets
wil
be
thin
and
staring
like
bristles
,
and
the
cronets
wil
be
alwaies
mattering
,
and
run
on
a
water
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Take
of
sope
,
of
hogs-grease
,
of
each
halfe
a
pound
,
of
bole
Armony
a
little
,
of
Turpentine
a
quartern
,
and
mingle
them
all
together
,
and
make
a
plaister
and
bind
it
fast
on
renewing
it
euery
day
once
,
vntill
it
leaue
running
,
and
then
wash
it
with
strong
vineger
being
lukewarme
euery
day
once
vntill
●he
sore
be
cleane
dryed
vp
,
and
let
him
come
in
no
wet
,
vntill
it
be
whole
.
Of
hurts
vpon
the
cronet
crossing
one
foot
ouer
another
,
which
the
Italians
call
Supraposte
.
MArt
▪
saith
wash
it
wel
with
white
wine
,
or
with
a
little
stale
,
&
then
lay
vnto
it
the
white
of
an
Egge
mingled
with
a
little
chimny
soot
and
salt
,
and
that
will
dry
it
vp
in
three
or
foure
daies
,
if
it
be
renewed
euery
day
once
.
Of
the
quitterbone
.
THis
is
a
hard
round
swelling
vpon
the
cronet
,
betwixt
the
heele
and
the
quarter
,
and
groweth
most
commonly
on
the
inside
of
the
foot
,
and
is
commonly
called
of
the
Italians
Setula
,
or
Seta
.
It
commeth
by
meanes
of
grauell
gathered
vnderneath
the
shooe
,
which
frerteth
the
heele
,
or
else
by
the
cloying
or
pricking
of
some
naile
euell
dryuen
,
the
anguish
whereof
looseneth
the
gristle
,
and
so
breedeth
euill
humors
,
wherof
the
quitterbone
springeth
.
The
signes
be
these
.
The
horse
will
halt
,
and
the
swelling
is
apparant
to
the
eie
,
which
in
foure
or
fiue
daies
comming
to
a
head
,
wil
breake
out
with
matter
at
a
little
deep
hole
like
a
Fistula
.
The
cure
acording
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
burn
about
the
quitterbone
with
a
hot
iron
,
in
manner
of
halfe
a
circle
,
and
then
with
the
same
yron
draw
another
right
strike
through
the
midst
thereof
.
Then
take
of
Arsenicke
the
quantity
of
a
Bean
beaten
into
fine
powder
,
and
put
it
into
the
hole
,
thrusting
it
downe
to
the
bottom
with
a
quil
,
and
stop
the
mouth
of
the
hole
with
a
littletowe
,
and
bind
it
so
fast
with
a
cloth
,
and
cord
,
as
the
Horse
may
not
come
at
it
with
his
mouth
,
and
so
let
it
rest
for
that
day
.
And
the
next
day
,
if
you
see
that
the
sore
looketh
blacke
within
,
then
it
is
a
signe
that
the
Arsenicke
hath
wrought
well
and
done
his
part
.
Then
to
allay
the
burning
thereof
,
taint
the
hole
with
flax
dipt
in
hogs
grease
,
and
turpentine
,
molten
and
mingled
together
,
and
couer
the
taint
with
a
bolster
of
tow
dipt
also
in
the
ointment
aforesaid
,
continuing
so
to
do
euery
day
once
,
vntil
you
haue
gotten
out
the
core
.
Then
shall
you
see
whether
the
loose
gristle
in
the
bottom
be
vncouered
or
not
,
and
if
it
be
vncouered
,
then
feele
with
your
finger
,
or
with
a
quil
,
whether
you
be
nigh
it
or
not
.
And
if
you
be
,
then
raise
the
gristle
with
a
litle
crooked
instrument
,
&
pul
it
clean
out
with
a
paire
of
small
nippers
,
meete
for
the
purpose
.
That
done
,
taint
it
againe
with
a
full
taint
dipt
it
the
aforesaid
ointment
,
to
asswage
the
anguish
of
the
last
dressing
,
and
stop
it
hard
,
to
the
intent
that
the
hole
may
not
shrinke
together
or
close
vp
,
and
the
next
day
take
out
that
taint
,
and
taint
it
anew
with
the
salue
or
ointment
taught
in
the
chap.
of
the
shakell
gall
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
vntil
it
be
whole
keeping
alwaies
the
mouth
of
the
sore
as
open
as
you
may
,
to
the
intent
that
it
heale
not
vppe
too
fast
,
and
let
not
the
horse
in
any
wet
,
nor
trauell
,
vntill
he
be
perfectly
whole
.
Of
the
Quitter-bone
.
QVitter-bone
is
a
round
hard
swelling
vpon
the
cronet
of
the
hoofe
,
betwixt
the
hoofe
and
the
quarter
,
and
for
the
most
part
,
groweth
on
the
inside
of
the
foot
:
the
origynall
effect
therof
is
the
fretting
of
grauell
vnderneath
the
shooe
,
which
bruiseth
the
heele
,
Markham
.
or
else
by
meanes
of
some
stub
,
or
the
pricking
of
some
naile
,
through
the
paine
whereof
the
grissell
is
loosened
,
breeding
euill
humors
,
which
be
indeede
the
ground
of
the
Quitter-bone
:
it
is
to
be
known
by
the
horsses
halting
,
and
by
the
apparant
swelling
to
the
eie
of
that
part
,
which
in
3.
or
4.
daies
will
grow
vnto
a
head
and
breake
,
euacuating
great
aboundance
of
filthy
matter
at
a
little
hole
,
the
cure
is
thus
.
Take
a
hot
yron
,
made
in
fashion
of
a
knife
,
and
with
it
burne
out
the
flesh
,
in
compasse
of
a
Moone
till
you
come
to
feele
the
grissell
,
then
burne
it
out
too
:
then
take
Vardigrease
,
fresh
Butter
,
and
Tar
molten
together
,
and
dippe
fine
Tow
therein
,
stop
vp
the
hole
,
then
lay
thereon
a
Sear-cloth
of
Deere-sewet
and
wax
,
and
so
let
him
rest
for
the
first
day
:
the
next
day
,
take
of
Melrosarum
,
oyle
of
roses
,
wax
,
and
Turpentine
,
of
each
like
quantity
,
infuse
them
al
on
the
fire
together
,
and
with
the
salue
dresse
the
sore
morning
and
euening
,
till
it
be
whole
.
But
if
you
find
any
proud
flesh
to
grow
,
then
forget
not
to
lay
thereon
some
red
lead
,
or
Vardigrease
:
and
withall
,
haue
an
especiall
regard
,
that
the
vpper
part
of
the
wound
,
heale
not
faster
then
the
bottom
,
for
feare
of
fistulating
.
Of
the
Grauelling
.
THis
is
a
fretting
vnder
the
foot
,
most
commonly
in
the
inside
,
Blundevile
and
sometime
in
the
outside
,
and
sometime
in
both
sides
together
of
the
heele
.
It
commeth
by
meanes
of
little
grauell
stones
getting
betwixt
the
hooue
,
or
calking
,
or
spunge
of
the
shooe
,
which
by
continuall
labor
and
treading
of
the
Horse
,
doth
eat
into
the
quicke
,
and
the
rather
,
if
his
heele
be
soft
and
weake
,
or
that
the
shooe
doe
lye
flat
to
his
foot
,
so
as
the
grauell
being
once
gotten
in
,
cannot
get
out
.
The
signes
be
these
.
The
horse
will
halt
,
and
couet
to
tread
all
vppon
the
toe
,
to
fauour
his
heele
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
pare
the
hooue
,
and
get
out
the
grauel
with
a
cornet
,
or
drawer
,
leauing
none
behind
for
if
you
doe
,
it
will
breede
to
a
quitterbone
.
That
done
,
stop
him
with
Turpentine
and
hogs-grease
molten
together
,
and
layd
on
with
a
Towe
or
flax
,
and
then
clap
on
the
shooe
to
keepe
in
the
stopping
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
vntill
it
bee
whole
.
And
suffer
the
horse
to
come
in
no
wet
,
vntill
he
be
throughly
whole
.
If
a
grauelling
be
not
well
stopt
to
keepe
downe
the
flesh
,
ir
wil
rise
higher
then
the
hooue
,
and
not
onely
require
more
businesse
in
bolstering
it
,
but
also
put
the
horse
to
more
paine
.
Of
grauelling
.
GRavelling
is
a
hurt
will
make
a
horse
to
halt
,
and
commeth
of
grauell
and
little
stones
,
Markham
.
that
goeth
betweene
the
shooe
and
the
hearte
of
the
foote
,
the
cure
is
:
take
off
the
shooe
,
and
let
him
be
well
pared
,
then
set
on
the
shooe
againe
,
and
stop
it
with
Pitch
,
Rozen
,
and
Tallow
,
and
this
shall
help
.
Of
Surbating
.
THis
is
a
beating
of
the
Hooue
against
the
ground
,
called
of
the
Italians
Sobatitura
,
it
commeth
somtime
by
means
of
euill
shooing
,
lying
too
flat
to
his
foote
,
or
by
going
barefoote
,
and
sometime
by
the
hardnesse
of
the
grounde
,
and
high
lifting
of
the
Horse
.
And
those
Horsses
that
bee
flat
footed
,
the
coffins
whereof
are
tender
and
weake
,
are
most
commonly
subiect
to
this
sorance
.
The
signes
be
these
:
the
Horse
will
halt
on
both
his
forelegs
,
and
goe
stifely
and
creeping
,
as
though
he
were
halfe
foundered
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Martin
is
thus
:
take
off
his
shooes
,
pare
him
as
little
as
may
bee
,
and
if
the
shooes
be
not
easie
,
that
is
to
say
,
long
,
large
,
and
hollow
inough
,
then
make
them
so
,
and
then
tacke
them
on
againe
with
foure
or
fiue
Nailes
.
That
done
,
stop
his
feete
with
branne
,
and
Hogs-greace
boyled
together
,
so
hot
as
may
be
,
and
also
couer
all
the
coffin
round
about
with
the
same
,
binding
all
in
together
with
a
cloath
,
and
a
list
fastened
about
the
ioynt
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
,
vntill
it
bee
whole
,
and
giue
the
Horsse
during
that
while
warme
water
,
and
let
him
stand
dry
and
warme
,
and
not
be
trauelled
,
vntil
he
be
whole
.
Of
a
pricke
in
the
sole
of
the
foote
,
by
treading
on
a
naile
,
or
any
other
sharpe
thing
that
doth
enter
into
the
foote
.
THe
signes
be
these
.
If
a
man
be
on
his
backe
when
he
treadeth
on
any
such
thing
,
he
shall
feele
that
the
Horsse
will
lift
vp
his
foot
,
and
couet
to
stand
still
to
haue
helpe
.
And
if
it
chaunce
at
any
other
time
,
Blundevile
the
halting
of
the
Horse
,
and
the
hurt
it selfe
will
shew
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Pull
off
the
shooe
,
and
pare
the
foote
,
and
with
a
drawer
vncouer
the
hole
,
making
the
mouth
so
broade
as
a
two
penny
peece
,
then
tacke
on
the
shooe
againe
.
That
done
,
stop
it
,
by
powring
into
the
hole
Turpentine
and
Hogs-greace
molten
together
,
and
lay
some
flaxe
,
or
Towe
vpon
it
,
and
then
stop
all
the
Horsses
foote
with
Horse-dung
,
or
rather
with
Cow-dung
,
if
you
can
get
it
,
and
splent
it
either
with
stickes
,
or
else
with
an
old
shooe
sole
,
so
as
the
stopping
may
abide
in
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
vntill
it
be
whole
,
and
let
the
Horsse
come
in
no
wet
.
If
this
be
not
well
cured
,
or
looked
to
in
time
it
will
cause
the
hooue
to
breake
aboue
,
and
to
loosen
round
about
,
and
perhaps
to
fall
cleane
away
.
But
if
you
see
that
it
begins
to
break
aboue
,
then
make
a
greater
yssue
beneath
by
opening
the
hole
wider
,
and
taking
more
of
the
sole
away
,
that
the
flesh
may
haue
the
more
liberty
.
Then
take
of
bole
Armony
halfe
a
quarterne
,
Beane-flower
,
and
two
Egges
.
Beate
them
,
and
mingle
them
well
together
,
and
make
a
plaister
thereof
vpon
Towe
,
and
lay
it
round
about
the
cronet
,
bind
it
fast
on
,
and
so
let
it
remaine
the
space
of
two
daies
,
and
then
renew
it
againe
,
not
failing
so
to
do
euery
two
daies
vntill
you
see
it
waxe
hard
and
firme
aboue
.
For
this
plaister
being
restrictiue
,
will
force
the
humors
to
resort
all
downeward
,
which
must
be
drawne
out
with
Turpentin
and
Hogs
greace
as
before
,
vntill
it
leaue
mattering
,
and
then
dry
it
vp
with
burnt
Alum
,
beaten
to
powder
,
and
strowed
vpon
it
,
with
a
little
Flaxe
laid
againe
vpon
that
,
continuing
so
to
do
euery
day
once
,
vntil
it
be
hardened
,
and
let
not
the
Horse
come
in
any
wet
,
vntil
he
be
whole
.
Of
accloyd
or
prickt
.
ACcloyd
is
a
hurt
that
commeth
of
shooing
,
when
a
Smith
driueth
a
Naile
in
the
quicke
,
●●rkham
.
which
will
make
him
to
halt
,
and
the
cure
is
,
to
take
off
the
shoo
,
and
to
cut
the
hoofe
away
,
to
lay
the
sore
bare
:
then
lay
to
it
wax
,
Turpentine
,
and
Deere-sewet
which
wil
heale
it
.
Of
the
Figge
.
IF
a
Horse
hauing
receiued
any
hurt
,
as
before
is
said
by
nail
,
bone
,
splent
,
or
stone
,
or
otherwise
in
the
sole
of
his
foot
,
and
not
be
well
dressed
and
perfectly
cured
,
there
will
grow
in
that
place
a
certaine
superfluous
piece
of
flesh
,
like
a
Figge
:
and
it
will
haue
little
grains
in
it
like
a
fig
,
and
therefore
is
rightly
called
of
the
Italians
Vn
fico
,
that
is
to
say
a
fig.
The
cure
whereof
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Cutte
it
cleane
away
with
a
hot
iron
,
and
keepe
the
flesh
downe
with
Turpentine
,
hogs
greace
,
and
a
little
wax
laid
on
with
Towe
or
flax
,
and
stop
the
hole
hard
,
that
the
flesh
rise
not
,
renewing
it
once
a
day
,
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Of
a
Retreat
.
THis
is
the
pricking
of
a
naile
,
not
wel
driuen
in
the
shooing
,
and
therefore
pulled
out
againe
by
the
Smith
,
and
is
called
of
the
Italians
,
Tratta
messa
.
The
cause
of
the
pricking
may
be
partly
,
the
rash
driuing
of
the
Smith
,
and
partly
the
weakenes
of
the
naile
,
or
the
hollownes
of
the
naile
in
the
shank
.
For
if
it
be
too
weake
,
the
point
many
times
bendethawry
into
the
quicke
when
it
should
go
right
forth
.
It
slatteth
and
shiuereth
in
the
driuing
into
two
parts
,
wherof
one
part
raceth
the
quick
in
pulling
out
,
or
else
perhaps
breaketh
cleane
assunder
,
and
so
remaineth
stil
behind
,
and
this
kinde
of
pricking
is
worse
than
the
cloyeng
because
it
wil
ranckle
worse
,
by
reason
of
the
flaw
of
yron
remaining
in
the
flesh
.
The
signes
bee
these
.
If
the
Smith
that
driueth
such
a
naile
be
so
lewd
,
as
he
wil
not
looke
vnto
it
before
the
horse
depart
,
then
there
is
no
way
to
know
it
,
but
by
the
halting
of
the
horse
,
and
serching
the
hooue
first
with
a
hammer
by
knocking
vpon
euery
clinging
.
For
when
you
knock
vpon
that
naile
,
where
the
greefe
is
.
The
horse
wil
shrinke
vp
his
foote
.
And
if
that
wil
not
seru
,
then
pinch
or
gripe
the
hooue
with
a
paire
of
pinsons
round
about
vntil
you
haue
found
the
place
greeued
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
pul
off
the
shooe
,
and
then
open
the
place
greeued
with
a
butter
or
drawer
,
so
as
you
may
perceiue
by
feeling
or
seeing
,
whether
there
be
any
peece
of
naile
or
not
,
if
there
be
,
to
pul
it
out
,
and
to
stop
the
hole
with
Turpentine
,
Wax●
and
Sheepes
sewet
moulten
together
,
and
so
poured
hot
into
the
hole
,
and
then
lay
a
little
Towe
vppon
it
,
and
clap
on
the
shooe
againe
,
renewing
it
thus
euery
day
,
vntil
it
be
whole
,
during
which
time
,
let
not
the
horse
come
in
any
wet
,
and
it
must
be
so
stopped
,
though
it
be
but
prickt
without
any
peece
of
naile
remaining
.
And
if
for
lack
of
loking
to
it
in
time
,
this
retreat
cause
the
houe
to
break
aboue
,
then
cure
it
with
the
plaister
restrictiue
in
such
order
as
is
mentioned
in
the
laste
place
sauing
one
before
this
,
Of
Cloying
.
CLoying
is
the
pricking
of
a
whole
naile
called
of
the
Italians
Inchiodatura
,
passinge
through
the
quicke
,
and
remaining
stil
in
the
same
,
and
is
clenched
as
other
nailes
be
,
and
so
causeth
the
horse
to
halt
.
The
greeued
place
is
knowne
,
by
searching
with
the
hammer
and
pinsons
,
as
is
before
said
:
If
the
horse
halt
immediately
,
then
pul
off
his
shooe
,
and
open
the
hole
,
vntil
it
begin
to
bleed
,
and
stop
it
with
the
ointment
aforesaid
,
in
the
same
page
of
the
Retreat
,
and
clap
on
the
shooe
againe
,
and
the
hooue
may
be
so
good
,
and
the
harme
so
little
,
as
you
may
trauel
him
immediately
vppon
it
:
but
if
it
bee
ranckled
,
then
renew
the
stopping
euery
day
once
,
let
him
come
in
no
wet
,
vntil
it
bee
whole
.
Of
loosening
the
hooue
.
THis
is
a
parting
of
the
hooue
from
the
cronet
,
called
of
the
Italians
,
Dissolatura
del
vnghia
,
which
if
it
be
round
about
,
it
commeth
by
meanes
of
foundering
,
if
in
part
,
then
by
the
anguish
caused
by
the
pricking
of
the
canel
naile
,
piercing
the
sole
of
the
foot
,
or
by
some
quitterbone
,
Retreat
,
Grauelling
,
or
Cloying
,
or
such
like
thing
:
The
signes
be
these
.
When
it
is
loosened
by
foundering
,
then
it
will
breake
first
in
the
fore-part
of
the
Cronet
,
right
a-against
the
toes
,
because
the
humor
doth
couet
alwaies
to
descend
towards
the
toe
.
Againe
when
the
pricking
of
a
canel
naile
or
such
like
cankered
thing
is
the
cause
,
then
the
hooue
wil
loosen
round
about
,
equally
euen
at
the
first
.
But
when
it
proceedeth
of
any
of
the
other
hurts
last
mentioned
:
then
the
hooue
wil
breake
right
aboue
the
place
that
is
offended
,
and
most
commonly
wil
proceed
no
further
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Martin
,
is
thus
.
First
,
of
which
soeuer
of
these
causes
it
proceeds
,
be
sure
to
open
the
hoofe
in
the
sole
of
the
foot
,
so
as
the
humor
may
haue
free
passage
downeward
,
and
then
restraine
it
aboue
with
the
plaister
restrictiue
before
mentioned
,
and
in
such
order
as
is
there
written
,
and
also
heale
vp
the
wound
,
as
is
before
taught
in
the
chap.
of
a
pricke
in
the
sole
of
the
foot
.
Of
casting
the
hooue
.
THis
is
when
the
coffin
falleth
clean
away
from
the
foot
,
which
commeth
by
such
causes
as
were
last
rehearsed
,
and
is
so
aparant
to
the
eie
,
as
it
needeth
no
signes
to
know
it
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Take
of
Turpentine
one
pound
,
of
Tarre
halfe
a
pinte
,
of
vnwrought
Wax
halfe
a
pinte
.
Boile
all
these
thinges
together
,
and
stirre
them
continually
vntil
they
be
throughly
mingled
,
and
compact
together
.
Then
make
a
boote
of
leather
with
a
good
strong
sole
meete
for
the
horses
feet
,
to
be
laced
or
buckled
about
the
pasterne
,
and
dresse
his
foot
with
the
salue
aforesaid
laid
vpon
flaxe
or
Tow
,
and
bolster
or
stuffe
his
foot
with
soft
flaxe
,
so
as
the
boot
may
greeue
him
no
manner
of
waye
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
vntill
it
be
whole
,
and
then
put
him
to
grasse
.
Of
the
hooue
bound
.
THis
is
a
shrinking
of
all
the
whole
hooue
.
It
commeth
by
drought
,
for
the
hoous
perhaps
are
kept
to
dry
,
when
the
horse
standeth
in
the
stable
,
and
sometime
by
meanes
of
heate
,
Blundevile
or
of
ouerstraight
shooing
.
The
Italians
call
the
horse
thus
greeued
Incastellado
.
The
signes
be
these
,
The
horse
wil
hault
,
and
the
hooues
〈◊〉
be
hotte
,
and
if
you
knocke
on
them
with
a
hammer
,
they
wil
sound
hollow
like
an
empty
bottle
,
and
if
both
the
feet
be
not
hooue-bound
,
the
sore
foot
will
be
lesser
than
the
other
indeed
,
and
appeare
so
to
the
eie
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Pull
off
the
shooes
,
and
shooe
him
with
halfe
moone-shooes
called
Lunette
,
the
order
and
shape
wherof
you
shall
find
among
the
Ferrers
,
and
rase
both
the
quarters
of
the
hooue
with
a
drawer
,
from
the
coronet
vnto
the
sole
of
the
foot
,
so
deepe
as
you
shall
see
the
dew
it selfe
come
forth
.
And
if
you
make
two
rases
on
each
side
,
it
shall
be
so
much
the
better
,
and
inlarge
the
hooue
the
more
.
That
done
,
annoint
all
the
hooue
about
,
next
vnto
the
coronet
round
about
,
with
the
ointment
prescribed
before
in
the
chapter
of
casting
the
hooue
continuing
so
to
do
euery
day
once
vntil
he
begin
to
amend
for
the
space
of
a
moneth
,
and
if
he
goeth
not
well
at
the
months
ende
,
then
take
off
the
halfe
shooes
and
pare
all
the
soles
,
and
frushes
,
and
all
so
thinne
as
you
may
see
the
deaw
come
forth
,
and
tacke
on
a
whole
shoo
,
and
stop
al
the
foot
within
with
hogs
greace
and
bran
boiled
together
,
and
laide
hot
to
the
foot
,
renewing
it
daily
once
the
space
of
nine
daies
,
to
the
intent
the
sole
may
rise
.
But
if
this
will
do
no
good
then
take
away
the
sole
cleane
and
clap
on
a
whole
shoe
,
and
stop
the
foot
with
nettles
and
salt
brayed
together
,
renewing
it
once
a
day
but
not
ouer
hard
,
to
the
intent
the
sole
may
haue
liberty
to
rise
,
and
being
growne
againe
,
let
him
be
shod
with
the
lunets
,
and
sent
to
grasse
.
Of
the
running
Frush
.
THe
Frush
is
the
tenderest
part
of
the
hooue
towardes
the
heele
,
called
of
the
Italians
Fettone
,
and
because
it
is
fashioned
like
a
forked
head
,
the
French
men
cal
it
Furchette
,
which
word
our
Ferrers
,
either
for
not
knowing
rightly
how
to
pronounce
it
,
or
else
perhaps
for
easinesse
sake
of
pronuntiation
,
do
make
it
a
monasillable
,
&
pronounce
it
the
Frush
,
in
which
Frush
breedeth
many
times
a
rotennesse
or
corruption
proceeding
of
humours
that
commeth
out
of
the
legge
,
whereby
the
legge
is
kept
cleane
from
the
windgals
and
all
other
humours
and
swellings
by
meanes
that
the
humors
haue
passage
that
way
.
Notwithstanding
the
discommodity
of
the
sorance
is
greater
than
the
commodity
,
because
it
maketh
the
horses
feet
so
weak
and
tender
▪
as
he
is
not
able
to
tred
vpon
any
hard
ground
The
signes
be
these
.
The
horse
wil
hauls
,
and
specially
when
the
passage
of
the
humour
is
stopt
with
anye
grauel
gathered
in
the
Frush
,
and
not
being
stopt
it
wil
continually
runne
,
the
sauour
whereof
wil
bee
so
strong
as
a
man
is
not
able
to
abide
it
,
and
in
some
places
it
wil
looke
raw
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
First
take
off
the
shooe
and
pare
away
all
the
corrupt
places
and
make
them
raw
,
so
as
you
may
see
the
water
yssue
out
of
the
raw
places
,
then
tack
on
the
shooe
againe
,
being
first
made
wide
and
large
inough
.
That
done
,
take
of
foote
one
handfull
,
of
salte
as
much
,
bruse
them
well
togither
in
a
dish
,
and
putte
thereunto
the
white
of
three
Egges
,
and
temper
them
togither
,
and
with
a
little
Towe
dipt
therein
,
stop
all
the
foote
and
especially
the
Frush
,
and
splent
is
so
as
it
may
not
fall
out
,
renewing
it
once
a
day
the
space
of
seuen
daies
,
and
then
he
will
bee
whole
.
During
which
time
let
the
horse
rest
,
and
come
in
no
wet
,
at
the
seauen
daies
end
leaue
stopping
him
,
and
ride
him
abroad
,
and
alwaies
when
he
commeth
in
,
let
his
sore
foote
be
cleane
washed
,
that
no
grauell
remaine
therein
,
without
doing
any
more
vnto
him
.
Of
the
Frush
.
THe
Frush
is
the
tendrest
part
of
the
sole
of
the
foot
,
which
by
humors
distilling
many
times
downe
from
the
legges
,
occasion
inflamations
in
that
part
,
Markham
.
which
may
easily
be
perceiued
by
the
impostumation
of
the
same
:
the
cure
is
,
first
hauing
taken
off
the
shooe
,
pare
away
all
the
corrupted
and
naughty
matter
,
vntil
the
sore
looke
rawe
,
then
naile
on
a
hollow
shooe
made
for
the
same
purpose
,
and
take
of
soote
a
handeful
,
of
the
iuyce
of
House-licke
and
of
Creame
with
the
white
of
an
Egge
or
two
,
as
much
as
wil
thicken
the
same
:
with
this
stop
vp
the
sore
,
and
splint
it
,
so
as
it
may
not
fal
out
,
renewing
it
vntil
it
be
whole
:
but
during
the
cure
,
haue
regard
that
the
sore
foot
touch
not
any
wet
,
for
that
is
very
much
hurtfull
.
Of
diseases
or
griefes
indifferently
incident
to
any
part
of
the
body
,
but
first
of
the
Leprosie
or
vniuersall
manginesse
,
called
of
the
old
writers
Elephantia
.
THis
is
a
cankered
manginesse
,
spreading
ouer
all
the
body
,
which
commeth
of
abundance
of
melancholy
,
corrupt
and
filthy
blood
.
The
signes
be
these
,
The
horse
will
be
al
maungy
and
scuruy
,
ful
of
scabs
,
and
rawe
plots
about
the
necke
,
and
euil
fauoured
to
looke
on
,
and
alwayes
rubbing
and
scratching
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Let
him
blood
the
first
day
in
the
one
side
of
the
necke
,
and
within
2.
daies
after
that
,
in
the
flanke
vaines
,
and
last
of
all
,
in
the
vaine
vnder
the
taile
.
Then
wash
all
the
sore
places
with
salt
brine
,
and
rubbing
them
hard
with
a
wispe
of
strawe
hard
twisted
,
so
as
they
may
bleed
well
,
and
be
all
raw
.
That
doue
,
annoint
the
place
with
this
ointment
:
take
of
Quicke-siluer
one
ounce
,
of
Hogges-greace
one
pound
,
of
Brimstone
beaten
into
powder
a
quarterne
,
of
Rape
oyle
a
pinte
.
Mingle
these
thinges
well
together
,
vntill
the
Quicke-siluer
be
throughly
incorporated
with
the
rest
,
and
hauing
annointed
all
the
raw
places
with
this
ointment
,
make
it
to
sinke
into
the
flesh
,
by
holding
and
weauing
vp
and
downe
ouer
it
,
a
hot
broad
barre
of
yron
,
and
then
touch
him
no
more
againe
,
the
space
of
two
or
three
daies
,
during
which
time
,
if
you
see
that
he
rubbeth
still
in
any
place
,
then
rub
that
place
againe
with
an
old
horse-combe
,
to
make
it
raw
,
and
annoint
it
with
fresh
ointment
.
But
if
all
this
will
not
helpe
,
then
with
a
hot
yron
and
blunt
at
the
point
,
so
big
as
a
mans
little
finger
,
burne
all
the
mangy
places
,
making
round
holes
,
passing
only
thorough
the
skin
,
and
no
further
.
For
which
intent
it
shall
be
needefull
to
pull
the
skinne
first
from
the
flesh
,
with
your
left
hand
,
holding
it
still
vntil
you
haue
thrust
the
hot
yron
thorough
it
,
and
let
euery
hole
bee
a
spanne
off
one
from
another
,
and
if
neede
be
,
you
may
annoint
those
holes
with
a
little
sope
,
and
let
the
horse
be
thinne
dieted
,
during
his
curing
time
.
Of
the
Farcin
,
called
in
Italian
of
some
,
Il
verme
,
and
of
some
Farcina
.
THis
is
a
kind
of
creeping
vlcer
growing
in
knots
,
following
along
some
veine
,
and
it
proceedeth
of
corrupt
blood
ingendred
in
the
body
,
or
else
of
some
outward
hurt
,
as
of
spurgalling
,
or
the
biting
of
some
other
horse
,
or
of
biting
of
ticks
,
or
of
hogs
lice
,
or
such
like
causualties
:
Or
if
it
be
in
the
legges
,
it
may
come
by
interferring
.
It
is
easilye
knowne
,
partly
by
the
former
description
,
and
also
it
is
apparant
to
the
eie
.
The
cure
,
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Let
him
bloud
in
that
vaine
where
it
commeth
,
as
nigh
the
sore
place
as
may
be
,
and
let
him
bleed
well
,
then
fire
euery
knot
one
by
one
,
taking
the
knot
in
your
left
hand
,
and
pulling
it
so
hard
as
you
can
from
his
body
to
the
intent
you
maye
the
better
pierce
the
knot
,
with
a
blunt
hot
yron
,
of
the
bignesse
of
a
mans
fore-finger
,
without
doing
the
body
any
hurt
,
&
let
out
the
mater
,
leauing
none
vnburnd
,
be
it
little
or
much
.
That
done
,
annoint
euery
knot
so
burned
with
Hogges-greace
warmed
euery
day
once
,
vntill
the
coares
be
ready
to
fall
away
,
and
in
the
meane
time
prepare
a
good
quantity
of
old
Vrine
,
and
when
you
see
the
coares
ready
to
fal
,
boile
the
vrine
,
and
put
therein
a
little
Coporas
and
salt
,
and
a
few
strong
nettles
,
and
with
that
water
being
warm
,
wash
out
all
the
coares
and
the
corruption
.
That
done
,
fill
euery
hole
immediately
with
the
powder
of
slect
lime
,
continuing
thus
to
do
euery
day
once
,
vntill
the
holes
be
closed
vp
,
and
if
any
be
more
ranker
than
other
,
fill
those
with
Verdigrease
,
and
during
this
cure
,
let
the
horse
be
thinly
dieted
,
that
is
to
say
with
straw
and
water
onely
,
vnlesse
it
be
nowe
and
then
to
giue
him
a
loafe
or
breade
.
For
the
lower
he
be
kept
,
the
sooner
he
will
be
whole
.
And
in
any
wise
let
his
necke
be
yoked
in
an
olde
bottomelesse
paile
,
or
else
with
short
staues
to
keepe
him
from
licking
the
sores
,
and
the
lesse
rest
he
hath
the
better
.
Or
do
thus
.
Take
a
good
great
Dock-root
clean
scraped
,
and
cutte
thereof
fiue
little
rundels
or
cakes
to
be
vsed
as
followeth
.
First
with
a
knife
make
a
slit
right
down
in
the
horses
forhed
three
inches
longe
,
then
with
a
Cornet
loosen
the
skinne
within
the
flesh
,
so
as
you
may
easily
put
therein
fiue
rundels
of
Docke
,
that
is
to
say
,
two
on
each
side
of
the
slit
one
aboue
another
,
and
put
the
fift
rundle
in
the
very
midst
betwixt
the
other
foure
:
that
done
,
fasten
to
each
of
the
slits
two
short
shoo-makers
ends
,
to
serue
as
laces
to
tie
in
the
foresaide
rundles
,
so
as
they
may
not
fall
out
,
and
clense
the
sore
euery
day
once
,
for
the
vertue
of
the
root
is
such
,
as
it
will
draw
al
the
filthy
matter
from
any
part
of
the
body
:
yea
,
though
the
Farcin
be
in
the
hinder
Legges
,
which
matter
is
to
be
wiped
away
from
time
to
time
,
and
new
rootes
to
be
thrust
into
the
the
slit
according
as
you
see
it
needefull
.
Of
the
Farcion
.
THe
Farcion
is
a
vilde
disease
,
ingendred
of
ill
bloud
,
flegmaticke
matter
,
and
vnkindly
feeding
,
it
appeareth
in
a
horse
like
vnto
little
knottes
in
the
flesh
,
as
bigge
as
a
Hasell
Nutte
,
Markham
.
the
knottes
will
encrease
daily
and
inflame
,
impostume
,
and
breake
and
when
the
knots
amount
to
threescore
,
they
wil
euery
night
after
breed
so
many
more
till
they
haue
ouer-runne
the
horses
bodye
,
and
with
the
poison
,
which
is
mighty
and
also
strong
,
soone
bring
gim
to
his
death
:
This
disease
is
very
infectious
and
dangerous
for
some
horses
,
yet
if
it
be
taken
in
any
time
it
is
easie
to
be
holpen
:
the
cure
thereof
is
in
this
manner
.
Take
a
sharpe
Bodkin
and
thrust
it
through
the
neather
part
of
his
nose
,
that
he
may
bleede
:
or
if
you
will
to
let
him
bloude
in
the
necke-vaine
shall
not
be
amisse
:
then
feele
the
knots
,
and
as
many
as
are
soft
launce
them
and
let
them
runne
,
then
take
strong
Lye
,
Lime
,
and
Allum
,
and
with
the
same
bath
all
his
sores
,
and
it
shall
in
short
space
cure
him
.
There
is
also
another
manner
of
curing
this
disease
,
and
that
is
thus
:
Take
a
sharpe
launce-knife
,
and
in
the
top
of
the
horses
forehead
,
iust
betweene
his
eies
,
make
a
long
slit
euen
to
the
scull
:
then
with
a
blunt
instrument
for
the
purpose
lose
the
flesh
from
the
scalp
a
pretty
compasse
:
then
take
Carret-rootes
cut
into
little
thinne
round
pieces
,
and
putte
them
betweene
the
skinne
and
the
scull
,
as
many
as
you
can
,
then
close
vp
the
wound
,
and
once
a
daie
annoint
it
with
fresh
Butter
:
This
is
a
most
sure
and
approued
way
to
cure
the
Farcion
,
for
looke
how
this
wound
thus
made
,
shall
rot
,
waste
,
and
grow
sound
,
so
shall
the
Farcion
breake
,
drie
vp
,
and
be
healed
,
because
all
the
poison
that
feedeth
the
disease
shall
be
altogether
drawne
into
the
fore-head
,
where
it
shall
die
and
waste
away
.
The
onely
fault
of
this
cure
is
,
it
will
be
somwhat
long
,
and
it
is
a
foule
eie-sore
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Some
vse
to
burne
this
sorance
,
but
that
is
naught
and
dangerous
,
as
who
so
proues
it
shal
find
.
A
most
approued
medicine
to
cure
the
Farcion
.
TAke
of
Aqua-vitae
two
spoonfuls
,
of
the
iuyce
of
hearbe
of
grace
as
much
,
Markham
.
mingle
them
together
,
then
take
of
plegants
or
Bals
of
Flax
or
Toe
and
steepe
them
therein
,
and
stop
them
hard
into
the
Horses
eares
,
then
take
a
needle
and
a
thread
,
and
stitch
the
tips
of
his
two
eares
together
,
by
meanes
whereof
he
cannot
shake
out
the
medicine
,
and
vse
him
thus
but
three
seuerall
mornings
,
and
it
will
kill
any
Farcion
whatsoeuer
,
for
it
hath
bin
often
approued
.
Another
medicine
of
the
same
.
SLit
euery
hard
kernell
with
a
sharpe
knife
,
and
fill
the
hole
with
an
ointment
made
of
old
Lard
,
Sope
,
and
gray
Salt
,
for
that
will
eat
out
the
coare
,
and
cause
it
to
rot
,
and
so
fall
out
of
the
one
accord
.
Of
the
Canker
,
called
of
the
Italian
Il
Canero
.
A
Canker
is
a
filthy
creeping
vlcer
,
fretting
and
gnawing
the
flesh
in
gret
breadth
.
In
the
beginning
it
is
knotty
,
much
like
a
Farcine
,
Blundevile
and
spreadeth
it selfe
into
diuers
places
,
and
being
exulcerated
,
gathereth
togither
in
length
into
a
wound
or
sore
.
This
proceedeth
of
a
melancholy
and
filthy
blood
ingendered
in
the
body
,
which
if
it
be
mixt
with
Salt
humors
,
it
causeth
the
more
painefull
and
greeuous
exulceration
,
and
sometime
it
commeth
of
some
filthy
wound
that
is
not
cleanly
kept
,
the
corrupt
matter
whereof
cankereth
other
clean
parts
of
the
body
.
It
is
easie
to
be
knowne
by
the
description
before
.
The
cure
whereof
,
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Frst
let
him
blood
in
those
vaines
that
be
next
the
sore
,
and
take
inough
of
him
.
Then
take
of
Alum
halfe
a
pound
of
greene
Coporas
and
of
white
Coporas
of
each
one
quarterne
,
and
a
good
handfull
of
Salt
:
boile
all
these
things
togither
in
faire
running
water
,
from
a
pottle
to
a
quart
.
And
this
water
being
warme
,
wash
the
sore
with
a
cloath
,
and
then
sprinkle
thereon
the
powder
of
vnslecked
lime
,
continuing
so
to
do
euery
day
once
the
space
of
fifteen
daies
:
and
if
you
see
that
the
lime
do
not
mortifie
the
ranke
flesh
,
and
keepe
it
from
spreading
any
further
then
take
of
blacke
Sope
halfe
a
pounde
,
of
Quicke-siluer
halfe
an
ounce
,
and
beate
them
together
in
a
pot
,
vntill
the
Quicke-siluer
be
so
well
mingled
with
the
Sope
,
as
you
can
perceiue
none
of
the
Quicke-siluer
in
it
.
And
with
an
yron
slice
,
after
that
you
haue
washed
the
sore
with
the
stronge
water
aforesaide
,
couer
the
wound
with
this
ointment
,
continuing
thus
to
do
euery
day
once
,
vntill
the
Canker
leaue
spreading
abroad
.
And
if
it
leaue
spreading
,
and
that
you
see
the
ranke
flesh
is
mortified
,
and
that
the
edges
begin
to
gather
a
skin
,
then
after
the
washing
,
dresse
it
with
the
lime
as
before
,
continuing
so
to
vntil
it
be
whole
.
And
in
the
dressing
,
suffer
no
filth
that
commeth
out
of
the
sore
,
to
remaine
vppon
any
whole
place
about
,
but
wipe
it
cleane
away
,
or
else
wash
it
away
with
warme
water
.
And
let
the
horse
during
this
cure
,
be
as
thinly
dieted
as
may
be
,
and
thoroughly
exercised
.
Of
the
Fistula
called
of
the
Italians
Fistula
.
A
Fistula
is
a
deepe
hollowe
crooking
vlcer
,
and
for
the
most
part
springes
of
maligne
humors
,
ingendered
in
some
wound
,
sore
,
or
canker
,
not
throughly
healed
.
It
is
easie
to
know
by
the
description
before
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Firste
,
search
the
depth
of
it
with
a
quill
,
or
with
some
other
instrument
of
lead
,
that
may
be
bowed
euery
way
,
meet
for
the
purpose
.
For
vnlesse
you
find
the
bottome
of
it
,
it
wil
be
very
hard
to
cure
:
And
hauing
found
the
bottome
,
if
it
be
in
such
a
place
as
you
may
boldely
cut
and
make
the
way
open
with
a
launcet
or
rasor
,
then
make
a
slit
right
against
the
bottome
,
so
as
you
may
thruste
in
your
finger
,
to
feele
whether
there
be
any
bone
or
gristle
perished
,
or
spungy
or
loose
flesh
,
which
must
be
gotten
out
,
and
then
taint
it
with
a
taint
of
flaxe
dipt
in
this
ointment
.
Take
of
hony
a
quarterne
,
and
of
Verdigrease
one
ounce
beaten
into
powder
.
Boile
them
together
,
vntill
it
looke
redde
,
stirring
it
continually
,
least
it
runne
ouer
,
and
being
luke
warme
,
dresse
the
taint
wherewith
,
and
bolster
the
taint
with
a
bolster
of
flax
.
And
if
it
be
in
such
a
place
,
as
the
taint
cannot
conueniently
be
kept
in
with
a
band
,
then
fasten
on
each
side
of
the
hole
,
two
ends
of
Shoomakers
thread
right
ouer
the
bolster
to
keepe
in
the
taint
,
which
ends
may
hang
there
as
two
laces
,
to
tye
and
vntie
at
your
pleasure
,
renewing
the
taint
euery
day
once
vntill
the
sore
leaue
mattering
.
And
then
make
the
taint
euery
day
lesser
and
lesser
,
vntill
it
be
whole
.
And
close
it
vp
in
the
end
,
by
sprinckling
thereon
a
little
slect
lime
.
But
if
the
Fistula
be
in
such
a
place
as
a
man
can
neither
cut
right
against
the
bottome
,
or
nigh
the
same
:
then
there
is
no
remedy
,
but
to
poure
in
some
strong
water
,
through
some
quill
,
or
such
like
thing
,
so
as
it
may
goe
to
the
very
bottome
,
and
dry
vp
all
the
filthy
matter
,
dressing
him
so
twice
a
day
,
vntill
the
horse
be
whole
.
Of
an
Aubury
.
THis
is
a
great
spungy
Wart
full
of
blood
,
called
of
the
Italians
,
Moro
,
or
Selfo
,
which
may
grow
in
any
place
of
the
body
,
and
it
hath
a
root
like
a
Cocks
stone
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Tie
it
with
a
thred
,
so
hard
as
you
can
pull
it
,
the
thred
will
eate
by
little
and
little
in
such
sort
,
as
within
seauen
or
eight
daies
,
it
will
fall
away
by
it selfe
.
And
if
it
be
so
flat
as
you
can
binde
nothing
about
it
,
then
take
it
away
with
a
sharpe
hotte
yron
,
cutting
it
round
about
,
and
so
deepe
as
you
may
leaue
none
of
the
root
behind
,
and
dry
it
with
Verdigreace
.
Russius
saith
,
that
if
it
grow
in
a
place
full
of
sinnewes
,
so
as
it
cannot
be
conueniently
cut
away
with
a
hot
yron
,
then
it
is
good
to
eat
out
the
core
with
the
powder
of
Resalgar
,
and
then
to
stop
the
hole
with
flax
dipt
in
the
white
of
an
Egge
for
a
day
or
two
,
and
lastly
,
to
drie
it
vp
with
the
powder
of
vnslect
lime
and
hony
,
as
before
is
taught
.
Of
Wounds
.
WOunds
commeth
by
meanes
of
some
stripe
or
pricke
,
and
they
are
properly
called
wounds
,
when
some
whole
part
is
cut
or
broken
.
For
a
wound
according
to
the
Phisitians
,
is
defined
to
be
a
solution
diuision
,
or
parting
,
of
the
whole
;
For
if
there
be
no
solution
or
parting
,
then
methinkes
it
ought
rather
to
be
called
a
bruse
then
a
wound
.
And
therfore
wounds
are
most
commonly
made
with
sharpe
or
piercing
weapons
,
and
bruses
with
blunt
weapons
.
Notwithstanding
,
if
by
such
blunt
weapons
,
anie
part
of
the
whole
be
euidently
broken
,
then
it
ought
to
be
called
a
wound
as
wel
as
the
other
:
Of
wounds
some
be
shallow
,
and
some
be
deepe
and
hollow
:
Againe
,
some
chance
in
the
fleshy
partes
,
and
some
in
the
bonye
and
sinnewie
places
:
And
those
that
chaunce
in
the
fleshy
parts
,
though
they
be
verie
deepe
,
yet
they
be
not
so
dangerous
as
the
other
,
and
therefore
we
will
speak
first
of
the
most
dangerous
:
If
a
horse
haue
a
wound
newly
made
,
either
in
his
heade
,
or
in
any
other
place
that
is
full
of
sinnewes
,
bones
,
or
gristles
:
first
Martin
would
haue
you
to
wash
the
wounde
well
with
white
wine
warmed
:
That
done
to
search
the
bottome
of
the
wound
with
some
instrument
meete
for
the
purpose
,
suffering
it
to
take
as
little
winde
in
the
meane
while
as
may
be
.
Then
hauing
found
the
depth
,
stop
the
hole
close
with
a
clout
,
vntill
your
salue
be
readie
:
Then
take
of
Turpentine
of
Mel
Rosatum
,
of
Oile
of
Roses
,
of
each
a
quarterne
,
and
a
little
vnwrought
Waxe
,
and
melt
them
together
,
and
if
it
be
a
cut
,
make
a
handsome
rol
of
cleane
picked
Towe
,
so
long
and
so
bigge
as
may
fill
the
bottome
of
the
wound
,
which
for
the
most
part
is
not
so
wide
as
the
mouth
of
the
wound
:
then
make
another
role
greater
than
that
to
fill
vp
the
rest
of
the
wounde
,
euen
to
the
harde
mouth
,
and
let
both
these
rolles
be
annointed
with
the
ointment
aforesaid
Luke-warm
.
But
if
the
hurt
be
like
a
hole
made
with
some
pricke
,
then
make
a
stiffe
taint
,
such
a
one
as
may
reach
the
bottome
,
annointed
with
the
aforesaid
ointment
,
and
bolster
the
same
with
a
little
Towe
:
And
if
the
mouth
be
not
wide
inough
,
so
as
the
matter
may
easily
runne
forth
,
if
it
be
in
such
place
you
may
do
it
without
hurting
anie
sinnew
,
then
giue
it
a
pretie
slit
from
the
mouth
downward
,
that
the
matter
may
haue
the
freer
passage
,
and
in
anie
wise
haue
a
speciall
regarde
,
that
the
taint
may
be
continually
kept
in
by
one
meanes
or
other
,
as
by
binding
or
staying
the
seine
with
the
ends
of
shoomakers
thread
as
is
aforesaid
.
And
if
the
hole
be
deep
,
&
in
such
place
as
you
may
not
cut
it
,
then
make
your
taint
of
a
spunge
,
and
so
long
as
it
may
reach
to
the
bottom
,
and
the
taint
being
made
somewhat
full
,
with
continuall
turning
and
wrying
of
it
,
you
shall
easily
get
it
downe
,
and
then
dresse
the
wound
with
this
twice
a
day
,
clensing
the
wound
euery
time
with
a
little
white
wine
lukewarm
.
For
this
spunge
,
anointed
with
the
ointment
aforesaid
,
will
both
draw
and
suck
vp
all
the
filthy
matter
,
and
make
it
so
faire
within
as
is
possible
:
and
as
it
beginneth
to
heale
,
so
make
your
taint
euery
day
lesser
and
lesser
,
vntill
it
be
ready
to
close
vp
,
and
neuer
leaue
tainting
it
,
so
long
as
it
will
receiue
a
taint
,
be
it
neuer
so
short
.
For
hasty
healing
of
woundes
breedeth
Fistulas
,
which
properly
be
old
wounds
,
and
therefore
must
be
cured
like
Fistulas
.
Of
wounds
in
the
fleshy
parts
.
VSe
the
same
ointment
and
maner
of
proceeding
as
before
.
And
if
the
wound
be
large
then
to
keep
in
the
taint
or
roles
,
you
shal
be
fain
to
put
two
or
3.
shoomakers
ends
on
each
side
of
the
sore
,
leauing
them
so
long
as
you
may
tye
them
together
,
and
loosen
them
when
you
will
like
laces
.
Of
old
Vlcers
or
wounds
.
TO
cure
an
old
Vlcer
,
as
Fistula
,
Gall
,
or
Botch
or
any
new
receiued
wound
,
these
are
the
best
salues
and
most
approued
in
mine
experience
:
take
of
hony
halfe
a
pinte
,
of
Deeresewet
two
ounces
,
of
Vardigrease
beaten
into
powder
as
much
,
boyle
al
these
exceeding
wel
vpon
the
fire
,
then
with
the
same
lukewarme
,
taint
or
plaister
any
venemous
sore
,
and
it
wil
recure
it
.
If
you
take
of
wax
,
Turpentine
,
oyle
of
Roses
,
of
hogs-grease
,
of
each
like
quantity
,
and
halfe
so
much
Tar
as
any
one
of
the
other
simples
,
melt
al
these
together
,
and
being
well
incorporated
together
,
either
taint
or
plaister
any
wound
,
and
it
will
heale
it
.
Also
,
if
you
take
the
greene
leaues
of
Tobacco
bruised
,
and
put
them
into
a
greene
wound
,
they
will
heale
it
:
the
ashes
of
Tobacco
burnt
,
if
they
be
strewed
vpon
anye
sore
that
is
neere
skinning
,
it
will
also
skin
it
perfectly
,
and
it
will
incarnate
well
,
if
the
vlcer
be
not
too
deepe
and
dangerous
.
There
bee
many
other
salues
,
plaisters
,
and
vnguents
which
I
could
set
downe
,
but
since
I
haue
experienced
these
for
most
effectuall
I
omit
the
others
as
superfluous
.
Of
an
hurt
with
an
arrow
.
IF
the
horse
be
hurt
with
an
arrow
,
taint
the
hole
with
hogs
grease
and
Turpentine
molten
together
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
vntil
it
be
whole
.
Of
pulling
out
shiuers
or
thornes
.
MArtin
saith
,
that
if
it
bee
not
very
deepe
,
sope
being
laid
vnto
it
al
night
will
make
it
to
appear
,
so
as
you
may
pul
it
out
with
a
paire
of
nippers
.
But
if
it
be
very
deep
then
you
must
open
the
place
with
a
knife
or
lancet
,
and
get
it
out
,
and
afterward
heale
vp
the
wound
as
hath
beene
taught
you
before
.
Russius
saith
,
that
the
rootes
of
reed
being
stampt
and
mingled
with
hony
will
draw
out
any
thorne
,
or
shiuer
:
and
so
will
snailes
,
as
he
saith
,
being
stampt
and
wrought
with
fresh
butter
,
and
if
the
place
be
swollen
,
he
saith
it
is
good
to
mollifie
it
with
Hogs-grease
and
hony
,
which
wil
asswage
any
new
swelling
,
that
commeth
by
stripe
or
otherwise
.
Of
bruisings
or
swellings
.
MArtin
saith
▪
First
prick
it
with
a
fleame
.
Then
take
of
wine
lees
a
pint
,
as
much
wheat-flower
as
will
thicken
it
,
and
an
ounce
of
cumin
.
Boile
them
together
,
and
lay
this
somewhat
warme
vnto
it
renewing
it
euery
day
once
vntill
the
swelling
either
departe
or
else
come
to
a
head
.
And
if
it
do
,
then
lance
it
,
and
heale
it
vp
as
a
wound
.
Of
sinnewes
cut
,
prickt
,
or
bruised
.
Blu●●evile
TAke
of
Tar
,
and
Bean-flower
,
and
a
little
oile
of
Roses
,
and
lay
it
hot
vnto
the
place
.
And
if
this
do
no
good
,
then
take
Wormes
and
sallet-oile
fryed
together
,
or
else
the
ointment
of
worms
,
which
you
shall
haue
at
the
Apothecaries
,
and
one
of
these
will
knit
ir
againe
,
if
it
be
not
cleane
asunder
.
How
to
cure
a
wound
made
with
harquebush-shot
.
MArtin
saith
.
First
seeke
with
an
instrument
whether
the
pellet
remain
within
or
not
,
and
if
it
do
,
you
must
get
it
out
with
an
instrument
meete
for
the
purpose
.
Then
to
kill
the
fire
.
Take
a
little
vernish
,
and
thrust
it
into
the
wound
with
a
feather
,
annointing
it
well
within
with
the
feather
,
and
after
that
,
stop
the
mouth
faire
and
softly
with
a
little
soft
flax
,
to
keepe
the
wind
out
,
and
on
the
outside
,
charge
all
the
swelling
with
this
charge
:
take
of
bole
Armony
a
quarterne
,
of
Lineseede
beaten
into
fine
powder
halfe
a
pound
,
of
beane
flower
as
much
,
and
three
or
4.
broken
egges
,
shels
and
all
,
and
of
Turpentine
a
quarterne
,
and
a
quart
of
vineger
,
and
mingle
them
well
together
ouer
the
fire
,
and
being
somewhat
warme
,
charge
all
the
sore
place
with
part
thereof
,
and
immediatly
clap
a
cloth
,
or
a
piece
of
leather
vpon
it
,
to
keepe
the
wound
from
the
cold
aire
,
continuing
both
to
annoint
the
hole
within
with
vernish
,
and
also
to
charge
the
swelling
without
,
the
space
of
foure
or
fiue
daies
,
and
at
the
fiue
daies
end
,
leaue
annointing
of
it
,
and
taint
it
with
a
taint
reaching
to
the
bottom
of
the
wound
,
and
dipped
in
Turpentine
and
hogs-grease
molten
together
,
renewing
it
euery
day
twice
vntill
it
bee
throughly
killed
,
which
you
shall
perceiue
by
the
mattering
of
the
wound
,
and
by
falling
of
the
swelling
:
for
so
long
as
the
fire
hath
the
vpper
hand
,
no
thicke
matter
will
yssue
out
,
but
onely
a
thin
yellowish
water
,
neither
will
the
swelling
asswage
.
And
then
take
of
Turpentine
,
washed
in
nine
seuerall
waters
,
halfe
a
pound
,
and
put
thereon
three
yolkes
of
egges
,
and
a
little
Saffron
,
and
taint
it
with
that
ointment
,
renewing
it
euery
day
once
vntill
the
wound
be
whole
.
Of
burning
with
Lime
,
or
any
other
fiery
thing
.
MArtin
saith
.
First
wash
away
the
Lime
,
if
there
bee
any
,
with
warme
water
.
Then
kill
the
fire
with
oyle
and
Water
beaten
together
,
dressing
him
so
euery
daye
vntill
it
be
all
raw
,
and
then
annoint
it
with
hogs
grease
,
and
strew
thereupon
the
powder
of
slecked
lime
,
dressing
him
so
euery
day
once
vntill
it
be
whole
.
Of
the
biting
of
a
mad
Dog
.
IF
a
Horse
be
bitten
with
a
mad
dog
,
the
venom
of
his
teeth
will
not
onely
paine
him
extreamely
,
but
also
infect
all
his
blood
,
and
make
him
to
dye
mad
.
The
cure
according
to
the
old
writers
is
thus
.
Take
of
Goats
dung
,
of
flesh
that
hath
laide
long
in
salt
,
and
of
the
herbe
Ebulus
,
called
of
some
Danewort
,
of
each
halfe
a
pound
,
and
xl
.
walnuts
.
Stamp
all
these
things
together
,
and
lay
thereof
vnto
the
sore
,
and
this
will
sucke
out
the
venom
,
and
heale
the
wound
.
It
is
good
also
to
giue
the
Horse
Treacle
,
and
Wine
to
drinke
:
yea
,
and
some
would
haue
the
sore
place
to
be
fiered
with
a
hot
iron
.
Of
hurts
by
tuskes
of
a
Boare
.
IF
a
horse
be
hurt
with
the
tuske
of
a
Boare
,
lay
Vitriol
,
and
Coporas
thereunto
,
and
the
powder
of
a
dogs
head
being
burned
,
but
let
the
tong
be
first
pulled
out
and
cast
away
.
To
heale
the
biting
or
stinging
of
Serpents
.
LAurentius
Russius
saith
.
Take
a
good
quantity
of
the
herb
called
Sanicula
,
stamp
it
,
and
distemper
it
with
the
milke
of
a
Cowe
,
that
is
all
of
one
colour
,
and
giue
him
that
to
drinke
,
and
that
will
heale
him
.
Another
medicine
for
the
same
purpose
.
MAke
a
plaister
of
Onions
,
hony
and
salt
,
stampt
and
mingled
together
,
and
lay
that
to
the
sore
place
,
and
giue
the
horse
wine
,
and
treacle
to
drink
.
Absirtus
would
haue
you
to
giue
him
white
Pepper
,
Rue
,
and
Time
,
to
drinke
with
wine
.
Of
drinking
of
horseleaches
.
IF
a
Horse
chance
to
drinke
horseleaches
,
they
will
continually
sucke
his
bloud
,
and
kill
him
.
The
remedy
,
according
to
Absirtus
,
is
to
poure
oyle
into
the
Horses
mouth
which
will
make
them
to
fall
away
and
kill
them
.
Of
swallowing
downe
hens
dung
.
IF
a
horse
swallow
downe
hens
dung
in
his
hay
,
it
will
fret
his
guts
,
and
make
him
to
void
filthy
matter
at
the
fundament
.
For
remedy
whereof
,
Absirtus
would
haue
you
to
giue
him
drinke
made
of
smallage
seede
,
wine
,
and
hony
,
and
to
walke
him
throughly
vpon
it
,
that
he
may
empty
his
belly
.
Of
Lice
,
and
how
to
kill
them
THey
be
like
Geese
Lice
,
but
somewhat
bigger
,
they
will
breede
most
about
the
eares
,
necke
,
and
taile
,
and
ouer
all
the
body
.
They
come
of
pouerty
,
Blundevile
and
the
horse
will
bee
alwaies
rubbing
,
and
scratching
,
and
will
eate
his
meate
,
and
not
prosper
withall
,
and
with
rubbing
he
will
breake
all
his
mane
,
and
taile
.
The
cure
according
to
Martin
is
thus
.
Annoint
the
place
with
sope
and
quicksiluer
,
well
mingled
together
,
and
to
a
pound
of
sope
,
put
halfe
an
ounce
of
quicksiluer
.
Of
Lousinesse
THere
be
Horsses
that
will
be
Lousie
,
and
it
commeth
of
pouerty
,
cold
,
and
il
keeping
,
Markham
.
and
it
is
oftnest
amongst
young
horses
,
and
most
men
take
little
heed
vnto
it
,
and
yet
they
will
dye
thereon
,
the
cure
is
,
to
wash
them
three
mornings
together
in
Stau-aker
and
warme
water
.
How
to
saue
horsses
from
the
stinging
of
flies
in
Summer
.
ANnoint
the
Horsses
coat
with
oyle
,
and
Bay
berries
,
mingled
together
,
or
tie
to
the
headstall
of
his
collar
,
a
sponge
dipt
in
strong
vineger
,
or
sprinkle
the
stable
with
water
,
wherein
hearb
Grace
hath
bin
laid
in
steepe
,
or
perfume
the
stable
with
Iuie
,
or
with
Calomint
,
or
with
Gith
burned
in
a
pan
of
coles
.
Of
bones
being
broken
out
of
ioynt
.
FEw
or
none
of
our
Ferrers
do
intermeddle
with
any
such
griefes
,
but
do
refer
it
ouer
to
the
bone
setter
,
whose
practised
hand
,
I
must
needes
confesse
,
to
be
needful
in
such
businesse
.
Notwithstanding
,
for
that
it
belongeth
to
the
Ferrers
art
,
and
also
for
that
the
old
writers
do
make
some
mention
therof
,
I
thought
good
not
to
passe
it
ouer
altogither
with
silence
.
Albeit
,
they
speake
odlye
of
fractures
in
the
legs
beneath
the
knee
.
For
they
make
little
mention
or
none
of
bones
aboue
the
knee
,
taking
them
to
be
incurable
,
vnlesse
it
be
a
rib
,
or
such
like
.
If
a
bone
then
be
broken
in
the
leg
,
it
is
easie
to
perceiue
,
by
feeling
the
roughnesse
and
inequality
of
the
place
grieued
,
one
part
being
higher
then
another
:
the
cure
whereof
,
according
to
Absirtus
,
and
Hierocles
,
is
in
this
sorte
.
First
,
put
the
bone
againe
into
his
right
place
.
That
done
,
wrap
it
about
with
vnwasht
wooll
,
binding
it
fast
to
the
leg
with
a
small
linnen
roller
,
soked
before
in
Oyle
and
vineger
mingled
together
And
let
that
roller
be
laid
on
,
as
euen
as
is
possible
,
and
vpon
that
lay
againe
more
wooll
,
dipt
in
oyle
and
vineger
,
and
then
splent
it
with
three
splents
,
binding
them
fast
at
both
ends
with
a
thong
,
and
let
the
horses
leg
be
kept
straight
,
and
right
out
,
the
space
of
forty
daies
and
let
not
the
bonds
be
loosened
aboue
3.
times
in
twenty
daies
,
vnlesse
it
shrinke
,
and
so
require
to
be
new
drest
,
and
bound
again
.
But
faile
not
euery
day
once
,
to
poure
on
the
sore
place
,
through
the
splentes
,
oyle
and
vineger
,
mingled
together
.
And
at
the
forty
daies
end
,
if
you
perceiue
that
the
broken
place
be
sowdered
together
again
with
some
hard
knob
or
gristle
:
then
loosen
the
bonds
,
so
as
the
horse
may
go
faire
and
softly
,
vsing
from
that
time
forth
to
annoint
the
place
with
some
soft
greace
or
ointment
.
Of
broken
bones
.
I
Haue
not
for
mine
owne
part
had
any
great
experience
in
broken
bones
of
a
Horse
,
because
it
chanceth
seldom
,
Markham
.
and
when
it
doth
chance
,
what
through
the
horses
brutish
vnrulinesse
,
and
the
immoderate
maner
of
the
act
,
it
is
almost
held
incurable
,
yet
for
the
little
experience
I
haue
,
I
haue
not
found
for
this
purpose
any
thing
so
soueraine
or
absolut
good
,
as
oyle
of
Mandrag
,
which
applyed
,
conglutinateth
and
bindeth
together
any
thing
especially
bones
being
either
shiuered
,
or
broken
.
Of
bones
out
of
ioynt
.
IF
a
Horses
knee
or
shoulder
be
clean
out
of
ioynt
,
and
no
bone
broken
,
Martin
saith
the
readiest
way
is
,
Blundevile
to
bind
all
the
foure
legs
together
,
in
such
sort
as
hath
bin
taught
before
in
the
chap.
of
incording
,
and
then
to
hoise
the
Horsse
somewhat
from
the
ground
,
with
his
heeles
vpward
,
so
shal
the
weight
and
peise
of
his
body
,
cause
the
ioynt
to
shoot
in
again
into
the
right
place
:
for
by
this
means
he
pleasured
not
long
since
a
friend
and
neighbor
of
his
,
who
going
with
his
cart
from
S.
Albo●s
▪
towards
his
owne
house
,
his
Thiller
fell
and
put
his
shoulder
cleane
out
of
ioynt
,
so
as
he
was
neither
able
to
rise
,
nor
being
holpen
vp
,
could
stand
on
his
Legs
:
to
which
mischance
Martin
being
called
,
made
no
more
adoe
,
but
taking
his
friendes
Cart-rope
,
bound
the
horses
legs
all
4.
together
,
and
with
a
leuer
being
staid
vpon
the
Cart-wheele
,
they
putting
their
shoulders
to
the
other
end
,
hoised
vp
the
horse
clean
from
the
ground
,
the
peise
of
whose
body
made
the
bone
to
returne
into
his
right
place
,
with
such
a
loude
k●ack
or
crack
,
as
it
might
he
heard
a
great
way
off
,
and
the
Horse
immediatly
had
the
vse
of
his
leg
,
so
as
he
drew
in
the
cart
,
and
went
also
safe
home
without
complaining
thereof
euer
after
.
Certaine
receipts
of
plaisters
,
very
good
for
broken
bones
,
taken
out
of
the
old
Authors
,
writing
of
horse-leach-craft
.
TAke
of
Spuma
argenti
,
of
vineger
,
of
each
one
pound
,
of
Sallet-oyle
halfe
a
pound
,
of
Amoniacum
,
and
Turpentine
,
of
each
3.
three
ounces
,
of
waxe
,
of
Rozen
,
of
each
two
ounces
of
Bitumen
,
of
Pitch
,
of
Vardigrease
,
of
each
halfe
a
pound
.
Boile
the
vineger
,
oile
and
Spuma
argenti
together
,
vntill
it
wax
thick
,
then
put
thereunto
the
Pitch
,
which
being
molten
,
take
the
pot
from
the
fire
,
and
put
in
the
Bitumen
,
without
stirring
it
at
al
,
and
that
being
also
molten
,
then
put
in
al
the
rest
,
&
set
the
pot
again
to
the
fire
,
and
let
them
boile
al
together
,
vntil
they
bee
all
vnited
in
one
.
That
done
,
straine
it
,
and
make
it
in
a
plaister
forme
,
and
this
is
called
Hierocles
plaister
.
Another
receit
for
broken
bones
.
TAke
of
liquid
Pitch
one
pound
,
of
wax
two
ounces
,
of
the
purest
&
finest
part
of
Frankincense
one
ounce
,
of
Amoniacum
foure
ounces
,
of
dry
Roses
,
and
of
Galbanum
,
of
each
one
ounce
,
of
vineger
two
pints
.
Boile
first
the
vineger
and
Pitch
together
,
then
put
in
the
Amoniacum
,
dissolued
first
in
vineger
,
and
after
that
al
the
rest
of
the
aforesaid
drugs
and
after
they
haue
boyled
together
,
and
be
vnited
in
one
,
straine
it
,
and
make
it
plaister-wise
,
and
this
is
called
Emplastrum
flauum
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
yellow
plaister
.
An
ointment
for
broken
bones
.
TAke
of
old
Sallet-oile
a
quart
,
and
put
therunto
of
hogs-grease
of
Spuma
nitri
,
of
each
one
pound
,
and
let
them
boile
together
,
vntil
it
begin
to
buble
aboue
,
&
let
this
ointment
be
very
warm
when
you
vse
it
.
Hitherto
of
al
the
diseases
belonging
to
a
horse
.
Now
therefore
my
promise
was
made
vnto
you
to
speake
of
those
things
wherein
the
cure
of
al
diseases
do
consist
,
that
is
to
say
,
in
letting
bloud
,
in
taking
vp
of
veines
,
in
purging
,
and
in
giuing
the
fire
:
yea
,
and
also
order
it selfe
bindeth
me
to
treat
of
the
said
things
presently
,
and
first
of
letting
blood
.
In
how
many
veines
a
horse
may
be
let
bloud
,
and
to
what
end
.
AS
touching
the
order
,
time
of
the
yeare
,
Moone
,
and
day
,
and
other
circumstances
belonging
to
letting
of
blood
,
we
haue
sufficiently
spoken
already
in
the
keepers
office
,
in
the
22.
chap.
It
resteth
therefore
here
to
shew
you
what
veines
should
be
opened
when
the
horse
is
sick
of
any
disease
,
according
to
Vegetius
opinion
.
But
first
I
will
rehearse
vnto
you
once
again
,
in
how
many
veines
a
horse
may
be
let
blood
,
and
the
rather
for
that
I
followe
Vegetius
.
A
Horse
then
may
bee
let
blood
in
the
two
Temple
vaines
.
Item
,
in
the
two
eie
vaines
,
which
are
easie
to
finde
in
the
face
of
the
horse
,
somewhat
beneath
the
eies
.
Item
,
in
the
two
pallat
veines
of
the
mouth
.
In
the
two
necke
vaines
.
Item
in
the
two
plat
vaines
which
bee
in
the
breast
.
Item
,
in
the
two
forethigh
vaines
.
Item
,
in
the
foure
shakell
vaines
before
.
Item
,
in
the
two
toe
vains
before
.
Item
in
the
two
side
veines
,
which
may
bee
otherwise
called
flancke
veines
.
Item
in
the
taile
veine
.
Item
in
the
two
haunch
veines
.
Item
in
the
two
hough
veines
.
Item
,
in
the
foure
shakell
veines
behinde
.
Item
,
in
the
two
toe
veines
behind
,
so
that
by
this
accout
,
a
horse
may
be
let
blood
in
3●
,
veines
.
All
which
veines
are
easie
inough
to
know
,
because
that
euery
one
lyeth
in
a
little
gutter
,
which
by
feeling
softly
with
your
finger
,
you
shall
finde
immediatly
.
And
Vegetius
saith
,
that
if
a
Horse
be
pained
with
any
griefe
in
his
head
,
as
with
ach
,
heauinesse
,
frenzy
,
falling
euill
,
or
such
like
,
then
it
is
good
to
let
him
blood
in
the
temple
veines
with
a
fleame
.
If
his
eies
be
waterish
,
blodshotten
,
or
grieued
with
pin
,
web
,
or
hawe
,
then
it
is
good
to
strike
the
eie
veine
with
a
fleame
.
If
he
haue
any
heauinesse
or
wearinesse
of
body
,
or
bee
diseased
in
the
throat
with
the
strangullion
,
quinzy
,
or
swelling
of
the
artires
,
either
within
or
without
,
then
it
is
good
to
let
him
bloud
in
the
mouth
,
in
the
palat
veines
with
a
Cornet
.
If
he
be
vexed
with
an
Ague
,
or
with
any
other
disease
,
vniuersally
hurting
his
body
,
then
let
him
bloud
in
the
necke
vaines
.
If
his
griefe
be
in
the
lungs
,
liuer
,
or
in
any
other
inward
member
,
then
let
him
blood
in
the
breast
veines
,
which
we
called
before
the
palat
veines
.
If
he
be
grieued
in
the
shoulder
,
then
let
him
blood
in
the
forethigh
veins
,
aboue
the
knee
with
a
lancet
,
and
that
very
warily
,
because
that
place
is
full
of
sinnewes
,
and
if
he
be
grieued
in
his
ioynts
,
then
let
him
bloud
in
the
shakell
veines
,
and
that
warily
,
because
that
place
is
also
full
of
sinnewes
.
And
if
he
be
foiled
on
his
forefeet
by
foundering
or
otherwise
,
then
let
him
blood
in
the
toe
veins
,
making
way
first
with
your
drawer
,
or
cornet
in
the
hoofe
to
come
to
the
veine
.
If
he
bee
diseased
in
the
kidnies
,
reines
,
backe
,
or
belly
,
then
let
him
bloud
in
the
flancke
veines
,
and
in
his
taile
,
if
he
hath
any
griefe
in
his
hips
,
or
houghs
,
then
let
him
blood
in
the
hip
or
hough
veines
,
and
if
his
hinder
legs
,
ioynts
,
or
feete
,
be
grieued
,
then
let
him
blood
in
the
shakell
veines
,
and
toe
veines
,
as
is
aforesaid
.
The
order
of
taking
vp
vaines
,
and
wherefore
it
is
good
.
●●●ndevile
THe
order
obserued
by
Martin
is
in
this
sort
.
First
,
if
the
Horsse
be
very
curst
and
shrewd
,
then
cast
him
vppon
a
dunghill
,
or
some
straw
,
then
hauing
found
the
veine
that
you
would
take
vp
,
marke
well
that
part
of
the
skinne
which
couereth
the
veine
,
and
pull
that
somewhat
a
side
from
the
veine
with
your
left
thumb
,
to
the
intent
you
may
slit
it
with
a
Rasor
,
without
touching
the
veine
.
And
cut
not
no
deeper
then
onely
through
the
skinne
,
and
that
longste
wise
,
as
the
veine
goeth
,
and
not
aboue
an
inch
long
.
That
done
,
take
away
your
Thumbe
,
and
the
skinne
will
returne
againe
into
his
place
,
right
ouer
the
veine
,
as
it
was
before
.
Then
with
a
cornet
vncouer
the
vaine
and
make
it
vp
,
and
heing
bare
,
thrust
the
cornet
vnderneath
it
,
and
raise
it
vp
,
so
as
you
may
put
a
shoomakers
thread
vnderneath
,
somewhat
higher
then
the
cornet
,
to
knit
the
vaine
when
time
is
.
And
if
your
cornet
had
a
hole
in
the
small
end
to
put
in
the
thread
,
it
should
be
the
easlier
done
.
Then
the
cornet
standing
so
still
,
slit
the
vaine
longst
wise
that
it
may
bleede
,
and
hauing
bled
somewhat
from
aboue
,
then
knit
it
vp
with
a
sure
knot
,
somewhat
aboue
the
slit
,
suffering
it
to
bleed
onely
from
beneath
,
and
hauing
bled
sufficiently
,
then
knit
vp
the
veine
also
beneath
the
slit
with
a
sure
knot
,
and
fill
the
hole
of
the
vein
with
Salt
,
and
then
heale
vp
the
wound
of
the
skinne
with
Turpentine
,
and
Hogs-grease
molten
together
,
and
laid
on
with
a
little
Flax.
The
taking
vp
of
veines
is
very
necessary
,
and
doth
ease
many
griefes
in
the
Legges
:
for
the
taking
vp
of
the
forethigh
veines
easeth
Farcins
,
and
swellinges
of
the
Legges
,
the
taking
vp
of
the
shakell
veines
before
,
easeth
the
Quitter-bone
and
swelling
of
the
ioynts
,
scabs
,
and
cratches
.
The
taking
vp
of
the
hinder
veines
helpeth
the
Farcin
,
swellings
,
and
both
the
spauens
,
the
taking
vp
of
the
shakel
veines
behind
,
helpeth
swelling
of
the
ioynts
,
the
paines
,
and
kibed
heeles
,
and
such
like
diseases
.
Of
purging
with
Purgation
,
or
Glister
.
PVrgations
is
defined
by
the
Physitians
,
to
be
the
emptiyng
or
voiding
of
superfluous
humors
,
annoying
the
body
with
their
euill
quality
.
For
such
humors
bring
euill
iuyce
and
nutriment
,
called
of
the
Physitians
Cacochimia
,
which
when
it
will
not
be
corrected
or
holpen
with
good
dyet
,
alteration
,
nor
by
the
benefit
of
nature
and
kindly
heat
,
then
it
must
needes
be
taken
away
by
purgation
,
vomit
or
Glister
.
But
forasmuch
as
Horsses
are
not
wont
to
be
purged
by
Vomit
,
as
men
be
,
I
will
speake
heere
onely
of
Glisters
and
purgations
.
And
first
because
a
Horse
is
grieued
with
many
diseases
in
his
guts
,
and
that
nothing
can
purge
the
guts
so
well
as
a
Glyster
,
and
especially
the
thicke
guts
,
I
wish
that
our
Ferrers
would
learne
to
knowe
the
diuersity
of
Glysters
to
what
end
they
▪
serue
,
and
with
what
drugs
or
simples
they
should
bee
made
,
for
as
the
disease
requireth
,
so
must
the
Glister
bee
made
,
some
to
allay
griefes
and
sharpnesse
of
humors
,
some
to
binde
,
some
to
loosen
,
some
to
purge
euill
humors
,
some
to
clense
Vlcers
:
but
our
Ferrers
vse
Glisters
,
only
to
loosen
the
belly
and
for
no
other
purpose
:
yea
,
few
or
none
do
that
vnlesse
it
be
Martin
,
and
such
as
he
hath
taught
,
who
is
not
ignorant
that
a
Glister
is
the
beginning
of
purgation
.
For
a
Glister
,
by
clensing
the
guts
,
refresheth
the
vital
parts
and
prepareth
,
the
way
before
.
And
therefore
whensoeuer
a
Horse
is
surfeted
and
full
of
euill
humors
,
needing
to
be
purged
and
specially
being
pained
in
the
guts
,
I
would
wish
you
to
begin
first
with
a
Glister
,
least
by
purging
him
by
medicine
vppon
the
sudden
,
you
stir
vp
a
multitude
of
euill
humors
,
which
finding
no
passage
downeward
because
the
guts
be
stopt
with
wind
and
dregges
,
do
strike
vpwardes
,
and
so
perhaps
put
the
horse
in
great
danger
.
But
now
you
shall
vnderstand
that
Glisters
be
made
of
foure
things
,
that
is
to
say
,
of
decoctions
,
of
Drugges
,
of
Oyles
,
or
such
like
vnctious
matters
,
as
butter
and
soft
grease
,
and
fourthly
of
diuers
kindes
of
salt
to
prouoke
the
vertue
expulsiue
.
A
decoction
is
as
much
to
say
as
the
broath
of
certaine
hearbes
or
simples
boiled
together
in
water
till
the
third
part
be
consumed
.
And
sometime
instead
of
such
decoction
,
it
shal
be
needfull
parhaps
to
vse
some
fat
broth
as
the
broth
of
Beefe
or
of
Sheeps
heads
,
or
Milke
,
or
Whay
,
or
some
other
such
like
liquor
,
and
that
perhaps
mingled
with
Hony
,
or
Sugar
,
according
as
the
disease
shall
require
,
the
Glister
to
be
either
Lenitiue
,
that
is
to
say
,
easing
paine
:
or
Glutinatiue
,
that
is
,
ioyning
together
:
or
else
Abstersiue
,
that
is
to
say
,
cleansing
or
wiping
away
filthy
matter
,
of
which
decoction
of
broath
being
strained
,
you
shall
need
to
take
three
pintes
or
a
quart
at
the
least
.
And
then
into
that
you
may
put
such
drugges
as
shall
bee
needefull
to
the
weight
of
three
or
foure
ounces
,
according
as
the
simples
shall
bee
more
or
lesse
violent
.
Of
Oyle
at
the
least
halfe
a
pinte
,
and
of
Salt
two
or
three
drammes
,
and
then
to
bee
ministred
Luke-warme
with
a
horne
or
pipe
made
of
purpose
,
when
the
horse
is
not
altogether
full
panched
,
but
rather
empty
,
be
it
either
in
forenoone
or
after-noone
.
And
as
touching
the
time
of
keeping
glisters
in
the
body
,
you
shal
vnderstand
,
that
to
glisters
abstersiue
halfe
an
houre
or
lesse
may
suffice
:
to
glisters
Lenitiue
a
longer
time
if
it
may
be
and
to
glisters
Glutinatiue
,
the
longest
time
of
all
is
most
needfull
.
Of
Purgations
.
PVrgations
for
men
may
be
made
in
diuers
sorts
and
formes
,
but
horses
are
wont
to
be
purged
onely
with
pilles
,
or
els
with
purging
powders
put
into
Ale
,
Blundevile
wine
or
some
other
liquor
.
But
the
simples
whereof
such
pils
or
powders
be
made
,
would
be
chosen
with
iudgement
and
aptly
applyed
,
so
as
you
may
purge
away
the
hurtfull
humours
,
and
not
the
good
.
Learne
first
therefore
to
know
with
what
humour
or
humours
the
horse
is
greeued
,
be
it
Choler
,
Flegme
,
or
Melancholy
,
and
in
what
part
of
the
body
such
humors
do
abound
:
then
what
simples
are
best
to
purge
such
humors
,
&
with
what
property
,
quality
,
and
temperament
they
be
indued
.
For
some
be
violent
and
next
cousins
to
poison
,
as
Scamony
,
or
Coloquintida
.
Some
againe
are
gentle
,
and
rather
meat
than
medicines
,
as
Manna
,
Cassia
,
Whay
,
Prunes
,
and
such
like
.
And
some
againe
be
neither
too
violent
,
nor
too
gentle
,
but
in
a
meane
,
as
Rhewbarbe
,
Agaricke
,
Sene
,
Aloes
.
The
olde
men
did
vse
much
to
purge
horses
with
the
pulpe
of
Coloquintida
,
and
sometime
with
the
rootes
of
wilde
Cowcumber
,
and
sometime
with
the
broathe
of
a
sodden
Whelpe
mingled
with
Nitrum
,
and
diuers
other
thinges
whereof
I
am
sure
I
haue
made
mention
before
in
the
curing
of
horses
diseases
.
Notwithstanding
I
would
not
wish
you
to
be
rash
in
purging
a
horse
after
the
old
mens
example
.
For
as
their
simples
many
times
bee
very
violent
,
so
the
quantities
thereof
by
them
prescribed
are
verie
much
,
and
dangerous
for
any
horse
to
take
in
these
daies
,
in
the
which
neither
man
nor
beast
,
as
it
seemeth
,
is
of
such
force
or
strength
as
they
were
in
times
past
.
And
therefore
whensoeuer
you
would
purge
him
with
such
like
kindes
of
Purgations
as
Martin
vseth
,
wherof
you
haue
example
before
in
diuers
places
,
and
whensoeuer
you
list
for
knowledge
sake
to
deale
with
other
simples
,
to
proue
them
first
vpon
such
Iades
as
may
well
be
spared
.
For
whosoeuer
mindeth
to
purge
a
horse
well
,
that
is
,
to
do
him
good
and
no
hurt
,
had
neede
to
consider
manie
things
:
as
the
nature
of
the
horses
disease
,
and
the
horses
strength
:
also
the
nature
,
strength
and
quantity
of
the
medicine
that
he
ministreth
:
the
Region
,
or
Countrey
the
time
of
the
disease
,
the
time
of
the
yeere
and
daie
.
For
as
the
diseases
and
euill
humors
causing
such
diseases
are
diuers
,
so
doe
they
require
to
be
purged
with
diuers
medicines
,
diuerslie
compounded
,
wherein
consisteth
a
point
of
Art
to
be
learned
at
the
Physitians
hands
,
and
not
at
mine
.
Againe
,
weake
,
delicate
,
and
tender
Horses
,
may
not
be
purged
in
such
sorte
,
as
those
that
be
of
a
strong
sturdie
nature
.
And
therefore
in
such
cases
the
qualitie
and
quantity
of
the
simples
is
not
a
little
to
be
considered
,
neither
is
the
hotnesse
or
coldnesse
of
the
Region
to
be
neglected
,
nor
the
time
of
the
disease
.
For
some
require
to
be
purged
in
the
verie
beginning
some
,
not
vntill
the
matter
be
throughlie
digested
:
and
though
the
disease
proceed
perhaps
of
colde
and
cold
humors
,
yet
a
man
may
not
Minister
such
hot
thinges
in
Summer
,
as
he
would
do
in
Winter
,
nor
in
the
contrarie
ease
,
such
cold
thinges
in
Winter
as
he
would
in
Summer
.
And
therefore
the
time
and
season
of
the
yeare
is
also
to
bee
obserued
:
yea
the
day
and
time
of
the
day
.
For
the
more
temperate
the
day
is
the
better
,
not
in
an
extreame
hot
day
,
for
making
the
horse
to
faint
,
nor
yet
when
the
winde
bloweth
in
the
cold
North
,
for
that
wil
stop
and
hinder
the
working
of
the
medicine
,
but
rather
in
a
temperate
moist
day
,
when
the
wind
is
in
the
South
,
if
it
may
bee
,
for
that
will
further
and
helpe
the
working
of
the
medicine
,
and
make
the
body
loose
and
soluble
.
Againe
for
a
horse
,
whether
you
purge
him
with
pils
or
drinke
,
it
is
best
for
him
(
as
Martin
saith
)
to
take
them
in
the
morning
,
after
that
he
hath
fasted
from
meat
and
drinke
al
the
night
before
.
And
hauing
receiued
his
medicine
,
let
him
be
walked
vppe
and
downe
,
one
houre
at
the
least
,
and
then
set
him
vp
,
and
suffered
to
stand
on
the
bit
two
or
three
houres
without
any
meat
,
but
in
the
meane
time
see
that
he
be
well
littered
,
and
warme
couered
:
and
at
three
houres
end
,
offer
him
a
little
of
a
warme
mash
made
with
Wheate
meale
,
or
with
bran
,
or
else
with
ground
mault
.
Giue
him
little
meat
or
none
vntill
he
be
purged
:
all
which
thinges
haue
bin
shewed
you
before
in
diuers
places
,
and
therefore
I
thinke
it
not
good
to
be
tedious
vnto
you
with
often
recitall
thereof
.
Of
Cauterization
,
or
giuing
the
fire
,
aswell
actuall
as
potentiall
.
FOrasmuch
as
the
fire
is
iudged
of
all
the
olde
writers
to
be
the
chiefest
remedy
,
and
as
it
were
the
last
refuge
in
all
diseases
almost
whereunto
a
horse
is
subiecte
,
I
thought
good
therefore
to
talke
of
it
in
this
place
,
and
the
rather
,
for
that
fewe
or
none
of
our
Ferrers
vnlesse
it
be
Martin
,
or
such
as
haue
beene
taught
,
do
know
howe
to
giue
the
fire
,
or
to
what
end
it
serueth
.
But
first
you
shall
vnderstand
,
that
according
to
the
learned
Chirurgians
,
yea
,
also
according
to
my
old
Authors
,
there
be
two
kinds
of
Cauterie
,
the
one
actuall
,
and
the
other
potential
.
The
Cauterie
actual
is
that
which
is
done
onely
by
fiering
of
the
greeued
place
with
a
hot
yron
.
The
potentiall
Cauterie
is
done
by
applying
vnto
the
greeued
place
,
some
medicine
corosiue
,
putrifactiue
,
or
causticke
.
But
we
will
speake
first
of
the
actuall
cautery
,
shewing
you
wherefore
it
is
good
,
then
of
what
mettell
and
fashion
your
instrument
should
be
made
,
and
finally
how
and
when
to
vse
them
.
Auicen
saith
,
that
an
actuall
cauterie
moderately
vsed
,
is
a
noble
remedy
to
stoppe
coruption
of
members
,
to
rectifie
the
complexion
of
the
same
,
and
also
to
staunch
bloode
.
How
be
it
you
must
beware
(
saith
he
)
that
you
touch
not
the
sinnewes
,
chordes
,
or
ligaments
,
least
the
member
be
weakened
,
or
that
the
crampe
insueth
.
Vegetius
also
writing
of
horse-leach-craft
,
praiseth
the
actuall
cavterie
very
much
,
speaking
in
this
sort
.
The
actuall
cautery
saith
he
,
bindeth
together
parts
losened
,
it
doth
attinuate
parts
blowne
and
puffed
vp
,
it
drieth
vp
superfluous
moisture
,
it
looseneth
,
and
diuideth
euill
matter
gathered
together
into
knots
,
it
asswageth
old
griefes
,
it
rectifieth
those
parts
of
the
body
that
are
corupted
by
any
manner
of
way
,
reducing
them
to
their
pristine
estate
,
and
suffereth
no
superfluity
to
grow
or
increase
,
for
the
skinne
being
opened
with
a
hot
yron
,
all
kind
of
corruption
by
vertue
of
the
fire
is
first
digested
and
ripened
,
and
then
dissolued
,
so
as
the
matter
doth
yssue
out
at
the
holes
,
whereby
the
member
or
part
before
offended
is
nowe
healed
,
and
eased
of
all
paine
and
greefe
:
yea
the
holes
being
once
closed
and
cleane
shut
vp
,
that
place
is
stronger
and
better
knit
,
and
couered
with
a
tougher
skin
that
euer
it
was
before
.
Now
as
touching
the
instruments
whereof
,
and
of
what
fashion
they
should
be
made
you
shall
vnderstand
,
that
Vegetius
and
the
other
old
writers
would
haue
them
to
be
made
of
copper
,
praising
that
mettell
to
be
far
better
to
burne
with
,
that
yron
.
The
chirurgians
for
mans
body
do
praise
gold
and
siluer
,
but
as
for
the
fashion
of
the
yrons
,
it
is
to
bee
referred
to
the
kinde
of
sore
place
and
grieued
,
wherewith
you
haue
to
deale
,
according
to
the
diuersity
whereof
,
the
instruments
are
to
be
made
of
diuers
fashions
,
as
some
with
searing
yrons
with
sharpe
edges
,
and
some
with
blunt
and
broade
edges
,
some
like
right
,
and
some
like
crooked
Bodkins
,
and
some
like
hookes
and
sickles
,
and
some
with
a
great
button
,
and
some
with
a
smal
Button
at
the
one
ende
,
in
making
whereof
,
the
Ferrers
iudgement
is
most
needfull
,
who
ought
to
be
so
skilfull
as
he
may
be
able
to
make
al
maner
of
yrons
that
he
should
occupy
,
and
to
alter
them
according
as
need
shall
require
.
And
therefore
I
thought
good
onely
heere
to
speake
of
the
common
drawing
yron
,
and
of
the
button
yron
,
like
in
forme
to
those
that
Martin
vseth
,
referring
all
the
rest
to
your
owne
iudgement
,
and
specially
sith
you
haue
bin
fully
instructed
before
of
what
sort
they
shold
be
made
meet
to
serue
your
turne
in
any
disease
:
Nowe
,
as
touching
the
vse
of
the
instruments
,
two
things
are
specially
to
be
considered
,
that
is
the
heating
of
the
yron
,
and
the
bearing
of
the
hand
.
For
the
backe
of
the
yron
may
not
be
red
hot
,
but
onely
the
edge
,
for
feare
of
yeelding
too
much
heat
.
And
therefore
though
it
be
made
red
hot
at
the
first
,
yet
it
shall
be
good
before
you
occupy
it
,
to
cool
the
backe
of
the
instrument
in
water
,
and
as
touching
the
bearing
of
the
hand
more
euenly
and
lightly
it
is
donne
the
better
,
and
that
according
as
the
finenesse
and
thinnesse
of
the
skin
shall
require
,
which
is
to
be
iudged
by
the
haire
.
For
if
the
haire
be
short
and
fine
,
then
it
is
a
signe
of
a
fine
skinne
,
if
longe
and
rough
,
then
it
betokeneth
a
thicke
skinne
.
The
fine
skinne
requireth
the
lighter
hand
,
and
not
to
be
burned
so
deepe
as
the
thicke
skinne
,
yet
both
must
be
burned
vntill
they
looke
yellow
.
But
the
fine
skinne
will
looke
yellow
with
lesser
burning
,
then
the
thicke
skinne
.
For
the
thicke
skinne
with
his
long
haire
doth
choke
the
fire
,
and
therefore
requireth
a
more
heauy
hand
:
yea
,
and
more
often
heating
of
the
instrument
than
the
thinne
skinne
doeth
,
and
be
sure
to
draw
alwaies
with
the
haire
,
and
not
against
the
haire
,
in
what
forme
and
in
what
manner
of
lines
hath
beene
taught
you
before
:
for
those
must
be
made
either
long
,
short
,
deepe
,
shallow
,
right-crooked
,
or
ouer-thwart
,
according
as
the
disease
doeth
require
:
you
haue
learned
also
how
to
alay
the
heat
of
the
fire
,
after
such
drawing
.
And
therfore
I
haue
no
more
to
say
heere
,
but
onely
to
admonish
you
acccording
to
Vegetius
precepts
,
not
to
fire
anie
sinnewie
place
,
nor
bone
that
is
broken
or
out
of
iointe
,
for
feare
of
weakening
the
whole
member
,
nor
to
bear
so
heauy
or
vneuen
hand
,
as
you
should
thereby
deforme
or
misfashion
any
part
of
the
horse
,
nor
be
too
hasty
in
giuing
the
fire
,
but
to
attempt
first
all
other
conuenient
remedies
,
and
when
nothing
else
will
helpe
to
make
the
fire
your
last
refuge
,
and
yet
not
so
much
to
neglect
it
and
abhorre
it
,
like
the
ignoraunt
sort
,
as
you
will
not
vse
it
when
need
requireth
,
for
lack
whereof
many
horses
go
lame
,
and
vncured
of
diuers
diseases
.
P●●ctise
your
selus
therefore
in
giuing
the
fire
at
needful
times
with
iudgement
and
discretion
,
so
shall
you
do
it
to
the
horses
benefit
,
and
to
your
owne
great
praise
and
profit
.
Of
Cauteries
potentiall
.
CAuteries
potentiall
,
as
Iohannes
Vigo
saith
,
are
medicines
Corosiue
,
Putrifactiue
and
Causticke
.
This
word
Corosiue
,
is
deriued
of
the
Latine
word
Corrodo
,
which
is
as
much
to
saie
,
as
to
gnaw
and
frette
,
and
of
such
Corosiues
,
some
be
simple
and
some
compounde
.
The
simple
as
Vigo
saith
,
be
such
as
these
be
,
Roche
Alum
,
as
well
burnte
as
not
burnt
,
spunge
of
the
Sea
somewhat
burnt
,
Lime
,
redde
corall
powder
of
Mercury
.
Compound
corosiues
be
these
,
Vnguentum
Apostolorum
,
Vnguentum
aegyptiacum
,
Vnguentum
Ceraceum
.
Medicines
putrifactiue
,
called
of
the
learned
sort
,
Septica
according
to
Auicen
,
be
those
that
haue
strength
to
corrupte
the
complexion
of
the
member
,
and
to
induce
any
scarre
like
dead
flesh
,
causing
great
pain
:
yea
and
Feuers
,
&
therefore
ought
not
to
be
ministred
,
but
to
strong
bodies
and
in
strong
diseases
,
as
in
Carbuncles
,
Cankers
,
Vlcers
,
and
such
like
,
and
they
bee
these
,
Arsenicke
sublimat
resalgar
,
and
other
medicines
compound
therwith
.
Siluius
also
addeth
thereunto
Sandaraca
,
Chrysocolla
,
and
Aconitum
,
but
he
doth
not
agree
with
Auicen
in
the
description
of
the
putrifactiue
medicines
:
For
he
saith
,
that
they
haue
little
paine
or
none
,
neither
bee
they
so
hot
and
drie
as
those
that
are
called
Escharotica
:
that
is
to
say
crustiue
:
which
be
hot
in
the
forth
degree
and
do
breed
a
crust
and
scarre
,
and
cause
great
paine
,
as
vnslect
lime
,
and
the
burned
dregges
of
wine
:
wherefore
it
seemeth
that
Auicens
description
belongeth
rather
to
the
crustiue
than
to
the
putrifactiue
medicines
.
Notwithstanding
,
I
must
needs
say
that
our
Chirurgions
and
also
Ferrers
,
do
find
both
Arsenicke
and
Resalgar
,
to
be
so
sharpe
,
hotte
,
and
burning
things
,
as
when
they
minister
the
same
to
any
part
of
the
body
,
they
are
forced
to
alay
the
sharpenesse
thereof
:
the
chirurgians
with
the
iuyce
of
Plantaine
or
Daffadill
,
or
else
of
House-leeke
,
the
Ferrers
with
Hogges-greace
.
Medicines
causticke
:
that
is
to
say
burning
,
are
those
whose
operation
are
most
strong
and
inclineth
to
the
natute
of
the
fire
,
and
yet
more
easily
alayed
as
Vigo
writeth
,
than
the
medicines
putrifactiue
,
and
therefore
may
be
more
safely
vsed
.
They
bee
made
as
he
saith
of
strong
lie
,
called
Capitellum
,
or
Magistra
,
of
Vitriolae
Romanae
,
Sal
Nitri
,
Aqua
fortis
,
of
this
sort
be
al
those
which
Vigo
calleth
the
blistering
medicines
,
as
Apium
,
Cantharides
,
Ciclamine
,
Onions
,
strong
Garlicke
,
Melanacardinum
,
the
stones
or
graines
of
Vitis
alba
,
otherwise
called
Brione
.
Moreouer
,
Vigo
maketh
euery
one
of
these
cauteries
potentiall
to
excel
one
another
,
as
it
were
by
certaine
degrees
,
saying
,
that
corosiues
bee
weaker
then
putrifactiues
,
and
putrifactiues
be
weaker
then
causticke
,
and
therefore
corosiues
worke
in
the
vpper
part
and
in
soft
flesh
,
Putrifactiues
in
hard
flesh
and
deepe
.
But
caustickes
haue
power
to
breake
the
skin
in
hard
flesh
and
do
enter
most
deepely
.
The
vse
of
the
moste
part
of
which
thinges
haue
beene
taught
you
before
in
sundry
places
,
according
to
Martins
experience
.
And
therefore
I
leaue
to
trouble
you
any
further
,
wishing
you
that
are
desirous
to
know
any
more
of
those
matters
,
to
read
Taugantius
writing
De
piroticis
.
And
Siluius
de
medicamentorum
compositione
.
And
Iohn
Vigo
writing
of
surgerie
,
Englished
but
few
yeares
since
.
But
the
old
writers
so
farre
as
I
can
iudge
by
the
wordes
of
Absirtus
,
and
others
,
that
write
or
horseleachcraft
,
do
applie
this
worde
causticke
,
to
such
medicines
as
are
astrictiue
and
binding
,
called
of
Martin
and
other
Ferrers
in
these
daies
,
binding
charges
,
as
may
well
appeare
by
the
composition
and
vse
heere
following
,
recited
by
Vegetius
in
this
sort
.
The
receipt
of
a
Causticke
vsed
by
Chiron
,
to
dry
vp
the
superfluous
moisture
and
to
bind
parts
loosened
,
and
to
strengthen
parts
weakened
.
TAke
of
Bitumen
Iudaicum
two
pounde
,
of
Bitumen
Apolonij
two
pounde
,
of
the
purest
part
of
Frankencense
six
ounce
,
of
Bdellium
Arabicum
two
ounces
,
of
Deares
sewet
2.
pound
,
of
Populeum
two
ounces
,
of
Galbanum
two
ounces
,
of
the
drops
of
Storax
two
ounces
,
of
common
wax
two
pound
,
of
Resin
Gabial
one
pounde
,
of
Viscus
Italicus
three
ounces
,
of
Apoxima
two
ounces
,
of
the
iuice
of
hipsop
two
ounces
,
of
the
drops
of
Armoniake
two
ounces
,
of
pitch
one
pound
.
Another
Causticke
vsed
by
Pelagonius
,
to
dry
vp
swellings
,
Bladders
,
Windgals
,
and
splents
in
the
Legges
and
ioynts
.
TAke
virgin
wax
one
pound
,
of
Rozen
two
pound
and
a
halfe
,
of
Galbanum
three
ounces
,
of
Asphaltum
Iudaicum
two
pound
,
of
Mirrhe
secondary
two
pounde
,
of
Bitumen
one
pound
,
of
Armoniacke
six
ounces
,
of
Costus
six
ounces
.
Boile
all
these
things
together
in
an
earthen
pot
,
sauing
the
Asphaltum
,
Armoninack
&
Costum
:
which
being
first
ground
like
fine
flower
,
must
be
added
vnto
the
other
thinges
,
and
after
that
they
haue
been
boiled
and
cooled
,
and
then
boiled
al
together
againe
,
and
well
stirred
,
so
as
they
may
bee
incorporated
together
,
and
made
all
one
substance
.
These
kindes
of
emplaisters
or
ointmentes
ought
in
my
iudgement
to
be
so
called
,
as
I
said
before
,
rather
binding
charges
,
than
causlike
medicines
,
because
there
be
no
such
extreame
corosiue
or
burning
simples
in
these
,
as
are
before
recited
.
Notwithstanding
I
refer
my
iudgment
to
those
that
be
better
lerned
,
and
so
end
for
being
ouer
tedious
.
For
if
I
would
,
I
could
take
very
good
occasion
heere
to
speake
of
diuers
others
other
medicines
,
whereof
some
are
called
Anodina
,
easing
paine
and
griefe
.
Martin
calleth
them
Linoges
,
which
are
made
of
Lineseede
,
Cammomile
,
soft
greace
and
such
like
things
,
as
are
hot
in
the
first
degree
,
some
againe
are
called
Narcotica
,
that
is
to
say
,
astonying
or
bringing
to
sleepe
,
as
those
that
are
made
of
Opium
,
Mandrago●a
,
Popie
,
and
such
like
cold
and
grosse
things
.
And
some
are
called
Sarcotica
,
that
is
,
breeding
flesh
,
as
Barly
flower
and
Frankencense
.
And
many
other
kinds
of
emplaisters
,
ointments
,
waters
and
salues
,
which
would
occupy
a
booke
of
no
smal
volume
,
to
bee
written
hereafter
by
some
other
perhaps
,
if
not
by
my selfe
.
And
in
the
meane
time
,
let
this
that
I
haue
already
written
suffice
.
Of
the
Anticor
.
AN
Anticor
,
commeth
of
superfluity
,
of
euill
blood
or
spirit
in
the
artires
,
and
also
of
inflammation
in
the
liuer
,
which
is
ingendered
by
meanes
of
too
choise
keeping
,
Markham
.
and
ouermuch
rest
,
which
choaketh
the
vital
power
,
and
occasion
vnnaturall
swellings
in
the
brest
,
which
if
they
ascend
vpward
and
come
into
the
necke
,
they
are
instantly
death
:
the
cure
thereof
is
in
this
sort
.
Let
him
bleed
so
as
he
may
bleed
abundantly
,
then
with
a
sharp
knife
in
diuers
places
cut
the
swelling
:
which
done
,
set
a
cupping-glasse
theron
,
and
cup
it
till
the
glasse
filled
with
foule
water
fall
away
it selfe
:
then
giue
the
Horse
to
drinke
three
mornings
together
a
pinte
of
Malmesie
well
stirred
with
Sinamon
,
Lycoras
,
and
a
little
Bezar
stone
,
and
during
his
sicknes
,
let
his
drinke
bee
warmed
,
and
mingled
with
either
Bran
or
Malt.
Of
the
Cords
.
THe
Cords
is
a
disease
that
maketh
a
horse
stumble
,
and
many
times
fall
,
and
they
apeare
in
a
horses
forelegs
,
this
is
the
cure
thereof
.
Take
a
sharpe
knife
,
and
cut
a
slitte
euen
at
the
tip
of
his
nose
,
iust
with
the
point
of
the
grisle
,
open
the
slit
being
made
,
and
you
shall
perceiue
a
white
string
,
take
it
vp
with
a
Bores
tooth
,
or
some
crooked
bodkin
,
and
cut
it
insunder
,
then
stitch
vppe
the
slit
and
annoint
it
with
Butter
,
and
the
horse
doubtlesse
shall
be
recouered
.
Of
the
Millets
.
THe
Millets
is
a
griefe
that
appeareth
in
the
Fetlockes
behinde
,
and
causeth
the
haire
to
shed
three
or
foure
inches
long
,
and
a
quarter
of
an
inch
in
bredth
,
like
as
it
were
bare
and
ill
to
cure
,
but
thus
is
the
cure
:
First
wash
it
well
with
strong
lye
,
and
rub
it
till
it
bleede
,
then
binde
vnto
it
Hony
,
vnslect
lime
,
and
Deares
sewet
,
boiled
and
mingled
together
,
this
do
for
the
space
of
a
weeke
,
and
it
shall
be
whole
.
Of
the
Serew
.
A
Serew
is
a
foule
soraunce
,
it
is
like
a
Splent
,
but
it
is
a
little
longer
,
and
is
most
commonly
on
the
outside
of
the
fore
legge
,
as
the
splint
is
on
the
inside
,
the
cure
is
thus
.
Take
two
spoonefuls
of
strong
Wine-Vinegar
,
and
one
spoonefull
of
good
Sallet-oyle
,
mingle
them
together
,
and
euery
morning
bestow
one
houre
in
rubbing
the
sorance
with
it
altogether
downeward
til
it
be
gone
,
which
will
not
be
long
in
going
.
The
medicines
arising
out
of
Horses
.
THe
Graecians
haue
written
nothing
at
all
concerning
wilde
horses
,
Pliny
.
because
in
their
country
there
was
none
of
them
vsually
bredde
or
gotten
:
yet
notwithstanding
the
same
wee
ought
to
thinke
that
all
medicines
or
anye
other
thinges
,
which
do
proceed
from
them
,
are
more
strong
in
operation
,
and
haue
in
them
greater
force
and
power
then
anye
common
horses
haue
,
as
it
falleth
out
in
all
sortes
of
other
beasts
.
The
blood
of
a
horse
(
as
Pliny
affirmeth
)
doth
gnaw
into
deade
flesh
with
a
putrifactiue
force
,
the
same
vertue
hath
the
blood
of
Mares
,
which
haue
bin
couered
by
horses
:
Also
the
bloode
of
a
horse
(
but
especially
of
one
which
is
a
breeder
)
doeth
verye
much
make
and
helpe
againste
impostumes
,
and
small
bunches
which
do
arise
in
the
flesh
.
Moreouer
it
is
said
that
the
bloud
of
a
young
Asse
is
very
good
against
the
Iaundice
,
and
the
ouer-flowing
of
the
gall
,
as
also
the
same
force
and
effect
is
in
the
blood
of
a
young
horse
.
The
horse-leaches
do
vse
the
blood
of
horses
for
diuers
diseases
which
are
incident
vnto
them
,
both
by
annointing
or
rubbing
the
outward
parts
,
as
also
within
their
bodies
.
Furthermore
if
one
do
cut
the
vaines
of
the
pallet
of
a
horses
mouth
,
and
let
it
runne
downe
into
his
belly
,
Theomnestus
it
will
presently
destroy
and
consume
the
maw
or
belly-worms
,
which
are
within
him
.
When
a
horse
is
sicke
of
the
pestilence
,
they
draw
blood
out
of
the
veines
in
his
spurring
place
,
and
mingling
the
same
vpon
a
stone
with
salt
,
make
him
to
licke
it
vp
.
The
blood
of
a
horse
is
also
mingled
with
other
medicines
,
and
being
annointed
vpon
the
armes
and
shoulders
of
men
or
beasts
,
Veg●tius
which
are
broken
or
out
of
ioynt
,
doth
very
much
helpe
them
.
But
a
horse
which
is
weary
or
tyred
,
you
must
cure
after
this
manner
.
Firste
,
draw
some
bloude
out
of
his
matrixe
or
wombe
,
and
mingle
it
with
Oyle
and
Wine
,
and
then
put
it
on
the
fire
till
it
bee
luke-warme
,
and
then
rubbe
the
horse
all
ouer
againste
the
haires
.
If
the
sinnewes
of
horses
do
wax
stiffe
or
shrink
in
together
,
it
is
very
necessary
that
the
sicke
parts
should
be
annointed
with
the
hot
bloode
which
doeth
proceede
from
him
,
Pliny
.
for
horses
also
which
are
fed
in
the
field
vse
their
flesh
and
dung
,
against
the
biting
and
stinging
of
Serpents
.
We
do
also
find
that
the
flesh
of
horses
being
well
boiled
is
very
medicinable
for
diuers
diseases
.
Furnerius
.
Moreouer
it
is
very
vsuall
and
common
with
the
women
of
Occitania
to
take
the
fat
or
greace
of
horses
to
annoint
their
heades
to
make
the
haire
of
their
heads
multiply
and
increase
,
and
certaine
later
Phisitians
do
mingle
the
marrow
of
a
horse
with
other
ointments
for
a
remedy
against
the
crampe
.
The
marrow
of
a
horse
is
also
very
good
to
loosen
the
sinnewes
which
are
knit
and
fastned
together
,
but
first
let
it
be
boiled
in
wine
,
and
afterwards
made
cold
,
and
then
anointed
warmly
either
by
the
fire
or
Sun
.
If
a
horse
do
labor
in
what
kind
of
impostume
which
they
vulgarly
call
the
worme
,
either
any
where
as
well
as
in
the
nose
,
they
do
open
the
skin
with
a
searirg
yron
,
and
doe
sprinkle
Verdigreace
within
the
horses
mouth
being
brent
,
there
being
added
thereunto
sometimes
the
seed
of
Hen-bane
.
The
teeth
of
a
male
horse
not
gelded
or
by
any
labor
made
feeble
,
being
put
vnder
the
head
or
ouer
the
head
of
him
that
is
troubled
or
starteth
in
his
dreame
,
doth
withstand
and
resist
all
vnquietnes
which
in
the
time
of
his
rest
might
happen
vnto
him
.
Albertus
Pliny
also
doeth
assent
that
flower
dooeth
heale
the
sorenes
of
a
horses
teeth
and
gums
,
and
the
clefts
and
chinkes
of
a
horses
feet
.
The
teeth
also
of
a
horse
is
verye
profitable
for
the
curing
of
the
Chilblanes
which
are
rotten
and
full
of
corruption
when
they
are
swollen
full
ripe
.
Marcellus
.
Marcellus
saith
that
the
toothe
of
a
horse
being
beaten
and
crushed
into
very
small
powder
,
and
being
sprinkled
vppon
a
mans
genitall
doth
much
profit
,
and
very
effectually
helpe
him
:
but
the
teeth
which
were
first
ingendered
in
a
horse
haue
this
vertue
in
them
,
that
if
they
should
touch
the
teethe
of
man
or
woman
who
are
molested
and
grieued
with
the
tooth-ache
,
they
shal
presently
find
a
finall
ende
of
their
paine
:
if
in
the
like
manner
a
childe
doe
kisse
the
nose
or
snowt
of
a
horse
he
shal
neuer
feele
paine
in
his
teeth
,
neither
at
any
time
shall
the
childe
be
bitten
by
the
horse
.
Sextus
.
The
teeth
which
do
first
of
all
fall
from
horses
,
being
bound
or
fastned
vpon
children
in
their
infancie
,
do
very
easily
procure
the
breeding
of
the
teeth
,
but
with
more
speed
and
more
effectually
if
they
haue
neuer
touched
the
grovnd
,
wherefore
the
poet
doth
very
wel
apply
these
verses
,
saying
;
Collo
igitur
molli
dentes
nectentur
equini
Qui
prima
fuerint
pullo
crescente
caduci
.
It
is
also
said
that
if
the
haire
of
a
horse
be
fastned
vnto
the
house
of
a
mans
enemy
,
it
wil
be
a
meanes
that
neither
little
flies
or
small
gnats
shall
flie
by
his
dwelling
place
or
aboad
.
The
tongue
of
a
horse
being
neuer
accustomed
vnto
wine
,
Pliny
is
a
most
present
and
expedient
medicide
to
alay
or
cure
the
milt
of
a
man
or
Woman
(
as
Caecilius
Bion
reporteth
vnto
vs
,
that
he
learned
it
of
the
Barbarians
.
)
But
Marcellus
saith
,
that
the
horse
tongue
ought
to
be
dried
and
beaten
into
small
pouder
,
and
put
into
any
drinke
except
Wine
onely
,
and
foorthwith
it
will
shew
the
commodity
which
riseth
thereuppon
,
by
easing
either
man
or
Woman
,
of
the
paine
of
the
spleene
or
milt
:
diuers
also
do
thinke
that
a
horses
tongue
vsed
after
this
manner
,
is
a
good
meanes
or
preseruatiue
against
the
biting
of
Serpentes
or
any
other
venemous
creatures
.
But
for
the
curing
of
any
sores
or
griefes
in
the
inward
partes
,
the
genitall
of
a
horsse
is
most
of
all
commended
:
for
as
Pliny
supposeth
,
this
genitall
of
a
horse
is
very
medicinable
for
the
loosing
of
the
belly
,
as
also
the
bloud
,
marrow
,
or
liuer
of
a
Goate
,
but
these
thinges
doe
rather
dry
vp
and
close
the
belly
(
as
before
we
haue
taught
)
concerning
the
Goat
.
Plinius
In
the
heart
of
Horsses
there
is
found
a
bone
,
most
like
vnto
a
dogs
tooth
,
it
is
saide
that
this
doth
driue
away
all
griefe
or
sorrow
from
a
mans
heart
,
and
that
a
tooth
being
pulled
from
the
cheekes
or
iaw
bones
of
a
dead
horse
doth
shew
the
full
and
right
number
of
the
sorrowes
of
the
party
so
grieued
.
The
dust
of
a
horse
hoofe
annointed
with
oile
and
water
,
Plinius
doth
driue
away
impostumes
and
little
bunches
which
rise
in
the
flesh
in
what
part
of
the
body
soeuer
they
be
;
and
the
dust
of
the
hoofe
of
an
asse
annointed
with
oile
,
water
,
and
whot
vrine
,
doth
vtterly
expell
all
wens
and
kernels
which
do
rise
in
the
neck
,
arme-holes
,
or
any
other
part
of
the
body
,
of
either
man
or
woman
.
The
genitall
of
a
gelded
horse
dryed
in
an
ouen
,
beaten
to
powder
,
and
giuen
twice
or
thrice
in
a
little
whot
broath
to
drinke
vnto
the
party
grieued
,
is
by
Pliny
accounted
an
excellent
and
approued
remedy
for
the
secunds
of
a
woman
.
The
foame
of
a
horse
,
or
the
dust
of
a
horse
hoofe
dried
,
is
very
good
to
driue
away
shamefastnes
,
being
annointed
with
a
certaine
titulation
.
Marcellus
.
The
scrapings
of
the
horses
hoofes
being
put
in
wine
and
poured
into
the
horsses
nostrils
,
do
greatly
prouoke
his
vrin
.
The
ashes
also
of
a
horsses
hoofe
,
being
mingled
with
wine
and
water
doth
greatly
ease
and
helpe
the
disease
called
the
collicke
or
stone
:
as
also
by
a
perfume
which
may
be
made
by
the
hoofes
of
Horses
being
dryed
,
a
child
which
is
still
borne
is
cast
out
.
The
milke
of
Mares
is
of
such
an
excellent
vertue
,
that
it
doth
quite
expell
the
poyson
of
the
Sea-hare
,
&
all
other
poison
whatsoeuer
,
drink
also
mingled
with
Mares
milk
,
doth
make
the
body
loose
and
laxatiue
.
It
is
also
counted
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
falling
sicknesse
,
to
drinke
the
stones
of
a
Boare
out
of
Mares
milke
or
water
.
Hippocrates
If
there
be
any
filth
or
matter
lying
in
the
matrice
of
a
woman
,
lether
take
Mares
milke
boiled
and
througly
strained
,
and
presently
the
filth
and
excrements
will
void
cleane
away
.
If
so
be
that
a
Woman
be
barren
and
cannot
conceiue
,
let
her
then
take
Mares
milke
(
not
knowing
what
it
is
)
and
let
her
presently
accompany
with
a
man
and
she
wil
conceiue
.
The
milk
of
a
Mare
being
drunk
doth
asswage
the
labor
of
the
matrice
,
and
doth
cause
a
still
child
to
bee
cast
forth
.
If
the
seede
of
hen-bane
be
beaten
small
and
mingled
with
Mares
milke
,
and
bound
with
a
Harts
skin
,
so
that
it
may
not
touch
the
ground
,
and
fastened
or
bound
to
a
woman
they
will
hinder
her
conception
.
The
thinnest
or
latest
part
of
the
milke
of
a
Mare
doth
very
easily
,
gently
,
and
without
any
danger
purge
the
belly
.
Mares
milke
being
daily
annointed
with
a
little
hony
doth
without
any
paine
or
punishment
take
away
the
wounds
of
the
eies
being
new
made
.
Cheese
made
of
Mares
milke
doth
represse
and
take
away
all
wringings
or
aches
in
the
belly
whatsoeuer
.
If
you
anoint
a
combe
with
the
foame
of
a
horse
wherwith
a
young
man
or
youth
doth
vse
to
comb
his
head
it
is
of
such
force
as
it
will
cause
the
haire
of
his
head
neither
to
encrease
or
any
whit
to
appeare
.
The
foame
of
a
horse
is
also
very
much
commended
for
them
which
haue
either
pain
or
difficulty
of
hearing
in
their
ears
,
or
else
the
dust
of
horse-dung
being
new
made
and
dryed
,
and
mingled
with
oyle
of
Roses
.
The
griefe
or
sorenes
of
a
mans
mouth
or
throat
,
being
washed
or
annointed
with
the
foame
of
a
Horse
which
hath
bin
fed
with
Oates
or
barly
,
doth
presently
expell
the
paine
of
the
sorenesse
,
if
so
be
that
it
be
2.
or
3.
times
washed
ouer
with
the
iuyce
of
young
or
greene
Sea-crabs
beaten
small
together
:
but
if
you
cannot
get
the
Sea-crabs
which
are
greene
,
sprinkle
vpon
the
griefe
the
smal
powder
which
doth
come
from
dried
Crabs
which
are
baked
in
an
Ouen
made
of
brasse
,
and
afterward
wash
the
mouth
where
the
paine
is
and
you
shall
finde
present
remedy
.
The
fome
of
a
horse
,
Rasis
being
3.
or
4.
times
taken
in
drinke
doth
quiet
expell
and
driue
away
the
cough
.
But
Marcellus
doth
affirme
that
whosoeuer
is
troubled
with
the
cough
,
or
consumption
of
the
lunges
,
and
doth
drinke
the
foame
of
a
Horse
by
it selfe
alone
without
any
drinke
shall
finde
present
help
and
remedy
:
but
as
Sextus
saith
the
horse
will
presently
die
after
it
.
The
same
also
being
mingled
with
hot
water
and
giuen
to
one
who
is
troubled
with
the
same
diseases
,
Marcellus
being
in
manner
past
al
cure
,
doeth
presently
procure
health
,
Rasis
but
the
death
of
the
horse
doth
instantly
ensue
.
The
sweat
of
a
horse
being
mingled
with
wine
and
so
drunke
,
doth
cause
a
woman
which
is
very
big
and
in
great
labor
,
to
cast
a
still
childe
.
Albertus
.
The
sweat
of
any
beast
,
(
but
as
Albertus
saith
)
onely
of
a
horse
,
doth
breed
wind
in
a
man
or
womans
face
being
put
thereupon
,
Rasis
and
besides
that
,
doth
bring
the
squince
or
squincy
,
as
also
a
filthy
stinking
sweat
.
If
swords
,
kniues
,
or
the
points
of
speares
when
they
are
red
fire
hot
,
be
annointed
with
the
sweat
of
a
horse
,
they
will
be
so
venemous
and
full
of
poison
,
that
if
a
man
or
woman
be
smitten
or
pricked
therewith
,
Rasius
they
wil
neuer
cease
from
bleeding
as
long
as
life
doth
last
If
a
horse
be
wounded
with
an
arrow
,
and
haue
the
sweat
of
another
horse
,
and
bread
which
hath
bene
brent
,
being
mingled
in
mans
Vrine
,
giuen
him
to
drink
,
and
afterwards
some
of
the
same
,
being
mingled
with
horse-grease
put
into
the
wounde
,
it
will
in
short
time
procure
him
ease
and
helpe
.
There
are
some
which
wil
assure
vs
,
that
if
a
man
be
troubled
with
the
belly
wormes
,
or
haue
a
Serpent
crept
into
his
belly
,
if
hee
take
but
the
sweate
of
a
horse
being
mingled
with
his
vrine
and
drinke
it
,
it
will
presently
cause
the
wormes
or
the
Serpent
to
yssue
forth
.
Dioscorides
.
Pliny
The
dung
of
a
horse
or
Asse
which
is
fedde
with
grasse
,
being
dried
and
afterward
dipped
in
wine
,
and
so
drunke
,
is
a
very
good
remedy
against
the
bitings
and
blowes
of
Scorpions
.
The
same
medicines
they
doe
also
vse
,
being
mingled
with
the
genital
of
a
Hare
in
Vineger
,
both
against
the
Scorpion
,
and
against
the
shrew-mouse
.
The
force
is
so
great
in
the
poyson
of
a
madde
Dogge
or
Bitch
that
his
pargeted
Vrine
doth
much
hurt
,
especially
vnto
them
that
haue
a
sore
bile
vpon
them
,
the
chiefest
remedy
▪
therefore
against
the
same
is
the
dung
of
a
horse
mingled
with
Vineger
,
and
being
warmed
put
into
the
scab
or
sore
.
The
dung
aswel
of
Asses
as
of
horses
either
raw
,
colde
,
or
burned
,
is
excellent
good
against
the
breaking
forth
or
yssues
of
the
blood
.
Marcellus
The
dung
of
Horses
or
Asses
being
newe
made
or
warme
,
and
so
clapped
and
put
to
a
green
wound
doth
very
easily
and
speedily
stanche
the
bleeding
.
If
the
vaine
of
a
horse
bee
cut
and
the
blood
doe
yssue
out
in
too
great
aboundance
,
apply
the
dung
of
the
same
horse
vnto
the
place
where
the
veine
is
cut
,
Russius
.
and
the
bleeding
wil
presently
cease
,
wherefore
the
poet
doth
very
wel
expresse
it
in
these
verses
following
;
Pell●ganius
.
Sine
fimus
manni
cum
testis
vritur
oui
Et
reprimit
fluidos
miro
medicamine
cursus
.
Albertus
.
The
same
doth
also
very
wel
driue
away
the
corruption
in
mens
body
which
doth
cause
the
blood
to
stinke
if
it
be
well
and
iustly
applyed
vnto
the
corrupt
place
:
The
same
also
beeing
mingled
with
oyle
of
Roses
,
Aes●ulapius
.
and
new
made
,
and
so
applied
vnto
the
eares
,
doeth
not
onely
driue
away
the
paine
,
but
also
doth
very
much
helpe
for
hearing
;
There
is
another
remedy
also
for
the
hearing
,
which
is
this
,
to
take
the
dunge
of
a
horse
which
is
new
made
,
and
to
make
it
hot
in
a
furnace
,
Marcellus
.
and
then
to
poure
it
on
the
middle
of
the
heade
against
the
V●●la
,
and
afterward
to
tie
the
aforesaid
dunge
,
in
a
linnen
or
wollen
cloath
vnto
the
toppe
of
the
head
in
the
night
time
.
Pliny
The
dung
of
a
young
Asse
when
he
is
first
foaled
,
giuen
in
Wine
to
the
quantity
or
magnitude
of
a
Beane
,
is
a
present
remedy
for
eyther
man
or
Woman
who
is
troubled
with
the
Iaundice
or
the
ouer-flowing
of
the
gall
:
and
the
same
property
hath
the
dung
of
a
younge
horse
or
Colte
when
hee
is
new
foaled
.
But
the
dunge
of
an
olde
horse
,
being
boiled
in
faire
water
,
Sextus
and
afterward
strained
and
so
giuen
to
the
party
to
drinke
,
who
is
troubled
with
Water
in
his
belly
or
stomacke
,
doth
presently
make
vent
for
the
same
.
There
is
also
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
Collicke
and
stone
,
which
is
this
,
to
take
a
handfull
of
the
dung
of
a
horse
which
hath
bene
fedde
with
Oates
and
Barley
,
and
not
with
grasse
,
Empiric●s
.
and
mingle
verye
well
it
with
halfe
a
pinte
of
Wine
,
all
which
I
do
gesse
will
amount
vnto
the
waight
of
eighteene
ounces
,
and
then
boyle
them
altogether
vntil
halfe
of
them
bee
boyled
or
consumed
away
,
and
then
drinke
the
same
by
little
and
little
vntil
it
bee
all
drunke
vp
,
but
it
will
be
much
better
for
the
party
that
is
troubled
to
drinke
it
vp
altogether
if
he
be
able
.
There
is
moreouer
a
very
good
and
easie
way
by
horse-dung
to
cure
the
Ague
or
quarterne
feauer
,
which
is
thus
,
to
burne
the
aforesaid
dung
,
Marcellus
and
to
mingle
the
very
dust
it selfe
thereof
in
old
wine
,
and
then
beat
it
vnto
small
powder
,
and
so
giue
it
vnto
the
party
who
is
troubled
therewith
,
to
drinke
or
suck
without
any
water
in
it
,
and
this
wil
very
speedily
procure
ease
and
helpe
.
If
that
a
woman
supposeth
her
childe
which
is
in
hir
wombe
to
be
dead
,
Pliny
let
her
drinke
the
milt
or
spleene
of
a
horse
in
some
sweet
water
,
not
to
the
smel
,
but
to
the
tast
,
and
she
wil
presently
cast
the
childe
.
The
same
vertue
is
in
the
perfume
which
is
made
of
a
horses
hoof
,
as
also
in
the
dry
dung
of
a
horse
:
There
are
some
which
do
vse
this
means
against
the
falling
sicknes
,
or
the
sicknes
called
Saint
Iohns
euil
,
Plinyus
that
is
to
mingle
the
water
or
vrine
which
a
horse
doth
make
with
the
water
which
commeth
from
the
Smiths
trough
,
and
so
to
giue
it
the
party
in
a
potion
:
There
is
a
very
good
helpe
for
cattell
which
do
void
blood
through
their
Nostrils
or
secret
parts
which
is
this
,
Empiricus
.
to
make
a
paast
of
Wheat-flower
and
beat
it
and
mingle
it
togither
with
Butter
and
Egges
in
the
vrine
of
a
horse
which
hath
lately
drunke
,
and
afterward
to
giue
that
paast
or
poultes
baked
euen
into
ashes
to
the
beast
so
grieued
.
To
prouoke
vrine
when
a
mans
yard
is
stopt
,
there
is
nothing
so
excellent
as
the
dung
or
filthe
which
proceedeth
from
the
vrine
which
a
horse
hath
made
,
being
mingled
with
wine
,
and
then
strained
,
and
afterwards
poured
into
the
nostrils
of
the
party
so
vexed
.
There
are
certaine
Tetters
or
Ring-wormes
in
the
knees
of
horses
,
and
a
little
aboue
the
hooues
in
the
bending
of
these
parts
,
there
are
indurate
and
hardned
thicke
skins
,
Dioscorides
which
being
beaten
into
small
powder
and
mingled
with
Vineger
,
and
so
drunke
,
are
an
exceeding
good
preseruatiue
against
the
falling
sicknes
:
Galen
.
the
same
is
also
a
very
good
remedy
for
them
which
are
bitten
with
any
wilde
Beast
whatsoeuer
.
By
the
Tetter
or
Ring-worme
which
groweth
in
a
horses
knees
or
aboue
the
hoofes
beaten
and
mingled
with
oyle
,
and
so
poured
in
the
eares
,
the
teeth
of
either
man
or
woman
which
were
weake
and
loose
,
will
be
made
very
strong
and
fast
.
The
aforesaid
Tetter
without
any
mingling
with
oyle
,
pliny
.
doth
also
heal
and
cure
the
head-ache
and
falling
sicknes
,
in
either
man
or
woman
.
The
same
also
being
drunk
out
of
Clarret
Wine
or
Muscadel
for
forty
daies
togither
,
doeth
quite
expel
and
driue
away
the
collicke
and
stone
.
If
that
any
man
do
get
and
putte
vp
the
shooe
of
a
horse
beeing
stroake
from
his
hoofe
as
he
trauaileth
in
his
pace
which
doeth
many
times
happen
,
Magi
,
it
wil
be
an
excellent
remedy
for
him
against
the
sobbing
in
the
stomacke
called
the
hicket
.
OF
THE
HYAENA
,
AND
THE
diuers
kinds
thereof
.
WE
are
nowe
to
discourse
of
a
Beast
whereof
it
is
doubtful
whether
the
names
or
the
kindes
thereof
bee
more
in
number
,
and
therefore
to
begin
with
the
names
,
it
seemeth
to
me
in
general
,
that
it
is
,
The
names
and
other
general
accidents
.
the
same
Beast
which
is
spoken
of
in
holy
scripture
,
and
called
Zeeb-ereb
,
and
Araboth
.
Zepham
.
3.
Principes
vrbis
Hierosolymae
velut
Leones
rugientes
,
iudices
eius
similes
sunt
lupis
Vespertinis
qui
ossa
non
relinqunt
ad
diluculum
:
Their
Princes
are
roaring
Lyons
,
and
their
iudges
are
like
to
night-wolues
which
leaue
not
the
bones
til
the
morning
,
as
it
is
vulgarly
translated
.
In
like
sort
Ier.
Cap
,
5
,
calleth
them
Zeeb-Araboath
,
Wolues
of
the
wildernes
,
and
the
Prophet
Habbakuk
.
Cap.
1.
vseth
the
word
Zeeb-ereb
,
Wolues
of
the
euening
.
By
which
it
is
made
easie
to
consider
and
discusse
what
kinde
of
Beast
this
Hyaena
may
be
deemed
:
for
the
Hyaena
as
I
shal
shew
you
afterward
,
is
a
Greek
word
.
And
first
of
al
I
vtterly
seclude
al
their
opinions
,
which
translate
this
word
Arabian
wolues
,
for
the
Haebrew
notes
cannot
admit
such
a
version
or
exposition
:
But
seeing
we
read
in
Oppianus
and
Tzetzes
,
that
there
are
kinds
of
Wolues
which
are
called
Harpages
,
more
hungry
then
the
residue
,
liuing
in
Mountains
,
very
swift
of
foot
&
in
the
Winter
time
,
comming
to
the
gates
of
Citties
,
and
deuouring
both
flesh
and
bones
of
euery
liuing
creature
they
can
lay
hold
on
,
especially
Dogs
and
men
,
and
in
the
morning
go
away
againe
from
their
prey
,
I
take
them
to
be
the
same
beasts
which
the
Graecians
cal
Hyaenae
,
which
is
also
the
name
of
a
fishe
much
like
in
nature
hereunto
.
It
is
also
called
Glanos
,
and
the
Phrygians
,
and
Bythinians
Ganos
,
&
from
one
of
these
came
the
Illirian
or
Sclauonian
word
San
,
and
it
seemeth
that
the
Graecians
haue
giuen
it
a
name
from
Swine
,
because
of
the
gristles
growing
on
the
back
,
for
an
Hyaena
can
haue
no
better
deriuation
then
from
Hus
or
Hyn.
Iulius
Capitolinus
calleth
it
Belbus
in
Latine
,
in
the
same
place
where
he
recordeth
that
there
were
decem
Belbi
sub
Gordiano
ten
Hyaenaes
in
the
daies
of
Gordianus
:
And
the
reason
of
this
name
is
not
improbably
deriued
from
Belba
a
cittie
of
Egypt
.
Pincianus
a
learned
man
calleth
it
Grabthier
,
because
it
hunteth
the
sepulchers
of
the
dead
.
Albertus
in
stead
of
Hyaena
,
calleth
it
Iona.
The
Arabians
cal
it
Kabo
,
&
Zabo
,
or
Ziba
,
and
Azaro
.
I
take
it
also
to
be
the
same
beast
which
is
called
Lacta
,
and
Ana
,
and
Zilio
,
because
that
which
is
reported
of
these
is
true
in
the
Hyaena
,
Albertus
.
they
frequent
graues
,
hauing
sharp
teeth
,
&
long
nailes
,
being
very
fierce
,
liuing
together
in
heards
and
flocks
,
and
louing
their
own
kind
most
tenderly
,
but
most
pernicious
and
hatefull
to
all
other
,
being
very
crafty
to
set
vpon
a
fit
prey
defending
it selfe
from
the
rage
of
stronger
beasts
by
their
teeth
&
nailes
,
or
else
by
flight
or
running
away
.
Wherfore
we
hauing
thus
expressed
the
name
we
will
handle
the
kinds
which
I
finde
to
be
three
,
the
first
Hyaena
,
the
second
Papio
or
Dabuh
,
the
third
Crocuta
and
Leucrocuta
,
whereunto
by
coniecture
we
may
adde
a
forth
,
called
Mantychora
.
THE
FIGVRE
OF
THE
FIRST
HYAENA
.
THis
first
and
vulgar
kind
of
Hyaena
is
bred
in
Affricke
and
Arabia
,
being
in
quantity
of
body
like
a
wolfe
,
Hieronimus
Aristotle
.
but
much
rougher
haird
,
for
it
hath
bristles
like
a
horsses
mane
all
along
his
back
,
&
in
the
middle
of
his
back
it
is
a
litle
crooked
or
dented
,
the
colour
yellowish
,
but
bespeckled
on
the
sides
with
blew
spots
,
which
make
him
looke
more
terrible
▪
as
if
it
had
so
many
eies
.
The
eies
change
their
colour
at
the
pleasure
of
the
beast
,
Oppianus
The
several
parts
.
a
thousand
times
a
day
,
for
which
cause
many
ignorant
writers
haue
affirmed
the
same
of
the
whole
body
,
yet
can
he
not
see
one
quarter
so
perfectly
in
the
day
as
in
the
night
;
&
therfore
he
is
called
Lupus
vespertinus
a
wolfe
of
the
night
.
The
skilful
Lapidarists
of
Germany
affirme
that
this
beast
hath
a
stone
in
his
eies
(
or
rather
in
his
head
)
called
Hyaena
or
Hyaenius
;
but
the
ancients
say
that
the
apple
or
puple
of
the
eie
is
turnd
into
such
a
stone
,
&
that
it
is
indued
with
this
admirable
quality
,
Pliny
that
if
a
man
lay
it
vnder
his
tong
,
he
shal
be
able
to
foretell
and
prophesie
of
things
to
come
,
the
truth
hereof
I
leaue
to
the
reporters
.
Their
back-bone
stretcheth
it selfe
out
to
the
head
,
so
as
the
necke
cannot
bend
except
the
whole
body
be
turned
about
,
and
therfore
whensoeuer
he
hath
occasion
to
wry
his
necke
,
S●lmus
Albertus
.
he
must
supply
that
quality
by
remouing
of
his
whole
bodie
.
This
Beast
hath
a
very
great
hart
as
all
other
Beasts
haue
which
are
hurtful
,
by
reason
of
their
feare
.
The
genital
member
is
like
a
dogs
or
wolues
;
and
I
maruaile
vpon
what
occasion
the
writers
haue
beene
so
possessed
with
opinion
that
they
change
sexes
,
Aristotle
Whether
they
change
sexes
yeerely
and
are
somtime
male
and
another
female
,
that
is
to
say
male
one
yeare
,
and
female
another
,
according
to
these
verses
;
Si
tamen
est
aliquid
mirae
nouitatis
in
istis
Alternare
vices
&
quae
modo
foemina
tergo
.
Passa
marem
est
nunc
esse
marem
miremur
Hyaenam
.
Ouid.
Both
kinds
haue
vnder
their
tailes
a
double
note
of
passage
,
in
the
male
there
is
a
scissure
like
the
secrets
of
a
femal
,
&
in
the
femal
abunch
like
the
stones
of
the
male
,
but
nether
on
nor
other
inward
,
but
onely
outward
;
and
except
this
hath
giuen
cause
of
this
opinion
,
I
cannot
learne
the
ground
thereof
:
onely
Orus
writeth
,
that
there
is
a
fishe
of
this
name
which
turneth
sexe
,
and
peraduentute
some
men
hearing
so
much
of
the
fish
,
Aelianus
might
mistake
it
more
easilye
for
the
foure-footed-beast
,
and
applye
it
thereunto
.
Their
procreation
.
These
engender
not
onely
among
themselues
,
but
also
with
Dogs
,
Lyons
,
Tygers
,
and
Wolues
,
for
the
Aetheopian
Lyon
being
couered
with
an
Hyaena
beareth
the
Crocuta
.
The
Thoes
of
whom
we
shall
speake
more
afterward
,
are
generated
betwixt
this
beast
and
a
Wolfe
:
and
indeed
it
is
not
without
reason
that
God
himselfe
in
holy
scripture
calleth
it
by
the
name
of
a
Vespertine
Wolfe
,
seeing
it
resembleth
a
Wolfe
in
the
quantity
,
colour
,
in
voracity
and
gluttoning
in
of
flesh
,
in
subtilty
to
ouercome
dogs
and
men
,
euen
as
a
Wolfe
doth
silly
sheepe
.
Their
teeth
are
in
both
beasts
like
sawes
,
their
genitals
alike
,
The
disposition
and
natural
properties
of
this
beast
.
Pliny
.
Sol●nus
and
both
of
them
being
hungry
range
&
prey
in
the
night
season
.
This
is
accounted
a
most
subtill
and
crafty
beast
according
to
the
allusiue
saying
of
Mantuan
.
Est
in
eis
Pietas
Crocodili
astutia
Hyaenae
.
And
the
female
is
far
more
subtill
then
the
male
,
and
therefore
more
seldome
taken
,
for
they
are
afraid
of
their
own
company
.
It
was
constantly
affirmed
that
among
eleuen
Hyaenes
,
there
was
found
but
one
female
,
it
hath
beene
beleeued
in
ancient
time
that
there
is
in
this
beast
a
magicall
or
enchanting
power
,
for
they
write
,
that
about
what
creature
soeuer
he
goeth
round
three
times
,
it
shall
stand
stone-still
and
not
be
able
to
mooue
out
of
the
place
:
and
if
Dogs
do
but
come
within
the
compasse
of
their
shaddow
and
touch
it
,
they
presently
loose
their
voice
:
and
that
this
she
dooth
most
naturally
in
the
ful
moone
;
Aelianus
philes
.
for
although
the
swiftnesse
or
other
opportunity
of
the
Dogges
helpeth
them
to
fly
away
from
her
,
yet
if
she
can
but
cast
her
shadow
vpon
them
,
she
easily
obtaineth
her
prey
.
She
can
also
counterfeit
a
mans
voice
,
vomit
,
cough
,
and
whistle
,
by
which
meanes
in
the
night
time
she
commeth
to
houses
or
foldes
where
Dogs
are
lodged
,
and
so
making
as
though
she
vomited
,
or
else
whistling
,
draweth
the
Dogs
out
of
doors
to
her
and
deuoureth
them
.
Solinus
.
Aelianus
.
Likewise
her
nature
is
,
if
she
find
a
man
or
a
Dog
on
sleepe
,
she
considereth
whether
shee
or
he
haue
the
greater
body
,
if
she
,
then
she
falleth
on
him
,
and
either
with
her
weight
,
or
some
secret
worke
of
nature
by
stretching
her
body
vpon
him
killeth
him
,
or
maketh
him
sencelesse
;
whereby
without
resistance
she
eateth
off
his
hands
:
but
if
she
find
her
body
to
be
shorter
or
lesser
then
his
,
then
she
taketh
her
heeles
and
flyeth
away
.
If
a
man
meet
with
this
beast
he
must
not
set
vpon
it
on
the
right
hand
,
but
on
the
lefte
,
for
it
hath
bin
often
seene
,
that
when
in
hast
it
did
run
by
the
Hunter
on
the
right
hand
,
he
presently
fel
off
from
his
horse
sencelesse
;
and
therefore
they
that
secure
themselues
from
this
beast
,
must
be
carefull
to
receiue
him
on
the
left
side
,
that
so
hee
may
with
more
facility
be
taken
,
especially
(
saith
Pliny
)
if
the
cords
wherein
he
is
to
be
ensnared
be
fastned
with
seuen
knots
.
Aelianus
reporteth
of
them
,
that
one
of
these
comming
to
a
man
asleep
in
a
sheep-coat
,
by
laying
her
left
hand
or
forefoote
to
his
mouth
made
or
cast
him
into
a
dead-sleep
,
and
afterward
digged
about
him
such
a
hole
like
a
graue
,
as
shee
couered
all
his
body
ouer
with
the
earth
,
except
his
throat
and
head
,
whereupon
she
sat
vntill
she
suffocated
and
stifled
him
:
yet
Philes
attributeth
this
to
her
right
foote
.
The
like
is
attributed
to
a
Sea-calfe
,
and
the
fish
Hyaena
,
and
therefore
the
old
Magicians
by
reason
of
this
exanimating
property
,
did
not
a
little
glory
in
these
beasts
,
as
if
they
had
beene
taught
by
them
to
exercise
diabolicall
and
praestigious
incantations
,
wherby
they
depriued
men
of
sence
,
motion
,
and
reason
.
They
are
great
enemies
to
men
,
and
for
this
cause
Solinus
reporteth
of
them
,
that
by
secret
accustoming
themselues
to
houses
or
yardes
,
where
Carpenters
or
such
mechanicks
worke
,
they
learne
to
call
their
names
,
and
so
will
come
being
an
hungred
and
call
one
of
them
with
a
distinct
and
articulate
voyce
,
whereby
he
causeth
the
man
many
times
to
forsake
his
worke
and
goe
to
see
the
person
calling
him
;
but
the
subtill
Hyaena
goeth
farther
off
,
and
so
by
calling
allureth
him
from
helpe
of
company
,
Textor
.
and
afterward
when
she
seeth
time
deuoureth
him
,
and
for
this
cause
hir
proper
Epithite
is
Aemula
vocis
,
Voyce
counter-fayter
.
Aelinaus
Their
enmitie
with
other
beasts
.
Orus
There
is
also
great
hatred
betwixt
a
Pardall
and
this
beast
,
for
if
after
death
their
skins
be
mingled
together
the
haire
falleth
off
from
the
Pardals
skinne
,
but
not
from
the
Hyaenaes
;
and
therfore
when
the
Egyptians
describe
a
superiour
man
ouercome
by
an
inferiour
,
they
picture
these
two
skinnes
,
and
so
greatly
are
they
afraide
of
Hyaenaes
,
that
they
runne
from
all
beasts
,
creatures
and
places
,
whereon
any
part
of
their
skinne
is
fastened
.
And
Aelianus
saith
,
that
the
Ibis
bird
which
liueth
vpon
serpents
is
killed
by
the
gall
of
an
Hyaena
.
He
that
will
go
safely
through
the
mountaines
or
places
of
this
beasts
aboade
,
Rasis
&
Albertus
say
,
The
naturall
vse
of
their
skinnes
.
Palladius
Rasis
Plutarch
that
hee
must
carry
in
his
hand
a
roote
of
Coloquintida
.
It
is
also
beleeued
that
if
a
man
compasse
his
ground
about
with
the
skinne
of
a
Crocodile
,
an
Hyaena
,
or
a
sea-Calfe
,
and
hang
it
vp
in
the
gates
or
gaps
thereof
,
the
fruites
enclosed
shall
not
be
molested
with
haile
or
lightning
.
And
for
this
cause
Mariners
were
wont
to
couer
the
tops
of
their
sailes
with
the
skinnes
of
this
beast
or
of
the
Sea-calfe
;
and
Horus
sayth
,
that
a
man
clothed
with
this
skinne
may
passe
without
feare
or
daunger
through
the
middest
of
his
enemies
:
for
which
occasion
the
Egyptians
doe
picture
the
skin
of
an
Hyaena
to
signifie
fearelesse
audacitie
.
Neither
haue
the
Magitians
any
reason
to
ascribe
this
to
any
praestigious
enchauntment
,
seeing
that
a
figge
tree
also
is
neuer
oppressed
with
haile
nor
lightning
.
And
the
true
cause
thereof
is
assigned
by
the
Philosophers
to
be
the
bitternesse
of
it
,
for
the
influence
of
the
heauens
hath
no
destructiue
operation
vppon
bitter
but
vppon
sweete
things
,
Coelius
and
there
is
nothing
sweete
in
a
figge
tree
but
onely
the
fruite
.
Also
Collumella
writeth
,
that
if
a
man
put
three
bushels
of
seede
graine
into
the
skinne
of
this
beast
and
afterward
sowe
the
same
,
without
all
controuersie
it
will
arise
with
much
encrease
.
Gentian
worne
in
an
Hyaenaes
skin
seuen
daies
in
steede
of
an
amulet
is
very
soueraigne
against
the
biting
of
mad
dogges
.
And
likewise
if
a
man
hold
the
tongue
of
an
Hyaena
in
his
hand
,
there
is
no
dogge
that
dareth
to
seize
vpon
him
.
The
skinne
of
the
forehead
,
or
the
bloud
of
this
beast
,
resisteth
all
kind
of
witchcraft
and
incantation
.
Likewise
Pliny
writeth
,
that
the
haires
layed
to
womens
lips
,
maketh
them
amorous
.
And
so
great
is
the
vanitie
of
the
Magicians
,
that
they
are
not
ashamed
to
affirme
that
by
the
tooth
of
the
vpper
iaw
of
this
beast
on
the
right
side
bound
vnto
a
mans
arme
or
any
part
thereof
,
he
shall
neuer
be
molested
with
dart
or
arrow
.
Likewise
they
say
,
that
by
the
genital
of
this
beast
,
and
the
article
of
the
backe-bone
which
is
called
Atlantios
,
with
the
skinne
cleauing
vnto
it
preserued
in
a
house
,
keepeth
the
family
in
continuall
concord
,
and
aboue
al
other
,
if
a
man
carry
about
him
the
smallest
and
extreame
gut
of
his
intrailes
,
he
shal
not
onely
be
deliuerd
from
the
Tyrany
of
the
higher
powers
,
Actuarius
Zoroastres
but
also
foreknow
the
successe
and
euent
of
his
petitions
and
sutes
in
Law
.
If
his
left
foot
and
nailes
be
bound
vp
together
in
a
Linnen
bagge
,
and
so
fastned
vnto
the
right
arme
of
a
man
,
he
shal
neuer
forget
whatsoeuer
he
hath
heard
or
knoweth
.
And
if
he
cut
off
the
right
foot
with
the
left
hand
and
weare
the
same
,
whosoeuer
seeth
him
shal
fal
in
loue
with
him
,
besides
the
Beast
.
Also
the
marow
of
the
right
foot
is
profitable
for
a
Woman
that
loueth
not
her
husband
,
if
it
be
put
into
her
nostrils
;
And
with
the
powder
of
the
left
claw
,
they
which
are
anointed
therwith
,
it
being
first
of
al
decocted
in
the
blood
of
a
weasil
,
do
fal
into
the
hatred
of
al
men
.
And
if
the
nailes
of
any
beast
bee
found
in
his
mawe
after
he
is
slain
,
it
signifieth
the
death
of
some
of
his
hunters
:
And
to
conclude
,
such
is
the
folly
of
the
Magitians
,
that
they
beleeue
the
transmigration
of
soules
,
not
only
out
of
one
man
into
another
,
but
also
of
man
into
Beasts
.
And
therefore
they
affirm
,
that
their
men
Symis
and
religious
votaries
departing
life
send
their
soules
into
Lyons
,
Pa●phirius
and
their
religious
women
into
Hyaenaes
.
The
excrements
or
bones
comming
out
of
the
excrements
when
it
is
killed
,
are
thought
to
haue
vertue
in
them
against
magicall
incantations
.
And
Democritus
writeth
,
that
in
Cappadocia
and
Mesia
,
by
the
eating
of
the
hearbe
Therionarcha
,
all
wilde
beastes
fall
into
a
deadly
sleepe
,
and
cannot
be
recouered
but
by
the
aspersion
of
the
vrine
of
this
beast
.
And
thus
much
for
the
first
kind
,
now
followeth
the
second
.
THE
SECOND
KIND
OF
HYAENA
called
Papio
or
Dabuh
.
THis
beast
aboundeth
neare
Caesaria
in
quantity
resembling
a
Foxe
,
but
in
wit
and
disposition
a
Wolfe
;
the
fashion
is
,
The
region
and
quantity
being
gathered
together
,
for
one
of
them
to
go
before
the
flocke
singing
or
howling
,
and
all
the
rest
,
answering
him
with
correspondent
tune
;
In
haire
it
resembleth
a
Fox
,
&
their
voices
are
so
shrill
and
sounding
,
that
although
they
be
very
remote
and
farre
off
,
yet
do
men
heare
them
as
if
they
were
hard
by
:
And
when
one
of
them
is
slaine
,
The
lamentation
for
the
dead
.
Albertus
.
Bellunensis
.
The
seuerall
names
.
the
residue
flocke
about
his
carcasse
,
howling
like
as
they
made
funerall
lamentation
for
the
dead
.
When
they
growe
to
bee
very
hungry
by
the
constraint
of
famine
they
enter
into
the
Graues
of
men
and
eate
their
dead
bodyes
,
yet
is
their
fleshe
in
Syria
,
Damascus
,
and
Berutus
,
eaten
by
men
.
It
is
called
also
Randelos
,
Abenaum
,
Aldabha
,
Dabha
,
Dahab
,
and
Dhoboha
,
which
are
deriued
from
the
Hebrew
word
Deeb
or
Deeba
:
Dabuh
is
the
Arabian
name
,
The
parts
&
naturall
disposition
.
and
the
Africans
call
him
Leseph
,
his
feete
and
legs
are
like
to
a
mans
,
neither
is
it
hurtfull
to
other
beastes
being
a
base
and
simple
creature
.
The
colour
of
it
is
like
a
Beare
,
and
therefore
I
Iudge
it
to
be
Arctocyon
which
is
ingendred
of
a
beare
and
a
dogge
,
and
they
barke
onely
in
the
night
time
.
They
are
exceedingly
delighted
with
Musicke
,
such
as
is
vsed
by
pipes
and
tymbrels
,
The
manner
of
their
taking
.
wherefore
when
the
hunters
haue
found
out
their
caues
,
they
spred
their
nets
and
snares
at
the
mouth
thereof
,
and
afterwards
striking
vp
their
instruments
,
the
seely
beast
inconsiderat
of
all
fraude
commeth
out
and
is
taken
,
the
picture
hereof
is
formerly
expressed
.
And
there
was
one
of
these
in
Germanie
in
the
yeere
of
our
Lord
1551.
at
the
Citty
Auspurg
to
be
seene
publikely
.
It
was
brought
out
of
the
wildernesse
of
India
,
it
did
eate
apples
,
peares
,
and
other
fruites
of
trees
,
and
also
bread
,
but
especially
it
delighted
in
drinking
of
wine
:
when
it
was
an
hungry
,
it
climed
vp
into
trees
,
and
did
shake
the
boughes
to
make
the
fruite
fall
,
and
it
is
reported
,
that
when
it
is
in
the
tree
,
it
feareth
not
an
Elephant
,
but
yet
auoydeth
all
other
beastes
which
it
is
not
able
to
resist
.
It
was
of
a
chearefull
nature
,
but
then
especially
when
it
saw
a
woman
,
whereby
it
was
gathered
that
it
was
a
lustfull
beast
.
His
foure
feete
were
deuided
like
a
mans
fingers
,
and
the
female
euer
bringeth
foorth
twins
a
male
and
a
female
together
.
It
continually
holdeth
vp
his
tayle
shewing
the
hole
behind
,
for
at
euery
motion
it
turneth
that
,
as
other
beastes
doe
their
head
.
It
hath
a
short
tayle
,
and
but
for
that
,
I
should
iudge
it
to
be
a
kind
of
Ape
,
I
know
not
whether
it
be
that
kinde
of
little
Wolfe
which
Bellonius
saith
aboundeth
in
Cilicia
and
Asia
,
which
in
the
night
time
raueneth
and
commeth
to
the
bodies
of
sleeping
men
,
taking
away
from
them
their
bootes
,
shooes
,
caps
,
or
bridles
:
when
they
are
shut
vp
in
the
night
time
they
barke
like
dogges
,
but
being
at
libertie
they
liue
two
hundred
in
a
company
,
so
that
there
is
no
beast
so
frequent
as
these
in
all
Cilicia
.
As
for
the
golden
Woolfe
spoken
of
by
Oppianus
I
deferre
the
description
of
it
to
his
due
place
,
for
they
are
not
all
of
one
colour
,
and
thus
much
shall
suffice
for
the
second
kinde
of
Hyaena
.
OF
THE
CROCVTA
.
The
region
proportion
and
other
qualities
.
THe
third
kind
of
the
Hyaena
is
called
Crocuta
not
the
Gulon
aforesaid
but
another
different
from
that
,
which
is
said
to
be
an
Aethiopian
foure-footed
beast
,
because
it
is
ingendred
betwixt
a
lionesse
and
an
Hyaena
.
His
teeth
are
all
of
one
bone
,
being
very
sharpe
on
both
sides
of
his
mouth
,
and
included
in
fleshlike
as
in
a
case
,
that
they
may
not
be
dulled
:
with
their
teeth
they
breake
any
thing
.
It
is
said
also
by
Solinus
that
it
neuer
winketh
,
&
that
their
nature
seemeth
to
be
tempered
betwixt
a
dogge
and
a
Woolfe
,
yet
is
it
more
fierce
then
either
of
both
,
more
admirable
in
strength
,
and
especially
of
the
teeth
and
belly
,
hauing
power
to
breake
and
digest
any
bone
:
it
imitateth
also
the
voice
of
a
man
to
deuour
them
,
as
is
said
before
in
the
Hyaena
.
In
the
Region
Dachinabades
,
which
is
a
mediterranean
Country
in
the
East
,
containing
great
and
high
mountaines
.
Amongst
other
wild
Beasts
,
are
abundance
of
these
Crocut●●s
,
and
at
the
marriage
of
Antonius
the
sonne
of
Seuerus
the
Emperour
,
to
Plautilla
the
daughter
of
Plautianus
,
amongest
the
spectacles
set
foorth
for
the
delight
of
the
beholders
,
was
a
combat
betwixt
an
Elephant
and
this
beast
,
which
before
that
time
was
neuer
to
be
seene
at
Rome
(
as
Dion
reporteth
)
and
thus
much
for
the
thirde
kinde
of
Hyaena
,
except
I
may
ad
thereunto
that
Beast
which
the
Italians
call
Loupchatt
,
that
is
Lupus
Catus
,
a
Wolfe-cat
,
resembling
in
face
a
cat
with
sharpe
and
harmefull
clawes
,
being
betwixt
a
blacke
and
spotted
colour
,
and
was
called
an
Indian
wolfe
,
and
this
was
to
be
publickely
seene
,
in
the
Byshops
castle
at
Trent
.
OF
THE
MANTICHORA
.
THis
beast
or
rather
Monster
(
as
Ctesias
writeth
)
is
bred
among
the
Indians
,
hauing
a
treble
rowe
of
teeth
beneath
and
aboue
,
whose
greatnesse
,
roughnesse
,
and
feete
are
like
a
Lyons
,
his
face
and
eares
like
vnto
a
mans
,
his
eies
gray
,
and
collour
red
,
his
taile
like
the
taile
of
a
Scorpion
of
the
earth
,
armed
with
a
sting
,
casting
forth
sharp
pointed
qui●ls
,
his
voice
like
the
voice
of
a
small
trumpet
or
pipe
,
being
in
course
as
swift
as
a
Hart
;
His
wildnes
such
as
can
neuer
be
tamed
,
and
his
appetite
is
especially
to
the
flesh
of
man
.
His
body
like
the
body
of
a
Lyon
,
being
very
apt
both
to
leape
and
to
run
,
Philes
so
as
no
distance
or
space
doth
hinder
him
,
and
I
take
it
to
bee
the
same
Beast
which
Auicen
calleth
Marion
,
and
Maricomorion
,
with
her
taile
she
woundeth
her
Hunters
whether
they
come
before
her
or
behind
her
,
and
presently
when
the
quils
are
cast
forth
,
new
ones
grow
vp
in
their
roome
,
wherewithal
she
ouercommeth
all
the
hunters
:
and
although
India
be
full
of
diuers
rauening
beastes
,
yet
none
of
them
are
stiled
with
a
title
of
Andropophagi
,
that
is
to
say
,
Men-eaters
;
except
onely
this
Mantichora
.
When
the
Indians
take
a
Whelp
of
this
beast
,
they
all
to
bruise
the
buttockes
and
taile
thereof
,
that
so
it
may
neuer
be
fit
to
bring
sharp
quils
,
afterwards
it
is
tamed
without
peril
.
This
also
is
the
same
beast
which
is
called
Leucrocuta
about
the
bignesse
of
a
wilde
Asse
,
being
in
legs
and
hoofes
like
a
Hart
,
hauing
his
mouth
reaching
on
both
sides
to
his
eares
,
and
the
head
&
face
of
a
female
like
vnto
a
Badgers
.
It
is
called
also
Martiora
,
which
in
the
Persian
tongue
signifieth
a
deuourer
of
men
,
and
thus
we
conclude
the
story
of
the
Hyaena
for
her
description
,
and
her
seuerall
kindes
now
followeth
the
medicines
arising
out
of
her
seuerall
partes
.
The
Medicines
of
the
Hyaena
.
The
Oyle
in
which
a
Fox
is
baked
either
aliue
or
dead
,
doth
either
altogether
cure
and
make
whole
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
gout
,
The
medicinal
propertis
if
so
be
that
the
disease
or
sicknesse
be
greene
or
new
,
or
at
the
least
not
of
to
longe
continuance
,
it
doeth
so
cure
them
,
that
although
it
may
happen
to
returne
againe
:
yet
it
will
be
much
more
milde
and
gentle
then
before
it
had
beene
.
But
the
oyle
which
proceedeth
from
Foxes
doth
nothing
more
driue
away
the
forenamed
disease
,
Galen
then
that
which
likewise
is
got
or
prepared
out
of
the
Hyaena
;
for
that
hath
an
excellent
and
eminent
quallity
of
dissoluing
&
dispersing
.
The
flesh
of
the
Alzabo
is
both
what
and
cold
,
Rasis
and
being
baked
with
oile
,
doth
very
much
help
eyther
men
or
women
which
haue
their
feet
gouty
,
or
haue
any
paine
in
their
ioynts
,
which
may
happen
or
come
by
the
occasion
of
colde
:
for
it
is
of
a
slender
and
dissolute
substance
.
Pliny
The
vanity
of
the
Magi
or
Wise-men
which
is
witty
in
nothing
but
in
circumstance
of
words
,
doth
say
that
the
best
time
to
take
Hyaenaes
is
when
the
Moone
passeth
ouer
the
signe
called
Gemini
,
and
that
for
the
most
part
the
haires
bee
all
kept
and
preserued
.
The
Magi
do
also
affirme
that
the
skinne
of
an
Hyaena
being
spread
vpon
a
sore
which
was
bitten
by
a
mad
Dogge
,
Pliny
doth
presently
and
without
any
paine
cure
the
same
.
The
same
also
being
bound
to
that
part
of
the
head
,
which
doth
ake
,
will
imediately
driue
away
the
pain
and
griefe
thereof
.
The
same
doth
very
effectually
and
speedily
helpe
them
which
are
troubled
with
the
gout
,
Albertus
or
swelling
in
the
ioyntes
.
The
flower
of
Barly
being
mingled
with
the
blood
of
an
Hyaena
,
and
fryed
or
baked
ouer
the
fire
and
so
taken
,
doth
very
much
asswage
the
wringings
and
wrinchings
either
in
the
guts
or
belly
of
a
man
or
woman
.
If
the
bloud
of
an
Hyaena
being
whot
be
annointed
on
them
which
are
infected
with
the
Leprosie
,
it
will
without
delay
very
effectually
cure
them
.
Rasis
The
Hyaenes
flesh
being
eaten
doeth
much
auaile
against
the
bitinges
of
rauenous
Dogs
:
but
some
are
of
opinion
that
the
liuer
only
being
earen
is
of
more
force
and
power
to
cure
or
heale
them
.
The
Nerues
or
sinnewes
of
an
Hyaena
being
beaten
to
small
powder
and
dried
and
mingled
with
and
Frankincence
,
together
and
so
drunke
,
Plinius
doth
restore
fertility
and
plenty
of
seede
in
that
woman
which
before
was
barren
.
There
is
also
for
the
biting
of
a
rauenous
dog
another
excellent
remedy
,
which
is
this
,
first
to
annoint
the
place
so
bitten
with
the
fat
or
greace
of
a
Sea-calfe
,
or
else
to
giue
it
in
drinke
,
and
then
to
make
the
operation
more
effectuall
mingle
the
marrow
of
an
Hyaena
,
Pliny
.
and
oile
that
commeth
from
the
Masticke
tree
and
waxe
together
,
and
being
so
applyed
and
annointed
vpon
the
sore
it
will
presently
cure
the
same
.
The
same
marrow
of
the
Hyaena
is
very
good
and
effectuall
against
the
paine
and
griefe
in
the
sinnewes
,
as
also
for
the
loosenesse
and
weakenesse
of
the
raines
.
The
marrow
which
proceedeth
from
the
Chine-bone
of
an
Hyaena
,
being
mixed
with
his
gall
and
old
Oyle
altogether
,
and
so
boiled
vntill
they
come
vnto
a
soft
temperance
,
Democritus
and
mollifiyng
medicine
,
being
annointed
vpon
the
sinnewes
,
doth
expell
and
force
away
all
paine
of
griefe
thereof
whatsoeuer
.
The
same
marrow
being
bound
vnto
the
backe
of
either
man
or
woman
who
are
troubled
with
vaine
fantasies
or
dreams
in
their
sleep
,
doth
very
speedily
and
very
effectually
help
them
.
The
fat
or
greace
of
an
Hyaena
being
burnt
,
doth
driue
away
all
venemous
Serpentes
from
the
place
where
it
is
so
vsed
.
The
same
being
mingled
with
leauen
and
so
being
wrought
into
a
plaister
is
a
very
good
cure
or
remedy
for
the
falling
of
the
haire
,
or
the
disease
called
the
Foxes
euill
.
Myrepsus
The
left
part
of
the
braine
of
an
Hyaena
being
annointed
vpon
the
nostrils
of
either
men
or
beasts
is
of
such
vertue
that
it
will
cure
diseases
vpon
them
which
are
in
maner
mortall
.
For
the
sterility
or
barrennesse
of
women
,
the
eye
of
an
Hyaena
being
mixed
with
Lycoras
,
and
the
hearb
called
Dill
,
and
so
taken
in
drinke
,
is
of
such
force
and
power
,
that
in
three
daies
it
will
make
them
fit
for
conception
.
The
teeth
of
an
Hyaena
either
touched
or
bound
in
order
vnto
the
teeth
of
any
man
or
woman
who
are
troubled
with
the
tooth-ach
,
will
presently
ease
the
paine
and
vexation
thereof
.
One
of
the
great
teeth
of
an
Hyaena
being
bound
with
a
string
vnto
any
that
are
troubled
in
the
night
tims
with
shadowes
and
fantasies
,
and
which
are
frayed
out
of
their
sleepe
with
feareful
visions
,
doth
very
speedily
and
effectually
procure
them
ease
and
rest
.
The
tooth
of
an
Hyaena
(
called
Alzabo
)
being
bound
vppon
the
right
arme
of
any
one
which
is
either
obliuous
or
forgetfull
,
and
hanging
downe
from
the
arme
vnto
the
middle
finger
or
wrist
,
doth
renew
and
refresh
their
decayed
memory
.
Albertus
The
pallat
of
an
Hyaena
being
dryed
and
beaten
to
powder
,
and
then
mingled
with
Egyptian
Allum
,
and
so
made
whot
and
mixed
altogether
,
being
three
times
turned
in
any
ones
mouth
which
hath
either
fore
or
vlcer
in
it
,
will
in
smal
time
procure
them
remedy
and
help
of
their
vexation
and
trouble
.
The
flesh
which
groweth
vpon
the
hinder
part
of
the
necke
being
burned
and
then
eaten
or
taken
in
drinke
,
doth
very
speedily
helpe
and
cure
the
griefe
and
aches
of
the
loines
.
The
shoulders
likewise
being
vsed
in
the
aforesaid
maner
,
doth
profit
much
for
the
healing
of
any
who
are
vexed
with
any
anguish
or
paine
in
their
shoulders
or
sides
.
The
lungs
being
dryed
and
taken
in
drinke
,
do
ease
any
either
man
or
woman
which
is
troubled
with
the
Collick
or
stone
.
But
being
dryed
into
powder
and
mingled
with
Oyle
and
so
annointed
vpon
the
belly
,
it
killeth
the
wormes
and
expelleth
all
aches
away
from
the
belly
.
The
Hart
being
vsed
in
the
aforesaid
manner
and
taken
in
drinke
,
doth
ease
and
help
all
aches
,
paines
,
or
griefe
in
the
body
whatsoeuer
.
The
white
flesh
being
taken
from
the
breast
of
an
Hyaena
,
and
seuen
haires
,
and
the
genitall
of
a
Hart
,
being
bound
altogether
in
the
skin
or
hide
of
a
buck
or
a
Doe
,
and
afterwards
hanged
about
the
neck
of
a
woman
which
is
in
trauell
,
will
greatly
hinder
her
for
bringing
forth
her
child
.
If
ther
shal
be
any
flesh
or
bones
of
men
found
in
the
body
of
a
dead
Hyaena
,
being
dried
and
beaten
to
powder
,
and
then
mixed
with
a
certaine
perfume
,
they
will
bee
very
excellent
to
help
the
gout
,
or
driue
away
the
conuulsion
of
the
sinewes
.
The
kell
or
caule
wherin
the
bowels
are
contained
,
being
vsed
in
the
aforesaid
manner
and
also
mixed
with
oile
will
be
a
present
remedy
against
the
burnings
and
inflamations
of
sores
,
botches
,
and
vlcers
.
The
chine
bone
of
an
Hyaena
being
brused
and
beaten
into
small
powder
,
and
so
dried
,
and
then
mingled
with
the
tongue
and
the
right
foot
of
a
Sea-calfe
,
the
gall
of
an
Oxe
being
added
thereunto
,
Pliny
.
and
all
of
them
boiled
or
baked
togither
,
and
annointed
vppon
the
hide
or
skinne
of
an
Hyaena
,
and
so
lapped
about
the
legges
or
ioyntes
of
them
which
are
troubled
with
the
gout
,
will
in
short
time
ease
the
paine
,
and
ridde
them
altogether
of
the
greefe
thereof
.
The
chine-bone
being
also
beaten
to
powder
and
giuen
in
wine
to
drinke
,
is
very
profitable
and
necessary
for
those
which
are
in
sore
trauaile
or
paine
of
childe-birth
.
The
firste
or
eighth
rib
of
the
same
beast
,
being
beaten
and
mingled
with
a
certaine
perfume
,
is
very
good
and
medicinable
for
sores
and
botches
which
do
breake
thorough
the
flesh
.
Their
flesh
also
being
eaten
,
doth
quickly
cure
and
heal
the
bitings
or
tearings
of
a
rauenous
Dogge
,
but
the
liuer
being
so
vsed
is
more
effectuall
and
speedy
,
for
the
curinge
thereof
.
The
liuer
of
the
aforesaide
beast
is
also
very
curable
for
Agues
or
Quarterne
feauers
being
beaten
to
powder
and
drunke
in
Wine
,
before
the
augmentation
or
second
assaults
thereof
.
The
fame
also
is
an
excellent
and
speedy
remedy
for
the
wringings
&
aches
of
the
belly
,
Dioscorides
.
as
also
for
that
grieuous
and
painefull
disease
called
the
collicke
and
stone
.
For
the
same
diseases
,
the
gall
of
a
Sea
Scorpion
,
and
of
a
fish
called
Haelops
,
and
of
a
sea
crabbe
and
of
an
Hyaena
,
being
beaten
to
powder
,
and
mixed
together
,
and
so
drunke
in
Wine
,
is
a
very
good
and
effectual
cure
and
help
.
Marcellus
The
gall
of
an
Hyaena
,
by
it self
alone
being
rubd
or
anointed
vpon
the
head
of
eyther
man
or
woman
whose
haires
are
fallen
off
,
doth
presently
procure
the
haire
to
renew
and
grow
againe
,
it
will
also
bring
haire
vpon
the
eie-lids
,
being
rubbed
thereupon
.
The
gal
of
an
Hyaena
being
mingled
with
hony
,
and
annointed
vpon
the
eies
;
doth
sharpen
and
cleare
the
eye
sight
,
and
expell
and
driue
away
al
blemishes
and
smal
skins
which
couer
the
sight
of
the
eye
,
as
also
the
paine
in
the
eies
called
the
pinne
and
the
webbe
.
But
Apollonius
Pitanaus
doth
say
,
Gallen
that
the
gal
of
a
Dog
,
being
vsed
in
the
aforesaide
manner
is
better
to
cure
the
sight
of
the
eies
then
the
gal
of
an
Hyaena
.
But
Pliny
whom
I
thinke
best
to
follow
,
and
worthiest
to
be
belieued
,
doth
best
allow
of
the
Hyaenaes
gal
for
the
aforesaid
purpose
,
and
also
for
the
expelling
of
certaine
white
spottes
in
the
eie
which
doe
hinder
the
sight
thereof
.
Marcellus
.
The
gall
of
a
Beare
and
of
a
Hyaena
,
being
dried
and
beaten
to
pouder
,
and
so
mixed
with
the
best
hony
which
is
possible
to
bee
had
,
and
then
stirred
vp
and
downe
a
long
time
togither
,
doth
helpe
them
vnto
their
eye-sight
which
are
starke
blinde
,
if
that
it
bee
dailye
annointed
and
spred
vppon
the
eies
for
a
reasonable
space
together
:
The
gall
of
a
Hyaena
being
baked
in
a
cruse
of
Athenian
hony
,
and
mingled
with
the
crooked
hearbe
Crocis
,
and
so
annointed
vpon
the
browes
or
forehead
of
them
which
are
purblind
doth
speedily
helpe
them
;
Pliny
.
it
doth
also
ease
them
which
are
troubled
with
the
water
or
rheume
which
falleth
in
the
eies
.
Democritus
doth
also
affirme
that
if
the
brow
of
either
man
or
woman
be
annointed
with
the
gall
of
an
Hyaena
onely
,
it
will
driue
away
all
darkeninges
,
and
blemishes
,
in
the
eies
,
and
expell
the
Water
or
rhewme
thereof
,
and
also
asswage
the
paine
or
greefe
which
may
come
or
happen
in
them
whatsoeuer
it
be
.
The
marrow
which
proceedeth
from
the
chine-bone
of
an
Hyaena
,
being
mixed
with
his
owne
gall
,
Marcellus
and
with
old
oile
,
and
then
baked
or
boiled
in
a
cruse
vntill
it
come
vnto
a
temperate
and
mollifying
medicine
,
and
then
being
laid
or
annointed
vppon
the
sinnewes
or
Nerues
who
is
in
those
parts
troubled
,
wil
thoroughly
heale
and
cure
any
default
or
paine
which
may
hapen
thereunto
.
The
gal
of
a
male
Hyaena
being
pounded
or
beaten
and
bound
about
the
left
thigh
of
any
woman
that
is
barren
,
doth
help
for
conception
.
The
gal
of
the
same
beast
being
drunke
in
wine
to
the
value
of
a
dram
,
with
the
decoction
or
liquor
which
commeth
from
Spike-Lauender
called
oyle
of
spike
,
is
a
very
good
remedy
and
helpe
against
the
timpany
or
swelling
of
the
belly
.
The
gall
also
being
beaten
and
mixed
with
the
stone
called
Eat-flesh
,
is
very
good
&
profitable
for
them
which
are
trobled
with
the
gout
.
The
milt
of
an
Hyaena
is
very
effectual
to
cure
and
heale
any
paine
or
greefe
in
the
milt
of
either
man
or
woman
.
pliny
.
The
lunges
being
dryed
and
beaten
to
powder
,
and
mingled
with
oile
,
and
annointed
vpon
the
loynes
of
any
one
who
is
greeued
or
troubled
in
those
places
,
will
speedily
cure
the
Aches
or
griefes
thereof
.
The
bladder
of
an
Hyaena
being
drunke
in
wine
,
is
a
very
good
and
effectuall
remedy
against
the
incontinency
of
man
or
womans
vrin
,
or
the
running
of
the
raines
.
Marcellus
But
if
there
be
any
vrine
in
the
blader
of
the
Hyaena
found
when
he
is
taken
,
let
it
be
poured
forth
into
some
cleane
vessell
,
and
mixed
with
oyle
which
proceedeth
from
the
pulse
or
corne
of
India
,
and
so
drunke
vp
,
and
it
will
much
ease
and
help
them
who
are
troubled
in
mind
,
and
are
full
of
care
and
griefe
.
The
secret
partes
of
a
femal
Hyaena
beaten
and
mixed
with
the
●nd
or
skin
of
a
Pomgranate
and
taken
in
drinke
is
very
profitable
to
cure
the
inconueni●nces
or
paine
of
a
womans
secret
parts
.
The
genitall
of
a
male
Hyaena
dryed
and
beaten
to
powder
,
being
mingled
with
a
certaine
perfume
,
doth
cure
and
help
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
crampe
,
and
conuulsion
of
the
sinnewes
.
Dioscorides
The
feete
of
an
Hyaena
being
taken
doth
heale
and
cure
those
which
are
sand-blind
,
and
such
as
haue
botches
and
sores
breaking
through
the
skin
and
flesh
,
and
also
such
as
are
troubled
with
inflamations
or
breedings
of
winde
in
their
bodies
,
only
by
touching
and
rubbing
them
ouer
.
The
durt
or
dung
which
is
found
in
the
interior
partes
of
an
Hyaena
,
being
burned
,
and
dryed
into
powder
and
so
taken
in
drinke
is
very
medicinable
and
curable
for
those
which
are
grieued
with
painful
excoriatious
and
wringings
of
the
belly
,
and
also
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
bloody-flixe
.
And
the
same
being
mingled
with
Goose-grease
and
annointed
ouer
all
the
body
of
either
man
or
woman
,
wil
ease
them
of
any
paine
or
griefe
which
they
haue
vpon
their
body
whatsoeuer
.
The
dung
or
filth
of
an
Hyaena
also
being
mingled
with
certaine
other
medicins
,
is
very
excellent
to
cure
and
heale
the
bites
and
stingings
of
crocodiles
and
other
venemous
Serpents
.
The
dung
it selfe
is
also
very
good
to
purge
and
heale
rotten
wounds
and
sores
which
are
full
of
matter
,
and
filthy
corruption
.
OF
THE
IBEX.
To
returne
therefore
vnto
the
Ibex
,
although
I
doe
not
dislike
the
opinion
of
them
,
which
take
it
to
be
a
wilde-goat
,
Their
Countries
of
breed
and
partes
of
their
body
.
yet
I
haue
reserued
it
into
this
place
,
because
of
many
eminent
difference
as
may
appeare
by
the
storie
.
First
these
are
bred
in
the
alpes
,
and
are
of
an
admirable
celerity
,
although
their
heades
bee
loaded
with
such
hornes
,
as
no
other
beasts
of
their
stature
beareth
.
For
I
do
read
in
Eustathius
,
that
their
hornes
are
sixteene
palmes
longe
,
or
fiue
spannes
,
and
one
palme
,
and
sometimes
seauen
spans
,
such
was
the
horne
consecrated
at
Delos
,
being
two
cubits
and
a
span
long
,
and
six
and
twenty
pounds
in
weight
.
This
beast
(
saith
Polibius
)
in
his
necke
and
haire
is
like
a
Bucke-goat
,
beating
a
beard
vnder
his
chin
of
a
span
long
,
as
thicke
as
a
colts
taile
,
and
in
other
partes
of
his
body
resembleth
a
Hart.
It
seemeth
that
his
Haebrew
name
Iaall
,
The
places
of
their
abode
.
is
deriued
of
climbing
,
and
(
Isidorus
saith
)
that
Ibices
are
quasi
Auices
,
that
is
like
Birdes
,
because
like
Fowles
of
the
ayre
,
they
enhabite
the
toppes
of
cliftes
,
Rockes
,
and
Mountaines
,
farre
from
the
viewe
and
sight
of
men
.
Their
hornes
reach
to
their
Buttockes
or
Hippes
,
so
that
if
at
anye
time
hee
doe
chaunce
to
fal
,
he
cowcheth
his
whole
bodie
betwixt
his
hornes
,
to
breake
the
stronge
force
and
violence
of
his
owne
weight
,
and
also
hee
is
able
to
receiue
vppon
his
horns
the
stroks
of
great
stones
which
are
shot
or
cast
at
him
;
they
are
knotty
and
sharp
,
and
as
they
encrease
in
age
so
do
their
horns
in
strongnesse
and
other
qualities
vntil
they
be
twenty
yeares
old
.
These
beasts
inhabit
and
keepe
their
abode
in
the
tops
of
those
Mountaines
,
Stumptius
.
where
the
yee
neuer
thaweth
or
dissolueth
,
for
it
loueth
cold
by
nature
,
otherwise
it
would
be
blind
,
The
benefite
of
cold
.
for
cold
is
agreeable
to
the
eie-sight
and
beauty
.
It
is
a
Noble
beast
and
very
fat
.
In
the
small
head
,
and
leane
Legges
,
it
resembleth
a
Hart
,
the
eies
are
very
faire
and
bright
,
Their
seueral
members
.
the
colour
yellowish
,
his
hoofe
clouen
and
sharpe
like
wilde
Goates
.
It
farre
excelleth
a
wilde
Goate
in
leaping
,
for
no
man
will
beleeue
how
farre
off
,
or
what
long
space
it
will
leape
except
he
saw
it
.
For
there
is
no
place
so
steep
or
cragged
that
if
it
affoord
him
but
so
much
space
as
his
foot
may
stand
on
but
he
will
passe
ouer
it
with
a
very
few
iumpes
or
leapes
,
Their
taking
The
Hunters
driue
them
to
the
smooth
and
high
rockes
,
and
there
they
by
enclosing
them
take
them
in
ropes
or
toyles
,
if
they
cannot
come
neere
him
with
shot
or
Swords
.
When
the
beast
seeth
his
Hunter
which
descendeth
to
him
by
some
Rocke
,
he
obserueth
very
diligently
and
watcheth
if
he
can
see
any
distance
or
space
betwixt
him
and
the
rock
;
yea
,
but
so
much
as
his
eye-sight
can
pierce
through
:
and
if
he
can
,
then
he
leapeth
vppe
and
getteth
betwixt
the
Hunter
and
the
rocke
,
and
so
casteth
him
downe
headlong
and
if
he
can
espy
no
distance
at
all
,
then
doeth
he
keepe
his
standing
vntill
hee
be
killed
in
that
place
.
The
hunting
of
this
beast
were
very
pleasant
,
but
that
it
is
encombred
with
much
labour
and
many
perils
,
and
therefore
in
these
daies
they
kil
them
with
Gunnes
.
The
inhabitants
of
Valois
(
neere
the
Ryuer
Sedunus
)
take
them
in
their
infancy
when
they
are
young
and
tame
them
,
and
vntill
they
be
old
they
are
contented
to
goe
and
come
with
the
tame
Goates
to
pasture
,
but
in
their
older
and
riper
age
they
returne
to
their
former
Wilde
nature
.
Aristotle
affirmeth
that
they
couple
or
engender
together
(
not
by
leaping
vpon
each
other
)
but
standing
vpright
,
vpon
their
hinder
Legs
,
whereunto
I
cannot
consent
,
Their
copulation
.
because
the
ioynts
and
Nerues
of
their
hinder
Legges
will
not
be
stretched
to
such
a
copulation
;
and
it
may
be
that
he
or
his
relatour
had
seene
them
playing
together
as
Goates
doe
,
standing
vpright
,
and
so
tooke
that
gesture
in
their
pastime
for
carnall
copulation
.
The
female
hath
lesse
hornes
then
the
male
,
but
a
greater
body
,
and
her
hornes
are
very
like
to
a
Wilde
Goates
.
When
this
beast
feeleth
infallible
tokens
of
her
death
,
Their
behauiour
at
their
death
.
and
perceiueth
that
her
end
by
some
wound
or
course
of
nature
approcheth
,
and
is
at
hand
,
it
is
reported
by
the
hunters
,
that
she
ascendeth
to
the
toppe
of
some
Mountaine
or
high
rocke
,
and
there
fasteneth
one
of
her
hornes
in
the
same
steepe
place
,
going
round
continually
and
neuer
standing
still
,
vntill
she
haue
worne
that
horne
asunder
,
whereby
she
stayeth
her selfe
,
and
so
at
length
at
the
instant
or
point
of
death
,
breaking
her
horne
,
falleth
down
and
perisheth
.
And
because
they
dye
among
the
rockes
,
it
falleth
out
seldome
that
their
bodyes
are
found
,
but
many
times
when
the
snow
falleth
from
the
Mountaines
in
great
and
huge
Masses
,
it
meeteth
with
a
liuing
Ibex
and
other
wilde
beastes
,
and
so
oppressing
them
driueth
them
down
to
the
foot
of
the
hils
or
Mountaines
,
as
it
doth
trees
and
small
houses
,
which
are
built
vpon
the
sides
of
them
.
Pelagonius
.
In
Creete
they
make
bowes
of
the
hornes
of
these
beastes
.
the
vse
of
their
hornes
.
And
concerning
their
taking
it
is
not
to
be
forgotten
how
the
hunter
which
pursueth
her
from
one
rocke
to
another
,
is
forced
many
times
for
the
safegard
of
his
own
life
,
to
forsake
his
standing
,
and
to
obserue
the
beast
when
it
maketh
force
at
him
,
and
to
rid
himselfe
from
danger
of
death
by
leaping
vpon
his
back
,
and
taking
fast
hold
on
his
hornes
,
whereby
he
escapeth
.
In
the
house
of
Pompey
where
the
memorable
forrest
of
Gordianus
was
painted
,
there
were
amonge
other
beastes
,
two
hundred
Ibices
,
which
Pompey
gaue
vnto
the
people
at
the
day
of
his
tryumph
,
for
to
make
spoile
thereof
at
their
owne
pleasure
.
The
medicines
of
the
Ibex
.
Some
do
commend
the
blood
of
the
Ibex
to
be
a
very
good
remedy
against
the
stone
of
the
bladder
,
being
vsed
in
this
manner
:
first
,
they
deuide
it
in
partes
,
and
put
one
part
of
the
blood
,
and
about
some
sixe
parts
of
wine
Apiat
and
Hony
mixed
together
,
and
doe
boile
them
both
together
lukewarme
,
and
afterwardes
they
reserue
it
in
a
cleane
vessell
,
and
the
third
day
in
the
morning
they
giue
it
vnto
the
party
to
drinke
who
is
grieued
,
and
then
they
put
him
into
a
Bath
about
noone
time
,
and
in
the
euening
,
and
this
order
is
to
obserued
for
three
daies
together
,
for
it
will
come
to
passe
that
in
that
space
the
stone
will
be
dissolued
and
turned
into
sand
or
grauell
,
and
so
by
that
meanes
will
haue
vent
together
with
the
vrine
.
There
is
also
by
the
dung
of
the
aforesaid
beast
,
an
excelent
remedy
against
the
Sciatica
or
hippe-gout
,
by
which
that
most
excellent
Physitian
Ausonius
himselfe
was
healed
,
and
many
other
lying
disperate
of
remedy
,
which
is
this
;
to
gather
the
dunge
of
this
beast
in
the
seuenteeneth
day
of
the
Moone
,
neither
is
it
any
great
matter
whether
you
gather
it
in
some
part
of
the
old
Moone
,
for
it
wil
haue
the
same
operation
:
you
shal
therfore
take
as
much
of
this
dung
as
you
can
hold
in
your
hand
or
fist
at
one
time
:
so
that
the
quantity
of
the
dung
be
vnlike
,
and
you
shall
put
it
in
a
morter
and
beate
it
to
powder
,
&
cast
twenty
grains
of
pepper
into
the
same
fime
,
being
very
diligently
pounded
or
bruised
,
and
then
you
shall
adde
nine
ounces
of
the
best
hony
vnto
the
aforesaid
mixture
,
and
foure
pounds
of
the
best
wine
,
and
mixe
the
potion
in
the
manner
of
a
compound
wine
,
and
the
dung
or
durt
being
dryed
and
beaten
first
,
you
shall
mingle
all
the
rest
and
put
them
together
in
a
vessell
made
of
glasse
,
that
when
you
haue
any
need
you
may
haue
the
medicine
ready
prepared
,
to
comfort
him
or
her
which
is
so
afflicted
.
OF
THE
ICHNEVMON
MArcellus
and
Solinus
,
doe
make
question
of
this
beast
(
Ichneumon
)
to
be
a
kind
of
Otter
,
The
kindes
and
names
with
the
reason
thereof
.
or
the
Otter
a
kinde
of
this
Ichneumon
,
which
I
find
to
be
otherwise
called
Enydros
or
Enhydrus
,
because
it
liueth
in
water
,
&
the
reason
of
this
name
I
take
to
be
fetched
ab
infestigando
,
because
like
a
dog
or
hunting-hound
,
it
diligently
searcheth
out
the
seates
of
wilde
beasts
,
especially
the
Crocodile
and
the
Aspe
,
whose
egges
it
destroyeth
.
And
for
the
emnity
vnto
Serpents
,
it
is
called
Ophiomachus
.
Isidorus
is
of
opinion
,
that
the
name
of
this
beast
in
the
Greeke
is
giuen
vnto
it
,
because
by
the
sauour
thereof
,
the
venom
and
wholsomenesse
of
meates
is
descryed
.
Whereof
Dracontius
writeth
in
this
manner
:
Predicit
suillus
,
vim
cuiuscunque
veneni
.
The
Ichneumon
foretelleth
the
power
,
and
presence
of
all
poyson
.
And
it
is
called
Suillas
,
in
Latine
,
because
like
a
hog
,
it
hath
bristles
in
stead
of
haire
;
Albertus
also
doth
call
it
Ne●m●n
,
mistaking
it
for
Ichneumon
.
Hermolaus
.
Gyllius
.
There
be
some
that
call
it
an
Indian
Mouse
,
because
there
is
some
proportion
for
similitude
in
the
outwarde
forme
betweene
this
beast
and
a
mouse
.
But
it
is
certaine
,
that
it
is
bred
in
no
other
Nation
but
onely
in
Egypt
,
about
the
riuer
Nilus
,
and
of
some
it
is
called
Mus
Pharonis
,
Pharoes
Mouse
.
For
Pharo
was
a
common
name
to
all
the
Egyptian
kings
.
There
be
some
that
call
it
Thyamon
,
Albertus
.
Vincentius
.
and
Anschycomon
,
and
also
Damula
,
mistaking
it
for
that
Weasell
which
is
an
enemy
to
Serpentes
,
called
by
the
Italians
Donola
:
yet
I
know
no
learned
man
but
taketh
these
two
names
,
to
signifie
two
defferent
Beastes
.
The
quantity
of
it
or
●●●ture
is
sometimes
as
greate
as
a
small
Catte
or
Ferret
,
and
the
haires
of
it
like
the
haires
of
a
Hogge
;
The
quantity
and
seuerall
partes
.
the
eyes
small
and
narrow
,
which
signifie
a
malignant
and
crafty
disposition
;
the
taile
of
it
very
long
like
a
Serpentes
,
the
end
turning
vppe
a
little
,
hauing
no
haires
but
scales
,
not
much
vnlike
the
taile
of
a
Mouse
.
Aelianus
affirmeth
,
Their
procr●ation
and
fights
one
with
another
.
that
both
sexes
beare
young
,
hauing
seed
in
themselues
,
whereby
they
conceiue
.
For
those
that
are
ouercome
in
combates
one
with
another
,
are
branded
with
a
warlicke
marke
of
Villanage
,
or
subiection
to
their
Conquerors
,
and
on
the
contrary
side
they
which
are
conquered
and
ouercome
in
fight
,
do
not
only
make
vassals
of
them
whom
they
ouercome
,
but
in
token
thereof
for
further
punishment
,
fill
them
with
their
seede
by
carnall
copulation
,
so
puttnig
off
from
themselus
to
them
,
the
dolours
and
Torments
of
bearing
yong
.
This
first
picture
of
the
Ichneumon
was
taken
by
Bellonius
,
except
the
backe
be
too
much
eleuated
.
The
second
picture
taken
out
of
Oppianus
poems
,
as
it
was
found
in
an
old
manuscript
.
The
taming
of
Ichneumons
.
And
because
it
is
a
great
enemy
and
deuourer
of
Serpents
,
the
common
people
of
that
Country
do
tame
them
,
and
keepe
them
familiarly
in
their
houses
like
Cats
,
for
they
eat
Mice
,
and
likewise
bewray
all
venemous
beastes
:
for
which
cause
as
is
said
before
,
they
cal
it
Pharoes
Mouse
by
way
of
excellency
.
At
Alexandria
they
sell
their
young
ones
in
the
Market
,
and
nourish
them
for
profit
:
It
is
a
little
beast
,
and
maruelously
studious
of
purity
and
clenlinesse
.
Bellonius
affirmeth
that
he
saw
one
of
them
at
Alexandria
,
amongst
the
ruines
of
an
olde
castle
,
which
suddenly
tooke
a
Hen
and
eate
it
vp
,
for
it
loueth
all
manner
of
foules
,
especially
Hens
and
chickens
,
Their
foode
.
being
very
wary
and
crafty
about
his
prey
,
oftentimes
standing
vpright
vpon
his
hinder
Legs
,
looking
about
for
a
fit
booty
,
and
when
it
espieth
his
prey
neare
him
,
Their
subtilty
in
obtaining
their
prey
.
it
slideth
so
close
to
the
grounde
,
as
is
very
admirable
vntill
it
bee
within
the
reach
,
&
then
leapeth
vpon
it
with
incredible
celerity
,
dying
to
the
throat
,
&
like
a
Lyon
killeth
al
by
strangling
.
It
eateth
indifferently
euery
liuing
thing
,
as
Snales
,
Lizardes
,
camelions
,
all
kinds
of
Serpents
,
Frogs
,
Mice
,
and
Aspes
.
For
Strabo
saith
,
when
he
findeth
an
Aspe
by
the
water
side
,
it
ketcheth
hold
on
the
taile
,
and
so
draweth
the
beast
into
the
Water
,
&
receiueth
help
from
the
fluds
to
deuour
her
enemy
,
and
whereas
we
haue
saide
already
,
that
the
Ichneumon
entreth
into
the
belly
of
the
crocodil
,
Ammianus
,
Marcelinus
,
Strabo
,
Pliny
,
and
Oppianus
,
maketh
thereof
this
discourse
following
.
When
the
crocodile
hath
filled
his
belly
,
and
ouerglutted
himselfe
with
meate
,
he
commeth
to
the
land
to
sleepe
.
Now
there
is
in
Egypt
,
a
certaine
Bird
called
Crochillus
,
whose
nature
is
to
wait
vpon
the
crocodile
,
and
with
her
breath
and
clawes
gently
and
with
a
kind
of
delight
,
to
pul
out
the
remnants
of
the
meate
sticking
in
the
crocodiles
teeth
,
wherewithall
the
crocodile
being
pleased
,
openeth
his
mouth
wide
,
to
be
thus
clensed
by
this
Bird
,
and
so
falling
fast
a
sleepe
gaping
,
watched
all
the
while
by
the
vigilent
eie
of
the
Ichnumon
,
perceiuing
him
,
to
be
deeply
plunged
,
in
a
sencelesse
security
,
goeth
presently
and
walloweth
in
sand
and
durt
,
&
with
a
singular
confidence
entereth
into
the
gate
of
death
,
that
is
the
crocodiles
mouth
,
and
suddenly
pierceth
like
an
arrow
through
the
monsters
wide
throat
downe
into
his
belly
.
The
CROCODILE
feeling
this
vnlooked
for
euill
,
awaketh
out
of
sleep
,
The
Crocodiles
behauior
feeling
the
Ichneumon
in
her
belly
.
and
in
a
rage
or
madnesse
,
voide
of
counsell
,
runneth
too
and
fro
,
farre
and
wide
,
plunging
himselfe
into
the
bottome
of
the
riuer
,
where
finding
no
ease
,
returneth
to
lande
againe
,
and
there
breatheth
out
his
vntolerable
poison
,
beating
himselfe
with
all
his
power
,
striuing
to
bee
deliuered
from
this
vnsufferable
euil
.
But
the
Ichneumon
careth
not
for
al
this
,
sitting
close
vpon
the
liuer
of
the
CROCODILE
,
and
feeding
full
sweetly
vppon
his
intrals
,
vntill
at
last
being
satisfied
,
eateth
out
her
owne
passage
through
the
belly
of
her
hoast
.
The
selfe
same
thing
is
related
by
Plutarch
:
but
I
wonder
for
what
cause
the
beast
should
rowle
her selfe
in
sand
and
durt
,
to
enter
into
the
CROCODILES
belly
;
For
first
of
all
,
if
after
her
roling
in
the
durt
,
she
dry
her selfe
in
the
Sunne
,
yet
will
not
that
hard
crust
be
any
sufficient
armour
of
proofe
to
defend
her
small
body
from
the
violence
of
the
Crocodiles
teeth
,
and
besides
,
it
encreaseth
the
quantity
of
her
body
,
making
her
more
vnfit
to
slide
downe
through
the
Crocodiles
narrow
throate
:
and
therefore
,
the
Authors
cannot
be
but
deceaued
in
ascribing
this
quality
to
her
,
when
she
is
to
enter
into
the
crocodile
,
but
rather
I
beleeue
,
she
vseth
this
defence
against
the
Aspe
,
as
Aristotle
saith
,
and
therefore
the
Author
seeing
her
so
couered
with
mudde
,
might
easily
be
mistaken
in
her
purpose
.
Their
combates
with
Aspes
.
For
it
is
true
indeed
that
when
she
seeth
the
Aspe
vpon
the
land
,
she
calleth
her
fellowes
,
who
arme
themselues
as
beforesaid
before
the
combat
,
by
which
meanes
they
are
safely
preserued
,
from
the
bitings
of
their
enemies
;
or
if
it
be
true
that
they
wallow
themselues
in
the
mudde
,
they
doe
not
dry
themselues
in
the
Sunne
,
but
while
their
bodies
are
moist
,
slide
downe
more
easily
into
the
Crocodiles
belly
.
Concerning
their
fighting
with
Aspes
,
and
the
arming
of
themselues
as
aforesaid
,
the
Aegyptians
make
this
hyrogliphicke
of
the
Ichnumon
,
to
signifie
a
weake
man
,
that
wanteth
and
craueth
helpe
of
others
;
Pliny
also
saith
that
when
the
Aspe
fighteth
with
this
beast
,
the
Ichnumon
turneth
to
her
,
her
taile
,
which
the
Aspe
taking
for
defiance
,
presently
maketh
force
at
it
,
whereby
she
is
ouertaken
and
destroyed
by
the
Ichnumon
,
but
in
my
opinion
this
combate
is
better
expressed
by
Oppianus
.
For
saith
he
,
the
Ichnumon
couereth
her
body
in
the
sande
as
it
were
in
a
graue
,
leauing
nothing
vncouered
but
her
long
Serpentine
taile
,
and
hir
eyes
,
and
so
expecteth
her
enemy
.
When
the
Aspe
espyeth
her
threatning
rage
,
presently
turning
about
her
taile
,
prouoketh
the
Ichnumon
to
combate
,
and
with
an
open
mouth
and
lofty
head
doeth
enter
the
list
,
to
her
owne
perdition
.
For
the
Ichnumon
being
nothing
affraid
of
this
great
brauado
,
receiueth
the
encounter
,
and
taking
the
head
of
the
Aspe
in
his
mouth
,
biteth
that
off
,
to
preuent
the
casting
out
of
her
poison
:
afterwardes
tearing
her
whole
body
in
pieces
,
although
gathered
together
wound
in
a
circle
,
for
the
successe
of
these
two
combatants
,
lyeth
in
the
first
blow
.
If
the
Aspe
first
bite
the
Ichnumon
,
then
doth
her
poison
destroy
her
aduersary
;
and
so
on
the
contrary
,
if
the
Ichnumon
first
bite
the
Aspe
,
then
is
the
Ichnumon
conqueror
,
and
for
this
cause
she
couereth
her
body
as
aforesaid
.
Furthermore
,
this
Beast
is
not
onely
enemy
to
the
crocodile
and
Aspe
,
but
also
to
their
Egges
,
which
she
hunteth
out
by
the
sagacity
of
her
nose
,
and
so
destroyeth
them
,
Their
enmity
to
al
kinds
of
Serpentes
,
and
their
egs
yet
doth
she
not
eat
them
:
whereby
the
mercifull
prouidence
of
God
doth
notablye
appeare
,
for
the
sauegard
of
mankind
,
which
in
those
countries
where
these
noisome
beasts
are
bred
,
hath
prouided
such
an
enemy
to
destroy
them
,
both
egs
,
&
birds
,
as
is
friendly
and
tameable
by
the
hand
and
wit
of
man
.
For
which
cause
the
blind
Pagans
,
consecrated
this
beast
to
Lat●na
,
and
Lugina
,
and
the
Heracleopolites
did
thinke
that
they
possessed
all
religion
;
the
Aegyptians
themselues
did
worship
them
,
because
as
their
countrey
is
aboue
all
other
plagued
with
serpents
,
so
they
are
much
eased
by
the
helpe
of
this
little
beast
.
And
when
they
die
,
they
doe
not
onely
lament
them
,
but
also
bury
them
religiously
.
And
thus
much
for
the
description
of
the
Ichnumon
.
Now
followeth
their
medicinal
vertues
.
The
medicines
of
the
Ichneumon
.
The
skinne
of
the
Ichneumon
,
being
dried
and
beaten
into
small
powder
,
afterwards
mingled
with
wine
vineger
,
and
annointed
vpon
those
which
are
grieued
with
the
venimous
or
poyson
some
bites
of
the
same
beast
,
doth
very
effectually
and
speedily
cure
them
of
the
same
.
Pliny
The
pretious
stone
called
by
the
name
of
Iris
,
which
is
very
hard
,
as
Horus
saith
,
being
burned
and
afterward
beaten
or
pounded
into
powder
,
is
an
excellent
remedie
against
the
venemous
biting
of
the
Ichneumon
.
It
is
also
said
that
all
beastes
(
but
especially
the
Crocadile
)
doe
for
the
most
part
hate
and
detest
the
societie
of
this
beast
.
There
is
moreouer
a
very
rancke
and
venemous
poyson
,
which
proceedeth
from
the
genitall
or
groine
of
this
beast
.
The
haires
of
the
Ichneumon
,
Auicenna
being
taken
in
a
certaine
perfume
,
doth
very
much
helpe
and
cure
those
which
are
troubled
or
grieued
with
the
Maw-wormes
.
The
dung
of
a
Cat
,
or
the
dung
of
this
beast
▪
is
very
medicinable
to
be
put
in
any
salue
,
or
potion
,
for
the
strenghthening
,
and
confirming
of
the
body
.
The
vrine
or
taile
of
an
Ichneumon
,
being
mixed
with
the
milke
of
a
blacke
Cow
,
&
giuen
vnto
those
which
are
troubled
with
that
grieuous
disease
,
Marcellus
called
the
collicke
and
stone
for
the
space
of
three
daies
together
in
any
kinde
of
drinke
will
easily
and
speedily
cure
them
of
their
paine
.
The
stones
of
an
Ichneumon
,
being
either
beaten
in
powder
,
or
taken
raw
,
either
in
wine
or
any
other
drinke
,
is
very
medicinable
,
and
curable
for
the
easing
of
all
such
as
are
troubled
or
greiued
with
any
ache
,
Herodotus
paine
,
or
disease
in
their
belly
;
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
concerning
the
cures
,
and
medicines
,
of
the
Ichneumon
.
OF
THE
LAMIA
.
The
signification
of
the
word
Lamia
.
THis
word
Lamia
hath
many
significations
,
being
taken
sometimes
for
a
beast
of
Lybia
,
sometimes
for
a
fish
,
and
sometimes
for
a
Spectre
or
apparition
of
women
called
Phairies
.
And
from
hence
some
haue
ignorantly
affirmed
,
that
either
there
were
no
such
beastes
at
all
,
or
else
that
it
was
a
compounded
monster
of
a
beast
and
a
fish
,
whose
opinions
I
will
briefly
set
downe
.
Aristophanes
affirmeth
,
that
he
heard
one
say
,
that
he
saw
a
great
wilde
beast
hauing
seuerall
parts
resembling
outwardly
an
Oxe
,
and
inwardly
a
Mule
,
and
a
beautifull
woman
,
which
he
called
afterwards
Empusa
.
When
Appollonius
and
his
companions
trauailed
in
a
bright
Moone
shine
night
,
they
saw
a
certaine
apparition
of
Phairies
,
Visions
o●
Phairie●
.
in
latine
called
Lamiae
,
and
in
Greeke
Empusa
,
changing
themselues
from
one
shape
into
another
,
being
also
sometimes
visible
,
and
presently
vanishing
out
of
sight
againe
:
as
soone
as
he
perceaued
it
,
he
knew
what
it
was
and
did
rate
it
with
very
contumelious
and
despightfull
words
,
exhorting
his
fellowes
to
do
the
like
,
Philostratus
.
for
that
is
the
best
remedie
against
the
inuasion
of
Phairies
.
And
when
his
companions
did
likewise
raile
at
them
,
presently
the
vision
departed
away
.
The
Poets
say
,
The
poetical
Lamia
.
that
Lamia
was
a
beautifull
woman
,
the
daughter
of
Bellus
and
Lybia
,
which
Iupiter-loued
,
bringing
her
out
of
Lybia
into
Italie
,
where
he
begot
vpon
hir
many
sonnes
,
but
Iuno
iealous
of
her
husband
,
destroied
them
as
soone
as
they
were
horne
,
punishing
Lamia
also
with
a
restlesse
estate
,
that
she
should
neuer
be
able
to
sleepe
,
but
liue
night
and
day
in
continuall
mourning
,
Varinus
for
which
occasion
she
also
stealeth
away
and
killeth
the
children
of
others
,
whereupon
came
the
fable
of
changing
of
children
▪
Iupiter
hauing
pitty
vpon
her
,
gaue
exe●ptile
eyes
that
might
be
taken
in
and
out
at
hir
own
pleasure
,
&
likewise
power
to
be
tranformed
into
what
shape
she
would
:
And
from
hence
also
came
the
fained
names
of
Acho
,
and
Alphito
,
wherewithall
women
were
wont
to
make
their
children
afeard
,
according
to
these
verses
of
Lucilius
.
Terricolas
Lamias
,
fauni
quas
Pompilijque
Instituere
numae
tremit
has
,
&c.
The
true
picture
of
the
Lamia
.
Of
these
,
Angelus
Policianus
relateth
this
old
wiues
story
,
Old
Wiues
tales
of
Phairies
.
in
his
preface
vppon
Aristotles
first
booke
of
Analitickes
,
that
his
grand-mother
tolde
him
when
he
was
a
childe
,
there
were
certaine
Lamiae
in
the
wildernes
,
which
like
Bug-beares
would
eat
vp
crying
boies
,
and
that
there
was
a
little
Well
neare
to
Fesulanum
,
being
very
bright
,
yet
in
continuall
shaddow
,
neuer
seeing
Sun
,
where
these
Phairy
women
haue
their
habitation
,
which
are
to
be
seene
of
them
which
come
thither
for
water
.
Plutarch
also
affirmeth
,
that
they
haue
exemptile
eies
as
aforesaid
,
and
that
as
often
as
they
go
from
home
,
they
put
in
their
eies
,
wandring
abroad
by
habitations
,
streetes
,
and
crosse
waies
,
entring
into
the
assemblies
of
men
,
and
prying
so
perfectly
into
euery
thing
,
that
nothing
can
escape
them
,
be
it
neuer
so
well
couered
:
you
wil
thinke
(
saith
hee
)
that
they
haue
the
eies
of
Kites
,
for
there
is
no
smal
mote
but
they
espie
it
,
nor
any
hole
so
secret
but
they
find
it
out
,
and
when
they
come
home
againe
,
at
the
very
entrance
of
their
howse
they
pul
out
their
eies
,
and
cast
them
aside
,
so
being
blinde
at
home
,
but
seeing
abroad
.
If
you
ask
me
(
saith
he
)
what
they
do
at
home
,
they
sit
singing
and
making
of
wool
,
and
then
turning
his
speech
to
the
Florentines
speaketh
in
this
manner
:
Vidisti
sue
obsecro
Lamias
i
st
as
vtri
Florentini
,
quae
se
&
sua
nesciunt
,
alios
&
aliena
speculantur
,
negati
atqui
tamen
sunt
in
vrbibus
frequentes
verum
personalae
incaedunt
homines
credas
,
lamiae
sunt
:
that
is
to
say
:
O
ye
Florentines
,
did
you
euer
see
such
Phairies
,
which
were
busie
in
prying
into
the
affaires
of
other
men
,
but
yet
ignorant
of
their
own
?
Do
you
denie
it
,
yet
do
there
commonly
walke
vppe
and
downe
the
Cittie
,
phairies
in
the
shapes
of
men
.
There
were
two
women
called
Macho
,
and
Lamo
,
which
were
both
foolish
and
madde
,
and
from
the
strange
behauiours
of
them
,
came
the
first
opinion
of
the
Pharies
:
there
was
also
an
auncient
Lybian
woman
called
Lamia
,
and
the
opinion
was
,
that
if
these
Pharies
had
not
whatsoeuer
they
demaunded
,
presently
they
would
take
away
liue
children
,
according
to
these
verses
of
Horace
.
Nec
quodcunque
volet
,
poscat
,
sibi
fabula
credi
Neu
pransae
Lamiae
viuum
puerum
extrahat
aluo
.
It
is
reported
of
Menippus
the
Lycian
,
A
story
of
a
Phairie
woman
.
that
he
fell
in
loue
with
a
strange
woman
,
who
at
that
time
seemed
both
beautifull
,
tender
,
and
rich
,
but
in
truth
there
was
no
such
thing
,
and
all
was
but
a
fantasticall
ostentation
;
she
was
said
to
insinuate
her selfe
into
his
familiaritie
,
after
this
manner
,
as
he
went
vpon
a
day
alone
from
Corinth
to
Cenchrea
hee
met
with
a
certaine
phantasme
or
spectre
like
a
beautifull
woman
,
who
tooke
him
by
the
hand
,
and
told
him
that
she
was
a
Phoenicean
woman
,
and
of
long
time
had
loued
him
dearely
,
hauing
sought
many
occasions
to
manifest
the
same
,
but
could
neuer
finde
opportunitie
vntill
that
day
,
wherefore
she
entreated
him
to
take
knowledge
of
her
house
which
was
in
the
Suburbes
of
Corinth
,
therewith
all
pointing
vnto
it
with
her
finger
,
and
so
desired
his
presence
:
The
young
man
seeing
himselfe
thus
wooed
by
a
beautifull
woman
was
easily
ouercome
by
her
allurements
,
and
did
oftentimes
frequent
her
company
.
Ther
was
a
certaine
wise
man
and
a
Philosopher
which
espied
the
same
,
and
spake
vnto
Moenippus
in
this
manner
.
O
formose
,
&
aformosis
,
expetitie
mulieribus
,
ophin
thalpies
,
cai
se
ophis
?
that
is
to
say
,
O
faire
Menippus
beloued
of
beautifull
women
,
art
thou
a
serpent
and
dost
nourish
a
serpent
?
by
which
words
he
gaue
him
his
first
admonition
,
or
incling
of
a
mischiefe
;
but
not
preuayling
,
Menippus
purposed
to
marry
with
this
spectre
,
her
house
to
the
outward
shew
being
richly
furnished
with
all
manner
of
houshold
goods
,
then
said
the
wise
man
againe
vnto
Menippus
,
this
gold
,
siluer
,
and
ornaments
of
house
,
are
like
to
Tantalus
Apples
,
who
are
said
by
Homer
to
make
a
faire
shew
,
but
to
containe
in
them
no
substance
at
all
:
euen
so
whatsoeuer
you
conceaue
of
this
riches
,
there
is
no
matter
or
substance
in
the
things
which
you
see
,
for
they
are
onely
inchaunted
images
and
shadowes
,
which
that
you
may
beleeue
,
this
your
neate
bride
is
one
of
the
Empus●
,
called
Lamioe
or
Mormolicioe
wonderfull
desirous
of
copulation
with
men
,
and
louing
their
flesh
aboue
measure
,
but
those
whom
they
doe
entice
,
with
their
veneriall
marts
,
afterwards
they
deuoure
without
loue
or
pittie
,
feeding
vpon
their
flesh
:
at
which
words
the
wise
man
caused
the
gold
and
siluer
plate
and
houshold
stuffe
,
Cookes
and
seruants
,
to
vanish
all
away
;
Then
did
the
spectre
like
vnto
one
that
wept
,
entreate
the
wise
man
that
he
would
not
torment
her
,
nor
yet
cause
her
to
confesse
what
manner
of
person
she
was
,
Coelius
but
he
on
the
other
side
being
inexorable
,
compelletd
her
to
declare
the
whole
truth
,
which
was
,
that
she
was
a
Phairy
,
and
that
she
purposed
to
vse
the
companie
of
Menippus
,
and
feede
him
fat
with
all
manner
of
pleasures
,
to
the
entent
that
afterward
she
might
eate
vp
and
deuour
his
body
,
for
all
their
kinde
loue
was
but
onely
to
feede
vpon
beautifull
yong
men
.
These
and
such
like
stories
and
opinions
there
are
of
Phairies
,
which
in
my
iudgement
arise
from
the
praestigious
apparitions
of
Deuils
,
whose
delight
is
to
deceiue
and
beguile
the
minds
of
men
with
errour
,
The
true
definition
of
Phairies
.
contrary
to
the
truth
of
holye
Scripture
,
which
doeth
no
where
make
mention
of
such
inchaunting
creatures
;
and
therefore
if
any
such
be
,
we
will
holde
them
the
workes
of
the
Deuill
,
and
not
of
God
,
or
rather
I
beleeue
,
that
as
Poets
call
Harlots
by
the
name
of
Charibdis
,
which
deuoureth
and
swalloweth
whole
shippes
and
Nauies
,
aluding
to
the
insatiable
gulph
of
the
Sea
,
so
the
Lamiae
are
but
poeticall
alligories
of
beautifull
Harlottes
,
who
after
they
haue
had
their
lust
by
men
,
doe
many
times
deuour
and
make
them
away
,
as
we
read
of
Diomedes
daughters
,
and
for
this
cause
also
Harlots
are
called
Lupae
,
shee-Wolues
,
and
Lepores
,
Hares
.
To
leaue
therefore
these
fables
,
Their
names
and
description
.
and
come
to
the
true
description
of
the
Lamia
,
we
haue
in
hand
.
In
the
foure
and
thirty
chapter
of
Esay
,
we
do
find
this
beast
called
Lilith
in
the
Haebrew
,
and
translated
by
the
auncients
'
Lamia
,
which
is
there
threatned
to
possesse
Babell
.
Likewise
in
the
fourth
chapter
of
the
Lamentations
,
where
it
is
said
in
our
English
translation
,
that
the
Dragons
lay
forth
their
brests
,
in
Haebrew
they
are
called
Eiha●●●
,
which
by
the
confession
of
the
best
interpreters
,
cannot
signifie
Dragons
,
but
rather
sea-calues
,
being
a
generall
word
for
strange
wilde
beasts
.
Howbeit
the
matter
being
wel
examined
,
it
shall
appeare
that
it
must
needes
be
this
Lamia
,
because
of
her
great
breastes
,
which
are
not
competible
,
either
to
the
Dragon
or
Sea-calues
;
so
then
we
wil
take
it
for
graunted
,
by
the
testimony
of
holy
Scripture
,
that
there
is
such
a
beast
as
this
Crisostomus
.
Dion
also
writeth
that
there
are
such
beasts
in
some
part
of
Libia
,
hauing
a
Womans
face
,
and
very
beautifull
,
also
very
large
and
comely
shapes
on
their
breasts
,
such
as
cannot
bee
counterfeited
by
the
art
of
any
painter
,
hauing
a
very
excellent
colour
in
their
fore
parts
without
wings
,
and
no
other
voice
but
hissing
like
Dragons
:
they
are
the
swiftest
of
foote
of
all
earthly
beasts
,
so
as
none
can
escape
them
by
running
,
for
by
their
celerity
they
compasse
their
prey
of
beastes
,
and
by
their
fraud
they
ouerthrow
men
.
For
when
as
they
see
a
man
,
they
lay
open
their
breastes
,
and
by
the
beauty
thereof
,
entice
them
to
come
neare
to
conference
,
and
so
hauing
them
within
their
compasse
,
they
deuoure
and
kill
them
:
vnto
the
same
things
subscribe
Coelius
and
Giraldus
,
adding
also
,
that
there
is
a
certaine
crooked
place
in
Libia
neare
the
Sea-shore
,
full
of
sand
like
to
a
sandy
Sea
,
and
all
the
neighbor
places
thereunto
are
deserts
.
If
it
fortune
at
any
time
,
that
through
shipwrack
men
come
there
on
shore
,
these
beasts
watch
vppon
them
,
deuouring
them
all
,
which
either
endeuour
to
trauell
on
the
land
,
or
else
to
returne
backe
againe
to
Sea
,
adding
also
that
when
they
see
a
man
they
stand
stone
still
,
and
stir
not
til
he
come
vnto
them
,
looking
down
vpon
their
breasts
or
to
the
ground
,
whereupon
some
haue
thought
,
they
seeing
them
at
the
first
sight
,
haue
such
a
desire
to
come
neare
them
,
that
they
are
drawne
into
their
compasse
,
by
a
certaine
naturall
magicall
witch-crafte
:
but
I
cannot
approue
their
opinions
,
either
in
this
or
in
that
,
wherein
they
describe
him
with
horsses
feet
,
and
hinder
parts
of
a
serpent
,
but
yet
I
graunt
that
he
doth
not
onely
kill
by
biting
,
but
also
by
poysoning
,
feeding
vpon
the
carcasse
which
hee
hath
deuourd
:
His
stones
are
very
filthy
and
great
,
and
smel
like
a
Sea-calues
,
for
so
Aristophnies
writing
of
Cleon
a
Corior
,
and
lustfull
man
,
compareth
him
to
a
Lamia
,
in
the
greatnesse
and
filthinesse
of
his
stones
,
the
hinder
parts
of
this
beast
are
like
vnto
a
Goate
,
his
fore
legs
like
a
Beares
,
his
vpper
parts
to
a
woman
,
the
body
scaled
all
ouer
like
a
Dragon
as
some
haue
affirmed
by
the
obseruation
of
their
bodies
,
when
Probus
the
Emperor
brought
them
forth
into
publike
spectacle
:
also
it
is
reported
of
them
,
that
they
deuoure
their
own
young
ones
,
and
therefore
they
deriue
their
name
Lamia
of
Laniando
,
and
thus
much
for
this
beast
.
OF
THE
LYON
.
BEing
now
come
to
the
discourse
of
the
Lyon
(
iustly
stiled
by
all
writers
the
King
of
beastes
,
)
I
cannot
chuse
but
remember
that
prettie
fable
of
Esope
,
concerning
the
societie
and
honor
due
vnto
this
beast
.
For
(
saith
he
)
the
Lyon
,
Asse
,
and
the
Fox
entered
league
and
friendship
together
,
and
foraged
abroad
to
seeke
conuenient
booties
,
at
last
,
hauing
found
one
and
taken
the
same
,
the
Lyon
commanded
the
Asse
to
make
deuision
thereof
,
the
silly
Asse
regarding
nothing
but
societie
and
friendship
,
and
not
honor
and
dignitie
,
parted
the
same
into
three
equall
shares
;
one
for
the
Lyon
,
an
other
for
the
Fox
,
and
the
third
for
himselfe
:
Whereat
the
Lyon
disdaining
,
because
hee
had
made
him
equall
vnto
the
residue
,
presently
fell
vpon
him
and
toare
him
in
peeces
;
then
bidding
the
Fox
to
make
the
deuision
,
the
craftie
Fox
deuided
the
prey
into
two
parts
,
assigning
vnto
the
Lyon
almost
the
whole
bootie
,
and
reseruing
to
himselfe
a
very
small
portion
;
which
being
allowed
by
the
Lyon
,
he
asked
him
,
who
taught
him
to
make
such
a
partition
,
marry
(
quoth
the
Fox
)
the
calamitie
of
the
Asse
,
whom
you
lately
toare
in
peeces
.
In
like
manner
I
would
be
loath
to
be
so
simple
,
in
sharing
out
the
discourse
of
the
Lyon
,
as
to
make
it
equall
with
the
treatise
of
the
beasts
lately
handled
,
but
rather
according
to
the
dignitie
thereof
,
to
expresse
the
whole
nature
,
in
a
large
and
copious
tractate
.
For
such
is
the
rage
of
illiterate
or
else
enuious
men
,
that
they
would
censure
me
with
as
great
seueritie
,
if
I
should
herein
like
an
Asse
forget
my selfe
(
if
I
were
in
their
power
)
as
the
Lyon
did
his
colleague
for
one
foolish
partition
.
And
therefore
as
when
Lisimacus
,
the
sonne
of
Agathocles
,
being
cast
by
Alexander
to
a
Lyon
to
be
destroyed
,
because
he
had
giuen
poyson
to
Calistines
the
Philosopher
,
that
was
for
the
ending
of
his
miserie
,
who
was
included
by
the
said
Alexander
in
a
caue
to
be
famished
to
death
;
vpon
some
sleight
displeasure
the
said
Lisimacus
,
being
so
cast
vnto
the
Lyon
,
did
not
like
a
cowardly
person
offer
himselfe
to
his
teeth
,
but
when
the
Lyon
came
gaping
at
him
to
deuoure
him
,
hauing
wrapped
his
arme
in
his
linnen
garment
,
held
him
fast
by
the
tongue
,
vntill
he
stopped
his
breath
,
and
slew
him
;
for
which
cause
,
he
was
euer
afterwards
the
more
loued
and
honored
of
Alexander
,
hauing
at
the
time
of
his
death
,
the
commaund
of
all
his
treasure
.
In
like
sort
I
will
not
be
afraid
,
to
handle
this
Lyon
,
and
to
looke
into
him
both
dead
and
aliue
,
for
the
expressing
of
so
much
of
his
nature
,
as
I
can
probably
gather
out
of
any
good
writer
.
In
the
next
place
we
are
to
consider
the
kindes
of
Lyons
,
and
those
are
according
to
Aristotle
two
,
the
first
of
a
lesse
and
well
compacted
body
,
which
haue
curled
manes
,
being
therefore
called
Acro
leontes
,
and
this
is
more
sluggish
and
fearefull
then
the
other
.
The
second
kind
of
Lyon
hath
a
longer
body
,
and
a
deeper
lose
hanging
mane
,
these
are
more
noble
,
generous
,
and
couragious
against
all
kind
of
wounds
.
And
when
I
speak
of
manes
it
must
be
remembred
,
that
all
the
male
Lyons
are
maned
,
but
the
females
are
not
so
;
neither
the
Leopards
which
are
begotten
by
the
adultry
of
the
lyonesse
:
for
from
the
lyon
there
are
many
beasts
which
receiue
procreation
,
as
the
Leopard
or
Panther
.
There
is
a
beast
called
Leontophonus
,
a
little
creature
in
Syria
,
and
is
bred
no
wher
els
but
where
lyons
are
generated
.
Of
whose
flesh
if
the
lion
tast
,
he
looseth
that
princely
power
which
beareth
rule
among
foure
footed-beasts
,
and
presently
dyeth
;
for
which
cause
they
that
lie
in
waite
to
kill
lyons
,
Varinus
.
Hesychius
take
the
body
of
this
Leontophonus
,
which
may
well
bee
englished
Lion-queller
,
and
burneth
it
to
ashes
,
afterwards
casting
those
ashes
vpon
flesh
,
whereof
if
the
lion
tast
she
presently
dyeth
,
so
great
is
the
poyson
taken
out
of
this
beast
for
the
destruction
of
lyons
;
for
which
cause
,
the
lyon
doth
not
vndeseruedly
hate
it
,
and
when
she
findeth
it
,
although
she
dare
not
touch
it
with
her
teeth
,
yet
she
teareth
it
in
pieces
with
her
clawes
.
The
vrine
also
of
this
beast
sprinkled
vppon
a
lyon
doeth
wonderfully
harme
him
,
if
it
doth
not
destroy
him
;
They
are
deceiued
that
take
this
Lion-queller
to
be
a
kind
of
Worme
,
or
reptile
creature
,
for
there
is
none
of
them
that
render
vrine
;
but
this
excrement
is
meerely
proper
to
foure-footed-liuing-beastes
:
And
thus
much
I
thought
good
to
say
of
this
beast
in
this
place
,
which
I
haue
collected
out
of
Aristotle
,
Pliny
,
Solinus
,
Aelianus
.
and
other
Authors
aforesaide
,
although
his
proper
place
be
afterward
among
the
lions
enemies
.
The
Chimaera
is
also
fained
to
be
compounded
of
a
lion
,
a
Goate
,
and
a
Dragon
,
according
to
this
verse
:
Prima
leo
,
postrema
Draco
,
media
ipsa
Chimaera
.
There
be
also
many
Fishes
in
the
great
Sea
,
about
the
I
le
Taprabones
,
hauing
the
heades
of
Lyons
,
Panthers
,
Rams
,
and
other
beasts
.
The
Tygers
of
Prasia
are
also
engendred
of
Lyons
,
and
are
twice
so
big
as
they
.
There
are
also
Lyons
in
India
,
(
called
Formicae
)
about
the
bignesse
of
Egyptian
Wolues
.
Camalopardales
haue
their
hinder
parts
like
Lyons
.
The
Mantichora
hath
the
body
of
a
Lyon
:
The
Leucrocuta
,
the
necke
,
taile
,
and
brest
like
a
lion
,
and
there
is
an
allogorical
thing
cald
(
Demonium
Leoninum
)
a
lyon-Diuel
,
which
by
Bellunensis
,
is
enterpreted
to
be
an
allegory
,
signifieng
the
mingling
together
reasonable
vnderstanding
with
malicious
hurtfull
actions
.
Monsters
breed
like
Lyons
.
It
is
reported
also
by
Aelianus
,
that
in
the
Iland
of
Choos
,
a
sheepe
of
the
flock
of
Nicippus
,
contrary
to
the
nature
of
those
beasts
,
in
stead
of
a
lamb
brought
forth
a
lion
,
which
monstrous
prodigy
was
seene
and
considred
of
many
,
whereof
diuers
gaue
their
opinions
what
it
did
pretend
,
namely
that
Nicippus
,
of
a
priuate
man
should
effect
superiority
and
become
a
tyrant
,
which
shortly
after
cam
to
passe
,
for
he
ruled
all
by
force
and
violence
,
Coelins
.
not
with
fraud
or
mercy
;
for
Fraus
(
saith
Cicero
)
quasi
vulpeculae
,
vis
leonis
esse
videtur
,
that
is
:
Fraud
is
the
property
of
a
Foxe
,
and
violence
of
a
Lion
.
Heroditus
.
It
is
reported
that
Meles
the
first
King
of
Sardis
did
beget
of
his
concubine
a
lyon
,
&
the
South-sayers
told
him
that
on
what
side
soeuer
of
the
city
he
should
lead
that
lion
,
it
shold
remaine
inexpugnable
,
and
neuer
be
taken
by
any
man
;
whereupon
Meles
led
him
about
euery
tower
and
rampier
of
the
citty
,
which
hee
thought
was
weakest
,
except
onely
one
Tower
,
standing
towards
the
riuer
Tmolus
,
because
hee
thought
that
side
was
inuincible
,
and
could
neuer
by
any
force
be
entred
,
scaled
,
or
ruinated
.
Afterwards
in
the
raigne
of
Crasus
,
the
Citty
was
taken
in
that
place
by
Darius
.
There
are
no
lions
bred
in
Europ
,
except
in
one
part
of
Thrasia
,
for
the
Nemaeon
,
Countries
without
Lyons
.
or
Cleonaean
lion
is
but
a
fable
;
yet
in
Aristotles
time
,
ther
were
more
famous
&
valiant
lions
in
that
part
of
Europe
,
lying
betwixt
the
Riuers
Achelous
and
Nessus
,
then
in
all
Affrica
and
Asia
.
For
when
Xerxes
led
his
Army
through
Paeonia
ouer
the
Riuer
Chidorus
,
the
lyons
came
and
deuoured
his
Camels
in
the
night
time
;
but
beyonde
Nessus
towardes
the
East
,
or
Achillous
towards
the
West
,
there
was
neuer
man
saw
a
lion
in
Europe
:
but
in
the
region
betwixt
them
which
was
once
called
the
countrey
of
the
Abderites
,
there
were
such
store
,
that
they
wandered
into
Olimpus
,
Macedonia
,
and
Thessalia
,
but
yet
of
purpose
Princes
in
castles
and
Towers
for
their
pleasures
sake
,
do
nourish
and
keepe
Lions
in
Europe
,
where
sometimes
also
they
breed
,
as
hath
been
seene
both
in
England
and
Florence
;
Pelloponesus
also
hath
no
lions
,
and
therefore
when
Homer
maketh
mention
of
Dianaes
hunting
in
the
mountaines
of
Frimanthus
and
Taygetus
,
he
speaketh
not
of
lions
,
but
of
Harts
and
Bores
.
All
the
countries
in
the
East
and
South
,
lying
vnder
the
heate
of
the
Sun
,
do
plentifully
breede
lions
,
and
except
in
whot
countries
they
breed
seldome
,
and
therefore
the
lions
of
Fesse
,
Temesna
,
Angad
,
Hippo
,
and
Tunis
,
are
accounted
the
most
noble
and
audatious
lions
of
Affrick
,
because
they
are
whot
countries
.
Countries
of
their
breed
.
But
the
lions
of
colder
countries
haue
not
halfe
so
much
strength
,
stomack
,
and
courage
.
These
Libian
lions
haue
not
halfe
so
bright
haire
as
others
,
their
face
and
necke
,
are
very
horrible
rough
,
making
them
to
looke
fearefully
,
and
the
whole
collour
of
their
bodies
betwixt
browne
and
blacke
;
Apolonius
saw
lions
also
beyond
Nilus
,
Hiphasis
,
and
Ganges
:
and
Strabo
affirmeth
that
there
are
lions
about
Meroe
,
Astapae
,
and
Astabore
,
which
lions
are
very
gentle
,
tame
,
and
fearefull
,
and
when
the
dog
star
called
(
Canis
Sirius
)
doth
appear
,
wherof
commeth
the
dog
daies
,
that
then
they
are
droue
awaie
by
the
bitings
of
great
gnats
.
Aethiopia
also
breedeth
Lyons
,
being
blacke
coloured
,
hauing
great
heads
,
long
hair
,
rough
feet
,
fiery
eies
,
and
their
mouth
betwixt
red
and
yellow
.
Silicia
,
Armenia
,
and
Parthia
,
about
the
mouth
of
Ister
,
breed
many
feareful
Lyons
,
hauing
great
heads
,
thick
and
rough
neckes
and
cheekes
,
bright
eies
,
and
eye-lids
hanging
down
to
their
noses
.
There
are
also
plenty
of
lyons
in
Arabia
,
so
that
a
man
cannot
trauell
neare
the
citty
Aden
ouer
the
mountaines
,
with
any
security
of
life
,
except
he
haue
a
hundred
men
in
his
company
.
The
Lions
also
of
Hircania
are
very
bold
and
hurtfull
,
and
India
the
mother
of
al
kinde
of
beasts
,
hath
most
blacke
,
fierce
,
and
cruell
Lyons
.
In
Tartaria
also
,
and
the
kingdome
of
Narsinga
,
and
the
Prouince
of
Abasia
,
are
many
Lyons
,
greater
then
those
of
Babilon
and
Siria
;
of
diuers
and
sunrdy
intermingled
colours
,
both
white
,
blacke
and
red
.
Vartomanus
There
be
many
Lyons
also
in
the
prouince
of
Gingui
,
so
that
for
feare
of
them
,
men
dare
not
sleep
out
of
their
owne
houses
in
the
night
time
.
For
whomsoeuer
they
find
they
deuoure
and
teare
in
pieces
.
The
ships
also
which
go
vp
and
downe
the
riuer
,
are
not
tyed
to
the
bank-side
for
feare
of
these
lions
,
because
in
the
night
time
they
come
downe
to
the
Water-side
,
and
if
they
can
find
any
passage
into
the
barkes
,
they
enter
in
,
and
destroy
euery
lyuing
creature
,
wherefore
they
ride
at
Ancor
in
the
middle
of
the
riuer
.
The
colour
of
Lyons
is
generally
yellowe
,
for
these
before
spoken
of
,
blacke
,
white
,
The
colour
of
Lyons
.
and
red
are
exorbitant
:
Their
haire
some
of
them
is
curled
,
and
some
of
them
long
,
shaggy
,
and
thin
,
not
standing
vpright
,
but
falling
flatte
,
longer
before
,
and
shorter
behinde
,
cardanus
and
although
the
curling
of
his
haire
be
a
token
of
sluggish
timidity
,
yet
if
the
haire
bee
long
and
curled
at
the
top
onely
,
it
pretendeth
generous
animosity
.
So
also
if
the
haire
be
hard
:
(
for
beasts
that
haue
soft
haire
,
as
the
Hart
,
the
Hare
,
&
the
Sheep
)
,
are
timerous
,
but
they
which
are
harder
haired
,
as
the
Boare
and
the
Lyon
,
are
more
audacious
and
fearelesse
.
There
is
no
foure-footed
beaste
,
that
hath
haires
on
his
neather
eye-liddes
like
a
man
,
but
in
steede
thereof
,
either
their
face
is
rough
all
ouer
as
in
a
Dogge
,
or
else
they
haue
a
foretop
as
a
horse
and
an
Asse
,
or
a
mane
like
a
lion
.
The
Lyonesse
hath
no
mane
at
all
,
for
it
is
proper
to
the
male
,
and
as
long
haires
are
an
ornament
to
a
horses
mane
,
so
are
they
to
the
necke
and
shoulders
of
a
Lyon
;
neither
are
they
eminent
but
in
their
full
age
,
and
therefore
Pliny
said
:
Turrigeros
elephantorum
miramur
humeros
,
leonum
iubas
.
We
wonder
at
the
Tower-bearing
shoulders
of
Elephantes
,
and
the
long
hanging
manes
of
Lions
.
And
Aelianus
in
orationis
expertibus
maripraestantiam
quandam
natura
largita
est
,
iuba
leo
antaecellit
foeminam
,
serpens
Christa
.
Nature
hath
honored
the
Male
,
euen
in
creatures
without
reason
,
to
be
distinguished
from
the
female
,
as
the
mane
of
the
male
Lyon
,
and
the
combe
of
the
male
Serpent
do
from
their
females
.
Martiall
writeth
thus
of
the
lions
mane
:
O
quantum
per
colla
decus
,
quem
sparsit
honorem
,
Aurea
lunatae
cum
stetit
vnda
iubae
?
A
Lyon
hath
a
most
valiant
and
strong
head
,
The
seueral
parts
.
and
for
this
occasion
,
when
the
Nymphes
were
terrified
by
the
Lyons
and
fled
into
Carystus
,
the
promontory
wherein
they
dwelled
was
called
Co
leon
,
that
is
the
Lyons-head
,
where
afterwards
was
built
a
goodly
Citty
.
It
fortuned
as
Themistocles
went
thether
to
manage
the
affaires
of
the
Graecians
,
Epiries
the
Persian
,
president
of
Phrygia
intended
his
destruction
,
and
therefore
committed
the
busines
vnto
one
Pisis
,
with
charge
that
he
shold
behead
Themistocles
,
who
came
thither
to
execute
that
murder
,
but
it
happened
as
Themistocles
slept
at
the
noone
day
,
hee
heard
a
voice
crying
out
vnto
him
,
O
Themistocles
effuge
leonum
caput
ne
ipse
in
leonem
incurras
:
that
is
to
say
,
Plutarch
.
O
Themistocles
get
thee
out
of
the
Lyons
head
,
least
thou
fall
into
the
Lyons
teeth
:
whereupon
he
arose
and
saued
his
life
.
The
face
of
a
Lyon
is
not
round
as
some
haue
imagined
,
and
therefore
compared
it
vnto
the
Sunne
,
because
in
the
compasse
thereof
the
haires
stand
out
eminent
like
Sunne-beames
,
but
rather
it
is
square
figured
like
as
his
forehead
,
which
Aristotle
saith
,
you
may
chuse
whether
you
will
cal
it
a
forehead
or
Epipedon
frontis
:
that
is
,
the
superficies
of
a
forehead
:
for
like
a
cloud
it
seemeth
to
hange
ouer
his
eies
and
nose
,
and
therefore
the
Germans
call
a
man
that
looketh
with
such
a
countinance
,
Niblen
of
Nubilare
,
to
be
cloudy
,
and
it
betokeneth
either
anger
or
sorrow
:
also
it
is
called
Scithicus
aspectus
,
because
the
Scithians
were
alwaies
wont
to
looke
as
though
they
were
ready
to
fight
.
The
eies
of
a
Lyon
are
red
,
fiery
,
and
hollow
,
not
very
round
nor
long
,
looking
for
the
most
part
awry
;
wherfore
the
Poets
stile
the
Lionesse
Tocua
leaena
.
The
pupils
or
aples
of
the
eie
shine
exceedingly
,
in
somuch
as
beholding
of
them
,
a
man
would
thinke
hee
looked
vpon
fire
.
His
vpper
eie-lid
is
exceeding
great
,
his
Nose
thick
,
and
his
vpper
chap
doth
not
hang
ouer
the
neather
,
but
meete
it
iust
:
his
mouth
very
great
,
gaping
wide
,
his
lippes
thinne
,
so
that
the
vpper
partes
fall
in
the
neather
,
which
is
a
token
of
his
fortitude
:
his
teeth
like
a
Wolues
and
a
Dogges
,
like
sawes
,
losing
or
changing
onely
his
canine
teeth
,
the
tongue
like
a
Cats
or
leopards
,
as
sharpe
as
a
file
,
wearing
through
the
skinne
of
a
man
by
licking
;
his
Necke
very
stiffe
because
it
consisteth
but
of
one
bone
without
ioynts
,
like
as
in
a
Wolfe
and
an
Hyaena
,
the
flesh
is
so
hard
as
if
it
were
all
a
sinnew
:
Ther
are
no
knucles
or
turning
ioyntes
in
it
called
Spondyli
,
and
therefore
he
cannot
looke
backward
.
The
greatnesse
and
roughnesse
of
his
Necke
betokeneth
a
magnanimious
and
liberall
mind
,
nature
hath
giuen
a
short
Necke
vnto
the
Lyon
,
as
vnto
Beares
and
Tygers
,
because
they
haue
no
need
to
put
it
downe
to
the
earth
to
feede
like
an
Oxe
,
but
to
lift
it
vp
to
catch
their
prey
.
His
shoulders
and
brestes
are
very
stronge
,
as
also
the
forepart
of
his
body
,
but
the
members
of
the
hinder
part
do
degenerate
.
For
as
Pliny
saith
,
Leoni
vis
summa
in
pectore
,
the
chiefest
force
of
a
Lion
is
in
his
breast
.
The
part
about
his
throate-bole
is
loose
and
soft
,
and
his
Metaphrenon
or
part
of
his
backe
against
his
hart
(
so
called
)
betwixt
his
shoulder-blades
,
is
very
broad
.
The
backbone
and
ribs
are
very
strong
,
his
ventricle
narrow
,
and
not
much
larger
then
his
maw
.
He
is
most
subiect
to
wounds
in
his
flancke
,
because
that
part
is
weakest
,
in
all
other
parts
of
his
body
he
can
endure
many
blowes
.
About
his
loines
and
hip-bone
he
hath
but
litle
flesh
.
The
lionesse
hath
two
vdders
in
the
midest
of
her
belley
,
not
because
she
bringeth
forth
but
two
at
a
time
,
(
for
somtimes
she
bringeth
more
,
but
because
she
aboundeth
in
Milke
,
and
her
meat
which
she
getteth
seldome
,
)
and
is
for
the
most
parte
fleshe
turneth
all
into
milke
.
The
taile
of
a
Lyon
is
very
long
,
which
they
shake
oftentimes
,
and
by
beating
their
sides
therewith
,
they
prouoke
themselues
to
fight
.
The
Graecians
call
it
Alcaea
:
and
Alciatus
maketh
this
excellent
embleme
thereof
vpon
wrath
.
Alcaum
veteres
candam
dixere
Leonis
Qua
stimulante
iras
concipit
ille
graues
.
Lutea
quam
surgit
bilis
crudescit
&
atro
,
Felle
dolor
,
furias
excitat
indomitas
.
The
neather
parte
of
his
taile
is
full
of
haires
and
gristles
,
and
some
are
of
opinion
,
that
there
is
therein
a
little
sting
where
withall
the
Lyon
pricketh
it selfe
;
but
of
this
more
afterwards
.
The
bones
of
Lyons
haue
no
marrow
in
them
,
or
else
it
is
so
small
,
that
it
seemeth
nothing
:
therefore
they
are
the
more
strong
,
solide
,
and
greater
,
then
anye
other
beast
of
their
stature
,
and
the
Males
haue
euer
more
harder
bones
then
the
female
,
Aelianus
Aristotle
for
by
striking
them
together
you
may
beget
fire
,
as
by
the
percussion
of
Flints
;
and
the
like
may
be
said
of
other
beasts
that
liue
vpon
flesh
,
yet
are
some
of
the
bones
hollow
.
The
legs
of
a
Lion
are
very
strong
and
full
of
Nerues
,
and
instead
of
an
anckle-bone
it
hath
a
crooked
thing
in
his
pasterne
,
such
as
children
vse
to
make
for
sport
,
and
so
also
hath
the
Lynx
.
His
forefeet
haue
fiue
distinct
toes
or
clawes
on
each
foot
,
and
the
hinderfeet
but
foure
.
pliny
.
cardanus
His
clawes
are
crooked
,
and
exceeding
hard
,
and
this
seemeth
a
little
miracle
in
nature
,
that
leodards
,
Tygers
,
Panthers
,
and
lions
,
do
hid
their
clawes
within
their
skin
when
they
goe
or
run
,
that
so
they
might
not
be
dusted
,
and
neuer
pull
them
forth
except
when
they
are
to
take
or
deuoure
their
prey
:
also
when
they
are
hunted
,
Solinus
.
with
their
tailes
they
couer
their
footsteps
with
earth
,
that
so
they
may
not
be
bewrayed
.
The
Epithets
of
this
beast
are
many
,
whereby
the
authors
haue
expressed
their
seueral
natures
,
such
are
these
,
the
curst
kind
of
lyons
,
ful
of
stomacke
,
sharp
,
bold
,
greedy
,
blunket
,
flesh-eater
,
Caspian
,
Claeonian
,
the
lord
and
King
of
the
beastes
,
and
woodes
,
fierce
,
wild
,
hairy
,
yellowe
,
strong
,
fretting
,
teeth-gnashing
,
Naemean
,
thundering
,
raging
,
Getulian
,
rough
,
lowring
,
or
wry-faced
,
Impacient
,
quicke
,
vntamed
,
free
,
and
mad
,
according
to
this
saying
of
the
Poet
;
Fertur
prometheus
insani
Leonis
Vim
stomacho
opposuisse
nostro
.
Foras
the
Eagle
is
fained
to
feede
vpon
the
heart
of
Prometheus
,
so
also
is
the
lion
the
ruler
of
the
heart
of
man
,
according
to
the
Astrologians
.
And
from
hence
it
commeth
that
a
man
is
said
to
beare
a
stomacke
when
he
is
angry
,
and
that
he
should
bee
more
subiect
to
anger
when
he
is
hungry
,
then
when
he
is
full
of
meat
.
These
also
are
the
Epethets
of
lions
,
wrathfull
,
maned
,
Libian
,
deadly
,
stout
,
great
,
Masilian
,
Mauritanian
,
Parthian
,
Phrygian
,
Molorchaean
,
Carthaginian
,
preying
,
rauening
,
The
epithets
of
Lyons
.
stubborne
,
snatching
,
wrinkled
,
cruell
,
bloody
,
terrible
,
swelling
,
vast
,
violent
,
Marmaruan
.
These
also
are
the
Epethites
of
the
Lionesse
,
Affrican
,
bold
,
stony-harted
,
vengible
▪
cauelodging
,
fierce
,
yellowe
,
Getulian
,
Hercanian
,
vegentle
,
Libian
,
cruell
,
frowning
,
and
terrible
.
By
all
which
the
nature
of
this
Beast
,
and
seuerall
properties
thereof
,
are
compendiously
expressed
in
one
word
.
The
voice
of
the
lion
is
called
Rugitus
,
The
voice
of
Lyons
.
that
is
roaring
,
or
bellowing
;
according
to
this
verse
of
the
Poet.
Tigrides
indomita
rancant
rugiuntque
leones
.
And
therefore
commeth
Rugitus
leonis
the
roaring
of
the
Lyon
.
It
is
called
also
Gemitus
,
and
Fremitus
as
Virgill
,
fremit
leo
ore
cruento
.
And
againe
:
Hinc
exaudiret
gemitus
iraeque
leonum
Vincla
recusantum
,
&
sera
sub
nocte
rudentum
.
And
when
the
young
lions
haue
gotten
a
prey
,
in
token
whereof
they
roare
like
the
bleating
of
a
calfe
,
thereby
calling
their
elders
to
participate
with
them
.
The
places
of
their
aboad
are
in
the
mountaines
,
according
to
this
saying
:
Leo
cacumina
montium
amat
.
Their
sight
and
their
smelling
are
most
excellent
,
for
they
sleep
with
their
eies
open
,
and
because
of
the
brighnesse
of
their
eyes
,
they
canot
endure
the
light
of
fire
;
for
fire
&
fire
cannot
agree
:
also
their
smelling
(
for
which
cause
they
are
called
Odorati
)
is
very
eminent
,
for
if
the
lionesse
haue
committed
adultry
with
the
leopard
,
the
male
discouereth
it
by
the
sence
of
his
Nose
,
and
for
this
cause
also
they
are
tamed
in
Tartaria
,
and
are
vsed
for
hunting
Boares
,
Pa.
Venetus
.
Beares
,
Harts
,
Roe-buckes
,
wilde
Asses
,
as
also
for
wilde
and
vtlandish
Oxe●
,
and
they
were
wont
to
be
carried
to
hunting
two
Lyons
in
a
cart
together
,
&
either
of
them
had
a
litle
dog
following
them
.
There
is
no
Beast
more
vehement
then
a
shee
or
Female-lyon
,
for
which
cause
Semiramis
the
Babilonian
tyrannesse
,
Aelianus
esteemed
not
the
slaughter
of
a
Male
Lion
or
a
Libbard
,
but
hauing
gotten
a
Lyonesse
,
The
estimation
o●
a
Lyones
,
and
the
●●uerall
rage
Lyons
.
aboue
all
other
she
reioyced
therein
.
A
Lyon
while
hee
eateth
is
most
fierce
and
also
when
he
is
hungry
,
but
when
he
is
satisfied
and
filled
,
hee
layeth
aside
that
sauage
quality
,
and
sheweth
himselfe
of
a
more
meeke
and
gentle
nature
,
so
that
it
is
lesse
danger
to
meete
with
him
filled
then
hungry
,
for
he
neuer
deuoureth
any
till
famine
constraineth
him
.
Aristotle
I
haue
heard
a
story
of
an
Englishman
in
Barbary
which
turned
Moore
,
and
liued
in
the
Kings
Court
,
on
a
day
it
was
said
in
his
presence
that
there
was
a
Lion
within
a
little
space
of
the
Court
,
and
the
place
was
named
where
it
lodged
.
The
Englishman
being
more
then
halfe
drunke
,
offered
to
goe
and
kill
the
lyon
hand
to
hand
,
and
therewithall
armed
himselfe
with
a
Mvsket
,
Sword
and
Dagger
,
and
other
complements
,
and
hee
had
also
about
him
a
long
Knife
;
so
forth
went
this
renegate
English
Moore
,
more
like
a
mad
man
then
an
aduised
Champion
to
kill
this
Lion
,
and
when
he
came
to
it
,
he
found
it
a
sleep
,
so
that
with
no
peril
he
might
haue
killed
her
with
his
Musket
before
she
saw
him
:
but
he
like
a
foole-hardy-fellow
,
thought
it
as
little
honour
;
to
kill
a
lyon
sleeping
,
as
a
stout
champion
doth
to
strike
his
enemy
behind
the
backe
.
Therefore
with
his
Musket
top
he
smote
the
lyon
to
awake
it
,
wherat
the
beast
suddenly
mounted
vp
,
and
without
any
thankes
or
warning
,
set
his
forefeet
on
this
Squires
brest
,
and
with
the
force
of
her
body
ouerthrew
the
Champion
,
and
so
stood
vppon
him
,
keeping
him
down
,
holding
her
grim
face
and
bloody
teeth
ouer
his
face
and
eies
;
a
sight
no
doubt
that
made
him
wish
himselfe
a
thousand
miles
from
her
,
because
to
all
likelihood
they
should
bee
the
grinders
of
his
flesh
and
bones
,
and
his
first
executioner
to
send
his
cursed
soule
to
the
Deuill
for
denying
Iesus
Christ
his
sauiour
.
Yet
it
fell
out
otherwise
,
for
the
lyon
hauing
beene
lately
filled
with
some
liberall
prey
did
not
presently
fall
to
eate
him
,
but
stood
vpon
him
for
her
owne
safegard
,
and
ment
so
to
stand
till
shee
was
an
hungry
;
during
which
time
,
the
poore
wretch
had
liberty
to
gather
his
wits
together
,
and
so
at
the
last
,
seeing
he
could
haue
no
benefit
by
his
Musket
,
Sword
,
or
Dagger
,
and
perceiuing
nothing
before
him
but
vnauoidable
death
,
thought
for
the
sauing
of
his
credit
,
that
he
might
not
dye
in
foolish
infamy
,
to
doe
some
exploit
vppon
the
Lion
whatsoeuer
did
betide
him
;
and
thereupon
seeing
the
lion
did
bestride
him
,
standing
ouer
his
vpper
partes
,
his
handes
being
at
some
liberty
,
drew
out
his
longe
Barbarian
knife
,
and
thrust
the
same
twice
or
thrice
into
the
lions
flanke
;
which
the
lion
endured
,
neuer
hurting
the
man
,
but
supposing
the
woundes
came
some
other
way
,
and
would
not
forsake
her
booty
to
looke
about
for
the
meanes
whereby
shee
was
harmed
.
At
last
,
finding
her selfe
sicke
,
her
bowels
being
cut
asunder
within
her
(
for
in
all
hot
bodies
wounds
work
presently
)
she
departed
away
from
the
man
about
some
two
yards
distance
and
there
lay
downe
and
dyed
;
The
wretch
being
thus
deliuered
from
the
iawes
of
death
,
you
must
thinke
made
no
small
brags
thereof
in
the
court
,
notwithstanding
,
he
was
more
beholding
to
the
good
nature
of
the
lion
,
which
doth
not
kill
to
eate
except
he
be
hungry
,
then
to
his
owne
wit
,
strength
,
or
vallour
.
The
Male
Lyon
doeth
not
feede
with
the
Female
,
but
either
of
them
a-part
,
by
themselues
.
Their
foode
and
eating
.
They
eate
rawe
flesh
,
for
which
cause
the
Graecians
call
them
Omesteres
,
Omoboroi
,
and
Omophagoi
:
the
younge
ones
themselues
cannot
longe
bee
fed
with
Milke
,
Albertus
because
they
are
whot
and
dry
;
being
at
libertie
they
neuer
want
meate
,
and
yet
they
eate
nothing
but
that
which
they
take
in
hunting
,
and
they
hunt
not
but
once
a
day
at
the
most
,
Auicen
.
and
eate
euery
second
day
:
whatsoeuer
they
leaue
of
their
meate
,
they
returne
not
to
it
againe
to
eate
it
afterwardes
,
whereof
some
assigned
the
cause
to
bee
in
the
meate
,
because
they
can
endure
nothing
which
is
vnsweete
,
stale
,
or
stinking
;
but
in
my
opinion
they
do
it
throgh
the
pride
of
their
naturs
,
resembling
in
al
things
a
Princely
maiesty
,
and
therefore
scorne
to
haue
one
dish
twice
presented
to
their
own
table
.
But
tame
Lyons
being
constrained
through
hunger
,
will
eate
dead
bodies
,
and
also
cakes
made
of
meale
and
hony
,
as
may
appeare
by
that
tame
Lyon
which
came
to
Appollonius
,
and
was
sayd
to
haue
the
soule
in
it
of
Amasis
King
of
Egypt
,
which
story
is
related
by
Philostratus
in
this
manner
.
There
was
(
saith
he
)
a
certaine
man
which
in
a
leame
led
vp
and
downe
a
tame
Lyon
like
a
Dogge
,
whethersoeuer
he
would
,
and
the
Lyon
was
not
onely
gentle
to
his
leader
,
but
to
all
other
persons
that
met
him
;
by
which
meanes
the
man
got
much
gaines
,
and
therefore
visited
many
Regions
and
Citties
,
not
sparing
to
enter
into
the
temples
,
at
the
time
of
sacrifising
,
because
he
had
neuer
shed
blood
but
was
cleare
from
slaughter
,
neither
licked
vp
the
blood
of
the
beastes
,
nor
once
touched
the
flesh
cut
in
pieces
for
the
holy
altar
,
but
did
eate
vpon
Cakes
made
with
meale
and
hony
;
also
bread
,
Gourds
,
and
sod
flesh
,
and
now
and
then
at
customary
times
did
drinke
wine
.
As
Appollonius
satte
in
a
Temple
,
hee
came
vnto
him
in
more
humble
manner
,
lying
downe
at
his
feete
,
and
looking
vp
into
his
face
,
then
euer
he
did
to
any
,
as
if
he
had
some
speciall
supplycation
vnto
him
,
and
the
people
thought
he
did
it
for
hope
of
some
reward
,
at
the
commaund
and
for
the
gaine
of
his
maister
:
At
last
Appolonius
looked
vppon
the
lyon
,
and
tolde
the
people
that
the
lyon
did
entreat
him
to
signifie
vnto
them
what
hee
was
,
and
wherewithall
hee
was
possessed
;
namely
,
that
he
had
in
him
the
soule
of
a
man
,
that
is
to
say
,
of
Amasis
a
King
of
Egypt
,
who
raigned
in
the
prouince
of
Sai
.
At
which
words
,
the
Lyon
sighed
deepely
,
and
mourned
forth
a
lamentable
roaring
,
and
gnashing
his
teeth
together
,
and
crying
with
aboundance
of
teares
;
whereat
Appollonius
stroked
the
beast
,
and
made
much
of
him
,
telling
the
people
,
that
his
opinion
was
,
forasmuch
as
the
soul
of
a
K.
had
entred
into
such
a
kingly
beast
,
he
iudged
it
altogether
vnfit
that
the
beast
should
go
about
,
and
beg
his
liuing
,
and
therfore
they
should
do
well
to
send
him
to
Leontopolis
,
there
to
be
nourished
in
the
Temple
.
The
Egyptians
agreed
thereunto
,
and
made
sacrifice
to
Amasis
,
adorning
the
beast
with
Chaines
,
Bracelets
,
and
branches
,
so
sending
him
to
the
inner
Egypt
,
the
priestes
singing
before
him
all
the
way
,
their
idolatrous
,
Hymnes
,
&
Anthems
;
but
of
the
transfiguration
of
men
into
Lions
,
we
shall
say
more
afterwardes
,
onely
this
story
I
rehearsed
in
this
place
to
shew
the
food
of
tame
and
enclosed
lyons
.
The
substance
of
such
transfigurations
,
I
hold
to
be
either
poetical
or
else
diabolicall
.
The
foode
therefore
of
lyons
is
most
commonly
of
meeke
and
gentle
beasts
,
for
they
will
not
eate
Wolues
or
Beares
,
or
such
beastes
as
liue
vpon
rauening
,
because
they
begette
in
them
melancholy
:
they
eate
their
meate
very
greedily
,
and
deuoure
many
thinges
whole
without
chewing
,
but
then
they
fast
afterwards
two
or
three
daies
together
,
neuer
eating
vntill
the
former
be
digested
;
but
when
they
fast
,
that
day
they
drink
,
and
the
next
day
they
eate
,
for
they
seldome
eate
and
drinke
both
in
one
day
:
Aelianus
.
philes
and
if
any
sticke
in
his
stomacke
which
he
cannot
digest
because
it
is
ouercharged
,
then
doth
he
thrust
down
his
Nailes
into
his
throate
,
and
by
straining
his
stomacke
pulleth
it
out
again
:
The
selfe
same
thing
he
doth
when
he
is
hunted
vpon
a
full
belly
:
and
also
it
must
not
be
forgotten
that
althought
he
come
not
twice
to
one
carcasse
,
yet
hauing
eaten
his
belly
full
,
at
his
departure
by
a
wilfull
breathing
vpon
the
residue
,
he
so
corrupteth
it
,
Solinus
.
that
neuer
after
any
beast
will
tast
thereof
:
for
so
great
is
the
poyson
of
his
breath
,
that
it
putrifieth
the
flesh
,
and
also
in
his
owne
body
after
it
is
sodainely
rypped
vppe
,
the
intrals
stinke
abhominably
.
Pliny
Aristotle
The
reasons
whereof
I
take
to
be
their
great
voracitie
which
cannot
but
corrupt
in
their
stomacke
,
and
also
the
seldome
emptying
of
their
belly
,
for
they
vtter
their
excrements
not
aboue
once
in
three
daies
,
and
then
also
it
is
exceeding
dry
like
a
dogges
stinking
abhominably
,
and
sending
forth
much
winde
:
and
because
their
vrine
smelleth
strongly
,
which
also
they
render
like
a
dogge
holding
vp
one
of
their
legges
:
They
neuer
make
water
,
but
first
of
all
they
smell
to
the
tree
,
I
meane
the
male
Lion
:
They
fall
vpon
some
creatures
for
desire
of
meate
,
and
especially
when
they
are
old
,
and
not
able
to
hunt
they
goe
to
townes
and
villages
,
to
the
stables
of
Oxen
,
and
foldes
of
sheepe
,
and
sometimes
to
men
and
deuour
them
,
wherefore
they
neuer
eate
hearbes
but
when
they
are
sicke
.
Polybius
affirmeth
that
he
saw
them
besiege
and
compasse
about
many
Citties
of
Affricke
,
and
therefore
the
people
tooke
and
hanged
them
vp
vpon
crosses
and
gallowses
by
the
high
waies
to
the
terror
of
others
.
Wherefore
as
they
excell
in
strength
and
courage
,
so
also
they
doe
in
crueltie
,
The
crueltie
of
Lions
.
Leo
Afer
Philes
Herodotus
.
deuouring
both
men
and
beastes
,
setting
vpon
troupes
of
horsemen
,
depopulating
the
flockes
,
and
heards
of
cattell
,
carrying
some
aliue
to
their
yoonge
ones
,
killing
fiue
or
sixe
at
one
time
,
and
whatsoeuer
they
lay
holde
on
,
they
carry
it
away
in
their
mouth
,
although
it
be
as
bigge
as
a
Camell
:
for
they
loue
Camels
flesh
exceedingly
.
And
therefore
the
Lions
that
set
vpon
the
Camels
of
Xerxes
,
neither
medled
with
the
men
,
The
hatred
of
Lyons
and
their
seuerall
enemies
.
Oxen
,
nor
victuales
,
but
onely
the
Camels
:
so
that
it
seemeth
no
meate
is
so
acceptable
vnto
them
.
They
hate
aboue
measure
the
wilde
Asses
,
and
hunt
and
kill
them
,
according
to
the
saying
of
the
wise
man
.
Leonum
venatio
onager●
the
wilde
Asse
is
the
game
of
Lions
,
Ecclus
13.
They
hate
also
the
Thoes
,
and
fight
with
them
for
their
meate
,
because
both
of
them
liue
vpon
flesh
,
of
whom
Gratius
writeth
,
Thoes
commisses
(
clarissima
fama
)
leones
Et
subiere
asto
,
&
paruis
domuere
lacertis
.
They
eate
also
Apes
,
but
more
for
Phisicke
then
for
nourishment
:
they
set
vpon
Oxen
,
vsing
their
owne
strength
very
prudently
,
for
when
they
come
to
a
stall
or
heard
,
they
terrifie
all
,
Aelianus
that
they
may
take
one
.
They
eate
also
yonge
Elephants
as
we
haue
shewed
before
in
the
storie
of
Elephants
;
and
so
terrible
is
the
roaring
of
the
lyon
,
that
he
terrifieth
all
other
beastes
,
but
being
at
his
prey
,
it
is
said
he
maketh
a
circle
with
his
taile
,
either
in
the
snowe
,
or
in
the
dust
,
and
that
all
beastes
included
within
the
compasse
of
that
circle
,
when
they
come
into
it
presently
know
it
,
&
dare
not
for
their
liues
passe
ouer
it
,
(
beleeue
this
who
that
list
.
)
It
is
also
said
,
Ambrosius
that
when
the
beastes
doe
heare
his
voice
,
all
of
them
doe
keepe
their
standing
and
dare
not
stirre
a
foote
,
which
assertion
wanteth
not
good
reason
,
for
by
terrour
and
dread
they
stand
amazed
.
And
the
writer
of
the
Glosse
vpon
the
Prophet
Amos
,
vpon
these
words
of
the
Prophet
,
Nunquid
rugiet
leo
in
saltu
,
nisi
habuerit
praedam
:
Will
the
lion
roare
,
except
he
haue
a
pray
?
Leo
(
saith
he
)
Tum
famem
patitur
,
si
videt
praedam
dat
rugitum
quo
audito
ferae
stant
fixo
gradu
stupefactae
:
that
is
to
say
,
the
lion
when
he
is
hungry
and
seeth
his
prey
roareth
,
and
then
all
the
wilde
beastes
stand
still
amazed
.
The
drinke
of
Lions
.
They
drinke
but
little
,
and
also
seldome
as
we
haue
said
alreadie
,
and
therefore
Cyrus
praising
good
souldiers
in
Xenophon
,
vseth
these
words
:
Vos
famem
habetis
pro
obsonio
,
&
hydroposian
de
raon
toon
Leontoon
pherete
,
that
is
to
say
,
hunger
is
your
shambles
,
and
you
are
more
patient
of
thirst
then
lions
,
The
terrours
of
Lions
and
means
wherby
they
perish
.
although
you
drinke
water
:
Notwithstanding
this
great
valliancie
of
lions
yet
haue
they
their
terrors
,
enemies
,
and
calamities
,
not
only
by
men
,
but
also
by
beasts
,
ouer
whom
they
claime
a
soueraigntie
.
We
haue
shewed
already
in
the
storie
of
dogges
,
that
the
great
dogs
in
India
and
Hircania
doe
kill
lyons
,
and
forsake
other
beastes
to
combat
with
them
.
There
is
a
Tigre
also
called
Lauzani
which
in
many
places
is
twice
as
bigge
as
a
lion
,
that
killeth
them
,
and
despiseth
the
huge
quantity
of
Elephants
.
Martiall
also
writeth
,
that
he
saw
a
tame
Tiger
deuoure
a
wilde
lion
.
A
serpent
or
snake
doth
easily
kill
a
lion
,
whereof
Ambrosius
writeth
very
elegantly
.
Eximia
leonis
pulchritudo
per
comantes
ceruicis
toros
excutitur
,
cum
subito
a
serpente
os
pectore
tenus
attollitur
,
itaque
Coluber
ceruum
fugit
sed
leonem
interficit
.
The
splendant
beautie
of
a
lion
in
his
long
curled
mane
is
quickly
abated
and
allayed
when
the
Serpent
doth
but
lift
vp
his
head
to
his
brest
;
for
such
is
the
ordinance
of
God
that
the
snake
which
runneth
from
a
fearefull
Hart
,
should
without
all
feare
kill
a
couragious
lyon
:
and
the
writer
of
Saint
Marcellus
life
,
Alla
O
men
dracon
▪
&c.
How
much
more
will
he
feare
a
great
Dragon
,
against
whom
he
hath
not
power
to
lift
vp
his
taile
:
and
Aristotle
writeth
that
the
lyon
is
afraid
of
the
Swine
,
and
Rasis
affirmeth
as
much
of
the
Mouse
.
Plinius
Ambrose
The
Cocke
also
both
seene
and
heard
for
his
voice
and
combe
,
is
a
terror
to
the
lion
and
Basiliske
,
and
the
lyon
runneth
from
him
when
he
seeth
him
,
especially
from
a
white
cocke
and
the
reason
hereof
,
is
because
they
are
both
partakers
of
the
Sunnes
qualities
in
a
high
degree
and
therefore
the
greater
body
feareth
the
lesser
,
because
there
is
a
more
eminent
and
predominant
sunny
propertie
in
the
Cocke
,
then
in
the
Lion
.
Animalia
solaria
.
Lucretius
describeth
this
terrour
notably
,
affirming
that
in
the
morning
when
the
Cocke
croweth
the
Lions
betake
themselues
to
flight
,
because
there
are
certaine
seedes
in
the
body
of
Cockes
,
which
when
they
are
sent
and
appeare
to
the
eyes
of
Lions
,
they
vexe
their
pupils
and
apples
,
and
make
them
against
nature
become
gentle
and
quiet
,
the
verses
are
these
:
Quinetiam
gallum
nocte
explaudentibus
alis
Auroram
clara
consuetam
voce
vocare
Quem
nequeunt
rapidi
contra
constare
leones
Inque
tueri
:
ita
continuo
meminere
fugari
Nimirum
quia
sunt
gallorum
in
corpore
quaed
am
Semina
:
quae
quum
sint
oculis
immissa
leonum
Pupillas
intersodiunt
acremque
dolorem
,
Praebent
,
vt
nequeant
contra
durare
feroces
.
We
haue
spoken
already
of
the
Leontophonus
how
she
rendreth
a
vrine
which
poysoneth
the
Lion
;
the
noyses
of
wheeles
and
chariots
doe
also
terrifie
them
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Seneca
,
Leonipauida
sunt
ad
leuissimos
strepitus
pectora
.
The
high
stomacke
of
a
Lyon
is
afraid
of
a
little
strange
noice
.
Anthologius
hath
an
excellent
Epigram
of
one
of
Cybels
Priests
,
who
trauailing
in
the
mountaines
by
reason
of
frost
,
cold
,
and
snow
,
was
driuen
into
a
Lions
den
,
and
at
night
when
the
Lion
returned
,
he
scarred
him
away
by
the
sound
of
a
bell
:
The
like
also
shall
be
afterward
declared
of
Wolues
in
their
story
.
They
are
also
afraid
of
fire
,
Ardentesque
faces
,
quas
quamuis
saeuiat
horret
;
For
as
they
are
inwardly
filled
with
naturall
fire
(
for
which
cause
by
the
Egyptians
they
were
dedicated
to
Vulcan
)
so
are
they
the
more
afraide
of
all
outward
fire
,
Aelianus
and
so
suspitious
is
he
of
his
welfare
,
that
if
he
tread
vpon
the
rinde
or
barke
of
Oke
or
the
leaues
of
Osyer
,
he
trembleth
and
standeth
amazed
:
And
Democritus
affirmeth
that
there
is
a
certaine
herbe
growing
no
where
but
in
Armenia
and
Cappadocia
,
which
being
layed
to
a
Lion
,
Plinius
maketh
him
to
fall
presently
vpon
his
backe
and
lye
vpward
without
stirring
,
and
gaping
with
the
whole
breadth
of
his
mouth
,
the
reason
whereof
(
Pliny
saith
)
is
because
it
cannot
be
bruised
.
There
is
no
beast
more
desirous
of
copulation
then
a
lionesse
,
Leo
Afer
Their
lust
of
copulation
.
and
for
this
cause
the
males
oftentimes
fall
forth
,
for
sometimes
eight
,
ten
,
or
twelue
males
follow
one
lionesse
like
so
many
dogges
one
fault
bitch
:
for
indeede
their
naturall
constitution
is
so
hotte
,
that
at
all
times
of
the
yeare
both
sexes
desire
copulation
,
although
Aristotle
seemeth
to
be
against
it
because
they
bring
forth
onely
in
the
spring
.
The
lionesse
(
as
we
haue
shewed
already
)
committeth
adultery
by
lying
with
the
Libbard
,
The
adultery
of
lionesses
.
Pliny
Apollonius
for
which
thing
she
is
punished
by
her
male
if
she
wash
not
her selfe
before
she
come
at
him
,
but
when
she
is
ready
to
be
deliuered
,
she
flieth
to
the
lodgings
of
the
Libbards
,
and
there
among
them
hideth
her
yong
ones
,
(
which
for
the
most
part
are
males
)
for
if
the
male
Lion
find
them
,
he
knoweth
them
and
destroyeth
them
,
as
a
bastard
and
adulterous
issue
,
and
when
she
goeth
to
giue
them
sucke
,
she
faineth
as
though
shee
went
to
hunting
.
By
the
copulation
of
a
lionesse
and
an
Hyaena
is
the
Aēthiopian
Crocuta
brought
foorth
.
Pollux
Coelius
The
Arcadian
dogges
called
Leontomiges
were
also
generated
betwixt
dogges
and
Lions
:
In
all
her
life
long
she
beareth
but
once
,
and
that
but
one
at
a
time
,
as
Aesop
seemeth
to
set
downe
in
that
fable
,
where
he
expresseth
that
contention
betweene
the
lionesse
and
the
Fox
,
about
the
generositie
of
their
yong
ones
:
the
Foxe
obiecteth
to
the
lionesse
,
that
she
bringeth
forth
but
one
whelpe
at
a
time
,
but
hee
on
the
contrary
begetteth
many
Cubs
,
wherein
he
taketh
great
delight
;
vnto
whom
the
lionsse
maketh
this
answere
:
Parere
se
quidem
vnum
sed
Leonem
:
That
is
to
say
,
shee
bringeth
foorth
indeede
but
one
,
yet
that
one
is
a
Lyon
:
for
one
Lyon
is
better
then
a
thousand
Foxes
,
and
true
generosity
consisteth
not
in
popularitie
,
or
multitude
,
but
in
the
giftes
of
the
minde
ioyned
with
honorable
discent
:
The
lionesses
of
Syria
beare
fiue
times
in
their
life
;
at
the
first
time
fiue
,
afterwards
but
one
,
and
lastly
they
remaine
barren
.
Herodotus
speaking
of
other
lions
,
saith
they
neuer
beare
but
one
,
and
that
only
once
,
whereof
he
giueth
this
reason
,
that
when
the
whelpe
beginneth
to
stirre
in
his
dams
belly
,
the
length
of
his
clawes
pearce
through
her
matrix
,
and
so
growing
greater
and
greater
,
by
often
turning
leaueth
nothing
whole
;
so
that
when
the
time
of
littering
commeth
she
casteth
forth
her
whelpe
and
her
wombe
both
together
,
after
which
time
she
can
neuer
bear
more
:
but
I
hold
this
for
a
fable
,
because
Homer
,
Pliny
,
Oppianus
,
Solinus
,
Philes
,
and
Aelianus
affirme
otherwise
contrary
,
and
besides
experience
sheweth
the
contrary
.
When
Apollonius
trauelled
from
Babilon
,
by
the
way
they
saw
a
lionesse
that
was
killed
by
hunters
,
the
beast
was
of
a
wonderfull
bignesse
,
such
a
one
as
was
neuer
seene
:
about
her
was
a
great
cry
of
the
hunters
,
and
of
other
neighbours
which
had
flocked
thither
to
see
the
monster
,
not
wondring
so
much
at
her
quantitie
,
as
that
by
opening
of
her
belly
,
they
found
within
her
eight
whelpes
,
whereat
Appolonius
wondring
a
little
,
told
his
companions
that
they
trauailing
now
into
India
should
be
a
yeare
and
eight
monthes
in
their
iourney
:
Philestratus
For
the
one
lion
signified
by
his
skill
,
one
yeare
,
and
the
eight
yong
ones
eight
monethes
.
The
truth
is
,
that
a
lion
beareth
neuer
aboue
thrice
,
that
is
to
say
,
six
at
the
first
,
and
at
the
most
afterwards
,
two
at
a
time
,
and
lastly
but
one
,
because
that
one
proueth
greater
,
and
fuller
of
stomacke
,
then
the
other
before
him
;
wherefore
nature
hauing
in
that
accomplished
her
perfection
,
giueth
ouer
to
bring
foorth
any
more
.
Within
two
monthes
after
the
lionesse
hath
conceaued
,
the
whelpes
are
perfected
in
her
wombe
,
and
at
six
monthes
are
brought
foorth
blinde
,
weake
,
and
(
some
are
of
opinion
)
without
life
,
which
so
doe
remaine
three
daies
together
,
Physiologus
vntill
by
the
roaring
of
the
male
their
father
,
and
by
breathing
in
their
face
they
be
quickned
,
which
also
he
goeth
about
to
establish
by
reason
:
but
they
are
not
worth
the
relating
.
Isidorus
on
the
other
side
declareth
that
for
three
daies
and
three
nights
after
their
littering
,
they
doe
nothing
but
sleepe
,
and
at
last
are
awaked
by
the
roaring
of
their
father
:
so
that
it
should
seeme
without
controuersie
,
they
are
sencelesse
for
a
certaine
space
after
their
whelping
:
At
two
monthes
old
they
begin
to
runne
and
walke
.
They
say
also
that
the
fortitude
,
wrath
,
and
boldnesse
of
lions
,
is
conspicuous
by
their
heate
,
the
young
one
containeth
much
humiditie
contriued
vnto
him
by
the
temprament
of
his
kinde
,
which
afterwards
by
the
drinesse
and
caliditie
of
his
complectiom
groweth
viscus
and
slimie
like
bird-lime
,
and
through
the
helpe
of
the
animall
spirits
preuaileth
especially
about
his
braine
,
whereby
the
nerues
are
so
stopped
,
and
the
spirits
excluded
,
that
all
his
power
is
not
able
to
moue
him
,
vntill
his
parents
partly
by
breathing
into
his
face
,
and
partly
by
bellowing
,
driue
away
from
his
braine
that
viscus
humour
:
these
are
the
words
of
Physiologus
whereby
he
goeth
about
to
establish
his
opinion
:
but
herein
I
leaue
euery
man
to
his
owne
iudgement
,
in
the
meane
season
admiring
the
wonderfull
wisedome
of
God
,
which
hath
so
ordered
the
seuerall
natures
of
his
creatures
,
that
whereas
the
little
Partrige
can
runne
so
soone
as
it
is
out
of
the
shell
;
&
the
duckling
the
first
day
swim
in
the
water
with
his
dam
,
yet
the
harmefull
lions
,
Beares
,
Tygres
,
and
their
whelpes
are
not
able
to
see
,
stand
,
or
goe
,
for
many
monthes
;
whereby
they
are
exposed
to
destruction
when
they
are
young
,
which
liue
vpon
destruction
when
they
are
olde
:
so
that
in
infancie
,
God
clotheth
the
weaker
with
more
honor
.
There
is
no
creature
that
loueth
her
young
ones
better
then
the
lionesse
,
for
both
sheapheards
,
and
hunters
,
frequenting
the
mountaines
,
doe
oftentimes
see
how
irefully
she
fighteth
in
their
defence
,
receauing
the
wounds
of
many
darts
,
&
the
stroakes
of
many
stones
,
the
one
opening
hir
bleeding
body
,
&
the
other
pressing
the
bloud
out
of
the
wounds
,
standing
inuincible
neuer
yeelding
till
death
,
yea
death
it selfe
were
nothing
vnto
her
,
Aelianus
Endemus
so
that
her
yonge
ones
might
neuer
be
taken
out
of
her
den
:
for
which
cause
Homer
compareth
Aiax
to
a
lionesse
,
fighting
in
the
defence
of
the
carcasse
of
Patroclus
.
It
is
also
reported
,
that
the
male
will
leade
abroad
the
yong
ones
,
but
it
is
not
likely
,
that
the
lyon
which
refuseth
to
accompany
his
female
in
hunting
will
so
much
abase
his
noble
spirit
,
as
to
vndergoe
the
lionesses
duty
in
leading
abroad
the
yong
ones
.
In
Pangius
a
mountaine
of
Thracia
,
there
was
a
lionesse
which
had
whelpes
in
her
den
,
the
which
den
was
obserued
by
a
Beare
,
Gillius
the
which
Beare
on
a
day
finding
the
den
vnfortified
both
by
the
absence
of
the
Lion
and
the
lionesse
,
entred
into
the
same
and
slew
the
Lions
whelpes
,
afterward
went
away
,
and
fearing
a
reuenge
,
for
her
better
securitie
against
the
lions
rage
,
climbed
vp
into
a
tree
,
and
there
sat
,
as
in
a
sure
castle
of
defence
:
at
length
the
lion
and
lionesse
returned
both
home
,
and
finding
their
little
ones
dead
in
their
owne
bloud
,
according
to
naturall
affection
fell
both
exceeding
sorrowfull
,
to
see
them
so
slaughtered
whom
they
both
loued
;
but
smelling
out
by
the
foote
the
murderer
,
followed
with
rage
vp
and
downe
vntill
they
came
to
the
tree
whereinto
the
Beare
was
ascended
,
and
seeing
her
,
looked
both
of
them
gastly
vpon
her
,
oftentimes
assaying
to
get
into
the
tree
,
but
all
in
vaine
,
for
nature
which
adorned
them
with
singular
strength
and
nimblenesse
,
yet
had
not
endued
them
with
power
of
climbing
,
so
that
the
tree
hindring
them
from
reuenge
,
gaue
vnto
them
further
occasion
of
mourning
,
and
vnto
the
Beare
to
reioyce
at
her
owne
crueltie
,
and
deride
their
sorrow
.
Then
the
male
forsooke
the
female
,
leauing
her
to
watch
the
tree
,
and
he
like
a
mournfull
father
for
the
losse
of
his
children
,
wandred
vp
and
downe
the
mountaine
making
great
moane
and
sorrow
,
till
at
the
last
he
saw
a
Carpenter
hewing
wood
,
who
seeing
the
lion
comming
towards
him
let
fall
his
Axe
for
feare
,
but
the
lion
came
very
louingly
towards
him
,
fawning
gently
vpon
his
breast
with
his
forefeete
,
and
licking
his
face
with
his
tongue
;
which
gentlenesse
of
the
lion
the
man
perceauing
,
he
was
much
astonished
,
and
being
more
and
more
embraced
,
and
fawned
one
by
the
lion
,
he
followed
him
,
leauing
his
Axe
behind
him
which
he
had
let
fall
,
which
the
lion
perceauing
went
backe
,
and
made
signes
with
his
foote
to
the
Carpenter
that
he
should
take
it
vp
:
but
the
lion
perceauing
that
the
man
did
not
vnderstand
his
signes
,
hee
brought
it
himselfe
in
his
mouth
and
deliuered
it
vnto
him
,
and
so
led
him
into
his
Caue
,
where
his
yongue
whelps
lay
all
embrewed
in
their
owne
bloud
,
and
then
led
him
where
the
lionesse
did
watch
the
Beare
,
she
therefore
seeing
them
both
comming
,
as
one
that
knew
her
husbands
purpose
,
did
signifie
vnto
the
man
he
should
consider
of
the
miserable
slaughter
of
her
yongue
whelpes
,
and
shewing
him
by
signes
,
that
he
should
looke
vp
into
the
tree
where
the
Beare
was
,
which
when
the
man
saw
he
coniectured
that
the
Beare
had
done
some
greiuous
iniurie
vnto
them
;
he
therefore
,
tooke
his
Axe
and
hewed
downe
the
tree
by
the
rootes
,
which
being
so
cut
,
the
Beare
tumbled
downe
headlong
,
AElianus
which
the
two
furious
beastes
seeing
they
tore
her
all
to
peeces
:
And
afterwards
the
lion
conducted
the
man
vnto
the
place
and
worke
where
he
first
met
him
,
and
there
left
him
,
without
doing
the
least
violence
or
harme
vnto
him
.
Neither
doe
the
old
lions
loue
their
yongue
ones
in
vaine
and
without
thankes
or
recompence
,
for
in
their
old
age
they
require
it
againe
,
The
recompence
of
yong
Lions
to
the
old
.
Tzetzes
then
do
the
yongue
ones
both
defend
them
from
the
annoyances
of
enemies
and
also
maintaine
and
feede
them
by
their
owne
labour
:
for
they
take
them
foorth
to
hunting
,
and
when
as
their
decrepite
and
withered
estate
is
not
able
to
follow
the
game
,
the
yonger
pursueth
and
taketh
it
for
him
:
hauing
obtained
it
,
roareth
mightily
like
the
voice
of
some
warning
peece
;
to
signifie
vnto
his
elder
that
he
should
come
on
to
dinner
,
and
if
he
delay
,
hee
goeth
to
seeke
him
where
he
left
him
,
or
else
carrieth
the
prey
vnto
him
:
at
the
sight
whereof
in
gratulation
of
naturall
kindnesse
and
also
for
ioy
of
good
successe
,
the
olde
one
first
licketh
and
kisseth
the
yonger
,
and
afterward
enioy
the
bootie
in
common
▪
betwixt
them
.
Admirable
is
the
disposition
of
lions
,
both
in
their
courage
,
societie
,
and
loue
,
Aristotle
Albertus
The
loue
of
lions
to
their
benefactors
.
for
they
loue
their
nourishers
and
other
men
with
whom
they
are
conuersant
:
they
are
neither
fraudulent
nor
suspitious
,
they
neuer
looke
awry
or
squinte
,
and
by
their
good
wils
they
would
neuer
be
looked
vpon
.
Their
clemencie
in
that
fierce
and
angry
nature
is
also
worthy
commendation
,
The
nature
of
their
reuenge
.
Pliny
Solinus
and
to
be
wondered
at
in
such
beastes
,
for
if
one
prostrate
himselfe
vnto
them
as
it
were
in
petition
for
his
life
,
they
often
spare
except
in
extremitie
of
famine
;
and
likewise
they
seldome
destroy
women
or
children
:
and
if
they
see
women
,
children
,
and
men
togither
,
they
take
the
men
which
are
strongest
and
refuse
the
other
as
weaklings
and
vnworthie
their
honor
;
and
if
they
fortune
to
be
harmed
by
a
dart
or
stone
by
any
man
,
according
to
the
qualitie
of
the
hurt
,
they
frame
their
reuenge
;
for
if
it
wound
not
,
they
only
terrifie
the
hunter
,
but
if
it
pinch
them
further
,
and
draw
blood
,
they
increase
their
punishment
.
There
is
an
excellent
story
of
a
Souldior
in
Arabia
,
who
among
other
his
colleagues
rode
abroad
on
geldings
to
see
some
wilde
Lyons
:
now
geldings
are
so
fearefull
by
nature
,
that
where
they
conceiue
any
feare
,
no
wit
or
force
of
man
is
able
by
spurre
and
rod
to
make
him
to
come
neare
the
thing
it
feareth
,
but
those
which
are
not
gelded
are
more
bold
and
coragious
,
and
are
not
at
all
affraid
of
Lyons
,
but
will
fight
and
combate
with
them
.
As
they
road
they
saw
three
Lyons
together
,
one
of
the
souldiours
seeing
one
of
them
stray
and
runne
away
from
his
fellowes
,
cast
a
Dart
at
him
,
which
fell
on
the
ground
neare
the
Lyons
head
,
whereat
the
beast
stood
stil
a
little
,
and
pawsed
,
and
afterward
went
forward
to
his
fellowes
.
At
last
the
Souldior
road
betwixt
him
and
his
fellowes
which
were
gone
before
,
and
ran
at
his
head
with
his
spear
,
but
missed
it
,
and
fel
from
his
horse
to
the
earth
,
then
the
Lyon
came
vnto
him
and
tooke
his
head
in
his
mouth
,
which
was
armed
with
a
Helmet
,
and
pressing
it
a
little
did
wound
him
,
but
not
kill
him
,
taking
of
him
no
more
reuenge
,
then
might
requite
the
wrong
receiued
,
but
not
the
wrong
intended
;
for
generally
they
hurt
no
more
then
they
are
harmed
.
There
is
an
obscure
Authour
that
attributeth
such
mercy
and
clemency
to
a
Beaste
which
he
calleth
Melosus
,
for
he
persecuteth
with
violence
and
open
mouth
stout
men
,
and
al
whom
he
is
able
to
resist
,
but
yet
is
affraid
of
the
crying
of
children
.
It
is
probable
that
he
mistaketh
it
for
the
Lyon
,
for
besides
him
,
I
haue
not
read
of
any
Beast
that
spareth
young
children
.
Solinus
affirmeth
that
many
Captiues
hauing
bene
set
at
liberty
,
haue
met
with
Lyons
as
they
returned
home
,
weake
,
ragged
,
sicke
,
and
disarmed
,
safely
without
receiuing
any
harme
or
violence
.
And
in
Lybia
the
people
beleeue
that
they
vnderstand
the
petitions
and
entreatings
of
them
that
speak
to
them
for
their
liues
:
for
there
was
a
certaine
captiue
woman
comming
home
againe
into
Getulia
her
natiue
country
through
many
woods
,
was
set
vpon
by
many
Lyons
,
against
whom
she
vsed
no
other
weapon
but
only
threatnings
and
faire
words
,
falling
down
on
her
knees
vnto
them
,
beseeching
them
to
spare
her
life
,
telling
them
that
she
was
a
stranger
,
a
captiue
,
a
wanderer
,
a
weake
,
a
leane
and
lost
woman
,
and
therefore
not
worthy
to
bee
deuoured
by
such
couragious
and
generous
beastes
as
they
:
at
which
words
they
spared
her
,
Pliny
.
Solinus
.
which
thing
she
confessed
after
her
safe
returne
:
the
name
of
this
woman
was
called
Iuba
.
Although
about
this
matter
there
be
sundry
opinions
of
men
,
some
making
question
whether
it
be
true
,
that
the
Lyon
will
spare
a
prostrate
suppliant
,
making
confession
vnto
him
that
hee
is
ouercome
;
yet
the
Romans
did
so
generally
beleeue
it
,
that
they
caused
to
be
inscribed
so
much
vpon
the
gates
of
the
great
Roman
pallace
in
these
two
verses
;
Iratus
recolas
,
Textor
.
quam
nobilis
ira
leonis
In
sibi
prostratos
,
se
negat
esse
feram
.
It
is
reported
also
,
that
if
a
man
and
another
beast
be
offered
at
one
time
to
a
lyon
to
take
his
choice
,
Albertus
.
whether
of
both
he
will
deuoure
,
he
spareth
the
man
and
killeth
the
other
beast
.
These
lions
are
not
onely
thus
naturally
affected
,
but
are
enforced
thereunto
by
chance
and
accidentall
harmes
.
As
may
appeare
by
these
examples
following
,
Mentor
the
Syracusan
as
he
trauailed
in
Syria
met
with
a
Lyon
,
that
at
his
first
sight
fell
prostrate
vnto
him
,
roling
himselfe
vpon
the
earth
like
some
distressed
creature
,
whereat
the
man
was
much
amazed
,
and
not
vnderstanding
the
meaning
of
this
beast
,
he
indeauored
to
run
away
;
the
beaste
still
ouertooke
him
,
and
met
him
in
the
face
,
licking
his
footstepes
like
a
flatterer
,
shewed
him
his
heele
,
wherein
hee
did
perceiue
a
certaine
swelling
,
whereat
hee
tooke
a
good
heart
,
going
vnto
the
Lyon
,
tooke
him
by
the
legge
,
and
seeing
a
splint
sticking
therein
,
hee
pulled
it
forth
,
so
deliuering
the
Beast
from
paine
;
for
the
memory
of
this
fact
,
the
picture
of
the
man
and
the
Lyon
were
both
pictured
together
in
Syracusis
,
vntill
Plynies
time
,
as
hee
reporteth
.
The
like
story
is
reported
of
Elpis
the
Samian
,
who
comming
into
Affricke
by
shippe
,
and
there
goyng
a
shore
,
had
not
walked
very
far
on
the
land
,
but
he
met
with
a
gaping
lyon
,
at
which
being
greatly
amazed
,
he
climbed
vp
into
a
tree
,
forasmuch
as
there
was
no
hope
of
any
other
flight
,
and
prayed
vnto
Bacchus
(
who
in
that
Countrey
is
esteemed
as
chiefe
of
the
Gods
)
to
defend
him
,
as
hee
thoght
from
the
iaws
of
death
:
but
the
lion
seeing
him
to
climb
into
the
tree
stood
stil
,
and
layed
himselfe
downe
at
the
roote
thereof
,
desiring
him
in
a
manner
,
by
his
heauy
roaring
to
take
pitty
vppon
him
,
gaping
with
his
mouth
and
shewing
him
a
bone
sticking
in
his
teeth
,
which
through
greedinesse
he
swallowed
,
which
did
so
paine
him
,
that
he
could
eate
nothing
:
at
the
last
the
man
perceiuing
his
mind
,
(
moued
by
a
miracle
)
layed
aside
all
feare
,
and
came
downe
to
the
dumbe-speaking
distressed
Lyon
,
and
eased
him
of
that
misery
:
which
being
performed
he
not
onely
shewed
himselfe
thankefull
for
the
present
time
,
but
like
the
best
natured
honest
man
,
neuer
forsooke
shore
,
Pliny
.
but
once
a
day
came
to
shew
himself
to
the
man
his
helper
,
during
the
time
that
they
abode
in
those
quarters
;
&
therefore
Elpis
did
afterward
dedicate
a
temple
vnto
Bacchus
in
remembrance
thereof
.
And
this
seemeth
to
me
most
woonderfull
,
that
Lyons
should
know
the
vertue
of
mens
curing
hands
aboue
other
creatures
,
&
also
come
vnto
them
against
nature
&
kind
,
but
so
much
is
the
force
of
euil
&
pain
,
that
it
altereth
al
courses
of
sauage
minds
and
creatures
.
When
Androcles
a
seruant
ranne
away
from
a
Senator
of
Rome
,
Aelianus
Gellius
.
because
he
had
committed
some
offence
,
(
but
what
his
offence
was
I
know
not
)
and
came
into
Affrica
,
leauing
the
Citties
and
places
inhabited
to
come
into
a
desert
region
:
Afterward
when
Androcles
had
obtained
a
maister
being
Consull
of
that
prouince
of
Affrica
,
A
notable
story
of
a
Lyon
.
hee
was
compelled
by
daily
stripes
to
run
away
,
that
his
sides
might
bee
free
from
the
blowes
of
his
maister
,
and
went
into
the
solitary
places
of
the
fieldes
,
and
the
sandes
of
the
wildernesse
:
and
if
hee
should
happen
to
stand
in
neede
of
meat
,
he
did
purpose
to
end
his
life
by
some
meanes
or
other
:
and
there
hee
was
so
scortched
with
the
heate
of
the
sunne
,
that
at
last
finding
out
a
caue
,
he
did
couer
himselfe
from
the
heate
of
it
therein
:
and
this
caue
was
a
lyons
den
.
But
after
that
the
lyon
had
returned
from
hunting
,
(
being
very
much
pained
by
reason
of
a
Thorne
which
was
fastened
in
the
bottom
of
his
foote
)
vttered
forth
such
great
lamentation
and
pittifull
roaringes
,
by
reason
of
his
wound
,
as
that
it
should
seeme
,
hee
did
want
some
body
to
make
his
moane
vnto
for
remedy
;
at
last
comming
to
his
caue
,
and
finding
a
young
man
hid
therein
,
hee
gently
looked
vpon
him
,
and
began
as
it
were
to
flatter
him
,
and
offered
him
his
foote
,
and
did
as
well
as
hee
could
pray
him
to
pull
out
the
peece
of
splint
which
was
there
fastened
.
But
the
man
at
the
first
was
very
sore
afraid
of
him
,
and
made
no
other
reckoning
but
of
death
:
but
after
that
he
saw
such
a
huge
sauage
beast
so
meeke
and
gentle
,
beganne
to
thinke
with
himselfe
,
that
surely
there
was
some
sore
on
the
bottom
of
the
foote
of
the
beast
,
because
he
lifted
vp
his
foote
so
vnto
him
,
and
then
taking
courage
vnto
him
,
Gellius
.
lifted
vppe
the
lyons
foot
,
and
found
in
the
bottom
of
it
a
great
peece
of
splint
,
which
he
plucked
forth
,
and
so
by
that
meanes
eased
the
lyon
of
her
paine
,
and
pressed
forth
the
matter
which
was
in
the
wound
,
and
did
very
curiously
without
any
great
feare
throughly
dry
it
,
and
wipe
away
the
bloud
:
the
lyon
being
eased
of
his
paine
,
laide
himselfe
downe
to
rest
,
putting
his
foot
into
the
hands
of
Androcles
.
With
the
which
cure
the
lion
being
very
wel
pleased
,
because
he
handled
him
so
curtiously
and
friendly
,
not
onely
gaue
him
for
a
recompence
his
life
,
but
also
went
daily
abroad
to
forrage
and
brought
home
the
fattest
of
his
prey
.
Androcles
whom
all
this
while
(
euen
for
the
space
of
three
yeares
)
he
kept
familiarly
,
without
any
note
of
cruelty
or
euill
nature
in
his
den
,
and
there
the
man
and
the
beast
liued
mutually
at
one
commons
,
the
man
roasting
his
meate
in
the
whot
sun
,
and
the
lyon
eating
his
part
raw
,
according
to
kinde
.
When
he
had
thus
liued
by
the
space
of
three
yeares
,
and
grew
weary
of
such
a
habitation
,
life
,
and
society
,
he
bethought
himselfe
of
some
meanes
to
depart
;
and
therfore
on
a
day
when
the
lion
was
gone
abroad
to
hunting
,
the
man
tooke
his
iourny
away
from
that
hospitality
,
and
after
he
had
trauailed
three
daies
(
wandering
vp
and
down
)
he
was
apprehended
by
the
legionary
souldiers
:
to
whom
he
told
his
long
life
and
habitation
with
the
lyon
,
and
how
he
ranne
away
from
his
maister
a
senator
of
Rome
,
which
when
they
vnderstood
,
they
also
sent
him
home
againe
to
Rome
to
the
Senator
.
And
being
receiued
by
his
maister
,
he
was
guilty
of
so
great
and
foule
faults
,
that
he
was
condemned
to
death
,
and
the
manner
of
his
death
was
,
to
be
torne
in
peeces
of
Wilde
beasts
.
Now
there
were
at
Rome
in
those
daies
many
great
,
fearefull
,
cruell
,
and
rauening
beastes
,
and
among
them
many
Lyons
,
it
fortuned
also
that
shortly
after
the
taking
of
the
man
,
the
aforesaid
Libyan
Lyon
with
whom
hee
liued
long
,
seeking
abroade
for
his
companion
and
man-friend
,
was
taken
and
brought
to
Rome
,
and
there
put
among
the
residue
,
who
was
the
most
fierce
,
grim
,
fearefull
,
and
Sauage
,
aboue
all
other
in
the
company
,
and
the
eies
of
men
were
more
fastened
vppon
him
then
all
other
beside
.
When
Androcles
was
brought
forth
to
his
execution
,
and
cast
in
among
these
Sauage
beastes
,
this
Lyon
at
the
first
sight
looking
stedfastly
vppon
him
,
stood
still
a
little
,
and
then
came
toward
him
softly
,
and
gently
,
smelling
to
him
like
a
Dogge
,
and
wagging
his
taile
:
the
poore
exanimat
and
forlorne
man
not
looking
for
any
thing
but
present
death
,
trembled
and
was
scarce
able
to
stand
vpright
in
the
presence
of
such
a
beast
;
not
once
thinking
vpon
the
Lyon
that
had
nourished
him
so
long
,
but
the
Beast
Accepti
beneficij
memore
,
mindfull
of
former
friendship
,
licked
gently
his
hands
and
legs
,
and
so
went
round
about
him
touching
his
body
,
and
so
the
man
began
to
know
him
,
and
both
of
them
to
congratulate
each
other
in
that
their
imprisoned
occurrence
;
and
to
signifie
to
all
the
beholders
their
former
acquaintaunce
and
conuersation
,
the
man
by
stroking
and
kissing
the
Lyon
,
and
the
Lyon
by
falling
downe
prostrate
at
the
mans
feet
.
In
the
meane
time
a
Pardall
came
with
open
mouth
to
deuoure
the
man
,
but
the
lion
rose
vp
against
hir
and
defended
his
old
friend
,
and
she
being
instant
,
the
lion
tore
her
in
pieces
to
the
great
admiration
of
the
beholders
,
Gillius
.
as
it
could
not
otherwise
chuse
.
Then
Caesar
which
had
caused
those
spectacles
,
sent
for
the
man
,
and
asked
him
the
cause
of
that
so
rare
and
prodigious
an
euent
,
who
incontinently
told
him
the
story
before
expressed
.
The
rumor
whereof
was
quickly
spred
abroad
among
the
people
,
and
tables
of
writing
were
made
of
the
whole
matter
,
and
finally
all
men
agreed
that
it
was
fit
that
both
the
man
and
the
lion
should
be
pardoned
and
restored
to
liberty
:
Appion
.
and
afterward
(
saith
Appion
)
all
the
people
(
and
beholders
of
that
comedy
)
were
sutors
to
the
Senat
for
the
accomplishment
thereof
,
and
so
the
man
was
pardoned
,
and
the
lion
was
giuen
vnto
him
for
a
reward
or
fuffrage
,
who
led
him
vp
and
downe
the
streets
in
a
leame
or
slip
,
Androcles
receiuing
mony
,
and
the
lion
adorned
with
flowers
and
garlands
,
and
all
men
that
saw
or
met
them
,
said
:
Hic
est
leo
hospes
hominis
,
hic
est
homo
medicus
leonis
,
Here
goeth
the
lion
which
was
this
mans
Host
,
and
here
is
the
man
which
was
this
lions
Phisitian
.
Seneca
also
in
his
book
de
beneficijs
,
out
of
Gellius
writeth
so
much
of
another
lion
:
and
indeed
there
is
no
man
or
other
beast
more
fixed
and
constant
in
their
loue
and
frendship
,
A
story
of
the
iustice
of
Lyons
.
or
more
ready
to
reuenge
the
breach
of
amity
and
kindnesse
,
then
is
a
lion
;
as
appeareth
by
this
story
of
Eudemus
,
who
writeth
of
a
certaine
young
man
,
that
he
nourished
together
many
years
,
a
dog
,
a
beare
,
and
a
lyon
,
who
liued
in
perfect
peace
and
concord
without
breach
,
snarling
,
or
apparance
of
anger
.
On
a
day
as
the
bear
and
dog
played
together
and
biting
one
another
gently
,
it
happened
that
the
dog
fastened
his
teeth
(
in
sport
)
deeper
then
the
beare
could
digest
,
and
therefore
presently
he
fell
vpon
him
,
and
with
his
clawes
tore
out
the
soft
part
of
his
belly
,
whereof
he
presently
dryed
:
The
lyon
sitting
by
,
and
seeing
this
cruelty
and
breach
of
loue
,
amity
,
and
concord
,
among
them
that
had
so
long
liued
together
,
fell
to
be
inflamed
to
reuenge
that
perfidy
;
and
like
a
true
king
of
beasts
,
Aelianus
.
measured
the
same
measure
to
the
beare
as
he
had
done
to
the
dog
,
and
serued
him
with
the
same
sauce
,
tearing
him
instantly
in
pieces
.
There
is
also
in
the
life
of
S.
Ierome
,
a
story
of
a
lion
,
that
was
cured
by
him
,
as
you
haue
read
before
the
lyon
was
by
Elpis
,
and
that
the
beast
in
gratitutde
of
that
good
turne
,
did
euer
afterward
follow
the
asse
which
brough
him
home
his
carriage
and
prouision
through
the
woods
;
Till
at
last
the
lion
being
a
sleepe
,
the
Asse
was
stollen
away
,
for
sorrow
wherof
the
lion
put
himselfe
in
the
Asses
stead
,
T●xtor
.
to
beare
burthens
as
he
did
●
within
short
time
after
he
found
out
the
Asse
in
the
theeus
stable
,
and
broght
him
home
again
:
but
I
am
of
Erasmus
mind
concerning
this
story
,
Diodorus
.
that
the
Author
thereof
tooke
vpon
him
to
write
wonders
and
not
truth
.
The
Kings
of
Egypt
and
Syria
did
keepe
tame
lions
,
to
accompany
them
into
their
wars
,
which
were
led
about
their
owne
bodies
for
their
guard
and
costody
,
The
clemency
of
Lyons
in
sparing
men
.
against
all
perill
and
inuasion
.
It
is
also
very
pertinent
to
this
place
,
to
expresse
the
clemency
of
these
beastes
towardes
the
martyrs
and
seruants
of
Iesus
Christ
,
both
men
and
women
,
that
so
we
may
obserue
the
performance
and
accomplishment
of
that
prophesie
Psal.
91.
That
they
should
walke
vpon
the
Aspe
and
the
Cockatrice
,
and
sofely
tread
vpon
the
lion
and
the
Dragon
;
This
we
are
not
to
attribute
to
the
nature
of
lions
,
but
rather
to
the
ouerruling
hand
of
ours
and
their
Creator
who
in
remembrance
of
his
own
promise
,
and
aduancement
of
his
own
glory
,
stopeth
the
mouth
of
lions
,
and
restraineth
all
violence
both
of
liuing
creatures
and
elements
,
yet
I
wil
not
impose
any
necessity
of
beleeuing
these
stories
vpon
the
reader
,
Textor
.
for
I
my selfe
report
them
not
for
trueth
,
but
because
they
are
written
.
When
S.
Anthony
went
about
to
make
a
graue
for
the
interring
of
the
carkasse
of
Paule
the
first
Anachorite
,
and
wanted
a
shouell
or
spade
to
turne
vp
the
earth
,
there
came
two
lions
,
and
with
their
clawes
opened
the
earth
so
wide
and
deepe
,
that
they
performed
therein
the
office
of
a
good
graue-maker
.
The
prophet
Daniell
was
cast
into
the
lions
,
to
whom
(
according
to
the
Babilonian
story
)
was
giuen
for
their
diet
euery
day
,
two
condemned
men
,
and
two
sheep
,
and
yet
by
power
of
the
almighty
whom
bee
serued
,
the
Angell
of
the
Lord
came
down
and
stopt
the
Lyons
mouths
,
so
that
in
extremity
of
hunger
,
they
neuer
so
much
as
made
force
as
him
,
but
sat
quietly
at
his
feet
like
so
many
little
dogs
;
by
which
meanes
he
escaped
all
peril
and
torments
of
death
.
Eleutherius
being
cast
to
the
lions
at
the
commaund
of
Adrian
the
Emperor
,
and
Prisca
a
noble
Vergin
,
at
the
commaund
of
Claudius
Caesar
,
both
of
them
in
their
seuerall
times
,
tamed
the
vntamed
beastes
and
escaped
death
.
Macarius
being
in
the
wildernesse
or
Mountains
,
it
fortuned
that
a
Lionesse
had
a
den
neer
vnto
his
cell
,
wherein
she
had
long
nourished
blind
whelps
,
to
whom
the
holy
man
(
as
it
is
reported
)
gaue
the
vse
of
their
eie
and
sight
;
the
Lionesse
requited
the
same
with
such
gratification
as
lay
in
her
power
,
for
she
brought
him
very
many
sheepe-skins
to
cloth
&
couer
him
.
Primus
,
and
Foelicianus
,
Thracus
,
Vitus
,
Modestus
,
and
Crescentia
,
all
martyrs
,
being
cast
vnto
lions
,
receiued
no
harme
by
them
at
all
,
but
the
beasts
lay
down
at
their
feet
and
became
tame
,
gentle
,
and
meeke
,
not
like
themselues
,
but
rather
like
Doues
.
When
a
beare
and
a
lion
fell
vpon
Tecla
the
vergin
,
a
Martyr
,
a
Lionesse
came
and
fought
eagarly
in
her
defence
against
them
both
.
When
Martina
the
Daughter
of
a
Consull
could
not
be
terrified
or
drawen
from
the
Christian
faith
by
any
imprisonment
,
chaines
or
stripes
,
nor
allued
by
any
faire
words
to
sacrifice
to
Apollo
,
there
was
a
lion
brought
forth
to
her
,
at
the
commaundement
of
Alexander
the
Emperor
,
to
destroy
her
;
who
assoone
as
hee
saw
her
,
hee
lay
downe
at
her
feet
wagging
his
taile
,
and
fawning
in
a
louing
and
fearefull
manner
,
as
if
he
had
bin
more
in
loue
with
her
presence
,
then
desirous
to
lift
vp
one
of
his
haires
against
her
.
The
like
may
be
said
of
Daria
a
virgin
in
the
daies
of
Numerian
the
Emperor
,
who
was
defended
by
a
Lionesse
,
but
I
spare
to
blot
much
paper
with
the
recital
of
those
things
(
which
if
they
be
true
)
yet
the
Authors
purpose
in
their
allegation
is
most
prophain
,
vnlawful
and
wicked
,
because
he
thereby
goeth
about
to
establish
miracles
in
saints
,
which
are
long
agone
ceased
in
the
church
of
God
.
Some
Martyrs
also
haue
beene
deuoured
by
lyons
,
as
Ignatius
Bishop
of
Antioch
,
Satyrus
and
Perpetua
,
he
vnder
Traian
the
Emperor
,
and
they
vnder
Valerian
and
Galienus
.
Men
deuoured
by
Lyons
.
In
holy
scripture
there
is
mention
made
of
many
men
killed
by
lions
.
First
of
all
it
is
memorable
of
a
prophet
1
King
13.
that
was
sent
by
the
almighty
vnto
Ieroboam
,
to
cry
out
against
the
alter
at
Bethell
,
and
him
that
erected
that
altar
,
with
charge
,
that
he
should
neither
eate
nor
drinke
in
that
place
.
Afterward
an
old
prophet
which
dwelt
in
that
place
hearing
thereof
,
came
vnto
the
Prophet
,
and
told
him
that
God
had
commaunded
him
to
goe
after
him
,
and
fetch
him
backe
againe
to
his
house
to
eate
and
drinke
;
wherewithal
being
deceiued
,
he
came
back
with
him
contrary
to
the
commaundement
of
the
lord
giuen
to
himselfe
:
whereupon
as
they
sat
at
meate
,
the
prophet
that
beguiled
him
,
had
a
charge
from
God
to
prophesie
against
him
,
and
so
he
did
:
afterward
as
he
went
homeward
a
lion
met
him
and
killed
him
,
and
stood
by
the
corps
,
and
his
Asse
not
eating
of
them
till
the
old
prophet
came
and
took
him
away
to
bury
him
.
In
the
twentieth
chap.
of
the
same
book
of
Kings
,
ther
is
another
story
of
a
prophet
,
which
as
hee
went
by
the
way
hee
met
with
a
man
,
and
bade
in
the
name
of
the
lord
to
wound
and
smite
him
,
but
he
would
not
,
preferring
pittie
before
the
seruice
of
the
Lord
:
well
(
said
the
Prophet
vnto
him
)
seeing
thou
refusest
to
obey
the
voice
of
the
Lord
,
Behold
as
soone
as
thou
art
departed
,
a
lyon
shall
meete
thee
and
destroy
thee
:
and
so
it
came
to
passe
;
for
being
out
of
the
presence
of
the
Prophet
,
a
lion
met
him
and
tore
him
in
peeces
.
The
idolotrous
people
that
were
placed
at
Ierusalem
by
the
King
of
Babel
were
destroyed
by
lions
,
and
vnto
these
examples
of
God
his
iudgements
,
I
will
adde
other
out
of
humane
stories
.
Paphages
a
King
of
Ambracia
,
meeting
a
lionesse
leading
her
whelpes
,
was
suddenly
set
vpon
by
her
and
torne
in
peeces
,
vpon
whom
Ouid
made
these
verses
:
Foeta
tibi
occurrat
patrio
popularis
in
aruo
,
Sitque
paphageae
causa
leaena
necis
.
Hyas
the
brother
of
Hyades
,
was
also
slaine
by
a
lionesse
.
The
people
called
Ampraciota
in
Affrique
,
Aelianus
doe
most
religiously
worship
a
lionesse
,
because
a
notable
tyrant
which
did
oppresse
them
was
slaine
by
such
an
one
.
There
is
a
mountaine
neere
the
riuer
Indus
(
called
Litaeus
)
of
a
shepheard
so
named
,
Plutarch
which
in
that
mountaine
did
most
superstitiously
worshippe
the
Moone
and
contemned
all
other
Gods
,
his
sacrifices
were
performed
in
the
night
season
;
at
length
(
saith
the
Author
)
the
Gods
being
angry
with
him
,
sent
vnto
him
a
couple
of
lions
who
tore
him
in
peeces
,
leauing
no
monument
behind
but
the
name
of
the
mountaine
for
the
accident
of
his
cruell
death
.
The
inhabitants
of
that
mountaine
weare
in
their
eares
a
certain
rich
stone
(
called
Clitoris
)
which
is
very
blacke
,
and
bred
no
where
else
but
in
that
place
.
There
is
a
known
storie
of
the
two
Babilonian
louers
,
Pyramus
and
Thisbe
,
who
in
the
night
time
had
couenanted
to
meete
at
a
fountaine
neere
the
sepulchre
of
Ninus
,
and
Thysbe
comming
thither
first
,
as
she
sate
by
the
fountaine
,
a
lionesse
being
thirstie
,
came
thither
to
drinke
water
(
after
the
slaughter
of
an
Oxe
:
)
at
the
sight
whereof
,
Thysbe
ranne
away
and
let
fall
her
mantell
,
which
the
lionesse
finding
tore
i●
in
peeces
with
her
bloudy
teeth
.
Afterward
came
Pyramus
,
and
seeing
her
mantell
all
bloody
and
torne
asunder
,
suspecting
that
she
that
loued
him
,
being
before
him
at
the
appointed
place
had
beene
killed
by
some
wilde
beast
,
very
inconsiderately
drew
forth
his
sword
,
and
thrust
the
same
through
his
owne
body
;
and
being
scarce
dead
,
Thysbe
came
againe
,
and
seeing
her
louer
lye
in
that
distresse
,
as
one
loue
,
one
cause
,
one
affection
had
drawen
them
into
one
place
,
and
there
one
feare
had
wrought
one
of
their
destructions
,
she
also
sacrificed
her selfe
vpon
the
point
of
one
and
the
same
sword
.
There
was
also
in
Scythia
a
cruell
tyrant
(
called
Therodomas
)
who
was
wont
to
cast
men
to
lions
to
be
deuoured
of
them
,
and
for
that
cause
did
nourish
priuately
many
lyons
:
vnto
this
crueltie
did
Ouid
allude
,
saying
:
Therodomantaeos
vt
qui
sensere
leones
.
And
againe
:
Non
tibi
Therodomas
crudusque
vocabitur
Atreus
.
Vnto
this
discourse
of
the
bloud-thirstie
crueltie
of
lyons
,
you
may
adde
the
puissant
glory
of
them
,
who
both
in
sacred
and
prophane
stories
are
said
to
haue
destroyed
lyons
.
Men
that
haue
ouercome
lions
.
When
Sampson
went
downe
to
Thimnath
,
it
is
said
,
that
a
yoong
lyon
met
him
roaring
to
destroy
him
,
but
the
spirit
of
the
Lord
came
vpon
him
,
and
he
tore
it
in
peeces
like
a
Kid
;
wherein
he
was
a
type
of
Iesus
Christ
,
who
in
like
sort
being
set
vpon
by
the
roaring
of
the
diuell
and
his
members
,
did
with
facilitie
(
through
his
diuine
nature
)
vtterly
ouerthrow
the
malice
of
the
diuell
.
Afterward
Sampson
went
downe
to
the
Philistine
woman
whom
he
loued
,
and
returning
,
found
that
Bees
had
entred
into
the
lions
carcasse
and
there
builded
,
whereupon
he
propounded
this
riddle
,
A
voraci
exiunt
cibus
,
&
ex
forti
egressa
est
dulcedo
:
Out
of
the
deuourer
came
meate
,
and
out
of
the
strong
came
sweetenesse
.
Benaia
the
sonne
of
Iehoiada
one
of
Dauids
worthies
,
did
in
the
Winter
time
in
the
snow
kill
a
Lion
in
a
ditch
:
Dauid
himselfe
feeding
his
fathers
flocke
,
slew
a
Lion
and
a
Beare
which
had
robbed
him
of
a
Lambe
.
It
is
reported
of
Perdicas
(
one
of
the
Captaines
of
Alexander
)
a
valiant
man
,
that
he
went
alone
into
the
den
of
a
lionesse
,
but
not
finding
her
therein
,
tooke
away
her
whelps
and
brought
them
foorth
to
the
admiration
of
all
men
;
for
the
lionesse
both
among
the
Barbarians
and
Graecians
is
accounted
the
strongest
and
most
vnresistable
beast
.
In
the
Northerne
parts
of
the
world
(
saith
Pausanias
)
neere
the
monuments
of
Alcmea
and
Hyllus
,
the
sonnes
of
Hercules
,
there
was
a
Lyon
which
slew
many
people
,
and
at
last
also
Euippus
the
onely
sonne
of
King
Megareus
;
whereat
the
King
grew
so
sorrowfull
and
angrie
,
thirsting
after
reuenge
,
that
he
promised
to
the
man
that
could
ouercome
him
his
daughter
and
the
succession
of
his
kingdome
:
There
was
a
noble
and
valiant
yong
man
called
Alcathus
,
who
vndertooke
the
action
and
killed
the
Lion
,
for
which
thing
he
obtained
both
the
wife
and
the
kingdome
according
to
the
promise
of
Negareus
,
and
therefore
in
thankfulnesse
of
so
good
fortune
,
he
builded
there
a
famous
Temple
dedicating
it
to
Diana
,
Agrotera
,
and
Apollo
Agraeus
.
We
haue
spoken
before
of
Lysimachus
,
vnto
whom
we
may
adde
Polydamas
the
Scotus●an
,
who
in
all
things
hetooke
in
hand
,
propounded
vnto
himselfe
the
example
of
Hercules
,
and
did
kill
a
Lion
of
monstrous
stature
and
bignesse
,
being
vnarmed
,
in
the
mountaine
Olympus
,
as
at
another
time
he
held
a
Buls
leg
so
fast
in
his
hand
,
that
while
the
beast
stroue
to
loose
himselfe
he
left
the
hoofe
of
his
foote
behinde
him
.
When
Hercules
was
a
boy
or
stripling
,
he
slew
the
Teumessian
Lion
in
Teumessus
a
mountaine
of
Becotia
,
and
pulled
off
his
skinne
which
euer
after
he
wore
insteede
of
a
cloke
.
This
Lion
is
also
called
a
Naemean
Lion
,
yet
some
are
of
opinion
that
the
Maemean
Lion
,
was
another
called
also
the
Moloschaean
because
hauing
killed
the
sonne
of
Notorchus
,
he
perswaded
Hercules
which
did
sworne
with
him
,
to
take
reuenge
in
his
stead
.
From
whence
the
Nemaean
sacrifices
is
performed
by
the
Graecians
in
remembrance
of
Hercules
,
and
Lucan
maketh
mention
of
this
Nemaean
Lion
in
this
verse
:
Si
saenum
premaeres
Nemaeum
saena
leonem
.
And
vpon
the
den
of
the
lion
was
a
Temple
builded
and
dedicated
to
Iupiter
Nemaeus
.
Varinus
speaking
of
the
Nemaean
lion
telleth
this
story
thereupon
,
whereas
saith
he
,
the
said
lion
could
not
be
killed
with
any
sword
,
dart
,
or
other
sharpe
instrument
,
Hercules
tore
him
in
peeces
with
his
handes
without
all
weapons
,
and
afterward
wore
his
skinne
in
remembrance
of
that
victorie
:
It
happened
on
a
day
,
that
as
he
trauailed
he
met
with
his
friend
Telamon
who
wanted
children
,
of
whom
he
was
intreated
that
he
would
make
sacrifice
to
Iupiter
for
him
in
that
weede
or
garment
,
and
also
intreate
for
a
sonne
.
Hercules
yeelded
,
and
taking
the
golden
censer
in
his
hand
,
made
the
sacrifice
and
supplication
to
Iupiter
,
that
Telamon
might
haue
a
sonne
,
and
as
he
sacrificed
,
an
Eagle
flew
ouer
them
,
which
in
Greeke
is
called
Aetos
,
wherefore
when
Hercules
saw
the
same
,
he
charged
Telamon
that
his
sonne
should
be
called
Aetos
;
that
is
,
an
Eagle
:
and
so
he
was
,
but
afterward
he
was
called
Aiax
,
and
wore
continually
that
Lyons
skinne
which
was
giuen
him
by
Hercules
:
and
therefore
he
could
not
be
wounded
:
But
I
take
this
to
be
but
a
fable
:
rather
this
was
the
truth
.
Aiax
was
a
valiant
souldier
,
and
so
warily
carried
himselfe
in
many
battailes
,
that
he
neuer
receiued
wound
,
but
at
last
he
slew
himselfe
with
his
owne
sword
thrusting
it
thorough
his
necke
;
and
for
this
cause
it
was
fabled
,
that
he
neuer
could
be
wounded
by
a
vertue
,
as
was
imagined
conferred
on
him
from
Hercules
.
Ouid
hath
a
wittie
fiction
of
one
Phyllius
,
who
fell
so
deepely
in
loue
with
a
little
boy
,
that
at
his
pleasure
he
tooke
many
wilde
beasts
,
birds
,
and
Lions
,
and
tamed
them
to
the
delight
of
his
Amasius
:
at
length
the
infatiable
boy
required
him
to
doe
the
like
by
a
Bull
,
which
hee
had
ouercome
,
but
Phyllius
denying
that
request
,
the
boy
presently
cast
himselfe
downe
from
a
rocke
,
and
was
afterward
turned
into
a
Swanne
;
by
which
the
Poet
declareth
,
the
vnmerfull
regard
which
wretchlesse
and
childish
mindes
beare
towardes
the
greatest
labors
and
deserts
of
the
best
men
,
and
that
in
such
society
a
man
is
no
longer
beloued
,
then
he
giueth
,
also
the
deniall
of
one
small
request
cannot
be
endured
although
a
thousand
good
turnes
haue
gone
before
it
,
wherefore
such
mindes
may
well
be
transfused
into
Swannes
,
which
forsake
their
owners
and
breeders
,
going
and
swimming
farre
from
their
first
and
proper
habitation
.
Hauing
but
mentioned
such
a
story
,
it
is
not
exorbitant
to
adde
in
one
worde
other
fictions
of
metamorphosing
,
Men
transfigured
into
Lions
according
to
poets
and
fictions
and
transfiguring
men
into
Lions
,
which
we
promised
in
the
former
discource
of
Amasis
&
Apollonius
when
I
discoursed
of
the
foode
of
Lions
.
And
first
of
all
,
it
is
not
vnproper
to
remember
the
caution
of
Timaeus
the
Pythagoraean
who
affirmeth
,
that
the
mutation
of
men
into
beastes
is
but
a
fiction
brought
in
for
the
terrour
of
wicked
men
,
who
seeing
they
cannot
be
restrained
from
vice
for
the
loue
of
well
doing
,
they
may
be
deterred
for
the
feare
of
punishment
,
which
is
meant
by
such
beastly
transmigrations
.
Olympiodorus
.
And
this
thing
is
thought
to
be
most
consonant
to
the
opinion
of
Plato
,
for
in
consideration
of
the
habite
and
not
of
the
kinde
,
a
good
house-keeperr
and
charitable
nourishing
man
is
said
to
be
transmuted
into
a
tree
:
he
which
liueth
by
catching
and
snatching
,
to
serue
his
owne
concupiscence
into
a
Kite
,
he
which
for
loue
of
military
discipline
and
martiall
affaires
into
a
lion
,
he
that
was
a
tyrant
and
a
deuourer
of
men
into
a
dragon
:
&
Empedortes
also
said
,
that
if
a
man
depart
this
naturall
life
and
be
transmuted
into
a
bruite
beast
,
it
is
most
happiest
for
him
if
his
soule
goe
into
a
lion
:
but
if
he
loose
his
kinde
and
sences
and
be
transmuted
into
a
plant
,
then
is
it
best
to
be
metamorphosed
into
a
Laurell
or
Bay
tree
.
And
for
these
causes
we
read
of
Hippo
chaunged
into
a
lion
,
and
Atlas
into
a
lionesse
,
and
the
like
I
might
say
of
Proteus
,
of
the
Curetes
,
and
others
:
and
generally
all
the
Easterne
wise
men
beleeued
the
transmigration
of
spirites
from
one
into
another
,
and
insinuated
so
much
to
their
symmists
and
disciples
,
making
little
or
no
difference
betwixts
the
natures
of
men
and
bruite
beasts
.
Therefore
they
taught
that
all
their
Priests
after
death
were
turned
into
lions
,
their
religious
Vestals
or
women
into
Hyaenaes
,
Porphyrius
their
seruaunts
or
ministers
in
the
temples
about
the
seruice
of
their
vaine
Gods
into
Crowes
and
Rauens
,
the
fathers
of
families
into
Eagles
and
Hawkes
,
but
those
which
serued
the
Leonticke
aulters
,
meaning
Namaeasacra
instituted
for
the
honour
of
Hercules
,
were
transformed
diuersly
:
but
of
all
these
we
haue
already
expressed
our
opinion
,
namely
to
beleeue
and
thinke
so
basely
of
mankinde
,
created
after
the
image
as
once
to
conceiue
or
entertaine
one
thought
of
such
passing
of
one
from
another
,
were
most
lewd
and
diabolicall
;
but
to
conceaue
them
as
allegories
by
which
the
mindes
of
the
wise
may
be
instructed
in
diuine
things
,
and
God
his
iudgements
,
as
it
is
poeticall
,
so
is
it
not
against
any
point
of
learning
or
good
religion
.
As
that
which
hath
beene
already
expressed
most
notably
describeth
the
nature
of
the
lion
,
The
vnderstanding
of
Lyons
.
so
that
succeedeth
hath
the
same
vse
for
the
manifestation
of
the
dignity
and
honor
of
this
beast
.
First
of
all
therefore
to
begin
with
his
vnderstanding
,
and
to
shew
how
neere
hee
commeth
to
the
nature
of
man
.
It
is
reported
by
Elianus
,
that
in
Lybia
they
retaine
great
friendship
with
men
,
enioying
many
things
in
common
with
them
,
and
drinking
at
the
same
well
or
fountaine
.
And
if
at
any
time
he
being
deceiued
in
his
hunting
,
and
cannot
get
to
satisfie
hunger
,
then
goeth
he
to
the
houses
of
men
,
and
there
if
he
finde
the
man
at
home
,
he
will
enter
in
and
destroy
,
except
by
wit
,
policie
,
and
strength
,
he
be
resisted
;
but
if
he
finde
no
man
but
onely
women
,
they
by
rayling
on
him
and
rebukes
driue
him
away
,
which
thing
argueth
his
vnderstanding
of
the
Lybian
tongue
;
The
summe
and
manner
of
those
speeches
and
wordes
which
she
vseth
to
affright
and
turne
them
away
from
entering
houses
,
are
these
:
Art
not
thou
ashamed
being
a
Lyon
the
King
of
beastes
to
come
to
my
poore
cottage
to
begge
meate
at
the
handes
of
a
woman
?
and
like
a
sicke
man
distressed
with
the
weaknesse
of
bodie
to
fall
into
the
handes
of
a
woman
,
that
by
her
mercy
thou
mayest
attaine
those
thinges
which
are
requisite
for
thy
owne
maintenance
and
sustentation
?
yea
rather
thou
shouldest
keepe
in
the
mountaines
and
liue
in
them
,
by
hunting
the
Hart
and
other
beasts
prouided
in
nature
for
the
lions
foode
,
and
not
after
the
fashion
of
little
base
dogges
,
come
and
liue
in
houses
to
take
meate
at
the
hands
of
men
and
women
.
By
such
like
words
she
enchanteth
the
mind
of
the
Lyon
,
so
that
like
a
reasonable
person
ouercome
with
strong
arguments
,
notwithstanding
his
owne
want
,
hunger
,
and
extremity
,
he
casteth
his
eies
to
the
ground
ashamed
and
aflicted
,
and
departeth
away
without
any
enterprise
:
Neither
ought
any
iudicious
or
Wise-man
thinke
this
thing
to
be
incredible
,
for
we
see
that
Horsses
and
Dogges
which
liue
among
men
,
and
heare
their
continuall
voices
,
do
discerne
also
their
termes
of
threatning
,
chiding
,
&
rating
,
and
so
stand
in
awe
of
them
;
and
therefore
the
Lyons
of
Libia
,
whereof
many
are
brought
vp
like
Dogs
in
houses
,
with
whom
the
little
children
play
,
may
well
come
to
the
knowledge
and
vnderstanding
of
the
Maurysian
tongue
.
It
is
also
said
they
haue
vnderstanding
of
the
partes
of
men
and
Women
,
Leo
Afer
.
and
discerne
sexes
,
and
are
indeed
with
a
naturall
modesty
,
declyning
the
sight
of
womens
priuy
parts
.
And
vnto
this
may
be
added
the
notable
story
of
a
Lion
in
England
(
declared
by
Crantzius
)
which
by
euident
tokens
was
able
to
distinguish
betwixt
the
King
,
nobles
,
The
anger
of
Lyons
,
and
the
signes
thereof
.
and
vulger
sort
of
people
.
As
the
eares
of
Horsses
,
are
a
note
of
their
generosity
,
so
is
the
taile
of
lyons
,
when
it
standeth
immoueable
,
it
sheweth
that
he
is
pleasant
,
gentle
,
meeke
,
vnmoued
,
and
apt
to
endure
any
thing
,
which
falleth
out
very
seldome
,
for
in
the
sight
of
men
hee
is
seldome
found
without
rage
.
In
his
anger
,
he
first
of
all
beateth
the
earth
with
his
taile
,
Adamantiu
.
Albertus
.
afterwards
his
owne
sides
,
and
lastly
leapeth
vpon
his
prey
or
aduersary
.
Some
creatures
vse
to
wag
their
tailes
,
when
they
see
suddenly
those
which
are
of
their
acquaintance
,
as
Dogges
;
but
lyons
and
Bulles
,
do
it
for
anger
and
wrath
.
The
reason
both
of
one
and
other
,
is
thus
rendered
by
Aphroditius
.
The
back-bone
of
such
beasts
is
hollow
,
and
containeth
in
it
marrow
,
which
reacheth
to
the
taile
,
and
therefore
there
is
in
the
taile
a
kinde
of
animall
motion
,
and
power
.
For
which
cause
when
the
beast
seeth
one
of
his
acquaintance
,
hee
waggeth
his
taile
by
way
of
salutation
for
the
same
reason
that
men
shake
hands
,
for
that
part
is
the
readiest
and
nimblest
member
of
his
body
,
but
Buls
and
lions
,
are
constrained
to
the
wagging
of
their
tailes
for
the
same
reason
that
angry
men
are
light
fingered
,
and
apt
to
strike
:
for
when
they
cannot
haue
sufficient
power
to
reuenge
,
they
either
speake
if
they
be
men
,
or
else
barke
if
they
be
Dogges
,
or
smite
their
sides
with
their
taile
if
they
be
lions
;
by
that
meanes
vttering
the
furie
of
their
rage
to
the
ease
of
nature
,
which
they
cannot
to
the
full
desire
of
reuenge
.
But
we
haue
shewed
before
that
the
lion
striketh
his
sides
with
his
taile
,
for
the
stirring
vp
of
himselfe
against
dangerous
perils
,
for
which
cause
Lucan
compareth
Caesar
in
his
warlike
expedition
,
at
Pharsalia
against
his
owne
Countrey
,
before
his
passage
ouer
Rubicon
,
whilest
he
exhorted
his
souldiors
,
to
a
lyon
beating
himselfe
with
his
owne
taile
,
in
these
verses
;
Inde
mora
sol●it
belli
,
tumidumque
per
amnem
,
Signa
tulit
propere
:
sicut
sqallentibus
armis
,
Aestifer
ae
Lybies
,
viso
leo
cominus
hoste
▪
Subsedit
dubius
,
totam
dum
colligit
iram
,
Mox
vbi
se
saeuae
stimulauit
verbere
caudae
,
Erexitque
iubas
,
vasto
&
graue
murmur
hiatu
.
Infremuit
:
tum
torta
leuis
si
lancea
Mauri
.
Haereat
,
aut
latum
subeant
venabula
pectus
,
Per
ferrum
tanti
securus
vulneris
exit
There
are
many
Epigrams
,
both
Greeke
,
and
latine
,
concerning
the
rage
,
force
,
frendship
,
and
society
of
lions
with
other
beasts
,
whereof
these
are
most
memorable
:
the
first
of
a
Hare
which
through
sport
crept
through
the
mouth
of
a
tame
lion
,
whereof
Martiall
writeth
in
this
sort
,
teaching
her
to
fly
to
the
lions
teeth
against
the
rage
of
Dogs
,
in
these
verses
:
Rictibus
his
tauros
,
non
eripuere
magistri
,
Per
quos
praeda
fugax
,
itaque
reditque
lepus
,
Quodque
magis
mirum
,
velotior
exit
ab
hostae
.
Nec
nihil
à
tanta
,
nobilitate
refert
.
Tutior
in
sola
,
non
est
cum
currit
arena
.
Nec
cauiae
tanta
,
conditur
ille
fide
,
Si
vitare
canum
morsus
,
lepus
improbe
guaeriis
Ad
quae
confugias
,
or
a
leonis
habes
.
There
is
another
of
the
same
Poets
,
about
the
society
of
a
Rame
and
a
Lyon
,
wherein
hewondereth
,
that
so
different
natures
should
liue
together
,
both
because
the
Lion
forgetteth
his
prey
in
the
woods
,
and
also
the
Ram
,
the
eating
of
green
grasse
,
and
through
hunger
,
both
of
them
constrained
to
tast
of
the
same
dishes
,
and
yet
this
is
no
other
,
then
that
which
was
foretold
in
holy
scripture
,
the
lion
and
the
lambe
should
play
togither
,
the
Epigram
is
this
;
Maessyli
leo
fama
iugi
,
peicorisque
martitus
,
Lanigeri
,
mirum
qui
posuere
fide
,
Ipse
licet
videas
,
cauea
stabulantur
in
vna
,
Et
pariter
socias
,
carpit
vterque
dapes
Nec
faetu
nemorum
gaudent
,
nec
mittibus
herbis
,
Concordem
saciat
,
sed
rudis
agna
famem
.
For
we
haue
shewed
before
,
that
a
Lyon
in
his
hunger
,
will
endure
nothing
,
but
fearcely
falleth
vpon
euery
prey
,
according
to
these
verses
of
Mannilius
.
Quis
dubitet
,
vasti
quae
sit
natura
leonis
?
Quasque
suo
dietet
,
signo
nassentibus
artes
?
Ille
nouas
semper
pugnas
,
noua
bella
ferarum
,
Apparat
,
&
pecorum
,
viuit
spolio
,
atque
rapinis
.
Hoc
habet
,
hoc
studium
postes
,
ornare
superbos
Pellibus
,
&
captas
domibus
configere
predas
,
Atque
parare
metum
syluis
,
&
viuere
rapto
.
Concerning
the
hunting
and
taking
of
lions
,
The
hunting
and
taking
of
Lyons
.
the
Indian
dogs
,
and
some
other
strong
hunters
do
set
vpon
Buls
,
Bores
,
and
Lions
,
as
we
haue
said
before
in
the
History
of
dogs
:
but
dogs
,
which
are
begotten
of
Tygers
,
amongst
the
Indians
,
and
those
of
Hyrcania
,
especially
doe
this
thing
,
as
it
is
noted
by
Mantuan
concerning
the
fortitude
and
courage
of
a
dog
,
saying
:
Et
truculentus
Helor
certare
leonibus
audens
.
In
the
prouince
of
Ginezui
which
is
subiect
to
the
great
Cham
king
of
Tartaria
,
there
are
very
many
lions
which
are
very
great
and
cruell
:
and
in
that
region
the
dogs
are
accounted
so
bould
and
stronge
,
as
they
will
not
feare
to
inuade
or
set
vpon
those
lions
;
And
it
oftentimes
commeth
to
passe
,
that
two
dogs
and
a
hunting
Archer
sitting
on
horse-back
do
kill
and
destroy
a
lion
,
for
when
the
Dogs
perceiue
the
lion
to
bee
neare
them
,
they
set
vpon
him
with
great
barking
,
but
especialy
when
they
know
themselues
backed
with
the
help
of
a
man
,
they
do
not
cease
to
bite
the
lyon
in
his
hinder
parts
and
taile
:
and
although
the
lion
doth
oftentimes
threaten
them
with
his
frouning
and
terrible
countinance
,
turning
himselfe
this
way
and
that
way
,
that
he
might
teare
them
in
pieces
,
notwithstanding
the
dogs
looking
warilie
vnto
themselues
,
are
not
easily
hurt
by
him
,
especially
when
the
hunting
Horse-man
following
them
,
doth
seeke
the
best
meanes
to
fasten
his
Dart
in
the
lion
,
when
hee
is
bitten
of
the
Dogges
,
for
they
are
wise
enough
to
consider
their
owne
help
.
But
the
Lyon
then
flyeth
away
,
fearing
leaste
the
barking
and
howling
of
the
dogs
,
may
bring
more
company
both
of
men
and
dogs
vnto
him
.
And
if
he
can
,
he
betaketh
himselfe
rightly
vnto
some
tree
,
that
he
may
enioy
the
same
for
a
place
of
defence
for
his
backe
,
then
turning
himselfe
,
with
a
scornfull
grinning
hee
fighteth
withall
his
force
against
the
Dogges
.
Paulus
.
Venetus
.
But
the
Hunter
comming
nearer
vppon
his
Horsse
ceaseth
,
not
to
throw
Dartes
at
the
lyon
vntill
he
kill
him
:
neither
doth
the
lyon
feele
the
force
of
the
Dartes
vntill
he
bee
slaine
,
the
Dogges
doe
vnto
him
so
great
hurte
and
trouble
.
If
a
lion
be
seene
in
the
time
of
hunting
,
being
ashamed
to
turne
his
backe
,
he
doth
a
little
turne
away
himselfe
if
be
oppressed
with
a
multitude
:
being
remoued
from
the
sight
of
the
Hunters
,
he
doth
hastily
prepare
for
flight
,
thinking
that
his
shame
is
cleared
by
concealing
himselfe
;
and
therefore
knoweth
that
the
woods
cannot
giue
testimony
of
this
feare
.
He
doth
want
in
his
flight
the
leaping
which
he
vseth
in
pursuing
other
beastes
.
He
doth
craftily
dissemble
and
abolish
his
footesteps
to
deceiue
the
Hunters
:
Pollux
affirmeth
that
if
a
Hunter
do
fight
against
any
wilde
Beasts
,
as
a
Bore
,
he
must
not
straddle
with
his
Legges
wide
abroad
,
but
keepe
them
together
within
the
compasse
of
a
foote
,
that
hee
may
keepe
his
ground
stedfast
and
sure
,
euen
as
the
manner
is
in
Wrestling
:
for
there
are
some
wild
Beasts
as
Panthers
and
Lyons
,
when
they
are
hunted
,
and
are
hindred
in
their
course
by
their
Hunters
,
if
they
be
any
thing
neare
them
doe
presently
leape
vppon
them
.
But
the
stroke
which
is
giuen
ought
to
be
directed
or
leauelled
right
against
the
breast
,
and
the
hart
,
for
that
being
once
striken
is
incurable
.
(
Xenophon
saith
)
in
his
book
concerning
Hunting
,
that
Lyons
,
Leopards
,
Beares
,
Pardals
,
Lynxes
,
and
all
other
wilde
Beasts
of
this
sort
which
inhabite
desert
places
(
without
Greece
,
)
are
taken
about
the
Pangaean
Mountaine
,
and
the
Mountaine
called
Cyrtus
aboue
Macedony
:
some
in
Olympus
,
Mysius
,
and
Pindus
:
some
in
Mysa
aboue
Syria
,
and
in
other
Mountaines
which
are
fit
for
the
breeding
and
nourishing
Beastes
of
this
kind
.
But
they
are
taken
partly
in
the
Mountaines
by
poyson
of
Wolfe-bane
,
for
the
sharpnesse
of
the
Region
(
because
that
can
admit
no
other
kind
of
hunting
as
by
Nets
and
Dogges
)
but
mingling
this
with
that
thing
in
which
euery
wilde
beast
delighteth
,
the
Hunters
doe
cast
it
vnto
them
neare
the
Waters
.
There
are
some
also
which
do
discende
downe
in
the
night
time
,
who
are
taken
in
regard
that
all
the
waies
by
which
they
should
ascend
vnto
the
Mountaines
are
stopped
with
Hunts-men
,
and
weapons
,
neither
being
so
excluded
,
are
they
taken
without
great
perill
vnto
the
Hunts-men
.
There
are
some
also
which
make
pitfals
or
great
ditches
in
the
ground
to
catch
Lyons
,
in
the
middest
whereof
,
they
leaue
a
profound
stony
pillar
,
vpon
which
in
the
night
time
they
tye
a
Goat
,
and
do
hedge
the
pitfals
round
about
with
boughes
,
least
that
it
might
be
seen
,
leauing
no
entrance
into
the
same
.
The
lyons
hearing
the
voice
of
the
goat
in
the
night
,
doe
come
vnto
the
place
and
walke
round
about
the
hedge
,
but
finding
no
place
where
they
may
enter
,
they
leape
ouer
and
are
taken
.
Oppianus
doth
describe
three
manner
of
waies
of
hunting
Lyons
,
which
also
Bellasarius
doeth
,
but
he
doeth
describe
them
in
my
mind
very
vnskilfully
.
The
first
of
them
is
rehearsed
out
of
Xenophon
,
Three
waies
to
take
Lyons
.
we
will
notwithstanding
also
adde
thereunto
Oppianus
:
for
he
doth
vary
in
both
of
them
.
The
second
is
made
by
fire
,
the
third
by
Whips
or
scourges
.
The
first
manner
of
way
is
therefore
as
Gillius
for
the
most
part
translateth
out
of
Oppianus
,
in
this
sort
.
Where
the
Hunters
of
Lybia
doe
obserue
the
beaten
path
or
way
of
the
Lyon
going
out
of
his
den
vnto
the
Water
,
they
make
a
broade
and
round
ditch
neare
vnto
it
,
in
the
midest
wherof
they
raise
vp
a
great
pillar
,
vpon
this
they
hang
a
sucking
Lambe
,
they
compasse
the
Ditch
round
about
with
a
Wall
of
stones
heaped
together
,
least
that
when
the
wilde
beast
commeth
neare
hee
perceiueth
the
deceite
.
The
Lambe
being
fastened
vppon
the
top
of
the
pillar
,
doth
incitate
the
hunger-staruen
hart
of
the
Lyon
by
his
bleating
,
therefore
comming
neare
,
and
not
being
able
to
stay
longer
about
the
Wall
,
he
doth
presently
leap
ouer
and
is
receiued
into
the
vnlooked
for
ditch
,
in
which
being
now
included
,
he
vexeth
himselfe
in
all
the
partes
of
his
body
,
lifting
himselfe
vp
rather
at
the
lambe
then
to
go
forth
,
and
being
againe
ouerthrowen
,
he
maketh
force
again
.
These
things
Gillius
affirmeth
.
The
second
.
The
other
manner
of
hunting
by
fire
,
is
the
deuise
of
the
people
which
inhabite
about
the
Ryuer
Euphrates
,
who
hunt
lyons
after
this
manner
.
The
Hunters
some
vpon
stronge
Horsses
,
and
some
vpon
gray
Horsses
with
glasen
eies
which
are
more
swift
,
&
which
dare
onely
meete
lions
,
when
other
Horsses
dare
not
abide
the
sight
of
lyons
:
other
being
on
foote
do
set
the
Nets
.
Three
of
them
being
placed
in
the
snares
remaine
to
vnderprop
the
Nets
,
with
staies
and
stakes
:
one
in
the
middle
,
all
the
rest
in
both
the
bendinges
or
turninges
of
the
same
,
so
that
he
which
is
in
the
middle
can
heare
both
the
other
at
the
farther
endes
:
some
setting
round
about
in
warlike
manner
,
holding
pitchy
fire-brands
in
their
right
hands
,
and
bucklers
in
their
left
:
for
with
those
they
make
a
very
great
noyse
and
clamor
,
and
with
shewing
their
fire-brandes
,
put
the
wilde
beastes
in
an
incredible
feare
:
Therefore
when
all
the
Horse-men
being
spred
abroade
inuade
the
beastes
,
and
and
the
footemen
likewise
doe
follow
with
a
great
noise
:
the
lyons
being
terrified
with
the
crying
out
of
the
hunters
,
not
daring
to
resist
,
giue
place
:
and
aswell
for
feare
of
fire
,
as
of
the
men
they
runne
into
the
nets
and
are
taken
:
like
as
fishes
in
the
night
time
,
by
fire
are
compelled
and
driuen
into
the
nets
of
the
fishers
.
The
third
.
The
third
manner
of
hunting
is
done
with
lesser
labour
:
that
is
,
foure
strong
men
armed
with
shields
,
and
fortified
all
ouer
with
thonges
of
leather
,
and
hauing
helmets
vpon
their
heades
,
that
onely
their
eyes
,
noses
,
and
lips
may
appeare
,
with
the
brandishing
of
their
firebrands
rustle
in
vpon
the
lyon
lying
in
his
den
:
he
not
bearing
this
indignation
,
with
a
gaping
and
open-wide
mouth
,
the
lightning
,
or
burning
of
his
eyes
being
inflamed
,
breaketh
foorth
into
a
great
roaring
,
and
with
such
celeritie
rustleth
vpon
them
,
as
if
it
were
some
storme
and
tempest
:
they
with
a
firme
and
constant
courage
abide
that
brunt
:
and
in
the
meane
while
that
he
coueteth
to
catch
any
of
them
in
his
teeth
or
clawes
,
another
of
them
,
prouoking
him
behinde
doth
smite
him
,
and
with
a
loude
noise
or
clamour
doth
vexe
him
:
then
the
lyon
in
hast
leauing
the
first
which
he
had
taken
in
his
mouth
,
turneth
backe
his
mouth
vnto
the
hinder
:
each
of
them
in
seuerall
parts
doe
vex
him
:
but
he
breathing
foorth
warlike
strength
,
runneth
here
and
there
,
this
man
he
leaueth
,
that
hee
snatcheth
vp
on
high
:
at
the
length
being
broken
with
long
labour
,
and
wearied
,
foaming
in
his
mouth
,
he
lyeth
downe
straight
vpon
the
ground
,
and
now
being
very
quiet
they
binde
him
▪
and
take
him
from
the
earth
as
if
he
were
a
Ramme
.
I
doe
also
finde
that
lions
are
intricated
in
snares
or
traps
,
bound
vnto
some
poste
or
pile
,
nigh
vnto
some
narrow
place
,
by
which
they
were
wont
to
passe
.
But
Pliny
saith
,
that
in
times
past
it
was
a
very
hard
and
difficult
manner
to
catch
lyons
,
and
that
the
chiefest
catching
of
them
was
in
ditches
.
In
the
mountaine
Zaronius
in
Affricke
,
the
strongest
men
doe
continuall
hunt
lyons
,
the
best
of
which
being
taken
they
send
them
vnto
the
King
of
Fesse
:
and
the
King
ordereth
his
hunting
in
this
manner
:
in
a
very
spacious
fielde
there
are
little
hutches
built
of
that
height
as
a
man
may
stand
vpright
in
them
:
euery
one
of
these
is
shut
with
a
little
gate
,
and
within
standeth
an
armed
man
,
the
lyon
being
raysed
and
forced
to
that
place
the
dores
being
open
,
then
the
lyon
seeing
the
dores
open
,
runneth
with
great
force
,
which
being
shut
againe
,
hee
is
prouoked
to
anger
:
Afterward
they
bring
a
Bull
to
combate
with
him
,
where
beginneth
a
cruell
fight
,
in
which
,
if
the
Bull
shall
kill
the
Lyon
,
the
honour
of
that
day
is
finished
,
but
if
the
Lyon
ouercome
him
,
all
the
armed
men
which
in
number
are
almost
twelue
,
come
foorth
to
fight
against
the
lyon
;
Some
of
them
hauing
boare
▪
speares
of
sixe
cubits
long
:
but
if
the
armed
men
shall
seeme
to
ouercome
the
Lyon
,
the
King
commaundeth
the
number
to
be
diminished
,
and
if
on
the
contrarie
,
Leo
Afer
the
armed
men
be
ouercome
:
the
King
with
his
Nobles
sitting
in
an
high
place
to
see
the
hunting
kill
the
Lyon
with
Crosse-bowes
,
but
it
commeth
often
times
to
passe
,
that
euery
one
of
them
is
slaine
before
the
lyon
.
The
reward
of
those
which
combate
with
the
lyon
is
ten
golden
Crownes
,
together
with
a
new
garment
:
neither
are
any
admitted
vnto
this
fight
,
except
they
are
of
a
most
praegnant
and
vailorous
strength
,
and
borne
in
the
mountaine
Zalag
,
but
those
which
doe
first
of
all
prouoke
and
giue
on-set
to
the
lyons
,
are
borne
in
the
mountaine
Zaronius
.
To
conclude
this
discourse
of
the
hunting
of
lyons
.
If
it
fortune
that
hee
be
followed
with
men
and
dogges
,
Pliny
yet
in
the
plaine
fieldes
hee
neuer
mendeth
his
pace
,
as
some
writers
affirme
,
oftentimes
turning
about
and
looking
vpon
his
pursuers
,
as
it
were
to
dare
their
approchment
,
and
to
giue
defiance
vnto
all
their
pretences
:
yet
hauing
gotten
the
thickets
,
he
looketh
to
his
safetie
with
his
best
celeritie
and
speede
,
so
wisely
tempeering
his
feare
before
his
foes
,
that
it
may
seeme
a
boldnesse
,
and
so
politiquely
when
he
thinketh
no
eye
seeth
him
,
no
longer
dissembleth
with
himselfe
,
but
runneth
away
like
a
fearefull
Hart
,
Aristotle
Albertus
or
Hare
,
laying
downe
his
eares
,
and
striking
his
taile
betwixt
his
legges
,
like
a
curre-dogge
,
seldome
times
looking
behind
him
,
but
most
irefully
vpon
those
that
come
before
him
,
especially
if
he
receaue
from
them
any
wound
,
wherevnto
Horace
alluded
saying
:
Quid
vt
nouerca
me
intueris
,
aut
vt
petita
ferro
bellua
?
In
his
course
he
spareth
no
beast
that
he
meeteth
,
but
falleth
vpon
it
like
a
mad-dogge
,
(
except
swine
)
for
he
is
afraid
of
their
bristles
;
and
if
a
man
doe
not
attempt
to
wounde
him
,
he
will
snatch
at
him
,
and
ouerthrow
him
,
but
doe
him
little
harme
;
according
to
these
verses
of
Ouid
:
Corpora
magnanima
satis
est
prostrasse
leoni
Pugna
suum
finem
,
cum
iacet
hostis
,
habet
.
He
obserueth
most
vigilantly
the
hand
that
woundeth
him
,
and
laboureth
to
take
reuenge
for
the
euill
turne
,
and
so
it
remaineth
in
his
minde
,
till
opportunitie
send
him
his
aduersaries
head
▪
as
may
appeare
by
this
story
following
.
When
Iuba
King
of
Moores
,
(
the
father
of
him
which
when
he
was
a
child
was
brought
in
triumphe
)
trauailed
through
the
wildernesse
with
an
army
of
soudiers
,
to
represse
certaine
rebels
in
one
part
of
his
dominion
,
which
had
shaken
off
his
gouernement
,
and
to
settle
them
againe
in
their
first
allegiance
.
There
was
a
noble
yoong
souldier
in
his
traine
,
of
the
race
of
the
nobilitie
,
and
not
only
very
strong
,
but
also
well
experienced
in
hunting
,
and
by
the
way
he
with
other
of
his
fellowes
met
with
a
Lion
,
at
whom
he
presently
cast
a
dart
,
and
gaue
him
a
sore
wound
,
but
not
mortall
;
after
the
wound
receaued
,
the
lyon
went
away
guiltie
of
his
hurt
,
and
the
yoong
men
did
not
prosecute
him
,
but
went
forward
on
their
iourney
:
After
a
whole
yeare
,
the
King
returned
homeward
the
same
way
,
and
his
company
that
he
carried
with
him
,
among
whom
was
this
yoong
gallant
that
wounded
the
lyon
:
The
lion
hauing
recouered
his
hurt
,
and
hauing
his
denne
neere
the
way
and
place
of
his
harme
,
perceiuing
a
returne
of
the
armie
,
went
furiously
among
them
and
found
out
the
man
whose
hand
had
wounded
him
,
and
could
not
by
any
help
of
his
associats
be
stayed
from
a
reuenge
,
but
tore
the
yoong
souldiour
in
peeces
,
and
departed
away
safe
,
for
the
residue
seeing
his
rage
,
ran
all
away
,
thinking
him
to
be
some
deuill
in
the
likenesse
of
a
Lyon
.
After
the
taking
of
Lyons
,
it
followeth
that
we
should
intreat
of
their
taming
,
Of
the
taming
of
lions
.
and
first
of
all
,
they
which
are
tamed
in
their
infancy
while
they
are
whelpes
,
are
most
meeke
and
gentle
,
full
of
sport
and
play
,
especially
being
filled
with
meate
;
so
that
without
danger
,
a
stranger
may
meet
with
them
:
but
being
hungry
,
they
returne
againe
to
their
owne
nature
,
for
as
it
is
true
(
which
Seneca
saith
)
Leonibus
manus
magister
inserit
osculatur
Tigrim
suos
custos
,
that
is
to
say
.
The
maister
of
a
Lyon
may
put
his
hand
in
his
mouth
,
and
the
keeper
of
a
Tyger
may
kisse
him
,
yet
is
it
also
to
be
feard
,
Tigres
leonesque
nunquam
feritatem
exuunt
,
aliquando
submittunt
,
&
cum
minime
expectaueris
,
toruitas
maligna
redibit
.
Lions
&
Tygers
do
neuer
leaue
off
their
wildenesse
,
although
somtimes
they
yeeld
,
and
seeme
to
be
submisse
,
yet
vpon
a
suddaine
when
a
man
expecteth
not
,
their
malignant
wrath
breaketh
forth
,
and
they
are
exasperated
.
Wherefore
after
they
grow
to
be
old
,
it
is
impossible
to
make
them
vtterly
tame
,
yet
we
read
in
diuers
stories
of
tame
Lyons
,
whether
made
so
from
their
littering
,
or
els
constraind
by
the
Art
of
man
,
such
are
these
which
follow
;
Hanno
,
had
a
certain
Lyon
,
which
in
his
expeditions
of
war
carried
his
baggage
,
and
for
that
cause
the
Carthagenians
condemned
him
to
be
banishment
,
for
said
they
,
Male
credi
libertus
ei
,
cui
in
tantum
c●cissit
etiam
feritas
,
It
is
not
safe
to
trust
such
a
man
with
the
gouerment
of
the
common
welth
,
who
by
wit
,
pollicy
,
or
strength
,
was
able
to
ouercome
,
Coelius
and
vtterly
to
alter
the
wilde
nature
of
a
Lion
:
for
they
thoght
he
wold
proue
a
Tyrant
that
could
bring
the
Lion
to
such
meekenes
,
as
to
waite
on
him
at
Table
,
to
licke
his
face
with
his
toongue
,
to
smooth
his
hand
on
his
backe
,
and
to
liue
in
his
presence
like
a
little
dogge
.
The
Indians
tame
lions
and
Elephants
,
and
set
them
to
plough
,
Onomarcus
,
Aelianus
the
tyrant
of
Cattana
,
had
lyons
with
whom
he
did
ordinarily
conuerse
.
In
the
countrey
of
Elymis
there
was
a
Temple
of
Adonis
,
wherein
were
kept
many
tame
lyons
which
were
so
farre
from
wildnesse
,
and
fiercenesse
,
that
they
would
imbrace
and
salute
the
people
that
came
in
there
to
offer
:
Also
if
any
one
called
them
to
giue
them
meate
,
they
would
take
it
gently
,
and
depart
from
them
with
quietnesse
:
Likewise
in
the
kingdome
of
Fes
,
in
a
plaine
called
Adecsen
,
there
are
certaine
forrests
wherein
liue
tame
and
gentle
Lyons
,
which
if
a
man
meete
,
he
may
driue
away
with
a
small
sticke
,
or
wand
,
without
receauing
any
harme
;
And
in
an
other
region
of
Affrick
,
the
lyons
are
so
tame
,
Leo
Afer
that
they
come
dayly
into
Citties
,
and
goe
from
one
streete
to
another
,
gathering
,
and
eating
bones
;
from
whose
presence
,
neither
women
nor
children
run
away
.
Likewise
in
many
parts
of
India
,
they
haue
lyons
so
tame
,
A●lianus
that
they
leade
them
vp
and
downe
in
leames
,
and
accustome
them
to
the
hunting
of
Bores
,
Buls
,
and
wilde
Asses
like
dogges
,
for
their
noses
are
as
well
fitted
for
that
purpose
,
as
the
best
hounds
,
as
we
haue
shewed
before
of
the
King
of
Tartary
.
The
best
meanes
to
tame
Lyons
.
And
the
best
meanes
of
taming
them
is
the
rule
of
Apolonius
,
which
he
said
was
the
precept
of
Pharaotes
,
which
is
,
that
they
be
neither
handled
too
roughly
,
nor
too
mildly
,
for
if
they
be
beaten
with
stripes
,
they
grow
ouer
stubborne
,
and
if
they
be
kept
in
continuall
flatteries
,
and
vsed
ouer
kindly
,
they
grow
ouer
proud
:
For
they
held
opinion
,
that
by
an
equall
commixtion
,
of
threatning
,
and
faire
speaking
,
or
gentle
vsage
,
by
which
meanes
they
are
more
easily
brought
to
good
desired
conditions
,
and
this
wisedome
the
auncients
did
not
onely
vse
in
the
taming
of
Lyons
,
but
also
in
restraining
of
tyrants
,
putting
it
as
a
bridle
in
their
mouthes
,
and
a
hooke
in
their
nosthrils
,
to
restraine
them
from
fury
,
and
madnesse
.
Albertus
saith
,
that
the
best
way
to
tame
lyons
is
to
bring
vp
with
them
a
little
dogge
,
and
oftentimes
to
beate
the
same
dog
in
their
presence
,
by
which
discipline
,
the
lion
is
made
more
tractable
to
the
will
of
his
keeper
.
It
is
said
of
Heliogabalus
,
that
he
nourished
many
tame
lyons
,
and
Tygers
,
and
other
such
noysome
beastes
,
calling
himselfe
their
great
mother
;
and
when
he
had
made
any
of
his
friends
drunke
in
the
night
time
,
hee
shut
them
vp
together
(
who
quickly
fell
asleepe
)
through
the
heauinesse
of
their
heads
,
who
being
so
asleepe
,
he
turned
in
amongst
them
some
of
his
foresaid
children
,
both
lyons
,
Beares
,
Tigers
,
and
such
like
:
at
whose
presence
in
the
morning
,
his
drunken
frinds
grew
so
amazed
,
that
oft
times
,
some
of
them
fell
dead
for
feare
:
and
to
conclude
,
there
is
a
story
in
a
certaine
Epigram
,
of
a
lyon
wandring
abroad
in
the
night
time
,
for
the
auoiding
of
frost
,
&
cold
,
came
into
a
fold
of
Goates
:
at
the
sight
whereof
the
Goate-heards
were
much
afraid
,
calling
in
question
not
onely
the
liues
of
the
flocke
,
but
also
their
owne
,
because
euery
one
of
them
,
thought
himselfe
bound
to
fight
vnto
death
in
defence
hereof
:
whereupon
according
to
the
manner
of
men
in
extremitie
,
they
all
made
their
prayers
,
desiring
God
to
be
deliuered
from
the
Lion
,
and
according
to
their
wishes
so
it
came
to
passe
;
for
after
the
Lyon
had
lodged
in
the
warme
folde
of
Goates
a
whole
night
,
he
departed
in
the
morning
,
without
doing
any
harme
to
man
or
beast
;
wherefore
I
take
this
Lyon
to
be
of
the
tame
kynde
,
and
as
in
all
beasts
there
are
differences
both
of
natures
,
and
inclinations
,
as
we
may
see
in
dogs
,
some
of
them
being
more
apt
after
the
manners
of
men
,
and
to
be
ruled
by
them
then
others
,
so
also
I
see
no
reason
,
but
that
in
the
fierce
,
and
royall
nature
of
Lyons
,
some
of
them
should
be
more
inclinable
,
to
obedience
,
subiection
,
and
submission
;
whereunto
being
once
woon
they
neuer
afterwardes
vtterly
shake
off
their
vassalage
and
yoake
of
them
which
ouercome
them
.
From
hence
it
came
,
that
there
were
so
many
spectacles
,
at
Rome
,
as
first
of
all
Lucius
Scilla
,
The
triumphs
,
games
and
combats
with
Lions
.
in
the
office
of
his
aedilitie
,
or
ouersight
of
the
Temple
,
brought
into
the
Roman
circle
,
or
ring
,
one
hundred
great
maned
Lyons
loose
,
which
alwaies
before
that
time
,
were
turned
in
bound
,
or
mufled
.
And
King
Bochus
sent
so
many
valiant
Archers
,
and
dart-casters
,
to
fight
with
them
and
destroy
them
.
After
him
Pompey
the
great
,
in
the
same
place
brought
in
a
combate
,
consisting
of
six
hundred
great
Lyons
,
&
among
them
there
were
three
hundred
fiftie
maned
Lyons
:
Also
he
instituted
hunting
of
Lyons
at
Rome
,
Plutarcke
wherein
were
slaine
fiue
hundred
.
Caesar
when
he
was
Dictator
,
presented
in
spectacle
foure
hundred
Lyons
.
Quintus
Scaevola
caused
Lyons
to
fight
one
with
an
other
.
But
Marcus
Antonius
,
Pliny
in
the
ciuill
warre
,
after
the
battaile
of
Pharsalia
,
did
first
of
all
cause
Lyons
to
be
yoaked
,
and
draw
the
Chariot
of
triumphes
;
wherein
he
himselfe
sate
,
with
one
Citheris
a
Iester
,
which
thing
was
not
done
,
without
shew
and
obseruations
,
of
a
prodigeous
and
monsterous
action
,
and
especially
in
those
times
,
wherein
it
was
interpreted
,
that
as
the
noble
spirits
of
those
Lyons
were
so
much
abased
,
and
vassalaged
,
insteede
of
horses
to
draw
a
chariot
,
they
being
in
nature
the
King
of
beasts
,
so
it
was
feared
that
the
auncient
nobilitie
of
Rome
,
the
graue
Senators
,
and
gallant
Gentlemen
,
commaunders
of
the
whole
common-wealth
,
should
in
time
to
come
,
through
ciuill
wars
,
and
pride
of
the
people
,
be
depriued
of
all
honor
,
and
brought
down
to
the
basest
offices
,
of
the
whole
state
,
Antoninus
Pius
,
nourished
a
hundred
lions
.
Domician
the
Emperor
,
called
for
Acillius
Gabrio
the
consull
,
into
Albania
,
about
the
time
that
the
games
were
celebrated
,
for
the
prosperity
of
youth
and
young
men
which
were
called
Iuuenalia
,
to
fight
with
a
great
lyon
,
and
Acillius
comming
wisely
into
the
combat
did
easily
kil
him
.
In
ancient
time
when
lions
could
not
be
tamed
,
they
did
discerne
them
by
their
teeth
,
and
nailes
,
and
so
taking
as
it
were
the
sting
and
poyson
from
the
serpent
,
and
the
Weapons
wherein
consisteth
all
their
strength
,
they
were
without
all
perill
,
sent
into
the
publike
assemblies
,
at
the
time
of
their
generall
meetings
,
and
great
feasts
.
Martiall
hath
an
excellent
Epigram
,
of
the
great
lion
before
exhibited
in
publike
spectacle
by
Domitian
,
wondering
that
the
Masilian
and
Ausonian
shepherds
were
so
afraid
of
this
lion
,
&
made
as
great
a
noise
,
and
murmvr
about
his
presence
as
if
he
had
bin
a
heard
of
lions
,
and
therefore
he
commendeth
the
Libian
country
for
breeding
such
a
beast
,
and
withall
expresseth
the
ioy
of
the
shephards
for
his
death
,
as
are
showne
in
these
verses
following
;
Auditur
quantum
Massyla
per
auia
murmur
,
Innumero
quoties
sylua
leo
ne
furit
:
Pallidus
attonitos
ad
plena
mapalia
pastor
Cum
reuocat
tauros
:
&
sine
mente
pecus
Tantus
in
Ausonia
fremuit
modo
terror
arena
Quis
non
esse
gregem
crederet
?
vnus
erat
,
Sed
cuius
tremerent
ipsi
quodque
iura
leones
,
Cui
diadema
daret
marmore
picta
Nomas
.
O
quantum
per
colla
decus
,
quem
sparsit
honorem
,
Aurea
lunatae
cum
stetit
vnda
iubae
.
Grandia
quam
decuit
latum
venabula
pectus
Quantaque
de
magna
gaudia
morte
tulit
?
Vnde
tuis
Libie
tam
felix
gloria
syluis
A
Cybeles
nunquid
venerat
ille
iugis
An
magis
Herculeo
Germanice
misit
ab
astro
Hanc
tibi
vel
frater
,
vel
pater
ipse
feram
.
We
haue
shewed
already
that
Lions
although
neuer
so
well
tamed
become
wilde
againe
,
Tame
Lyons
become
wild
againe
.
and
that
through
hunger
,
which
breaketh
through
stone
Walles
,
according
to
the
common
prouerb
,
and
therefore
maketh
them
to
destroy
whatsoeuer
commeth
in
their
way
,
according
to
these
verses
of
Virgill
;
Impastus
ceu
,
plena
leu
,
per
ouilia
turbans
Suadet
enim
vesana
fames
,
manditque
trahitque
Molle
pecus
,
mutumque
metu
,
fremet
ore
creuento
.
Such
a
one
was
the
Lyon
of
Borsius
Duke
of
Ferrara
,
who
being
in
his
caue
would
deuore
Buls
,
Beares
,
and
Boares
,
but
with
a
Hare
or
little
whelp
he
would
play
,
and
doe
them
no
harme
;
at
last
leauing
al
his
tamable
nature
,
he
destroyed
a
young
wench
,
who
oftentimes
came
vnto
him
to
combe
and
stroke
his
mane
,
and
also
to
bring
him
meat
and
flowers
,
vpon
who
Stroza
made
these
two
verses
;
Sustulit
ingratus
cui
quondam
plurima
debens
Pectendasque
iubas
,
&
fera
colla
dabat
.
The
like
vnto
this
also
,
was
that
tame
lyon
that
Martiall
speaketh
of
,
who
returning
to
his
first
nature
,
destroyed
two
young
children
,
and
therefore
he
saith
iustly
,
that
his
cruelty
exceedeth
the
cruelty
of
war
,
the
Epigram
is
this
:
Verbera
securi
,
solitus
leo
ferre
magistri
Insertamque
pati
,
blandus
in
ora
manum
,
Dedidicit
pacem
,
subito
,
feritate
reuersa
,
Quanta
ne●
in
libicis
,
debuit
esse
iugis
Nam
duo
de
tenera
,
puerilia
corpora
turba
Sanguineam
,
rastris
que
renouabat
humum
,
Seuus
&
infoelix
,
furiali
dente
peremit
,
Martia
non
vidit
,
maius
arena
nefas
.
Hauing
thus
spoken
of
the
taming
and
taking
lions
,
it
also
now
followeth
to
entreat
of
the
length
of
their
life
,
The
length
of
a
Lyons
life
,
and
their
diseases
.
and
the
diseases
that
are
incident
vnto
them
,
with
their
seuerall
cures
:
first
therefore
,
it
is
held
that
they
liue
very
long
,
as
threescore
,
or
fourescore
yeares
:
for
it
hath
beene
seene
,
that
when
a
lion
hath
bin
taken
aliue
,
and
in
his
taking
receiued
some
wound
wherby
he
became
lame
,
or
lost
some
of
his
teeth
,
yet
did
he
liue
many
yeares
,
&
also
it
is
found
that
some
haue
bin
taken
without
teeth
,
which
were
all
fallen
out
of
theyr
head
through
age
,
and
Aelianus
saith
,
that
a
lion
and
a
Dolphin
,
doe
both
consume
away
through
multitude
of
years
.
The
sicknesses
wherwithal
they
are
anoid
,
are
not
very
many
,
but
those
which
they
haue
are
continual
:
for
the
most
part
their
intrals
or
inward
partes
,
are
neuer
sound
but
subiect
to
corruption
,
as
may
appear
by
their
spittle
,
&
also
by
their
biting
,
Albertus
and
scratching
of
their
nailes
,
for
a
man
lightly
touched
by
them
at
sometimes
is
as
much
poysoned
,
as
by
the
biting
of
a
mad
dog
,
also
by
reason
of
his
extreame
hot
nature
euery
each
other
day
he
suffereth
one
sicknes
or
other
,
at
which
time
he
lyeth
prostrate
vpon
the
earth
,
roaring
not
al
the
day
long
,
but
at
certain
houres
,
and
in
his
wrath
he
is
consumed
through
the
heat
inclosed
in
his
own
body
.
Cardan
And
in
his
best
estate
he
is
afflicted
with
a
quartan
Ague
,
euen
then
when
he
seemeth
to
bee
in
health
,
and
except
this
disease
,
did
restraine
his
violence
and
mallice
by
weakning
of
his
body
,
he
would
be
farre
more
hurtful
to
mankind
then
he
is
:
and
this
is
to
be
vnderstood
,
in
the
summer
time
he
falleth
into
this
disease
sometimes
at
the
sight
of
a
man
,
&
is
cured
by
the
bloud
of
dogs
,
according
to
Albertus
and
Physioligus
,
when
he
feeleth
himselfe
sick
,
throgh
aboundance
of
meat
,
he
faleth
a
vomiting
,
either
by
the
strength
of
nature
,
or
else
helpeth
himselfe
by
eating
a
kind
of
grasse
,
or
green
corne
in
the
blade
,
or
else
rapes
,
and
if
none
of
these
preuaile
,
then
he
fasteth
,
and
eateth
no
more
till
he
find
ease
,
or
else
if
hee
can
meete
with
an
Ape
,
he
deuoureth
and
eateth
his
flesh
,
and
this
is
the
principall
remedy
and
medicine
,
which
hee
receiueth
against
all
his
diseases
,
both
in
youth
and
age
,
and
when
he
groweth
old
,
being
no
more
able
to
hunt
Harts
,
Boares
,
and
such
beasts
,
he
exerciseth
his
whole
strength
in
the
hunting
,
and
taking
of
Apes
,
whereupon
he
liueth
totally
;
and
for
these
causes
,
there
is
a
comparison
betwixt
the
lion
and
the
Dolphin
,
in
Aelianus
.
Leoni
,
&
delphino
multa
sunt
communia
,
vterque
imparat
,
ille
terrenis
,
hic
aquatilibus
beslijs
,
senectute
ambo
tabescunt
,
&
cum
sunt
in
aegritudine
,
illa
terrestris
,
simia
medetur
,
huic
marina
,
quodque
simia
remedio
est
:
that
is
,
the
lion
and
the
Dolphin
do
agree
in
many
thinges
,
both
of
them
are
kings
,
this
ruleth
ouer
the
beasts
of
the
earth
,
and
that
ouer
the
beasts
of
the
sea
,
both
of
them
consume
through
age
,
and
long
life
,
and
as
the
lion
recouereth
,
by
eating
an
Ape
of
the
earth
,
so
is
the
Dolphin
cured
by
eating
an
Ape
of
the
Sea
,
and
thus
much
for
the
diseases
and
cure
of
lions
.
The
vse
of
a
Lyons
seural
parts
.
Vnto
this
naturall
discourse
of
lyons
belongeth
the
vse
of
their
partes
,
both
outward
and
inward
,
&
also
the
seueral
pictures
and
statues
erected
for
their
singular
monuments
.
First
therefore
with
the
skins
of
lions
were
the
ancient
Moores
and
Barbarians
,
enhabyting
betwixt
the
mountaine
Caucasus
and
the
riuer
Cophena
,
and
so
they
appeared
to
Apollonius
and
his
companions
,
as
also
in
the
skins
of
Panthers
,
with
both
which
,
they
did
not
onely
cloth
themselues
in
the
day
time
,
but
also
slept
vppon
them
in
the
night
,
and
therfore
Hercules
is
pictured
wearing
a
lions
skin
,
that
the
world
might
bee
admonished
what
was
the
ancient
attire
of
their
forefathers
.
Virgill
describeth
Auentinus
couered
with
a
lions
skin
in
this
sort
:
—
Quem
fulua
leonis
Pellis
obit
totum
praefulgens
vnguibus
aures
,
And
againe
:
Ipse
pedes
tegmen
torquens
immane
leonis
,
Terribili
impexum
caeta
cum
dentibus
albis
,
Indutus
capiti
,
&c.
And
Aeneas
sleeping
vpon
a
lions
skin
,
saying
:
Fuluique
in
sternor
pelle
leonis
,
Aeneas
Praecipiumque
toro
,
&
villosi
pelle
leonis
Accipit
Aeneam
.
Adrastus
was
commaunded
by
the
Oracleto
marry
his
daughters
to
a
boare
and
a
lyon
,
when
they
came
a
wooing
vnto
them
.
Whereupon
Tydaeus
came
in
a
Boares
skinne
,
and
Pollynices
in
a
Lyons
skin
,
vnto
whom
he
gaue
his
Daughters
in
marriage
,
taking
it
to
be
the
meaning
of
the
Oracle
,
that
men
clothed
in
those
skins
should
be
the
husbandes
of
his
Daughters
.
From
hence
came
the
common
prouerbe
.
Induitis
me
leonis
exuuium
,
you
put
vpon
me
a
Lyons
skinne
to
signifie
a
man
that
taketh
vppon
him
more
then
he
is
able
to
performe
,
and
spend
more
then
their
condition
will
afford
,
and
the
beginning
of
the
prouerb
was
taken
from
Hercules
,
who
clothed
in
a
Lyons
skin
as
we
haue
said
before
,
and
bearing
in
one
hand
a
Club
,
and
in
the
other
a
bow
,
in
which
attire
hee
went
downe
to
hell
to
fetch
out
Cerberus
.
Afterwards
ther
was
one
Bacchus
which
clothed
with
the
same
weede
,
and
armed
with
the
same
weapons
,
in
like
sort
in
the
imitation
of
Hercules
,
went
down
to
hell
,
Ridiculous
imitation
.
to
heare
the
fayned
disputation
betwixt
the
two
Poets
,
Euripedes
,
and
Aesculus
,
at
the
sight
whereof
Hercules
laughed
,
telling
him
,
that
such
apparell
did
nothing
at
all
become
him
,
because
he
was
wanton
,
tender
,
and
effeminate
.
For
it
is
not
auaileable
to
haue
a
rich
ceremony
,
and
want
the
true
substance
;
a
glorious
outside
,
and
a
shamefull
inside
,
the
Armor
of
a
Champion
,
and
the
heart
of
a
base
coward
,
the
outward
shewes
of
holinesse
,
and
the
inward
loue
of
prophanes
.
Others
do
thinke
that
the
prouerb
was
taken
from
that
Asse
called
Asinus
cumanus
,
who
being
weary
of
his
seruitude
and
bondage
,
slipt
collor
,
and
ran
away
into
the
wilde
woods
,
wher
finding
by
chance
a
Lyons
skin
,
hee
crepte
into
it
,
and
wore
it
vpon
his
body
,
vnder
collour
whereof
,
he
rufled
vp
and
downe
the
woods
,
to
the
terror
of
all
the
beasts
,
both
with
his
taile
and
his
fearefull
voice
:
and
the
Cumanes
themselues
which
had
neuer
seene
a
Lyon
,
were
not
a
little
affraid
of
this
counterfeit
beast
.
In
this
fashion
he
domineerd
a
good
time
,
vntill
at
last
there
came
a
stranger
to
Cumae
,
who
seeing
the
counterfeit
personate
Asse-lyon
by
the
way
,
hauing
oftentimes
seene
both
lyons
and
Asses
,
knew
it
for
an
Asse
,
in
a
lyons
skinne
,
for
if
all
other
coniectures
failed
,
yet
this
proued
true
,
namely
the
length
of
his
eares
,
wherefore
he
beat
him
wel
,
and
brought
him
home
to
his
maister
,
before
whom
he
pulled
off
the
lyons
skin
,
and
then
his
maister
knew
him
to
be
his
Asse
.
From
which
Socrates
concludeth
wisely
,
that
no
man
ought
to
be
afraid
of
outward
greatnesse
,
because
though
the
Asse
was
clothed
with
a
lions
skin
,
yet
he
was
but
an
Asse
.
And
that
the
skins
of
lyons
was
vsed
in
garments
,
the
saying
of
Lysander
the
Lacedemonian
doth
sufficiently
proue
;
for
when
hee
was
blamed
for
his
outward
pompe
,
wherby
he
beguiled
others
,
therfore
condemned
for
foolish
hipocricy
,
he
made
this
answer
,
Quo
leonis
peruenire
pellis
non
potest
,
vulpinam
assuisse
,
de
decuerit
,
euery
man
ought
to
haue
two
shutes
of
apparell
,
one
of
a
Fox
,
and
another
of
the
lyon
.
For
whether
the
lions
skin
cannot
come
the
Fox
wil
creep
,
and
wher
the
fox
cannot
com
the
lion
can
.
Coelius
.
Clothes
wrapt
in
a
lions
skin
,
killeth
mothes
:
also
a
mans
body
anointed
with
the
fat
of
a
lion
mingled
with
garlike
,
so
as
the
sauor
of
the
garlike
may
ouercome
the
lions
greace
,
The
fat
of
Lyons
Rasis
.
Albertus
.
he
shal
neuer
be
molested
with
wolus
.
Also
if
the
folds
of
sheep
be
compassed
about
with
the
melted
grease
of
lions
,
there
is
no
wolues
,
nor
rauening
beasts
will
annoy
the
flocke
.
And
so
great
is
the
feare
of
lions
to
wolues
,
that
if
any
part
of
a
lions
grease
be
cast
into
a
fountaine
,
the
wolues
neuer
dare
to
drinke
thereof
,
or
to
come
neare
vnto
it
.
Also
Pliny
affirmeth
,
that
if
an
Ammulet
be
made
of
lions
grease
,
no
man
shal
be
harmed
,
wounded
,
or
killed
,
by
trechery
or
deceit
:
but
you
must
vnderstand
,
Marcellus
.
Sextus
.
that
this
was
an
inuention
of
the
Magicians
or
wise-men
,
that
by
such
pretences
and
promises
of
great
matters
,
they
might
insinuate
themselues
,
into
the
fauor
of
princes
and
noble
men
,
and
so
make
fooles
of
the
world
,
and
therfore
they
prescribe
,
the
fat
which
is
taken
from
betwixt
the
eie-lids
or
from
the
right
part
of
their
mouth
or
teeth
,
and
the
haires
from
the
neather
chap.
It
is
likewise
affirmed
,
that
a
man
annointed
all
ouer
with
the
blood
of
a
lyon
,
shall
neuer
be
destroyed
by
any
wilde
beast
.
There
is
an
hearb
which
Democritus
calleth
Helianthe
,
growing
in
the
Maritime
Mountaines
of
Cilicia
,
and
Themiscira
,
wherewithall
the
fat
of
lions
,
decocted
with
Saffron
,
and
paulme
wine
with
which
al
the
kings
of
Persia
were
anointed
,
to
make
them
beautiful
bodies
to
looke
vpon
.
And
aboue
al
other
things
,
the
Magicians
prescribed
this
composition
,
Magical
physicke
for
to
be
inuincible
to
make
a
man
inuincible
,
the
taile
and
head
of
a
Dragon
,
the
haires
of
a
Lyons
forehead
,
and
the
marrow
of
his
bones
,
the
spume
or
white
mouth
of
a
conquering
Horse
,
bound
vp
together
with
a
dogs
clawes
in
a
Harts
skin
,
with
the
nerues
of
a
Hart
or
Roe
.
The
dung
of
a
Lyon
drunke
in
wine
,
maketh
a
man
for
euer
more
to
abhor
wine
.
It
was
also
wont
to
be
obserued
,
that
when
Lions
forsooke
the
Mountaines
and
woods
,
to
come
and
liue
in
fruitfull
and
fertil
soiles
,
it
did
foreshew
some
great
drought
;
and
the
like
deuination
did
Agarista
the
mother
of
Pericles
make
vpon
her
dreame
,
when
she
was
with
child
,
Alex.
ab
alex
for
she
thought
she
brought
forth
a
lion
,
&
so
in
short
time
after
,
she
brought
forth
Pericles
,
who
was
a
valiant
man
,
and
a
great
conqueror
in
Graecia
.
The
sight
also
of
a
lion
as
a
man
trauaileth
by
the
high
waies
,
is
very
ominous
,
and
taken
for
an
euill
signe
.
There
was
also
a
prophesie
giuen
out
by
Pythias
,
concerning
Cypselus
the
Sonne
of
Eti●●
which
said
in
this
manner
;
Concipit
in
petris
aquila
enixura
leonem
Robustum
,
soeuum
,
genua
,
&
qui
multa
resoluet
.
Haec
bene
nunc
animis
,
versate
,
Corinthia
proles
,
Qui
colitis
pallenem
,
altamque
Corinthium
.
In
the
yeare
of
our
lord
1274.
there
was
a
certaine
Noble
Woman
in
the
Bishopricke
of
Kostnizer
,
A
monster
like
a
lyon
.
which
brought
forth
a
child
like
to
a
Lyonesse
in
al
parts
but
it
had
the
skin
of
a
man
;
The
Images
and
seuerall
statues
of
Lions
.
vnto
this
discourse
I
may
adde
the
Images
of
lyons
,
both
in
Temples
,
and
also
vpon
shieldes
,
and
first
of
all
in
the
temple
where
the
shield
of
Agamemnon
hung
vp
,
(
as
Paucennius
writeth
)
there
was
the
picture
(
Feare
,
)
drawn
with
a
lyons
head
,
because
as
the
lyon
sleepeth
little
,
and
in
his
sleepe
his
eies
be
open
,
so
is
the
condition
of
Feare
,
for
we
haue
shewed
already
,
that
the
lyon
when
he
sleepeth
hath
his
eies
open
,
and
when
he
waketh
he
shutteth
them
,
Coelius
and
therefore
the
ancients
did
simbolically
picture
a
lyon
vpon
the
doors
of
their
temples
,
and
vpon
the
ships
also
,
in
the
forepart
of
them
,
they
ingraued
the
figure
of
lions
,
Anthologius
according
to
this
saying
of
Virgil
:
—
Aenaeia
puppis
Prima
tenet
rostro
,
phrigios
subiecta
leones
.
It
was
also
a
vsuall
custome
to
picture
lions
about
fountaines
and
Cundits
,
especially
amongs
the
Egyptians
,
that
the
water
might
spring
forth
of
their
mouths
,
Quomam
●ilus
,
aruis
Egipti
,
nouam
aquam
inuehit
,
sole
transeunte
leonem
,
because
that
Nilus
,
did
ouerflow
the
fields
of
Egypt
,
at
what
time
the
sun
passed
through
the
sign
Leo.
Therefore
also
the
Riuer
Alpheus
was
called
Leontios
poros
,
the
lions
fountaine
,
because
at
the
heads
thereof
,
there
were
dedicated
the
pictures
of
many
lions
.
There
was
a
noble
Harlot
called
Leena
,
which
was
acquainted
with
the
tiranies
of
Harmodius
and
Aristogiton
;
for
which
cause
,
she
was
apprehended
,
Varrinus
and
put
to
greiuous
tormentes
,
to
the
intent
shee
should
disclose
them
,
but
she
endured
all
vnto
death
,
neuer
bewraying
any
part
of
their
counsell
:
After
her
death
,
the
Athenians
deuising
how
to
honor
that
vertue
,
and
because
shee
was
a
Harlot
or
common
curtizan
,
Pausanias
Atheneus
they
were
not
willing
to
make
a
statue
for
her
in
the
likenesse
of
a
woman
,
but
as
her
name
was
Leena
,
that
signifieth
a
lyonesse
,
so
they
erected
for
her
the
picture
of
a
lionesse
,
and
that
they
might
expresse
the
vertue
of
her
secrecy
,
they
caused
it
to
be
framed
without
a
toong
:
Vpon
the
graue
of
Layis
there
was
a
couering
containing
the
picture
of
a
lyon
,
holding
a
Ram
in
his
forefeet
by
the
buttockes
,
with
an
inscription
,
that
as
the
lyon
held
the
Ram
,
so
do
Harlots
hold
their
louers
,
which
Alciatus
turned
into
this
Epigram
:
Quia
scalptus
sibi
vult
aries
quem
parte
leaena
,
Vnguibus
apprensum
posteriore
tenet
?
Non
aliter
captos
quod
&
ipsa
teneret
amantes
Vir
gregis
est
aries
cluni
tenetur
amans
.
There
was
also
a
lyon
at
Delphos
which
waied
ten
talentes
of
gold
,
and
at
the
entrance
of
Thermopilae
vpon
the
tombe
of
Leonides
the
Captaine
of
the
Spartans
,
there
stood
a
Lyon
of
stone
.
Vpon
the
steps
of
the
capital
of
Rome
,
ther
were
two
lions
of
black
Marble
touchstone
.
Agricolae
And
the
Cyziceni
ingraued
vpon
one
side
of
their
money
the
picture
of
a
Lyon
,
and
on
the
other
side
the
face
of
a
woman
.
King
Salomon
built
his
Iuory
throne
vpon
two
Lyons
of
Brasse
,
and
vpon
the
steps
or
staires
ascending
vppe
to
that
throne
were
placed
twelue
Lyons
,
here
and
there
.
And
from
hence
it
came
that
many
kings
and
states
gaue
in
their
armes
the
Lyon
,
Rampant
,
Passant
,
and
regardant
,
distinguished
in
diuers
coullers
in
the
fields
of
Or
,
Argent
,
Azure
,
and
Sables
,
with
such
other
termes
of
Art
.
The
earth
it selfe
was
wont
to
be
expressed
by
the
figure
of
a
Lyon
,
and
therefore
the
image
of
Atergas
was
supported
with
Lions
.
Sybale
the
fained
Godesse
of
the
Mountaines
was
caried
vpon
Lyons
.
And
it
is
fained
that
the
Curetes
,
which
nourished
Iupiter
in
Creete
,
who
was
committed
to
them
by
his
mother
Rhea
by
the
anger
of
Saturn
,
Oppianus
.
Varinus
.
were
turned
into
lyons
,
who
afterwards
by
Iupiter
when
he
raigned
were
made
the
kinges
of
beasts
,
and
by
him
enioyned
to
draw
the
chariot
of
his
mother
Rhea
,
according
to
this
verse
;
Et
iunctae
currum
,
dominae
subiere
leones
.
There
is
a
constellation
in
heauen
called
the
Lyon
,
The
constellation
of
the
Lyon
.
of
whom
Germanitus
writeth
in
this
sort
,
that
he
is
the
greatest
and
most
notable
amongst
the
signes
of
the
Zodiack
,
containing
three
stars
in
his
head
,
and
one
cleare
one
in
his
breast
,
and
that
when
the
Sun
commeth
to
that
signe
which
happeneth
in
the
month
of
Iuly
,
at
which
time
the
vehement
heat
of
summer
burneth
the
earth
,
and
dryeth
vp
the
riuers
.
And
therefore
because
the
Lyon
is
also
of
a
hot
nature
,
and
seemeth
to
pertake
of
the
substance
and
quantity
of
the
Sun
,
he
hath
that
place
in
the
heauens
.
For
in
heate
and
force
he
excelleth
all
other
beasts
as
the
sun
doth
all
other
stars
.
In
his
breastes
and
forepart
hee
is
most
strong
,
and
in
his
hinder
part
more
weake
,
so
is
the
sunne
,
encreasing
vntill
the
noone
or
forepart
of
the
yeare
,
vntill
the
summer
,
and
afterwardes
seemeth
to
languish
towards
the
setting
,
or
latter
part
of
the
yeare
called
the
Winter
.
And
the
Lyon
also
seemeth
alwaies
to
looke
vp
with
a
fiery
eye
,
euen
as
the
Sunne
which
is
patent
with
the
perpetuall
and
infatigall
sight
vpon
the
earth
.
Macrobius
.
The
Lyon
also
is
a
signification
of
the
sunne
,
for
the
haires
of
his
mane
do
resemble
the
streaming
beames
of
the
sunne
,
and
therefore
this
constellation
is
stiled
with
the
same
epethites
that
the
Lyon
and
the
Sun
are
,
as
heate-bearing
,
aestiue
,
ardent
,
arent
,
calent
hot
,
flammant
,
burning
,
Herculean
,
mad
,
horrible
,
dreadfull
,
cruell
,
and
terrible
.
It
is
feigned
of
the
Poets
that
this
Lyon
was
the
Naemaean
Lyon
slaine
by
Hercules
,
which
at
the
commaundement
of
Iuno
was
fostered
in
Arcadia
,
and●
that
in
anger
against
Hercules
after
his
death
,
she
placed
him
in
the
heauens
.
To
conclude
this
story
of
the
Lyons
:
it
is
reported
of
the
Diuels
called
Onosceli
,
that
they
slew
themselues
sometimes
in
the
shapes
of
Lyons
and
Dogges
,
and
the
Dogge
of
Serapis
which
was
fained
to
haue
three
heads
,
on
the
left
side
a
Wolues
,
on
the
right
side
a
Dogges
,
and
in
the
middle
a
Lyons
.
We
haue
shewed
already
,
that
the
people
called
Ampraciotae
did
worship
a
Lyonesse
because
she
killed
a
Tyrant
.
And
the
Egyptians
builded
a
Citty
to
the
honor
of
Lyons
,
calling
it
Leont●polis
,
Lyons
norished
in
Temples
,
and
worshipped
.
and
dedicating
Temples
to
Vulcan
for
their
honor
.
And
in
the
porches
of
Heliopolis
,
there
were
common
stipends
for
the
nourishing
of
lions
.
As
in
other
places
where
they
are
fed
daily
with
Beefe
,
and
haue
also
windowes
in
their
lodgings
,
with
great
Parkes
and
spaces
allotted
vnto
them
for
their
recreation
and
exercises
:
with
an
opinion
that
the
people
that
came
vnto
them
to
offer
and
worshippe
them
,
should
see
a
speedy
reuenge
through
deuine
iudgement
vpon
al
those
that
had
wronged
them
by
periury
,
or
broken
the
oath
of
fidelity
.
To
conclude
,
in
holy
Scripture
,
we
finde
that
our
Sauiour
Christ
is
called
the
Lion
of
the
tribe
of
Iudah
;
for
as
hee
is
a
lambe
in
his
innocency
,
so
is
he
a
Lion
in
his
fortitude
.
The
Deuil
also
is
called
a
roaring
Lion
,
because
Lions
in
their
hunger
are
most
of
al
ful
of
furie
and
wrath
.
And
so
I
wil
conclude
and
end
this
storie
of
Lions
,
with
that
Emblem
of
Alciatus
,
describing
how
litle
Hares
did
reioice
and
leape
vpon
dead
Lions
;
Qui
toties
hostes
vicerat
ante
suos
,
Dum
curru
et
pedibus
nectere
vincla
parant
.
Conuellant
barba●●
vel
timidi
Lepores
.
The
medicines
of
the
Lyon
.
The
blood
of
a
Lyon
being
rubbed
or
spred
vpon
a
Canker
,
or
vpon
a
sore
which
is
swelled
about
the
vaines
,
wil
presently
and
without
any
paine
cure
and
ease
the
griefe
thereof
.
Albertus
Sextus
.
Whosoeuer
doth
anoint
his
body
all
ouer
with
the
blood
of
a
Lyon
,
may
safely
and
without
any
danger
trauaile
amongst
any
wilde
Beastes
whatsoeuer
.
The
flesh
of
a
Lyon
being
eaten
either
by
a
man
or
Woman
which
is
troubled
with
dreames
and
fantasies
in
the
night
time
,
Aescul●pius
.
will
very
speedily
and
effectually
worke
him
ease
and
quietnesse
.
The
●ame
also
being
boyled
or
baked
,
and
giuen
to
them
which
are
distraught
of
their
wits
to
eate
doth
bring
them
ease
and
comfort
,
and
renew
their
wits
againe
:
it
is
also
very
good
for
the
paines
or
deafenesse
of
the
eares
.
And
being
taken
in
drink
,
it
helpeth
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
shaking
of
the
ioyntes
or
the
Palsie
.
Whosoeuer
shall
haue
shooes
made
of
the
hide
or
skinne
of
a
Lyon
or
Wolfe
and
weare
them
vpon
his
feete
,
he
shall
neuer
haue
any
paine
or
ache
in
them
.
Galen
.
They
will
also
defend
him
that
vseth
them
from
the
gout
,
or
swelling
in
the
feete
or
Legges
.
The
skin
or
hide
of
a
Lyon
is
also
very
good
for
either
man
or
Woman
which
are
troubled
with
the
piles
or
swelling
of
the
vains
,
if
they
shall
but
at
some
seuerall
times
set
vpon
it
.
The
fat
of
a
Lyon
is
reported
to
be
contrary
to
poyson
and
venemous
drinks
,
and
being
taken
in
Wine
it
will
by
the
sent
expell
all
wilde
Beastes
from
any
one
:
and
it
doth
also
resist
and
〈◊〉
●way
the
sent
or
smell
of
Serpents
,
by
which
they
follow
men
to
destroy
them
.
Whomsoeuer
doth
annoint
his
body
all
ouer
with
the
tallow
or
sewet
of
the
raines
or
kidny
of
a
Lyon
,
shall
by
the
sent
and
sauor
thereof
expell
and
driue
away
from
him
all
Wolues
,
how
greedy
and
rauenous
soeuer
they
be
.
A
man
being
throughly
annointed
with
the
greace
of
a
Lyon
being
melted
▪
doeth
driue
away
from
him
and
put
to
flight
any
liuing
creature
whatsoeuer
,
and
also
venemous
and
poysonous
Serpents
themselues
.
Rasis
.
If
any
wilde
beast
bee
annointed
with
the
tallow
or
sewet
of
a
Lyon
which
is
dissolued
and
clarified
,
he
shall
nei●her
be
troubled
with
the
stinging
of
Flies
or
Bees
.
The
fat
or
greace
of
a
lyon
being
mingled
with
Oyle
of
Roses
,
doth
keepe
the
skinne
of
the
face
free
from
all
blastings
and
blemishes
,
being
annointed
thereupon
,
and
doth
also
preserue
the
whitenesse
thereof
,
and
being
mingled
with
Snow
Water
,
doth
heale
any
flesh
which
is
burnt
or
scortched
vpon
a
man
,
and
doth
also
cure
the
swelling
of
the
ioynts
.
The
sewet
or
fa●
of
a
lyon
being
mingled
with
other
oyntments
,
and
annointed
vpon
the
places
of
either
man
or
woman
who
haue
any
blemishes
in
any
part
of
their
bodies
,
doth
presently
expel
the
same
.
The
same
vertue
hath
the
dung
or
durt
of
a
lion
being
mixed
with
the
aforesaid
vnguent
.
The
greace
of
a
lyon
being
dissolued
and
presently
againe
conglutinated
together
and
so
being
annointed
vppon
the
body
of
those
who
are
heauy
and
sadde
,
it
will
speedily
exte●pate
all
sorrow
and
griefe
from
their
heartes
.
The
same
also
being
mixed
with
the
marrow
of
an
Hart
and
with
lettice
,
and
so
beaten
and
bruised
,
and
afterwards
mingled
altogether
,
is
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
shrinking
of
the
Nerues
and
sinewes
,
and
the
aches
of
the
bones
and
knuckels
about
the
legges
being
annointed
thereon
.
The
greace
of
a
lyon
by
it selfe
onely
,
mixed
with
a
certaine
ointment
is
also
very
profitable
to
expell
the
gout
.
The
same
being
mingled
with
Oyle
of
Roses
,
doth
ease
and
help
those
which
are
troubled
daiely
with
Agues
and
quartan
Feauers
.
The
same
also
being
dissolued
and
poured
into
the
eares
of
any
one
which
is
troubled
with
any
paine
in
them
,
will
presently
free
him
from
the
same
.
There
is
also
in
this
lyons
Greace
,
another
excellent
vertue
which
is
this
,
that
if
the
●aw-bone
of
any
one
be
swelled
and
annointed
ouer
with
this
greace
being
melte●
,
it
will
very
speedily
auoide
the
paine
thereof
.
The
fat
or
sewet
of
a
Lyon
being
melted
and
mixed
with
certaine
other
thinges
,
and
so
ministred
vnto
any
one
that
is
troubled
with
the
wringing
of
the
bowels
,
and
bloody
flix
,
in
the
same
manner
as
a
glister
is
vsed
,
is
commended
for
an
excellent
remedie
for
the
same
.
The
same
also
being
mingled
with
a
certaine
oyle
and
warmed
together
,
and
anointed
vpon
the
head
of
any
one
,
whose
haire
doth
s●ed
,
or
is
troubled
with
the
Foxes
euill
,
Galen
doth
immediatly
helpe
and
cure
the
same
.
The
seede
of
a
Hare
being
mixed
with
the
fat
of
a
Lyon
,
and
annointed
vpon
the
priuy
members
of
any
one
,
will
stirre
and
incitate
them
vp
to
lust
,
how
chast
soeuer
they
shall
be
.
The
fatte
of
a
Lyon
mingled
with
the
fatte
of
a
Beare
,
and
melted
together
,
Myrepsus
being
anoynted
vpon
the
belly
,
doth
allay
and
asswage
the
hardnesse
thereof
,
as
also
any
other
paine
or
griefe
in
the
same
.
The
braines
of
a
Lyon
,
as
also
of
a
Cat
,
being
taken
in
drink
,
doth
make
him
mad
vnto
whom
it
is
giuen
.
The
same
being
mingled
with
some
small
quantitie
of
oyle
of
spike
,
Albertus
and
powred
or
distilled
into
the
eares
of
any
one
which
is
deafe
or
thicke
of
hearing
,
will
very
effectually
cure
the
deafenesse
.
If
the
eye
teeth
of
a
Lyon
be
hung
about
the
necke
of
a
yoong
childe
before
that
he
cast
his
teeth
,
and
the
beginning
of
his
second
or
new
teeth
,
Rasis
they
will
keepe
him
for
euer
from
hauing
any
ache
or
paine
in
them
.
The
hart
of
a
Lyon
being
beaten
into
small
powder
,
and
taken
in
drinke
,
doth
very
speedily
cure
and
heale
those
which
are
troubled
with
Agues
and
quartaine
feauers
.
The
liuer
of
the
Lyon
being
dryed
,
Pliny
and
beaten
to
powder
,
and
put
in
the
purest
wine
which
is
possible
to
be
gotten
,
and
so
drunke
,
doth
take
away
the
paine
and
griefe
from
any
one
which
is
troubled
with
his
liuer
.
The
gall
of
a
lion
being
taken
in
drinke
by
any
one
,
doth
kill
or
poyson
him
out
of
hand
.
Betrutius
But
some
doe
impute
this
venome
,
to
be
in
the
gall
of
a
leopard
.
The
gall
of
a
lion
being
mixed
with
pure
water
,
and
anoynted
vpon
the
eyes
of
any
one
,
will
take
away
the
blemishes
thereof
,
and
cause
them
to
see
clearely
:
and
the
fatte
of
the
lyon
being
added
thereunto
,
is
an
excellent
remedie
against
the
falling
sicknesse
.
Albertus
A
very
little
parte
or
dram
of
the
gall
of
a
lyon
being
put
in
wine
and
so
drunke
,
will
speedily
helpe
and
cure
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
yellow
iaundise
.
The
same
disease
is
also
cured
by
yellow
carets
being
stamped
and
put
in
wine
,
and
so
giuen
in
drinke
.
For
the
sores
or
blemishes
in
the
eyes
,
the
gall
of
a
lyon
being
mingled
with
hony
,
Galen
and
so
anointed
vpon
them
,
is
commended
for
a
very
speciall
and
effectuall
cure
or
healing
.
The
gall
of
a
lyon
,
a
Beare
,
or
an
Oxe
be
mixed
with
certaine
other
vnguents
,
is
very
much
vsed
for
the
extending
or
moouing
forward
of
conception
.
The
right
stone
of
a
lyon
being
beaten
together
with
roses
,
and
so
strained
hard
,
Rasis
vntill
some
liquid
iuice
or
water
doth
proceede
from
them
,
and
so
taken
in
drinke
,
doth
make
that
party
barren
,
vnto
whom
it
is
giuen
:
it
hath
the
like
effect
in
it
,
if
it
be
eaten
,
either
roasted
or
broiled
,
or
raw
and
bloodie
.
The
fat
which
procedeth
from
the
priuitie
or
secret
parts
of
a
she
lyon
being
put
in
a
vessell
made
of
Iuory
,
and
so
being
temperately
mollified
,
Aetius
is
commended
for
a
very
effectuall
and
speedy
meanes
to
hinder
conception
.
The
dung
,
or
dirt
of
a
lyon
being
dryed
into
powder
,
and
mixed
with
some
certaine
soft
and
easie
ointment
,
with
which
any
one
may
be
easily
anointed
ouer
all
his
body
,
Albertus
doth
driue
away
the
blemishes
and
spots
in
the
skinne
.
The
hurts
or
sores
which
are
bitten
either
by
a
male
or
female
lyon
,
are
so
full
of
matter
and
filthy
corruption
,
that
the
running
thereof
can
be
stayed
and
repressed
neither
by
lapping
of
cloathes
about
them
,
nor
by
washing
them
with
spunges
:
Aristotle
they
are
cured
by
the
same
meanes
as
the
sores
which
are
bitten
by
rauenous
dogs
are
,
as
I
haue
before
declared
in
the
cures
of
the
Hyaena
.
The
wounds
which
are
made
by
the
teeth
of
a
lyon
are
very
hurtfull
:
for
as
much
as
the
venome
of
their
interior
partes
doth
goe
into
the
wounds
,
and
when
the
wounds
are
tyed
,
the
venome
issueth
from
them
into
the
thinges
with
which
they
are
tyed
,
and
the
same
bindings
being
againe
bound
vpon
the
wound
,
doth
so
infect
it
,
that
it
can
be
cured
by
no
other
meanes
but
by
the
aforesaid
medicine
.
The
bitings
of
lyons
and
such
like
beastes
are
so
dangerous
,
in
regard
of
their
strength
and
fiercenesse
,
for
they
doe
not
onely
bite
,
but
also
wreath
and
teare
the
wounds
which
they
make
with
their
teeth
,
or
nailes
:
and
thus
much
shall
suffice
for
the
cures
of
the
Lyon
.
OF
THE
LYNX
.
The
picture
of
a
Linx
,
once
in
the
Tower
of
London
,
which
was
first
described
by
Doctor
Cay
.
The
names
of
the
Linx
.
THe
wilde
beast
which
amongest
the
Germaines
is
named
Luchss
,
by
making
a
name
from
the
Linxe
,
or
as
others
write
Lux
,
or
Luxs
:
amongst
the
Italians
is
at
this
daie
called
Lupo
ceruero
,
or
Ceruerio
,
being
engendered
betwixe
a
Hind
and
a
wolf
;
and
likewise
amongst
the
Rhaetians
which
speak
Italian
;
and
the
Sabandians
,
and
the
Dalmatians
or
Illiriaus
Ceruiro
.
But
there
was
certaine
Bohemian
of
late
,
which
declared
that
the
Linx
as
he
coniectured
,
was
called
amongst
the
Illyrians
Rys
(
and
that
it
was
called
Luchss
among
the
Germaines
)
but
that
amongest
the
Illirians
was
lesser
then
the
other
,
yet
verie
like
.
The
Spaniards
do
as
yet
cal
him
by
the
Latine
name
Lince
,
euen
as
certain
Italian
writers
in
their
vulgar
tongue
,
as
Alunnus
doeth
testifie
.
In
certain
places
in
Heluetia
,
and
about
Sedu●us
,
they
call
him
Thierwolfe
.
Amongst
the
barbarous
writers
hee
is
called
by
the
name
of
an
Ounce
:
which
I
do
suppose
to
be
a
Panther
.
Fr.
Alunnus
doth
say
,
that
this
beast
was
called
of
certaine
Italian
writers
in
the
vulgar
tongue
,
Lonza
,
some
interpreting
it
to
be
a
Lionesse
,
some
a
Pardall
,
a
Panther
,
or
a
Wolfe
,
engendered
of
a
Hind
and
a
Wolfe
.
Ounces
do
commonly
seeme
to
be
called
rather
Linxes
,
then
Panthers
:
but
although
some
late
writers
do
attribute
the
name
to
a
Leopard
or
a
lesser
Panther
,
Bellonius
.
it
seemeth
notwithstanding
corrupt
from
the
Linx
:
for
he
is
a
creatur
very
like
him
both
in
his
craft
and
shape
of
his
body
,
but
a
Linx
hath
his
taile
shorter
,
and
his
longer
.
Auicenna
Libards-bane
doth
kil
Leopards
and
Linxes
.
THESE
FIGVRES
WERE
TAKEN
by
Olaus
Magnus
,
wherin
the
Linx
pursueth
a
wild
Cat.
The
Latines
call
this
beast
Lupus
Ceruarius
,
and
Linx
of
the
Greeke
word
Lugx
,
from
whence
the
German
ein
luchs
:
and
it
hath
bene
beleeued
,
The
reason
of
the
Latine
names
.
that
the
Latine
name
was
giuen
vnto
it
,
because
they
were
ingendred
betwixt
a
Wolfe
and
Hind
,
but
there
is
no
wise
man
that
will
suppose
or
be
easily
induced
to
beleeue
,
that
beasts
of
such
hostility
,
and
aduerse
dispositions
in
nature
,
should
euer
ingender
or
suffer
copulation
together
▪
and
therefore
I
rather
suppose
that
it
is
called
Ceruarius
,
either
beeause
it
hunteth
Harts
and
Hindes
,
or
else
because
it
imitateth
their
young
ones
in
the
outward
colour
and
spots
in
the
skinnes
.
There
was
a
beast
(
saith
Pliny
)
which
was
called
Chaus
,
and
by
the
French
Raphlus
,
brought
in
publicke
spectacle
by
Pompey
the
great
out
of
France
,
which
in
shape
resembleth
a
wolf
,
and
in
spots
a
leopard
;
and
therefore
I
think
that
Chaus
,
Raphlus
,
and
lupus
ceruarius
,
are
diuerse
names
of
one
and
the
same
wilde
Beast
,
and
yet
by
diuers
writers
it
is
confounded
with
the
Thoes
,
or
with
the
Panther
,
or
with
the
Ounce
.
But
I
cannot
agree
thereunto
,
seeing
it
is
written
by
Pliny
,
that
about
the
Riuer
Padus
in
Italy
,
there
are
certain
beasts
called
Lynces
,
from
whence
commeth
the
Lyncurion
,
which
by
Zenothomis
are
called
Langae
,
and
by
others
Languriae
.
And
Solinus
also
agreeth
thereunto
,
taking
Lupus
Ceruarius
,
for
a
kind
of
Linx
.
Some
haue
fabled
that
there
is
a
Beast
called
Lynceus
,
Two
kindes
of
Linxes
.
which
Suidas
and
Varinus
call
Oxuderches
:
and
they
say
,
that
the
eies
of
it
are
the
best
sighted
of
al
the
beasts
in
the
world
.
Oppianus
maketh
two
kind
of
Linxes
,
one
,
a
greater
,
and
hunteth
Harts
and
great
Beastes
,
A
story
of
a
Linxe
by
D.
Cay
,
taken
in
England
by
the
sight
of
this
beast
in
the
Tower
.
the
other
a
smaller
and
hunteth
wilde
cats
and
Hares
.
And
first
of
all
I
wil
set
downe
the
description
of
this
beast
,
according
as
it
was
taken
in
England
by
that
learned
Physitian
D.
Cay
,
whose
words
I
do
heere
expresse
.
There
is
in
the
Tower
of
London
(
saith
Iohn
Cay
)
a
beast
which
eateth
flesh
,
his
whole
body
being
of
the
greatnes
of
a
lamb
of
two
months
old
,
hauing
his
head
,
mouth
,
feet
,
and
nails
,
like
to
a
cat
.
But
concerning
his
beard
,
&
taile
,
his
bearde
hangeth
downe
on
both
sides
,
diuided
in
the
middle
with
sundry
colours
,
the
former
being
white
,
and
the
latter
blacke
:
his
taile
is
short
and
thicke
,
being
from
the
middle
to
the
vppermost
part
red
,
and
to
the
lower
part
blacke
:
his
eies
being
yellowe
,
the
haire
of
the
eye-lids
obscurely
waxing
white
.
His
eares
erected
vpright
,
as
the
eares
of
a
catte
,
being
replenished
within
with
white
haire
,
without
couered
with
white
and
blacke
,
but
so
that
the
vpper
parte
is
blacke
,
the
middle
,
(
for
it
is
deuided
into
three
parts
)
be
white
,
and
the
lowest
blacke
againe
.
Neither
is
it
content
to
be
ended
in
his
owne
course
,
except
also
that
his
former
partes
,
or
the
farthest
brinkes
or
edges
,
and
also
his
latter
may
be
bended
on
the
other
side
,
in
like
manner
as
the
edges
of
the
priests
hatte
of
the
Graecian
church
are
folded
amongst
the
Venetians
.
In
the
top
of
his
eares
there
are
placed
some
blacke
haires
,
as
it
were
a
foretop
or
tuft
.
The
colour
of
this
beast
in
the
outmost
parts
is
red
,
in
the
innermost
white
,
but
sprinkled
here
with
blacke
spots
,
and
almost
by
rowes
,
and
there
with
spots
some-what
lighter
then
the
other
,
all
his
haire
being
for
the
most
part
white
all
ouer
:
all
his
body
except
the
aforesaid
spottes
,
as
it
is
in
certaine
blacke
skinnes
of
young
Conies
.
And
on
both
the
sides
of
his
nose
there
are
foure
spots
set
in
order
.
In
both
his
lippes
,
as
now
wee
will
declare
:
in
his
vppermost
lippe
there
are
fiue
orders
or
rowes
,
being
of
a
very
equall
distaunce
.
In
the
first
row
,
and
the
vpper
,
foure
:
in
the
second
,
fiue
:
in
the
third
,
eight
:
in
the
fourth
,
fiue
;
in
the
fift
,
there
are
foure
,
and
these
also
euery
one
in
his
order
,
hauing
an
equall
distance
.
In
the
lower
lip
there
are
onely
seauen
more
manifest
and
euident
,
being
placed
in
two
rowes
.
In
the
first
,
four
,
to
the
very
mouth
of
the
lippe
,
in
the
second
after
them
three
others
:
after
these
,
other
lesser
but
not
placed
with
so
certain
and
true
order
as
the
vppermost
.
In
the
vpper
lippe
on
both
sides
there
are
certaine
white
haires
being
rougher
then
those
in
Cats
and
Lyons
.
His
nose
,
is
somewhat
of
a
pale
red
colour
,
being
somewhat
distinct
or
apart
from
the
rest
of
his
face
on
euery
side
with
a
blacke
line
.
Another
line
also
doth
deuide
the
outermost
part
of
his
nose
by
length
(
as
in
an
Ounce
)
but
onely
being
lightly
lead
by
the
toppe
or
highest
parts
,
not
impressed
higher
by
the
lower-most
.
The
skinne
of
his
feet
is
exceeding
hard
,
and
his
nailes
are
hid
in
his
feet
(
as
the
nailes
of
an
Ounce
and
a
cats
are
)
neither
doeth
he
put
them
forth
at
any
time
,
vnlesse
in
taking
of
his
prey
as
they
do
.
He
doth
climbe
wonderfully
,
so
,
that
what
he
may
be
able
to
do
in
that
thinge
(
either
in
his
caue
or
den
)
nature
her selfe
doth
teach
.
He
is
a
quicke-moouing-creature
,
and
cannot
stand
still
in
a
place
,
so
that
except
(
by
meer
chance
)
the
voice
of
a
wood-pecker
in
the
basket
of
a
certaine
country
man
(
who
came
then
onely
to
see
the
Lyons
)
had
made
him
quiet
and
attentiue
,
there
had
bene
no
hope
of
the
portraiting
out
the
picture
of
his
body
.
He
being
present
he
was
most
quyet
:
but
he
going
away
,
hee
would
neuer
stande
still
:
wherefore
I
was
constrained
to
send
my
man
after
the
Countrey
man
to
buy
the
birde
,
which
beeing
present
,
he
stood
very
still
vntill
the
busines
was
dispatched
and
the
worke
absolutely
perfected
.
Our
Country
men
call
it
Luzarne
,
it
is
doubtfull
whether
we
shoulde
call
it
Leunce
,
or
Lynx
,
in
the
affinity
of
the
words
.
His
skinne
is
vsed
by
Noble-men
,
and
is
sold
for
a
great
price
.
He
is
angry
at
none
but
them
which
offer
him
iniury
,
his
voice
is
like
a
cats
,
when
he
would
snatch
away
the
food
from
his
fellow
.
He
is
louing
and
gentle
vnto
his
keeper
,
and
not
cruell
vnto
any
man
,
so
farre
Doctor
Cay
.
Vnto
this
description
of
Doctor
Caius
,
I
may
adde
another
description
that
was
taken
by
the
sight
of
the
skinne
of
this
beast
.
Another
description
taken
by
the
●ight
of
a
skin
The
length
whereof
from
the
tip
of
the
nose
vnto
the
very
taile
,
was
foure
spannes
,
and
fiue
fingers
,
and
the
length
of
the
taile
seuen
fingers
,
the
bredth
of
the
shoulder-blades
of
his
backe
,
and
the
toppe
of
his
necke
was
two
palmes
,
six
fingers
,
and
a
spanne
;
the
length
of
his
forelegges
a
spanne
and
fiue
fingers
,
and
the
length
of
his
hinder-legges
,
a
spanne
and
three
fingers
,
the
haire
was
very
softe
,
but
yet
thicke
and
deepe
,
the
tippes
of
the
haire
vpon
his
back
were
white
,
but
in
the
neather
most
parts
they
were
red
,
and
they
are
most
white
which
fall
downewardes
on
boeth
sides
from
the
middle
of
his
backe
.
In
the
middle
they
are
more
redde
and
dusky
,
the
middle
of
the
belly
,
and
especially
the
lower
part
is
white
,
but
both
sides
of
it
are
white
and
red
,
and
euery
where
vppon
his
belly
there
are
black
spots
,
but
most
plentifull
in
the
bottome
of
the
belly
,
and
on
both
sides
.
The
vppermost
part
of
his
necke
,
right
ouer
against
his
eares
,
hath
great
blacke
spottes
,
his
eares
are
small
,
and
not
bigger
then
a
little
Triangle
,
in
the
edges
they
are
black
,
although
with
the
blacke
haires
there
are
mingled
some
white
.
His
beard
is
mixed
with
blacke
,
and
white
haire
,
which
haire
is
great
like
to
bristles
.
The
teeth
are
most
white
and
the
vpper
canine
teeth
hange
ouer
the
neather
,
the
breadth
of
a
finger
,
whereof
sixe
are
small
,
and
of
those
sixe
two
are
the
greatest
,
and
all
the
residue
are
very
small
on
the
neather
chapp
,
and
to
conclude
,
al
the
teeth
were
like
a
common
Weasils
or
Martill
:
his
feet
were
very
rough
,
being
fiue
distinct
clawes
vpon
the
fore-feete
,
and
foure
vppon
the
hinder
,
which
clawes
were
very
white
and
sharpe
.
The
taile
was
of
equal
bignesse
and
thicknes
,
but
in
the
tip
thereof
it
is
blacke
.
The
price
of
a
Lynxes
skin
These
skinnes
are
sold
for
three
Nobles
a
peece
,
and
sometime
for
six
,
and
sometimes
for
lesse
,
according
to
the
quantity
of
the
skinne
and
countrey
wherein
it
is
sold
.
And
vnto
this
description
do
Bellonius
and
Bonarus
agree
.
For
Bellonius
at
Constantinople
saw
two
Lynxes
,
Countries
of
Lynxes
.
much
like
vnto
cats
,
and
Bonarus
had
oftentimes
seene
them
hunted
in
Moschouia
,
Littuania
,
Pollonia
,
Hungaria
,
and
Germany
:
But
he
commendeth
aboue
al
other
the
Linxes
of
Scotland
and
Swesia
,
as
most
beautifull
,
hauing
Triangular
spots
vpon
theyr
skinnes
.
But
the
Indian
and
Affrican
Linxes
,
he
saith
haue
round
spots
,
sharpe-bristly-short-haire
,
and
full
of
spots
on
all
parts
of
their
body
,
and
therefore
they
are
not
so
delicate
as
the
Linxes
of
Europe
,
which
with
good
cause
he
coniectureth
to
be
the
Linxe
that
Pliny
speaketh
of
,
and
not
vnlike
to
that
which
is
bred
in
Italy
.
There
are
Linxes
in
diuers
countries
,
as
in
the
for
named
Russia
,
Littuania
,
Pollonia
,
Hungary
,
Germany
,
Scotland
,
so
also
they
are
most
abundant
in
Scandinavia
,
in
Swesia
,
so
also
about
▪
Hyelsus
,
and
Helsyngia
:
likewise
in
all
the
Regions
vpon
the
Alpes
,
and
in
Sylua
Martia
,
they
are
also
very
plentiful
in
Aethiopia
,
in
France
and
Italy
,
about
the
riuer
Padus
,
and
in
the
Island
Carpathus
:
and
thus
hauing
discoursed
of
their
country
and
proportion
,
whereby
their
differences
and
kindes
may
bee
discerned
,
we
will
leaue
euery
one
of
them
to
their
particular
,
and
proceed
to
the
treatise
and
description
of
their
general
natures
.
There
is
no
great
difference
betwixt
their
outward
shapes
and
proportion
,
for
both
the
smaller
and
the
greater
haue
bright
eies
,
diuers
coloured
skins
,
a
little
head
,
Their
outward
shape
and
seueral
partes
a
nimble
and
cheareful
face
,
and
(
Albertus
saith
)
that
their
body
is
longer
then
the
body
of
a
Wolfe
,
but
their
legges
shorter
,
mistaking
the
Linxe
for
the
Thoes
.
Their
eyes
stande
forth
of
their
heads
very
far
,
their
tongue
like
the
toong
of
a
Serpent
,
(
and
Textor
affirmeth
)
that
they
haue
pappes
or
vdders
in
their
Breastes
,
but
surely
hee
taketh
Linxe
for
Sphinx
.
Their
meat
goeth
into
the
belly
straight
through
the
maw
,
without
staying
,
and
therein
is
a
note
of
their
insatiable
voracity
,
for
none
but
insatiable
beasts
or
birds
are
so
affected
,
as
in
birds
,
the
Cormorant
.
It
hath
no
ankle
bone
,
but
a
thing
like
vnto
it
,
the
nails
are
very
long
,
as
you
may
see
in
two
of
the
former
pictures
,
but
hee
hideth
them
within
his
skin
til
he
be
angry
,
ready
to
fight
or
climbe
,
or
otherwise
affected
,
as
you
may
see
by
the
picture
of
the
Linx
taken
in
the
Tower
of
London
.
The
inward
proportion
and
anatomy
of
their
bodies
is
like
vnto
a
mans
,
and
therefore
Galen
giueth
this
lesson
to
students
in
Phisicke
,
Praestat
simiarum
homini
,
quam
similimarum
artus
dessicare
,
cum
te
in
exemplo
,
exercere
institues
,
sin
ea
non
detuo
,
aliquam
ei
proximam
delegito
,
aut
si
nulla
omnino
Simia
reperiatur
,
Cynocephalum
,
vel
Satyrum
,
vel
Lincem
,
summatim
ea
omnia
,
quibus
artuum
extrema
,
indigitos
quinque
discreta
sunt
.
That
is
to
say
.
It
is
good
to
discect
those
bodies
which
are
likest
to
a
man
,
when
one
would
instruct
himselfe
in
anatomy
,
and
if
he
cannot
find
an
Ape
,
let
him
take
a
Baboone
,
a
Satyre
,
or
a
Linx
,
and
generally
any
creature
,
the
extremity
of
whose
sinnewes
and
ioynts
are
diuided
into
fiue
fingers
or
toes
.
There
be
some
that
haue
thought
,
that
Panthers
,
Pardals
,
Linxes
,
or
Tygers
,
hadde
bin
all
of
the
kind
of
cats
,
because
of
a
mutuall
resemblance
in
the
greatnesse
and
strength
of
their
nailes
,
in
the
distinction
of
their
skinnes
,
which
are
partye
coloured
and
faire
,
hauing
also
a
round
head
,
a
short
face
,
a
long
taile
,
a
nimble
body
,
a
wilde
mind
,
and
gette
their
meat
by
hunting
:
but
heerein
I
leaue
euery
man
to
his
owne
best
liking
and
opinion
:
for
when
we
haue
done
our
best
to
expresse
their
natures
and
seuerall
properties
,
it
shal
be
ydle
to
spend
time
about
disputation
to
what
ranke
or
order
,
euery
beast
ought
to
be
referred
.
For
euery
one
that
readeth
our
story
and
seeth
our
pictures
may
either
bee
satisfied
,
The
〈…〉
or
els
amend
our
labour
.
The
Linx
therefore
biteth
most
cruelly
and
deepe
,
and
therefore
is
accounted
,
Rap
a●
animal
,
instar
lupi
sed
callidius
,
a
Beast
as
rauening
as
a
wolfe
,
but
more
crafty
,
they
get
vp
into
trees
,
and
from
them
leape
downe
vppon
very
great
beastes
,
and
destroy
them
,
beeing
enemies
both
to
men
and
beasts
,
and
at
their
pleasure
,
according
to
necessity
,
set
vppon
both
.
the
〈◊〉
of
〈…〉
They
are
taken
somtimes
in
Germany
,
in
the
dutchy
of
Wertinberg
,
and
that
it
was
once
credibly
affirmed
,
one
of
them
leaped
downe
from
a
tree
vppon
a
countrey
man
,
as
he
passed
vnder
the
same
tree
,
but
being
weary
,
and
hauing
an
axe
on
his
necke
,
he
receiued
her
on
the
sharp
edge
thereof
,
and
so
killed
her
,
otherwise
she
woulde
soone
haue
killed
him
.
〈◊〉
meat
or
foode
.
They
liue
in
the
mountaines
also
,
where
they
are
killed
by
poison
,
or
else
hunted
by
armed
men
on
horse-back
,
and
included
with
multitudes
,
for
their
hunting
is
perilous
,
and
therefore
they
must
be
inclosed
with
great
company
.
Some
take
them
with
ditches
as
we
heard
before
Lyons
were
taken
,
others
in
snares
or
ginnes
laide
vppon
the
rockes
,
and
stones
,
and
whensoeuer
they
are
hunted
with
Dogs
,
they
run
directly
to
the
woods
or
to
the
next
trees
,
wherein
they
are
killed
by
gun-shot
.
In
the
Summer
time
they
are
very
weake
and
liue
among
the
Rockes
,
neuer
strayinge
farre
from
their
owne
lodging
,
hurting
no
man
vntill
the
autumn
.
They
hunt
wilde
goats
,
whom
they
follow
from
Rocke
to
rocke
,
leaping
as
fast
,
or
faster
then
the
Goates
.
They
hunt
also
wilde
cats
and
Hares
,
and
some
other
little
beasts
,
but
the
greatest
Linxes
hunt
Hartes
and
Asses
,
Ola●●
mag.
and
their
manner
is
as
wee
haue
saide
already
,
to
get
vp
into
trees
,
and
there
to
ly
in
waite
for
their
prey
,
vntill
they
espy
it
vnder
the
boughes
,
and
then
suddenly
leape
into
the
necke
thereof
,
whether
it
be
a
man
or
a
great
Beast
,
wherein
they
fix
their
clawes
so
fast
,
that
no
violence
can
shake
them
off
,
but
with
the
sharpenesse
of
their
teeth
,
bite
into
the
scull
,
and
eate
out
the
braines
to
the
vtter
destruction
of
the
man
or
beaste
,
whomsoeuer
they
light
vpon
,
but
if
it
be
a
small
beast
,
they
eate
the
whole
body
thereof
,
and
not
onely
the
braines
.
A
singular
note
of
forgetfulnesse
,
Yet
this
is
a
wonderfull
secret
in
their
nature
,
that
although
they
belong
afflicted
with
hunger
,
yet
when
they
eate
their
meate
,
if
they
heare
any
noise
,
or
any
other
chaunce
cause
them
to
turne
about
from
their
meat
,
out
of
the
sight
of
it
,
they
forgette
their
prey
,
notwithstanding
theyr
hunger
,
Pliny
.
and
goe
to
seeke
another
bootey
,
neuer
remembring
that
which
they
had
before
them
,
Solinus
.
nor
yet
returne
backe
againe
to
eate
thereof
.
The
voice
of
this
beast
is
called
by
a
speciall
worde
in
Latine
,
Orcare
,
or
Corcare
,
which
I
may
English
croaking
,
or
whining
,
for
the
voice
thereof
is
not
great
,
and
therefore
the
Author
of
Philomela
saith
,
dum
linxes
orcando
fraemunt
,
vrsus
ferus
Vncat
,
while
the
Linxe
croaketh
,
the
wilde
beare
whineth
.
And
Arlunus
saith
,
Corcare
vox
lupae
Ceruarij
,
to
croake
is
the
voice
of
a
Linx
.
the
voice
of
Linx●s
.
〈◊〉
sight
of
Linxes
.
It
is
thought
that
of
all
beastes
they
seeme
most
brightly
,
for
the
poets
faine
,
that
their
eie-sight
pierceth
through
euery
solid
body
,
although
it
be
as
thicke
as
a
wall
;
yet
if
you
offer
vnto
it
any
thinge
which
is
transparent
,
it
is
much
offended
,
and
sometimes
blinded
,
but
I
cannot
tell
,
whether
the
sight
be
attributed
to
the
Linxe
truely
accordinge
to
nature
,
or
fabulously
in
imitation
of
the
poeticall
fiction
of
Lynceus
,
of
whome
it
was
saide
in
auncient
time
,
that
hee
sawe
thorough
stone
Walles
,
of
whome
Horace
writeth
thus
:
Non
possis
oculo
,
quantum
contendere
lynceus
Non
tamen
id
circo
,
contemnas
lippus
in
vngi
.
Marcus
Tullius
also
saith
in
this
manner
,
O●pheus
.
in
the
admiration
of
Lynceus
eye-sight
,
as
thogh
darkenes
did
not
hinder
it
,
quis
est
tam
lynceus
qui
in
tantis
tenebris
nihil
offendat
.
Apollonius
saith
,
that
so
great
was
the
perfection
of
this
mans
eye-sight
,
as
he
was
beleeued
to
see
perfectly
downe
into
the
earth
and
what
was
don
in
Hell
.
Plutarch
saith
,
that
he
could
see
thrugh
trees
&
rocks
.
Pausanias
writeth
,
that
he
was
a
king
,
and
raigned
after
Danaouita
.
Pyndarus
writeth
that
Ida
and
Lynceus
were
the
sons
of
Aphaneus
,
and
that
a
contention
growing
betwixt
Ida
and
Castor
and
Pollux
at
the
marriage
of
Helena
because
they
twaine
would
haue
rauished
Phoebe
and
Ilayra
,
the
wiues
of
Ida
,
The
Fables
of
the
Poets
about
Linceus
.
and
Lynceus
did
therefore
slay
Castor
,
and
afterwards
Lynceus
slew
Pollux
when
he
spyed
him
lie
vnder
an
Oake
,
from
the
mountaine
Taygetus
.
Wherefore
Iupiter
slew
Ida
with
lightning
,
and
placed
Castor
and
Pollux
in
heauen
among
the
stars
.
There
was
another
Lynceus
husband
of
Hypermnestra
,
Theocritus
Daughter
of
Danaus
,
which
Danaus
hauing
commanded
all
his
daughters
in
the
night
time
to
kill
their
husbands
,
she
onely
spared
hir
husband
Lynceus
.
But
the
truth
is
,
that
Lynceus
of
whom
there
is
so
many
fables
of
his
eiesight
,
was
the
first
that
found
out
the
mines
of
gold
,
Coelius
.
siluer
and
Brasse
in
the
earth
,
and
therefore
simple
people
seeing
him
bring
golde
and
siluer
out
of
the
earth
,
and
comming
now
and
then
vpon
him
while
he
was
a
digging
deepe
for
it
,
vsing
the
light
of
Candles
,
which
he
neuer
brought
out
of
the
pits
,
they
foolishly
imagined
,
that
by
the
sight
of
his
eies
he
was
first
of
all
led
to
seeke
for
those
treasures
,
Palaephatus
and
from
hence
came
the
common
prouerb
.
Lynceo
perspicacior
,
for
a
man
of
excellent
eye-sight
;
and
to
conclude
others
say
,
that
Lynceus
could
see
the
new
Moone
the
same
day
or
night
that
she
changed
,
and
that
therefore
the
fame
of
his
eye-sight
came
so
to
be
celebrated
,
because
neuer
any
mortall
man
saw
that
sight
himselfe
excepted
.
And
from
these
fables
of
Lynceus
came
the
opinion
of
the
singular
perspicacity
of
the
beast
Linx
:
of
whom
as
I
said
before
,
as
the
sight
is
very
excellent
,
and
so
farre
excelling
men
,
(
as
Galen
saith
)
like
as
is
also
the
sight
of
Egles
,
so
I
do
not
hold
any
such
extraordinarie
and
miraculous
sence
to
be
in
this
beast
,
after
any
other
manner
,
then
the
Poets
did
feigne
it
to
be
in
Lynceus
,
except
as
before
said
,
Omnes
imbeciliore
sumus
cernendi
potestate
,
si
aquilarum
et
Lyncis
,
acuminibus
conferamur
.
And
therefore
the
prouerb
before
spoken
of
,
may
as
well
bee
applyed
metaphecically
to
the
beast
Linxe
,
as
poetically
to
the
man
Lynceus
,
and
so
much
may
suffice
for
the
sight
.
It
is
reported
also
that
when
they
see
themselues
to
be
taken
they
do
send
forth
teares
and
weepe
very
plentifully
.
Their
vrine
they
render
all
backewards
,
N.
Spreng
:
Their
vrine
and
teares
or
weeping
Vrine
congeled
into
a
medicinal
sto●e
not
onely
the
female
but
the
male
also
,
wherein
they
differ
from
all
other
beasts
:
and
it
is
said
of
them
,
that
they
knowing
a
certaine
vertue
in
their
vrine
,
do
hide
it
in
the
sand
,
and
that
thereof
commeth
a
certaine
pretious
stone
called
Lyncurium
,
which
for
brighnesse
resembleth
the
Amber
,
and
yet
is
so
congealed
and
hardned
in
the
sand
that
no
carbuncle
is
harder
,
shining
like
fire
,
wherewithall
they
make
sealing
rings
,
which
caused
Ouid
to
write
thus
:
Victa
,
racemifero
Lyncas
dedit
India
Baccho
Equibus
vt
memorant
quicquid
vesicaremisit
Vertitur
in
lapides
,
&
congelat
aere
tacto
.
But
they
say
that
of
the
male
commeth
the
fiery
,
and
yellowe
Amber
,
and
of
the
female
commeth
the
white
and
pale
Amber
.
In
Italy
they
call
it
Langurium
,
and
the
beast
Languria
,
and
Lange
.
This
Lyncurium
is
called
of
some
Electrum
,
Pterygophoron
,
and
they
say
it
is
the
same
which
will
draw
vnto
it
leaues
,
strawe
,
and
plates
of
Brasse
and
yron
,
according
to
the
opinions
of
Diocles
,
and
Theophrastus
,
and
that
being
drunke
out
of
Water
is
good
for
the
stomacke
,
and
very
conuenient
for
the
fluxe
of
the
belly
,
according
to
Dioscorides
,
and
that
it
cureth
the
paines
of
the
reines
,
and
healeth
the
kings
euill
,
according
to
Solinus
;
And
Theophrastus
goeth
about
to
establish
this
opinion
by
reason
,
and
laboreth
to
perswade
it
as
probable
,
that
the
vrine
of
a
Linx
,
should
congeale
into
a
stone
among
sand
,
as
well
as
the
vrine
of
a
man
,
to
ingender
a
stone
in
the
raines
or
in
the
bladder
.
And
of
this
opinion
is
Pliny
,
Theophrastus
,
Hesychius
,
Varinus
,
Zenothimis
,
Plutarch
,
and
Aristotle
.
But
in
my
opinion
it
is
but
a
fable
:
For
Theophrast
himselfe
confesseth
that
Lyncurium
,
which
he
caleth
Lyngurion
,
and
Amber
Hualos
,
is
digged
out
of
the
earth
in
Lyguria
.
Sudines
,
&
Metradorus
say
that
there
is
a
certain
tree
in
Lyguria
,
out
of
which
amber
is
taken
,
&
this
tree
is
the
blacke
Popler
,
&
it
is
also
very
probable
,
that
seeing
this
Amber
was
first
of
all
brought
into
Greece
out
of
Lyguria
,
according
to
the
denomination
of
all
strange
things
,
they
called
it
Lyngurium
after
the
name
of
the
country
,
whereupon
the
ignorant
La●ines
did
feigne
an
etimology
of
the
worde
Lyncurium
,
quasi
Lynxis
vrinam
,
and
vppon
this
weake
foundation
haue
they
raised
that
vaine
buildinge
;
and
for
further
demonstration
of
this
truth
,
(
Dioscorides
saith
)
in
his
discourse
of
the
Popler
,
that
it
growing
about
the
riuer
Euridanus
,
sendeth
forth
a
certaine
humor
like
teares
which
groweth
hard
,
whereof
they
make
that
which
is
called
Electrum
,
being
rubbed
,
it
smelleth
sweete
,
and
for
that
it
hath
not
onely
power
to
draw
vnto
it
,
Brasse
,
Iron
,
and
such
thinges
,
but
a●so
gold
;
It
is
also
called
Chrysophoton
;
vnto
this
Lucianus
subscribeth
,
and
whereas
it
was
said
that
in
Italy
this
Amber
▪
stone
is
begotten
,
neare
the
riuer
Padus
,
where
stand
many
white
Poplers
,
my
coniecture
is
,
that
some
such
like
humor
may
issue
out
of
them
,
&
not
onely
by
accident
,
but
through
affinity
of
nature
,
and
condensate
into
a
stone
,
which
the
people
finding
,
couered
in
the
sand
vnder
the
trees
,
and
through
their
former
perswasion
,
might
easily
take
it
for
the
stone
ingendred
by
the
vrine
of
the
Linx
.
Hermolaus
also
writeth
this
of
the
Lycurium
,
that
it
groweth
in
a
certaine
stone
,
and
that
it
is
a
kind
of
Mushrom
,
〈…〉
out
of
〈◊〉
.
or
Padstoole
which
is
cut
off
yearely
,
and
that
another
groweth
in
the
roome
of
it
,
a
part
of
the
roote
or
foot
being
left
in
the
stone
,
groweth
as
hard
as
a
flint
,
and
thus
doth
the
stone
encrease
,
with
a
naturall
fecundity
:
which
admirable
thing
(
saith
he
)
I
could
neuer
be
brought
to
beleeue
,
vntill
I
did
eate
thereof
in
myne
owne
house
.
Euax
(
as
is
recyted
by
Syluaticus
saith
)
that
the
vrine
of
the
Linx
,
domi
seruatus
,
generat
optimos
sungos
supra
se
quotanis
,
reserued
at
home
in
ones
house
,
bringeth
forth
euery
yeare
the
best
Mushroms
.
This
is
also
called
lapis
Litzi
,
and
lapis
prasius
,
which
is
deuided
into
three
kindes
,
that
is
Iaspis
,
Armeni●cus
,
and
lapis
phrigius
,
called
also
Belemintes
;
wherewithall
the
Chirurgians
of
Prussia
and
Pomerania
,
cure
greene
wounds
,
and
the
Phisitians
breake
the
stone
in
the
bladder
.
But
the
true
Lyncurium
which
is
extant
at
this
day
,
and
currant
among
the
Apothecaries
,
is
as
light
as
the
Pummis-stone
,
and
as
big
as
filleth
a
mans
fist
,
being
of
a
blackish
colour
,
or
of
a
russet
;
the
russet
is
more
solide
,
sandy
,
and
fat
,
and
being
bruised
or
eaten
,
tasteth
like
earth
:
both
kinds
are
couered
with
little
white
skins
,
and
there
is
apparant
in
them
,
a
spungy
tenatious
substance
,
and
this
I
take
to
be
the
Mushrom
,
whereof
Hermolaus
speaketh
.
And
by
the
little
stones
and
small
skinnes
,
it
may
be
coniectured
to
be
corpus
heterogones
,
interracoalescens
:
A
Hetrogenian
body
,
encreasing
in
the
earth
,
wherewithall
it
hath
no
affinity
.
There
was
another
stone
of
the
vrine
of
a
Linx
to
be
seen
in
Sauoy
,
the
substance
wherof
was
clearely
christal
,
the
forme
of
it
was
triangular
,
the
hardnes
so
,
as
you
might
strike
fire
with
it
,
and
the
colour
partly
white
,
and
partly
like
wine
mingled
with
water
,
so
that
I
will
conclude
,
that
the
vrine
of
a
Linx
may
engender
a
stone
,
though
not
in
such
manner
as
is
before
saide
.
For
the
Arabian
Iorath
affirmeth
,
that
with
in
seauen
daies
after
the
rendring
,
it
turneth
into
a
stone
;
but
it
is
not
the
Lyncurius
property
so
called
,
for
that
is
the
Amber
or
gum
before
spoken
of
,
although
catacrestically
so
called
.
And
if
it
be
true
,
that
there
bee
certaine
Mushroms
neare
the
red-sea
,
which
by
the
heat
of
the
sunne
are
hardned
into
stones
,
then
also
it
may
follow
very
naturally
,
that
those
stones
may
produce
Mushroms
againe
,
for
both
the
dissolution
and
the
constitution
of
things
are
thought
to
be
grounded
vpon
the
same
principles
.
And
thus
much
shal
suffice
for
the
vrine
of
the
Linx
,
and
the
stone
made
thereof
.
The
skins
of
Linxes
are
most
pretious
,
&
vsed
in
the
garments
of
the
greatest
estates
,
both
Lords
,
Vses
of
theyr
seue●●●
parts
.
P●●rus
.
Kings
,
and
Emperors
,
as
we
haue
shewed
before
,
and
for
that
cause
are
sold
very
deare
;
The
clawes
of
this
beast
,
especially
of
the
right
foote
,
which
hee
vseth
instead
of
a
hand
,
are
e●cluded
in
siluer
,
and
sold
for
nobles
a
peece
,
and
for
Amulets
to
bee
worne
against
the
falling
sicknesse
.
The
loue
of
these
beasts
to
their
young
ones
is
very
great
,
like
as
the
Pardals
Lions
,
and
Tygers
.
The
king
of
Tartaria
hath
tame
Linxes
which
he
vseth
in
hunting
instead
of
dogs
.
The
ancient
Pagans
dedicated
this
beast
to
Bacchus
,
feigning
that
when
he
triumphed
in
his
chariot
of
vine
branches
,
hee
was
drawne
by
Tygers
,
and
Linxes
.
Lynxes
tamed
.
And
therefore
Virgill
saith
,
Quid
Lynces
Bacchi
variae
,
And
Ouid
:
Dicta
racemifero
,
Lyncas
dedit
India
Baccho
.
Al
the
nailes
of
a
Linx
being
burned
with
the
skin
,
beaten
into
powder
,
and
giuen
in
drink
will
very
much
cohibite
and
restraine
abhominable
lechery
in
men
:
the
medcines
of
the
Lynx
.
it
will
also
restraine
the
lust
in
women
being
sprinkled
vpon
them
:
and
also
very
effectually
and
spedily
take
away
either
itch
or
scurfe
in
man
or
womans
body
.
The
vrin
of
this
beast
is
accounted
very
medicinable
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
strangury
,
or
running
of
the
raines
.
The
same
is
also
very
good
and
wholesome
for
the
curing
of
any
paine
or
griefe
in
the
wind-pipe
or
throat
,
Pliny
.
Bonarus
Baro
doth
affirme
that
the
nailes
of
Linxes
which
are
in
their
country
,
are
had
in
great
estimation
and
price
amongst
their
piers
or
noble
men
:
for
there
is
a
very
certaine
opinion
amongst
them
,
that
those
nailes
being
put
vpon
the
yeard
of
either
horse
or
beast
whose
vrine
is
kept
backe
or
restrained
,
will
in
very
short
space
cause
them
to
void
it
without
any
griefe
at
al.
He
reporteth
also
that
their
nailes
doe
there
wax
white
,
and
that
they
include
them
all
in
siluer
,
and
do
commend
them
for
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
cramp
,
if
they
be
worne
(
peraduenture
because
they
are
bending
and
crooked
)
by
which
perswasion
ther
are
some
superstitious
men
which
hang
certain
rootes
which
are
crooked
and
knotty
about
them
,
against
the
crampe
.
There
are
likewise
some
which
do
ascertaine
that
these
nailes
are
good
and
ready
helpes
for
the
sorenes
of
the
vnula
which
is
in
Horses
mouthes
:
and
for
that
cause
there
are
many
horsemen
which
carry
them
continually
about
them
.
The
Linxe
or
wolfe
,
which
is
begotten
of
a
wolfe
and
a
Hinde
,
the
Musk-cat
,
Arnoldus
.
the
weasell
and
al
such
other
like
beasts
,
do
more
hurt
men
by
their
biting
teeth-wounds
then
by
poison
.
There
was
a
certaine
hunter
as
Collinus
reporteth
,
which
told
him
that
the
flesh
of
a
Linx
being
sod
in
some
whot
pottage
or
broth
,
and
afterwardes
eaten
,
would
be
a
very
good
and
wholesome
medicine
for
the
expelling
of
the
Ague
,
or
quartan
feauer
:
and
that
the
bones
of
the
same
beast
being
brent
and
pounded
into
powder
,
would
be
a
very
excellent
remedy
for
the
curing
of
wounds
which
are
old
and
stale
,
and
ful
of
putrifaction
,
as
also
the
Fistulaes
which
grow
in
the
thighes
or
hips
of
men
.
Of
the
Marder
,
Martell
,
or
Marten
.
THis
beast
is
called
in
the
Hebrew
Oach
,
or
as
some
say
Zijm
,
amongst
the
Arabians
Eastoz
,
or
rather
Kacheobeon
,
The
seueral
names
or
Kachineon
,
in
Latine
Martes
:
the
Germans
Marder
,
or
Marter
like
the
english
,
the
Italians
Marta
,
Martore
,
or
Martorello
,
the
French
Mardre
or
Foyne
,
the
Spaniards
Marta
,
the
Illirians
and
Polonians
Kuna
,
and
some
later
Latins
vse
these
words
Marta
,
Martarus
,
Marturus
,
and
Marturellus
,
&
the
reason
,
or
etimoligy
of
this
Latin
worde
is
taken
from
Martia
,
which
signifieth
Martial
,
because
this
beast
in
warlike
&
hostill
manner
,
destroyeth
her
aduersaries
,
two
kinds
of
Martens
and
liueth
vpon
the
prey
,
of
hens
,
birds
,
and
Mice
.
The
Germans
deuide
these
into
two
kinds
,
which
they
call
by
the
names
of
Tachmarder
,
Hussmarder
,
Steinmarder
,
Buochmarder
,
Feldmarder
,
Wildmarder
,
Thanmarder
,
Fiechtmarder
,
that
is
to
say
,
The
fir-Martin
,
the
rock-Martin
,
the
tame-martin
,
the
beech-martin
,
the
field-martin
,
the
wild-martin
,
and
the
wall-martin
.
For
they
liue
either
in
houses
,
wals
,
and
temples
,
or
else
in
rockes
,
fields
,
and
woods
:
And
yet
is
not
their
distinction
,
taken
onely
from
the
places
of
their
aboad
,
but
also
from
the
goodnesse
of
their
skins
.
Places
of
their
abode
.
The
picture
of
the
Marten
.
There
are
also
of
both
kinds
in
Heluetia
,
Eras
.
Stella
and
the
most
excellent
are
in
the
vailes
towardes
the
Alpes
.
In
France
there
are
no
Martins
of
the
wall
,
but
the
beach
Martins
liue
in
hollow
beaches
.
There
are
also
woods
full
of
these
beastes
in
Brussia
,
which
the
people
there
call
Gayni
.
Lanzaerucca
a
wood
of
Scandenauia
fourescore
mile
long
,
is
full
of
Martins
.
Also
Muscouey
,
and
Littuania
haue
store
of
these
beasts
,
and
Sabels
.
But
they
of
Littuania
,
O●ius
.
Mag.
are
the
whitest
in
the
world
.
The
people
of
Surmasia
in
Europe
,
weare
garments
of
these
in
sables
;
and
the
inhabitants
of
Scithia
,
Hungaria
,
neare
Tanayois
,
do
pay
yearly
vnto
the
Emperor
of
Rushia
,
Io.
Bohemus
once
called
the
Duke
of
Muscouia
,
a
certaine
number
of
Sabels
,
and
Martins
skins
.
There
are
also
store
of
Martins
neare
Bragansa
,
and
generally
in
all
parts
of
Europ
except
in
England
.
They
are
in
quantity
about
the
bignes
of
a
Cat
,
hauing
longer
bodies
,
but
shorter
legges
,
with
heads
and
tailes
like
a
Fox
,
their
skins
ordinarily
broune
,
white
on
the
throat
,
their
quantity
and
seural
parts
.
&
more
yellow
on
the
back
.
Their
teeth
are
exceeding
white
,
and
vnequall
,
one
longer
then
another
,
being
aboue
measure
sharp
,
and
the
canine
teeth
both
aboue
and
beneath
hang
out
very
long
.
Amongst
which
on
the
neather
chap
,
stand
sixe
small
cutting
teeth
in
a
right
line
ouer
against
one
another
,
which
I
thinke
happeneth
not
in
any
other
beast
of
the
world
.
The
grinding
teeth
are
like
a
saw
,
being
triangular
in
fashion
,
eight
aboue
,
&
eight
beneath
.
Whereof
the
furthermost
vppon
the
vppermost
side
of
the
mouth
,
are
more
deepe
,
and
inward
in
the
pallat
;
then
all
the
residue
,
the
whole
number
is
thirty
two
.
The
long
haires
vpon
their
vpper
lip
do
bend
cleane
backwards
.
Notwithstanding
that
there
be
two
kindes
of
this
beast
as
already
we
haue
saide
,
yet
do
the
Wood-Martins
,
or
beach-Martins
,
greatly
desire
copulation
with
the
other
,
wherefore
Albertus
saith
miscentur
inter
se
haec
genera
,
&
Martes
thagi
,
fere
sequitur
,
Martem
abietum
,
tanquam
nobiliorem
,
their
copulation
vt
foetum
ex
ea
nobiliorem
acquirat
.
The
beech-Martin
followeth
the
firre
Martin
,
and
desireth
her
copulation
as
the
nobler
kinde
,
that
he
may
thereby
dignifie
his
owne
yssue
.
It
should
seeme
that
they
breede
in
March
,
and
make
their
nestes
,
like
the
draies
of
squirrels
,
and
bring
forth
many
at
a
time
;
For
it
was
constantly
affirmed
,
by
a
country
man
of
Germany
,
that
he
found
a
nest
of
these
Martins
builded
like
a
Squirrelles
,
hauing
foure
young
ones
in
it
,
in
the
beginning
of
Aprill
.
If
they
be
taken
when
they
be
young
,
both
one
and
other
kind
grow
wonderfull
tame
and
familiar
with
men
and
dogs
.
And
Gesner
had
one
of
these
,
the
taming
of
Martins
which
loued
a
little
Dog
wonderfully
,
and
would
follow
him
abroad
whether
soeuer
he
went
,
far
or
neare
.
It
would
also
play
with
dogs
and
men
,
with
teeth
and
nailes
,
lying
flat
vpon
the
backe
like
a
Cat
,
and
neuer
giue
any
litle
hurt
.
But
losened
from
his
chain
it
would
wander
abroad
into
the
neighbors
houses
,
and
many
times
far
off
,
but
alwaies
returne
home
againe
.
They
which
tame
them
because
that
they
are
easily
exasperated
,
and
bite
deepely
when
they
are
angry
,
doe
breake
off
the
tops
of
their
canine
teeth
with
a
paire
of
pinsons
,
for
the
preuenting
of
that
mischiefe
.
Ruellius
affirmeth
,
that
the
excrement
of
this
beast
smelleth
like
a
musk-cat
,
their
Food
.
and
saith
the
reason
of
it
is
,
because
they
feede
vpon
sweete
fruits
;
but
we
haue
heard
that
they
eate
pullin
birds
,
eags
,
and
mice
,
but
that
they
eate
of
fruits
it
cannot
be
proued
.
I
rather
attribute
it
vnto
their
owne
nature
.
For
as
the
Martin
ape
smelleth
sweetly
after
hir
meat
,
so
may
this
Martin-weasel
render
a
sweet
excrement
,
to
conclud
,
the
skins
of
these
beasts
is
applyed
to
gouty
legs
,
and
the
white
haires
of
the
throat
made
into
a
cap
,
is
very
sufferant
for
the
headache
.
They
may
be
taken
with
dogs
,
or
in
traps
,
but
commonly
they
are
taken
in
ditches
or
pitfals
,
acording
to
this
verse
of
Calentius
,
wherwithall
I
will
conclude
.
Et
laqueo
vulpes
,
&
decipe
,
casse
,
foinas
.
OF
THE
MOLE
OR
WANT
.
I
Do
vtterly
dissent
from
all
them
that
holde
opinion
that
the
Mole
or
Want
is
of
the
kinde
of
Myse
,
for
that
all
of
them
in
generall
,
both
one
and
other
haue
two
longe
crooked
fore-teeth
which
is
not
in
Moles
,
The
seuerall
names
.
and
therfore
wanting
those
as
the
inseperable
propriety
of
kind
;
we
wil
take
it
for
graunted
that
it
pertaineth
not
to
that
ranke
or
order
of
four-footed-beasts
.
But
concerning
the
Haebrew
name
thereof
,
there
is
much
variance
,
and
little
certainety
amongst
writers
.
Some
of
them
calling
it
Tinschemet
,
which
word
is
found
Deut.
14.
which
is
also
translated
by
the
Chaldees
Bota
or
Baueta
a
swan
,
and
the
Septuagints
and
Ierom
,
Ibis
,
&
Rabbi
Salomon
in
another
place
of
the
same
Chapter
translate
it
a
Bat
,
which
the
French
call
Chaulue-souris
.
But
in
that
place
of
Leuit.
11.
where
the
Stellio
,
the
Lyzard
,
and
Tinschemet
are
reckoned
vncleane
beastes
,
Rabbi
Salomon
interpret
it
Talpam
the
Mole
.
The
Septuagints
Aspalax
,
the
Chaldee
Aschuta
,
the
Arabian
Lambaraz
.
The
Persian
Angurbah-Dedach
.
There
is
a
sentence
Esay
.
2.
in
Haebrew
thus
.
Lachepor
perot
velatalephim
,
which
by
Munster
is
thus
translated
.
In
die
proijciet
homo
aureos
&
argenteos
deos
,
infossur
as
taiparum
&
vispertilionum
.
In
that
day
shal
a
man
cast
away
his
goods
of
siluer
and
gold
into
the
holes
of
Moles
and
Bats
.
By
S.
Ierom
it
is
translated
thus
:
Proijciet
homo
Idola
,
vsque
vt
adoraret
talpas
&
verspertiliones
.
A
man
shall
cast
away
his
Idols
to
worship
Moles
and
Bats
.
Some
againe
make
but
one
word
of
Lacheporperot
,
and
translate
it
a
beast
digging
ditches
:
and
the
Septuagints
,
ydols
or
abhominations
,
and
thinke
that
they
were
so
called
because
their
outwarde
forme
representeth
some
such
reptile
creature
,
and
Symmochus
,
vnprofitable
things
:
but
Aquila
Orugas
,
digging-beasts
:
and
therefore
at
this
day
all
the
learned
take
Perot
for
Moles
,
so
called
by
reason
of
their
digging
.
Auicen
calleth
it
Pelagoz
,
a
blinde
Mouse
.
In
Greeke
it
is
called
sometimes
Spalax
,
but
more
often
Aspalax
:
yet
Albertus
calleth
it
by
a
strange
Graecian
name
Colty
and
Koky
,
which
he
tooke
from
Auicen
.
The
Italians
retaine
the
latine
word
Talpa
,
the
Spaniards
Topo
,
by
which
word
the
Italians
at
this
day
call
a
Mouse
.
The
French
call
it
Taulpe
,
the
Germaines
Mulwerf
,
and
in
Saxon
,
Molwurffe
,
from
whence
is
deriued
the
English
Mole
and
Molewarpe
.
The
Heluetitians
Schaer
and
Schaermouse
,
and
the
Molehil
they
cal
Schaerufen
of
digging
.
The
Hollanders
and
the
Flemmings
call
it
Mol
and
Molmuss
,
in
imitation
of
the
German
worde
:
the
Illyrians
Krtize
.
And
generally
the
name
is
taken
from
digging
and
turning
vp
the
earth
with
her
nose
&
backe
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Virgill
:
Aut
oculis
capti
fodere
cubilia
Talpae
.
Some
are
of
opinion
,
that
it
is
called
Talpa
,
bycause
it
is
appointed
to
an
euerlasting
darknesse
in
the
earth
;
of
which
sort
Isidorus
writeth
thus
:
Talpa
dicta
est
eò
quòd
perpetua
caecitate
tenebris
damnata
,
est
enim
absque
oculis
.
It
is
called
also
in
Greeke
Indouros
,
and
Siphneus
,
of
Siphnon
the
earth
,
because
it
liueth
in
the
earth
,
and
turneth
it
vpward
to
make
it
hollow
for
passage
.
The
like
I
might
say
of
his
other
names
,
Ixliocha
,
and
Orthoponticos
,
but
this
shall
suffice
for
his
name
.
Countries
of
Moles
Aristotle
.
Aelianus
.
In
Boeotia
about
the
Champaignes
called
Orchomenius
ager
,
there
are
the
greatest
store
of
Moles
in
the
world
,
for
by
digging
they
vnder-myne
all
the
fieldes
,
and
yet
in
Lebadia
another
country
of
Boeotia
,
there
are
none
at
all
,
and
if
they
be
brought
thither
from
any
other
place
they
wil
neuer
dig
but
die
.
Rodolphus
,
Oppianus
,
and
Albertus
affirme
,
Pliny
.
Generation
of
Moles
that
they
are
created
of
themselues
of
wet
earth
and
raine
▪
water
,
for
when
the
earth
beginneth
to
putrifie
,
the
Mole
beginneth
to
take
life
.
They
are
all
for
the
most
part
of
a
blacke
dusky
colour
,
with
rough
,
short
,
and
smoth
soft
haire
as
wooll
,
and
those
haires
which
were
whitest
when
they
are
young
,
are
most
glistering
and
perfect
blacke
when
they
are
old
:
and
Gesner
affirmeth
,
that
hee
saw
in
the
end
of
October
,
a
Mole
taken
,
which
was
very
white
,
mixed
with
a
little
red
,
and
the
red
was
most
of
all
vpon
her
belly
,
betwixt
her
forelegs
and
the
necke
,
and
that
it
could
not
be
a
young
one
,
bycause
it
was
two
palmes
in
length
betwixt
his
head
and
taile
.
These
beasts
are
all
blind
and
want
eies
,
Blindnesse
of
Moles
.
and
therefore
came
the
prouerbe
Talpa
caecior
Tuphloteros
aspalacos
,
blinder
then
a
Mole
;
to
signifie
,
a
man
without
all
iudgment
,
wit
,
or
fore-sight
:
for
it
is
most
elegantly
applyed
to
the
minde
.
Yet
if
any
man
looke
earnestly
vpon
the
places
where
the
eies
should
grow
,
he
shall
perceiue
a
little
passage
,
by
drawing
vp
the
membrane
or
little
skinne
which
is
black
,
and
therefore
(
Aristotle
saith
)
of
them
in
this
manner
probably
.
All
kinds
of
Moles
want
their
sight
,
because
they
haue
not
their
eies
open
and
naked
as
other
beasts
,
but
if
a
man
pull
vp
the
skinne
of
their
browes
about
the
place
of
their
eies
,
which
is
thicke
and
shawdoweth
their
sight
,
he
shal
perceiue
in
them
inward
couered
eies
,
for
they
haue
the
blacke
circle
,
and
the
apple
,
which
is
contained
therein
,
and
another
part
of
the
white
circle
or
skinne
,
but
not
apparantly
eminent
;
neither
indeede
can
they
,
because
nature
at
the
time
of
generation
is
hindered
,
for
from
the
braines
there
belong
to
the
eies
two
stronge
neruy
passages
,
which
are
ended
at
the
vpper
teeth
,
and
therefore
their
nature
being
hindered
,
it
leaueth
an
imperfect
worke
of
sight
behinde
her
.
Yet
there
is
in
this
Beast
a
plaine
and
bald
place
of
the
skin
where
the
eies
should
stand
,
hauing
outwardly
a
little
blacke
spot
like
a
Millet
or
Poppey-seede
,
fastened
to
a
Nerue
inwardly
,
by
pressing
it
,
there
followeth
a
blacke
humor
or
moystnesse
,
and
by
dissection
of
a
Mole
great
with
young
,
it
is
apparant
(
as
hath
beene
prooued
)
that
the
young
ones
before
birth
haue
eies
,
but
after
birth
,
liuing
continually
in
the
darke
earth
without
light
,
Albertus
they
cease
to
grow
to
any
perfection
;
for
indeede
they
neede
them
not
,
because
being
out
of
the
earth
they
cannot
liue
aboue
an
houre
or
two
.
Esope
hath
a
pretty
fable
of
the
Asse
,
Ape
,
and
Mole
,
each
once
complaining
of
others
natural
wants
:
the
Asse
,
that
he
had
no
Hornes
,
and
was
therefore
vnarmed
:
the
Ape
,
that
he
had
no
taile
like
other
beastes
of
his
stature
and
quantity
,
and
therefore
was
vnhandsome
;
to
both
which
the
Mole
maketh
aunswer
,
that
they
may
well
be
silent
,
for
that
she
wanteth
eies
,
and
so
insinuateth
,
that
they
which
complaine
shall
find
by
consideration
and
comparision
of
their
owne
wantes
to
others
,
that
they
are
happy
and
want
nothing
that
were
profitable
for
them
.
Oppianus
saith
,
that
there
was
one
Phineus
which
was
first
depriued
of
his
eie-sight
,
and
afterward
turned
into
a
Mole
:
It
should
seeme
he
was
condemned
first
to
loose
his
eies
,
and
afterward
his
life
.
Their
seural
parts
&
members
.
These
Moles
haue
no
eares
,
and
yet
they
heare
in
the
earth
more
nimbly
and
perfectly
then
men
can
aboue
the
same
,
for
at
euery
step
or
small
noise
and
almost
breathing
,
they
are
terrified
and
run
away
,
&
therfore
(
Pliny
saith
)
that
they
vnderstand
al
speaches
spoken
of
themselues
,
&
they
hear
much
better
vnder
the
earth
then
being
aboue
&
out
of
the
earth
And
for
this
cause
they
dig
about
their
lodging
long
passages
,
which
bringeth
noises
and
voices
to
them
,
being
spoken
neuer
so
low
and
softly
,
like
as
the
voice
of
a
man
carried
in
a
trunke
,
reed
,
or
hollow
thing
.
Their
snowt
is
not
like
a
Weasils
(
as
Suidas
saith
)
but
rather
like
a
shrewe-mouses
,
or
(
if
it
be
lawfull
to
compare
small
with
great
)
like
to
a
Hogges
.
Their
teeth
are
like
a
shrews
and
a
Dogges
,
like
a
shrewes
in
the
neather
teeth
and
furthermost
inner
teeth
,
which
are
sharpe
pointed
and
lowe
inwardly
;
and
like
a
dogges
,
because
they
are
long
at
the
sides
,
although
onely
vpon
the
vpper-iaw
,
and
therefore
they
are
woorthily
called
by
the
Graecians
Marootatous
;
that
is
,
daungerous-biting-teeth
,
for
as
in
swine
the
vnderteeth
stand
out
aboue
the
vpper
,
and
in
Elephants
and
Moldes
,
the
vpper
hang
ouer
the
neather
,
for
which
cause
they
are
called
Hyperphereis
.
The
tong
is
no
greater
then
the
space
or
hollowe
in
the
neather
chap
,
and
they
haue
in
a
manner
as
little
voice
as
sight
,
and
yet
I
marueile
how
the
prouerbe
came
of
Loquax
Talpa
,
a
pratling
mould
,
in
a
popular
reproach
against
woordy
and
talkatiue
persons
,
which
Ammianus
saith
,
was
first
of
all
applyed
to
one
Iulianus
Capella
,
after
hee
had
so
behaued
himselfe
,
that
he
had
lost
the
good
opinion
of
all
men
.
The
necke
seemeth
to
bee
nothing
,
it
is
so
short
,
standing
equall
with
the
forlegges
.
The
lights
are
nothing
else
but
distinguished
and
seperated
Fibres
,
and
hang
not
togither
vpon
any
common
root
or
beginning
,
and
they
are
placed
or
seated
with
the
hart
,
which
they
enclose
,
much
lower
toward
the
belly
then
in
any
other
beast
.
Their
gal
is
yellowish
,
their
feet
like
a
beares
,
and
short
legges
,
wherefore
they
moue
and
runne
but
slowly
:
their
fingers
or
toes
wherewithall
they
digge
the
earth
,
are
armed
with
sharp
nailes
,
and
when
she
feeleth
any
harme
vpon
her
backe
,
presently
she
turneth
vpwarde
and
defendeth
her selfe
with
her
snowt
and
feet
:
Cardanus
.
with
her
feete
she
diggeth
,
and
with
her
nose
casteth
awaye
the
earth
,
and
therefore
such
earth
is
called
in
Germany
mal
werff
,
and
in
England
Mole-hill
:
and
she
loueth
the
fieldes
,
especially
meddowes
and
Gardens
,
where
the
ground
is
soft
,
for
it
is
admirable
with
what
celerity
she
casteth
vp
the
earth
.
They
haue
fiue
toes
with
clawes
vpon
each
forefoot
,
and
foure
vpon
each
foote
beehind
,
according
to
Albertus
,
but
by
diligent
inspection
you
shall
find
fiue
behind
also
,
for
there
is
one
very
little
and
recurued
backward
,
which
a
man
slightly
and
negligently
looking
vpon
,
would
take
to
be
nothing
.
The
palme
of
the
forefeet
is
broad
like
a
mans
hand
,
and
hath
a
hollow
in
it
if
it
be
put
togither
like
a
fist
,
and
the
toes
or
fingers
with
the
nailes
are
greater
then
any
other
beast
of
that
quantity
.
And
to
the
end
that
he
might
be
wel
armed
to
digge
,
the
forepart
of
her
forelegges
consist
of
two
solide
and
sound
bones
which
are
fastned
to
her
shoulders
,
and
her
clawes
spread
abroad
,
not
bending
downewarde
,
and
this
is
peculiar
to
this
beast
not
competible
to
any
other
,
but
in
her
hinder
legges
boeth
before
and
behind
they
are
like
a
Mouses
,
except
in
the
part
beneath
the
knee
,
which
consisteth
but
of
one
bone
which
is
also
forked
and
twisted
.
The
taile
is
short
and
hairy
:
And
thus
much
for
the
anatomy
and
seuerall
parts
.
the
places
of
their
abode
They
liue
as
we
haue
saide
in
the
earth
,
and
therfore
Cardan
saith
,
that
there
is
no
creature
which
hath
blood
and
breath
that
liueth
so
long
togithervnder
the
earth
,
and
that
the
earth
doth
not
hinder
their
exspiration
and
inspiration
;
for
which
cause
they
keepe
it
hollow
aboue
them
,
that
at
no
time
they
may
want
breath
,
although
they
doe
not
heaue
in
two
or
three
daies
;
but
I
rather
beleeue
when
they
heaue
,
they
doe
it
more
for
meate
then
for
breath
,
for
by
digging
and
remoouing
the
earth
they
take
Wormes
,
and
hunt
after
victuals
.
When
the
wormes
are
followed
by
Molds
,
(
for
by
digging
and
heauing
,
they
foreknow
their
owne
perdition
)
they
flie
to
the
superficies
and
very
toppe
of
the
earth
,
the
silly
beast
knowing
that
the
Molde
their
aduersary
,
dare
not
followe
them
into
the
light
,
so
that
their
wit
in
flying
their
enemy
is
greater
,
then
in
turning
againe
when
they
are
troade
vpon
.
They
loue
also
to
eat
Toads
and
Frogges
(
for
Albertus
saith
)
he
saw
a
great
Toade
whose
legge
a
Mole
helde
fast
in
the
earth
,
and
that
the
Toade
made
an
exceeding
great
noise
,
crying
out
for
hir
life
,
during
the
time
that
the
Molde
did
bite
hir
.
And
therefore
Toads
and
frogs
do
eat
dead
Moles
.
They
eat
also
the
root
of
herbs
and
plants
,
for
which
cause
they
are
called
by
Oppianus
,
poiophagi
Herbiuorae
,
herbe-eaters
.
In
the
month
of
Iuly
they
come
abroad
out
of
the
earth
,
Enemies
to
Moles
.
I
thinke
to
seeke
meate
at
that
time
when
wormes
be
scanty
.
They
are
hunted
by
Weasels
,
and
wilde
Cats
,
for
they
will
follow
them
into
their
holes
and
take
them
,
but
the
Cats
do
not
eate
them
:
whereas
wee
haue
said
alreadye
,
that
they
haue
an
vnderstanding
of
mens
speech
when
they
heare
them
talke
of
them
.
Vnderstanding
of
Moles
I
may
adde
thereunto
a
story
of
their
vnderstanding
,
thus
related
by
Gillius
in
his
own
experience
and
knowledge
.
When
I
had
(
saith
he
)
put
downe
into
the
earth
an
earthen
pot
made
of
purpose
with
a
narrow
mouth
to
take
Moles
,
it
fortuned
that
within
shorte
space
as
a
blind
Mole
came
along
shee
fell
into
it
and
could
not
get
forth
againe
,
but
lay
therein
whyning
;
one
of
her
fellowes
which
followed
her
seeing
his
mate
taken
,
heaued
vp
the
earth
aboue
the
pot
,
&
with
her
nose
cast
in
so
much
,
til
she
had
raised
vp
her
companion
to
the
brim
and
was
ready
to
come
forth
:
by
which
in
that
blind
creature
confined
to
darknesse
,
doth
not
onely
appeare
a
wonderfull
worke
of
almighty
God
,
that
endoweth
them
with
skill
to
defend
,
and
wisely
to
prouide
for
their
owne
safety
,
but
also
planted
in
them
such
a
naturall
and
mutuall
loue
one
to
another
,
which
is
so
much
the
more
admirable
,
considering
their
beginning
or
creation
as
we
haue
shewed
already
.
Because
by
their
continuall
heauing
and
laboring
for
meate
,
they
doe
much
harme
to
Gardens
and
other
places
of
their
aboad
,
and
therefore
in
the
husband-mans
and
house-wifes
common-wealth
it
is
an
acceptable
labor
to
take
and
destroy
them
.
Taking
of
Moles
For
which
cause
it
is
good
to
obserue
their
passages
,
and
marke
the
times
of
their
comming
to
labor
,
which
being
perceiued
they
are
easily
turned
out
of
the
earth
with
a
spade
,
and
this
was
the
first
and
most
common
way
.
Some
haue
placed
a
boord
full
of
pikes
which
they
fasten
vppon
a
small
sticke
in
the
mole-hil
or
passage
,
and
when
the
mole
commeth
to
heaue
vp
the
earth
,
by
touching
the
sticke
she
bringeth
down
the
pikes
and
sharp
nailed
board
vpon
her
owne
body
and
back
.
Other
take
a
Wyar
or
yron
,
and
make
it
to
haue
a
very
sharp
point
,
which
being
fastened
to
a
staffe
and
put
into
the
earth
where
the
Moles
passage
is
,
they
bend
and
so
set
vp
that
when
the
Mole
commeth
along
,
the
pike
runneth
into
her
and
killeth
her
.
The
Graecians
(
saith
Palladius
)
did
destroy
and
driue
away
their
Moles
by
this
inuention
,
they
tooke
a
great
Nut
,
or
any
other
kind
of
fruit
of
that
quantity
,
receipte
,
and
solidity
,
wherein
they
included
chaffe
,
Brimstone
,
and
Wax
,
then
did
they
stop
al
the
breathing
places
of
the
Moles
,
except
one
at
the
mouth
,
wherein
they
set
this
deuise
on
fire
,
so
as
the
smoke
was
driuen
inwarde
,
wherewithall
they
filled
the
hole
and
the
place
of
their
walkes
,
and
so
stopping
it
,
the
Moles
were
either
killed
or
driuen
away
.
Also
Paxamus
sheweth
another
meanes
to
driue
away
and
take
Molles
:
If
you
take
white
Hellebor
,
and
the
rindes
of
wilde
Mercury
instead
of
Hemlocke
,
and
dry
them
and
beate
them
to
poulder
,
afterward
sifte
them
and
mixe
them
with
meale
and
with
Milke
beaten
with
the
white
of
an
Egge
,
and
so
make
it
into
little
morsels
or
bals
,
Paramus
.
and
lay
them
in
the
Mole-hole
and
passages
,
it
will
kill
them
if
they
eate
thereof
,
as
they
will
certainely
doe
.
Many
vse
to
kill
both
Moles
and
Emmets
with
the
froath
of
new
Oyle
,
And
to
conclude
,
by
setting
an
earthen
pot
in
the
earth
and
Brimstone
burning
therein
,
it
will
certainely
driue
them
for
euer
from
that
place
.
Vnto
which
I
may
adde
a
superstitious
conceite
of
an
obscure
Author
,
who
writeth
,
that
if
you
whet
a
mowing
syth
in
a
fielde
or
meddow
vpon
the
feast
day
of
Christs
natiuity
,
(
commonly
called
Christmas
day
)
all
the
molles
that
are
within
the
hearing
thereof
,
will
certainly
for
euer
forsake
that
fielde
,
meddow
or
Garden
.
With
the
skinnes
of
moles
are
purses
made
,
for
the
rough
and
soft
haire
,
Vse
〈◊〉
theyr
seueral
parts
.
and
also
blacke
russet
colour
is
very
delectable
.
Pliny
hath
a
strange
saying
,
which
is
this
;
Epellibus
talparum
cubicularia
vidimus
stragula
;
adeò
ne
religio
quidem
a
portentis
summouet
delicias
,
that
is
,
we
haue
seene
the
hanginges
of
chambers
made
of
mole
skinnes
,
so
that
no
conscience
of
religion
cannot
auert
the
monstrous
loue
of
delights
from
the
afectation
of
men
.
For
all
the
auncient
Wise-men
and
magicians
did
hold
,
that
this
beast
was
capeable
of
Religion
,
Nullis
aeque
credunt
extis
;
nullum
Religionis
capacius
iudicant
animal
,
vt
si
quis
cor
eius
recens
palpitansque
deuorarit
diuinationis
&
rerum
efficiendarum
euentus
promittat
,
they
giue
not
so
much
credit
to
any
intrals
as
to
theirs
,
for
they
iudge
that
no
beast
is
so
capable
of
Religion
,
because
if
a
man
eat
the
heart
of
a
Mole
newly
taken
out
of
her
belly
and
panting
,
he
shall
be
able
to
deuine
and
fortell
infalliable
euents
.
Another
saith
,
Veteribus
monumentis
traditur
Gallinaceorum
fibris
maximè
dijs
gratas
videri
:
sicut
Talparum
viscera
Magi
verissima
dicunt
,
Alex.
ab
alex
illisque
haud
secus
quam
solenni
victima
litari
,
haec
enim
sunt
exta
argutissima
,
in
quibus
diuina
mens
in
esse
creditur
:
that
is
.
The
Fibres
of
Cockes
were
woont
among
auncient
monuments
to
be
accounted
most
acceptable
to
the
Goddes
,
euen
as
the
bowels
of
Moles
(
as
the
wise
men
say
)
and
to
offer
these
as
a
most
solemn
sacrifice
gratefull
to
the
Goddes
,
and
that
in
those
intrals
it
was
beleeued
that
the
minde
and
pleasure
of
God
was
seated
and
engrauen
;
and
a
litle
after
he
saith
,
that
the
bowels
of
Moles
and
frogs
do
fortell
many
great
and
fortunate
euents
.
But
I
will
leaue
this
paganisme
,
and
let
it
neuer
enter
into
the
hart
of
a
reasonable
man
that
such
beasts
can
loue
religion
,
or
that
God
hath
planted
in
their
bowels
and
corrupt
parts
,
such
letters
of
his
wisedome
and
fore-knowledge
which
he
hath
not
granted
to
the
immortall
and
incorruptible
soule
of
man
.
Onely
this
I
find
by
experience
,
that
before
any
raine
and
change
of
weather
,
these
silly
beasts
heaue
vp
the
earth
more
aboundantly
then
at
other
times
,
and
that
in
Thessaly
(
as
Varro
saith
)
a
whole
Towne
was
once
vndermined
by
Moles
.
They
were
wont
to
sacrifice
this
beast
to
Neptune
,
because
of
the
affinity
betwixt
their
names
,
for
in
Greeke
Asphaloos
signifieth
Neptune
,
and
Asphalax
a
mole
.
Alunnus
also
writeth
that
they
were
sacred
and
dedicated
to
hell
,
because
they
kept
continually
within
the
bosome
and
bowels
of
the
earth
,
and
to
conclude
,
because
that
moles
would
not
liue
in
Coronea
a
part
of
Boeotia
before
spoken
of
,
and
thereof
came
the
common
prouerbe
Asphalaca
eis
Coronean
,
a
mole
is
brought
to
Coronea
,
to
signifie
the
hatred
of
a
gift
or
ghest
to
him
that
is
forced
to
receiue
him
.
Thus
much
for
his
natural
and
morall
story
,
now
followeth
his
medicinall
.
The
medicines
of
the
Mole
.
There
is
nothing
which
is
more
profitable
or
medicinable
for
the
curing
of
the
bites
of
a
shrew
,
then
a
mole
being
flead
and
clapped
thereunto
.
The
same
doth
also
very
effectually
cure
and
heale
the
blowes
or
bitings
of
a
Scorpion
.
Pilles
being
made
with
that
which
proceedeth
from
moles
and
with
Hony
,
Pliny
eaten
nine
daies
together
,
doth
preserue
the
body
of
any
one
from
swellings
or
bunches
in
the
flesh
who
shall
so
eat
them
.
For
the
auoiding
or
driuing
away
the
haires
which
growe
in
any
part
of
mans
bodie
,
that
they
may
neuer
returne
or
be
renewed
againe
:
take
a
mole
and
laie
her
in
water
to
be
steeped
or
soaked
,
Arnoldus
so
long
as
she
shal
not
haue
any
haires
left
vppon
her
,
with
this
water
annoint
the
place
which
is
full
of
hairs
,
and
afterwards
wash
it
with
lye
made
of
ashes
,
and
then
rub
it
with
a
linnen
cloath
;
then
if
you
shall
see
the
haires
to
returne
againe
,
wash
it
twice
or
thrice
in
the
aforesaid
manner
,
and
they
wil
be
quite
expelled
away
,
and
by
no
meanes
can
be
made
eyther
to
renew
or
come
againe
.
For
the
renewing
,
and
bringing
againe
of
those
haires
which
are
fallen
or
decayed
,
take
a
mole
and
burne
her
whole
in
the
skin
,
and
mingle
the
dust
or
pouder
which
commeth
from
the
same
with
hony
vnto
the
thickenesse
or
fashion
of
an
ointment
,
Furnerius
and
this
being
rubbed
or
annointed
vpon
the
bare
or
bald
place
will
without
dout
in
some
short
time
or
space
procure
the
haire
to
grow
thick
.
For
the
renewing
of
haires
which
fall
from
horses
.
Rus●ius
.
Take
a
mole
and
boile
her
in
Oyle
,
vntill
all
the
flesh
be
consumed
and
quite
dissolued
into
a
liquid
iuice
,
with
this
oyle
annoint
the
place
which
is
bare
or
destitute
of
haires
twice
euery
day
for
some
short
space
,
and
it
will
make
the
haires
to
grow
in
great
abundance
.
For
the
changing
of
the
haires
of
horses
from
blacke
to
white
,
take
a
mole
and
boile
her
in
salt
Water
,
or
lye
made
of
ashes
three
dayes
together
,
and
when
the
Water
or
lye
shall
be
quite
consumed
,
put
new
water
or
lie
thereunto
:
this
being
done
,
wash
or
bathe
the
place
with
the
water
or
lye
somewhat
hot
;
presently
the
black
haires
will
fall
and
slide
away
,
and
in
some
short
time
there
will
come
white
.
Whosoeuer
shall
take
a
mole
and
hold
her
in
his
right
hand
vntill
she
die
,
shall
haue
such
an
excellent
vertue
therein
,
that
she
shal
ease
the
paine
of
a
womans
breasts
onely
by
touching
them
.
The
dust
of
a
mole
being
brent
,
mingled
with
the
white
of
an
Egge
,
and
anointed
vpon
a
sneepe
,
is
an
excellent
and
medicinable
remedy
against
the
Leprie
which
commeth
oftentimes
vpon
them
.
The
dust
of
a
mole
mixed
with
oyle
or
hony
,
Pliny
.
and
annointed
vpon
the
skin
of
either
man
or
woman
which
is
ful
of
Lepry
,
wil
verie
speedily
and
effectually
cure
and
heale
the
same
.
The
same
being
vsed
in
the
aforesaide
manner
,
is
very
good
for
the
curing
of
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
disease
called
the
Kinges
euill
,
as
also
for
those
which
haue
hard
bunches
or
kernels
arising
in
their
Arme-holes
,
Marcellus
and
in
other
parts
of
their
body
.
The
whole
body
of
a
mole
being
taken
and
burned
in
the
skin
into
drye
dust
,
or
pouper
,
is
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
disease
called
the
Fistula
,
as
also
for
the
purging
of
the
corruption
in
them
and
healing
of
them
,
being
once
taking
by
any
man
.
The
same
being
also
mixed
with
hony
,
and
rubd
vpon
the
teeth
of
any
one
who
hath
paine
in
them
doth
not
onely
ease
the
paine
and
greefe
thereof
,
but
also
doth
strengthen
and
make
them
fast
.
The
blood
of
a
mole
being
killed
,
Vincentius
spred
or
annointed
vpon
the
head
of
any
one
which
is
bald
,
wil
very
speedily
renew
and
bring
the
haires
againe
.
The
head
of
a
mole
being
cut
off
and
beaten
together
with
the
earth
which
is
stirred
vp
by
moles
,
and
wrought
into
a
paast
,
and
rowled
togither
like
a
little
loafe
,
is
very
much
vsed
for
the
healing
of
al
swellings
,
and
for
those
things
which
they
cal
impostumes
,
Sextus
as
also
for
al
swellings
or
kernels
which
arise
in
the
necke
,
so
that
in
the
time
of
the
curing
of
these
things
,
the
party
which
is
pained
and
greeued
,
be
not
suffered
to
eat
any
swines
flesh
.
The
tooth
of
a
liuing
mole
taken
out
and
tyed
or
bound
to
the
teeth
of
any
who
is
griued
therein
,
Obscurus
is
commended
by
the
Magi
or
wise-men
to
be
an
excellent
remedy
and
cure
for
the
same
.
The
hart
of
a
mole
being
eaten
nine
dayes
together
,
doth
very
speedily
and
effectually
cure
either
him
or
her
which
shal
so
eat
it
,
of
that
pestiferous
disease
cald
the
Kings
euil
,
if
it
be
so
that
it
hath
not
bene
of
too
long
continuance
with
them
.
Pliny
.
Arnoldus
The
same
is
also
very
good
and
profitable
for
the
asswaging
of
Wens
,
being
vsed
in
the
aforesaide
manner
.
The
liuer
of
a
mole
being
beaten
betweene
the
handes
of
him
that
is
troubled
with
bunches
or
swellings
in
his
back
,
and
afterwards
put
vpon
the
same
,
is
a
present
help
and
cure
.
The
same
effect
hath
the
right
foot
of
a
mole
for
the
asswaging
of
bunches
and
swellings
arising
in
the
flesh
.
Of
the
vulgar
little
Mouse
.
AS
we
haue
handled
the
natures
,
and
deliuered
the
figures
of
the
great
Beasts
,
so
also
must
we
not
disdaine
in
a
perfect
Hystory
to
touch
the
smallest
:
For
Almighty
God
which
hath
made
them
al
,
hath
disseminated
in
euery
kind
both
of
great
and
smal
beasts
,
seeds
of
his
wisedome
,
maiesty
,
and
glory
.
Definition
of
a
Mouse
The
little
mouse
therefore
is
iustly
tearmed
Incola
domus
nostrae
,
an
inhabitant
in
our
own
houses
,
Et
rosor
omnium
rerum
,
and
a
knawer
of
al
things
.
And
therefore
from
the
sounde
of
her
teeth
which
she
maketh
in
gnawing
,
shee
is
called
Serex
.
Although
we
shal
shew
you
afterwards
,
that
Sorex
is
a
speciall
kinde
,
and
not
the
name
of
the
general
.
Wherefore
seeing
there
be
many
kindes
of
Mise
,
and
euery
one
of
them
desireth
a
particular
tractate
,
I
thought
good
to
begin
with
the
vulgar
little
mouse
,
and
so
to
discend
to
the
seuerall
species
and
kindes
of
all
,
The
seueral
names
.
according
to
the
method
of
the
Phylosopher
,
A
notioribus
minus
ad
nota
,
from
things
that
are
most
knowne
to
them
that
are
lesse
knowne
.
In
Haebrew
it
is
called
Achar
,
Leuit
xi
.
where
the
Septuagintes
translate
it
muys
,
the
Chaldee
Acbera
,
the
Arabians
Fer
,
or
Phar
,
from
whence
commeth
the
Sarasan
word
Fara
.
The
Persians
An
Mus
,
the
Latins
mus
,
the
Italians
Tapo
,
or
Sorice
,
Alsorgio
,
O
Rato
,
Di-Casa
,
although
Rato
signifieth
a
Rat
,
both
among
the
Germans
,
French
,
and
English
.
The
Spaniards
call
the
little
Mouse
,
Ratt
;
and
the
great
Rat
Ratz
,
the
French
the
little
Mouse
Souris
,
which
word
seemes
to
be
deriued
from
the
Latine
Sorex
,
and
the
great
mouse
they
call
Ratt
.
The
Germaines
the
great
ones
Ratz
,
and
the
little
one
Muss
,
the
Illyrians
,
and
Pollonians
,
Myss
,
which
is
the
Greek
word
,
and
the
great
one
they
cal
Sczurcz
,
the
Venetians
cal
the
Rat
Pantegana
,
of
Pontis
,
the
vulgar
greekename
,
and
the
Romans
Sourco
.
Denomination
of
sundrie
creatures
from
the
Mouse
.
Now
the
dignity
of
this
little
beast
,
may
appeare
by
the
name
,
which
hath
spred
it selfe
both
to
beasts
,
fishes
,
men
,
hearbs
and
Citties
.
To
beasts
as
we
haue
shewed
before
in
the
Ichneumon
,
which
is
vulgarly
called
the
Indian-mouse
,
or
Pharoes-mouse
.
And
to
fishes
,
for
there
is
a
little
fishe
called
Musculus
,
and
in
Greeke
Mystocetos
,
the
Whale-mouse
,
because
it
leadeth
the
way
,
and
sheweth
the
Whale
whether
so
euer
shee
swimmeth
,
for
the
auoiding
of
rockes
,
(
according
to
Pliny
)
although
Rondoletius
affirmeth
otherwise
,
namely
,
that
that
guide
of
the
Whale
is
called
Egemon
,
and
Egetur
,
and
Mystocetus
(
hee
saith
)
is
a
shell
fish
.
Generally
most
kind
of
Oysters
are
also
called
Myss
,
because
sometimes
they
gape
and
make
a
noise
like
a
mouse
,
and
close
their
shels
againe
.
The
purple
Fishes
be
also
called
Myss
,
there
is
likewise
a
kind
of
pretious
stone
called
Mya
,
about
Bosphoras
,
Thrasius
,
and
many
such
other
dignities
,
hath
the
name
of
this
beast
attained
.
Pausanias
.
There
was
one
Mys
,
the
seruaunt
of
that
famous
Phylosopher
Epicurus
,
likewise
the
name
of
a
champion
or
chalenger
,
is
Suidas
and
Varinus
,
and
there
was
another
called
Mus
,
of
excellent
skill
,
for
ingrauing
in
Siluer
,
and
therefore
did
draw
vpon
the
shield
of
Minerua
,
the
fight
betwixt
the
Lapithae
,
and
the
Centaurs
,
and
many
other
things
.
Whereupon
martiall
made
this
verse
:
Quis
labor
in
Phyala
?
docti
myos
?
anne
myronis
.
There
was
a
Consull
of
Rome
,
whose
name
was
Mus
,
and
therefore
Camerarius
made
this
riddle
of
the
mouse
;
Parua
mihi
domus
est
,
sedianua
semper
aperta
,
acciduo
sumptu
,
furti●●
viuo
sagina
,
quod
mihi
nomen
in
est
,
Romae
quoque
Consul
habebat
.
The
Thrasians
cald
Argilus
a
mouse
,
and
the
citty
which
he
builded
Argelus
.
Myes
was
a
citty
of
Ionia
,
and
a
cittizen
of
that
citty
was
called
Myetius
.
Myon
a
citty
of
Locri
in
Epirus
,
and
the
people
thereof
are
called
Myones
.
Myonesus
a
little
region
betwixt
Teon
and
Lebedon
,
and
acording
to
Stephanus
,
an
Island
neare
Ephesus
,
the
first
port
or
hauen
of
Egypt
opening
to
the
red
sea
,
is
called
Muos
armos
,
the
mouses
hauen
,
and
Mysia
also
seemeth
to
be
deriued
from
their
stem
.
There
is
an
Island
vnder
the
Equinoctiall
line
,
called
Insula
murium
,
the
mouse-Ilande
,
because
of
the
abundance
of
myce
therein
:
and
to
conclude
,
euen
the
hearbs
and
plants
of
the
earth
,
Theuetus
.
haue
receiued
names
from
this
litle
beast
,
as
Hordeum
Murinum
,
Myacantha
,
Sperrage
,
Myopteton
,
Myuoos
,
Myortocon
Mouse-eare
,
Mouse-foot
,
and
such
like
.
There
haue
bin
also
commedies
made
of
Myss
,
as
that
of
Carsinus
,
called
Myes
,
wherein
the
Weasill
strangleth
the
night-wandring
Myss
.
And
another
Greeke
comedy
called
Galeomyomachia
,
that
is
a
fight
betwixt
cats
and
myce
,
wherein
the
poet
doeth
most
pleasantly
faine
names
of
myce
,
as
their
king
he
called
Creillus
,
that
is
a
flesh-eater
,
and
his
eldest
sonne
Psicarpax
,
Fictions
learned
&
wittie
of
the
proper
nams
of
Mise
a
corne-eater
;
and
his
second
sonne
Psitodarpes
Bread-eater
,
and
his
eldeste
daughter
,
Lycnogluphe
,
candle-eater
,
and
all
his
auncestors
Carpodaptai
,
that
is
Fruit-eaters
.
And
then
he
bringeth
other
myce
in
,
as
Turolicos
,
Psicolices
,
Cholecoclophos
.
Homer
in
his
Batracomiomachia
,
that
is
,
a
fight
betwixt
Frogs
and
mice
,
doeth
very
elegantly
describe
diuers
proper
names
of
mice
.
As
Piscarpax
,
whose
father
was
Tuoxartes
,
and
his
mother
Lychomile
,
daughter
of
Plernotrocta
the
king
,
and
then
other
mice
,
as
Lychopinax
,
Terogliphus
,
Embaschitrus
,
Lychenor
,
Troglodites
,
Artophagus
,
Ptermogliphus
,
Pternophagus
,
Cnissodioctes
,
Sidophogus
,
Artepibulus
,
Meridarpax
,
and
Thulacotrox
,
all
which
are
not
only
out
of
the
aboundance
of
the
Authors
wit
,
but
inuented
for
the
expressing
of
the
mouses
nature
.
The
Mouses
place
of
conception
haue
many
holes
in
it
,
during
the
time
s●e
b●ar●h
hir
young
ones
.
There
is
no
creature
that
heareth
more
perfectly
then
a
Mouse
,
they
dwell
in
houses
of
men
,
especially
neare
supping
and
dyning
roomes
,
kitchins
or
larders
,
Albertus
,
where
any
meat
is
stirring
.
And
they
make
themselues
places
of
aboade
by
gnawing
with
their
teeth
,
if
they
finde
not
conuenient
lodginges
prepared
to
their
hand
,
Orus
.
Aelianus
.
and
they
loue
the
hollow
places
of
wals
,
or
the
roofes
of
houses
,
and
therefore
the
Waspes
which
in
Aristophanes
are
called
Drophae
,
that
is
gnawers
of
roofes
,
are
to
be
vnderstood
to
bee
Mice
,
because
Myss
Drophia
is
a
Mouse
in
the
house
top
.
In
the
day
time
they
lye
still
,
so
long
as
they
either
see
or
heare
a
man
,
or
any
other
beast
harmeful
vnto
them
,
for
they
discerne
their
enemies
,
not
fearing
an
Oxe
,
though
they
run
away
from
a
Cat.
They
are
very
desirous
of
bread
,
and
delight
in
all
those
meats
which
are
made
of
fruit
,
for
the
nourishment
of
men
.
It
is
a
creature
very
diligent
&
exquisite
,
both
to
compasse
,
seeke
out
and
chuse
the
same
,
so
that
therefore
it
doth
often
endanger
and
loose
his
owne
life
:
and
finding
any
cubbards
,
wood
,
or
such
like
hard
matter
,
to
withstand
his
purpose
,
and
hinder
his
passage
,
it
ceaseth
not
to
weary
it selfe
with
gnawing
,
vntill
it
obtaine
the
purpose
.
All
kinds
of
Mice
loue
grain
and
corne
,
and
prefer
the
hard
before
the
soft
,
they
loue
also
cheese
,
and
if
they
come
to
many
cheeses
together
they
tast
all
,
but
they
eate
of
the
best
.
And
therefore
the
Egyptians
in
their
Hyrogliphicks
do
picture
a
mouse
,
to
signifie
a
sound
iudgement
and
good
choice
.
Buckmast
is
very
acceptable
to
Mice
,
and
the
Mice
in
the
I
le
Parus
,
in
Teredos
,
in
the
Iland
Giaros
,
which
is
one
of
the
Ilands
of
the
Sporads
in
Cyprus
,
and
in
Calcis
,
they
did
eat
yron
,
as
appeareth
by
Aristotle
,
Aelianus
,
and
Heraclides
.
And
it
was
also
found
,
that
in
a
certain
Iland
neare
Calybes
,
Mice
eate
and
deuoure
gold
,
and
therefore
the
Gold-smiths
did
cut
them
in
pieces
among
their
mettles
.
Plutarch
,
in
the
life
of
Marcellus
saith
,
that
there
were
many
prodigies
and
fearful
signes
that
did
proceede
the
war
of
Marius
,
amongst
other
he
saith
that
mice
did
eate
the
Gold
hanging
in
the
temple
,
and
that
one
of
the
temple
keepers
in
a
certaine
trap
tooke
a
female
mouse
aliue
,
who
littered
fiue
little
mice
in
that
place
,
and
deuoured
three
of
them
.
Anthologius
rehearseth
a
witty
exasticon
of
Antiphilus
,
vpon
a
mouse
which
was
slit
asunder
aliue
,
for
certaine
gold-dust
,
which
shee
had
deuoured
,
whereby
was
signified
how
men
procure
vnto
themselues
exquisite
torments
,
Pliny
.
Albertus
.
and
vnauoidable
mortall
harmes
by
stealing
,
and
encreasing
of
riches
signified
by
Gold
.
Vulgar
Mice
do
ruminate
or
chew
the
cud
as
well
as
the
Pontix
,
and
they
drinke
by
licking
or
lapping
,
although
their
teeth
be
not
sawed
.
It
is
reported
that
the
mice
of
Affricke
,
Mice
cannot
drinke
without
danger
.
and
especially
of
Libia
die
assoone
as
they
drinke
.
And
the
reason
whereof
we
will
shew
afterwards
in
the
taking
of
mice
,
when
we
come
to
discourse
of
their
poysons
.
And
for
the
present
it
should
seeme
their
temperament
,
or
constitution
is
so
moyst
that
nature
can
endure
no
addition
.
Yet
in
the
plaines
of
Arcadia
there
are
Myce
which
drinke
of
a
certaine
fountains
without
any
harme
.
Theophrastus
Generation
of
mice
and
their
carnall
copulation
.
The
generation
or
procreation
of
Myce
,
is
not
onely
by
copulation
,
but
also
nature
worketh
wonderfully
in
engendering
them
by
earth
and
small
showers
,
as
we
will
shew
in
the
discourse
of
wilde
Mice
.
But
the
house-Mouse
whereof
we
now
entreat
,
is
engendered
by
copulation
betwixt
male
and
female
,
and
they
are
in
generall
most
libidenous
,
as
may
appeare
by
that
saying
of
Crattinus
against
Xenophon
,
Phere
nun
ex
aithrias
Katapuposunen
muos
astrapso
Xenophontos
,
go
to
now
,
for
from
the
skies
I
wil
strike
by
lightning
the
Murin
wantonnesse
of
Xenophon
,
and
the
female
is
much
more
venerious
then
the
male
,
as
appeareth
by
that
fable
of
Ipicrates
describing
the
rage
of
a
lustfull
Woman
.
Postremo
subijt
me
,
detestabilis
lena
deierans
,
per
dianam
,
per
puellam
,
per
persephattam
,
se
esse
vittulam
,
esse
virginem
,
esse
pullam
indomitam
,
at
illa
myonia
erat
.
Then
followed
me
that
detestable
band
,
swearing
by
Diana
and
Persephatta
that
she
was
a
Heighfar
neuer
touched
,
a
Virgin
neuer
stained
,
and
a
Colt
neuer
couered
,
but
the
truth
is
she
was
as
good
a
mayde
as
a
Mouse
.
Politianus
instead
of
,
at
illa
myonia
erat
,
hath
,
at
illa
canus
erat
Murinus
:
that
is
,
she
was
a
Mouses
hole
,
signifieng
that
her
virginnity
was
lost
,
and
that
she
suffered
any
louers
as
a
Mouse-hole
doth
any
Mice
.
And
from
hence
came
that
verse
of
Martiall
,
describing
the
speach
of
a
louer
to
his
loue
,
calling
him
her
Mouse
and
her
ioy
;
Nam
cum
me
Murim
tu
cum
mea
lumina
dicis
.
So
that
ingenerall
all
mice
,
Albertus
.
Copulation
of
mice
.
and
not
onely
the
white
Mouse
are
most
desirous
of
copulation
.
And
when
they
are
in
copulation
,
they
embrace
with
their
tailes
,
filling
one
another
without
al
delay
.
By
tasting
of
salt
,
they
are
made
very
fruitefull
,
and
therefore
Aristotle
,
and
the
souldiors
of
Alexander
the
great
do
report
,
that
mice
by
licking
one
another
,
and
by
the
licking
of
salt
do
ingender
and
conceiue
with
yong
without
any
other
copulation
.
But
what
reasons
they
haue
to
lead
them
to
that
opinion
,
I
know
not
,
beside
that
wonder
reported
by
Pliny
and
Aristotle
,
that
in
a
certaine
part
of
Persia
,
a
female
mouse
being
slit
assunder
aliue
,
all
the
young
females
within
her
belly
are
also
found
pregnant
conceiued
with
young
.
Two
myracles
in
their
procreation
and
multiplication
.
It
is
very
certaine
,
that
for
the
time
they
go
with
yong
,
and
for
the
number
they
bring
forth
,
they
exceed
all
other
beasts
,
conceiuing
euery
fourteene
or
sixteene
daies
,
so
that
it
hath
beene
found
by
good
experience
,
that
a
female
mouse
hauing
free
liberty
to
litter
,
in
a
vessell
of
millet-seede
,
within
lesse
compasse
then
halfe
a
year
,
she
hath
brought
forth
one
hundred
and
twenty
young
ones
.
They
liue
very
long
,
if
they
be
not
preuented
of
their
naturall
course
,
and
dying
naturally
,
Volateranus
Gillius
.
whether
mice
be
docible
.
they
perish
not
al
at
once
,
but
by
little
,
and
little
,
first
one
member
,
and
then
another
,
(
Pliny
saith
)
Euolucribus
,
hirundines
sunt
indociles
,
è
terrestribus
Mures
,
amonge
the
Fowles
of
the
ayre
,
the
swallowes
are
vndocible
,
and
among
the
creatures
of
the
earth
a
mouse
;
yet
Albertus
writeth
,
that
he
saw
in
vpper
Germany
,
a
mouse
hold
a
burning
candle
in
her
feet
,
at
the
commaundement
of
her
maister
all
the
time
his
guests
were
at
Supper
.
Now
the
onely
cause
why
they
growe
not
tame
is
,
their
naturall
feare
,
such
as
is
in
Conies
,
Hares
,
and
Deere
.
For
how
can
any
man
or
beast
loue
or
harken
vnto
him
,
who
they
are
perswaded
lyeth
in
waight
for
their
life
,
and
such
is
the
peswasion
of
all
them
that
feare
,
which
perswasion
being
once
remoued
by
continual
familiarity
,
there
is
no
cause
in
nature
but
that
a
Mouse
may
be
docible
as
well
as
a
Hare
or
Cony
,
which
we
haue
shewed
heretofore
in
their
stories
.
It
is
also
very
certaine
that
Mice
which
liue
in
a
house
,
if
they
perceiue
by
the
age
of
it
,
Presages
and
for
knoledge
of
mice
.
it
be
ready
to
fall
downe
or
subiect
to
any
other
ruin
,
they
foreknow
it
and
depart
out
of
it
,
as
may
appeare
by
this
notable
story
which
happened
in
a
towne
called
Helice
in
Greece
,
wherein
the
inhabitantes
committed
this
abominable
acte
against
their
neighbours
the
Greekes
.
For
they
slew
them
and
sacrificed
them
vpon
their
altars
.
Whereupon
followed
the
ruin
of
the
citty
,
which
was
premonstrated
by
this
prodigious
euent
.
For
5.
daies
before
the
destruction
thereof
,
all
the
Mice
,
Weasels
,
and
Serpentes
,
and
other
reptile
creatures
,
went
out
of
the
same
in
the
presence
of
the
inhabitants
,
euery
one
assembling
to
his
owne
ranke
and
company
,
where
at
the
people
wondered
much
,
for
they
cold
not
conceiue
any
true
cause
of
their
departure
,
and
no
maruaile
.
For
God
which
had
appointed
to
take
vengance
on
them
for
their
wickednes
,
did
not
giue
them
so
much
knowledge
nor
make
them
so
wise
as
the
beasts
to
auoid
his
iudgement
,
and
their
owne
destruction
;
and
therefore
marke
what
followed
.
For
these
beasts
were
no
sooner
out
of
the
citty
,
but
suddenly
in
the
night
time
,
came
such
a
lamentable
earth-quake
and
strong
tempest
,
that
all
the
houses
did
not
onely
fall
down
,
and
not
one
of
them
stood
vpright
,
to
the
slaughter
of
men
,
women
,
and
children
,
contained
in
them
,
but
least
any
of
them
should
escape
the
strokes
of
the
timber
and
house
tops
,
God
sent
also
such
a
great
floud
of
waters
,
by
reason
of
the
tempestuous
wind
which
droue
the
Waters
out
of
the
sea
vpon
the
Town
,
that
swept
them
al
away
,
leauing
no
more
behind
then
naked
and
bare
significations
of
former
buildings
.
And
not
only
the
citty
and
Cittizens
perished
,
Aelianus
.
but
also
there
was
ten
ships
of
the
Lacedemonians
in
their
port
all
drowned
at
that
instant
.
The
wisedome
of
the
Mouse
apeareth
in
the
prepararion
of
her
house
,
for
considering
shee
hath
many
enemies
,
Their
natural
wisdome
.
and
therefore
many
means
to
be
hunted
from
place
to
place
,
she
commiteth
not
herselfe
to
one
lodging
alone
,
but
prouideth
many
holes
;
so
that
when
she
is
hunted
in
one
place
shee
may
more
safely
repose
her selfe
in
another
.
Which
thing
Plautus
expresseth
in
these
wordes
.
Sed
tamem
cogitato
,
Mus
pusillus
,
quam
sapiens
sit
bestia
,
aetatem
qui
vni
cubili
,
nunquam
committit
suam
:
cum
vnum
obsidetor
,
aliunde
perfugium
quaerit
,
that
is
to
say
,
it
is
good
to
consider
the
little
mouse
,
how
wise
a
beast
she
is
,
for
she
will
not
commit
her
life
to
one
lodging
but
prouideth
many
harbors
,
that
being
molested
in
one
place
she
may
haue
another
refuge
to
fly
vnto
.
And
as
their
wisedome
is
admirable
in
this
prouision
,
so
also
is
their
loue
to
be
commended
one
to
another
,
for
falling
into
a
vessell
of
Water
or
other
deepe
thing
,
Their
natural
loue
to
one
another
.
out
of
which
they
cannot
ascend
againe
of
themselues
,
they
help
one
another
,
by
letting
downe
their
tailes
,
and
if
their
tailes
be
to
short
,
then
they
lengthen
them
by
this
meanes
,
they
take
one
anothers
taile
in
their
mouth
,
and
so
hang
two
or
3.
in
length
vntill
the
Mouse
which
was
fallen
downe
take
hold
on
the
neathermost
,
which
being
performed
,
they
al
of
them
draw
her
out
.
Euen
so
Wolues
holding
one
another
by
their
tailes
,
do
swim
ouer
great
riuers
,
and
thus
hath
nature
graunted
that
to
them
which
is
denyed
to
many
men
,
Aelianus
.
Their
disposition
and
their
flesh
.
Proc●p●●s
.
Aristeas
.
namely
to
loue
,
and
to
be
wise
both
together
.
But
concerning
their
maners
,
they
are
euil
,
apt
to
steale
,
incideous
,
and
deceitefull
,
and
men
also
which
are
of
the
same
disposition
with
these
beasts
fearing
to
do
any
thing
publikely
,
&
yet
priuatly
enterprise
many
deceits
are
iustly
reproued
in
imitation
of
such
beasts
.
For
this
cause
was
it
forbidden
in
gods
law
vnto
the
Iewes
,
not
only
to
eat
,
but
to
touch
mice
,
&
the
prophet
Esa.
ch.
66
saith
,
Comedentes
carnem
suillam
,
&
abominationem
,
atque
murem
simul
consumentur
inquit
Dominus
,
that
is
they
which
eat
swins
flesh
,
abomination
,
&
the
Mous
shal
be
destroyed
together
saith
the
Lord
:
wherein
the
prophet
threatneth
a
curse
vnto
the
people
,
Arnaldus
.
that
broke
the
first
law
of
God
,
in
eating
flesh
forbidden
,
and
the
Physitians
also
say
,
that
the
eating
of
the
flesh
of
Mice
engendereth
forgetfulnesse
,
abomination
,
and
corruption
in
the
stomacke
.
The
eating
of
bread
or
other
meate
which
is
bitten
by
Mice
doth
encrease
in
men
and
children
a
certaine
disease
in
their
face
,
hu●t
by
mice
to
the
bodies
of
mankinde
.
and
in
the
flesh
,
at
the
rootes
of
the
nails
of
their
fingers
certaine
hard
bunches
,
called
by
the
Venetians
Spelli
,
and
by
the
Germans
Leidspyssen
,
and
by
the
Latins
Dentes
Muris
:
yet
it
is
affirmed
,
that
the
flesh
of
Mice
is
good
for
Haukes
,
to
be
giuen
them
euery
day
,
or
euery
each
other
day
together
with
the
skin
,
for
it
helpeth
their
entrals
,
purgeth
fleame
,
and
choller
,
restraineth
the
fluctions
of
the
belly
,
Medicine
of
Hawkes
.
Demetrius
.
driueth
out
stones
and
grauell
,
stayeth
the
distillation
of
the
head
to
the
eyes
,
and
finall
corroborateth
the
stomacke
.
Yet
we
haue
hard
that
in
the
kingdome
of
Calechut
,
they
do
eate
Mice
and
Fishes
roasted
in
the
sun
.
And
it
is
said
by
some
Physitians
and
Magicians
,
that
the
flesh
is
good
against
melancholy
,
and
the
paine
of
the
teeth
,
but
the
medicinall
vertues
we
reserue
to
his
proper
place
.
Pliny
affirmeth
a
strange
wonder
,
worthy
to
bee
remembred
and
recorded
,
Eating
of
Mice
.
that
when
Hanniball
besieged
Casselinum
,
there
was
a
man
that
sold
a
Mouse
for
two
hundred
pieces
of
quoine
,
so
great
was
the
extremity
of
famine
,
that
the
man
which
sold
it
dyed
for
hunger
,
and
as
it
should
seeme
through
the
want
of
it
,
but
he
which
bought
it
liued
by
eating
therof
,
the
which
thing
argueth
that
necessity
,
hunger
,
and
famin
,
maketh
men
for
the
safegard
of
life
,
to
make
more
reckoning
in
extremity
of
the
basest
creaturs
,
then
in
prosperity
they
do
of
the
best
.
For
that
person
which
gaue
so
much
mony
for
a
Mouse
,
at
another
time
woulde
haue
scorned
to
haue
giuen
so
much
for
foure
Oxen.
And
on
the
other
side
the
wretched
loue
of
gaine
,
which
causeth
a
man
to
endanger
his
owne
life
for
loue
of
siluer
.
But
I
rather
thinke
that
it
was
the
hand
of
God
himselfe
taking
vengance
of
such
a
couetous
disposition
which
would
not
suffer
him
to
liue
,
that
like
Midas
had
gotten
so
much
gold
.
Enemies
of
Mice
.
The
enemies
of
Mice
are
many
,
not
onely
men
which
by
sundry
artificiall
deuises
kill
them
because
of
harme
,
but
also
beasts
and
wilde
foule
doe
eat
their
flesh
,
and
liue
vpon
them
.
And
first
of
all
Cats
&
Weasels
,
do
principally
hunt
to
catch
Mice
,
and
haue
bin
therefore
by
the
late
writers
called
Murilegi
,
for
their
taking
of
Mice
.
And
the
nature
of
the
Weasell
is
not
onely
more
enclined
to
hunt
after
them
,
then
the
cat
,
but
is
more
terrible
also
vnto
them
,
Pliny
.
for
if
the
braines
of
a
Weasell
,
the
haire
or
rennet
be
sprinkled
vppon
Cheese
or
any
other
meate
whereto
Mice
resort
,
they
not
onely
forbeare
to
eate
thereof
,
but
also
to
come
in
that
place
.
They
are
also
driuen
away
by
the
sprinkling
of
the
ashes
of
Weasels
,
and
as
all
noises
make
them
afraid
,
so
none
so
much
as
the
skreetching
or
crying
of
a
weasell
,
for
at
the
hearing
thereof
they
fall
astonished
.
And
besides
they
haue
more
opportunity
to
follow
and
take
them
then
cats
,
because
their
bodies
are
lesser
,
and
their
noses
and
snouts
longer
,
and
therefore
they
follow
them
many
times
into
their
holes
,
and
very
nimbly
pul
them
forth
when
they
thinke
they
are
most
secure
.
Foxes
also
kill
Mice
,
and
in
Italy
there
is
a
blacke
Snake
called
Carbonario
from
his
colour
resembling
coales
,
which
I
thinke
to
be
the
same
that
the
Gretians
call
Myagros
,
from
his
hunting
of
Mice
:
This
snake
doth
also
eat
and
deuoure
Mice
.
Haukes
eate
Mice
,
and
all
the
night-birds
,
especially
the
night-crowes
and
Owles
.
How
hatefull
a
Mouse
is
to
the
Elephant
,
wee
haue
shewed
already
in
that
story
,
how
in
the
presence
thereof
he
will
not
touch
his
meate
,
nor
eate
any
thing
ouer
which
a
Mouse
doth
run
.
Nor
yet
eate
in
the
cratch
or
manger
wherein
a
Mouse
hath
bin
.
Ponzettus
affirmeth
,
that
there
is
great
loue
betweene
Mice
and
Serpentes
,
for
sometimes
they
play
together
.
Their
is
a
hatred
betwixt
Bats
,
Frogs
,
and
Mice
,
as
may
appeare
by
Anthologius
,
Museus
,
and
others
.
It
is
said
also
that
they
are
hatefull
to
Oysters
,
whereof
I
know
no
reason
,
except
it
be
because
they
loue
their
fish
.
And
Alciatus
hath
a
pretty
embleme
,
which
he
entituleth
Captinus
ob
gulam
,
wherein
he
sheweth
,
that
a
Mouse
watcheth
an
Oyster
when
he
gapeth
,
and
seeing
it
open
thrust
in
his
head
to
eate
the
fish
,
assoone
as
euer
the
Oyster
felt
his
teeth
,
presently
he
closeth
his
shell
again
,
and
so
crusheth
the
mouses
head
in
pieces
,
whereby
hee
disciphereth
the
condition
of
those
men
which
destroy
themselues
to
serue
their
belies
,
And
thus
much
for
the
loue
and
enmity
betwixt
Mice
and
other
beasts
.
Now
concerning
the
actions
of
men
,
they
hunt
Mice
to
be
rid
from
their
anoyances
,
because
they
do
not
onely
destroy
the
things
they
eate
,
and
liue
vpon
other
mens
cost
,
and
therefore
Parasites
are
compared
vnto
them
whom
the
Germans
call
Schmorotzer
,
and
Tellerlecker
,
that
is
smell-feasts
,
and
lick-spickets
,
are
compared
to
Mice
,
because
they
liue
at
other
mens
tables
.
But
also
Mice
do
defile
,
corrupt
,
and
make
vnprofitable
whatsoeuer
they
tast
,
and
therefore
the
Egyptians
,
when
they
would
describe
corruption
,
do
picture
a
Mouse
For
these
causes
haue
men
inuented
many
deuises
,
snars
,
and
gins
,
the
generall
wherof
is
called
by
the
Latines
Muscipula
,
and
by
the
Gretians
Muspala
,
and
Miagra
,
the
diuers
and
seuerall
formes
whereof
I
will
not
disdaine
to
set
down
.
For
the
wise
reader
must
consider
that
it
is
as
necessary
or
rather
more
necessary
for
most
men
to
know
how
to
take
mice
,
then
how
to
take
Elephants
.
And
although
every
woman
,
and
silly
Rat-ketcher
can
giue
instruction
enough
therin
,
yet
their
knowledge
cannot
excuse
my
negligence
if
I
should
omit
the
inuentions
and
deuises
of
the
auncient
,
whereby
they
deliuerd
themselues
from
the
annoiances
of
these
beasts
.
And
therefore
first
of
al
to
declare
the
manner
of
ketching
them
in
places
where
corne
is
kept
:
Let
your
moustrap
bee
placed
to
ketch
mice
,
right
against
the
door
,
but
let
them
haue
roome
to
come
in
,
and
in
short
time
it
will
so
feare
them
,
that
they
wil
trouble
you
no
more
.
But
if
mice
breed
in
the
ground
vnder
creaueses
,
except
you
fill
al
the
creauises
with
moustraps
,
you
wil
neuer
ketch
them
,
which
the
inhabitants
of
the
Iland
Pandatharia
are
faine
to
do
.
There
are
other
kind
of
moustraps
which
do
ketch
mice
aliue
:
Varrus
.
and
othersome
which
do
kil
them
,
either
being
pressed
downe
with
the
waight
of
it
,
or
stifeld
with
water
,
or
otherwise
,
as
with
a
stronge
piece
of
yron
being
smal
,
and
hung
right
against
the
butten
of
the
trap
,
on
the
which
piece
of
iron
they
hang
meate
,
and
so
by
that
meanes
the
mouse
is
ketched
by
putting
her
head
through
the
hole
to
snatch
at
the
meate
,
for
she
by
stirring
the
iron
doth
losen
the
butten
,
and
so
her
heade
is
shut
fast
in
the
hole
.
And
there
are
other
kind
of
moustraps
which
are
couered
al
ouer
,
into
the
which
the
mouse
may
run
,
&
if
you
haue
put
any
water
therein
they
are
presently
stifeled
.
Of
al
which
kind
of
traps
shall
be
seuerally
tracted
:
And
first
of
all
of
those
which
do
ketch
mice
aliue
.
The
common
kind
of
this
moustrap
is
made
of
wood
,
long
and
foure
cornerwise
,
and
is
framed
of
foure
boards
,
but
the
hinder
part
is
strengthned
with
strong
wiers
of
iron
,
that
she
may
without
any
danger
looke
in
to
see
what
shee
may
get
there
,
and
that
the
smell
of
the
which
she
findeth
ther
,
may
alure
hir
to
come
to
it
.
And
the
former
part
hath
a
hole
in
the
top
,
through
which
there
is
put
a
small
peece
of
yron
,
and
also
there
is
made
a
trap-door
in
form
of
a
percullis
,
to
the
which
the
iron
is
very
slightly
hung
,
that
when
the
mous
commeth
to
ketch
at
the
meat
she
is
suddenly
taken
by
falling
of
the
same
;
but
the
meat
which
you
fasten
to
the
neather
end
of
this
iron
hook
must
be
fat
,
or
the
crust
of
cheese
or
bread
,
which
if
it
be
a
little
toasted
at
the
fire
it
wil
not
be
amisse
,
that
the
mouse
may
smell
it
far
off
.
Some
do
make
these
kind
of
traps
doble
,
with
one
doore
at
one
end
,
and
another
doore
at
another
end
.
These
kind
of
moustraps
Peterus
Crescent
:
doth
cal
traps
belonging
to
houses
,
which
shal
be
spoken
of
hereafter
.
The
other
kind
of
moustrap
is
made
with
iron
hookes
hung
in
the
round
circle
.
In
the
middest
of
the
which
brim
is
put
a
great
many
of
the
same
wiers
,
which
being
made
sharp
at
euery
end
are
after
the
forme
of
the
top
of
a
crest
,
or
helmet
,
or
as
it
is
made
in
a
bow-net
to
ketch
fishes
,
and
vpon
the
hooke
let
their
be
hung
meate
,
by
the
which
meanes
the
mouse
comming
to
the
meat
,
sticketh
her selfe
vpon
the
hookes
.
The
manner
of
making
lesser
moustraps
is
with
Walnut
tree
,
and
that
the
middle
part
of
it
bee
not
couered
,
and
that
there
be
put
to
the
mouth
or
brim
thereof
some
kind
of
mettle
,
so
that
the
open
part
may
bend
inward
,
and
that
the
mouse
may
not
gnaw
that
which
is
within
except
she
creepeth
vnder
:
which
if
shee
shall
do
,
she
shall
presently
be
shut
in
by
stirring
the
trap
.
Also
there
is
another
kind
of
moustrap
which
is
couered
with
the
barke
of
a
tree
,
which
is
cut
into
equall
pieces
,
and
laid
crosse
one
ouer
another
,
Crescentient
but
there
is
tied
a
swines
skinne
in
the
middle
,
and
also
an
earthen
pot
couered
with
the
same
barke
being
first
sprinkled
with
corne
that
the
Mice
may
custome
to
come
to
it
,
and
being
dryed
with
lying
they
breake
in
pieces
,
but
you
must
lay
them
together
againe
,
and
fill
your
pot
with
Water
,
by
the
which
meanes
assoone
as
euer
they
are
vppon
the
same
they
fall
into
the
pyt
,
and
so
are
stifeled
.
And
also
it
is
reported
of
those
which
haue
tryed
the
same
,
that
if
Mice
fall
into
a
vessell
without
water
,
and
remaine
there
a
long
time
without
meate
,
that
then
they
deuoure
one
another
,
but
if
they
remaine
there
so
long
vntill
one
among
them
all
be
left
alone
,
that
is
to
say
the
strongest
of
them
all
,
and
that
he
be
suffered
to
go
out
,
wheresoeuer
hee
shall
finde
any
mice
hee
will
eate
them
vp
,
and
they
shall
haue
much
adoe
to
escape
him
,
because
he
hath
been
so
long
accustomed
vnto
them
.
I
was
told
also
of
a
certaine
friend
of
mine
,
that
a
man
of
Senensis
did
set
a
purse
in
a
hollow
place
,
and
made
it
to
open
and
shut
by
some
deuise
,
so
that
at
length
he
tooke
a
mouse
,
which
mouse
hee
fed
onely
with
the
flesh
of
Mice
,
and
after
he
had
fed
it
so
a
long
time
,
he
let
it
go
,
who
killed
all
the
Mice
that
he
did
meete
,
and
was
not
satisfied
with
them
,
but
went
into
euery
hole
that
he
could
find
,
and
eat
them
vp
also
.
Also
Mice
are
taken
in
vessels
,
from
whence
they
canot
escape
,
vpon
the
which
vessell
let
there
be
put
a
small
staffe
,
which
is
so
cut
in
the
middle
,
that
she
may
onely
hold
her selfe
by
the
meate
,
and
when
you
haue
so
doone
,
put
the
kernell
of
a
Nut
vpon
the
middle
of
the
staffe
,
to
the
which
the
Mouse
comming
,
doth
fall
into
the
vessell
with
the
staffe
,
Crescentien
.
and
they
will
be
stifeled
if
their
be
any
Water
:
but
if
there
be
none
she
will
be
killed
.
And
againe
he
telleth
of
another
manner
of
ketching
of
mice
,
which
is
as
great
as
the
first
,
and
it
is
after
this
manner
.
Take
two
smooth
boardes
about
the
length
of
thy
arme
,
and
in
breadth
halfe
thy
Arme
,
but
ioyne
it
so
together
that
they
may
be
distant
from
the
lower
part
in
length
some
foure
fingers
or
little
lesse
,
with
two
small
spindles
or
clefts
,
which
must
be
at
euery
end
one
,
and
fasten
Paper
vnder
them
,
and
put
a
peece
of
paast
therin
,
being
cut
ouerthwart
in
the
middle
,
but
you
must
not
fasten
it
nigh
the
middle
,
&
let
it
be
so
bound
that
it
may
easily
be
lifted
vp
betwixt
the
spindles
,
that
if
by
slipping
it
should
be
altered
,
it
migh
be
brought
againe
to
the
same
forme
.
But
the
two
spindles
spoken
of
before
,
ought
to
be
ioyned
together
in
the
ends
aboue
,
&
beyond
them
another
smal
spindle
to
be
made
,
which
may
hold
in
the
middle
a
crooked
wedge
or
butten
,
vpon
the
which
may
be
hanged
a
piece
of
Hogges
skinne
,
so
that
one
of
them
may
easily
be
turned
vpsided
downe
with
the
skinne
,
and
put
thereunto
a
little
peece
of
earth
or
sticke
,
that
the
mice
may
easily
come
to
it
:
So
that
how
many
myce
soeuer
shall
come
thereto
,
and
to
the
meate
,
shall
be
taken
,
alwayes
by
rowling
the
Paper
into
his
wonted
place
.
There
is
another
manner
also
,
which
is
to
make
a
round
peece
of
Woode
fastened
on
both
sides
with
Needles
,
and
made
so
that
the
hinder
part
of
it
way
heauier
then
the
former
,
and
that
it
stand
an
inch
hyer
then
the
other
,
and
then
when
you
haue
so
placed
it
,
throw
some
corne
thereon
,
that
the
mice
may
be
alluted
thereto
,
and
tie
also
a
peece
of
flesh
vpon
the
former
end
of
it
;
and
so
the
Mouse
going
into
the
middle
,
by
the
rouling
off
the
same
,
slippeth
into
the
kettle
which
standeth
vnder
it
,
which
must
bee
halfe
full
of
Water
,
the
circle
presently
being
as
it
was
before
,
that
very
often
many
mice
are
ketched
in
one
night
by
this
worke
,
Crescentien
.
all
falling
into
the
kettle
.
Also
there
are
many
kinds
of
mice-traps
where
mice
do
perish
by
the
waight
thereof
,
and
they
are
made
of
a
smal-piece
of
wood
made
hollow
,
into
the
which
shall
fal
down
another
smal
piece
of
Wood
,
but
it
must
be
made
so
that
it
may
fall
waighty
to
presse
downe
the
mice
going
to
the
meat
,
and
let
the
meat
be
tyed
to
another
little
small
peece
of
wood
,
which
being
touched
,
the
heauy
peece
doth
presently
fall
downe
,
and
so
by
that
meanes
the
mouse
is
taken
.
Our
country
men
do
make
a
trap
which
is
somewhat
like
to
this
,
let
two
peeces
of
boords
be
ioyned
together
one
foot
broad
,
and
two
foot
long
,
and
afterwards
let
there
be
put
in
them
a
wooden
pin
,
which
you
must
fasten
to
the
lower
boord
,
so
that
it
may
not
touche
the
vppermost
;
and
you
must
set
it
so
that
the
former
part
may
easily
moue
backewarde
and
forward
,
but
moreouer
the
former
boord
must
be
fastened
to
the
hinder
,
like
the
fashion
of
a
Gibbet
or
Gallowes
,
with
two
peeces
of
wood
standing
vpright
,
one
being
put
ouerthwart
,
or
after
the
fashion
of
the
Greek
letter
,
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
〈◊〉
,
and
it
must
stand
some
nine
ynches
high
,
&
as
broad
as
the
boord
wil
suffer
you
,
&
let
the
meat
be
hung
in
the
middle
of
it
,
but
that
boord
which
is
vppermost
,
must
touch
both
the
ends
of
the
other
,
and
notched
according
to
the
bredth
,
the
notch
being
made
after
the
forme
of
a
wedge
deuided
into
two
parts
,
and
an
other
small
peece
of
wood
must
be
put
to
that
which
is
vpermost
,
almost
two
fingers
long
,
and
one
finger
broad
,
and
let
there
bee
put
into
the
lower
notch
,
a
peece
of
wood
with
meat
at
it
,
so
that
it
may
be
slightly
fastened
to
the
brimme
of
the
vppermost
,
that
the
meate
being
presently
touched
,
the
other
may
the
easiler
fall
.
And
you
may
lay
a
stone
vpon
the
vppermost
bord
that
it
may
fall
the
heauier
.
And
there
are
some
also
which
to
the
lower
board
,
doe
fasten
iron
pinnes
,
made
very
sharp
,
against
the
which
the
Mice
are
driuen
by
the
waight
of
the
fall
.
Furthermore
,
there
is
another
kinde
of
trap
made
to
couer
them
aliue
,
one
part
of
it
cut
out
of
a
small
peece
of
woode
,
the
length
of
the
palme
of
thy
hand
,
and
the
breadth
of
one
finger
,
and
let
the
other
part
of
it
be
cut
after
the
forme
of
a
wedge
:
and
let
this
peece
of
wood
be
erected
like
a
little
piller
,
and
let
the
wedge
be
put
into
the
notch
of
an
other
peece
of
wood
,
which
must
be
made
equall
with
the
other
,
or
very
little
shorter
:
and
this
piller
must
bee
so
made
,
that
the
mouse
may
not
perish
before
she
come
to
the
meate
:
The
wood
where
the
meat
must
stand
,
ought
to
be
a
span
long
,
and
you
must
fasten
the
meate
about
the
middle
of
it
,
but
the
former
part
of
it
must
haue
a
cleft
,
which
must
begin
a
little
from
the
brim
,
and
shall
be
made
almost
the
length
of
two
fingers
,
and
you
must
make
it
with
two
straight
corners
,
and
take
away
halfe
the
breadth
of
the
wood
.
These
three
peeces
of
woode
being
thus
made
ready
,
thou
shalt
erect
a
little
piller
,
so
that
the
wedge
may
be
downeward
,
whereby
the
mouse
may
see
the
meate
euery
where
:
and
let
the
meate
be
hung
in
the
former
corner
of
the
piller
,
so
if
the
mouse
shall
touch
the
meate
,
he
shall
bee
pressed
downe
with
the
fall
of
the
board
.
Mice
also
by
the
fall
of
a
cleft
board
are
taken
,
which
is
held
vp
with
a
piller
,
and
hauing
a
little
spattular
of
wood
,
whereon
the
meate
shall
lye
,
so
made
that
the
piller
doth
not
open
being
parted
,
except
when
the
mouse
commeth
to
touch
the
meate
,
and
so
by
that
meanes
she
is
taken
.
There
is
also
another
manner
of
mouse-trap
vsed
among
vs
,
which
is
,
let
there
bee
a
hole
made
and
compassed
about
with
a
boord
of
a
foot
long
,
and
fiue
or
six
fingers
broad
,
the
compasse
whereof
must
be
foure
fingers
,
into
this
hole
let
there
be
put
a
vessell
made
of
wood
the
length
of
ones
fist
,
but
round
and
very
deepe
:
and
in
the
middle
of
each
side
of
this
vessell
let
there
be
made
a
hole
,
wherein
there
is
put
in
a
thread
made
of
yron
with
meat
,
and
let
it
be
compassed
about
with
a
small
thread
which
must
be
fastned
ouerthwart
the
hole
:
and
the
part
of
the
thread
which
hangeth
downe
must
be
crooked
,
that
the
meat
may
be
fastned
thereto
,
and
there
must
bee
a
peece
of
the
thread
without
,
to
the
which
may
be
tyed
a
stronger
peece
of
wood
,
which
is
the
thread
whereon
the
meat
is
hanged
,
by
the
which
the
mouse
is
taken
,
by
putting
her
head
into
the
vessel
to
ketch
at
the
meat
.
And
also
mice
are
taken
otherwise
,
with
a
great
Cane
wherein
there
is
a
knot
,
and
in
the
top
of
it
let
there
be
made
a
little
bow
with
a
lute
string
,
and
there
sticke
a
great
needle
in
the
middle
of
the
pole
of
the
Cane
,
and
let
the
pole
be
made
iust
in
the
middle
,
and
let
there
be
bound
a
peece
of
flesh
beneath
,
so
prepared
that
when
the
mouse
shall
bite
,
and
mooue
the
skin
,
that
then
the
string
slippeth
downe
,
and
so
the
needle
pearceth
through
his
head
,
and
holdeth
him
that
he
cannot
run
away
.
But
among
all
the
rest
there
is
an
excellent
peece
of
workmanship
to
ketch
mice
,
which
I
will
heer
set
down
.
Take
a
peece
of
wood
,
the
length
of
both
thy
fists
,
one
fistbroad
,
and
two
fingers
thicke
,
and
let
there
be
cut
off
about
some
two
fingers
,
a
little
beyond
the
middle
of
halfe
the
breadth
.
And
that
breadth
where
it
was
cut
,
ought
to
be
more
declining
and
lower
,
after
the
manner
of
this
letter
A.
And
you
must
put
to
the
side
of
this
a
peece
of
wood
,
halfe
a
circle
long
,
bending
,
and
in
the
middle
part
of
each
side
holes
pearced
through
,
so
that
the
halfe
circle
may
be
streight
and
plainely
placed
to
the
foundation
of
the
woode
,
that
the
trap
being
made
,
it
may
rest
vpon
the
same
halfe
circle
,
and
vpon
this
halfe
circle
let
there
be
placed
iron
nailes
very
sharp
,
so
that
the
instrument
by
falling
downe
may
couer
the
irons
of
the
halfe
circle
as
soone
as
euer
they
touch
the
same
,
Furthermore
there
is
another
manner
of
trap
,
when
a
vessell
out
of
which
they
cannot
escape
,
is
filled
halfe
vp
with
water
,
and
vpon
the
top
thereof
Otmell
is
put
,
which
will
swim
,
and
not
sinke
,
making
the
vppermost
face
of
the
water
to
seeme
white
,
and
solid
,
whereunto
when
the
mouse
commeth
,
she
leapeth
into
the
oate-mell
,
and
so
is
drowned
:
And
the
like
may
be
done
with
chaffe
mingled
with
oat-mell
:
and
this
in
all
traps
must
be
obserued
,
wherein
mice
are
taken
aliue
,
that
they
be
presently
taken
forth
,
for
if
they
make
water
in
the
place
,
their
fellowes
will
for
euer
suspect
the
trap
,
and
neuer
come
neare●t
,
till
the
sauour
of
the
vrine
be
aholished
.
Palladius
saith
,
that
the
thicke
froth
of
oyle
,
being
infused
into
a
dish
or
brasen
caldron
,
and
set
in
the
middle
of
the
house
in
the
night
time
,
will
draw
all
the
mice
vnto
it
,
wherein
they
shall
sticke
fast
,
and
not
be
able
to
escape
.
Anatolius
Pliny
saith
,
that
if
a
mouse
be
gelded
aliue
and
so
let
go
,
she
will
driue
away
all
the
residue
;
but
this
is
to
be
vnderstoode
of
the
Sorex
.
If
the
head
of
a
mouse
be
flaied
,
or
if
a
male
mouse
be
flaied
all
ouer
,
or
her
taile
cut
off
,
or
if
her
legge
be
bound
to
a
post
in
the
house
,
or
a
bell
be
hung
about
her
necke
,
and
so
turned
going
,
she
will
driue
away
all
her
fellowes
.
And
(
Pliny
saith
)
that
the
smoke
of
the
leaues
of
the
Ewe-tree
,
because
they
are
poyson
,
will
kill
mice
,
so
also
will
libbards-baine
,
and
henbaine-seede
,
and
Wolfe
baine
,
for
which
cause
they
are
seuerally
called
Myoctonos
,
and
the
rootes
of
Wolfe
bane
,
are
commonly
sold
in
Sauoy
vnto
the
Country
people
for
that
purpose
.
In
Germany
they
mingle
it
with
oat-mell
,
and
so
lay
it
in
bals
to
kill
mice
.
The
fume
of
wall-wort
,
calcauth
,
parcely
,
origanum
,
and
deaths-hearb
,
doe
also
kill
mice
:
you
may
also
driue
them
away
with
the
fume
of
the
stone
Haematites
,
and
with
greene
tamarisk
,
with
the
hoofe
of
a
mule
,
or
of
nitre
,
or
the
ashes
of
a
Weasell
,
or
a
cat
in
water
,
or
the
gall
of
an
Oxe
put
into
bread
.
The
seede
of
Cowcumbers
being
sod
,
and
sprinckled
vpon
any
thing
,
mice
will
neuer
touch
it
,
likewise
wilde
coucumber
and
coloquintida
,
kill
mice
.
To
keepe
mice
from
corne
,
make
morter
of
the
froth
of
oyle
mingled
together
with
chaffe
,
and
let
them
well
dry
,
and
afterwards
be
wrought
throughly
,
then
plaster
the
wals
of
your
garnery
therewith
,
and
when
they
are
dry
cast
more
froth
of
oyle
vpon
them
,
and
afterwards
carry
in
your
corne
and
the
mice
will
neuer
annoy
it
.
Cato
Wormewood
laid
among
cloathes
,
and
skinnes
,
defend
them
from
mice
,
:
And
also
the
water
of
wormewood
sod
,
sprinckled
vpon
cloathes
hath
the
same
operation
.
Tragus
Inke
tempered
with
water
,
wherein
Wormewood
hath
beene
washed
,
or
sod
,
causeth
that
the
Parchment
and
Paper
written
therewith
,
shall
neuer
be
eaten
,
or
touched
with
mice
.
Auicen
Anatolius
and
Tarentinus
,
in
the
discourse
of
the
grauery
or
barm
do
write
,
that
milk-thistle
mingled
with
hony
,
water
,
and
fine
flower
,
or
mil-dust
,
made
into
little
balles
,
and
laied
where
mice
my
eat
of
it
,
doth
make
them
blind
if
they
taste
thereof
.
White
Hellebore
mixed
with
pottage
,
Paxausus
or
the
seedes
of
wilde
Cowcumber
,
Coloquintida
,
and
meale
,
mingled
with
blacke
Hellebore
,
and
put
into
Cheese
or
bread
,
or
any
kind
of
fat
meat
,
killeth
both
Rats
and
mice
.
So
likewise
a
white
camelion
sod
in
broth
,
mingled
with
water
and
oyle
,
killeth
Dogges
,
swine
,
and
mice
.
The
iuyce
of
the
roote
of
the
hearbe
Camelion
,
mixed
with
water
and
oyle
,
draweth
mice
vnto
it
,
and
killeth
them
by
tasting
thereof
,
if
they
drinke
not
presently
:
so
also
doth
Henbane
.
The
roots
of
the
bramble
Tree
,
mingled
with
Butter
,
Breade
,
or
Honey
,
Elecampaine
,
and
sea
Onions
,
Scamoney
,
wild
Sparradge
,
Arsenicke
,
Mug-wort
,
otherwise
cald
mouse-wort
,
mingled
with
Lard
in
small
peeces
,
with
Auri
pigment
,
killeth
Wolues
and
mice
.
Croscentiensis
.
and
in
some
countries
,
for
the
better
dispersing
of
the
poyson
,
set
drinke
beside
the
same
,
whereof
as
soone
as
they
tast
they
swel
and
die
,
but
I
haue
seen
them
die
without
drinking
at
all
.
Mice
and
wolues
if
they
tast
of
the
wilde
Rose
,
and
drinke
after
it
,
doe
not
not
onely
dye
,
but
also
fall
into
madnesse
and
bite
their
fellows
,
communicating
the
quality
of
the
disease
to
euery
one
they
bite
.
Flesh
cut
into
little
peeces
&
fryed
with
butter
in
a
frying
pan
,
Cardon
and
afterwards
when
it
is
colde
,
adde
halfe
so
much
soft
pitch
thereto
,
and
mingle
t
together
,
rowling
vp
the
flesh
in
the
pitch
,
then
distribute
it
vpon
little
boords
,
and
set
it
in
the
place
,
and
places
whereunto
the
mice
do
much
resort
,
and
water
beside
it
,
and
when
that
they
haue
tasted
of
it
a
little
,
they
are
so
eagerly
a
thirst
,
that
they
drinke
and
dye
.
The
like
I
may
say
of
Rats-bane
,
Quicke-siluer
,
Sublimate
,
and
Precipitate
,
and
diuers
other
thinges
,
and
thus
much
may
suffice
,
for
the
ketching
,
taking
,
and
killing
of
myce
,
whereunto
I
may
adde
the
vse
of
their
members
and
parts
,
not
medicinall
,
but
naturall
,
although
I
haue
touched
it
heeretoforein
part
.
The
Scythians
were
woont
to
be
clad
with
the
skinnes
of
mice
and
Wolues
,
and
it
is
obserued
,
that
when
mice
cry
and
screeketh
aboue
their
ordinary
custome
,
it
presageth
an
alteration
and
change
of
the
Weather
,
and
thus
much
shall
suffice
for
their
naturall
discourse
.
Hauing
thus
discoursed
of
the
nature
of
the
vulgar
mouse
,
The
morrall
story
of
mice
I
may
also
adde
the
morral
vse
thereof
,
as
I
find
it
recorded
among
learned
writers
;
deliuered
eyther
in
Historie
or
in
prouerbe
.
It
is
reported
of
Glaucus
the
sonne
of
Minos
and
Pasiphae
,
that
while
he
followed
a
mouse
to
take
her
,
he
fel
into
a
vessel
of
hony
,
but
after
Polyades
the
prophet
,
by
laying
an
herb
on
him
raised
him
againe
to
life
.
Hatto
an
Arch
▪
Bysh.
of
Metz
in
the
frontiers
of
Germany
,
was
destroyed
by
mise
,
or
as
other
say
by
Rats
,
Tzetzes
.
but
the
words
of
Textor
are
:
Hatto
Archiepiscopus
Moguntinus
à
muribus
fertur
deuoratus
.
And
the
error
may
proceed
,
because
that
Mus
is
a
generall
word
for
the
Rat
and
mouse
,
and
therefore
they
which
haue
thought
it
an
vnreasonable
thinge
,
that
so
small
beastes
should
destroy
so
mighty
a
prince
,
haue
rather
attributed
it
to
the
Rats
then
to
the
mice
;
but
they
ought
to
haue
rememberd
,
that
it
was
an
extraordinary
iudgement
of
God
to
punish
a
cruell
couetous
wretch
,
and
that
therefore
it
was
as
easie
for
him
to
make
the
little
mouse
his
instrument
,
as
the
great
Rat
:
for
we
read
,
that
Herod
was
deuourd
by
worms
,
and
other
haue
beene
eaten
vp
with
lyce
.
Adrian
the
Pope
was
strangled
by
a
flye
,
and
therefore
Hatto
an
Archbishop
might
aswel
perish
through
the
afflicting
hand
of
God
by
a
multitude
of
mice
.
Heliogabalus
that
wretch
,
among
other
his
monstrous
desires
,
and
Tyrannicall
commaundes
,
Lampridius
affirmeth
,
that
vpon
a
time
he
commaunded
that
there
should
bee
brought
vnto
him
ten
thousand
mice
aliue
,
a
thousand
weasils
,
and
a
thousand
Sorices
or
wilde
fielde-mice
,
so
base
were
his
thoughts
,
that
while
he
should
haue
attended
his
Emperiall
calling
,
and
hearkened
to
the
suits
and
complaints
of
poore
distressed
subiects
,
he
was
busied
in
killing
of
mice
,
and
therefore
in
ancient
time
,
a
mouse-killer
was
taken
for
an
opprobrious
speech
,
for
a
base
,
sluggish
,
and
idle
companion
.
The
like
is
reported
of
a
Moscouian
Emperour
,
who
to
afflict
his
people
and
to
gather
money
from
them
,
commanded
the
Cittizens
of
Musco
to
bring
him
a
pecke
full
of
fleas
,
whereunto
the
people
answered
,
that
if
they
could
take
so
many
,
yet
could
not
they
keepe
them
together
from
leaping
away
.
And
mice
haue
beene
brought
into
publique
spectacle
,
because
at
Lauinium
they
gnawed
asunder
the
shields
of
siluer
;
and
it
was
afterward
iudged
a
prodigie
,
for
there
followed
the
Marsicke
war
.
When
the
Scythians
vnderstoode
that
Darius
with
his
great
army
stoode
in
neede
of
vittailes
,
they
sent
vnto
him
a
Prouant-master
with
these
presents
or
gifts
,
a
birde
,
a
mouse
,
a
frog
,
and
fiue
darts
.
At
the
receipte
whereof
the
Persians
wondered
what
should
be
meant
thereby
;
and
demaunded
of
the
messenger
the
meaning
of
the
mystery
.
But
the
Ambassador
answered
,
he
knew
not
any
signification
of
his
presents
,
but
onely
receiued
charge
to
deliuer
them
,
and
make
hast
backe
againe
,
and
to
bid
the
Persians
if
they
were
wise
to
lay
their
wits
together
to
know
and
vnderstand
the
meaning
thereof
.
When
the
Persians
heard
him
say
so
,
they
fell
to
consultation
.
Darius
gaue
his
opinion
that
the
mouse
,
signified
the
earth
,
Herodotus
.
the
frog
,
the
waters
,
the
bird
,
horses
,
and
the
darts
warlike
furniture
and
strength
of
forces
,
and
that
the
Scythians
by
sending
all
these
vnto
them
,
yeelded
that
the
Persians
should
be
Lords
of
their
land
,
sea
,
horses
and
themselues
,
and
that
therefore
they
ought
to
be
of
good
courage
.
But
one
Gobrias
a
graue
Councellor
who
was
one
of
the
seuen
that
slew
the
Magi
or
Wizards
aunswered
otherwise
,
for
his
coniecture
was
more
true
,
for
said
he
,
O
persae
,
nisi
effecti
vt
aues
subuoletis
in
coelum
,
aut
vt
mures
subeatis
terram
,
aut
vt
ranae
insiliatis
in
paludes
,
non
remeabitis
vnde
venistis
his
sagittis
confecti
:
O
ye
Persians
,
except
ye
become
like
birds
to
flye
vp
into
heauen
,
or
like
mice
to
creepe
into
the
earth
,
or
like
frogs
to
leap
into
the
waters
,
you
shall
not
returne
back
againe
vnto
the
place
from
whence
you
came
,
and
so
indeede
it
came
to
passe
.
We
reade
1.
Sam.
5.
that
when
the
Arke
of
God
was
taken
by
the
Philistimes
,
and
they
kept
it
in
their
Temple
at
Hazzah
,
the
hand
of
the
Lord
fell
vppon
their
Princes
,
and
hee
smote
them
with
Emrods
,
in
the
bottome
of
their
belly
,
that
is
,
God
punished
them
with
mice
,
for
he
afflicted
their
bodies
,
and
the
fruites
of
the
earth
,
for
which
cause
Cap.
6.
they
aduise
with
themselues
;
to
send
back
againe
the
Arke
of
the
Lord
with
a
present
of
Golden
Mice
.
Ouid
,
Homer
,
and
Orpheus
call
Apollo
Smyntheus
,
for
the
Cretians
in
auncient
time
called
Mice
Smynthae
:
Now
the
fained
cause
thereof
is
thus
related
by
Aelianus
.
There
was
one
Crinis
which
was
a
Priest
of
Apollo
:
who
neglected
his
dayly
sacrifice
,
for
the
which
through
aboundance
of
mice
he
was
depriued
of
the
fruites
of
the
earth
,
for
they
deuoured
all
.
At
which
losse
Apollo
himselfe
was
moued
;
and
taking
pittie
of
the
miserie
,
appeared
to
one
Horda
a
Neate-heard
,
commaunding
him
to
tell
Crinis
that
all
the
cause
of
that
penury
was
for
that
he
had
omitted
his
accustomed
sacrifice
,
and
that
it
was
his
duetie
to
offer
them
againe
diligently
,
or
else
it
would
be
farre
worse
afterward
.
Crinis
vpon
the
admonition
amended
the
fault
,
and
immediatly
Apollo
killed
all
the
deuouring
Mice
with
his
darts
,
whereuppon
he
was
called
Smyntheus
.
Other
againe
say
,
that
among
the
Aeolians
,
at
Troas
&
Hamaxitus
,
they
worshiped
mice
and
Apollo
both
together
,
and
that
vnder
his
Altar
they
had
meate
and
nourishment
,
and
also
holes
to
liue
in
safely
,
and
the
reason
was
,
because
once
many
thousands
of
mice
inuaded
the
corne
fieldes
of
Aeolia
and
Troy
,
cutting
downe
the
same
before
it
was
ripe
,
and
also
frustrating
the
husbandman
of
fruite
and
hope
:
this
euill
caused
them
to
goe
to
Delphos
to
aske
counsell
at
the
Oracle
what
they
should
doe
to
be
deliuered
from
that
extremitie
,
where
the
Oracle
gaue
answere
that
they
should
goe
sacrifice
to
Apollo
Smyntheus
,
and
afterward
they
had
sacrificed
,
they
were
deliuered
from
the
mice
,
and
that
therefore
they
placed
a
statue
or
figure
of
a
mouse
in
the
Temple
of
Apollo
.
When
the
Troyans
came
out
of
Creete
,
to
seeke
a
habitation
for
themselues
,
they
receaued
an
Oracle
,
that
they
should
there
dwell
,
where
the
inhabitants
that
were
borne
of
the
earth
should
set
vpon
them
,
the
accomplishing
whereof
fell
out
about
Hamaxitus
,
for
in
the
night
time
,
a
great
company
of
wilde
mice
,
set
vpon
their
bowes
,
quiuers
,
and
strings
,
leathers
of
their
bucklers
,
and
all
such
soft
instruments
,
whereby
the
people
knew
,
that
that
was
the
place
,
wherein
the
Oracle
had
assigned
them
to
build
the
Citty
;
&
therefore
there
they
builded
Ida
,
so
called
after
the
name
of
Ida
in
Creete
:
and
to
conclude
we
doe
reade
that
mice
haue
beene
sacrificed
,
Sacrificing
of
Mice
.
Scoliast●●yco
.
for
the
Arcadians
are
said
first
of
all
to
haue
sacrificed
to
their
Gods
a
mouse
,
and
secondly
a
white
horse
,
and
lastly
the
leaues
of
an
Oake
.
And
to
conclude
,
Aelianus
telleth
one
strange
storye
of
mice
in
Heraclea
,
that
there
is
not
one
of
them
which
toucheth
any
thing
that
is
consecrated
to
Religion
,
or
to
the
seruice
of
their
Goddes
.
Insomuch
that
they
touch
not
their
vines
which
are
sacred
to
religious
vses
,
but
suffer
them
to
come
to
their
naturall
maturitye
,
but
depart
out
of
theysland
,
to
the
entent
that
neither
hunger
nor
folly
cause
them
to
touch
that
which
is
dedicated
to
deuine
vses
.
And
thus
much
for
the
naturall
and
morall
story
of
the
mice
,
now
followeth
the
medicinall
.
The
medicines
of
the
Mouse
.
Albertus
The
flesh
of
a
mouse
is
hot
and
and
soft
,
and
very
little
or
nothing
fat
,
and
doth
expell
blacke
and
melancholy
choler
.
A
mouse
being
flead
or
hauing
his
skin
pulled
off
,
and
afterwards
cut
through
the
middle
,
and
put
vnto
a
wound
or
sore
wherein
there
is
the
head
of
a
Dart
or
arrow
,
Marcellus
or
any
other
thing
whatsoeuer
within
the
wound
,
wil
presently
and
very
easily
exhale
and
draw
them
out
of
the
same
.
Mice
being
cut
and
placed
vnto
woundes
which
haue
beene
bitten
by
Serpents
,
or
put
to
places
which
are
stinged
by
them
,
do
very
effectually
and
in
short
space
of
time
cure
and
perfectly
heale
them
.
Mice
which
do
lurke
and
enhabite
in
houses
,
being
cut
in
twaine
and
put
vnto
the
wounds
which
are
new
made
by
Scorpions
,
Dioscorides
doth
very
speedily
heale
them
.
A
yoong
mouse
being
mingled
with
salt
is
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
byting
of
the
mouse
called
a
shrew
,
which
biting
horses
and
labouring
cattell
,
it
doth
venome
vntill
it
come
vnto
the
hart
,
and
then
they
die
,
except
the
aforesaid
remedie
be
vsed
.
Pliny
The
shrew
also
himselfe
being
bruised
and
laid
vnto
the
place
which
was
bitten
,
is
an
excellent
and
very
profitable
remedy
against
the
same
.
A
mouse
being
deuided
and
put
or
laid
vpon
warts
,
will
heale
them
and
quite
abolish
them
,
of
what
kinde
soeuer
they
shall
be
.
The
fatte
which
is
distilled
from
mice
,
Marcellus
being
mixed
with
a
little
goose-greace
and
boyled
together
,
is
an
excellent
and
medicinable
cure
for
the
asswaging
and
mollifying
of
swellings
and
hard
lumps
or
knots
which
doe
vsually
arise
in
the
flesh
.
Yoong
mice
being
beaten
into
small
bits
or
peeces
,
Pliny
and
mixed
with
olde
wine
,
and
so
boyled
or
baked
,
vntill
they
come
vnto
a
temperate
and
mollifying
medicine
,
if
it
be
annointed
vppon
the
eye
lids
,
it
will
very
easily
procure
haire
to
grow
thereon
.
The
same
being
vnbeaten
and
roasted
,
and
so
giuen
to
little
children
to
eate
,
will
quickly
dry
vp
the
froath
or
spetle
which
aboundeth
in
their
mouth
.
Dioscorides
There
are
certaine
of
the
wise
men
or
Magi
who
thinke
it
good
that
a
mouse
should
bee
flead
and
giuen
to
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
tooth-ache
twise
in
a
moneth
to
be
eaten
.
The
water
wherein
a
mouse
hath
beene
sod
or
boyled
,
is
very
wholesome
and
profitable
for
those
to
drinke
who
a●e
troubled
with
the
inflammation
of
the
iawes
or
the
disease
called
the
Squincie
.
Mice
,
but
especially
those
of
Affricke
,
hauing
their
skinne
puld
off
and
well
steeped
in
oyle
and
rubbed
with
salt
,
and
so
boyled
,
and
afterwards
taken
in
drinke
,
are
very
medicinable
for
those
which
haue
any
paine
or
trouble
in
their
lightes
&
lungs
.
The
same
medicine
vsed
in
the
aforesaid
manner
is
very
profitable
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
a
filthy
,
mattery
,
and
blooddy
spetting
out
with
retching
.
Pliny
Sodden
mice
are
exceeding
good
to
restraine
and
hold
in
the
vrine
of
infants
or
children
being
too
aboundant
,
if
they
be
giuen
in
some
pleasant
or
delightsome
drinke
.
Mice
being
also
cut
in
twaine
,
and
laid
vnto
the
feete
or
legs
of
those
which
are
gowtie
is
an
excellent
remedie
and
cure
for
them
.
Mice
being
dryed
and
beaten
to
powder
,
doth
very
effectually
heale
and
cure
those
which
are
scalded
or
burned
with
hote
water
,
or
fire
.
Cypres
nuts
being
burned
and
pounded
,
or
beaten
into
dust
,
Marcellus
and
mixed
with
the
dust
of
the
hoofe
of
a
male
or
female
mule
,
being
dryed
or
stamped
small
,
and
the
oyle
of
mirtle
added
vnto
the
same
,
with
the
dirt
or
dung
of
mice
being
also
beaten
,
and
with
the
dung
of
a
hedge-hogge
new
made
,
and
with
red
arsenicke
:
and
all
mingled
together
with
vinegar
and
moist
or
liquid
pitch
and
put
vnto
the
heade
of
any
one
who
is
troubled
with
the
aboundance
and
loose
hanging
downe
or
ouergrowing
of
his
haire
,
it
will
very
speedily
and
without
any
difficultie
ease
him
of
the
same
.
The
dust
of
a
mouse
pounded
and
beaten
to
powder
,
and
mingled
with
a
certaine
oile
,
is
very
good
and
wholesome
,
for
those
which
are
grieued
with
a
Tettor
or
scabbe
which
may
ouerrunne
their
whole
body
.
Pliny
The
braines
or
taile
of
a
mouse
being
dried
and
beaten
to
powder
is
very
medicinable
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
casting
and
shedding
of
their
haire
,
as
also
for
the
disease
called
the
Foxes
euill
,
but
this
operation
will
worke
more
effectually
if
the
shedding
of
the
haire
doth
happen
by
any
venom
or
poyson
.
The
same
in
operation
hath
the
whole
body
of
the
mouse
being
vsed
in
the
aforesaide
manner
.
There
is
also
another
excellent
remedy
to
cure
and
heale
the
aforesaid
disease
which
is
this
,
to
take
mice
which
inhabite
in
houses
,
and
to
burne
or
dry
them
in
a
pot
,
Galen
and
then
beat
them
:
and
being
so
vsed
,
to
mixe
them
with
oyle
of
Lawrell
,
and
to
rubbe
the
haires
which
are
like
to
fall
or
shed
with
garlicke
,
and
to
put
them
altogither
into
a
Frontlet
or
fore-head
cloath
,
and
daily
to
keepe
the
same
medicine
or
plaister
vnto
them
,
vntill
the
haire
do
grow
fast
,
and
they
be
ridde
of
that
disease
.
There
is
also
another
remedy
for
the
same
disease
,
which
is
this
:
To
burne
a
mouse
,
and
beate
him
into
powder
and
then
to
mingle
the
same
with
hony
and
the
greace
of
a
Beare
,
and
so
to
annoint
the
head
,
Galen
and
this
is
accounted
for
a
very
speedy
and
effectuall
cure
.
The
dust
or
powder
of
mice
being
mixed
with
hony
and
oyle
of
Roses
,
and
so
baked
,
or
boyled
together
,
and
afterward
distilled
into
a
cleare
water
and
so
powred
into
the
eares
of
any
one
which
is
deafe
or
troubled
with
any
paine
in
his
eares
,
Pliny
and
it
will
quickly
bring
him
helpe
and
remedie
.
The
dust
of
a
dryed
mouse
being
also
mingled
with
hony
and
rubbed
vpon
the
teeth
of
any
one
which
is
troubled
with
a
stinking
breath
,
will
presently
take
away
the
sauour
thereof
.
Marcellus
If
the
vrine
of
a
man
or
woman
be
too
fluent
and
aboundant
,
let
them
take
the
dust
or
powder
of
a
dryed
mouse
,
being
beaten
and
stamped
,
and
mix
it
with
wine
or
with
goates
milke
,
and
so
drinke
it
vp
,
and
he
shall
speedily
haue
remedie
.
Galen
The
grieuous
and
violent
inflammation
or
turning
of
the
eye-lids
,
is
cured
after
this
manner
.
First
,
they
take
the
flesh
of
the
mice
,
as
soone
as
euer
it
is
beaten
small
,
and
mingle
it
with
the
yolke
of
an
egge
,
and
mollifie
it
into
a
salue
or
plaister
like
vnto
waxe
,
and
then
put
it
into
a
linnen
cloath
,
and
so
wrap
it
vpon
the
eye
lides
in
the
time
of
sleepe
,
and
it
will
easily
bring
helpe
and
remedy
.
There
is
an
excellent
remedy
for
the
ouerspreding
of
the
eyes
,
or
to
cure
the
disease
in
them
,
called
the
pin
and
the
web
,
or
to
helpe
them
which
are
altogether
blind
,
which
is
this
:
To
take
the
blood
of
a
mouse
,
the
gall
of
a
Cocke
,
and
some
part
or
quantitie
of
womans
milke
,
and
to
take
of
each
of
them
alike
,
and
then
to
mingle
or
mixe
them
together
,
&
being
well
wrought
or
kneaded
vntill
it
come
to
an
ointment
to
rubbe
or
spread
it
vpon
the
eyes
:
and
this
will
in
very
short
space
helpe
them
vnto
their
sight
;
For
it
hath
beene
tryed
,
and
hath
helped
many
.
Galenus
Paral.
3.16
The
skinne
of
a
mouse
being
burned
or
dryed
,
and
beaten
into
powder
,
and
so
mingled
with
vinegar
,
and
then
annointed
vpon
the
head
of
any
one
who
is
pained
or
troubled
with
the
heade-ache
,
it
will
presently
ease
and
helpe
him
.
The
heade
of
a
mouse
being
also
born
or
carried
in
a
linnen
cloth
,
doth
cure
the
same
disease
.
The
heads
of
mice
being
burned
,
Pliny
Galenus
and
beaten
into
small
powder
,
and
then
mixed
or
mingled
with
hony
,
and
so
annointed
vpon
the
legges
or
feete
of
them
which
are
troubled
with
the
gowte
,
are
excellent
good
and
wholesome
for
the
curing
of
that
grieuous
disease
.
The
same
vertue
hath
the
tailes
or
bodies
of
Mice
,
being
vsed
in
the
aforesaid
maner
in
them
.
Some
doe
thinke
that
the
aforesaid
disease
is
more
speedily
and
effectually
cured
after
this
manner
:
First
,
Pliny
to
take
a
Beetle
or
horse-flye
,
and
stampe
it
all
to
peeces
,
and
then
to
mingle
it
with
soft
and
liquid
pitch
,
the
skinne
being
prepared
or
made
ready
with
nitre
:
but
there
must
be
great
care
taken
that
it
eate
not
too
farre
in
the
flesh
:
then
to
take
the
head
of
a
mouse
,
and
the
gall
and
dung
of
a
mouse
and
mingle
them
together
with
ling-worte
and
pepper
,
and
so
to
annoint
them
,
and
spread
them
vpon
the
aforesaid
eaten
or
launced
woundes
:
and
this
is
very
much
commended
for
a
very
good
and
medicinable
cure
for
the
aforesaid
disease
.
Sextus
The
heads
of
Mice
dryed
and
beaten
into
powder
or
dust
,
and
then
mixed
with
hony
,
and
so
annointed
vpon
the
eyes
for
the
space
of
ten
daies
together
,
will
clarifie
the
eyes
,
and
expell
all
paine
or
blemishes
from
them
.
Of
the
heads
of
Mice
being
burned
is
made
that
excellent
powder
,
Pliny
for
the
scowring
and
cleansing
of
the
teeth
called
tooth-soape
:
vnto
which
if
spikenard
be
added
or
mingled
,
it
will
take
away
any
filthy
sent
or
stronge
sauour
in
the
mouth
.
The
braines
of
a
Mouse
being
taken
and
put
or
steeped
in
wine
and
stamped
,
Marcellus
and
beaten
small
and
annointed
vpon
the
brow
or
forehead
of
any
one
who
is
troubled
with
a
paine
or
ache
in
the
head
,
and
he
shall
soone
finde
ease
and
remedy
.
If
any
man
shall
but
touch
or
kisse
with
his
mouth
the
snout
or
nostrils
of
a
Mouse
,
and
be
troubled
with
the
disease
called
the
rewme
which
falleth
downe
and
stuffeth
the
nostrils
,
he
shall
in
very
short
space
be
eased
of
the
same
.
The
Magi
or
wise
men
doe
very
much
commend
this
medicine
for
the
expelling
of
a
quartaine
Ague
or
feuer
,
which
is
thus
,
To
take
the
nose
or
snowt
of
a
Mouse
,
as
also
the
very
tops
of
the
eares
,
and
bruse
them
together
,
and
afterward
tie
them
in
a
linnen
cloath
,
which
hath
had
Roses
or
Rose
leaues
in
the
same
,
Myrepsus
and
then
bind
them
vnto
the
armes
or
wristes
of
him
which
is
so
troubled
,
and
they
will
very
effectually
and
speedily
cure
and
heale
him
.
For
the
rottennesse
and
deminishing
of
the
teeth
,
the
best
remedy
is
to
take
a
liuing
mouse
and
to
take
out
one
of
her
teeth
whether
the
greatest
or
the
least
it
is
no
great
matter
,
and
hang
it
by
the
teeth
of
the
party
grieued
:
but
first
kill
the
mouse
from
whom
you
had
the
tooth
,
and
he
shall
presently
haue
ease
and
helpe
of
his
paine
.
The
hart
of
a
liuing
mouse
being
taken
out
,
and
hanged
vpon
the
left
arme
of
any
woman
,
●●xtus
is
of
such
force
and
power
,
as
it
will
cause
her
neuer
to
conceaue
.
The
laps
or
fillets
of
the
liuer
of
a
Mouse
,
being
beaten
small
and
mingled
with
foure
drams
of
sower
and
vnpleasant
wine
is
an
excellent
remedy
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
quakings
in
their
ioynts
,
as
also
for
feauers
and
shaking
agues
.
Galenus
A
mouse
being
cut
or
parted
in
the
coniunction
of
the
sun
and
the
Moone
,
and
the
liuer
pulled
out
and
roasted
or
boyled
,
and
giuen
to
one
which
is
troubled
with
the
aforesaid
disease
to
eate
,
will
very
speedily
and
without
any
difficulty
or
paine
cure
and
heale
him
of
the
same
.
The
gall
of
a
Mouse
being
beaten
very
small
,
and
steeped
or
washed
in
Vineger
,
Pliny
and
so
poured
or
distilled
into
the
eares
of
any
one
who
is
deafe
or
thicke
of
hearing
,
or
hath
any
ach
or
paine
in
the
same
,
is
counted
for
the
chiefest
,
and
most
singular
and
chiefest
remedy
or
cure
which
is
vsed
for
the
same
.
Varro
.
The
dung
or
durt
of
a
mouse
being
new
made
,
is
very
profitable
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
disease
called
the
sciatica
or
hip-gout
,
annointed
or
rubbed
vpon
the
same
.
Mouse-dung
being
also
mingled
with
vinegar
and
oile
of
roses
,
and
so
annointed
or
spred
vpon
the
forehead
or
temples
of
any
one
who
is
troubled
with
the
head-ach
,
Archigenes
.
will
presenly
ease
and
help
him
of
the
same
.
The
gum
called
Benzoine
being
mixed
with
wine
and
Saffron
,
and
pepper
,
as
also
with
the
durt
or
dung
of
Mice
being
new
made
,
and
mixed
with
vinegar
,
and
mingled
al
in
one
medicine
,
and
so
strained
and
giuen
to
one
to
drinke
which
is
spare
and
leane
,
in
some
short
space
or
time
it
will
make
him
grow
very
fat
.
Pliny
The
dung
or
durt
of
a
mouse
being
mingled
with
certaine
other
medicines
,
is
very
good
and
wholesome
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
tetters
,
and
dry
scabs
which
oouerrun
the
whole
body
.
The
dung
of
mice
being
mingled
with
the
dust
or
pouder
of
Frankincense
,
wtih
a
little
red
arsenicke
added
thereunto
,
is
a
very
profitable
and
wholesome
medicine
for
those
to
vse
which
are
troubled
with
little
hand
red
bunches
and
swellings
arising
in
diuers
and
seuerall
parts
of
the
body
.
Marcellus
.
Seuen
pils
being
taken
out
of
the
dung
of
a
mouse
and
mingled
with
vinegar
and
annointed
vppon
the
forehead
and
temples
,
of
those
which
are
grieued
therein
,
will
very
speedily
help
and
cure
them
.
The
inward
partes
of
earth
mixed
with
mouse-dung
,
white
Pepper
,
and
Mirrhe
,
being
of
each
of
them
halfe
an
ounce
,
&
afterwards
mingled
with
Vinegar
altogether
,
and
so
annointed
vpon
the
head
of
any
one
which
is
troubled
with
the
megrime
,
will
very
effectually
and
speedily
ease
and
rid
him
of
the
same
.
Myrepsus
The
Hearbe
called
Strumus
beaten
together
with
Mouse-dung
,
and
afterwardes
mixed
with
vineger
is
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
swellinges
in
the
head
,
or
little
bunches
which
arising
therein
become
sores
,
and
are
full
of
matter
and
filthy
corruption
.
The
dung
or
durt
of
mice
being
melted
,
dissolued
,
and
mingled
with
vineger
,
Marcellus
.
and
then
rubbed
vpon
the
head
of
any
one
who
is
troubled
with
the
scurfe
or
skaules
thereon
in
a
bath
or
stone
,
will
presently
expell
and
driue
them
quite
away
.
The
dung
of
mice
being
mingled
with
Frankincense
,
and
so
beaten
or
tempered
together
vntill
they
come
vnto
the
likenesse
or
thicknesse
of
hony
,
and
then
annointed
vpon
the
legs
or
feet
of
any
one
that
is
troubled
with
the
gout
,
he
shall
find
present
help
and
remedy
.
The
same
disease
is
also
very
effectually
cured
by
the
dung
of
a
mouse
,
&
burned
or
scorched
barly
mingled
together
,
of
each
being
the
same
weight
or
quantity
,
Galenus
&
afterwards
mixed
with
vineger
altogether
,
and
so
spread
or
annointed
vpon
the
diseased
parts
.
Ther
is
also
another
excellent
remedy
for
curing
of
the
aforesaid
disease
which
is
thus
:
to
take
Cantharides
and
bruise
them
all
to
pieces
,
and
mingle
them
with
soft
or
liquid
Pitch
,
and
also
with
Nitre
,
and
so
anoint
or
rub
them
vppon
the
skinne
being
prepared
for
the
purpose
,
Pliny
.
but
there
must
be
great
care
had
that
the
skin
bee
not
rubbed
or
launced
too
far
.
Afterwards
vnto
the
wounds
so
made
,
there
must
be
taken
the
heads
,
gales
,
and
dung
of
mice
,
being
mixed
with
the
hearb
Lingwort
,
and
pepper
,
and
so
beaten
altogether
vntill
they
come
vnto
a
temperate
salue
or
medicine
,
and
then
anointed
vpon
the
said
wounds
,
and
they
will
in
very
short
space
cure
the
same
.
The
haires
and
dung
of
a
Mouse
,
parched
or
dryed
by
the
fire
,
and
annointed
vpon
the
eie-lids
of
any
one
which
are
pield
or
bare
,
will
presently
procure
haire
to
grow
thereon
.
Mouse-dung
being
dried
in
the
shade
is
an
excellent
remedy
against
voyding
of
spetting
of
blood
which
floweth
from
some
parts
of
the
body
,
but
especially
from
the
belly
.
Alexius
Pedemontanas
.
The
same
is
also
very
good
to
staunch
the
blood
which
issueth
from
woundes
being
new
made
.
White
Sceny-seede
,
and
the
dung
of
a
Mouse
or
Hare
being
put
into
broath
with
the
stem
or
stalke
of
Fennell
,
and
so
boyled
together
,
and
afterwards
giuen
vnto
a
Woman
to
drinke
who
is
destitute
of
milke
in
her
breastes
,
will
presently
and
very
speedily
procure
her
milke
in
great
aboundance
.
〈◊〉
The
dung
of
Mice
being
steeped
or
washed
in
raine
water
,
doth
ease
and
refresh
the
swelling
of
womens
dugs
in
their
time
of
deliuery
.
The
dung
of
a
Mouse
being
giuen
in
any
drinke
or
liquor
to
one
that
is
troubled
with
the
disease
called
the
collick
and
stone
to
drinke
,
will
in
very
short
space
or
time
cure
him
of
the
same
.
Mouse
dung
being
also
taken
in
drinke
doth
loose
the
body
of
either
man
or
woman
how
fast
soeuer
they
be
bound
.
There
is
an
excellent
remedy
arising
from
Mouse-dung
against
the
Sciatica
or
hip-gout
which
is
this
:
to
take
nine
graines
of
a
Mouses
dung
mixed
or
mingled
with
halfe
a
pinte
of
wine
,
Marcellus
and
giuen
to
the
party
grieued
vpon
a
bench
or
foote-stoole
to
drinke
,
so
that
he
drinke
it
standing
vpon
that
foot
only
which
paineth
him
,
euen
at
the
sun
rising
,
and
hauing
so
drunke
it
,
let
him
leape
downe
,
and
afterwardes
let
him
leape
three
times
,
and
let
him
do
this
but
three
daies
together
,
and
hee
shall
haue
present
help
and
remedy
of
his
disease
.
Dioscorides
Auicen
Mouse-dung
mixed
with
Frankincense
and
sweete
Wine
,
and
so
drunke
by
any
one
which
is
troubled
with
the
collick
and
stone
,
will
presently
ease
him
of
the
same
.
But
the
dung
of
mice
mingled
with
Frankincense
,
water
,
and
Hony
,
and
so
boiled
together
,
and
drunke
,
doth
not
onely
driue
away
the
paine
of
the
aforesaid
disease
,
but
also
doth
breake
and
quite
dissolue
the
stone
.
Pliny
Mouse-dung
also
being
taken
in
drinke
by
it selfe
alone
,
doth
dissolue
and
melt
the
stone
in
the
bladder
.
The
same
being
also
boyled
in
water
is
very
good
and
profitable
for
those
which
cannot
make
Water
.
The
same
being
new
made
and
annointed
vpon
the
belly
of
any
one
who
is
troubled
with
the
collicke
or
stone
,
shall
finde
present
ease
and
remedy
thereby
.
There
is
yet
moreouer
another
excellent
medicine
proceeding
from
this
dung
,
wherby
the
fruite
in
a
Womans
wombe
may
be
brought
forth
either
dead
or
putryfied
without
any
hurt
or
preiudice
vnto
the
Woman
,
which
is
thus
;
first
to
take
Egyptian
salt
,
mouse-dung
,
Hippocrates
and
Gourds
which
are
sowen
in
woods
,
and
afterwards
to
poure
in
halfe
a
pinte
of
Hony
,
being
halfe
boyled
,
and
to
cast
one
dram
of
Rozen
into
the
Honny
,
the
Gourdes
,
and
the
mouse-dung
,
and
beate
them
well
and
throughly
together
,
and
then
roule
them
vp
,
and
fashion
them
in
the
manner
of
acornes
,
and
put
them
to
the
belly
of
the
party
so
grieued
as
often
as
you
shall
thinke
it
meete
and
conuenient
,
and
in
vsing
this
some
short
space
or
time
you
shalsee
the
aforesaid
putryfied
fruit
to
proceed
and
issue
forth
.
Mouse-dung
being
parched
or
burned
and
mingled
with
Hony
,
is
very
good
and
medicinable
aswell
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
swellings
in
their
legs
and
feete
,
as
also
for
those
whose
eye-lids
are
pilled
and
bald
,
Auicen
to
make
haire
to
grow
again
vpon
them
,
being
spreade
or
annointed
thereuppon
.
The
dunge
of
mice
being
dryed
and
beaten
into
small
dust
or
pouder
,
and
put
into
the
teeth
of
any
one
which
are
hollow
,
will
presently
expell
away
all
paine
from
them
,
Marcellus
and
also
confirme
and
make
the
teeth
strong
.
The
dust
or
pouder
which
proceedeth
from
mouse-dung
is
also
very
good
to
cure
any
disease
in
the
fundament
of
either
man
or
woman
.
The
vrine
of
a
mouse
is
of
such
strong
force
that
if
it
shal
but
touch
any
part
of
a
mans
body
,
it
will
eate
vnto
the
very
bones
.
The
bitings
of
mice
are
healed
by
no
other
means
but
by
greene
figes
and
Garlike
being
mixed
or
mingled
together
,
and
so
annoynted
thereupon
.
OF
THE
RAT
.
THere
is
no
doubt
that
this
beast
belongeth
also
to
the
rank
of
mice
,
The
vulgar
Rat
,
or
great
domesticall
Mouse
.
&
the
name
thereof
we
haue
shewed
already
,
is
common
both
to
the
French
,
Spanish
,
Italian
,
and
English
,
&
it
may
seeme
to
be
deriued
from
the
Greeke
word
Rastes
,
or
Heurex
,
or
Riscos
,
for
the
Gretians
vse
al
those
words
.
And
this
beast
is
4.
times
so
big
as
the
common
Mouse
,
The
quantity
of
Rats
&
their
parts
.
being
of
a
blackish
dusky
colour
,
more
whit
on
the
belly
,
hauing
along
head
,
not
much
vnlike
the
head
of
the
Martin
,
short
and
round
eares
,
a
resonable
rough
skin
,
short
legs
,
and
long
clawes
,
&
exceeding
great
eies
,
such
as
can
see
very
perfectly
in
the
darke
night
,
and
more
perfectly
then
by
candle
light
,
with
their
nails
they
climbe
vp
steepe
and
hard
wals
,
their
taile
is
very
long
,
&
almost
naked
void
of
haire
,
by
reason
whereof
it
is
not
vnworthily
counted
venomous
,
for
it
seemeth
to
partake
with
the
nature
of
Serpents
.
The
quantity
of
their
body
is
much
like
a
weasels
,
&
sometimes
you
shall
see
a
Rat
exceeding
the
common
stature
,
which
the
Germans
cal
Ratzen
Kunig
,
the
king
of
Rats
,
because
of
his
larger
&
greater
body
,
and
they
say
that
the
lesser
bring
him
meat
and
helieth
idle
.
But
my
opinion
is
that
as
we
read
of
the
Dormous
she
nourisheth
hir
parent
when
she
is
old
,
so
likewile
the
younger
Rats
bring
food
vnto
the
elder
,
because
through
their
age
,
they
are
not
able
to
hunt
for
themselues
,
&
are
also
growne
to
a
great
and
vnweeldy
stature
of
body
.
Sometimes
you
shal
see
white
Rats
,
as
was
once
seene
in
Germany
,
taken
in
the
middle
of
Aprill
,
hauing
very
red
eyes
standing
forth
of
their
head
,
and
a
rough
and
long
beard
.
And
at
Auspurg
in
Germany
,
about
the
Temple
called
the
Church
of
S.
Hulduic
they
abound
in
greater
number
then
in
other
places
.
They
do
not
lye
in
the
earth
like
Mice
,
except
in
the
vally
of
Ioachim
,
where
for
the
summer
time
they
forsake
houses
,
and
go
into
cony
holes
,
but
in
the
winter
time
they
returne
to
the
houses
againe
.
They
are
more
noysome
then
the
little
Mouse
,
for
they
liue
by
stelth
,
and
feed
vpon
the
same
meat
that
they
feede
vpon
,
and
therefore
as
they
exceede
in
quantity
,
so
they
deuoure
more
,
and
doe
farre
more
harme
.
They
are
killed
by
the
same
poysons
and
meates
that
the
common
Mice
are
killed
,
except
wolfe-baine
,
for
if
they
eate
thereof
,
they
vomit
it
vp
againe
and
are
safe
.
They
are
also
taken
in
the
same
traps
,
but
3.
or
foure
times
so
big
;
Their
flesh
is
farre
more
hot
and
sharp
then
the
flesh
of
the
vulgar
Mouse
,
as
we
haue
gathered
by
the
dissection
of
it
,
and
therefore
in
operation
it
is
very
like
that
it
expelleth
and
dryeth
more
then
the
other
.
Medicins
by
Rats
.
Poyson
of
Rats
.
The
excrements
are
also
of
the
same
vertue
,
and
with
the
dung
of
Rats
the
Physitians
cure
the
falling
off
of
the
haire
.
And
it
is
saide
also
that
when
they
rage
in
lust
,
and
follow
their
copulation
,
they
are
more
venemous
and
dangerous
then
at
other
times
.
For
if
the
vrine
do
fall
vpon
the
bare
place
of
a
man
,
it
maketh
the
flesh
rot
vnto
the
bones
,
neither
will
it
suffer
any
scar
to
bee
made
vppon
the
vlcer
,
and
thus
much
of
the
vulgar
Rat.
OF
THE
WATER
RAT
.
SEeing
there
are
two
kinds
of
Rats
,
one
of
the
earth
called
Rattus
terrestris
,
Names
of
Water-Rats
.
and
the
other
of
the
water
called
Rattus
Fluuiatilis
,
of
which
we
are
now
to
entreat
,
being
also
called
of
the
Latins
Mus
aquaticus
by
the
Germans
Twassermaus
,
and
Wafferrat
,
by
the
Italians
Sorgomogange
,
Meate
of
Water-Rats
.
by
the
French
Rat
d
,
eau
.
This
beast
hunteth
fishes
in
the
winter
,
and
haue
certaine
caues
in
the
water
sides
,
and
bankes
of
the
riuers
or
ponds
:
For
which
occasion
it
being
seene
in
the
waters
,
deceiueth
their
expectation
which
looke
for
the
returne
of
it
to
the
land
.
And
this
beast
hath
beene
forgotten
by
the
ancients
,
for
they
haue
left
of
it
no
discription
nor
story
,
because
it
liueth
partly
in
the
water
,
and
partly
on
the
land
,
and
therfore
he
said
true
that
spake
of
the
habitation
and
place
of
aboade
of
this
beast
,
in
this
sort
,
Ego
non
in
fluuijs
,
Places
of
water
rats
abod
nec
alijs
aquis
magnis
,
sed
paruis
tantum
riuis
atque
herbosis
omnium
●ipis
,
hoc
animal
frequentissimum
versari
audio
.
That
is
to
say
,
That
this
beast
doth
not
keepe
in
great
waters
or
riuers
,
but
in
small
and
little
currents
and
pondes
,
where
aboundance
of
grasse
and
other
weedes
doe
grow
on
the
sides
and
bankes
;
Pliny
attributeth
that
to
the
warer-rat
,
A
wonder
in
the
parts
of
a
female
Rat
which
is
proper
to
the
Tortise
,
for
indeed
there
is
some
similitude
of
natures
betwixt
these
beasts
,
with
this
exception
,
that
the
females
in
this
kind
haue
three
visible
passages
for
their
excrements
,
one
for
their
vrine
,
another
for
the
dung
,
and
the
third
for
the
young
ones
,
that
is
a
peculiare
place
for
the
littering
of
their
young
ones
,
and
this
water-rat
ouer
and
beside
her
common
nature
with
other
Rats
,
doth
swim
ouer
riuers
,
and
feed
vpon
herbs
,
and
if
at
any
time
she
be
hunted
from
her
natiue
biding
&
accustomed
lodging
,
then
also
she
goeth
among
vulgar
&
common
Rats
and
mice
,
and
feedeth
vpon
such
as
they
eate
:
and
(
Bellonius
saith
)
that
there
are
great
store
of
these
in
Nilus
and
Strym●n
,
and
that
in
calme
nights
when
there
are
no
winds
,
they
walke
to
the
shores
,
&
get
vp
vpon
the
bankes
,
eating
and
gnawing
such
plants
as
grow
neare
the
waters
,
and
if
they
heare
any
noise
,
they
suddenly
leape
into
the
Waters
againe
.
He
expresseth
also
the
figure
of
this
Rat
,
which
we
haue
omitted
because
it
resembleth
in
all
partes
the
common
Rat
,
excepting
the
snout
or
beake
which
is
rounder
&
blunter
.
Among
some
of
the
ancients
also
,
there
is
mention
made
of
this
beast
,
and
no
more
.
Therfore
Aristotle
saith
in
the
Arcadian
Lusae
,
which
is
a
city
so
called
,
(
as
Stephanus
writeth
,
)
where
Malampus
did
wash
the
daughters
of
Proetus
,
and
deliuered
them
from
their
madnesse
.
There
is
a
certaine
fountaine
wherein
do
liue
Rats
of
the
earth
,
(
they
should
say
Rats
of
the
water
)
for
hereunto
agree
both
Pliny
and
Theophrastus
.
Likewise
in
a
riuer
of
Cassinus
;
the
auncient
wise-men
,
which
were
followers
of
Zoroastres
,
made
great
account
of
the
Hedghog
,
but
hated
deadly
the
water-rats
,
and
said
,
that
he
that
could
kil
most
of
them
,
was
most
deare
and
acceptable
to
God
.
And
furthermore
they
said
,
that
dogs
,
hens
,
and
hedghogs
,
did
proceed
,
and
were
attended
from
and
by
good
angels
,
and
water-rats
by
euill
.
And
thus
much
shal
suffice
for
the
discourse
of
the
Rat.
The
story
which
ensueth
is
of
strange
and
lesse
knowne
Mice
,
and
therefore
I
wil
disttibure
them
after
an
alphabiticall
order
;
according
to
their
seueral
names
.
Of
the
Alpine-Mouse
These
Alpin
Mice
are
in
the
tops
of
the
Apenine
hils
,
and
none
of
the
Auncientes
except
Pliny
make
mention
thereof
,
and
it
is
doubtfull
whether
he
doeth
describe
it
or
no.
For
his
words
are
,
Sunt
his
Muribus
Alpinis
,
pares
&
in
Egypto
similiterque
residunt
in
clunibus
&
binis
pedibus
gradiuntur
,
prioribusque
,
vt
manibus
vtuntur
,
that
is
to
say
,
there
are
mice
in
Egypt
like
to
the
Alpin
Mice
,
for
they
sit
vpon
their
Buttocks
,
and
goe
with
their
foremost
two
feet
,
which
also
they
vse
insteed
of
hands
,
by
which
we
collect
,
that
they
are
not
the
same
,
but
like
the
Alpine
mice
.
The
quantity
of
this
beast
,
and
the
seuerall
parts
.
The
Alpine
mouse
is
in
quantity
like
a
Hare
,
or
at
the
least
betwixt
a
Hare
and
a
Cony
,
being
more
fat
,
and
of
a
thicker
body
then
a
Cat
,
but
shorter
legges
in
outward
appearance
most
like
a
mouse
,
and
therefore
it
is
called
an
Alpine
mouse
.
The
backe
of
it
is
very
broad
,
and
the
haire
harder
and
harsher
then
a
Conies
.
The
colour
for
the
most
part
is
yellow
,
Mathaeolus
.
which
in
some
is
more
cleare
,
and
in
others
more
obscure
and
browne
.
Their
eyes
of
a
reasonable
quantity
,
standing
farre
out
of
their
heads
.
Their
eares
very
short
like
cropt
eares
.
The
head
like
a
Hares
,
and
their
feet
with
long
nails
,
his
foreteeth
like
a
squirrels
,
two
aboue
,
and
two
beneath
,
but
long
and
sharpe
like
a
Beuers
,
in
colour
yellowe
,
about
the
nose
and
vpper-lippes
,
he
hath
long-blacke-bristle-haires
like
a
cat
.
The
taile
,
is
halfe
a
cubit
long
,
according
to
Stumpsius
,
but
two
palmes
according
to
Agricola
.
His
legges
very
short
and
thicke
,
couered
with
long
deep
thicke
haire
,
like
to
the
bottome
of
his
belly
.
The
toes
of
his
feet
are
like
a
Beares
,
and
his
clawes
long
and
blacke
,
wherewithall
be
diggeth
the
earth
to
make
his
denne
,
he
goeth
vpon
his
hinder
feete
like
a
Beare
,
or
like
an
Ape
,
by
iumpes
,
and
with
his
forefeet
he
taketh
his
meat
like
a
squirrell
&
an
Ape
,
sitting
in
the
meane
time
vpon
his
buttockes
.
His
backe
is
also
very
fatte
,
although
all
the
other
parts
of
his
body
be
leane
,
and
yet
that
on
his
backe
cannot
be
said
to
be
fat
,
but
rather
like
a
cowes
vdder
,
neither
fat
nor
flesh
,
and
they
encrease
or
grow
more
in
bredth
,
then
in
length
.
The
description
of
the
great
Alpine
mouse
.
Scaliger
describeth
them
in
this
manner
,
a
Marmot
(
saith
he
,
for
so
he
tearmeth
an
Alpine
mouse
in
French
)
is
a
Beast
about
the
bignesse
of
a
Badger
,
hauing
haire
and
tayle
much
like
it
,
and
after
the
same
manner
short
legges
,
and
little
or
no
eares
,
long
,
sharp
,
firme
,
crooked
,
strong
,
and
blacke
clawes
,
which
is
numbred
amongst
the
kinds
of
mice
,
with
whom
it
holdeth
little
correspondence
,
except
that
like
a
squirell
it
taketh
his
meate
in
the
forefeet
as
with
hands
,
and
eateth
sitting
vppon
his
taile
.
They
agree
also
with
the
Dormouse
in
their
sleepe
,
for
they
passe
ouer
winter
sleeping
.
Their
teeth
are
like
to
the
teeth
of
hares
and
mice
,
after
that
they
are
made
tame
,
they
are
not
hurtfull
to
men
or
children
,
except
they
be
prouoked
.
Being
kept
in
houses
,
they
will
eat
and
gnaw
all
linnen
and
woolen
cloath
,
Thus
farre
Scaliger
.
But
we
haue
shewed
already
that
the
outward
appearance
of
it
is
like
a
mouse
,
and
that
therefore
it
is
safer
to
follow
Pliny
,
Albertus
,
Mathaeolus
,
Stumpsius
,
and
others
,
then
his
sole
and
singular
opinion
;
they
keepe
as
we
haue
said
already
in
the
tops
of
the
mountaines
wherein
they
make
their
caue
with
woonderfull
art
and
circumspection
,
The
places
of
their
abod
and
then
singular
art
in
making
their
caue
.
making
two
different
passages
into
their
denne
,
one
aboue
another
a
poles
length
,
which
meete
in
the
middle
like
a
forke
,
or
the
coniunction
of
two
riuers
or
pathe-waies
,
making
the
seate
of
their
rest
to
be
very
deepe
in
the
Mountaine
,
and
therein
they
remaine
,
fiue
,
seauen
,
nine
,
or
eleuen
of
them
together
.
They
play
many
times
before
the
mouth
of
their
denne
together
,
and
in
their
sport
or
pastime
,
Their
obseruation
of
watch
.
barke
like
little
Dogges
.
When
they
go
out
of
their
caue
into
the
mountaines
to
gather
foode
,
or
to
playe
,
or
to
fetch
in
grasse
,
alwaies
one
of
them
remaineth
like
a
Watchman
neare
the
mouth
of
the
caue
vpon
some
high
place
,
looking
most
diligently
and
vigilantly
,
both
farre
and
neare
;
and
if
he
see
eyther
a
man
or
wilde
beast
comming
towardes
them
,
then
hee
suddainely
cryeth
out
,
and
with
his
voice
giueth
the
warning
word
,
whining
like
the
whisling
of
a
pipe
,
if
his
fellowes
be
farre
off
,
or
else
barking
like
a
Dogge
if
they
be
neare
at
hand
.
When
the
residue
heare
it
,
they
presently
repaire
home
,
and
he
which
kept
the
watch
,
entereth
into
the
denne
last
of
all
.
And
it
is
reported
by
a
certaine
Greeke
writer
,
that
if
their
speculator
doe
not
giue
them
the
watch-worde
,
but
that
they
are
endaungered
by
any
man
or
Beaste
thorough
his
negligence
,
they
teare
him
in
pieces
with
their
teeth
.
There
is
no
beast
which
is
so
strong
as
this
,
Stumsius
considering
the
quantity
,
for
it
hath
beene
seene
that
when
a
lusty
young
man
tooke
one
of
them
by
the
hinder
leg
as
it
ran
into
the
den
,
he
could
not
withall
his
might
plucke
it
backe
againe
.
The
strength
of
this
beast
.
The
clawes
of
it
are
exceeding
sharpe
,
and
fit
to
dig
,
so
that
it
is
thought
if
a
man
find
them
in
the
earth
,
and
seeke
to
take
them
by
digging
vnto
them
,
he
shall
labour
in
vaine
,
because
the
beast
diggeth
faster
from
him
then
he
can
follow
her
;
they
cannot
run
very
fast
in
the
plaine
ground
,
but
are
easily
killed
by
a
man
,
except
they
get
into
the
earth
:
with
their
teeth
they
bite
deepe
,
for
they
can
shere
asunder
wood
with
them
like
Beauers
,
Their
vsuall
foode
.
they
eate
or
liue
vpon
fruits
&
especially
being
tamed
when
they
are
young
,
they
refuse
not
bread
,
flesh
,
fish
,
or
pottage
,
and
aboue
all
they
desire
milk
,
Butter
,
and
cheese
,
for
in
the
Alpes
they
will
breake
into
the
little
cottages
where
milk
is
kept
,
and
are
oftentimes
taken
in
the
manner
sucking
vp
the
milke
,
for
they
make
a
noise
in
sucking
of
milke
like
a
pig
.
In
the
month
of
May
they
are
much
delighted
to
eate
hornets
,
or
horseflies
,
also
they
feede
vpon
wilde
Sagapen
of
the
meddow
,
and
seeded
Cabages
,
and
while
they
are
wilde
in
the
Mountaines
they
neuer
drink
,
the
reason
is
as
I
suppose
because
in
the
summer
time
they
eate
moist
greene
herbs
,
and
in
all
the
winter
time
they
sleepe
.
Towards
the
feast
of
Saint
Michaell
the
Arch-angell
,
and
of
Gallus
,
they
enter
into
their
caues
,
and
as
Pliny
saith
,
they
first
of
all
carry
prouision
of
Hay
,
Entrance
into
their
caues
and
greene
Hearbes
into
their
denne
to
rest
vpon
,
wherein
their
wit
and
vnderstanding
is
to
be
admired
,
for
like
Beauers
one
of
them
falleth
on
the
back
,
and
the
residue
loade
his
belly
with
the
carriage
,
and
when
they
haue
laid
vpon
him
sufficient
,
he
girteth
it
fast
by
taking
his
tayle
in
his
mouth
,
and
so
the
residew
draw
him
to
the
caue
,
but
I
cannot
affirme
certainely
,
whether
this
be
a
truth
or
a
falsehood
.
For
there
is
no
reason
that
leadeth
the
Author
thereunto
,
but
that
some
of
them
haue
beene
found
bald
on
the
backe
.
But
this
is
certaine
,
when
the
Snow
begins
to
couer
the
Mountaines
,
then
doe
they
enter
into
their
dennes
,
and
shut
vp
close
the
passages
,
with
Stickes
,
Grasse
,
and
earth
,
both
so
hard
and
so
thicke
,
that
it
is
easier
to
breake
the
solide
ground
,
then
the
mouthes
of
their
Caues
,
and
so
being
safely
encluded
both
from
the
feare
of
the
Hunters
,
from
Raine
,
Snow
,
and
cold
,
there
they
liue
vntill
the
Spring
without
all
manner
of
meate
and
drinke
,
gathered
round
together
like
a
Hedghogge
,
sleeping
continually
,
and
therefore
the
people
inhabiting
the
Alpes
haue
a
common
prouerbe
,
Their
continual
sleepe
al
the
winter
time
.
to
expresse
a
drowsie
and
sleepy
fellow
in
the
German
tongue
thus
.
Er
musse
synzyt
geschlaffen
haben
wie
ein
murmelthier
,
in
Latine
thus
,
Necesse
habet
certum
,
dormiendo
,
tempus
consumere
,
instar
muris
Alpini
,
He
must
needes
sleepe
a
little
like
the
Mouse
of
the
Alpes
.
They
sleepe
also
when
they
be
tamed
,
but
it
hath
beene
found
by
experience
,
that
when
a
tame
one
hath
beene
taken
asleepe
and
layd
in
a
warme
barrell
vpon
Hay
,
the
mouth
being
shutte
and
closed
to
keepe
out
Raine
and
Snow
,
at
the
opening
thereof
it
was
found
dead
;
and
the
reason
was
,
because
it
lacked
breath
,
and
therefore
this
is
most
wonderfull
that
in
the
Mountaines
,
notwithstanding
the
close
stopping
of
the
mouth
of
their
caues
,
yet
they
should
not
bee
depriued
of
refrigeration
,
that
is
fresh
ayre
,
for
expiration
,
and
respiration
.
But
this
is
to
be
considered
,
that
after
they
haue
beene
long
tamed
,
they
sleepe
not
so
much
as
when
they
are
wild
,
for
I
thinke
that
their
continuall
eating
of
rawe
and
greene
Hearbes
,
ingendereth
in
them
so
many
humors
as
cannot
bee
dispersed
without
along
continuing
sleepe
,
but
afterwardes
when
they
are
dieted
with
such
meate
as
is
prouided
for
the
nourishment
of
man
,
they
are
eased
of
the
cause
,
and
so
the
effect
ceaseth
.
During
the
time
that
they
sleepe
,
they
grow
very
fat
,
and
they
are
not
awaked
very
easily
,
Growing
fat
with
sleepe
.
except
with
the
heat
of
the
sun
or
fire
,
or
a
hot-house
.
Now
the
manner
of
their
taking
while
they
are
wilde
is
thus
.
In
the
summer
time
when
they
goe
in
and
out
of
their
caues
,
they
are
taken
with
snares
set
at
the
mouth
thereof
,
but
in
the
Winter
time
when
they
goe
not
abroad
,
The
taking
of
these
beasts
.
then
also
are
the
inhabitants
forced
to
another
deuise
,
for
then
in
the
summer
time
,
they
sette
vp
certaine
pillers
or
perches
neare
the
mouth
of
their
denne
,
whereby
they
may
be
dyrected
,
when
the
snow
doth
couer
the
mountaines
.
For
the
Pillers
or
poles
stand
vp
aboue
the
snow
,
although
the
snow
bee
very
deepe
.
Then
come
the
inhabitants
vpon
round
pieces
of
wood
in
the
middest
of
the
winter
,
fastned
to
their
shooe-soles
ouer
the
deepe
snow
with
their
pyoners
and
diggers
,
and
cast
away
the
snow
from
the
den
,
and
so
dig
vp
the
earth
,
and
not
onely
take
the
beastes
,
but
carry
them
away
sleeping
,
and
while
they
dig
,
they
diligently
obserue
the
frame
and
maner
of
the
stopping
of
the
Mouses
den
.
For
if
it
be
long
and
deepe
,
it
is
a
signe
of
a
long
and
a
hard
winter
,
but
if
it
be
shallow
and
thin
,
of
the
contrary
:
so
comming
vpon
them
as
we
haue
saide
,
they
take
them
and
carry
them
away
asleepe
,
finding
alwaies
an
odde
number
among
them
,
and
they
diligently
obserue
,
that
whilest
they
dig
,
there
bee
no
great
noise
,
or
that
they
bring
not
their
fire
too
near
them
.
For
as
Stumpsius
saith
,
Experrecti
enim
capinon
possunt
,
nam
vt
cunque
strenue
fodiat
venator
,
ipsi
fodiendo
simul
&
retrocedunt
&
pedibus
quam
effoderint
,
terram
reijciendo
fossorem
impediunt
.
That
is
to
say
,
If
they
bee
once
awaked
,
they
can
neuer
be
taken
,
for
howsoeuer
the
Hunter
dig
neuer
so
manfully
,
yet
they
together
with
him
,
dig
inward
into
the
mountaines
,
and
cast
the
earth
backward
with
their
feete
to
hinder
his
worke
.
Being
taken
as
we
haue
saide
,
they
grow
very
tame
,
and
especially
in
the
presence
of
their
keepers
,
Their
taming
&
condicions
in
the
house
.
before
whom
they
will
play
and
sport
,
and
take
Lice
out
of
their
heads
with
their
forefeet
like
an
Ape
.
Insomuch
as
there
is
no
beast
that
was
euer
wild
in
this
part
of
the
world
,
that
becommeth
so
tame
and
familiar
to
man
as
they
,
yet
doe
they
alwaies
liue
in
the
hatred
of
dogges
,
and
oftentimes
bite
them
deepely
,
hauing
them
at
any
aduantage
,
especially
in
the
presence
of
men
,
where
the
dogs
dare
not
resist
nor
defend
themselues
.
When
they
are
wilde
they
are
also
killed
asleepe
,
by
putting
of
a
knife
into
their
throate
,
whereat
their
forefeete
stirre
a
little
,
but
they
dye
before
they
can
bee
awaked
.
Their
blood
is
saued
in
a
vessell
,
and
afterwards
the
Mouse
it selfe
is
dressed
in
hot
scalding
water
like
a
pig
,
The
sauing
&
vse
of
their
flesh
.
and
the
haire
thereof
plucked
off
,
and
then
do
they
appeare
bald
and
white
;
next
to
that
they
bowell
them
,
and
take
out
their
intrals
:
afterwards
put
in
the
bloud
againe
into
their
bellies
,
and
so
seeth
them
or
else
salt
them
,
and
hang
them
vp
in
smoake
,
and
being
dressed
after
they
are
dryed
,
they
are
commonly
eaten
in
the
Alpine
regions
with
Rapes
and
Cabiges
,
and
their
flesh
is
very
fat
,
not
a
fluxible
or
loose
fat
like
the
fat
of
Lambes
,
but
a
solide
fat
,
like
the
fat
of
Hogs
and
Oxen.
And
the
flesh
hereof
is
commended
to
be
profitable
for
women
with
child
,
and
also
for
all
windinesse
and
gripings
in
the
belly
,
not
onely
the
flesh
to
be
eaten
in
meate
,
but
also
the
fat
to
be
annointed
vpon
the
belly
or
Nauel
:
And
for
this
cause
it
is
vsed
to
procure
sleepe
,
and
to
strengthen
decaied
and
weake
sinnewes
:
the
flesh
is
alwaies
better
salted
then
fresh
,
because
the
salt
drieth
vp
the
ouermuch
humidity
,
and
also
amendeth
the
grauity
and
ranknesse
of
the
sauour
:
but
whether
it
be
salt
,
or
whether
it
fresh
,
it
is
alwaies
hard
to
be
digested
,
oppressing
the
stomacke
,
and
heating
the
body
ouermuch
.
The
ventricle
or
maw
of
the
Mouse
Alpine
,
is
prescribed
to
be
layed
vpon
the
belly
against
the
collicke
.
the
medicines
of
this
beast
.
If
the
hands
of
a
man
be
annointed
with
the
fat
of
this
beast
,
it
is
said
he
shall
be
the
better
able
to
endure
cold
al
that
day
after
:
Also
the
same
fat
being
drunke
vp
in
warme
broath
by
a
woman
in
trauaile
,
are
beleeued
to
accelerate
and
hasten
her
deliuery
.
Certaine
Horseleeches
,
in
the
cure
of
that
disease
which
they
call
the
worms
,
which
are
certaine
vlcers
rising
in
the
body
,
do
mingle
this
fat
with
other
medicines
which
are
very
drying
or
scepticke
.
And
Mathaeolus
doth
prescribe
it
for
the
softning
and
mollifieng
of
contracted
nerues
and
ioynts
in
the
body
.
By
the
discourse
aforesaide
,
it
doth
appeare
that
of
these
Alpine-Mice
,
there
are
two
kinds
,
The
descripon
of
the
Emp●●a
or
lit●le
Alpine
Mouse
.
one
great
like
a
Badger
,
and
the
other
in
stature
of
a
Hare
or
cony
:
This
lesser
seemeth
to
be
proper
to
Germany
,
which
there
they
call
Embdor
,
of
the
Latin
word
Emp●ra
,
a
mouse
of
the
mountain
.
The
story
wherof
I
thought
good
to
expresse
being
short
out
of
Stumpsius
and
Agricol●
.
The
male
and
females
say
they
of
this
kind
,
do
gather
together
wilde
corne
which
groweth
among
the
rockes
in
the
summer
time
against
the
winter
,
and
carry
the
same
into
the
holes
of
the
earth
where
their
lodging
is
.
Now
the
female
in
this
kind
is
crafty
,
and
more
apt
to
deuoure
;
the
male
on
the
otherside
more
thirsty
and
sparing
,
wherefore
he
driueth
his
female
out
of
the
den
in
the
winter
time
,
and
stopeth
the
mouth
of
his
caue
,
to
forbid
hir
entrance
,
but
she
getteth
behind
the
same
,
and
diggeth
a
secret
hole
,
whilest
the
male
lyeth
at
the
mouth
asleepe
,
Albertus
.
she
consumeth
the
whole
store
behind
him
,
wherefore
in
the
spring
time
she
commeth
forth
very
fat
and
comely
,
and
he
very
leane
.
And
therefore
in
my
opinion
,
the
makers
of
Emblems
may
very
well
discribe
an
vnthrifty
wise
,
that
consumeth
her
husbands
wealth
,
by
the
picture
of
this
female
,
as
by
the
picture
of
the
Asse
behinde
Ocnus
,
biting
assunder
the
cord
that
he
weaueth
,
as
we
haue
shewd
before
in
the
history
of
the
Asse
.
These
beasts
giue
themselues
much
to
sleep
,
and
when
they
are
awake
they
are
neuer
ydle
,
but
alwaies
carrying
into
their
denne
,
straw
,
hay
,
sticks
,
rags
,
or
peeces
of
cloth
,
wherewith
they
ful
theirmouth
so
ful
,
that
it
may
receiue
no
more
,
and
if
they
meet
with
any
thing
which
●
to
big
for
their
mouth
,
by
the
helpe
of
their
feete
,
they
drawe
and
rowle
it
to
their
owne
denne
.
Whereas
they
are
nourished
tame
in
houses
,
it
is
obserued
,
that
they
are
a
neate
and
cleanly
kind
of
beast
,
for
they
neuer
defile
their
lodgings
with
their
excrements
,
but
seeke
out
some
secret
corner
,
wherein
they
both
render
vrin
,
and
empty
their
bellies
.
With
their
teeth
they
gnaw
wood
,
and
make
holes
in
bords
,
so
larg
as
their
bodies
may
passe
throgh
,
and
while
they
liue
,
they
haue
a
very
ranke
and
stronge
sauour
like
a
mouse
,
especially
in
the
Summer
time
while
they
are
leane
,
and
before
they
growe
fat
;
for
such
is
the
nature
of
this
beast
,
that
in
the
Summer
time
they
labour
and
grow
leane
,
but
in
the
winter
time
they
sleepe
,
and
grow
fat
.
And
thus
much
for
the
Alpine
mouse
.
OF
THE
DORMOVSE
.
THe
Dormouse
is
called
in
Latin
Glis
,
and
in
Greek
Myoxos
,
the
reason
of
the
Latine
name
Glis
,
The
names
and
reasons
thereof
.
is
taken
from
gliscere
which
signifieth
to
grow
fat
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Columella
.
Paleis
vero
quibus
fere
omnes
regiones
abundant
,
●ssinus
gliscit
,
That
is
to
say
,
an
Asse
groweth
fatte
by
eating
chaffe
which
aboundeth
in
all
countries
.
This
word
glis
,
signifieth
not
onely
a
beast
,
but
a
peece
of
fatte
earth
and
and
also
a
Thistle
,
whereupon
Syluaticus
made
this
verse
.
Glis
animal
,
glis
terra
tenax
,
glis
lappa
vocatur
.
The
Italians
call
it
,
Lo
,
galero
,
Lo
,
gliero
,
or
giero
,
the
Spaniards
Liron
,
the
French
likewise
Liron
,
and
Rat
:
Liron
,
and
Vngloyer
,
and
Vngratvevl
,
the
Germans
,
Ein
greul
,
the
Heluetians
,
ein
rell
,
or
Relmus
,
or
Gros
haselmus
but
our
English
Dormouse
,
seemeth
to
be
a
compounded
worde
of
Dormiens
mus
,
that
is
,
a
sleeping
mouse
.
The
Polonians
call
him
Scurez
.
But
concerning
his
name
Myoxus
,
there
is
some
question
among
the
Authors
.
For
Saint
Ierom
writing
vpon
the
eleuenth
chapter
of
Leuiticus
,
and
the
66.
Chapter
of
Esay
,
translateth
Akbar
the
Hebrew
word
for
a
mouse
,
glirem
a
Dormouse
,
and
he
giueth
this
reason
,
because
all
the
countries
of
the
East
,
meaning
Graetia
,
doe
say
,
that
Myoxus
is
a
Dormouse
.
And
this
Myoxus
by
Epiphanius
in
his
Ankerot
is
alleadged
to
prooue
the
resurrection
.
Myoxus
saith
he
,
animal
semestre
moritur
,
&
rursus
post
tempore
sua
revivisset
.
The
Dormouse
at
halfe
a
yeere
olde
dyeth
,
and
after
hir
full
time
reuiueth
againe
:
And
in
his
booke
against
heresies
,
he
speaketh
thus
to
Origen
.
The
description
of
the
Dormouse
out
of
Epiphanius
.
Tradunt
naturae
rerum
experti
,
Myoxum
latitare
,
&
foetus
suos
sinaul
in
eodem
loco
,
multos
parere
:
quinque
,
&
amplius
,
viperus
autem
hos
venari
,
&
si
inuenerit
totum
latibulum
ipsa
vipera
,
quum
non
posset
omnes
deuorare
,
pro
vna
vice
ad
satietatem
cdit
vnum
aut
duos
,
reliquorum
vero
oculos
expungit
,
&
cibos
affert
,
excaecatosque
enutrit
,
donec
voluerit
vnumquemque
eorum
deuorare
.
Si
vero
contigerit
,
vt
aliqui
inexperti
in
hos
incidant
,
ipsosque
in
cibum
sumant
,
venenum
sibi
ipsis
sumunt
,
eos
qui
à
viperae
veneno
sunt
enutriti
.
Sic
etiam
ô
tu
Origines
à
Groeca
doctrina
mente
excaecatus
,
venenum
his
qui
tibi
crediderunt
,
e●omuisti
,
&
factus
es
ipsis
in
edulium
venenatum
,
ita
vt
per
quae
ipse
iuiuria
affectus
es
,
per
es
plus
iniurta
afficeris
.
The
Philosophers
which
are
cunning
in
the
nature
of
things
doe
write
that
the
Dormouse
doth
lye
hid
,
and
bring
forth
many
yoong
ones
in
the
same
place
where
he
lyeth
,
fiue
or
more
at
a
time
,
and
the
vipers
doe
hunt
these
to
destroy
them
:
now
if
the
viper
finde
their
nest
,
because
she
cannot
eate
them
all
at
one
time
at
the
first
,
she
filleth
hir selfe
with
one
or
two
,
and
putteth
out
the
eyes
of
the
residue
,
and
afterwards
bringeth
them
meat
and
nourisheth
them
being
blind
,
vntill
the
time
that
her
stomack
serueth
her
to
eat
them
euery
one
.
But
if
it
happen
that
in
the
meane
time
,
any
man
chaunce
to
light
vpon
these
Vipers-nourished
blinde
Dormise
,
and
to
kill
&
eat
them
,
they
poyson
themselues
through
the
venom
which
the
viper
hath
left
in
them
,
so
fareth
it
with
thee
O
Origem
,
for
thou
art
blinded
with
the
Graecians
doctrin
,
&
dost
vomit
out
that
poison
into
their
harts
which
do
beleeue
thee
,
that
thou
art
made
vnto
them
a
venemous
meate
,
whereby
thou
dost
wrong
others
,
as
thou
hast
bene
wrongd
thy selfe
.
By
which
it
is
manifest
,
that
Myoxus
is
neither
a
Toad
nor
a
Frog
,
but
the
Dormous
.
And
the
charme
which
is
made
for
the
Asses
vrine
,
as
we
haue
shewed
already
in
his
story
,
Gallus
bibit
,
&
non
meijet
,
Myoxus
meijet
,
&
non
bibit
.
whether
they
render
vrine
&
drinke
not
The
cocke
drinketh
and
maketh
not
water
,
the
Dormous
maketh
water
and
neuer
drinketh
.
But
whether
it
be
true
or
no
that
she
neuer
drinketh
,
I
dare
not
affirme
:
But
this
is
certain
,
that
she
drinketh
but
very
sildome
,
and
it
ought
to
be
no
wonder
that
she
should
make
water
,
for
tame
Conies
,
as
long
as
they
can
feed
vpon
greene
hearbes
,
do
render
abundance
of
vrine
,
and
yet
neuer
drink
.
The
Graecians
also
do
call
this
beast
Elayos
,
although
that
word
do
likewise
signifie
a
Squirel
.
In
Maesia
a
wood
of
Italy
,
there
is
neuer
founde
Dormous
,
except
at
the
time
of
their
littering
.
They
are
bigger
in
quantity
then
a
squirrel
,
the
colour
variable
,
somtimes
black
,
The
quantity
colour
and
seuerall
partes
.
somtimes
grisled
,
sometimes
yellowe
on
the
backe
,
but
alwaies
a
white
belly
,
hauing
a
short
haire
,
and
a
thinner
skinne
then
the
pontike
mouse
.
They
are
also
to
be
found
in
Heluetia
,
about
Clarona
.
It
is
a
biting
and
an
angry
beast
,
and
therefore
sildome
taken
aliue
.
The
beake
or
snowt
is
long
,
the
eares
short
and
pricked
,
the
taile
short
,
and
not
very
hairy
at
the
ende
.
The
middle
of
the
belly
swelleth
downe
betwixt
the
breast
and
the
loyns
,
which
are
more
narrow
and
trussed
vp
together
,
they
are
alwaies
very
fat
,
and
for
that
cause
they
are
called
Lardironi
.
Bucke-mast
is
very
acceptable
meat
vnto
them
,
and
doth
greatly
fatten
them
,
Their
food
.
they
are
much
delighted
with
walnuts
,
they
climbe
trees
,
and
eat
Apples
,
according
to
some
,
(
but
Albertus
saith
more
truely
,
)
that
they
are
more
delighted
with
the
iuyce
then
with
the
Apple
.
For
it
hath
bin
oftentimes
sounde
,
that
vnder
Apple
trees
,
they
haue
opened
much
fruite
,
and
taken
out
of
it
nothing
but
the
kernels
,
for
such
is
their
wit
and
policie
,
that
hauing
gathered
an
Aple
,
they
presently
put
it
in
the
twist
of
a
tree
betwixt
bowes
,
and
so
by
sitting
vpon
the
vppermost
bough
presse
it
assunder
.
They
also
grow
fat
by
this
meanes
.
In
auncient
time
they
were
wont
to
keepe
them
in
coopes
or
tunnes
,
and
also
in
Gardens
paled
about
with
boord
,
where
there
are
beeches
or
Wal-nut
trees
growing
,
Norishers
&
nourishing
of
Dormice
.
and
in
some
places
they
haue
a
kind
of
earthen
potte
,
wherein
they
put
them
with
Wal-nuttes
,
Buck-mast
,
and
Chesnets
.
And
furthermore
it
must
be
obserued
,
that
they
must
be
placed
in
romes
conuenient
for
them
to
breed
young
ones
,
their
water
must
be
very
thinne
,
because
they
vse
not
to
drinke
much
,
and
they
also
loue
dry
places
.
Titus
Pompeius
(
as
Varro
saith
)
did
nourish
a
great
many
of
them
enclosed
,
and
so
also
Herpinus
in
his
park
in
Gallia
.
It
is
a
beast
wel
said
to
be
Animal
Semiferum
,
a
creatur
half
wilde
,
for
if
you
set
for
them
hutches
,
and
nourish
them
in
warrens
together
,
it
is
obserued
,
that
they
neuer
assemble
,
but
such
as
are
brede
in
those
places
:
And
if
straungers
come
among
them
which
are
seperated
from
them
,
either
by
a
mountaine
,
or
by
a
riuer
,
Society
and
charity
in
them
.
Pliny
.
they
discry
them
,
and
fight
with
them
to
death
.
They
nourish
their
parents
in
their
old
age
,
with
singular
piety
.
We
haue
shewed
already
,
howe
they
are
destroyed
by
the
Viper
,
and
it
is
certaine
,
that
all
serpentes
lie
in
wait
for
them
.
Their
old
age
doth
end
euery
winter
.
They
are
exceeding
sleepy
,
and
therefore
Martiall
saith
:
Somniculosos
illi
porrigit
glires
.
They
grow
fat
by
sleeping
,
and
therefore
Ausonius
hath
an
elegant
verse
;
Dic
,
cessante
cibo
,
somno
quis
opimior
est
?
glis
?
Because
it
draweth
the
hinder
legges
after
it
like
a
Hare
,
it
is
called
Animal
tractile
,
for
it
goeth
by
iumpes
and
little
leapes
.
In
the
winter
time
they
are
taken
in
deepe
ditches
that
are
made
in
the
woods
,
couered
ouer
with
small
stickes
,
straw
,
and
earth
,
which
the
cuntrymen
deuise
to
take
them
when
they
are
asleepe
.
The
meane●
to
take
these
Dormice
.
At
other
times
they
leap
from
tree
to
tree
like
Squirrelles
,
and
that
they
are
killed
with
arrowes
as
they
goe
from
bough
to
bough
,
especially
in
hollowe
trees
:
for
when
the
hunters
finde
their
haunt
wherein
they
lodge
,
they
stop
the
hole
in
the
absence
of
the
Dormouse
,
and
watch
her
turne
backe
againe
:
the
silly
beast
finding
her
passage
closed
,
is
busied
hande
and
foote
to
open
it
for
entrance
,
and
in
the
mean
season
commeth
the
hunter
behind
her
and
killeth
her
.
In
Tellina
they
are
taken
by
this
meanes
:
The
countrimen
going
into
the
fields
,
carryeth
in
their
hands
burning
torches
in
the
night
time
,
which
when
the
silly
beast
perceiueth
,
with
admiration
thereof
flocketh
to
the
lights
,
whereunto
when
they
were
come
,
they
were
so
daseled
with
the
brightnesse
that
they
were
starke
blinde
,
and
might
so
bee
taken
with
mens
hands
.
The
vse
of
the
flesh
of
these
mice
.
The
vse
of
them
being
taken
was
,
to
eat
their
flesh
,
for
in
Rhetia
at
this
day
they
salt
it
and
eat
it
,
because
it
is
sweet
and
fat
like
swines
flesh
.
Ammianus
Marcellinus
wondereth
at
the
delicacy
of
his
age
,
because
when
they
were
at
their
tables
,
they
called
for
ballaunces
to
weigh
their
fish
,
and
the
members
of
the
Dor-mouse
,
which
was
not
done
(
saith
hee
)
without
anye
dislike
of
some
present
,
and
thinges
not
heretofore
vsed
,
are
now
comended
daily
.
Appitius
also
prescribeth
the
muscles
and
flesh
inclosed
of
them
,
taken
out
of
euery
member
of
a
Dormous
,
beaten
with
pepper
,
Nut-kernels
,
Parcenippes
,
and
Butter
,
stuffed
altogether
into
the
belly
of
a
Dormous
,
and
sewed
vp
with
thread
,
and
so
baked
in
an
Ouen
,
or
sod
in
a
kettle
,
to
be
an
excellent
and
delicate
dish
.
And
in
Italy
at
this
day
they
eat
Dormice
(
saith
Coelius
,
)
yet
there
were
ancient
lawes
among
the
Romans
,
called
Leges
censoriae
,
whereby
they
were
forbidden
to
eat
Dormice
,
strange
birds
,
shel-fish
,
the
neckes
of
beasts
,
and
diuers
such
other
things
.
And
thus
much
shal
suffice
for
the
description
of
the
Dormouse
.
The
medicines
of
the
Dormouse
.
Dormyse
being
taken
in
meate
,
doe
much
profit
against
the
Bulimon
;
The
powder
of
Dormyse
mixed
with
oyle
,
Pliny
doth
heale
those
which
are
scalded
with
any
hot
licker
.
A
liue
Dormouse
doth
presently
take
away
all
warts
being
bound
thereupon
.
Dormyse
,
and
field-mice
being
burnt
,
and
their
dust
mingled
with
hony
,
will
profit
those
which
desire
the
clearnesse
of
the
eyes
,
if
they
doe
take
thereof
some
small
quantitie
euery
morning
.
Marcellus
The
powder
of
a
Dormouse
,
or
field
mouse
rubbed
vpon
the
eyes
helpeth
the
aforesaid
disease
.
A
Dormouse
being
flead
,
roasted
and
annointed
with
oyle
,
and
salt
,
being
giuen
in
meate
,
is
an
excellent
cure
for
those
that
are
short
winded
.
The
same
also
doth
very
effectually
heale
those
that
spit
out
filthy
matter
or
corruption
.
Powder
of
Dormice
,
or
fielde-mice
,
or
yoong
wormes
,
being
mixed
with
oyle
doth
heale
those
that
haue
kibes
on
their
heeles
,
or
chilblaines
on
their
hands
.
The
fatte
of
a
Dormouse
,
the
fatte
of
a
hen
,
and
the
marrow
of
an
Oxe
melted
together
,
and
being
hot
,
infused
into
the
eares
,
doth
very
much
profit
both
the
paines
and
deafenesse
thereof
.
Sextus
The
fatte
of
Dormice
being
boyled
,
as
also
of
field-mice
,
are
deliuered
to
be
most
profitable
for
the
eschewing
of
the
palsie
.
That
fat
of
a
Dormouse
is
also
very
excellent
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
a
palsie
or
shaking
of
the
ioynts
.
The
skinne
and
inward
parts
of
a
Dormouse
being
taken
forth
,
and
boyled
with
hony
in
a
new
vessell
,
and
afterwards
powred
into
an
other
vessell
,
Pliny
will
very
effectually
heale
all
diseases
which
are
incident
to
the
eares
,
being
anointed
thereupon
.
The
skinne
of
a
Dormouse
or
a
silke
worme
being
pulled
off
,
and
the
inward
parts
thereof
being
boyled
in
a
new
brasen
vessell
with
hony
,
Marcellus
from
the
quantitie
of
27.
ounces
euen
to
three
,
and
so
kept
,
that
when
there
is
need
of
a
certaine
bathing
vessell
,
the
medicine
being
made
warme
and
powred
into
the
eares
,
doth
helpe
all
paines
,
deafenesse
,
or
inflammation
of
the
eares
.
The
fat
of
a
Dormouse
is
commended
to
be
very
medicinable
for
the
aforenamed
diseases
.
The
same
is
profitable
for
all
paines
,
aches
,
or
griefes
in
the
belly
.
The
vrine
of
a
Dormouse
is
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
palsie
,
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
concerning
the
medicinall
vertues
of
the
Dormouse
.
Of
the
Hamester
,
or
Cryetus
,
the
first
figure
taken
by
Mychaell
Horus
.
The
second
picture
taken
by
Iohn
Kentmant
,
and
it
is
her
fashion
and
portracture
to
lie
thus
when
she
is
angry
,
for
so
doth
her
colour
appeare
both
on
the
backe
and
belly
.
THis
beast
is
called
in
Latine
Crycetus
,
and
in
the
Germaine
toung
Hamester
,
Traner
,
and
Kornfaerle
,
The
names
that
is
piggs
of
the
corne
.
It
is
a
little
beast
,
not
much
bigger
then
a
Rat
,
dweling
in
the
earth
of
the
rootes
of
corne
,
she
is
not
drawne
against
her
wil
out
of
her
caue
at
any
time
,
The
description
.
but
by
powring
hot
water
or
some
other
lickor
.
The
head
of
it
is
of
diuers
colours
,
the
backe
red
,
the
belly
white
,
and
the
haire
sticketh
so
fast
to
the
skin
,
that
it
is
easier
to
pul
the
skin
from
the
flesh
,
then
any
part
of
the
haire
from
the
skin
.
It
is
but
a
little
Beast
as
we
haue
said
,
but
very
ap●
to
bite
and
fight
,
and
ful
of
courage
,
and
therefore
hath
receiued
from
nature
this
ornament
and
defence
,
that
it
hath
a
bonie
helmet
,
couering
the
head
and
the
braine
when
it
standeth
vp
,
vppon
the
hinder
legges
:
It
resembleth
both
in
colour
and
proportion
a
Bear
.
of
the
Arctomys●
And
for
this
cause
some
writers
haue
interpreted
it
to
be
the
beast
called
Arctomys
,
thus
described
by
Saint
Ierom.
It
is
a
creature
(
saith
he
)
abounding
in
the
regions
of
Palastina
,
dwelling
alwaies
in
the
holes
of
rockes
and
caues
of
the
earth
,
not
exceeding
the
quantity
of
a
Hedgehogge
,
and
of
a
compounded
fashion
,
betwixt
a
mouse
and
a
Beare
.
But
we
haue
shewed
already
,
that
this
is
the
Alpine
mous
,
and
therefore
wee
will
not
stand
to
confute
it
here
.
The
name
Crycetus
seemes
to
be
deriued
from
the
Illirian
word
,
which
we
read
in
Gelenig
to
be
Skuzecziek
:
this
beast
saith
he
,
is
common
in
the
Northern
parts
of
the
world
,
and
also
in
other
places
,
in
figure
,
and
shape
,
it
resembleth
a
Beare
,
in
quantity
it
neuer
exceedeth
a
great
Sorex
.
It
hath
a
short
taile
,
almost
like
no
taile
,
it
goeth
vpon
two
legs
,
especially
when
it
is
mooued
to
wrath
.
It
vseth
the
fore-feete
in
steade
of
hands
,
The
voracity
of
the
Cricetus
.
and
if
it
had
as
much
strength
,
as
it
hath
courage
,
it
would
be
as
fiercefull
as
any
Beare
.
For
this
little
beast
is
not
afraide
to
leape
into
the
hunters
face
,
although
it
can
doe
no
great
harme
,
either
with
teeth
or
nailes
.
It
is
an
argument
that
it
is
exceeding
hot
,
because
it
is
so
bold
and
eager
.
In
the
vppermost
chap
,
it
hath
long
and
sharp
teeth
,
growing
two
by
two
.
It
hath
large
and
wide
cheekes
,
which
they
alwaies
fill
,
both
carrying
in
,
and
carrying
out
,
they
eate
with
both
,
whereupon
a
deuouring
fellow
such
a
one
as
Stasimus
a
seruant
to
Plautus
was
,
is
called
Crycetus
,
a
Hamster
,
because
he
filleth
his
mouth
well
,
and
is
no
pingler
at
his
meate
.
The
fore-feete
are
like
a
Moulds
,
so
short
,
but
not
altogether
so
broad
,
with
them
he
digeth
the
earth
,
The
making
of
his
den
.
and
maketh
his
holes
to
his
den
,
but
when
he
diggeth
so
far
as
he
cannot
cast
the
earth
out
of
the
hole
with
them
,
then
he
carrieth
it
foorth
in
his
mouth
.
His
den
within
he
maketh
large
,
to
receiue
corne
,
and
prouision
of
fruite
for
his
sustentation
,
whereinto
he
diggeth
many
holes
,
winding
and
turning
euery
way
,
that
so
he
may
be
safe
both
against
beasts
that
hunt
him
,
and
neuer
be
killed
in
his
den
:
And
also
if
a
man
digge
the
earth
he
may
find
his
lodging
with
more
difficultie
.
In
the
haruest
time
he
carrieth
in
graine
of
all
sorts
,
and
my
Author
saith
,
Neque
minus
in
colligendo
industrius
,
quam
in
eligendo
,
conseruandoque
est
astutus
,
optima
enim
reponit
.
He
is
no
lesse
industrious
in
the
gathering
of
his
prouision
,
then
crafty
and
pollitike
in
the
choice
,
and
keeping
it
,
for
it
laies
vp
the
best
;
and
lest
that
it
should
rot
vnder
the
earth
,
it
biteth
off
the
fibres
and
taile
of
the
graine
,
laying
vp
the
residue
amongst
grasse
and
stubble
.
It
lies
gaping
ouer
his
gathered
graine
,
euen
as
the
couetous
man
is
described
in
the
Satyre
sleeping
vpon
his
money
bagges
.
It
groweth
fatte
with
sleepe
like
Dormice
,
and
Conies
.
The
holes
into
the
caue
are
very
narrow
so
that
with
sliding
out
and
in
,
they
wear
their
haire
.
The
earth
which
commeth
out
of
their
holes
doth
not
lie
on
heapes
like
mole-hils
,
but
is
despersed
abroad
,
and
that
it
fittest
for
the
multitude
of
the
holes
,
and
all
the
holes
and
passages
are
covered
with
earth
:
but
that
hole
which
for
the
most
part
she
goeth
out
at
,
is
knowne
by
a
foote-pathe
,
and
hath
no
hinderaunce
in
it
,
the
other
places
at
which
she
goeth
out
are
more
obscure
and
hid
,
and
shee
goeth
out
of
them
backwardes
.
The
male
and
femal
do
both
enhabit
in
one
caue
,
and
their
younge
ones
being
brought
forth
,
they
leaue
their
old
den
and
seeke
them
out
some
new
habitation
.
In
the
male
there
is
this
perfidity
,
that
when
they
haue
prepared
al
their
sustenance
and
brought
it
in
,
hee
doth
shut
out
the
female
,
and
suffereth
her
not
to
approch
nie
it
,
who
reuengeth
his
perfidiousnes
by
deccipt
.
For
going
into
some
adioyning
caue
,
she
doeth
likewise
perta●e
of
the
fruits
which
were
laid
vp
in
store
by
some
other
secret
hole
in
the
caue
,
the
male
neuer
perceiuing
it
.
So
that
nature
hath
wonderfully
foreseene
the
pouerty
of
al
creatures
:
neither
is
it
otherwise
amongst
men
,
for
that
which
they
canot
do
by
equity
,
they
perform
by
fraud
.
This
also
commeth
in
the
speech
of
the
common
people
,
against
one
that
wil
thriue
.
The
yong
country
wenches
concerning
this
matter
,
do
chaunt
out
a
verse
not
vnpleasant
,
which
I
am
contented
to
expresse
in
Iambickes
,
consisting
of
foure
feet
:
Hamester
ipse
cum
sua
Prudens
catusque
coniuge
Stipat
profundum
pluribus
Per
tempus
antrum
frugibus
Possitque
solus
vt
frui
,
Lectis
aceruis
hordei
Auarus
antro
credulam
Extrudit
arte
comugem
Serua
,
inquit
,
exiens
,
foras
,
Coeli
serena
&
pluuias
,
Sed
foeminis
quis
insitam
?
Vincant
dolis
astutiam
?
Nouum
parans
cuniculum
.
Furatur
omne
triticum
.
Egens
maritus
perfidam
Quaerit
per
antra
coniugem
,
Nec
se
repellat
blandulis
Demulcit
inuentam
sunis
,
Ille
esse
iam
communiae
Seruata
dum
sinit
bona
.
At
perfidus
multiplices
Opponit
intus
obices
.
Rursus
fruuntur
mutuis
Antris
,
cibis
,
amplexibus
.
This
beast
doth
deuoure
all
kinde
of
fruite
,
His
meate
and
foode
.
and
if
he
be
nourished
in
a
house
he
eateth
bread
and
flesh
:
he
also
hunteth
the
fielde
mice
.
When
he
taketh
his
meate
,
he
raiseth
himselfe
vpon
his
fore
feete
:
he
is
also
wont
with
his
forefeete
to
stroake
his
head
,
eares
,
and
mouth
,
which
thing
the
Squirrell
and
the
Cat
doe
also
,
and
as
the
Beauer
amongest
those
creatures
which
liue
as
well
by
water
,
as
by
land
:
but
although
in
his
bodie
he
seemeth
but
small
,
notwithstanding
he
is
by
nature
apt
to
fight
and
very
furious
being
prouoked
,
with
his
carriage
in
his
mouth
:
he
beateth
away
with
both
his
feete
that
which
resisteth
him
,
directly
inuading
his
enemie
:
The
anger
&
furie
o●
this
beast
.
In
the
spirite
and
assaulting
of
his
mouth
he
is
wayward
and
threatning
,
from
whence
our
countreymen
were
accustomed
to
say
of
any
one
which
was
angry
,
he
breatheth
his
wrath
out
of
his
mouth
like
a
Hamster
:
Dis
spruest
vuie
ein
hamster
:
neither
is
he
easily
affrighted
although
he
be
far
vnequall
vnto
those
in
strength
with
whom
he
is
in
combate
.
Wherefore
some
doe
giue
it
in
the
place
of
a
Prouerbe
,
that
our
Countreymen
doe
call
a
man
which
is
madly
rash
Ein
tollen
hamster
,
as
foolehardy
,
as
a
hamster
.
He
flieth
from
any
one
that
doth
sharply
resist
him
,
and
doth
greedily
follow
after
them
that
flie
from
him
.
I
my selfe
saw
one
of
these
who
by
assaulting
a
horse
gat
him
by
the
nose
,
and
would
neuer
leaue
his
holde
vntill
he
was
killed
with
a
sword
:
He
is
taken
by
diuers
meanes
,
Of
the
taking
of
this
beast
.
for
he
is
expelled
either
by
hot
water
powred
into
his
den
,
or
is
choaked
within
,
or
being
diged
vp
with
a
mattocke
or
spade
he
is
killed
;
or
by
dogges
.
He
is
sometimes
pulled
out
by
the
Foxe
,
or
hurt
:
or
oppressed
by
some
snare
a
great
waight
being
put
about
it
,
or
to
conclude
he
is
taken
by
Art
aliue
,
and
that
in
the
night
time
,
when
he
goeth
to
seeke
his
prey
,
for
in
the
day
time
for
the
most
part
he
lyeth
hid
.
Before
his
vsuall
caue
(
as
I
haue
said
)
he
is
taken
by
the
path
which
is
worne
,
by
a
pot
which
is
put
into
the
earth
,
and
afterward
made
plaine
about
it
like
other
places
of
the
fielde
:
there
is
earth
cast
into
the
bottome
of
the
pot
to
the
deepenesse
of
two
fingers
,
aboue
euery
where
couering
the
pot
there
is
placed
a
stone
,
which
is
helde
vp
by
a
peece
of
wood
,
to
which
there
is
bound
below
a
fragment
of
bread
:
In
the
space
betweene
the
caue
and
the
pot
there
are
crumes
of
bread
scattered
,
which
he
following
and
leaping
into
the
pot
,
the
wood
falling
he
is
taken
.
Being
taken
after
the
manner
of
other
beastes
,
he
toucheth
no
foode
.
If
a
broad
stone
,
such
an
one
with
which
they
couer
pauementes
,
or
of
which
they
make
roofe-tiles
shall
be
ioyned
vnto
the
pot
,
and
the
beast
be
taken
,
he
will
be
very
hardly
knowne
in
the
morning
,
for
the
spirit
of
the
beast
being
shut
in
,
and
waxing
wroth
,
pearcing
for
th
inesse
doth
moisten
the
stone
.
The
skins
of
Hamsters
are
very
durable
,
of
which
there
are
certaine
long
coates
which
come
downe
vnto
the
heeles
and
diuers
coulored
cloakes
made
,
which
the
woman
of
Misena
and
Silesia
doe
vse
,
The
vse
of
their
skins
.
and
account
them
very
honorable
,
of
a
blacke
and
red
coulour
,
with
broad
gards
or
edges
of
the
skinnes
of
Otters
:
the
same
coates
are
for
the
most
part
vallued
at
the
price
of
fifteene
or
twentie
Renensian
crownes
:
for
it
doth
out-weare
in
length
three
or
foure
garments
made
either
of
linnen
,
or
wollen
cloath
.
In
Turingia
and
Misena
this
beast
is
frequent
,
notwithstanding
not
in
all
places
,
for
in
Turingia
his
chiefest
abode
is
about
Efurdanus
,
and
Salcensis
in
Misena
,
about
Lipsia
,
and
the
field
Pegensis
,
the
plentifullest
and
most
fertilest
places
of
both
those
regions
.
In
Lusatia
about
Radeburge
he
is
diged
out
of
the
places
where
painick
groweth
.
At
Mulberge
and
Albis
,
he
is
found
in
the
Vine-yardes
,
for
he
is
also
fed
with
ripe
grapes
.
Our
countrey-men
are
wont
to
burne
a
liuing
Hamster
in
a
pot
being
shut
for
the
medicines
of
horses
.
It
hath
beene
seene
that
one
of
these
hath
leaped
vp
and
caught
a
horse
by
the
nose
,
neuer
letting
goe
his
hold
vntill
she
was
cut
off
with
a
sword
.
The
skin
is
of
three
or
foure
different
colours
,
besides
the
spotted
sides
,
and
therefore
the
skinne
is
very
pretious
.
They
abound
in
Turingia
where
the
soile
is
good
,
and
there
is
also
great
store
of
graine
.
OF
THE
NORICIAN
MOVSE
.
THe
Morician
mouse
is
called
in
Latine
Citellus
,
and
it
keepeth
like
the
wilde
mice
in
the
caues
and
dens
of
the
earth
.
The
name
,
description
and
di●position
.
The
body
is
like
to
a
Domestical
Weasils
,
long
&
slender
,
the
taile
very
short
,
the
coulour
of
the
haire
like
to
a
gray
Conies
,
Agricola
.
but
more
bright
.
It
wanteth
eares
like
a
mole
,
but
it
hath
open
passages
insteade
of
eares
,
wherewithall
it
heareth
the
sound
,
as
you
shal
see
in
many
birds
.
The
teeth
are
like
the
teeth
of
mice
,
and
of
their
skinnes
(
although
they
be
not
very
precious
)
they
vse
to
make
garments
.
In
Germany
they
cal
it
Pile
and
Zisel
,
and
of
this
Germaine
word
was
the
Latine
Citellus
feigned
;
and
it
appeareth
by
Agricola
,
that
there
are
two
kindes
of
these
;
one
greater
,
which
are
cald
Zysell
and
Zeiseile
,
and
another
lesser
(
called
Pile
)
which
may
be
the
same
that
is
also
called
Bilchmuss
,
Genelius
.
and
differeth
from
other
,
because
it
is
vsed
for
meat
.
These
are
bred
in
Croatia
,
and
in
the
countrey
about
Vennice
.
They
haue
a
strange
smel
or
savour
which
is
said
to
be
hurtful
to
the
head
:
They
eat
both
salted
and
hung
in
the
smoke
,
and
also
fresh
and
new
killed
.
With
their
skins
they
edge
the
skirts
of
garmentes
,
for
it
is
as
soft
as
the
skin
of
a
Hare
:
and
beside
the
common
nature
of
mice
they
are
tamed
.
They
also
haue
very
large
cheekes
,
whereinto
they
gather
an
innumerable
quantitye
of
graine
,
and
carry
it
into
their
den
,
as
it
were
in
bagges
against
the
Winter
.
They
liue
thirty
and
fourty
together
in
a
caue
,
and
are
not
driuen
forth
but
by
infusion
of
hot
water
.
They
gather
great
store
of
Nuts
into
their
caues
,
and
therefore
aswel
as
for
their
flesh
do
men
hunt
and
seeke
after
them
.
OF
THE
MOVSE
PONTIQVE
Olaus
mag:
Agricola
THe
name
of
this
mouse
is
giuen
vnto
it
from
the
Island
out
of
which
it
was
first
brought
,
named
Pontus
,
and
for
this
cause
it
is
also
called
Fenicus
,
because
it
was
first
of
al
brought
into
Germany
from
Venice
.
It
is
called
also
Varius
by
Idorus
,
from
whence
commeth
the
German
word
Vutrck
,
from
the
diuersity
of
the
colour
Graeu
vuerck
.
It
is
cald
also
Pundtmuss
,
as
it
wer
Ponticus
mus
,
or
rather
,
of
Bundt
,
because
they
wer
wont
to
be
brought
in
bundles
to
be
sold
fifty
togither
,
and
they
were
solde
for
twenty
Groates
,
Volaterranns
,
and
Hermol●us
are
of
this
opinion
,
that
the
white
ones
in
this
kinde
,
bee
called
of
the
Italians
Armellines
,
and
by
the
Germaines
Hermelin
,
but
wee
haue
promised
already
to
prooue
that
Hermelin
is
a
kind
of
Weasell
,
which
in
the
winter
time
is
white
,
by
reason
of
extreamity
of
cold
,
and
in
the
summer
returneth
into
her
colour
again
,
like
as
do
the
Hares
of
the
Alpes
.
This
Pontique
Mouse
differeth
from
others
onely
in
colour
,
for
the
white
is
mingled
with
ash
colour
,
or
else
it
is
sandy
and
blacke
,
and
in
Pollonia
at
this
day
they
are
found
red
and
ash-colour
.
Their
two
lower
most
teeth
before
are
very
long
,
&
when
it
goeth
,
it
draweth
the
taile
after
it
like
mice
,
when
it
eateth
it
vseth
the
forefeet
instead
of
hands
,
and
feedeth
vpon
Walnuts
,
Chesnuts
,
Filbeards
,
smal
Nuts
,
Apples
,
and
such
like
fruits
.
In
the
winter
time
they
take
sleep
instead
of
meate
:
And
it
is
to
bee
remembred
,
that
the
Polonians
haue
foure
kinds
of
pretious
skins
of
Mice
which
they
vse
in
their
Garmentes
,
distinguished
by
foure
seuerall
names
.
The
first
of
grisell
colour
called
Popieliza
.
The
second
is
called
Gronosthaij
,
a
very
white
beast
all
ouer
,
except
the
tip
of
the
taile
which
is
al
blacke
,
and
this
is
the
Hermelin
.
The
third
is
called
Nouogrodela
from
the
name
of
a
Towne
,
and
this
is
white
mingled
with
grisell
,
and
this
is
also
a
kind
of
Pontike
Mouse
.
The
4.
Vuieuuorka
,
of
a
bright
Chesnut
colour
,
and
this
is
the
Squirrell
,
for
they
call
Squirrels
,
Weasels
,
and
Hermelin
al
by
the
name
of
mice
.
These
Pontique
Mice
haue
teeth
on
both
sides
,
and
chew
the
end
.
In
the
winter
time
as
we
haue
said
they
lie
and
sleepe
,
especially
the
white
ones
,
and
their
sence
of
tast
doth
excel
al
other
(
as
Pliny
writeth
,
)
they
build
their
nests
and
breed
like
common
Squirrels
.
Their
skins
are
sold
by
ten
together
,
the
two
best
are
called
Litzschna
.
the
3.
a
little
worse
are
called
Crasna
,
the
4
next
to
them
Pocrasna
,
and
the
last
and
vilest
of
all
Moloischna
:
with
these
skins
they
hem
and
edge
garmentes
,
and
in
some
places
they
make
canonicall
Garments
of
them
for
priests
,
vnto
which
they
few
their
tailes
to
hang
downe
on
the
skirts
of
their
garments
;
of
which
custome
Hermolaus
writeth
very
excellently
in
these
words
.
Instruxit
,
&
ex
muribus
,
luxuriam
suam
vita
,
alios
magnis
frigoribus
,
alios
medio
anni
tempore
,
a
septentrionibus
petendo
,
armannus
corpora
,
&
de
bellamus
animos
.
That
is
to
say
,
The
life
of
man
hath
learned
to
be
prodigall
euen
out
of
the
skins
of
Mice
,
for
some
they
vse
against
extremity
of
cold
,
and
they
fetch
others
out
of
the
farthest
Northern
parts
,
for
the
middle
part
of
the
yeare
:
Thus
do
we
arme
and
adorne
our
bodies
,
but
put
downe
and
spoyle
our
minds
.
I
send
vnto
thee
a
little
skin
,
the
vpper
place
of
the
haires
thereof
being
of
a
white
ash-colour
,
but
the
roote
of
the
haire
or
inner
part
thereof
,
is
a
blacke
broune
.
They
call
it
Popyelycza
Latayacza
,
that
is
,
A
Pontique-flying-Mouse
:
It
is
alwaies
so
moyst
,
that
it
can
neuer
be
dressed
by
the
Skinner
,
or
Lether-dresser
.
The
people
vse
it
to
wipe
sore
running
eies
,
hauing
a
perswasion
that
there
is
in
it
a
sigular
vertue
for
the
easing
and
mitigating
of
those
paines
:
but
I
thinke
that
the
softnesse
was
the
first
cause
which
brought
in
the
first
vse
thereof
,
but
if
the
haires
do
not
cleaue
hard
to
the
skin
,
it
cannot
be
done
without
danger
.
Also
the
haires
hanging
as
it
were
in
a
round
circle
against
or
aboue
the
two
former
feete
,
they
call
wings
,
wherwithall
they
are
thought
to
fly
from
tree
to
tree
.
Thus
far
Antonius
▪
Gesner
after
the
receite
of
these
skins
,
being
willing
to
preserue
them
from
mothes
,
because
they
were
raw
,
for
experience
sake
gaue
them
to
a
leather
dresser
,
who
presently
dressed
them
with
Vineger
and
the
Leese
of
Wyne
,
so
that
it
appeareth
the
Skinners
of
Littuania
had
not
the
skill
how
to
dresse
it
.
After
they
were
dressed
they
were
so
softe
that
they
stretched
aboue
measure
,
so
that
euery
one
of
them
were
square
,
that
is
to
say
,
their
length
and
breadth
were
equall
,
for
they
were
two
palmes
or
eight
fingers
broade
:
and
no
more
in
length
,
the
head
and
taile
excepted
,
wherefore
it
may
well
be
called
a
square
Mouse
,
or
Sciurus
quadratus
,
because
we
are
sure
of
the
former
,
but
not
of
the
flying
;
the
taile
was
as
long
as
foure
or
fiue
fingers
are
broad
,
being
rough
like
the
taile
of
other
Squirrels
,
but
beset
with
blacke
and
white
haires
,
the
whole
colour
both
of
the
belly
and
vpper
parte
was
whitish
as
we
haue
said
,
but
blacke
vnderneath
,
the
haire
is
so
soft
as
any
silke
,
and
therefore
fit
for
the
vse
of
the
eies
.
The
eares
shorter
and
rounder
then
a
Squirrels
,
the
feete
did
not
appeare
by
the
skin
:
the
neather
part
was
distinguished
from
the
vpper
part
,
by
a
certaine
visible
line
,
wherein
did
hang
certain
long
haires
which
by
their
roughnes
and
solidity
vnder
the
thin
and
broad
frame
of
their
body
,
might
much
help
them
to
flie
,
euen
as
broad
fishes
swim
by
the
breadth
of
their
bodies
,
rather
then
by
the
help
of
their
sins
.
The
Heluetians
wear
these
skins
in
their
garmentes
.
It
is
reported
by
Aelianus
,
that
the
inhabitantes
of
Pontus
by
making
supplication
to
their
Gods
,
did
auert
and
turn
away
the
rage
of
Mice
from
their
cornfieldes
,
as
the
Egyptians
did
,
as
we
haue
said
before
in
the
story
of
the
vulgar
Mouse
.
OF
THE
MOVSE
CALLED
the
Shrew
,
or
the
erd-Shrew
.
THe
word
Hanaka
of
the
Hebrewes
remembred
in
the
II.
chap.
of
Leuitticus
,
is
diuersely
interpreted
by
the
translators
,
some
cal
it
a
reptile
beast
which
alwaies
cryeth
:
some
a
reptile-flying-beast
,
some
a
Horse-leach
,
or
bloud-sucker
,
some
a
Hedghog
,
and
some
a
Beauer
,
as
we
haue
shewed
before
in
the
Hedghog
.
But
the
Septuagints
translate
it
Mygale
,
and
S.
Ierom
Mus
araneus
,
that
is
,
a
Shrew
.
Dioscorides
calleth
it
Miogale
.
The
Germans
and
Heluetians
cal
it
Mutzer
,
in
some
partes
of
Germany
,
from
the
figure
of
the
snout
it
is
called
Spitzmus
,
by
some
Zissmuss
,
from
the
fiction
of
his
voice
,
and
some
Gross
Zissmuss
.
The
Hollanders
call
it
Moll
musse
,
because
it
resembleth
a
Mole
.
Mathaeolus
for
the
Italians
cal
it
Toporagno
,
that
is
a
Mole-Shrew
.
The
Heluetians
cal
it
Bisem-muss
,
that
is
a
Muskemouse
,
because
it
being
dryed
in
a
furnace
smelleth
like
muske
.
The
skin
pulled
from
the
flesh
,
smelleth
best
by
it selfe
,
and
yet
the
flesh
smelleth
well
also
,
and
so
doe
the
excrements
.
But
to
returne
to
the
Greeke
name
why
it
should
be
cald
Mygale
,
there
is
not
one
opinion
amongst
the
learned
:
but
I
do
most
willingly
condescend
to
the
opinion
of
Aetius
,
who
writeth
that
it
is
called
Mygale
,
because
in
quantity
it
exceedeth
not
a
Mouse
,
and
yet
in
colour
it
resembleth
a
Weasell
,
and
therfore
it
is
compounded
of
two
words
Miss
,
a
Mouse
,
and
Galen
,
a
weasell
.
Amyntas
is
of
opinion
that
it
is
so
called
,
because
it
is
begot
betwixt
a
Mouse
and
a
Weasel
,
but
this
is
neither
true
nor
probable
.
For
it
is
likely
that
Weasels
and
Mice
will
couple
together
in
carnall
copulation
,
whose
natures
are
so
contrary
,
the
one
liuing
vpon
the
death
of
an
other
,
that
is
the
weasell
vpon
the
Mouse
?
And
beside
the
difference
of
quantitie
betwixt
them
,
maketh
it
impossible
to
haue
such
a
generation
.
The
other
deriuation
of
Migale
,
which
is
made
by
Rodolphus
writing
vpon
Leuiticus
,
fetching
Mygale
from
Mus
gulosus
,
that
is
,
a
deuouring
Mouse
,
it
is
against
the
order
of
all
good
Linguists
,
to
deriue
Greeke
words
from
Latin
,
but
rather
consonant
to
learning
,
to
fetch
the
Latine
from
the
Greeke
.
There
is
no
lesse
inquiry
about
the
Latine
name
,
whye
it
should
be
called
Mus
araneus
,
seeing
aranea
signifieth
Spider
.
This
Mouse
saith
Albertus
,
is
a
red
kinde
of
Mouse
hauing
a
small
taile
,
a
sharpe
voice
,
and
is
full
of
poyson
,
or
venome
.
For
which
cause
Cats
doe
kill
them
,
but
doe
not
eate
them
.
Sipontinus
writeth
thus
,
of
this
Shrew
.
Mus
araneus
,
exiguum
animal
,
atque
leuissimum
est
,
quod
arane
modo
tenuissimum
fiium
,
&
gladij
aciem
concendit
.
That
is
to
say
,
this
Shrew
mouse
is
a
little
and
light
creature
,
which
like
a
Spider
climeth
vp
vpon
any
small
threed
,
or
vpon
the
edge
of
a
sword
:
and
therefore
you
see
,
they
deriue
the
Latin
name
,
from
his
climing
like
a
Spider
.
But
in
my
opinion
it
is
more
reasonable
,
to
deriue
it
from
the
venome
and
poyson
which
it
containeth
in
it
like
a
spider
.
For
which
cause
Syluaticus
writeth
thus
,
Mugali
id
est
,
draco
marinus
,
&
animal
venenosum
,
pusillum
muri
simile
:
nam
&
araneum
piscem
,
propter
venenum
pungentibus
insitum
spinis
,
veteres
ophim
,
id
est
,
serpentem
nominarunt
,
&
hodie
quam
vulgo
draconem
vel
dracenam
.
That
is
to
say
,
there
is
a
fish
of
the
Sea
,
and
a
little
beast
on
the
earth
like
a
Mouse
,
which
by
a
generall
word
are
called
Mugale
,
and
the
spider
fish
called
at
this
day
a
Dragon
,
or
Dragonist
,
was
in
auncient
time
called
a
Serpent
,
because
by
his
prickly
finnes
,
he
did
poyson
those
which
were
strucken
by
him
.
And
concerning
the
description
of
this
beast
,
it
may
be
taken
from
the
words
of
an
auncient
English
Phisition
,
called
Doctor
William
Turner
.
I
haue
seene
(
saith
he
)
in
England
,
the
Shrew-Mouse
of
colour
blacke
,
hauing
a
taile
very
short
,
and
her
snout
very
long
and
sharp
,
and
from
the
venomous
biting
of
this
beast
,
we
haue
an
english
prouerb
or
imprecation
,
I
be
shrow
thee
,
when
we
curse
or
wish
harm
vnto
any
man
,
that
is
,
that
some
such
euil
as
the
biting
of
this
Mouse
may
come
vpon
him
.
The
Spaniardes
call
this
beast
Raton
Pequenno
,
the
Illirians
Viemed
kamys
,
and
the
Polonias
Kerit
.
They
were
wont
to
abound
in
Britany
,
as
Hermolaus
writeth
.
They
are
also
plentifull
in
Italy
beyond
the
mountaines
Apenine
,
but
not
on
this
side
(
as
Pliny
writeth
)
yet
in
the
hither
partes
of
Italy
and
Germanie
,
there
are
many
founde
,
especially
in
the
countrey
neere
Trent
,
in
the
valey
Anania
,
where
this
is
admirable
,
that
by
reason
of
the
coldnes
of
that
countrey
their
bitings
are
not
venomous
.
Samonicus
.
For
the
Scorpions
there
are
not
venemous
,
although
in
other
places
of
Italy
they
poison
deepely
.
This
beast
is
much
lesse
then
a
Weasel
,
and
of
an
ash
colour
,
Vegetius
.
Aetius
in
most
places
like
a
mouse
,
although
the
colour
be
not
alwaies
constant
.
The
eyes
are
so
smal
,
and
beneath
the
proportion
of
her
body
,
that
it
hath
not
been
vniustly
doubted
of
the
auncientes
whether
they
were
blinde
or
no
,
but
in
their
best
estate
their
sight
is
very
dul
.
And
for
this
cause
the
auncient
Egyptians
did
worshippe
it
:
for
as
they
held
opinion
that
darkenes
was
before
light
,
so
they
deemd
that
the
blind
creatures
were
better
then
the
seeing
.
And
they
also
beleeued
that
in
the
waine
of
the
moone
the
liuer
of
this
beast
consumed
.
It
hath
a
long
and
sharpe
snowt
like
a
Mole
,
that
so
it
may
be
apt
to
dig
.
The
teeth
are
very
small
,
but
so
as
they
stand
double
in
their
mouth
,
for
they
haue
foure
rewes
of
teeth
,
two
beneath
,
and
two
aboue
,
which
are
not
onely
apparant
by
their
desection
or
anatomy
,
but
also
by
their
bitinges
,
for
their
wounds
are
Quadruple
,
wheresoeuer
they
fasten
their
teeth
.
Their
taile
is
slender
and
short
.
But
the
description
of
this
beast
was
better
apprehended
by
Gesner
at
the
sight
of
one
of
them
,
which
hee
relateth
on
this
manner
.
The
colour
(
saith
hee
)
was
partly
red
,
and
partly
yellow
,
mingled
both
together
,
but
the
belly
white
.
The
hinder
feet
seemeth
to
cleane
to
the
body
or
loines
.
It
smelleth
strongly
,
and
the
sauour
did
bewray
or
signifie
some
secret
poyson
.
The
taile
about
three
fingers
long
,
beset
with
little
short
haires
.
The
residue
of
the
body
was
three
fingers
long
.
The
eies
very
small
and
black
,
not
much
greater
then
Moles
,
so
that
next
to
the
Mole
they
may
iustly
be
caled
,
the
least
sighted
creatur
among
al
four-footed-beasts
,
so
that
in
old
age
they
are
vtterly
blind
by
the
prouidence
of
God
,
abridging
their
malice
,
that
when
their
teeth
are
growne
to
be
most
sharp
,
and
they
most
full
of
poyson
,
then
they
should
not
see
whome
nor
where
to
uent
it
.
They
differ
as
we
haue
said
in
place
and
number
,
from
all
foure-footed-beasts
,
so
that
they
seeme
to
be
compounded
and
framed
of
the
teeth
of
Serpents
and
mice
:
The
two
foreteeth
are
very
long
,
and
they
do
not
growe
single
as
in
vulgar
mice
,
but
haue
within
them
two
other
small
and
sharpe
teeth
.
And
also
those
two
long
teeth
grow
not
by
themselues
as
they
do
in
other
mice
,
but
are
conioyned
in
the
residue
,
in
one
continued
ranke
.
They
are
sharpe
like
a
saw
,
hauing
sharpe
points
like
needles
,
such
as
could
not
be
seene
by
man
,
except
the
tips
of
them
were
yellow
.
Of
either
side
they
haue
eight
teeth
,
whereas
the
vulgar
mice
haue
but
foure
,
beside
the
two
long
foreteeth
,
which
also
seeme
deuided
into
two
or
three
,
which
except
one
marke
diligently
,
hee
would
thinke
them
to
bee
all
one
.
2.
Arnoldus
.
It
is
a
rauening
beast
,
feygning
it selfe
to
be
gentle
and
tame
,
but
being
touched
it
biteth
deepe
,
A●ia●us
.
and
poisoneth
deadly
.
It
beareth
a
cruell
minde
,
desiring
to
hurt
any
thing
,
neither
is
there
any
creature
that
it
loueth
,
or
it
loueth
him
,
because
it
is
feared
of
al.
The
cats
as
we
haue
saide
do
hunt
it
and
kil
it
,
but
they
eat
not
them
,
for
if
they
do
,
they
consume
away
in
time
.
They
annoy
Vines
,
and
are
sildom
taken
except
in
cold
,
they
frequent
Oxe-dung
,
and
in
the
winter
time
repaire
to
howses
,
gardens
and
stables
,
where
they
are
taken
and
killed
.
If
they
fall
into
a
cart-road
,
they
die
and
canot
get
forth
againe
,
as
Marcellus
,
Nicander
,
and
Pliny
affirme
And
the
reason
is
giuen
by
Philes
,
for
being
in
the
same
,
it
is
so
amazd
,
and
trembleth
,
as
if
it
were
in
bands
.
And
for
this
cause
some
of
the
ancients
haue
prescribd
the
earth
of
a
cart-road
,
to
be
laid
to
the
biting
of
this
mouse
for
a
remedie
therof
.
They
go
very
slowely
,
they
are
fraudulent
,
and
take
their
prey
by
deceipt
.
Many
times
they
gnaw
the
Oxes
hooues
in
the
stable
.
They
loue
the
rotten
flesh
of
Rauens
,
and
therefore
in
France
when
they
haue
killed
a
Rauen
,
they
keepe
it
till
it
stinketh
,
and
then
cast
it
in
the
places
where
the
Shrew-mice
hanteth
,
whereunto
they
gather
in
so
great
number
,
that
you
may
kil
them
with
shovels
.
The
Egyptians
vpon
the
former
opinion
of
holines
,
do
bury
them
when
they
die
And
thus
much
for
the
description
of
this
beast
.
The
succeeding
discourse
toucheth
the
medicines
arising
out
of
this
beast
,
also
the
cure
of
hir
venemous
bitings
.
Marcellus
The
medicines
of
the
Shrew
.
The
Shrew
,
which
falling
by
chaunce
into
a
Cart-roade
or
tracke
doth
die
vpon
the
same
,
being
burned
,
and
afterwards
beaten
or
dissolued
into
dust
,
and
mingled
with
goose
greace
,
being
rubbed
or
annointed
vpon
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
swelling
in
the
fundament
comming
by
the
cause
of
some
inflamation
,
doth
bring
vnto
them
a
wonderfull
and
most
admirable
cure
and
remedie
.
The
Shrew
being
slaine
or
killed
,
hanging
so
that
neither
then
nor
afterwards
she
may
touch
the
ground
,
doth
helpe
those
which
are
grieued
and
pained
in
their
bodies
,
Pliny
with
sores
called
fellons
,
or
biles
,
which
doth
paine
them
with
a
great
inflammation
,
so
that
it
be
three
times
inuironed
or
compassed
about
the
partie
so
troubled
.
The
Shrew
which
dyeth
in
the
furrow
of
a
cart-wheele
,
being
found
and
rowled
in
potters
clay
or
a
linnen
cloth
,
or
in
Crimson
,
or
scarlet-wollen-cloth
,
and
three
times
marked
about
the
impostumes
,
Pliny
which
will
suddenly
swell
in
any
mans
body
,
will
very
speedily
and
effectually
helpe
and
cure
the
same
.
The
taile
of
a
Shrew
being
cut
off
and
burned
,
and
afterwards
beaten
into
dust
,
and
applied
or
annointed
vpon
the
sore
of
any
man
,
which
came
by
the
biting
of
a
greedy
and
rauenous
dogge
,
will
in
very
short
space
make
them
both
whole
and
sound
,
so
that
the
taile
be
cut
from
the
shrew
when
she
is
aliue
,
not
when
she
is
dead
,
for
then
it
hath
neither
good
operation
,
nor
efficacy
in
it
.
The
former
hoofes
of
a
horse
being
scraped
,
Hippocrates
.
and
the
same
fragmentes
or
scantlinges
thereof
being
beaten
in
the
duste
or
earth
▪
which
hath
been
digged
vp
by
a
Shrew
,
in
foure
measures
of
water
,
powred
downe
the
mouth
of
a
horse
which
is
troubled
with
any
paine
or
wringing
in
his
bowles
,
will
soon
giue
him
both
helpe
and
remedie
.
The
Shrew
being
either
applyed
in
drinke
,
or
put
in
the
maner
and
forme
of
a
plaister
,
or
hanged
vpon
the
sore
which
he
hath
bitten
,
is
the
most
excellentest
,
and
most
medicinable
cure
for
the
helping
and
healing
thereof
.
A
preseruatiue
against
poison
,
would
be
an
excellent
remedy
,
that
neither
man
nor
any
other
liuing
creature
,
should
be
bitten
if
they
should
leaue
or
would
want
that
superstition
called
an
enchantment
against
poison
,
being
hanged
about
the
necke
,
whereof
we
will
speake
more
in
the
curing
of
the
bites
of
this
beast
.
That
the
biting
of
a
Shrew
is
venomous
,
and
of
the
reason
of
healing
in
this
kind
.
In
Italy
the
biting
of
a
Shrew
is
accounted
for
a
very
strong
poyson
,
and
that
except
there
be
some
medicine
very
speedily
applyed
for
the
curing
and
healing
thereof
,
Pliny
the
party
so
bitten
will
dye
.
These
Shrewes
are
truely
so
venemous
and
full
of
poyson
,
that
being
slaine
or
killed
by
Cats
,
whose
nature
is
to
kill
whatsoeuer
Mice
they
take
,
they
will
not
offer
to
touch
or
eate
the
least
part
of
them
.
But
the
biting
of
a
female
Shrew
is
most
obnoxious
and
hurtfull
when
she
is
great
with
young
,
but
most
dangerous
of
all
when
she
biteth
any
one
which
is
great
with
young
,
either
a
woman
,
or
any
other
beast
whatsoeuer
,
her self
being
also
with
young
,
Marcellus
.
for
then
it
will
hardly
be
cured
.
If
a
Shrew
shall
bite
any
creature
while
she
is
great
with
young
,
the
pushes
or
biles
will
in
time
be
broke
which
they
make
,
and
will
come
vnto
a
very
great
and
malignant
wound
and
sore
.
If
the
Shrew
do
also
bite
any
creature
during
the
time
she
is
with
young
,
Dioscorides
she
will
presently
leape
off
,
notwithstanding
shee
biteth
more
dangerous
.
There
is
nothing
which
doth
more
apparantly
explane
and
shew
the
biting
of
a
Shrew
then
a
certaine
vehement
paine
and
griefe
in
the
creature
which
is
so
bitten
,
as
also
a
pricking
ouer
the
whole
body
,
with
an
inflamation
or
burning
heate
going
round
about
the
place
,
Auicenna
and
a
fiery
rednesse
therein
,
in
which
a
blacke
push
or
like
swelling
with
a
watery
matter
,
and
filthy
corruption
doth
arise
,
and
all
the
partes
of
the
body
which
doe
ioyne
vnto
it
seeme
blacke
and
blue
with
the
marueilous
great
paine
,
anguish
,
and
griefe
,
which
ariseth
and
proceedeth
from
the
same
.
When
the
push
or
bile
which
commeth
by
the
occasion
of
a
Shrew
cleaueth
or
is
broken
,
their
proceedeth
and
yssueth
forth
a
kinde
of
white
flesh
,
hauing
a
certaine
rinde
or
skinne
vppon
it
,
and
sometime
there
appeareth
in
them
a
certaine
burning
,
and
sometimes
the
same
is
eaten
in
and
falleth
out
,
but
in
the
beginning
there
is
a
most
filthy
greene
corruption
and
matter
which
floweth
in
the
same
,
afterward
it
is
putryfied
,
Dioscorides
and
eaten
in
,
and
then
the
flesh
falleth
forth
:
the
wringings
also
of
the
inward
partes
,
the
difficulty
of
voiding
of
the
vrine
,
and
a
cold
corrupted
sweate
,
doth
follow
and
accompany
the
same
.
But
Auicenna
affirmeth
,
that
in
what
place
soeuer
this
beast
shal
bite
,
the
sores
thereof
,
with
great
anguish
will
pant
or
beate
,
and
that
in
euery
hole
wherein
his
venomous
teeth
haue
entred
,
there
will
a
certaine
fiery
rednesse
appeare
,
the
skinne
whereof
being
broken
,
there
will
come
a
very
white
and
matery
sore
,
which
will
breed
much
paine
and
trouble
in
all
the
partes
of
the
body
for
the
most
part
.
The
sores
or
woundes
which
are
made
also
by
this
beast
are
very
manifestly
knowen
by
the
markes
of
the
fore-teeth
standing
all
in
a
row
together
,
as
also
by
the
blood
which
yssueth
from
the
wound
,
Aeginetta
being
at
the
first
pure
,
cleare
,
and
exceeding
red
,
but
afterwardes
corrupt
,
blackish
,
and
full
of
putrifaction
.
There
do
also
diuers
bunches
arise
in
the
flesh
vsually
after
the
biting
of
this
beast
,
which
if
any
man
shall
breake
,
he
shall
see
the
flesh
which
lyeth
vnder
them
corrupted
,
and
deuided
with
certaine
cleftes
or
rifts
in
the
same
.
Moreouer
the
nature
of
this
beast
is
such
,
that
for
the
most
part
he
doth
couet
to
bite
those
whom
he
can
come
vnto
by
the
stones
or
genitall
,
Auicenna
.
not
onely
men
,
but
also
all
other
brute
beasts
whatsoeuer
:
and
thus
much
shal
suffice
concerning
the
biting
of
this
beast
.
Wormewood
being
beaten
or
bruised
smal
,
straynd
in
a
fine
linnen
cloth
,
and
mingled
in
Wine
,
Dioscorides
.
giuen
to
the
party
either
man
or
Woman
in
Wine
to
drinke
who
is
bytten
by
a
Shrewe
,
will
procure
him
present
ease
and
remedy
.
The
same
also
is
an
excellent
remedy
for
the
bitings
or
stingings
of
a
Sea-Dragon
.
Vinegar
is
very
medicinable
for
the
bitings
of
the
Shrew
and
of
Dogs
,
as
also
for
the
Fish
called
by
the
Latines
Scolopendra
,
Pliny
.
(
which
voydeth
all
her
bowels
out
vntill
the
hooke
come
forth
,
wherewith
she
is
taken
,
and
then
sucketh
them
vp
againe
)
the
Scorpion
and
all
other
venemous
Serpents
.
But
the
Graecian
Physitians
affirme
,
that
the
same
ought
to
be
mingled
with
other
Medicines
for
the
helping
of
the
aforesaid
diseases
,
as
to
take
the
ashes
of
the
Shrew
being
burnt
,
the
Gumme
or
liquor
of
the
Hearbe
called
Fennell-giant
,
dryed
barly
beaten
into
small
powder
,
Mustard-seede
pounded
small
with
the
Hearbe
called
Purple
,
or
Mothmullein
,
and
mingle
them
altogether
with
Vineger
,
and
being
so
applyed
they
will
presently
cure
the
aforesaid
stings
or
bitings
.
Garlike
being
bruised
,
and
the
iuyce
thereof
anointed
vpon
the
place
which
was
bitten
by
a
Shrew
,
Auicenna
.
will
presently
expell
the
paine
,
and
wholly
cure
the
sore
.
For
the
expelling
of
the
superfluities
of
the
pairings
of
the
dead
flesh
,
growing
round
about
the
sore
,
being
not
cast
away
but
remaining
thereon
.
Take
Cummin
and
couer
the
wound
or
biting
therewith
,
Aetius
.
then
apply
Garlike
being
beaten
into
Oyle
thereunto
,
and
annoint
the
places
about
the
sore
,
as
also
the
sore
it selfe
very
diligently
,
and
in
very
short
space
of
time
it
will
cause
the
same
to
fall
away
of
it
owne
accord
.
For
the
healing
also
of
the
bites
of
this
beast
.
Take
Garlike
,
the
leaues
of
a
figge
tree
,
and
Cummin
,
mingle
them
very
well
altogether
,
Dioscorides
.
til
they
come
to
a
mollifiyng
or
temperat
substance
,
then
take
the
same
,
and
fashion
it
in
the
forme
or
manner
of
a
playster
,
and
it
will
very
speedily
and
effectually
curethe
sore
.
The
seede
or
leaues
of
Cole-worts
,
being
beaten
together
with
vinegar
,
and
the
hearb
cald
Assafoetida
,
Geoponica
.
is
very
good
and
profitable
to
be
applyed
either
to
the
bites
of
this
beast
or
a
rauening
Dogge
.
The
dung
of
a
Dog
being
taken
and
annointed
vpon
either
man
or
Horsse
which
hath
beene
bitten
by
a
Shrew
,
wil
bee
an
excellent
remedy
both
for
the
curing
and
healing
them
of
the
same
.
The
Hoofe
of
a
Ramme
being
dryed
,
beaten
into
powder
,
and
afterwards
mixed
with
Hony
,
will
be
likewise
very
good
for
those
which
are
bitten
with
the
same
beast
,
so
that
they
be
first
tempered
and
fashioned
in
the
manner
of
a
playster
,
and
then
applyed
thereunto
.
The
little
white
stalkes
which
proceede
from
a
blacke
Fig
being
beaten
with
the
leaues
of
the
Hearbe
called
Mothmullein
,
Waxe
,
and
Vineger
,
vntill
they
come
vnto
a
mollifying
iuyce
or
salue
,
will
be
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
biting
of
the
Shrew
,
being
annointed
thereupon
.
The
young
or
tender
stalkes
of
a
wilde
Fig
tree
,
bee
they
neuer
so
few
or
small
,
being
first
steeped
in
Wine
,
then
lapped
in
a
leafe
of
the
same
Tree
,
and
so
applyed
vnto
the
stings
and
bites
of
Scorpions
,
and
the
Shrew
,
will
in
very
short
time
cure
and
heale
the
same
.
Pliny
Prouided
alwaies
that
the
wound
bee
well
and
diligently
bathed
or
washed
,
before
any
thing
be
put
or
applyed
thereunto
.
Dioscorides
,
Auicenna
,
and
Actuarus
doe
affirme
,
that
the
excellentest
,
and
medicinablest
cure
for
the
bites
of
a
Shrew
is
this
,
to
take
the
Spleene
of
the
same
beast
,
and
beate
it
together
with
Vinegar
,
and
the
Gumme
called
Galbanum
,
then
to
annoint
it
or
rub
it
vpon
the
sore
,
and
it
will
presently
expell
away
all
paine
,
and
in
some
short
space
altogether
heale
it
.
Aetius
.
If
the
red
bunches
or
Vlcers
which
doe
vsually
grow
about
the
bites
of
a
Shrew
do
fortune
to
breake
,
take
very
sharpe
and
strong
brine
or
pickle
,
and
rub
it
both
about
,
and
within
the
sore
,
and
afterwardes
apply
barly
being
burned
and
beaten
into
small
dust
or
powder
thereunto
,
which
medicine
although
it
seeme
somewhat
grieuous
and
painefull
,
yet
it
is
very
good
and
profitable
for
the
expelling
either
of
the
stinges
of
Scorpions
,
or
the
bites
of
the
Shrew
or
rauenous
dog
.
The
genitall
of
a
Hare
being
beaten
into
powder
mingled
with
Vineger
,
Pliny
and
anoynted
vpon
the
bites
of
a
Shrew
,
doth
speedily
cure
them
.
Wilde
Mallows
being
mingled
with
those
Mallowes
that
grow
in
the
Garden
,
haue
in
them
a
very
effectuall
force
and
power
to
cure
all
stinges
or
venemous
bitinges
,
especially
of
Scorpions
,
Shrewes
,
Waspes
,
and
such
like
stinging
creatures
.
The
Shrew
being
cut
and
applyed
in
the
manner
of
a
plaister
,
doth
effectually
cure
her
owne
bites
.
The
Shrew
being
killed
and
annointed
all
ouer
with
Oyle
,
and
durt
,
or
mire
,
applyed
vnto
the
Vlcers
or
red
swellings
which
come
by
her
venemous
teeth
,
will
very
speedily
procure
them
to
breake
.
The
Shrew
being
cut
or
beaten
into
small
pieces
,
dryed
into
powder
,
mixed
with
Vineger
,
and
fashioned
in
the
forme
of
a
plaister
,
will
very
speedily
and
effectually
cure
the
bites
of
a
Shrew
,
whether
she
be
great
with
young
or
not
,
so
that
they
be
well
applyed
thereunto
.
But
there
are
some
which
do
thinke
it
nothing
conuenient
to
mingle
the
Shrew
with
any
other
thing
whatsoeuer
,
but
that
it
is
onely
after
this
manner
to
be
applyed
by
it selfe
as
to
take
it
barned
or
drie
it
,
and
then
to
pound
it
in
powder
,
and
so
to
sprinkle
it
in
the
wound
or
sore
,
which
in
very
short
time
will
easily
heale
it
.
The
Shrew
falling
into
the
furrow
of
a
Cart
wheele
doth
presently
dye
:
Aelianus
the
dust
thereof
in
the
passage
by
which
she
went
being
taken
,
and
sprinkled
into
the
woundes
which
were
made
by
her
poyson
some
teeth
,
is
a
very
excellent
and
present
remedy
for
the
curing
of
the
same
.
Mathaeolus
alledgeth
out
of
Nicander
,
that
the
durt
which
cleaueth
vnto
the
Wheeles
of
a
Chariot
being
scraped
off
and
sprinkled
into
the
bites
of
a
Shrew
,
Aetius
will
be
very
medicinable
for
the
healing
of
them
,
which
thing
he
himselfe
thinketh
a
meere
fable
,
and
not
to
bee
beleeued
.
If
the
pimples
or
bladders
which
arise
in
the
bites
of
a
Shrew
shall
be
thought
conuenient
to
be
broken
,
for
the
performing
of
the
same
,
take
the
skinne
of
a
baked
or
roasted
Pomgranate
,
and
spread
it
vpon
the
aforesaid
red
pimples
,
as
whot
as
possible
may
be
suffered
for
some
small
time
,
and
it
will
cause
the
vlcers
to
breake
,
and
all
the
corruption
to
yssue
forth
.
If
it
grow
vnto
an
Impostume
,
Auicenna
take
the
little
berries
or
pellets
which
are
within
the
Pomgranate
,
being
very
well
baked
,
and
apply
them
vnto
the
sore
some
short
time
,
Aeginetta
and
they
will
very
easily
cure
the
same
.
Mustard-seede
being
mingled
with
Vineger
,
annointed
vpon
the
bites
of
a
Shew
,
doth
very
effectually
heale
them
.
A
Moule
being
bruised
into
small
pieces
,
and
applyed
vnto
the
bites
of
a
Shrew
in
the
forme
of
a
plaister
,
is
a
very
excellent
remedy
for
the
curing
of
them
.
Pitch
and
trifoly
being
baked
,
and
rubbed
verye
whotte
vppon
the
bites
of
a
Shrewe
,
is
accounted
a
very
medicinable
cure
:
but
it
is
requisite
that
this
fomentation
be
giuen
vnto
none
but
such
as
are
of
a
stronge
and
powerfull
body
,
and
are
also
able
to
endure
paine
.
The
liquor
of
the
Herb
called
Southernwood
being
giuen
in
Wine
to
drinke
doth
very
much
profit
those
which
are
troubled
,
Dioscorides
and
pained
in
their
limbs
with
the
bites
of
Shrewes
.
Wormwood
being
vsed
in
the
like
manner
,
will
cure
those
which
are
bitten
by
a
Shrew
.
The
genitall
of
a
Lambe
or
Kidde
being
mingled
with
foure
drams
of
the
Hearbe
called
Aristologia
or
Hart-wort
,
and
sixe
drams
of
the
sweetest
Myrth
,
is
very
good
and
medicinable
for
curing
of
those
which
are
bitten
or
stung
with
Shrewes
,
Scorpions
,
and
such
like
vnemous
Beastes
.
The
leaues
of
Coleworts
being
dryed
,
mingled
with
flower
,
and
tempered
together
,
vntill
they
come
into
the
form
of
a
plaister
,
will
very
much
help
against
the
venemous
bites
of
the
Shrew
.
The
seede
of
Colewortes
,
and
the
leaues
of
the
same
Hearbe
being
mingled
with
Vineger
,
and
the
Hearbe
called
Assa
foetida
beate
or
pounded
together
,
do
very
well
and
speedily
cure
the
bites
of
the
Shrewes
,
Ruellius
as
also
of
a
rauenous
Dogge
,
if
the
same
in
due
time
be
applyed
thereunto
.
The
liquor
also
of
the
leaues
of
Coleworts
being
giuen
in
any
kind
of
drinke
,
is
good
and
wholsome
for
the
curing
of
the
aforesaid
bites
or
woundes
.
Dioscorides
The
Nuts
of
a
young
Cypres
Tree
being
mixed
with
a
certaine
sirrep
or
potion
made
of
Hony
,
Water
,
and
Vineger
,
and
afterwardes
drunke
,
doth
very
speedily
procure
ease
and
help
for
those
which
are
bitten
by
a
Shrew
.
The
roote
of
a
white
or
blacke
Thistle
,
being
beaten
or
bruised
and
giuen
in
drinke
,
doth
very
effectually
help
or
cure
those
which
are
bitten
by
a
Shrew
.
The
like
vertue
hath
the
Hearbe
called
Rocket
in
it
,
and
also
the
seede
thereof
being
giuen
in
any
kinde
of
drinke
.
Aegenetta
The
gum
or
liquor
which
proceedeth
from
a
kinde
of
Ferula
being
giuen
in
wine
to
drink
,
doth
very
much
helpe
and
cure
those
which
are
bitten
by
a
Shrew
.
The
same
vertue
also
in
it
hath
the
roote
of
the
hearbe
called
Gentian
or
bitterwort
,
being
giuen
in
wine
to
drink
.
One
or
two
drams
of
the
yoongest
or
tendrest
leaues
of
the
Laurell
tree
,
being
beaten
small
and
giuen
in
wine
to
drinke
,
doth
speedily
cure
the
sores
or
woundes
which
are
bitten
by
a
Shrew
:
Ae●ius
the
same
being
also
vsed
in
the
said
manner
,
and
giuen
in
some
certaine
potion
vnto
horses
to
drinke
,
doth
quickly
help
and
heale
them
.
But
there
are
some
which
before
all
other
medicines
doe
commend
this
for
the
best
,
and
chiefest
,
that
is
,
Auicenna
to
take
the
iuice
which
proceedeth
from
the
leaues
of
the
laurell
tree
,
&
the
leaues
themselues
,
being
moist
and
new
growing
and
to
boyle
them
in
wine
,
and
being
once
cooled
to
giue
it
to
any
which
is
bitten
by
a
Shrew
,
and
this
will
in
very
short
space
altogether
helpe
them
.
A
yoonge
Weasell
being
giuen
in
wine
to
drinke
,
is
accounted
very
medicinable
for
those
which
are
bitten
by
a
Shrew
,
Pliny
or
stung
by
a
Scorpion
,
or
any
other
venemous
creature
.
The
hearbe
called
Baltsamint
or
Costmary
,
the
hearbe
called
Bartram
,
Aegmetta
or
wilde
Pellito
,
the
hearbe
called
Betonie
,
the
hearbe
called
water-minte
,
or
water
Cresses
,
the
sweete
and
delicious
gum
called
Storax
,
as
also
the
hearbe
called
Veruin
being
each
of
them
seuerally
by
themselues
either
giuen
in
wine
to
drinke
,
or
applyed
in
the
manner
of
a
plaister
or
annointed
vpon
the
bits
,
or
wounds
which
come
by
the
venemous
teeth
of
a
Shrew
,
Auicenna
will
very
effectually
cure
the
paine
thereof
.
The
biting
of
a
field
mouse
or
Shrew
,
is
very
troublesome
,
and
grieuous
to
all
labouring
beastes
,
for
instantly
after
her
bitinges
there
doe
little
red
pimples
arise
,
and
there
is
most
daunger
of
death
in
those
beastes
which
she
biteth
when
she
is
great
with
yonog
,
for
the
aforesaid
pimples
will
then
presently
breake
,
after
which
the
beast
so
bitten
will
instantly
die
.
The
Shrew
doth
also
kill
some
laboring
beasts
with
poyson
,
Albertus
as
chiefly
horses
&
mules
but
especially
&
for
the
most
part
mares
,
which
are
great
with
yong
.
There
are
some
which
do
affirme
that
if
horses
,
or
any
other
laboring
creature
do
feede
in
that
pasture
or
grasse
in
which
a
Shrew
shall
put
forth
her
venome
or
poyson
in
,
Absyrtus
they
will
presently
die
.
In
what
place
soeuer
a
Shrew
shall
bite
in
any
creature
it
will
be
compassed
with
an
exceeding
hard
swelling
,
the
beast
also
being
so
bitten
,
doth
expresse
his
griefe
or
sorrow
with
much
paine
,
&
straining
his
body
doth
likewise
swell
all
ouer
,
his
eyes
doe
in
a
manner
weepe
,
the
swelling
in
his
body
doth
squize
out
matter
,
Hierocles
or
filthy
putrefaction
,
he
voydeth
poyson
out
of
his
belly
,
and
doth
vomite
all
sustenance
vp
as
soone
as
euer
he
receaueth
it
.
If
an
Asse
being
great
with
yoong
be
bitten
by
this
beast
,
it
is
a
very
great
chaunce
if
she
scape
death
.
But
if
the
Shrew
doe
bite
any
beast
when
she
is
great
with
yong
it
is
knowen
by
these
signes
,
or
marks
,
there
will
certaine
red
pimples
compasse
the
sore
round
about
,
and
also
spread
themselues
ouer
all
the
body
of
the
bitten
beast
,
and
will
in
short
space
destroy
him
,
except
there
be
procured
some
present
remedy
.
The
Normans
in
Fraunce
do
suppose
the
Shrew
to
be
a
beast
so
full
of
venome
,
and
poyson
,
that
if
he
shall
but
passe
ouer
either
an
Oxe
,
V●getius
or
a
horse
lying
downe
along
vpon
the
ground
,
it
will
bring
such
a
dangerous
disease
vpon
them
,
that
the
beast
ouer
which
she
shall
passe
shall
be
lame
about
the
loines
,
or
shall
seeme
as
if
he
were
immoueable
,
and
that
he
can
be
cured
by
no
other
meanes
,
but
by
the
same
Shrew
,
who
either
of
his
owne
accord
,
or
by
compulsion
must
passe
ouer
the
contrary
side
of
the
beast
,
and
that
then
he
will
be
cured
,
which
thing
I
doe
hold
to
be
very
vaine
and
not
to
be
beleeued
.
For
the
curing
of
beastes
which
are
bitten
by
a
Srew
,
thou
shalt
boile
the
seede
of
Parsly
together
with
Wine
and
Oyle
,
and
thou
shalt
cut
the
place
which
swelleth
with
a
Pen-knife
,
by
which
the
poyson
may
issue
forth
,
and
the
wound
being
pointingly
pulled
or
torne
may
waxe
rawe
:
Hippocrates
if
by
these
the
inflammation
doe
waxe
more
feruent
and
hotte
,
thou
shalt
eate
the
sore
with
iron
instruments
burning
with
fier
,
taking
away
some
part
of
that
which
is
whole
and
sound
:
then
shalt
thou
renew
the
wound
with
the
iron
instruments
being
gouerned
rightly
,
by
which
the
corruption
may
issue
forth
:
but
if
that
part
doe
chaunce
to
swell
by
the
exulceration
,
thou
shalt
sprinckle
Barley
beeing
burned
and
dryed
therein
,
but
before
you
doe
this
,
it
is
meete
to
ioyne
the
olde
fatte
.
There
is
also
another
excellent
medicine
for
the
curing
of
the
Shrew
,
which
Startonicus
himselfe
doth
much
commend
,
which
is
this
:
to
lance
or
scarifie
the
wound
assoone
as
it
is
bitten
,
but
especially
if
it
be
compassed
with
an
inflamation
,
afterwardes
to
sprinkle
salt
and
Vineger
vp
on
it
,
then
to
encourage
or
prouoke
the
beastes
the
next
day
following
by
some
sweet
water
or
liquor
to
run
or
go
some
little
iourny
,
first
hauing
anointed
the
sore
with
fullers-earth
being
beaten
small
and
mixed
with
vineger
,
and
then
daily
to
nourish
or
bath
it
with
water
which
commeth
from
bathes
where
some
haue
washed
themselues
,
Hierocles
and
this
in
very
short
time
being
so
vsed
will
very
wel
and
altogether
cure
the
beast
.
Against
the
biting
of
a
Shrew
Garlike
is
accounted
for
an
excellent
remedy
being
mingled
with
Nitre
,
but
if
there
shal
be
no
Nitre
to
be
had
,
mixe
it
with
salt
and
Cummin
,
then
to
dry
and
beat
them
altogether
into
powder
,
&
with
the
same
to
rub
the
places
which
are
infected
with
the
biting
:
but
if
the
venemous
wounds
do
chance
to
break
,
then
to
take
barly
being
scorched
or
burned
,
and
pound
it
into
small
powder
,
and
steepe
it
in
vineger
,
and
afterwardes
to
sprinkle
it
into
the
wound
:
this
medicine
Pelagon
affirmeth
,
will
onely
heale
the
bites
of
a
Shrew
,
and
that
the
griefe
of
the
sore
,
by
the
vse
of
any
other
medicines
doth
rather
encrease
then
decrease
.
The
flower
which
is
made
of
red
Weat
,
the
Hearbe
called
Dill
,
Vegetius
the
liquor
or
Rozen
which
runneth
out
of
the
great
Cedar
,
and
two
pound
of
the
best
Wine
being
mingled
altogether
,
giuen
in
a
potion
and
poured
downe
the
throate
of
any
laboring
beast
which
is
bitten
by
a
Shrew
,
will
presently
ease
and
cure
him
of
his
paine
.
There
is
also
another
potion
for
the
curing
of
the
bites
of
this
beast
which
is
this
,
to
take
cloues
of
Garlike
being
bruised
small
,
salt
,
Cummin
,
and
Wine
,
of
each
the
like
quantity
,
these
being
giuen
to
any
beast
to
drinke
,
doth
presently
cure
him
,
as
also
any
man
being
annointed
vpon
the
wound
,
but
not
giuen
to
drink
.
Hippocrates
The
hearbe
called
Narde
or
Pepper-wort
being
beaten
to
the
quantity
of
two
ounces
and
a
halfe
,
and
mingled
with
some
sweete
smelling
Wine
,
will
presently
help
any
beast
which
is
bitten
by
the
Shrewe
,
being
poured
through
his
Nose
,
and
his
sore
being
at
that
instant
time
annointed
with
Dogs
dung
:
the
same
is
also
very
medicinable
or
wholesome
for
men
which
are
troubled
with
the
said
biting
.
The
bites
of
a
Shrew
being
pricked
with
an
Aule
and
annointed
with
dust
which
is
found
in
the
furrowes
of
Cartes
vnder
the
markes
or
signes
of
the
Wheele
,
being
mingled
with
sharpe
vineger
,
doth
presently
asswage
the
paine
,
and
heale
the
sore
.
The
earth-of
the
tract
of
a
Cart
also
mingled
with
stale
or
vrine
,
being
applyed
vnto
the
bites
of
a
Shrew
,
will
very
speedily
cure
them
either
vpon
men
or
beastes
.
A
Shrew
being
new
killed
and
rubbed
ouer
with
salt
,
applyed
vnto
the
wounds
which
she
shal
bite
in
any
beasts
,
will
instantly
cure
them
:
this
vertue
also
hath
the
gall
of
a
rere-mouse
or
Bat
,
being
mixed
with
vineger
.
Pliny
There
is
a
very
good
remedy
against
the
bitinges
of
Shrewes
,
or
to
preserue
Cattle
from
them
,
which
is
this
,
to
compasse
the
hole
wherein
she
lyeth
round
about
,
and
get
hir
out
a
liue
,
and
keepe
her
so
till
she
dye
,
and
waxe
stiffe
,
then
hang
her
about
the
necke
of
the
beast
which
you
would
preserue
,
and
there
wil
not
any
Shrew
come
neare
them
,
and
this
is
accounted
to
bee
most
certaine
.
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
concerning
the
bitings
of
the
Shrewes
,
and
of
the
cures
thereof
.
OF
WILDE
FIELD-MICE
.
The
Epithits
of
wild
mice
describing
their
kinds
,
THis
wilde
Mouse
called
by
the
Latines
Mus
agrestis
,
Mus
Syluestris
,
Syluaticus
,
Subteraneus
,
and
some
say
〈◊〉
,
(
althogh
I
rather
take
that
word
to
signifie
a
glare
worm
.
)
It
is
called
also
Exignus
Mus
,
and
Rusticus
.
The
Graecians
cal
it
Myss
Arourayos
,
the
Germans
field-mouse
,
and
erdmouse
,
that
is
a
mouse
of
the
earth
,
Nualmuss
,
and
Nu●lmuss
,
Schorrmuss
,
Schoermowss
,
Stossmuss
,
and
L●ckmuss
,
by
reason
of
her
digging
in
the
earth
like
a
mole
.
The
French
call
it
Mullott
.
There
is
of
these
mice
two
kinds
,
a
greater
and
a
lesser
.
The
picture
of
the
greater
we
haue
described
heare
,
forbearing
the
lesser
,
because
in
all
partes
it
resembleth
this
,
except
in
the
quantity
.
Their
seueral
parts
.
This
greater
kind
is
not
much
lesser
then
a
Rat
,
hauing
a
long
broad
taile
like
it
.
The
eares
of
it
are
round
.
The
head
round
and
great
,
and
the
snout
or
chaps
do
not
stand
out
long
.
They
are
of
two
colours
in
both
kinds
,
some
red
and
some
blacke
.
They
haue
a
beard
betwixt
their
mouth
and
their
eies
,
and
the
lesser
mice
haue
a
short
taile
.
A
Physitian
taking
occasion
of
the
writinges
of
Bassianus
Landus
to
disect
one
of
these
mice
,
found
it
to
be
true
which
he
saith
,
that
their
maw
and
guts
lye
al
straight
and
vpright
.
We
haue
shewed
already
,
Whether
Mice
engendred
of
the
earth
,
can
procreate
other
.
Aelianus
Pliny
that
all
kind
of
mice
are
generated
out
of
the
earth
,
although
also
they
suffer
copulation
.
And
in
Egypt
it
is
very
common
about
the
Thebaijs
,
and
the
places
where
Nylus
ouer
floweth
,
that
in
the
decrease
and
falling
away
of
the
Waters
,
the
sunne
engendereth
many
mice
vppon
the
slime
of
the
earth
,
so
that
it
is
ordinary
to
see
one
time
their
forepartes
to
haue
life
,
flesh
,
and
motion
,
and
the
hinder
partes
deformed
,
and
nothing
but
earth
.
And
about
this
matter
there
is
some
disputation
among
the
Authors
,
for
there
bee
Phylosophers
which
affirme
,
that
euery
creature
as
well
perfect
as
vnperfect
,
may
bee
made
both
by
seede
and
of
putrified
matter
;
and
from
hence
came
the
opinion
in
the
Poets
,
of
the
sons
and
daughters
of
the
earth
,
and
so
they
say
,
that
things
grow
by
generation
in
infinitum
:
Some
say
that
perfect
creatures
cannot
be
generated
in
that
manner
,
but
the
imperfect
ones
such
as
mice
are
,
may
bee
ingendered
by
seed
and
putrifyed
matter
,
and
afterwards
beget
more
of
his
owne
kind
.
But
Aristotle
confesseth
the
first
generation
,
and
denyeth
the
second
,
and
saith
although
they
do
generate
by
copulation
,
yet
it
is
not
Idem
sed
animal
spece
diuersum
,
à
quo
nihil
amplius
gigni
possit
;
And
therefore
Ieronimus
Gabucinus
endeth
this
controuersie
,
saying
.
Mures
ex
putredine
nati
,
generant
quidem
&
ipsi
,
sed
quod
ex
eis
generatur
,
nec
mus
,
est
nec
foemina
:
nec
amplius
generat
,
that
is
;
Mice
engendered
of
putrified
matter
do
also
engender
,
but
that
which
is
begotten
of
them
is
neither
male
nor
female
,
neither
can
it
engender
any
more
,
that
it
may
not
proceed
in
Infinitum
,
like
a
mouse
engendered
by
copulation
.
But
concerning
the
beginning
of
these
wilde
field-mice
,
and
their
encrease
,
The
damage
done
by
wild
field-Mice
Aristotle
speaketh
in
this
manner
:
we
haue
receiued
(
saith
he
)
the
wonderfull
generation
of
wilde
fielde-mice
,
abounding
in
euery
place
,
and
especially
in
corne
fields
,
which
by
their
multitude
,
do
instantly
eat
vp
and
deuoure
a
great
deale
of
graine
,
insomuch
as
it
hath
bin
seene
,
that
diuers
poore
husbandmen
,
which
haue
determined
to
day
,
to
reape
their
corne
on
the
morrow
,
in
the
meane
season
it
was
so
destroyed
by
mice
,
that
when
the
reapers
came
in
the
morning
,
they
found
no
corne
at
all
.
And
as
the
encrease
of
these
mice
was
extraordinary
,
so
also
was
the
destruction
,
for
men
could
not
driue
them
away
,
as
in
former
times
by
smoking
them
,
or
else
by
turning
in
swine
to
roote
out
their
nests
from
the
earth
,
or
by
sending
Foxes
,
or
wild-cats
among
them
,
but
their
multitude
did
alwaies
preuaile
,
and
yet
after
a
fewe
dayes
,
the
showers
of
the
cloudes
destroyed
them
.
And
Pliny
saith
,
that
this
ought
to
bee
no
meruaile
,
that
there
should
be
so
great
a
haruest
and
store
of
these
mice
,
seeing
that
men
yet
neuer
knew
how
to
hinder
their
generation
,
or
to
kill
them
being
engendered
,
and
yet
for
al
that
they
are
sildome
found
in
the
winter
time
either
aliue
or
dead
.
And
seeing
that
we
haue
entred
into
the
mention
of
the
damage
of
these
wilde
field-mice
,
it
is
profitable
to
set
down
some
stories
out
of
Authors
,
recording
the
place
and
persons
,
whome
they
haue
verye
much
annoyed
.
Pliny
writeth
,
as
we
haue
shewed
in
our
former
discourse
,
that
the
inhabitants
of
Troas
,
were
driuen
from
their
habitation
by
these
field-mice
,
because
they
deuoured
al
their
fruits
,
&
when
they
died
ther
was
a
worm
engendred
in
their
heds
.
Diodorus
Siculus
in
his
fourth
booke
of
auncient
Monuments
recordeth
,
that
there
were
certaine
people
of
Italy
,
which
by
incursion
of
fielde-mice
were
driuen
to
flight
,
and
to
forsake
their
patrimonies
,
for
they
destroyed
the
rootes
of
the
corne
,
like
some
horrible
drought
,
or
some
vnresistable
cold
frost
.
Cossa
a
Towne
of
Vmbria
in
the
daies
of
Pliny
,
which
at
this
day
is
called
Orbi
tellus
,
was
destroyed
by
fielde-mice
,
(
as
Volatteranus
writeth
.
)
Niphus
also
saith
,
that
hee
sawe
in
one
night
,
all
the
Corne-fieldes
at
Calenum
destroyed
by
these
mice
.
There
are
such
a
number
of
these
mice
in
Spaine
,
that
many
times
their
destruction
caused
pestilent
diseases
,
and
this
thing
hapned
amongst
the
Romaines
when
they
were
in
Cantabria
,
for
they
were
constrained
to
hier
men
by
stipends
to
kill
the
mice
,
Strabo
.
and
those
which
did
kill
them
,
scarse
escaped
with
life
.
The
inhabitants
of
Gyarus
,
an
Island
of
the
Cyclades
,
after
they
had
long
resisted
the
violence
of
these
mice
,
yet
at
length
they
were
faine
to
yeeld
vnto
them
,
and
forsake
their
territory
;
and
the
mice
after
their
departure
,
through
hunger
did
gnaw
the
yron
.
Wee
haue
shewed
already
how
the
Plilistines
were
punished
with
mice
,
before
they
sent
away
the
Arke
of
the
Lorde
,
and
howe
the
Aeolians
and
Troyans
were
annoyed
with
them
,
vntill
they
had
sacrificed
to
Apollo
Smintheus
,
and
how
the
mice
of
Heraclea
,
at
the
time
of
Grape-gathering
,
doe
go
out
of
the
country
and
returne
againe
in
the
Autumne
.
When
Sanacharib
,
king
of
the
Arabians
and
Egyptians
,
inuaded
Egypt
,
it
is
said
by
Herodotus
,
that
Vulcan
in
the
night
time
sent
vppon
his
armey
such
an
innumerable
swarm
of
wilde-mice
,
that
before
morning
they
had
eaten
assunder
their
Quiuers
,
Arrowes
,
Bowes
,
and
all
warlike
instrmentes
,
so
that
the
next
day
,
for
the
want
of
weapons
,
and
feare
of
their
enemies
,
they
were
constrained
to
take
their
heeles
and
run
away
.
And
to
conclude
,
by
the
same
meanes
the
Calcidensians
were
driuen
out
of
Elymnium
,
a
citty
of
the
mountain
Athos
,
and
thus
much
shall
suffice
for
the
harm●
of
these
mice
.
They
make
their
dwellings
and
habitation
in
the
earth
,
Places
of
their
abode
.
according
to
this
saying
of
Virgill
:
Sape
exiguns
mus
Sub
terra
posuitque
domos
,
atque
horria
fecit
.
Yet
now
and
then
they
come
out
of
the
earth
,
although
it
be
but
seldome
.
They
heaue
vp
hilles
like
Mols
,
and
they
eate
and
deuoure
the
rootes
of
corne
and
Hearbes
.
They
make
not
very
deepe
holes
,
but
dig
vnder
the
turfes
,
and
vpper
face
of
the
earth
,
so
that
when
a
man
walketh
vpon
it
he
may
perceiue
it
by
the
sinking
in
of
his
footesteps
:
if
the
hole
be
opened
with
a
Spade
,
they
close
it
againe
as
a
Mole
doth
,
but
not
so
speedily
,
for
they
defer
it
two
or
three
daies
together
,
and
therefore
if
it
be
watched
they
may
kill
her
at
hir
returne
by
treading
vpon
her
;
concerning
the
manner
of
taking
them
,
these
obseruations
following
may
be
put
in
practise
.
Driuing
away
of
these
mice
.
These
kind
of
Mice
are
driuen
or
chased
away
with
the
ashes
of
a
Weasell
,
or
of
a
cat
mingled
with
water
,
and
by
sprinkling
or
scattering
seede
or
corne
abroade
,
or
by
some
things
well
sodden
in
Water
:
but
the
poysoning
of
those
Mice
is
in
the
sent
or
sauor
of
bread
:
Plinius
.
and
therefore
they
thinke
it
more
profitable
to
touch
the
seede
or
Corne
lightly
with
the
gall
of
an
Oxe
.
Apuleus
doth
affirme
,
that
to
soke
the
graine
or
corne
in
the
gall
of
an
Oxe
before
you
sprinkle
it
abroad
,
Paliadius
is
very
good
against
these
fielde-mice
:
also
(
as
it
is
read
in
Geopon
Graec.
)
it
doth
very
much
commend
the
gall
of
Oxen
,
wherewith
as
he
saith
,
if
the
seed
or
corne
be
touched
,
they
shal
be
freed
from
the
molestation
or
trouble
of
these
field-mice
.
Notwithwanding
in
the
Dog-daies
Hemlock-seede
i
th
the
hearbe
Hellebor
is
better
,
or
with
wilde
cucumber
,
or
with
Henne-bane
,
or
being
beaten
with
bitter
Almonds
,
and
Bears-foot
,
and
to
mingle
with
them
iust
as
much
meal
or
corne
,
&
beat
and
stamp
them
in
oile
,
and
when
you
haue
so
done
,
put
it
into
the
hollow
places
of
these
field-mice
:
and
they
wil
die
assoone
as
euer
they
shall
tast
of
it
.
Auicen
doth
affirme
also
,
that
Hen-baneseede
doth
kill
these
kind
of
Mice
,
without
the
mixture
of
any
other
thing
.
Very
many
do
stop
the
passages
of
them
with
the
leaues
of
Rododaphne
,
who
do
perish
in
the
time
they
are
laboring
to
make
their
passage
,
by
the
gnawing
of
them
.
Apuleius
also
saith
,
that
the
people
of
Bithynia
haue
had
much
experience
of
these
thinges
,
who
stopped
the
passages
of
these
mice
with
these
Rododaphne
leaues
,
so
that
they
desire
to
come
forth
by
touching
the
same
often
with
their
teeth
:
which
truely
so
soone
as
they
shal
touch
or
come
vnto
,
they
shal
presently
dye
.
But
they
vse
a
kind
of
incantation
which
is
this
that
followeth
.
I
do
adiure
all
ye
mice
which
do
remaine
or
abide
heare
,
that
yee
do
not
offer
me
wrong
,
or
suffer
me
to
be
wronged
of
any
other
.
For
I
do
assigne
and
appoint
you
this
fielde
,
(
then
he
nameth
the
fielde
)
in
which
if
I
should
supprize
you
hereafter
,
I
cal
Luno
to
witnesse
,
I
wil
teare
euery
one
of
you
into
seuen
pieces
:
when
as
thou
hast
write
this
charme
,
binde
paper
fast
to
the
place
wherein
the
Mice
haunt
,
and
that
before
the
rising
of
the
Sunne
:
so
that
the
charecters
or
markes
may
appeare
on
the
outside
cleaning
to
a
naturall
stone
of
that
place
.
I
haue
written
this
(
saith
the
Author
)
lest
any
thing
should
seeme
to
be
ouerskipped
:
neither
doe
I
allow
or
proue
such
thinges
can
be
done
,
but
I
rather
counsell
al
men
that
they
do
not
set
their
mind
to
any
of
these
which
are
more
worthy
of
derision
then
imitation
.
If
thou
shalt
fill
the
passages
of
these
rusticall
or
field-mice
with
the
ashes
of
an
Oak
,
he
shall
be
possessed
with
a
feruent
desire
to
it
,
often
touching
it
and
so
shall
die
.
Marcellus
.
The
medicines
of
field
mice
.
Scholiastes
.
These
countrey
Mice
,
that
is
to
say
those
Mice
which
are
founde
in
the
fieldes
,
being
bruised
and
burned
to
ashes
,
and
mingled
with
fresh
honey
,
doeth
comfort
or
restore
the
sight
of
the
eies
by
diminishing
the
darkenesse
or
dimnesse
thereof
,
in
what
fielde
soeuer
you
shall
find
any
thing
,
dig
them
vp
by
the
rootes
with
a
little
stake
or
post
.
OF
THE
WOOD-MOVSE
.
PLiny
doeth
oftentimes
make
mention
of
this
woode-mouse
or
rather
a
Mouse
belonging
to
the
wood
,
The
description
.
but
he
doth
it
onely
in
medicines
;
but
that
it
doth
differ
from
this
country
or
field-mouse
we
haue
shewen
in
the
Chap.
going
before
,
because
it
doth
not
habit
or
dwell
in
Countries
or
tilled
places
,
as
the
Countrey
or
field-mice
doe
,
but
doth
inhabit
in
Woodes
and
forrests
.
The
wood-Mouse
is
called
in
Greeke
as
the
Countrey-mouse
:
but
I
thinke
it
to
bee
a
kinde
of
Dormouse
,
which
proceedeth
from
the
kind
of
wood-mouse
.
Pliny
truely
doth
make
the
same
remedy
or
medicines
of
a
Dormouse
,
as
he
doth
of
a
Wood-mouse
,
as
I
will
a
little
after
rehearse
or
recite
vnto
you
.
Also
I
should
haue
thought
that
a
Sorex
had
bin
the
same
,
because
it
is
a
wood-mouse
,
but
that
,
that
one
place
of
Pliny
did
hinder
me
,
where
he
commendeth
the
ashes
of
a
Wood-mouse
to
be
very
good
for
the
clearenesse
of
the
eies
,
and
by
and
by
after
did
shew
or
declare
that
the
ashes
of
the
Sorex
were
good
also
in
the
same
vse
,
as
I
will
recite
or
rehearse
below
in
the
medicines
or
remedies
of
the
wood-mouse
.
Agricola
a
man
of
great
learning
,
doth
interpret
or
iudge
the
wood-mouse
to
bee
that
mouse
,
to
the
which
they
do
appoint
the
name
deriued
from
Auellana
:
but
hee
doth
account
that
to
be
the
Sorex
,
which
I
will
shew
or
declare
beneath
to
be
the
Shrew
.
I
do
vnderstand
that
there
are
properly
two
kinds
of
the
wood-mouse
spoken
of
before
.
The
one
of
them
that
which
Albertus
doth
write
,
saying
that
there
is
a
certain
kind
of
Mouse
which
doth
builde
or
make
her
habitation
in
trees
,
and
of
a
browne
or
swart
colour
,
and
hauing
also
black
spots
in
her
face
,
which
onely
is
called
by
the
vniuersal
name
of
a
wood-Mouse
.
Of
the
same
kind
Pliny
doth
meane
,
(
if
I
be
not
deceiued
)
when
he
writeth
,
that
the
mast
of
a
beech-tree
is
very
acceptable
to
Mice
,
and
therefore
they
haue
good
successe
with
their
young
ones
.
The
other
which
is
peculiarly
named
the
Sorex
,
which
(
saith
Pliny
)
doth
sleep
all
the
winter
time
,
and
hath
a
taile
full
of
haire
:
whose
shape
or
forme
we
propose
and
set
euidently
before
you
.
But
that
I
may
more
distinctly
handle
those
thinges
which
Pliny
hath
shewed
to
vs
concerning
the
wood-Mouse
,
I
will
write
her
downe
seperately
,
or
by
it selfe
,
and
afterwards
concerning
the
Mouse
which
hath
her
name
deriued
from
Filburds
,
which
the
Germans
haue
left
in
writing
,
and
which
I
my selfe
haue
considered
or
obserued
,
and
last
of
all
I
wil
write
concerning
the
Sorex
peculiarly
and
seuerally
from
the
ancient
writers
.
The
ashes
of
a
wood-mouse
being
mingled
with
hony
,
doth
cure
al
fractures
of
bones
,
the
braines
also
spread
vpon
a
little
peece
of
cloth
,
and
couered
with
wooll
is
good
also
,
The
medicines
of
the
Woodmouse
Pliny
but
you
must
now
and
then
spread
it
ouer
the
wound
,
and
it
doth
almost
make
it
whole
and
strong
within
the
space
of
three
or
foure
daies
:
neither
must
you
mingle
the
ashes
of
the
wood-mouse
with
hony
to
late
:
hony
also
being
mingled
with
the
ashes
of
earth-wormes
,
doth
draw
forth
broken
bones
.
Also
the
fat
of
these
beastes
,
being
put
to
kibes
is
very
good
,
but
if
the
vlcers
are
corrupt
and
rotten
,
by
adding
wax
to
the
former
things
doth
bring
them
to
cicatrising
.
The
oyle
of
a
burned
Locust
is
also
very
good
,
Marcellus
and
also
the
oile
of
a
wood-mouse
with
Hony
,
is
as
effectuall
as
the
other
.
They
say
also
that
the
heads
and
tailes
of
Mice
mixed
with
the
ashes
of
them
and
annointed
with
Hony
,
doth
restore
the
clearenesse
of
the
sight
,
but
more
effectually
being
mingled
with
the
ashes
of
a
Dormouse
or
a
Wood-mouse
.
Of
the
Nut-Mouse
,
Hasell-Mouse
,
or
Fildburd
Mouse
.
THis
beast
is
a
kind
of
Sorex
,
and
may
be
that
which
the
Germans
tearme
Ein
,
gros
haselmus
,
a
great
Hasell-mouse
,
so
called
because
they
feed
vpon
hasell-Nuts
,
and
Filburds
.
The
Flemings
call
it
Ein
Slaperat
,
that
is
a
sleeping
Rat
,
and
therfore
the
French
call
it
by
the
name
Lerot
,
whereby
also
we
haue
shewed
already
,
they
vnderstand
a
Dormouse
.
For
this
sleepeth
like
that
,
and
yet
the
flesh
thereof
is
not
good
is
to
be
eaten
.
The
colour
of
this
Mouse
is
redde
like
the
Hasell
,
and
the
quantity
full
as
great
as
a
Squirrell
,
or
as
a
great
Rat
:
vpon
the
backe
and
sides
it
is
more
like
a
Mouse
,
and
vpon
the
head
more
red
.
His
eares
very
great
,
and
pilled
without
haire
.
The
belly
white
,
so
also
are
his
legs
.
The
neather
most
of
his
taile
towards
the
tip
white
.
His
Nostrils
and
feete
reddish
.
The
taile
wholy
rough
,
but
most
at
the
end
with
white
haires
.
The
eyes
very
great
hanging
out
of
his
head
,
and
all
blacke
,
so
that
there
is
not
in
them
any
appearance
of
white
.
The
beard
partly
white
,
and
partly
blacke
,
both
aboue
and
beneath
his
ears
,
and
about
his
eies
,
and
the
vpper
part
of
his
taile
next
his
body
all
blacke
.
Vppon
his
forefeete
hee
hath
foure
clawes
or
distinct
toes
,
for
hee
wanteth
a
Thombe
.
But
vpon
his
hinderfeete
he
hath
fiue
,
I
meane
vpon
each
seuerally
.
The
outside
of
his
hinder
Legges
,
from
the
bending
to
the
tip
of
his
nails
is
altogether
bald
without
haire
.
And
the
sauor
of
all
this
kind
is
like
the
smell
of
the
vulgar
Mice
.
They
liue
not
onely
in
the
earth
,
but
also
in
trees
which
they
climbe
like
Squirrils
,
and
therefore
make
prouision
of
Nuttes
and
meate
against
the
Winter
,
which
they
lodge
in
the
earth
.
The
Countrymen
finding
in
the
Summer
their
caues
and
dens
,
do
wisely
forbeare
to
destroy
them
,
knowing
that
they
will
bring
into
them
the
best
Nuts
and
Fill-herds
can
bee
gotten
,
and
therefore
at
one
side
they
sticke
vppe
a
certaine
long
rod
,
by
direction
whereof
in
the
Winter
time
they
come
and
dig
out
the
den
,
iustly
taking
from
them
both
their
life
and
store
,
because
they
haue
vniustly
gathred
it
together
:
Some
haue
eaten
it
,
but
they
were
deceiued
,
taking
it
for
the
Dormouse
.
OF
THE
LASCITT
MOVSE
.
THis
Mouse
is
called
by
the
Germans
Lascitts
,
and
also
Harneball
,
because
of
the
similitude
it
holdeth
with
the
Ermeline
Weasell
.
The
skinne
of
it
is
very
pretious
,
being
shorter
then
the
Ermeline
two
fingers
breadth
.
And
for
as
much
as
else
,
there
is
no
difference
between
the
Lascitt
Mouse
and
the
Lascitt
Weasell
,
except
in
the
quantity
.
My
opinion
is
that
they
are
all
one
,
and
differ
onely
in
age
.
And
I
am
rather
led
to
affirme
thus
much
,
because
there
are
skinnes
,
annually
brought
to
the
Mart
of
Frankford
,
out
of
Polonia
(
cald
Lascett
,
)
which
are
no
other
then
the
weasels
,
of
Nouo
grodela
,
whose
white
skins
are
intermixed
with
griffeld
,
and
thus
much
shall
suffice
to
haue
said
of
this
Mouse
.
OF
THE
SOREX
.
Of
the
name
and
kind
.
I
Am
of
opinion
that
this
kind
of
Mouse
belongeth
to
the
Hasell
Mouse
before
spoken
of
,
because
it
is
wilde
,
hath
a
hairy
taile
,
and
sleepeth
in
the
Winter
,
all
which
things
are
by
Pliny
ascribed
to
the
Sorex
;
onely
this
hindereth
,
that
he
maketh
the
Sorex
to
haue
rough
hairy
eares
,
and
the
Sorex
of
Germany
hath
bald
eares
.
For
answer
whereof
this
shall
suffice
,
that
the
other
3.
notes
being
so
great
&
pregnant
,
there
is
no
cause
why
the
want
of
one
and
that
so
litle
as
the
haires
on
the
eares
,
should
depriue
it
of
his
naturall
due
and
kind
.
The
Italians
and
the
French
vse
this
word
Sorex
,
Alunnus
.
for
a
domesticall
vulgar
Mouse
,
and
so
peraduenture
did
the
ancients
before
them
;
but
it
is
greater
then
the
domesticall
mouse
,
although
Plinyes
Sorex
be
neither
greater
nor
lesser
.
The
Spaniards
call
a
Sorex
,
Sorace
,
or
Raton
Pequenno
.
The
Illirians
Viemegka
Myss
,
by
which
word
also
they
vnderstand
a
Shrew-mouse
.
The
fibres
of
the
intrals
of
this
Sorex
doe
encrease
and
decrease
with
the
Moone
,
so
that
the
number
of
them
do
alwaies
answer
the
number
of
the
daies
of
her
age
.
Her
eares
as
we
haue
said
are
full
of
haires
,
but
in
the
lowest
part
or
tip
thereof
.
The
reason
of
her
name
is
taken
from
the
skreeching
voice
she
maketh
in
gnawing
.
For
it
is
a
very
harmefull
biting
beast
,
cutting
asunder
with
her
teeth
like
a
sawe
.
Some
doe
deriue
the
Greeke
word
from
Huras
,
which
aunciently
did
signifie
a
mouse
,
and
therefore
they
call
this
Syrax
,
and
Saurex
,
but
I
list
not
to
stand
any
longer
vppon
the
name
,
seeing
the
beast
it selfe
affordeth
little
worthy
matter
to
entreat
of
.
It
is
reported
by
Varro
,
that
in
Arcadia
there
was
a
Hogge
so
fat
,
that
a
Sorex
did
eate
into
her
flesh
,
and
made
her
nest
and
brought
forth
young
ones
therein
,
which
may
very
well
be
;
for
such
is
the
nature
of
a
fat
Swine
,
that
he
will
hardly
rise
to
eate
his
meate
,
or
ease
himselfe
of
his
excrements
:
And
besides
,
fatnesse
stoppeth
sence
,
burying
both
the
Nerues
and
Arteries
very
deepe
:
so
that
in
the
body
of
a
man
,
his
fattest
part
is
least
sensible
.
Lycinius
the
Emperor
going
about
to
restraine
the
insolency
of
the
Eunuckes
and
Courtiers
,
called
them
Ineas
,
Sorisesque
palatinos
,
that
is
mothes
and
Sorexes
of
the
court
.
There
was
an
auncient
garment
(
as
Pliny
writeth
)
called
Vestis
soriculata
,
Egnatius
.
and
this
was
very
pretious
in
my
opinion
,
because
it
was
garded
or
fringed
with
the
skinnes
of
the
Sorex
.
If
this
beast
fall
into
any
Wine
or
Oyle
,
she
corrupteth
the
same
,
and
it
is
to
be
recouered
by
the
same
meanes
,
as
we
haue
formerly
described
in
the
vulgar
Mouse
.
It
should
seeme
there
was
great
store
of
them
in
the
daies
of
Heliogabalus
,
for
he
commanded
(
as
Iampridius
writeth
)
to
be
brought
vnto
him
,
not
onely
a
thousand
of
these
beasts
,
but
also
a
thousand
Weasels
,
and
ten
thousand
vulgar
Mice
,
as
we
haue
shewed
before
in
the
story
of
the
vulgar
Mouse
.
When
the
South-sayers
were
about
their
diuinatious
,
Pliny
writeth
,
that
if
they
heard
the
squeaking
of
a
Sorex
,
they
brake
off
,
and
gaue
ouer
their
labour
,
holding
it
vnprofitable
to
goe
any
further
therein
,
and
it
is
also
reported
,
that
the
voice
of
this
Mouse
,
gaue
occasion
to
Fabius
Maximus
,
to
giue
ouer
his
Dictatorship
,
and
vnto
Caius
Flaminnius
,
to
giue
ouer
the
Mastership
of
the
horsemen
,
such
feare
of
silly
beastes
,
was
begotten
in
the
minds
of
gallant
and
magnanimious
spirits
,
by
the
vnprofitable
and
foolish
behauiour
and
doctrines
of
the
Magitians
.
It
is
said
by
Nigidius
,
that
these
Sorises
doe
sleepe
all
the
Winter
&
hide
themselues
like
the
Dormouse
.
They
also
when
they
eate
any
corne
,
do
screetch
and
make
a
greater
noise
then
other
Mice
,
whereby
they
bewray
themselues
in
the
darke
vnto
their
enemies
,
and
are
killed
,
which
was
the
occasion
of
that
prouerbial
speech
of
Parmeno
in
Terrence
,
Ego
me●
meo
iudicio
miser
,
quasi
sorex
perij
.
Saint
Austine
,
and
Saint
Origine
,
doe
also
make
vse
of
this
prouerbe
,
the
one
in
his
booke
of
order
,
the
other
in
a
Homily
vpon
Genesis
,
which
caused
Erasmus
to
write
in
this
manner
,
Sed
videber
ipse
meis
,
iudicijs
captus
,
that
is
,
I
haue
ouerthrowne
my selfe
with
my
owne
tale
.
These
Sorices
doe
make
hollow
the
trees
wherein
Emets
or
Ants
breed
,
and
there
is
perpetuall
hatred
betwixt
the
Bîttors
,
and
these
,
one
lying
in
waite
to
destroy
the
others
yoong
.
The
medicines
of
the
Sorex
.
Serenus
and
Pliny
,
say
that
if
a
woman
with
child
doe
eate
the
sinnewes
of
a
Sorex
if
her
eies
be
blacke
,
so
shall
the
infants
be
likewise
;
Si
praegnans
artus
captiui
Sorices
edit
Dicuntur
foetus
nigrantia
lumina
fingi
.
The
fat
of
these
beastes
or
of
Dormice
is
very
ptofitable
against
the
Paulsie
.
The
powder
of
the
heads
and
tailes
,
annointed
with
Hony
vppon
the
eies
,
restoreth
the
clearenesse
of
sight
,
and
with
hony
atticke
,
the
powder
and
fat
of
a
Sorex
burned
,
helpeth
running
eies
,
and
the
same
powder
mingled
with
oile
,
cureth
bunches
in
the
flesh
.
There
is
another
mouse
called
by
Mathaeolus
,
Mus
Napelli
,
that
is
a
Wolfe-bainemouse
:
so
called
,
because
it
feedeth
vpon
the
roots
of
that
Hearbe
,
Of
the
mous
called
Mus
Napelli
.
although
there
bee
some
of
opinion
,
that
it
is
not
a
creature
,
but
another
little
Hearbe
growing
neare
vnto
it
for
a
counter
poyson
.
And
Marcellus
also
maketh
mention
of
Napellus
,
and
Antinapellus
,
whereunto
I
should
easily
condescend
,
but
that
the
eye-sight
of
Mathaeolus
leadeth
me
to
the
contrary
.
For
he
writeth
that
he
tooke
one
of
them
in
the
top
of
a
high
mountaine
in
ITALY
▪
And
Sylnaticus
calleth
this
mouse
,
Mus
Suring
,
or
Sucsinus
,
and
calleth
it
a
counter
poyson
to
Wolfe-bane
,
and
that
God
might
shew
thus
much
vnto
men
,
he
causeth
it
to
liue
vpon
the
rootes
,
in
testimony
of
his
naturall
vertue
,
destroying
poyson
and
venimous
hearb●
.
THE
INDIAN
MOVSE
,
AND
DIVERS
.
other
kinds
of
mice
,
according
to
their
Countries
.
I
Do
finde
that
diuers
times
mice
do
take
their
names
from
regions
wherein
they
enhabite
,
which
happeneth
two
maner
of
waies
:
one
,
because
the
forme
of
their
bodies
will
somewhat
vary
:
the
other
,
because
not
onely
in
shape
,
but
also
in
witte
they
haue
some
thinges
in
them
common
to
mice
,
ouer
and
aboue
the
mice
of
our
countreies
,
Mice
of
the
Last
therefore
we
will
breefely
comprehend
al
their
surnames
of
whatsoeuer
regions
they
are
in
one
order
or
Alphabet
.
In
the
Oriental
parts
of
the
worlde
,
there
are
great
mice
,
(
as
ALEXANDER
writeth
)
of
the
quantity
of
Foxes
who
do
harme
both
men
and
beasts
,
and
although
they
cannot
by
their
biting
kil
any
man
,
yet
do
they
much
grieue
and
molest
them
.
Americ●s
Vespucius
writeth
,
that
he
found
in
an
ysland
of
the
sea
being
distant
from
Vlisbona
a
thousand
leagues
,
very
great
mice
.
Egyptian
mice
.
The
haire
of
the
AEGYPTIAN
mice
is
verye
hard
,
and
for
the
most
part
like
a
Hedgehogges
:
and
there
are
also
some
which
walk
bolt
vpright
vpon
two
feet
,
for
they
haue
the
hinder
legs
longer
,
and
their
fore
legges
shorter
,
their
procreation
is
also
manifold
;
and
they
do
likewise
sit
vpon
their
buttockes
,
and
they
vse
their
forefeet
as
hands
.
But
Herodotus
affirmeth
these
mice
to
be
of
AFFRICKE
,
and
not
of
AEGYPT
;
amongst
the
AFFRICAN
or
CARTHAGENIAN
pastures
(
saith
he
)
in
AFFRICKE
towards
the
Orient
,
there
are
three
kinds
of
mice
,
of
the
which
some
are
called
Bipedall
or
Two-footed
,
some
in
the
CARTHAGENIAN
language
Zetzeries
,
which
is
as
much
in
our
language
as
hils
,
some
Hedg-hogges
.
Cyrenean
mice
.
There
are
more
kinds
of
mice
in
the
CYRENAICAN
region
:
some
which
haue
broad
foreheads
,
some
sharpe
,
some
which
haue
pricking
haire
in
the
manner
of
Hedge-hogs
.
It
is
reported
that
in
CYRENE
there
are
diuers
kinds
of
mice
both
in
colour
and
shape
,
Pliny
.
and
that
some
of
them
haue
as
broad
a
countenance
as
a
Cat
;
some
haue
sharpe
bristles
,
and
beare
the
forme
and
countenance
of
a
viper
,
which
the
inhabitants
call
Echenetae
,
but
improperly
,
as
it
appeareth
by
the
words
of
Aristotle
in
his
booke
of
wonders
.
Herodotus
also
affirmeth
the
like
of
those
Mice
,
to
be
in
shape
and
colour
like
Vipers
:
but
Pliny
and
Aristotle
doe
both
disallow
it
,
and
say
that
in
those
iuice
there
is
nothing
common
to
vipers
,
but
onely
to
hedge-hogges
,
as
concerning
their
sharpe
bristles
.
There
are
also
some
Mice
in
Egypt
which
doe
violently
rush
vpon
pastures
and
corne
:
of
which
things
Aelianus
speaketh
,
saying
in
this
manner
;
when
it
beginneth
first
to
raine
in
Egypt
,
the
Mice
are
wont
to
be
borne
in
very
small
bubbles
,
which
wandring
far
and
neare
through
all
the
fieldes
doe
affect
the
corne
with
great
calumitie
,
by
gnawing
and
cutting
a
sunder
with
their
teeth
the
blades
thereof
,
and
wasting
the
heapes
of
that
which
is
made
in
bundles
,
doe
bring
great
paines
and
businesse
vnto
the
Egyptians
:
by
which
it
comes
to
passe
,
that
they
endeuor
all
maner
of
waies
to
make
snares
for
them
,
by
setting
of
Mice-trapes
,
and
to
repell
them
from
their
inclosures
,
and
by
ditches
,
and
burning
fires
to
driue
them
quite
away
:
but
the
Mice
as
they
will
not
come
vnto
the
traps
,
for
as
much
as
they
are
apt
to
leape
,
they
both
goe
ouer
the
hedges
,
and
leape
ouer
the
ditches
.
But
the
Egyptians
being
frustrated
of
all
hope
by
their
labours
,
all
subtill
inuention●
and
pollicies
being
left
as
it
were
of
no
efficacie
,
they
betake
themselues
humbly
to
pray
to
their
Gods
to
remooue
that
calamitie
from
them
.
Whereat
the
Mice
by
some
feare
of
a
diuine
anger
,
euen
as
it
were
in
battell
aray
of
obseruing
a
squadron
order
,
A
wonder
in
the
Egyption
Mice
.
doe
depart
into
a
certaine
mountaine
:
The
least
of
all
these
in
age
doe
stand
in
the
first
order
,
but
the
greatest
and
eldest
doe
lead
the
last
troupes
,
compelling
those
which
are
weary
to
follow
them
.
But
if
in
their
iourney
the
least
or
yoongest
do
chaunce
through
trauaile
to
waxe
weary
,
all
those
which
follow
(
as
the
manner
is
in
wars
)
doe
likewise
stand
still
,
Aelianus
and
when
the
first
begin
to
goe
forward
,
the
rest
doe
continually
follow
them
.
It
is
also
reported
that
the
Mice
which
inhabite
the
Sea
doe
obserue
the
same
order
and
custome
.
The
Africane
Mice
doe
vsually
die
as
soone
as
euer
they
take
any
drinke
:
but
this
is
commonly
proper
vnto
all
mice
,
(
as
Ephesius
affirmeth
)
where
it
is
written
,
Medicine
by
african
mice
aboue
concercerning
the
poysoning
of
mice
.
Mice
,
(
but
especially
those
of
Affricke
)
hauing
their
skinnes
pulled
off
,
boyled
with
oyle
and
salt
,
and
then
taken
in
meate
,
doth
very
effectually
cure
those
which
are
troubled
with
any
paines
or
diseases
in
the
lunges
or
lights
.
The
same
doth
also
easily
helpe
those
which
are
molested
with
corrupt
and
bloody
spettings
with
retchings
.
The
kindes
of
Affrican
mice
are
diuers
,
some
are
two
footed
,
Pliny
some
haue
haire
like
vnto
hedge-hogges
,
some
faces
of
the
breadth
of
a
Weasell
▪
but
some
call
these
mice
Cirenacian
,
some
Egyptian
,
as
I
haue
before
declared
.
The
Arabian
Mice
.
In
Arabia
there
are
certaine
mice
much
bigger
then
Dormice
,
whose
former
legges
are
of
the
quantitie
of
a
hand
breadth
,
and
the
hinder
of
the
quantitie
of
the
ioynt
to
the
ende
of
the
finger
:
I
doe
vnderstand
them
to
be
so
short
,
that
nothing
thereof
may
seeme
to
appeare
without
the
body
except
the
space
of
the
ioynts
of
the
finger
,
as
it
is
in
Martinets
.
It
is
said
that
the
garments
of
the
Armenians
are
vsually
wouen
with
mice
which
are
bred
in
the
same
countrey
,
The
armenian
Mice
.
or
diuersly
docked
with
the
shape
of
the
same
creature
.
The
Author
writeth
,
that
Pliny
maketh
mention
of
the
Armenian
mouse
,
but
I
haue
reade
no
such
thing
:
therefore
he
doth
perchaunce
take
the
Armenian
mouse
for
the
Shrew
.
In
Cappadocia
there
is
a
kinde
of
mouse
which
some
call
a
Squirrell
.
Aelianus
writing
of
the
Caspian
mice
,
Of
the
Caspian
mouse
.
Amyntas
(
saith
he
)
in
his
booke
entituled
De
mansionibus
,
which
he
doth
so
inscribe
,
saith
that
in
Caspia
,
there
doe
come
an
infinite
multitude
of
mice
,
which
without
any
feare
doe
swim
in
the
flouds
,
which
haue
great
and
violent
currentes
,
and
holding
one
another
by
their
tailes
in
their
mouthes
(
as
it
is
likewise
reported
of
Wolues
)
haue
a
sure
and
stable
passage
ouer
the
water
.
But
when
they
passe
ouer
any
tillage
of
the
earth
they
fell
the
corne
,
and
climing
vp
into
trees
,
doe
eate
the
fruite
thereof
,
and
breake
the
boughes
:
which
when
the
Caspians
cannot
resist
,
they
doe
by
this
meanes
endeuour
to
restraine
their
turbulent
incursions
,
for
they
remooue
all
things
which
may
hurt
birds
hauing
crooked
talents
,
who
come
presently
so
flying
in
such
great
flockes
,
or
companies
,
that
they
may
seeme
to
be
clouds
to
expell
the
mice
from
their
borders
,
and
by
a
proper
gif●
incident
vnto
them
by
nature
,
do
driue
away
hunger
from
the
Caspians
,
neither
in
quantity
are
these
Mice
inferior
to
the
Egyptian
Ichneumons
:
they
are
also
vngentle
,
and
they
doe
no
lesse
deuoure
with
the
strength
of
their
teeth
,
then
the
Mice
of
Teredon
in
Babilon
do
iron
,
whose
soft
skins
the
Marchants
carry
to
the
Persians
.
The
Indian
mouse
,
or
Pharoes
mouse
,
(
as
some
learned
later
writers
doe
write
)
is
no
other
then
the
Ichneumon
.
Antonius
musa
Brasauolus
,
tooke
the
before
expressed
figure
of
an
Indian
mouse
,
(
for
so
he
did
cal
it
)
which
before
that
time
was
shewn
by
Bellonius
,
and
I
gessed
it
to
be
an
Ichneumon
;
and
truely
in
the
snout
(
if
you
take
away
the
beard
)
and
in
the
eares
it
doth
agree
,
but
in
the
taile
it
doth
differ
,
which
doth
rather
resemble
a
cats
:
and
in
many
other
things
,
which
by
conferring
them
are
easie
to
be
marked
,
and
as
I
conceiued
it
,
I
haue
set
it
downe
.
Of
the
Moschatte
,
or
Mus-kat
.
Likewise
ther
was
a
most
odiferous
musk
cat
at
Venice
,
which
a
marchant
ther
had
to
be
seen
,
brought
as
he
said
out
of
Cathay
,
&
for
proofe
whereof
he
shewed
the
way
that
he
went
,
namely
through
the
E●xine
sea
,
Colchis
,
Iberia
,
and
Albania
,
euen
to
the
entrance
of
Scythia
.
For
the
countrey
Cathay
is
a
part
of
Scythia
,
beyond
Imaus
,
neither
ought
this
to
seem
wonderful
,
for
in
that
place
there
was
a
Region
,
called
by
Ptolomeus
,
Randa
marcostra
,
wherein
he
placeth
the
eleuenth
table
of
Asia
.
This
region
is
watered
by
the
riuer
Sotus
,
and
therein
aboundeth
spicknard
,
and
the
inhabitants
cal
the
country
wherein
the
best
Muskats
are
bred
,
Brassauola
Ergimul
,
and
the
greatest
citty
of
that
Countrey
Singuy
.
The
same
Authour
writeth
also
,
that
Muskattes
are
brought
out
of
Egipt
,
and
out
of
many
places
of
Affricke
.
In
Thebeth
also
there
are
manie
Cities
,
and
beasts
about
those
citties
,
cald
Gadery
,
which
do
bring
forth
the
muske
,
and
the
Inhabitants
hunt
them
with
Dogges
.
The
prouince
of
Canicluet
,
doth
also
yeeld
many
of
these
beasts
,
and
likewise
Syria
.
S.
Ierom
also
writeth
thus
:
muscus
&
Oénanthe
,
&
pegrigrini
muris
pellicula
,
by
which
skinne
of
the
strange
mouse
,
Tame
musk
cats
.
he
meaneth
the
little
bag
,
or
skin
wherin
the
muske
of
the
Muskat
is
encluded
.
The
princes
of
Europe
do
nourish
these
tame
,
being
brought
out
of
the
new
found
worlde
,
and
many
other
rich
men
especially
in
Italy
,
be
delighted
with
the
odorefirous
sauor
which
commeth
from
it
.
(
Brassauolus
saith
)
that
he
saw
a
Marchant
offer
one
of
these
to
be
sold
vnto
Alphonsus
du
.
of
Feraria
,
which
had
the
Nauel
full
of
muske
.
And
Catherinus
Zenus
,
an
auncient
Noble
man
of
Venice
,
had
a
Roe
of
this
kind
,
which
he
left
after
his
death
vnto
his
heyres
;
and
by
this
it
doeth
plainely
appeare
,
that
the
Muskcat
,
is
neither
like
a
Catte
,
nor
a
mouse
,
and
that
al
those
which
haue
affirmed
so
much
thereof
,
haue
bin
deceiued
by
their
owne
coniecturall
deriuation
of
Moscus
or
Muscus
,
or
by
the
errour
of
some
writer
of
the
auncient
bookes
,
which
instead
of
Magnitudo
Capreoli
à
Roe
,
haue
inserted
Catti
,
a
Cat.
And
thus
much
shal
suffice
for
the
description
of
this
beast
,
and
for
the
Regions
wher
it
is
bred
,
except
I
may
ad
the
relation
of
Ludovicus
Romanus
,
who
affirmeth
,
Their
strength
nimblenesse
and
quicknes
Alex.
Benedictus
that
the
muskats
of
Calechut
are
brought
out
of
the
country
Pegus
.
These
Roes
of
the
new
found
land
are
wonderful
nimble
and
quicke
,
and
so
swift
,
that
they
are
sildome
taken
aliue
,
but
after
they
are
taken
by
pulling
out
their
longer
teeth
they
wax
tame
.
When
they
are
prosecuted
with
the
hunters
,
and
with
Dogges
,
they
defend
themselues
with
their
teeth
.
In
some
places
they
take
them
in
snares
,
and
in
ditches
,
also
kill
them
with
dartes
;
and
so
hauing
killed
them
,
they
cut
off
the
little
bagge
wherein
the
muske
groweth
,
for
that
muske
doeth
exceede
in
sweetnes
of
Odor
all
the
thinges
that
were
euer
made
by
the
art
of
man
,
Of
the
Musk
and
the
vse
thereof
.
and
therefore
the
vse
of
it
is
more
plentifull
then
of
any
other
thinge
,
for
they
carry
it
about
in
Gatmentes
.
They
make
perfume
of
it
;
they
annoint
beades
whereuppon
they
tell
their
prayers
,
they
also
make
bals
of
it
,
and
include
it
in
Gold
or
Siluer
,
carrying
it
about
,
either
to
be
seene
,
or
because
they
are
delicate
and
wanton
,
or
to
shew
their
riches
and
aboundance
,
or
to
preserue
themselues
from
putrified
and
stincking
ayres
,
or
else
against
colde
and
moist
diseases
of
the
braine
.
With
this
the
luxurious
women
perfume
themselues
,
to
entrap
the
loue
of
their
wooers
:
for
as
the
thing
it selfe
is
a
vice
or
sicknesse
of
the
beast
,
so
also
by
men
it
is
vsed
to
vice
and
wickednesse
;
yet
the
Venetian
matrons
will
neuer
vse
it
,
and
he
that
beareth
it
about
him
shall
neuer
perceiue
it
himselfe
.
We
haue
shewed
already
,
that
it
groweth
in
the
nauell
,
The
place
where
the
Musk
groweth
.
or
in
a
little
bagge
neere
vnto
it
,
and
it
is
true
by
Gyraldus
and
Varinus
,
that
when
the
beast
beginneth
to
be
luxurious
,
and
prone
to
the
rage
of
venery
&
carnall
copulation
,
then
the
bloud
floweth
to
the
nauell
,
and
there
putteth
the
beast
to
paine
,
because
it
swelleth
aboue
measure
.
The
beast
then
abstaineth
from
all
meate
and
drinke
,
and
rowleth
himselfe
vpon
the
ground
,
&
so
by
the
waight
of
his
body
presseth
forth
the
humor
that
troubled
him
,
which
after
a
certaine
time
doth
coagulate
and
congeale
together
,
and
then
rendereth
such
an
acceptable
sauor
,
as
you
see
it
hath
.
The
relation
whereof
you
shall
heare
out
of
the
words
of
Serapion
.
In
the
wilde
Roes
(
saith
he
)
which
wander
too
and
fro
in
the
mountaines
freely
,
without
the
gouerment
of
man
,
haue
in
a
little
bagge
,
certaine
putrified
matter
or
bloud
,
which
of
it selfe
groweth
to
be
ripe
,
whereunto
when
it
is
come
,
the
beast
itcheth
,
and
is
pained
as
it
were
with
launcing
,
therefore
he
rubbeth
himselfe
vpon
stones
,
rockes
,
and
trees
,
The
naturall
expression
of
Muske
a
great
while
together
,
for
it
delighteth
him
,
wherby
the
stones
grow
white
through
his
rubbing
&
therefore
in
time
he
weareth
the
bag
a
sunder
,
making
issue
vnto
it
for
the
corruptible
matter
to
come
forth
,
which
presently
runneth
out
vpon
the
sores
,
no
otherwise
then
if
it
had
bin
launced
.
Then
the
wound
groweth
to
be
whole
againe
,
and
the
beast
departeth
,
vntil
the
like
exsuperance
of
blood
come
into
the
same
place
againe
.
For
euery
yeare
this
happeneth
them
.
The
inhabitants
of
the
country
know
al
the
hunters
of
these
wild
beasts
,
and
therefore
note
them
where
they
empty
their
bellies
.
For
the
humor
so
pressed
out
as
before
is
declared
through
the
heat
of
the
sunne
congealeth
and
dryeth
vppon
the
stone
,
growing
more
commendable
and
pleasant
through
the
Sunnes
heat
;
Then
come
the
inhabitants
,
and
in
little
bottels
made
of
the
skinns
of
these
beasts
,
which
before
they
haue
killed
,
and
so
put
the
muske
into
them
.
This
they
sell
for
a
great
price
,
because
it
is
thought
,
(
and
that
worthily
)
to
be
a
gift
fit
for
a
king
.
But
if
this
muske
be
taken
out
of
the
creature
by
violence
,
then
wil
hee
bringe
forth
no
more
,
yet
expresse
it
by
his
own
naturall
art
he
beareth
againe
,
and
againe
.
The
greatest
cause
of
this
humour
,
is
the
sweetnes
of
his
foode
,
and
the
ayre
wherein
they
are
bredde
,
therefore
if
one
of
them
be
brought
into
this
part
of
the
worlde
,
with
muske
in
his
cod
,
it
wil
grow
to
ripenes
in
a
temperate
aire
,
but
if
it
bee
brought
without
muske
in
the
cod
,
then
it
wil
neuer
yeeld
any
among
vs
:
And
besides
that
it
liueth
but
a
little
while
.
And
therefore
my
opinion
is
,
that
this
excrementall
humor
,
is
vnto
it
like
a
menstruous
purgation
,
for
the
want
whereof
it
dieth
speedily
.
Euery
part
of
this
beast
is
called
muske
which
commeth
forth
of
his
vlcerous
yssue
,
for
although
the
other
partes
smell
sweete
,
yet
we
will
shew
afterwardes
,
more
at
large
,
that
it
is
not
of
themselues
,
but
by
reason
of
this
humour
.
The
pretiousnes
of
this
thing
deserueth
a
further
treatise
for
thy
better
direction
and
instruction
of
the
knowledge
heereof
,
The
best
muske
declared
by
these
seueral
countries
.
both
for
the
choice
of
that
which
is
best
,
and
for
the
auoyding
and
putting
awaye
of
that
which
is
adulterate
.
At
Venice
at
this
day
it
is
sold
in
the
cods
,
and
the
Indian
muske
is
better
then
the
Affrican
.
The
browne
is
alwaies
better
then
the
blacke
,
except
it
be
of
Catha
,
for
that
of
Catha
is
blacke
,
and
best
of
all
.
There
is
some
that
is
yellowish
,
or
betwixt
redde
and
yellowe
,
after
the
verye
same
coulour
of
Spicknard
;
this
also
is
of
the
best
sort
,
because
the
beastes
that
render
it
,
do
feed
vpon
Spicknard
.
Syluius
.
Therefore
this
is
good
to
be
chosen
,
because
it
cannot
be
adulterated
,
and
besides
the
tast
of
it
is
bitter
,
and
as
soone
as
euer
it
is
tasted
,
it
presently
ascendeth
to
the
braine
,
where
it
remaineth
very
fragrant
without
resistance
,
and
is
not
easily
dissolued
.
It
is
not
bright
within
,
Auicen
.
but
muddy
,
hauing
broad
graines
and
equall
throughout
,
like
the
wood
of
Baulme
.
But
according
to
the
regions
,
they
chuse
muske
in
this
sort
.
Of
the
Indian
muske
,
that
of
the
Region
of
Sceni
,
(
called
Antebeuus
,
)
they
set
in
the
first
place
,
and
next
vnto
it
,
the
beastes
of
the
Sea
side
;
The
muske
of
Cubit
is
knowne
by
the
thinne
bladder
of
the
beast
wherein
it
is
contained
,
Elluchacem
.
but
that
of
Gergeri
,
is
lesse
Aromaticall
and
more
thicke
.
The
muske
of
Caram
is
in
the
middle
place
betwixt
both
,
wherwithall
they
mingle
powder
of
Gold
and
Siluer
,
to
encrease
the
waight
.
The
muske
of
Salmindy
is
worst
of
all
,
because
it
is
taken
out
of
his
blather
or
cod
,
and
put
into
a
glasse
.
There
are
some
which
preferre
the
Tumbascine
muske
,
and
they
say
,
that
the
odor
thereof
commeth
from
the
sweete
hearbes
whereupon
the
beast
feedeth
:
and
the
like
is
said
of
the
Region
of
Sceni
,
but
the
odor
is
not
equall
to
the
other
.
And
the
Tumbascines
,
doe
not
gather
the
muske
after
the
fashions
of
others
:
For
they
draw
not
forth
this
matter
out
of
the
cod
,
nor
yet
gather
it
in
calme
weather
.
The
Cenians
,
they
presse
foorth
the
matter
out
of
the
ventricle
,
and
when
they
haue
it
forth
mingle
it
with
other
things
,
and
that
in
cloudy
and
tempestuous
weather
:
afterwards
they
put
them
vp
in
glasses
,
and
stop
the
mouth
close
,
and
so
they
send
it
to
be
sold
,
vnto
the
Sarizines
,
and
to
Amanus
,
and
to
Parsis
,
and
to
Haharac
,
as
if
he
were
a
Tumbescine
,
When
this
beast
goeth
furthest
from
the
sea
,
and
feedeth
toward
the
desart
vpon
Spikenard
,
then
is
his
muske
sweeter
,
but
when
they
feede
neare
the
Sea
,
it
is
not
so
fragrant
,
because
they
feede
vpon
myrh
.
Auicen
sayeth
,
there
is
some
kinde
of
muske
like
a
Citron
,
but
such
hath
not
been
seene
in
this
part
of
the
world
,
for
our
muske
is
most
commonly
like
the
colour
of
iron
,
and
the
sauour
of
it
,
Serapto
.
like
a
Cirenian
Apple
,
but
stronger
;
and
consisteth
of
little
peeces
,
but
it
is
better
that
hangeth
together
and
hath
a
sauor
of
the
wildernesse
,
but
if
it
be
adulterated
with
Snakes
or
Byrds-dung
,
then
will
it
be
lesser
pleasant
in
the
sauor
,
and
also
pinch
and
offend
the
nose
.
The
hunters
of
Tebeth
,
and
Seni
,
as
we
haue
shewed
already
,
do
kil
their
sweet
Rose
,
and
afterwards
take
out
from
them
their
bladder
of
muske
,
which
musk
being
exerped
before
it
be
ripe
,
smelleth
strongly
and
vnpleasantly
.
And
then
they
hang
it
vp
a
little
while
in
the
open
and
free
ayre
,
wherein
it
ripeneth
as
it
were
by
concoction
in
the
sun
,
and
therby
receiueth
an
admirable
sweetnesse
.
And
the
like
doe
diuers
Gardeners
vse
towardes
Apples
,
and
fruites
of
trees
which
are
gathered
before
they
be
ripe
.
For
by
laying
them
vp
in
a
dry
place
,
they
weare
away
their
sharpnesse
and
become
pleasant
.
But
it
is
to
be
remembred
,
that
musk
is
the
best
which
doth
ripen
in
his
owne
cod
before
it
be
taken
out
of
the
beast
,
for
before
it
is
ripe
,
it
smelleth
displeasantly
.
There
is
not
much
perfect
muske
brought
into
this
part
of
the
world
,
but
the
strength
of
it
commeth
from
the
vertue
of
the
cod
wherein
it
is
put
,
and
so
it
is
brought
to
vs
,
but
the
best
is
brought
out
of
the
East
,
where
groweth
Spicknard
and
sweet
Hearbs
.
Rodericus
Lucitanus
saith
that
our
muske
is
compounded
of
diuers
things
,
the
ground
whereof
is
the
bloud
of
a
little
beast
like
a
Cony
,
which
is
brought
out
of
Pegun
a
prouence
of
India
.
But
the
meanes
whereby
to
try
it
may
be
this
,
after
it
is
waied
,
they
put
it
into
some
moist
or
wet
powder
,
and
after
a
little
while
they
waigh
it
the
second
time
,
The
tryall
of
Muske
.
and
if
it
exceed
the
former
waight
,
then
do
they
take
it
for
sound
,
perfect
,
and
good
,
but
if
it
doe
not
exceed
,
then
do
they
iudge
it
adulterate
.
Some
Marchants
when
they
are
to
buy
muske
stop
it
to
their
noses
,
Simion
Sethi
Syluius
and
holding
their
breath
run
halfe
a
stones
cast
,
afterwards
they
pul
it
from
their
Nose
,
and
if
they
perceiue
the
sauor
of
the
muske
,
then
do
they
but
it
,
and
take
it
for
good
,
but
if
not
,
they
refuse
it
for
corrupted
.
In
some
Churches
they
make
perfumes
with
muske
,
and
by
mingling
Stirax
,
Alloes
,
Amber
,
and
iuyce
of
Roses
,
they
make
a
perfume
called
Regium
Suffimigium
,
the
Kings
perfume
;
likewise
vnto
sweet
waters
,
drawne
out
of
the
furnaces
of
Chymis
,
whereunto
they
adde
simple
Rose
Water
,
and
for
the
richer
sort
of
people
muske
and
Camphory
.
Andreus
Furnerius
in
his
French
booke
of
adorning
mans
nature
,
teacheth
a
composition
to
be
made
of
certaine
Oyles
,
Sope
,
and
Muske
,
And
also
ointmentes
and
musked
oyles
.
He
also
sheweth
how
to
make
little
round
bals
of
muske
,
and
other
confections
,
Platearius
and
afterwardes
to
draw
a
thread
through
the
middle
of
them
,
and
so
weare
them
about
ones
necke
.
Some
put
it
into
silken
wooll
,
through
which
they
first
draw
a
thread
,
and
so
dissolue
it
in
rose
water
,
afterwards
make
it
vp
in
medicines
,
and
vse
it
as
aforesaid
.
It
may
be
preserued
in
a
vessell
of
Lead
,
close
stopped
along
time
,
for
the
lead
which
is
cold
and
moist
,
The
preseruing
of
musk
agreeth
well
with
the
nature
of
the
muske
,
&
therfore
if
a
leaden
vessell
be
wanting
,
so
as
ye
be
forced
to
vse
glasse
and
siluer
,
then
must
you
put
two
or
three
pieces
of
lead
into
it
,
for
the
better
preseruation
,
and
couering
the
passage
all
ouer
with
wax
,
and
aboue
all
things
you
must
auoid
al
kind
of
spices
,
taking
heede
that
no
graine
thereof
come
into
it
.
If
while
it
is
in
the
vessell
it
lose
the
sauor
and
be
dead
,
then
it
is
to
bee
recouered
by
opening
the
mouth
of
the
viall
,
and
hanging
it
ouer
a
priuy
,
For
when
the
stinke
and
euill
sauer
commeth
vnto
it
,
Contra
foetorem
eluctatur
,
&
quasi
luctando
reuiuisset
,
it
striueth
against
the
filthy
stinke
,
and
as
it
were
reuiueth
in
that
contention
,
saith
Isidorus
,
Albertus
,
and
Platearius
.
But
concerning
the
adulterating
of
muske
,
I
will
say
more
in
this
place
.
Benedictus
The
adulterating
of
muske
&
the
meanes
to
descry
it
.
First
of
all
the
mountibanks
do
corrupt
it
by
mingling
with
it
the
liuer
of
a
calfe
.
Also
by
a
roote
called
Makir
,
and
an
hearb
Salich
.
Many
times
the
dung
of
Mice
is
sold
for
musk
,
and
so
great
is
the
deceit
herein
,
that
a
man
may
not
trust
the
outward
shape
of
an
intire
codd
,
for
there
be
imposters
which
can
counterfeit
them
,
and
make
them
in
all
parts
for
the
outward
appearance
,
and
fill
them
with
certaine
stuffe
,
interposing
some
little
true
muske
among
it
vntill
it
haue
a
reasonable
sauor
,
and
therewithall
deceiue
simple
people
.
It
is
also
adulterated
by
mingling
with
it
a
litle
Goates
bloud
fryed
,
or
browne
bread
fryed
,
so
that
three
or
foure
partes
of
these
,
will
receiue
seasonable
tast
from
one
part
of
the
muske
.
It
is
also
adulterated
in
the
skin
by
putting
peeces
of
the
skin
into
it
,
and
it
may
be
knowne
from
the
true
muske
,
because
it
will
waigh
twice
so
heauy
.
The
Sarazens
vse
this
shift
aboue
all
others
,
and
there
is
one
principall
way
of
making
counterfet
muske
,
which
is
this
,
they
take
Nutmegs
,
Mace
,
Cinamon
,
Cloues
,
Gilliflowers
,
and
Spikenard
,
of
euery
one
a
handfull
,
all
these
being
beate
diligently
together
,
and
dryed
and
sifted
,
they
are
mingled
with
the
warme
bloud
of
a
Doue
,
and
afterwards
dried
in
the
Sunne
,
then
are
they
seauen
times
sprinkled
ouer
,
or
moystened
,
with
the
Water
of
muske-Roases
,
and
betwixt
euery
sprinkling
they
are
dryed
;
At
length
they
mingle
therewithall
a
third
or
fourth
part
of
true
musk
,
and
then
sprinkle
it
ouer
againe
with
Muske-rose-water
,
so
deuide
it
into
three
or
foure
lumps
,
and
take
the
white
haires
from
vnder
the
taile
of
a
Roe
or
Kid
,
and
so
put
it
in
a
vessell
of
glasse
.
Benyuine
,
white-waxe
taken
out
of
a
new
Hiue
of
Bees
,
the
rotten
part
of
Eue-tree
,
and
a
little
Muske
,
are
mingled
altogether
to
make
a
counterfeit
Amber
,
for
it
will
smell
like
ciuet
,
or
muske
,
or
else
Stirax
,
and
the
powder
of
Lygnum-aloes
with
Ciuet
,
and
Rose
water
,
but
the
fraud
in
one
&
other
is
easily
deprehended
,
for
both
the
odor
and
the
colour
are
different
from
the
true
Amber
,
and
also
it
will
sooner
wax
soft
in
water
,
then
that
which
is
naturall
.
Some
do
corrupt
their
Muske
with
the
seede
of
Angelica
,
or
rather
with
the
roote
of
it
,
because
the
roote
smelleth
sweete
like
Musk
,
but
the
cosinage
may
be
easily
discouered
,
by
putting
it
into
water
.
For
the
Angelica
will
sinke
,
and
●he
Muske
will
swimme
.
The
true
Muske
is
sold
for
forty
shillings
an
ounce
at
the
least
.
It
is
also
obserued
by
Arnoldus
Villanouanus
,
that
in
the
presence
of
Assafoetida
or
Castoreum
,
the
best
muske
will
haue
a
horrible
and
intollerable
sauour
,
although
they
touch
not
one
another
which
cannot
be
ascribed
to
any
knowne
reason
,
but
to
some
secret
in
nature
.
The
sweetenesse
of
the
Arabian
muske
is
described
by
A●ciatus
in
this
verse
;
Et
celebris
suaui
,
est
vnguine
muscus
Arabs
.
There
be
diuers
Hearbs
which
smell
sweete
like
muske
,
as
Angelica
,
Dorsis
,
Muske-Giliflowers
,
Herbes
resembling
muske
.
Muske-Grapes
,
the
leaues
of
a
winter
Cherry
,
and
an
Hearbe
growing
neare
Basill
without
a
name
,
like
wilde
Parsley
,
the
Damasine-rose
,
and
many
other
.
Wilde
cats
and
Martins
do
also
render
an
excrement
much
like
muske
,
and
there
are
Hares
called
Moschiae
,
which
leaue
such
an
intolerable
smell
in
the
impression
of
their
footesteppes
,
that
the
Dogges
by
touching
them
growe
madde
,
as
wee
haue
shewed
in
the
story
of
the
Hare
:
And
thus
much
for
the
description
of
this
beast
,
now
followeth
the
medicines
.
The
medicines
of
the
Muske-cat
.
A
very
little
part
or
quantity
of
a
Muske-cat
is
of
great
vertue
and
efficacy
;
wherefore
it
is
very
sparingly
vsed
in
medicines
or
potions
,
neither
is
there
any
part
thereof
beaten
or
bruised
as
it
is
of
all
other
beasts
,
but
it
is
melted
and
dissolued
in
water
which
proceedeth
from
the
sweetest
Roses
.
It
is
also
a
beast
which
is
very
hot
and
dry
,
but
rather
mord
dry
then
hot
,
yet
notwithstanding
the
same
his
heate
is
asswaged
and
allayed
by
no
other
thing
but
onely
the
Gum
called
Camphire
,
and
his
drinesse
is
onely
moystned
or
mollified
with
Oyles
and
very
sweet
,
as
oile
of
violets
,
and
oile
of
Roses
.
Amongst
sweete
smels
and
sauours
the
principallest
and
chiefest
laude
and
commendation
is
attributed
vnto
the
smell
which
proceedeth
from
the
muske
cat
:
For
he
doth
not
onely
with
his
odoriferous
and
delightfull
sauour
please
and
content
the
scent
of
men
,
but
also
doth
strengthen
the
spirits
,
and
all
the
partes
of
mans
body
,
yea
and
that
in
a
moment
,
for
the
slendernesse
of
his
partes
,
which
although
it
doth
forthwith
penetrate
or
enter
into
the
scent
of
man
,
yet
doth
it
endure
longer
,
and
is
not
so
speedily
or
quicklie
dissolued
as
the
scent
or
sauour
of
any
other
sweete
smell
whatsoeuer
.
A
musk-cat
and
the
hearb
called
Mercuries-fingers
or
Dogges-bane
,
being
giuen
in
purging
medicines
to
drinke
,
do
greatly
renew
and
refresh
the
decayed
strength
or
force
of
those
which
haue
beene
before
times
weakened
with
diuers
and
continual
medicines
in
their
m●bers
.
The
same
is
also
very
profitable
for
those
which
are
effeminate
or
defectiue
,
and
ecclipsed
in
their
mind
or
courage
,
as
also
for
those
which
are
weak
and
feeble
in
their
ioynts
,
not
by
any
hurt
,
or
any
other
casuallity
being
enfeebled
,
Symeon
but
being
alwaies
so
euen
from
their
childhood
.
A
musk-cat
is
an
excellent
remedy
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
feare
in
their
hart
,
and
also
for
those
which
do
quiuer
or
shake
either
for
fear
or
any
other
thing
throughout
all
the
parts
of
their
body
.
The
same
is
a
very
profitable
and
medicinable
cure
for
those
which
are
grieued
with
any
ach
or
paine
in
their
head
or
with
any
enormity
or
trouble
in
their
liuer
,
and
is
also
being
giuen
simply
by
it selfe
,
Isidorus
without
any
thing
mixed
in
it
or
compounded
in
wine
,
is
very
good
and
wholsome
for
the
healing
and
curing
of
those
who
haue
any
paine
or
griefe
in
their
stomacke
,
which
commeth
by
the
occasion
of
any
cold
.
A
muske-catte
being
put
vnto
the
body
of
any
man
in
the
forme
or
manner
of
a
plaister
,
doth
confirme
and
make
strong
both
his
hart
▪
and
all
the
rest
of
his
bowels
,
Dioscorides
or
interior
parts
:
it
doth
moreouer
encrease
both
strength
and
power
in
all
his
members
,
yea
and
in
the
very
bones
,
the
efficacy
thereof
is
of
such
power
and
vertue
.
The
same
being
layed
or
annointed
vpon
the
head
,
is
very
effectual
for
the
expelling
or
driuing
away
of
the
rheume
which
falleth
from
the
head
into
the
nostrils
,
and
by
that
means
procureth
heauinesse
in
the
same
,
and
for
the
amending
and
curing
of
the
swimming
dizzines
or
giddines
in
the
head
through
the
aboundant
humors
which
remaine
and
stay
therein
,
and
also
for
the
bridling
and
restraining
of
lust
and
venery
.
Auicenna
The
same
being
vsed
in
the
aforesaid
manner
doth
temperate
and
confirme
the
brains
of
any
man
,
besides
it
easeth
and
helpeth
those
which
haue
paine
about
their
heart
,
by
the
which
they
suppose
their
very
heart
to
ake
.
The
smell
of
this
beast
is
both
profitable
and
hurtfull
,
for
vnto
those
which
are
cold
of
constitution
,
the
scent
is
very
pleasant
in
regard
that
is
it
hot
of
it selfe
,
and
is
very
delightfull
in
their
sauors
:
but
vnto
those
which
are
hot
of
nature
it
is
very
noisome
,
in
regard
that
the
heat
and
strong
scent
therof
ouercommeth
their
sences
,
and
oftentimes
causeth
their
heads
to
ake
,
and
be
full
of
paine
,
Rasis
and
doth
al-also
stir
vp
in
them
that
pestiferous
disease
called
the
falling
sicknesse
:
but
vnto
women
which
are
of
a
hot
or
fiery
constitution
it
is
more
hurful
&
noisome
,
for
it
breedeth
in
them
a
very
pestiferous
disease
which
choketh
their
matrice
or
wombe
,
Brasauolus
&
causeth
them
oftentimes
to
swound
,
it
is
called
by
some
the
mother
.
The
sneezings
of
a
muske-cat
is
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
resolution
of
the
sinnewes
or
the
palsie
.
A
muske-cat
is
very
good
&
wholsome
for
the
helping
and
curing
of
those
which
are
troubled
with
any
deafenesse
or
astonishment
in
any
part
of
their
bodies
,
as
also
for
the
driuing
away
of
melancholicke
and
sorrowfull
passions
out
of
mens
mindes
,
and
for
the
incitating
delightfull
myrth
and
pleasure
in
them
.
A
musk-cat
being
mixed
and
mingled
with
dry
plaisters
which
are
vsed
for
the
healing
of
the
eies
,
ia
an
excellent
remedy
for
the
expelling
and
driuing
away
of
the
white
skinne
which
doth
vsually
couer
the
sight
,
and
for
the
drying
vp
of
moist
rheumes
and
humors
which
in
the
night
time
do
fall
from
the
braines
and
the
head
,
and
by
that
meanes
doth
much
hurt
and
damage
the
sight
of
the
eies
,
as
also
for
the
clarifieng
and
healing
vp
of
any
paine
or
disease
therein
.
A
muske-cat
is
an
excellent
remedy
for
those
which
haue
a
desire
to
vomit
and
cannot
,
it
doth
also
renewe
an
appetite
or
stomacke
in
those
vntill
their
victuals
which
doe
loath
and
abstaine
from
all
sustenance
,
and
doth
loosen
and
dissolue
all
thicke
puffinges
or
windinesse
in
the
interior
parts
or
members
of
any
one
.
A
muske-catte
being
mingled
with
a
causticke
medicine
,
Platearius
is
very
profitable
and
wholsome
for
the
bringing
forth
of
those
Womens
menses
or
fluxes
which
are
stopped
,
and
also
for
mouing
conception
in
those
women
which
are
hindered
in
it
by
the
occasion
of
some
great
cold
.
A
medicine
or
suppositary
being
made
of
ambergryse
,
and
mingled
with
a
sweet
gumme
comming
out
of
Syria
and
Styrax
,
and
then
mixed
both
together
with
a
muske-cat
and
so
bea●en
,
vntill
they
come
vnto
a
certaine
salue
,
and
layed
vnto
the
secret
parts
of
a
woman
is
very
good
for
the
aforesaide
disease
.
A●ice●na
There
is
a
certaine
iuyce
or
moistnesse
in
a
musk
cat
which
being
pressed
forth
or
dissolued
,
and
mixed
with
the
Oyle
called
Palma
Christy
,
and
annointed
vpon
the
yard
of
any
man
,
doth
stir
him
vp
to
lust
and
venery
.
If
the
least
part
of
a
musk-cat
be
eaten
by
any
one
which
is
troubled
with
a
stinking
breath
,
i●
will
presently
expell
and
take
away
the
stink
thereof
.
And
thus
much
shal
suffice
concerning
the
cures
and
medicines
of
the
musk-cat
.
OF
THE
MVLE.
〈◊〉
seuerall
〈◊〉
.
THe
Mule
is
a
beast
,
called
by
the
Hebrewes
Pered
,
from
whence
comes
the
feminine
Pirdah
3.
of
King
.
and
there
be
some
that
say
the
reason
of
the
Hebrew
word
is
,
from
the
seperation
and
sterility
of
this
beast
,
for
it
is
Pered
,
quia
non
pareat
.
The
Chaldey
word
is
Cudana
,
the
Arabian
Beal
,
but
Gen.
36.
for
the
Hebrew
word
Iemin
,
many
translate
Mules
.
The
Arabians
Kegal
,
but
the
Graecian
Septuagints
Hemionous
.
The
Graecians
also
call
a
Mule
Astrahe
,
from
the
strength
of
his
body
.
The
Latines
cal
a
Mule
Mulus
,
and
Semiasinus
,
that
is
halfe
an
Asse
,
because
on
the
one
side
he
is
a
Horse
,
and
on
the
other
side
an
Asse
,
and
therefore
in
his
condicions
he
more
resembleth
an
Asse
then
a
Horse
,
whereupon
lyeth
this
tale
.
A
certaine
Lydian
Mule
●eeing
his
Image
in
the
water
,
grew
to
be
afraid
of
the
greatnesse
thereof
,
and
thervpon
tooke
his
heeles
and
ran
away
as
fast
as
he
could
;
neither
could
he
be
stayed
by
al
the
wit
of
his
keepers
:
Plutarch
At
length
the
mule
remembring
that
he
was
the
son
of
an
Asse
,
he
staied
his
course
and
came
backe
againe
neighing
.
The
Italians
call
a
mule
Mulo
,
and
the
female
Mula
,
like
the
Latines
,
and
the
Spaniards
.
The
French
mulet
,
and
the
female
Mule
,
from
whence
commeth
the
English
word
Mule
.
The
Germans
multhire
,
or
mulesel
.
The
Illirians
meseck
,
and
the
Flemings
mul.
〈◊〉
kinds
o●
Mules
.
There
is
another
kind
of
mules
in
Syria
,
diuers
from
those
which
are
procreated
by
the
copulation
of
a
mare
and
an
asse
,
&
they
receiue
their
names
from
the
similitude
of
their
faces
.
For
there
is
no
other
cause
,
why
wilde
Asses
should
be
called
Asses
,
but
onely
their
similitude
and
tame
Asses
.
And
as
among
wilde
Asses
some
of
them
are
singularly
swift
,
so
also
among
these
Syrian
mules
,
there
are
some
excellent
speedy
coursers
.
These
mules
procreate
in
their
owne
kinde
,
and
admit
no
mixture
,
which
Aristotle
proued
by
nine
of
them
which
were
brought
into
Phrygia
,
in
the
daies
of
Pharnacas
,
the
father
of
Pharnabazi
.
Theophrastrus
also
reporteth
,
that
in
Cappadocia
,
the
mules
engender
among
themselus
,
which
Aristotle
remembreth
in
his
wonders
,
and
hee
might
well
haue
spared
it
,
for
they
are
a
kind
of
cat●el
among
themselues
.
Aelianus
.
There
be
flocks
of
Asses
and
mares
in
India
,
where
the
mares
do
willingly
admit
the
Asses
in
copulation
,
and
bring
forth
red
mules
,
the
best
of
all
other
for
running
.
The
generation
of
Burdens
.
But
among
the
Indian
Phyllians
,
their
Asses
,
mules
,
Oxen
,
and
Horses
,
are
no
bigger
then
Rams
.
As
the
mule
is
begotten
betwixt
an
Asse
and
a
mare
,
so
the
Burdon
is
begotten
betwixt
a
Horse
,
and
a
shee-Asse
,
wherefore
the
Italians
call
him
Mulo
Bastardo
,
that
is
,
The
p●ts
of
mu●●s
&
their
●●●our
.
a
bastard
mule
.
For
as
the
mule
,
more
resembleth
the
Asse
then
the
horse
,
so
the
Burdon
more
resembleth
the
horse
then
the
Asse
,
the
reason
is
,
because
all
kinds
followe
the
father
.
The
mule
hath
some
parts
proper
to
the
Asse
,
as
long
eares
,
a
terrible
voyce
,
a
crosse
vpon
the
shoulders
,
small
feet
,
a
leane
body
,
and
in
al
other
things
it
resembleth
a
horse
.
The
length
of
their
eares
serueth
instead
of
their
foretop
,
their
colour
is
somewhat
browne
,
but
it
varieth
,
for
the
Roman
Cardinals
haue
mules
of
an
ash-colour
,
and
those
very
great
ones
with
long
tailes
.
They
change
their
teeth
and
haue
in
number
sixe
and
thirty
,
their
Necke
is
like
the
Neck
of
an
Asses
,
long
,
but
not
standing
vpright
,
their
bellies
simple
and
of
one
quantity
.
They
want
a
gall
like
all
foure-footed-beastes
,
and
there
is
a
thing
in
their
heart
like
a
bone
,
as
we
haue
shewed
before
in
the
story
of
the
Asse
.
The
foode
of
Asses
.
They
eate
such
food
as
Horsses
,
and
Asses
do
,
but
they
grow
fat
by
drinking
,
yet
they
drinke
not
like
a
Horse
by
thrusting
in
their
Noses
into
the
water
,
but
onely
touch
it
with
their
lips
.
Mizaldus
Dioscorides
They
loue
Cucumbers
aboue
all
other
meates
,
but
the
flowers
and
leaues
of
Rododaphne
are
poyson
to
Mules
and
Asses
,
The
lenght
of
a
Mules
life
.
and
to
many
foure-footed-beastes
.
Both
a
Mule
and
a
horse
grow
from
the
first
comming
forth
of
their
teeth
,
(
by
which
their
age
is
discerned
)
and
after
all
their
teeth
are
come
forth
,
it
is
hard
to
know
their
age
.
The
females
in
this
kind
are
greater
,
more
liuely
,
and
liue
longer
then
the
males
.
It
hath
beene
found
that
they
haue
liued
to
fourescore
yeares
of
age
.
Such
a
one
was
presented
at
Athens
,
at
what
time
Pericles
builded
the
Temple
of
Minerua
,
where
by
reason
of
his
age
,
he
was
dismissed
from
all
labour
,
yet
afterwardes
he
would
not
forsake
his
companions
,
but
went
with
them
,
exhorting
them
with
neighing
to
vndergoe
the
labour
cheerefully
;
Wherevpon
there
was
a
publike
decree
,
that
the
saide
Mule
should
haue
an
ordinary
of
prouender
appointed
him
in
Prytanium
,
Aristotle
Aelianus
and
that
no
body
should
driue
him
away
from
their
Corne
when
he
eate
it
,
although
it
were
in
the
Market
place
.
The
generation
of
Mules
.
We
haue
shewed
already
that
this
Beast
is
engendered
betwixt
an
Assea
Mare
,
and
therefore
if
a
man
would
create
vnto
himselfe
a
notable
breede
of
Mules
,
he
must
looke
to
the
choyce
both
of
his
Male
and
Female
.
First
of
all
for
the
female
,
that
shee
be
of
a
great
body
,
The
election
of
a
Mare
to
beare
Mules
.
of
sound
bones
,
and
of
singular
good
shape
,
wherein
he
must
not
so
much
expect
her
velosity
or
aptnesse
to
runne
,
as
her
strength
to
endure
labour
,
and
especially
to
beare
in
her
wombe
a
discordant
Foale
,
begotten
by
an
Asse
,
and
to
confer
vpon
it
both
the
properties
of
his
bodie
,
and
the
disposition
.
For
when
Mares
do
vnwillingly
receiue
the
genitall
seede
of
the
Asse
,
the
Fole
doth
not
grow
to
perfection
in
the
Mares
belly
,
Pliny
vntill
she
haue
borne
it
thirteene
monthes
,
whereby
it
resembleth
more
the
sluggish
and
dul
nature
of
his
father
,
then
the
vigor
of
his
mother
.
But
for
the
helping
of
their
copulation
,
they
pull
certaine
haires
out
of
the
taile
of
the
female
,
and
afterwardes
binde
them
together
therewith
.
The
choice
of
a
mule
.
There
is
no
lesser
regarde
to
be
had
of
the
Stallion
,
lest
the
want
of
iudgment
in
the
choyce
of
him
do
frustrate
the
experiment
;
Seeing
therefore
they
are
engendered
betwixt
a
Mare
and
an
Asse
,
or
betwixt
a
Mare
and
a
wilde-Asse
,
and
the
Mule
,
begotten
betwixt
the
wilde
Asse
and
the
Mare
doth
excell
all
others
,
both
for
swiftnesse
of
course
,
hardnesse
of
foote
,
and
generosity
of
stomack
:
yet
is
the
tame
Asse
better
for
this
breed
then
the
wilde
Asse
,
for
he
will
be
more
beautifull
in
outward
forme
,
and
more
tractable
in
disposition
;
And
the
Mules
engendered
by
wilde-Asses
,
may
be
compared
to
these
;
yet
can
they
neuer
be
so
tamed
but
they
retaine
some
qualities
of
their
Wilde-Father
;
And
therefore
a
Mule
begotten
betwixt
them
(
I
meane
betwixt
a
wilde
male
Asse
and
a
tame
female
Asse
)
are
fitter
for
Nephewes
then
for
sonnes
;
that
is
,
their
Foales
may
beget
good
Mules
,
and
such
as
are
tamable
and
tractable
,
because
descent
breaketh
the
corruption
of
nature
,
but
themselues
do
neuer
proue
profitable
.
And
therefore
it
is
most
commodious
and
necessary
to
gett
such
a
Stalion
Asse
to
the
procreation
of
Mules
,
whose
kinde
by
experiment
is
excellent
,
and
outward
partes
euery
way
acceptable
,
such
as
these
are
;
a
long
and
great
body
,
a
stronge
Necke
,
stronge
and
broade
ribs
,
a
wide
breast
full
of
muscles
,
loines
full
of
sinnewes
,
stronge
compacted
,
legges
of
colour
blackish
or
spotted
,
for
the
mouse
colour
is
too
vulgar
,
and
is
not
fit
in
a
Mule
.
For
it
is
but
folly
in
a
man
to
allow
and
approue
,
euery
colour
he
looketh
vpon
,
and
therefore
(
Collumella
writeth
)
when
there
are
spots
vppon
the
tongue
and
pallet
of
a
Ram
,
such
also
are
found
in
the
wooll
of
the
Lambe
he
begetteth
.
And
so
also
if
an
Asse
haue
diuers
coloured
haires
vpon
his
eye
browes
,
or
vpon
his
eares
,
the
foale
he
bringeth
forth
hath
such
colours
in
his
skin
;
And
hereunto
agree
both
Paladius
,
and
Absirtus
saying
;
He
that
wil
haue
a
good
breed
of
Mules
,
must
get
an
Asse
of
Elegant
forme
,
a
great
stature
,
square
members
,
a
great
head
not
like
a
horses
,
his
face
,
cheekes
,
and
lips
not
smal
,
his
eies
standing
out
of
his
head
,
and
not
little
or
hollow
,
broad
Nosthrils
,
great
eares
,
not
hanging
down
,
but
standing
vpright
;
a
broad
and
long
necke
,
a
broade
breast
,
rough
with
the
pleights
of
his
muscles
,
and
strong
to
endure
the
kickings
of
the
mare
:
great
breastes
,
plates
and
other
partes
vnder
his
shoulders
,
and
so
downe
to
his
legges
,
which
ought
to
be
strong
,
broad
,
and
corpulent
,
and
standing
farre
assunder
,
so
as
he
may
easily
couer
the
mare
.
A
great
backe
,
and
broad
backe-bone
,
neither
hollow
nor
standing
vp
with
bunches
,
bearing
a
direct
line
vpon
the
middle
.
His
shoulders
not
low
but
standing
vp
,
the
hipbone
ful
and
longe
,
not
bending
too
narrowely
nor
pinde
buttockt
,
nor
standing
out
sharpe
,
and
they
are
best
which
haue
the
shortest
tailes
.
Furthermore
let
his
stones
be
great
,
his
knees
great
and
round
,
standing
both
alike
,
his
legges
bony
and
without
flesh
,
nothing
appearing
in
them
but
nerues
and
skin
;
not
standing
awry
,
nor
yet
of
diuers
colours
,
his
pasterns
not
high
,
nor
yet
ouer-low
:
his
feet
not
low
nor
bending
inward
,
his
hoofe
thicke
and
hollow
within
,
the
inward
part
of
it
being
cleare
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Iuvenall
:
Namque
hic
mundae
,
nitet
vngula
Mulae
.
His
voice
cleare
and
not
hoarse
,
for
so
the
mare
wil
be
terrified
from
copulation
.
His
colour
ought
to
be
likewise
cleare
,
as
all
black
,
hauing
no
white
belie
,
or
somewhat
looking
towards
purple
,
and
hauing
one
blacke
spot
vppon
his
mouth
,
or
rather
a
blacke
tongue
and
such
as
haue
bin
brought
vp
with
horses
.
It
is
the
fashion
of
some
to
take
wilde
Asses
to
tame
them
,
to
make
Stalions
for
generation
,
for
they
beget
the
best
Mules
,
if
they
be
liberally
fed
and
not
enclosed
,
and
neuer
waxe
wilde
againe
if
they
bee
put
among
tame
Asses
.
And
the
young
one
so
gotten
by
him
,
will
be
like
the
syer
:
and
if
any
haue
a
desire
to
make
the
Mules
of
strange
colours
,
Absirtus
they
must
couer
the
female
with
a
cloth
of
that
colour
wherewithal
they
desire
the
young
one
to
be
foaled
,
as
we
haue
shewed
already
in
the
discourse
of
Horsses
,
whereby
there
are
raysed
many
excellent
kinds
and
rases
;
or
else
they
bring
in
their
presence
at
the
time
of
their
copulation
some
great
male
Horsse
or
Asse
,
by
the
fight
whereof
they
are
made
more
fruitfull
:
or
againe
,
some
base
and
dispisable
beast
being
offered
to
their
view
,
doth
make
them
to
conceiue
more
noble
Mules
.
If
the
wilde
Asses
be
at
any
time
heauy
,
and
not
willing
to
couer
the
Mare
,
then
let
there
be
another
female
Asse
brought
into
the
presence
,
by
the
sight
whereof
his
lust
so
burneth
that
he
rageth
almost
to
madnesse
for
copulation
:
And
therefore
being
denyed
,
the
Asse
doth
more
willingly
leape
vpon
the
Mare
,
whom
before
he
loathed
.
Againe
,
it
must
be
regarded
,
that
the
Stalion
bee
tyed
and
bound
fast
,
so
that
he
may
not
couer
the
Mare
after
she
is
with
foal
,
nor
yet
haue
accesse
vnto
her
,
least
by
kicking
and
biting
he
cause
abortment
,
for
many
times
they
breake
their
bonds
asunder
,
and
greatly
trouble
the
females
with
young
,
therefore
they
are
accustomed
to
some
labour
,
which
taketh
downe
the
heate
of
their
lust
:
yet
at
the
time
that
they
are
to
couer
the
Mares
,
you
must
vse
all
diligence
to
awaken
the
drousie
nature
of
the
beast
,
so
that
with
greater
spirit
the
seede
of
the
male
and
female
may
meete
together
.
The
Asses
of
Lybia
wil
not
couer
mares
that
haue
manes
vntil
they
be
shorne
off
,
for
it
seemeth
they
disdaine
that
their
females
shoulde
haue
more
ornamentes
then
themselues
,
which
are
theyr
husbands
.
We
haue
shewed
already
in
the
discourse
of
the
Asse
,
that
mares
doe
not
willingly
admit
any
Stalion
Asse
to
couer
them
,
except
it
be
such
a
one
as
did
sucke
a
Mare
,
which
we
called
a
horse-suckling
or
Equimulgus
.
For
this
cause
men
that
propound
vnto
themselues
to
nourish
rases
of
Mules
,
take
the
colt
of
an
Asse
so
soon
as
it
is
foald
and
put
to
it
a
mare
giuing
milke
in
some
darke
place
,
wherein
the
mare
not
doubting
any
fraud
,
is
deceiued
,
and
willingly
yealdeth
her
vdders
to
the
Asses
foale
;
whereunto
being
accustomed
for
ten
daies
together
,
at
last
she
taketh
it
for
her
own
,
and
such
a
Stalion
Asse
loueth
mares
exceedingly
:
and
on
the
other
side
,
the
Mare
refuseth
not
him
.
And
some
say
,
that
although
they
sucke
their
mothers
milke
,
yet
if
from
the
time
of
their
weaning
they
bee
brought
vp
among
Horsse-Colts
,
it
is
as
good
as
if
they
had
sucked
mares
.
If
the
Asse
be
small
which
is
a
Stalion
,
he
will
quickly
waxe
olde
,
and
his
yssue
be
the
worse
,
therefore
they
must
prouide
the
largest
and
strongest
Asses
,
and
nourish
them
with
the
best
hay
and
barly
,
that
so
his
strength
may
abound
before
his
copulation
.
He
ought
not
to
be
vnder
three
yeares
olde
,
nor
yet
brought
vnto
a
Mare
which
neuer
knew
male
,
for
such
a
one
will
beate
him
away
with
her
heeles
and
mouth
,
and
bring
him
into
perpetuall
hatred
with
that
kind
;
wherefore
they
vse
to
bring
some
vile
and
vulgar
Asse
into
the
presence
of
the
Mare
,
as
it
were
to
woo
her
,
and
prouoke
her
to
copulation
,
that
so
if
she
beate
him
away
it
may
be
no
hinderance
to
the
Stallion
,
but
if
she
seem
to
admit
him
,
and
desirous
of
copulation
,
then
they
take
him
away
,
and
bring
the
appointed
Stalion
into
his
roome
,
and
so
the
Mule
is
engendered
.
For
the
effecting
of
their
copulation
,
there
must
be
a
place
appointed
for
the
purpose
,
betwixt
two
wals
,
hauing
a
narrow
passage
,
that
so
the
Mare
may
not
haue
liberty
to
fight
with
the
Asse
,
and
the
Mares
head
must
be
tyed
downe
to
a
Manger
or
racke
,
the
ground
being
so
fashioned
,
that
her
forefeet
may
stand
much
lower
then
her
hinder
,
and
so
ascend
backward
,
to
the
intent
that
the
asse
may
more
easily
leape
vpon
her
back
,
and
she
receiue
the
seed
more
deepely
.
When
the
Mare
hath
brought
forth
the
Mule
,
she
giueth
it
suck
halfe
a
yeare
,
and
then
driueth
it
away
,
which
ought
to
be
brought
vp
in
some
Mountains
or
hard
places
,
that
so
the
hoofes
may
grow
hard
and
indurable
.
Having
thus
discoursed
of
the
generation
of
Mules
,
it
now
followeth
that
we
should
enquire
whether
Mules
thus
engendered
betwixt
an
Asse
and
a
Mare
,
doth
likewise
bring
forth
in
their
owne
kind
.
Obseruatumest
(
saith
Pliny
)
è
duobus
diuersis
generibus
tertij
generis
fieri
,
&
neutri
parentum
esse
similia
,
eaque
ipsa
qu●
ita
nata
sunt
,
non
gignere
,
in
omni
animalium
genere
,
id
circo
mulas
no
parere
.
That
is
to
say
;
It
hath
beene
obserued
,
that
out
of
two
diuers
kinds
,
a
third
hath
beene
engendered
,
and
yet
like
to
neither
of
the
parents
,
and
those
so
engendered
did
not
procreate
others
in
the
vniuersall
kind
of
beastes
,
or
among
al
creatures
;
And
therfore
Mules
conceiued
betwixt
Asses
and
Mares
,
do
not
bring
forth
young
.
Whereupon
Camerarius
made
this
pretty
riddle
of
a
mule
.
Dissimilis
patri
,
matri
diuersa
figura
Confusi
generis
,
generi
non
apta
propago
,
Ex
alijs
nascor
,
nec
quisquam
nascitur
ex
me
.
Democritus
is
of
opinion
also
,
that
Mules
cannot
conceiue
,
and
that
their
secret
places
are
not
like
other
beastes
,
and
the
issue
of
confused
kinds
can
neuer
engender
,
but
especially
in
a
Mule
,
because
it
is
made
of
diuers
seedes
,
(
I
meane
diuers
in
quantity
,
and
almost
contrary
)
for
the
seede
of
the
Asse
is
cold
,
and
the
seede
of
the
Mare
is
hot
.
Aristotle
disputing
of
this
matter
concerning
those
kinds
that
are
procreated
of
diuers
parents
,
writeth
in
this
sort
,
those
beasts
ioyne
in
copulation
,
whose
kinds
although
they
are
diuers
,
yet
are
not
their
natures
very
disagreeable
.
If
the
quantity
and
stature
be
alike
,
and
the
times
of
going
with
young
be
equall
,
yet
they
remaine
barren
that
are
so
begotten
,
of
which
cause
Empedocles
and
Democritus
yeald
reason
:
Empedocles
obscurely
,
and
Democritus
more
plainly
,
but
neither
of
them
both
wel
;
for
they
alledge
the
same
demonstration
about
all
beasts
out
of
their
kind
.
Democritus
saith
,
that
the
passages
of
the
Mules
are
corrupted
in
their
wombes
,
because
their
beginning
doth
not
consist
of
one
and
the
same
kind
;
but
this
is
no
reason
,
for
that
it
happeneth
also
to
other
beastes
that
do
engender
.
Empedocles
he
yealds
a
reason
out
of
Plutarch
,
about
the
ioyning
together
of
the
seedes
,
and
therefore
compareth
it
to
a
commixtion
of
tinne
and
Brasse
together
,
but
hee
saith
he
doth
not
vnderstand
their
meaning
,
and
therefore
proceedeth
to
expresse
his
owne
opinion
in
these
words
.
Frist
(
saith
he
)
euery
one
of
the
Males
do
beget
one
of
their
owne
kinde
,
but
the
females
cannot
conceiue
,
and
this
is
no
great
wonder
,
because
that
Horsses
are
not
alwaies
fitte
for
generation
,
nor
Mares
to
bring
forth
Coltes
beyng
couered
:
and
therfore
when
asses
and
mares
doe
couple
together
,
their
issve
may
be
more
barren
because
they
receiue
the
greater
hinderance
in
the
diuersity
of
kinde
;
for
besides
the
coldnesse
of
the
Asses
seed
which
may
bee
one
great
cause
of
his
barrennesse
,
they
haue
another
property
,
if
they
doe
not
breed
and
engender
before
the
casting
of
theyr
Coltes
Colts-teeth
,
they
remaine
steril
and
barren
al
their
life
long
:
for
so
doth
the
generatiue
power
of
the
Asses
body
rest
vpon
a
tickle
and
Nice-point
,
apt
to
rise
,
or
easie
to
fal
away
to
nothing
.
And
in
like
sort
,
is
a
horse
prone
to
barrennesse
,
for
it
wanteth
nothing
but
cold
substance
to
be
mingled
with
his
seede
,
which
commeth
then
to
passe
when
the
seede
of
the
Asse
is
mixed
with
it
,
for
there
wanteth
but
very
little
,
but
that
the
Asses
seed
waxeth
barren
in
his
owne
kind
,
and
therefore
much
more
when
it
meeteth
with
that
which
is
beside
his
nature
and
kind
.
This
also
hapneth
to
Mules
,
that
their
bodies
grow
exceeding
great
,
especially
because
they
haue
no
menstruous
purgation
,
and
therefore
where
there
is
an
annual
breeding
or
procreation
,
by
the
helpe
and
refreshing
of
these
flowers
,
they
both
conceiue
and
nourish
;
now
these
being
wanting
vnto
mules
,
they
are
the
more
vnfitte
to
procreation
.
The
excrements
of
their
body
in
this
kinde
they
purge
with
their
vrine
,
which
apeareth
because
the
male-mules
neuer
smell
to
the
secrets
of
the
female
,
but
to
their
vrine
,
and
the
residue
which
is
not
voided
in
the
vrine
,
turneth
to
encrease
the
quantity
and
greatnesse
of
the
body
,
whereby
it
commeth
to
passe
,
that
if
the
female
mule
doe
conceiue
with
foale
,
yet
is
she
not
able
to
bring
it
forth
to
perfection
,
because
those
thinges
are
dispersed
to
the
norishment
of
her
owne
body
,
which
should
be
imployed
about
the
nourishment
of
the
foale
:
and
for
this
cause
,
when
the
Egyptians
describe
a
barren
woman
,
they
picture
a
mule
.
Alexander
Aphroditius
writeth
thus
also
of
the
sterility
of
mules
.
Orus
.
An
Emblem
.
Mules
(
saith
he
)
seeme
to
be
barren
because
they
consist
of
beasts
diuers
in
kind
,
for
the
commixtion
of
seedes
,
which
differ
both
in
habite
and
nature
,
doe
euermore
worke
something
contrary
to
nature
,
for
the
abolishing
of
generation
;
for
as
the
mingling
together
of
blacke
and
white
colours
do
destroy
both
the
blacke
and
white
,
and
produce
a
swart
and
brown
,
and
neyther
of
both
appeare
in
the
browne
;
so
is
it
in
the
generation
of
the
mules
,
whereby
the
habituall
and
generatiue
power
of
nature
is
vtterly
destroyed
in
the
created
compounde
,
which
before
was
eminent
in
both
kindes
,
simple
and
seuerall
.
These
things
saith
he
.
Alcmaeon
as
he
is
related
by
Plutarch
,
(
saith
)
that
the
male
mules
are
barren
by
reason
of
the
thinnesse
and
coldnes
of
their
seed
,
and
the
females
because
their
wombes
are
shut
vp
,
and
the
veines
that
should
carry
in
the
seede
,
and
expell
out
the
menstruous
purgation
,
are
vtterly
stopt
.
And
Empedocles
and
Diocles
say
,
that
the
wombe
is
low
,
narrowe
,
and
the
passages
crooked
that
leade
into
it
,
and
that
therefore
they
cannot
receiue
seede
,
or
conceiue
with
young
▪
whereunto
I
do
also
wilingly
yeeld
,
b●cause
it
hath
bin
often
found
that
women
haue
beene
barren
for
the
same
cause
.
To
conclude
therefore
,
mules
beare
very
sildome
,
and
that
in
some
particular
Nations
if
it
be
natural
,
or
else
their
coltes
are
prodigious
,
and
accounted
monsters
.
Concerning
their
natural
birth
,
in
hot
regions
where
the
exterior
heat
doeth
temper
the
coldnesse
of
the
Asses
seed
,
there
they
may
bring
forth
.
And
therefore
Columella
and
Varro
say
,
that
in
many
parts
of
Affricke
,
the
Colts
of
Mules
are
as
familiar
&
common
,
as
the
Colts
of
mares
are
in
any
part
of
Europe
.
So
then
by
this
reason
it
is
probable
vnto
me
,
Mules
engender
.
that
mules
may
engender
in
all
hotte
Countries
,
as
there
was
a
mule
did
engender
often
at
Rome
;
or
else
there
is
some
other
cause
why
they
do
engender
in
Affricke
,
and
it
may
be
that
the
Affrican
mules
are
like
to
the
Syrian
mules
before
spoken
of
,
that
is
,
they
are
a
special
kinde
by
themselues
and
are
called
mules
for
resemblaunce
,
and
not
for
nature
.
It
hath
beene
seene
that
a
mule
hath
brought
forth
twinnes
,
but
it
was
held
a
prodigy
.
Herodotus
in
his
fourth
book
recordeth
these
two
stories
of
a
mules
procreation
,
when
Darius
(
saith
he
)
besieged
Babilon
,
the
Babilonians
scorned
his
army
,
and
getting
vp
to
the
top
of
their
Towers
,
did
pipe
and
dance
in
the
presence
of
the
Persians
,
and
also
vtter
very
violent
and
oprobrius
speeehes
against
Darius
and
the
whole
army
,
amongest
whom
one
of
the
Babilonians
said
thus
:
Quid
istic
desidetis
ô
Persae
,
quin
potius
absceditis
,
tunc
ex
pugnaturi
nos
cum
peperint
Mulae
.
O
ye
Persians
why
do
you
sit
heer
,
wisdome
would
teach
you
to
depart
away
,
for
when
mules
bring
forth
young
ones
,
then
may
you
ouercome
the
Babilonians
.
Thus
spake
the
Babilonian
,
beleeuing
that
the
Persians
should
neuer
overcome
them
,
because
of
the
common
prouerbe
,
Epean
emionoi
tekosin
,
when
a
mule
beareth
young
ones
.
But
the
poore
man
spake
truer
then
he
was
aware
of
,
for
this
followed
after
a
yeare
and
seuen
monthes
:
While
the
siedge
yet
lasted
,
A
history
of
Mules
.
it
hapned
that
certain
mules
belonging
to
Zopyrus
,
the
sonne
of
Megabiz●s
brought
forth
young
ones
,
whereat
their
maister
was
much
mooued
,
while
hee
remembred
the
aforesaid
song
of
the
Babilonian
,
and
that
therefore
he
might
be
made
the
Author
of
that
fact
,
communicated
the
matter
with
Darius
,
who
presently
entertayned
the
deuice
,
therefore
Zopirus
cut
off
his
owne
nose
and
eares
,
and
so
ranne
away
to
the
Babilonians
,
telling
them
that
Darius
had
thus
vsed
him
,
because
he
perswaded
him
to
depart
with
his
whole
armye
from
Babilon
,
(
which
hee
saide
)
was
inexpugnable
and
inuincible
.
The
Babilonians
seeing
his
wounds
,
and
trusting
to
their
owne
strength
,
did
easilye
giue
credence
vnto
him
,
for
such
is
the
nature
of
men
,
that
the
best
way
to
beguile
them
is
,
to
tel
them
of
those
thinges
they
most
desire
,
for
so
are
their
hopes
perswaded
before
they
receiue
any
assurances
.
But
to
proceed
,
Zopyrus
insinuated
himselfe
further
into
the
fauor
of
the
Babilonians
,
and
did
many
valiant
actes
against
the
Persians
,
whereby
he
got
so
much
credit
,
that
at
last
he
was
made
the
generall
of
the
whole
Army
,
and
so
betraied
the
Citty
vnto
the
handes
of
Darius
:
thus
was
Babilon
taken
when
Mules
brought
foor●h
.
Another
mule
brought
forth
a
young
one
,
at
what
time
Xerxes
passed
ouer
Hellespont
,
to
go
against
Graecia
with
his
innumerable
troopes
of
souldiors
,
and
the
said
mule
so
broght
forth
,
had
the
genitals
both
of
the
male
and
female
.
Vnto
this
I
may
adde
another
story
out
of
Swetonius
,
in
the
life
of
Galba
Caesar
.
As
his
father
was
procuring
Augurismes
or
deuinations
,
an
Eagle
came
and
tooke
the
bowelles
out
of
his
hands
,
and
caryed
them
into
a
fruit-bearing-oake
;
he
enquiring
what
the
meaning
of
that
should
be
,
receiued
answere
,
that
his
posterity
should
bee
Emperours
,
but
it
would
be
very
long
first
,
whereunto
he
merily
replied
;
Sanecum
mula
pepererit
;
I
sir
,
when
a
mule
brings
forth
young
ones
:
which
thing
afterwardes
happened
vnto
Galba
,
for
by
the
birth
of
a
mule
,
he
was
confirmed
in
his
enterprises
when
hee
attempted
the
Empire
,
so
that
,
that
thing
which
was
a
prodigy
and
cause
of
sorrowe
and
a
wonder
to
all
other
people
,
was
vnto
him
an
ominous
confirmation
of
ioye
and
gladnes
,
when
hee
remembered
his
grand-fathers
sacrifice
and
saying
.
Therefore
it
was
not
ill
saide
of
Democritus
;
Mula
non
naturae
opus
,
sed
humanae
machinationis
,
adulterinum
inventum
,
&
furtum
esse
videntur
.
Mules
are
not
the
proper
worke
of
nature
,
but
an
adulterous
invention
of
humaine
policy
,
robbing
nature
:
for
(
saith
he
)
when
a
certaine
Median
founde
his
Asse
couering
of
his
mare
,
The
inuention
of
mules
Aelianus
.
whereupon
afterwards
she
fell
to
be
with
foal
,
and
seeing
the
yong
one
to
comunicate
with
both
natures
,
they
drew
it
into
a
custom
to
couer
the
Mares
with
their
Asses
for
the
engendring
of
such
a
breed
.
Some
are
of
opinion
that
mules
first
began
amonge
the
Paphlagonians
,
which
before
the
Troyan
warre
were
called
Eneti
,
and
afterwards
Veneti
:
but
in
Gen.
36.
wee
finde
that
Anna
the
father
in
law
of
Esau
,
keeping
his
fathers
Asses
,
did
inuent
Gemim
,
that
is
,
mules
.
as
some
interpret
.
But
rather
I
beleeve
,
that
while
Asses
and
Horses
ranne
wilde
in
the
wildernesse
among
themselues
,
the
wilde
Asses
first
beganne
this
race
.
The
male
at
seuen
yeares
old
may
engender
,
because
he
is
of
a
hotter
nature
then
the
female
,
and
also
doth
not
in
his
generation
conferre
any
part
of
his
bodily
groath
to
the
yong
one
,
and
sometimes
he
engendereth
when
he
hath
lost
his
foremost
teeth
,
and
after
the
first
copulation
,
he
neuer
engendreth
more
.
Aristotle
the
quantity
o●
a
mules
●oa●e
.
The
young
one
so
generated
,
is
called
Ginnus
and
Pumilio
,
for
it
is
a
very
dwarfe
,
according
to
the
obseruation
of
Martiall
:
His
tibi
de
mulis
non
est
metuenda
ruina
Altius
in
terris
pene
sedere
soles
.
Such
as
these
were
kept
in
the
Court
of
the
Duke
of
Ferraria
,
and
although
in
al
thinges
they
resemble
the
mother
,
yet
are
named
after
the
father
,
and
such
also
are
the
Burdones
before
spoken
of
in
the
story
of
the
horse
.
Mules
are
begotten
both
by
Mares
,
she-Asses
,
and
Bulles
,
but
yet
those
are
the
best
that
are
begotten
betwixt
an
Asse
and
a
mare
.
And
thus
much
for
the
generation
of
mules
.
They
are
nourished
with
the
same
meate
that
Horses
and
Asses
are
,
annoyed
with
the
same
sicknesses
,
and
cured
with
the
same
means
,
generaly
blood-letting
is
good
for
them
,
and
for
their
dyet
Bullimunge
.
In
Scythia
they
can
ablde
no
cold
,
and
therefore
the
horses
are
there
vsed
instead
of
Mules
.
In
some
countries
the
Horses
can
abide
no
colde
,
but
the
Asses
and
Mules
beare
it
out
(
as
Herodotus
writeth
,
)
and
as
we
haue
shewed
before
in
the
story
of
the
Asse
:
when
the
Graecians
were
at
Troy
,
and
were
destroyed
by
a
consuming
pestilence
,
the
firste
of
all
their
company
that
dyed
were
their
Dogges
and
their
Mules
,
and
the
reason
of
it
was
,
because
the
pestilence
arising
out
of
the
earth
,
they
by
the
sence
of
smelling
,
which
is
very
quicke
in
both
kinds
,
did
first
of
all
draw
in
that
poysonne
from
the
earth
.
Collumella
saith
,
that
the
medicines
for
the
Oxen
doe
also
cure
mules
,
Sicknesses
of
Mules
and
their
cures
.
yet
there
are
speciall
medicines
not
to
bee
neglected
,
which
we
will
expresse
in
this
place
.
For
a
mule
that
hath
a
Feuer
,
giue
her
raw
Cabbadge
,
and
for
one
that
is
short
winded
vse
blood
letting
,
and
for
a
drinke
giue
it
a
pinte
of
wine
and
oyle
mixed
with
halfe
an
ounce
of
Frankinsence
,
and
halfe
a
pint
of
the
iuyce
of
Hore-hound
.
For
the
scratches
or
disease
in
the
hooues
,
lay
to
it
Barley
meale
,
then
make
suppuration
with
a
knife
,
and
cure
it
by
laying
two
linnen
cloathes
,
or
by
a
pinte
of
the
best
Garum
,
and
a
pound
of
oyle
infused
into
the
left
Nosthrill
of
the
Mule
,
whereunto
you
may
adde
,
the
whites
of
three
or
foure
Egs
seperated
from
the
yolkes
.
The
female
Mule
may
be
burned
in
the
feet
,
or
let
blood
after
the
manner
of
Horses
,
and
some
Countreymen
giue
in
their
food
the
hearb
Veretrum
,
or
else
the
seed
of
Hyoscanus
or
Henne-bane
beaten
to
powder
and
drunke
in
wine
.
For
the
languishing
of
the
chine
or
leannesse
they
make
this
drinke
,
haue
an
ounce
of
beaten
brimstome
,
a
raw
Eg
,
a
penny
weight
of
the
powder
of
Myrrh
,
mingled
al
three
together
in
wine
,
and
so
poured
downe
the
Mules
throate
,
is
a
present
remedy
to
cure
it
.
As
also
for
the
paine
in
the
belly
and
all
manner
of
coughes
,
the
herb
Medica
is
speciall
good
for
the
said
languishing
disease
.
So
also
to
fat
the
mule
if
it
be
giuen
greene
and
not
dryed
like
hay
a
little
at
a
time
for
feare
the
beast
be
suffocated
with
ouermuch
blood
.
When
a
mule
is
tyred
or
heated
,
Collumella
let
the
load
be
taken
off
,
and
turne
her
forth
to
wallowe
in
some
conuenient
place
.
If
that
suffice
not
,
take
some
fat
,
and
put
it
into
her
chappes
,
that
so
she
may
sucke
it
downe
,
Rutius
.
and
poure
wine
after
it
.
For
to
keepe
the
neckes
of
mules
from
wringing
and
loosening
their
skinne
,
vse
this
medicine
,
take
two
pound
of
Hogges-greace
sod
three
times
,
Pelagonius
or
vnto
the
third
part
two
pintes
of
Vineger
,
and
therewithall
annoint
the
mules
necke
.
As
we
haue
shewed
that
the
paines
of
a
horses
belly
and
guts
are
best
of
al
cured
by
the
sight
of
a
Mallard
,
swimming
in
the
water
,
whereby
they
are
speedily
deliuerd
from
all
manner
of
torment
,
so
the
same
hath
as
great
or
greater
operation
to
cure
the
paines
of
the
mules
belly
.
It
is
reported
by
Auicen
that
mules
fall
into
madnesse
,
and
in
that
madnes
bite
their
maister
mortally
.
They
are
likewise
subiect
to
the
gout
,
and
especially
to
swellings
about
the
crowne
of
their
pasternes
,
but
they
are
cured
as
horses
and
Oxen.
They
liue
longe
,
ordinarily
to
fifty
yeares
,
and
sometimes
to
fourscore
,
the
reason
therof
is
giuen
by
Coelius
:
Animalia
quae
frequenter
coeunt
preuioris
sunt
vitae
,
inde
fit
,
vt
muli
equos
superint
,
videndi
diuturmitate
;
that
is
to
say
,
Those
beasts
and
creatures
which
often
times
ioyne
in
copulation
haue
but
short
liues
,
and
from
thence
it
commeth
,
that
mules
liue
longer
then
horses
.
The
Epithets
of
a
Mule
are
these
;
packe-bearer
,
durty
,
Spanish
,
rough
,
The
epithits
&
conditions
of
Mules
.
and
by-formed
.
There
is
an
Adage
or
prouerbe
called
Mulus
Marianus
,
and
by
it
is
signified
a
man
which
is
apt
both
for
to
obey
and
to
rule
;
it
was
taken
from
Marius
the
great
Romaine
Souldiour
and
commaunder
,
whose
fashion
was
,
when
he
had
commaunded
any
of
his
Souldiors
to
fetch
a
burden
,
or
do
any
vilde
seruice
,
he
himselfe
would
put
his
hande
vnto
it
.
It
signifieth
properly
a
bearing
backe
,
or
colt-staffe
,
as
we
say
in
English
,
whereuppon
poore
men
carry
their
burdens
,
and
from
thence
it
was
translated
into
a
prouerbe
to
signifie
all
that
do
obey
commaunds
.
There
be
some
which
giue
another
reason
of
this
prouerbe
,
for
they
say
,
that
when
Scipio
did
besiege
Numantia
,
he
did
not
onely
determin
to
looke
into
the
weapons
of
his
Souldiours
,
but
also
to
his
horses
,
mules
,
and
chariots
.
Then
Marius
brought
forth
an
horse
,
nourished
by
himselfe
very
delicately
:
Besides
the
the
horse
a
mule
of
a
very
comely
body
,
farre
excelling
all
other
mules
both
in
gentlenesse
and
in
strength
.
Therefore
seeing
the
Emperor
was
delighted
with
the
beasts
of
Marius
,
and
would
now
and
then
make
mention
of
the
mule
,
at
length
it
came
to
a
common
iest
,
to
call
a
double
diligent
seruant
Mulus
Marianus
.
The
Italians
doe
commonly
call
those
men
mules
which
are
base
borne
,
and
not
by
lawfull
marriage
.
Concerning
the
disposition
of
mules
,
it
is
well
obserued
by
Aristotle
,
that
mules
are
alwaies
tame
,
Alunnus
The
inward
disposition
of
Mules
.
and
if
at
any
time
they
be
more
wilde
,
they
abate
their
vntamable
nature
by
drinking
of
wine
,
because
by
the
operation
of
the
wine
,
their
heeles
and
hard
parts
do
resolue
and
grow
soft
;
by
the
same
reason
that
Apes
by
drinking
of
wine
loose
their
nails
,
and
men
accustomed
to
drunkennesse
fal
into
palsies
:
for
there
is
such
a
dispersing
and
discussing
nature
in
wine
,
that
it
dissolueth
all
nerues
and
harde
thinges
in
the
bodies
of
beasts
,
euen
as
water
dissolueth
hard
fruits
and
pease
,
&
Vineger
maketh
lead
as
soft
as
an
Egge
,
that
it
may
be
drawne
thorough
a
Ring
:
and
such
is
the
nature
of
mules
,
that
after
they
haue
drunke
wine
,
they
feele
themselues
disarmed
,
and
therefore
giue
ouer
to
resist
because
by
kicking
backewardes
,
they
receiue
more
harme
then
they
giue
,
and
thus
the
guiltines
of
their
owne
weakenes
,
maketh
them
gentle
against
their
willes
,
for
otherwise
they
hate
mankind
,
Pliny
.
and
are
nothing
so
tractable
as
horses
.
For
Varro
saith
,
that
they
haue
so
much
confidence
in
their
heeles
,
that
by
them
alone
,
they
kil
wolues
when
they
come
among
them
.
Vse
of
Mules
in
their
seueral
workes
Cardan
Mules
were
wont
to
be
vsed
for
plowing
,
and
for
carying
both
of
men
and
burthens
,
but
now
in
most
parts
of
Europe
,
Iudges
and
great
Princes
ride
vppon
them
vntill
they
be
olde
,
and
then
they
sell
them
to
the
poore
men
,
who
turne
them
into
the
mountaines
where
they
suffer
them
to
runne
wilde
til
their
hoofes
be
hardned
for
long
trauailes
,
and
then
they
take
them
vppe
againe
.
They
haue
beene
also
accustomed
to
ploughing
,
according
to
these
verses
;
Quantum
mularum
sulcus
praecedit
in
aruo
Tantumis
praecurrit
.
For
the
mules
did
plough
more
speedily
,
and
come
to
the
landes
end
more
quickly
then
either
the
Oxe
or
Horse
.
And
Martiall
saith
,
that
they
were
vsed
in
carts
to
draw
timber
according
to
these
verses
:
Vixque
datur
long
as
,
mulorum
vincere
mandras
Quaeque
trahi
multo
,
marmora
fune
vides
.
They
were
also
vsed
in
race
at
the
games
of
Olympus
,
as
we
haue
already
shewed
in
the
story
of
the
horse
,
but
that
custome
dyed
quickely
,
because
that
the
Arcadians
coulde
not
endure
mules
.
The
price
of
mules
was
great
,
for
Crispine
(
saith
Iuvenal
)
gaue
sixe
thousand
peeces
of
mony
for
a
mule
,
and
yet
he
saith
it
was
not
wel
worth
six
pounde
,
the
verses
of
Iuvenal
are
these
:
Crispinus
mulum
,
sex
millibus
emit
aequantem
Sane
paribus
sestertia
libris
Vt
perhibent
qui
de
magnis
maiora
loguutur
.
The
Cappaedocians
payed
to
the
Persians
euery
yeare
besides
Siluer
and
Gold
,
fifteen
hundred
horses
,
two
thousand
mules
,
and
fifty
thousand
sheepe
;
but
the
Medians
payed
twice
so
much
.
The
dwarfish
mules
called
Ginni
were
also
much
set
by
,
not
for
vse
,
but
onely
for
delight
,
as
dwarfs
are
kept
in
Noble
mens
houses
.
When
Pysistratus
the
sonne
of
Hippocrates
first
of
al
affected
Tyrany
at
Athens
,
and
labored
to
get
the
gouernment
to
himselfe
,
as
he
came
out
of
his
countrey
being
drawne
with
a
chariot
by
mules
,
he
wounded
himselfe
and
his
mules
very
greeuously
,
and
so
draue
them
into
the
market
place
,
shewing
his
wounded
body
and
beasts
vnto
the
Athenians
,
telling
them
that
so
he
was
wounded
by
his
enemies
,
and
that
hee
escaped
death
verie
narrowely
,
but
if
it
pleased
them
to
graunt
him
a
gard
of
souldiors
to
defend
his
body
,
he
would
take
reuenge
vpon
their
and
his
enemies
:
whereunto
they
yeelded
,
and
hee
hauing
gotten
a
bande
of
souldiors
vnder
that
pretence
,
presently
tooke
vpon
him
the
gouernment
and
soueraigntie
.
To
conclude
this
story
of
mules
,
I
do
read
in
Aelianus
,
that
Serpents
do
loue
to
feed
on
the
flesh
of
deade
mules
,
and
two
things
are
very
eminent
in
the
nature
of
mules
,
one
of
their
vnderstanding
,
and
the
other
of
their
friendship
.
Concerning
the
first
,
Plutarch
relateth
this
story
of
a
mule
that
was
accustomed
to
carry
salt
,
who
vppon
a
season
going
through
a
water
,
fell
downe
vnderneath
his
burden
,
so
that
the
salt
tooke
wet
,
afterwards
the
beast
perceiued
how
by
that
meanes
,
his
extreame
loade
melted
away
,
and
so
became
lighter
&
lighter
;
afterward
the
Mule
grew
to
this
custome
,
that
whensoeuer
he
came
loaded
with
salt
ouer
that
water
,
he
fell
downe
in
it
for
the
easing
of
his
cariage
,
his
Master
perceauing
his
craft
,
on
a
day
he
loaded
him
with
Woole
,
and
spunges
,
and
so
the
beast
comming
ouer
the
water
fell
downe
as
he
was
wont
to
doe
with
his
salt
,
and
comming
out
of
the
water
,
he
felt
his
load
to
grow
heauier
then
it
was
wont
to
doe
,
in
steed
of
lessening
,
whereat
the
beast
much
mused
,
and
therefore
neuer
afterward
durst
lye
downe
in
the
water
,
for
feare
of
the
like
increase
of
his
load
.
The
other
obseruation
of
their
loue
and
friendship
,
ariseth
from
the
Prouerbe
Mutuum
muli
scabunt
,
that
is
,
Mules
scratch
one
another
,
and
helpe
one
another
in
their
extremitie
;
from
whence
commeth
our
prouerb
,
one
good
turne
asketh
an
other
,
and
the
Latine
prouerbe
,
Senes
mutuum
fr●●at
,
olde
men
rub
one
another
;
which
did
arise
vpon
this
occasion
,
as
Adrian
the
Emperor
so
passed
a
long
on
a
day
by
a
bath
,
he
saw
an
olde
souldier
in
the
bath
rubbing
himselfe
vpon
a
marble
stone
for
want
of
a
man
to
helpe
him
,
whereupon
in
pittie
of
his
case
he
gaue
him
maintenance
for
himselfe
and
a
man
:
afterwards
other
old
souldiers
seeing
how
well
their
fellow
had
sped
,
went
likewise
into
the
bath
before
the
Emperors
eyes
,
and
rubbed
themselues
vpon
the
Marble
,
thinking
to
get
as
much
fauour
and
libertie
as
their
fellow
had
gotten
,
but
the
Emperor
seeing
them
,
and
perceauing
their
fetches
,
bid
them
rub
one
another
,
and
thereupon
came
that
prouerbe
.
And
thus
much
for
the
naturall
discourse
of
Mules
,
now
followeth
the
medicinall
.
The
medicines
of
the
Mule
.
The
dust
wherein
a
Mule
shall
turne
or
rowle
himselfe
,
Pliny
.
being
gathered
vp
and
spread
or
sprickled
vpon
the
body
of
any
one
who
is
ardently
and
feruently
in
loue
will
presently
asswage
,
and
quench
his
inflaming
desire
.
A
man
or
woman
being
poysoned
and
put
into
the
belly
of
a
Mule
or
Cammell
which
is
new
killed
,
will
presently
expell
away
the
force
of
the
venome
or
poyson
,
and
will
confirme
and
make
stronge
their
decayed
spirits
,
and
all
the
rest
of
their
members
:
Ponzettus
For
as
much
as
the
very
heate
of
those
beastes
is
an
Antidote
or
preseruatiue
against
poyson
.
The
skinne
or
hide
of
a
Mule
being
put
vnto
places
in
any
ones
body
which
are
burned
with
fire
,
doth
presently
heale
and
cure
the
same
:
it
doth
also
heale
sores
and
grieuous
vlcers
which
are
not
come
vnto
impostumes
.
The
same
is
an
excellent
remedie
for
those
whose
feete
are
worne
or
wrung
together
through
the
pinching
of
their
shoes
,
to
helpe
themselues
withall
,
Auicenna
and
for
those
which
are
lame
,
and
those
which
are
troubled
with
those
grieuous
sores
called
Fistulaes
.
If
any
man
shall
take
either
in
meate
or
drinke
the
marrow
of
a
Mule
,
to
the
weight
or
quantitie
of
three
golden
crownes
,
he
shall
presently
become
blockish
and
altogether
vnexpert
of
wisedome
and
vnderstanding
,
and
shall
be
voide
of
all
good
nutriment
,
Albertus
Aesculapius
and
maners
.
The
eare
laps
or
eare
lages
of
a
Mule
,
and
the
stones
of
a
mulet
being
borne
and
caried
by
any
woman
,
are
of
such
great
force
and
efficacie
,
that
they
will
make
her
not
to
conceaue
.
The
hart
of
a
Mule
being
dryed
and
mingled
with
wine
,
and
so
giuen
to
a
woman
to
drinke
after
that
she
is
purged
or
clensed
thirtie
times
,
hath
the
same
force
,
Sextus
and
power
that
the
aforesaid
medicine
hath
for
the
making
of
a
woman
barren
.
The
same
effect
against
conception
hath
the
barke
of
a
white
popular
tree
,
being
beaten
together
with
the
reines
of
a
Mule
,
then
mingled
in
wine
and
afterwards
drunke
vp
.
If
the
hearbe
called
Harts
tongue
,
be
tyed
vpon
any
part
of
a
woman
,
with
the
spleene
of
a
mule
,
Auicenna
but
as
some
haue
affirmed
by
it selfe
onely
,
and
that
in
the
day
which
hath
a
darke
night
,
or
without
any
Moone
shine
at
all
,
it
will
make
her
altogether
barren
and
notable
to
conceaue
.
If
the
two
stones
of
a
mule
be
bound
in
a
piece
of
the
skinne
of
the
same
beast
and
hanged
vpon
any
woman
,
Albertus
they
wil
make
that
she
shal
not
conceaue
so
long
as
they
shal
be
bound
vnto
her
.
The
left
stone
of
a
weasell
being
bound
in
the
skin
or
hide
of
a
mule
,
and
steeped
or
soked
for
a
certaine
space
or
time
in
wine
,
or
in
any
other
drinke
,
&
the
drinke
in
which
they
are
so
steeped
giuen
to
a
woman
to
drinke
,
doth
surely
make
that
she
shall
not
conceaue
.
The
stones
of
a
mulet
being
burned
vpon
a
barren
and
vnfruitfull
tree
,
Aesculapius
and
put
out
or
quenched
with
the
stale
or
vrine
of
either
man
or
beast
which
is
gelded
,
being
bound
and
tyed
in
the
skin
of
a
Mule
,
&
hanged
vpon
the
arme
of
any
woman
after
her
menstrual
fluxes
,
will
altogether
resist
and
hinder
her
conception
.
The
right
stone
of
a
Mule
being
burned
and
fastened
vnto
the
arme
of
a
woman
which
is
in
great
paine
and
trauaile
,
Sextus
.
will
make
that
she
shall
neuer
be
deliuered
vntill
the
same
be
losened
and
taken
away
:
but
if
it
shall
happen
that
a
maide
or
young
virgin
shall
take
this
in
drinke
after
her
first
purgation
or
menses
,
shee
shall
neuer
be
able
to
conceiue
,
but
shall
bee
alwaies
barren
and
vnfruitefull
.
The
matrix
or
wombe
of
a
female
Mule
taken
and
boiled
with
the
flesh
of
an
Asse
or
any
other
flesh
whatsoeuer
,
〈◊〉
and
so
eaten
by
a
woman
which
doth
not
know
what
it
is
,
will
cause
her
neuer
to
conceiue
after
the
same
.
The
worme
which
is
called
a
gloworme
,
or
a
Globird
,
being
taken
out
of
the
wombe
or
matrice
of
a
female
Mule
and
bound
vnto
any
part
of
a
womans
body
,
Kirami●●s
wil
make
that
she
shal
neuer
be
able
to
conceiue
.
The
dust
or
powder
which
proceedeth
from
the
hoofes
of
a
male
or
female
Mule
being
mixed
or
mingled
with
oil
which
commeth
from
Mirtleberies
,
Plinie
doth
very
much
help
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
gout
in
their
legs
or
feet
.
The
dust
of
the
hoofes
of
a
Mule
being
scorched
or
burned
,
and
the
Oyle
of
Mirtle
berries
being
mingled
with
Vineger
,
and
moist
or
liquid
Pitch
,
Marcellus
and
wrought
or
tempered
in
the
forme
or
fashion
of
a
plaister
,
and
opposed
or
put
vnto
the
head
of
any
one
whose
haires
are
too
fluent
and
abundant
,
doth
very
speedily
and
effectually
expell
the
same
.
The
Liuer
of
a
Mule
being
burned
or
dryed
vnto
dust
,
and
mixed
with
the
same
oile
of
Mirtle
berries
,
and
so
annointed
or
spread
vpon
the
head
,
is
an
excellent
and
profitable
remedy
for
the
curing
of
the
aforsaid
enormity
.
The
dust
or
powder
of
the
hoofes
of
a
female
Mule
is
very
wholesome
and
medicinable
for
the
healing
and
curing
of
all
griefes
and
paines
which
do
happen
or
come
vnto
a
mans
yard
,
Sextus
being
sprinkled
thereupon
.
The
hoofe
of
a
Mule
being
borne
by
a
woman
which
is
with
child
,
doth
hinder
her
conception
.
The
filth
or
vncleanesse
which
is
in
the
eares
of
a
Mule
,
being
bound
in
the
skin
or
hide
of
a
little
or
young
Hart
,
and
bound
or
hanged
vpon
the
arme
of
a
woman
after
her
purgation
,
doth
cause
that
she
may
not
conceiue
.
The
same
being
in
like
manner
mingled
or
mixed
with
oile
which
is
made
of
Beauers
stones
,
doth
make
any
woman
to
whom
it
is
giuen
to
drink
,
altogether
barren
.
The
durt
or
dung
Mule
being
mixed
with
a
sirup
made
of
hony
,
Marcellus
.
vineger
,
and
water
,
and
giuen
to
any
one
to
drinke
that
is
troubled
with
the
heart
swelling
,
and
it
will
very
speedily
and
effectually
cure
the
paine
thereof
.
The
dung
of
a
Mule
being
burned
or
dryed
and
beaten
small
,
and
afterwardes
sifted
,
or
seirced
and
washed
or
steeped
in
wine
,
and
giuen
to
any
woman
to
drink
,
whose
menstruall
fluxes
come
forth
before
their
time
,
will
in
very
short
space
cause
the
same
to
stay
.
The
stale
or
vrine
of
a
male
or
female
Mule
being
mingled
with
their
durt
or
dung
,
●ippocrates
.
is
very
good
and
medicinable
for
those
to
vse
which
are
troubled
with
cornes
and
hard
bunches
of
flesh
which
grow
in
their
feete
.
Assafoetida
being
mingled
with
the
vrine
of
a
Mule
to
the
quantity
of
a
beane
and
drunke
,
will
altogether
be
an
impediment
and
hinderance
to
the
conception
of
any
woman
.
R●s●●
.
The
stale
or
vrine
of
a
mule
being
taken
to
the
quantity
of
eight
pounds
,
with
two
pounds
of
the
scumme
or
refuge
of
siluer
,
and
a
pound
of
old
and
most
cleare
oile
,
al
these
being
beaten
or
pounded
together
vntil
they
come
to
the
thicknesse
of
the
fat
or
sweat
which
falleth
from
mens
bodies
,
and
boiled
vntill
they
come
vnto
so
liquid
and
thinne
a
iuyce
,
Aegi●eta
that
they
will
speedily
and
effectually
cure
and
helpe
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
gout
or
swelling
in
the
ioynts
.
If
a
woman
shall
take
the
sweat
which
proceedeth
from
a
horse
,
and
annoint
it
vpon
a
wollen
cloath
and
so
apply
it
as
a
plaister
or
suppositary
vnto
her
secret
parts
,
it
will
make
her
altogether
barron
.
Ra●●●
.
There
is
an
excellent
remedy
for
those
which
are
pursie
or
short-winded
which
commeth
also
by
the
mule
:
which
is
this
,
to
take
or
gather
the
froath
or
fome
of
a
mule
,
and
to
put
it
into
a
cup
or
goblet
,
and
giue
it
in
warme
water
for
a
certain
space
or
time
to
be
drunke
,
either
to
the
man
or
woman
which
is
troubled
with
this
enormity
,
Marcel●●s
and
the
party
which
doth
so
vse
it
,
shall
in
short
space
haue
remedy
,
but
the
mule
will
without
any
lingring
of
time
,
or
consuming
of
time
in
paine
and
sorrow
dye
.
The
milt
of
a
male
or
female
Mule
being
drunke
in
a
potion
or
iuice
made
of
hony
water
and
vinegar
,
to
the
value
or
quantitie
of
three
cruces
or
cups
full
,
Pliny
is
commended
for
an
excellent
cure
and
medicine
for
those
which
are
troubled
and
grieued
with
that
pestiferous
and
deadly
disease
called
the
falling
sicknesse
,
otherwise
Saint
Iohns
euill
.
There
is
an
excellent
remedie
for
those
which
are
troubled
in
the
voyding
of
their
water
,
which
is
this
,
to
take
the
ring-wormes
or
Tetters
which
doe
grow
vppon
both
the
legges
of
a
Mule
aboue
their
knees
,
and
which
doe
sticke
thereupon
in
the
manner
of
a
dryed
thicke
skinne
,
and
to
burne
or
parch
them
,
Marcellus
and
afterwards
to
put
or
place
them
vpon
him
which
is
troubled
with
the
strangurie
,
or
can
not
voide
his
water
but
by
dropsmeale
,
so
that
there
be
great
care
had
to
couer
close
with
clouen
or
clefted
cloathes
,
or
garments
,
the
suffumigation
thereof
,
least
that
the
smell
or
fume
doe
fade
,
and
voide
away
,
and
this
being
so
vsed
will
be
very
effectuall
for
the
curing
and
driuing
away
of
the
aforsaid
disease
.
The
haires
of
a
Mule
and
an
Asse
being
mingled
together
&
dryed
,
Trallianus
and
put
into
some
certaine
perfume
,
and
so
giuen
to
any
one
to
drinke
which
is
troubled
with
the
falling
sicknesse
,
will
presently
expell
and
driue
it
quite
away
.
In
the
place
or
part
of
mans
body
wherein
a
male
or
female
mule
shall
bite
,
Ponzettus
affirmeth
,
there
will
presently
arise
,
and
grow
small
pushes
,
or
little
blisters
which
are
alwaies
full
of
red
and
pale
humors
,
and
filthie
corruption
,
which
can
almost
be
healed
and
cured
by
no
salue
,
potion
,
or
medicine
,
by
any
meanes
applyed
thereunto
.
There
are
some
also
which
doe
suppose
the
biting
of
mules
to
be
poyson
,
for
truely
there
doth
not
onely
follow
those
aforesaid
pushes
and
biles
,
but
also
an
extreame
and
almost
indurable
inflammation
and
burning
,
through
all
the
parts
of
the
body
,
which
doth
greatly
distemperate
and
vex
the
same
.
But
it
is
affirmed
by
others
that
the
biting
of
mules
is
to
be
cured
after
the
same
maner
as
the
biting
of
a
Cat
,
which
is
thus
:
First
,
to
wash
and
clarifie
the
wound
or
bitings
where
the
corruption
is
with
vinegar
mingled
with
oyle
of
roses
,
and
then
to
take
penyroiall
,
or
the
hearbe
called
Neppe
and
boile
it
,
and
stroke
or
rub
the
wound
very
softly
with
it
,
and
it
will
in
time
wholy
cure
it
.
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
at
this
time
concerning
the
cures
and
medicines
of
mules
.
Of
the
Neades
,
Neides
,
or
Naides
.
HEraclides
,
Coelius
,
Volateranus
,
and
Euphorion
,
do
all
write
that
once
the
Isle
of
Samos
was
a
desert
place
,
and
that
there
were
in
it
certaine
beastes
called
Neades
,
whose
voice
was
so
terrible
that
they
shooke
the
earth
therewith
,
and
from
those
strange
and
great
voyces
came
the
vulgar
Greeke
prouerbe
,
Meizoon
mia
toon
Neaedoon
maius
vna
Neadum
.
That
is
,
One
of
the
Neades
was
a
greate
wonder
,
for
it
was
vsed
in
ostentation
to
shew
that
there
was
nothing
in
the
whole
World
comparable
to
their
vast
and
huge
quantity
.
Of
the
parts
of
these
beasts
there
is
no
memory
but
only
in
Suidas
and
Aelianus
,
who
affirme
that
their
bones
were
to
be
seene
in
their
daies
.
And
this
title
I
thought
good
to
insert
into
this
history
,
leauing
the
Reader
to
consider
whither
he
wil
take
them
for
Elephants
or
for
any
other
greater
beast
;
for
my
opinion
if
it
be
desired
,
I
thinke
them
rather
(
if
there
euer
were
any
such
)
that
they
were
Elephants
of
greater
stature
then
euer
since
were
seene
,
and
not
any
generation
of
beasts
now
lost
and
vtterly
perished
.
Of
the
Ounce
,
the
description
whereof
was
taken
by
Doctor
Cay
in
England
.
THere
is
in
Italy
a
beast
called
Alphec
,
which
many
in
Italy
,
France
,
The
name
of
this
beast
.
and
Germany
cal
Leunza
,
and
some
Vnzia
,
from
whence
Albertus
and
Isidorus
make
the
Latin
word
Vnctia
,
and
I
take
it
to
be
the
same
beast
which
is
called
Lozanum
,
and
for
the
description
of
it
,
I
can
follow
no
better
author
then
Doctor
Cay
,
The
description
of
Doct.
Cay
.
who
describeth
it
in
this
fashion
.
The
Ounce
(
saith
he
)
is
a
most
cruel
beast
,
of
the
quantity
of
a
village
or
mastiffe
Dog
,
hauing
his
face
and
ears
like
to
a
lyons
,
his
body
,
taile
,
feet
,
and
nails
like
a
Cat
,
of
a
very
terrible
aspect
,
his
teeth
so
strong
and
sharpe
,
that
he
can
euen
cut
wood
in
sunder
with
them
:
he
hath
also
in
his
nailes
so
great
strength
,
that
he
onely
fighteth
with
them
,
and
vseth
them
for
his
greatest
defence
:
The
colour
of
the
vpper
partes
of
his
body
being
like
whitish
Oake
,
the
lower
being
of
the
colour
of
ashes
,
being
euery
where
mixed
with
a
blacke
and
frequent
spot
,
but
the
taile
more
blacke
then
the
rest
of
his
body
,
and
as
it
were
obscured
with
a
greater
spot
then
the
residue
.
His
eares
within
are
pale
without
any
blacknesse
,
without
black
,
without
any
palenesse
,
if
you
do
but
take
away
one
dark
&
yellow
spot
in
the
midst
thereof
,
which
is
made
of
a
double
skin
rising
,
meeting
in
the
top
of
the
eare
,
that
is
to
say
,
that
which
ariseth
from
the
outward
part
of
the
iaw
on
the
one
side
,
and
commeth
from
the
vper
part
of
the
head
on
the
other
side
,
and
the
same
may
be
easily
seene
and
seperated
in
the
head
being
dried
.
The
rest
of
the
head
is
spotted
all
ouer
with
a
most
frequent
and
black
spot
(
as
the
rest
of
the
body
)
except
in
that
part
which
is
betwixt
the
nose
and
the
eyes
,
wherein
there
are
none
,
vnlesse
onely
two
,
and
they
very
small
:
euen
as
all
the
rest
are
lesser
then
the
rest
in
the
extreame
and
lowest
parts
:
the
spots
which
are
in
the
vpper
parts
of
the
thighes
,
and
in
the
taile
,
are
blacker
and
more
singular
,
but
framed
in
the
sides
with
such
an
order
,
as
if
all
the
spots
should
seeme
to
be
made
of
foure
.
There
is
no
order
in
the
spots
,
except
in
the
vpper
lip
,
where
there
are
fiue
rowes
or
orders
.
In
the
first
and
vppermost
two
which
are
seuered
;
In
the
second
,
sixe
,
being
ioyned
in
in
that
manner
,
as
if
they
should
seeme
to
be
in
one
line
:
These
two
orders
are
free
,
and
not
mingled
amongst
themselues
.
In
the
third
order
there
are
eight
ioyned
together
,
but
with
the
fourth
where
it
endeth
they
are
mixed
together
.
The
fourth
and
fifth
in
their
beginning
(
which
they
haue
to
the
nose
)
being
separated
with
a
very
little
difference
,
doe
foorth-with
ioyne
themselues
,
and
runne
together
through
all
the
vpper
lip
,
and
doe
not
make
a
spot
through
all
the
same
,
but
a
broad
line
.
In
the
beast
being
dead
the
spots
do
so
stand
,
(
as
I
suppose
)
for
the
contraction
of
the
skinne
.
In
the
beast
being
aliue
,
those
spots
doe
seeme
separated
euery
one
in
their
owne
orders
.
In
the
very
middle
the
lower
lip
although
they
do
keepe
the
quantity
,
do
not
obserue
the
order
.
The
nose
is
blackish
,
a
line
being
softly
led
through
the
length
,
and
onely
through
the
top
of
the
outside
thereof
.
The
eies
are
gray
,
the
former
teeth
are
onely
sixe
,
not
very
vnlike
to
mens
teeth
,
except
those
which
are
placed
in
the
middle
are
lesser
,
and
they
in
the
vttermost
part
are
greater
,
as
also
higher
then
those
which
are
low
.
In
this
beast
the
teeth
are
both
great
,
sharp
,
and
long
,
being
ioyned
to
the
rest
in
the
lower
iaw
,
and
in
the
vpper
seuered
with
so
great
space
,
that
the
lower
teeth
may
be
receiued
therein
.
These
when
the
beast
liueth
are
couered
with
his
lips
,
but
when
hee
is
dead
they
are
otherwise
,
his
lips
being
through
drinesse
shrunk
together
.
His
foreteeth
are
very
big
,
and
as
long
as
two
Roman
fingers
,
for
at
the
very
root
therof
it
cannot
be
comprehended
in
lesse
then
two
Roman
fingers
and
a
halfe
compasse
.
In
his
tooth
there
is
a
certain
small
hollownesse
through
all
the
length
thereof
,
which
notwithstanding
doth
not
appeare
except
the
tooth
be
broken
.
The
lower
iaw
is
very
hard
and
stiffe
,
hauing
3.
teeth
vnequal
in
quantity
,
as
the
vpper
4.
Betweene
the
great
tooth
and
the
first
cheeke
tooth
of
the
vnder
iaw
,
there
is
a
void
space
to
the
quantity
of
one
finger
,
from
which
the
first
is
presently
placed
,
lesser
then
the
other
two
:
to
this
there
is
another
greater
close
adioyning
:
and
after
this
there
is
also
a
third
greater
then
the
second
.
In
the
vpper
iaw
,
in
that
middle
space
(
which
I
said
was
of
one
Roman
finger
)
betweene
the
great
tooth
and
the
first
cheek
tooth
,
there
is
a
very
little
tooth
and
without
any
forme
,
comming
so
smally
out
of
the
iaw
,
that
there
is
no
lower
tooth
which
may
answer
to
the
same
.
After
that
,
in
the
space
of
halfe
a
finger
there
is
a
second
,
to
which
there
is
ioynd
a
third
,
and
after
this
a
fourth
,
betweene
themselues
,
the
vpper
and
the
lower
cheeke-teeth
,
and
so
are
ioyned
together
as
they
agree
in
the
manner
of
a
combe
,
the
two
first
teeth
in
the
lower
iaw
,
and
the
2.
and
3.
in
the
vpper
iaw
are
of
the
same
figure
,
as
the
compasse
of
the
tops
of
the
crownes
of
the
king
of
England
&
France
.
The
3.
is
of
the
same
figure
in
the
lower
iaw
,
and
the
fourth
of
the
vpper
iaw
,
except
that
the
interior
side
of
both
the
gums
which
is
nearer
to
the
throat
,
by
nature
is
taken
away
.
There
was
no
other
teeth
ioyned
to
these
in
both
the
iawes
.
But
I
do
not
know
whether
there
be
any
more
teeth
in
the
gum
beyond
the
reach
of
ones
finger
,
in
the
farthest
row
or
behind
the
teeth
.
But
this
I
know
that
to
all
appearance
there
was
none
remaining
,
and
it
may
be
that
his
lips
were
cut
or
slit
downe
beyond
nature
to
shew
his
teeth
.
It
liueth
of
flesh
,
and
the
female
is
more
eruell
then
the
male
,
The
meate
and
nature
.
though
lesser
,
and
one
of
either
sex
was
broght
out
of
Mauritania
into
England
in
a
ship
,
for
they
are
bred
in
Libia
.
If
they
haue
any
appointed
time
of
copulation
,
it
is
neare
the
month
of
Iune
,
for
in
that
month
the
male
couereth
the
female
.
We
haue
shewed
already
that
Lions
may
be
tamed
,
and
that
also
hath
bin
manifest
in
London
,
both
in
the
tower
and
in
the
citty
,
for
there
the
Lions
did
play
with
their
keepers
and
kisse
them
without
harme
,
(
as
Docter
Cay
saith
he
saw
them
do
)
but
these
beasts
were
so
fierce
and
wild
as
they
could
neuer
be
tamed
,
for
when
soeuer
their
keeper
shoulde
change
or
remoue
them
from
place
to
place
,
he
was
constrained
first
of
al
to
strike
them
so
hard
with
a
club
vpon
the
head
that
they
should
lie
halfe
dead
,
&
so
put
them
in
a
sack
or
wodden
chest
made
of
purpose
with
holes
in
it
for
respiration
and
expiration
,
to
carry
them
too
and
fro
from
one
lodging
to
another
:
after
an
houre
they
reuiued
againe
like
a
Cat
,
but
when
they
were
to
be
taken
out
of
the
hutch
or
chest
,
he
was
constrained
likewise
to
astonish
them
again
with
his
club
;
but
afterwardes
they
grew
to
inuent
an
engine
to
put
the
beast
in
,
and
take
him
out
of
the
hutch
with
a
rope
or
cord
,
and
so
do
remoue
them
from
place
to
place
.
The
keepers
affirmed
that
they
did
seeme
much
to
disdaine
the
Lions
,
and
oftentimes
endeuored
to
fight
with
them
,
but
they
were
kept
asunder
with
grates
:
they
would
not
hurt
a
little
Dog
when
he
was
put
to
them
but
when
they
were
hungry
,
but
if
a
great
dog
wer
put
vnto
them
,
they
tore
him
in
pieces
although
their
bellies
were
neuer
so
ful
.
When
they
are
angry
they
vter
a
voice
like
an
angry
dog
,
but
they
double
the
(
Arr
)
twice
,
and
also
bigger
then
any
dogs
,
proceeding
out
of
a
large
breast
and
wide
arteries
,
much
like
to
the
howling
of
a
great
mastiue
,
that
is
shut
vp
in
a
close
roome
alone
against
his
will
.
Some
say
it
is
longer
then
a
dog
,
but
it
did
not
so
appeare
in
England
,
for
we
had
many
mastiue
dogs
as
long
as
it
,
but
yet
was
it
euery
way
greater
then
any
other
kind
of
dogs
.
It
is
but
a
vaine
report
,
that
some
haue
said
when
a
man
or
beast
is
bitten
with
an
Ounce
,
presently
mice
flock
vnto
him
and
poison
him
with
their
vrine
.
For
it
was
seene
in
England
that
two
of
the
keepers
were
wounded
and
shreudly
bitten
by
one
of
the
Ounces
,
and
there
followed
them
no
other
harme
then
that
which
followweth
the
biting
of
an
ordinary
Dogge
,
or
like
a
small
incision
with
a
knife
.
Hee
neuer
fighteth
but
at
the
head
,
and
that
trecherously
if
he
perceiue
his
aduersary
to
be
to
strong
or
to
great
for
him
,
and
that
by
counterfetting
quietnesse
,
beneuolence
and
peace
,
as
if
hee
ment
no
harme
:
for
so
he
serued
a
great
Mastiue
Dogge
in
England
,
at
the
first
sight
he
seemed
to
applaud
his
comming
,
looking
cheerefully
vppon
him
,
and
wagging
his
taile
,
presently
he
fell
downe
on
his
belly
as
it
were
to
inuite
the
Dogge
to
com
neare
him
by
his
submission
,
lastly
he
got
close
vnto
him
,
creeping
as
though
hee
would
play
with
him
,
putting
out
one
of
his
feete
as
Cats
do
when
they
play
,
wherewithall
the
great
Dogge
grew
secure
,
and
began
nothing
to
mistrust
the
Beast
,
at
length
when
the
Ounce
saw
his
opportunity
,
he
suddenly
leaped
vpon
his
Necke
,
and
tooke
him
by
the
throate
,
and
pulled
it
out
,
after
he
had
killed
him
,
with
his
Nailes
he
opened
the
Dogges
breast
,
and
taking
out
his
heart
,
did
eate
it
before
all
the
people
in
most
cruell
manner
,
thus
far
Docter
Cay
speaketh
of
the
Ounce
,
and
beside
him
no
other
Author
that
I
know
.
The
gall
of
this
beast
is
deadly
poyson
,
it
hateth
all
creatures
,
and
destroyeth
them
,
especially
men
,
and
therefore
it
may
wel
be
said
to
be
possessed
with
some
euill
spirit
.
It
loueth
none
but
his
owne
kind
.
And
thus
much
for
the
Ounce
.
OF
THE
ORYX.
THis
Beast
in
Pliny
and
Oppianus
is
called
Orynx
and
Oryx
,
and
my
coniecture
is
,
that
his
name
is
deriued
from
Oryssein
which
signifieth
to
digge
.
Saint
Ierom
and
the
Septuagints
for
Theo.
Deut.
14.
&
Isa.
51.
translate
Orix
:
but
Dauid
Kimhi
and
the
better
learned
men
interpret
it
a
wilde
Oxe
But
the
Haebrew
Dischon
may
in
my
opinion
bee
so
translated
,
yet
heerein
I
referre
it
to
the
learned
Reader
.
It
is
certaine
that
it
is
of
the
kinde
of
wilde
Goates
by
the
description
of
it
,
differing
in
nothinge
but
this
,
that
the
haire
groweth
auerie
not
like
other
beasts
,
falling
backeward
to
his
hinder
partes
,
but
forward
toward
his
head
,
and
so
also
it
is
affirmed
of
the
Aethiopian
Bul
,
which
some
saye
is
the
Rhinocerot
.
They
are
bred
both
in
Lybia
and
Egypt
,
and
either
of
both
countries
yedeth
testimony
of
their
rare
and
proper
qualities
.
In
quantity
it
resembleth
a
Roe
,
hauing
a
beard
vnder
his
chinne
.
His
colour
white
or
pale
like
milke
,
his
mouth
blacke
,
and
some
spots
vpon
his
cheekes
,
his
backe-bone
reaching
to
his
head
,
being
double
,
broad
,
and
fat
;
his
horne
,
standing
vpright
,
blacke
,
and
so
sharpe
,
that
they
cannot
bee
blunted
against
brasse
or
yron
,
but
pierce
through
it
readily
.
Aristotle
and
Pliny
were
of
opinion
that
this
beast
was
Bisulcus
and
Vnicornis
,
that
is
,
clouen-footed
,
and
with
one
horne
:
The
original
of
their
opinion
,
came
from
the
wilde-one-horned-goat
,
whereof
Schnebergerus
a
late
writer
writeth
thus
:
Certum
est
minineque
dubium
in
Carpatho
monte
,
versus
Russiam
Transyluaniamque
reperirifer
as
similes
omnino
rupicapris
,
exc●pto
quod
vnicum
cornu
ex
media
fronte
enascitur
,
nigrum
,
dorso
inflexum
,
simile
omnino
rupicaprarum
cornibus
:
that
is
to
say
,
It
is
without
al
controuersie
that
there
are
wilde
beasts
in
the
mountaine
Carpathus
towards
Russia
and
Transyluania
,
very
like
to
wilde
goates
,
except
that
they
haue
but
one
horne
growing
out
of
the
middle
of
their
heads
,
which
is
blacke
and
bending
backward
like
the
hornes
of
wild
goats
.
But
the
true
Oryx
is
described
before
out
of
Oppianus
,
and
it
differeth
from
that
of
Pliny
both
in
stature
and
hornes
.
Aelianus
saith
,
that
the
Orix
hath
foure
hornes
,
but
he
speaketh
of
the
Indian
Orix
whereof
there
are
some
yearely
presented
to
their
king
,
and
it
may
be
both
there
and
else-where
,
diuersity
of
regions
do
breede
diuersity
of
stature
,
colour
,
haire
,
and
hornes
.
Simion
Cethi
affirmeth
of
the
Muskat
that
it
hath
one
horne
,
and
it
is
not
vnlikely
that
he
hath
seene
such
an
one
,
and
that
the
Orix
may
be
of
that
kind
.
But
concerning
their
hornes
,
it
is
related
by
Herodotus
,
Pollux
,
and
Laur
:
Valla
,
that
there
were
made
instruments
of
musicke
out
of
them
,
such
as
are
Citherns
or
Lutes
,
vppon
whose
bellies
the
Musitians
played
their
musicke
,
by
striking
them
with
their
hands
,
and
that
those
beasts
were
as
great
as
Oxen
,
and
al
this
may
be
true
,
notwithstanding
wee
haue
shewed
alreadie
that
they
are
as
big
as
Roes
,
for
Plinie
speaking
that
by
relation
or
by
sight
,
it
is
likelie
that
he
had
seene
a
young
one
.
There
be
also
Sea-beasts
called
Oryges
and
Orcae
,
and
there
is
in
Egipt
an
ORIX
which
at
the
rising
of
Canis
Syrius
or
the
little
Dogge
is
perpetually
sorrowful
,
and
for
this
cause
the
LYBIANS
do
mock
the
EGYPTIANS
for
that
they
fable
;
the
same
day
that
the
little
Dog-star
riseth
,
their
ORIX
speaketh
.
But
on
the
contrarie
themselues
acknowledge
,
that
as
often
as
the
said
starre
ariseth
with
the
sunne
,
al
their
goates
turne
to
the
East
,
and
looke
vpon
it
,
and
this
obseruation
of
the
Goates
,
is
as
certaine
as
anie
rule
of
the
Astronomers
.
The
LYBIANS
affirme
more
,
that
they
doe
presage
great
store
of
raine
,
Plutarch
Elianus
.
and
change
of
weather
.
The
Egyptians
also
say
,
that
when
the
Moone
commeth
neare
to
the
East
,
they
looke
very
intentiuely
vpon
her
,
as
vpon
their
sufferaign
Goddesse
,
and
make
a
great
noise
,
and
yet
they
say
they
doe
it
not
for
her
loue
,
but
for
her
hate
,
which
appeareth
by
knocking
their
Legges
against
the
ground
,
and
fastening
their
eies
vpon
the
earth
,
like
them
which
are
angry
at
the
Moones
appearance
:
And
the
selfe
same
thing
they
do
at
the
rising
of
the
Sunne
.
For
which
cause
the
auncient
Kings
had
an
obseruer
,
or
one
to
tell
them
the
time
of
the
day
,
sitting
vpon
one
of
these
beasts
,
whereby
very
accurately
they
perceiued
the
sun
rysing
;
and
this
they
did
by
turning
their
taile
against
it
and
emptying
their
bellies
,
for
which
cause
by
an
Orix
the
Egyptians
discipher
an
impure
or
Godlesse
wretch
:
for
seeing
that
all
creatures
are
nourished
by
the
Sunne
and
Moone
,
and
therefore
ought
to
reioyce
at
their
appearing
,
onely
this
filthy
wretch
disdaineth
and
scorneth
them
.
The
reason
why
they
reioyce
at
the
little
Dogge-starre
is
,
because
their
bodies
doe
perceiue
an
euident
alteration
of
the
time
of
the
yeare
,
that
cold
weather
and
raine
are
ouerpassed
,
and
that
the
vapors
of
the
warm
Sun
are
now
descending
vpon
the
earth
,
to
cloth
it
withall
manner
of
greene
and
pleasant
hearbs
and
flowers
.
There
is
another
kind
of
Orix
which
according
to
Columella
,
was
wont
to
be
impaled
among
Deere
and
Harts
,
the
flesh
whereof
was
eaten
,
and
vsed
for
the
commodity
of
his
Maister
:
This
was
impatient
of
cold
.
It
grew
til
it
was
foure
yeares
old
,
and
afterwardes
through
age
decreased
,
and
lost
all
naturall
vigor
.
But
to
returne
to
the
Orix
entended
,
from
which
we
haue
digressed
;
their
Horns
whereof
we
late
spake
,
are
not
onely
stronge
and
sharpe
like
the
Horne
of
the
Vnicorne
and
the
Rhinocerot
,
but
also
solide
,
&
not
hollow
like
the
hornes
of
Harts
.
The
courage
and
inward
disposition
of
this
beast
,
is
both
fearefull
,
cruell
and
valiant
,
I
meane
fearefull
to
men
and
beastes
,
but
fearelesse
in
it selfe
:
For
saith
my
Author
;
Neque
enim
canis
latratum
timet
,
neque
apri
efferuescentem
feritatem
,
neque
tauri
mugitum
refugit
,
neque
Pantherarum
tristem
vocem
,
neque
ipsius
Leonis
vehementem
rugitum
horret
,
neque
item
hominum
robore
mouetur
,
ac
saepe
robustum
venatorem
occidit
:
That
is
to
say
,
He
feareth
not
the
barking
of
the
Dogge
,
nor
the
foaming
wrath
of
the
wilde
Boare
,
he
flyeth
not
the
terrible
voyce
of
the
Bull
,
nor
yet
the
mournefull
cry
of
the
Panthers
,
no
,
nor
the
vehement
roaring
of
the
Lyon
himselfe
,
and
to
conclude
,
he
is
not
moued
for
all
the
strength
of
man
,
but
many
times
killeth
the
valiantest
hunter
that
pursueth
him
.
When
he
seeth
a
Boare
,
a
Lyon
,
or
a
Beare
,
presently
he
bendeth
his
hornes
downe
to
the
earth
,
whereby
he
conformeth
and
establisheth
his
head
to
receiue
the
brunt
,
standing
in
that
manner
till
the
assault
be
made
:
at
which
time
hee
easily
killeth
his
aduersary
,
for
by
bending
downe
his
head
,
and
setting
his
hornes
to
receiue
the
beast
,
he
behaueth
himselfe
as
skilfully
as
the
hunter
,
that
receiueth
a
Lion
vpon
his
speare
.
For
his
hornes
do
easily
runne
into
the
brests
of
any
wilde
beast
,
&
so
piercing
them
,
causeth
the
blood
to
issue
,
whereat
the
beast
being
moued
,
forgetteth
his
combate
and
falleth
to
licking
vp
his
owne
blood
,
and
so
he
is
easily
ouerthrowne
.
When
the
fight
is
once
begunne
,
there
is
none
of
both
that
may
runne
awaie
,
but
standeth
it
out
vntil
one
or
both
of
them
bee
to
the
ground
,
and
so
their
dead
bodies
are
many
times
found
by
wilde
and
sauage
men
.
They
fight
with
all
,
and
kil
one
another
,
also
they
are
annoyed
with
LYNCES
,
I
meane
the
greater
LYNCES
:
of
the
cruelty
of
this
beast
Martiall
made
this
distichon
:
Matutinarum
non
vltima
praeda
ferarum
Saevus
Oryx
,
constat
qui
mihi
morte
canum
.
It
is
reported
of
this
beast
,
Oppianus
.
Pliny
.
Albertus
.
that
it
liueth
in
perpetual
thirst
,
neuer
drinking
by
reason
that
there
is
no
water
in
those
places
where
it
is
bred
,
and
that
there
is
in
it
a
certaine
bladder
of
lickor
,
whereof
whosoeuer
tasteth
,
shall
neuer
neede
to
drinke
.
This
beast
liueth
in
the
wildernesse
,
and
notwithstanding
his
magnanimious
and
vnresistable
strength
,
wrath
,
and
cruelty
,
yet
is
hee
easily
taken
by
snares
and
deuices
of
men
,
for
God
which
hath
armed
to
take
Elephants
and
tame
Lyons
,
hath
likewise
iudewed
them
with
knowledge
from
aboue
,
to
tame
and
destroy
al
other
noisome
beast
.
Concerning
the
picture
of
this
beast
,
and
the
liuely
vissage
of
his
exterior
or
outward
parts
,
I
cannot
expresse
it
,
because
neither
my
owne
sight
,
nor
the
the
writinges
of
anye
credible
Author
,
doth
giue
me
sufficient
direction
to
deliuer
the
shape
thereof
vnto
the
world
,
and
succeeding
Ages
vppon
my
credit
:
and
therefore
the
Reader
muste
pardon
me
heerein
.
I
do
not
also
read
of
the
vse
of
the
flesh
or
any
other
partes
of
this
beast
,
but
onely
of
the
hornes
as
is
already
expressed
,
whereunto
I
may
adde
the
relation
of
Strabo
who
affirmeth
the
Aethiopians
Silli
do
vse
the
hornes
of
these
beastes
in
warres
insteed
of
swords
and
speares
:
for
incredible
is
the
hardnes
and
sharpenes
of
them
,
which
caused
Iuvenall
to
write
thus
:
Et
Getulus
Oryx
hebeti
lautissima
ferro
Coeditur
.
For
althogh
of
the
owne
length
they
are
not
able
to
match
a
pike
,
yet
are
they
fit
to
be
put
vpon
the
tops
of
pikes
,
as
well
as
any
other
artifical
thing
made
of
steel
or
yron
,
and
thus
I
will
conclude
the
story
of
this
beast
.
OF
THE
OTTER
.
THere
is
no
doubt
but
this
beast
is
of
the
kind
of
Beuers
,
because
it
liueth
both
on
the
Water
and
on
the
land
,
and
the
outward
form
of
the
parts
beareth
a
similitude
of
that
beast
.
The
Italians
doe
vulgarly
call
this
beast
Lodra
,
of
the
na●es
〈…〉
thereof
.
and
the
Latines
besides
Lutra
,
Fluuiatulis
Canicula
,
A
Dogg
of
the
Waters
,
and
some
cal
them
cats
of
the
waters
.
The
Italians
besides
Lodra
call
it
also
Lodria
,
and
Lontra
.
The
French
Vne
Loutre
,
or
Vnge
Loutre
.
The
Sauoyans
Vne
Leure
;
the
Spaniards
Nutria
,
and
the
Ilyrians
Widra
▪
the
Graecians
Lytra
,
because
it
shereth
assunder
the
roots
of
the
trees
in
the
bankes
of
the
riuers
.
Some
of
the
Graecians
cal
it
enhydris
,
although
properly
that
bee
a
snake
liuing
in
the
Waters
,
called
by
Theodorus
and
Hermolaus
,
Lutris
.
Albertus
calleth
it
Luter
,
and
Anadrz
for
Enydris
.
Also
Boatus
by
Syluacicus
,
and
the
Graecians
cal
filthy
and
thicke
waters
Lutrai
;
for
▪
which
cause
,
when
their
Noble
ancient
Women
went
to
bathe
themselues
in
water
,
Stephanus
they
were
bound
about
with
skinnes
called
Oan
Loutrida
,
that
is
,
a
sheepes
skin
vsed
to
the
water
.
The
French
men
call
the
dung
of
an
OTTER
Espranite
de
loutres
,
Pliny
.
the
steppes
of
an
OTTER
Leise
Marches
,
the
whelpes
of
an
OTTER
Cheaux
,
by
which
word
they
call
also
the
whelpes
of
Wolues
,
Foxes
,
and
Badgers
.
Although
it
liue
in
the
waters
,
yet
it
doth
no
sucke
in
water
,
but
aire
;
that
is
,
The
framing
of
their
den
.
it
doth
not
breath
like
fishes
through
the
benefit
of
water
,
and
therefore
it
maketh
his
dens
neer
the
water
,
wherein
also
they
are
wont
to
bring
forth
their
young
ones
:
They
make
their
dens
so
artificially
euen
as
the
Beuer
,
with
bowes
,
and
sprigs
,
or
sticks
,
couching
together
in
excellent
order
,
wherein
he
sitteth
to
keepe
him
from
wetnesse
.
It
hunteth
fishes
,
and
although
it
breatheth
like
another
foure-footed-beast
,
yet
will
it
remain
a
great
while
vnder
the
water
without
respiration
,
for
the
greedinesse
of
fishes
it
runneth
many
time
into
nets
which
are
set
by
men
in
waters
to
take
fish
,
whereinto
being
entered
,
His
prey
and
foode
.
it
is
suffocated
for
want
of
breath
,
before
it
can
sheare
asunder
the
nets
and
make
way
for
himselfe
to
come
out
.
For
in
the
hunting
of
fish
it
must
often
put
his
nose
aboue
the
water
to
take
breath
:
it
is
of
a
wonderfull
swiftnesse
and
nimblenesse
,
in
taking
his
prey
,
and
filleth
his
den
so
full
of
fishes
that
he
corrupteth
the
aire
,
or
men
that
take
him
in
his
den
:
and
likewise
infecteth
himselfe
with
a
pestilent
and
noysome
sauour
,
whereupon
as
the
Latins
say
of
a
stinking
fellow
;
he
smels
like
a
Goat
,
so
the
Germans
say
of
the
same
;
He
smels
like
an
Otter
.
Agricola
.
In
the
winter
time
he
comes
out
of
the
caues
and
waters
to
hunt
vpon
the
land
,
wher
finding
no
other
foode
,
he
eateth
fruits
,
and
the
barke
of
trees
.
Bellonius
writeth
thus
of
him
,
Albertus
.
he
keepeth
in
pooles
and
quiet
waters
and
riuers
,
terrifieng
the
flockes
of
fish
,
and
driuing
them
to
the
bank-sides
in
great
number
,
to
the
holes
and
creekes
of
the
earth
,
where
hee
taketh
them
more
copiously
,
and
more
easie
:
but
if
he
want
prey
in
the
waters
,
then
doth
he
leape
vpon
the
land
,
and
eate
vpon
greene
hearbs
:
he
will
swim
two
miles
together
against
the
streame
,
putting
himselfe
to
great
labor
in
his
hunger
,
that
so
when
his
belly
is
full
,
the
currant
of
streame
may
carry
him
downe
againe
to
his
designed
lodging
.
The
females
nourish
many
whelps
together
at
their
vdders
,
vntill
they
be
almost
as
big
as
themselues
,
for
whom
the
hunters
search
,
as
for
the
dams
among
the
leaues
&
boughes
which
the
ouerflowings
of
waters
in
the
winter
time
,
haue
gathered
together
and
laide
on
heapes
It
is
a
sharp-biting-beast
,
hurtfull
both
to
men
and
dogs
,
neuer
ceasing
or
loosing
hold
after
he
hath
laid
his
mouth
vpon
them
,
vntill
he
make
the
bones
to
cracke
betwixt
his
teeth
,
whereupon
it
was
well
said
by
Olaus
Mag.
Lutrae
mordaces
quadrato
ore
.
Otters
are
most
accomplished
biters
.
Thereof
also
in
Germany
they
make
caps
,
or
else
line
other
caps
with
them
,
and
also
make
stocking-soles
;
affirming
that
they
bee
good
and
wholsome
against
the
Palsie
,
Vse
of
their
Skins
.
the
megrim
,
and
other
paines
of
the
head
.
The
bloud
of
an
OTTER
is
prescribed
against
the
swelling
of
the
Nerues
.
The
Liuer
dryed
in
an
Ouen
against
the
bloody-flixe
,
and
against
the
collick
being
drunke
in
wine
.
The
stones
are
also
prescribed
to
be
giuen
against
the
falling
sicknesse
and
all
paines
in
the
belly
.
And
thus
much
for
the
OTTER
.
There
be
certaine
beastes
which
are
kindes
of
OTTERS
,
which
because
they
liue
in
the
Waters
,
and
yet
being
vnknowne
to
vs
in
England
,
I
haue
thought
good
to
expresse
them
in
this
place
by
their
Greeke
and
Latine
names
.
In
the
first
place
that
which
the
Graecians
call
Latax
,
broader
and
thicker
then
an
Otter
,
and
yet
liueth
in
the
Waters
or
else
goeth
to
the
waters
for
his
food
,
yet
breatheth
aire
and
not
water
like
Otters
.
The
haire
of
this
beast
is
very
harsh
,
betwixt
the
similitude
of
a
Sea-Calfe
and
a
Hart
,
and
it
hath
also
strong
and
sharp
teeth
,
wherewithal
in
the
night
season
they
shere
asunder
smal
boughes
and
twigs
:
It
is
called
also
Fastoz
,
Lamyakyz
,
and
Noertza
.
There
is
another
called
Satyrium
,
and
Fassuron
,
and
Chebalus
,
whose
skin
is
black
,
and
very
pretious
and
very
much
vsed
for
the
edging
of
the
best
garments
,
these
liue
also
in
ponds
,
lakes
,
and
still
waters
.
There
is
a
third
kinde
called
Satherium
,
Kacheobeon
,
and
Kachyneen
,
and
Martarus
,
hauing
a
white
throate
,
and
being
as
bigge
as
a
Cat
;
and
finally
vnto
these
may
be
added
Porcos
,
a
foure-footed-beaste
liuing
in
the
Waters
in
the
Riuer
Isther
:
And
Maesolus
another
foure-footed-beast
liuing
in
some
Ryuers
of
INDIA
,
being
as
big
as
a
Calfe
.
Of
the
Panther
,
commonly
called
a
Pardall
,
a
Leopard
,
and
a
Libbard
.
THere
haue
beene
so
many
names
deuised
for
this
one
beast
,
that
it
is
growen
a
difficult
thing
,
either
to
make
a
good
reconciliation
of
the
authors
which
are
wed
to
their
seueral
opinions
,
or
else
to
define
it
perfectly
and
make
of
him
a
good
methodicall
History
:
yet
seeing
the
greatest
variance
hath
arisen
from
wordes
,
The
seuerall
names
of
Panthers
.
and
that
which
was
deuised
at
the
first
for
the
better
explication
and
discription
of
it
hath
turned
to
the
obscuration
and
shaddowing
of
the
truth
,
I
trust
it
shall
be
a
good
labour
to
collect
out
of
euery
writer
that
which
is
most
probable
concerning
this
Beast
,
and
in
the
end
to
expresse
the
best
definition
thereof
wee
can
learne
out
of
all
.
In
this
controuersie
the
Hebrew
and
Arabian
names
which
are
generally
indifferently
translated
Panthers
or
Libbards
,
doe
take
vp
the
strife
and
almost
end
the
controuersie
,
for
Namer
in
Hebrew
,
and
Alphec
or
Alfhed
in
Arabique
,
are
so
translated
both
in
holy
scripture
,
and
also
in
Auicen
,
as
may
appeare
by
these
places
following
Esa.
11.
Habitabit
Lupus
cum
agno
,
&
(
Namer
)
Pardus
,
cum
hedo
a●cubabit
.
That
is
to
say
,
The
Wolfe
shall
dwell
with
the
Lambe
,
and
the
Pardall
,
Libbard
,
and
Panther
,
shall
lye
with
the
Kid.
So
in
the
vision
of
Daniel
chap.
7.
among
the
foure
beastes
comming
out
of
the
Sea
,
the
prophet
seeth
Namer
a
Leopard
.
In
the
13.
Reuela
.
of
S.
Iohn
,
he
seeth
another
beast
rising
out
of
the
sea
,
hauing
ten
hornes
,
and
hee
saith
it
was
like
Pardalet
,
which
Erasmus
translateth
Pardo
,
a
Leopard
.
Ieremy
5.
Pardus
(
Namer
)
vigelat
super
ciuitatem
corum
,
vt
omnen
inde
egredientem
discrepat
.
That
is
,
a
panther
or
Pardal
watcheth
at
the
gates
of
the
Citty
,
that
he
may
teare
in
pieces
euery
one
that
commeth
forth
.
Factus
sum
eis
sicut
Leo
,
&
sicut
Pardus
(
sicut
Namer
)
directus
ad
viam
suam
.
For
Namer
in
that
place
the
Graecians
translate
Pardalis
,
a
Pardall
.
In
the
13.
Ieremy
Si
mutare
potest
Aethiops
pellem
suam
,
aut
Pardus
maculas
suas
,
&
vos
poteritis
bene
facere
,
cum
didiceritis
malum
.
If
the
Blackamoore
can
change
his
skin
,
or
the
Leopard
his
spots
,
then
may
you
do
wel
which
haue
learned
to
do
it
.
Canticles
4.
Coronaberis
de
vetrice
saner
,
&
hermon
,
de
cubilibus
Leonem
de
montibus
Pardorum
.
That
is
,
Thou
shalt
be
crownd
from
the
top
of
Siner
and
Hermon
,
from
the
dens
of
the
Lyons
,
and
the
Mountains
of
the
Leopards
.
Now
according
to
Brocardus
the
Mountaine
of
the
Leopards
is
distant
from
Tripolis
in
the
holy
land
two
leagues
.
Rasis
&
Auicen
,
two
Arabians
do
cal
the
Panther
and
Leopard
by
one
name
,
Alpheth
,
or
Alphil
,
so
that
by
comparing
all
these
together
the
Panther
,
Pardall
,
Libbard
,
and
Leopard
,
are
but
one
beast
,
called
by
diuers
names
.
A
more
exa●t
definition
of
Pa●d●l●
and
Leopard●
.
For
the
farther
manifesting
heerof
,
it
is
good
to
examine
,
what
is
said
of
the
Pardal
and
Leopard
in
particular
,
that
so
hauing
expressed
that
,
it
may
be
cleare
by
the
discourse
succeeding
▪
that
there
is
no
difference
betwixt
them
and
the
Panther
,
or
very
small
.
First
of
all
therefore
it
said
of
the
Pardus
,
that
it
differeth
not
from
the
Panther
but
onely
in
sexe
,
and
that
the
skin
hath
receiued
a
naturall
tincture
of
diuers
spots
.
Aristotle
writeth
thus
of
it
,
Cutis
chamaeliontis
distincta
maculis
vt
Pardalia
.
The
skin
of
the
Chamaelion
is
spotted
like
a
Pardals
,
and
in
the
relation
of
Lampridius
,
where
hee
sheweth
how
Heliogabalus
was
wont
to
shut
vp
his
drunken
friendes
:
Cum
Leonibus
,
Leopardus
,
&
vrsis
,
ita
vt
experge
facti
in
cubiculo
eodem
Leones
,
vrsos
Pardos
cum
luce
,
vel
quod
est
grauius
nocte
inuenierent
,
ex
quo
plerique
ex
animati
sunt
,
and
so
forth
:
By
which
words
it
is
apparant
that
those
which
in
the
first
place
he
calleth
Leopards
,
in
the
last
place
he
calleth
Pardals
,
and
the
onely
difference
betwixt
the
Leopard
,
Pardall
,
and
Lyon
,
is
that
the
Leoparde
or
Pardal
haue
no
manes
:
and
therefore
they
are
called
Ignobiles
leones
.
Isidorus
,
and
Solinus
write
in
this
maner
:
Pardus
secundum
post
Panthera●est
genus
varium
ac
velocissimum
,
&
praceps
ad
sanguinem
,
saltu
enim
ad
mortem
ruit
,
ex
ad
vlterio
Pardi
&
Leenis
,
Leu
pardus
nascitur
,
&
tertiam
originem
efficit
.
That
is
to
say
,
the
Pardal
is
the
next
kind
to
a
Panther
,
being
diuers
coloured
&
very
swift
,
greedy
after
blood
,
and
ketcheth
his
prey
by
leaping
:
the
Leopard
is
bred
betwixt
the
Pardal
and
the
Lionesse
,
and
so
that
maketh
a
third
kind
,
by
which
testimony
it
apeareth
,
that
these
names
make
three
seuerall
kinds
of
beastes
,
not
distinct
in
nature
but
in
quantity
,
through
commixture
of
generation
.
The
greatest
therefore
they
call
Panthers
,
as
Bellunensis
writeth
.
The
second
they
call
Pardals
,
and
the
third
least
of
all
they
call
Leopards
,
which
for
the
same
cause
in
England
is
called
a
Cat
of
the
Mountain
.
And
truely
in
my
opinion
,
vntill
some
other
can
shew
me
better
reason
I
will
subscribe
hereunto
,
namely
that
they
are
all
one
kinde
of
beast
,
and
differ
in
quantitie
onely
through
adulterous
generation
.
For
in
Affrick
there
is
great
want
of
waters
,
and
therefore
the
lyons
,
Panthers
,
and
other
beasts
doe
assemble
themselues
in
great
numbers
together
at
the
running
riuers
,
where
the
Pardals
,
and
the
lyons
doe
engender
one
with
another
:
I
meane
the
greater
Panthers
with
the
lyonesses
,
Baytius
.
and
the
greater
lyons
with
the
Panthers
;
and
so
likewise
the
smaller
with
the
smaller
,
&
thereby
it
commeth
to
passe
that
some
of
them
are
spotted
,
and
some
of
them
without
spots
.
The
Pardal
is
a
fierce
and
cruell
beast
very
violent
,
Pliny
.
hauing
a
body
and
mind
like
rauening
birds
,
and
some
say
they
are
ingendred
now
and
then
betwixt
dogs
and
Panthers
,
or
betwixt
leopards
and
dogges
,
euen
as
the
Lycopanthers
are
ingendred
betwixt
wolues
and
panthers
.
It
is
the
nature
of
these
pardals
in
Affrick
to
get
vp
into
the
rough
and
thicke
trees
,
where
they
hide
themselues
amongest
the
boughes
and
leaues
,
and
doe
not
onely
take
birds
,
but
also
from
thence
leape
downe
vpon
beasts
and
men
when
they
espie
their
aduantage
,
and
all
these
things
doe
belong
vnto
the
panthers
.
Concerning
the
Leopard
the
word
it selfe
is
new
and
lately
inuented
,
Of
the
Leopard
.
for
it
is
neuer
found
among
any
of
the
auncients
before
Iulius
Capitolinus
,
or
Sparsianus
.
Syluaticus
,
maketh
no
difference
betwixt
pardalis
and
Leopardus
,
and
the
Italians
generally
call
a
pardal
Leopardo
,
and
neuer
pardo
,
except
some
of
the
Poets
,
for
breuitie
sake
in
a
verse
.
The
leopard
is
like
to
a
lyon
in
the
head
and
forme
of
his
members
,
but
yet
he
is
lesser
and
nothing
so
strong
,
by
the
sight
of
a
leopards
skinne
Gesner
made
this
description
of
the
beast
.
The
length
(
saith
he
)
from
the
head
to
the
taile
,
was
as
much
as
a
mans
stature
,
and
halfe
a
cubite
.
The
taile
of
it selfe
three
spans
and
a
halfe
,
the
breadth
in
the
middle
three
spans
,
the
colour
a
bright
yellow
distinguished
into
diuers
spots
,
the
haire
short
and
mossie
.
The
price
of
the
skin
was
about
fiue
nobles
or
fortie
shillings
,
for
they
differ
in
price
,
according
to
the
regions
out
of
which
they
are
brought
,
they
which
come
furthest
are
sold
dearest
,
and
they
which
come
lesse
way
are
sold
cheapest
.
It
is
a
wrathfull
and
an
angry
beast
,
and
whensoeuer
it
is
sicke
it
thirsteth
after
the
blood
of
a
wilde
cat
,
and
recouereth
by
sucking
that
blood
,
or
else
by
eating
the
dung
of
a
man
.
Aboue
all
other
things
it
delighteth
in
the
Camphorey
tree
,
and
therefore
lieth
vnder
neath
it
,
to
keepe
it
from
spoile
,
and
in
like
sort
the
panther
delighteth
in
sweet
gums
and
spices
,
and
therefore
no
maruel
if
they
cannot
abide
garlicke
,
because
it
annoyeth
their
sence
of
smelling
:
And
it
is
reported
by
S.
Ambrose
,
that
if
the
wals
of
ones
howse
or
sheep-coat
be
anointed
with
the
iuice
of
Garlicke
,
both
panthers
and
Leopards
will
run
away
from
it
,
Albertus
.
but
of
this
matter
we
shal
saie
more
afterwards
.
The
Leopard
is
sometimes
tamed
,
and
vsed
in
stead
of
a
Dog
for
hunting
,
both
among
the
TARTARIANS
and
other
Princes
,
for
they
carry
them
behinde
them
on
Horsebacke
,
and
when
they
see
a
Deere
or
Hart
,
or
conuenient
prey
,
they
turne
them
downe
vppon
them
suddainely
,
who
take
them
and
destroy
them
;
yet
such
is
the
nature
of
this
beast
,
as
also
of
the
PARDALL
,
that
if
hee
doe
not
take
his
prey
at
the
fourth
or
fift
iump
,
he
falleth
so
angry
and
fierce
,
that
he
destroyeth
whomsoeuer
he
meeteth
,
yea
many
times
his
hunter
.
Therefore
the
hunters
haue
alwaies
a
regard
to
carry
with
them
a
lambe
or
a
kid
,
or
some
such
liue
thing
,
wherewithall
they
pacifie
him
after
he
he
hath
missed
his
game
,
for
without
blood
he
will
neuer
be
appeased
:
and
thus
much
shall
suffice
to
haue
spoken
of
the
difference
betwixt
Panthers
,
Pardals
,
and
Leopards
,
and
their
seuerall
names
in
Greeke
and
Latine
,
from
whom
almost
all
nations
doe
deriue
their
denomination
,
The
names
in
other
languages
.
for
the
Italians
call
it
Leonpardo
,
the
French
Leopard
,
and
Lyopard
,
the
Germans
Leppard
,
and
Lefarad
,
and
Pantherthier
,
the
Spaniards
Leonpardal
,
&
Leopardo
.
The
Illyrians
Leuhart
,
the
Caldeans
Nimra
,
and
some
make
no
differenc
betwixt
this
and
the
Arabian
Wolfe
:
The
reason
of
the
Greeke
word
Pardalis
,
or
Pordalis
,
(
for
they
signifie
both
one
)
seemeth
to
me
in
most
probabilitie
to
be
deriued
from
the
Hebrew
word
Pardes
,
signifying
a
Garden
,
because
as
colours
in
a
Garden
make
it
spotted
and
render
a
fragrant
smell
,
so
the
Panther
is
diuers
coloured
like
a
Garden
of
sundry
flowers
,
and
also
it
is
said
to
carry
with
him
a
most
sweete
sauour
whither
soeuer
he
goeth
,
and
therfore
in
auncient
time
they
made
their
Iuory
tables
standing
vpon
pictures
of
Panthers
,
whereof
Iuvenall
writeth
thus
in
one
of
his
Satyres
.
Olim
ex
quauis
arbore
mensa
fiebat
At
nunc
diuitibus
caenandi
nulla
voluptas
—
—
—
nisi
sustinet
orbes
.
Grande
ebur
&
magno
sublimis
Pardus
biatu
Dentibus
ex
illis
quos
mittit
porta
Hyenes
Iam
nimios
capitique
graues
,
&c.
For
the
same
cause
Pardalis
was
the
name
of
a
notable
Harlot
,
for
as
the
Panthers
by
their
sweete
smels
drawe
the
beastes
vnto
them
and
then
destroy
them
,
so
also
doe
harlots
decke
and
adorne
themselues
with
all
alluring
prouocations
,
as
it
were
with
inchaunted
odors
,
to
drawe
men
vnto
them
,
of
whom
they
make
spoyle
and
rapine
:
Ther
is
a
pretious
stone
also
called
Lapis
Pantherus
brought
out
of
India
,
Euax.
Syluaticus
Albertus
Vartoman
whereupon
if
a
man
looke
before
the
Sunne
rising
he
shall
see
diuers
colours
,
namely
,
blacke
,
red
,
greene
,
russet
,
purple
,
and
rose
colour
,
and
they
say
it
hath
as
many
vertues
as
it
hath
colours
,
but
I
list
not
to
follow
the
name
any
further
.
Countries
of
Panthers
.
The
Countries
breeding
Panthers
are
Abasia
in
the
kingdome
of
Melacha
,
in
the
I
le
Sumatra
.
Likewise
in
ASIA
,
especially
Syria
,
for
there
are
none
in
Europe
,
all
Affricke
ouer
they
are
plentiful
,
as
in
Lybia
and
Mauritania
,
where
abound
al
store
of
wilde
beasts
.
Likewise
beyond
Catadupa
,
for
Apollonius
and
his
companions
saw
there
many
Lyons
&
Panthers
.
In
Arabia
the
furthest
part
,
namly
the
promontory
of
Dyra
towards
the
south
,
are
the
strongest
Pardals
of
the
world
,
as
saith
Strabo
:
)
Likwise
in
the
Mediteranean
region
beyond
Barygaza
toward
the
South
,
vnto
Dachinabades
,
and
towards
the
East
are
al
sorts
of
wilde
beasts
,
both
Tygres
and
panthers
:
(
and
Diodorus
writeth
)
that
in
that
part
of
Arabia
ioyning
vpon
Syria
,
there
Lyons
and
pardals
are
both
more
in
number
and
greater
in
quantity
then
in
Lybia
.
Also
it
is
said
by
Volateranus
and
Gyllius
that
the
panther
of
Lycia
and
Caria
are
verye
long
,
but
yet
weake
and
without
carriage
,
being
not
able
to
leape
farre
,
yet
is
their
skin
so
hard
as
no
yron
can
pierce
.
Betwixt
the
riuer
Ganges
and
Hiphasis
,
Apollonius
saw
many
panthers
.
Leo
Affri●
The
Indians
also
breed
many
and
make
them
tame
,
and
leopards
do
liue
in
the
woods
of
BARBARIA
.
The
seuerall
parts
of
Panthers
.
It
is
apparant
by
that
which
is
already
saide
,
that
the
Panther
is
the
name
of
the
greater
pardall
,
and
the
Leopard
of
the
lesser
,
which
the
Arabians
call
Alnemer
,
and
Alfhead
,
Alnemer
is
bigger
then
a
Linx
,
but
like
a
Leopard
,
hauing
greater
and
sharper
nailes
and
feete
,
blacke
and
terrible
eies
,
and
therefore
stronger
,
fiercer
,
and
bolder
then
the
Leoparde
,
for
it
setteth
vppon
men
,
and
destroyeth
them
.
Oppianus
describeth
both
kinds
in
this
manner
.
There
are
(
saith
he
)
two
kindes
of
pardals
,
a
greater
and
a
lesser
,
the
greater
are
broader
backt
,
and
bigger
in
quantity
,
the
lesser
being
lesse
in
quantity
,
but
not
inferior
in
strength
:
both
of
them
haue
the
same
shape
and
colour
of
body
,
except
in
their
taile
:
for
the
greater
pardall
hath
the
lesser
taile
and
the
lesser
the
greater
:
either
of
them
haue
solid
and
sound
thighs
,
a
very
long
body
,
bright
seeing
eies
,
the
Apples
whereof
do
glister
vnder
their
eye-lids
,
which
are
gray
and
red
within
like
to
burning
coales
,
their
teeth
pale
and
venemous
,
their
skin
of
diuers
colors
,
yet
bright
and
pleasant
,
the
spots
standing
like
so
many
black
eies
vpon
it
,
Thus
far
Oppianus
.
Such
skins
are
oftentimes
solde
in
the
marts
of
Europe
which
are
broght
in
bundles
twenty
or
thirty
togither
,
and
it
is
not
to
be
forgotten
,
which
Volateran
citeth
out
of
Aelianus
,
that
ther
is
in
this
kind
of
pardals
a
beast
called
Bitis
,
not
vnlike
to
the
vulgar
Leopards
in
al
parts
,
except
that
it
wanteth
a
tail
;
&
they
say
that
if
this
beast
be
seene
by
a
woman
,
it
will
instantly
make
her
to
be
sick
;
but
to
proceed
to
the
residue
of
the
parts
of
these
beasts
,
we
must
remember
that
which
Aristotle
writeth
in
his
physiognomy
;
as
is
recorded
by
Adamantius
:
Leo
perfectissimam
maris
ideam
praese
fert
Pardalis
vero
foemineam
formum
ex
primit
crucibus
tantum
exceptis
,
quibus
ad
inuadendum
fortiter
vtitur
,
that
is
to
say
:
Among
all
beasts
the
lyon
doeth
most
resemble
the
male
,
and
the
pardall
the
female
,
except
in
the
legs
which
she
vseth
to
take
her
prey
.
It
hath
a
little
face
,
a
little
mouth
,
little
eies
,
somewhat
white
,
plaine
,
and
not
much
holow
,
a
long
forehead
,
eares
rather
round
then
smooth
or
broad
,
a
necke
very
longe
and
slender
,
the
brest
not
wel
set
out
with
ribs
,
because
they
are
small
,
the
backe
long
,
the
buttockes
and
thighes
very
fleshy
,
the
partes
about
the
small
of
the
belly
or
loines
are
more
smooth
,
lesse
hollow
and
bunchy
;
the
colour
diuers
,
and
the
whole
body
in
articulate
,
&
not
well
compounded
for
the
outward
sight
:
and
it
is
to
be
remembred
(
saith
Carden
)
that
all
rauening
beasts
are
like
a
Cat
,
as
Lyons
,
panthers
,
Linces
,
and
pardals
,
for
they
haue
in
common
the
length
and
strength
of
their
claws
,
beautiful
party
coloured
skins
,
alitle
head
and
round
face
,
a
long
taile
,
nimblenes
of
body
,
and
wildnes
of
nature
,
liuing
vppon
the
meat
they
get
in
hunting
.
The
Persians
call
a
pardall
Barbact
,
and
Scaliger
describeth
it
thus
.
In
his
red
or
yellow
haire
he
is
like
a
Lyonesse
,
but
set
with
diuers
blacke
spots
both
in
length
and
bredth
,
as
if
they
were
painted
.
It
hath
a
browne
face
,
aspersed
with
blacke
and
white
,
and
it
is
to
bee
remembred
,
that
as
other
beasts
are
either
all
blacke
,
or
all
red
,
or
all
white
,
or
all
of
one
colour
by
nature
,
so
also
it
is
natural
to
pea-cockes
and
panthers
,
to
haue
diuers
colours
in
them
,
for
there
are
in
Hircania
panthers
with
little
round
spottes
like
eies
,
both
blacke
,
Albertus
.
Pliny
.
white
,
blew
,
and
green
,
as
both
Solinus
and
Claudius
testifie
,
which
caused
Martial
to
write
thus
;
Picto
quod
iuga
delicata
collo
pardus
sustinet
.
There
is
a
land
called
Terra
eremborum
inhabited
by
the
Troglodites
and
Sarazens
in
Lybia
,
where
the
vper
face
of
the
earth
is
campared
vnto
the
panthers
skin
,
because
through
the
heat
of
the
sun
it
is
burned
,
and
died
as
it
were
into
diuers
colors
,
so
that
ye
shal
see
diuers
spots
of
white
,
black
,
and
green
earth
,
as
if
it
wer
done
of
purpose
by
the
hand
of
man
.
The
teeth
of
the
panther
are
like
sawes
,
as
are
also
a
Dogs
and
a
Lyons
:
theyr
tongue
of
such
incredible
sharpenesse
,
that
in
licking
it
grateth
like
a
file
.
The
females
haue
foure
vdders
in
the
midst
of
their
belly
,
the
heart
is
great
in
proportion
,
because
he
is
a
violent
beast
,
terifieng
man
.
There
are
many
fissures
in
their
feet
.
Aristotle
.
Their
former
feet
haue
fiue
distinct
claws
or
fingers
,
and
their
hinder
feet
but
four
,
for
litle
ones
among
foure-footed-beasts
haue
fiue
fingers
vpon
their
hinder
fret
:
when
they
go
,
they
hide
their
nailes
within
the
skinne
of
their
feet
,
as
it
were
in
sheaths
,
neuer
bringing
them
forth
but
when
they
are
in
their
prey
,
to
the
intent
they
should
neuer
be
broken
nor
dulled
.
Their
tails
haue
no
long
haires
at
the
end
like
a
Lyons
or
Oxes
,
and
the
Leopa●d
hath
a
wider
mouth
then
the
pardall
.
The
female
is
oftener
times
taken
then
the
male
,
the
reason
is
giuen
by
Volateran
,
because
she
is
inforced
to
seeke
abroad
for
her
owne
meate
and
her
yoong
ones
.
The
place
of
their
aboad
is
among
the
mountaines
and
woods
,
The
food
of
Panthers
.
and
especially
they
delight
in
the
tree
Camphorie
.
They
rauen
vpon
flesh
both
birdes
and
beastes
:
for
which
cause
they
hide
themselues
in
trees
,
especially
in
Mauritania
,
where
they
are
not
very
swift
of
foote
,
&
therefore
they
giue
themselues
to
take
Apes
,
which
they
attaine
by
this
pollicy
:
when
they
see
the
apes
,
they
make
after
them
,
who
at
their
first
approching
climbe
into
the
tops
of
trees
,
&
there
sit
to
auoyd
the
Panthers
teeth
,
for
she
is
notable
to
follow
them
so
hie
,
but
yet
she
is
more
cunning
then
the
Apes
,
and
therefore
diuiseth
more
shifts
to
take
them
,
that
where
nature
hath
denied
hir
bodily
power
,
there
she
might
supply
that
want
by
the
gifts
of
the
mind
.
Forth
therefore
shee
goeth
,
and
vnder
the
tree
where
the
Apes
are
lodged
,
she
lieth
downe
as
though
she
were
deade
,
stretching
out
her
limbes
,
and
restraining
her
breath
,
shutting
her
eyes
,
and
shewing
all
other
token
of
expiration
.
The
Apes
that
sitte
on
the
toppes
of
the
Tree
behold
from
on
high
the
behauiour
of
their
aduersary
,
and
because
al
of
them
wish
her
dead
,
they
more
easily
beleeue
that
which
so
much
they
desire
,
&
yet
dare
not
descend
to
make
tryall
.
Then
to
end
their
doubtes
,
they
chuse
out
one
from
among
them
all
,
whom
they
thinke
to
be
of
the
best
courage
,
and
him
they
send
downe
as
it
were
for
an
espy
,
to
certifie
al
the
residue
:
forth
then
he
goeth
with
a
thousand
feares
in
his
mind
,
and
leapeth
from
bough
to
bough
with
no
great
hast
,
(
for
dread
of
an
il
bargain●
)
yet
being
come
downe
,
dareth
not
approach
nigh
,
but
hauing
taken
a
view
of
the
counterfeite
,
and
repressed
his
owne
feare
,
returneth
backe
againe
:
After
a
little
space
he
descendeth
the
second
time
,
and
commeth
nearer
the
panther
then
before
,
yet
returneth
without
touching
him
.
Then
he
discendeth
the
third
time
,
looking
into
his
eies
,
and
make●h
tryall
whether
hee
draweth
breath
or
no
,
but
the
PANTHER
keepeth
both
breath
and
lims
immouable
,
by
that
means
imboldning
the
Apes
to
their
owne
destruction
;
for
the
spy-Ape
sitteth
down
beside
the
Panther
and
stirreth
not
:
now
when
those
which
are
aboue
in
the
tree
,
see
how
their
intelliger
abideth
constantly
beside
their
aduersary
without
harme
,
they
gather
their
spirits
togither
and
discend
downe
in
great
multitudes
,
running
about
the
panther
,
first
of
all
going
vpon
him
,
and
afterwards
leaping
with
great
ioy
and
exultation
,
mocking
this
their
aduersary
with
al
their
apish
toyes
,
and
testifieng
their
ioy
for
hir
supposed
death
:
and
in
this
sort
the
Panther
suffereth
them
to
continew
a
great
reason
,
til
he
perceiueth
they
are
throughly
wearied
,
and
then
vpon
a
sudden
hee
leapeth
vp
aliue
againe
,
taking
some
of
them
in
his
claws
,
destroying
and
killing
them
with
teeth
and
nailes
,
til
he
haue
prepared
for
himself
a
rich
dinner
out
of
his
aduersaries
flesh
.
And
like
as
Vlysses
endeuored
all
the
contumelies
and
reproaches
,
both
of
his
maids
and
wiues
suiters
,
vntill
he
had
a
iust
occasion
giuen
him
of
reuenge
,
so
doth
the
Panther
the
disdainfull
dealing
of
the
Apes
:
whereupon
came
the
prouerbe
,
Pardi
mortem
assimulat
,
Thanaton
pardaleos
hypocrimetai
,
against
a
cunning
dissembling
fellow
,
such
a
one
as
Brutus
was
,
who
counterfatted
madnes
that
he
might
get
the
Empire
.
So
great
is
the
loue
of
this
beast
to
all
spices
and
aromaticall
trees
,
that
they
come
ouer
all
the
mountaine
Taurus
through
Armenia
and
Silia
,
when
the
winds
bring
the
sauor
of
the
sweet
gum
vnto
them
,
Their
loue
〈◊〉
●pices
.
out
of
Pamphilia
from
the
tree
Storax
:
whereupon
lyeth
this
story
.
There
was
a
certaine
panther
which
was
taken
by
king
Arsaces
,
and
a
Golden
collor
put
vpon
his
necke
,
with
this
inscription
:
Rex
Arsaces
deo
Nisaeo
,
that
is
,
King
Arsaces
to
the
God
Bacchus
:
for
Bacchus
was
called
Nisaey
of
a
citty
Nisa
in
India
.
This
Beast
grew
very
tame
,
and
would
suffer
himselfe
to
be
handled
and
stroked
by
the
hands
of
men
,
vntill
the
spring
time
that
he
winded
the
sauour
of
the
Aromatical
trees
,
and
then
he
would
run
away
from
all
his
acquaintance
,
according
to
his
kind
,
and
so
at
last
was
taken
in
the
neather
part
of
the
mountaine
Taurus
,
which
was
many
hundred
miles
distant
from
the
kings
court
of
Armenia
.
The
sauor
or
●mel
of
Panthers
.
We
haue
shewed
already
how
they
loue
the
gum
of
Camphorey
,
watching
that
tree
,
to
the
end
to
preserue
it
for
their
owne
vse
,
and
indeed
as
Aelianus
saith
:
Admirabilem
quantam
odoris
suavitatem
olet
pardalis
,
quam
bene
olendi
praestatiam
deuino
munere
donatam
,
cum
sibi
propriam
plane
tenet
,
tum
vero
caetera
animalia
eius
hanc
vni
praeclare
sentiunt
:
that
is
to
say
,
the
Panther
or
Pardall
smelleth
most
sweetly
,
which
sauor
he
hath
receiued
from
a
diuine
gift
,
and
doth
not
onely
feele
the
benefit
of
it
himselfe
,
but
also
bewray
it
vnto
other
beasts
:
Aristotle
.
Vol●teranus
.
for
when
he
feeleth
himself
to
be
hungry
and
stand
in
need
of
meat
,
then
doth
he
get
vp
into
some
rough
tree
,
and
by
his
savour
or
sweet
smel
,
draweth
vnto
him
an
innumerable
company
of
wilde
Goats
,
Harts
,
Roes
,
and
Hinds
,
and
such
other
beasts
,
and
so
vpon
a
sudden
leapeth
downe
vpon
them
,
when
he
espyeth
his
couenient
time
.
And
Solinus
sayth
,
that
the
sweetnesse
of
his
sauor
worketh
the
same
effect
vppon
them
in
the
open
fieldes
,
for
they
are
so
mightily
delighted
with
his
spotted
skin
and
fragrant
smell
,
that
they
wil
alwaies
come
running
vnto
him
from
all
parts
,
striuing
who
shal
come
nearest
him
to
be
satisfied
with
the
sight
,
but
when
once
they
looke
vppon
his
fierce
and
grim
face
,
they
all
are
terrified
and
turne
away
:
for
which
cause
the
subtle
beast
,
turneth
away
his
head
and
keepeth
that
from
their
sight
,
offering
the
more
beautiful
parts
of
his
body
,
as
an
alluring
bayt
to
a
mouse
and
destroy
them
:
and
from
hence
there
are
some
which
are
of
opinion
,
that
he
receiueth
his
name
Panthera
,
of
congregating
togither
all
kind
of
beasts
to
look
on
him
,
for
Pan
signifieth
all
,
and
Therta
signifieth
beasts
.
Isidorus
.
Albertus
is
of
opinion
that
the
report
of
the
Panthers
sauour
or
sweet
smell
is
but
a
fable
,
because
(
he
saith
)
it
is
written
as
a
Maximum
among
Philosophers
,
that
Caetera
animalia
praeter
hominem
neque
suaviter
neque
moleste
odoribus
affici
,
that
is
:
That
no
creatures
(
man
excepted
)
can
be
said
to
smell
either
sweetly
or
sowerly
,
and
Theophrastus
writeth
:
Animal
nullum
penetus
odoratum
est
nisi
quis
dixerit
pardalin
,
belluarum
censui
bene
olere
,
that
is
:
There
is
no
creature
that
can
be
said
to
be
so
odorifirous
,
except
the
pardal
seem
to
smel
wel
to
the
scents
of
other
beasts
:
for
it
is
certain
that
there
be
som
sauours
and
smels
which
beastes
do
follow
and
refuse
,
being
led
thereunto
onely
for
the
choice
of
their
meate
:
for
by
their
noses
they
choose
that
which
is
conuenient
&
agreeable
to
their
natures
,
but
that
they
shold
be
drawn
by
any
smels
or
sauours
meerly
,
and
for
no
other
cause
but
the
pleasure
of
the
scents
,
as
it
is
a
reasonable
part
in
man
,
so
it
is
vnreasonable
,
to
attribute
the
very
same
vnto
a
beast
.
Yet
heerein
by
the
fauour
of
Albertus
I
discent
from
him
,
for
it
being
granted
which
all
men
yeeld
vnto
,
that
either
the
spots
of
his
skin
,
which
seeme
to
be
as
many
eies
as
colours
,
or
els
the
sweet
sauour
which
commeth
from
him
as
the
occasion
of
the
beasts
assembling
about
him
;
then
it
followeth
that
when
he
is
from
the
earth
and
lodged
in
a
tree
,
and
so
not
visible
to
the
eies
of
the
beasts
,
if
then
I
say
they
assemble
about
the
tree
wherein
he
is
lodgd
,
there
is
no
cause
to
draw
the
beastes
vnto
him
,
but
the
attractiue
power
of
his
sweete
sauour
:
and
what
want
of
reason
can
it
be
iustly
deemed
to
say
that
beasts
loue
sweet
sauours
,
seeing
both
Albertus
,
and
al
other
learned
men
that
I
know
do
confidently
affirme
,
that
many
wilde
beasts
do
forsake
their
meat
to
heare
musick
,
and
also
the
Badger
doth
forsake
his
owne
den
when
he
perceiueth
the
Foxe
hath
emptied
his
bellye
therein
.
Therefore
I
will
conclude
this
point
with
admiration
of
the
worke
of
the
creator
,
to
consider
how
wisely
he
hath
disposed
his
goodnesse
,
and
how
powerfully
hee
communicateth
the
affections
of
his
diuinity
euen
vnto
brute
beasts
,
who
doth
not
distinguish
them
asunder
onely
by
their
outsides
and
exterior
partes
,
nor
yet
by
their
insides
and
qualities
of
their
minds
,
but
also
by
the
ayre
they
draw
in
,
and
the
sauour
they
send
forth
.
Among
all
kinds
of
Beastes
the
male
is
most
couragious
and
fierce
,
except
in
Beares
and
panthers
,
for
the
female
panther
is
more
generous
then
the
male
.
At
the
time
of
their
lust
,
they
haue
very
peculiar
voices
,
which
caused
the
poet
to
write
thus
:
Their
time
of
lust
.
Panther
caurit
amans
,
Pardus
hiando
felit
.
At
the
sound
of
those
voices
other
beasts
come
about
them
,
as
both
Lyons
,
Lyonesses
,
Wolues
,
and
Thoes
.
They
neuer
bear
aboue
once
,
because
when
the
young
ones
begin
to
stirre
in
the
dams
belly
,
and
gather
strength
for
birth
,
they
canot
tarry
the
iust
time
of
their
deliuery
,
but
teare
out
the
womb
or
bag
wherein
they
lie
with
the
sharpnes
of
their
nails
and
therefore
their
dam
is
forced
for
the
auoiding
of
pain
to
cast
them
forth
of
the
womb
both
blind
and
deformed
,
which
yet
she
norisheth
tenderly
,
but
afterwards
can
neuer
conceiue
againe
,
by
reason
that
her
wombe
is
so
torne
with
the
clawes
of
her
firste
whelpes
,
that
it
is
not
able
to
retaine
to
perfection
the
receiued
seed
of
the
male
.
Panthers
liue
togither
in
flockes
or
heards
,
Their
loue
and
hatred
,
enemies
and
friends
and
greatly
delight
in
their
owne
kind
but
in
no
other
that
I
knowe
,
and
therefore
I
wonder
from
what
Author
Isidorus
wrote
.
Panther
omnium
animalium
amicus
est
excepto
Dracone
;
That
the
panther
is
friendly
to
al
beasts
except
the
Draggon
.
It
was
not
in
vaine
that
the
poets
feigned
the
Nurses
of
Bacchus
to
bee
turned
into
panthers
,
and
that
they
deuoured
Peutheus
because
he
railed
vppon
Bacchus
:
for
as
a
Lyon
doeth
in
most
thinges
imitate
and
resemble
the
very
nature
of
man
,
so
after
the
very
selfe-same
manner
doeth
the
panther
of
a
Woman
,
for
it
is
a
fraudule●t
though
a
beautifull
beast
,
or
(
as
Adamantius
writeth
)
Pantherae
ingenium
molle
est
,
effoeminatum
,
iracundum
,
in
sidiosum
,
&
frandulentum
,
timidum
simul
&
audax
,
his
moribus
corporis
etiam
forma
respondit
:
that
is
,
The
disposition
of
the
Panther
is
wanton
,
effeminate
,
The
descr●pt●●n
of
〈…〉
.
outragious
,
treacherous
,
deceiptfull
,
fearefull
,
and
yet
bold
:
and
for
this
occasion
,
in
holy
scriptures
it
is
ioyned
with
the
Lyon
and
the
Wolfe
,
to
make
vp
the
triplicity
of
rauening
beasts
:
and
therefore
also
we
read
,
that
the
wisest
among
the
EGYPTIANS
when
they
will
signifie
a
cunning
man
couering
the
secret
corruption
and
euil
disposition
of
his
mind
,
pretending
good
,
and
yet
intending
euill
,
they
picture
a
PANTHER
,
for
we
haue
shewed
already
how
hee
doeth
couer
both
his
heade
and
his
bodie
to
take
his
prey
.
The
●aming
of
Panthers
.
This
beast
is
neuer
so
tamed
but
that
he
faleth
into
his
wilde
fits
againe
.
Their
loue
to
their
yong
ones
is
exceeding
great
,
for
if
at
any
time
while
they
are
abroad
to
forage
,
they
meet
with
hunters
that
would
take
them
away
,
they
fight
for
them
vnto
death
,
and
to
saue
them
from
blowes
,
interpose
their
owne
bodies
,
receiuing
mortall
woundes
,
but
if
they
find
their
young
ones
taken
out
of
their
denne
in
their
absence
,
they
bewaile
their
losse
with
loud
and
miserable
howling
.
Demetrius
the
Phylosopher
relateth
this
story
of
a
Panther
,
that
lay
in
the
high
waye
to
meet
with
a
man
to
helpe
hir
young
ones
out
of
a
ditch
or
deepe
pit
wherein
they
were
fallen
,
at
length
there
appeared
in
hir
sight
the
father
of
Philinus
a
Phylosopher
,
who
presently
began
to
runne
away
as
soone
as
he
saw
the
beast
,
but
the
poore
distressed
Panther
rouled
after
him
in
humble
maner
,
as
though
she
had
some
sute
vnto
him
,
and
took
him
lightly
by
the
skirt
of
his
garment
with
one
of
her
clawes
:
the
man
perceiuing
that
shee
gaue
sucke
by
the
greatnesse
of
her
Vdders
hanging
vnder
her
belly
,
beganne
to
take
pitty
vpon
her
,
and
layed
away
feare
,
thinking
that
indeed
which
happened
,
that
her
young
ones
were
taken
from
her
by
one
meanes
or
other
;
therefore
he
followed
hir
,
she
drawing
him
with
one
of
her
feet
vnto
the
caue
whereinto
hir
young
ones
were
fallen
,
out
of
which
he
deliuered
them
to
the
mother
as
raunsome
for
his
owne
life
,
and
then
both
shee
and
the
young
ones
did
follow
him
reioycing
,
out
of
the
daunger
of
all
beastes
,
and
out
of
the
wildernesse
,
dismissing
him
without
all
manner
of
harme
,
which
is
a
rare
thinge
in
a
man
to
be
so
thankefull
,
and
much
more
in
a
beast
:
and
vnto
this
story
of
their
loue
and
kindnesse
to
their
young
ones
,
I
may
adde
another
,
woorthy
to
bee
remembered
out
of
Aelianus
.
A
notable
storie
of
a
Panthers
●●ue
to
his
companion
.
There
was
(
saith
he
)
a
man
which
brought
vp
a
tame
Panther
from
a
whelpe
,
and
had
made
it
so
gentle
,
that
it
refused
no
society
of
men
,
and
he
himselfe
loued
it
as
if
it
had
bin
his
wife
.
There
was
also
a
little
Kyd
in
the
house
brought
vp
tame
,
of
purpose
to
be
giuen
vnto
the
Panther
when
it
was
growne
to
some
stature
or
quantity
,
yet
in
the
meane
season
the
Panther
plaied
with
it
euery
day
:
at
last
it
being
ripe
,
the
maister
killed
it
and
layed
it
before
the
Panther
to
be
eaten
,
but
he
would
not
touch
it
,
wherevpon
he
fasted
till
the
next
day
,
and
then
it
was
brought
vnto
him
againe
,
but
he
refused
it
as
before
,
at
last
hee
fasted
the
third
daie
,
and
making
great
moane
for
meat
,
according
to
his
vsuall
manner
,
had
the
Kyd
laide
before
him
the
third
time
,
the
poore
beast
seeing
that
nothing
woulde
serue
the
turne
,
but
that
he
must
either
eat
vppe
his
chamber
fellow
,
or
else
his
mayster
would
make
him
continually
fast
,
he
ranne
and
killed
another
Kyd
,
disdaining
to
medle
with
that
which
was
his
former
acquaintance
,
yea
though
it
were
dead
;
heerin
excelling
many
wicked
men
,
who
doe
not
spare
those
that
haue
liued
with
them
in
the
greatest
familiarity
and
friendshippe
,
to
vndooe
and
ouerthrow
them
aliue
for
the
aduauncement
of
themselves
.
We
haue
saide
already
,
that
they
most
of
all
resemble
Women
,
and
indeed
they
are
enimies
to
all
creatures
.
The
Leopards
of
BARBARY
do
little
harme
to
men
that
they
meet
,
The
harmes
of
Panthers
.
except
they
meet
them
in
some
path
waie
where
the
man
cannot
decline
the
beast
,
nor
the
beast
the
man
,
there
they
leape
most
fiercely
into
his
face
,
and
pull
awaie
as
much
flesh
as
they
can
laie
hold
vpon
,
and
manie
of
them
with
their
nailes
do
pierce
the
brains
of
a
man
.
Leo.
Afer
.
Albertus
.
They
vse
not
to
inuade
or
force
vpon
flocks
of
sheepe
or
Goats
,
yet
wheresoever
they
see
a
Dogge
they
instantly
kill
and
devoure
him
.
The
great
Panther
is
a
tetror
to
the
dragon
,
and
so
soone
as
the
Dragon
seeth
it
,
he
flyeth
to
his
caue
.
Auicen
.
The
lesser
Panthers
or
Leopards
do
ouercome
Wolues
being
single
,
and
hand
to
hand
as
we
say
,
but
by
multitude
they
ouermaister
and
destroy
him
,
for
if
he
endeuour
to
run
away
,
yet
they
are
swifter
and
easily
ouercome
it
.
There
is
also
great
hatred
and
enmity
betwixt
the
Hyaena
and
the
Panther
,
for
in
the
presence
of
the
Hyaena
,
the
Pardall
dareth
not
resist
,
and
that
which
is
more
admirable
,
Pliny
.
if
there
be
a
peece
of
an
Hyaenaes
skinne
about
either
man
or
beast
,
Orus
the
Panther
will
neuer
touch
it
,
&
if
their
skins
after
they
be
dead
be
hung
vp
in
the
presence
of
one
another
,
the
haire
will
fall
of
from
the
Panther
,
and
therefore
when
the
Egyptians
would
signifie
how
a
superiour
was
ouercome
by
a
superiour
,
they
picture
those
:
two
skinnes
.
The
ter●or
of
Panthers
.
Pliny
Rasis
Aesculapius
.
If
any
thing
be
annointed
with
broath
wherein
a
Cocke
hath
beene
sodden
,
neither
Panthers
nor
Lyons
will
euer
touch
it
,
especially
if
there
be
mixed
with
it
the
iuce
of
Garlike
.
Leopards
are
afraid
of
a
certaine
tree
called
Leopardi
arbor
,
Leopards-tree
.
Panthers
are
also
afraid
of
the
scull
of
a
dead
man
,
and
runne
from
the
sight
thereof
:
yet
it
is
reported
that
two
yeare
before
the
death
of
Francis
King
of
France
,
two
Leopards
,
a
male
and
a
female
were
let
escape
in
France
into
the
Woods
,
either
by
the
negligence
or
the
malice
of
their
keepers
,
that
is
a
male
and
a
female
,
and
about
Orleance
tore
in
peeces
many
men
and
Women
;
at
last
they
came
and
killed
a
bride
which
was
that
day
to
haue
beene
married
,
and
afterward
there
were
found
many
carkases
of
Women
destroyed
by
them
,
of
which
they
had
eaten
nothing
but
onely
their
breastes
:
Such
like
thinges
I
might
expresse
many
in
this
place
,
whereby
the
vengeance
of
almighty
God
against
mankind
for
many
sins
,
might
seeme
to
be
executed
by
the
raging
ministery
of
wilde
,
sauage
,
and
vngentle
beastes
.
For
this
cause
we
read
in
auncient
time
how
the
Senatours
of
Rome
gaue
lawes
of
punishment
against
them
that
should
bring
any
Panthers
into
Italy
,
Lawes
against
Panthers
especially
any
Affrican
beastes
:
and
the
first
that
gaue
dispensation
against
those
lawes
was
Cneius
Aufidius
the
peoples
Tribune
,
who
permitted
them
for
the
sake
of
the
Circensian
games
:
and
then
Scaurus
in
the
office
of
his
aedility
brought
also
in
an
hundred
and
fifty
:
After
him
Pompey
the
great
four
hundered
and
ten
,
and
lastly
Augustus
that
euer
remembred
and
renowned
Emperor
,
foure
hundred
and
twenty
.
Thus
lawes
which
were
first
made
by
great
men
and
good
Senators
,
for
the
safety
of
the
common-wealth
,
became
of
no
great
valew
,
because
as
great
or
greater
then
the
lawmakers
,
had
a
purpose
to
aduance
themselues
by
the
practise
of
those
things
which
law
had
iustly
forbidden
,
for
if
those
decrees
had
stood
effectuall
,
as
the
victorious
Champions
had
loste
that
part
of
their
vaine
tryumphes
,
so
many
people
had
afterward
beene
preserued
aliue
,
who
by
the
cruelty
of
these
beasts
were
either
torne
in
peeces
,
or
else
receiued
mortall
wounds
.
It
was
not
in
vaine
that
the
blessed
martyr
of
Iesus
Christ
Ignatius
,
who
was
afterwards
torne
in
peeces
by
wilde
beastes
at
Rome
,
did
write
thus
in
his
epistle
to
the
Roman
christians
concerning
his
handling
by
the
Roman
Souldiers
,
as
he
was
brought
prisoner
out
of
Syria
to
Rome
.
A
Siria
Romam
vsque
cum
bestijs
depugno
per
terram
&
mare
die
nocteque
vinctus
cum
decem
Leopardis
,
hoc
est
cum
militari
custodia
,
qui
ex
beneficijs
deteriores
fiunt
.
From
Syria
(
saith
he
)
to
Rome
I
haue
fought
with
beastes
,
beeing
night
and
day
held
in
bondage
by
ten
Leopards
,
I
meane
ten
Souldious
,
who
notwithstanding
many
benifits
I
bestowed
vpon
them
,
yet
do
they
vse
me
worse
and
worse
:
and
thus
much
for
the
cruelty
of
Panthers
and
Leopards
.
We
haue
shewed
already
how
they
become
tame
,
and
are
vsed
in
hunting
,
The
nature
of
tamed
Panthers
.
vnto
which
discourse
(
somewhat
out
of
the
place
)
I
will
adde
a
true
narration
of
two
Panthers
or
Leopards
nourished
in
France
for
the
king
,
whereof
one
was
of
the
bignesse
of
a
great
Calfe
,
and
the
other
of
a
great
Dogge
,
and
that
on
a
day
the
lesser
was
brought
forth
for
the
King
to
behold
how
tame
and
tractable
he
was
,
and
that
he
would
ride
behinde
his
keeper
vppon
a
cloath
or
pillow
being
tyed
in
a
chaine
:
and
if
a
Hare
had
beene
let
loose
in
his
presence
and
he
turn●d
down
to
her
,
within
a
few
iumpes
or
leapes
he
would
attain
and
take
her
.
When
the
keeper
was
to
take
vp
the
Leopard
againe
,
he
did
come
to
him
backeward
,
least
if
he
should
see
his
face
,
he
should
leape
vpon
him
and
wound
him
,
(
for
as
we
haue
said
they
are
angry
being
chafed
and
are
ready
to
flye
into
the
Hunters
face
)
therefore
he
turneth
his
face
away
from
him
,
and
betwixt
his
Legges
reacheth
him
a
peece
of
bread
or
flesh
,
and
so
he
gently
taketh
him
into
his
chaine
and
callar
againe
,
leading
him
away
to
his
house
,
and
assoone
as
the
man
was
mounted
the
beast
also
knew
his
seate
and
leaped
vp
after
him
.
And
the
same
party
also
related
,
that
when
as
a
Lyon
was
turned
forth
to
a
Bull
,
the
Lyon
very
quietly
without
stirring
lay
downe
and
did
no
harme
,
or
offer
any
violence
or
combate
with
the
Bull
:
but
afterward
when
as
the
two
Leopardes
were
turned
forth
to
the
same
Bull
,
they
instantly
ran
and
tooke
the
Bull
by
the
throate
,
and
without
all
doubt
they
had
strangled
and
pulled
out
his
throate
,
(
had
not
their
keepers
which
had
long
chaines
tyed
about
their
Neckes
in
their
handes
)
restrained
and
pulled
them
off
againe
.
By
this
may
be
coniectured
how
great
is
the
rage
of
the
wild
and
vntamed
Leopards
and
Panthers
,
seeing
the
tame
and
gentle
are
so
cruell
;
and
therefore
the
Lord
in
the
prophets
did
most
wisely
compare
the
siedge
of
the
Assirians
abovt
Ierusalem
to
a
Leopard
,
watching
at
the
gates
of
the
Citty
to
destroy
all
that
came
out
thereat
.
The
taking
of
Panthers
.
Hauing
thus
discoursed
of
the
nature
,
partes
,
kindnesse
,
loue
,
and
hatred
of
these
beastes
in
generall
,
it
now
followeth
to
expresse
the
best
meanes
to
auoide
and
destroy
them
,
that
so
we
may
not
onely
know
our
enimy
but
also
learne
the
way
to
ouermatch
and
curbe
him
.
There
is
a
kind
of
Henbane
which
is
called
Pardalianches
or
Libbard
▪
bane
which
the
inhabitants
of
Pharnacus
,
Dioscorides
and
the
mount
Ida
,
were
wont
to
lay
in
the
Mountaines
for
the
destoying
of
Leopards
,
Pardals
,
and
Panthers
.
This
Hearbe
is
not
much
known
at
this
day
,
yet
I
take
it
to
be
the
same
which
groweth
in
many
places
of
France
and
Sauoy
,
and
it
is
called
Tora
,
by
the
roote
thereof
beaten
to
powder
and
stopped
vp
in
flesh
,
not
only
beastes
,
but
also
Wolues
and
Swine
,
as
wilde
Boares
are
destroyed
if
they
tast
thereof
,
when
the
beast
perceiueth
himselfe
poysoned
,
presently
he
seeketh
for
mans
dung
,
for
without
that
he
cannot
bee
deliuered
;
wherefore
the
Hunters
do
also
place
neere
vnto
it
some
vessell
of
it
hanging
in
a
tree
,
with
the
mouth
or
way
open
that
leadeth
into
it
,
wherinto
the
greedy
beast
leapeth
,
and
being
in
,
cannot
get
forth
againe
,
but
rather
dyeth
with
hunger
,
Pliny
.
Aristotle
or
else
is
taken
and
killed
,
or
else
the
vessell
is
hanged
vp
so
high
that
the
beast
by
strayning
himselfe
to
leape
into
it
and
get
his
desired
medicine
,
(
but
all
in
vaine
)
spendeth
out
the
time
of
his
recouery
til
the
poyson
hath
throughly
corrupted
his
body
,
and
euery
part
and
member
,
for
otherwise
so
great
is
the
life
,
spirit
,
and
stomake
of
this
beast
,
that
he
will
fight
and
not
yeald
to
his
aduersary
,
although
his
guts
and
intrals
hang
about
his
legs
out
of
his
belly
.
Therefore
the
Panthers
of
Hircania
do
more
often
perish
by
poyson
then
by
other
violence
of
Swords
,
Speares
,
or
Dogges
:
for
by
this
poyson
the
beast
many
times
falleth
to
such
a
loosenesse
of
his
belly
,
and
withall
such
a
weakenesse
thereby
,
that
he
is
taken
aliue
.
Likewise
in
Armenia
there
are
certaine
Fishes
which
are
poyson
to
Lyons
,
Beares
,
Wolues
,
Lynces
,
and
Panthers
,
the
powder
of
this
fish
the
inhabitants
put
into
the
sides
and
flesh
of
their
Sheepe
,
Goates
,
and
Kyds
,
without
all
harme
to
these
beastes
,
but
if
the
Panthers
or
any
rauening
beast
come
and
deuoure
any
of
those
sheep
so
dressed
,
presently
they
die
by
poison
.
When
they
are
hunted
and
forced
in
the
presence
of
the
hunters
,
then
they
leape
directly
vnto
their
heades
,
and
therefore
the
hunter
taketh
great
care
both
of
his
standing
and
also
of
holding
his
speare
,
for
if
he
receiue
not
the
Panther
in
his
leape
and
gore
him
to
the
heart
,
or
else
otherwise
wound
him
mortally
,
he
is
gone
,
and
his
life
is
at
an
end
.
Oppianus
also
sheweth
that
he
is
taken
as
Lyons
are
,
especially
by
these
meanes
following
,
for
when
the
hunters
perceiue
the
way
or
path
which
he
vseth
to
his
water
,
therein
they
make
a
deepe
ditch
(
but
not
so
great
as
they
make
for
a
Lyon
)
wherein
they
erect
a
wodden
pillar
or
great
post
,
vnto
that
they
tie
certaine
engins
,
and
withall
a
male
little
Dogge
whose
stones
or
tender
coddes
they
bind
with
some
string
or
cord
,
so
as
the
young
beast
may
whine
and
cry
for
paine
,
by
which
voice
hee
inuiteth
and
calleth
the
Panther
to
his
destruction
:
For
the
greedy
beast
winding
the
voice
of
the
Dogge
,
bestirreth
himselfe
to
meete
with
his
desired
prey
or
booty
;
at
last
finding
the
ditch
and
seeing
the
Dogge
downe
,
he
leapeth
,
where
the
engins
take
present
hold
vpon
him
and
destroy
him
,
and
so
he
describeth
the
same
meanes
to
take
great
fishes
by
the
sight
of
little
Fishes
swimming
in
a
net
.
In
hunting
of
wilde
beasts
the
wary
Wood-man
must
make
good
choice
of
his
horse
,
Oppianus
not
onely
for
the
mettell
and
agility
which
are
very
necessary
,
but
also
for
the
colour
,
as
we
haue
already
expressed
in
the
story
of
the
Horse
:
for
the
gray
Horse
is
fittest
for
the
Beare
,
and
most
terrible
to
him
,
the
yellow
or
fire
colour
against
the
Bore
,
but
the
brown
and
reddish
colour
against
the
Panther
.
The
Moores
also
vse
other
deuises
to
take
Panthers
and
all
such
noysome
beastes
,
they
enclose
in
a
house
in
a
little
house
certaine
rotten
flesh
,
which
by
the
sauour
thereof
when
it
stinketh
,
draweth
the
wilde
Beasts
vnto
it
:
For
they
make
a
dore
,
or
a
gate
of
reedes
vnto
the
said
house
,
through
which
the
filthy
smell
breaketh
out
and
disperseth
it selfe
into
the
wide
aire
;
presently
the
wilde
beastes
take
it
vp
,
and
follow
it
withall
speede
they
can
,
for
there
is
not
any
muske
or
other
sweete
thing
wherewithall
men
are
so
much
delighted
,
as
rauening
beastes
are
with
the
sauour
of
carrion
:
therefore
like
an
amorous
cup
it
draweth
them
to
the
snare
of
perdition
:
for
beside
the
rotten
flesh
,
they
erect
many
engins
and
vnauoidable
traps
,
to
snare
in
the
beast
when
he
commeth
to
rauen
.
The
Christians
of
AFFRICKE
did
institute
a
generall
hunting
of
Leopards
,
inclosing
the
ends
of
the
waies
through
which
the
beastes
were
to
passe
:
The
Leopard
when
he
was
stirred
ranne
too
and
fro
distracted
,
because
in
all
his
passages
he
found
Horse-men
ready
to
resist
him
,
neither
left
they
any
way
for
him
to
escape
:
at
length
wearied
with
many
windinges
,
turninges
,
and
prouocations
,
the
Horse-men
might
easily
come
vnto
him
and
pearce
him
with
their
speares
,
but
if
it
fortuned
that
the
Leopard
escaped
,
and
brake
away
from
the
Hunters
;
then
hee
at
whose
corner
he
brake
forth
,
was
bound
by
ancient
custome
to
make
the
residue
a
dinner
or
banquet
.
Among
the
Chaonians
there
was
a
certaine
young
Noble
man
which
loued
a
Virgin
called
Anthippe
,
the
which
two
louers
were
walking
together
a
good
season
in
a
Wood
;
It
happened
while
they
were
there
,
that
Cichyrus
the
Kings
Sonne
prosecuted
a
Pardall
in
hunting
,
which
was
fled
into
that
Wood
,
and
seeing
him
,
bent
his
arme
against
him
and
cast
his
Dart
:
the
which
Dart
missed
the
marke
and
killed
the
Virgin
Anthippe
,
the
young
Prince
thought
that
hee
had
slaine
the
beast
,
and
therefore
drew
neare
on
Horse-back
to
reioyce
ouer
the
fall
of
the
game
,
according
to
the
maner
of
hunters
;
but
at
his
approch
he
found
it
far
otherwise
,
for
in
stead
of
the
effusion
of
the
bloud
of
a
beast
,
(
that
which
was
more
lamentable
)
his
right
hand
had
shed
the
bloud
of
a
Virgin
:
For
when
he
came
to
them
he
saw
her
dying
and
drawing
her
last
breath
,
and
the
young
man
held
his
hand
in
the
wound
to
stanch
the
bloude
:
for
sorrow
whereof
hee
presently
fell
distracted
in
his
mind
,
and
ran
his
horse
to
the
top
of
a
sharp
rocke
,
from
whence
he
cast
downe
himselfe
headlong
and
so
perished
.
The
Chaonians
after
they
vnderstood
this
feareful
accident
,
and
the
reason
of
it
,
compassed
in
the
place
where
he
fell
with
a
wall
,
and
for
the
honor
of
their
dead
Prince
builded
a
Citty
where
he
lost
his
life
,
and
called
it
Cichyrus
after
his
owne
name
.
Their
loue
of
Wine
.
Leopards
and
Panthers
do
also
loue
Wine
aboue
all
other
drinke
,
and
for
this
cause
both
Bacchus
was
resembled
to
them
,
and
they
dedicated
to
him
:
Bacchum
tauro
assimulant
&
Pardali
,
quod
homines
ebrij
belluarum
istarum
ingenia
referant
,
&
omnia
violenter
agant
,
quidam
enim
iracunda
fiunt
Taurorum
instar
,
&
pugnaces
ferique
vt
Pardales
:
saith
Plato
in
his
second
booke
of
lawes
;
they
resemble
and
compare
Bacchus
to
a
Bull
,
or
Pardall
,
because
drunken
men
in
all
their
actions
do
imitate
the
disposition
of
these
wilde
beasts
,
both
in
their
folly
and
violence
:
For
some
of
them
are
wrathfull
like
Bulles
,
and
some
of
them
wild
apt
to
fight
,
like
Pardals
:
Bac●hus
was
also
called
Nebrides
,
because
he
wore
the
skinne
of
a
hinde-Calfe
,
which
is
spotted
almost
like
a
Panther
:
and
therefore
a
fearefull
man
,
or
a
drunken
,
variable
and
in
constant
man
,
is
said
to
weare
a
skinne
of
diuers
colours
:
but
the
chiefe
cause
why
Panthers
were
dedicated
to
Bacchus
was
for
their
loue
of
Wine
;
for
all
writers
doe
constantly
and
with
one
consent
affirme
,
that
they
drinke
wine
vnto
drunkennesse
:
the
manner
and
end
thereof
is
eligantly
described
by
Oppianus
in
this
sort
:
When
the
inhabitants
of
Lybia
do
obserue
some
little
fountaine
arising
out
of
the
sand
,
and
falling
downe
againe
,
(
as
in
the
manner
of
small
springes
which
can
not
encrease
into
great
riuers
)
whereat
the
Panthers
and
Pardals
vse
to
drinke
early
in
a
morning
,
before
it
be
light
.
After
they
haue
beene
at
their
prey
in
the
night
time
,
the
hunters
come
and
poure
twentie
or
thirtie
pitchers
of
olde
sweete
wine
into
the
saide
fountaine
,
then
a
little
way
from
it
they
lye
downe
and
couer
them selues
with
cloathes
,
or
with
straw
,
for
their
is
no
shelter
either
of
tree
or
bushes
in
that
Countrey
.
In
the
morning
the
Panthers
ardently
thirsting
,
and
being
almost
dead
for
want
of
drinke
,
come
vnto
the
same
fountaine
,
and
tasting
of
the
wine
drinke
thereof
great
aboundance
,
which
presently
falleth
to
worke
vpon
their
braines
,
for
they
begin
first
of
all
to
leape
and
sport
themselues
,
vntill
they
be
well
wearied
,
and
then
they
lye
downe
and
sleepe
most
soundly
,
at
which
time
the
hunters
that
lye
in
waite
for
them
,
come
and
take
them
without
all
feare
or
perill
:
Thus
farre
Oppianus
.
Vse
of
their
parts
.
Concerning
the
vse
of
their
seuerall
partes
I
finde
little
among
the
auncientes
,
except
of
their
skinnes
,
for
the
foote-men
and
auncient
souldiers
of
the
Moores
,
did
not
onely
weare
them
for
garments
,
but
also
sleept
vpon
them
in
the
night
time
.
The
shepheards
of
Ethiopia
called
Agriophagi
doe
eate
the
flesh
of
Lyons
and
Panthers
,
although
it
be
hot
and
dry
.
The
medicines
of
the
Panther
,
or
Leopard
.
Auicenna
If
the
skinne
or
hide
of
a
Leopard
being
taken
and
flead
be
couered
or
laid
vppon
the
ground
,
there
is
such
force
and
vertue
in
the
same
that
any
venemous
or
poison
some
serpentes
dare
not
approch
into
the
same
place
where
it
is
so
laid
.
The
flesh
of
a
Panther
being
roasted
or
boiled
at
the
fire
,
and
smelled
by
any
one
which
is
troubled
with
the
palsie
,
Albertus
or
shaking
in
the
ioyntes
,
as
also
by
them
which
are
troubled
with
the
bearing
and
continuall
mouing
or
turning
of
the
heart
,
is
a
very
profitable
and
excellent
remedy
for
the
same
.
The
same
fat
or
sewet
of
a
Leopard
being
mixed
or
mingled
with
the
Oyle
which
proceedeth
from
the
Bay-tree
,
and
then
mollified
both
together
,
and
so
annointed
vpon
any
one
which
is
troubled
with
the
scurfe
or
Mangy
,
the
scabs
whereof
doth
cut
or
pierce
the
skinne
,
Rasis
doth
presently
and
without
any
griefe
or
paine
cure
the
same
.
The
twigges
of
a
Vine-tree
being
dryed
and
beaten
into
small
dust
or
powder
,
and
mingled
together
with
the
fat
or
grease
of
a
Leopard
,
and
so
annointed
vppon
the
face
of
any
one
who
is
grieued
with
akings
and
swellinges
thereon
,
will
not
onely
cure
and
heale
the
same
without
any
paine
or
sorrow
,
Arcteus
Galen
but
also
preserue
the
same
free
from
blemishes
in
the
time
of
healing
.
The
grease
also
of
a
Leopard
by
it selfe
,
being
annointed
vpon
the
head
of
any
one
who
doth
shead
or
cast
his
haire
or
is
troubled
with
the
Foxes
euill
,
doth
immediately
helpe
and
cure
the
same
.
The
blood
of
a
Panther
being
annointed
vpon
the
vaines
or
sinnewes
of
either
man
or
woman
who
is
grieued
with
any
swelling
or
akings
therein
,
is
very
profitable
and
curable
to
expell
the
same
away
.
The
braines
of
a
Leopard
being
mingled
with
a
little
quantity
of
the
water
which
is
called
a
Canker
,
and
with
a
little
Iasmine
,
and
so
mixed
together
and
then
drunke
,
doth
mittigate
the
paine
or
ach
of
the
belly
.
The
braines
of
the
same
beast
being
mixed
with
the
iuyce
of
a
canker
&
annointed
vpon
the
genital
of
any
man
,
doth
incitate
and
stir
him
vp
to
lechery
,
but
the
marrow
which
commeth
from
this
beast
being
drunke
in
wine
doth
ease
the
paine
or
wringing
of
the
guts
and
the
belly
.
The
gall
of
a
Panther
being
receiued
into
the
body
either
in
meate
or
drinke
,
doth
instantly
and
out
of
hand
kill
or
poyson
him
which
doth
so
receiue
it
.
The
right
stone
of
a
Leopard
being
taken
of
a
woman
of
a
farre
spent
age
,
doth
restore
vnto
her
,
her
menstruall
purgation
being
ceased
,
and
doth
make
her
to
purge
,
if
she
doe
hartely
receiue
hir
meate
more
often
.
OF
THE
POEPHAGVS
.
THere
is
a
beast
in
India
called
Poephagus
,
because
he
feedeth
vpon
hearbes
and
grasse
like
a
Horse
,
whose
quantity
he
doth
exceede
double
,
for
he
is
twice
so
big
,
his
taile
is
most
thicke
and
blacke
,
the
haires
whereof
are
thinner
then
the
haires
of
a
mans
head
:
and
therefore
the
Indian
women
make
great
account
of
them
,
for
with
them
they
binde
vp
their
own
haire
,
platting
it
,
and
folding
it
in
curious
manner
,
euery
haire
is
two
cubites
in
length
,
and
vpon
one
roote
twenty
or
thirty
of
them
grow
togither
:
this
great
beast
is
one
of
the
fearefullest
creatures
in
the
World
;
for
if
he
perceiue
himselfe
to
be
but
looked
at
of
any
body
he
taketh
him
to
his
heeles
as
fast
as
he
can
goe
,
and
yet
although
his
heart
bee
light
his
heeles
be
heauy
,
for
saith
my
Author
,
Magis
studiose
quam
celeriter
fugam
peragit
.
That
is
,
He
hath
a
good
will
to
run
apace
,
but
cannot
performe
it
:
but
if
he
be
followed
vpon
good
swift
Horsses
,
or
with
nimble
Dogges
,
so
as
he
perceiueth
they
are
neare
to
take
him
,
and
he
by
no
meanes
can
auoyde
them
,
then
doth
hee
turne
himselfe
,
hiding
his
taile
,
and
looketh
vppon
the
face
of
the
hunter
with
some
confidence
,
gathering
his
wits
together
,
(
yet
in
fearefull
manner
,
as
it
were
to
face
out
his
pursuer
or
hunter
,
that
he
had
no
taile
,
and
that
the
residue
of
his
body
were
not
worth
looking
after
:
but
while
he
standeth
staring
on
his
hunter
,
another
commeth
behinde
him
and
killeth
him
with
a
speare
,
so
they
take
off
the
skinne
and
the
taile
,
and
throw
away
the
flesh
as
vnprofitable
,
Aelianus
.
for
the
other
recompence
their
labour
for
their
paines
.
Volateranus
relateth
this
a
little
otherwise
,
and
saith
that
the
beast
biteth
off
his
owne
taile
,
and
so
deliuereth
himselfe
from
the
hunter
,
knowing
that
he
is
not
desired
for
any
other
cause
.
Nicolaus
Venetus
an
Earle
,
writing
of
the
furthest
part
or
prouince
of
Asia
,
Aene.
Silui
.
which
hee
calleth
Macinum
,
and
I
thinke
he
meaneth
Serica
,
because
hee
saith
it
lyeth
betwixt
the
Mountaines
of
India
and
Cathay
,
there
are
a
generation
of
white
and
blacke
Oxen
which
haue
Horsses
tailes
,
but
reaching
downe
to
their
heeles
,
and
much
rougher
.
The
haires
whereof
are
as
thinne
as
the
feathers
of
flying
Birds
,
these
he
saith
are
in
great
estimation
,
for
the
Knights
and
Horse-men
of
that
Countrey
doe
weare
them
vpon
the
top
of
their
lances
and
speares
for
a
badge
or
cognisance
of
honor
,
the
which
I
thought
fitte
to
bee
remembred
in
this
place
,
because
I
take
them
to
bee
either
the
same
with
these
Indian
beasts
,
or
very
like
vnto
them
.
The
Porcuspine
or
Porcupine
.
I
Can
not
learne
any
name
for
this
beast
among
the
Hebrewes
,
and
therefore
by
probabilitie
it
was
vnknowne
to
them
:
The
Graecians
call
it
Acanthocoiros
and
Hystrix
,
The
seuerall
names
.
Bellonius
.
that
is
,
sus
setosa
,
a
hairy
,
or
bristly
,
or
thorny
hogge
,
for
their
quils
which
they
beare
vpon
their
backe
,
are
called
both
Pili
,
setae
,
villi
,
pinnae
,
aculei
,
and
spinae
,
that
is
,
both
haires
,
bristles
,
rough-haire
,
pins
,
prickles
,
and
thornes
.
The
Arabians
call
it
Aduldull
,
and
Adualbul
,
adubul
,
adulbus
,
and
some
Aherha
which
by
Auicen
and
his
Glossographer
,
is
defined
to
bee
Montanus
Ericius
habeus
spinas
sagittales
,
Bellonius
an
Hedghogge
of
the
Mountaine
,
hauing
qvils
or
thornes
vppon
his
back
which
he
shooteth
off
at
his
pleasure
.
The
Graecians
at
this
day
call
it
Scan●●charos
which
is
deriued
or
rather
corrupted
of
Acanthocoiros
.
The
Italians
call
him
Porco-spinoso
and
Histrice
or
Istrice
,
without
an
Aspiration
,
the
Spaniardes
Puerco-espin
,
the
French
Porc
espic
,
the
Illirians
Porcospino
,
the
Illirians
Morskaszwijnija
,
imitating
therein
the
Germans
which
call
a
Sea-Hogge
Ein
Meerschwyn
:
The
Germaines
in
some
places
call
it
Taran
,
and
in
other
places
Dornschweyn
,
that
is
a
Thorny-hogge
,
by
a
fained
name
in
imitation
of
other
Nations
,
and
also
Porcopick
following
the
Italians
,
Spaniardes
,
French
,
English
,
and
Illirians
:
I
will
not
stand
to
confute
them
,
who
write
that
this
beast
is
a
Sea-beast
,
and
not
a
beast
of
the
land
,
nor
yet
those
that
make
question
whether
it
be
a
kind
of
Hedghog
or
not
,
for
without
all
controuersie
as
the
Arabians
,
Pliny
,
Albertus
,
Bellunensis
,
and
other
doe
affirme
,
the
vulgar
Hedghog
is
Ericius
Syluestris
,
and
the
Porcupine
Ericius
Montanus
.
These
are
bred
in
INDIA
and
AFFRICKE
,
and
brought
vp
and
downe
in
Europe
to
be
seene
for
mony
:
Likewise
about
the
Citty
Cassem
in
TARTARIA
,
by
the
sight
of
one
of
these
it
appeared
that
it
was
three
foot
long
,
the
mouth
not
vnlike
to
a
Hares
,
but
with
a
longer
slit
or
opening
:
so
also
the
head
of
the
same
similitude
:
the
eares
like
to
the
eares
of
a
man
:
The
forefeete
were
like
the
feete
of
a
Badger
,
and
the
hinderfeete
like
the
feete
of
a
Beare
,
it
hath
a
mane
standing
vp
in
the
vpper
part
right
or
direct
,
but
hollow
or
bending
before
:
Vpon
the
bunches
of
his
lips
on
either
side
of
his
mouth
,
their
groweth
forth
long
blacke
bristles
.
The
quils
&
speares
.
The
generall
proportion
of
his
body
is
like
a
Swines
,
and
they
neuer
exceede
the
stature
of
a
Swine
of
halfe
a
yeare
old
.
The
foure
for
most
teeth
hang
ouer
his
lips
,
and
that
which
is
most
admirable
in
him
,
the
quils
or
thornes
growing
vpon
his
backe
in
stead
of
haire
,
he
vseth
for
hands
,
armes
,
and
weapons
.
They
first
grow
out
of
his
backe
and
sides
,
which
are
of
two
colours
,
that
is
partly
black
and
partly
white
,
which
whensoeuer
he
pleaseth
,
he
mooueth
to
and
fro
like
as
a
Peacocke
doth
his
taile
:
they
grow
in
length
two
,
three
,
or
foure
hands
breadths
,
they
stand
not
in
any
confused
order
of
colours
,
but
in
well
formed
and
distinguished
rankes
,
being
sharp
at
the
points
like
a
knife
:
When
they
are
hunted
the
beast
stretcheth
his
skin
,
and
casteth
them
off
,
one
or
two
at
a
time
,
according
to
necessity
vpon
the
mouths
of
the
Dogs
,
or
Legs
of
the
Hunters
that
follow
her
,
with
such
violence
that
many
times
they
stick
into
trees
&
woods
wherfore
Solinus
writeth
thus
,
and
also
Paulus
Venetus
:
Cum
capiuntur
,
spinis
suis
sape
homines
,
&
canes
ledunt
:
nam
canes
in
eos
prouocati
adeo
irritant
fer
as
illas
vt
simul
concurrentes
terga
sua
,
quibus
spinae
innituntur
vehe●enter
commoueant
,
atque
inuiciniores
homines
,
&
canes
vibrent
.
That
is
to
say
,
When
they
are
taken
they
many
times
hurt
both
Dogs
and
men
,
for
when
the
Dogges
being
prouoked
by
them
,
runne
vpon
the
backes
which
beare
the
quils
,
they
are
so
far
stirred
,
that
they
cast
them
off
vpon
al
that
stand
near
them
,
and
therefore
they
sight
flying
.
In
my
opinion
for
cold
rather
then
for
any
other
reason
,
although
there
be
some
that
affirme
it
lyeth
hid
in
the
Summer
time
,
and
commeth
abroad
in
the
Winter
time
,
contrary
to
the
course
of
all
other
beasts
,
and
therefore
such
a
paradox
doth
want
the
testimony
of
some
credible
writers
,
which
should
affirme
it
vpon
their
owne
experience
,
or
else
it
were
requisite
to
bring
sufficient
reasons
to
lead
their
Readers
to
beleeue
it
,
but
neither
of
both
is
discharged
by
them
and
therefore
it
is
safer
for
vs
to
follow
Aristotle
and
Pliny
,
who
hold
the
first
opinion
,
then
Albertus
and
Agricola
who
encline
to
the
later
.
In
all
other
things
both
of
their
lying
hid
,
of
their
procreation
,
of
the
comming
out
of
their
caue
and
nourishing
their
yoong
ones
,
they
imitate
the
manners
and
conditions
of
Beares
.
Concerning
the
vse
of
their
parts
I
find
none
but
onely
of
their
quils
,
for
with
them
it
is
said
if
men
scrape
their
teeth
they
will
neuer
be
loose
,
likewise
women
were
wont
in
auncient
time
to
vse
them
for
parting
asunder
their
haire
in
the
toppe
of
their
crownes
.
The
vse
of
the
flesh
and
other
parts
.
The
flesh
of
this
beast
is
like
a
hedg-hogs
,
neither
very
naturall
for
meate
and
nourishment
,
nor
yet
very
medicinable
:
yet
it
is
said
to
helpe
a
weake
and
ouerburthened
stomacke
,
to
procure
loosenesse
of
the
belly
,
and
to
diminish
all
leprosies
and
scabbed
exulcerations
and
pustles
:
Being
salted
it
is
good
against
the
dropsie
,
and
also
very
profitable
as
Platina
writeth
to
be
eaten
by
them
,
that
cannot
containe
vrine
in
their
beds
:
yet
the
Graecians
attribute
no
such
qualitie
vnto
this
,
but
to
helpe
the
stomacke
and
loosen
the
belly
they
attribute
to
the
sea-hogge
,
and
against
the
leprosie
scabs
,
and
incontinencie
of
vrine
to
the
hedg-hog
,
but
peraduenture
the
saying
of
Pliny
(
Quae
de
Herniaceis
dicuntur
omnia
tanto
magis
valebunt
in
Histrice
)
leadeth
them
to
attribute
these
things
to
the
Porcuspine
.
The
powder
of
their
quils
burnt
,
drunk
or
eaten
in
meats
or
broth
do
promote
and
helpe
conception
:
Thus
saith
Auicen
,
and
herewithall
I
conclude
this
short
discourse
of
the
Hedg-hogge
.
Of
the
Raeyner
,
or
Rainger
.
THis
beast
is
called
by
the
Latines
Rangifer
,
by
the
Germains
Rein
,
Reiner
,
Raineger
,
Reinssthier
,
by
the
French
Raingier
,
and
Ranglier
,
and
the
later
Latins
call
it
Reingus
.
It
is
a
beast
altogither
vnknowne
to
the
auncient
Graecians
and
Latins
,
Of
the
seuerall
names
.
except
the
Machlis
that
Pliny
speaketh
of
be
it
:
but
we
haue
shewd
already
in
the
story
of
the
Elk
,
that
Alces
and
Machlis
are
all
one
.
This
beast
was
first
of
all
discouered
by
Olaus
Magnus
in
this
Northerne
part
of
the
world
,
towardes
the
poale
Artique
,
as
in
Norwa●
,
Swetia
,
and
Scandinauia
,
at
the
first
sight
whereof
he
called
it
Raingifer
,
quasi
Ramifer
because
he
beareth
hornes
on
his
head
like
the
boughes
of
a
tree
.
The
similitude
of
this
beast
is
much
like
to
a
Hart
,
but
it
is
much
bigger
,
stronger
,
and
swifter
.
It
beareth
3.
orders
or
rowes
of
hornes
on
the
head
,
as
by
the
direction
of
Valentinus
Grauius
,
and
Benedictus
Martinus
are
heere
expressed
.
This
beast
chaungeth
his
colour
,
according
to
the
time
of
the
yeare
,
and
also
acording
to
the
quality
of
the
place
wherein
he
feedeth
,
which
appeareth
by
this
,
because
some
of
them
are
found
to
be
of
the
colour
of
Asses
,
and
shortly
after
to
be
like
Hartes
.
Their
breast
is
ful
of
long
bristles
,
The
colour
and
seuerall
parts
.
being
rough
and
riged
through
the
same
.
The
legges
hairy
,
and
the
hooves
hollow
,
clouen
,
and
moouable
,
which
in
his
course
he
spreadeth
abroade
vppon
the
deepest
snowes
,
without
pressing
his
footsteppes
farre
into
them
:
and
by
his
admirable
celerity
he
auoideth
all
the
wilde
beasts
which
in
the
vallies
lie
in
waight
to
destroy
him
.
He
beareth
very
high
and
lofty
horns
,
which
presently
from
the
root
branch
forth
into
two
stems
or
pikes
,
I
meane
both
the
hornes
seuerally
into
two
,
which
again
at
the
top
disperce
themselues
into
pikes
like
the
fingers
of
ones
hand
;
In
the
middle
of
the
hornes
there
is
a
little
branch
standeth
out
like
a
knobbe
,
or
as
a
huckle
in
the
hinder
part
of
a
beasts
legge
,
from
thence
againe
they
ascend
vpwards
a
great
heighth
,
and
doe
grow
broad
at
the
toppe
,
where
they
are
diuided
like
the
palme
of
a
hand
.
The
hornes
are
white
,
distinguished
with
long
apparant
vaines
,
differing
both
from
the
hornes
of
Elks
,
and
the
horns
of
Harts
,
from
Elks
in
heighth
,
and
from
Harts
in
bredth
and
from
them
both
in
colour
and
multitude
of
braunches
:
When
he
runneth
he
layeth
them
on
his
backe
,
for
when
he
stands
stil
,
the
lowest
braunches
comming
foorth
of
the
roots
of
the
hornes
,
do
almost
couer
his
face
with
these
lower
braunches
.
Their
cartes
which
they
draw
must
be
made
with
a
sharp
edge
at
the
bottome
like
a
boat
or
ship
as
we
haue
said
already
,
for
they
are
not
drawne
vpon
wheeles
,
but
like
draies
and
sleads
vpon
the
earth
.
There
was
a
Laponian
which
brought
one
of
these
into
Germany
in
December
,
and
he
professeth
he
neuer
felt
so
much
heat
of
the
Sun
in
al
his
life
as
hee
did
at
that
time
,
which
is
our
coldest
time
in
the
yeare
,
and
therefore
how
great
is
the
cold
which
both
men
and
beasts
endure
in
that
country
.
The
hornes
of
these
beastes
are
to
be
seene
both
in
BERNE
and
at
AVSPVRGE
in
GERMANY
;
the
feet
are
somewhat
white
,
being
rounder
then
a
Harts
feete
,
and
more
clouen
or
deuided
,
wherefore
at
sometimes
one
part
of
his
hoofe
may
be
seene
vppon
a
stone
,
while
the
other
part
resteth
vpon
the
earth
,
and
in
the
vper
part
of
the
hoof
where
it
beginneth
to
be
clouen
neare
the
legge
,
there
is
a
certaine
thicke
skin
or
membraine
,
by
vertue
whereof
the
foote
may
be
stretched
in
the
diuision
without
harme
or
paine
to
the
beast
.
The
king
of
SWETIA
had
ten
of
them
nourished
at
LAPPA
,
which
he
caused
euery
day
to
be
driuen
vnto
the
mountaines
into
the
colde
ayre
,
for
they
were
not
able
to
endure
the
heat
.
The
mouth
of
this
beast
is
like
the
mouth
of
a
cow
,
they
many
times
come
out
of
Laponia
into
Swetia
,
where
they
are
wonderfuly
anoied
with
wolus
,
but
they
gather
themselues
togither
in
a
ring
,
and
so
fight
against
their
enimies
with
their
hornes
.
They
are
also
in
their
owne
naturall
countrey
annoyed
with
Gulons
,
and
generally
all
beastes
that
liue
vppon
the
spoile
of
flesh
,
are
enemies
vnto
them
,
and
desire
to
destroy
and
eate
them
.
In
their
pace
,
both
slow
and
speedie
,
the
Articles
of
their
legs
make
a
noise
like
the
craking
of
Nuts
.
Their
was
one
of
these
beasts
giuen
vnto
the
Duke
of
Saxony
in
the
year
of
our
Lord
1561.
In
Scandiuania
they
vse
them
for
the
carriadge
of
mettels
,
drawing
of
Chariots
and
riding
,
and
the
nerues
of
them
when
they
are
dead
make
bows
,
and
for
want
of
nailes
,
they
do
fasten
plankes
and
boords
togither
.
OF
THE
RHINOCEROS
.
WE
are
now
to
discourse
of
the
second
wonder
in
nature
,
namely
of
a
beast
euery
way
admirable
,
both
for
the
outward
shape
,
quantity
,
and
greatnesse
,
A
praeface
to
the
succeeding
story
.
and
also
for
the
inward
courage
,
disposition
,
and
mildnes
.
For
as
the
Elephant
was
the
first
wonder
,
of
whom
we
haue
already
discoursed
,
so
this
beast
next
vnto
the
Elephant
filleth
vp
the
number
,
being
euery
way
as
admirable
as
he
,
if
he
doe
not
exceede
him
,
except
in
quantity
of
height
of
stature
;
And
being
now
come
to
the
story
of
this
beast
,
I
am
hartily
sorry
,
that
so
strange
an
outside
,
as
by
the
figure
you
may
perceiue
,
yealding
no
doubt
through
the
omnipotent
power
of
the
creator
,
an
answerable
inside
,
and
infinite
testimonies
of
worthy
and
memorable
vertues
comprized
in
it
,
should
through
the
ignorance
of
men
,
lye
vnfoulded
and
obscured
before
the
Readers
eyes
:
for
he
that
shall
but
see
our
stories
of
the
Apes
,
of
the
Dogs
,
of
the
Mice
,
&
of
other
small
beasts
,
and
consider
how
larg
a
treatise
we
haue
collected
together
out
of
many
writers
,
for
the
illustration
of
their
natures
and
vulgar
conditions
,
he
cannot
chuse
but
expect
some
rare
and
strange
matters
,
as
much
vnknowne
to
his
minde
about
the
storie
of
this
Rhinoceros
,
as
the
outward
shape
and
picture
of
him
,
appeareth
rare
and
admirable
to
his
eies
:
differing
in
euery
part
from
all
other
beasts
,
from
the
top
of
his
nose
to
the
tip
of
his
taile
,
the
eares
and
eies
excepted
,
which
are
like
Beares
.
But
gentle
Reader
as
thou
art
a
man
,
so
thou
must
consider
since
Adam
went
out
of
Paradice
,
ther
was
neuer
any
that
was
able
perfectly
to
describe
the
vniuersall
conditions
of
all
sorts
of
beasts
,
and
it
hath
bin
the
counsell
of
the
almighty
himselfe
,
for
the
instruction
of
man
,
concerning
his
fall
and
naturall
weakenesse
,
to
keep
him
from
the
knowledge
of
many
deuine
things
,
and
also
humane
,
which
is
of
birds
and
beasts
,
Fishes
and
foule
,
that
so
he
might
learne
,
the
difference
betwixt
his
generation
,
&
his
degeneration
,
and
consider
how
great
a
losse
vnto
him
was
his
fall
in
Paradice
;
who
before
that
time
knew
both
God
himselfe
and
al
creatures
,
but
since
that
time
neither
knoweth
God
as
he
should
know
him
,
nor
himselfe
as
he
shall
know
it
,
nor
the
creatures
as
hee
did
know
then
.
But
for
my
part
which
write
the
English
story
,
I
acknowledge
that
no
man
must
looke
for
that
at
my
hands
,
which
I
haue
not
receiued
from
some
other
:
for
I
would
bee
vnwilling
to
write
any
thing
vntrue
,
or
vncertaine
out
of
mine
owne
inuention
;
and
truth
on
euery
part
is
so
deare
vnto
mee
,
that
I
will
not
lie
to
bring
any
man
in
loue
and
admiration
with
God
and
his
works
,
for
God
needeth
not
the
lies
of
men
:
To
conclude
therfore
this
Praeface
,
as
the
beast
is
strange
and
neuer
seene
in
our
countrey
,
so
my
eye-sight
cannot
adde
any
thing
to
the
description
:
therefore
harken
vnto
that
which
I
haue
obserued
out
of
other
writers
.
Concerning
the
name
of
this
beast
,
the
Graecians
because
of
the
horne
in
his
Nose
call
him
Rhinoceros
,
that
is
a
Nose-horned-beast
,
and
the
Latins
also
haue
not
altered
that
inuention
,
.
for
although
there
be
many
beastes
that
haue
but
one
horne
,
yet
is
there
none
that
haue
that
one
horne
growing
out
at
their
Nose
but
this
alone
:
All
the
residue
haue
the
horne
growing
out
at
their
foreheads
.
There
be
some
that
haue
taken
this
Rhinoceros
,
for
the
Monoceros
the
Vnicorne
,
because
of
this
one
horne
,
but
they
are
deceiued
,
taking
the
generall
for
the
speciall
which
is
a
note
of
ignorance
in
them
,
and
occasion
of
●rr●ur
vnto
others
;
yet
it
is
better
to
take
the
Rhinoceros
for
the
Monoceros
,
because
there
is
nothing
in
the
speciall
which
is
not
contained
in
the
generall
,
according
to
the
maxime
of
Logicke
:
Nihil
est
qui
specie
,
quod
non
prius
fuit
in
genere
:
And
yet
that
is
also
absurd
,
considering
that
Monoceros
is
not
onely
a
word
of
generality
for
all
one-horned-beastes
,
but
of
particularity
a
name
for
the
Vnicorne
,
whereby
is
ment
the
Indian-Asse
,
as
we
shall
shew
in
the
story
of
the
Vnicorne
.
This
beast
in
the
Haebrew
is
thought
to
be
called
Reem
,
or
and
Karas
,
and
therefore
Munster
so
translateth
it
.
Deutro.
33.
Tauri
decor
eius
,
cornua
Rhinocerotis
,
cornua
eius
in
eis
ventilabit
nationes
ad
summum
vsque
terrae
.
His
beauty
is
like
the
beauty
of
a
Bull
,
and
his
hornes
like
the
hornes
of
a
Rhinocerot
,
with
the
which
he
shall
winnow
the
nations
to
the
tops
of
the
hils
.
And
Tertullian
writing
against
the
heretique
Praxeas
,
doth
so
translate
it
.
If
a
man
compare
together
the
Greeke
word
Rhinoceros
,
and
Reem
,
and
Karas
,
or
Rimna
and
Karas
,
hee
will
easily
thinke
that
either
the
Graecians
haue
ioyned
together
the
two
Haebrew
wordes
,
as
Rhinoceros
quasi
Reem
Karas
,
or
Rimna
Karas
,
or
else
the
Haebrewes
haue
parted
asunder
the
Greeke
word
,
for
Reem
and
Rimna
may
very
well
come
of
Rhino
,
and
Karas
of
Keros
,
yet
heerein
I
leaue
the
Readers
to
their
owne
iudgment
.
The
Indians
cal
this
beast
in
their
tongue
,
Oppianus
.
The
quantity
and
seuerall
parts
.
Scandabenamet
,
as
Festus
writeth
,
but
wee
will
leaue
the
name
and
come
to
the
description
of
it
.
In
quantity
it
is
not
much
bigger
then
an
Orix
:
Pliny
maketh
it
equall
in
length
to
an
Elephant
,
and
some
make
it
longer
then
an
Elephant
,
but
withall
they
say
it
is
lower
,
and
hath
shorter
Legges
.
Strabo
in
his
16.
booke
speaking
of
the
Ethiopian
Region
,
neare
India
,
calleth
these
Rhinocerots
Aethiopian
Buls
,
and
saith
that
they
are
bred
onely
in
that
Country
,
and
by
the
relation
of
Artemidorus
he
writeth
thus
:
Outoi
de
micron
apoleypont●●
ton
elephantoon
oi
rinokerotes
,
osper
Artemidoros
phesi
,
epi
seirau
,
to
mekei
,
kai
per
eorakenai
phesas
an
Alexandria
,
alla
schedon
ti
osoon
to
vpsei
apogetou
aph'emoon
oruthentos
,
&c.
That
is
to
say
,
The
Rhinocerotes
are
exceeded
by
the
Elephantes
in
length
,
but
in
hight
they
almost
equall
them
,
(
as
Artemidorus
said
)
he
saw
by
one
that
was
at
Alexandria
,
and
the
colour
thereof
was
not
like
a
Box-tree
,
but
rather
like
an
Elephantes
,
his
quantity
▪
greater
then
a
Buls
,
or
as
the
greatest
Bvll
,
but
his
outward
forme
and
proportion
like
a
wilde
Boares
,
especiallye
in
his
mouth
,
except
that
out
of
his
Nose
groweth
a
horne
,
harder
then
any
bones
,
which
he
vseth
in
stead
of
armes
,
euen
as
a
Boare
doth
his
teeth
;
hee
hath
also
two
girdles
vpon
his
body
like
the
wings
of
a
Dragon
,
comming
from
his
backe
downe
to
his
belly
,
one
toward
his
necke
or
mane
,
and
the
other
toward
his
loines
and
hinder
parts
.
Thus
far
Strabo
.
Whereunto
we
may
adde
the
description
of
other
parts
out
of
Oppianus
,
Pliny
,
and
Solinus
.
His
colour
like
rinde
or
barke
of
a
boxe-tree
,
(
which
doth
not
differ
much
from
and
Elephant
)
and
on
his
forehead
there
grow
haires
which
seeme
a
little
red
,
and
his
back
i●
distinguished
with
certaine
purple
spots
vpon
a
yellow
ground
.
The
skinne
is
so
firme
and
hard
,
that
no
Dart
is
able
to
pierce
it
,
and
vppon
it
appeare
many
deuisions
,
like
the
shelles
of
a
Tortaeise
set
ouer
with
skales
,
hauing
no
haire
vppon
the
backe
.
In
like
manner
,
the
Legs
are
scaled
downe
to
the
hooues
which
are
parted
into
foure
distinct
clawes
,
vpon
his
nose
their
groweth
a
hard
and
sharp
horne
,
crooking
a
little
towards
the
crowne
of
his
head
,
but
not
so
high
:
flat
and
not
round
,
so
sharp
and
strong
,
Vt
quicquid
impetieret
,
aut
ve●●ilet
,
aut
perforet
,
&
ferrum
etiam
&
saxa
transigat
:
saith
Oppianus
&
Aelianus
▪
that
is
,
whatsoeuer
it
is
set
to
,
either
it
casteth
it
vp
into
the
aire
,
or
else
boreth
it
through
though
it
be
Iron
or
stones
.
Eucherius
saith
that
the
Rhinorerot
hath
two
hornes
in
his
nose
,
but
that
is
vtterly
false
,
as
you
may
see
by
the
picture
:
Although
Martiall
seeme
to
expresse
so
much
in
these
verses
;
Namque
grauem
cornu
gemino
sic
extulit
vrsum
Iactat
vt
impositas
Taurus
in
astra
pilas
.
The
Rhinocerot
cast
vp
a
Beare
into
the
aire
,
euen
as
a
Bull
would
do
a
ball
which
were
layd
vpon
his
two
hornes
:
we
shall
not
neede
to
apply
Gemino
cornu
to
the
Bull
,
as
Politianus
doth
,
but
rather
take
it
figuratiuely
for
a
strong
horne
,
and
if
it
must
needs
be
litterall
,
it
is
apparant
by
the
picture
that
there
is
another
little
horne
,
not
vpon
the
nose
,
but
vppon
the
wither
of
the
beast
,
I
meane
the
top
of
his
shoulder
next
to
his
●ecke
,
so
that
the
error
of
Eucherius
lyeth
not
in
the
number
,
but
in
the
place
,
and
that
it
may
appeare
that
this
horne
is
not
a
fained
thing
,
Pausanius
aboue
two
thousand
yeare
ago
writeth
thus
;
Rhinoceroti
in
summo
naso
cornu
singulare
est
,
&
aliud
supra
ipsum
non
magnum
in
capite
nullum
.
I
do
maruaile
how
it
came
to
passe
that
men
which
can
mocke
and
deride
others
cunningly
should
be
called
prouerbially
Nasuti
homines
,
except
the
prouerbe
were
taken
from
the
Rhinoceros
,
who
by
reason
of
his
crooked
horne
is
said
to
haue
a
crooked
nose
;
for
indeede
a
deformed
nose
is
more
subiect
to
derision
then
any
other
part
or
member
of
the
body
,
which
caused
Martiall
to
write
thus
:
Maiores
nunquam
rhonchi
iuvenesque
senesque
,
Et
pueri
nasum
Rhinocerotis
habent
.
And
thereupon
Horace
also
saith
thus
:
Naso
suspendis
adunco
.
Oppianus
saith
,
that
there
was
neuer
yet
any
destinction
of
sexes
in
these
Rhinocerotes
:
for
all
that
euer
were
found
were
males
and
not
females
,
but
from
hence
let
no
body
gather
that
there
are
no
females
,
for
it
were
impossible
that
the
breede
should
continue
without
females
,
and
therfore
Plinius
and
Solinus
say
,
that
they
engender
or
admit
copulation
like
Elephants
,
Camels
,
and
Lyons
.
When
they
are
to
fight
they
whet
their
horne
vpon
a
stone
,
and
there
is
not
only
a
discord
betwixt
these
beasts
and
Elephants
for
their
food
,
but
a
naturall
description
and
enmity
:
for
it
is
confidently
affirmed
,
that
when
the
Rhinocerot
which
was
at
Lisborne
,
was
brought
into
the
presence
of
an
Elephant
,
the
Elephant
ran
away
from
him
.
How
and
in
what
place
he
ouercommeth
the
Elephant
we
haue
shewed
already
in
his
story
,
namely
,
how
he
fastneth
his
horne
in
the
soft
part
of
the
Elephantes
belly
.
Hee
is
taken
by
the
same
meanes
that
the
Vnicorne
is
taken
,
for
it
is
said
by
Albertus
,
Isidorus
,
and
Alunnus
,
that
aboue
all
other
creatures
they
loue
Virgins
,
and
that
vnto
them
they
will
come
be
they
neuer
so
wilde
,
and
fall
a
sleepe
before
them
,
so
being
asleepe
they
are
easily
taken
and
carried
away
.
All
the
later
Physitians
do
attribute
the
vertue
of
the
Vnicorns
horne
to
the
Rhinocerots
horn
,
but
they
are
deceiued
by
imitation
of
Isidorus
and
Albertus
:
for
there
is
none
of
the
auncient
Graecians
that
haue
euer
obserued
any
medicines
in
the
Rhinocerot
.
The
Indians
make
bottels
of
their
skins
,
wherein
they
put
their
Lycion
,
or
succum
medicatum
,
and
therefore
I
wil
conclude
this
story
,
with
the
riddle
of
Fraunciscus
niger
made
vpon
the
excellency
of
the
horne
that
groweth
vpon
the
nose
.
Dic
mihi
quae
superis
sint
acceptissima
dona
,
Whereunto
the
answer
is
made
in
the
next
verse
:
Principium
nasi
Rhinocerotis
amant
.
OF
THE
SHEEPE
.
THe
Haebrewes
haue
diuers
names
,
whereby
they
signifie
a
sheep
,
&
al
that
kind
,
as
Zon
,
and
Zoneth
,
for
which
the
Septuagints
do
alwaies
render
Probata
,
The
seueral
names
.
sheep
or
little
cattle
.
The
Arabians
Genas
.
The
Chaldeans
Ana.
The
Persians
Gospand
,
also
Rachel
in
Haebrew
:
the
plurall
whereof
is
Rechelim
which
signifieth
sheepe
:
Kebesch
,
and
Kabsa
,
or
Kibsa
,
Esay
53.
Tahel
,
Neelamah
,
that
is
a
dombe
sheep
,
where
the
Hebrewes
haue
Rachel
,
there
the
Chaldes
translate
Rachlak
.
The
Arabians
Akalak
.
The
Persians
Chomeschan
thu
.
Kebes
and
Kibsa
signifie
a
Sheepe
,
male
and
female
vnder
a
year
old
,
and
Aijl
,
and
Eel
for
a
sheep
aboue
a
year
old
male
&
female
.
In
Leuit.
22.
the
Chalde
translateth
for
Kebij
,
Imar.
The
Arabians
Egel
:
The
Persians
Bara
,
and
Keseb
in
Haebrew
is
the
same
that
Kebesch
.
Seh
also
signifieth
a
sheep
,
although
it
be
sometime
taken
for
a
Lamb
or
Kid.
Likewise
Thalch
and
Theleh
Esa.
40.
signifieth
a
Lambe
that
sucketh
.
And
Epiphanius
writeth
,
that
by
the
same
word
the
Haebrew
Astronomers
signified
the
signe
Aries
in
the
Zodiacke
.
The
Sarazens
at
this
day
call
a
sheep
Ganeme
,
and
cattle
Garien
,
and
the
dung
of
cattle
Hara
Garien
.
The
Graecians
call
a
sheepe
Oijs
,
and
Probaton
,
the
Latins
Ouis
,
and
by
excellency
Pecus
,
the
Italians
Pecora
,
the
French
Brebis
,
the
Spaniards
Oueia
,
the
Germans
Schaff
,
the
Illirians
Owcze
,
or
Skop.
These
and
such
like
I
might
adde
more
concerning
the
names
of
this
beast
,
and
the
aboundance
of
the
names
thereof
in
the
Haebrew
tongue
,
is
a
notable
testimony
of
the
singular
account
which
God
himselfe
made
of
this
beast
.
The
Latins
haue
so
honored
it
that
after
it
they
haue
named
many
of
their
children
,
&
stories
make
mention
of
most
noble
and
gallant
men
,
so
called
.
Such
was
Ouinius
Camillus
,
Seuerus
Ouinius
,
Fabius
Maximus
Ouiculus
,
Oilycus
,
Oileus
Aiax
,
Oie
,
the
wife
of
Charhippus
,
and
many
such
other
,
if
it
were
necessary
to
this
story
to
relate
them
,
but
I
will
not
trouble
the
Reader
with
any
such
vnnecessary
circumstances
.
I
wil
therfore
first
of
al
begin
with
a
relation
of
the
sheep
of
other
countries
,
The
description
of
diuers
kids
of
sheep
according
to
their
country
Strabo
.
&
so
in
the
end
make
a
more
particular
discouery
of
our
own
at
home
.
For
the
difference
of
regions
do
very
much
enlighten
the
discription
or
history
of
sheep
.
It
is
reported
that
about
Erythrea
,
one
of
the
Islands
of
the
Gades
,
there
is
such
aboundance
of
good
pasture
and
hearbs
so
grateful
to
sheep
,
that
if
they
be
not
let
blood
once
in
thirty
daies
,
they
perish
by
suffocation
,
and
that
the
milke
of
those
sheep
yeeldeth
no
whay
,
wherewithall
they
make
aboundance
of
cheese
,
although
they
poure
water
into
it
.
The
herbage
of
that
Island
is
dry
,
&
yet
profitable
to
catle
and
milch
beasts
,
and
from
thence
came
the
originall
of
the
fat
cattle
of
Geryon
.
The
sheepe
of
Graecia
are
lesser
then
the
sheep
of
Egypt
,
and
the
Oues
Pirrhicae
,
were
like
Boues
Pirrhicae
,
namely
,
of
exceeding
stature
,
which
name
was
deryued
from
Pyrrhus
their
maister
and
owner
.
Among
the
Psillians
in
India
,
their
Rams
are
no
greater
then
our
Lambs
,
and
Aechylides
in
his
books
of
husbandry
affirmeth
,
that
the
sheepe
of
the
Isle
Chius
,
are
very
small
,
and
yet
their
Milke
maketh
very
lawdable
cheese
.
In
Spain
their
best
sheep
haue
black
fleeces
:
at
Polentia
near
the
Alpes
they
are
gray
or
hony-wolled
in
Asia
and
Boetica
,
called
Erythrea
,
they
are
red
like
Foxes
,
and
from
thence
came
the
tearme
of
Erythreae
Oues
.
At
Canusium
the
sheepe
are
yellow
,
or
Lion
tauny
,
and
so
also
at
Tarentum
.
Istria
and
Liburnia
,
yeald
sheep
hauing
wooll
which
is
so
course
and
rough
,
that
it
may
rather
seeme
to
be
haire
then
wooll
,
and
therefore
neuer
fit
for
fine
garmentes
,
nor
for
any
other
vse
,
except
by
the
singular
art
of
spinning
in
Portugal
.
And
the
like
to
this
is
the
wooll
of
the
sheep
of
Piscenae
,
and
in
Egypt
,
of
which
latter
it
is
said
,
that
if
it
be
dyed
againe
after
it
is
thred-bare
,
it
will
endure
almost
for
euer
.
For
the
ancientes
(
as
Homer
writeth
)
had
the
vse
heereof
(
although
the
thread
were
rough
)
in
their
workes
of
Tapistry
,
and
this
was
dressed
diuers
waies
,
for
the
French
in
Europe
dresse
it
one
way
,
and
the
Parthians
in
Asia
another
way
.
The
sheep
of
Apulia
gaue
the
name
to
Lana
Italica
,
for
excellent
wooll
,
and
yet
was
it
short
and
course
,
good
for
nothing
but
for
clokes
to
ride
in
,
and
weare
in
rainy
weather●
vnto
these
I
may
adde
the
Calabrian
,
Milesian
,
and
Arentinean
sheepe
,
yet
in
the
dayes
of
Varro
they
couered
their
sheepe
with
other
skins
to
keepe
the
Wooll
both
from
losse
,
and
other
infection
,
so
that
it
might
be
the
better
washed
,
dyed
,
and
prepared
,
for
these
were
nourished
most
of
all
in
houses
.
The
French
Sheep
about
Altinas
,
and
also
those
that
are
scabbed
or
folded
in
the
plain
and
barren
fields
of
Parma
&
Mutina
.
The
sheep
of
Heluetia
feed
in
the
tops
of
the
Mountaines
,
whiles
the
Goates
keepe
beneath
among
the
trees
and
gather
fruits
on
the
sides
of
the
hils
.
The
Flemmish
sheep
haue
a
soft
and
curled
haire
.
There
be
in
generall
two
kinds
of
Sheep
,
one
called
Tectum
,
the
other
Colonicum
,
as
if
you
would
say
house-sheep
,
and
field-sheep
,
for
the
Graecian
sheep
which
before
we
haue
called
Tarentinae
,
and
were
also
called
Terintinae
,
because
of
their
soft
wool
liued
in
houses
,
and
they
were
also
called
Pellitae
,
but
the
field-sheepe
hauing
by
nature
a
greater
,
courser
,
and
rougher
haire
,
are
suffered
to
lodge
abroad
in
the
fieldes
.
Likewise
the
sheepe
of
Myletum
and
Attica
,
and
the
region
Gadilonea
,
reaching
to
Armenia
,
haue
very
soft
and
gentle
wooll
,
which
thing
sildome
commeth
to
passe
in
Pontus
or
Capadocia
.
In
Scotland
also
in
a
place
thereof
,
called
by
Hector
Boethius
Buthuguhania
are
great
store
of
sheepe
,
bearing
good
wooll
,
from
whence
almost
all
that
country
fetch
their
breed
.
The
Sheepe
of
Ethiopia
beare
no
wooll
at
all
,
but
in
stead
thereof
their
haire
is
rough
like
Camels
haire
.
Amongest
the
Abidene
,
and
the
Beudiani
,
both
Aelianus
and
Nicomachus
the
Sonne
of
Aristotle
do
testifie
,
that
all
their
sheepe
are
blacke
,
and
that
there
was
neuer
white
sheepe
bred
in
those
Countries
.
In
Gortynis
their
Sheepe
are
red
and
haue
foure
hornes
:
In
the
fortunate
Islands
of
the
red-sea
all
their
Sheepe
are
white
,
and
none
of
them
haue
crooked
hornes
.
In
Beotia
there
are
foure
Riuers
which
worke
strange
effects
vpon
Sheepe
after
they
drinke
of
them
;
namely
,
Melas
,
Cephisus
,
Penius
,
and
Xanthus
.
The
Sheep
drinking
of
Melas
and
Penius
grow
black
,
of
Cephisus
white
,
and
yet
Pliny
saith
,
that
this
Riuer
commeth
forth
from
the
same
fountaine
that
Melas
doth
.
They
which
drinke
of
Xanthus
grow
red
:
I
might
adde
hereunto
another
speciall
obseruation
of
difference
betwixt
the
Sheepe
of
Pontus
and
Naxus
,
for
in
Pontus
they
haue
no
gaule
,
and
in
Naxus
they
haue
two
gaules
.
In
some
parts
of
India
their
Sheepe
and
Goates
are
as
big
as
Asses
,
and
bring
forth
4.
Lambes
at
a
time
,
but
neuer
lesse
then
three
both
Sheepe
and
Goates
.
The
length
of
their
tailes
reacheth
downe
to
their
hinder
Legs
,
and
therefore
the
shepheardes
cut
them
off
by
the
secrets
,
to
the
intent
that
they
may
better
suffer
copulation
,
and
out
of
them
being
so
cut
off
,
they
expresse
certaine
oile
;
also
they
cut
asunder
the
tailes
of
the
Rams
,
the
ends
whereof
do
afterwards
close
so
nearely
and
naturally
together
,
that
there
appeareth
not
any
scar
or
note
of
the
section
.
In
Syria
and
India
,
the
tailes
of
their
Sheepe
are
a
cubit
broad
.
There
are
two
kinde
of
sheepe
in
Arabia
,
which
are
distinguished
by
the
length
and
breadth
of
their
tailes
:
the
one
sort
haue
tailes
three
cubits
long
,
by
reason
whereof
they
are
not
suffered
to
draw
them
on
the
ground
for
feare
of
wounding
;
and
therefore
the
shephards
deuise
certaine
engins
of
wood
to
support
them
:
the
other
kind
of
sheep
haue
tailes
like
the
Syrian
sheepe
.
Al
sheepe
that
liue
in
hot
and
dry
regions
haue
larger
tailes
,
and
harsher
wooll
,
but
those
that
liue
in
the
moyst
regions
and
fault
places
,
haue
softer
wooll
and
shorter
tailes
.
There
were
two
of
the
Arabian
Sheepe
brought
into
England
about
the
yeare
1560.
whose
pictures
were
taken
by
Docter
Cay
,
and
therefore
I
haue
expressed
them
in
the
page
following
with
their
description
.
The
Arabian
sheepe
with
a
broad
taile
.
The
Arabian
sheepe
with
a
long
taile
.
The
description
of
the
Arabian
sheepe
.
THis
Arabian
sheep
(
said
he
)
is
a
little
bigger
then
our
vulgar
sheepe
in
Enland
,
but
of
the
same
wooll
,
figure
of
body
,
and
colour
,
onely
the
shins
,
&
forepart
of
their
face
,
are
a
litle
red
:
the
broad
tail
in
the
top
was
one
cubit
,
but
lower
it
was
narrower
,
and
like
the
end
of
a
vulgar
sheepes
tayle
.
They
being
brought
on
ship-board
into
England
,
were
taught
thorough
famine
and
hunger
,
to
eat
not
onely
grasse
and
hay
,
but
flesh
,
fish
,
bread
,
cheese
,
and
butter
.
Heroditus
saith
,
that
such
kind
of
sheepe
are
no
where
found
but
in
Arabia
:
the
longe-tailed
sheepe
he
calleth
Macrokercos
,
and
the
broad
tailed
sheepe
Plateukercos
:
yet
Leo
Afer
saith
,
that
these
are
of
the
Affrican
sheepe
,
for
thus
he
writeth
:
His
arietibus
nullum
ab
alijs
discrimien
est
,
praeter
quam
in
cauda
quam
latissimam
circum
ferunt
quae
cuique
quo
opinior
est
,
crassior
obtigit
,
ad
eo
vt
nonnullis
libras
decem
,
aut
vigintipendat
,
cum
sua
sponte
impinguantur
.
There
is
no
difference
betwixt
these
Rams
and
other
except
in
their
broad
tail
,
which
euermore
as
it
growes
in
fatnes
groweth
in
bredth
,
for
if
they
fat
of
their
owne
accord
,
it
hath
bin
found
that
the
taile
of
one
of
these
sheepe
haue
weighed
ten
or
twenty
pound
,
and
not
onely
there
,
but
also
in
Egypt
,
where
they
cram
and
feede
theyr
sheepe
with
Barly
,
Corne
,
and
Bran
:
by
which
meanes
they
growe
so
fatte
,
that
they
are
notable
to
stirre
themselues
,
so
that
their
keepers
are
forced
to
deuise
little
engines
like
childrens
cares
,
whereupon
they
lay
their
tailes
when
they
remoue
their
beasts
:
and
the
same
Leo
Afer
affirmeth
,
that
he
saw
in
Egypt
in
a
towne
called
Asiota
,
standing
vpon
Nilus
,
a
hundred
and
fifty
mile
from
Alcair
,
a
taile
of
one
of
these
sheepe
that
weyghed
fourscore
pound
,
and
whilst
he
wondred
at
it
,
scarcely
beleeuing
that
which
his
eies
saw
,
there
were
some
present
;
that
affirmed
it
to
be
an
ordinary
thing
,
for
they
said
according
as
he
writeth
;
Se
vidisse
quae
semi
ducentes
libras
expendissent
:
That
is
,
they
had
seene
some
of
them
waigh
a
hundred
pounds
,
and
except
in
the
kingdome
of
Tunis
in
Africk
,
and
Egypt
,
there
are
none
such
to
be
found
in
all
the
world
,
and
by
it
,
it
appeareth
,
that
all
the
fatte
of
their
bodies
goeth
into
their
tailes
▪
Among
the
Garamants
their
sheepe
eate
flesh
and
milke
,
and
it
is
not
to
be
forgotten
which
Aristotle
,
Dionisius
,
Afer
,
and
Varro
doe
write
,
namely
that
all
sheepe
were
once
wild
,
and
that
the
tame
sheepe
which
now
we
haue
,
are
deriued
from
those
wild
sheepe
,
as
our
tame
goats
,
from
wild
goats
;
and
therefore
Varro
saith
,
Flockes
of
wilde
sheepe
that
in
his
daies
in
Phrigia
there
were
flockes
of
wild
sheepe
,
whereof
as
out
of
Africk
&
the
Region
of
the
Gadits
,
there
were
annually
brought
to
Rome
both
males
and
females
,
of
strange
and
admirable
colours
,
and
that
his
great
Vncle
bought
diuers
of
them
and
made
them
tame
:
But
it
appeareth
that
these
wilde
sheepe
or
Rams
were
Musmons
,
of
which
we
shall
discourse
afterwards
:
For
wild
sheepe
are
greater
then
the
tame
sheep
,
being
swifter
to
run
,
stronger
to
fight
,
hauing
more
croked
and
piked
hornes
,
&
therefore
many
times
fight
with
wilde
Boares
and
kill
them
.
The
Subus
doth
also
appeare
to
be
a
kind
of
wild
sheepe
,
Oppianus
.
for
after
that
Oppianus
had
discoursed
of
the
sheep
of
Creete
,
he
falleth
to
make
mention
of
the
Subus
,
which
he
saith
is
of
a
very
bright
yellow
colour
like
the
sheepe
of
Creete
,
but
the
wooll
thereof
is
not
so
rough
,
it
hath
two
large
hornes
vpon
the
forehead
,
liuing
both
on
the
water
and
on
the
land
,
eating
fish
,
which
in
admiration
of
it
in
the
water
gather
about
it
&
are
deuoured
,
as
we
shall
shew
afterwards
in
his
due
place
.
The
Colus
also
spoken
of
before
&
called
Snake
,
seemeth
to
be
of
this
kind
,
for
it
is
in
quantity
betwixt
a
sheep
and
a
Hart.
It
hath
no
wooll
,
and
when
it
is
hunted
,
the
hunters
vse
neither
dogs
nor
other
beasts
to
take
it
,
but
terrifie
it
with
ringing
of
little
bels
,
at
the
sound
whereof
it
runneth
to
and
fro
distracted
,
and
so
is
taken
:
And
thus
much
I
thought
good
to
expresse
before
the
generall
nature
of
sheepe
,
of
the
diuers
and
strange
kinds
in
other
nations
,
that
so
the
studious
Reader
,
may
admire
the
wonderfull
workes
of
God
,
as
in
all
beasts
so
in
this
,
to
whom
in
holy
Scripture
he
hath
compared
both
his
Sonne
&
his
Saints
:
and
for
as
much
as
their
story
to
be
mingled
with
the
others
would
haue
been
exorbitant
and
farre
different
from
the
common
nature
of
vulgar
sheepe
,
and
so
to
haue
beene
mixed
amongest
them
,
might
haue
confounded
the
Reader
:
It
was
much
better
in
my
opinion
to
expresse
them
altogether
,
&
so
to
proceede
to
the
particular
nature
of
vulgar
sheepe
.
And
first
of
all
the
description
of
their
outward
parts
:
The
seuerall
parts
of
sheep
the
sheepe
ought
to
be
of
a
large
body
,
that
so
their
wooll
may
be
the
more
,
which
ought
to
be
soft
,
deepe
,
and
rough
,
especially
about
the
necke
,
shoulders
,
and
belly
,
and
those
that
were
not
so
the
auntient
Graetians
called
Apokoi
,
the
Latins
Apicae
,
that
is
,
peild
sheepe
,
for
want
of
wooll
,
which
alwaies
they
did
reiect
as
vnprofitable
for
their
flockes
:
for
there
is
no
better
signe
as
Pliny
saith
,
of
an
acceptable
breede
of
sheepe
,
Quam
crurium
breuitas
,
&
ventris
vestitus
.
The
shortnesse
of
the
legs
,
and
a
belly
well
cloathed
with
wooll
.
The
female
is
to
be
admitted
to
the
male
after
two
yeares
old
.
Till
they
are
fiue
yeare
old
they
are
acounted
young
,
and
after
seuen
vnprofitable
for
breed
.
In
your
choise
of
sheep
euermore
take
those
which
are
rough
with
wooll
euen
to
their
eies
,
without
any
baulde
place
vpon
them
,
and
those
females
which
beare
not
at
two
yeare
olde
vtterly
refuse
,
auoid
likewise
party
colored
or
spotted
sheep
,
but
choose
them
that
haue
great
eies
,
large
tails
,
&
strong
legs
:
let
them
be
yong
also
,
&
of
breed
,
Nam
melior
est
ea
aetas
,
quam
sequitur
spes
,
quam
ea
,
quam
sequitur
,
mors
,
&
probata
est
progenies
,
si
agnos
solent
procreare
formosos
(
saith
Petrus
Crescen
:
)
that
is
,
that
age
is
better
which
hope
followeth
,
then
that
which
death
followeth
:
and
it
is
a
good
breed
of
sheepe
which
bringeth
forth
beautiful
Lambs
.
And
concerning
their
wooll
,
it
is
to
be
obserued
,
that
the
soft
wool
is
not
alwaies
the
best
,
except
it
be
thicke
withal
,
for
Hares
haue
soft
but
thin
wool
,
and
in
sheepe
it
ought
to
be
contrary
,
and
therefore
the
most
fearefull
haue
the
softest
haire
,
the
sheepe
of
Scythia
in
the
cold
countries
haue
soft
wooll
,
but
in
Sauromatia
they
haue
hard
wool
.
Florentinus
prescribeth
that
the
fine
wool
of
a
sheepe
is
not
curled
but
standeth
vpright
,
for
hee
saith
,
that
curled
wooll
is
easily
corrupted
or
falsified
.
The
head
of
the
sheepe
is
very
weake
,
and
his
braine
not
fat
;
the
hornes
of
the
female
are
weake
if
they
haue
any
at
al
,
for
in
many
places
they
haue
none
,
like
Hinds
,
and
in
England
there
are
both
males
and
females
that
want
hornes
:
And
againe
the
Rams
of
England
haue
greater
hornes
then
any
other
Rams
in
the
worlde
,
and
sometimes
they
haue
foure
or
six
hornes
on
their
head
,
as
hath
bin
often
seene
.
In
Affricke
their
male-sheepe
or
Rams
are
yeaned
with
hornes
,
and
also
their
females
:
and
in
Pontus
neither
males
nor
females
haue
euer
any
hornes
.
Their
eies
ought
to
be
great
,
and
of
a
waterish
colour
,
and
all
beasts
that
want
handes
haue
their
eies
standing
farre
distant
on
their
heads
,
especially
sheepe
,
because
they
had
neede
to
looke
on
both
sides
,
and
because
they
are
of
a
simple
and
harmelesse
disposition
,
as
we
shall
shew
afterwards
:
for
the
little
eie
,
such
as
is
in
Lyons
and
Panthers
,
betoken
craft
and
cruelty
,
but
the
great
eie
simplicity
and
innocency
.
Their
teeth
stand
in
one
continued
row
or
bone
,
as
in
a
horse
,
but
in
the
vper
chap
there
are
no
foreteeth
:
the
male
hauing
more
teeth
then
the
female
.
There
be
some
that
write
,
that
Virgill
calleth
sheepe
Bidentes
,
because
they
haue
but
two
teeth
,
but
they
doe
it
ignorantly
,
for
we
may
read
in
Seruius
,
Nigidius
and
Nonius
,
that
Boares
are
called
Bidentes
,
and
al
beasts
of
two
years
old
,
for
they
were
first
of
all
called
Bidennes
quasi
Biennes
,
by
interposition
of
the
letter
D.
according
to
other
words
,
as
we
do
not
say
reire
,
but
redire
,
nor
reamare
,
but
redamare
,
nor
reargure
,
but
redargure
,
and
so
Bidennis
,
for
Biennis
,
because
sacrifices
were
woont
to
bee
made
of
sheepe
when
they
were
two
yeares
old
.
If
euer
it
happen
that
a
sheepe
hath
but
two
teeth
,
it
is
helde
for
a
monster
,
and
therefore
a
sheep
is
called
Ambidens
,
and
Bidens
,
because
he
hath
teeth
both
aboue
and
beneath
.
The
belly
of
a
sheepe
is
like
the
bellie
of
a
beast
that
chew
the
cud
.
The
milke
proceedeth
from
the
ventricle
or
maw
.
The
stones
hang
downe
to
the
hinder
legs
.
The
females
haue
their
vdders
betwixt
their
thighes
,
like
to
Goats
and
Cowes
:
some
of
them
haue
galles
,
according
to
the
ordinary
custome
of
nature
,
and
some
of
them
haue
none
at
al
,
for
in
Pontus
where
by
reason
they
eat
worme-wood
they
haue
no
gal
.
Likewise
in
Calsis
:
some
we
haue
shewd
haue
two
gals
,
and
the
Scithian
sheep
haue
gals
at
one
time
and
not
at
another
,
as
(
Aelianus
writeth
)
for
he
saith
in
the
verie
cold
Countries
,
when
snow
and
winter
covereth
the
earth
,
there
sheepe
haue
no
gals
,
because
they
keepe
within
dores
and
vse
no
change
of
meat
,
but
in
the
summer
when
they
go
abroad
againe
to
feed
in
the
fields
,
they
are
replenished
with
gals
.
There
is
a
Region
in
Asia
called
Scepsis
,
wherein
they
say
their
sheepe
haue
little
or
no
melts
.
The
raines
of
a
sheepe
are
equal
,
and
there
is
no
beast
that
hath
them
couered
with
fat
like
vnto
it
.
Sheepe
are
also
apt
to
grow
exceeding
fat
,
for
in
the
yeare
1547.
there
was
a
fat
sheepe
giuen
to
the
king
of
France
in
Pickardy
,
whereof
the
inward
hooues
or
cloues
of
his
forefeet
were
growne
to
be
as
long
as
8.
fingers
are
broad
,
the
toppes
whereof
were
recurued
backward
like
the
hornes
of
a
wilde
goat
.
Concerning
their
tailes
we
haue
spoken
already
,
for
the
vulgar
sheep
haue
hairy
tailes
like
Foxes
and
wolues
.
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
to
haue
spoken
of
their
seuerall
parts
.
In
the
next
place
we
are
to
consider
the
food
and
diet
of
sheepe
,
and
then
their
inclination
,
The
food
of
sheepe
and
institution
of
shepheardes
.
and
the
vtility
that
ariseth
by
them
,
and
lastly
the
seueral
diseases
with
their
medicins
and
cures
.
It
is
therefore
to
be
remembred
,
that
the
auncients
appointed
Sheapheardes
to
attend
their
flockes
,
and
there
was
none
of
great
account
but
they
were
called
sheapheardes
,
or
Neat-heardes
,
or
Goat-heardes
,
that
is
Bucolisi
,
Opiliones
,
and
Aepoli
,
as
we
haue
shewd
already
in
the
story
of
Goats
;
and
the
Gentiles
do
report
,
that
the
knowledge
of
feeding
of
Oxen
and
sheepe
came
first
of
all
from
the
Nimphes
,
who
taught
Aristaeus
in
the
Island
of
Co.
The
Graecians
therefore
call
a
shepheard
Poimem
,
that
is
a
feeder
,
of
Poimanaime
to
feed
;
and
the
poets
also
vse
Poimantor
for
a
shepherd
,
and
the
shepheards
Dogs
that
keepe
the
flocke
from
the
wolfe
,
Pominitay
kunes
,
for
the
sheep
being
not
kept
well
,
be
ouercome
by
the
Wolues
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Virgill
:
Nam
lupus
insidias
exptorat
ouillia
circum
.
And
Ouid
likewise
saith
:
Incustoditum
captat
ouile
Lupus
.
The
whole
care
therefore
of
the
shepheard
must
be
,
first
for
their
foode
,
secondly
for
their
folde
,
and
thirdly
for
their
health
,
that
so
he
may
raise
a
profitable
gaine
,
either
to
himselfe
or
to
him
that
oweth
the
sheep
.
To
begin
with
the
food
.
Their
diet
doth
not
much
differ
from
Goats
,
and
yet
they
haue
some
things
peculiar
which
must
now
be
expressed
.
It
is
good
therefore
,
that
their
pastures
and
feeding
places
looke
toward
the
sun
setting
,
and
that
they
be
not
driuen
ouer
far
or
put
to
too
much
labour
:
for
this
cause
the
good
sheapheard
,
may
safely
feed
his
sheep
late
in
the
euening
,
but
not
suffer
them
to
go
early
abroad
in
the
morning
.
They
eat
all
maner
of
hearbs
and
plants
,
and
sometimes
kill
them
with
their
bitings
,
so
as
they
neuer
grow
more
.
The
best
is
to
giue
them
alwaies
greene
meate
,
and
to
feede
them
vpon
land
falowed
or
plowed
to
be
sowne
with
corne
:
and
although
by
feeding
them
in
fat
pastures
they
come
to
haue
a
softer
wooll
or
haire
,
according
to
the
nature
of
their
food
,
yet
because
they
are
of
a
moyst
temperament
,
it
is
better
to
feede
them
vpon
the
salt
and
short
pasture
:
for
by
such
a
dyet
,
they
both
better
liue
in
health
,
and
also
beare
more
pretious
wooll
.
In
dry
pastures
they
are
more
healthy
then
in
the
fenny
,
and
this
is
the
cause
why
it
is
most
wholesome
for
them
to
keepe
in
plowed
groundes
,
wherein
they
meete
with
many
sweet
and
pleasant
hearbs
,
or
else
in
vpland
medowes
,
because
all
moysture
breedeth
in
them
rottennesse
:
he
must
avoid
the
woods
and
shadowy
places
euen
as
he
doth
the
fens
,
for
if
the
sun
come
not
vpon
the
sheepes
food
,
it
is
as
hurtful
vnto
him
as
if
he
picked
it
out
of
the
waters
:
and
the
shepheard
must
not
thinke
that
there
is
any
meate
so
gratefull
vnto
his
cattle
,
but
that
vse
and
continuance
wil
make
them
to
loath
it
,
wherefore
he
must
prouide
this
remedy
,
namely
to
giue
them
salt
oftentimes
in
the
summer
when
they
returne
from
feeding
,
and
if
he
do
but
lay
it
in
certaine
troughs
in
the
folds
,
of
their
own
accord
they
wil
licke
thereof
,
and
it
will
encrease
in
them
great
appetite
.
In
the
winter
time
when
they
are
kept
within
doores
,
they
must
be
fed
with
the
softest
hay
such
as
is
cut
down
in
the
autumne
,
for
that
which
is
riper
is
lesse
nourishable
to
them
:
In
some
countries
they
lay
vp
for
them
leaues
,
especially
green
Ewe
leaus
,
or
Elme
,
three-leaued-grasse
,
sowed-vines
,
and
chaffe
or
pease
,
when
other
things
faile
:
where
there
are
store
of
vines
they
gather
their
leaues
for
sheep
to
eat
thereof
without
al
danger
and
very
greedily
,
and
I
may
say
as
much
of
the
Oliue
,
both
wild
and
planted
,
&
diuers
such
other
plants
,
all
which
haue
more
vertue
in
them
to
fat
and
raise
your
beasts
if
they
be
aspersed
with
any
salt
humor
:
and
for
this
cause
the
sea
wormwood
excelleth
all
other
hearbs
or
food
to
make
fat
sheep
.
And
Myndius
writeth
,
that
in
Pontus
the
sheep
grow
exceeding
fat
by
the
most
bitter
and
vulgar
wormwood
.
Beanes
encrease
their
milke
,
and
also
three-leaued-grasse
,
for
that
is
most
nourishable
to
the
Ewes
with
young
.
And
it
is
obserued
for
the
fault
which
in
latin
is
called
Luxuria
segetum
,
and
in
English
rankenesse
of
corne
,
there
is
no
better
remedy
then
to
turne
in
your
sheep
in
May
when
the
ground
is
hard
,
if
not
before
,
for
the
sheep
loueth
wel
to
crop
such
stalks
,
and
also
the
corne
will
thriue
neuer
the
worse
,
for
in
some
places
they
eat
it
down
twice
,
and
in
the
country
about
Babilon
thrice
,
by
reason
of
the
great
fertility
thereabouts
,
and
if
they
should
not
do
so
,
Pliny
.
it
would
turn
or
run
al
into
stalke
and
idle
vnprofitable
leaues
.
The
same
extasie
is
reported
to
follow
sheep
when
they
haue
eaten
Eryngia
,
that
we
haue
expressed
already
in
the
history
of
goats
,
namely
,
that
they
all
stand
still
,
and
haue
no
power
to
goe
out
of
their
pastures
,
til
their
keeper
come
and
take
it
out
of
their
mouths
It
is
reported
that
they
are
much
delighted
with
the
herb
called
Laserpitium
which
first
purgeth
them
,
and
then
doth
fat
them
exceedingly
:
It
is
therefore
reported
that
in
S.
Cyrene
there
hath
bin
none
of
this
found
for
many
yeares
,
because
the
publicans
that
hier
the
pastures
,
are
enimies
to
sheepe
.
For
at
the
first
eating
thereof
the
sheep
wil
sleep
,
and
the
goat
wil
fal
a
neezing
.
In
India
,
and
especially
in
the
region
of
the
Prasians
,
it
raineth
many
times
a
dew
like
liquid
hony
falling
vppon
the
hearbs
and
grasse
of
the
earth
:
wherefore
the
shepheards
lead
their
flocks
vnto
those
places
,
wherwithal
their
cattle
are
much
delighted
,
and
such
as
is
the
food
they
eat
,
such
also
is
the
tast
of
the
milke
they
render
;
neither
neede
they
to
mingle
honny
with
their
milk
as
the
Graecians
are
constrained
to
do
,
for
the
sweetenesse
of
that
liquor
saueth
them
of
that
charge
.
Such
a
kind
of
dew
the
Haebrewes
call
Manna
,
the
Graecians
Aeromelos
,
and
Drosomelos
:
The
Germaines
Himmelhung
:
and
in
English
Honny-dew
;
but
if
this
bee
eaten
vpon
the
herbs
in
the
month
of
May
,
it
is
very
hurtful
vnto
them
.
We
haue
shewed
already
that
in
some
parts
of
Affricke
and
Ethiopia
their
sheepe
eate
flesh
and
drinke
milke
,
and
it
is
apparent
by
Philostratus
,
that
when
Apollonius
trauailed
towardes
India
,
in
the
region
Pegades
,
inhabited
by
the
Orite
,
they
fed
their
sheepe
with
fishes
,
and
so
also
they
doe
among
the
Carmanian
Indians
,
which
do
inhabit
the
Sea-coastes
:
and
this
is
as
ordinary
with
them
,
as
in
Caria
to
feed
their
sheep
with
figs
,
because
they
want
grasse
in
that
country
:
and
therefore
the
flesh
of
the
sheep
do
tast
of
fish
when
it
is
eaten
,
euen
as
the
flesh
of
sea-soules
.
The
people
of
that
country
are
called
Ichthyophagi
,
that
is
fish-eaters
:
Likewise
the
sheepe
of
Lydia
and
Masidonia
,
their
sheepe
grow
fat
with
eating
of
fishes
.
Aenius
also
writeth
of
certain
fishes
about
the
bignesse
of
Frogs
which
are
given
vnto
sheep
to
be
eaten
.
A●eanus
In
Arabia
in
the
prouince
of
Ade●
their
Oxen
,
Camels
,
and
sheep
,
eate
fishes
after
they
be
dryed
,
for
they
care
not
for
them
when
they
be
green
:
the
like
I
might
say
of
many
other
places
,
generally
it
must
be
the
care
of
the
shepard
to
auoid
all
thorny
and
stony
places
for
the
feeding
of
his
sheep
,
according
to
the
precept
of
Virgill
;
Si
tibi
lamitium
curae
,
primum
aspera
sylua
Lappaeque
tribulique
absint
.
Because
the
same
thing
as
he
writeth
maketh
them
bald
,
and
oftentimes
scratcheth
their
skin
asunder
,
his
words
are
these
;
Scabras
oues
reddit
cum
tonsis
illotus
,
Ad
hesit
sudor
,
&
hir
suti
secuerunt
corpora
,
Vepres
.
Although
a
sheep
be
neuer
so
sound
,
and
not
much
subiect
to
the
pestilence
,
yet
must
the
shepard
regard
to
feede
it
in
choice
places
:
for
the
fat
fields
breed
straight
and
tall
sheep
,
the
hils
and
short
pastures
broad
and
square
sheepe
:
the
woods
and
Mountaine
places
,
small
and
slender
sheep
:
but
the
best
places
of
all
are
the
new
plowed
grounds
.
Although
Virgil
prescribeth
his
shephard
to
feed
his
flock
in
the
morning
,
according
to
the
maner
of
the
country
wherein
he
liued
,
for
the
middle
part
of
the
day
was
ouer
hot
,
and
not
fit
for
cattel
to
eat
in
:
yet
other
nations
,
(
especially
Germany
and
England
)
and
these
Northern
parts
of
the
world
may
not
do
so
.
The
whole
cunning
of
shephards
is
excellently
described
,
The
discription
of
a
sheapheardes
eare
out
of
Virgil.
for
the
ordering
of
their
sheepe
in
these
verses
following
;
Ergo
omni
studio
glaciem
,
ventosque
niuales
,
Quo
minus
est
illis
curae
mortalis
egestas
,
Auertes
:
victumque
feres
,
&
virgea
laetus
Pabula
:
nec
tota
claudes
foenilia
bruma
.
At
vero
Zephyris
cum
laeta
vocantibus
aestas
,
In
saltus
vtrumque
gregem
(
oues
&
capras
)
atque
in
—
pascua
Mittes
.
Carpamus
:
dum
mane
novum
,
dum
gramina
canent
:
Luciferi
primo
cam
sydere
frigida
rura
Inde
vbi
quarta
,
sitim
cali
collegerit
hora
:
Et
ros
in
tenera
pecori
gratissimus
herba
est
.
Ad
puteos
,
aut
alta
greges
ad
stagna
iubeto
Et
cantu
querulae
rumpent
arbusta
cicadae
:
Aestibus
at
medijs
vmbrosam
exquirere
vallem
Currentem
ilignis
potare
canalibus
vndam
.
Ingentes
tendatramos
:
aut
sicubi
nigrum
Sicubi
magna
Iouis
antiquo
robore
quercus
Tum
tenues
dare
rursus
aquas
:
&
pascere
rursus
Ilicibus
crebris
sacra
nemus
accubet
vmbra
.
Temperat
:
&
saltus
reficit
iam
roscida
luna
:
Solis
ad
occasum
:
cum
frigidus
aera
vesper
Littoraque
halcyonen
resonant
,
&
acanthida
dumi
.
When
they
returne
from
their
feeding
,
the
shepheard
must
regard
that
he
put
them
not
into
the
foldes
hot
,
and
if
the
time
of
the
yeare
bee
ouer
hot
,
let
them
not
bee
driuen
to
pastures
a
far
off
,
but
feed
them
in
those
which
are
neare
and
adiacent
to
their
folds
:
that
so
they
may
easily
haue
recourse
vnto
the
shaddow
:
they
ought
not
also
to
bee
turned
out
clustering
altogether
,
but
disperced
abroad
by
little
and
little
,
neither
must
they
bee
milked
while
they
are
hot
,
vntil
they
be
cold
a
little
,
so
likewise
in
the
morning
,
let
them
be
milked
so
soone
as
day
appeareth
,
and
the
little
Lambs
be
turned
out
vnto
them
which
were
shut
from
them
.
But
if
their
appeare
vpon
the
grasse
Spiders-webs
,
or
cob-webs
which
beare
vp
little
drops
of
water
,
then
they
must
not
be
suffered
to
feede
in
those
places
for
feare
of
poisoning
,
and
in
times
of
heate
and
raine
,
driue
them
to
the
hiest
hils
or
pastures
,
which
do
most
of
all
lie
open
to
the
winds
,
for
there
shall
the
cattle
feed
most
temperately
:
They
must
auoid
all
sandy
places
,
and
in
the
month
of
Aprill
,
May
,
Iune
,
and
Iuly
,
they
must
not
be
suffered
to
feed
ouermuch
,
but
in
October
,
September
,
and
Nouember
,
let
them
haue
their
full
,
that
so
they
may
grow
the
stronger
against
the
winter
time
.
The
Romans
had
a
speciall
regard
to
chuse
some
places
for
the
summering
of
their
sheepe
,
and
some
place
for
their
wintering
,
for
if
they
summered
them
in
Apulia
,
they
wintered
them
in
Samnius
;
and
therefore
(
Varro
saith
)
the
flockes
of
Apulia
betimes
in
the
morning
in
the
summer
season
are
lead
forth
to
feeding
,
because
the
dewy
grasse
of
the
morning
is
much
better
then
that
which
is
dry
in
the
middle
of
the
day
,
and
about
noone
when
the
season
groweth
hot
,
they
lead
them
to
shaddowey
trees
and
rocks
,
vntill
the
coole
aire
of
the
euening
begin
to
returne
,
at
which
time
they
driue
them
to
their
pasture
againe
,
and
cause
them
to
feed
towards
the
sun
rising
,
for
this
is
a
general
rule
among
the
shepehards
:
Quod
mane
ad
solis
occasum
,
&
vespere
ad
solis
ortum
pascantur
oues
.
That
is
,
That
in
the
morning
they
feede
their
sheep
towards
the
sun
setting
,
and
in
the
euening
towardes
the
sun
rising
,
and
the
reason
of
it
is
:
Quia
infermissimum
peccori
caput
,
auerso
sole
passe
cogendum
.
Because
the
head
of
sheepe
is
most
weake
,
therefore
it
ought
to
be
fed
turned
from
the
sun
.
In
the
hot
countries
a
little
before
the
sun
setting
they
water
their
sheep
,
and
then
lead
them
to
their
pasture
againe
,
for
at
that
time
the
sweetenesse
seemeth
to
be
renewed
in
the
grasse
,
and
this
they
do
after
the
autumnall
equinoctium
.
It
is
good
to
feede
them
in
corne
fields
after
haruest
,
and
that
for
two
causes
.
First
,
because
they
are
exceedingly
filled
with
such
hearbs
as
they
find
after
the
plough
,
and
also
they
tread
downe
the
stubble
,
and
dung
the
land
whereby
it
becommeth
more
fruitfull
against
the
next
year
.
There
is
nothing
that
maketh
a
sheep
grow
more
fat
then
drinke
,
and
therefore
we
read
in
holy
scripture
how
Iacob
watered
his
Sheep
,
and
the
Daughters
of
Iethro
their
sheep
,
at
what
time
Moyses
came
vnto
them
,
therefore
it
is
best
oftentimes
to
mingle
their
water
with
salt
,
according
to
these
verses
;
At
cui
lactis
amor
,
cytisum
lotosque
frequentes
,
Ipse
manu
salsasque
ferat
praesepibus
herbas
Hinc
&
amant
fluvios
magis
:
&
magis
vbera
tendunt
,
Et
salis
occultum
referunt
in
lacte
saporem
.
There
bee
many
that
trouble
themselues
about
this
question
;
namely
,
The
reason
why
the
sheepe
of
England
do
not
drinke
for
what
cause
the
sheep
of
England
do
neuer
thirst
,
except
they
see
the
water
,
and
then
also
seldom
drink
,
&
yet
haue
no
more
sheep
in
England
then
are
in
any
other
country
of
the
world
:
Insomuch
as
we
thinke
it
a
prodigious
thing
that
sheepe
should
drinke
:
but
the
true
cause
why
our
English
sheepe
drinke
not
is
,
for
there
is
so
much
dew
on
the
grasse
that
they
neede
no
other
water
;
and
therefore
Aristotle
was
deceiued
,
who
thinketh
that
the
Northern
sheep
had
mor
neede
of
water
then
the
Southern
.
In
Spaine
those
sheep
bear
the
best
fleeces
of
wooll
that
drinke
least
.
In
the
Iland
of
Sephalene
as
we
haue
shewed
in
the
story
of
the
Goate
,
all
their
cattle
for
want
of
water
do
draw
in
the
could
aire
,
but
in
the
hotter
countries
euery
day
once
at
the
least
about
9.
or
ten
at
clocke
in
the
morning
they
water
their
sheepe
;
and
so
great
is
the
operation
of
drinke
in
sheepe
,
that
diuers
Authors
do
reporte
wonders
thereof
,
as
Valerius
Maximus
,
and
Theophrastus
,
who
affirme
that
in
Macidonia
when
they
will
haue
their
sheep
bring
forth
white
Lambs
,
they
lead
them
to
the
riuer
Aliatmon
,
and
when
they
will
haue
them
to
bring
forth
black
Lambs
,
to
the
riuer
Axius
as
we
haue
shewed
already
.
It
is
also
reported
that
the
riuer
Scamander
doth
make
all
the
sheep
to
be
yellow
that
drinke
thereof
:
Likewise
there
are
two
Riuers
in
Antandria
which
turne
sheepe
from
blacke
to
white
,
and
white
to
blacke
,
and
the
like
I
might
adde
of
the
Riuer
Thrases
,
of
the
two
Riuers
of
Beotia
,
al
which
things
do
not
come
to
passe
by
miracle
,
but
also
by
the
power
of
nature
,
as
may
appeare
by
the
History
of
Iacob
,
when
he
serued
his
father
in
law
Laban
.
For
after
that
he
had
couenanted
with
Laban
to
receaue
for
his
stipend
all
the
spotted
sheepe
,
the
Scripture
saith
in
this
manner
:
Then
Iacob
tooke
rods
of
greene
Poplar
;
and
of
Hayesell
,
and
of
the
Chesnut
tree
,
and
pilled
white
strakes
in
them
and
made
the
white
appeare
in
the
rods
.
Then
he
put
the
rods
which
he
had
pilled
,
into
the
gutters
and
watering
troughes
,
when
the
sheepe
came
to
drinke
,
before
the
sheepe
,
and
the
sheepe
were
in
heate
before
the
rods
,
and
afterwards
brought
foorth
yoong
of
partie
colour
,
and
with
small
and
great
spots
.
And
Iacob
parted
these
Lambes
,
and
turned
the
faces
of
the
flocke
towards
these
partie-coloured
Lambes
,
and
all
manner
of
blacke
among
the
sheepe
of
Laban
,
so
he
put
his
owne
flockes
by
themselues
,
and
put
them
not
with
Labans
flocke
.
And
in
euery
Ramming
time
of
the
stronger
sheepe
,
Iacob
layed
the
rods
before
the
eyes
of
the
sheepe
in
the
gutters
,
that
they
might
conceaue
before
the
rods
,
but
when
the
sheepe
were
feeble
he
put
them
not
in
,
and
so
the
feebler
were
Labans
,
and
the
stronger
were
Iacobs
.
Vpon
this
action
of
the
Patriarke
Iacob
it
is
cleare
by
testimony
of
holy
Scripture
,
that
diuers
colours
layed
before
sheepe
at
the
time
of
their
carnall
copulation
,
doe
cause
them
to
bring
forth
such
colours
,
as
they
see
with
their
eyes
:
for
such
is
the
force
of
a
naturall
impression
,
as
we
reade
in
stories
,
that
faire
women
by
the
sight
of
Blackamores
,
haue
conceaued
and
brought
forth
blacke
children
,
and
on
the
contrary
,
blacke
and
deformed
women
,
haue
conceaued
faire
and
beautifull
children
;
whereof
there
could
be
no
other
reason
giuen
in
nature
,
but
their
onely
cogitation
of
and
vpon
faire
beautifull
men
,
or
blacke
and
deformed
Moores
,
at
the
time
of
their
carnall
copulation
.
So
that
I
would
not
haue
it
seeme
incredible
to
the
wise
and
discrete
Reader
,
to
heare
that
the
power
of
water
should
change
the
the
colour
of
sheepe
:
for
it
being
once
granted
,
that
nature
can
bring
forth
diuers
coloured
lambs
,
being
holpen
by
artificial
means
,
I
see
no
cause
,
but
diuersitie
of
waters
may
wholy
alter
the
colour
of
the
elder
,
as
well
as
whited
sticks
ingender
a
colour
in
the
yoonger
:
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
to
haue
spoken
concerning
the
Summering
of
sheepe
.
For
their
Wintering
I
will
say
more
when
I
come
to
entreate
of
their
stabling
or
housing
.
Of
the
copulation
of
sheepe
.
Now
then
it
followeth
in
the
next
place
to
discourse
of
copulation
or
procreation
;
for
there
are
diuers
good
rules
&
necessary
obseruations
,
whereby
the
skilfull
shepheard
must
be
directed
,
&
which
he
ought
to
obserue
for
the
better
encrease
of
his
flocke
.
First
of
all
therefore
it
is
cleare
,
that
Goates
will
engender
at
a
yeare
old
,
and
sometime
sheepe
also
follow
that
season
,
but
there
is
a
difference
betwixt
the
lambes
so
engendered
,
&
the
other
that
are
begotten
by
the
elder
:
therefore
at
two
yeare
old
they
may
more
safely
be
suffered
to
engender
,
and
so
continue
till
they
be
fiue
yeare
old
,
and
all
their
lambs
be
preserued
for
breeding
;
but
after
fiue
yeare
old
their
strength
and
naturall
vertue
decreaseth
,
so
that
then
neither
the
damme
nor
the
lambe
is
worthy
the
nourishing
,
except
for
the
knife
,
for
that
which
is
borne
and
bred
of
an
old
decayed
substance
,
will
also
resemble
the
qualities
of
his
sires
.
There
be
some
that
allow
not
the
lambe
that
is
yeaned
before
the
parents
be
foure
yeare
olde
,
and
so
they
giue
them
foure
yeares
to
engender
and
breede
,
namely
till
they
be
eight
yeare
olde
,
but
after
eight
yeares
,
they
vtterly
cast
them
off
:
and
this
opinion
may
haue
some
good
reason
,
according
to
the
qualitie
of
the
region
wherein
they
liue
,
for
the
sooner
they
begin
to
beare
yoong
,
the
sooner
they
giue
ouer
,
and
herein
they
differ
not
from
Cowes
,
who
if
they
breede
not
till
they
be
foure
yeare
olde
may
continue
the
longer
,
and
for
this
cause
I
will
expresse
the
testimony
of
Albertus
who
writeth
thus
:
Oues
parere
vsque
ad
annum
octauum
possunt
,
&
si
bene
curentur
vel
in
vndecimum
facultas
pariendi
protrahitur
,
quod
tempus
est
tota
fere
vita
,
oues
in
quibusdam
tamen
terris
marinis
vbi
sicca
&
salsa
habent
pascua
viuunt
per
vigintie
annos
&
pariunt
.
That
is
to
say
,
sheepe
may
breede
vntill
they
be
eight
yeare
olde
,
&
if
they
be
well
kept
vntill
they
be
eleauen
,
which
time
is
for
the
most
part
the
length
of
their
daies
,
although
in
some
countries
vpon
the
Sea
costes
,
they
liue
till
they
be
twenty
yeare
old
,
and
all
that
time
breed
yoong
ones
,
because
they
feede
vpon
dry
and
salt
pastures
,
and
therefore
Aristotle
also
saith
,
that
they
bring
forth
yoong
ones
all
the
time
of
their
life
.
The
time
of
their
copulation
as
Pliny
and
Varro
write
,
is
from
May
'till
about
the
middle
of
August
,
and
their
meaning
is
,
for
the
Sheepe
of
those
hot
countries
.
For
in
England
and
other
places
the
Shepheardes
protract
the
time
of
their
copulation
,
and
keepe
the
Rammes
and
Ewes
asunder
till
September
or
October
,
because
they
would
not
haue
their
Lambes
to
fall
in
the
cold
Winter
season
,
but
in
the
spring
and
warme
weather
:
and
this
is
obserued
by
the
auncient
Shepards
,
that
if
the
strongest
Sheepe
doe
first
of
all
begin
to
engender
and
couple
one
with
another
,
Aristotle
Albertus
.
that
it
betokeneth
a
very
happy
and
fortunate
yeare
to
the
flocke
,
but
on
the
contrary
,
if
the
younger
and
weaker
Sheepe
bee
first
of
all
stirred
vp
to
lust
,
and
the
elder
be
backward
and
slow
,
it
presageth
a
pestilent
and
rotten
yeare
.
They
which
drinke
salt
Water
are
more
prone
to
copulation
then
others
,
Helpes
for
the
copulation
of
sheep
.
and
commonly
at
the
third
or
fourth
time
,
the
female
is
filled
by
the
Male.
There
is
a
great
similitude
and
likenesse
betwixt
Sheep
and
Goates
.
First
,
for
their
copulation
,
because
they
couple
together
at
the
same
time
.
Secondly
,
for
the
time
they
beare
their
young
,
which
is
fiue
months
,
or
a
hundred
and
fifty
daies
:
also
many
times
they
bring
forth
twins
like
Goates
,
and
the
Rams
must
be
alwaie
so
admitted
as
the
Lambes
may
fall
in
the
spring
of
the
yeare
,
when
all
things
grow
sweete
and
greene
;
and
when
all
is
performed
,
then
must
the
Males
be
seperated
from
the
females
againe
,
that
so
all
the
time
they
goe
with
young
they
may
go
quietly
without
harme
.
In
their
conception
they
are
hindered
if
they
bee
ouer
fat
,
for
it
is
with
them
as
it
is
among
Mares
and
Horsses
,
some
are
barren
by
nature
,
and
others
by
accident
,
as
by
ouer
much
leanenesse
or
ouermuch
fatnesse
.
Plutarch
maketh
mention
of
an
ancient
custome
among
the
Graecians
,
that
they
were
wont
to
driue
their
Sheepe
to
the
habitation
of
Agenor
,
to
be
couered
by
his
Rammes
:
And
I
know
not
whether
he
relate
it
as
a
story
,
or
as
a
Prouerbe
to
signifie
a
fruitefull
and
happy
Ramming
time
,
I
rather
encline
to
the
latter
because
he
himselfe
saith
in
the
same
place
,
that
Agenor
was
a
wise
and
skilfull
King
,
Maister
of
many
flockes
,
whose
breede
of
Sheepe
was
accounted
the
best
of
all
that
Nation
,
and
therefore
either
they
sent
their
females
to
be
couered
by
his
Rammes
,
or
else
they
signified
a
happy
coniunction
of
the
Rammes
and
Ewes
together
.
Pliny
writeth
that
if
the
right
stone
of
a
Ram
be
tyed
or
bound
fast
when
he
leapeth
vpon
an
Eew
,
Meanes
to
make
the
Rams
get
males
or
females
.
he
will
engender
a
male
,
but
if
the
left
stone
be
tyed
he
will
beget
a
female
.
Neare
the
Citty
Patrae
there
are
two
Riuers
,
one
of
them
called
Milichus
,
and
the
other
Charadrus
,
and
the
cattle
that
drinke
of
this
water
in
the
spring
time
,
do
beget
males
,
and
therfore
the
shepheards
when
they
bring
their
Sheep
and
Goats
to
that
Riuer
,
they
driue
them
to
the
farther
side
of
the
Riuer
,
because
they
would
haue
more
females
then
males
:
for
that
vertue
lyeth
in
one
of
the
sides
,
but
their
Kyne
they
suffer
to
drinke
on
that
side
,
because
among
their
heards
the
male
is
best
,
for
Buls
and
Oxen
serue
them
for
sacrifice
and
to
till
the
earth
,
and
therefore
the
male
in
that
kind
,
but
in
al
other
the
female
is
more
acceptable
.
Both
males
and
females
are
begotten
as
wel
by
the
vertues
of
waters
,
as
by
the
vertue
of
the
Rammes
,
and
likewise
by
the
vertue
of
the
winde
:
for
when
the
North
wind
bloweth
for
the
most
part
males
are
conceiued
,
but
when
the
South
wind
females
:
and
therefore
(
Aristotle
saith
:
)
In
admissur
ae
tempore
obseruare
siccis
diebus
habitus
septentrionales
,
vt
contra
ventum
gregem
pascamus
,
&
eum
spectans
admittatur
pecus
,
at
sifeminae
generandae
sunt
,
austrinos
flatus
captare
,
vt
eadem
ratione
matrices
ineantur
.
That
is
to
say
,
In
the
Ramming
time
you
must
obserue
the
blowing
of
the
Northerne
wind
in
dry
dayes
,
and
not
onely
feede
the
flocke
against
the
wind
,
but
also
cause
the
Ram
to
leape
the
Eew
with
his
face
to
the
North
:
but
if
you
would
engender
females
,
then
must
you
in
like
manner
obserue
the
South
winde
.
Vnto
this
experiment
doe
Palladius
,
Aelianus
,
and
Col●umella
,
agree
,
and
these
thinges
are
necessary
to
bee
obserued
about
the
engendering
of
Lambs
.
Now
after
that
the
Ewe
is
filled
by
the
Ram
,
the
diligent
shephard
must
haue
as
great
regard
to
keepe
her
from
abortement
,
or
casting
of
her
Lamb
:
therefore
Aristotle
saith
,
if
presently
after
copulation
there
fal
a
shower
,
or
if
when
they
are
great
with
young
they
eat
Wall-Nuts
,
or
Acorns
,
they
wil
cast
their
Lambs
:
and
likewise
if
in
time
of
thunder
the
Ewe
with
yoong
be
alone
in
the
fielde
,
the
claps
of
thunder
wil
cause
abortment
,
Albertus
.
and
the
remedy
thereof
,
for
the
auoyding
of
that
mischiefe
,
is
prescribed
by
Pliny
.
Tonitrus
(
saith
he
)
Solitarijs
ouibus
abortus
inferunt
remedium
est
congregare
eas
vt
coetu
inventur
,
that
is
to
call
them
together
in
times
of
thunder
,
is
a
remedy
against
abortment
.
Therefore
he
requireth
of
a
skilfull
shepheard
a
voyce
or
whisell
intelligable
to
the
sheepe
,
whereby
to
call
them
together
if
they
bee
scattered
abroad
feeding
,
at
the
first
appearance
and
note
of
thunder
.
It
is
also
reported
,
that
there
are
certaine
vaines
vnder
the
tongue
of
a
Rambe
,
the
colour
whereof
doe
presadge
or
fore-shew
,
what
will
be
the
colour
of
the
lambe
begotten
by
them
:
for
if
they
be
all
white
,
or
all
blacke
,
or
all
party
coloured
,
such
also
will
be
the
colour
of
it
that
they
engender
.
The
yeaning
of
lambes
.
Bathius
Ewes
bring
foorth
for
the
most
part
but
one
at
a
time
,
but
sometimes
two
,
sometimes
three
,
and
sometimes
foure
,
the
reason
whereof
is
to
be
attributed
either
to
the
qualitie
of
the
foode
whereof
they
eate
,
or
else
to
the
kinde
from
which
they
are
deriued
:
For
there
bee
certaine
sheepe
in
the
Orchades
,
which
alwaies
bring
foorth
two
at
one
time
,
and
many
of
them
sixe
.
There
are
also
sheepe
in
Magnetia
,
and
Affrick
,
that
bring
foorth
twice
in
the
yeare
:
And
Aristotle
in
his
wonders
writeth
,
that
the
sheepe
of
Vmbria
bring
foorth
thrice
in
a
yeare
,
and
among
the
Illirians
there
are
sheepe
and
Goates
,
that
bring
forth
twice
in
the
yeare
,
two
at
a
time
,
yea
sometimes
three
,
or
foure
,
or
fiue
,
and
that
they
nourish
them
altogether
,
with
their
aboundance
of
milke
,
and
besides
some
of
their
milke
is
milked
away
from
them
.
Egypt
is
so
plentifull
in
grasse
that
their
sheepe
bring
foorth
twice
in
a
yeare
,
and
are
likewise
twice
lipped
:
so
likewise
in
Mesapotamia
,
and
in
all
moist
and
hot
countries
.
Many
times
it
falleth
out
that
the
Ewe
dyeth
in
the
yeaning
of
hir
lambe
,
and
many
times
they
bring
foorth
monsters
:
so
also
doe
all
other
beastes
that
are
multipara
,
betwixt
a
Goate
and
a
Ramme
,
Albertus
is
a
Musmon
begottten
,
and
betwixt
a
Goate
bucke
and
an
Ewe
is
the
beast
Cinirus
engendred
,
and
among
the
Rhaetians
many
times
there
are
mixed
monsters
brought
foorth
,
for
in
the
hinder
partes
they
are
Goates
,
and
in
the
fore-parts
sheepe
:
for
Rammes
when
they
growe
strong
,
olde
and
wanton
,
leape
vppon
the
female
Goates
,
vpon
which
they
beget
such
monsters
,
but
they
die
for
the
most
part
immediatly
after
the
yeaning
.
Sometimes
wilde
Rammes
come
to
tame
sheepe
,
and
beget
vppon
these
Lambes
,
which
in
colour
and
wooll
doe
most
of
all
resemble
the
father
,
but
afterward
when
they
beare
yongue
,
their
wooll
beginneth
to
be
like
to
other
vulgar
sheepe
:
when
the
Ewe
is
ready
to
be
deliuered
,
she
trauaileth
and
laboureth
like
a
woman
,
and
therefore
if
the
Shepheard
haue
not
in
him
some
mid-wiues
skill
,
that
in
cases
of
extremitie
,
he
may
drawe
out
the
lambe
when
the
members
sticke
crosse
in
the
matrix
,
or
else
if
that
be
vnpossible
because
it
is
dead
in
the
dams
belly
,
yet
to
cut
it
out
without
perill
and
daunger
to
the
Ewe
,
in
such
cases
the
Graecians
call
a
Shepheard
Embruoulcos
.
Custody
of
Ewes
and
yoong
lambs
and
meanes
to
encrease
their
milke
.
Hauing
thus
brought
the
sheepe
to
their
deliuery
for
the
multiplication
of
kinde
,
it
then
resteth
to
prouide
that
the
new
borne
lambe
may
be
secured
from
Dogs
,
Wolues
,
Foxes
,
Crowes
,
Rauens
,
and
and
all
enemies
to
this
innocent
beast
,
and
also
to
prouide
that
the
Ewe
may
render
to
her
yongue
one
sufficient
foode
out
of
her
vdder
;
therefore
they
must
bee
well
and
extraordinarily
fed
.
We
haue
shewed
alreadie
the
vse
of
Salt
,
and
then
also
it
is
very
profitable
when
the
Ewe
is
newly
deliuered
of
her
lambe
,
for
it
will
make
her
eate
and
drinke
more
liberally
.
In
the
Winter
time
for
the
encrease
of
their
milke
in
steede
of
greene
pastures
,
and
such
other
things
as
we
haue
expressed
,
it
is
requisite
to
giue
them
corne
,
and
especially
plenty
of
beanes
.
For
this
cause
some
prescribe
to
bee
giuen
to
their
sheepe
the
hearbe
Lanaria
,
which
they
affirme
to
be
profitable
to
be
giuen
to
encrease
milke
,
some
the
stone
Galacites
to
be
beaten
to
powder
,
and
annointed
vppon
the
Ewes
vdder
,
and
some
prescribe
to
sprinckle
water
and
salt
vppon
them
euery
morning
in
the
house
or
fielde
,
before
the
Sunne
rising
.
But
herein
I
leaue
euery
man
to
his
owne
iudgement
,
hoping
it
will
not
be
offensiue
to
any
,
to
relate
those
things
before
expressed
,
and
resting
in
opinion
that
both
the
foode
that
is
receiued
inwardly
,
and
also
the
ointments
that
are
applied
outwardly
,
will
be
sufficient
meanes
to
procure
aboundance
of
milke
in
the
Sommer
and
Winter
seasons
.
Now
therefore
it
followeth
to
entreate
likewise
of
the
Wintering
of
sheepe
,
Of
the
Wintering
and
stabling
of
sheepe
.
for
as
there
is
more
cost
to
keepe
them
in
cold
weather
then
in
warme
,
so
it
doth
require
at
our
handes
some
discourse
thereof
.
Then
it
behooueth
you
to
prouide
for
them
warme
folds
and
stables
whereof
the
Poet
writeth
in
this
manner
:
Incipiens
,
stabulis
edico
in
mollibus
herbam
Carpere
oueis
,
dum
mox
frondosa
reducitur
aestas
:
Et
multa
duram
stipula
filicumque
maniplis
Sternere
subter
humum
,
glacies
ne
frigida
laedat
,
Molle
pecus
scabiemque
ferat
turpeisque
podagras
.
Whereby
it
is
euident
that
the
colde
Winters
doe
beget
in
sheepe
diuers
and
many
diseases
,
and
for
that
cause
it
was
the
counsell
of
a
wise
and
learned
man
,
that
our
sheepe
should
not
be
turned
out
to
feeding
neither
in
cold
or
warme
weather
,
vntill
the
frost
were
dissolued
and
thawed
from
off
the
grasse
and
earth
.
The
Tarentine
,
Graecian
and
Asian
sheepe
,
were
wont
to
be
altogether
kept
in
stables
within
doores
,
lying
continually
vpon
plancks
and
boords
boared
through
,
Palladius
Pet.
Crescent
.
that
so
their
precious
fleeces
might
be
the
better
safe-garded
from
their
owne
filth
and
vrine
,
and
three
times
in
the
yeare
they
let
them
out
of
their
stables
,
to
wash
them
and
annoint
them
with
oyle
and
wine
:
and
to
saue
them
free
from
serpents
,
they
burned
in
their
stables
,
and
and
vnder
their
cratches
,
Galbanum
,
Ceder-wood
,
womans
haire
,
and
Harts
hornes
:
and
of
these
Tarentine
and
Graecian
sheepe
,
Columella
writeth
in
this
manner
.
It
is
in
vaine
for
any
man
to
store
himselfe
with
those
Tarentine
sheepe
,
for
they
aske
as
much
or
more
attendance
and
costly
foode
then
their
bodies
are
worth
;
for
as
all
beastes
that
beare
wooll
are
tender
and
not
able
to
endure
any
hardnesse
,
so
among
all
sheepe
,
there
are
none
so
tender
as
the
Tarentine
or
Graecian
sheepe
,
and
therefore
the
keeper
of
them
,
must
not
looke
to
haue
any
playing
daies
,
nor
times
of
negligence
of
sluggishnesse
,
and
much
lesse
to
regard
his
couetous
minde
,
for
they
are
cattell
altogether
impatient
of
cold
,
being
seldome
led
abroad
,
and
therefore
the
more
at
home
to
be
fed
by
hand
;
and
if
by
couetousnesse
or
negligence
,
one
withdraw
from
them
their
ordinary
foode
,
he
shall
be
penny
wise
,
and
pound
foolish
:
that
is
,
suffer
a
great
losse
in
his
cattell
,
for
sauing
from
them
a
little
meate
.
Euery
one
of
them
all
the
Winter
long
,
were
fed
with
three
pintes
of
Barley
,
or
Pease
,
or
Beanes
,
three
times
a
day
,
beside
dryed
Ewe
leaues
,
or
vine
leaues
,
or
hay
late
mowen
,
or
fitches
,
or
chaffe
.
Besides
,
there
cannot
be
any
milke
taken
from
the
dams
,
for
at
the
first
yeaning
there
is
no
more
then
to
serue
the
little
or
least
lambes
,
and
after
a
few
daies
,
euen
while
they
smell
and
tast
of
their
dammes
belly
,
they
were
to
be
killed
for
want
of
sucke
,
that
euery
lambe
which
was
to
be
preserued
for
breede
might
haue
two
dammes
or
Ewes
to
sucke
,
and
so
the
poore
Ewe
was
forced
to
a
double
miserie
;
first
to
loose
her
yoong
one
,
and
afterward
to
lend
her
paps
and
milke
to
a
stranger
.
And
moreouer
,
they
were
forced
to
nourish
more
males
then
females
,
for
that
at
two
yeare
olde
they
were
either
gelded
,
or
killed
,
to
sell
their
beautifull
skins
to
the
Merchants
,
for
their
wooll
was
most
pretious
,
by
reason
that
neuer
or
seldome
they
went
abroad
to
the
fieldes
:
Their
custodie
in
the
house
from
serpents
and
other
annoyances
,
is
thus
described
by
the
Poets
:
Disce
&
odoratam
stabulis
incendere
cedrum
Galbaneoque
agitare
graues
nidore
chelydros
.
Saepe
sub
immotis
praesepibus
,
aut
malat
actu
Vipera
delituit
;
coelumque
exterrita
fugit
Aut
tecto
assuetus
coluber
.
In
consideration
whereof
,
and
of
all
the
paines
about
the
housing
of
these
tender
sheepe
,
the
Poet
teacheth
the
Shepheard
or
sheepe-master
to
kill
the
serpents
,
and
dash
out
the
braines
of
snakes
,
saying
:
Cape
saxa
manu
,
cape
robora
pastor
Tollentemque
minas
,
&
sibila
colla
tumentem
.
Deijce
.
Concerning
the
auncient
formes
of
their
sheepe
stables
,
The
fashion
of
sheepe
coates
or
stables
.
I
find
this
to
be
recorded
by
the
auncients
.
First
,
they
made
them
low
and
not
of
any
high
or
loftie
building
,
so
stretching
them
out
in
length
and
not
in
heigth
,
that
it
may
be
warme
in
the
Winter
time
,
for
although
there
be
no
creature
better
cloathed
by
nature
then
a
sheepe
,
yet
is
there
not
any
more
impatient
of
cold
,
nor
more
apt
to
take
harme
thereby
.
It
must
not
be
ouer-broad
yet
so
as
the
Ewe
and
her
lambe
may
lye
both
together
,
and
the
breathing
place
not
left
open
at
the
top
of
the
house
or
the
sides
,
for
that
wil
let
in
too
much
ayre
,
but
at
the
doore
or
porch
of
their
entrance
,
and
that
very
low
,
that
so
the
fresh
ayre
may
quickly
&
easily
come
to
their
low
heads
&
bodies
,
&
also
their
breath
the
better
auoide
out
of
the
stable
.
They
also
had
a
care
to
couer
all
the
flower
with
strawe
or
dry
boared
boords
,
or
some
such
other
matter
,
whereby
they
might
stand
continually
dry
and
warm
,
and
also
cleane
and
sweete
,
to
the
end
they
might
not
be
annoyed
in
their
owne
standings
;
and
therefore
the
floore
was
made
sheluing
or
falling
low
on
the
one
side
,
or
else
of
hurdles
like
baskets
to
let
out
their
vrine
,
for
they
often
make
water
:
and
these
were
often
changed
,
cleansed
,
and
turned
.
In
this
stable
there
ought
to
be
diuisions
or
partitions
wherein
in
time
of
necessitie
or
sicknesse
,
they
may
easily
abide
alone
and
be
parted
from
the
residue
,
&
feede
without
anoyance
of
one
another
,
and
especially
that
one
may
not
ride
another
,
and
during
the
time
of
Winter
,
they
did
not
let
their
cattell
drinke
aboue
once
a
day
.
The
manner
how
in
olde
time
they
bought
and
sold
sheepe
.
And
these
were
the
cures
of
the
auncients
about
their
flocks
of
sheepe
.
For
vppon
them
they
liued
,
they
bought
and
sold
,
and
herein
also
it
is
profitable
to
obserue
the
ancient
manner
of
their
bargaines
about
these
creatures
:
for
when
a
man
came
and
bought
sheepe
,
he
made
this
protestation
to
the
seller
:
Tanti
sunt
mihi
emptae
?
To
whom
the
seller
answereth
,
sunt
:
Then
the
buyer
draweth
his
money
with
these
words
;
Sic
illasce
o●es
,
qua
de
re
agitur
sanas
recte
esse
,
vti
pecus
ouillum
,
quod
recte
sanum
est
,
extra
luscam
minam
●
.
ventre
glabro
,
neque
de
pecore
morboso
esse
,
habereque
recte
licere
,
haec
si
recte
fieri
respondes
?
&c.
First
,
the
Buyer
saith
,
shall
I
buye
these
sheepe
for
thus
much
money
:
and
so
draweth
his
money
,
to
whom
the
Marchant
or
seller
answereth
,
you
shal
:
Then
saith
the
chapman
or
buyer
againe
to
him
,
do
you
promise
me
then
that
these
sheepe
are
as
sound
as
sheepe
should
be
,
without
fault
of
winde
or
limbe
,
without
blindnesse
,
without
deafenesse
,
without
peild
bellies
,
not
comming
out
of
any
infected
flocke
;
and
so
as
it
shall
be
lawfull
for
me
to
inioy
them
without
all
mens
contradiction
,
If
these
things
be
true
,
then
I
will
strike
vp
the
bargaine
:
and
yet
doth
not
the
seller
change
the
propertie
of
his
sheepe
,
nor
loose
his
lordship
ouer
them
vntill
the
money
be
paid
.
And
hereupon
it
commeth
to
passe
that
the
buyer
may
condemne
the
seller
if
the
cattell
be
not
so
good
as
his
bargaine
,
or
if
he
doe
not
deliuer
them
;
euen
as
the
buyer
is
subiect
to
the
same
iudgement
,
if
he
doe
not
deliuer
the
price
.
And
concerning
Shepheards
and
the
custodie
of
flockes
I
may
adde
a
word
or
two
more
:
First
of
all
for
the
number
of
the
sheepe
,
how
many
may
safely
be
kept
in
euery
flocke
.
There
is
no
neede
that
I
should
giue
any
rules
about
this
businesse
,
for
the
auncients
were
wont
to
set
one
Shepheard
ouer
a
hundred
rough
or
course
wolled
sheepe
,
and
two
Shepheards
ouer
a
hundred
fine
wolled
sheepe
:
the
common
flockes
were
seauentie
,
or
foure-score
,
and
the
Shepheard
that
followed
them
,
was
charged
to
be
both
vigilant
and
gentle
,
The
generall
disciplin
of
Shepheards
.
and
therefore
his
discipline
was
:
Duci
propior
esse
quam
domino
,
&
incogendis
,
recipiendisque
ouibus
,
ad
clamatione
,
ac
baculo
minetur
nec
vnquam
telum
emittat
neque
ab
his
longius
recedat
,
nec
aut
recubet
,
aut
concidat
,
nam
nisi
procedit
,
stare
debet
quoniam
grex
quidem
custodis
officium
sublimem
celsissimamque
oculorum
,
veluti
speculam
,
desiderat
,
vt
neque
tardiores
,
&
grauidas
dum
cunctantur
neque
agiles
&
foetas
dum
procurrunt
seperari
à
cateris
sinat
,
ne
fur
aut
bestia
hallucinantem
pastorem
decipiat
:
saith
Columella
,
He
must
rather
be
a
guide
vnto
them
then
a
Lord
or
master
ouer
them
,
and
in
driuing
them
forward
,
or
receiuing
them
home
after
they
haue
stragled
,
he
must
rather
vse
his
chiding
voice
and
shake
his
staffe
at
them
,
then
cast
either
stone
or
dart
at
them
:
neither
must
he
goe
far
from
them
at
any
time
,
nor
sit
downe
but
stand
stil
,
except
when
he
driueth
them
,
because
the
flocke
desireth
the
direction
of
their
keeper
,
&
his
eye
like
a
loftie
watch-tower
,
that
so
he
suffer
not
to
be
separated
asunder
either
the
heauy
Ewes
great
with
yong
because
of
their
slow
pace
,
nor
yet
the
light
&
nimble
ones
which
giue
sucke
,
&
are
deliuered
of
their
yoong
,
which
are
apt
to
run
away
lest
that
some
rauening
beast
or
theefe
deceaue
the
loytering
shepheard
by
taking
away
from
him
the
hinmost
or
the
formost
.
There
may
also
be
more
in
a
flock
of
sheep
then
in
a
flock
of
goats
,
bicause
the
goats
are
wanton
&
so
disperse
themselues
abroad
,
but
the
sheep
are
meeke
and
gentle
,
and
for
the
most
part
keepe
round
together
:
Yet
it
is
better
to
make
many
flockes
then
one
great
one
,
for
feare
of
the
pestilence
.
In
the
story
of
the
Dogges
we
haue
shewed
already
how
necessary
a
sheapheards
Dog
is
to
the
flocke
,
to
defend
them
both
from
Wolues
and
Foxes
,
and
therefore
euery
shepheard
must
obserue
those
rules
there
expressed
,
for
the
prouision
,
choyce
,
and
institution
of
his
Dogge
:
and
to
conclude
this
discourse
of
the
sheapheard
,
when
the
Lambs
are
young
he
must
not
driue
their
dams
farre
to
pasture
,
but
feede
them
neare
the
Towne
,
village
or
house
,
and
his
second
care
must
bee
to
picke
and
cull
out
the
aged
and
sicke
Sheepe
euery
yeare
,
and
that
in
the
Autumne
or
Winter
time
,
least
they
dye
and
infect
their
fellowes
,
or
least
that
the
whole
flocke
do
go
to
decay
for
want
of
renewing
and
substitution
of
others
,
and
therefore
he
must
still
regard
that
when
one
is
dead
,
he
supply
the
place
with
one
or
two
at
the
least
,
and
if
he
chance
to
kil
one
at
any
time
for
the
houshold
,
the
counsell
of
Antiphanes
is
profitable
to
bee
followed
;
Illar
tantum
mactare
debes
oues
ex
quibus
nullus
amplius
fructus
,
vel
casij
vel
veleris
,
vel
lactis
,
vel
agnorum
perniet
.
That
is
to
kil
those
sheepe
from
whom
you
can
neuer
expect
any
more
profit
by
their
Lambs
,
milke
,
Cheeses
,
or
fleeces
.
Of
the
diseases
of
Sheepe
,
and
their
causes
in
generall
.
IN
the
next
place
it
is
necessary
for
the
wise
and
discret
sheapheard
to
avoide
all
the
meanes
whereby
the
health
of
his
flocke
should
be
endangered
,
and
those
are
either
by
reason
of
their
meate
and
foode
that
they
eat
,
Of
the
diseases
of
sheep
.
or
else
by
reason
of
naturall
sicknesses
arising
through
the
corruption
of
blood
,
and
a
third
way
is
by
the
biting
of
venomous
beastes
,
as
Serpents
,
and
Wolues
,
and
such
like
;
and
a
fourth
way
,
Scabbes
,
Gowtes
,
swellings
,
and
such
like
outward
diseases
.
Of
venomous
meates
or
Hearbes
vnto
Sheepe
.
THere
is
an
herb
which
the
Latins
cal
Herba
Sanguinaria
,
pilosella
,
numularia
,
and
by
the
Germans
&
English
cald
Faenegreek
,
and
by
the
French
because
of
the
hurt
it
doth
vnto
sheepe
,
they
vse
this
circumscription
of
it
:
L'herbe
qui
tue
les
brebis
.
The
Hearbe
that
destroyeth
Sheepe
.
It
is
called
also
Serpentine
,
because
when
Snakes
and
Adders
are
hurt
therewith
,
they
recouer
their
woundes
by
eating
therof
;
when
a
Sheep
hath
eaten
of
this
Hearbe
,
the
belly
thereof
swelleth
aboundantly
,
and
is
also
drawen
together
,
and
the
Sheepe
casteth
out
of
his
mouth
a
certaine
filthy
spume
or
froath
,
which
smelleth
vnsauourly
,
neither
is
the
poore
beast
able
to
eseape
death
,
except
presently
hee
be
let
blood
in
the
vaine
vnder
his
taile
next
to
the
rumpe
,
and
also
in
the
vpper
lip
,
yet
is
this
Hearbe
wholsome
to
all
other
cattle
exeept
Sheepe
alone
,
wherefore
the
Sheapheards
must
diligently
auoide
it
.
It
is
a
little
low
Hearbe
,
creeping
vpon
the
ground
with
two
round
leaues
,
not
much
vnlike
to
Parsly
,
it
hath
no
sauour
with
it
,
or
smelleth
not
at
all
,
the
flower
of
it
is
pale
and
smelleth
strong
,
and
the
stalke
not
much
vnlike
the
flower
.
It
groweth
in
moist
places
,
and
neare
hedges
and
woods
.
If
in
the
spring
time
Sheeepe
do
eate
of
the
dew
called
the
Hony-dew
,
it
is
poyson
vnto
them
and
they
dye
thereof
:
Likewise
canes
in
the
Autumne
do
make
their
belly
swell
vnto
death
,
if
they
drinke
presently
after
they
haue
eaten
thereof
,
for
that
meat
breaketh
their
guts
asunder
.
The
like
may
be
said
of
Sauine
,
Tamariske
,
Rhododendron
,
or
Rose-tree
,
and
al
kindes
of
Hen-bane
.
The
female
Pimpernell
doth
likewise
destroy
Sheepe
,
except
assoone
they
haue
eaten
of
it
they
meete
with
the
Hearbe
called
Ferus
oculus
Wilde-eye
,
but
heerein
lyeth
a
wonder
,
that
whereas
there
are
two
kinds
of
this
Hearb
,
a
male
and
a
female
,
they
should
earnestly
desire
a
male
,
and
eagerly
avoyde
a
Female
,
seeing
that
both
of
them
haue
the
same
tast
in
the
pallate
of
a
man
,
for
they
tast
like
the
raw
roots
of
Beets
.
There
is
an
Hearbe
in
Normandy
called
Duua
,
not
much
vnlike
Rubarbe
,
or
great
Gentian
,
but
narrower
leaues
and
standing
vpright
,
the
Nearue
whereof
in
the
middle
is
red
,
and
it
groweth
about
the
waters
,
and
therefore
I
coniecture
it
may
be
Water-Sorrell
,
or
Water-planton
,
whereof
when
Sheep
haue
eaten
,
they
fall
into
a
disease
called
also
Duua
,
for
there
is
bred
in
their
liuer
certain
litle
black
Worms
or
Leeches
,
growing
in
smal
bagges
or
skinnes
,
being
in
length
halfe
a
finger
,
and
so
much
in
breadth
,
wherewithall
when
the
beast
is
infected
,
it
is
vncurable
;
and
therefore
there
is
no
remedy
but
to
take
from
it
the
life
:
and
that
this
is
true
,
the
Butchers
themseles
affirme
,
how
many
times
they
doe
find
such
little
Wormes
in
the
Sheepes
Lyuer
,
and
they
say
,
they
come
by
drinking
of
Fenny
or
marshy-water
.
And
to
conclude
,
there
is
a
kinde
of
Pannicke
also
whereof
when
Sheepe
haue
eaten
it
destroyeth
them
,
and
there
be
other
Hearbes
which
euery
common
Sheapheard
knoweh
are
hurtfull
vnto
Sheepe
,
and
the
beast
it selfe
though
in
nature
it
bee
very
simple
,
yet
is
wise
enough
to
chuse
his
owne
foode
,
except
the
vehement
necessity
of
famine
and
hunger
causeth
him
to
eate
poysoned
hearbs
.
In
cases
when
their
bellyes
swell
,
or
when
they
haue
Wormes
in
their
belly
which
they
haue
deuoured
with
the
Herbs
they
eat
,
then
they
poure
into
their
bellies
the
Vrin
of
men
,
and
because
their
bellies
presently
swell
and
are
puffed
out
with
wind
,
the
Sheapheards
cut
off
the
tops
of
their
eares
,
and
make
them
bleede
,
and
likewise
beate
their
sides
with
their
Staffe
,
and
so
most
commonly
they
are
recouered
.
If
Sheep
chaunce
to
drink
in
their
heate
,
so
as
their
greace
be
cooled
in
their
belly
,
which
Butchers
do
find
many
times
to
be
true
,
then
the
Sheaphard
must
cut
off
halfe
the
Sheepes
eare
,
and
if
it
bleede
the
beast
shall
be
well
,
but
if
it
bleed
not
,
he
must
be
killed
and
eaten
,
or
else
he
will
starue
of
his
owne
accord
.
If
at
any
time
a
Sheep
chance
to
deuoure
a
leach
,
by
pouring
in
oyle
into
his
throat
he
shall
be
safe
from
danger
.
Of
the
colds
of
Sheepe
.
SHeep
are
knowne
to
be
subiect
to
cold
,
not
onely
by
coughing
after
they
haue
taken
it
,
but
also
by
their
strength
before
they
take
it
,
for
the
Sheapheards
do
diligently
obserue
that
when
any
frost
or
yce
falleth
vppon
a
Sheepe
,
if
hee
endure
it
and
not
shake
it
off
,
it
is
a
great
hazzard
but
the
same
Sheep
will
die
of
cold
,
but
if
he
shake
it
off
and
not
endure
it
,
it
is
a
signe
of
a
strong
,
sound
,
and
healthy
constitution
:
Likewise
for
to
know
the
health
of
their
Sheep
,
they
open
their
eies
,
and
if
the
vaines
appeare
red
and
small
,
they
know
they
are
sound
,
but
if
they
appeare
white
,
or
else
red
and
ful
,
they
know
they
are
weake
,
and
will
hardly
liue
out
Winter
or
cold
weather
:
also
when
they
are
taken
in
their
hands
,
they
presse
their
backe
bone
neare
the
hips
,
and
if
it
bend
not
they
are
sound
and
strong
,
but
if
they
feele
it
bend
vnder
their
hand
,
they
hold
them
weake
and
feeble
:
Likewise
if
a
man
take
them
by
the
head
or
by
the
skinne
of
the
Necke
,
if
he
follow
him
easily
when
he
draweth
him
,
it
is
a
signe
of
weakenesse
and
imbicility
,
but
if
it
doth
striue
,
and
follow
with
great
difficulty
,
then
it
is
a
token
of
health
and
soundnesse
.
Of
Scabs
,
and
the
causes
of
them
.
The
original
cause
of
Scabs
.
THe
true
originall
of
Scabs
is
either
as
we
haue
said
already
leanenesse
,
or
else
cold
,
or
wet
,
or
wounds
in
the
flesh
by
clipping
,
or
to
conclude
by
the
heate
of
the
beast
in
summer
not
washed
off
,
by
thornes
and
prickings
of
bushes
,
or
by
sitting
vpon
the
dung
of
Mules
,
Horsses
,
or
Asses
.
Now
when
this
first
of
al
beginneth
,
it
is
easie
for
the
sheapheard
to
obserue
by
these
signes
and
tokens
,
for
the
tickling
or
itching
humour
,
lying
betwixt
the
skin
and
the
flesh
,
causeth
the
poore
sheep
either
to
bite
the
place
with
his
teeth
,
or
to
scratch
it
with
his
horne
,
or
to
rub
it
vpon
a
tree
or
wall
,
or
if
he
can
do
none
of
these
stamp
hard
vppon
the
ground
with
his
forefeet
,
for
which
it
is
good
presently
to
separate
the
sheepe
so
affected
from
the
flocke
.
The
discription
and
cure
whereof
is
thus
expressed
by
Virgill
:
Turpis
oues
,
tentat
scabies
,
vbi
frigidus
hymber
,
Altius
ad
vivum
persedit
,
&
horrida
cano
Bruma
gelu
:
vel
cum
tonsis
illotus
ad
haesit
Sud●r
,
&
hir
suti
secuerunt
corpora
vepres
.
Dulcibus
id
circo
fluuijs
pecus
omne
magistri
Per
fundunt
,
vdisque
aries
in
gurgite
villis
Mersatur
,
missusque
secundo
,
defluit
amni
.
Aut
tonsum
tristi
,
contingunt
corpus
amurca
:
Et
spumas
miscent
argenti
,
viuaque
sulphura
,
Idaasque
pices
,
&
pingues
vnguine
ceras
,
Scillamque
helleborosque
graues
,
nigrumque
bitumen
.
Non
tamen
vlla
magis
praesens
fortuna
laborum
est
,
Quam
si
qui●
ferro
potuit
rescindere
summum
Vlceris
os
:
alitur
vitium
,
viuitque
tegendo
,
Dum
medicas
adhibere
manus
ad
vulnera
pastor
Abnegat
.
which
may
be
englished
in
this
maner
:
When
the
poore
sheep
throgh
wet
shewers
,
cold
winter
,
summers
sweate
,
or
prickings
of
thornes
,
doth
incurre
the
filthy
disease
of
scabs
,
then
it
concerneth
his
maister
to
wash
him
in
sweet
riuers
ouer
head
and
eares
,
yea
to
cast
him
in
to
swimme
for
his
owne
life
,
or
else
to
annoint
his
body
after
it
is
clipped
with
the
spume
or
froth
of
oyle
,
and
of
siluer
with
Brimstone
,
and
soft
Idean
Pitch
,
with
wax
,
Hellibor
,
black-earth
,
or
the
flesh
of
shrimps
,
or
if
it
be
possible
to
cut
off
the
top
of
the
wound
with
a
knife
.
Of
the
Scabs
of
Sheepe
,
the
first
remedy
.
THis
disease
the
French-men
call
Letac
,
and
of
all
other
it
is
one
of
the
most
contagious
,
for
our
english
prouerbe
iustifieth
,
one
scabbed
sheepe
infecteth
a
whole
flocke
,
and
Textor
writeth
thus
of
it
.
Oues
frequentius
quam
vllum
aliud
animal
infestantur
scabie
,
quam
facit
macies
vt
maciem
exiguitas
cibi
,
huic
morbo
nisi
occurratur
vnica
totum
pecus
coinquinabit
,
nam
oues
contagione
vexantur
.
That
is
to
say
,
Sheep
are
more
oftentimes
infected
with
scabs
then
any
other
creature
,
whereinto
they
throgh
for
leanes
,
as
they
fall
into
leanesse
through
want
of
food
;
and
therefore
if
a
remedy
be
not
prouided
for
this
euill
,
one
of
them
infected
will
defile
all
the
residue
,
for
sheep
are
subiect
to
contagion
:
for
remedy
wherof
in
France
they
vse
this
medicine
.
First
of
all
they
sheare
the
sheep
,
and
then
they
mingle
together
the
pure
froath
of
oyle
and
water
,
wherein
Hops
haue
bin
sod
,
and
the
leeze
of
the
best
wine
,
and
so
let
it
soke
in
two
or
three
daies
together
:
afterwardes
they
wash
them
in
sea-water
,
and
for
want
of
sea
water
in
salt
water
,
and
this
medicine
is
approued
,
wherby
both
scabs
and
tikes
are
remoued
from
the
sheep
,
and
also
the
wooll
groweth
better
afterwards
then
euer
it
did
before
,
but
it
is
better
if
a
man
can
cure
them
without
shearing
then
by
shearing
(
as
Varro
writeth
,
)
and
furthermore
to
wash
sheep
oftentimes
with
this
medicine
doth
preserue
them
from
scabs
before
they
be
infected
:
and
others
adde
vnto
this
medicine
little
stickes
of
Cypresse
wood
soked
in
water
,
and
so
wash
them
therewith
,
some
again
make
another
medicine
of
Sulphur
or
Brimstone
,
Cypresse
,
white
lead
,
and
Butter
,
mingled
altogether
,
and
so
annoint
their
sheep
therewith
.
Some
again
take
earth
which
is
as
soft
as
durt
,
being
so
softned
with
the
stale
of
an
Asse
,
but
euermore
they
shaue
the
scabbed
place
first
of
all
,
and
wash
it
with
cold
or
stale
vrin
,
and
generally
in
Arabia
they
were
neuer
wont
to
vse
other
medicine
then
the
gum
of
Cedar
,
wherwithall
they
purged
away
by
ointment
all
scabs
from
sheep
,
Camels
,
and
Elephants
:
but
to
conclude
,
there
is
no
better
medicine
for
this
euill
then
vrin
,
Brimstone
,
and
oyle
,
as
Diophones
writeth
.
Another
medicine
for
the
Scabs
.
TAke
the
leeze
of
wine
,
the
froath
of
Oyle
,
white
Hellibor
mingled
with
the
liquor
of
sod
hops
,
also
the
iuyce
of
greene
Hemlock
which
is
expressed
out
of
the
stalke
before
it
hath
seede
,
after
it
is
cut
downe
and
put
into
an
earthen
vessell
with
any
other
liquor
mingled
with
scorched
salt
,
so
the
mouth
of
the
vessel
being
made
vp
close
,
set
it
in
a
dunghill
a
whole
year
together
,
that
so
it
may
be
concocted
with
the
vapor
of
the
dung
,
then
take
it
forth
,
and
when
you
will
vse
it
,
warme
it
,
first
of
al
scraping
the
vlcerous
or
scabbed
part
with
an
Oyster
shell
,
or
else
with
a
sharp
pumise
stone
,
vntill
it
be
ready
to
bleed
,
and
so
annoint
it
therewith
.
Another
medicine
for
the
same
.
TAke
the
froath
of
oile
sod
away
to
two
parts
,
I
mean
3.
parts
into
two
,
put
therinto
the
stale
vrin
of
a
man
,
which
hath
bin
heated
by
casting
into
it
hot
burning
Oyster-shels
,
and
mingle
a
like
quantity
of
the
iuyce
of
Hemlock
,
then
beat
an
earthen
pot
to
powder
,
and
infuse
a
pinte
of
liquid
Pitch
and
a
pinte
of
fryed
or
scorched
salt
,
al
which
being
preserued
together
,
do
cure
the
scabs
of
sheep
so
often
as
they
are
vsed
.
Another
medicine
.
A
Drinke
being
made
of
the
iuyce
of
hops
,
and
the
hearb
Camaelion
,
and
giuen
vnto
them
cureth
them
.
Likewise
the
same
being
sod
with
the
roots
of
black
Camaelion
,
&
annointed
warm
vpon
the
place
,
according
to
Dioscorides
haue
the
same
operation
.
Likewise
Pliny
writeth
,
that
the
scabs
of
sheepe
may
be
cured
by
salt
water
alone
,
either
taken
out
of
the
sea
or
made
by
art
,
&
forasmvch
as
there
is
great
danger
in
the
decoction
thereof
,
least
that
the
water
ouercome
the
salt
,
of
the
salt
ouercome
the
water
,
he
prescribeth
a
mean
how
to
know
it
,
namely
the
equall
and
iust
temperament
thereof
,
for
(
saith
he
)
if
it
will
beare
vp
an
Egge
then
is
it
well
tempered
,
so
that
the
Egge
will
swim
and
net
sinke
,
which
you
shall
find
by
addition
of
aequall
and
iust
quantity
of
water
and
salt
,
that
is
,
two
pints
of
water
,
a
pinte
of
salt
,
and
so
lesse
to
lesse
,
and
more
to
more
.
But
if
there
be
any
bunch
or
great
scab
which
couereth
any
part
of
the
skinne
,
then
open
the
scab
and
bunch
and
poure
into
it
liquid
pitch
and
scortched
salt
:
and
thus
much
for
the
disease
of
the
scabs
.
Of
the
holy
fire
which
the
Sheapheards
call
the
Pox
,
or
the
Blisters
,
or
Saint
Anthonies
fire
.
THis
euill
is
vncurable
,
for
it
neither
admitteth
medicine
nor
resication
by
knife
,
and
therefore
whensoeuer
a
beast
is
infected
therewith
,
it
ought
presently
to
be
seperated
from
the
residue
of
the
flocke
,
for
there
is
nothing
that
spreadeth
it selfe
more
speedily
:
whensoeuer
you
aduenture
to
apply
any
thing
vnto
it
,
it
presently
waxeth
angry
,
and
perplexeth
the
whole
body
except
it
bee
the
milke
of
Goates
,
and
yet
my
Author
speaketh
thus
of
it
:
Quod
infusum
tantum
velet
,
vt
&
blandiatur
igneam
saeuitiam
differens
magis
occisionem
gregis
,
quam
prohibens
.
That
is
,
It
seemeth
to
close
with
raging
fire
,
as
it
were
to
flatter
it
a
little
,
rarher
deferring
the
death
of
the
beast
,
then
doing
away
the
disease
.
It
is
therefore
prescribed
by
the
most
memorable
Author
of
al
the
Egyptians
,
that
men
doe
oftentimes
looke
vpon
the
backes
of
their
sheep
to
see
the
beginning
of
this
sicknesse
,
and
when
they
find
a
sheep
affected
herewith
,
they
dig
a
ditch
or
hole
fit
for
him
at
the
entering
in
of
the
sheepe-coate
or
stable
,
wherin
they
put
the
sheep
aliue
with
his
face
vpward
,
and
backe
downeward
,
and
cause
all
the
residue
of
the
flocke
to
come
and
pisse
vpon
him
,
by
which
action
it
hath
bin
often
found
(
as
Columella
writeth
)
that
this
euill
hath
bin
driuen
away
,
and
by
no
other
meanes
.
Of
the
warts
,
and
cratches
of
Sheepe
.
THis
disease
is
called
by
the
vulgar
sheapheardes
the
Hedghog
,
and
it
doth
anoye
the
sheep
two
manner
of
waies
;
first
when
some
gauling
or
matter
ariseth
vppon
the
paring
of
the
hoofe
,
or
else
a
bunch
arise
in
the
same
place
hauing
a
hayre-growing
in
the
middle
like
the
haire
of
a
dog
,
and
vnder
that
a
little
worme
,
the
worme
is
best
drawne
out
with
a
knife
,
by
cutting
the
top
of
the
wound
,
wherein
must
bee
vsed
great
warinesse
and
circumspection
,
because
if
the
worme
bee
cut
asunder
in
the
wound
,
there
issueth
out
of
her
such
a
venemous
pustulate
matter
,
that
poysoneth
the
wound
,
and
then
there
is
no
remedy
but
the
foot
must
be
cut
off
.
But
the
wound
being
opened
and
the
worme
taken
out
aliue
,
presently
with
a
wax-candle
you
must
melt
into
it
hot
burning
sewet
,
and
if
there
be
no
bunch
but
onely
scabs
,
take
Allum
,
liquid
Pitch
,
Brimstone
,
and
Vineger
,
mingled
all
together
,
and
apply
it
vnto
the
wound
,
or
else
take
a
young
Pomgranate
before
the
graines
grow
in
it
,
and
bake
it
with
Allum
,
casting
vppon
it
vineger
,
sharp
wine
,
and
the
rust
of
yron
fryed
altogether
.
Of
the
falling
sicknesse
.
IT
commeth
to
passe
sometimes
that
sheepe
are
infected
with
the
falling
sicknesse
,
but
the
cure
hereof
can
neuer
be
knowne
,
nor
yet
the
sicknesse
well
til
the
beast
be
dead
,
and
then
(
as
Hippocratus
writeth
)
by
opening
of
the
braine
it
wil
euidently
appeare
,
by
the
ouer
great
moystnesse
thereof
.
Of
the
paines
in
the
eies
.
IT
is
reported
by
Theophrastus
and
Pliny
,
that
for
cloudes
and
other
paines
in
the
eie
of
a
sheepe
,
horned-poppy
and
Chamaelia
are
very
wholsome
.
Of
phlegme
in
Sheepe
.
FOr
the
remedy
of
this
disease
take
Peniroial
,
or
Margerum
,
or
wild
Nep
made
vp
togither
in
wooll
,
and
thrust
into
the
nose
of
the
sheepe
,
there
turned
round
vntill
the
beast
begin
to
neeze
,
also
a
stalk
of
blacke
Hellibor
boared
through
the
eare
of
the
sheepe
,
and
there
tyed
fast
for
the
space
of
foure
and
twenty
hours
,
and
then
taken
out
at
the
same
time
of
the
day
that
it
was
put
in
,
by
Pliny
and
Collumella
is
affirmd
to
be
an
excelent
remedy
against
the
Phlegme
.
Of
the
swelling
in
the
iawes
.
THere
is
sometimes
an
inflammation
or
swelling
in
the
iawes
of
sheepe
,
which
the
Latins
call
tonsillae
,
comming
by
reason
of
a
great
flux
of
humours
from
the
head
vnto
that
place
,
which
may
be
cured
two
manner
of
waies
,
first
,
by
incision
or
opening
the
skin
where
the
bunch
lyeth
,
wherby
all
the
watery
tumors
are
euacuated
,
and
the
beast
cured
,
or
else
if
through
the
coldnes
of
the
weather
or
some
other
accident
you
list
not
to
cut
the
skin
,
then
annoint
it
with
liquid
pitch
,
prepared
in
such
manner
as
is
before
expressed
for
the
scabes
,
by
operation
whereof
,
it
will
be
dissolued
and
dispersed
:
When
this
euill
ariseth
in
the
beginning
of
the
spring
,
many
times
it
is
cured
without
all
remedie
,
because
the
beast
for
the
greedinesse
of
the
sweete
grasse
stoopeth
downe
her
head
,
and
stretcheth
her
necke
,
by
which
the
straining
and
sorenesse
of
her
iawes
and
throat
departeth
,
and
this
sicknesse
in
a
sheepe
is
like
the
Kings
euill
in
a
man
.
There
be
some
that
cure
it
by
putting
salt
among
the
meate
of
these
beasts
,
or
by
Guniper
berries
,
and
Harts-toong
leaues
beaten
to
powder
.
For
the
cough
,
and
paine
in
the
lungs
.
SHepheards
for
these
diseases
do
take
the
powder
of
the
root
of
Foale-foot
,
and
mingle
it
with
salt
,
so
giue
it
vnto
the
sheepe
to
lick
,
whereby
they
are
perswaded
,
that
the
lungs
of
the
beast
are
much
comforted
and
strengthned
,
and
furthermore
against
the
cough
,
they
take
blanched
Almonds
,
and
beat
them
to
powder
,
and
so
tempering
them
in
two
or
3.
cups
of
wine
,
do
infuse
it
in
at
the
sheeps
nostrilles
,
and
likewise
veruine
which
is
called
a
kind
of
Germander
,
but
falsely
,
because
it
hath
no
good
smel
,
is
giuen
by
shephards
at
this
day
vnto
their
sheep
against
the
cough
.
Of
sighing
,
and
shortnesse
of
breath
.
FOr
sheepe
that
are
affected
with
much
sighing
,
they
vse
to
bore
a
hole
with
an
yron
through
their
eares
,
and
remoue
the
sheepe
out
of
the
place
where
they
feed
to
some
other
place
,
and
if
it
come
from
the
sicknes
of
the
lungs
,
then
the
hearb
called
Lungwort
or
Creswort
,
is
the
most
present
remedy
in
the
world
:
If
the
root
therof
be
drunke
in
water
,
or
a
piece
thereof
tyed
vnder
the
sheepes
tongue
,
or
(
as
Celsus
saith
)
giue
vnto
it
as
much
sharp
vineger
as
the
beast
can
endure
,
or
halfe
a
pint
of
a
mans
stale
vrine
warmed
at
the
fire
,
and
infused
into
the
nostril
with
a
little
horn
,
this
also
is
a
remedy
against
flegme
in
the
summer
time
.
Of
the
loathing
of
Sheepe
,
and
encreasing
of
their
stomacke
.
IF
at
any
time
the
sheepe
forsake
his
meate
,
then
take
his
taile
and
pull
off
from
it
all
the
wooll
▪
afterwards
binde
it
as
hard
as
euer
you
can
,
and
so
he
will
fall
hard
to
his
meat
againe
:
and
Pliny
affirmeth
,
that
the
same
part
of
his
taile
which
is
beneath
the
knot
wil
die
after
such
binding
,
and
neuer
haue
any
sence
in
it
againe
.
Of
the
fluxes
of
sheepe
,
and
loosenesse
of
the
belly
.
FOr
this
disease
the
Sheapheardes
take
no
other
thing
but
the
Hearbe
Tormentia
,
or
Set-foyle
wherwithall
they
stop
all
manner
of
laxes
,
but
if
they
cannot
get
the
same
Hearb
,
then
they
take
salt
and
giue
it
vnto
them
,
and
so
hauing
encreased
their
thirst
,
they
giue
vnto
them
black
wine
,
whereby
they
are
cured
.
Of
the
melt
of
Sheepe
.
IN
Aprill
and
May
through
the
aboundance
of
thicke
grosse
blood
,
the
melt
of
sheepe
is
stopped
and
filled
,
then
the
sheaphards
will
take
two
of
their
fingers
,
and
thrust
them
within
the
nostriles
of
the
sheep
,
there
rubbing
them
vntill
they
make
them
bleed
,
and
so
draw
from
them
as
much
blood
as
they
can
.
Of
the
sicknesse
of
the
Spleene
.
FOr
as
much
as
a
Horse
,
a
Man
,
and
a
Sheep
,
are
troubled
with
the
same
diseases
,
they
are
also
to
be
cured
with
the
same
remedies
,
and
therefore
Spleen-wort
giuen
vnto
sheep
,
as
to
a
man
and
a
Horse
(
as
wee
haue
already
expressed
)
is
the
best
remedy
for
this
Malady
.
Of
the
Feauers
of
Sheepe
.
SOmetimes
a
shaking
rage
through
an
incensed
and
an
vnnaturall
heat
of
the
blood
in
the
sheepe
begetteth
in
him
a
Feauer
,
the
best
remedy
whereof
is
to
let
him
bloud
,
according
to
these
verses
;
Quin
etiam
iam
dolor
balantum
lapsus
ad
ossa
,
Cum
furit
,
atque
artus
depascitur
arida
febris
:
Profuit
incensos
aestus
auertere
:
&
inter
Ima
ferire
pedes
salientem
sanguine
venam
,
Quam
procul
aut
molli
succedere
saepius
vmbrae
Videris
,
aut
summas
carpentem
ignauius
herbas
,
Extremamque
sequi
,
aut
medio
procumbere
campo
Pascentem
,
&
serae
solam
decedere
nocti
.
Continuò
ferro
culpam
compesce
:
priusquàm
Dira
per
in
cautum
serpant
cantagio
vulgus
.
In
which
verses
the
Poet
defineth
the
signes
of
this
disease
and
the
cure
.
The
signes
he
saith
are
solitarinesse
,
and
a
carelesse
feeding
,
or
biting
off
the
top
of
his
meat
,
following
alwaies
the
hindmost
of
the
flock
,
and
lying
down
in
the
middle
of
the
field
,
when
others
be
a
feeding
,
also
lying
alone
in
the
night
time
,
and
therefore
he
wisheth
to
let
them
bloud
vnder
the
pasterne
or
ankle
bone
of
their
foot
,
but
by
often
experiment
it
hath
bin
proued
that
to
let
them
bloud
vnder
the
eies
or
vpon
the
eares
,
is
as
availeable
as
in
the
legs
,
but
concerning
the
Feauer
we
will
say
more
in
the
discourse
of
the
Lambes
.
Of
the
pestilence
or
rottennesse
of
Sheepe
.
THis
sicknesse
first
of
al
commeth
vnto
Sheepe
out
of
the
earth
,
either
by
some
earthquake
,
or
else
by
some
other
pestilent
humor
corrupting
the
vitall
spirit
,
for
Seneca
writeth
,
that
after
the
Citty
Pompeij
in
Champania
was
ouerthrowne
by
an
earth-quake
in
the
winter
time
,
there
followed
a
pestilence
which
destroyed
sixe
hundered
sheep
about
that
citty
in
short
time
after
,
and
this
he
saith
did
not
happen
through
any
naturall
feare
in
them
,
but
rather
through
the
corruption
of
water
and
aire
which
lyeth
in
the
vpper
face
of
the
earth
,
and
which
by
the
trembling
of
the
earth
is
forced
out
,
poysoning
first
of
all
the
beasts
because
their
heads
are
downeward
and
feede
vpon
the
earth
;
and
this
also
will
poyson
men
if
it
were
not
suppressed
and
ouercome
by
a
multitude
of
good
aire
which
is
aboue
the
earth
.
It
were
endlesse
to
describe
all
the
euils
that
come
by
this
disease
,
how
some
consume
away
by
crying
and
mourning
,
filling
both
fields
and
hils
with
their
lamentations
,
leauing
nothing
behinde
them
,
no
not
their
skins
or
bowels
for
the
vse
of
man
:
For
the
cure
whereof
:
First
change
the
place
of
their
feeding
,
so
that
if
they
were
infected
in
the
woods
or
in
a
cold
place
,
driue
them
to
the
hils
or
to
sunny
warme
fields
,
and
so
on
the
contrary
,
if
in
warme
places
&
clementaire
,
then
driue
them
to
more
turbulent
and
cold
pastures
:
remoue
and
change
them
often
,
but
yet
force
them
gently
,
waying
their
sicke
and
feeble
estate
,
neither
suffering
them
to
dye
through
lazinesse
and
idlenesse
,
nor
yet
to
be
oppressed
through
ouermuch
labour
.
When
you
haue
brought
them
to
the
place
where
you
would
haue
them
,
there
deuide
them
asunder
,
not
permitting
aboue
two
or
three
together
,
for
the
disease
is
not
so
powerfull
in
a
few
as
in
a
multitude
;
and
be
well
assured
that
this
remouing
of
the
aire
and
feeding
is
the
best
phisicke
.
Some
do
prescribe
three-leaued-grasse
,
the
hardest
roots
of
reeds
,
Sand
of
the
Mountaine
,
and
such
other
Hearbs
for
the
remedy
of
this
,
but
herein
I
can
promise
nothing
certain
,
only
the
sheapheard
ought
oftentimes
to
giue
this
vnto
his
sheepe
when
they
are
sound
.
I
wil
conclude
therefore
this
discourse
of
the
pestilence
with
the
description
of
Virgil
;
Balatu
pecorum
,
&
crebris
mugitibus
amnes
,
Arentesque
sonant
ripae
collesque
supini
Iamque
cateruatim
dat
stragem
:
atque
aggerat
ipsis
In
stabulis
,
turpi
dilapsa
cadauera
tabo
,
Donec
humo
tegere
,
ac
foueis
abscondere
discunt
,
Nam
neque
erat
corijs
vsus
:
nec
viscera
quisquam
Aut
vndis
abolere
potest
,
aut
vincere
stamma
.
Nec
tondere
quidem
morbo
,
illuvieque
peresa
Vellera
,
nectelas
possunt
attingere
putres
.
Verum
etiam
inuisos
si
quis
tentarat
amictus
Ardentes
papulae
,
atque
immundus
olentia
sudor
Membra
sequebatur
:
nec
longo
deinde
moranti
Tempore
,
contactos
artus
sacer
ignis
edebat
.
It
is
reported
by
Iohn
Stowe
,
that
in
the
third
yeare
of
Edward
the
first
,
and
in
Anno
1275.
there
was
a
rich
man
of
Fraunce
,
that
brought
a
sheepe
out
of
Spaine
(
that
was
as
great
as
a
calfe
of
two
yeare
olde
)
into
Northumberland
,
and
that
the
same
sheepe
fell
rotten
,
or
to
be
infected
with
the
Pestilence
,
which
afterward
infected
almost
all
the
sheepe
of
England
:
and
before
that
time
the
pestilence
or
rottennesse
was
not
knowne
in
England
,
but
then
it
tooke
such
hold
,
and
wrought
such
effects
,
as
it
neuer
was
cleare
since
,
and
that
first
Pestilence
gaue
good
occasion
to
be
remembred
,
for
it
continued
for
twentie
and
sixe
yeares
together
.
And
thus
much
for
this
disease
of
the
Pestilence
caused
in
England
for
the
most
part
in
moist
and
wet
yeares
.
Of
Lice
and
Tikes
.
IF
either
Lice
or
Tikes
doe
molest
sheepe
,
take
the
roote
of
a
Maple
tree
,
beate
the
same
into
powder
,
and
seeth
it
in
water
,
afterwards
clip
off
the
wooll
from
the
backe
of
the
sheepe
,
and
poure
the
said
water
vpon
the
backe
,
vntill
it
hath
compassed
the
whole
body
:
some
vse
for
this
purpose
the
roote
of
Mandragora
,
and
some
the
rootes
of
Cypresse
,
and
I
find
by
good
Authors
,
that
all
of
them
are
equiuolent
to
rid
the
sheep
from
these
anoyances
:
to
conclude
therfore
the
discourse
of
sheeps
diseases
,
it
is
good
to
plant
neare
the
sheepe-coates
,
and
pastures
of
sheepe
,
the
hearbe
Alysson
,
or
wilde
gallow-grasse
,
for
it
is
very
wholesome
for
Goates
,
and
sheepe
,
likewise
the
flowers
of
worme-wood
dryed
and
beaten
to
powder
giuen
vnto
sheep
with
salt
,
doth
asswage
all
inward
diseases
and
paines
,
and
also
purge
them
throughly
.
The
Iuice
of
Centorie
is
very
profitable
for
the
inward
diseases
of
sheepe
,
&
likewise
the
flowers
of
Iuey
,
the
hoome
tree
hath
foure
kinds
of
fruite
,
two
proper
,
the
nut
,
and
the
grraine
,
two
improper
,
the
line
,
and
hiphear
,
this
hipheare
is
very
profi●able
for
sheep
,
and
it
is
nothing
else
but
a
confection
made
out
of
the
barks
of
the
hoome-tree
▪
the
word
itselfe
is
an
Arcadian
word
,
signifying
no
other
thing
then
viscus
and
stelis
.
Sheep
also
delight
in
the
braunches
of
maiden-haire
,
and
generally
the
wooll
of
sheepe
burned
to
powder
and
giuen
them
to
drinke
,
is
very
profitable
for
al
their
inward
dise●ses
:
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
to
haue
spoken
of
the
seuerall
infirmities
and
sicknesses
of
sheepe
,
which
I
desire
the
English
Reader
to
take
in
good
part
,
wondering
very
much
at
the
many
fold
wits
,
and
stirring
pens
of
these
daies
,
wherein
I
thinke
our
times
may
be
compared
to
the
most
flourishing
times
that
euer
were
since
the
worlds
beginning
;
yet
none
haue
aduentured
to
apply
their
times
and
wits
for
the
explication
of
the
seuerall
sickenesses
of
sheepe
and
cattell
.
I
know
there
are
many
Noble
men
,
Knights
,
and
Gentlemen
of
the
land
,
and
those
also
which
are
very
learned
,
that
are
great
masters
of
sheepe
and
cattell
,
and
I
may
say
of
them
as
the
Prophet
Dauid
saith
:
Their
Oxen
are
strong
to
labor
,
and
their
sheepe
bringeth
forth
thousands
and
ten
thousands
in
their
fieldes
:
Whereby
they
are
greatly
inritched
,
and
yet
not
one
of
them
haue
had
so
much
commisseration
,
either
towards
the
poore
cattell
in
whose
garments
they
are
warmed
,
or
charitie
to
the
world
.
For
the
better
direction
to
maintaine
the
health
of
these
creatures
,
as
to
publish
any
thing
in
writing
for
the
benefite
of
Adams
children
,
but
such
knowledge
must
rest
in
the
brests
of
si●ly
Shepheards
,
and
for
the
masters
either
they
know
nothing
,
or
els
in
strange
visitation
and
mortalitie
of
their
cattell
,
they
ascribe
that
to
witchcraft
and
the
diuell
,
which
is
peculiar
to
the
worke
of
nature
.
Horses
,
Dogs
,
and
almost
euery
creature
,
haue
gotten
fauour
in
Gentlemens
wits
,
to
haue
their
natures
described
,
but
the
silly
sheepe
better
euery
way
then
they
,
and
more
necessary
for
life
,
could
neuer
attaine
such
kindnesse
,
as
once
to
get
one
page
written
or
indighted
for
▪
the
safegard
of
their
natures
,
I
do
therfore
by
these
presence
from
my
soule
and
spirit
,
inuite
all
Gentlmen
and
men
of
learning
,
not
onely
to
giue
their
mindes
to
know
the
defects
of
this
beast
,
but
also
to
inuent
the
best
remedies
that
nature
can
afford
,
for
it
is
a
token
of
highest
mercy
vnto
bruite
beasts
to
feede
them
when
they
are
hungry
,
and
to
recouer
them
when
they
are
sicke
.
Columella
and
Varro
two
great
Romanes
,
and
such
as
had
attained
to
some
of
the
greatest
place
of
the
Common-wealth
,
being
men
of
excellent
wits
and
capacitie
,
yet
had
their
names
been
forgotten
&
they
neuer
remembred
,
if
they
had
not
written
of
rustick
and
countrey
matters
,
and
it
is
no
little
honor
vnto
them
to
haue
left
that
behind
them
in
Print
,
or
writing
,
which
themselues
had
obserued
from
following
the
plough
.
Therefore
it
shal
be
no
disgrace
for
any
man
of
what
worth
soeuer
to
bestow
his
wits
vpon
the
sheep
,
for
certainely
it
is
no
lesse
worthy
of
his
wit
,
then
it
is
of
his
teeth
;
and
how
necessarie
it
is
for
the
nourishment
of
man
,
we
all
know
to
this
daye
,
and
besides
there
is
nothing
that
so
magnifyeth
our
English
Nation
as
the
price
of
our
Wooll
in
all
the
kingdomes
of
the
World
.
But
what
account
the
auncients
made
of
Sheepe
,
I
will
now
tell
you
:
for
their
greatest
men
both
Kings
and
Lordes
were
Sheapheardes
,
and
therefore
you
which
succeede
in
their
places
shall
bestow
much
lesse
labour
in
writing
of
sheepe
then
they
did
in
keeping
:
with
the
picture
of
a
Sheepe
they
stamped
their
auncient
mony
,
and
it
is
reported
of
Mandrabulus
,
that
hauing
found
a
great
treasure
in
the
earth
,
in
token
of
his
blind
thankefulnesse
to
God
,
did
dedicate
three
pictures
of
Sheepe
to
Iuno
,
one
of
Gold
,
another
of
Syluer
,
and
a
third
of
Brasse
;
and
besides
the
ancient
Romans
made
the
penalties
of
the
lawes
to
be
Oxsen
and
Sheep
,
and
no
man
might
name
an
Oxen
vntil
he
had
named
a
sheep
.
Among
the
Trogladites
they
had
their
Wiues
common
,
yet
their
Tyrants
had
lawes
to
keepe
their
wiues
to
themselues
,
and
they
thought
it
a
great
penalty
for
the
adultery
of
their
wife
,
if
the
adulterer
payed
them
a
sheepe
.
The
Poets
haue
a
pretty
fiction
,
that
Endimion
the
Sonne
of
Mercury
fell
in
loue
with
the
Moone
,
who
dispised
him
,
and
that
therefore
he
went
and
kept
Sheepe
:
afterward
the
Moone
fell
in
loue
with
his
white
Sheepe
,
and
desired
some
of
them
,
promysing
to
grant
his
request
,
if
he
would
gratifie
her
choyce
:
whereupon
the
Wise-man
(
as
Probus
writeth
)
deuided
his
flock
into
two
partes
,
the
whiter
on
the
one
side
which
had
the
courser
Wooll
,
and
the
blacker
on
the
other
side
which
had
the
finer
Wooll
,
so
the
Moone
chose
the
white
one
,
and
graunted
him
her
loue
,
whereupon
Virgill
thus
writeth
:
Pan
munere
niueo
lunae
captum
te
luna
fefellit
.
It
may
appeare
also
in
what
great
regard
Sheepe
were
in
auncient
time
,
for
that
their
Priestes
made
holy
Water
and
sacrifices
for
their
santification
,
whereof
I
finde
these
relations
,
in
Gyraldus
,
Virgil
,
and
others
.
At
the
lustration
of
Sheepe
there
was
another
manner
of
sanctifieng
then
at
other
times
,
for
the
Sheapheard
rose
betimes
in
the
morning
,
and
sprinkled
his
Sheepe
all
ouer
with
Water
,
making
a
perfume
round
about
the
fold
,
with
Sulphar
,
Sauine
,
Lawrell
,
Wine
and
fire
,
singing
holy
verses
,
and
making
sacrifice
to
the
God
Pan
,
for
they
did
beleeue
that
by
this
lustration
the
health
of
their
Sheepe
was
procured
,
and
all
consuming
diseases
driuen
away
.
It
is
reported
that
when
Sheepe
of
strange
colours
were
sprinkled
with
this
water
,
it
signified
great
happinesse
to
the
princes
of
the
people
,
and
they
were
gifts
for
the
Emperor
,
whereupon
Virgill
made
these
verses
;
Ipse
sed
in
pratis
,
aries
iam
suaue
rubenti
Murick
,
iam
croceo
mutabit
vellera
luto
.
When
men
went
to
receiue
answers
of
the
Oracles
,
they
slept
all
night
in
the
skinnes
of
Sheep
.
There
was
a
Noble
sacrifice
among
the
Pagans
called
Hecatombe
,
wherein
were
sacrificed
at
one
time
a
hundred
Sheepe
at
a
hundered
seueral
alters
.
It
is
reported
of
King
Iosias
,
that
hee
sacrificed
at
one
time
twelue
hundered
Oxen
,
and
eight
and
thirty
hundered
sheepe
,
so
great
was
the
dignity
of
this
beast
,
that
God
himselfe
placed
in
the
death
thereof
one
part
of
his
worship
:
and
whereas
it
was
lawfull
among
the
heathens
to
make
their
sacrifices
of
Seepe
,
Goates
,
Swine
,
Oxen
,
Hennes
,
and
geese
,
they
made
reckoning
that
the
lambe
and
the
Kid
was
best
of
all
,
for
that
God
was
not
pleased
with
the
quantitie
but
with
the
qualitie
of
the
sacrifice
.
The
auncient
Egyptians
for
the
honor
of
sheepe
,
did
neither
eate
nor
sacrifice
them
,
and
therefore
we
reade
in
holy
Scripture
,
that
the
Israelites
were
an
abhomination
to
the
Egyptians
,
because
they
both
killed
,
and
sacrificed
sheepe
,
as
all
Diuines
haue
declared
.
There
is
a
noble
story
of
Clitus
who
when
he
sacrificed
at
the
Altars
,
was
called
away
by
King
Alexander
,
and
therefore
he
left
his
sacrifices
and
went
to
the
King
,
but
three
of
the
sheep
that
were
appointed
to
be
offered
did
follow
after
him
,
euen
vnto
the
Kings
presence
,
whereat
Alexander
did
very
much
wonder
(
and
that
not
without
cause
,
)
for
he
called
together
all
the
wise
men
&
South
sayers
to
know
what
that
prodegy
did
fore-shew
,
whereunto
they
generally
answered
that
it
did
fore-shew
some
fearefull
euents
to
Clitus
,
for
as
much
as
the
sheepe
which
by
appointment
were
dead
,
that
is
,
ready
to
die
,
did
follow
him
into
the
presence
of
the
King
,
in
token
that
he
could
neuer
auoid
a
violent
death
,
and
so
afterwards
it
came
to
passe
;
for
Alexander
being
displeased
with
him
because
(
as
it
is
said
)
he
had
raild
on
him
in
his
drunkennes
,
after
the
sacrifice
commanded
him
to
be
slaine
,
and
thus
we
see
how
diuine
things
may
be
collected
from
the
natures
of
sheep
.
These
things
are
reported
by
Plutarch
,
&
Pausanias
.
Another
note
of
the
dignity
of
sheep
,
may
be
collected
from
the
custome
of
the
Lacedemonians
:
When
they
went
to
the
wars
they
droue
their
goats
&
their
sheep
before
them
,
to
the
intent
that
before
they
ioyned
battell
they
might
make
sacrifice
to
their
Gods
:
the
goats
were
appointed
to
lead
the
way
for
the
sheep
,
for
they
were
droue
formost
,
and
therefore
they
were
called
Cataeades
,
and
on
a
time
this
miraculous
euent
fell
out
,
for
the
wolues
set
vpon
the
flocks
,
&
yet
contrary
to
their
rauening
nature
,
they
spared
the
sheepe
,
and
destroyed
the
goats
;
which
notable
fact
is
worthy
to
be
recorded
,
because
that
God
by
such
an
example
among
the
heathen
Pagans
,
did
demonstrate
his
loue
vnto
the
good
in
sparing
the
sheepe
,
and
his
hatred
vnto
the
wicked
in
destroying
the
goates
,
and
therefore
he
reserued
the
sheepe
to
his
owne
Altar
:
Idibus
alba
Ioui
,
grandior
agna
cadit
So
saith
Ouid
:
Nigram
hiemi
pecudem
zephyris
falicibus
albam
So
saith
Virgil.
And
againe
:
Huc
castus
Hibilla
Nigrarum
multo
pecudum
te
sanguine
ducet
.
To
Iupiter
and
to
the
sunne
,
they
were
wont
to
sacrifice
white
sheepe
or
lambes
,
but
to
Pluto
and
to
the
earth
,
they
sacrificed
blacke
sheep
or
lambes
,
in
token
of
deadnes
:
Therefore
Tibullus
writeth
:
Interea
nigras
pecudes
promittite
Diti
And
Virgil
saith
:
Duc
nigras
pecudes
ea
prima
piacula
sunto
.
When
the
Graecians
sent
their
spies
to
the
tents
of
the
Troyans
,
to
discouer
what
order
strength
,
and
discipline
they
obserued
:
Nestor
and
the
ancients
of
Greece
,
vowed
vnto
the
Gods
for
euery
one
of
the
captaines
a
seuerall
gift
,
that
was
,
Oin
melainan
,
thelen
hyporrenon
,
that
is
a
black
sheep
great
with
yong
:
the
reason
whereof
is
giuen
by
the
Scholiast
,
they
vowed
(
saith
he
)
a
blacke
sheep
,
because
the
spies
went
in
the
night
time
,
blacknesse
being
an
emblem
of
darkenes
,
and
a
sheepe
great
with
young
because
of
good
fortune
,
for
they
spedde
well
in
Troy
.
In
Apolonia
there
were
certaine
sheepe
that
were
dedicated
to
the
sunne
,
and
in
the
day
time
they
fed
neere
the
riuer
in
the
best
pasture
,
being
lodged
euery
night
in
a
goodly
spatious
caue
neere
the
Cittie
,
ouer
whom
the
greatest
men
both
for
wealth
,
strength
,
and
wit
,
were
appointed
euery
night
to
watch
by
turnes
for
their
better
safegard
,
and
the
reason
of
this
custody
,
and
the
great
account
made
of
these
sheepe
,
was
for
that
the
Oracle
had
commanded
the
Apolonians
to
do
so
vnto
them
,
and
make
much
of
them
:
Afterwards
Euenius
a
noble
man
among
them
keeping
watch
according
to
his
turne
,
fell
asleep
,
so
that
threescore
of
the
said
sheep
were
killed
by
wolues
,
which
thing
came
in
question
among
the
common
magistrats
to
know
the
reason
of
that
fact
,
Coelius
Herodotus
&
how
it
came
to
passe
whether
by
negligence
or
by
some
other
violent
incursion
:
Euenius
being
no
waies
able
to
defend
it
,
was
condemned
to
haue
both
his
eies
put
out
,
that
so
he
might
be
iudged
neuer
more
worthy
to
see
the
light
with
those
eyes
,
which
wold
not
wake
ouer
their
charge
,
but
winke
and
sleep
when
they
should
haue
been
open
:
and
to
conclude
,
I
will
but
adde
this
one
thing
more
,
that
whereas
the
Egyptians
worshipped
the
sheep
for
a
God
,
God
permitted
the
same
vnto
the
Iews
to
be
eaten
among
common
&
vulgar
meats
,
and
also
to
be
burned
at
the
Altar
for
sacrifice
;
and
whereas
the
said
Egyptians
did
not
onely
eat
but
sacrifice
swines
flesh
,
God
himselfe
did
forbid
his
people
that
they
should
neuer
eate
nor
taste
of
swines
flesh
as
an
abhominable
thing
:
by
which
he
signifieth
how
contrarie
the
precepts
of
men
are
to
his
owne
lawes
,
for
that
which
hee
forbiddeth
,
they
allow
,
and
that
which
they
allow
,
he
forbiddeth
;
and
therefore
how
farre
the
people
of
God
ought
to
be
from
superstition
,
and
from
the
traditions
of
men
,
is
most
manifest
by
this
comparison
,
for
that
was
neuer
sanctified
that
came
not
into
the
Temple
,
and
that
was
neuer
lawfull
which
was
not
approoued
by
God
:
and
those
things
which
in
his
law
haue
greatest
appearance
of
crueltie
,
yet
are
they
more
iust
and
equall
then
the
most
indifferent
inuentions
of
men
,
which
seeme
to
be
stuffed
out
with
mercie
,
and
gilted
ouer
with
compassion
.
And
these
things
most
worthy
Readers
,
I
haue
thought
good
to
expresse
in
this
place
for
the
dignitie
and
honourable
account
which
the
greatest
men
of
the
world
in
former
times
haue
made
of
sheepe
,
and
thereby
I
would
incite
and
stir
you
vp
,
if
it
were
but
one
noble
spirited
learned
man
,
which
is
furnished
with
witte
,
meanes
,
and
opportunitie
,
to
diue
and
pierce
into
the
secrets
of
English
sheepe
,
and
Shepheards
,
and
to
manifest
vnto
the
world
the
best
,
and
most
approoued
meanes
and
medicines
,
for
the
propulsing
and
driuing
away
of
all
manner
of
diseases
from
those
innocent
profitable
beasts
,
and
for
their
conseruation
in
all
manner
of
health
and
welfare
.
I
am
sorry
that
our
times
are
so
farre
poysoned
with
couetousnesse
,
that
there
is
no
regard
of
God
,
man
,
or
beast
,
but
onely
for
profit
and
commoditie
:
for
as
for
the
seruice
of
God
we
see
that
the
common
deuotion
of
men
,
and
practise
of
their
religion
,
is
founded
vpon
a
meer
hope
that
therfore
God
wil
better
prosper
them
in
worldly
affaires
,
and
if
it
were
not
for
the
reward
in
this
world
,
the
professors
of
religion
would
not
be
halfe
so
many
as
now
they
are
;
and
that
is
true
in
them
which
the
diuell
slaunderously
obiected
to
Iob
,
namely
that
they
doe
not
serue
God
for
nothing
,
and
they
had
rather
with
●iues
haue
the
diuels
fauour
in
rich
garments
and
delicate
fare
,
then
with
Lazarus
with
misery
and
contempt
,
enioy
the
fauour
of
God
,
and
to
set
vp
their
hopes
for
an
other
world
.
As
for
men
we
see
that
the
sonne
loueth
his
Father
but
for
patrimony
,
and
that
one
man
maketh
much
of
an
other
,
for
hope
to
receaue
benefite
and
recompence
by
them
;
and
therefore
it
is
no
maruell
if
the
silly
beastes
haue
obtained
so
little
mercy
,
as
to
be
loued
,
nor
because
they
are
Gods
creatures
,
but
for
that
they
are
profitable
and
seruiceable
for
the
necessities
of
men
:
for
this
cause
you
nourish
them
,
and
not
like
the
Apolonians
aforesaid
for
the
Oracles
sake
,
but
for
their
fleeces
and
their
flesh
.
Therefore
if
you
haue
any
compassion
,
learne
how
to
helpe
their
miseries
,
and
publish
them
to
the
world
for
the
general
benefite
,
for
he
cannot
be
good
which
is
not
mercifull
vnto
a
beast
,
and
that
mercie
doth
easily
die
which
groweth
but
in
one
hart
of
one
mortall
man
.
There
were
a
company
of
people
in
Egypt
called
Lycopolitae
,
who
worshipped
a
wolfe
for
a
God
,
and
therefore
they
alone
among
all
the
Egyptians
did
eate
sheepe
,
because
the
Wolfe
did
eate
them
;
euen
so
I
can
make
no
better
reckoning
of
those
men
that
nourish
sheepe
for
their
profit
onely
,
then
I
do
of
the
Lycoplitaes
,
which
worshipped
a
Wolfe
,
for
such
men
haue
no
other
God
but
their
belly
,
and
therefore
I
trust
these
reasons
shall
perswade
some
one
or
other
to
write
a
large
discourse
of
our
English
sheepe
.
Now
in
the
next
place
we
are
to
discourse
of
the
vtilities
that
commeth
by
sheep
,
Of
the
s●ueral
〈…〉
by
〈…〉
.
for
as
it
is
the
meekest
of
all
other
beastes
,
so
as
the
rewarde
of
meekenesse
,
there
is
no
part
of
him
but
is
profitable
to
man
:
his
flesh
,
blood
,
and
milke
is
profitable
for
meat
,
his
skin
and
wooll
both
togither
and
assunder
for
garments
,
his
guts
and
intrals
for
Musicke
,
his
hornes
and
hooues
for
perfuming
and
driuing
away
of
Serpentes
,
and
the
excrements
of
his
belly
and
egestion
or
dung
,
for
the
amending
and
enriching
of
plowed
lands
,
and
for
these
occasions
did
the
Egyptians
worship
it
for
a
God
,
for
that
they
could
see
no
creature
in
the
world
,
but
had
some
parts
altogither
vnprofitable
vnto
men
,
but
in
this
they
found
none
at
all
.
First
of
al
therefore
to
beginne
with
their
flesh
,
although
Physitians
haue
their
seuerall
conceites
thereof
,
as
Galen
,
(
who
saith
)
that
the
flesh
of
Hares
is
better
then
the
flesh
of
Oxen
and
Sheepe
:
and
Simeon
Sethi
.
who
being
forced
to
confesse
the
goodnesse
of
Mutten
or
Sheepes-flesh
in
the
beginning
and
middle
of
the
spring
,
(
yet
writeth
)
that
it
is
ful
of
superfluities
and
euil
iuice
,
and
hurtfull
to
al
flegmy
and
moist
stomackes
▪
Crescentiensis
also
writeth
,
that
the
flesh
of
a
Sheepe
hath
an
vnpleasant
tast
through
ouermuch
humidity
,
and
fit
for
none
but
for
country-labouring-men
:
Indeed
I
graunt
the
opinion
of
Platina
,
who
writeth
thus
concerning
Rams
:
Ouem
arietem
dentibus
ne
atting
as
,
non
modo
enim
eius
caro
non
prodest
,
verum
etiam
vehementer
ouest
,
that
is
,
That
Rammes
flesh
wee
ought
neuer
to
touch
,
for
it
is
not
onely
vnprofitable
,
but
it
is
much
hurtfull
:
yet
in
England
the
flesh
of
Rammes
is
vsually
eaten
,
either
through
the
craft
or
subtilty
of
the
butchers
,
or
else
through
couetousnes
.
But
in
many
houses
(
as
I
haue
hearde
)
there
is
a
kind
of
Venison
made
of
the
flesh
of
Rammes
,
which
is
done
by
this
meanes
:
First
they
take
the
Ramme
(
and
beat
him
with
stripes
on
all
parts
til
the
flesh
grow
redde
,
for
such
is
the
nature
of
the
blood
,
that
it
wil
gather
to
the
sicke
affected
places
,
and
there
stande
to
comfort
them
,
so
by
this
meanes
after
the
Ramme
is
killed
the
flesh
looketh
like
Venison
:
But
as
in
other
discourses
,
namely
,
Hares
and
Conies
,
wee
haue
already
shewed
our
hatred
of
all
cruel
meates
,
so
also
I
vtterly
dislike
this
,
for
if
it
be
not
sufficient
to
kill
and
eat
the
beast
,
but
first
of
all
put
it
to
Tyrrannical
torments
,
I
cannot
tell
what
wil
suffice
,
except
we
will
deale
with
beastes
,
as
PILATE
did
with
CHRIST
,
who
was
first
of
all
whipped
and
crowned
with
thornes
,
and
yet
afterward
did
crucifie
him
.
But
for
the
taking
away
of
that
Rammy
humour
and
ranke
moistnes
which
is
founde
in
the
Male-sheep
,
they
vse
to
geld
them
when
they
are
young
and
sucke
their
dammes
,
or
else
within
the
compasse
of
a
yeare
after
their
yeaning
,
whereby
the
flesh
becommeth
so
temperate
,
sweet
,
and
sauoury
,
as
any
other
flesh
in
the
worlde
;
and
if
they
passe
a
yeare
,
then
do
they
vse
to
knit
them
,
and
so
in
time
their
stones
depriued
of
nourishment
from
the
body
by
reason
of
knitting
,
do
drie
and
consume
away
,
or
vtterly
fall
off
,
whereby
the
whole
flesh
of
the
beast
is
made
very
seasonable
and
wholesome
:
It
is
granted
by
al
,
that
when
they
are
young
,
that
is
to
say
a
yeare
old
,
their
flesh
is
very
wholesome
,
&
fit
for
norishment
of
mans
nature
,
but
that
they
increase
much
phlegme
,
which
euil
is
alaied
by
eating
Viniger
and
drinking
wine
vnto
it
.
In
many
places
they
salt
their
Muttens
when
they
are
killed
,
and
so
eat
them
out
of
the
pickle
,
or
else
roast
them
in
the
smoake
like
Bacon
.
Within
the
territory
of
HELVETIA
,
there
is
a
publicke
law
whereby
the
Butchers
are
forbidden
to
buy
any
forren
sheep
,
after
the
feast
of
Saint
Iames
,
that
is
,
the
fiue
and
twentie
day
of
Iuly
,
for
although
that
after
that
time
they
grow
fat
,
yet
is
their
flesh
then
lesse
wholesome
,
and
their
fatte
more
hurtful
,
then
that
which
is
gotten
in
the
springe
of
the
yeare
.
It
were
needlesse
for
me
to
set
downe
the
diuision
of
a
deade
sheepe
into
his
quarters
,
shoulders
,
legges
,
loines
,
rackes
,
heades
,
and
purtinances
,
for
that
they
are
commonly
knowne
,
and
the
relation
of
them
can
minister
smal
learning
to
the
reader
,
but
euery
part
hath
his
vse
,
euen
the
blood
that
is
taken
from
him
when
his
throat
is
cut
,
hath
his
peculiar
vse
for
the
norishment
of
man
,
and
aboue
al
other
thinges
the
fat
of
his
loines
commonly
called
his
sewet
wherein
it
excelleth
al
other
beasts
whatsoeuer
for
their
reines
,
are
couered
al
ouer
with
fat
.
of
their
milk
.
Their
is
no
lesse
vse
of
their
milke
not
onely
for
young
,
but
for
old
persons
,
and
aswel
for
the
rich
to
beautifie
their
tables
,
as
for
the
poore
to
serue
their
hungry
appetites
,
and
there
be
some
people
in
Affricke
that
haue
no
corne
in
al
their
country
,
and
therefore
insteede
of
bread
,
their
common
food
is
milke
,
the
goodnesse
whereof
is
thus
expressed
by
Fierra
.
Quod
praestat
?
Caprae
,
post
?
Oues
,
inde
boues
.
Euermore
the
milke
of
an
Ewe
is
best
that
is
newest
and
thickest
,
and
that
which
commeth
from
a
blacke
Sheepe
is
preferred
before
that
which
is
milked
from
a
white
,
and
generally
there
is
no
beast
whereof
we
eate
but
the
milke
thereof
is
good
and
nourishable
,
therefore
the
milke
of
sheepe
is
preferred
in
the
second
place
,
and
there
is
no
cause
that
it
is
put
in
the
second
place
but
for
the
fatnesse
thereof
,
otherwise
it
deserued
the
first
,
for
as
the
fatnesse
maketh
it
lesse
pleasant
to
the
palate
and
stomack
of
man
,
yet
is
it
more
pretious
for
making
of
Cheese
;
and
we
haue
shewed
already
that
in
some
places
as
in
the
Island
Erythrea
,
the
milk
of
a
Sheep
yeildeth
no
whaie
,
and
that
they
can
make
no
cheese
therof
,
but
by
mingling
abundance
of
water
with
it
;
they
make
abundance
of
cheese
in
the
Apenine
hils
,
and
in
Lyguria
:
the
Cheese
of
Sicilia
is
made
of
Goates
and
sheepes
milke
,
and
generally
Cheese
made
of
sheepes
milke
is
the
better
the
more
new
it
is
.
The
nature
of
a
sheepe
is
to
giue
milke
eight
moneths
togither
,
and
in
Italy
they
make
Butter
also
of
the
milke
of
sheepe
,
al
the
Summer
time
vnto
the
feast
of
Saint
Michaell
they
milke
them
twice
a
day
,
but
after
that
,
vntil
they
coople
with
their
Rammes
they
milke
them
but
once
a
day
,
the
faults
of
cheeses
made
of
their
milke
is
either
because
they
are
ouer
dry
or
hollow
,
and
full
of
eyes
and
holes
,
or
else
clammy
like
burd-lime
,
the
last
proceedeth
from
the
want
of
pressing
,
the
second
through
ouermuch
salt
,
and
the
third
by
ouermuch
drying
in
the
Sun
.
And
thus
much
shal
suffice
to
haue
spoken
of
those
things
in
sheep
which
are
fit
to
be
eaten
.
In
the
next
place
we
come
to
discourse
of
their
wool
,
and
of
the
shearing
or
clipping
of
sheepe
,
for
although
their
flesh
be
pretious
,
yet
it
is
not
comparable
in
value
of
their
fleeces
,
for
that
when
they
are
once
dead
they
yeild
no
more
profit
,
but
while
they
liue
,
they
are
shoarne
once
or
twice
a
yeare
,
for
in
Egypt
they
are
shoarne
twice
a
year
,
and
also
in
some
parts
of
Spaine
.
And
it
appeareth
that
in
auncient
times
there
were
great
feastes
at
their
sheepe-shearings
,
as
is
apparant
in
the
holy
scripture
in
many
places
,
and
especially
by
the
History
of
Absalon
,
who
after
he
had
once
conceiued
malice
against
his
Brother
Ammon
,
he
found
no
opportunity
to
execute
the
same
,
vntill
his
sheepe
shearing-feast
,
at
which
time
in
the
presence
of
all
his
brethren
the
kings
sons
(
euen
at
dinner
)
when
no
man
suspected
harme
,
then
did
Absalon
giue
a
signe
to
his
wicked
Seruants
to
take
away
his
life
,
which
they
performed
according
to
their
maisters
malice
.
It
appeareth
by
the
wordes
of
Pliny
who
writeth
thus
,
Oues
non
vbique
tondentur
durat
quibusdam
in
Locis
vellendimos
,
qui
etiam
nunc
vellunt
ante
triduo
ieiunas
habent
,
quo
languida
minus
radices
lanae
retinent
:
That
is
,
Sheepe
are
not
euery
where
shoarne
,
for
yet
vnto
this
time
in
many
places
they
do
commonly
obserue
the
old
custome
of
pulling
the
wooll
off
from
the
sheepes
backe
,
and
they
which
doe
now
pull
the
wooll
and
not
sheare
it
,
do
alwaies
cause
their
sheepe
to
fast
three
daies
before
,
that
so
being
made
weake
the
roots
of
the
wooll
may
not
sticke
so
fast
,
but
come
off
more
easily
.
And
indeed
I
am
confirmed
in
this
opinion
by
the
Latine
word
Vellus
which
signifieth
a
fleece
,
which
can
bee
deriued
from
no
other
Radixe
or
Theame
,
nor
admit
any
other
manner
or
kinde
of
notation
,
then
A
●ellendo
,
that
is
,
from
pulling
.
Cato
also
in
his
booke
of
Originalles
writeth
thus
,
Palatini
collis
Romae
altera
pars
velleia
appellata
fuit
,
à
vellenda
lana
ante
Hetruscam
tonsuram
incolis
monstratam
,
That
is
,
to
say
:
There
was
one
part
of
the
hill
Palatine
at
Rome
,
which
was
called
Velleia
from
the
pulling
of
wooll
,
for
it
was
their
custome
there
to
pull
their
wooll
,
before
the
inhabitauntes
learned
the
Hitrutian
manner
of
shearing
sheep
,
by
which
testimony
we
see
euidently
the
great
torment
that
the
poore
sheepe
were
put
vnto
when
they
lost
theyr
fleeces
,
before
the
inuention
of
shearing
,
for
it
is
certaine
by
the
auncient
pictures
and
statues
of
men
that
there
was
no
vse
of
shearing
either
haire
or
wooll
,
from
men
or
sheepe
.
But
the
haire
of
men
grew
rude
,
and
in
length
like
womens
,
and
sheepe
neuer
lost
their
fleeces
but
by
pulling
off
,
and
therefore
Varro
writeth
,
that
foure
hundred
and
fifty
yeares
after
the
building
of
Rome
there
was
no
Barber
or
sheep-shearer
in
al
Italy
,
and
that
Publius
Ticinius
Menas
was
the
first
that
euer
brought
in
that
custome
among
the
Romans
,
for
which
there
was
a
monument
erected
in
writing
in
the
publicke
place
at
Ardea
,
which
vntill
his
time
was
there
sincerely
preserued
.
Now
concerning
the
times
and
seasons
of
the
yeare
for
the
shearing
of
sheepe
,
it
is
not
onely
hard
,
but
also
an
impossible
thing
to
set
downe
any
general
rule
to
hold
in
al
places
.
The
best
that
euer
I
read
is
that
of
Didimus
.
Nec
frigido
ad
huc
,
nec
iam
aestiuo
tempore
,
sed
medio
vere
Oues
tondendae
sunt
,
That
is
,
sheepe
must
neither
bee
shoarne
in
extreame
colde
Weather
,
nor
yet
in
the
extreame
heate
of
Summer
,
but
in
the
middle
of
the
spring
.
In
some
hot
countries
they
sheere
their
sheepe
in
Aprill
,
in
temperate
countries
they
sheere
them
in
Maie
,
but
in
the
cold
countries
in
Iune
,
and
Iuly
,
and
generally
the
best
time
is
betwixt
the
vernall
equinoctium
,
&
the
summers
solstice
,
that
is
before
the
longest
day
,
and
after
the
daies
&
nights
be
of
equall
length
,
there
be
some
that
sheere
their
sheep
twice
in
a
yeare
,
not
for
any
necessitie
to
disburden
the
beast
of
the
fleece
,
but
for
opinion
that
the
often
shearing
causeth
the
finer
wooll
to
arise
,
euen
as
the
often
mowing
of
grasse
maketh
it
the
sweeter
.
Columella
In
the
hot
countries
the
same
day
that
they
sheere
their
sheepe
they
also
annoint
them
ouer
with
oyle
,
the
leeze
of
old
wine
,
and
the
water
wherein
hops
are
sod
,
and
if
they
be
neere
the
sea
side
,
three
daies
after
they
drench
them
ouer
head
and
eares
in
water
,
Palladius
Celsus
but
if
they
be
not
neere
the
sea
side
,
then
they
wash
them
with
raine
water
sod
with
salt
;
and
hereby
there
commeth
a
double
profit
to
the
sheepe
:
First
,
for
that
it
will
kill
in
them
all
the
cause
of
scabs
for
that
yeare
,
so
as
they
shall
liue
safe
from
that
infection
:
and
secondly
,
the
sheepe
doe
thereby
grow
to
beare
the
longer
and
the
softer
wooll
.
Some
do
sheare
them
within
doores
,
and
some
in
the
open
sunne
abroad
,
and
then
they
chuse
the
hottest
and
the
calmest
daies
,
and
these
are
the
things
or
the
necessary
obseruations
,
which
I
can
learne
out
of
the
writings
of
the
auncients
about
the
shearing
of
sheepe
.
Sharing
time
in
England
.
Now
concerning
the
manner
of
our
English
nation
,
and
the
customes
obserued
by
vs
about
this
businesse
,
although
it
be
needlesse
for
me
to
expresse
,
yet
I
can
not
containe
my self
from
relating
the
same
,
considering
that
we
differ
from
other
nations
.
First
therefore
,
the
common
time
whereat
we
sheare
sheepe
is
in
Iune
,
and
lambes
in
Iuly
;
and
first
of
all
we
wash
our
sheepe
cleane
in
running
sweete
waters
,
afterward
letting
them
dry
for
a
day
or
two
,
for
by
such
washing
all
the
wooll
is
made
the
better
and
cleaner
:
then
after
two
daies
we
sheare
them
,
taking
heede
to
their
flesh
,
that
it
be
no
maner
of
way
clipped
with
the
sheares
,
but
if
it
be
,
then
doth
the
shearer
put
vpon
it
liquid
pitch
,
commonly
called
Tarre
,
whereby
it
is
easily
cured
and
kept
safely
from
the
flies
.
The
quantitie
of
wooll
vpon
our
sheep
is
more
then
in
any
other
countrey
of
the
world
,
for
euen
the
least
among
vs
(
such
as
are
in
hard
grounds
)
as
in
Norfolke
,
the
vpper
most
part
of
Kent
,
Hertfort-shier
,
and
other
places
,
haue
better
and
weightier
fleeces
then
the
greatest
in
other
nations
:
and
for
this
cause
the
forraine
and
Latine
Authors
doe
neuer
make
mention
of
any
quantitie
of
wooll
they
sheare
from
their
Sheep
,
but
of
the
quallitie
.
The
quantitie
in
the
least
is
a
pound
,
except
the
sheep
haue
lost
his
wooll
,
in
the
middle
sort
of
sheepe
two
pounds
or
three
pounds
,
as
is
vulgar
in
Buckingham
,
Northampton
,
and
Leicester
shieres
;
But
the
greatest
of
all
in
some
of
those
places
,
and
also
in
Rumney
marsh
in
Kent
,
foure
or
fiue
pounds
:
and
it
is
the
manner
of
the
Shepheards
and
sheepe
masters
to
wet
their
Rams
,
and
so
to
keepe
their
wooll
two
or
three
years
together
growing
vpon
their
backs
,
and
I
haue
credibly
heard
of
a
Sheepe
in
Buckingham-shiere
in
the
flocke
of
the
L.P.
that
had
shorne
from
it
at
one
time
,
one
and
twentie
pound
of
wooll
.
After
the
shearing
of
our
sheepe
,
we
doe
not
vse
either
to
annoint
or
wash
them
,
as
they
doe
in
other
nations
,
but
turne
them
foorth
without
their
fleeces
,
leauing
them
like
meadowes
new
mowen
,
with
expectation
of
another
fleece
the
next
yeare
.
The
whole
course
of
the
handling
of
our
sheepe
is
thus
described
by
the
flower
of
our
English-Gentlemen
husbands
master
Thomas
Tusser
.
Wash
Sheepe
for
the
better
where
water
doth
runne
,
And
let
him
goe
clanely
and
dry
in
the
Sunne
Then
sheare
him
and
spare
not
,
at
two
daies
an
end
,
The
sooner
the
better
his
corps
will
amend
,
Reward
not
thy
Sheepe
when
yee
take
off
his
coate
With
twitches
,
and
flashes
as
broad
as
a
groat
:
Let
not
such
vngentlenesse
happen
to
thine
Lest
flie
with
her
gentles
doe
make
him
to
pine
,
Let
Lambes
goe
vnclipped
till
Iune
be
halfe
worne
,
The
better
the
fleeces
will
grow
to
be
shorne
,
The
Pye
will
discharge
thee
for
pulling
the
rest
,
The
lighter
the
Sheepe
is
,
then
feedeth
it
best
.
And
in
another
place
of
the
husbandry
of
sheepe
he
writeth
thus
:
Good
farme
and
well
stored
,
good
housing
and
dry
,
Good
corne
and
good
dairy
,
good
market
and
nigh
,
Good
Sheapheard
,
good
till
man
,
good
Iack
and
good
Gill
,
Makes
husband
and
huswife
their
coffers
to
fill
:
Let
pasture
be
stored
and
fenced
about
,
And
tillage
set
forward
as
needeth
without
.
Before
you
do
open
your
purse
to
begin
,
With
any
thing
doing
for
fancy
within
,
No
storing
of
pasture
with
baggagely
tit
,
With
ragged
and
aged
as
euill
as
it
:
Let
carren
and
barren
be
shifted
away
,
For
best
is
the
best
,
whatsoeuer
you
pay
.
And
in
another
place
speaking
of
the
time
of
the
yeare
for
gelding
Rams
,
and
selling
of
wooll
which
he
admonisheth
should
be
after
Michelmas
,
he
writeth
thus
:
Now
geld
with
the
gelder
,
the
Ram
and
the
Bull
,
Sew
ponds
,
amend
dams
,
and
sell
Webster
the
wool
.
But
of
the
milking
of
sheepe
he
writeth
thus
:
Put
Lambe
fro
Ewe
,
to
milk
a
few
,
Be
not
to
bold
,
to
milke
and
fold
,
Fiue
Ewes
alow
,
the
euery
Cow
,
Sheepe
wrigling
taile
,
hath
mads
without
faile
.
And
thus
far
Tusser
,
The
value
of
English
wool
and
the
vse
thereof
besides
whom
I
find
little
discourse
about
the
husbandry
of
Sheepe
in
any
English
Poet.
And
for
the
conclusion
or
rather
farther
demonstration
of
this
part
,
concerning
the
quallity
of
our
English
wooll
,
I
can
vse
no
better
testimony
then
that
of
worthy
M.
Camden
,
in
his
Brittania
,
for
writing
of
Buckinghamshire
he
vseth
these
words
:
Hac
tota
fere
campestris
est
,
solo
item
argillacos
tenaci
&
foecundo
,
Papulosis
pratis
innumeros
ouium
greges
pascit
,
quarum
mollia
&
tenuissima
vellera
ab
Asiaticis
vsque
gentibus
expetuntur
.
That
is
to
say
,
The
whole
county
of
Buckingham
is
of
a
clammy
,
champaigne
,
fertile
soile
,
feeding
innumerable
flocks
of
sheep
with
his
rich
and
well
growen
pastures
or
meddowes
,
whose
soft
and
fine
fleeces
of
wooll
are
desired
of
the
people
of
Asia
;
For
we
know
that
such
is
the
trade
of
Marchandise
and
transportation
of
English
cloath
,
the
rare
finenesse
,
and
smoothnesse
thereof
is
admired
in
Asia
;
namely
,
in
Palestina
,
and
other
kingdomes
of
the
Turke
,
and
therefore
they
haue
English
houses
of
Marchants
,
both
at
Aleppo
,
Tripoli
,
and
other
places
.
Againe
speaking
of
Lemster
ore
,
or
Lemster
wooll
in
Herfordshire
,
he
writeth
thus
:
Sed
ei
precipua
hodie
gloria
est
a
lana
in
circum
vicinis
agris
(
Lemster
ore
vocant
)
cui
excepta
Apula
&
Tarentina
,
palmam
deferunt
Europoei
omnes
.
The
greatest
glory
of
that
soile
is
in
their
wool
,
which
ariseth
from
sheep
,
feeding
in
the
fildes
and
pastures
adioyning
thereunto
,
(
which
wooll
they
call
Lemster
ore
)
and
all
Christendome
yealdeth
praise
and
price
vnto
it
next
after
the
Apulian
and
Tarentinian
wooll
.
And
indeed
so
sweet
is
the
gaine
that
commeth
by
sheep
,
that
in
many
partes
of
the
land
there
is
a
decay
of
tillage
and
people
,
for
their
maintenance
,
and
therefore
the
saide
M.
Camden
saith
most
worthily
,
euen
like
himselfe
,
that
is
honest
and
vnpartiall
in
all
his
writings
,
for
in
the
beginning
of
his
description
of
Northamtonshire
,
where
I
thinke
aboue
all
parts
depopulation
and
destroying
of
townes
is
most
plentiful
,
(
so
that
for
Christians
now
you
haue
sheepe
,
and
for
a
multitude
of
good
house-holders
,
you
shall
haue
one
poore
Sheapheard
swaine
and
his
Dogge
lyuing
vppon
forty
shillinges
a
yeare
,
or
little
more
,
)
hee
writeth
in
the
wordes
of
Hythodaeus
after
the
commendation
of
the
Sheep
and
Wooll
of
that
Country
:
Ouibus
oppleta
&
quasi
obsessa
,
quae
(
vt
Hythodaeus
ille
dixit
)
tam
miles
esse
tamque
exigno
ali
solebant
,
nunc
(
vtifertur
)
tam
educes
atque
indomita
esse
corperunt
vt
homines
deuorent
,
ipsos
agros
,
domos
oppida
vascent
,
ac
depopulentur
:
which
words
I
canot
better
english
then
in
the
words
of
an
Epigrammatarian
in
our
ages
,
for
to
this
effect
,
according
to
my
remembrance
he
writeth
,
Sheepe
haue
eate
vp
our
pastures
,
our
meddowes
,
and
our
downes
,
Our
Mountaines
,
our
men
,
our
villages
and
Townes
;
Till
now
I
thought
the
common
prouerb
did
but
iest
,
That
saies
a
blacke
sheepe
is
a
biting
beast
.
Concerning
the
goodnesse
of
english
wool
,
and
the
difference
of
it
from
others
,
the
reason
is
well
giuen
by
Gesner
and
Cardan
:
Lanae
earum
molles
&
crispae
sunt
,
ideoque
nunc
vt
olim
milesia
celebratur
nec
mirum
cum
nullum
animal
venenatum
mittat
Anglia
,
&
sine
luporum
metu
pecus
vagetur
nulli
enim
in
Anglia
hodie
lupi
reperiuntur
,
Rore
caeli
sitim
sedant
greges
ab
omni
alio
potu
arcentur
quod
aquae
ibi
ouibus
sint
exitiales
.
That
is
to
say
,
The
wool
of
English
sheep
is
soft
and
cur●ed
,
and
therefore
it
is
now
commended
as
highly
as
euer
was
the
Meletian
wooll
in
ancient
time
,
and
not
without
iust
cause
,
for
they
are
neither
anoid
with
the
feare
of
any
venemous
beast
,
nor
yet
troubled
with
Wolues
,
and
therefore
the
strength
of
their
nature
and
peaceable
quiet
wherin
they
liue
,
doth
breed
in
them
the
better
wooll
;
and
besides
they
neuer
drinke
,
but
quench
their
thirst
with
the
dew
of
heauen
:
And
thus
much
for
the
discourse
of
English
wooll
.
The
wool
of
●ther
countries
.
I
am
neuer
able
sufficiently
to
describe
the
infinite
commodities
that
come
vnto
men
by
wooll
,
both
for
gardens
,
for
hangings
,
for
couerings
,
for
hats
,
and
diuers
such
other
things
,
and
therfore
it
shal
not
be
vnpleasant
I
trust
vnto
the
reader
,
to
be
troubled
a
little
with
a
farther
discourse
heereof
,
if
I
blot
some
paper
in
describing
the
quality
of
the
best
wooll
in
other
nations
.
First
of
al
therefore
we
are
to
remember
these
two
things
that
the
best
wooll
is
soft
and
curled
,
and
that
the
wool
of
the
old
sheep
is
thicker
and
thinner
then
the
wooll
of
the
younger
,
and
the
wooll
of
the
ram
followeth
the
same
nature
,
of
whom
we
will
speake
more
in
his
story
.
Onely
in
this
place
our
purpose
is
to
expresse
the
examination
of
wooll
as
we
finde
it
related
by
Authors
,
according
to
their
seuerall
countries
.
Therfore
as
we
haue
said
already
out
of
M.
Chambdens
report
,
the
Tarentinian
and
Apuleian
wooll
must
haue
the
first
place
,
because
the
sheep
of
those
countries
liue
for
the
most
part
within
doores
,
and
besides
that
,
are
couered
with
other
skins
.
In
Spaine
they
make
greatest
account
of
the
blacke
wooll
,
and
it
appeareth
by
good
History
,
both
in
our
English
chronicle
and
others
,
that
the
sheepe
of
Spaine
were
of
no
reckoning
til
they
were
stored
with
the
breed
of
England
.
There
is
a
little
country
called
Pollentia
neare
the
Alpes
,
of
the
wooll
whereof
Martial
maketh
mention
,
as
also
of
the
Canucine
red
wooll
,
and
therefore
Ouis
Canucina
was
an
Emblem
for
pretious
wooll
,
his
verses
are
these
:
Non
tantum
pullo
,
lugentes
vellere
lanas
,
Roma
magis
fussis
vestitur
gallia
ruffis
Canucinatus
nostro
syrus
assere
sudet
.
We
haue
spoken
already
of
the
wooll
of
Istria
and
Liburnia
,
which
if
it
were
not
for
the
spinning
in
Portugall
,
and
the
web-sters
Art
thereupon
,
it
were
no
better
for
cloth
then
haire
.
Strabo
writeth
,
that
the
wooll
of
Mutina
,
whereby
he
meaneth
all
the
country
that
lyeth
vpon
the
riuer
Seutana
,
is
very
soft
and
gentle
,
and
the
best
of
Italy
;
but
that
of
Liguria
and
Myllain
,
is
good
for
no
other
vse
but
for
the
garments
of
seruants
.
About
Padu●
their
wooll
is
of
a
meane
price
,
yet
they
make
of
it
most
pretious
workes
of
Tapistry
,
and
Carpets
for
tables
,
for
that
which
was
rough
and
thicke
in
ancient
time
was
vsed
for
this
purpose
,
and
also
to
make
garments
,
hauing
the
shags
thereof
hanging
by
it
like
r●gs
.
There
is
a
citty
called
Feltrum
,
and
the
wooll
thereof
by
the
Marchants
is
called
Feltriolana
,
felt-wooll
,
they
were
wont
to
make
garmentes
hereof
neither
wouen
nor
sewed
▪
but
baked
together
at
the
fire
like
hats
and
caps
,
whereof
Pliny
writeth
thus
:
Lanae
&
per
se
coactae
vestem
faciunt
,
&
si
addatur
acetum
etiam
ferro
resistunt
imo
vero
etiam
ignibus
nouissimo
sui
purgamento
quippe
ahenis
coquentium
extracte
indumentis
vsu
veniunt
ga●●earum
vt
arbitror
inuento
,
certe
gallicis
hodie
nominibus
discernuntur
.
Wooll
hath
this
property
,
that
if
it
be
forced
together
it
will
make
a
garment
of
it selfe
,
and
if
vineger
bee
put
vnto
it
,
it
will
beare
off
the
blow
of
a
sword
,
dressed
at
the
fire
and
purged
to
the
last
,
for
it
being
taken
off
from
the
brazen
coffer
whereon
is
was
dressed
,
it
serued
for
clothing
,
being
as
hee
thought
an
inuention
of
the
Gals
,
because
it
was
knowne
by
French
names
,
and
from
hence
we
must
see
the
beginning
of
our
felt-hats
.
The
Betican
wooll
is
celebrated
by
Iuuenall
,
when
he
speaketh
how
Catullis
fearing
shipwrack
,
was
about
to
cast
him
out
into
the
water
;
Infecit
natura
pecus
,
sed
&
egregius
fons
,
Viribus
occultis
&
Boeticus
adiuuat
aer
.
For
the
colour
of
Wooll
in
that
country
groweth
mixed
,
not
by
any
art
,
Of
the
colors
of
wooll
but
naturally
through
their
food
,
or
their
drinke
,
or
the
operation
of
the
aire
.
The
Lauoditian
wooll
is
also
celebrated
,
not
onely
for
the
softnesse
of
it
,
but
for
the
colour
,
for
that
it
is
as
blacke
as
any
Rauen
,
and
yet
there
are
some
there
of
other
colours
,
and
for
this
cause
the
Spanish
wooll
is
commended
,
especially
Turditania
,
and
Coraxi
(
as
Strabo
writeth
,
)
for
hee
saith
the
glasse
of
the
wooll
was
not
onely
beautifull
for
the
purity
of
the
blacke
,
but
also
it
will
spin
out
into
so
thin
a
thread
as
was
admirable
,
and
therefore
in
his
time
they
sold
a
ram
of
that
countrey
for
a
tallent
.
I
may
speake
also
of
the
wooll
of
Parma
,
and
Altinum
,
whereof
Martiall
made
this
disticon
;
Velleribus
primis
apulia
:
Parma
secundis
Nobilis
altinum
tertia
laudat
ouis
.
We
may
also
read
how
for
the
ornament
of
wooll
,
there
haue
bin
diuers
colours
inuented
by
art
,
and
the
colours
haue
giuen
names
to
the
wool
,
as
Simatulis
lana
,
wooll
of
Sea-water-colour
,
some
colour
taken
from
an
Amethist
stone
,
some
from
brightnesse
or
clearnesse
,
some
from
Saffron
,
some
from
Roses
,
from
Mirtles
,
from
Nuts
,
from
Almonds
,
from
Waxe
,
from
the
Crow
,
as
Colorcoraxicus
,
and
from
the
purple
fish
,
as
from
the
Colassiue
,
or
the
Tyrean
,
whereof
Virgill
writeth
thus
;
Hae
quoque
non
cura
nobis
leuiore
tuendae
,
Nec
minor
vsus
erit
,
quamuis
Milesia
magno
,
Vellera
mutentur
tyries
in
cocta
rubores
.
From
hence
commeth
the
chalke
colour
,
the
Lettice
colour
,
the
Loote-tree-root
,
the
red
colour
,
the
Azure
colour
,
and
the
star-colour
.
There
is
an
Hearb
called
Fullers-herb
,
which
doth
soften
wooll
,
and
make
it
apt
to
take
colour
,
and
whereas
generally
there
are
but
two
colours
,
black
and
white
that
are
simple
,
the
ancients
not
knoing
how
to
die
wool
,
did
paint
it
on
the
outside
for
the
triumphing
garments
,
in
Homer
wore
painted
garments
.
The
Phrigian
garments
were
colours
wrought
with
needle-worke
,
and
there
was
one
Attalus
a
King
in
Asia
,
which
did
first
of
all
inuent
the
weauing
of
wooll
and
gold
together
,
whereupon
came
the
name
of
Vestis
Attalica
,
for
a
garment
of
cloath
of
gold
.
The
Babilonians
and
the
Alexandrians
loued
diuersity
of
colours
in
their
garments
also
;
and
therefore
Mettellus
Scipto
made
a
law
of
death
against
all
such
as
should
buy
a
Babilonish
garment
,
that
was
carpets
or
beddes
to
eate
vpon
for
eight
hundered
Cesterses
.
The
shearing
of
cloth
or
garments
made
of
shorne
cloth
,
did
first
of
all
begin
in
the
daies
of
S.
Augustine
,
as
Fenistella
writeth
.
The
garments
like
poppies
had
the
original
before
the
time
of
Lucilius
the
Poet
,
as
he
maketh
mention
in
Tarquatus
.
There
was
a
fashion
in
ancient
time
among
the
Romans
,
that
adistaffe
with
wooll
vpon
it
,
The
lasting
of
wooll
.
was
carried
after
virgins
when
they
were
going
to
be
married
:
the
reason
therof
was
this
(
as
Varro
writeth
)
for
that
there
was
one
Tanaquilis
or
,
Cayea
cecilia
,
whose
distaffe
and
wooll
had
endured
in
the
Temple
of
Sangi
many
hundered
yeares
,
and
that
Seruius
Tullus
made
him
a
cloke
of
that
wooll
,
which
he
neuer
vsed
but
in
the
temple
of
Fortune
,
and
that
that
garment
afterwards
continued
fiue
500
&
60.
years
,
being
neither
consumed
by
moaths
,
nor
yet
growing
thread-bare
,
to
the
great
admiration
of
all
which
either
saw
it
or
heard
of
it
.
And
thus
much
I
thought
good
to
adde
in
this
place
concerning
the
diuersity
of
wooll
,
distinguished
naturally
according
to
seuerall
regions
,
or
else
artificially
after
sundry
tinctures
.
Likewise
of
the
mixing
and
mingling
of
Wooll
one
with
another
,
and
diuersities
of
garmentes
,
and
lastly
of
the
lasting
and
enduring
of
wooll
and
garments
,
for
it
ought
to
be
no
wonder
vnto
a
reasonable
man
,
that
a
wollen
garment
not
eaten
by
mothes
,
nor
worne
out
by
vse
,
should
last
many
hundered
yeares
,
for
seeing
it
is
not
of
any
cold
or
earthly
nature
,
but
hot
and
dry
,
there
is
good
cause
why
it
should
remaine
long
without
putrification
:
and
thus
much
instead
of
many
things
for
the
wooll
of
sheepe
.
As
we
haue
heard
of
the
manifold
vse
of
the
Wooll
of
Sheepe
,
so
may
we
say
very
much
of
the
skins
of
Sheep
for
garments
and
other
vses
:
and
therefore
when
the
wool
is
detracted
and
pulled
off
from
them
,
The
vs●
of
●●●ep-skins
they
are
applyed
to
Buskins
,
Brest-plates
,
Shooes
,
Gloues
,
Stomachers
,
and
other
vses
,
for
they
are
also
dyed
and
changed
by
tincture
into
other
colours
,
&
also
when
the
wool
is
taken
off
from
them
,
they
dresse
them
very
smooth
and
stretch
them
verye
thin
,
whereof
is
made
writing
parchment
,
such
as
is
commonly
vsed
at
this
day
in
England
,
and
I
haue
knowne
it
practised
at
Tocetour
,
called
once
Tripontium
in
the
county
of
Northampton
:
and
if
any
part
of
it
will
not
stretch
but
remaine
stiffe
and
thicke
,
thereof
they
make
writing
tables
,
whereon
they
write
with
a
pensil
of
iron
or
Brasse
,
and
afterward
deface
and
race
it
out
againe
with
a
spunge
or
linnen
cloath
:
Here
of
also
(
I
mean
the
skins
of
sheep
)
commeth
the
coueringes
of
bookes
,
and
if
at
any
time
they
be
hard
,
stubborne
,
and
stiffe
,
then
they
soften
it
with
the
sheepes-sewet
or
tallow
.
The
bones
of
Sheep
haue
also
their
vse
and
employment
for
the
hafting
of
knifes
.
The
Rhaetians
of
the
vrine
of
sheep
do
make
a
kind
of
counterfeit
of
Nitre
.
And
Russius
saith
,
that
if
a
man
would
change
any
part
of
his
Horses
haire
,
as
on
the
forehead
,
take
away
the
black
haires
and
put
them
into
white
,
let
him
take
a
linnen
cloth
and
wet
it
in
boyling
milk
of
sheep
,
and
put
it
so
whot
vpon
the
place
that
he
would
haue
changed
,
so
oftentimes
together
til
the
haire
come
off
with
a
little
rubbing
,
afterward
let
him
wet
the
same
cloth
in
cold
sheeps
milke
,
and
lay
it
to
the
place
two
or
three
daies
together
,
and
the
haire
will
arise
very
white
,
thus
(
saith
he
:
)
and
there
are
certain
flyes
or
mothes
which
are
very
hurtfull
to
gardens
,
if
a
man
hang
vp
the
panch
of
a
sheepe
,
and
leaue
for
them
a
passage
or
hole
into
it
,
they
will
all
forsake
the
flowers
and
hearbs
,
and
gather
into
that
ventrickle
,
which
being
done
two
or
three
times
together
,
make
a
quit
riddance
of
all
their
hurts
,
if
you
please
to
make
an
end
of
them
.
Ruellius
The
Swallowes
take
off
from
the
backes
of
Sheepe
flockes
of
Wooll
,
wherewithal
the
prouident
Birds
do
make
their
nestes
to
lodge
their
young
ones
after
they
bee
hatched
.
With
the
dung
of
Sheepe
they
compasse
and
fat
the
earth
,
Of
the
dung
of
sheepe
.
it
beeing
excellent
and
aboue
all
other
dung
necessary
for
the
benifit
and
encrease
of
Corne
,
except
Pigeons
and
Hens
dung
which
is
whotter
,
and
the
sandy
land
is
fittest
be
amended
with
Sheeps
dung
,
also
piants
and
trees
if
you
mingle
therewith
ashes
.
Now
we
are
to
proceed
to
the
gentle
disposition
of
Sheep
,
and
to
expresse
their
inward
quallities
and
morall
vses
,
The
inward
qualities
of
sheepe
and
their
moral
vses
Hermolaus
and
first
of
all
considering
the
innocency
of
this
beast
,
I
maruaile
from
whence
the
Gortynian
Cretian
custome
proceeded
,
which
caused
adulterers
for
their
punishment
to
ride
throughout
the
whole
Citty
crowned
with
Wooll
,
except
that
so
they
might
signifie
his
tender
and
delicate
effeminacy
;
and
therefore
as
some
are
crowned
with
gold
in
token
of
vertue
and
valiant
acts
▪
so
vice
(
especially
the
wantonesse
of
the
flesh
)
deserueth
to
be
crowned
with
wooll
for
the
loosenesse
and
beastlinesse
thereof
,
not
because
such
a
crowne
was
a
sufficient
punishment
,
for
an
opprobry
and
continuall
badge
of
ignomny
,
euen
as
forgerers
and
periured
persons
ride
with
papers
on
their
heads
,
vpon
bare
horse
backs
,
and
so
forth
.
By
the
behauiour
of
Sheepe
at
their
rutting
or
ramming
time
the
Sheapheardes
obserue
tempests
,
Aratus
.
raines
,
and
change
of
weather
.
If
they
be
very
lustfull
and
leape
often
vpon
their
females
,
but
if
they
be
slow
and
backward
,
then
is
the
poore
naked
man
glad
,
for
that
thereby
hee
conceiueth
hope
of
a
gentle
Winter
,
and
temperare
weather
.
Also
if
in
the
ende
of
Autumne
they
stampe
vppon
the
grounde
with
their
feete
,
it
betokeneth
hard
weather
,
colde
Winter
,
much
Frost
and
Snow
,
about
the
time
of
the
first
rysing
of
the
Pleiades
or
seauen
Starres
.
Which
thing
is
thus
poetically
expressed
by
A●ienus
;
—
Si
denique
terram
,
Lanigerae
fodiant
caput
aut
tendantur
in
arcton
,
Cum
madidus
per
marmora
turbida
condit
,
Pleiadas
occasus
,
cum
brumae
in
frigora
ce●it
,
Frugifer
Autumnus
,
ruet
aethra
concitus
Imber
.
Concerning
the
simplicity
of
sheep
,
I
must
say
more
,
and
also
of
their
innocency
,
yet
the
simplicity
thereof
is
such
,
and
so
much
,
that
it
may
well
be
termed
folly
,
or
Animal
ineptissimum
,
for
Aristotle
writeth
thus
of
it
:
Repit
in
deserta
sine
causa
,
hyeme
obstante
ipsum
saepe
egreditur
stabulo
,
occupatum
à
niue
,
nisi
pastor
compulerit
,
abire
non
vult
,
sed
perit
desistens
,
nisi
mares
à
pastore
ducantur
ita
enim
reliquum
grex
sequitur
.
That
is
,
Without
cause
it
wandereth
into
desert
places
,
and
in
the
winter
time
when
the
aire
is
filled
with
cold
windes
,
and
the
earth
hardened
with
hoare
frostes
,
then
it
forsaketh
and
goeth
out
of
his
warme
coate
or
stable
,
and
being
in
the
cold
Snow
,
there
it
will
tarry
and
perish
,
were
it
not
for
the
care
of
the
sheapheard
,
for
he
taketh
one
of
the
Rams
by
the
hornes
,
and
draweth
him
in
a
doores
,
then
do
all
the
residue
follow
after
.
They
are
also
very
obedient
to
the
voice
and
cal
of
the
sheapheards
,
and
to
the
barking
and
cry
of
their
Dogs
,
and
no
lesse
is
their
loue
one
toward
another
,
euery
way
commendable
,
for
one
of
them
pittieth
and
sorroweth
for
the
harme
of
another
,
and
when
the
heate
of
Sunne
offendeth
them
,
Albertus
writeth
,
that
one
of
them
interposeth
his
body
to
shaddow
the
other
.
Their
dam
o●
Ewe
loueth
her
Lambe
,
and
knoweth
it
by
smelling
to
the
hinder
partes
,
and
if
at
any
time
●he
dam
do
not
loue
or
make
reckoning
of
her
young
one
,
they
giue
hir
the
Hearbe
Penny
wo●t
or
Water-wall
to
drinke
in
water
,
and
then
as
the
Scholiast
affirmeth
▪
natural
affection
increaseth
in
hir
.
Of
the
foolishnesse
of
sheep
,
ther
was
an
Emblem
to
signifie
by
a
man
riding
vpon
a
golden
fleece
,
one
ruled
by
his
seruant
or
wife
;
Tranat
aquas
residens
pretioso
in
vellere
Phryxus
,
Et
flauam
impauidus
per
mare
scandit
ouem
.
Ecquid
id
est
?
vir
sensu
hebeti
sed
diuite
gaza
.
Coningis
aut
serui
quem
regit
arbitrium
.
And
therefore
Aristophanes
reprouing
the
stolidity
of
the
Athenians
,
calleth
them
sheepe
:
And
Origen
writing
vpon
Leuiticus
saith
:
Ouium
immolatio
affectuum
stultorum
,
&
irrationabilium
correctio
.
The
sacrificing
and
killing
of
sheep
,
is
nothing
else
but
the
correction
of
our
foolish
and
vnreasonable
affections
.
We
haue
shewed
already
in
the
story
of
the
goat
,
of
a
Goat
that
nourished
a
Wolues
Whelpes
,
which
in
the
end
did
destroy
her
,
and
the
selfe
same
is
ascribed
also
to
a
sheep
.
They
obserue
great
loue
and
concord
with
Goats
,
and
liue
in
flocks
together
,
Loue
and
hatred
of
sheep
and
for
this
cause
it
happeneth
that
moe
goates
are
destryed
by
Wolues
then
sheepe
,
for
that
the
Goates
forsake
their
fellowes
,
and
straggle
abroad
for
food
,
but
the
sheepe
very
sildome
:
Aristotle
and
it
is
obserued
that
if
a
Wolfe
kill
a
sheepe
,
and
afterwardes
any
garments
be
made
of
the
wooll
of
that
sheepe
,
they
easily
and
more
speedily
breed
Lice
and
vermin
then
any
other
,
and
also
procure
itch
in
the
bodies
of
them
that
weare
them
,
whereof
Cardan
giueth
this
reason
:
Haud
mirum
videri
debet
ouis
pellem
a
lupo
dilantatae
pruritum
mouere
,
nam
ob
vehementem
metam
,
tum
etiam
ob
contrariam
naturam
mali
afficitur
,
et
si
mori
enim
vltimum
sit
supplicium
,
mag
is
tamen
afficitur
corpus
in
vno
quam
in
altero
genere
,
metuit
homo
magis
in
mari
fluctuans
quam
coram
hostibus
.
It
ought
not
(
saith
he
)
moue
any
man
to
wonder
that
the
wooll
of
a
sheep
torne
asunder
by
a
wolfe
should
beget
and
breed
itch
,
for
that
affection
ariseth
from
both
,
from
the
vehemency
of
the
feare
before
it
bee
dead
through
the
sight
and
sence
of
the
wolfe
,
and
also
by
reason
of
a
contrary
nature
that
it
is
oppressed
and
deuoured
by
,
and
although
death
be
the
last
punishment
,
yet
we
see
diuers
affections
follow
dead
carkases
after
death
,
and
as
a
man
is
more
afraid
of
the
sea
when
he
is
in
perrill
of
death
therein
,
then
of
the
face
of
his
enemy
,
so
is
it
in
this
case
,
betwixt
the
Sheepe
and
the
wolfe
.
The
same
Cardan
affirmeth
▪
that
sheepe
are
afraid
of
wolues
euen
after
death
,
for
the
Wooll
of
a
sheepes
skinne
will
fall
of
in
the
presence
of
a
Wolfe
.
Vnto
this
subscribeth
Oppianus
,
or
rather
Albertus
receiued
it
from
Oppianus
,
and
furthermore
(
it
is
said
)
that
if
the
strings
of
a
Sheepes
and
Wolues
guts
be
fastened
to
one
and
the
same
instrument
,
they
will
neuer
make
good
Harmony
;
and
furthemore
if
a
drumme
be
made
of
a
Sheeps
skinne
,
and
another
of
the
Wolues
skinne
,
the
drum
of
the
Sheepes
skinne
will
iarre
and
sound
vnpleasantly
in
the
presence
of
the
Wolues
skin
:
but
of
these
things
I
haue
no
certaine
grounds
,
onely
I
say
that
there
may
be
naturall
reason
from
the
substance
and
matter
,
both
of
one
and
other
,
why
this
accident
may
chance
without
discorde
and
hatred
of
each
other
,
but
from
the
difference
and
solidity
of
the
matter
;
as
for
example
,
the
guts
of
a
wolfe
are
strong
and
hard
,
and
wil
abide
greater
strain
then
the
guts
of
a
sheep
,
if
therefore
the
musitian
will
straine
the
one
like
the
other
,
it
must
needes
fly
asunder
:
likewise
the
skin
will
giue
a
deeper
and
lowder
sound
vpon
a
drum
,
by
reason
of
the
substance
then
a
sheepes
:
and
so
some
may
ignorantly
ascribe
that
difference
to
an
antipathy
in
nature
,
for
as
a
Candle
in
the
presence
of
a
great
Torch
or
fire
,
giueth
lesse
light
to
they
eye
,
so
doth
a
drum
made
of
a
Sheepes
skin
,
lesse
sound
to
the
sence
of
hearing
,
in
the
presence
of
another
made
of
stronger
and
harder
beastes
skin
:
and
to
conclude
,
as
a
twine
thread
will
not
hold
stretching
in
the
presence
,
(
I
meane
in
comparison
of
a
silke
thread
)
although
it
be
of
the
same
quantity
,
euen
so
will
not
a
Lute
string
made
of
a
Sheepes
gut
,
in
comparison
of
another
made
of
out
of
a
Wolfe
.
But
all
the
question
is
how
it
commeth
to
passe
,
that
one
of
the
skinnes
hanged
vp
in
the
presence
of
the
other
should
bee
consumed
before
the
other
,
that
is
a
Sheeps
skinne
in
the
presence
of
the
Wolfes
,
as
a
Gooses
skinne
will
loose
the
feathers
before
the
Eagles
.
The
answe●●s
easie
,
for
the
dryer
that
the
body
is
,
the
lesse
excremen●tall
humor
it
conteineth
,
and
so
wil
last
the
longer
,
and
all
wilde
siluestriall
beastes
are
dryer
then
the
tame
,
moder●
,
and
domesticall
,
as
for
example
,
the
Wolfe
then
the
Sheepe
,
the
Lyon
then
the
Dogge
,
the
Pheasant
then
the
Cocke
,
the
Eagle
then
the
Goose
:
and
for
these
causes
the
skinne●
of
the
one
doe
wast
before
the
other
,
not
for
feare
or
secret
opposition
,
but
for
want
of
better
enduring
substance
.
Coelius
The
Poets
do
ascribe
vnto
their
Gods
Laneos
pedes
,
feet
made
of
Wooll
,
for
that
they
come
softly
and
suddainely
without
noyse
to
take
vengeaunce
vppon
male-factors
;
and
therefore
when
they
discribe
Saturne
tyed
vp
a
whole
yeare
with
bandes
of
Wooll
,
their
meaning
is
,
to
shew
how
with
patience
he
forbare
his
wrath
and
indignation
.
Bees
are
enimies
to
Sheepe
,
and
there
are
no
cattell
that
doe
so
much
inrich
men
as
Sheepe
and
Bees
.
There
is
a
story
in
Suidas
and
Hesychius
,
of
one
Crysamis
,
who
was
very
rich
in
Sheepe
in
the
Island
of
Cous
,
and
there
came
euery
yeare
an
Eele
and
stole
away
his
best
Sheepe
among
all
the
flocke
,
at
last
he
met
with
it
and
slew
it
;
afterward
the
ghost
of
the
Eele
appeared
to
him
in
the
night
,
warning
him
(
for
feare
of
other
harme
)
to
see
him
buryed
.
Chrysamis
neglected
it
,
and
therefore
he
and
all
his
family
perished
.
By
which
story
I
cannot
ghesse
any
other
meaning
,
but
that
some
man
stole
away
his
Sheepe
,
and
for
that
hee
tooke
vpon
him
a
priuate
reuenge
,
most
inhumanly
suffering
him
to
lye
vnburyed
,
and
setting
more
by
a
beast
then
the
life
of
a
man
,
as
a
iust
punishment
of
God
he
perished
:
and
thus
I
conclude
this
naturall
and
morall
discourse
of
the
Sheepe
with
that
fiction
of
Esop
,
who
writeth
that
on
a
time
as
the
Sheapheardes
were
making
merry
in
a
cottage
,
and
eating
a
Sheepe
,
the
Wolfe
came
and
looked
in
,
saying
vnto
them
:
Atqui
ego
sitantum
facerem
,
quantum
cieretis
tumultum
.
If
I
should
eate
a
Sheepe
as
you
doe
,
you
would
all
rise
in
an
vprore
:
which
is
fitted
against
them
that
make
good
lawes
and
obserue
none
themselues
.
OF
THE
RAM
.
HAuing
thus
made
a
general
description
of
the
sheepe
,
wherein
we
haue
spent
no
more
time
then
was
fit
and
conuenient
,
The
seueral
names
of
Rams
.
we
are
nowe
forced
to
the
seuerall
species
and
kinds
,
and
first
of
al
,
order
and
nature
teacheth
vs
to
discourse
of
the
male
,
which
in
our
English
language
is
called
a
Tup
or
Ramme
,
deriued
I
do
not
doubt
from
the
French
Ran
,
although
also
they
call
him
Belier
,
the
Germaines
Hoden
wider
and
Hammell
,
the
Italians
Montone
,
and
Ariete
,
the
Spaniardes
Carnero
,
the
Heluetians
Ramchen
,
the
Graecians
in
auncient
time
Krios
,
Ariacha
,
Ceraste
,
and
now
in
these
daies
Kriare
,
the
Haebrewes
Ail
,
or
Eel
,
the
Chaldees
plurally
Dikerin
,
the
Arabians
Kabsa
,
and
the
Persians
Nerameisch
.
Now
concerning
the
Greeke
and
Latine
names
,
there
is
some
difference
among
the
learned
about
their
notation
,
Etymology
,
or
deriuation
;
for
although
they
all
agree
that
Aries
est
dux
&
maritus
pecorum
,
yet
they
cannot
consent
from
what
root
,
stem
,
or
fountaine
,
to
fetch
the
same
.
Isidorus
bringeth
Aries
ab
aris
,
that
is
,
from
the
Altars
,
because
the
sacrifising
of
this
beast
was
among
all
other
sheepe
permitted
,
and
none
but
this
except
the
Lambs
.
Other
deriue
it
of
Aretes
,
which
signifieth
vertue
,
because
that
the
strength
and
vigor
of
sheepe
lyeth
in
this
aboue
all
other
,
for
there
is
in
his
hornes
incredible
strength
,
in
his
mind
or
inward
partes
incredible
courage
and
magnanimity
,
but
the
truest
deriuation
is
from
the
Greeke
word
Arneios
.
Some
Latines
call
him
also
Nefrens
,
and
plurally
Nefrendes
,
for
distinction
from
the
weather
or
gelded
sheepe
,
for
the
stones
were
also
called
Nefrendes
,
and
Nebrundines
,
and
the
Epithets
of
this
beast
are
,
horne-bearer
,
insolent
,
violent
,
fighting
,
fearfull
,
writhen
,
swift
,
wool-bearer
,
leaping
,
head-long
,
warriour
,
and
in
Greeke
,
meeke
,
gentle
,
and
familiar
,
and
is
not
known
by
the
name
Ctilos
,
for
that
it
leadeth
the
whole
flock
to
the
pastures
,
and
backe
againe
to
the
foldes
.
And
thus
much
may
suffice
for
the
name
and
demonstratiueappellation
of
this
beast
,
now
we
will
proceed
forward
to
the
other
partes
of
his
story
,
not
reiterating
those
things
which
it
hath
in
common
with
the
sheepe
alreadie
described
,
but
onely
touching
his
speciall
and
inseperable
proper
qualities
.
There
is
no
beast
in
the
world
that
somuch
participateth
with
the
nature
of
the
sunne
as
the
Ram
,
for
from
the
autumnall
Equinoctium
vnto
the
Vernall
,
Albertus
The
re●emblance
betwixt
the
●un
and
the
Ram
as
the
sunn
keepeth
the
right
hand
of
the
Hemisphere
,
so
doth
the
Ram
lie
vpon
his
right
side
;
and
in
the
summer
season
as
the
sunne
keepeth
the
other
hand
of
the
Hemisphere
,
so
doth
the
Ram
lie
vppon
his
other
side
.
And
for
this
cause
the
Lybians
which
worshipped
Ammon
,
Macrobius
that
is
the
sun
,
did
picture
him
with
a
great
pair
of
Rams-horns
.
Also
,
although
in
the
heauenly
or
celestiall
sphere
or
Zodiacke
there
be
nothing
first
or
last
,
yet
the
Egyptians
haue
placed
the
Ram
in
the
first
place
,
for
theyr
Astronomers
affirme
that
they
haue
found
out
by
diligent
calculation
,
that
the
same
day
which
was
the
beginning
of
the
worldes
light
on
the
face
of
the
earth
,
then
was
the
signe
Aries
in
the
midst
of
heauen
,
and
because
the
middle
of
heauen
is
at
it
were
the
crowne
or
vpper-most
part
of
the
world
,
therefore
the
Ramme
hath
the
first
and
vppermost
place
,
because
it
is
an
Equinoctiall
signe
,
Coelius
.
The
signe
of
the
Ram
in
the
Zodiack
.
making
the
daies
and
nightes
of
equall
length
,
for
twice
in
the
yeare
doeth
the
sunne
passe
thorough
that
signe
,
the
Ramme
sitting
as
it
were
iudge
and
arbiter
twice
euery
yeare
,
betwixt
the
daye
and
night
.
Ther
be
poetical
fictions
how
the
ram
came
into
the
Zodiake
,
for
some
say
,
that
when
Bacchus
led
his
army
through
the
deserts
of
Lybia
,
wherein
they
were
all
ready
to
perish
for
water
,
there
appeared
to
him
a
goodly
ram
,
who
shewed
him
a
most
beautifull
and
plentifull
fountain
which
releeued
and
preserued
them
al
;
Poetical
fictions
&
ridles
.
afterward
Bacchus
in
remembrance
of
that
good
turn
erected
a
Temple
to
Iupiter
,
Ammonius
also
in
that
place
for
so
quenching
their
thirst
,
placed
there
his
Image
with
Rammes
hornes
,
and
translated
that
ramme
into
the
zodiacke
among
the
starres
,
that
when
the
Sunne
should
passe
through
that
sign
,
all
the
creatures
of
the
world
should
be
fresh
,
green
and
liuely
,
for
the
same
cause
that
he
had
deliuered
him
and
his
host
from
perishing
by
thirst
,
and
made
him
the
Captaine
of
all
the
residue
of
the
signes
,
for
that
he
was
an
able
and
wise
leader
of
souldiors
.
Other
againe
tell
the
tale
somewhat
different
,
for
they
say
,
at
what
time
Bacchus
ruled
Egipt
,
there
came
to
him
one
Ammon
,
a
great
rich
man
in
Affrica
,
giuing
to
Bacchus
great
store
of
wealth
and
cattell
to
procure
fauour
vnto
him
,
and
that
he
might
be
reckoned
an
inuenter
of
some
things
:
for
requitall
whereof
Bacchus
gaue
him
the
land
of
Thebes
in
Egypt
to
keepe
his
sheepe
and
cattell
,
and
afterward
for
that
inuention
,
he
was
pictured
with
rams
hornes
on
his
heade
,
for
remembrance
that
he
brought
the
first
sheepe
into
Egypt
,
and
Bacchus
also
placed
the
signe
of
the
ram
in
heauen
:
These
and
such
like
fictions
there
are
about
all
the
signes
of
heauen
,
but
the
truer
obseruation
and
reason
wee
haue
shewed
before
out
of
the
Egyptians
learning
,
and
therefore
I
will
cease
from
any
farther
prosecution
of
these
fables
.
Dydimus
Aristotle
They
ought
to
be
two
yeare
old
at
least
before
you
suffer
them
to
ioyne
in
copulation
with
the
Ewes
,
&
for
two
moneths
before
to
bee
seperat
and
fed
more
plentifully
then
at
other
times
,
that
so
at
their
returne
they
may
more
eagerly
and
perfectly
fill
the
Ews
:
and
then
also
before
copulation
,
&
at
the
time
that
they
are
permitted
in
some
Contries
they
giue
them
barly
,
and
mixe
Onions
with
their
meat
,
and
feede
them
with
the
hearbe
Salomons
seale
,
for
all
these
are
vertuous
to
stirre
vp
and
increase
their
nature
.
And
likewise
one
kind
of
the
Satyrium
and
salt
water
,
as
we
haue
said
in
the
discourse
afore
going
.
Now
,
at
the
time
of
their
copulation
they
haue
a
peculiar
voice
to
draw
and
allure
their
females
,
differing
from
the
common
bleating
,
wherof
the
poet
speaketh
.
Bloterat
hincaries
,
&
pia
balat
ouis
:
This
beast
may
continue
in
copulation
,
and
be
preserued
for
the
generation
of
lambes
till
he
be
eight
yeare
olde
,
and
it
is
their
nature
the
elder
they
bee
,
to
seeke
out
for
their
fellowes
the
elder
Ewes
or
females
,
forsaking
the
younger
by
a
kind
of
naturall
wisedome
.
Now
concerning
the
time
of
their
admission
to
copulation
,
althogh
we
haue
touched
it
in
the
former
Treatise
,
yet
we
must
adde
somewhat
more
in
this
place
.
In
some
places
they
suffer
them
in
April
,
The
best
tim
of
copulation
.
&
some
in
Iune
,
that
so
they
may
be
past
daunger
before
winter
,
and
be
brought
forth
in
the
Autumne
when
the
grasse
after
haruest
is
sweet
,
but
the
best
is
in
Octob
for
then
the
winter
wil
be
ouerpassed
before
the
lamb
comforth
of
his
dams
belly
.
Great
is
the
rage
of
these
beasts
at
their
copulation
,
for
they
fight
irefuly
til
one
of
them
haue
the
victory
,
&
for
this
cause
Arrietare
among
the
writers
is
a
word
to
expresse
singular
violence
,
as
may
apeare
by
these
verses
:
Arietat
in
portas
&
duros
obijce
postes
,
Their
rage
in
Ramming
●ime
.
and
Siluis
of
Dioxippus
,
Arietat
in
primos
obijcitque
immania
membra
.
And
so
Seneca
in
his
booke
of
Anger
.
Magno
imperatori
aretequamacies
inter
se
arietarent
,
cox
exiluit
:
and
indeed
great
is
the
violence
of
rams
,
for
it
is
reported
that
many
times
in
Rhatia
to
try
their
violence
,
they
hold
betwixt
the
fighting
of
rams
a
sticke
or
bat
of
Corne-tree
,
which
in
a
bout
or
two
they
vtterly
diminish
and
bruse
in
peeces
.
There
is
a
knowne
fable
in
Abstenius
of
the
wolfe
that
found
a
coople
of
rammes
,
and
told
them
that
he
must
haue
one
of
them
to
his
dinner
,
and
bad
●hem
agree
betwixt
themselues
,
to
whose
lot
that
death
should
happen
,
for
one
of
them
must
die
,
the
two
rams
agreede
togither
,
that
the
wolfe
should
stand
in
the
middle
of
the
close
,
and
that
they
twain
should
part
one
into
one
corner
,
and
the
other
into
the
other
corner
of
the
field
,
and
so
com
running
to
the
wolfe
,
&
he
that
came
last
should
loose
his
life
to
the
wolues
mercy
▪
the
wolfe
agreed
to
this
their
deuice
,
and
chose
his
standing
,
while
the
rams
consented
with
their
hornes
,
when
they
came
vpon
him
to
make
him
sure
inough
from
hurting
any
more
sheepe
:
forth
therfore
went
the
rams
,
each
of
them
vnto
his
quarter
,
one
into
the
East
,
and
the
other
into
the
west
,
the
wol●e
standing
ioyfully
in
the
midst
,
laughing
at
the
rams
destruction
,
then
began
the
two
rams
to
set
forward
with
all
their
violence
,
one
of
them
so
attending
and
obseruing
the
other
,
as
that
they
might
both
meet
togither
vpon
the
wolfe
,
and
so
they
did
with
vengeance
to
their
enimy
,
for
hauing
him
betwixt
their
horns
,
they
crushed
his
ribs
in
pieces
,
and
he
fel
down
without
stomack
to
rams
flesh
.
This
inuention
(
althogh
it
haue
another
morrall
,
yet
it
is
material
to
be
inserted
in
this
place
to
shew
the
violence
of
rams
,
and
from
this
came
so
many
warlike
inuentions
called
Arietes
,
wherwithal
they
push
down
the
wals
of
citties
,
Martial
and
warlike
inuentions
called
Rammes
as
the
Readers
may
see
in
Vitruuius
,
Valturnis
and
Ammianus
,
for
they
say
that
the
warlike
ram
was
made
of
wood
,
&
couered
ouer
with
shels
of
Torteyses
,
to
the
intent
it
should
not
be
burned
when
it
was
set
to
a
wall
,
and
it
was
also
couered
with
the
skins
of
sacke-cloath
by
rowes
artificially
contriued
,
within
the
same
was
a
beame
which
was
pointed
with
a
crooked
yron
,
and
therefore
called
a
ram
,
or
rather
because
the
front
was
so
hard
that
it
ouerthrew
wals
,
when
by
the
violent
strength
of
men
it
was
forced
vpon
them
,
and
wheras
it
was
shaped
ouer
with
Tortoise
shels
,
it
was
for
the
true
resemblance
it
bare
therewith
,
for
like
as
a
Torteise
doth
sometime
put
forth
his
head
,
and
again
somtime
pull
it
in
,
so
also
doth
the
ram
sometime
put
forth
the
sickle
,
and
sometime
pul
it
in
,
and
hide
it
within
the
frame
,
so
that
by
this
engine
they
did
not
ouerturn
the
wals
,
but
also
they
caused
the
stones
to
flie
vpon
the
enimies
liue
thunder-bolts
,
striking
them
downe
on
euery
side
,
and
wounding
with
their
fal
or
stroke
like
the
blowes
of
an
armed
man
;
and
against
these
forces
there
were
counter-forces
deuised
on
the
part
of
the
besieged
,
for
because
the
greatnes
thereof
was
such
as
it
could
not
be
moued
without
singular
note
and
ostentation
,
it
gaue
the
besieged
time
to
oppose
against
it
their
instruments
of
war
for
their
safegard
,
such
were
called
Culcitrae
,
Laquei
,
Lupi
ferrum
,
made
like
a
paire
of
tongs
,
wherby
as
Polyaenus
writeth
,
many
times
it
came
to
passe
,
that
when
the
wall
was
ouerthrowne
the
enimies
durst
not
enter
,
saying
:
Cerle
hostes
sponte
ab
obsessis
destructa
moenia
metuentes
ingredi
in
vrbem
non
audebant
.
And
thus
much
for
the
force
of
rams
both
their
true
and
naturall
strength
,
and
also
their
artificial
imitation
by
men
.
Now
on
the
otherside
the
wise
shepheards
want
not
deuises
to
restraine
the
wrath
of
these
impetious
beasts
.
For
Epicharmus
the
Syracusan
saith
,
if
ther
be
a
hole
bored
in
the
backer
part
of
his
crooked
horn
neer
his
eare
,
it
is
very
profitable
to
be
followed
,
for
seeing
that
he
is
captaine
of
the
flock
,
and
that
hee
leadeth
all
the
residue
,
it
is
most
necessary
that
his
health
and
safeguarde
be
principally
regarded
,
and
therefore
the
auncient
shepheards
were
woont
to
appoint
the
captaine
of
the
flocke
from
the
prime
and
first
appearance
of
his
hornes
,
and
to
giue
him
his
name
,
whereof
he
tooke
knowledge
and
would
leade
and
goe
before
them
at
the
appointment
and
direction
of
his
keeper
.
When
he
is
angry
he
beateth
the
ground
with
his
foot
,
and
they
were
woont
to
hange
aboord
of
a
foote
broad
,
wherein
were
drouen
many
sharp
nailes
with
the
points
toward
the
head
,
so
that
when
the
beaste
did
offer
to
fight
,
with
his
owne
force
he
woundeth
his
forehead
.
They
were
wont
also
to
hange
a
shrimpe
at
the
horne
of
the
ram
,
and
then
the
Wolfe
will
neuer
set
vpon
their
flockes
.
Morral
vses
of
ramshorns
Aelianus
And
concerning
their
hornes
which
are
the
Noblest
parts
of
their
body
most
regarded
,
yet
I
must
speake
more
,
for
there
was
wont
to
be
euery
yeare
amonge
the
Indians
a
fight
betwixt
men
,
wilde
beasts
,
bulles
,
and
tame
rams
:
and
a
murtherer
in
auncient
time
was
wont
to
be
put
to
death
by
a
ram
,
for
by
art
the
beast
was
so
instructed
,
neuer
to
leaue
him
till
he
had
dashed
out
his
braines
.
It
is
reported
of
a
rams
hornes
consecrated
at
Delos
,
Plutarch
.
broght
from
the
coasts
of
the
red
sea
,
that
weighed
twenty
and
six
poundes
,
being
two
cubits
,
and
eight
fingers
in
length
.
There
was
a
ram
in
the
flocks
of
Pericles
,
that
had
but
one
horn
,
wherupon
when
Lampon
the
poet
had
looked
,
he
saied
:
Ex
duabas
quae
in
vrbe
vigerent
factionibus
,
fore
vt
altera
obscurata
ad
vnum
periclem
,
apud
quem
visum
foret
portentum
resideret
ciuitatis
potentia
,
Coelius
That
whereas
there
were
two
contrary-raging-factions
in
the
citty
,
it
should
happen
that
Pericles
from
whose
possessions
that
monster
came
,
shuld
obscure
the
one
,
and
take
the
whole
gouernment
of
the
citty
.
Cardan
It
is
reported
by
Rasis
and
Albertus
,
that
if
the
hornes
of
a
ram
bee
buried
in
the
earth
,
they
will
turne
into
the
hearbe
sperrage
,
for
rottennesse
and
putrification
is
the
mother
of
many
creatures
and
hearbes
.
There
was
as
Aristotle
reporteth
in
his
wonders
,
a
childe
borne
with
a
rams
head
:
and
it
is
affirmed
by
Ouid
,
that
Medea
inclosed
an
old
decrepite
ramme
in
a
brazen
vessell
,
with
certaine
kinde
of
medicines
,
and
afterwards
at
the
opening
of
the
saide
vessell
,
she
receiued
a
young
lambe
,
bred
vpon
the
metamorphosis
of
his
body
.
Concerning
Phrixus
,
whereof
wee
haue
spoken
in
the
former
part
of
our
discourse
of
the
sheepe
,
there
is
this
story
.
He
was
the
●he
sonne
of
Athaman
,
and
Nepheles
:
Afterward
his
mother
being
dead
,
he
feared
the
treachery
of
his
mother
in
law
,
and
step-dame
Inus
,
The
story
of
Phrixus
and
the
ram
with
a
golden
fleece
.
Apollonius
.
and
therefore
with
his
sister
Helle
,
by
the
consent
of
their
father
,
he
swam
ouer
a
narrowe
arme
of
the
sea
vpon
the
backe
of
a
ram
,
carrying
a
golden
fleece
,
which
before
that
time
his
father
had
bestowed
vpon
him
.
His
sister
Helle
being
terrified
with
the
great
roaring
of
the
Water
,
fell
off
from
the
rams
back
into
the
sea
,
and
thereof
came
the
name
of
Hellesponte
,
of
Helle
the
Virgin
,
and
Pontus
the
sea
,
but
he
came
safely
to
Colchis
to
king
Hetes
,
where
,
by
the
voice
of
a
Ram
who
spake
like
a
man
,
hee
was
commaunded
to
offer
and
dedicate
him
to
Iupiter
,
surnamed
Phryxus
,
and
also
that
golden
●eece
was
hanged
up
and
reserued
in
the
Temple
of
Colchis
,
vntill
Iason
by
the
helpe
of
Medea
aforesaid
,
did
fetch
it
away
,
and
the
ram
was
placed
among
the
stars
in
his
true
shape
,
and
was
called
Phrixeus
,
of
Phrixus
,
who
was
the
father
of
the
Phrygian
Nation
.
Of
this
fabulous
tale
,
there
are
many
explications
and
coniecturall
tales
among
the
lerned
,
not
vnprofitable
to
bee
rehearsed
in
this
place
.
Coelias
and
Palaphatus
say
,
that
the
ram
was
a
ship
,
whose
badge
was
a
ram
,
prouided
by
Athaman
for
his
sonne
to
saile
into
Phrygia
:
and
some
say
,
that
Aries
was
the
name
of
a
man
that
was
his
foster-father
,
Hermol●us
.
by
whose
counsell
and
charge
he
was
deliuered
from
the
step-mother
Inus
.
Other
say
,
that
there
was
a
booke
of
parchment
made
of
a
rams
skin
,
containing
the
perfect
way
to
make
golde
,
called
Alchymye
,
and
that
thereby
Phrixus
got
away
.
But
in
Athens
there
was
reserued
the
ymage
of
this
Phrixus
,
Apollonius
Gyraldus
.
The
fleece
of
Colchis
offering
the
ram
(
vpon
which
hee
was
borne
ouer
the
Sea
)
to
the
God
Laphystius
:
and
whereas
there
are
in
Colchis
certaine
riuers
out
of
which
there
is
gold
growing
,
and
oftentimes
founde
,
whereuppon
some
of
them
haue
receiued
their
name
,
as
Chrysorrhoa
,
and
the
men
of
that
country
sayed
to
bee
greatly
inriched
thereby
,
Tzetzes
.
they
gaue
occasion
of
al
the
poeticall
fictions
about
the
golden
fleece
.
There
are
in
some
places
of
Affricke
certaine
sheepe
,
whose
wooll
hath
the
colour
of
gold
,
and
it
may
be
,
that
from
this
occasion
came
the
talke
of
golden
fleeces
.
It
is
said
that
when
Atreus
raigned
in
Pelopomesus
,
hee
vowed
to
Diana
the
best
whatsoeuer
should
be
brought
foorth
in
his
flocke
,
and
it
fortuned
that
there
was
yeaned
a
golden
lambe
,
and
therefore
he
neglecting
his
vow
did
not
offer
it
,
but
shut
it
vp
in
his
chest
.
Afterward
when
he
gloried
and
boasted
of
that
matter
,
his
brother
Thrystes
greatly
enuied
him
,
and
counterfetting
loue
to
his
wife
Aerope
,
receiued
from
her
the
golden
lambe
.
Then
being
in
possession
thereof
,
he
contradicted
Atreus
before
the
people
,
affirming
that
he
that
had
the
golden
Lambe
ought
to
be
king
,
and
to
raigne
among
them
,
and
so
layed
a
wager
of
the
whole
gouernment
or
kingdome
thereof
with
Atreus
,
whereunto
he
yeelded
,
but
Iupiter
by
Mercury
discouered
the
fraud
,
and
so
Thyestes
took
him
to
flight
and
the
lambe
was
commaunded
to
bee
offered
to
the
sunne
,
and
so
I
conclude
this
discourse
with
the
verses
of
Martiall
:
Mollia
Phryxei
secuisticolla
mariti
Hoc
meruit
tunicam
qui
tibi
saepe
dedit
.
And
seeing
that
I
haue
entered
into
the
discourse
of
these
poeticall
fables
,
or
rather
Riddles
which
seeme
to
bee
outwardly
cloathed
with
impossibilities
,
Transmutation
of
rams
.
I
trust
that
the
Reader
will
giue
mee
leaue
a
little
to
prosecute
other
Narrations
,
as
that
Neptune
transforming
himselfe
into
a
ram
,
deceiued
and
deflowred
the
Virgin
Bisabpis
,
and
the
auncients
when
they
swore
in
iest
and
merriment
were
wont
to
sweare
by
a
Ram
or
a
Goose
.
When
the
Gyants
waged
warre
with
the
Goddes
,
all
of
the
Gods
(
as
the
poets
write
)
took
vnto
them
seuerall
formes
,
and
Iupiter
the
forme
of
a
ram
,
whereof
Ouid
writeth
,
he
was
called
Iupiter
Ammonius
:
Vnde
recuruis
Nunc
quoque
formatis
lybis
est
cum
cornibus
Ammon
.
There
be
some
that
say
that
at
what
time
Hercules
desired
very
earnestly
to
see
Iupiter
,
whereunto
he
was
very
vnwilling
,
yet
hee
cut
off
a
rams
heade
,
and
pulled
off
his
thicke-woolly-rough-skinne
,
Herodotus
and
put
it
vppon
him
,
and
so
in
that
likenes
appeared
to
Hercules
,
and
for
this
cause
the
Thebanes
to
this
day
doe
not
kill
rams
,
but
spare
them
like
sanctified
thinges
,
except
one
once
in
a
yeare
,
which
they
sacrifice
to
Iupiter
,
and
say
,
that
Iupiter
was
called
Ammonius
aries
,
because
that
his
answeres
were
misticall
,
secret
and
crooked
,
like
a
rams
horne
.
Strabo
.
Sacrificing
of
Rams
among
the
Gentiles
Now
concerning
the
sacrificing
of
rams
,
we
know
that
God
himselfe
in
his
word
,
permitted
the
same
to
the
people
of
the
Iewes
,
and
therefore
it
cannot
bee
but
materiall
for
vs
to
adde
something
also
to
the
discourse
before
recited
in
the
story
of
the
sheepe
.
The
gentiles
when
they
sacrificed
a
ram
,
they
roasted
his
intrals
vpon
a
spitte
or
broach
,
and
there
were
certaine
daies
of
sacrifice
called
Dies
Agonales
,
wherein
the
principal
ram
of
euery
flocke
after
combate
or
fighting
was
slaine
and
sacrificed
for
the
safegard
of
the
residue
to
Ianius
,
and
others
by
the
king
:
Ita
rex
placare
sacrorum
Numina
lunigerae
coniuge
debet
Ouis.
There
was
at
Tanagrum
a
statue
of
Mercury
,
carrying
a
ram
(
and
therefore
he
is
called
Krophoros
Hermes
,
and
by
that
name
was
worshipped
of
all
the
Tanagreans
.
Now
there
was
a
cunning
workeman
of
Calamis
that
made
that
statue
,
for
they
say
,
that
when
the
Citty
was
greeuously
afflicted
with
a
pestilence
,
Mercury
by
carrying
a
ram
about
the
wals
,
deliuered
the
same
,
and
therefore
they
did
not
onely
procure
that
statue
for
Mercury
,
but
also
ordained
that
euery
yeare
one
of
their
most
beautifull
young
men
shoulde
carry
a
sheep
on
his
shoulder
round
about
the
wals
.
In
Ianuary
they
sacrificed
to
Iupiter
a
ram
,
and
in
February
a
Weather
.
Gyraldus
.
Pliny
writeth
a
strange
Riddle
which
is
this
.
Cinnamomum
in
Aethiopia
gignitur
,
neque
metitur
nisi
permiserit
deus
.
There
is
Cinamon
growing
in
Ethiopia
,
and
yet
it
is
not
reaped
by
men
,
except
the
God
thereof
gaue
permission
or
leaue
,
wherby
some
vnderstand
Iupiter
whom
they
called
Sabin
,
and
the
Latins
Assabinus
.
Now
Pliny
saith
,
Pliny
.
that
if
they
had
sacrificed
forty
and
foure
Oxen
,
Bucke-goats
and
rams
,
with
their
intrals
,
they
purchased
leaue
to
gather
that
Cinnamon
.
When
the
Romans
obserued
their
Soli-Taurilia
,
they
sacrificed
a
Bul
,
a
Goat
,
a
ramme
,
and
a
Bore
,
but
vnto
Iupiter
they
held
it
not
lawfull
to
offer
a
ram
.
Vlysses
offered
to
Neptune
a
Ram
,
a
Bull
and
a
Boare
,
and
to
conclude
this
discourse
of
the
rams
sacrifices
,
I
finde
a
story
worthy
the
noting
,
recorded
by
Paulus
Venetus
,
although
it
bee
altogether
superstitious
and
full
of
humane
blindnesse
and
error
.
There
is
a
Citty
of
Tartary
called
Sachion
,
the
inhabitants
whereof
are
Mahometanes
and
ydolaters
,
as
soone
as
any
of
them
haue
a
sonne
borne
,
hee
presently
commendeth
him
to
one
ydols
tuytion
and
protection
or
other
:
and
that
year
together
with
his
young
sonne
he
nourisheth
a
ram
tamed
in
his
owne
house
:
at
the
yeares
end
,
he
offereth
his
son
and
the
ram
at
the
next
festiuall
day
of
that
ydoll
which
he
hath
chosen
,
that
is
,
he
presenteth
his
childe
and
killeth
his
ram
,
with
great
solemnity
and
ceremony
in
the
presence
of
all
his
kindred
,
friends
,
neighbors
,
and
acquaintance
,
and
maketh
earnest
request
to
that
ydoll
to
protect
his
sonne
,
and
to
guide
and
gouerne
him
all
the
time
of
his
life
,
and
therfore
he
hangeth
vp
the
flesh
of
that
ram
in
his
presence
,
and
afterwarde
they
take
away
againe
the
same
flesh
and
carry
it
to
another
priuate
flesh
,
wherewith
the
said
father
and
al
the
kindered
assembled
do
make
a
great
and
rich
feast
,
reseruing
the
bones
for
religions
sake
:
And
thus
we
see
how
miserable
men
beguiled
with
error
,
do
not
onely
make
shew
of
false
religion
,
but
also
play
the
Hippocrites
in
that
which
is
erroneous
,
thinking
it
an
easie
thing
to
deceiue
Almighty
God
.
Concerning
other
thinges
of
rams
,
they
concurre
with
that
which
is
said
already
of
sheepe
in
generall
,
except
their
medicinall
partes
,
which
I
will
reserue
to
the
due
place
:
And
heerein
adde
one
thing
more
of
the
hornes
of
the
Rhaetian
rams
,
and
in
some
places
of
Italy
,
namely
,
that
after
they
be
fiue
,
six
,
or
seuen
year
old
,
they
bring
forth
vnder
their
great
hornes
two
other
little
hornes
,
and
that
these
rams
are
weake
of
body
,
and
haue
but
rough
and
course
wooll
.
In
other
places
if
at
any
time
they
chaunce
to
beare
mo
hornes
then
two
,
t
is
prodigious
and
vnnaturall
.
And
thus
much
of
the
Ram.
Of
the
Weather-sheepe
.
ALthough
this
beast
haue
all
things
in
common
with
the
ram
aforesaid
,
for
he
is
a
male-sheepe
,
and
in
nature
differeth
not
from
him
,
but
only
by
the
Art
of
man
,
I
might
very
wel
haue
confounded
and
conioyned
his
story
with
the
praecedent
:
but
seeing
that
al
Nations
do
distinguish
him
from
the
ram
,
because
of
one
property
or
defect
in
him
,
for
that
hee
is
not
fit
for
generation
,
I
wil
follow
the
streame
,
and
not
striue
against
my
Authors
,
nor
swarue
from
their
method
.
Therefore
in
latin
it
is
cald
Veruex
quasi
versa
natura
,
for
that
his
natural
seed
is
changd
&
turnd
in
him
,
for
his
stones
are
taken
away
,
and
so
he
remaineth
libbed
and
gelded
,
being
an
Eunuch
among
beasts
.
The
Graecians
call
him
Krion
Tomian
,
that
is
,
a
gelded
ram
,
for
they
haue
not
one
word
to
expresse
him
.
The
Latins
do
also
cal
him
Sectarius
,
and
Festus
rendreth
this
reason
thereof
,
Quia
eum
sequantum
agni
,
because
the
little
lambs
loue
his
company
and
follow
him
:
and
indeed
by
reason
of
his
vnaptnesse
to
generation
,
the
Ewes
forsake
his
company
,
and
the
rams
cannot
endure
him
,
therefore
instead
of
other
he
associateth
himselfe
with
the
lambes
.
In
some
parts
of
Germany
they
call
him
Frischling
,
and
also
Hammel
,
which
word
seemeth
to
be
deriued
from
the
Arabian
word
Lesan
Alhamell
,
a
rams
tonge
.
The
Italians
cal
him
Castrone
,
Custrato
,
and
Montone
,
the
French
Mouton
,
and
the
Illyrians
Beram
.
Concerning
the
gelding
of
rams
or
making
of
Weathers
,
I
haue
not
much
more
to
say
,
then
that
which
is
already
expressed
in
the
generall
tractate
of
the
sheep
,
and
for
the
manner
I
do
refer
the
Reader
,
not
onely
to
that
part
,
but
also
to
the
discourse
of
the
calfe
and
Oxe
,
wherein
I
trust
he
shall
finde
satisfaction
for
this
point
,
whether
he
will
do
it
by
a
knife
,
by
reed
,
by
finger
,
or
by
hammer
,
for
all
those
waies
are
indifferently
proponed
.
The
best
time
for
the
gelding
of
rams
,
ought
to
be
in
the
waine
or
decrease
of
the
moone
at
fiue
months
old
,
so
as
he
may
neither
be
troubled
with
extreamity
of
cold
or
heat
.
And
if
it
be
not
libbed
at
that
age
,
but
prolonged
till
two
,
three
,
or
foure
yeare
old
,
wee
haue
shewed
already
the
English
manner
for
knitting
of
rams
.
Being
thus
libbed
or
knit
,
their
hornes
grow
not
so
great
as
the
other
males
vngelded
,
but
their
flesh
,
and
lard
,
or
sewet
is
more
acceptable
then
of
any
other
sheep
whatsoeuer
,
except
they
be
ouer
old
,
for
that
it
is
neither
so
moist
as
a
lambs
,
nor
yet
so
rank
as
a
rams
or
Ewes
,
where
Baptiste
Fiera
made
these
verses
:
Anniculus
placeat
,
vel
si
sine
testibus
agnus
,
Pinginox
est
hordo
quin
calet
olla
vores
.
Hunc
anno
se
duriper
pascua
montis
anhelat
.
Maluero
,
si
auri
villere
diues
erit
.
Platina
also
writeth
thus
of
the
flesh
of
Weathers
,
Veruecem
caro
satis
salubris
est
&
melior
quam
agnina
,
calida
enim
&
humida
habetur
,
ad
temperamentum
tendeus
,
illa
vero
plus
humiditatis
quam
caliditatis
habet
,
That
is
to
say
:
The
flesh
of
Weathers
is
wholsome
ynough
,
and
better
then
the
flesh
of
Lambes
,
because
it
is
hot
and
moist
,
but
that
hath
in
it
more
moisture
then
heat
,
and
therefore
this
tendeth
to
a
better
temperament
.
Munster
writeth
,
that
the
inhabitants
and
people
of
Valuis
take
this
flesh
of
Weathers
and
salt
it
,
afterward
dry
it
in
the
ayre
where
no
smoake
may
come
vnto
it
;
afterward
they
lay
it
vp
in
strawe
,
and
so
hold
it
much
more
delicate
then
that
which
is
raized
in
the
smoake
.
As
the
flesh
of
these
beastes
groweth
the
better
for
their
gelding
,
because
they
liue
more
quietly
and
peaceably
,
for
that
their
fore-heades
grow
weake
and
tender
,
and
their
horns
smal
,
so
also
it
is
reported
that
their
tailes
grow
exceeding
large
and
fat
.
In
some
Regions
,
as
in
Arabia
Foelix
,
and
other
places
,
and
because
the
report
should
not
seeme
feined
by
me
,
I
will
describe
it
in
the
Authours
owne
words
,
Paulus
Venetus
writeth
thus
of
the
Weathers
of
Scythia
,
and
in
the
region
Camandu
,
subiect
to
the
great
Tartar
.
In
Tartariae
regione
Camandu
vrietes
non
minores
asinis
sunt
,
cauda
tam
longu
&
latu
vt
triginta
librarum
pondus
aequent
.
In
Camandu
a
territory
of
Tartaria
there
are
Rams
like
Asses
,
in
stature
and
quantity
,
whose
tailes
are
so
long
and
broad
,
that
they
ballance
in
waight
thirty
pound
.
Vartoman
writeth
.
In
adibus
regis
Arabium
fuisse
praepingus
veruecem
,
cutus
cauda
adeo
obesa
fuit
vt
libras
quadraginta
appenderet
,
&
propi
Reame
vrbem
Arabiae
foelicis
,
veruecum
genera
reperiuntur
,
quorum
caudam
animaduerti
pondo
esse
librarum
quadragintu
quatuor
,
carent
cornibus
,
adeoque
esse
obesi
&
pingues
vt
vix
incedere
possunt
.
Circa
Zeclam
vrbem
Aethiopiae
verueces
non
nulli
ponderasissimas
trahunt
caudas
,
vt
pote
pondo
sedecim
librarum
.
His
caput
&
collum
nigricant
,
caeteris
albi
sunt
.
Sunt
etiam
verueces
prorsus
albicantes
,
quorum
cauda
cubitatis
est
longitudinis
modo
eluboratae
vitis
,
palearia
vt
bubus
à
mento
pendent
,
quae
humum
prope
verrunt
.
That
is
to
say
,
In
the
house
of
the
King
of
Arabia
,
there
was
a
Weather
very
fat
,
whose
taile
waighed
forty
pound
,
and
neare
vnto
Reamia
,
a
Citty
in
Arabia
Foelix
,
there
are
a
breed
or
race
of
Weathers
,
whose
tailes
for
the
most
part
waied
foure
and
forty
pound
.
They
want
hornes
,
and
are
so
fat
that
they
can
scarcely
go
.
Also
about
the
Citty
Zecla
in
Aethiopia
,
the
Weathers
draw
long
tailes
,
waighing
sixteene
pound
.
Whereof
some
haue
their
heads
and
necke
blacke
,
and
all
the
other
parts
of
their
body
white
,
some
of
them
againe
al
white
,
hauing
a
taile
but
of
a
cubit
long
like
a
curious
and
planted
Vine
,
their
crestes
and
haire
hanging
from
their
chinne
to
the
grounde
.
Thus
farre
of
the
Arabian
Weathers
.
Of
the
Indians
hee
writeth
thus
in
another
place
.
Circa
Tanasuri
vrbem
Indiae
tanta
est
pecudum
copia
vt
duodeni
veruices
singulo
aureo
vaeneunt
.
Conspiciuntur
illic
verueces
alij
,
cornua
haud
ab
similia
daemis
habentes
,
nostris
longe
maiores
ferocioresque
.
Candae
veruecem
in
perigrinis
regionibus
tantae
sunt
,
quantus
nullus
apud
nos
veruex
.
Contingit
hoc
quia
hutindissimum
hoc
animal
,
&
inter
quadrupedia
frigidissimum
eumque
coetera
essa
vetendi
nequeant
,
ne
pinguedine
immensa
,
extensis
etiam
assibus
&
neruis
non
parum
,
quae
humida
natura
velut
pisces
semper
incremento
apta
sunt
.
That
is
,
About
the
citty
Tarnasar
in
India
there
is
such
great
plenty
of
cattell
,
that
they
sell
twelue
Weathers
for
a
noble
,
and
yet
there
are
Weathers
which
haue
hornes
like
to
the
hornes
of
Deere
,
being
longer
,
greater
,
and
fiercer
then
our
Rams
,
and
their
tailes
in
forraign
and
strange
countries
are
fatter
then
any
Weathers
among
vs
;
and
the
reason
hereof
is
,
because
it
is
the
moistest
and
coldest
creature
among
al
foure-footed-beastes
:
and
bycause
the
bones
cannot
be
enlarged
to
receiue
that
moysture
,
and
least
that
it
should
destroy
the
beast
by
exuperance
and
aboundance
,
therefore
nature
hath
prouided
this
remedy
to
sende
it
forth
into
the
taile
,
whereby
in
flesh
and
fat
it
groweth
exceedingly
,
the
bones
and
nerues
whereof
are
not
a
little
extended
,
for
they
are
also
of
a
moist
nature
like
fishes
,
and
therefore
apt
to
encrease
and
grow
immeasurably
.
Thus
much
say
they
of
the
tailes
of
Weathers
,
now
I
know
such
is
the
solidity
of
diuers
Readers
&
people
,
that
for
these
reports
,
they
wil
presently
giue
both
these
Authors
and
me
the
Whet-stone
for
rare
vntruths
and
fictions
;
I
do
not
maruaile
,
for
such
(
I
dare
assure
my selfe
)
doe
not
beleeue
all
the
miracles
of
Christ
,
hauing
shorte
and
shallow
conceiptes
,
measuring
all
things
by
their
owne
eies
,
and
because
they
themselues
are
apt
to
lye
for
their
profit
,
therefore
they
are
not
ashamed
to
lay
like
imputations
vppon
honest
men
,
yet
I
could
shew
vnto
them
as
great
or
greater
wonders
in
our
owne
nation
(
if
they
were
worthy
to
bee
confuted
,
)
for
which
other
nations
account
vs
as
great
liers
(
nay
as
these
infidell
fooles
)
do
them
and
yet
they
are
common
among
vs
.
The
vse
of
the
seuerall
parts
of
this
beast
,
is
no
other
then
that
which
is
already
reported
of
the
sheep
and
Ram
,
and
therefore
I
will
not
stand
to
repeate
that
which
is
so
lately
related
,
and
for
the
remedies
or
medicinal
vertues
,
I
fynd
few
that
are
special
except
those
which
are
common
between
this
and
other
of
his
kind
.
It
seemeth
by
Plautus
that
a
Weathersheepe
is
accounted
the
most
foolish
of
all
other
,
a
coward
and
without
courage
,
for
speaking
of
a
mad
dotish
fellow
he
writeth
thus
:
Ego
ex
hac
statua
veruecea
,
volo
erogitare
,
meo
minore
quod
sit
factum
filio
.
That
is
,
I
will
demaund
of
this
blockish
weathers
picture
,
(
meaning
his
foolish
seruant
)
what
is
become
of
my
younger
son
.
These
were
among
the
Pagans
sacrifyced
,
but
not
among
the
Iewes
,
for
they
haue
not
so
much
as
a
name
for
it
,
&
it
is
probable
that
seeing
it
is
an
vnperfect
beast
,
God
forbade
it
to
his
sanctuary
:
when
the
gentiles
brought
a
Lamb
at
the
side
of
a
Weather
to
be
sacrificed
,
they
called
them
Ambegni
,
and
so
also
a
Lamb
and
an
Oxe
.
Alciatus
maketh
this
pretty
emblem
of
a
Weather
which
with
a
Hedghog
is
the
armes
of
Millaine
,
wherewithall
I
will
conclude
this
discourse
;
Festus
Bituricis
veruex
,
Heduis
dat
sucula
signum
.
Ais
populis
patriae
debita
origo
meae
est
.
Quam
Mediolanum
sacram
dixere
puellae
Terram
:
nam
vetus
hoc
Gallica
lingua
sonat
.
Culta
minerua
fuit
,
nunc
est
vbi
numine
Tecla
Mutato
matris
virginis
ante
domum
.
Laniger
huic
signum
sus
est
,
animalque
biforme
.
Acribus
hinc
setis
,
lanitio
inde
leui
.
OF
THE
LAMBE
.
THe
Lambe
is
diuersly
tearmed
by
the
Haebrewes
,
as
is
already
shewed
in
the
story
of
the
sheep
,
The
seuerall
names
(
in
some
part
)
and
now
more
particularly
,
Seh
signifieth
a
Lambe
,
Keseb
and
Kebes
a
Lambe
of
a
yeare
old
,
also
Gedi
,
according
to
the
opinion
of
Dauid
Kimhi
,
in
Greeke
Arniou
,
and
Arna
,
and
Amnos
,
and
at
this
day
Arni
,
the
Italians
Agna
,
Agno
,
Agnello
,
the
Spaniards
Cordero
,
the
French
Agueau
,
and
Agnelet
,
the
Germans
Lamb
and
Lamblein
,
and
as
the
first
year
we
call
it
in
English
a
Lamb
,
so
the
second
year
a
hog
Lam-hog
,
or
Teg
if
it
be
a
female
,
the
third
yeare
Hoggrils
and
Theaues
;
the
Latins
call
it
Agnus
,
of
the
Greeke
word
Agnos
,
castus
quia
est
hostia
pura
&
immolationi
apta
.
That
is
,
chast
for
that
a
Lambe
is
pure
and
cleane
,
and
fit
for
sacrificing
.
And
the
common
epithits
expressing
the
nature
of
this
beast
are
these
,
rough
yearling
,
weake
,
vnripe
,
sucking
,
tender
,
butting
,
fat
,
milke-eater
,
merry
,
sporting
,
bleating
,
affable
or
gentle
,
field-wanderer
,
horne-bearer
,
horne-fighter
,
vnarmed
,
vulgar
,
wooll-skinned
,
wooll-bearer
,
wanton
,
meeke
,
delicate
,
and
fearefull
:
and
all
these
are
the
epithets
of
a
male
Lamb
,
but
of
the
female
I
find
these
following
;
dumb
,
snow-white
,
neate
,
young
,
fearefull
,
blacke
,
tame
,
humble
,
and
tender
,
and
the
Graecians
Heàypnous
,
because
of
the
sweet
smell
that
is
found
in
them
when
they
are
young
and
sucke
their
dams
.
Aristotle
We
read
that
the
Lambs
of
Affrick
,
both
males
and
females
are
yeaned
with
horns
,
the
reason
whereof
is
shewed
in
another
place
,
Aelianus
and
it
is
common
and
natural
thing
to
them
all
as
soone
as
they
are
fallen
out
of
their
dams
belly
,
they
presently
leape
and
run
about
their
dams
,
Of
the
meek
disposition
of
Lambes
.
and
also
learne
to
know
them
by
whom
they
are
nourished
,
according
to
the
saying
of
Lucretius
:
Praetrea
teneri
tremulis
vocibus
hoedi
,
Corniferas
norunt
matres
,
agnique
petulci
.
S.
Ambrose
writeth
thus
of
the
inclination
of
a
Lambe
to
his
mother
,
and
the
loue
of
her
milke
.
Agnus
simplicissimus
ouium
recognoscit
vocem
parentis
,
cum
amatre
quandoque
oberrat
,
frequenter
eam
balatu
excitat
multisque
licet
versetur
in
millibus
ouium
&
festinat
ad
eam
nam
quamuis
cibi
&
pontus
desiderio
tenetur
transcurrit
tamen
aliena
vbera
,
licet
humore
lactis
grauida
exundent
soluisque
materni
lactis
fontes
requirit
.
The
Lambe
is
a
most
simple
beast
,
and
erreth
many
times
from
his
mothers
sides
,
hauing
no
other
meanes
to
prouoke
his
mother
to
seeke
him
out
but
by
bleating
,
for
in
the
middest
of
a
thousand
sheep
it
discerneth
the
voice
of
his
parent
,
and
so
hasteneth
to
her
when
it
heareth
her
;
for
such
is
the
nature
of
this
poore
beast
,
that
although
there
bee
many
other
Ewes
which
giue
sucke
,
yet
they
passe
by
al
their
vdders
to
tast
of
their
mothers
fountains
,
&
the
Ewe
knoweth
yer
young
one
by
smelling
to
the
backer
part
:
the
lamb
al
the
while
it
sucketh
waggeth
&
plaieth
with
the
tail
.
When
the
lamb
is
newly
falen
,
for
a
day
or
two
in
some
countries
they
put
them
vp
close
into
a
stable
for
a
day
or
two
or
three
,
till
they
grow
stronge
,
and
are
well
filled
with
Milke
and
know
their
dammes
,
and
so
long
as
the
Rams
feede
with
the
females
they
keepe
in
the
Lambes
,
that
so
they
may
bee
cleare
day
and
night
from
all
violence
of
the
Rammes
,
for
at
night
they
lodge
single
and
alone
by
their
dams
sides
.
The
like
regard
is
to
be
had
if
they
doe
not
sucke
their
mothers
,
they
must
annoint
their
lips
with
butter
or
Hogges-grease
and
milke
,
and
for
two
monthes
after
their
yeaning
it
is
not
good
to
rob
them
of
any
milke
,
but
suffer
them
to
sucke
all
that
their
dammes
can
breede
,
Dydimus
for
so
their
Lambes
will
grow
more
stronge
,
and
also
their
Wooll
more
fine
.
And
when
they
are
to
be
weaned
they
must
first
of
all
bee
brought
out
of
loue
of
their
mothers
milke
,
least
after
their
separation
they
languish
,
and
loose
all
naturall
ioy
,
whereby
they
are
neuer
likely
to
come
to
good
:
afterward
let
them
be
hearded
or
droue
to
fielde
,
Varro
but
after
their
yeaning
it
is
profitable
when
they
are
a
weeke
olde
to
giue
them
salt
,
and
so
the
second
time
after
they
be
fifteene
daies
old
.
It
is
neuer
good
to
nourish
the
firstling
or
first
Lamb
of
an
Ewe
,
for
that
commonly
they
are
weaker
and
more
tender
then
any
other
,
but
the
best
to
be
nourished
are
twins
.
They
are
also
the
best
and
strongest
which
are
bred
in
the
spring
time
,
and
much
fatter
,
and
more
able
then
those
which
are
yeaned
in
the
Autumne
.
And
yet
there
are
some
that
affirme
,
that
they
which
are
bred
in
the
Winter
are
fatter
then
those
which
are
bred
in
the
Summer
,
for
if
strength
of
nature
bee
able
to
liue
out
the
Winter
at
the
first
yeaning
,
much
more
will
they
be
able
to
endure
when
they
are
elder
,
Pliny
in
the
first
sucking
of
a
Lamb
,
the
beestinges
must
be
milked
out
,
for
they
are
apt
to
fal
into
many
diseases
,
such
as
are
already
mentioned
in
the
discourse
of
the
Sheepe
,
generally
to
preserue
them
in
health
,
they
giue
them
Iuy
when
they
are
vexed
with
an
Ague
,
&
separate
them
from
the
Ewes
,
least
by
sucking
they
infect
their
mothers
,
then
must
they
bee
milked
alone
,
Democritus
and
their
milke
mixed
with
raine
Water
,
and
so
giuen
to
the
sicke
Lambe
,
and
if
they
wil
not
take
it
willingly
,
then
infuse
it
into
her
throate
with
a
horne
,
and
if
they
bee
troubled
with
scabs
,
take
Hysope
and
salt
,
of
each
an
equall
quantity
,
and
if
the
mouth
bee
broken
out
and
blistered
,
then
rub
the
aflicted
place
therewith
,
afterward
wash
them
with
vineger
,
and
then
annoint
them
with
liquid
Pitch
and
hogs
grease
;
there
must
also
be
a
care
had
to
keepe
them
from
Lice
.
Concerning
the
vse
of
their
seueral
parts
,
we
haue
already
shewed
in
the
story
of
sheep
,
and
therefore
we
neeede
not
prosecute
it
in
this
place
.
Their
skins
are
fitter
to
cloth
men
,
then
the
skins
of
their
dams
,
and
therefore
the
Haebrewes
say
that
they
are
fittest
for
the
garments
of
young
men
,
for
they
encrease
their
strength
and
naturall
vigor
.
The
skinners
make
great
account
of
these
Lambes-skinnes
,
and
vse
them
for
the
lyninges
of
many
garments
,
such
as
are
killed
they
call
the
skins
of
slaughter-Lambs
.
The
best
are
brought
out
of
Italy
and
Apulia
,
and
al
those
parts
which
are
beyond
Rome
.
Narbon
,
and
Spaine
yeald
plentiful
store
of
black
Lambs
,
and
their
skins
are
sold
by
Marchants
:
and
white
skins
are
plentifull
in
England
.
Their
flesh
is
nourishable
and
conuenient
for
foode
,
but
yet
inferior
to
weather
mutton
,
for
that
it
containeth
more
moysture
then
heate
.
To
conclude
this
discourse
of
the
Lambe
,
the
greatest
honour
thereof
is
for
that
it
pleased
God
to
call
his
blessed
Son
our
Sauiour
by
the
name
of
a
Lamb
in
the
old
Testament
,
a
Lambe
for
sacrifice
▪
&
in
the
new
Testament
,
styled
by
Iohn
Baptist
,
the
Lambe
of
God
that
taketh
away
the
sinnes
of
the
world
.
There
is
a
prouerb
in
Greek
,
Arneia
soi
lelaleken
agnus
tibi
locutus
est
.
A
Lamb
hath
spoken
this
vnto
you
,
and
it
was
a
prouerbiall
speech
to
expresse
a
diuine
reuelation
of
some
businesse
,
that
men
cannot
attaine
vnto
by
ordinary
and
common
meanes
,
because
either
it
is
concealed
,
or
else
it
concerneth
thinges
to
come
.
For
it
is
reported
by
Suidas
that
once
in
Egypt
there
was
a
Lambe
that
spake
with
a
mans
voice
,
vppon
the
Crowne
of
his
head
was
a
regall
Serpent
hauing
Winges
,
which
was
foure
cubits
long
,
and
this
Lambe
spake
of
diuers
future
euents
.
The
like
is
said
of
another
Lamb
that
spake
with
a
mans
voice
,
at
what
time
Romulus
and
Remus
were
borne
;
and
from
these
miraculous
euents
,
came
that
common
prouerb
:
and
so
for
this
story
I
will
conclude
with
the
verse
of
Valerius
:
Aspena
nunc
pauidos
contra
ruit
agna
leones
.
There
is
in
Moscouia
nere
volga
,
a
certaine
beast
of
the
quantity
and
forme
of
a
little
Lamb
,
the
people
call
it
Boranz
,
and
it
is
reported
by
Sigismundus
in
his
description
of
Moscouia
,
that
it
is
generated
out
of
the
earth
like
a
reptile
creature
,
without
seede
,
with
dam
without
copulation
,
thus
liueth
a
litle
while
and
neuer
stirreth
far
from
the
place
it
is
bred
in
,
I
mean
it
is
not
able
to
moue
it selfe
,
but
eateth
vp
al
the
grasse
&
green
things
that
it
can
reach
,
and
when
it
can
find
no
more
,
then
it
dyeth
.
OF
THE
MVSMON
.
I
Haue
thought
good
to
reserue
this
beast
to
this
place
,
for
that
it
is
a
kind
of
sheepe
,
and
therefore
of
natural
right
and
linage
belongeth
to
this
story
,
for
it
is
not
vnlike
a
sheepe
except
in
the
wooll
which
may
rather
seeme
to
be
the
haire
of
a
Goate
;
Pliny
.
and
this
is
the
same
which
the
auncients
did
cal
Vmbricae
oues
,
Vmbriam
sheepe
,
for
that
howsoeuer
in
haire
it
diffreth
from
sheepe
,
yet
in
simplicity
and
other
inward
giftes
it
commeth
nearer
to
the
sheepe
.
Strabo
calleth
it
Musmo
,
yet
the
Latines
call
it
Mussimon
.
This
beast
by
Cato
is
cald
an
Asse
,
and
somtimes
a
Ram
,
and
sometimes
a
Musmon
.
The
picture
which
heere
wee
haue
expressed
,
is
taken
from
the
sight
of
the
beast
at
Caen
in
Normandy
,
and
was
afterward
figured
by
Theodorus
Beza
.
Munster
in
his
description
of
Sardinia
remembreth
this
beast
(
but
he
saith
)
that
it
is
speckled
,
whereat
I
do
not
much
wonder
,
seeing
that
he
confesseth
that
he
hath
al
that
he
wrote
thereof
,
by
the
Narration
of
others
.
Some
say
it
is
a
horse
or
a
mule
,
of
which
race
there
are
2.
kinds
in
Spaine
,
called
by
the
Latines
Astuxcones
,
for
they
are
very
small
;
but
I
do
not
wonder
thereat
,
seeing
that
those
little
horses
or
Mules
are
called
Musimones
,
because
they
are
brought
out
of
those
Countries
where
the
true
Musmones
(
which
we
may
interpret
Wilde
sheepe
or
wilde
goats
are
bred
and
norished
.
)
There
are
of
these
Musmons
in
Sardinia
,
Spaine
,
and
Corsica
,
and
they
are
said
to
be
gotten
betwixt
a
Ram
and
a
goat
,
as
the
Cinirus
betwixt
a
Buck-goat
,
and
an
Ewe
.
The
forme
of
this
beast
is
much
like
a
Ram
,
sauing
that
his
brest
is
more
rough
and
hairy
:
his
hornes
do
grow
from
his
heade
like
vulgar
Rams
,
but
bend
backward
onely
to
his
eares
:
they
are
exceeding
swift
of
foot
,
so
as
in
their
celerity
they
are
comparable
to
the
swiftest
beast
.
The
people
of
those
countries
wherein
they
are
bred
,
do
vse
their
skins
for
brest-plates
.
Pliny
maketh
mention
of
a
beast
which
he
called
Ophion
,
and
he
saith
hee
found
the
remembrance
of
it
in
the
Graecian
books
,
but
he
thinketh
that
in
his
time
there
was
none
of
them
to
be
founde
in
the
worlde
:
heerein
he
speaketh
like
a
man
that
did
not
knowe
GOD
,
for
it
is
not
to
be
thought
,
that
hee
which
created
so
many
kindes
of
beasts
at
the
beginning
,
and
conserued
of
euery
kind
two
,
male
and
female
at
the
generall
deluge
,
would
not
afterward
permit
them
to
be
destroyed
till
the
worldes
end
,
nor
then
neither
:
for
seeing
it
is
apparant
by
holy
scriptures
,
that
after
the
world
ended
,
al
Creatures
and
beasts
shall
remain
vpon
the
earth
,
as
the
monuments
of
the
first
six
daies
works
of
Almighty
God
,
for
the
farther
manifestation
of
his
glory
,
wisedome
,
and
goodnes
,
it
is
an
vnreasonable
thing
to
imagine
that
any
of
them
shall
perish
in
general
in
this
world
.
The
Tardinians
call
these
beasts
Mufflo
,
and
Erim
Mufflo
,
which
may
easily
bee
deriued
from
Ophion
,
therefore
I
cannot
but
consent
vnto
them
,
that
the
auncient
Ophion
is
the
Musmon
,
being
in
quantity
betwixt
a
Hart
and
a
sheepe
,
or
Goate
,
in
haire
resembling
a
Hart
,
&
this
beast
at
this
day
is
not
found
but
in
Sardinia
.
It
frequenteth
the
steepest
mountaines
,
and
therefore
liueth
on
greene
grasse
and
such
other
hearbes
.
The
flesh
thereof
is
very
good
for
meat
,
and
for
that
cause
the
inhabitantes
seeke
after
it
to
take
it
.
Hector
Boethius
in
his
description
of
the
Hebredian
Islandes
saith
,
that
there
is
a
Beast
not
much
vnlike
to
a
sheep
,
but
his
hair
betwixt
a
goats
and
a
sheeps
,
being
very
wild
&
neuer
found
or
taken
but
by
hunting
,
and
diligent
inquisition
.
The
name
of
the
Island
is
Hiethae
,
and
the
reason
of
that
name
is
from
this
breed
of
sheep
called
Hierth
in
the
Vulgar
toong
,
yet
those
sheep
agree
with
the
Musmon
in
al
things
but
their
tails
,
for
he
saith
,
that
they
haue
long
tailes
reaching
downe
to
the
ground
,
and
this
name
commeth
from
the
Germaine
word
Herd
a
flocke
,
and
thereof
Hirt
commeth
for
all
sheepe
in
generall
.
Now
followeth
the
conclusion
of
their
story
with
there
medicinall
Vertues
.
The
medicines
of
the
Sheepe
in
generall
.
The
bodies
of
such
as
are
beaten
,
and
haue
vpon
them
the
appearance
of
the
stripes
,
being
put
into
the
warme
skins
of
sheepe
when
they
are
newly
puld
off
from
their
backs
,
Galen
.
eateth
away
the
outward
paine
and
appearance
,
if
it
continue
on
a
day
and
a
night
.
If
you
seeth
togither
a
good
season
the
skin
of
the
feet
,
and
of
the
snowt
of
an
Oxe
or
a
sheep
till
they
be
made
like
glow
,
and
then
taken
forth
of
the
pot
and
dried
in
the
windie
aire
,
is
by
Siluius
commended
against
the
burstnes
of
the
belly
.
The
blood
of
sheepe
drunke
,
is
profitable
against
the
falling
sicknesse
:
Also
Hippocrates
prescribeth
this
medicine
following
,
for
a
remedy
or
purgation
to
the
belly
,
Plinie
first
make
a
perfume
of
Barly
steeped
in
oyle
vpon
some
coles
,
and
then
seeth
some
mutton
or
sheeps
flesh
very
much
,
and
with
decoction
of
Barley
set
it
abroade
all
day
and
night
,
and
afterwa●d
seeth
it
againe
and
eat
or
sup
it
vp
warm
,
and
then
the
next
day
with
hony
,
Frankincense
,
and
Parsely
,
all
beaaen
and
mingled
togither
,
make
a
suppository
,
and
with
wooll
●ut
it
vp
vnder
the
party
,
and
it
shall
ease
the
distresse
.
The
same
flesh
burned
and
mix●●
in
water
by
washing
,
cureth
all
the
maladies
or
diseases
arising
in
the
secrets
,
and
the
●roath
of
Mutton
,
Goose
,
or
Veale
,
wil
help
against
the
poison
by
biting
if
it
be
not
drawn
●●t
by
cupping
glasse
nor
by
horse-leach
.
The
sewet
of
a
sheepe
melted
at
the
fire
,
and
with
a
linnen
cloath
annointed
vpon
a
burned
place
,
doth
greatly
ease
the
paine
thereof
.
The
liuer
with
the
suet
and
Nitre
causeth
the
scars
of
the
flesh
to
become
of
the
same
co●●ur
that
it
was
before
the
wound
,
it
being
mixed
with
toasted
salt
,
scattereth
the
bunches
in
the
flesh
,
and
with
the
dust
of
womens
haire
,
cureth
fellons
in
the
fingers
,
or
any
parte
of
the
bodies
.
The
sewet
of
sheepe
or
goats
,
being
mingled
with
the
iuice
of
rennish
wine
grape
and
shining
horse-flies
,
doeth
without
all
scruple
or
doubt
,
ease
the
paine
of
the
〈…〉
bee
annointed
the●●
upon
.
The
f●●
of
sheepe
doeth
very
easily
expel
the
roughnes
of
t●e
●ailes
.
The
●ewet
of
sheepe
or
any
other
small
beast
,
being
mixed
with
the
herbe
called
Melander
,
and
pounded
with
Alum
,
afterward
baked
together
,
and
wrought
into
the
maner
of
a
●eare-cloath
,
Marcellus
doeth
verie
much
ease
those
which
are
burned
by
fire
in
any
parts
of
their
body
,
being
wel
applied
thereto
.
The
sewet
of
a
sheepe
being
also
applyed
to
those
which
●●anc●kibes
▪
in
the
heeles
,
or
chilb●anes
in
their
feet
,
wil
presently
heale
them
.
The
sewet
of
a
sheepe
mixed
with
womens
haire
which
is
burnt
to
pouder
,
doeth
very
effectually
cure
those
which
haue
their
ioynts
or
articles
loose
,
beeing
annointed
thereupon
.
Pliny
The
fat
of
Goats
or
sheepe
moistned
with
warme
water
,
and
boiled
togither
,
being
annointed
vppon
the
eies
,
doth
speedily
cure
all
paines
,
spots
,
or
blemishes
in
the
same
whatsoeuer
.
The
fat
of
a
sheepe
boiled
and
drunke
with
sharpe
wine
,
is
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
cough
.
The
same
medicine
is
also
effectually
vsed
for
the
expelling
of
horses
coughes
.
The
sewet
of
a
sheep
being
boiled
with
sharpe
wine
,
doth
very
speedily
cure
the
obstruction
of
the
small
guts
,
bloody
flixe
,
and
any
cough
of
what
continuance
soeuer
.
Marcellus
The
same
being
in
like
manner
drunke
while
it
is
hot
,
is
accounted
for
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
collicke
passion
.
The
sewet
of
a
sheepe
,
or
of
a
male-Goat
,
being
mingled
with
the
fime
or
dung
of
a
female
goat
,
and
Saffron
,
doth
very
effectually
cure
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
gowt
or
swelling
of
the
ioynts
,
being
anointed
vpon
the
place
so
greeued
.
It
is
al●o
reported
that
the
outward
sewet
of
sheepe
(
betweene
the
flesh
and
the
skinne
)
betweene
the
hinder
legges
,
is
very
wholesome
for
the
curing
of
sundry
paines
and
diseases
.
dioscorides
.
Sheepes
sewet
or
the
fat
of
any
other
small
beast
being
gathered
from
the
reynes
,
mixed
with
salt
,
and
the
dust
of
a
pumeise
st●ne
,
being
applyed
vnto
the
yard
of
any
man
,
doth
very
speedily
cure
all
paines
,
Aches
,
or
swellings
therein
.
The
fat
of
sheepe
which
is
gathered
from
the
caule
or
cell
,
being
mingled
with
the
aforesaid
medicines
do
heale
all
other
paines
in
the
priuy
members
of
man
or
Woman
whatsoeuer
.
The
same
sewet
doeth
stay
the
great
excesse
of
bleeding
in
the
nose
,
being
anoynted
therevppon
.
Sheepes
sewet
mixed
with
Goose
greace
and
certaine
other
medicines
,
being
taken
in
drinke
,
doth
helpe
abortments
in
women
.
The
liuer
of
a
Sheepe
is
accounted
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
shedding
of
the
haire
on
the
eye
liddes
,
being
rubbed
thereuppon
.
The
same
being
also
baked
or
boyled
,
is
accounted
verye
profitable
for
sheepes
eies
,
if
it
be
well
rubbed
thereon
.
The
marrow
of
sheepe
is
very
good
to
annoint
all
aches
and
swellings
whatsoeuer
.
Hippocrates
.
The
hornes
of
sheep
or
of
goats
pounded
to
powder
,
mingled
with
parched
barley
which
hath
bene
well
shaled
,
and
altogither
mixed
with
oile
,
being
taken
in
a
certaine
perfume
,
doth
helpe
women
of
their
seconds
,
and
restoreth
to
them
their
menstruall
●uxes
.
Sheepes
hornes
burned
and
beaten
in
wine
vntill
they
be
tempered
like
a
pill
,
the
right
foot
being
annointed
with
the
right
horne
,
and
the
left
foote
with
the
left
,
will
mittigate
the
sorrow
of
those
which
are
very
sore
pained
and
troubled
with
the
gowt
.
Rasis
Rhewmaticke
,
or
watry
eies
,
being
annointed
with
the
braines
of
sheep
are
very
speedy
and
effectua●ly
cured
.
The
braines
of
the
same
beast
is
exceeding
profitable
for
the
breeding
of
young
childrens
teeth
,
being
annointed
vppon
the
gums
.
The
lungs
or
light
of
small
beasts
,
but
especiallie
of
a
ram
,
doe
restore
the
true
skinne
and
colour
of
the
flesh
,
in
chose
whose
bodies
are
full
of
chops
and
scarres
.
Plinie
The
lunges
or
lights
of
the
same
beast
concocted
vppon
the
vppermost
skinne
of
anye
man
,
and
applyed
verie
hot
thereunto
,
doe
diminish
the
blacke
or
blew
places
therein
,
which
haue
bin
receeiued
by
the
occasion
of
any
stripes
or
blowes
.
The
lungs
of
sheepe
being
new
taken
out
of
their
bellies
,
and
applied
while
they
are
hot
vnto
beaten
or
bruised
places
,
Marcellus
doeth
quite
abolish
the
signes
thereof
▪
and
in
shortspace
procure
remedy
.
The
lungs
of
sheepe
or
smal
Cattle
being
roasted
and
taken
by
any
man
before
hee
drinketh
,
wil
resist
all
kind
of
drunkennesse
.
The
lunges
of
sheepe
taken
out
of
their
bellies
,
and
bound
about
the
heads
of
those
which
are
ph●e●sie
while
they
are
hot
,
will
verie
speedily
ease
them
of
their
trouble
.
The
lungs
of
sheep
being
hot
and
bound
to
the
head
,
is
acounted
very
profitable
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
pesteferous
disease
called
the
drowsie
euill
.
The
lungs
of
sheepe
being
boild
with
Hempe
seed
,
so
that
the
flesh
be
eaten
,
and
the
water
wherein
it
is
sod
be
drunke
,
doth
very
effectually
cure
those
which
are
greeued
with
excoriations
in
their
bellies
,
and
the
bloody
flixe
.
The
lunges
of
sheepe
being
applyed
while
they
are
hot
,
doth
heale
the
gowt
.
The
liuer
of
white
sheepe
well
boiled
,
made
moist
with
water
,
thoroughly
beaten
and
applyed
vnto
the
eye-lids
,
doth
purge
Rhewmatick
eies
,
Hippocrates
.
and
cause
them
to
be
of
a
more
cleare
and
ample
sight
.
If
a
woman
bearing
young
,
shall
be
puffed
vp
with
winde
,
giue
her
the
liuer
of
a
sheepe
or
goat
beaten
into
small
▪
powder
while
it
is
hot
,
being
pure
and
without
mixture
for
foure
daies
togither
to
eate
,
and
let
her
drinke
onely
wine
,
and
this
will
very
speedily
cure
her
.
The
gall
of
a
sheepe
mingled
with
hony
,
healeth
the
Vlcers
of
the
eares
,
and
procureth
easie
hearing
.
The
gall
of
a
sheepe
mingled
with
sweet
wine
,
Pliny
.
if
it
be
tempered
in
the
manner
of
a
glister
,
and
afterwards
rubbed
vpon
the
eare-lappes
,
the
vlcers
being
quite
purged
,
will
procure
a
speedy
cure
and
remedy
.
The
gall
of
the
same
beast
dystilled
with
a
womans
milke
,
doth
also
most
certainely
heale
their
eares
which
are
broken
within
,
and
ful
of
mattery
corruption
.
The
gall
of
a
sheep
being
mixed
with
common
oyle
,
or
oyle
made
of
Almonds
,
doth
also
heale
the
paines
of
the
eares
,
being
powred
thereinto
.
Cankers
,
or
the
corusion
of
the
flesh
,
being
annointed
with
the
gall
of
a
sheep
,
is
very
speedily
and
manifestly
cured
.
Albertus
.
the
Dandraffe
or
scurfes
of
the
head
being
annointed
with
the
gall
of
a
sheep
mixed
with
fullers-earth
which
is
hardned
togither
while
the
head
burneth
,
are
very
effectually
abolished
,
and
driuen
quite
vway
.
The
gal
of
little
cattle
,
but
especially
of
a
lamb
,
being
mixed
with
hony
is
verily
commended
for
the
curing
of
the
falling
euil
.
The
melt
of
a
sheepe
new
taken
out
by
magical
precepts
is
accounted
very
good
for
the
curing
of
the
paine
in
the
melte
,
Pliny
.
hee
saying
which
may
be
healed
that
he
maketh
a
remedy
for
the
melt
.
After
these
things
the
magitians
commaund
that
the
greeued
party
be
included
in
his
Doctor
or
Bed-chamber
,
&
that
the
doores
be
sealed
vp
,
and
that
a
verse
be
spoken
thrice
nine
times
.
The
melte
of
a
sheepe
being
par●hed
and
beaten
in
wine
,
and
afterward
taken
in
drinke
,
doeth
resiste
al
the
obstructions
or
stopping
of
the
smal
guts
.
The
same
being
vsed
in
the
like
manner
is
very
medicinable
for
the
wringing
of
the
guts
.
The
dust
of
the
vppermost
of
a
sheepes
thigh
,
doth
very
commonly
heale
the
loosenes
of
the
ioynts
:
but
more
effectually
if
it
be
mixed
with
wax
.
Marcellus
.
The
same
medicine
is
made
by
the
dust
of
sheepes
iawes
,
a
Harts-horne
,
and
wax
mollified
or
asswaged
by
oile
of
roses
.
The
vpper
partes
of
the
thighes
of
sheepe
decocted
with
Hempe-seed
,
doe
refresh
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
bloody
flix
,
the
water
whereof
being
taken
to
drink
.
For
the
curing
of
a
horsse
waxing
hot
with
wearinesse
and
longitude
of
the
way
:
mingle
goats
or
sheepes
sewet
with
Coriander
,
and
old
dil
,
the
Coriander
being
new
gathred
,
and
diligently
pounded
in
the
iuice
of
Barley
,
and
so
giue
it
throughly
strained
for
three
daies
together
.
The
huckle-bone
of
a
sheepe
being
burned
and
beaten
into
smal
duste
,
is
very
much
vsed
for
the
making
of
the
teeth
white
,
and
healing
al
other
paines
or
aches
therein
.
The
bladder
of
a
goat
or
sheepe
being
burned
and
giuen
in
a
potion
to
drinke
,
made
of
Vineger
and
mingled
with
water
,
doth
very
much
auaile
and
helpe
those
which
cannot
holde
their
water
in
their
sleepe
.
Galen
The
skinnes
which
commeth
from
the
sheepe
at
the
time
of
their
young
,
doth
very
much
helpe
very
manye
inormities
in
women
,
as
we
haue
before
rehearsed
in
the
medicines
arising
from
goats
.
The
milk
of
sheepe
being
hot
,
is
of
force
against
al
poisons
,
except
in
those
which
shal
drinke
a
venemous
fly
called
a
Wag-legge
,
and
Libbards
bane
.
Otmell
also
doeth
cure
a
longe
lingering
disease
,
a
pinte
of
it
being
sodden
in
three
cups
of
water
,
vntill
al
the
water
be
boiled
away
:
but
afterwards
you
must
put
thereunto
a
pinte
of
sheepes
milke
or
Goates
,
and
also
Honey
euery
day
together
.
Some
men
do
commaund
to
take
one
dram
of
swallowes
dung
in
three
cups
ful
of
Goats
milke
or
sheepes
milke
before
the
comming
of
the
quartern
Ague
.
Goates
milk
or
sheepes
milke
being
taken
when
it
is
newly
milked
from
them
,
and
gargarized
in
the
mouth
,
Plinie
is
very
effectual
against
the
paines
and
swellings
of
the
Almondes
.
Take
a
〈◊〉
of
sheeps
milk
,
and
a
handful
of
sifted
Anni-seeds
,
and
let
them
seeth
togither
,
and
when
it
is
somwhat
cold
let
it
be
drunk
,
and
it
is
very
good
to
loosen
the
belly
.
Medicine
being
made
of
Goats
milke
and
sheepes
milke
,
and
so
being
drunke
,
is
very
good
for
the
shortnesse
of
breath
.
Marcellus
A
hot
burning
grauel
stone
being
decocted
in
sheepes
milk
,
and
so
giuen
to
one
that
hath
the
bloody
flixe
,
is
very
profitable
to
him
.
Goats
milke
or
sheeps
milke
giuen
alone
luke
warme
,
Furnerius
.
Crescontien
:
or
sodden
with
Butter
,
is
very
profitable
to
those
that
are
brought
very
weak
with
the
passions
of
the
stone
,
and
fretting
of
the
guts
.
To
wash
ones
face
with
sheepes
milke
and
goats
milke
,
is
very
good
to
make
it
faire
and
smooth
.
Euenings
milk
of
sheep
that
is
,
the
last
milke
that
they
giue
that
day
is
very
good
to
loosen
the
belly
,
and
to
purge
chollor
.
Pliny
The
haires
of
the
head
of
a
Dog
burned
into
ashes
,
or
the
gut
of
the
priuy
place
sodden
in
oyle
is
a
very
good
and
soueraign
remedy
for
the
loosenesse
of
the
flesh
about
the
nails
,
and
for
swelling
of
flesh
ouer
them
,
being
anointed
with
butter
made
of
sheepes
milke
and
hony
.
An
oyle
sodden
in
hony
,
and
butter
made
of
sheepes
milke
,
and
honey
melted
therein
,
is
very
profitable
to
cure
Vlcers
.
Old
Cheese
made
of
sheepes
milke
,
is
very
good
to
strengthen
those
which
haue
bin
troubled
and
made
weake
with
the
bloody
flix
.
Againe
old
Cheese
made
of
sheepes
milke
,
taken
in
meate
or
scraped
vppon
it
,
and
being
drunke
with
wine
,
doth
ease
the
passion
of
the
stone
.
There
was
a
certaine
physitian
being
skilful
in
making
medicines
,
dwelling
in
Asia
by
Hellespont
,
Marcellus
which
did
vse
the
dung
of
a
sheepe
washed
and
made
cleane
in
Vineger
,
for
to
take
away
warts
and
knots
rising
on
the
flesh
like
warts
,
and
kernels
,
and
hard
swellings
in
the
flesh
.
Also
hee
did
bring
Vlcers
to
sicatrising
with
that
medicine
which
were
blasted
or
scaulded
round
about
,
but
he
did
mingle
it
with
an
emplaister
made
of
wax
,
rosin
,
and
pitch
.
dioscorides
.
The
dung
of
sheepe
also
doeth
cure
pushes
rising
in
the
night
,
and
burnings
or
scauldings
with
fire
,
being
smeared
ouer
with
Vineger
without
the
commixture
of
any
other
things
.
The
dung
of
sheepe
being
mixed
with
hony
,
doeth
take
away
smal
bumpes
rising
in
the
flesh
,
and
also
doth
diminish
proud
flesh
:
and
also
it
〈◊〉
cure
a
disease
called
an
emmot
,
Pliny
.
as
Rasis
and
Albertus
say
.
The
dung
that
is
new
come
from
the
sheepe
being
firste
worked
in
thy
hands
,
and
applyed
after
the
manner
of
an
emplaister
doth
eat
away
many
great
warts
growing
in
any
part
of
thy
body
.
The
dung
of
a
sheepe
being
aplyed
to
thy
feete
,
Vegetius
.
doth
consume
or
wast
away
the
hard
flesh
that
groweth
thereon
.
Sheeps
dung
doth
also
cure
al
kind
of
swellings
that
are
ready
to
go
into
carbuncles
.
It
is
also
good
being
sodden
in
oyle
and
applied
after
the
maner
of
an
emplaister
,
for
all
new
wounds
made
with
a
sword
as
Galen
saith
:
Aut
si
conclusum
seruauit
tibia
vulnus
,
Pliny
Stercus
ouis
placidae
iunges
,
adipesque
vetustos
,
Pandere
quae
poterunt
hulcus
,
patuloque
mederi
.
The
dung
of
sheepe
and
Oxen
being
burned
to
powder
,
and
smeared
with
Viniger
,
is
very
good
against
the
bitings
and
venemousnes
of
spiders
:
And
againe
it
is
very
effectuall
being
new
come
from
them
,
and
sodden
in
wine
against
the
stingings
of
Serpents
.
Sheeps
dunge
being
mixed
with
honey
,
and
applied
to
horses
whose
hoofes
are
broken
,
is
verye
efectual
.
The
dung
of
Oxen
and
Sheepe
being
burned
to
powder
,
and
intermixed
therewith
,
is
very
effectual
against
Cankers
,
and
also
the
bones
of
the
Lambes
thighes
,
being
burned
into
ashes
,
is
very
profitable
to
be
applied
to
those
vlcers
which
cannot
hee
brought
to
cicatrise
.
Also
Sheepes
dung
being
made
hotte
in
a
little
gally
potte
,
and
kneaded
with
thy
hands
,
and
afterwards
applied
,
doth
presently
cease
the
swellings
of
woundes
,
and
doeth
purge
and
cure
Fistulaies
,
and
also
diseases
in
the
eyes
.
The
oyle
of
Cypresse
and
hony
,
is
very
effectual
against
Alopecia
,
that
is
,
the
fauling
off
of
the
haire
.
An
emplaister
made
of
sheepes
dunge
and
the
fat
of
a
Goose
and
a
Hen
is
very
effectuall
against
haire
rysing
in
the
roote
of
the
eare
,
as
Rasis
and
Albertus
say
.
Sheepes
dung
being
applyed
hot
is
very
effectuall
against
the
swellings
of
womens
paps
or
dugs
.
Sheepes
dung
being
put
into
the
decoction
of
Wood-bine
,
or
Hony
and
water
,
Obscurus
and
so
drunke
,
is
very
profitable
against
the
Yellow-ganders
.
If
the
Spleen
be
outwardly
annoynted
with
Sheepes
dung
and
Vineger
,
it
doth
lessen
the
rysing
of
it
.
Rasis
The
dung
of
Oxen
and
Sheepe
which
is
very
moyst
,
doth
ease
all
manner
of
goutes
.
Pliny
The
thinne
or
outmost
skinne
which
is
taken
from
the
priuy
part
of
Sheepe
,
is
very
profitable
against
the
disease
called
the
flowers
in
Women
.
The
dung
also
hath
the
same
operation
.
The
Vrine
of
Sheepe
is
very
profitable
against
the
Hydropsie
being
mixed
with
Honny
.
But
Rasis
saith
otherwise
,
which
is
,
Albertus
that
the
dung
being
drunke
with
Honny
is
auaileable
against
the
Dropsie
.
To
take
the
weight
of
a
penny
of
Oxe
dung
and
Sheepes
dung
,
and
a
graine
of
Myrrh
,
and
two
ounces
and
a
halfe
of
Wine
,
doth
stay
or
resist
the
comming
of
the
Kings
euil
.
Pliny
The
filth
which
is
taken
out
of
the
eares
of
these
beastes
is
said
to
bee
very
effectuall
against
the
flowers
.
It
doth
make
a
barren
woman
to
conceiue
with
child
also
,
as
Serenus
saith
in
these
verses
:
Pendentem
spumam
molli
de
ducet
ab
ore
,
Aut
ouis
in
stabulis
fract
as
cum
ruminat
herbas
,
Atque
illam
memini
misto
potare
falerno
.
The
sweate
of
a
Horse
being
made
warme
and
mixed
with
Vineger
,
Syluaticus
is
very
conuenient
against
the
falling
sicknesse
,
and
is
vsed
against
venemous
bitinges
.
And
also
the
sweate
of
Sheepe
is
very
much
profitable
vnto
it
.
Collumella
If
the
hoofe
or
Anckle-bone
of
an
Oxe
chance
to
bee
cut
with
a
Plough-snare
,
Pitch
and
fat
with
Sulphur
is
very
good
,
but
you
must
roule
round
about
the
wound
Wooll
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
doth
very
much
profit
those
that
are
frenzy
being
applyed
with
a
fume
that
stoppeth
humors
from
comming
downe
from
the
head
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
being
bound
vpon
the
forehead
,
is
very
good
for
the
waterish
humor
that
floweth
out
of
the
eies
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
being
heated
in
Vineger
,
and
pressed
into
the
eare
,
and
afterwards
the
top
of
the
eare
being
stopped
with
that
Wooll
,
will
by
little
and
little
ease
the
paines
in
the
eares
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
dipped
in
Oyle
of
Roses
and
put
into
the
Nostrils
doth
stay
bleeding
at
the
Nose
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
being
plucked
from
the
priuy
partes
of
Sheepe
and
moystned
in
Oyle
of
Roses
,
Marcellus
is
very
good
to
stop
the
fluxes
of
blood
in
any
part
of
mans
body
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
being
tyed
on
the
outside
of
the
knuckles
or
ioynts
,
doth
stop
the
bloud
or
humors
from
running
too
and
fro
.
It
is
also
said
to
be
very
good
being
dipped
in
Honny
,
(
and
so
rubbed
vppon
the
teeth
or
Gummes
)
for
to
make
one
breathe
or
gaspe
easier
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
being
smeard
ouer
with
Hony
,
and
rubbed
vpon
the
teeth
,
doth
make
them
looke
white
presently
after
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
with
a
little
Salt
put
to
it
and
tyed
close
in
a
linnen
cloath
and
so
scorched
and
beaten
to
powder
,
is
very
good
to
keepe
the
teeth
from
paine
,
being
rubbed
vpon
them
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
being
mixed
with
Niter
,
Brimstone
,
Oyle
,
Vineger
,
and
with
Tar
,
Galen
being
applyed
twice
a
day
,
doth
ease
all
paines
of
the
knuckles
and
Anckles
.
Sheepes
dung
and
other
thinges
with
vnwashed
Wooll
is
very
effectuall
against
the
stone
in
the
bladder
,
as
it
is
spoken
aboue
in
the
cure
and
remedies
of
Sheeps
dung
.
Vnwasht
wooll
doth
cure
all
the
diseases
in
the
priuy
parts
of
men
or
women
being
aplyed
thereunto
.
The
blacke
Wooll
of
Sheepe
,
is
very
profitable
for
all
swellings
in
the
stones
or
Cods
of
men
.
The
gall
of
Buls
put
vpon
vnwashed
Wooll
,
is
very
profitable
for
the
flowers
of
women
:
Vnwashed
wooll
being
applyed
vnto
those
parts
that
are
dead
,
doth
very
much
good
vnto
them
.
White
fleeces
of
Wooll
being
either
applyed
alone
,
or
with
Brimstone
,
is
very
good
for
hidden
paines
and
griefes
.
Fleeces
of
Wooll
giuen
in
a
fume
with
Brimstone
,
is
very
good
for
the
remedy
of
the
Kings
euill
.
Wooll
being
dyed
of
a
purple
colour
,
and
so
applyed
,
is
very
good
against
the
paines
of
the
eares
.
There
are
moreouer
very
many
remedies
made
against
diseases
by
vnshorne
Wooll
,
besides
the
expelling
of
cold
,
being
taken
in
Oyle
,
Wine
,
or
Vineger
,
for
as
much
as
the
same
being
applyed
to
the
members
which
are
out
of
ioynt
,
or
to
any
paines
in
the
Nerues
,
doth
very
speedily
and
tenderly
heale
the
same
.
Pliny
Sheepes
Wooll
being
mixed
with
Hearb-Grace
and
Sheeps-greace
,
is
very
much
applyed
vnto
those
which
are
bruised
,
or
haue
hard
swellings
in
any
parts
of
their
body
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
being
often
put
into
the
sores
which
are
bitten
by
madde
Dogges
,
doth
perfectly
cure
them
in
seuen
daies
.
Sheepes
Wooll
in
cold
Water
doth
bring
remedy
vnto
those
whose
skinne
is
loose
about
the
Nailes
.
The
same
being
steeped
in
hot
Oyle
may
be
well
applyed
vnto
moyst
or
running
sores
:
but
mingled
with
Hony
is
very
medicinable
for
old
sores
or
festers
:
and
steeped
in
Wine
,
Oyle
,
Vineger
,
or
cold
water
,
doth
heale
any
new
wound
which
seemeth
to
bring
the
wounded
party
in
daunger
of
death
.
Dioscorides
doth
also
affirme
that
Sheepes
Wooll
being
vnwashed
is
curable
for
all
kinds
of
wounds
whatsoeuer
.
The
same
is
very
much
applyed
vnto
those
whose
bones
are
bruised
or
broken
,
if
it
bee
mixed
with
the
braines
of
wanton
Dogge
,
Serenus
and
bound
hard
vpon
the
grieued
place
in
a
linnen
cloth
.
The
Carthagenian
Sheapheards
doe
vse
the
vnwashed
Wooll
of
Lambes
of
the
age
of
foure
yeares
,
for
the
curing
of
the
Temples
,
or
the
crowne
of
the
head
.
If
the
plough
share
chance
to
hurt
the
huckle-bone
or
hoofe
of
an
Oxe
,
take
hard
Pitch
and
Bacon-greace
mingled
with
Brimstone
,
and
rowled
in
vnwashed
Wool
,
and
marke
the
wounded
place
withall
these
together
with
a
fiery
hot
yron
,
and
it
will
bring
present
help
and
remedy
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
being
taken
in
some
certaine
perfume
doth
cure
those
which
are
Frantike
,
and
restore
them
to
their
former
wits
.
Spleene-wort
being
boyled
in
Hony
and
mixed
with
vnwashed
wool
which
was
steeped
in
Oyle
or
Wine
,
is
very
good
for
the
aforenamed
disease
being
bound
about
the
forepart
of
the
head
in
a
broad
linnen
cloath
.
Sheeps
wooll
being
also
applyed
in
the
same
manner
,
is
an
excellent
cure
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
a
certaine
watery
rheume
or
running
in
the
eies
,
as
also
the
ache
in
the
forepart
of
the
head
.
Galen
Vnwashed
wooll
boyled
in
Vineger
and
applyed
vnto
the
eares
,
doth
expell
all
filth
or
moysture
therein
,
and
the
issue
thereof
being
afterwardes
stopped
with
the
same
kinde
of
wooll
,
is
very
speedily
cured
.
Sheepes
wooll
is
also
very
good
and
effectuall
for
the
curing
the
paines
of
the
eares
which
are
but
new
comming
vpon
them
.
Vnwashed
wooll
being
mixed
with
Oyle
of
Roses
and
put
into
the
Nostrils
of
any
man
,
the
eares
being
stopped
close
with
the
same
kind
of
wooll
,
will
stay
the
yssuing
of
the
bloud
at
the
Nose
,
how
fluent
soeuer
it
be
.
The
same
being
also
steeped
in
Oyle
and
put
in
the
Nose
,
doth
restraine
the
bleeding
thereof
.
Wooll
being
plucked
or
wrested
from
the
backe
of
Sheep
,
and
kept
vnwashed
,
doth
cohibite
the
aboundance
of
blood
,
being
steeped
in
pure
liquid
Oyle
of
Roses
.
The
same
being
taken
from
the
backe
of
a
Ramme
,
doth
stay
ouer
much
bleeding
at
the
Nose
,
the
ioynts
of
the
fingers
being
bound
as
hard
as
possible
can
be
suffered
.
Vnwashed
wool
steeped
in
Hony
and
rubbed
vppon
the
teeth
or
Gummes
,
doth
make
the
breath
of
any
man
more
sweete
and
delightfull
then
it
hath
beene
accustomed
.
The
same
being
vsed
in
the
said
manner
,
doth
procure
a
very
great
whitenesse
and
clearenesse
in
the
teeth
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
being
parched
and
bound
in
a
linnen
cloath
,
a
third
part
or
portion
of
salt
being
afterwardes
added
thereunto
,
and
all
beaten
together
into
small
dust
or
powder
,
and
rubbed
vpon
the
teeth
,
will
keepe
them
from
any
paine
or
griefe
therein
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
being
dipped
in
Nitre
,
Brimstone
,
Oyle
,
Vineger
and
Liquid
Pitch
,
being
all
boyled
together
,
doth
aswage
all
paines
in
the
hanches
or
loines
whatsoeuer
,
being
twice
a
day
a
hot
as
possibly
may
be
suffered
applyed
thereunto
.
Sheeps
dung
mingled
with
vnwashed
wooll
and
certaine
other
things
,
is
very
much
applyed
against
that
troublesome
and
painefull
disease
called
the
stone
or
grauell
.
Vnwashed
Wooll
in
cold
water
,
doth
cure
diseases
in
the
priuy
parts
of
any
man
or
Woman
whatsoeuer
.
The
Wooll
of
blacke
Sheeps
is
commonly
reported
to
be
a
very
commodious
and
helpfull
for
those
whose
Cods
or
stones
are
much
swelled
.
The
gall
of
an
Oxe
being
mixed
with
vnwashed
wool
,
doth
help
the
purgation
or
menstruall
fluxes
of
women
:
but
Olympies
the
Thebane
affirmeth
,
that
Isope
and
Nitre
ought
to
be
mixed
with
this
wooll
for
the
helping
of
the
same
.
Vnwashed
wooll
being
applyed
vnto
the
secret
parts
of
women
,
doth
cause
a
dead
child
to
come
forth
.
The
same
doth
also
stay
the
issues
of
women
.
The
pure
or
cleare
fleeces
of
sheep
either
applyed
by
themselues
,
or
mingled
with
Brimstone
,
do
cure
al
hidden
or
secret
griefes
whatsoeuer
:
and
Pliny
commendeth
them
aboue
al
other
medicines
whatsoeuer
.
Fleeces
of
wool
mingled
with
quicksiluer
,
Serenus
are
very
profitable
to
be
taken
for
the
same
diseases
in
certaine
perfumes
.
The
roote
of
a
Mallow
being
digged
vp
before
the
rysing
of
the
sun
,
and
wrapped
in
vndyed
wooll
,
doth
cure
the
Wens
or
mattry
impostumes
of
those
sheepe
which
haue
lately
brought
forth
young
.
Sheepes
wooll
being
died
in
purple
colour
,
doth
very
much
profit
the
eares
:
Pliny
but
some
do
steep
it
in
vineger
and
Nitre
,
to
make
the
operation
more
effectuall
.
The
dust
of
wool
being
burnt
,
doth
bring
forth
the
matter
or
corruption
lying
hid
vnder
scabs
,
restraine
the
swellings
in
the
flesh
,
and
bringeth
all
vlcers
to
a
chop
of
scar
.
Wooll
being
burnt
hath
a
sharp
force
,
and
likewise
hot
together
with
the
slendernes
of
the
parts
,
it
doth
therefore
very
speedie
clense
and
purge
the
sores
in
the
flesh
,
which
are
moist
and
to
much
full
of
matter
.
It
is
also
put
in
drying
medicines
.
It
is
burned
as
if
there
were
many
other
things
in
it
,
filling
a
new
pot
,
which
may
be
couered
with
a
couer
which
is
bored
through
with
many
holes
like
vnto
a
siue
.
The
powder
of
vnwashed
wooll
is
anointed
vpon
diuers
sores
,
and
is
very
curable
for
them
as
bruised
,
new
wounded
,
&
sores
halfe
burnt
,
Galen
and
it
is
vsed
for
the
curing
of
the
diseases
in
the
eies
,
as
also
for
the
healing
of
the
fistulaes
and
corrupt
and
mattery
sores
in
the
eares
.
The
power
of
the
powder
of
vnwashed
wool
is
clensing
,
and
it
doth
very
effectually
purge
the
eye-lides
or
cheeke-bals
.
It
doth
also
clense
and
cure
for
the
most
part
all
diseases
,
as
Serenus
saith
in
these
verses
;
Succida
cum
tepido
nectetur
lana
Lyaeo
,
Ambust
aeue
ciuis
complebit
vulneris
ora
,
Aut
tu
succosae
cinerem
perducito
lanae
.
The
haires
which
grow
about
the
secret
hole
of
sheep
being
burned
,
beaten
and
drunke
in
sweet
wine
,
doth
help
the
shortnesse
of
the
breath
,
and
ease
the
pursines
of
the
stomacke
.
The
wooll
of
a
little
sheep
being
pulled
from
betwixt
his
thighes
and
burnt
,
&
afterwards
dipped
in
vineger
,
doth
very
speedily
cure
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
head-ach
,
being
bound
about
the
temples
.
The
dust
of
sheepes
fleeces
is
very
medicinable
for
the
curing
of
all
diseases
in
the
genitall
parts
whatsoeuer
.
The
dust
of
sheeps
wooll
,
Marcellus
doth
heale
all
passions
in
cattell
.
The
Graecian
plaister
(
called
Encapharmacum
)
consisted
of
nine
seueral
things
,
and
amongst
the
rest
of
vnwashed
wooll
.
The
filth
which
sticketh
to
the
sheeps
wool
&
groweth
therunto
,
from
which
the
thing
which
the
Graecians
cal
Oesypon
is
made
,
hath
the
force
of
digestion
like
vnto
butter
,
and
also
alike
ability
of
concoction
.
In
a
certaine
medicine
of
Andromachus
,
for
the
curing
of
the
disease
of
the
secret
parts
,
vnwashed
wool
is
added
to
the
rest
:
but
Lepas
(
as
Galen
saith
)
for
vnwashed
wool
doeth
adde
goose
greace
in
the
same
quantity
.
Some
do
also
for
vnwashed
wool
vse
the
marrow
of
a
young
calfe
,
and
apply
it
in
the
aforesaid
manner
;
but
this
vnwashed
wooll
is
termed
of
the
Graetians
Aesypus
,
and
therefore
being
by
diuers
Authors
set
downe
diuersly
concerning
the
making
and
vertue
thereof
,
I
haue
thought
good
to
set
downe
the
truest
and
excellentest
way
to
make
the
same
(
as
Dioscorides
)
whom
in
this
I
suppose
best
to
follow
reporteth
.
First
to
take
new
shorne
wooll
which
is
very
soft
,
and
not
trimmed
with
sope-weed
,
and
wash
it
with
hot
water
,
then
to
presse
al
the
filth
forth
of
the
same
,
and
cast
it
into
a
cauldron
which
hath
a
broad
lip
,
and
afterwards
to
poure
the
water
in
,
and
to
stir
it
vp
and
down
with
a
certaine
instrument
with
such
great
force
as
it
may
foame
againe
,
or
with
a
wooden
rod
still
greatly
to
turne
and
trouble
it
,
so
that
the
filthy
froath
or
spume
may
more
largely
be
gathered
together
,
afterwards
to
sprinkle
it
ouer
with
sea
water
,
and
the
fat
remaining
which
did
swim
vpon
the
top
,
being
gathered
togither
in
an
earthen
vessel
,
to
poure
the
water
into
the
cauldron
:
then
must
the
froath
be
poured
againe
into
the
sea
water
,
&
lastly
taken
out
again
,
this
is
so
often
to
be
done
that
the
fat
being
consumed
,
there
wil
not
any
froath
be
left
remaining
,
the
Aesypus
then
being
gathered
togither
,
is
to
be
mollified
with
mens
hands
,
&
if
there
be
any
filth
therin
,
it
must
out
of
hand
be
taken
away
,
and
all
the
water
by
little
and
little
excluded
,
and
being
fresh
poured
in
,
let
it
be
mingled
with
ones
hands
,
vntill
the
Aesypus
being
touched
with
the
tongue
of
any
one
,
may
lightly
bind
it
,
but
not
sauor
either
sharp
or
tartly
,
and
the
fat
may
seeme
very
white
,
and
then
let
it
be
hid
in
an
earthen
vessell
,
but
let
there
be
great
care
had
that
they
be
done
in
the
hot
sun
.
But
there
are
some
which
vse
another
manner
of
way
to
make
the
same
which
is
this
,
to
clense
the
fleeces
,
and
wash
away
all
filth
,
and
presse
it
forth
of
the
same
,
and
boile
them
in
water
ouer
a
soft
fire
in
a
brazen
vessel
,
then
to
wash
the
fat
which
swimmeth
on
the
top
being
gathered
together
with
Water
,
and
being
strained
in
another
platter
which
may
haue
some
hot
water
in
it
to
hide
or
ouercast
it
with
a
linnen
cloth
,
and
lay
it
forth
in
the
sun
vntil
it
be
very
white
and
thick
enough
.
Some
also
do
vse
another
way
,
as
this
,
to
wash
the
fat
being
strained
with
cold
water
,
and
to
rub
it
with
their
hands
,
not
much
otherwise
then
women
doe
a
seare-cloth
,
for
by
that
meanes
it
is
made
more
white
and
purer
.
There
is
yet
another
kind
of
way
to
make
Aesypus
,
described
by
Aetius
in
these
words
,
take
(
saith
he
)
the
greasie
wooll
which
groweth
in
the
shoulder
pits
of
sheepe
,
and
wash
them
in
hot
water
,
being
thick
and
soft
,
and
squize
al
the
filth
forth
of
the
same
,
the
washing
wherof
you
shall
put
in
a
vessell
of
a
large
mouth
or
brim
,
casting
afterwards
hot
water
in
the
same
,
then
take
the
water
in
a
cup
,
or
in
some
other
such
like
instrument
,
and
poure
it
in
and
out
,
holding
it
vp
very
high
vntill
there
come
a
froath
vpon
it
,
then
sprinkle
it
ouer
with
sea
water
,
if
you
shall
get
any
,
if
not
,
with
some
other
cold
water
,
and
suffer
it
to
stand
still
,
when
it
shall
waxe
cold
take
that
which
shall
flow
on
the
top
away
with
a
ladle
,
and
cast
it
into
any
other
vessell
,
afterwards
hauing
put
a
little
cold
water
in
it
,
stir
it
vp
and
downe
with
your
handes
,
then
hauing
poured
out
that
water
,
put
new
hot
water
in
it
,
and
repeate
againe
the
same
thing
altogether
,
which
we
haue
now
taught
,
vntill
the
Aesypus
be
made
white
and
fat
,
containing
no
impute
or
filthy
thing
in
it
at
al
,
then
dry
it
in
the
sun
,
being
hid
for
some
certain
daies
in
an
earthen
vessell
,
and
keepe
it
.
But
all
these
things
are
to
be
done
when
the
sun
is
very
hot
,
for
by
that
meanes
it
will
be
more
effectual
and
whiter
,
and
not
hard
or
sharp
.
There
are
moreouer
some
which
gather
it
after
this
manner
.
They
put
new
shorne
wooll
which
is
very
filthy
and
greasie
in
a
vessel
which
hath
hot
water
in
it
,
and
burne
the
water
that
it
may
somewhat
wax
hot
,
afterwards
they
coole
it
,
and
that
which
swimmeth
aboue
in
the
manner
of
fat
,
they
scum
it
off
with
their
handes
,
and
put
it
away
in
a
vessell
of
Tinne
,
and
so
do
fill
the
vessell
it selfe
with
raine
water
,
&
put
it
in
the
sun
couered
with
a
thin
linnen
cloth
,
and
then
we
must
moysten
it
again
,
and
put
vp
the
Aesypus
,
for
it
hath
strength
mollifieng
and
releasing
with
some
sharpnes
,
but
it
is
counterfeited
with
wax
,
sewet
,
and
Rozen
,
and
it
is
straight
waies
perceiued
&
for
as
much
as
the
true
Aesypus
reserueth
the
scent
of
the
vnwashed
wooll
,
and
being
rubbed
with
any
ones
hands
is
made
like
vnto
Ceruse
,
or
white
lead
.
Euen
the
filth
and
sweat
of
sheep
,
cleauing
to
their
wooll
,
hath
great
and
manifold
vse
in
the
world
,
and
aboue
all
other
that
is
most
commended
which
is
bred
vpon
the
Athenian
or
Graetian
sheep
,
which
is
made
many
waies
,
and
especially
this
way
:
first
they
take
off
the
wooll
from
those
places
where
it
groweth
,
with
all
the
sewet
or
filth
there
gathered
together
,
and
so
put
them
in
a
brasen
vessel
ouer
a
gentle
fire
wher
they
boile
out
the
sweat
,
&
so
take
of
that
which
swimmeth
at
the
top
,
and
put
it
into
an
earthen
vessel
,
seething
againe
the
first
matter
,
which
fat
is
washed
together
in
cold
water
,
so
dryed
in
a
linnen
cloth
is
scorched
in
the
sun
vntill
it
become
white
and
transparent
,
and
so
it
is
put
vp
in
a
box
of
tinne
.
It
may
be
proued
by
this
,
if
it
smell
like
the
sauour
of
sweat
,
and
being
rubbed
in
a
wet
hand
doe
not
melt
,
but
waxe
white
like
white
lead
,
this
is
most
profitable
against
al
inflammation
of
the
eies
,
and
knots
in
cheeks
,
or
hardnesse
of
skin
in
them
.
Of
this
Aesypus
or
vnwashed
wooll
the
Graetians
make
great
account
,
and
for
the
variety
of
dressing
or
preparing
it
,
they
cal
it
diuersly
,
somtime
they
call
it
Oesupum
Pharmaicon
,
sometime
Oesupon
Keroten
,
Oesupon
Kerotoeide
,
sometime
Oesupon
Hugron
,
and
such
like
.
Of
it
they
make
plaisters
to
asswage
the
Hypochondriall
inflammations
and
ventosity
in
the
sides
:
Some
vse
Aesopus
for
Oesypus
:
but
ignorantly
,
and
without
reason
,
it
is
better
to
let
it
alone
,
but
in
the
collection
heereof
it
must
be
taken
from
the
sound
&
not
from
the
scabby
sheep
▪
But
when
we
cannot
come
by
the
true
Oesypus
,
then
in
stead
thereof
we
may
take
that
which
the
Apothecaries
and
ointment-makers
do
ordaine
;
namely
,
Meliloti
:
vnc
:
4.
Cardamomi
vnc
.
2.
Hysopiherb
.
vnc.
2.
with
the
vnwashed
wooll
taken
from
the
hams
or
flanks
of
a
sheep
.
Myrepsus
vseth
this
Oesipus
against
all
gouts
and
aches
in
the
legs
or
articles
,
and
hardnesse
of
the
spleene
.
Galen
calleth
it
Ius
Lanae
,
and
prescribeth
the
vse
of
it
in
this
sort
.
Make
(
saith
he
)
a
playster
of
Oesypus
or
ius
lanae
in
this
sort
,
take
waxe
,
fresh-greace
,
Scammonie
,
old
oile
,
one
ounce
of
each
,
of
Fenny-greeke
sixe
ounces
,
then
seeth
or
boile
your
oile
with
the
ius
lanae
,
and
Fenny-greeke
very
carefully
,
vntill
it
equall
the
oyle
,
and
bee
well
incorporated
together
,
and
then
againe
set
it
to
the
fire
vntill
with
the
perscription
aforesaide
,
and
also
he
teacheth
how
to
make
this
Ius
lanae
,
for
(
saith
he
)
take
vnwashed
wooll
and
lay
it
deepe
in
faire
water
vntill
it
be
very
soft
,
that
is
by
the
space
of
sixe
daies
,
and
the
seuenth
day
take
it
and
the
water
together
,
that
seeth
wel
,
taking
off
the
fat
which
ariseth
at
the
top
,
and
put
it
vp
as
is
aforesaid
:
these
things
saith
Galen
.
The
vse
of
this
by
reason
it
is
very
hot
,
is
to
display
vlcers
and
tumors
in
wounds
,
Dioscorides
especially
in
the
secrets
and
seat
,
being
mixed
with
Melitote
and
butter
,
and
it
hath
the
same
vertue
against
running
sores
.
The
same
also
with
barly
meale
and
rust
of
iron
,
equally
mixed
together
,
is
profitable
against
al
swelling
tumors
,
Carbuncles
,
Tetters
,
Serpigoes
,
and
such
like
,
it
eateth
away
al
proud
flesh
in
the
brims
of
vlcers
,
reducing
the
same
to
a
naturall
habit
and
equality
,
also
filling
vp
the
sore
and
healing
it
,
and
the
same
vertue
is
by
Dioscorides
attributed
to
wooll
burnt
,
also
in
bruses
vpon
the
head
when
the
skinne
is
not
broken
,
a
poutesse
made
hereof
,
is
said
by
Galen
to
haue
excellent
force
and
vertue
.
The
same
mingled
with
roses
,
and
the
oare
of
brasse
(
cald
Nil
,
)
cureth
the
holy
fire
,
and
being
receiued
with
Myrrh
steeped
in
two
cups
of
wine
,
it
encreaseth
or
procureth
sleepe
,
and
also
is
very
profitable
against
the
falling
sicknes
.
And
being
mixed
with
Corsuke
Hony
,
it
taketh
away
the
spots
in
the
face
,
because
it
is
most
sharp
and
subtile
,
wherunto
some
adde
butter
,
but
if
they
be
whealed
and
filled
with
matter
,
then
prick
and
open
them
with
a
needle
and
rub
them
ouer
with
a
dogs
gall
or
a
calfes
gall
mingled
with
the
said
Oesypus
,
Marcellus
also
being
instilled
into
the
head
with
oyle
,
it
cureth
the
megrim
,
and
furthermore
it
is
vsed
against
all
sorenesse
of
the
eies
,
and
scabs
in
their
corners
,
or
vpon
the
eye-lids
,
being
sod
in
a
new
shell
,
and
the
same
vertue
is
attributed
to
the
smoke
or
soote
thereof
,
if
the
eye-browes
or
eye-lids
be
annointed
herewith
mixed
with
Myrrhe
and
warmed
,
it
is
thought
that
it
will
restore
the
haire
that
is
wanting
and
fallen
off
:
but
Marcellus
prescribeth
it
in
this
manner
,
you
must
take
Oesypus
or
sweat
of
sheep
from
vnder
the
wooll
of
their
shoulders
,
and
adding
vnto
it
a
like
quantity
of
Myrrhe
,
beate
them
together
in
a
morter
,
and
with
a
warme
cloth
annoint
the
bare
places
.
If
there
be
any
bruse
in
the
eies
,
then
you
must
annoynt
them
first
with
Goose-grease
,
and
the
blood
of
a
Mallard
,
and
afterward
with
the
sweate
of
a
sheep
,
and
the
same
cureth
al
vlcers
in
the
mouth
,
eares
,
and
genitals
,
with
Goose-greace
.
This
is
also
mixed
with
a
seare-cloth
,
and
laid
against
the
Pthists
(
as
Aetius
writeth
)
with
a
moyst
cloth
against
the
the
pleurusie
,
also
a
plaister
hereof
made
with
Goose
greace
,
butter
,
Allum
,
and
the
brain
of
a
Goose
,
is
very
profitable
against
the
paines
in
the
raines
,
and
all
other
infirmities
of
the
backe
,
and
for
the
same
cause
it
is
applyed
to
women
,
for
it
prouoketh
their
mouthly
courses
,
and
also
causeth
an
easie
deliuerance
in
child-birth
,
it
healeth
the
vlcers
in
the
secret
and
priuy
parts
of
men
and
women
,
and
al
inflammation
in
the
seate
,
especially
being
mixed
with
butter
,
Goose-greace
,
and
Melitote
:
and
some
adde
thereunto
the
oare
of
brasse
and
Roses
.
If
there
be
a
Carbuncle
in
the
priuy
parts
,
Plinius
take
this
Oesypus
with
Honny
and
the
froath
of
lead
,
also
white
lead
,
womens
milke
,
and
this
sheepes
sewet
,
cureth
the
gout
,
at
the
least
maruailously
asswageth
the
pain
therof
,
&
some
physitians
for
this
euill
take
greace
,
goose-greace
,
and
the
fat
of
Buls
,
adde
to
Oesypus
,
also
vnwashed
wooll
with
the
gall
of
a
Bull
laid
to
a
womans
secrets
,
helpeth
her
monthly
purgation
,
and
Olimpias
added
therunto
Nitre
.
The
dung
which
cleaueth
to
sheeps
tailes
made
into
small
bals
,
and
so
dryed
,
afterward
beat
into
powder
&
rubbed
vpon
the
teeth
,
although
they
be
loose
,
falling
out
,
or
ouergrown
with
flesh
,
yet
Pliny
saith
they
wil
be
recouered
by
that
fricassing
.
If
he
which
is
sick
of
a
dropsie
drink
this
sweat
or
Oesypus
in
wine
with
Mirrh
of
the
quantity
of
a
hasel
nut
,
goose
greace
,
&
Mirtle
oile
,
it
wil
giue
him
great
ease
,
and
the
same
vertue
is
ascribed
to
the
sweat
of
an
Ewes
vdder
,
which
is
and
hath
bin
said
of
al
the
former
Oesipus
.
The
medicines
of
the
Ram.
Euen
as
the
skins
of
other
sheep
newly
plucked
from
their
backs
and
applyed
warm
,
do
take
away
the
ach
swelling
,
and
paines
of
stripes
and
blowes
from
bodies
,
so
also
haue
the
skins
of
rams
,
the
same
property
.
Arnoldus
commendeth
a
plaister
made
of
a
rams
skin
for
burstning
and
falling
downe
of
the
guts
,
and
this
is
found
ready
prepared
in
many
Apothecaries
shops
,
and
the
happy
successe
therof
is
much
commended
by
Alysius
.
If
a
man
take
the
stones
of
a
fighting
cocke
,
and
anoint
them
with
Goose
grease
,
and
so
weare
them
in
a
peece
of
a
rams
skin
,
it
is
certaine
that
it
will
cohibite
and
restraine
the
rage
of
venerial
lust
,
and
a
woman
wearing
about
her
the
right
stone
of
dunghill
cocke
,
in
a
rams
skin
,
shall
not
suffer
abortement
.
The
washed
fleece
of
a
ram
wet
in
cold
oile
,
putryfieth
the
inflammation
of
the
secrets
,
and
likewise
the
blacke
wooll
of
a
ram
wet
in
water
,
and
then
in
oyle
,
and
so
put
to
the
sicke
places
,
keepeth
the
fundament
from
falling
,
and
also
asswageth
the
paine
.
Also
the
wooll
of
a
fighting
ram
taken
from
betwixt
his
hornes
,
and
perfumed
into
a
smoke
,
easeth
the
pain
,
and
some
take
the
powder
thereof
in
vineger
for
that
Malady
.
The
say
that
Lais
and
Salpe
cure
the
bitings
of
mad
dogs
,
and
also
Tertian
&
quartan
Agues
,
with
the
menstruous
purgation
take
in
a
peece
of
rams
wooll
,
and
included
in
a
bracelet
of
siluer
.
Also
they
write
that
a
woman
shall
haue
an
easie
treuaile
if
shee
weare
in
the
wool
of
a
ram
,
seede
of
wild
Cucumber
about
her
loines
,
not
knowing
therof
,
so
as
it
be
presently
after
the
deliuery
cast
out
of
doores
.
Also
Marcellus
saith
,
that
if
one
take
the
wool
from
a
rams
forehead
,
and
burne
in
the
couer
of
a
new
pot
,
and
afterward
beat
it
to
powder
in
a
morter
,
and
so
put
into
vineger
,
and
therewithal
the
forehead
being
anointed
,
it
easeth
the
head-ach
Also
the
dust
of
rams
wooll
mixed
with
water
,
cureth
the
paine
in
the
yard
.
The
matter
of
the
liuer
sod
,
hath
the
same
operation
:
&
Sextus
writeth
,
that
if
the
wooll
be
taken
from
the
head
,
ribs
,
and
cods
,
and
also
worne
by
him
that
hath
a
tertian
ague
,
it
perfectly
cureth
him
,
and
if
a
mans
fingers
ends
and
toes
be
tyed
with
the
vnwashed
wooll
of
a
ram
,
it
will
stanch
the
bleeding
at
any
part
,
especially
the
Nose
.
Also
if
you
burne
the
greasie
wooll
of
a
very
fat
ram
,
and
in
water
wash
the
same
,
it
will
help
all
euils
in
the
yard
of
a
man
,
if
it
be
rubbed
therewithall
.
The
broath
of
the
rumpe
of
a
ram
is
commended
against
blisters
.
The
flesh
of
a
ram
being
burnt
and
annointed
vpon
the
body
of
any
leprous
person
,
Auicenna
or
any
whose
body
is
troubled
with
ring-wormes
or
itches
,
is
very
effectuall
to
cure
them
.
The
same
force
hath
it
against
the
bites
of
Scorpions
,
and
stingings
of
Serpentes
,
and
Algerarat
:
it
also
being
taken
in
wine
,
good
for
the
bitinges
of
mad
dogs
,
and
healeth
the
white
skins
in
the
eies
.
The
fat
of
a
sheep
or
Weather
hath
the
same
in
it
,
as
Porke-greace
,
and
cureth
the
suffocation
of
the
womb
,
and
all
other
diseases
incident
vnto
the
secret
parts
,
and
also
helpeth
places
in
the
body
being
burnt
by
fire
.
The
fat
of
a
ram
being
mingled
with
red
Arsenicke
and
annointed
vppon
any
scaull
or
scab
,
the
same
being
afterward
pared
or
scraped
,
doth
perfectly
heale
it
.
It
doth
also
being
mixed
with
Allum
,
helpe
those
which
are
troubled
with
kibes
or
chilblanes
in
their
heeles
.
The
sewet
of
a
ram
mingled
with
the
powder
of
a
pumise
stone
and
salt
,
of
each
a
like
quantity
,
Sextus
is
said
to
heale
fellons
and
inflammations
in
the
body
.
The
lunges
of
smal
cattel
,
but
especially
of
a
ram
,
doth
restore
chaps
or
scarts
in
the
body
to
their
right
collour
.
The
same
vertue
hath
the
fat
of
a
ram
being
mingled
with
Nitre
.
The
gal
of
a
ram
mingled
with
his
own
sewet
,
Marcellus
is
very
good
and
profitable
for
those
to
vse
who
are
troubled
with
the
gout
or
swelling
in
the
ioynts
.
The
horne
of
a
ram
being
burned
and
the
dust
of
the
same
mixed
with
oyle
,
and
so
pounded
together
,
being
often
anointed
vpon
a
shauen
head
,
doth
cause
the
haire
to
frisle
and
curle
.
A
comb
being
made
of
the
left
horn
of
a
ram
,
and
combed
vpon
the
head
,
doth
take
away
all
paine
vpon
the
left
part
thereof
,
if
likewise
there
be
paine
in
the
right
side
of
the
head
,
the
right
horne
of
a
ram
doth
cure
it
.
For
the
curing
of
the
losse
of
one
wits
springing
from
the
imperfection
of
the
braine
,
take
the
head
of
a
ram
neuer
giuen
to
venery
,
being
chopped
off
at
one
blow
,
the
hornes
being
onely
taken
away
and
seeth
it
whole
with
the
skin
and
the
wooll
in
water
,
then
hauing
opened
it
,
take
out
the
braines
,
and
adde
vnto
them
these
kinds
of
spices
,
Cinamon
,
Ginger
,
Mace
,
and
Cloues
,
of
each
one
,
halfe
an
ounce
:
these
being
beaten
to
powder
,
mingle
them
with
the
braines
in
an
earthen
platter
diligently
tempering
of
them
by
a
burning
cole
,
not
very
big
,
for
feare
of
burning
,
which
might
easily
be
done
,
but
there
must
great
care
be
had
that
it
be
not
too
much
dryed
,
but
that
it
might
be
so
boyled
that
it
be
no
more
dryed
then
a
calfes
braines
being
prepared
for
meate
.
It
shall
be
sufficiently
boiled
when
you
shall
wel
mingle
them
at
the
fire
,
then
keep
it
hid
,
and
for
three
daies
giue
it
daiely
to
the
sick
person
fasting
,
so
that
he
may
abstain
from
meat
and
drinke
two
houres
after
.
It
may
be
taken
in
bread
,
or
in
an
Egge
,
or
in
whatsoeuer
the
sicke
party
hath
a
desire
vnto
:
but
there
must
be
regard
that
he
be
not
in
a
cleare
place
,
and
that
hee
vse
this
forty
daies
space
,
which
they
are
wont
to
vse
whose
blould
is
with
drawne
or
fled
away
:
and
let
him
abstaine
from
wine
assayng
his
head
.
There
are
those
which
are
holpen
in
a
short
space
,
some
in
sixe
or
eight
weekes
by
this
Medicine
being
receiued
.
But
it
is
conuenient
that
it
be
required
for
three
months
,
Marcellus
and
then
it
will
haue
the
more
power
therein
.
The
lunges
of
a
Ramme
while
they
are
hot
applyed
vnto
woundes
wherein
the
flesh
doeth
to
much
encrease
,
doth
both
represse
and
make
it
equal
.
The
lungs
of
smal
cattel
,
but
especially
of
Rams
being
cut
in
smal
pieces
&
applyed
whiles
they
are
hot
vnto
bruised
places
,
do
very
speedily
cure
them
and
reduce
them
to
the
right
collour
.
The
same
doth
cure
the
feete
of
such
as
are
pinched
through
the
straightnesse
of
their
shooes
.
The
lunges
of
a
Ram
applyed
vnto
kibed
heeles
or
broken
vlcers
in
the
feet
,
doth
quite
expell
away
the
paine
,
notwithstanding
the
exceeding
a
chor
pricking
thereof
.
One
drop
of
the
liquor
which
is
boyled
out
of
a
Rams
lungs
put
vpon
the
small
nailes
vpon
the
hand
,
doth
quite
expell
them
.
The
like
operation
hath
it
to
expell
Wartes
being
annointed
thereupon
.
The
corrupt
bloud
of
the
lungs
of
a
Ram
vnroasted
,
doth
hele
all
paines
in
the
priuy
members
of
man
or
woman
,
as
also
expell
warts
in
any
place
of
the
body
.
Sextus
The
iuyce
of
the
lungs
of
a
ram
while
they
are
roasted
vpon
a
Gridiron
being
receiued
,
doth
by
the
vnction
thereof
purge
and
driue
away
the
little
blacke
warts
which
are
wont
to
grow
in
the
haire
or
priuy
parts
of
any
man
.
The
liquor
which
distilleth
from
the
lunges
of
a
ram
being
boiled
,
Aesculapius
doth
heale
Tertian
Agues
,
and
the
disease
of
the
raines
which
grow
therein
.
The
lungs
of
a
Lamb
or
ram
being
burned
,
and
the
dust
thereof
mingled
with
oile
,
or
being
applyed
raw
,
doe
heale
the
sorenesse
of
kibes
,
and
are
accounted
very
profitable
to
be
bound
vnto
vlcers
.
The
lungs
of
a
ram
being
pulled
forth
and
bound
hot
vnto
the
head
of
any
one
that
is
frenzy
,
wil
presently
help
him
.
Against
the
pestilent
disease
of
sheepe
:
take
the
belly
of
a
ram
and
boile
it
in
wine
,
then
being
mixed
with
Water
,
giue
it
to
the
sheepe
to
drinke
,
and
it
wil
bring
present
remedy
.
The
gall
of
a
ram
is
very
good
for
the
healing
of
those
which
are
troubled
with
any
pains
in
the
eares
,
comming
by
the
casualty
of
cold
.
The
gal
of
a
ram
mingled
with
his
owne
sewet
,
doth
ease
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
gout
.
The
gall
of
a
Weather
mingled
with
the
wool
and
placed
vpon
the
nauell
of
young
children
,
Marcellus
doth
make
them
loose
in
their
bellies
.
The
stones
of
an
old
ram
being
beaten
in
halfe
a
penny
waight
of
water
,
or
in
3.
quarters
of
a
pint
of
Asses
milk
,
are
reported
to
be
very
profitable
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
falling
sicknesse
.
The
stones
of
a
ram
being
drunke
in
water
to
the
waight
of
three
halfe
pence
,
cureth
the
same
disease
.
The
dust
of
the
inward
parts
of
a
rams
thighs
being
lapped
in
rags
or
clouts
,
washed
very
exactly
before
with
womens
milk
,
doth
heale
the
vlcers
or
runnings
of
old
sores
.
Pliny
The
dust
of
the
hoofe
of
a
ram
mingled
with
hony
,
doth
heale
the
bitings
of
a
Shrew
.
The
dung
of
Weathers
mingled
with
vineger
and
fashioned
in
the
forme
of
a
plaister
,
doth
expel
black
spots
in
the
body
,
and
taketh
away
al
hard
bunches
arising
in
the
flesh
.
The
same
being
applyed
in
the
like
manner
,
cureth
S.
Anthonies
fire
,
and
healeth
burned
places
.
The
fil●h
or
sweat
which
groweth
between
the
thighs
of
a
ram
being
mingled
with
Mirrhe
and
the
Hearbe
called
Hart-wort
,
and
drunke
of
each
an
equal
parte
,
is
accounted
a
very
excellent
remedy
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
Kings
euill
.
Sextus
But
Pliny
commendeth
the
filth
of
rams
eares
mingled
with
Myrrhe
,
to
be
a
more
effectuall
and
speedily
remedy
against
the
said
disease
.
The
medicines
of
the
Lamb.
The
best
remedy
for
bitings
of
Serpents
is
this
,
presently
after
the
wound
to
applie
some
little
creatures
to
the
same
,
Aetius
.
being
cut
in
small
peeces
,
and
laid
hot
vnto
it
,
as
cocks
,
Goats
,
Lambes
,
and
young
pigges
:
for
they
expell
the
poison
and
much
ease
the
paines
thereof
.
An
ounce
of
Lambes
blood
being
fresh
before
that
it
doth
congeale
mixed
with
Vineger
,
and
drunke
for
three
daies
together
,
is
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
vomitting
or
spetting
of
blood
.
The
like
force
in
it
hath
the
blood
of
a
Kidde
.
The
bloode
of
a
Lambe
mingled
with
wine
,
doth
heale
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
falling
sicknesse
,
as
also
those
which
haue
the
fowle
euill
.
For
the
conception
of
a
Woman
,
take
the
yarde
and
gall
of
a
Bucke
,
a
Kid
,
and
a
Hare
,
with
the
blood
and
sewet
of
a
Lamb
,
and
the
marrow
of
a
Hart
,
and
mix
them
altogither
with
Nard
and
oyle
of
Roses
,
and
after
her
purgation
,
Pliny
.
let
them
be
laied
vnder
her
,
and
this
without
all
doubt
wil
make
her
apt
to
conceiue
.
The
skins
of
Serpents
being
annointed
with
water
in
a
bath
,
and
mingled
with
lime
and
Lambes
sewet
,
doth
heale
the
disease
called
S.
Anthonies
fire
.
The
marrow
of
a
Lambe
melted
by
the
fire
,
with
the
oyle
of
Nuts
and
white
sugar
,
distilled
vpon
a
cleane
dish
or
platter
,
and
so
drunke
,
doth
dissolue
the
stone
in
the
bladder
,
and
is
very
profitable
for
any
that
pisseth
blood
.
It
also
cureth
al
paines
or
griefes
of
the
yarde
,
bladder
,
or
reynes
.
The
skin
of
a
Lambe
being
dawbed
or
annointed
with
liquid-pitch
,
and
applyed
hot
vnto
the
belly
of
any
one
that
is
troubled
with
excoriations
of
the
bowels
or
the
bloody
flix
wil
very
speedily
cure
him
,
if
he
haue
any
sence
or
feeling
of
cold
in
him
.
If
a
Virgins
menstrual
fluxes
come
not
forth
at
the
due
time
,
Hippocrates
.
and
her
belly
is
moued
,
it
is
conuenient
to
apply
lambs
skins
being
hot
vnto
her
belly
and
they
will
in
short
space
cause
them
to
come
forth
.
A
garment
made
of
lamb
skins
is
accounted
very
good
for
the
corroborating
and
strengthning
of
yong
men
.
The
skins
of
lambes
are
more
hot
then
kids
skins
,
&
are
more
profitable
for
the
confirming
of
the
backe
and
the
reines
.
The
little
bone
which
is
in
the
right
side
of
a
Toad
being
bound
in
a
young
lambes
skin
being
hot
,
doth
heal
both
quartaine
and
al
other
feauers
being
aplied
thereunto
.
The
dust
of
lambs
bones
is
very
much
and
rightly
vsed
for
Vlcers
which
haue
no
chops
or
stars
in
them
.
The
dust
of
smal
cattels
dung
being
mingled
with
Nitre
,
but
especially
of
lambs
,
hath
in
them
great
force
to
heal
cankers
:
the
dust
of
lambs
bones
,
is
very
much
commended
for
the
healing
and
making
of
greene
wounds
sound
and
solide
,
which
thing
by
the
Saracens
is
much
verified
in
regard
that
at
al
times
they
go
to
war
,
Marcellus
Pliny
.
they
neuer
forget
to
take
of
the
same
along
with
them
.
The
lungs
of
lambs
do
very
effectually
cure
those
whose
feete
are
wrung
or
pinched
by
theyr
shoo-soles
.
The
lungs
of
lambs
or
rams
being
burned
,
and
the
dust
thereof
mingled
with
oile
,
is
very
profitable
for
the
curing
of
kibes
or
vlcers
,
being
applied
thereunto
.
It
hath
the
same
vertue
being
raw
&
bound
vpon
the
sore
.
Marcellus
The
runnet
of
a
lambe
is
of
very
great
force
against
al
other
euil
medicines
.
The
runnets
of
smal
cattel
but
especially
of
a
lamb
,
is
very
effectual
against
al
kinds
of
poyson
.
The
runnets
of
a
kid
,
a
lambe
,
and
a
hind-calfe
are
conueniently
taken
against
Wolfe-bane
drunke
in
wine
.
The
runnet
of
a
hare
,
a
kid
,
or
a
lambe
taken
in
wine
to
the
weight
of
a
dram
is
very
effectuall
against
the
forke-fish
,
&
cureth
the
bites
or
strokes
of
al
Sea-fishes
.
The
runnet
of
a
lamb
drunk
in
wine
is
an
excellent
cure
for
the
bitings
of
a
shrew
.
Pliny
.
The
runnet
of
a
lamb
drunk
in
water
is
accounted
for
a
safegard
to
young
children
who
are
vexed
with
thicke
and
concrete
milke
:
or
if
the
default
shal
happen
by
curded
milke
it
wil
be
soone
remedyed
by
a
lambes
runnets
giuen
in
Vineger
.
A
Lambs
runnet
hid
or
poured
into
water
,
doth
speedily
cohibit
the
bleeding
of
the
nose
,
when
nothing
else
can
stay
it
.
The
gal
of
smal
Cattel
but
especially
of
a
Lamb
being
mixed
with
hony
,
are
thoght
to
be
very
medicinable
for
the
curing
of
the
falling
sicknes
.
The
places
which
are
infected
by
cankers
,
being
anointed
ouer
with
the
gal
of
a
lamb
are
very
speedily
and
effectually
healed
.
There
is
also
by
the
Magicians
deliuered
vnto
vs
a
speedy
means
for
the
curing
of
the
melt
,
which
is
this
,
to
take
a
Lamb
new
born
,
&
instantly
to
pluck
him
in
pieces
with
ones
hands
,
Marcellus
.
and
when
the
melt
is
pulled
out
to
put
it
hot
vpon
the
melt
of
the
party
so
grieued
,
and
bind
it
on
fast
with
swadling
cloathes
,
and
continually
to
say
,
I
make
a
remedy
for
the
melt
:
then
in
the
last
day
the
same
being
taken
from
his
body
to
put
it
to
the
Wall
of
the
be●
wherein
the
diseased
party
is
wont
to
lye
,
it
being
first
daubed
with
durt
,
that
it
might
the
better
stick
,
and
to
signe
the
durt
with
seuen
and
twenty
markes
,
saying
at
euery
mark
,
I
make
a
remedy
for
the
melt
,
this
remedy
being
done
three
times
it
will
heale
the
diseased
party
although
he
be
very
weake
and
full
of
danger
.
But
this
is
the
opinion
of
the
Magicians
,
which
I
here
set
downe
that
they
should
rather
see
their
folly
then
beleeue
,
knowing
them
to
be
meere
fopperies
.
For
making
the
wool
to
grow
slower
,
the
gelders
of
cattel
anoint
the
bloud
which
commeth
from
the
stones
of
gelded
Lambes
,
which
being
anointed
,
doth
profit
very
much
for
haires
being
pulled
away
,
as
also
against
poison
.
Pliny
The
dung
of
Lambes
before
they
haue
tasted
of
any
grasse
,
being
dryed
in
the
shaddow
,
and
rubbed
to
powder
and
applyed
in
the
manner
of
a
plaister
,
doth
heale
and
ease
al
kindes
of
paines
in
the
chaps
or
iawes
.
And
thus
much
for
the
medicines
of
the
sheepe
.
OF
THE
STREPSICEROS
.
THere
is
in
Creete
neare
the
Mountaine
Ida
,
Bellonius
a
kind
of
sheep
called
by
the
Sheapheardes
Strepsiceros
,
which
is
not
different
from
the
vulgar
sheep
,
except
onely
in
the
hornes
,
for
they
bend
not
like
other
,
but
stand
straight
and
vpright
like
the
Vnicorne
,
and
beside
are
circled
about
with
certain
round
speeres
like
a
Goates
horne
:
This
liueth
in
flockes
,
and
we
haue
here
beside
the
figure
of
the
beast
,
expressed
a
double
form
of
their
hornes
,
and
forepart
of
their
head
,
the
figure
of
a
Harpe
being
fastened
to
one
of
them
as
it
was
presently
drawen
.
The
description
whereof
was
taken
by
Docter
Cay
of
England
,
in
these
words
following
.
The
hornes
of
this
Strepsiceros
are
so
liuely
expressed
by
Pliny
,
and
so
fitly
fitted
to
beare
Harpes
,
that
they
seeme
not
to
aske
any
further
narration
of
words
.
I
will
therefore
onely
adde
this
,
they
are
hollow
within
,
and
long
,
about
two
Roman
feet
and
three
palmes
if
you
measure
them
,
as
they
are
straight
;
but
if
you
take
their
scantling
and
length
as
they
crooke
a
little
,
then
are
they
about
three
foot
long
,
they
are
in
breadth
where
they
ioyne
to
the
head
,
three
Roman
fingers
and
a
halfe
,
and
their
whole
compasse
in
that
place
is
about
two
Roman
palmes
and
a
halfe
.
In
the
top
they
are
smooth
and
blacke
,
but
at
the
root
they
are
more
dusky
and
rugged
,
growing
lesser
and
lesser
to
a
sharp
point
.
They
with
the
dryed
face
did
waigh
seuen
pounds
and
three
ounces
,
and
the
face
which
remaineth
is
ioyned
to
the
hornes
,
and
likewise
the
haire
of
the
necke
and
face
.
It
is
said
that
this
beast
is
as
great
as
a
Hart
,
hauing
a
red
haire
like
a
Hart.
OF
THE
SQVIRRELL
.
THe
name
of
this
beast
is
by
the
Graecians
called
Sciuros
,
&
it
was
giuen
them
from
the
fashion
&
proportion
of
theyr
taile
,
which
couereth
almost
the
whole
body
,
for
that
which
is
fabulously
saide
of
the
Sciapodes
to
haue
seete
that
couer
their
whole
body
,
is
more
truely
verified
of
a
Squirrels
taile
,
for
in
the
day
time
being
out
of
her
nest
,
she
hideth
her selfe
there
vnder
both
from
sunne
and
raine
.
The
first
Author
that
euer
wrote
of
this
beast
was
Oppianus
,
who
liued
in
the
daies
of
Antoninus
Caesar
,
and
the
Latines
haue
no
proper
or
natiue
name
for
it
,
but
borrow
from
the
Graecians
,
although
some
of
the
later
writers
cal
it
Pirolus
,
and
Spiurus
,
I
thinke
they
would
say
Sciurus
,
for
so
it
is
vulgarly
termed
in
Latine
:
some
also
call
it
Sculurus
a
currendo
,
because
of
his
nimble
running
vppon
boughes
,
But
all
the
nations
of
the
world
deriue
their
seuerall
denominations
from
the
Graecians
,
as
the
English
Squirrell
from
Sciurus
is
not
farre
fetched
,
the
French
words
Escurieu
,
and
Escureau
,
from
whom
the
Germans
borrow
their
words
Eychorn
,
or
Eichorn
,
or
Eych
horn
,
or
●ich
hermlin
,
that
a
weasill
of
the
tree
,
and
Das
Eychorn
.
Now
Albertus
and
Agricola
say
,
that
there
is
no
difference
betwixt
the
mouse
Varius
and
the
Squirrel
,
but
onely
in
the
region
which
altreth
the
colour
,
and
therefore
we
haue
expressed
the
same
figure
thereof
,
remitting
the
Reader
to
that
which
is
said
in
that
history
,
for
this
(
say
they
)
in
Germany
is
red
after
it
be
a
yeare
old
,
but
before
the
time
it
is
blackish
,
that
is
till
it
be
a
yeare
old
:
In
Polonia
it
is
of
a
red-ash-colour
,
or
branded
grysell
,
in
Russia
of
an
ordinary
ash
colour
,
and
for
the
quantity
,
food
,
and
maner
,
or
natural
inclination
,
it
hath
the
same
in
all
parts
with
the
mouse
Varius
.
Varinus
and
Hesychius
say
,
that
the
Graecians
call
this
beast
also
Campsiouros
,
and
Hippouros
,
and
some
call
the
Cappadocian
mouse
Neexis
a
Squirrell
;
the
Iewes
at
this
daye
call
a
Squirrell
Coach
,
for
it
is
apparant
that
in
auncient
time
til
they
came
into
these
parts
of
the
world
into
Graecia
and
Europe
,
they
neuer
knew
or
saw
this
beast
.
And
this
shall
suffice
to
haue
said
of
the
name
.
A
Squirrel
is
greater
in
compasse
then
a
Weasil
,
but
a
Weasil
is
longer
then
a
squirrel
,
the
backe
parts
and
all
the
body
is
red
,
except
the
belly
which
is
white
.
In
Heluetia
they
are
blacke
and
branded
,
and
they
are
hunted
in
the
Autumne
at
the
fal
of
the
leafe
,
when
the
Trees
growe
naked
,
for
they
run
and
leape
from
bough
to
bough
in
a
most
admirable
and
agile
manner
,
and
when
the
leaues
,
are
on
,
they
cannot
bee
so
wel
discerned
.
They
are
of
three
colours
,
in
the
first
age
blacke
,
in
the
second
of
a
rusty
yron
colour
,
and
last
of
al
when
they
be
striken
in
age
,
they
are
ful
of
white
hoare
haires
.
Their
teeth
are
like
the
teeth
of
mice
,
hauing
the
two
vnder
teeth
very
long
and
sharpe
,
their
taile
is
alway
as
big
as
their
body
,
and
it
lyeth
continually
vpon
their
backe
,
when
they
sleepe
or
sit
still
:
It
seemeth
to
be
giuen
them
for
a
couering
as
we
haue
said
already
.
The
maw-gut
differeth
from
al
other
,
for
it
is
Coecum
,
that
is
,
as
I
take
it
without
a
passage
out
of
it
into
any
other
part
then
the
other
guts
,
or
like
a
mans
bladder
,
and
it
is
as
great
as
their
ventricle
,
which
in
dissection
hath
bin
found
ful
stuft
with
excrements
.
The
genital
is
like
a
bone
,
as
Vesalius
writeth
.
They
vse
their
forefeet
instead
of
hands
,
for
they
sit
vppon
their
buttockes
,
and
mooue
their
meat
to
their
mouth
with
them
,
in
this
point
resembling
euery
little
vulgar
mouse
,
yet
being
put
to
the
mouth
,
they
hold
it
in
their
teeth
.
They
wil
eat
Nuts
and
Almondes
very
greedily
,
and
also
Apples
,
Buckmasts
,
Acornes
,
and
sometimes
hearbes
,
especially
Lettuce
,
and
al
other
sweet
fruits
.
Their
feet
are
clouen
like
mice
,
and
their
hinder
parts
very
fleshy
to
sit
vpon
.
In
the
summer
time
they
build
them
nests
,
(
which
in
our
countrey
are
called
Drayes
)
in
the
tops
of
the
Trees
,
very
artificially
of
stickes
and
mosse
,
and
such
other
things
as
woods
to
affoord
them
.
The
mouth
of
their
nest
is
variable
,
sometimes
at
the
sides
,
and
sometimes
at
the
top
,
but
most
commonly
it
is
shut
against
the
winde
,
and
therefore
I
thinke
that
shee
maketh
many
passages
,
stopping
and
opening
them
as
the
winde
turneth
.
In
summer
time
they
gather
togither
aboundance
of
fruits
and
Nuttes
for
winter
,
euen
so
much
as
their
little
Dray
will
holde
and
containe
,
which
they
carrie
in
their
mouthes
,
and
they
lodge
manie
times
two
togither
,
a
male
and
a
female
(
as
I
suppose
.
)
They
sleep
a
great
part
of
the
winter
like
the
Alpine
mouse
,
and
very
soundely
,
for
I
haue
seene
when
no
noise
of
hunters
could
awake
them
with
al
their
cries
,
beating
their
nests
on
the
outside
,
and
shootinge
boltes
&
arrowes
thorough
it
,
vntil
it
were
pulled
assunder
,
wherein
many
times
they
are
found
killed
before
they
be
awaked
.
They
are
of
incredible
agility
and
motion
,
neuer
standing
stil
as
it
appeareth
by
them
which
are
tamed
.
When
they
leape
from
tree
to
tree
,
they
vse
their
taile
instead
of
wings
,
which
is
most
apparant
,
because
many
times
they
leap
a
great
distance
and
are
supported
without
sinking
to
mans
appearance
.
And
againe
I
haue
seene
them
leape
from
the
toppe
of
very
high
trees
downe
to
the
grounde
in
such
an
ordinary
pace
as
Birdes
flie
from
Trees
to
light
on
the
earth
,
and
receiue
no
harme
at
al
:
for
when
they
are
hunted
,
men
must
goe
to
it
with
multitude
,
for
many
men
cannot
take
one
with
bowes
and
bolts
with
Dogges
,
and
except
they
start
and
rouze
them
in
little
and
smal
slender
woods
,
such
as
a
man
may
shake
with
his
hands
they
are
seldome
taken
.
Bowes
are
requisite
to
remoue
them
when
they
rest
in
the
twistes
of
trees
,
for
they
will
not
be
much
terrified
with
al
the
hollowing
,
except
now
and
then
they
bee
struck
by
one
meanes
or
other
.
Wel
do
they
know
what
harbour
a
high
oake
is
vnto
them
,
and
how
secure
they
can
lodge
therein
from
men
and
Dogges
,
therefore
seeing
it
were
too
troblesome
to
climbe
euerie
tree
,
they
must
supply
that
businesse
or
labor
with
bows
and
bolts
,
that
when
the
Squirrel
resteth
,
presently
shee
may
feele
the
blow
of
a
cunning
Archer
,
he
neede
not
feare
doing
her
much
harme
except
he
hit
her
on
the
head
,
for
by
reason
of
a
strong
backe-bone
and
fleshy
parts
,
she
will
abide
as
great
a
stroake
as
a
Dogge
;
yea
,
I
haue
seene
one
remoued
from
a
bough
with
a
shot
to
the
ground
.
If
they
be
driuen
to
the
ground
from
the
trees
to
creepe
into
hedges
,
it
is
a
token
of
their
wearinesse
,
for
such
is
the
stately
mind
of
this
little
Beast
,
that
while
her
limbes
and
strength
lasteth
,
she
tarrieth
&
saueth
her self
in
the
tops
of
tal
trees
,
then
being
discended
,
she
falleth
into
the
mouth
of
euery
curre
,
and
this
is
the
vse
of
Dogges
in
their
hunting
.
The
admirable
witte
of
this
beast
appeareth
in
her
swimming
or
passing
ouer
the
Waters
,
for
when
hunger
or
some
conuenient
prey
of
meat
constraineth
her
to
passe
ouer
a
riuer
,
shee
seeketh
out
some
rinde
or
smal
barke
of
a
Tree
which
shee
setteth
vppon
the
Water
,
and
then
goeth
into
it
,
and
holding
vppe
her
taile
like
a
saile
,
letteth
the
winde
driue
her
to
the
other
side
,
and
this
is
witnessed
by
Olaus
Magnus
in
his
description
of
Scandinauia
,
where
this
is
ordinary
among
Squirrelles
,
by
reason
of
many
riuers
,
that
otherwise
they
cannot
passeouer
,
also
they
carry
meate
in
their
mouth
to
preuent
famine
whatsoeuer
befall
them
,
and
as
Peacockes
couer
themselues
with
their
tailes
in
hot
Summer
from
the
rage
of
the
sunne
,
as
vnder
a
shaddow
,
with
the
same
disposition
doth
the
Squirrell
couer
her
body
against
heate
and
cold
.
They
growe
exceeding
tame
and
familiar
to
men
if
they
be
accustomed
and
taken
when
they
are
young
,
for
they
runne
vp
to
mens
shoulders
,
and
they
will
oftentimes
●it
vpon
their
handes
,
creepe
into
their
pockets
for
Nuttes
,
goe
out
of
doores
,
and
returne
home
againe
,
but
if
they
be
taken
aliue
,
being
olde
,
when
once
they
get
loose
,
they
will
neuer
returne
home
againe
,
and
therefore
such
may
wel
bee
called
Semiferi
rather
then
Cicures
.
They
are
very
harmeful
,
and
will
eat
al
manner
of
woollen
garments
,
and
if
it
were
not
for
that
discommodity
,
they
were
sweete-sportful-beastes
,
and
are
very
pleasant
play-fellowes
in
a
house
.
It
is
saide
,
that
if
once
they
tast
of
Garlicke
,
they
wil
neuer
after
bite
any
thinge
,
and
this
is
prescribd
by
Cardan
to
tame
them
,
their
skins
are
exceeding
warm
,
&
wel
regarded
by
skinners
,
for
their
heat
is
verie
agreeable
to
the
bodies
of
men
,
and
therefore
they
are
mixed
also
with
the
skins
of
Foxes
.
Their
flesh
is
sweet
but
not
very
wholesome
except
the
Squirrel
were
a
blacke
one
:
It
is
tender
and
comparable
to
the
flesh
of
Kids
or
Conies
,
andl
their
tailes
are
profitable
to
make
brushes
of
.
The
medicins
are
the
same
for
the
most
part
which
are
before
expressed
in
the
Dormous
sauing
that
I
may
adde
that
of
Archigenes
,
who
writeth
that
the
fat
of
a
Squirrell
warmed
on
a
rubbing
cloath
,
and
so
instilled
into
the
eares
,
doeth
wonderfully
cure
the
paines
in
the
eares
.
And
so
I
conclude
this
history
of
the
Squirrell
with
the
Epithets
that
Martiall
maketh
of
a
Peacocke
,
a
Phoenix
,
and
a
Squirrel
,
in
a
comparison
of
a
bewtifull
Virgin
Erotion
.
Cui
comparatus
indecens
erat
pauo
.
Inamabilis
sciurus
&
frequens
Phoenix
.
Of
the
Getulian
Squirrell
,
described
and
figured
by
Doctor
Cay
.
THis
Getulian
or
Barbarian
Squirrell
,
is
of
mixt
colour
,
as
it
were
betwixt
black
and
red
,
and
from
the
shoulders
all
along
to
the
taile
by
the
sides
,
there
are
white
and
russet
strakes
or
lines
,
which
in
a
decent
and
and
seemely
order
stand
in
ranks
or
orders
;
and
there
be
some
of
these
Squirrels
which
haue
such
lines
of
white
and
blacke
,
with
correspondent
lines
in
the
taile
,
yet
they
cannot
be
seene
except
the
taile
bee
stretched
out
at
length
,
by
reason
there
is
not
much
haire
vpon
it
.
The
belly
seemeth
to
be
like
a
blew
colour
vpon
a
white
ground
.
It
is
a
little
lesse
then
the
vulgar
Squirrel
,
and
hath
not
any
eares
extant
or
standing
vp
as
that
,
but
close
pressed
to
the
skin
round
,
and
arysing
a
little
in
length
by
the
vpper
face
of
the
skinne
.
The
head
is
like
the
head
of
a
Frog
,
and
in
other
things
it
is
very
like
the
vulgar
Squirrell
,
for
both
the
outward
shape
,
the
manner
,
and
behauiour
,
the
meat
and
means
of
life
agree
in
both
,
and
she
also
couereth
her
body
like
other
Squirrels
.
This
picture
and
description
was
taken
by
him
from
one
of
them
aliue
,
which
a
Marchant
of
London
brought
out
of
Barbary
.
They
are
very
pleasaunt
and
tame
,
and
it
is
very
likely
that
it
is
a
kind
of
Egyptian
or
Affrican
mouse
,
whereof
there
are
three
sorts
described
by
Herodotus
,
the
first
called
Bipedes
,
the
second
Zegeries
,
and
the
third
Echines
,
of
which
we
haue
already
spoken
in
the
story
of
diuers
kinds
of
mice
,
and
therefore
I
will
heere
end
the
discourse
of
this
beast
.
OF
A
WILDE
BEAST
IN
THE
new-found
world
called
Su.
THere
is
a
region
in
the
new-found
world
,
called
Gigantes
,
and
the
inhabitants
thereof
are
called
Pantagones
;
now
becaus
their
countrey
is
cold
,
being
far
in
the
South
,
they
cloath
themselues
with
the
skins
of
a
beast
called
in
theyr
owne
toong
Su
,
for
by
reason
that
this
beast
liueth
for
the
most
part
neere
the
waters
,
therefore
they
cal
it
by
the
name
of
Su
which
signifieth
water
.
The
true
image
therof
as
it
was
taken
by
Theuetus
,
I
haue
heere
inserted
,
for
it
is
of
a
very
deformed
shape
,
and
monstrous
presence
,
a
great
rauener
and
an
vntamable
wilde
beast
When
the
hunters
that
desire
her
skinne
set
vpon
her
,
she
flyeth
very
swift
,
carrying
her
yong
ones
vpon
her
back
,
and
couering
them
with
her
broad
taile
:
now
forsomuch
as
no
Dogge
or
man
dareth
to
approach
neere
vnto
her
,
(
because
such
is
the
wrath
therof
,
that
in
the
pursuit
she
killeth
all
that
commeth
neare
hir
▪
)
the
hunters
digge
seuerall
pittes
or
great
holes
in
the
earth
,
which
they
couer
with
boughes
sticks
,
and
earth
,
so
wealty
that
if
the
beast
chance
at
any
time
to
come
vpon
it
,
she
and
her
young
ones
fall
down
into
the
pit
and
are
taken
.
This
cruell
,
vntamable
,
impatient
,
violent
,
rauening
,
and
bloody
beast
,
perceiuing
that
her
naturall
strength
cannot
deliuer
her
from
the
wit
and
policy
of
men
her
hunters
,
(
for
being
inclosed
,
shee
can
neuer
get
out
againe
,
)
the
hunters
being
at
hande
to
watch
her
downfall
,
and
worke
her
ouerthrow
,
first
of
all
to
saue
her
young
ones
from
taking
&
taming
,
she
destroyeth
them
all
with
her
owne
teeth
;
for
there
was
neuer
any
of
them
taken
aliue
,
and
when
she
seeth
the
hunters
come
about
her
,
she
roareth
,
cryeth
,
bowleth
,
brayeth
,
and
vttereth
such
a
fearefull
,
noysome
,
and
terrible
clamor
,
that
the
men
which
watch
to
kill
her
,
are
not
thereby
a
little
amazed
,
but
at
last
being
animated
,
because
there
can
be
no
resistance
,
they
approch
,
and
with
their
darts
and
speares
wound
her
to
death
,
and
then
take
off
her
skin
,
and
leaue
the
carcasse
in
the
earth
.
And
this
is
all
that
I
finde
recorded
of
this
most
sauage
beast
.
Of
the
Subus
,
a
kinde
of
wilde
Water-sheepe
.
THis
beast
is
called
by
Oppianus
Soubos
,
and
thereof
the
Latines
call
it
Subus
▪
Bodine
in
his
interpretation
of
Oppianus
,
doth
make
it
one
beast
with
the
Strepsiceros
,
but
because
he
expresseth
no
reason
thereof
,
I
take
it
that
he
was
deceiued
by
his
coniecture
,
for
we
shall
manifest
,
that
either
the
colour
or
seate
of
liuing
,
cannot
agree
with
the
Strepsiceros
,
(
for
he
saith
)
only
it
is
the
same
beast
which
Pliny
calleth
a
Strepsiceros
.
But
we
know
by
the
discription
of
Oppianus
,
that
this
beast
is
of
red-gold-colour
,
hauing
two
strong
armed
hornes
on
the
head
,
and
liueth
sometimes
in
the
Sea
,
and
water
,
sometime
on
the
land
.
Of
all
kinds
of
sheepe
this
is
the
worst
and
most
harmefull
,
rauening
after
life
and
blood
,
for
it
goeth
to
the
water
,
and
therein
swimmeth
:
when
the
silly
simple
Fishes
see
this
glorious
shape
in
the
waters
,
admiring
the
horns
,
and
especially
the
Golden
colour
,
they
gather
about
it
in
great
flocks
and
abundance
,
especially
Shrimps
,
Lobsters
,
Mackarell
,
and
Tenches
,
who
follow
him
with
singular
delight
on
either
side
,
both
the
right
and
the
left
,
pressing
who
shall
come
nearest
,
to
touch
and
haue
the
fullest
sight
of
him
;
so
they
accompany
him
in
rankes
for
loue
of
his
so
strange
proportion
.
But
this
vnkinde
and
rauening
beast
,
despising
their
amity
,
society
,
and
fellowship
,
maketh
but
a
bait
of
his
golden
outside
and
colour
,
to
drawe
vnto
him
his
conuenient
prey
,
and
beguile
the
innocent
fishes
,
for
he
snatcheth
at
the
nearest
,
and
deuoureth
them
,
tarying
no
longer
in
the
Water
then
his
belly
is
filled
,
and
yet
these
simple
foolish
fishes
seeing
their
fellowes
deuoured
before
their
faces
haue
not
the
power
or
wit
to
auoid
his
deuourers
society
,
but
still
accompany
him
and
weary
him
out
of
the
Waters
till
he
can
eate
no
more
,
neuer
hating
him
,
or
leauing
him
,
but
as
men
which
delight
to
be
hanged
in
silken
halters
,
or
stabbed
with
siluer
and
golden
Bodkins
,
so
do
the
fishes
by
this
golden-colored-deuouring-monster
.
But
such
impious
cruelty
is
not
left
vnreuenged
in
nature
,
for
as
she
gathreth
the
fishes
together
to
destroy
them
,
so
the
fisher
men
watching
that
concourse
,
do
entrappe
both
it
and
them
,
rendering
the
same
measure
to
the
rauener
,
that
it
had
done
to
his
innocent
companions
.
And
thus
much
shal
suffice
for
the
Subus
or
water-sheepe
.
Of
the
Swine
in
generall
.
BEing
to
discourse
of
this
beast
,
The
seuerall
names
.
althogh
the
kinds
of
it
be
not
many
as
is
in
others
,
yet
because
there
are
some
thinges
peculiar
to
the
Bore
,
and
therefore
he
deserueth
a
speciall
story
by
himselfe
,
I
will
first
of
all
deliuer
the
common
properties
in
a
generall
Narration
,
and
afterward
discend
to
the
speciall
.
For
the
names
of
this
beaste
,
there
are
many
in
all
languages
,
and
such
as
belong
to
the
seuerall
sex
and
age
of
euery
one
.
For
as
in
English
we
call
a
young
swine
a
Pigge
,
A
weaning
Pigge
,
a
sheate
,
a
Yealke
,
and
so
foorth
:
likewise
,
a
Hogge
,
a
Sow
,
a
Barrow
,
a
Libd-Hog
,
a
libd-Sow
,
a
Splayed
Sow
,
a
Gelt
Sow
,
a
Basse
,
for
the
elder
swine
,
so
in
other
Nations
they
obserue
such
like
titles
.
The
Haebrewes
cal
a
Bore
Chasir
,
and
a
Sow
Chaserah
,
the
Chaldees
Deut.
4.
for
Chasir
translate
Chasira
,
the
Arabians
Kaniser
the
Persians
Mar-an-buk
,
the
Septuagints
Hus
,
and
S.
Hierome
,
Sus.
The
Arabians
also
vse
Hazir
,
and
Acanthil
,
for
a
hog
,
Achira
,
and
Scrofa
.
The
Graecians
do
also
vse
Sus
or
Zus
,
Choiros
,
and
Suagros
.
The
wilde
hog
is
called
Kapro●
,
from
hence
I
coniecture
is
deriued
the
Latine
word
Apex
.
Silu●●●●
The
Italians
do
vulgarly
call
it
Porco
,
and
the
Florentines
peculiarly
Ciacco
,
and
also
the
Italians
call
a
sow
with
pig
Scrofa
and
Troiata
or
Porco
fattrice
.
The
reason
why
that
they
cal
a
Sow
that
is
great
with
Pigge
Troiata
,
or
Troiaria
,
is
for
the
similitude
with
the
Troian
horse
,
Alun●u●
.
Erythraeus
because
as
that
in
the
belly
thereof
did
include
many
armed
men
,
so
doth
a
sow
in
her
belly
many
young
pigs
,
which
afterward
come
to
the
table
and
dishes
of
men
.
A
Barrow
hog
is
called
Maialis
in
Latine
,
and
the
Italians
Porco
castrato
,
and
Lo
Maiale
.
The
French
call
a
swine
Porceau
,
a
sow
Truye
Coche
,
a
Bore
,
Verrat
,
a
pig
Cochon
Porcelet
,
and
about
Lyons
,
Caion
.
The
barrow
hog
they
cal
Por-chastre
.
The
Spaniards
cal
swine
Puerco
,
the
Germans
saw
,
or
suw
,
su
schwin
,
schwein
,
a
sow
they
call
Mor
and
looss
,
a
Bore
Aeber
,
which
seemeth
to
be
deriued
from
Aper
,
a
barrow
hog
Barg
,
a
splaied
sow
Gultz
,
a
pig
Farle
,
and
Seuwle
,
and
a
sucking
pig
spanfoerle
.
In
little
Brittaine
they
call
a
hog
Houch
,
and
therof
they
cal
a
Dolphin
Merhouch
.
The
Illyrians
call
Swine
Swinye
,
and
Prase
.
The
Latines
Sus
Porcus
,
and
Porcellus
,
&
Scrofa
,
and
these
are
the
common
and
most
vulgar
tearmes
of
swines
:
If
there
be
any
other
they
are
either
deuised
or
new
made
,
or
else
deriued
from
some
of
these
.
Macrobius
telleth
the
occasion
of
the
name
of
the
family
of
Scrofa
somewhat
otherwise
yet
pertaining
to
this
discourse
.
Tremellius
(
saith
hee
)
was
with
his
family
and
children
,
dwelling
in
a
certaine
village
,
and
his
seruants
seeing
a
stray
Sow
come
among
them
,
the
owner
whereof
they
did
not
know
,
presently
they
slew
her
,
and
brought
her
home
.
The
Neighbour
that
did
owe
the
Sow
called
for
witnesses
of
the
fact
or
theft
,
and
came
with
them
to
Tremellius
,
demaunding
his
Scrofa
or
Sow
againe
.
Tremellius
hauing
vnderstood
by
one
of
his
seruants
the
deed
,
layed
it
vp
in
his
Wiues
bed
,
&
couering
it
ouer
with
the
cloaths
,
caused
her
to
lye
vpon
the
Sowes
carkase
,
and
therefore
told
his
neighbour
hee
should
come
in
and
take
the
Scrofa
,
and
so
had
brought
him
where
his
wife
lay
,
Coelius
Names
of
men
taken
from
swine
.
and
swore
he
had
no
other
Sow
of
his
but
that
,
shewing
him
the
bed
,
and
so
the
poore
man
was
deceiued
by
a
dissembling
oth
,
for
which
cause
(
he
saith
)
the
name
of
Scrofa
was
giuen
to
that
family
.
There
was
one
Pope
Sergius
,
whose
christen
and
first
name
was
Os
porci
,
Hogges
snowt
,
and
therfore
he
being
elected
Pope
,
changed
his
name
into
Sergius
,
which
custome
of
alteration
of
names
,
as
that
was
the
beginning
,
so
it
hath
continued
euer
since
that
time
among
all
his
successours
.
Likewise
we
read
of
Porcellus
a
Grammarian
,
of
Porcellius
,
a
Poet
of
Naples
,
who
made
a
Chronicle
of
the
affaires
of
Fredericke
Duke
of
Vrbine
,
Porcius
,
Suillus
,
Verres
the
Praetor
of
Sycilia
,
Syadra
,
Sybotas
,
Hyas
,
Hyagnis
,
Gryllus
Porcilla
,
and
many
such
other
giue
sufficient
testimony
of
the
original
of
their
names
,
to
be
drawen
from
Swine
,
and
not
onely
men
,
but
people
and
places
;
as
Hyatae
,
Suales
Chorreatae
,
three
names
of
the
Dori
in
Greece
:
Hyia
a
Citty
of
Locris
,
Hyamea
a
Citty
of
Mesene
,
Hyamaion
a
Citty
of
Troy
,
Hyampholis
a
Citty
of
Phocis
;
whereby
to
all
posterity
it
appeareth
,
Alex.
ab
alex
that
they
were
Swineheardes
at
the
beginning
;
Exul
Hyantaenos
inuenit
regna
per
agros
Hy●pe
,
Hyops
a
Citty
in
Iberia
,
Hysia
a
Citty
of
Boeotia
,
and
Pliny
calleth
the
tall
people
of
Ethiop
,
which
wer
8.
cubits
in
height
Sybotae
,
and
the
like
I
might
adde
of
many
places
,
Cities
,
people
,
fountaines
,
Plants
,
Engins
,
and
deuises
,
plentifull
in
many
Authors
,
but
I
will
not
trouble
the
Reader
any
longer
with
that
,
which
may
be
but
thought
to
bee
vnnecessary
.
Onely
I
cannot
containe
my selfe
from
the
fiction
of
a
Swines
name
and
Testament
,
or
last
will
,
for
the
mirth
and
wit
thereof
,
as
it
is
remembered
in
Coelius
,
and
before
in
S.
Ierom
,
and
lastly
by
Alexander
Brassicanus
,
and
Geo.
Fabritius
,
I
will
expresse
both
in
Latine
and
English
in
this
place
.
M.
Grunnius
Corocotta
Porcellus
testamentum
feci
,
A
fiction
of
of
a
hogs
wil
&
testament
quod
quoniam
manu
mea
propria
scribere●on
potui
,
scribendum
dictaui
.
Magirus
cocus
dixit
veni
huc
euer
for
domi
,
soliuer
for
fugitiue
porcelle
,
ego
hodie
tibi
vitam
adimo
.
Corocotta
porcellus
dixit
si
qua
feci
,
si
qua
peccaui
,
si
qua
vascula
pedibus
meis
confregi
,
rogo
domine
coque
,
veniam
peto
,
roganti
concede
.
Magirus
coquus
dixit
,
transipuer
adfer
mihi
de
culina
cultrum
,
vt
hunc
porcellum
cruentum
f●ciam
.
Porcellus
comprehenditur
à
famulis
ductus
sub
die
16.
Cal.
lucerninas
,
vbi
abundant
cymae
.
Clibanato
&
piperato
consulibus
,
&
vt
vidit
se
moriturum
esse
,
horae
spatium
petijt
,
coquum
rogauit
,
vt
testamentum
facere
posset
.
Inclamauit
ad
se
sues
parentes
,
vt
de
cibarijs
suis
aliquid
di
mitteret
eis
,
qui
ait
,
patri
meo
verrino
Lardino
,
do
lego
,
dari
glandis
modios
30.
&
matri
meae
veturrinae
Scrofae
do
,
lego
,
dari
laconicae
siligines
modios
40.
&
sorori
meae
Quirinae
,
in
cuius
votum
interesse
non
potui
,
do
,
lego
,
dari
hordei
modios
,
30.
&
de
meis
visceribus
dabo
,
donabo
futoribus
setas
,
rixatoribus
capitinas
surdis
auriculas
,
causidicis
&
verbosis
linguam
,
bubularijs
intestina
,
esiciarijs
femora
,
mulieribus
lumbulos
,
pueris
vesicam
puellis
caudam
,
cinaedis
musculos
,
cursoribus
&
venatoribus
talos
,
latronibus
vngulos
,
&
nec
nominando
coquo
,
do
,
lego
,
ac
dimitto
popam
&
pistillam
,
quae
mecum
detuleram
à
quer
ceto
vsque
ad
haram
,
liget
sibi
collum
de
reste
.
Volo
mihi
fieri
monumentum
ex
literis
aureis
seriptum
.
M.
Grunnius
Corocotta
porcellus
vixit
annos
D.
CCCC.xc
.
9.
quod
si
semis
vixisset
,
mille
annos
Compleuisset
.
Optimi
amatores
mei
vel
consules
vitae
,
rogo
vos
vt
corpori
meo
benefaciatis
bene
condiatis
,
debonis
condimentis
nuclei
,
piperis
,
&
mellis
,
vt
nomen
meum
in
sempiternum
nominetur
.
Mei
domini
,
&
consobrini
mei
,
qui
huic
testamento
interfuistis
iubete
signari
Testes
.
Lucanicus
signauit
,
Tergillus
signauit
,
Nuptialicus
sig.
Celsanus
sign
.
Lardio
sign
.
Offelicus
sign
.
Cymatus
sign
.
In
English
without
offence
I
may
translate
it
thus
;
I
,
M.
Grunter
Hogg-son
,
little
pig
haue
made
this
my
last
will
and
Testament
,
which
because
I
could
not
write
with
my
own
hand
,
I
haue
caused
it
to
be
endited
by
other
.
Magirus
the
Cooke
said
vnto
me
,
come
hither
thou
vnderminer
of
houses
,
thou
rooter
vp
of
land
,
fearefull
,
fugitiue
little
Pig
,
I
must
this
day
take
away
thy
life
.
To
whom
Hog-son
made
this
answer
,
If
I
haue
done
any
harm
,
if
I
haue
offended
,
if
I
haue
trod
in
peeces
any
vessels
of
worth
vnder
my
feet
,
then
I
entreat
thee
good
M.
Cooke
pardon
me
,
and
grant
me
my
request
.
But
Magirus
the
Cook
said
,
run
(
sir-kitchin-Boy
)
and
bring
me
a
knife
out
of
the
Kitchin
,
that
I
may
let
this
litle
pig
bleed
:
presently
I
the
little
Pig
was
taken
by
the
seruantes
,
and
by
them
led
the
xiv
.
day
of
the
calends
of
Torch-light
into
the
place
of
Coole-worts
,
when
Fiery-furnace
&
Pepper-spice
were
Consuls
,
and
when
I
saw
no
remedy
but
that
I
must
die
,
I
entreated
the
Cooke
but
an
houtes
space
to
make
my
will
.
Which
when
I
had
obtained
,
I
cald
my
parents
and
friends
about
me
,
and
made
my
wil
in
manner
following
,
Of
all
my
meat
and
prouision
left
behind
me
,
first
I
giue
vnto
Bore-Browne
,
my
father
30
bushels
of
Buck-mast
.
Item
I
giue
to
my
mother
Town-Sow
,
forty
bushels
of
the
best
Weate
.
Item
I
giue
my
Sister
Whine-pig
,
30.
bushels
of
Barly
,
and
for
my
bowels
I
bestow
them
in
manner
following
.
I
bequeath
my
bristles
to
the
Coblers
and
shoomakers
,
my
brains
to
Wranglers
,
my
eares
to
the
deafe
,
my
tongue
to
Lawyers
and
Pratlers
,
my
intrals
to
the
Tripe-makers
,
my
thighes
to
the
Pye-makers
,
my
loines
to
Women
,
my
bladder
to
Boies
,
my
taile
to
young
maides
,
my
muscles
to
shamelesse
Dancers
,
my
Anckle-bones
,
to
Lackyes
and
hunters
,
my
hooues
to
Theeues
.
Item
I
giue
vnto
this
(
vnworthy
to
bee
named
Cook
)
the
Knife
and
the
pestle
,
that
I
brought
out
of
the
spinny
of
an
Oake
,
into
my
stye
,
and
so
let
him
tye
his
Necke
with
a
halter
.
Also
my
wil
is
,
that
there
be
made
for
me
a
monument
,
wherein
shall
be
engrauen
in
Golden
Letters
,
this
inscription
or
title
,
M.
Grunter
Hog-son
,
Little-Pig
,
liued
nine
hundered
ninety
nine
yeares
and
a
halfe
,
and
if
he
had
liued
but
one
halfe
yeare
longer
he
he
had
liued
a
thousand
yeares
.
And
you
my
Louers
and
best
counsellers
of
my
life
,
I
beseech
you
do
good
to
my
dead
carkase
,
salt
it
well
with
the
best
season
of
Nutmegs
,
Pepper
,
and
Honny
,
that
so
my
name
and
memory
may
remaine
for
euermore
.
And
you
my
Maisters
and
kindred
which
haue
beene
present
at
the
making
of
my
will
,
I
pray
you
cause
your
markes
to
be
put
thereunto
.
Witnesses
;
Wood-Hogs
marke
,
Bristle-backes
marke
,
Towne-Boares
marke
,
Mountaine-Hogs
marke
,
Bacon-Hogs
marke
,
Swill-Hogs
marke
,
Marsh-Hogs
marke
.
I
haue
expressed
this
discourse
for
no
other
purpose
but
to
shew
the
Rea.
what
proper
feigned
names
haue
beene
or
may
be
giuen
to
Swine
,
and
so
not
to
hold
him
any
longer
in
this
discourse
,
The
epithets
of
Swine
.
I
will
proceede
from
the
names
to
the
natures
of
this
beast
.
And
first
of
all
to
begin
with
the
common
and
vulgar
epithets
,
which
are
as
so
many
short
definitions
as
they
are
words
,
as
that
of
Horace
,
Amica
sus
luto
,
a
durt-louer
,
clouen
footed
,
beastly
,
clamorous
,
Acron-eater
,
rough
,
horrible
,
fearefull
,
sluggish
,
filthy
,
vncleane
,
impatient
,
loud
,
glad
of
food
,
miry
,
fat
,
wet
,
follower
,
moyst
,
greedy
,
tender
,
and
milke-sucker
,
according
to
the
Poets
sayings
;
Lacte
mero
pascum
pigrae
mihi
matris
alumnum
,
Ponat
:
&
Aetolo
de
sue
diues
edat
.
Swine
are
in
the
most
countries
of
the
world
.
Countries
wherein
swine
do
not
breede
.
Yet
Aristotle
and
Aetian
report
,
that
there
are
none
in
Indian
,
&
Arabia
Scein
:
and
moreouer
there
is
in
the
people
of
those
countries
such
a
detestation
of
them
,
that
they
cannot
endure
to
eate
their
flesh
,
which
this
is
not
wrought
in
them
by
any
instinct
or
opinion
of
religion
(
as
it
is
in
the
Iewes
)
but
rather
by
a
naturall
inclination
of
the
place
and
region
wherein
they
liue
,
for
it
is
said
also
that
if
Swine
be
brought
thither
from
any
other
place
,
they
dye
within
short
space
.
Pliny
affirmeth
,
that
there
are
Boares
among
some
of
the
Indians
which
haue
horns
,
and
the
like
is
affirmed
of
the
Ethiopians
.
The
Swine
of
Sycily
are
accounted
the
best
of
all
other
for
food
.
In
Bauaria
they
are
leane
,
but
in
Burgundy
or
the
neather
Germany
,
they
are
fierce
,
strong
,
and
very
fat
.
Those
which
are
carried
into
Hispaniola
,
Pet.
Martyr
are
said
to
grow
to
the
stature
of
Mules
.
Now
concerning
the
seuerall
partes
of
Swyne
,
it
is
most
certaine
that
inwardly
they
do
more
resemble
a
mans
body
then
an
Ape
,
for
as
al
writers
do
affirme
,
that
outwardly
the
proportion
of
Apes
come
nearest
to
men
,
according
to
the
Poets
verse
;
Simia
quam
similis
turpissima
bestia
nobis
.
So
on
the
other
side
a
Swynes
Anatomy
doth
more
liuely
expresse
the
inward
members
and
seate
of
life
,
and
therefore
our
predecessours
did
first
of
all
dissect
a
Swyne
,
and
then
a
man
,
for
the
Swine
was
an
example
or
introduction
to
the
other
;
and
in
Swine
they
chuse
a
leane
Hogge
,
because
that
all
the
vessels
and
instrumentall
partes
do
better
and
more
clearely
appeare
to
the
sight
then
in
a
fat
Hog
.
There
is
not
according
to
Aristotle
,
much
marrow
in
their
bones
,
and
their
skin
is
all
ouer
rough
and
hairy
,
The
anathomy
and
seueral
parts
and
yet
the
haire
not
so
thicke
as
an
Oxes
,
yet
much
longer
and
stiffer
,
standing
vp
vppon
the
ridge
of
the
backe
,
the
colour
of
Swine
is
vncertaine
and
varieth
not
only
after
the
diuersity
of
the
Countrey
,
but
in
euery
Countrey
it
is
diuers
in
it selfe
,
some
are
white
,
some
branded
,
some
sanded
,
some
red
,
some
black
,
some
pyed
,
some
none
of
these
,
and
some
al
of
these
;
yet
in
Germany
for
the
most
part
red
,
and
in
France
and
Italy
blacke
.
Betwixt
the
skin
and
the
flesh
there
lyeth
a
fat
called
Lardo
larde
and
Aruina
.
Their
braine
is
very
fat
,
and
in
the
waine
of
the
Moone
it
is
lesse
then
any
other
beastes
.
Their
eies
are
hollow
,
and
stand
very
deepe
in
their
heads
,
and
therefore
cannot
by
Art
of
man
be
taken
out
without
danger
of
death
,
and
if
one
of
them
be
at
any
time
perished
,
it
is
hazzard
but
the
Swine
dyeth
.
Their
eie-browes
moue
more
downeward
toward
their
Noses
,
and
are
againe
drawne
vp
toward
their
temples
,
and
their
forehead
is
very
narrow
,
by
which
in
ancient
time
they
iudged
or
deemed
a
foole
or
foolish
vnwise
disposition
,
as
by
standing
vp
of
the
lips
about
the
canine
teeth
,
betokeneth
a
contumelious
and
clamorous
rayler
,
and
thicke
lips
,
and
a
round
mouth
standing
forth
,
the
disposition
of
a
Hog
.
The
snout
is
long
and
strong
,
and
yet
broad
to
cast
vp
the
earth
for
food
,
hauing
on
the
tippe
a
rising
gristle
round
,
and
more
piked
,
at
the
top
betwixt
the
Nostriles
,
Aristotle
wherewithall
it
first
entereth
the
earth
by
digging
.
Vpon
their
vnder
chap
there
are
teeth
which
grow
out
of
their
head
,
and
the
Boares
haue
some
which
the
females
haue
not
:
For
euen
as
the
Elephant
hath
two
teeth
growing
downewarde
,
so
hath
the
Boare
twoe
growing
vpward
.
The
male
as
we
haue
said
,
hath
more
then
the
female
,
and
neither
of
both
do
loose
or
change
them
by
any
corse
of
nature
.
As
the
Horse
hath
his
mane
,
so
hath
a
Swine
certaine
bristles
on
his
Necke
(
called
therefore
by
the
Graecians
Lophia
,
)
this
necke
is
broad
and
thicke
,
and
in
it
lyeth
the
strength
of
the
beast
,
and
therefore
it
is
obserued
by
the
Physiognomers
that
a
man
with
such
a
necke
is
an
angry
foole
.
The
collop
next
to
the
necke
called
vulgarly
Callasum
,
ought
to
be
broad
&
stiffe
.
It
is
said
of
sore
harts
that
they
haue
their
gall
in
their
eares
,
and
indeede
in
the
eares
of
Swine
there
is
found
a
certaine
humor
not
much
vnlike
to
a
gall
:
yet
lesse
liquid
,
and
therefore
by
reason
of
the
density
or
thicknesse
thereof
,
comparable
to
the
humor
of
the
Spleene
.
The
ventricle
is
large
to
receiue
much
meate
,
and
to
concoct
it
perfectly
,
we
call
it
vulgarly
the
bucke
,
and
there
are
in
it
but
few
smooth
ribs
or
crestes
,
and
in
the
liuer
partes
which
are
very
great
,
there
is
a
certaine
hard
thing
white
like
a
stone
.
The
females
haue
twelue
vdders
or
dugs
vnder
the
belly
,
but
neuer
lesse
then
ten
,
if
they
want
of
twelue
,
and
the
Boares
haue
their
stones
on
their
seat
behind
them
ioyned
together
,
which
being
taken
off
,
are
called
by
the
Latines
Polimenta
.
But
in
the
female
there
is
a
great
miracle
of
nature
,
for
the
place
of
conception
is
onely
open
to
the
vdders
or
downeward
,
but
when
her
lust
commeth
on
her
,
Aristotle
.
by
often
tickling
and
striuing
she
turneth
it
about
to
meete
with
the
Boares
instrument
in
generation
.
And
this
bag
is
called
Apria
,
which
hangeth
in
the
female
inward
,
as
the
stones
of
the
Boare
do
outwardly
.
In
some
places
there
are
Swine
which
are
not
clouen-footed
,
but
whole
hooued
like
a
Horse
,
yet
this
is
very
seldome
or
accidentall
,
for
the
most
part
al
are
clouen-footed
,
Aristotle
affirmeth
,
that
there
are
Swine
whole
hooued
,
in
Illiria
,
Poeonia
,
and
Macedonia
,
and
Albertus
saith
,
that
he
hath
bin
informed
of
some
such
seene
in
England
,
and
also
in
Flanders
.
The
Anckles
are
doubtfull
,
as
it
were
in
proportion
betwixt
the
Anckle
of
a
whole
and
of
a
clouen
hoose
.
Now
by
this
that
hath
beene
said
and
shall
be
added
,
we
must
make
vp
the
description
of
a
perfect
Swine
,
for
the
better
knowledge
of
the
Reader
,
which
may
be
this
,
The
choyse
of
outward
〈◊〉
likes
of
the
best
Swyne
.
of
a
straight
and
small
head
.
The
best
forme
is
to
haue
large
members
,
except
the
head
and
feet
,
and
of
one
vniforme
colour
,
not
parted
or
variable
,
not
old
,
but
of
a
good
race
or
breed
.
There
be
some
that
for
the
choice
of
their
Swine
do
make
this
obseruation
,
they
chuse
them
by
their
face
,
by
the
race
,
and
by
the
Region
,
by
the
face
,
when
the
Boare
and
Sow
are
of
good
and
beautifull
aspects
;
by
the
race
,
if
they
bring
forth
many
and
safely
,
not
casting
Pigges
,
by
the
Region
when
they
are
not
bred
where
they
bee
of
a
small
,
slender
,
or
vile
stature
,
and
especially
this
is
obserued
in
the
Male
,
bycause
that
in
all
beastes
they
are
oftentimes
more
like
the
sire
then
the
Damme
;
therefore
it
is
better
in
Swine
to
haue
a
thicke
,
round
,
and
well
set
Hogge
,
then
a
long
sided
one
,
howbeit
some
approue
Hogs
with
long
Legs
.
The
buttockes
ought
to
be
fleshy
,
the
belly
large
and
prominent
,
and
the
Snowts
short
and
turning
vpward
,
yet
the
Sowe
is
best
,
that
hath
the
largest
sides
,
if
all
the
other
members
be
correspondent
.
Likewise
in
cold
Countries
they
must
chuse
their
Swine
with
rough
and
thicke
haire
,
but
in
warmer
and
more
temperate
Climats
,
any
haire
be
it
neuer
so
small
will
serue
the
turne
,
especially
if
it
be
blacke
.
And
thus
much
shall
serue
in
this
place
for
their
seuerall
partes
and
members
:
Now
wee
will
proceede
on
to
their
nourishment
and
copulation
.
The
●ood
o●
〈◊〉
.
It
is
most
certaine
that
Swine
are
of
a
hot
temperament
,
and
for
that
cause
it
commeth
to
passe
that
they
do
not
loose
their
Winter
haire
,
for
by
reason
of
the
fat
neere
to
their
skinne
,
there
is
aboundance
of
heate
which
keepeth
fast
the
roots
of
the
haire
.
Their
food
therfore
and
nourishment
is
easily
digested
in
euery
part
,
for
that
which
is
so
strong
in
the
nouriture
of
the
haire
,
must
needs
be
of
correspondent
power
in
other
parts
.
Some
haue
thought
that
Swine
care
not
for
Grasse
or
Hearbes
,
but
onely
rootes
,
and
therefore
hath
a
peculiar
snout
to
attain
them
,
but
I
find
by
experience
that
they
wil
eat
grasse
aboue
the
earth
,
aswel
as
rootes
beneath
,
&
they
loue
to
feede
in
heardes
together
.
They
loue
aboue
measure
Acornes
,
and
yet
being
giuen
to
them
alone
they
are
hurtfull
,
and
bring
no
lesse
damage
to
them
then
to
Sheepe
(
though
not
so
often
)
especially
to
Sowes
that
be
with
pigge
.
The
best
time
for
gathering
of
Acorns
is
in
Nouember
,
and
it
is
a
worke
for
Women
and
Children
.
The
Woodes
of
Italy
are
so
full
of
Acornes
that
they
nourish
aboundance
of
Swine
,
and
that
therewith
are
fed
the
greatest
part
of
the
Romaine
people
.
They
delight
also
in
Bucke-mast
,
and
that
meate
maketh
the
Swines
flesh
light
,
easie
of
digestion
,
and
apt
for
the
stomacke
:
In
some
Countries
Hawes
haue
the
same
vertue
to
fat
Hogges
,
〈◊〉
that
is
in
Acornes
,
for
they
make
them
waighty
,
straight
,
neate
,
and
sweete
.
The
next
vnto
this
Holme
Berries
do
fat
Hogges
,
sauing
that
they
procure
loosenesse
,
except
they
be
eaten
by
little
and
little
.
There
is
a
tree
which
hath
such
bitter
fruite
(
called
Haliphlocus
)
whereof
no
beast
will
tast
,
heereof
Hogges
wil
tast
,
but
in
extreame
famine
and
hunger
,
Pl●●ius
when
they
are
without
all
other
food
and
meate
.
The
fruite
or
Apples
of
Palme-trees
(
especially
such
as
grow
in
salt
grounds
neare
the
Sea
sides
,
as
in
Cyrene
of
Affrica
,
and
Iudea
,
and
not
in
Egypt
,
Cyprus
,
Syria
,
Heluetia
,
and
Assiria
)
do
fatten
and
feed
Hogges
:
And
indeed
there
is
scarce
any
food
whereof
they
do
not
eate
,
as
also
no
place
wherein
they
picke
not
out
some
liuing
,
both
in
Mountains
,
and
Fens
,
and
plaine
fieldes
,
but
best
of
all
neare
waters
,
wherein
by
the
bankes
sides
they
gather
many
sweete
and
nourishable
morsels
.
There
are
no
better
abiding
places
for
Hogs
then
are
the
woods
,
wherein
abound
eyther
Oakes
,
Beeches
,
Corke-trees
,
Holme
,
wilde
Oliues
,
Tamariske
,
Hasels
,
Apples
,
or
Crab-trees
,
white
Thorne
,
the
Greeke
Carobs
,
Pine-trees
,
Corne-trees
,
Lote-trees
,
places
of
their
abode
.
Prune-trees
,
Shrubs
,
Hawes
,
or
wilde
Peares
,
or
Medlers
,
and
such
like
;
for
these
frutes
grow
ripe
successiuely
one
after
the
other
,
for
there
is
no
time
of
the
yeare
wherein
some
of
them
are
not
to
be
gathered
soft
and
norishable
,
whereby
the
heards
of
swine
may
be
maintained
.
But
if
at
any
time
this
food
cease
,
and
not
to
be
found
,
then
must
ther
be
some
other
prouision
out
of
the
earth
,
such
as
is
corne
,
or
graines
,
and
turn
your
Hogs
to
moist
places
where
they
may
picke
vp
worms
,
and
suck
vp
fat
fenny
water
,
which
thing
is
aboue
al
other
things
gratefull
to
this
beaste
,
for
which
cause
it
pleased
the
Holi-ghost
in
scripture
to
compare
the
pleasure
that
beastely
men
take
in
sinning
to
the
wallowing
of
swine
in
the
mire
.
The
Dogge
(
saith
S.
Peter
)
is
returned
to
his
vomit
,
and
the
Sow
that
was
washed
to
wallow
in
the
mire
.
For
this
cause
also
you
must
suffer
them
to
digge
in
the
water
,
and
to
eat
Canes
and
wilde
Bul-rushes
,
likewise
the
rootes
and
tops
of
Water-cresses
;
and
you
must
prouide
to
lay
vp
for
them
in
water
Acornes
,
and
not
spare
corne
to
giue
it
them
by
hand
,
as
Beanes
,
Pease
,
Fitches
,
Barly
and
such
like
:
And
Columella
(
from
whome
I
haue
taken
these
instructions
)
addeth
moreouer
,
that
in
the
spring
time
before
your
Hogs
go
abroad
to
bite
at
the
sweet
and
fresh-growing-hearbes
,
Varro
least
they
prouoke
them
to
loosenesse
,
you
must
giue
them
some
sodden
drinke
,
wash
or
swill
,
by
vertue
whereof
that
mischiefe
must
be
auoided
,
for
if
it
be
not
,
such
leannesse
wil
follow
,
that
it
will
ouerthrowe
and
kil
them
.
In
some
Countries
they
also
giue
them
the
scapes
or
refuse
Grapes
of
Vintage
,
Aelianus
.
and
moreouer
the
frutes
of
yew
tree
,
which
is
poison
to
Dogges
.
Aristomachus
the
Athenian
by
many
and
sundry
praises
aduanceth
three-leaued
grasse
,
and
among
other
,
for
that
as
when
it
is
greene
it
is
commodious
for
sheepe
,
so
being
dried
it
is
wholesome
to
swine
.
They
loue
greene
corn
,
yet
it
is
reported
that
if
swine
eat
of
it
in
the
Isle
of
Salamine
,
their
teeth
by
the
law
of
the
countrey
are
beaten
out
of
their
mouthes
.
It
is
wholesome
to
giue
them
crude
or
rawe
barley
,
especially
to
a
Bore
when
he
is
to
covple
with
a
sowe
,
but
vnto
a
sow
with
pigge
sod
.
There
is
in
Bauaria
a
kinde
of
Scallion
which
beareth
a
red-purple-flower
,
like
to
the
flower
of
the
Lilly
of
the
vallies
,
which
is
greatly
sought
after
and
deuoured
by
swine
.
They
also
seeke
after
wilde
Vines
,
and
the
hearbe
called
Hogs-bread
,
and
the
roote
of
wilde
rapes
,
which
beareth
leaues
like
vnto
violets
but
sharper
,
and
a
white
roote
without
milke
:
By
some
it
is
called
Buchspicke
,
bycause
it
groweth
in
woodes
amonge
Beeches
.
They
eat
also
flesh
,
and
abstain
not
from
fat
Bacon
,
and
heerein
they
differ
from
most
of
the
rauening
creatures
,
for
Dogges
will
not
taste
of
Dogges
flesh
,
and
Beares
of
Beares
,
yet
will
Hogges
eat
of
Swines
flesh
,
yea
many
times
the
damme
eateth
hir
younge
ones
:
And
it
is
found
that
swine
haue
not
abstaind
from
the
flesh
of
men
and
children
,
for
when
they
haue
been
slaine
by
theeues
,
before
they
could
be
found
,
Albertus
.
Aelianus
.
the
greatest
part
of
their
body
was
torne
in
pieces
and
eaten
by
wilde
swine
.
And
indeed
as
we
see
some
Hens
eat
vp
the
Egges
that
they
themselus
haue
layd
,
so
shal
we
obserue
some
sows
to
deuoure
the
frutes
of
their
owne
wombes
,
whereat
we
ought
not
to
maruel
as
at
a
monstrous
or
prodigious
thing
,
but
rather
acknowledge
a
naturall
voracity
,
constrained
in
them
thorough
famine
and
impatience
.
They
also
eat
Snailes
and
Salamanders
,
especially
the
Bores
of
the
mountaines
in
Cilicia
,
and
although
there
be
in
Salamanders
a
verye
deadly
poison
,
yet
doeth
it
not
hurt
them
at
all
,
but
afterward
when
men
or
beasts
tast
of
such
a
swines
flesh
,
the
operation
of
the
poison
worketh
vpon
them
mortally
:
neither
is
this
any
maruaile
,
for
so
it
is
when
a
Frog
eateth
of
a
Toad
:
and
whereas
if
a
man
eat
Hemlocke
,
presently
al
his
blood
congealeth
in
his
body
and
he
dieth
,
but
if
a
Hogge
eat
thereof
,
hee
not
onely
not
dieth
,
but
thriueth
and
groweth
fat
thereby
.
Aristotle
reported
one
great
wonder
of
a
place
about
Thracia
(
as
he
saith
)
wherein
for
the
compasse
of
twenty
paces
there
groweth
Barley
,
whereof
men
eate
safely
,
but
Oxen
,
and
sheep
,
and
other
creatures
auoid
it
as
mortall
poyson
,
and
swine
wil
not
vouchsafe
to
tast
of
mens
excrements
that
haue
eaten
thereof
,
but
auoide
them
carefully
.
As
swine
delight
in
meat
,
so
also
they
delight
more
in
drinke
,
and
especially
in
the
Summer
time
,
and
therefore
they
which
keepe
sucking
Sowes
,
must
regard
to
giue
them
their
belliful
of
drinke
twice
a
day
,
and
generally
we
must
not
lead
them
to
the
waters
as
we
do
Goats
,
and
sheepe
,
but
when
the
heat
of
Summer
is
about
the
rising
of
the
Dog-star
,
we
must
keepe
them
altogether
by
water
sides
,
that
so
they
may
at
their
owne
pleasure
,
both
drinke
and
lie
downe
to
wallow
in
the
mire
,
and
if
the
coasts
be
so
dry
that
this
cannot
bee
obtained
or
permitted
,
then
must
they
haue
water
set
in
troughes
and
vessels
,
whereof
they
may
tast
at
their
owne
pleasure
,
for
otherwise
through
want
of
water
they
grow
liuer
and
lung
sicke
.
Columella
The
miery
water
doth
most
quickly
make
them
fat
,
and
they
will
drink
wine
or
beere
vnto
drunkennesse
,
and
in
those
countries
where
Grapes
grow
if
the
swine
come
into
the
vintage
,
they
grow
drunke
with
eating
of
grapes
.
Also
if
the
Leeze
of
wine
be
mingled
with
their
meat
,
they
grow
fat
aboue
measure
and
sencelesse
in
their
fat
,
whereby
it
hath
bin
seene
that
a
mouse
hath
eaten
into
the
sides
of
a
fat
Hog
without
the
resistance
of
the
beast
:
and
the
like
is
reported
by
Pliny
of
the
sonne
of
L.
Apronius
who
had
bin
a
Consul
,
for
his
bodie
grew
so
fat
that
it
was
taken
from
him
his
body
remaining
immouable
.
And
in
the
spring
time
Swine
of
their
owne
accord
grow
so
fat
,
that
many
times
they
cannot
stand
on
their
legs
their
bodies
be
so
heauy
,
nor
go
any
whit
,
so
that
if
they
are
to
be
remoued
,
they
are
not
to
be
drouen
but
to
be
carried
in
a
cart
.
Varro
and
Crescentiensis
do
report
admirable
things
of
the
fatnes
of
swine
For
first
Varro
saith
,
The
great
fatnes
of
swine
.
that
hee
receiued
knowledge
from
a
credible
honest
man
in
Portugall
,
of
a
Swine
that
there
was
killed
,
the
offall
wherof
with
two
ribbes
was
sent
to
Volumnius
a
Senatour
,
which
weighed
twenty
and
three
pounds
,
and
the
fat
betwixt
the
skin
and
the
bone
,
was
a
foot
and
three
fingers
thicke
.
Vnto
this
he
addeth
the
story
of
the
Arcadian
Sowe
,
who
suffered
a
mouse
to
eat
into
her
fat
,
and
breed
young
ones
therein
,
after
she
made
a
nest
:
which
thing
he
likewise
affirmeth
of
a
Cow
.
And
Crescentiensis
reporteth
of
an
other
Lusitenian
Swine
,
which
after
the
death
,
weighed
fiue
hundred
seuenty
and
fiue
pounds
,
and
the
Lard
of
that
Hogge
was
one
foot
and
three
fingers
broad
.
And
the
like
may
be
said
of
a
Hogge
at
Basill
,
nourished
by
a
certaine
Oile-man
,
in
whose
Larde
or
fatte
,
after
his
death
were
found
manie
passages
of
mice
too
and
fro
,
which
they
had
gnawed
into
his
body
without
the
sence
of
the
beast
.
The
meat
&
best
manner
to
fatten
Hogges
.
Hogs
growe
fat
in
short
time
.
In
auncient
daies
(
as
Pliny
writeth
)
they
put
them
vp
to
fatting
threescore
daies
,
and
first
of
all
they
made
them
fast
three
daies
together
,
after
six
daies
they
may
senciblie
be
perceiued
to
grow
fat
.
There
is
not
any
beast
that
can
better
or
more
easilie
be
accustomed
to
al
kinds
of
food
,
and
therefore
doeth
verie
quicklie
grow
fat
,
the
quantitie
and
stature
of
their
bodie
considered
,
for
whereas
an
Oxe
or
Cowe
,
or
Hart
,
and
such
like
Beasts
aske
long
time
,
yet
a
Swine
which
eateth
of
all
sorts
of
meate
,
doth
very
quickely
euen
in
a
moneth
or
two
or
three
at
the
most
,
prooue
woorthye
the
knife
and
also
his
maisters
table
,
although
in
some
places
they
put
them
vppe
to
fatting
a
whole
yeare
together
,
and
how
much
they
profit
and
gather
in
their
feeding
,
it
is
verye
easie
for
them
to
obserue
that
daily
keep
and
attend
them
,
and
haue
the
charge
and
ouerseeing
of
them
.
And
there
must
be
had
great
care
of
their
drinke
.
In
Thracia
,
after
they
put
vp
a
Hog
to
fatting
,
they
giue
him
drinke
the
first
daie
,
and
then
let
him
fast
from
drink
two
daies
,
and
so
giue
him
drinke
by
that
proportion
,
till
the
seuenth
day
,
afterwarde
they
obserue
no
more
dyet
for
their
Swine
,
but
giue
them
their
fill
of
meat
and
drinke
till
the
slaughter
day
.
In
other
Countries
they
diet
them
in
this
sort
:
After
Beanes
and
Pease
they
giue
them
drinke
aboundantly
,
because
they
are
solide
and
harde
,
but
after
Oats
and
such
like
,
as
meale
,
they
giue
them
no
drinke
,
least
the
meale
swimme
vp
and
down
in
their
belly
,
and
so
be
eiected
into
the
excrements
without
any
great
profitte
.
There
is
nothinge
whereon
it
liueth
,
but
thereby
it
will
grow
fatte
except
grazing
,
and
therefore
all
manner
of
graine
,
Millet
seed
,
Figges
,
Acornes
,
Nuttes
,
Peares
,
Apples
,
Cucumbers
,
Rootes
,
and
such
things
cause
them
to
rise
in
flesh
gratefully
,
and
so
much
the
sooner
if
they
bee
permitted
to
roote
now
and
then
in
the
mire
.
They
must
not
be
vsed
to
one
simple
,
or
vnmingled
,
or
vncompounded
meate
,
but
with
diuers
compounds
,
for
they
reioyce
in
variety
and
change
like
other
beastes
,
for
by
this
mutation
of
food
,
they
are
not
onely
kept
from
inflamation
and
windinesse
,
but
part
of
it
alway
goeth
into
flesh
,
and
part
into
fat
.
Some
vse
to
make
their
stye
wherein
they
are
inclosed
to
be
very
darke
and
close
,
Aelianus
for
their
more
speedy
fatting
,
and
the
reason
is
good
,
because
the
beast
is
more
apt
to
be
quiet
.
You
shall
haue
Bakers
that
will
fat
their
Hogges
with
bran
,
and
in
Elsatia
a
country
of
Germany
,
they
fat
them
with
Beane-meale
,
for
thereby
they
grow
fat
very
speedily
,
and
some
with
barley
meale
wet
with
flat
milke
.
And
in
the
Alpes
they
fat
them
with
Whaye
,
whereby
their
fat
and
flesh
groweth
more
white
and
sweete
then
if
they
were
fatted
with
Acorns
,
yet
whay
is
very
dangerous
:
for
such
is
the
rauening
intemperancy
of
this
beast
to
swil
in
whatsoeuer
is
pleasant
to
his
taste
,
that
many
times
in
drinking
of
Whaye
their
bellies
growe
extended
aboue
measure
,
euen
to
death
,
except
that
they
bee
dieted
by
a
wife
keeper
,
and
driuen
vp
and
downe
not
suffered
to
rest
till
it
flow
foorth
againe
backeward
.
Ba●ly
is
very
nourishable
to
them
,
whether
it
be
sod
or
raw
,
and
especially
for
Sowes
with
Pigge
,
for
it
preserueth
the
young
ones
til
deliuery
,
and
at
the
farrowing
causeth
an
easie
and
safe
pigging
.
And
to
conclude
this
part
,
Millers
and
Bakers
fat
with
meale
and
bran
,
brewers
with
Ale
or
Barley
steeped
in
Ale
,
Oyle-men
with
the
refuse
of
Nuttes
and
Grapes
.
Some
again
there
be
that
grew
fat
with
the
rootes
of
Ferne.
Al●ertus
.
When
a
Sow
is
very
fat
she
hath
alway
but
little
milke
,
and
therefore
is
not
apte
to
make
any
good
tidie
pigs
,
and
yet
as
all
other
beasts
grow
leane
when
they
giue
sucke
,
so
also
doth
swine
.
Al
swine
in
hot
regions
by
reason
of
a
viscous
humor
,
groweth
more
fat
then
in
the
cold
regions
.
In
that
part
of
Frisia
neer
Germany
,
they
fat
Oxen
and
swine
with
the
same
meate
,
for
there
you
shal
haue
in
one
stable
an
Oxe
,
and
a
Hogge
tyed
behind
him
at
his
taile
,
for
the
Oxe
being
tied
to
the
rack
eateth
Barly
in
the
straw
&
chaffe
,
which
he
swalloweth
down
without
chewing
,
and
so
the
softest
thereof
is
digested
in
his
belly
,
&
the
other
commeth
forth
whole
in
his
dung
,
which
the
Hogge
licketh
vp
and
is
therewithal
fatned
.
And
it
is
to
bee
remembred
,
that
swine
gelded
or
splaied
,
doe
sooner
fatten
then
anie
other
.
To
conclude
,
they
loue
the
dung
of
men
,
and
the
reason
thereof
is
,
because
the
seat
of
their
lust
is
in
their
liuer
which
is
very
broade
and
insatiable
,
and
there
is
nothinge
that
hath
a
duller
sence
of
smelling
then
this
Beaste
,
and
therefore
it
is
not
offended
with
any
carrion
or
stinking
smel
,
but
with
sweete
and
pleasant
ointments
,
as
wee
shall
shew
afterwardes
.
Concerning
their
generation
or
copulation
,
Of
the
copul●tion
and
b●eed
of
Swine
.
it
is
to
be
noted
that
a
Bore
or
male
swine
wil
not
remaine
of
validity
and
good
for
breed
past
three
yeare
old
,
by
the
opinion
of
all
the
auncient
,
for
such
as
he
engendereth
after
that
age
,
are
but
weake
and
not
profitable
to
be
kept
and
nourished
.
At
eight
moneths
olde
he
beginneth
to
leape
the
female
,
and
it
is
good
to
keepe
him
close
from
other
of
his
kinde
for
two
moneths
before
,
and
to
feede
him
with
Barly
raw
,
but
the
sow
with
Barly
sodden
.
One
Bore
is
sufficient
for
ten
Sowes
,
if
once
he
heare
the
voice
of
his
female
,
desiring
the
Bore
he
will
not
eate
vntil
hee
be
admitted
,
and
so
he
wil
continue
pining
,
and
indeed
hee
wil
suffer
the
female
to
haue
al
that
can
bee
,
and
groweth
leane
to
fatten
her
;
for
which
cause
Homer
like
a
wise
husbandman
prescribeth
,
that
the
male
and
female
Swine
be
kept
assunder
till
the
time
of
their
copulation
.
They
continue
long
in
the
act
of
copulation
,
and
the
reason
thereof
is
,
because
his
lust
is
not
hot
,
nor
yet
proceeding
from
heat
,
yet
is
his
seed
verie
plentiful
.
They
in
the
time
of
their
copulation
are
angry
,
&
outragious
,
fighting
with
one
another
very
irefully
,
and
for
that
purpose
they
vse
to
harden
their
ribs
by
rubbing
them
voluntarily
vppon
Trees
.
They
choose
for
the
most
part
the
morning
for
copulation
,
but
if
he
be
fat
and
young
,
he
can
endure
it
in
euery
part
of
the
yeare
&
day
,
but
when
he
is
leane
,
and
weake
,
or
old
,
he
is
not
able
to
satisfie
his
females
lust
,
for
which
cause
she
many
times
sinketh
vnderneath
him
,
and
yet
he
filleth
her
while
she
lyeth
on
the
ground
,
both
of
them
on
their
buttocks
together
.
They
engender
oftentimes
in
one
yeare
,
the
reason
whereof
is
to
be
ascribed
to
their
meat
or
some
extraordinary
heat
,
which
is
a
common
thing
to
al
that
liue
familiarly
among
men
,
and
yet
the
wilde
swine
couple
and
bring
forth
but
once
in
the
yeare
,
because
they
are
seldome
filled
with
meat
,
endure
much
paine
to
get
and
much
cold
,
for
Venus
in
men
and
beasts
,
is
a
companion
of
satiety
,
and
therefore
they
onely
bring
forth
in
the
springe
time
,
and
warme
weather
,
and
it
is
obserued
that
in
what
night
soeuer
a
wilde
Hogge
or
sow
farroweth
there
will
be
no
storme
or
raine
.
There
bee
many
causes
why
the
tame
domesticall
Hogs
bring
forth
and
engender
more
often
then
the
wilde
,
first
because
they
are
fed
with
ease
,
secondly
because
they
liue
togither
,
without
fear
,
&
by
society
are
more
often
prouoked
to
lust
,
on
the
otherside
the
wilde
swine
come
sildome
together
,
and
are
often
hungrey
,
for
which
cause
they
are
more
dull
and
lesse
venereous
,
yea
many
times
they
haue
but
one
stone
,
for
which
cause
they
are
called
by
Aristotle
and
the
ancient
Graecians
Chlunes
,
and
Monorcheis
.
The
times
of
a
●ows
bo●●g
But
concerning
the
sow
,
she
beginneth
to
suffer
the
Bore
at
eight
moneths
of
age
,
although
according
to
the
diuersity
of
regions
and
aire
,
they
differ
in
this
time
of
their
copulation
,
for
some
begin
at
foure
moneths
,
and
other
againe
tary
till
they
be
a
yeare
old
,
and
this
is
no
maruell
,
for
euen
the
male
which
engendereth
before
he
be
a
yeare
olde
,
begetteth
but
weake
,
tender
,
and
vnprofitable
Pigges
.
The
best
time
of
their
admission
is
from
the
Calends
of
February
vnto
the
Vernall
Equinoctiall
,
for
so
it
hapneth
that
they
bring
forth
the
young
in
the
summer
time
,
for
foure
months
she
goeth
with
young
,
and
it
is
good
that
the
pigges
be
farrowed
before
haruest
,
which
you
purpose
to
keepe
al
the
yeare
for
store
.
After
that
you
perceiue
that
the
sowes
haue
conceiued
,
then
seperate
them
from
the
bores
,
least
by
the
raging
lust
of
their
prouoking
,
they
be
troubled
and
endangered
to
abortment
.
There
be
some
that
say
,
a
sow
may
beare
young
till
she
be
seauen
yeare
olde
,
but
I
will
not
striue
about
that
whereof
euery
poore
swineheard
may
giue
ful
satisfaction
.
At
a
yeare
olde
a
sow
may
do
well
,
if
shee
be
couered
by
the
bore
in
the
month
of
February
.
But
if
they
begin
not
to
beare
til
they
be
twenty
moneths
old
,
or
two
yeares
,
they
wil
not
onely
bring
foorth
the
stronger
,
but
also
beare
the
longer
time
euen
to
the
seauenth
yeare
,
and
at
that
time
it
is
good
to
let
them
go
to
riuers
,
fennes
,
or
miery
places
,
for
euen
as
a
man
is
delighted
in
washing
or
bathing
,
so
doth
swine
in
filthy
wallowing
in
the
mire
;
therein
is
their
rest
,
ioy
,
and
repose
.
Albertus
reporteth
,
that
in
some
places
of
Germany
a
sow
hath
bin
found
to
beare
young
eight
years
,
and
in
other
till
they
were
fifteen
years
old
▪
but
after
fifteene
yeare
it
was
neuer
seene
that
a
sow
brought
foorth
younge
pigges
.
If
the
sowe
bee
fatte
,
she
is
alwaies
the
lesse
prone
to
conceiue
with
young
,
whether
shee
be
young
or
old
.
When
first
of
all
they
beginne
to
seeke
the
Bore
,
they
leape
vpon
other
swine
,
and
in
processe
cast
foorthe
a
certaine
purgation
called
Apria
,
which
is
the
same
in
a
sow
which
Hippomanes
is
in
a
mare
,
then
they
also
leaue
their
heard-fellowes
,
which
kind
of
behauior
or
action
,
the
Latines
call
by
a
peculiar
Verb
Subare
,
and
that
is
applied
to
Harlottes
and
wanton
Women
,
by
Horace
:
Iamque
subando
,
Tecta
cubilia
tectaque
rumpit
.
We
in
English
call
it
Boaring
,
because
she
neuer
resteth
to
shew
her
desire
till
she
come
to
a
bore
,
and
therefore
when
an
olde
Woman
lusteth
after
a
man
,
being
past
lust
by
all
natural
possibility
,
she
is
cald
Anus
subans
.
And
the
beast
is
so
delighted
with
this
pleasure
of
carnal
copulation
,
that
many
times
she
falleth
asleepe
in
that
action
,
and
if
the
male
be
young
or
dull
,
Plinius
.
then
wil
the
female
leap
vpon
him
and
prouoketh
him
,
yea
in
her
rage
she
s●tteth
manie
times
vpon
men
and
Women
,
especially
if
that
they
doe
weare
any
white
Garments
,
but
this
rage
of
lust
is
abated
,
if
their
Apria
and
priuy
place
be
wet
and
moistned
with
Vineger
.
They
haue
their
proper
voices
and
cries
for
this
time
of
their
boaring
,
which
the
bore
or
male
vnderstandeth
presently
.
They
are
filled
at
one
copulation
,
and
yet
for
their
better
safegarde
,
and
to
preserue
them
from
abortment
,
it
is
good
to
suffer
the
bore
to
couer
hir
twice
or
thrice
,
and
more
ouer
,
if
she
conceiue
not
at
the
first
,
then
may
she
safly
be
permitted
three
or
foure
times
together
,
and
it
is
obserued
that
except
her
eares
hang
downe
flagging
,
and
carelessely
,
she
is
not
filled
but
reiecteth
the
seed
,
but
if
her
eares
fall
downeward
,
and
so
hang
all
the
time
that
the
Boare
is
vpon
her
,
then
is
it
a
most
certaine
token
that
she
is
filled
,
and
hath
conceiued
with
young
.
After
foure
monthes
(
as
we
haue
saide
)
the
Sow
farroweth
her
Pigs
,
that
is
to
say
,
in
the
fifth
month
,
as
it
were
in
the
seuenteenth
weeke
:
For
so
is
this
beast
enabled
by
nature
to
beare
twice
in
the
yeare
,
and
yet
to
sucke
her
young
ones
two
monthes
together
.
And
there
is
no
clouen-footed-beast
that
beareth
many
at
a
time
except
the
Sow
,
except
in
her
age
,
for
then
she
beginneth
to
loose
her
Apria
or
purgation
,
and
so
many
times
miscarrieth
,
and
many
times
beare
but
one
.
Yet
this
is
maruailous
that
as
she
beareth
many
,
so
she
engendereth
them
perfect
without
blindnesse
,
lamenesse
,
or
any
such
other
distresse
,
although
as
wee
haue
saide
before
,
that
in
some
places
you
shall
see
Swine
whole
hooued
like
a
Horsse
,
yet
most
commonly
and
naturally
their
feete
are
clouen
,
and
therefore
is
the
wonder
accounted
the
greater
of
their
manifolde
multiplycation
,
and
the
reason
thereof
may
arise
from
the
multitude
and
great
quantity
of
their
foode
,
for
the
humour
cannot
be
so
well
auoyded
and
dispersed
in
so
little
a
bodye
as
Swine
haue
,
as
in
Mares
and
Cowes
,
and
therefore
that
humour
turneth
to
multiply
nature
and
naturall
kind
,
and
so
it
commeth
to
passe
,
Niphus
.
that
by
ouermuch
humour
turned
into
a
naturall
seede
,
it
breedeth
much
young
,
and
for
little
humour
it
bringeth
forth
a
few
Pigges
,
and
those
also
are
not
only
perfect
,
but
also
she
is
sufficiently
furnished
with
Milk
to
nourish
them
,
till
they
be
able
to
feed
themselues
.
For
as
a
fat
ground
or
soyle
is
to
the
plants
that
groweth
on
it
,
euen
so
is
a
fruitefull
Sow
to
the
pigs
which
she
hath
brought
forth
.
Aristotle
The
number
which
a
Sow
beareth
.
Their
ordinary
number
which
they
bring
forth
and
can
nourishe
is
twelue
,
or
sixteene
at
the
most
,
and
very
rare
it
is
to
see
sixteene
brought
vp
by
one
Sow
.
Howbeit
it
hath
beene
seene
that
a
Sow
hath
brought
forth
twenty
,
but
far
more
often
seuen
,
eyght
or
ten
.
There
is
a
story
in
Festus
of
a
Sow
that
brought
forth
thirty
at
a
time
,
his
words
be
these
;
The
Sow
of
Aeneas
Lauinius
did
bring
forth
thirty
white
Pigges
at
one
time
,
wherefore
the
Lauinians
were
much
troubled
about
the
signification
of
such
a
monstrous
farrow
,
at
last
they
receiued
answer
,
that
their
Citty
should
be
thirty
years
in
building
,
and
being
so
they
called
it
Alba
,
in
remembrance
of
the
thirty
white
Pigges
.
And
Pliny
affirmeth
,
that
the
Images
of
those
pigges
and
the
Sow
their
damme
,
were
to
be
seene
in
his
daies
in
publique
places
,
and
the
body
of
the
Damme
or
Sowe
preserued
in
Salt
by
the
priestes
of
Alba
,
to
be
shewed
to
all
such
as
desired
to
bee
certified
of
the
truth
of
that
Story
.
But
to
returne
to
the
number
of
young
pigges
which
are
ordinary
and
without
miracle
bred
in
their
dammes
belly
,
which
I
find
to
be
so
many
as
the
Sow
hath
dugges
for
,
so
many
she
may
well
nourish
and
giue
sucke
vnto
,
and
not
more
,
and
it
seemeth
a
speciall
worke
of
God
which
hath
made
this
tame
beast
so
fruitefull
,
for
the
better
recompence
to
man
for
her
meate
and
custody
.
By
the
first
farrow
it
may
be
gathered
how
fruitfull
she
will
be
,
but
the
second
and
third
do
most
commonly
exceede
the
first
,
and
the
last
in
old
age
is
inferior
in
number
to
the
first
.
Iuuenal
hath
a
comparison
betwixt
a
white
sow
and
an
Heighfar
.
Scropha
foecundior
alba
,
more
fruitefull
then
a
white
Sow
,
but
belike
the
white
Sowes
do
bring
more
then
any
other
colour
.
Now
the
reason
of
the
Poets
speech
was
because
that
there
was
an
Heighfar
in
the
daies
of
Ptolomy
the
younger
,
which
at
one
time
brought
forth
sixe
Calues
;
Whereuppon
came
the
prouerbe
of
Regia
Vaccula
,
for
a
fruitefull
Cow
,
for
Helenus
telleth
this
to
Aeneas
.
Vpon
the
Sow
and
thirty
pigges
there
is
this
aunswer
of
the
Oracle
to
the
Lauiniens
concerning
Alba
:
Cum
tibi
sollicito
secreti
ad
fluminis
vndam
,
Littoreis
ingens
,
inuenta
sub
ilicibus
sus
,
Triginta
capitum
foetus
enixa
iacebit
,
Alba
solo
recubans
,
alibi
circum
vbera
nati
,
Is
lecus
vrbis
erit
,
requies
ea
certe
laborum
.
And
Iuuenal
saith
thus
of
it
;
Conspicitur
sublimis
aper
cui
candida
nomen
,
Scropha
dedit
laetis
phrygibus
mirabile
sumen
,
Et
nunquam
visis
triginta
clara
mamillis
.
When
the
young
one
commeth
forth
of
the
Dammes
belly
wounded
or
imperfect
,
by
reason
of
any
harme
therein
receiued
,
(
it
is
called
Metacherum
)
and
many
times
swine
engender
Monsters
,
which
commeth
to
passe
oftner
in
little
beastes
then
in
the
greatest
,
because
of
the
multitude
of
cels
appointed
for
the
receipt
of
the
seede
,
by
reason
wherof
,
sometimes
there
are
two
heades
to
one
body
,
sometimes
two
bodies
and
one
head
,
sometime
three
Legges
,
sometime
two
before
and
none
behind
,
such
were
the
Pigges
without
eares
,
which
were
farrowed
at
that
time
that
Dionisius
the
Tyrant
went
to
War
against
Dion
,
for
all
their
partes
was
perfect
but
their
eares
,
as
it
were
to
teach
how
inconsiderately
against
all
good
counsell
,
the
Tyrant
vndertooke
that
voyage
;
Such
are
commonly
found
to
bee
bred
amonge
them
,
also
now
and
then
of
an
vnspeakable
smalenesse
like
Dwarfes
,
which
cannot
liue
,
hauing
no
mouth
nor
eares
,
called
by
the
Latines
Aporcelli
:
If
a
Sow
great
with
Pigge
do
eate
aboundantly
of
Acornes
,
it
causeth
her
to
cast
her
farrow
and
to
suffer
abortement
,
and
if
she
grow
fat
,
then
is
she
lesse
fruitfull
in
Milke
.
Now
for
the
choyce
of
a
Pigge
to
keepe
for
store
,
it
must
be
chosen
from
a
lusty
and
strong
damme
bred
in
the
Winter
time
,
(
as
some
say
)
for
such
as
are
bred
in
the
heate
of
Summer
are
of
lesse
value
,
because
they
prooue
tender
,
small
,
and
ouermoyst
,
and
yet
also
if
they
be
bred
in
the
cold
of
winter
they
are
smal
,
by
reason
of
extream
cold
,
and
their
Dammes
forsake
them
through
want
of
Milke
:
and
moreouer
bycause
they
through
hunger
pinch
and
bite
their
dugges
,
so
as
they
are
very
vnprofitable
to
be
nourished
and
preserued
in
the
Winter
time
,
rather
they
are
fit
to
be
killed
and
eaten
young
.
But
this
is
to
bee
obserued
for
reconciliation
of
both
opinions
,
namely
,
that
in
hot
Countries
such
Hogges
are
preferred
that
bee
bred
in
the
Winter
,
but
in
colde
such
as
are
bred
in
March
or
Aprill
:
within
tenne
daies
after
their
farrowing
they
grow
to
haue
teeth
,
and
the
Sowe
euer
offereth
her
foremost
Dugge
to
the
pigge
,
that
commeth
first
out
of
her
belly
,
and
the
residue
take
their
fortune
as
it
falleth
,
one
to
one
,
and
another
to
another
,
for
it
seemeth
shee
regardeth
the
first
by
a
naturall
instinct
,
not
so
much
to
prefer
it
,
as
that
by
the
example
thereof
the
residue
may
be
inuited
to
the
like
sucking
by
imitation
,
yet
euery
one
(
as
Tzetzes
saith
)
keepeth
him
to
his
first
choice
.
And
if
any
of
them
be
taken
away
from
his
Dugge
that
is
killed
or
sold
,
that
dugge
presently
dryeth
and
the
Milke
turneth
backewarde
,
and
so
vntill
all
bee
gone
,
one
excepted
,
and
then
it
is
nourished
with
no
more
then
was
ordained
at
the
beginning
for
it
.
If
the
olde
Sow
want
Milke
at
any
time
,
the
supply
must
be
made
by
giuing
the
young
ones
fryed
or
parched
Corne
,
for
raw
Corne
or
drinke
procureth
loosenesse
,
and
it
is
best
for
them
to
be
suckled
in
the
place
where
their
Damme
vsually
abideth
.
For
weaning
of
them
it
is
not
good
to
let
more
then
fiue
or
sixe
sucke
of
her
at
one
time
,
for
although
every
one
sucke
but
his
owne
Dug
,
yet
by
the
multitude
,
the
Milke
is
dryed
vp
:
After
two
months
old
they
may
safely
be
disioyned
from
their
Dame
and
weaned
,
so
as
euery
yeare
the
Sow
may
breede
eight
monthes
,
and
giue
sucke
foure
:
it
is
best
to
let
them
feed
asunder
from
their
dams
till
they
haue
vrterly
forgotten
to
sucke
.
And
thus
much
for
the
procreation
and
nourishment
of
old
and
young
Swine
.
The
office
&
first
institution
of
Swine-heardes
.
This
beast
loueth
society
and
to
liue
in
heardes
or
flockes
together
,
and
therefore
the
auncients
haue
inuented
Hogge-keepers
,
whom
they
call
Swyne-heardes
,
wherein
there
was
wont
to
be
considered
these
instructions
,
first
he
accustomed
them
to
the
sound
of
his
horne
,
for
by
that
he
called
them
abroad
out
of
their
foldes
to
their
feedings
,
for
they
neuer
suffered
aboue
twelue
together
at
the
trough
or
parcell
of
meate
.
It
becommeth
a
Swyne-heard
(
saith
Collumella
)
to
be
vigilent
,
diligent
,
industrious
,
and
wise
,
for
hee
must
carry
in
his
head
the
state
of
all
that
he
nourisheth
,
both
old
and
young
,
barren
and
fruitfull
,
and
consider
the
time
of
their
farrowing
,
wheather
they
be
neare
at
hand
or
far
off
,
that
so
none
may
bee
lost
through
the
want
of
his
obseruation
,
being
farrowed
,
hee
must
consider
and
looke
vppon
them
to
see
which
are
fit
for
store
,
and
which
are
not
,
what
are
their
natures
and
probabilities
,
how
much
milk
their
dam
is
able
to
afford
them
,
and
how
many
she
is
to
bring
vp
,
especially
to
regard
that
euery
Sow
bring
vp
no
more
then
her
own
pigs
,
for
swine
being
out
of
the
sty
do
mingle
one
with
another
,
and
loose
their
owne
young
ones
,
and
when
she
lyeth
downe
to
giue
them
sucke
,
she
lendeth
her
paps
as
well
to
strangers
as
to
her
owne
,
and
therefore
herein
must
the
care
and
wit
of
the
heards-men
appeare
,
for
if
there
be
many
he
must
shut
vp
euery
Sow
with
her
young
,
and
if
that
cannot
be
,
then
with
a
little
Pitch
or
Tar
let
him
giue
seueral
markes
to
the
seuerall
farrowes
,
that
so
his
memory
may
not
be
confounded
.
Another
remedy
to
auoyd
the
confusion
of
young
Pigs
one
among
another
,
is
so
to
frame
the
threshold
of
the
stye
,
that
the
pigs
may
not
be
able
to
go
in
and
out
,
for
the
Sow
can
more
easily
goe
ouer
,
and
so
she
may
bee
eased
of
their
company
,
and
they
safely
included
at
home
,
and
so
shall
no
stranger
breake
into
them
;
but
euery
one
in
their
own
nest
expect
the
returne
of
their
dam
,
which
ought
not
to
exceede
the
number
of
eight
,
for
although
the
soecundity
of
Swine
bee
great
,
yet
it
is
better
to
kil
off
two
or
three
if
their
number
bee
aboue
eight
,
then
to
permit
them
to
sucke
their
dam
,
for
this
multitude
of
suckers
do
quickly
draw
away
all
nourishment
from
the
dam
:
and
when
they
are
but
eight
at
the
most
,
regard
must
bee
had
that
the
Sow
be
welfed
with
sod
barly
or
such
like
,
least
through
a
couetous
pinching
of
the
beast
,
leanenesse
follow
to
her
ouerthrow
&
destruction
.
Another
point
of
a
good
swine-heard
,
is
to
sweepe
oftentimes
the
sty
,
for
although
such
be
the
nature
of
the
beast
that
it
defileth
all
things
,
and
will
be
wallowing
in
the
mire
,
yet
will
she
also
be
very
desirous
of
a
cleane
lodging
,
and
delight
much
in
the
same
;
and
when
they
be
shut
vp
they
must
not
be
enclosed
like
other
beastes
altogether
,
for
one
of
them
will
throng
and
lye
vpon
another
,
but
there
must
be
seueral
porches
and
hatches
to
seauer
&
distinguish
ther
lodgings
so
as
the
great
with
pig
may
lye
in
one
place
,
Collumella
Palladius
and
the
other
ready
to
be
deliuered
by
themselues
,
free
from
al
incursion
&
violence
.
These
deuisions
or
separations
ought
to
be
some
3.
or
4.
foot
high
,
so
as
they
may
not
be
able
to
leape
ouer
to
one
another
,
&
not
couered
,
to
the
intent
that
euery
swine
heard
both
man
&
Boy
may
freely
look
ouer
to
them
,
and
tel
them
if
any
chance
to
be
missing
,
or
else
help
a
poore
pig
when
it
is
ouer
laid
by
his
dam.
Whensoeuer
the
Swineheard
clenseth
the
sty
,
then
let
him
cast
in
sand
or
some
other
drying
thing
into
it
,
that
all
the
moysture
and
wetnesse
may
be
drunke
vp
.
The
damme
ought
not
to
be
permitted
for
the
first
ten
daies
to
go
forth
of
the
stable
,
except
to
drinke
,
and
afterward
let
her
go
abroad
into
some
adiacent
pasture
,
not
far
off
,
that
so
by
her
often
return
she
may
the
better
giue
suck
to
her
young
ones
.
When
the
litle
ones
are
a
fortnight
or
three
weekes
old
,
they
desire
to
follow
their
parent
,
wherfore
they
must
be
shut
vp
from
their
mother
,
and
feed
alone
in
her
absence
,
that
they
may
better
endure
it
,
afterward
when
they
shal
be
weaned
.
They
must
be
fed
in
the
summer
time
in
the
morning
,
before
the
heat
bee
strong
,
and
in
the
heate
of
the
day
led
into
some
watry
or
shadowy
place
,
that
so
they
may
be
freed
from
extreamity
til
the
coole
of
the
day
return
again
,
where
in
they
must
be
suffered
to
feed
.
In
the
winter
time
,
they
are
not
to
bee
led
abroad
till
the
frost
and
yce
be
thawed
and
dissolued
.
Ten
Boares
are
sufficient
for
an
hundred
Sows
,
&
although
some
keepe
fiue
or
six
hundred
in
a
heard
,
as
we
may
read
in
scripture
of
the
great
heards
of
Swine
,
into
which
our
sauiour
Christ
permitted
the
Diuels
to
enter
,
yet
is
it
not
safe
or
wholsome
to
keepe
aboue
an
hundred
together
,
for
a
lesse
flock
or
heard
requireth
lesse
cost
,
charge
,
and
attendance
.
There
is
a
speech
of
Tremellius
Scrofa
,
tending
to
the
commendation
of
the
custody
or
nourishing
of
Swine
,
for
thus
he
writeth
:
Agriculturae
ab
initio
sui
studiosus
,
nec
de
pecore
suillo
mihi
mino
cura
est
,
quam
vobis
magnis
pecuarijs
.
Cui
enim
eares
non
est
communis
?
quis
enim
nostrum
fundum
colit
quin
sues
habent
,
&
qui
non
audierit
putras
nostros
dicere
ignanum
&
sumptus
sum
esse
,
qui
succidiam
in
carnario
suspendit
potius
ab
laniario
quam
ex
domestico
fundo
?
That
is
to
say
,
I
haue
beene
long
giuen
to
follow
husbandry
,
and
I
have
alway
had
as
great
care
of
my
Swyne
,
as
other
men
of
greater
cattell
.
For
what
is
there
,
whereunto
swine
are
not
profitable
?
who
tilleth
land
and
keepeth
not
hogs
,
and
who
hath
not
heard
our
fathers
say
,
that
he
is
an
idle
ill
husband
which
hangs
vp
all
his
prouision
in
the
shambles
,
and
liueth
rather
vpon
the
Butchers
,
then
vpon
his
owne
ground
?
Thus
far
Tremellius
.
Another
part
of
a
good
Swinehard
is
,
to
looke
to
the
gelding
of
his
Swyne
,
and
splaying
of
the
females
,
for
if
all
bee
suffered
to
procreate
and
engender
it
is
more
danger
that
Swine
would
in
short
time
eate
vp
men
,
rather
then
men
Swine
.
The
Latins
call
such
a
Hogge
gelded
Macalis
,
and
Porcastrus
,
that
is
Porcus
castratus
,
the
Germans
ein
barg
,
or
Boetz
,
from
whence
seemeth
to
be
deriued
our
English
Barrow-hog
(
for
so
wee
call
a
gelded-male-hog
)
and
a
female
Basse
.
Pliny
The
best
time
therefore
to
geld
them
is
in
the
old
Moone
,
or
as
we
say
in
the
waine
of
the
Moone
,
but
Hesiod
prescribeth
,
that
an
Oxe
and
a
Boare
should
be
gelded
in
the
second
quarter
and
first
day
thereof
,
and
Aristotle
is
of
opinion
that
is
skilleth
not
what
age
a
Boare
be
when
hee
is
libbed
;
but
it
is
cleare
by
the
best
experienced
among
these
beasts
,
there
are
two
times
of
gelding
them
;
one
in
the
spring
,
and
the
other
in
the
Autumne
,
and
this
is
to
be
done
after
a
double
manner
;
First
,
by
making
two
incisions
or
wounds
vpon
his
stones
,
out
of
which
holes
the
stones
are
to
be
pressed
forth
.
The
second
way
is
more
perillous
,
yet
more
cleanely
;
for
first
of
all
at
one
wounde
or
incision
they
take
out
one
stone
,
then
that
being
forth
,
with
their
knyfe
they
cut
the
small
skin
which
parteth
the
stones
in
the
cod
,
and
so
presse
foorth
the
second
stone
at
the
first
wound
,
afterward
applyeng
to
it
ordinary
medicines
,
such
as
we
will
describe
in
the
treatise
of
their
diseases
.
And
the
opinion
of
Varo
is
,
that
it
is
good
to
lib
them
at
halfe
a
yeare
old
,
or
at
a
yeare
old
,
or
at
three
or
foure
yeare
old
,
for
their
better
fatting
;
but
best
at
a
yeare
,
and
not
vnder
halfe
a
yeare
.
When
the
stones
are
taken
forth
of
an
old
Bore
,
suppose
two
,
or
three
or
foure
yeare
old
,
they
are
called
by
the
Latins
Polimenta
,
because
with
them
they
polished
and
smoothed
garments
.
The
female
also
is
gelt
or
splayed
,
(
although
she
often
bore
pigs
)
whereof
they
open
the
side
(
neere
her
loines
)
and
take
away
from
her
Apria
,
and
receptacles
of
the
Boares
seede
,
●●s●us
which
being
sewed
vp
againe
,
in
short
time
is
enclosed
in
fat
;
this
they
do
by
hanging
them
vp
by
their
forelegs
,
and
first
of
all
they
which
do
it
most
commodiously
,
must
cause
them
to
fast
two
daies
before
;
and
then
hauing
cut
it
,
they
sew
vp
and
close
fast
againe
the
wound
or
incision
,
and
this
is
doone
in
the
same
place
of
the
female
,
that
the
stones
are
to
be
taken
out
in
the
male
(
as
Aristotle
writeth
)
but
rather
it
appeareth
by
good
examination
and
proofe
,
that
it
is
to
be
cut
out
on
the
right
,
against
the
bone
(
called
os
sacrum
.
Abenzoor
)
And
the
onely
cause
of
this
Sow-gelding
is
,
for
their
better
growth
and
fatning
;
which
in
some
Countries
they
vse
,
being
forced
thereunto
through
their
penury
&
want
of
food
;
but
whereas
is
plenty
of
food
,
there
they
neuer
know
it
:
and
the
inuenters
hereof
were
the
Graecians
,
whose
custome
was
to
cut
out
the
whole
matrix
.
And
thus
much
for
the
libbing
,
gelding
,
and
splaying
of
Swine
.
The
nature
of
this
beast
●●●manius
Pliny
This
beast
is
a
most
vnpure
and
vncleane
beast
,
and
rauening
;
and
therefore
we
vse
(
not
improperly
)
to
cal
Obscoene
and
filthy
men
or
women
,
by
the
name
of
Swyne
or
Sowes
.
They
which
haue
foreheads
,
eyelids
,
lips
,
mouth
,
or
Necke
,
like
Swyne
,
are
accounted
foolish
,
wicked
,
and
wrathful
:
al
their
sences
(
their
smelling
excepted
)
are
dull
,
because
▪
they
haue
no
articles
in
their
hearts
,
but
haue
thicke
blood
,
and
some
say
,
that
the
acutenesse
and
ripenesse
of
the
soule
,
standeth
not
in
the
thicknesse
of
the
blood
,
but
in
the
couer
and
skin
of
the
body
,
and
that
those
beasts
which
haue
the
thickest
skins
,
are
accounted
the
most
blockish
&
farthest
from
reason
but
those
which
haue
the
thinnest
&
softest
,
are
the
quickest
of
vnderstanding
:
an
example
whereof
is
apparant
in
the
Oyster
,
Oxe
,
and
Ape
.
They
haue
a
maruaylous
vnderstanding
of
the
voyce
of
their
feeder
,
and
as
ardent
desire
to
come
at
his
call
,
through
often
custome
of
meat
,
whereupon
lyeth
this
excellent
story
.
When
certaine
pyrates
in
the
Tirrhene
sea
,
had
entred
a
Hauen
,
and
went
on
land
,
Aelianus
they
came
to
a
Swines
stye
and
drew
out
thereof
diuers
Swine
,
and
so
carried
them
on
shipboard
,
and
loosing
their
Anckers
and
tacklings
,
doe
depart
and
saile
away
.
The
Swine
heardes
seeing
the
pirats
commit
this
robbery
,
and
not
being
able
to
deliuer
and
rescue
their
cattel
because
they
wanted
both
company
&
strength
,
sufferd
the
theeues
in
silence
to
ship
&
carry
away
their
cattle
:
at
last
,
when
they
saw
the
Theeues
rowing
out
of
the
port
,
and
lanching
into
the
deepe
,
then
they
lift
vp
their
voyces
and
with
their
accustomed
cries
or
cals
,
called
vpon
their
Swine
to
come
to
their
meat
;
assoone
as
the
swine
heard
the
same
,
they
presently
gat
to
the
right
side
of
the
vessell
or
barke
,
and
there
flocking
togither
,
the
ship
being
vnequally
ballanced
or
loden
,
ouerturned
al
into
the
sea
,
and
so
the
pirats
were
iustly
drowned
in
reward
of
the
theft
,
and
the
stolne
Swine
swam
safely
backe
again
to
their
maisters
and
keepers
.
The
nature
of
this
beast
is
to
delight
in
the
most
filthy
and
noysome
places
,
for
no
other
cause
,
(
as
I
think
)
but
because
of
their
dul
sences
.
Their
voice
is
cald
Grunnitus
gruntling
,
Sordida
sus
pascens
ruris
gramina
grunnit
,
which
is
a
terrible
voice
to
one
that
is
not
accustomed
therunto
,
(
for
euen
the
Elephants
are
afraid
thereof
)
especially
when
one
of
them
is
hurt
or
hanged
fast
,
or
bitten
,
then
all
the
residue
as
it
were
in
compassion
condoling
his
misery
,
run
to
him
and
cry
with
him
,
and
this
voice
is
very
common
in
swine
at
all
hands
to
cry
,
except
he
be
carried
with
his
head
vpwards
,
towards
heauen
,
&
then
(
it
is
affirmed
)
he
neuer
cryeth
,
the
reason
wherof
is
giuen
by
Aphrodisien
:
because
it
is
alwaie
acustomed
to
looke
downward
,
and
therefore
when
it
is
forced
to
look
vpward
it
is
suddenly
appaled
and
afraid
,
held
with
admiration
of
the
goodly
space
aboue
him
in
the
heauens
,
like
one
astonished
,
holdeth
his
peace
(
some
say
that
then
the
artery
of
his
voice
is
pressed
)
and
so
he
cannot
cry
alowd
.
There
is
a
fish
in
the
riuer
Achelous
which
gruntleth
like
a
hog
,
whereof
Iuuenal
speaketh
,
saying
:
Et
quam
remigibus
grunnisse
Elpenor
a
porcis
.
And
this
voice
of
swine
is
by
Caecilius
attributed
to
drunken
men
.
The
milke
of
Swine
is
very
thicke
,
and
therefore
cannot
make
whay
like
a
sheepes
,
howbeit
it
suddenly
coagulateth
and
congealeth
togither
.
Among
diuers
males
or
Boates
when
one
of
them
is
conqueror
,
the
residue
giue
obedience
and
yeald
vnto
him
,
and
the
chiefe
time
of
their
fight
or
discord
is
in
their
lust
,
or
other
occasions
of
food
,
or
strangnesse
,
at
which
time
it
is
not
safe
for
any
man
to
come
neare
them
,
for
feare
of
danger
from
both
parties
,
and
especially
those
which
weare
white
garments
.
And
Strabo
reporteth
in
generall
of
al
the
Belgian
Swine
,
that
they
were
so
fierce
,
strong
,
and
wrathfull
,
that
it
was
as
much
daunger
to
com
ner
them
as
to
angry
wolfes
.
Nature
hath
made
a
great
league
betwixt
Swyne
and
Crocodiles
,
for
there
is
no
beast
that
may
so
freely
feed
by
the
banks
sides
of
Nilus
,
Herus
as
the
swine
may
,
without
all
hurt
by
the
Crocodil
.
Other
Serpents
,
especially
the
smaller
Serpentes
which
are
oftentimes
deuoured
by
Swine
,
Aristotle
saith
,
that
when
many
of
them
are
together
they
feare
not
the
wolfe
,
&
yet
they
neuer
deuoure
any
wolfe
,
but
only
with
their
scarring
and
gruntling
noise
feare
them
away
.
When
a
wolfe
getteth
a
swine
,
Calcaguinus
Varro
Plinius
Sextus
he
deuoureth
him
,
and
before
he
can
eate
him
,
draggeth
him
by
the
eares
to
some
water
to
coole
his
teeth
in
his
flesh
(
which
aboue
measure
burne
in
deuouring
his
flesh
.
)
It
hath
bin
seene
that
a
Lyon
was
afraid
of
a
Sow
,
for
at
the
setting
vp
of
his
bristles
he
ran
away
.
It
is
reported
that
swine
will
follow
a
man
all
the
day
long
which
hath
eaten
the
braine
of
a
Crow
in
his
pottage
:
and
Nigidius
affirmeth
,
that
Dogs
will
run
away
from
him
that
hath
pulled
off
a
ticke
from
a
swines
backe
.
The
people
of
Mossynaecum
did
engender
man
with
Woman
publicke
like
swine
,
and
Stobaeus
writing
against
women
saith
,
that
some
of
them
are
deriued
from
one
beast
,
and
some
from
another
,
and
namely
a
woman
discended
of
a
Sow
sitteth
at
home
,
and
doth
neither
good
nor
harme
:
but
Simonides
writeth
otherwise
,
and
namely
that
a
woman
borne
of
a
Sow
sitteth
at
home
suffering
all
things
to
be
impure
,
vncleane
,
and
out
of
order
,
without
decking
,
dressing
,
or
ornament
,
and
so
she
groweth
fat
in
her
vnwashed
garments
.
And
there
are
many
fictions
of
the
transforming
into
swine
.
Homer
faineth
that
the
companions
of
Vlisses
were
all
by
Circes
turned
into
swine
,
which
is
interpreted
in
this
manner
;
Circe
to
signifie
vnreasonable
pleasure
,
Vlisses
to
signifie
the
soule
,
and
his
companions
the
inferior
affections
thereof
,
and
so
were
the
companions
of
Vlisses
turned
into
swine
by
Circe
,
When
vnreasonable
pleasures
do
ouercome
our
affections
and
make
vs
like
swine
in
following
our
appetites
:
and
therefore
it
was
the
counsell
of
Socrates
,
that
no
man
should
at
banquet
eate
more
then
sufficient
,
and
those
which
could
not
abstaine
from
them
,
should
forbeare
their
company
that
perswaded
them
to
eat
when
they
were
not
hungry
,
&
to
drinke
when
they
were
not
thirsty
,
and
therefore
he
supposed
that
it
was
said
in
iest
that
Circe
turned
men
into
swine
.
When
as
Vlisses
by
his
owne
abstinence
and
Mercury
his
counsell
,
was
deliuered
and
saued
from
that
most
sauage
transformation
,
which
caused
Horace
thus
to
write
;
Vlisses
si
bibisset
pocula
Circes
—
Cum
socijs
Vixisset
canis
immundus
vel
amica
luto
sus
.
Xenophon
And
from
this
came
the
originall
prouerbe
of
Porcellus
Acarnanius
for
a
tender
and
delicate
person
,
vsed
so
to
fulnes
,
that
al
penury
is
death
vnto
him
.
Sweet
sauours
as
we
haue
shewed
already
,
are
very
hurtfull
to
swine
,
especially
the
sweet
oyle
of
Marioram
.
Wherupon
came
the
prouerb
Nil
cum
amar
acino
sui
,
and
Lucretius
speaketh
hereof
in
this
sort
;
Denique
amaracinum
fugitat
sus
&
timet
omne
,
Vnguentum
:
nam
setigeris
subus
acre
venenum
est
:
And
for
this
cause
Tullius
Cicero
saith
,
Illi
alablastrus
putaet
vnguenti
plena
.
That
is
,
A
box
of
Alablaster
full
of
oyntment
is
displeasing
to
this
beast
,
for
as
the
Scarabee
or
Horse
fly
forsaketh
sweet
places
to
light
and
sit
vpon
horse
dung
,
euen
so
doth
Swine
.
There
be
many
of
the
auncients
that
haue
deliuered
merrily
Anima
suis
prosate
,
that
the
Swines
soule
is
in
their
body
but
in
stead
of
salt
to
keepe
the
flesh
from
stinking
,
Coelius
euen
as
for
no
other
purpose
many
among
men
seem
to
liue
and
retaine
soule
in
body
.
They
are
very
clamorous
,
and
therefore
are
vsed
for
talking
and
pratling
fellowes
,
whereupon
the
Greeke
Poet
Lucilius
translated
by
Erasmus
alludeth
,
when
he
saith
in
this
manner
,
vnder
Alia
Menecles
alia
porcellus
loquitur
;
Sucula
,
bos
,
&
capra
mih●
,
periêre
Menecles
,
Ac
merces
horum
nomine
pensa
tibi
est
.
Nec
mihi
cum
Othryade
quicquam
estue
fuit-ne
negoci
,
Nec
fures
vllos
huc
cito
Thermopylis
.
Sed
contra
Eutychidem
nobis
lis
:
proinde
quid
hic
mi
Aut
Xerxes
facit
,
aut
quid
Lacedaemonij
?
Ob
pactum
&
de
me
loquere
,
aut
clamauero
clare
,
Multò
aliud
dicit
sus
,
aliud
Menecles
.
And
to
conclude
,
in
Latin
they
say
Sus
mineruam
,
when
an
vnlearned
dunce
goeth
about
to
teach
his
better
or
a
more
learned
man
,
then
doth
the
Hog
teach
Pallas
,
or
as
we
say
in
English
,
the
foule
Sow
teach
the
faire
Lady
to
spin
.
There
are
in
Swine
many
presages
and
foretokens
of
foule
weather
,
as
Swine-heardes
haue
obserued
:
as
first
if
they
lye
long
wallowing
in
the
mire
,
or
if
they
feed
more
greedily
then
they
were
accustomed
,
or
gather
together
in
their
mouths
,
hay
,
stubble
,
or
straw
,
as
Aratus
writeth
;
or
if
they
leap
and
dance
,
or
frisk
in
any
vnwonted
sort
:
and
for
their
copulation
in
yeares
that
will
proue
moyst
,
they
will
euer
be
boring
,
but
in
dryer
years
they
are
lesse
libidinous
.
The
greatest
harm
that
commeth
by
Swine
is
in
rooting
and
turning
vp
of
the
earth
,
and
this
they
do
in
corn
fields
,
for
which
we
haue
shewed
that
the
Ciprians
made
a
law
to
beat
out
the
teeth
of
such
Swine
,
for
this
cause
Homer
writeth
that
Irus
threatneth
Villisses
,
because
his
companions
eate
vp
all
his
corne
,
to
knocke
out
their
teeth
;
yet
sometimes
the
husbandmen
admit
them
of
purpose
,
both
into
their
land
before
it
bee
plowed
,
and
also
into
their
vineyards
.
It
is
said
that
the
Egyptians
forbeare
to
sacrifice
them
,
because
they
tread
in
their
corne
in
their
fields
after
it
is
swelled
out
of
the
earth
,
so
as
the
Birds
cannot
gather
it
vp
againe
,
as
we
haue
shewed
before
.
The
Iewes
and
the
Egyptians
accounted
this
beast
most
vncleane
.
The
Iewes
not
as
the
vaine
gentiles
imagined
because
they
worshipped
it
,
for
that
it
taught
men
to
plow
the
earth
,
but
for
the
law
of
God
.
And
the
Egyptians
hold
it
a
profaigne
thing
,
and
therefore
they
had
an
ancient
law
,
that
no
Swyne-heard
should
come
into
their
temple
,
or
that
any
man
should
giue
him
his
Daughter
in
marriage
.
It
is
very
certaine
that
they
were
wont
to
be
vsed
in
sacrifice
.
The
said
Egyptians
neuer
sacrificed
them
but
to
the
Moone
and
to
Bacchus
,
and
at
other
times
it
was
vnlawfull
,
either
to
offer
them
,
or
to
eate
them
:
but
it
seemeth
by
many
Authors
that
their
first
sacrifices
were
of
Swyne
,
for
we
read
of
ancient
customs
in
Hetruria
,
that
at
their
marriage
feastes
they
offered
and
sacrificed
a
Sow
to
Venus
,
and
at
other
times
,
especially
in
haruest
they
did
so
to
Ceres
.
The
Latines
do
hold
a
Swine
very
gratefull
and
sacred
to
Iupiter
,
because
as
they
beleeued
that
a
Sow
did
first
of
all
lend
her
paps
to
him
,
and
therefore
all
of
them
worship
a
Sow
,
and
abstaine
from
her
flesh
.
Likewise
in
Mysia
and
Phoenicia
,
there
were
temples
of
Iupiter
,
wherein
it
was
forbidden
to
sacrifice
or
kill
Swyne
by
a
publike
law
,
like
as
it
was
among
the
Iewes
.
When
the
Kings
of
Sparta
were
first
of
all
chosen
into
that
royall
place
,
they
were
permitted
to
execute
the
priests
office
,
and
to
the
intent
that
they
might
neuer
want
sacrifices
,
there
was
a
preuiledge
graunted
them
to
take
a
pig
of
euery
Sow
,
and
when
they
sacrificed
to
Iupiter
a
Swine
,
it
must
be
after
or
at
a
tryumph
:
they
were
also
sacrificed
to
Neptune
,
because
they
were
impetuous
and
ranging
beasts
;
&
a
Boare
was
holy
to
Mars
,
according
to
this
saying
of
Pomponius
in
Attellana
.
Mars
tibifacturū
,
si
vnquam
re●●ireo
,
bidente
verre
.
And
there
was
a
custome
among
the
Athenians
when
a
man
had
slaine
an
hundred
enimies
,
he
was
permitted
to
offer
vp
to
Mars
,
some
part
of
a
man
at
Lemnos
,
and
afterward
they
grew
out
of
liking
of
this
vaine
custome
,
and
in
stead
therof
sacrificed
a
barrow
or
gelded
hog
,
&
when
they
housled
their
army
,
they
did
it
with
hogs
,
sheep
,
or
Buls
,
and
nothing
else
,
and
they
compassed
it
about
3.
times
with
pomp
&
stately
procession
,
and
at
last
slew
and
offered
them
to
Mars
.
They
were
wont
to
sacrifice
a
hog
for
a
man
that
had
recouerd
his
wits
after
he
had
bin
mad
,
and
also
they
sacred
Swyne
to
Siluanus
,
according
to
these
verses
;
Caedere
Siluano
porcum
quadrante
lauari
:
And
againe
:
Tellurem
porco
Siluanum
lacte
piabant
.
Their
pagan
God
Terminus
,
had
an
Ewe
and
a
young
Sow
offered
to
him
(
as
Ouid
writeth
)
although
by
the
lawes
of
Numa
,
al
sacrifice
of
liuing
things
were
forbidden
vnto
him
.
To
Ceres
and
Bacchus
,
we
haue
shewed
already
,
how
they
were
offered
,
and
the
reason
of
their
sacrificing
was
,
because
they
were
hurtfull
to
all
greene
corne
and
vines
;
Ceres
auida
gauisa
est
de
sanguine
porci
,
Vlta
suas
merita
caede
nocentes
opes
,
Nam
sata
vere
n●no
teneris
lactentia
succis
,
Eruta
setigerae
comperit
ore
suis
,
And
againe
in
another
place
he
writeth
thus
:
Prima
putatur
hostia
Sus
meruisse
mori
,
—
quia
semina
pando
,
Er
verit
rostro
,
sp●nque
interceperit
anni
.
The
time
of
their
sacrificing
to
Ceres
was
in
Aprill
,
wherein
the
priestes
with
Lamps
and
Torches
,
and
apparelled
in
white
garments
,
did
first
of
all
kill
a
female
Swine
,
and
then
offer
her
,
and
sometime
this
was
a
Sow
with
farrow
,
because
thereby
in
a
mistery
they
prayed
the
fruitefulnesse
and
fecundity
of
the
earth
,
and
for
these
and
such
like
causes
we
read
of
titles
put
vpon
them
,
as
Porca
pracidanea
,
for
the
sow
that
was
slaine
before
the
reaping
,
and
Porca
praesa
,
for
the
sow
that
was
offered
at
a
funerall
for
the
safety
of
all
the
family
,
wherein
the
dead
man
liued
.
They
also
sacrificed
a
barren
sow
to
Proserpina
,
because
shee
neuer
bore
children
,
and
to
Iuno
in
the
calends
of
euery
month
:
And
thus
much
for
their
sacrificing
.
Now
we
are
to
come
to
the
vse
of
swine
and
their
seuerall
parts
,
first
of
all
it
is
certaine
that
there
is
no
beast
lesse
profitable
being
aliue
then
a
hog
,
and
yet
at
his
latter
end
he
payeth
his
maister
for
his
keeping
.
Cicero
said
well
Sus
quid
habet
praeterescam
,
cui
quidem
ne
putresceret
,
animam
ipsam
pro
sale
datam
esse
dicit
Chrysippus
.
A
hog
hath
nothing
in
him
beside
his
meate
,
and
that
therefore
the
soule
thereof
was
giuen
to
it
in
stead
of
salt
to
keepe
it
from
stinking
:
for
indeed
in
Lions
,
Dogs
,
Beares
,
Horsses
,
and
Elephants
,
all
their
vertue
lyeth
in
their
minds
,
and
their
flesh
is
vnprofitable
and
good
for
nothing
,
but
the
Swine
hath
no
gifts
at
all
in
the
mind
,
but
in
the
body
,
the
life
therof
keeping
the
flesh
and
body
from
putrifaction
.
And
there
is
no
beast
that
God
hath
ordained
for
domestical
prouision
of
food
and
meat
to
man
,
except
Hares
&
conies
,
that
is
so
fruitful
as
Swin
are
,
Gillius
God
(
as
we
haue
touched
already
)
Leuit.
11.
Deut.
14.
forbad
his
people
of
Israell
to
eate
heereof
,
because
it
was
an
vncleane
beast
not
chewing
the
cud
;
and
furthermore
the
obseruation
of
Procopius
is
memorable
,
that
whereas
the
Egyptians
did
worship
with
diuine
worship
,
both
Oxen
,
Kyne
,
and
sheep
,
and
would
not
eat
of
their
flesh
or
kill
them
in
sacrifice
,
yet
did
eat
,
and
kil
,
and
sacrifice
Swine
.
The
Iewes
were
permitted
and
commaunded
to
eat
Oxen
&
sheep
,
and
abstain
from
the
flesh
of
Swine
;
thus
manifesting
how
different
his
waies
and
thoughts
are
from
the
waies
and
thoughts
of
men
.
The
Lord
doth
not
this
for
pollicy
,
but
to
try
the
obedience
of
his
people
,
placeth
therin
one
part
of
his
worship
,
and
therefore
by
his
prophets
.
Esa.
65.
&
66.
calleth
the
eating
of
Swines
flesh
abomination
,
and
threatneth
therunto
a
certaine
vnauoydable
iudgment
and
damnation
.
The
woman
and
her
seuen
sons
which
were
apprehended
by
King
Antiochus
,
and
by
him
tempted
to
eat
swines
flesh
which
they
refused
to
do
,
(
being
against
the
law
of
their
God
)
are
remembred
as
most
worthy
Martyres
of
his
Church
,
that
endured
,
cutting
off
their
hands
and
feete
,
pulling
out
their
toong
,
and
seething
in
a
boyling
caldron
with
other
exquisite
torments
incident
to
such
death
,
as
is
recorded
by
Iason
2.
Macab
.
6.
We
read
that
Heliogabalus
did
abstaine
from
swines
flesh
,
because
he
was
a
Phoenician
,
and
they
forbore
to
eate
it
.
The
women
of
Bracea
in
Affricke
,
do
neuer
tast
of
Cowes
flesh
or
Swines
flesh
.
The
Arabian
Scenites
neuer
eate
hereof
,
and
Swine
cannot
liue
in
their
Countries
(
Tesias
and
Aelianus
affirme
)
that
in
India
there
are
no
Swine
,
either
tame
or
wilde
,
and
that
the
Indians
do
as
much
forbeare
to
eate
of
Swines
flesh
,
in
detestation
thereof
,
as
they
do
of
mans
flesh
.
Now
concerning
the
flesh
of
Swine
,
diuers
opinions
are
held
about
the
goodnesse
and
euill
thereof
,
yet
Hippocrates
writeth
,
that
Porcinae
carnes
prauae
sunt
quum
fuerint
crudiores
&
ambustae
,
magis
autem
choleram
generant
,
&
turbationem
faciunt
,
Suillae
carnes
optima
sunt
omnium
carnium
.
That
is
,
The
flesh
of
a
Boare
being
raw
or
roasted
is
worst
of
all
other
,
because
it
engendereth
Cholor
and
wilde
windy
matter
in
the
stonlocke
;
but
the
flesh
of
a
Sow
is
the
best
of
al
flesh
,
with
this
prouiso
,
that
it
neither
exceed
in
fatnesse
,
leannesse
,
or
age
.
There
is
a
merry
and
a
witty
answer
of
a
memorable
Noble
Man
to
an
old
Gentlewoman
(
if
not
a
Lady
)
who
dispraised
Bacon
at
the
Noble
Mans
table
,
and
said
it
was
a
churlish
,
vnpleasant
meate
.
The
Lord
vnderstanding
a
priuy
Emphasis
in
that
speech
against
himselfe
,
(
for
his
name
was
written
with
those
Letters
and
sillables
)
aunswered
her
;
you
say
truth
,
if
the
Bacon
be
a
piece
of
an
old
Sow
,
(
as
peraduenture
she
seemed
to
be
at
that
time
.
)
The
best
opinion
about
the
concoctiue
quality
of
this
flesh
is
,
that
then
it
is
best
,
when
it
is
in
middle
age
,
neither
a
pig
,
nor
an
old
Hogge
,
for
a
pigge
is
ouer
moyst
,
like
the
Damme
which
is
the
moystest
of
all
other
earthly
Beastes
;
and
therefore
cannot
but
engender
much
flegme
:
and
for
this
cause
the
fattest
are
reprooued
for
a
good
diet
,
for
that
it
cannot
digest
well
through
ouer
much
humidity
.
And
the
olde
Swine
are
most
hard
of
concoction
,
(
yea
though
they
bee
scorched
or
senged
at
the
fire
)
because
therby
is
increased
in
their
flesh
much
acrimony
and
sharpnesse
,
which
in
the
stomacke
of
man
turneth
into
Choler
:
for
they
bite
all
the
vessels
reaching
to
the
stomacke
,
making
a
deriuation
of
all
those
ill
humours
into
the
belly
and
other
parts
.
I
do
not
like
their
opinion
,
which
thinke
that
it
is
better
cold
then
hot
,
for
feare
of
inflammation
,
this
rule
is
good
in
the
flesh
of
Goates
(
which
are
exceeding
whot
)
but
in
Swyne
where
is
no
predominancy
but
of
moysture
,
it
is
better
to
eate
them
hot
then
cold
,
euen
as
hot
Milke
is
more
wholesome
then
cold
.
Hippocrates
doth
prescribe
the
eating
of
Swynes
flesh
in
the
sicknesse
of
the
Spleene
;
and
Coelius
Aurelianus
,
forbiddeth
the
same
in
the
palsie
or
falling
sicknesse
.
Galen
is
of
opinion
that
Caro
porcina
potentissime
nutrit
:
nourisheth
most
strongly
,
and
potently
;
whereof
hee
giueth
an
instance
for
a
reason
taken
from
Champions
,
Combatants
,
or
Wrestlers
,
if
the
day
before
they
Wrestle
or
fight
,
they
feed
on
an
equall
quantity
of
any
other
flesh
,
they
feel
themselues
weak
and
feeble
,
in
comparison
of
that
is
gathered
from
Swyns
flesh
:
and
this
(
he
saith
)
may
be
tryed
in
labourers
,
Myoners
,
Diggers
,
and
Husbandmen
;
which
retaine
their
strength
aswell
(
if
not
better
)
by
eating
of
Swynes
flesh
or
Bacon
as
any
other
meate
:
For
as
Beefe
in
thicknesse
and
solidity
of
substance
to
the
eyes
appearance
,
excelleth
Porke
or
Bacon
,
so
Porke
and
Bacon
excelleth
and
is
preferred
before
Beefe
,
for
a
clammy
nourishing
humour
.
And
this
comparison
betwixt
Pork
and
Beefe
,
Galen
amplyfieth
farther
in
these
wordes
:
Of
Swines
flesh
,
those
are
best
for
men
in
their
middle
and
ripe
age
,
which
are
of
Hogges
of
aunswerable
age
,
and
to
other
which
are
but
growing
to
a
ripenesse
and
perfection
,
piggs
,
Sheates
,
and
young
growing
Swyne
,
are
most
nourishable
.
And
on
the
contrary
,
young
growing
Oxen
are
most
nourishable
to
men
of
perfect
yeares
and
strength
,
because
an
Oxe
is
of
a
far
more
dry
temperament
then
a
Hog
.
A
Goate
is
lesse
dry
then
an
Oxe
,
and
yet
compared
to
a
man
or
a
Swyne
,
it
excelleth
both
of
them
;
for
there
is
a
great
resemblance
or
similitude
betwixt
a
mans
flesh
and
Swines
flesh
,
which
some
haue
proued
in
tast
,
for
they
haue
eaten
of
both
at
one
Table
,
and
could
find
no
difference
in
one
from
the
other
:
for
some
euill
Inn-kepers
and
hoasts
haue
so
deceiued
men
,
which
continued
a
great
while
,
not
descryed
or
punished
,
vntill
at
last
the
finger
of
a
man
was
mixed
therewith
,
and
being
found
the
Authours
receiued
their
reward
.
Swines
flesh
also
is
lesse
excrementall
then
pigges
flesh
,
and
therefore
more
nutrible
;
for
the
moyster
that
the
flesh
is
,
the
sooner
it
is
dispersed
,
and
the
vertue
of
it
auoided
,
and
olde
swine
notwithstanding
their
primitiue
and
naturall
moisture
,
yet
grow
very
dry
,
and
their
flesh
is
worst
of
al
,
because
in
nature
,
humidity
helpeth
the
concoction
thereof
.
All
swines
flesh
being
concocted
engendereth
many
good
humors
,
yet
withal
they
ontaine
a
kind
of
glutinous
humor
,
which
stoppeth
the
liuer
and
reins
,
especially
in
those
which
by
nature
are
apt
to
this
infirmity
:
And
althogh
some
are
of
opinion
,
that
the
wilde
Bore
is
more
norishable
then
the
tame
swine
,
because
of
his
laborous
course
of
life
,
and
getting
his
prey
;
yet
it
appeareth
that
the
tame
swine
by
their
resty
life
,
and
easie
gathering
of
their
meate
,
are
made
more
fit
for
nourishment
of
man
,
for
they
are
more
moist
:
and
swines
flesh
without
conuenient
moisture
(
which
is
many
times
wanting
in
wilde
Bores
)
is
poison
to
the
stomacke
,
and
yet
for
a
man
that
hath
propounded
to
himselfe
a
thin
extenuating
diet
,
I
would
wish
him
to
forbeare
both
the
one
and
the
other
,
except
he
vse
exercise
,
and
then
he
may
eat
the
eares
,
or
the
cheekes
,
or
the
feet
,
or
the
haslet
,
if
they
be
well
sod
or
dressed
:
prouided
they
be
not
fresh
,
but
sauced
or
powdred
;
And
it
is
no
maruell
that
swines
flesh
shoulde
so
well
agree
with
ours
,
for
it
is
apparant
that
they
liue
in
dirt
,
and
loue
to
muddle
in
the
same
.
And
if
any
man
aske
how
it
commeth
to
passe
,
that
swine
which
both
feed
and
liue
so
filthily
,
should
be
so
norishable
to
the
nature
of
man
;
some
make
answere
,
that
by
reason
of
their
good
constitution
of
body
,
they
turne
ill
nutriment
to
a
good
flesh
:
for
as
men
which
be
of
a
sounde
,
perfect
,
and
healthy
disposition
or
temperature
,
are
not
hurt
by
a
little
euill
meat
,
which
is
hard
of
digestion
;
euen
so
is
it
with
well
constituted
and
tempered
swine
,
by
continuall
feeding
vpon
euill
things
,
they
grow
not
onely
to
no
harme
,
but
also
to
a
good
estate
,
because
nature
in
processe
of
time
draweth
good
out
of
euill
:
But
if
men
which
haue
moist
stomackes
,
do
eat
of
swines
flesh
,
then
do
they
suffer
thereby
great
harme
,
for
as
water
powred
vpon
wet
ground
,
increaseth
the
dirt
,
so
moistnes
put
vpon
a
moist
stomacke
,
increaseth
more
feeblenesse
:
but
if
a
man
of
a
dry
and
moist
stomack
,
do
eate
heereof
,
it
is
like
rain
falling
into
a
dry
ground
,
which
begetteth
and
engendreth
many
wholesome
frutes
and
hearbes
.
And
if
a
swine
be
fatted
with
dried
figges
or
Nuts
,
it
is
much
more
wholesome
.
With
wine
all
swines
flesh
is
most
nourishable
,
and
therefore
the
vniuersity
of
Salernum
,
prescribed
that
in
their
verses
to
the
king
of
England
,
and
also
they
commended
their
loynes
and
guts
:
Ilia
porcorum
bona
sunt
,
mala
sunt
refequorum
.
And
Fiera
describeth
the
eating
of
Hogs-flesh
in
this
manner
:
Sus
tibi
coenoso
coena
domesticus
ore
,
Grata
ferat
nobis
mensa
hyemalis
aprum
.
Ille
licet
currat
de
vertice
montis
,
aquosae
Carnis
erit
,
pluri
sed
tamen
aptacibo
est
.
Hinc
feritas
siluaeque
domant
,
&
inania
saxa
,
Post
melius
posita
rusticitate
sapit
.
And
whereas
Hippocrates
commended
swines
flesh
for
Champions
or
Combatants
,
it
is
certaine
,
that
Bilis
the
Champion
thorough
eating
of
swines
flesh
,
fell
to
such
a
heighth
of
choller
,
that
he
cast
it
vpwards
and
downwards
.
When
the
wombe
of
a
woman
is
vlcerated
,
let
her
abstaine
from
all
swines
flesh
,
especially
the
eldest
and
the
youngest
.
It
is
not
good
for
any
man
to
taste
or
eat
this
flesh
in
the
Summer
time
,
or
any
hot
weather
,
for
then
onely
it
is
allowed
when
extreame
frostes
haue
tempered
it
for
mans
stomacke
,
and
the
stomacke
for
it
:
the
flesh
of
wilde
swine
is
most
of
all
hurtfull
to
them
that
liue
at
ease
,
without
exercise
,
because
that
they
are
immoderately
giuen
to
sleepe
.
Some
are
of
opinion
that
a
sow
which
is
killed
immediatly
after
the
Boare
hath
couered
hir
,
is
not
so
wholesome
as
other
:
Heliogabalus
obserued
this
custome
,
to
eat
one
day
nothing
but
Phesant
Hens
,
another
day
nothing
but
Pullen
,
and
the
third
day
nothing
but
porke
.
There
was
in
auncient
time
a
dish
of
meat
called
Troianus
,
the
Troyan
Hog
,
Erasmus
Macrobius
in
imitation
of
the
Troyan
horse
,
for
as
that
was
stuffed
within
with
many
armed
men
,
so
was
this
with
many
seuerall
meats
,
and
whole
beasts
,
as
Lambes
,
Birds
,
Capons
,
and
such
like
,
to
serue
the
appetites
of
the
most
strange
belly-Goddes
,
and
Architects
of
gluttonny
:
and
therefore
Cincius
in
his
oration
,
wherein
he
perswaded
the
senators
and
people
to
the
law
Fannia
,
reprooueth
this
immoderate
riot
in
banquets
,
In
apponendo
mensis
porcum
Troianum
,
and
indeed
it
wanted
not
effect
,
for
they
forbad
both
Porcum
Troianum
,
and
Callum
aprugnum
.
There
was
another
(
Rauen-monster-dish
,
(
called
Pinax
)
wherein
were
included
many
Beasts
,
Fowles
,
Egges
,
and
other
things
which
were
distributed
whole
to
the
guests
,
and
no
maruell
,
for
this
Beast
was
as
great
as
a
Hog
,
and
yet
gilded
ouer
with
siluer
.
And
Hippolochus
in
his
Epistle
to
Lynceus
,
speaking
of
the
banquet
of
Caramis
,
saith
thus
,
Allatus
est
nobis
etiam
porcus
dimidia
parte
diligenter
assus
siue
tostus
,
&
dimidia
altera
parte
tanquam
ex
aqua
molliter
èlixus
,
mira
etiam
coqui
industria
ita●
paratus
,
vt
qua
parte
iugulatus
esset
,
&
quomodo
varijs
delicijs
refertus
eius
venter
non
appareat
.
There
was
brought
to
vs
a
Hog
,
whereof
the
one
halfe
was
wel
rosted
,
and
the
other
halfe
or
side
wel
sod
,
and
this
was
so
industriously
prepared
by
the
Cook
,
that
it
did
not
apeare
where
the
hog
was
slain
or
receiued
his
deadly
wounde
,
nor
yet
how
his
belly
came
to
be
stuffed
with
diuers
and
sundry
excellent
and
delicate
things
.
The
Romans
had
a
fashion
to
deuide
and
distribute
a
Hogge
,
●obiscus
which
appeareth
in
these
verses
of
Martiall
:
Iste
tibi
faciet
bona
saturnalia
porcus
,
Inter
spumantes
ilice
pastus
apros
.
And
of
the
eating
of
a
sucking
pigge
,
Martiall
also
writeth
in
this
manner
:
Lacte
mero
pastum
pigrae
mihi
matris
alumnum
Ponat
,
&
Aetolo
de
sue
diues
edat
.
I
might
adde
many
other
thinges
concerning
the
eating
and
dressing
of
Swines
flesh
,
both
young
and
olde
,
but
I
will
passe
it
ouer
,
leauing
that
learning
to
euery
Cooke
,
and
Kitchin-boy
.
Concerning
Bacon
,
that
which
is
cald
by
the
Latins
Perna
,
I
might
adde
many
things
,
neither
improper
,
nor
impertinent
,
&
I
canot
tell
whether
it
should
be
a
fault
to
omit
it
in
this
place
.
The
word
Perna
after
Varro
,
seemeth
to
be
deriued
from
Pede
,
but
in
my
opinion
,
it
is
more
consonant
to
reason
,
that
it
is
deriued
from
the
Greek
word
Pterna
,
which
is
the
ribs
and
hips
of
the
hogge
,
hanged
vp
and
salted
,
called
by
Martiall
Petaso
,
and
by
Plautus
Ophthalmia
,
Horaeum
,
Scombrum
,
and
Laridus
:
Palladius
.
Quanta
pecus
pestis
veniet
,
quanta
labes
larido
.
The
time
of
the
making
of
Bacon
,
is
in
the
winter
season
,
and
all
the
cold
weather
,
and
of
this
Martiall
writeth
very
much
in
one
place
:
Musteus
est
,
propera
,
charos
ne
differ
amicos
Nam
mihi
cum
vetulo
sit
pesatone
nihil
.
And
againe
.
Et
pulpam
dubio
de
petasone
voras
Cretana
mihi
fiet
,
vel
massa
licebit
De
menapis
lauti
,
de
petasone
vorant
.
Strabo
in
his
time
commended
the
Bacon
of
the
Gaules
,
or
of
France
,
affirming
that
it
was
not
inferior
to
the
Asian
or
Lycian
,
an
old
citty
of
Spaine
(
called
Pompelon
)
nere
Aquitania
,
was
also
famous
for
Bacon
.
They
first
of
all
killed
their
hogs
,
and
then
burned
or
scalded
of
al
their
haire
,
&
after
a
little
season
did
slit
them
assunder
in
the
middle
,
laying
them
vpon
salt
in
some
tub
or
deep
trough
,
and
there
couering
them
al
ouer
with
salt
,
with
the
skin
vppermost
,
and
so
heap
flitch
vpon
flitch
,
til
al
be
salted
,
and
then
againe
they
often
turnd
the
same
,
that
euery
part
and
side
,
might
receiue
his
season
;
that
is
,
after
5.
daies
,
laying
them
vndermost
which
were
vpermost
,
and
those
vpermost
which
were
vndermost
.
Then
after
12.
daies
salting
,
they
tooke
al
out
of
the
tub
or
trough
,
rubbing
off
from
it
al
the
salt
,
and
so
hanged
it
vp
two
daies
in
the
winde
,
and
the
third
day
they
all
to
anoint
it
with
oile
,
and
did
hange
it
vp
two
daies
more
in
the
smoke
;
and
afterward
take
it
downe
againe
,
and
hange
it
or
lay
it
vppe
in
the
larder
,
where
all
the
meat
is
preserued
,
still
looking
warily
vnto
it
,
to
preserue
it
from
mice
and
Wormes
:
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
at
this
time
for
the
flesh
of
Hogges
,
both
Porke
and
Bacon
.
The
milk
of
a
sow
is
fat
and
thick
,
very
apt
to
congeal
,
&
needeth
not
any
runnet
to
turne
it
;
it
breedeth
little
whay
,
and
therefore
it
is
not
fit
for
the
stomacke
,
except
to
procure
vomiting
,
&
because
it
hath
bin
often
proued
,
that
they
which
drink
or
eat
sow
milk
fal
into
scurffes
and
Leprosies
,
(
which
diseases
the
Asians
hate
aboue
all
other
)
therefore
the
Egyptians
added
this
to
all
the
residue
of
their
reasons
,
to
condemne
a
sow
for
an
vnclean
and
filthy
beast
:
And
this
was
peculiarly
the
saying
of
Manethon
.
With
the
skinnes
of
swine
which
the
Graecians
did
call
Phorine
,
The
vse
of
their
skins
they
made
shoo-leather
,
but
now
a
daies
by
reason
of
the
tendernesse
and
loosenesse
thereof
,
they
vse
it
not
,
but
leaue
it
to
the
sadlers
&
to
them
that
couer
bookes
,
for
which
cause
it
is
much
better
then
eyther
sheepe
or
Goates
skinnes
,
for
it
hath
a
deeper
graine
,
and
doeth
not
so
easily
fall
off
.
Out
of
the
parings
of
their
skinnes
they
make
a
kind
of
glew
,
which
is
preferred
before
Taurocollum
,
and
which
for
similitude
they
call
Choerocollum
.
The
fat
of
swine
is
very
precious
to
lickor
shooes
and
bootes
therewithall
.
The
amber
that
is
in
common
vse
groweth
rough
,
rude
,
impolished
,
and
without
clearenesse
,
but
after
that
it
is
sod
in
the
greace
of
a
sow
that
giueth
sucke
,
it
getteth
that
nitour
and
shining
beauty
,
which
we
find
to
be
in
it
.
Some
mixe
the
blood
of
Hogges
with
those
medicines
that
they
cast
into
Waters
to
take
fishes
,
and
the
hunters
in
some
Countries
when
they
would
take
Wolues
and
Foxes
do
make
a
traine
with
a
Hogges
liuer
sodde
,
cut
in
pieces
and
annointed
ouer
with
hony
,
and
so
annointing
their
shoos
with
swines
grease
,
draw
after
them
a
dead
catte
,
which
will
cause
the
beasts
to
follow
after
very
speedily
.
The
haires
of
swine
,
are
vsed
by
Cobblers
and
Shoomakers
,
and
also
with
them
euery
Boy
knoweth
how
to
make
their
nosebleede
.
The
dung
is
very
sharpe
,
and
yet
is
it
iustly
condemned
by
Columella
for
no
vse
,
no
not
to
fatten
the
earth
,
and
Vines
also
are
burned
therewithal
,
except
they
be
diligently
watred
,
or
rest
fiue
yeares
without
stirring
.
In
Plinies
time
they
studied
to
enlarge
and
make
their
Luttuce
grow
broad
,
Theophrast
.
and
not
close
together
,
which
they
did
by
slitting
a
little
the
stalke
,
and
thrusting
gently
into
it
some
Hogs
dung
.
But
for
trees
there
is
more
especial
vse
of
it
,
for
it
is
vsed
to
ripen
fruit
and
make
the
trees
more
plentifull
.
The
Pomegranats
and
Almondes
are
sweetned
her●by
,
and
the
Nuts
easily
caused
to
fall
out
of
the
shell
.
Likewise
,
if
Fennel
be
vnsauourie
,
by
laying
to
the
root
thereof
eyther
Hogs-dung
,
or
Pigeons
dung
,
it
may
be
cured
;
and
when
any
Apple
tree
is
affected
and
razed
with
wormes
,
by
taking
of
Swines
dung
,
mixed
and
made
soft
like
morter
with
the
vrine
of
a
man
layed
vnto
the
root
,
it
is
recouered
,
and
the
wormes
driuen
away
:
and
if
there
bee
any
rentes
or
stripes
visible
vppon
trees
,
so
as
they
are
endangered
to
be
lost
thereby
,
they
are
cured
by
applying
vnto
the
stripes
and
wounds
this
dung
of
Swine
.
When
the
Apple
trees
are
loose
,
poure
vpon
their
roots
the
stale
of
Swine
,
and
it
shall
establish
and
settle
them
,
and
wheresoeuer
there
are
swine
kept
,
there
it
is
not
good
to
keepe
or
lodge
horses
,
for
their
smell
,
breath
,
and
voice
,
is
hatefull
to
all
magnanimious
and
perfect
spirited
horsses
.
And
thus
much
in
this
place
concerning
the
vse
of
the
seuerall
parts
of
swine
,
whereunto
I
may
adde
our
English
experiments
,
that
if
swine
be
suffered
to
come
into
Orchards
,
and
digge
vp
and
about
the
roots
of
the
Apple
trees
,
keeping
the
ground
bare
vnder
them
,
and
open
with
their
noses
,
the
benefit
that
will
arise
thereby
to
your
increase
of
frute
will
be
verie
inestimable
.
And
heere
to
saue
my selfe
of
a
labor
about
our
English
Hogges
,
I
will
describe
their
vsage
out
of
Maister
Tussers
husbandry
,
Tus.
husb
.
in
his
own
words
,
as
followeth
:
and
first
of
al
for
their
breeding
in
the
spring
of
the
yeare
he
writeth
in
generall
:
Let
Lent
well
kept
offend
not
thee
,
For
March
and
Aprill
breeders
be
.
And
of
September
he
writeth
thus
:
To
gather
some
mast
it
shall
stand
thee
vpon
,
With
seruant
and
children
yer
mast
be
all
gone
.
Some
left
among
bushes
shall
pleasure
thy
Swine
,
For
feare
of
a
mischiefe
keepe
Acornes
fro
kine
.
For
rooting
of
pasture
ring
hog
ye
haue
neede
,
Which
being
well
ringled
,
the
better
doth
feed
.
Though
young
with
their
elders
will
lightly
keepe
best
,
Yet
spare
not
to
ringle
both
great
and
the
rest
.
Yoke
sildome
thy
swine
,
while
shacke
time
doth
last
,
For
diuers
misfortunes
that
happen
too
fast
.
Or
if
you
do
fancy
,
whole
eare
of
the
Hogge
,
Giue
eare
to
ill
neighbor
,
and
eare
to
his
Dogge
.
Keepe
hog
I
aduise
thee
from
meddow
and
Corne
,
For
out
alowd
crying
,
that
ere
he
was
borne
.
Such
lawlesse
so
haunting
both
often
and
long
,
If
Dog
set
him
chaunting
,
he
doth
thee
no
wrong
.
And
againe
in
Octobers
husbandry
he
writeth
:
Though
plenty
of
Acornes
,
the
Porkelings
to
fat
,
Not
taken
in
season
may
perish
by
that
.
If
ratling
or
swelling
get
once
in
the
throat
,
Thou
loosest
thy
porkling
a
Crowne
to
a
groat
.
What
euer
thing
fat
is
,
againe
if
it
fall
,
Thou
venterest
the
thing
and
the
fatnesse
withall
.
The
fatter
,
the
better
,
to
sell
or
to
kill
,
But
not
to
continue
,
make
proofe
if
you
wil.
In
Nouem.
he
writeth
again
Let
hog
once
fat
,
loose
none
of
that
,
When
mast
is
gone
,
Hogge
falleth
anon
,
Still
fat
vp
some
,
till
Shroue-tide
come
,
Now
Porke
and
sowce
beares
taske
in
a
house
.
Thus
farre
of
our
English
husbandry
about
swine
:
Now
followeth
their
diseases
in
particular
.
Of
the
diseases
of
swine
.
HEmlocke
is
the
bane
of
Panthers
,
Swine
,
wolues
,
and
all
other
beasts
that
liue
vpon
deuouring
of
flesh
,
for
the
hunters
mix
it
with
flesh
,
and
so
spreading
or
casting
the
flesh
so
poysoned
abroad
in
bits
or
morsels
to
be
deuoured
by
them
.
The
root
of
the
white
Chamaelion
mixed
with
fryed
Barly-floure
.
Water
and
oyle
is
also
poison
to
swine
.
Pliny
.
Aelianus
.
The
blacke
Ellebor
worketh
the
same
effect
vppon
horses
,
Oxen
,
and
swine
,
and
therefore
when
the
beasts
do
eat
the
white
,
they
forbeare
the
blacke
with
all
wearisomenesse
.
Likewise
Hen-bane
worketh
many
strange
and
painfull
conuulsions
in
their
bellies
;
therefore
when
they
perceiue
that
they
haue
eaten
thereof
,
they
run
to
the
waters
&
gather
snailes
or
sea-crabs
,
by
vertue
whereof
they
escape
death
,
and
are
againe
restored
to
their
health
.
The
hearb
Goose
foot
is
venemous
to
swine
,
and
also
to
Bees
,
and
therefore
they
will
neuer
light
vpon
it
,
or
touch
it
.
The
blacke
night-shade
is
present
destruction
vnto
them
,
and
they
abstaine
from
Harts
tongue
,
and
the
great
bur
,
by
some
certaine
instinct
of
nature
,
if
they
be
bitten
by
any
Serpents
,
Sea-crabs
,
or
Snailes
,
&
the
most
present
remedy
that
nature
hath
taught
them
.
The
swine
of
Scythia
by
the
relation
of
Pliny
&
Aristotle
,
are
not
hurt
with
any
poison
except
Scorpions
,
and
therefore
so
soone
as
euer
they
are
stung
by
a
scorpion
,
they
die
if
they
drink
:
and
thus
much
for
the
poison
of
swine
.
Against
the
cold
(
of
which
these
beastes
are
most
impatient
:
)
the
best
remedy
is
to
make
them
warm
sties
,
for
if
it
be
once
taken
,
it
will
cleane
faster
to
them
,
then
any
good
thing
,
and
the
nature
of
this
beast
is
,
neuer
to
eate
if
once
he
feele
himselfe
sicke
,
and
therefore
the
diligent
maister
or
keeper
of
swine
,
must
vigilantly
regard
the
beginnings
of
their
diseases
,
which
cannot
be
more
euidently
demonstrated
,
then
by
forbearing
of
their
meat
.
Of
the
Measils
.
The
Measilles
are
called
in
Greeke
Chalaza
,
in
Latine
Grandines
,
for
that
they
are
like
haile-stones
spred
in
the
flesh
,
and
especialy
in
the
leaner
part
of
the
hog
,
and
this
disease
as
Aristotle
writeth
,
is
proper
to
this
beast
,
for
no
other
in
the
world
is
troubled
herwith
:
for
this
cause
the
Graecians
call
a
Measily
hog
Chaluros
,
and
it
maketh
theyr
flesh
verye
loose
and
soft
.
The
Germaines
call
this
disease
Finnen
,
and
Pfinnen
,
the
Italians
Gremme
,
the
French
●ursume
,
because
the
spots
appeare
at
the
root
of
the
tongue
like
white
seeds
,
and
therefore
it
is
vsuall
in
the
buying
of
hogges
in
all
Nations
to
pull
out
their
tongue
and
looke
for
the
Measils
,
for
if
there
appeare
but
one
vpon
his
tongue
,
it
is
certaine
that
all
the
whole
body
is
infected
.
And
yet
the
Butchers
do
all
affirme
,
that
the
cleanest
hog
of
al
,
hath
three
of
these
,
but
they
neuer
hurt
the
swine
or
his
flesh
,
and
the
swine
may
be
full
of
them
,
and
yet
none
appeare
vpon
his
tongue
,
but
then
his
voice
will
be
altered
and
not
be
as
it
was
wont
.
These
abound
most
of
all
in
such
Hogs
as
haue
fleshy
legs
and
shoulders
very
moyst
,
and
they
be
not
ouer
plentifull
,
they
make
the
flesh
the
sweeter
,
but
if
they
abound
,
it
tasteth
like
stocke-fish
or
meat
ouer
watered
.
If
there
be
no
appearance
of
these
vpon
their
tongue
,
then
the
chap-man
or
buyer
pulleth
of
a
bristle
from
the
backe
,
and
if
blood
follow
,
it
is
certaine
that
the
Beast
is
infected
,
and
also
such
cannot
well
stand
vppon
theyr
hinder
legs
.
Their
taile
is
very
round
.
For
remedy
hereof
diuers
daies
before
their
killing
they
put
into
their
wash
or
swill
some
ashes
,
especially
of
Hasell
trees
.
But
in
France
and
Germany
it
is
not
lawfull
to
sel
such
a
Hogge
,
and
therefore
the
poore
people
do
onely
eat
them
.
Howbeit
they
cannot
but
engender
euill
humours
and
naughty
blood
in
the
body
.
The
rootes
of
the
bramble
called
Ramme
,
beaten
to
powder
and
cast
into
the
holes
,
where
swine
vse
to
bath
themselues
,
do
keepe
them
cleare
from
many
of
these
diseases
,
and
for
this
cause
also
in
ancient
time
they
gaue
them
Horse-flesh
sodden
,
and
Toads
sodden
in
water
,
to
drinke
the
broath
of
them
.
The
Burre
pulled
out
of
the
earth
without
yron
,
is
good
also
for
them
,
if
it
be
stamped
and
put
into
milk
,
and
so
giuen
them
in
their
wash
.
They
giue
their
Hogges
heere
in
Englande
red-lead
,
red-Oker
,
and
in
some
places
red-loame
or
earth
.
And
Pliny
saith
,
that
he
or
she
which
gathereth
the
aforesaid
Burre
,
must
say
this
charme
:
Haec
est
herba
argemon
Quam
minerua
reperit
Suibas
his
remedium
Qui
de
illa
gustauerint
.
At
this
daie
there
is
great-praise
of
Maiden-haire
for
the
recouery
of
swine
,
also
holy
Thistle
,
and
the
root
of
Gunhan
and
Harts
tongue
.
Of
leannesse
or
pyning
.
SOmetime
the
whole
heard
of
swine
falleth
into
leannes
,
and
so
forsake
their
meat
,
yea
although
they
be
brought
forth
into
the
fielde
to
feede
,
yet
as
if
they
were
drunke
or
weary
they
lie
downe
and
sleepe
all
the
day
long
.
For
cure
whereof
,
they
must
be
closely
shutte
vp
into
a
warme
place
,
and
made
to
fast
one
whole
day
from
meat
and
water
,
and
then
giue
them
the
roots
of
wilde
Cucumber
beaten
to
powder
,
and
mixed
with
Water
,
let
them
drinke
it
,
and
afterward
giue
them
beanes
pulse
,
or
any
drie
meat
to
eat
,
and
lastlie
warme
water
to
procure
vomit
,
as
in
men
,
whereby
their
stomackes
are
emptyed
of
al
thinges
both
good
and
bad
,
and
this
remedy
is
prescribed
against
all
incertaine
diseases
,
the
cause
whereof
cannot
be
discerned
,
and
some
in
such
cases
doe
cut
off
the
tops
of
the
tailes
,
or
their
eares
,
for
there
is
no
other
vse
of
letting
these
beastes
bloode
in
theyr
vaines
.
Of
the
Pestilence
.
THese
beasts
are
also
subiect
to
the
Pestilence
by
reason
of
earth-quakes
&
sudden
infections
in
the
aire
,
and
in
such
affection
the
beast
hath
sometime
certaine
bunches
or
swellings
about
the
necke
,
then
let
them
be
seperated
,
and
giue
them
to
drinke
in
water
the
roots
of
Daffadill
:
Quatit
agros
tussis
anhela
sues
Ac
faucibus
angit
obesis
tempore
pestis
.
Some
giue
them
night
shade
of
the
wood
,
which
hath
great
stalkes
like
cherry
twiggs
,
the
leaues
to
be
eaten
by
them
against
all
their
hot
diseases
,
and
also
burned
snailes
or
Pepper-woort
of
the
Garden
,
or
Lactuca
foetida
cut
in
peeces
,
sodden
in
water
,
and
put
into
their
meate
.
Of
the
Ague
.
IN
auncient
time
(
Varro
saith
)
that
when
a
man
bought
a
Hogge
,
he
couenaunted
with
the
seller
,
that
it
was
free
from
sicknes
,
from
danger
,
that
he
might
buy
it
lawfully
,
that
it
had
no
maunge
or
Ague
.
The
signes
of
an
Ague
in
this
beast
are
these
.
WHen
they
stop
suddenly
,
standing
stil
,
and
turning
their
heads
about
,
fal
downe
as
it
were
by
a
Megrim
,
then
you
must
diligently
marke
their
heads
which
way
they
turne
them
,
that
you
may
let
them
bloode
on
the
contrary
eare
,
and
likewise
vnder
their
taile
,
some
two
fingers
from
their
buttockes
,
where
you
shall
finde
a
large
veine
fitted
for
that
purpose
,
which
first
of
all
we
must
beat
with
a
rodde
or
peece
of
wood
,
that
by
the
often
striking
it
may
be
made
to
swell
,
and
afterwardes
open
the
saide
veine
with
a
knife
:
the
blood
being
taken
away
,
their
taile
must
be
bound
vp
with
Osier
or
Elme
twigges
,
and
then
the
swine
must
be
kept
in
the
house
a
day
or
two
,
being
fed
with
Barly
meale
,
and
receiuing
warme
water
to
drinke
as
much
as
they
will
.
Of
the
Crampe
.
WHen
swine
fall
from
a
great
heat
into
a
sudden
colde
,
which
hapneth
when
in
their
trauel
they
suddenly
lie
downe
through
wearinesse
,
they
fall
to
haue
the
Crampe
,
by
a
painefull
convulsion
of
their
members
,
and
the
best
remedye
thereof
,
is
for
to
driue
them
vp
and
downe
,
till
they
wax
warme
againe
,
and
as
hot
as
they
were
before
,
and
then
let
them
bee
kept
warme
stil
,
and
coole
at
great
leisure
,
as
a
horsse
doth
by
walking
,
otherwise
they
perish
vnrecouerably
,
like
Calues
which
neuer
liue
after
they
once
haue
the
crampe
.
Of
Lice
.
THey
are
many
times
so
infested
and
annoied
with
lice
,
that
their
skinne
is
eaten
and
gnawne
through
thereby
;
for
remedy
whereof
,
some
annoint
them
with
a
confection
made
of
Cream
,
Butter
,
and
a
great
deale
of
salt
:
Others
again
,
annoint
them
after
they
haue
washed
them
all
ouer
with
the
Leeze
of
wine
,
and
in
England
commonly
the
country
people
vse
staues-aker
,
red-Oaker
,
and
grease
.
Of
the
Lefragey
.
BY
reason
that
they
are
giuen
much
to
sleepe
in
the
summer
time
,
they
fall
into
Lethargies
,
and
die
of
the
same
:
the
remedy
whereof
is
,
to
keepe
them
from
sleepe
,
and
to
Wake
them
whensoeuer
you
finde
them
asleepe
.
Of
the
head-aches
.
THis
disease
is
cald
by
the
Graecians
(
Scotomia
)
and
Kraura
,
and
by
Albertus
,
Fraretis
,
herewith
all
swine
are
many
times
infected
,
and
their
eares
fall
downe
,
their
eies
are
also
deiected
,
by
reason
of
many
cold
humors
gathered
together
in
their
head
,
whereof
they
die
in
multitudes
,
as
they
do
of
the
pestilence
,
and
this
sickenesse
is
fatal
vnto
them
,
if
they
be
not
holpen
within
three
or
foure
daies
.
The
remedie
whereof
(
if
their
be
anie
at
al
)
is
to
hold
Wine
to
their
Nostrils
,
first
making
them
to
smel
thereof
,
and
then
rubbing
it
hard
with
it
,
and
some
giue
them
also
the
roots
of
white
Thistle
,
cut
smal
and
beaten
into
their
meat
,
but
if
it
fall
out
that
in
this
paine
they
loose
one
of
their
eies
,
it
is
a
signe
that
the
beast
wil
die
by
and
by
after
(
as
Pliny
and
Aristotle
write
.
)
Of
the
gargarisme
.
This
disease
is
called
by
the
Latins
Raucelo
,
and
by
the
Graecians
Brancos
,
which
is
a
swelling
about
their
chaps
,
ioyned
with
Feauer
and
Head-ach
,
spredding
it selfe
all
ouer
the
throat
,
like
as
the
squinancy
doth
in
a
man
,
and
many
times
it
begetteth
that
also
in
the
swine
,
which
may
be
knowne
by
the
often
moouing
of
their
feet
,
and
then
they
dy
with
in
three
daies
,
for
the
beast
cannot
eat
being
so
affected
,
and
the
disease
creepeth
by
little
and
little
to
the
liuer
,
which
when
it
hath
touched
it
,
the
beast
dieth
,
because
it
putrifieth
as
it
passeth
.
For
remedy
hereof
,
giue
vnto
the
beast
those
things
which
a
man
receiueth
against
the
squinancy
,
and
also
let
him
blood
in
the
root
of
his
tongue
,
(
I
mean
in
the
veine
vnder
the
tongue
)
bathing
his
throate
with
a
great
deale
of
hot
Water
mixed
with
Brimstone
and
salt
.
This
disease
in
hogges
,
is
not
knowne
from
that
which
is
called
Struma
,
or
the
Kinges
euill
at
the
first
appearance
,
as
Aristotle
and
Pliny
write
:
the
beginning
of
this
disease
is
in
the
Almonds
,
or
kernels
of
the
throate
,
and
it
is
caused
through
the
corruption
of
water
which
they
drinke
,
for
the
cure
wherof
they
let
them
bloud
,
as
in
the
former
disease
,
and
they
giue
them
the
yarrow
with
the
broadest
leaues
.
There
is
a
hearbe
called
Herba
impia
,
all
hoary
,
and
outwardly
it
looketh
like
Rosemary
,
some
say
it
is
so
called
because
no
beast
will
touch
it
,
this
being
beaten
in
peeces
betwixt
two
tiles
or
stones
,
groweth
marueilous
hot
,
the
iuyce
thereof
being
mixed
in
milke
and
Wine
,
and
so
giuen
vnto
the
Swyne
to
drink
,
cureth
them
of
this
disease
,
and
if
they
drinke
it
before
they
be
affected
therewith
,
they
neuer
fal
into
it
,
and
the
like
is
attributed
to
the
hearb
Trimity
,
and
Viola
Martia
,
likewise
the
blew
flowers
of
Violets
are
commended
for
this
purpose
by
Dioscorides
.
Of
the
kernels
.
THese
are
little
bunches
rising
in
the
throate
,
which
are
to
bee
cured
by
letting
bloud
in
the
shoulder
,
and
vnto
this
disease
belongeth
that
which
the
Germans
cal
Rangen
,
and
the
Italians
Sidor
,
which
is
not
contagious
,
but
very
dangerous
,
for
within
two
daies
the
beast
doth
dye
thereof
,
if
it
bee
not
preuented
:
this
euill
groweth
in
the
lower
part
or
chap
of
the
swines
mouth
,
where
it
doth
not
swel
,
but
waxing
white
,
hardeneth
like
a
peece
of
horne
,
through
paine
whereof
the
beast
cannot
eate
,
for
it
is
in
the
space
betwixt
the
sore
and
hinder
teeth
,
the
remedy
is
to
open
the
Swines
mouth
as
wide
as
one
can
,
by
thrusting
into
it
a
round
bat
,
then
thrust
a
sharp
needle
through
the
same
sore
,
and
lifting
it
vp
from
the
gum
,
they
cut
it
off
with
a
sharp
knife
,
and
this
remedy
helpeth
many
if
it
be
taken
in
time
,
some
giue
vnto
them
the
roots
of
a
kind
of
Gention
to
drinke
,
as
a
speciall
medicine
,
which
the
Germans
for
that
cause
cal
Rangen
crute
,
but
the
most
sure
way
is
the
cutting
it
off
,
and
like
vnto
this
there
is
such
another
growing
in
the
vpper
chappe
of
the
mouth
,
and
to
be
cured
by
the
same
remedy
;
the
cause
of
both
doth
arise
from
eating
of
their
meate
ouer
hot
,
and
therefore
the
good
Swineheard
must
labour
to
auoid
that
mischiefe
,
the
mischiefe
of
this
is
described
by
Virgill
:
Hinc
canibus
blandis
rabies
venit
,
&
quatit
aegros
,
Tussis
anhela
sues
,
as
faucibus
angit
abesis
.
Of
the
paine
in
their
lunges
.
FOr
all
maner
of
pain
in
their
lungs
,
which
come
by
the
most
part
from
want
of
drink
,
are
to
haue
lung-wort
stamped
,
and
giuen
them
to
drinke
in
water
,
or
else
to
haue
it
tyed
vnder
their
tongues
two
or
three
daies
together
,
or
that
which
is
more
probable
,
because
it
is
dangerous
to
take
it
inwardly
,
to
make
a
hole
in
the
eare
,
and
to
thrust
it
into
the
same
,
tying
it
fast
for
falling
out
,
and
the
same
vertue
hath
the
roote
of
the
white
Hellibor
,
but
the
diseases
of
the
lunges
are
not
very
dangerous
,
and
therefore
the
Butchers
saith
,
that
you
shall
sildome
find
a
Swyne
with
sound
lungs
or
Liuers
:
sometime
it
falleth
out
that
in
the
lightes
of
this
beast
there
wil
be
apparant
certain
white
spots
as
big
as
halfe
a
Wallnut
,
but
without
danger
to
the
beast
,
sometimes
the
lightes
cleaue
to
the
ribs
and
and
sides
of
the
beast
,
for
remedy
whereof
you
must
giue
them
the
same
medicines
,
that
you
giue
vnto
Oxen
in
the
same
disease
.
Sometimes
there
appeare
certaine
blathers
in
the
liuer
of
water
,
which
are
called
water-gals
,
sometimes
this
is
troubled
with
vomiting
,
and
then
it
is
good
to
giue
them
in
the
morning
,
fryed
pease
mingled
with
dust
of
Iuory
,
and
brused
salt
fasting
,
before
they
go
to
their
pastures
.
Of
the
diseases
in
the
Spleene
.
BY
reason
that
this
is
a
deuouring
beast
,
and
through
want
of
Water
,
it
is
many
times
sicke
of
the
Spleene
,
for
the
cure
whereof
you
must
giue
them
Prewnes
of
Tameriske
pressed
into
water
,
to
be
drunke
by
them
when
they
are
a
thirst
,
this
disease
commeth
for
the
most
part
in
the
summer
,
when
they
eat
of
sweet
and
greene
fruites
,
according
to
this
verse
;
Strata
iacent
passim
,
seuia
quaeque
sub
arbore
porna
.
The
vertue
of
these
Prewnes
of
Tameriske
is
also
very
profitable
agaynst
the
diseases
of
the
Melte
,
and
therefore
it
is
to
be
giuen
to
men
as
well
as
to
Beastes
,
for
if
they
do
but
drinke
out
of
pots
and
cups
made
out
of
the
wood
of
the
tree
Tameriske
,
they
are
easily
cleared
from
all
diseases
of
the
Spleene
:
and
therefore
in
some
Countries
of
this
great
tree
they
make
hog-troughes
and
mangers
,
for
the
safegard
of
their
beastes
,
and
where
they
grow
not
great
,
they
make
pots
and
cups
.
And
if
a
Hog
do
eat
of
this
Tameriske
but
nine
daies
together
,
at
his
death
hee
shall
be
found
to
bee
without
a
Spleene
,
(
as
Marcellus
writeth
.
)
When
they
become
loose
in
their
bellies
,
which
happeneth
to
them
in
the
spring
time
by
eating
of
greene
Hearbes
,
they
either
fall
to
bee
leane
,
or
else
to
dye
,
when
they
cannot
easily
make
water
,
by
reason
of
some
stoppage
,
or
sharpnesse
of
Vrin
,
they
may
be
eased
by
giuing
vnto
them
spurge-seed
.
And
thus
much
for
the
diseases
of
Swine
.
For
conclusion
whereof
I
will
adde
heereunto
the
length
of
a
Swynes
life
,
according
to
Aristotle
and
Pliny
,
if
it
be
not
cut
off
by
sicknesse
or
violent
death
;
for
in
their
daies
they
obserued
that
Swyne
did
liue
ordinarily
to
fifteene
yeares
,
and
some
of
them
to
twenty
:
And
thus
much
for
the
natvre
of
Swyne
in
generall
.
The
medicines
of
the
Hogge
.
The
best
remedy
for
the
bitings
of
venomous
Serpents
is
certainly
beleeued
to
be
this
,
to
take
some
little
creatures
,
A●●us
as
pigs
,
Cocks
,
Kyds
,
or
Lambes
,
and
teare
them
in
pieces
,
applying
them
whiles
they
are
hot
to
the
wound
as
soone
as
it
is
made
,
for
they
will
not
only
expell
away
the
poyson
,
but
also
make
the
wound
both
whole
and
sound
.
For
the
curing
of
Horsses
which
are
troubled
with
the
inflammation
of
the
lungs
.
Take
a
sucking
pig
and
kill
him
neare
vnto
the
sicke
horse
,
that
you
may
instantly
poure
the
blood
thereof
into
his
iawes
,
and
it
wil
proue
a
very
quick
and
speedy
remedy
.
The
panch
of
a
sucking
pig
being
taken
out
and
mingled
with
the
yolke
which
sticketh
to
the
inner
parts
of
the
skin
,
Marcellus
and
moystned
both
together
,
doth
very
much
ease
the
paine
of
the
teeth
being
poured
into
that
eare
,
●n
which
side
the
griefe
shall
lye
.
The
liquor
of
swines
flesh
being
boiled
,
doth
very
much
help
against
the
Buprestis
.
The
same
is
also
a
very
good
antidote
against
poyson
,
and
very
much
helpeth
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
gout
.
Cheese
made
of
Cowes
milke
being
very
old
,
so
that
it
can
scarce
be
eaten
for
tartnesse
,
being
in
the
liquor
or
decoction
of
Swines
flesh
which
is
old
and
salt
,
and
afterwardes
throughly
tempered
,
doth
very
much
mollifie
the
stifnesse
of
the
ioynts
,
being
well
applyed
thereunto
.
The
Indians
vse
to
wash
the
wounds
of
the
Elephantes
which
they
haue
taken
first
with
hot
water
,
●●●●ianus
afterwards
if
they
see
them
to
be
somewhat
deepe
,
they
annointed
them
with
butter
:
then
do
they
asswage
the
inflammation
thereof
,
by
rubbing
of
Swynes
flesh
vpon
them
,
being
whot
and
moyst
with
the
fresh
blood
issuing
from
the
same
.
For
the
healing
of
the
wounds
of
Elephants
,
butter
is
chiefely
commended
,
for
it
doth
easily
expell
the
iron
lyrage
hid
therein
,
but
for
the
curing
of
the
vlcers
,
there
is
nothing
,
comparable
to
the
flesh
of
swine
.
The
blood
of
swine
is
moyst
,
and
not
very
hot
,
being
in
temper
most
like
vnto
mans
blood
,
therefore
whosoeuer
saith
that
the
blood
of
men
is
profitable
for
any
disease
,
he
may
first
approue
the
same
in
swines
blood
:
but
if
it
shew
not
the
same
,
it
may
in
a
manner
shew
the
like
action
.
Galen
For
although
it
be
somewhat
inferior
vnto
mans
blood
,
yet
at
the
least
it
is
like
vnto
it
;
by
knowledge
whereof
,
wee
hope
wee
shall
bring
by
the
vse
thereof
,
more
full
and
ample
profit
vnto
men
.
For
although
it
do
not
fully
answer
to
our
expectation
,
notwithstanding
there
is
no
such
great
neede
that
we
should
proue
mens
blood
.
For
the
encouraging
of
a
feeble
or
diminished
Horsse
,
Eumelus
reporteth
,
the
flesh
of
swine
being
hot
,
mingled
in
wine
,
and
giuen
in
drinke
,
to
be
exceeding
good
and
profitable
.
There
also
ariseth
by
Swyne
another
excellent
medicine
against
diuers
perillous
diseases
,
which
is
this
;
to
kill
a
young
gelded
Boare-pig
,
hauing
red
haires
,
and
being
of
a
very
good
strength
,
r●ceiuing
the
fresh
blood
in
a
pot
,
and
to
stir
it
vppe
and
downe
a
great
while
together
with
a
sticke
made
of
red
Iuniper
,
casting
out
the
clots
of
the
blood
,
being
gathered
while
it
is
stirring
.
Then
to
cast
in
the
scrapings
of
the
same
Iuniper
,
and
stir
the
berries
of
the
Iuniper
in
the
same
to
the
quantity
of
seuen
and
twenty
,
but
in
the
stirring
of
the
same
,
let
the
clotes
be
stil
cast
out
.
Afterwards
mingle
with
the
same
these
hearbs
following
,
Agrimony
,
Rue
,
Phu
,
Scabious
,
Betony
,
Pimpernell
,
Succory
,
Parsly
,
of
each
a
handfull
.
But
if
the
measure
of
the
bloud
exceed
three
pintes
,
put
vnto
it
two
ounces
of
Treacle
:
but
if
it
shall
be
bigger
,
for
the
quantity
of
the
bloud
you
shall
diminish
the
measure
of
the
Treacle
(
.
But
all
things
ought
to
be
so
prepared
that
they
may
be
put
to
the
bloud
comming
hot
from
the
Bore
.
)
These
being
mixed
altogether
,
you
must
draw
forth
a
dropping
liquor
,
which
you
must
dry
in
the
sun
,
being
diligently
kept
in
a
glasse-vessell
for
eight
daies
together
,
which
you
must
do
once
euery
yeare
for
it
will
last
twenty
yeares
.
This
medicine
is
manifestly
known
to
be
a
great
preseruatiue
against
these
diseases
following
,
namely
the
plague
,
impostumes
in
the
head
,
sides
,
or
ribs
,
as
also
all
diseases
whatsoeuer
in
the
lungs
,
the
inflammation
of
the
melt
,
corrupt
or
putrified
bloud
,
the
ague
,
swellings
in
the
body
,
shaking
of
the
heart
,
the
dropsie
,
heate
in
the
body
aboue
nature
,
euill
humors
,
but
the
principallest
and
chiefest
vertue
thereof
is
in
curing
all
poisons
,
and
such
as
are
troubled
with
a
noysome
or
pestilent
feauer
.
Let
him
therefore
who
is
troubled
with
any
of
the
aforesaid
diseases
,
drinke
euery
morning
a
spoonefull
,
or
foure
or
fiue
drops
of
the
same
liquor
,
and
sweate
vppon
the
same
,
and
it
will
in
very
short
time
perfectly
cure
him
of
his
paine
.
Some
also
do
vse
Almonds
pounded
or
beaten
in
the
bloud
against
the
plague
,
the
liquor
being
extracted
forth
by
the
force
of
fire
.
A
young
pig
being
killed
with
a
knife
,
hauing
his
bloud
put
vpon
that
part
of
the
body
of
any
one
which
is
troubled
with
warts
,
being
as
yet
hot
come
from
him
,
will
presently
dry
them
,
and
being
after
washed
,
wil
quite
expel
them
away
.
Marcellus
The
blood
of
a
Sow
which
hath
once
pigged
being
annoynted
vpon
Women
,
cureth
many
diseases
in
them
.
The
braines
of
a
Boare
or
Sow
being
annointed
vppon
the
sores
or
Carbuncles
of
the
priuy
members
,
doth
very
effectually
cure
them
,
the
same
effect
also
hath
the
blood
of
a
hog
.
The
dugs
of
of
a
woman
anointed
round
about
with
the
bloud
of
a
sow
,
Pliny
will
decrease
lesse
and
lesse
.
A
young
pig
being
cut
in
pieces
,
and
the
bloud
thereof
anointed
vppon
a
Womans
dugs
,
will
make
them
that
they
shall
not
encrease
.
Concerning
the
grease
of
swine
,
it
is
tearmed
diuersly
of
all
the
Authors
,
for
the
Graecians
call
it
Stear
Coirion
,
and
Oxungion
,
for
the
imitation
of
the
Latine
word
Axungia
:
but
Marcellus
also
applyeth
Axungia
to
the
fat
of
other
creatures
,
which
among
the
auncient
Authors
I
do
not
find
:
for
in
our
time
those
which
in
Latine
,
do
call
that
fat
Axungia
,
which
encreaseth
more
solid●
betweene
the
skinne
and
the
flesh
,
in
a
hog
,
a
man
,
a
Brocke
or
Badger
,
a
Dor-mouse
,
a
Mountain-mouse
,
and
such
like
.
The
fat
of
swine
they
commonly
cal
Lard
which
groweth
betwixt
the
skin
and
the
flesh
,
in
expressing
the
vertues
of
this
,
we
will
first
of
al
shew
howit
is
to
be
applied
to
cewers
outwardly
,
and
then
how
it
is
to
be
receiued
inwardly
,
next
vnto
butter
,
it
hath
the
chiefest
commendations
among
the
ancients
,
and
therefore
they
inuented
to
keepe
it
long
,
which
they
did
by
casting
some
salt
among
it
,
neither
is
the
reason
of
the
force
of
it
obscure
or
vncertaine
,
for
as
it
feedeth
vpon
many
wholesome
hearbes
which
are
medicinable
,
so
doth
it
yeald
from
them
many
vertuous
opperations
,
and
besides
the
physick
of
it
,
it
was
a
custome
for
new
married
wiues
when
they
first
of
all
entered
into
their
husbands
house
,
to
anoint
the
postes
thereof
with
swines
greace
in
token
of
their
fruitfulnesse
while
they
were
aliue
,
and
remainder
of
their
good
workes
when
they
should
be
dead
.
The
Apothecaries
for
preparation
of
certaine
ointments
,
do
geld
a
male
sucking
pig
,
especially
such
a
one
as
is
red
,
and
take
from
his
raines
or
belly
certain
fat
,
whith
the
Germans
call
Schmaer
,
and
the
French
Oing
,
that
is
,
Vnguentum
,
the
husbandmen
vse
Swynes
grease
to
annoint
the
axe
trees
of
their
carts
and
carriages
,
and
for
want
thereof
they
take
putryfied
Butter
,
and
in
some
countries
the
gum
that
runneth
out
of
pine
trees
,
and
Fer
trees
,
with
the
scum
of
Butter
mingled
together
,
and
this
composition
taketh
away
scabs
and
tetters
in
men
,
but
it
is
to
be
remembred
that
this
greace
must
bee
fresh
,
and
not
salted
,
for
of
salt
grease
there
is
no
vse
,
but
to
skower
those
thinges
that
are
not
exulcerated
.
The
auncientes
deemed
that
this
is
the
best
Greace
which
was
taken
from
the
raines
of
the
Hog
washed
in
raine
water
,
the
vaines
being
pulled
out
of
it
,
and
afterwards
boyled
in
a
new
earthen
pot
,
and
so
preserued
.
The
fat
of
Swine
is
not
so
hot
and
dry
as
the
fat
of
other
beastes
,
the
cheefe
vse
of
it
is
to
moysten
,
to
fasten
,
to
purge
,
and
to
scatter
,
and
heerein
it
is
most
excellent
when
it
hath
beene
washed
in
Wine
,
for
the
stale
salt
Grease
so
mixed
with
wine
,
is
profitable
to
annoint
those
that
haue
the
pleurifie
,
and
mingled
with
ashes
and
Pitch
,
easeth
inflammations
,
fistulaies
,
and
tumours
,
and
the
same
vertue
is
ascribed
to
the
fat
of
Foxes
,
except
that
their
fat
is
hotter
then
the
Swynes
,
and
lesse
moyst
:
likewise
ashes
of
Vines
mingled
with
stale
grease
of
Hogs
,
cureth
the
wounds
of
Scorpions
and
Dogs
,
and
with
the
spume
of
Nitre
,
it
hath
the
same
vertue
against
the
biting
of
Dogges
.
It
is
vsed
also
against
the
French
disease
,
(
called
the
French
Poxe
,
)
for
they
say
if
the
kneese
of
a
man
bee
annointed
therewith
,
and
he
stand
gaping
ouer
it
,
it
will
draw
a
filthy
matter
out
of
his
stomacke
,
and
make
him
vomit
.
By
Serenus
it
is
prescribed
,
to
be
annointed
vpon
the
kneese
,
against
the
stifnesse
of
the
Necke
.
Mingled
with
Quick
siluer
and
Brimstone
,
it
is
sufferant
against
the
itch
and
scabs
.
This
Lard
being
sod
with
the
fat
,
and
applyed
to
the
body
,
doth
mightily
expell
corruptions
that
cleaue
to
the
skin
.
The
fat
of
Swyne
with
Butter
and
Oyle
of
Roses
,
is
instilled
into
the
broken
skinnes
of
the
braine
for
the
cure
of
them
.
Likewise
Buglosse
plucked
vp
by
the
roote
,
and
the
rootes
cut
off
,
and
curiosly
washed
,
beaten
and
pounded
into
a
ball
,
and
mixed
with
Swynes
greace
,
is
good
to
be
layed
to
any
incurable
wound
.
It
is
also
profitable
for
the
wounded
Nerues
of
the
body
,
beaten
together
with
Wormes
of
the
earth
,
according
to
these
verses
of
Serenus
:
Terrae
lumbricos
inretritos
,
Queis
vetus
&
ranis
sociari
exungia
debet
.
When
bones
are
broken
,
if
they
be
annointed
with
the
sod
greace
of
Swine
,
and
so
bound
vp
fast
together
,
after
they
be
well
set
and
closed
,
grow
wonderfull
fast
,
sure
,
and
solide
againe
.
Serenus
writeth
thus
of
it
;
Si
cui
forte
lapis
teneros
violauerit
artus
,
Necte
aedipes
vetulos
,
&
tritam
chamaecisson
.
By
this
fat
,
(
he
meaneth
the
fat
of
Swyne
)
because
presently
after
he
maketh
mention
of
the
dung
of
Swyne
to
be
good
for
the
same
cure
.
Being
mingled
with
pitch
,
it
scattereth
all
bunches
and
fellons
.
The
hardnesse
of
the
breasts
,
ruptures
,
conuulsions
,
&
Cramps
,
and
with
whit
Helsibor
,
it
closeth
vp
clifts
and
chinks
,
in
the
flesh
,
&
maketh
the
hard
skin
to
be
soft
againe
.
It
is
very
profitable
against
inflamations
of
vlcers
,
especially
the
fat
of
the
boare
pig
,
mixed
with
liquid
gum
.
Women
do
also
vse
the
fat
of
a
Sow
that
neuer
bore
pig
to
cleare
their
skinne
,
and
to
mixe
it
with
pitch
,
and
one
third
part
of
Asse-grease
against
the
scabs
.
The
same
mixed
with
white
Lead
,
and
the
spume
of
siluer
maketh
the
scares
of
the
body
to
be
of
the
same
colour
with
the
residue
;
and
with
Sulphur
,
it
taketh
away
the
spots
in
the
Nailes
,
mingled
with
the
powder
of
Acornes
:
if
the
greace
bee
salt
,
it
softneth
the
hardnesse
of
the
flesh
.
Rue
mixed
with
Swines
sewet
or
Buls-greace
,
taketh
away
spottes
and
freckles
out
of
the
face
,
and
it
is
also
profitable
against
the
Kings
euell
,
being
mixed
with
the
powder
of
a
sea
Oyster-shell
,
and
being
annointed
in
a
bath
,
it
taketh
away
the
itch
and
blisters
.
Featherfew
and
stale
swines
greace
,
is
also
prescribed
against
the
Kings
euill
.
This
same
alone
or
with
snow
,
easeth
the
paine
of
burnings
in
the
flesh
,
and
when
there
is
an
vlcer
,
by
reason
of
the
burning
,
mixe
it
with
tosted
barly
and
the
white
of
an
Egge
,
according
to
these
verses
;
Combustis
igni
,
Hordea
vel
friges
atque
oui
candida
iunges
,
Ad
sit
adeps
porcae
mira
est
nam
forma
medelae
,
Iunge
chelidonias
ac
sic
line
vulnera
succis
,
Quodque
recens
vssit
glacies
axungia
simplex
,
Mulcet
&
ex
facili
grata
est
medicamina
cura
.
Fresh
grease
is
very
profitable
for
those
members
that
are
surboted
or
riuen
of
their
skin
,
and
likewise
to
anoint
them
that
are
weary
with
long
iournies
.
The
ashes
of
womens
haire
burned
in
a
shell
,
and
mingled
with
the
fat
of
Swine
,
are
said
to
ease
the
paine
of
S.
Anthonies
fire
,
and
to
stanch
bloud
,
and
to
cure
ring-wormes
.
The
gall
of
a
Swine
,
or
of
a
Bore
,
and
the
lights
with
the
fat
,
filleth
vp
the
●ibes
,
and
the
stalkes
of
Cabiges
with
the
rootes
burned
,
and
mingled
with
Swines
grease
being
applyed
to
the
sides
,
doe
cure
the
daily
paines
thereof
:
And
thus
far
of
the
vse
of
this
grease
for
the
bodies
of
men
.
Now
also
it
followeth
in
a
word
to
touch
the
vse
thereof
for
the
bodies
of
beasts
.
When
the
hornes
of
Oxen
or
Kine
are
broken
,
they
take
a
little
Lint
,
Salt
,
Vineger
,
and
Oyle
,
and
lay
them
vpon
the
broken
horne
,
pouring
in
the
liquid
,
and
binding
the
rest
close
on
the
outside
,
and
this
they
renew
three
daies
together
.
The
fourth
day
they
take
the
like
quantity
of
swines
grease
,
and
liquid
pitch
,
and
with
a
smooth
rind
or
barke
of
pine
they
binde
it
too
close
,
and
so
it
is
fastened
againe
.
When
the
hoofe
or
ancles
of
an
Oxe
are
hurt
with
the
plough
share
,
then
take
hard
pitch
,
swines
grease
,
and
Sulphur
,
roul
them
vp
altogether
in
vnwashed
wooll
,
and
with
a
hot
burning
Iron
melt
them
vpon
the
wound
or
horne
.
The
eares
of
Dogges
in
the
summer
time
are
exulcerated
by
flyes
,
into
the
which
sores
it
is
good
to
instill
liquid
pitch
sod
with
swines
greace
,
and
this
medicine
also
is
good
to
deliuer
beastes
from
the
tickes
,
for
they
fall
off
as
many
as
touch
it
.
When
Lambes
or
Kyds
are
troubled
with
the
Sheepe
pox
,
some
vse
to
annoint
them
with
Swines
grease
and
the
rust
of
Iron
,
that
is
two
partes
of
Swynes
greace
,
and
one
part
of
rust
,
and
so
warme
them
together
.
Also
for
the
scabs
vppon
Horsses
heeles
,
that
are
called
the
scratches
,
which
come
for
the
most
part
in
the
Winter
time
,
they
cure
them
on
this
manner
.
They
take
the
fat
of
Swyne
,
and
melt
it
on
the
fire
,
and
poure
it
into
cold
Water
,
which
afterwardes
they
take
it
out
and
beate
it
well
together
,
at
last
they
mingle
it
with
Brimstone
beaten
small
,
and
so
annoint
the
place
therewith
three
dayes
together
,
and
the
third
day
they
open
the
scabs
,
and
so
continue
annoynting
till
it
be
cured
.
When
a
Horsse
cannot
hold
his
Neck
right
,
it
is
good
to
anoynt
him
with
Oyle
,
wine
,
Honny
,
and
Hogges-greace
,
the
manner
of
some
Leeches
is
,
when
they
haue
made
a
suppuration
by
Oxen
in
burning
,
they
first
of
all
wash
it
with
stale
Vrine
,
and
afterwardes
mingle
an
equall
quantity
of
pitch
and
Hogs
greace
together
,
wherewithall
they
annoint
and
cure
the
sore
.
Sometine
the
blood
of
Oxen
falleth
downe
into
their
feete
,
wherein
it
congealeth
and
breaketh
forth
into
scabbes
,
then
must
the
place
first
of
all
be
scraped
with
a
knife
,
and
the
scabs
cut
away
,
afterwardes
with
cloathes
wet
in
Vineger
,
Salt
,
and
Oyle
,
moystened
and
pressed
hard
,
and
last
of
all
by
an
equall
quantity
of
Hogs-Greace
,
&
Goats
sewet
sod
both
together
,
it
will
be
cured
by
laying
it
vnto
it
.
And
thus
much
for
the
remedies
of
Swines
greace
towards
beastes
.
The
huskes
of
Beanes
being
beaten
small
to
powder
,
and
mixed
with
swines
greace
,
is
very
profitable
against
the
paine
of
the
hippes
,
and
the
Nerues
.
Some
Physitians
take
the
greace
of
Swine
,
the
fat
of
Geese
,
the
sewet
of
Bulles
,
and
the
Oesypus
or
sweat
of
sheepe
,
and
annoint
therewithall
gouty
Legges
,
but
if
the
paine
remoue
not
,
then
doe
they
adde
vnto
it
Waxe
,
Mirtle
,
Gum
,
and
Pitch
,
and
some
vse
it
mixed
with
old
Oyle
,
with
the
stone
Sarcephagys
,
sinck-foyle
beaten
in
wine
with
lime
or
ashes
.
This
swines
greace
beaten
in
water
with
cumin
,
is
prescribed
by
Simeon
Sethi
against
the
gout
.
It
remedieth
the
falling
of
the
haire
,
and
the
paine
in
the
heads
of
women
,
mingled
with
one
forth
part
of
gals
,
and
the
like
vertue
it
hath
with
wilde
Roses
,
Lingulaca
and
Hippocampinus
with
Nitre
and
vineger
.
When
the
corners
of
ones
eies
are
troubled
with
wormes
,
by
annoynting
them
with
the
fat
of
a
Sow
with
pig
,
beating
them
together
both
within
and
without
,
you
shall
draw
all
the
Wormes
out
of
his
eyes
.
When
one
hath
paine
in
his
eares
whereby
matter
yssueth
forth
,
let
him
beate
the
oldest
Lard
he
can
in
a
Morter
,
and
rake
the
iuyce
thereof
in
fine
wooll
,
then
let
him
put
that
wooll
into
his
eare
,
making
it
to
worke
through
warme
water
,
and
then
infuse
a
little
more
of
the
iuyce
of
that
Lard
,
and
so
shall
he
worke
a
great
cure
in
short
time
.
And
generally
the
fatte
of
Geese
,
Hennes
,
Swine
,
and
Foxes
,
are
prepared
for
all
the
paynes
in
the
eares
.
If
there
arise
any
bunch
in
the
Necke
or
throate
,
seeth
Lard
and
Wine
together
,
and
so
by
gargarising
that
Lyquor
,
it
shall
bee
dispersed
,
according
to
the
verses
of
Serenus
:
Inrigore
ceruicis
geminus
mulcebitur
vnguine
poples
,
Hinc
longam
paritur
neruos
medicina
sequetur
.
And
it
is
no
maruaile
that
the
vertue
of
this
should
go
from
the
knees
to
the
Nerues
,
seeing
that
Pliny
affirmeth
,
that
from
the
anointing
of
the
knees
the
sauour
goeth
into
the
stomack
,
ther
is
so
great
affinity
or
operation
of
Rue
vpon
the
stones
,
that
in
ancient
time
they
were
wont
to
cure
burstnesse
by
annoynting
the
cods
with
wilde
Rue
and
Swynes
Greace
.
Also
this
Greace
with
rust
of
Iron
,
is
good
against
all
the
imperfectious
in
the
seate
.
Butter
,
Goose-greace
,
and
Hogges-greace
,
are
indifferently
vsed
for
this
infirmity
.
Also
this
is
vsed
to
keepe
Women
from
abortementes
that
are
subiect
thereunto
,
being
applyed
like
an
eye-salue
.
In
the
diseases
of
the
matrix
,
especially
Vlcers
,
they
first
of
all
dip
Spuuges
or
Wooll
in
warme
Water
,
and
so
clense
the
places
infected
,
and
afterwards
cure
it
with
Rozen
and
Swynes
Grease
,
mingled
together
,
and
often
vsing
it
in
the
day
and
night
by
way
of
an
oyntmnet
:
but
if
the
exulceration
be
vehement
,
after
the
washing
they
put
Honny
vnto
the
former
confection
,
and
some
make
a
p●●fume
with
Goats
Horne
,
Galles
,
Swynes
Greace
,
and
Gumme
of
Cedars
.
And.
Fernerius
saith
,
that
Lard
cut
small
and
beate
in
a
Morter
of
stone
like
paast
,
in
a
Limbecke
of
Glasse
,
rendereth
a
white
Water
,
which
maketh
the
haire
yellow
,
and
also
the
face
comely
.
If
a
man
be
poysoned
with
Hemlocke
hee
cannot
auoyde
it
better
,
then
by
drinking
salt
,
Wine
,
and
fresh
Greace
.
A
decoction
heereof
is
good
against
the
poyson
of
Beuprestis
,
and
against
Quickesiluer
.
The
sewet
of
a
Sowe
fed
with
greene
Hearbes
,
is
profitable
to
them
that
are
sicke
of
a
consumption
of
the
lunges
,
according
to
this
verse
of
Serenus
;
Porderit
&
veteris
saeui
pila
sumpta
suilli
.
This
may
also
be
giuen
them
in
Wine
,
either
raw
or
decocted
,
or
else
in
pilles
to
be
swallowed
downe
whole
if
it
be
not
salted
,
and
the
fift
day
after
they
prescribe
them
to
drinke
out
of
an
Egge-shell
Liquid
Pitch
,
binding
their
sides
,
breasts
,
and
shoulder
bones
very
hard
.
It
is
also
vsed
for
an
old
Cough
after
it
is
decocted
,
the
waight
of
a
groat
being
put
into
three
cuppes
of
Wine
with
some
Hony
.
It
is
giuen
also
to
them
that
haue
the
flixe
,
especially
olde
Lard
,
Honny
,
&
Wine
,
being
beaten
together
till
they
bee
all
as
thicke
as
Hony
,
whereof
the
quantity
of
a
Hasell-Nut
,
is
to
be
drunke
out
of
Water
.
Also
morsels
of
Swynes-Grease
,
Butter
,
and
Hony
,
being
put
downe
into
a
Horsse
throate
,
cureth
him
of
an
old
Cough
,
and
finally
a
peece
of
this
Greace
being
old
,
moystened
in
olde
Wine
,
is
profitable
to
a
Horse
that
hath
beene
ouerheated
in
his
iourney
.
When
Calues
bee
troubled
with
belly
Wormes
,
take
one
part
of
Swynes-Greace
,
and
mingle
it
with
three
partes
of
Isope
,
afterwardes
thrust
it
downe
into
the
throates
of
the
Calues
,
and
it
shall
expell
the
wormes
.
When
the
tongue
and
Chappes
waxe
blacke
by
a
peculiar
sicknesse
of
the
mouth
,
which
the
Physitians
call
Morbus
epidemius
,
it
is
most
wholesome
to
rub
the
tongue
with
the
inner
side
of
the
rines
of
Bacon
,
and
so
draw
out
an
extreame
heate
:
and
it
is
said
if
a
man
be
deepely
infected
,
whose
tongue
is
thus
rubbed
,
the
said
Bacon
rine
being
eaten
by
any
Dog
,
will
procure
his
death
.
The
fat
of
Wolues
and
the
marrow
of
Swyne
is
good
to
anoint
bleare-eyes
withall
.
By
swallowing
downe
the
marrow
of
Swine
,
the
appetite
to
carnall
copulation
is
encreased
.
The
ashes
or
powder
of
Hogs
bristles
which
are
taken
out
of
plaisterers
pensils
,
wherwithall
they
rub
Walles
,
and
mixed
with
Swynes
Grease
,
doth
ease
the
paine
of
burnings
,
and
also
stayeth
the
bleeding
of
woundes
,
and
the
falling
downe
of
the
seate
being
first
of
all
washed
in
Wine
and
dryed
Pitch
mingled
therewithall
.
The
powder
of
the
cheek-bones
of
Swyne
,
is
a
most
present
remedy
for
broken
bones
,
and
also
for
vlcers
in
the
legges
and
shinnes
.
The
fat
of
a
Boare
is
commended
against
Serpentes
,
and
so
also
is
the
liuer
of
a
Bore
pigge
when
the
Fibres
are
taken
from
it
,
if
the
weight
of
two
pence
be
drunke
in
wine
.
The
braine
of
a
Sow
tosted
at
the
fire
,
and
laide
to
a
Carbuncle
,
either
disperseth
or
emptieth
it
.
Likewise
the
blood
and
braines
of
a
Bore
or
a
sow
,
or
Bore-pig
being
mixed
with
honey
,
doeth
cure
the
Carbuncles
in
the
yard
,
and
the
braines
alone
,
openeth
the
gums
of
children
,
to
let
out
their
teeth
,
as
Serenus
writeth
,
Aucteneris
cerebris
gingivis
illine
porci
.
There
are
naturally
in
the
head
of
a
Hogge
two
little
bones
that
haue
holes
in
them
,
one
in
the
right
part
,
and
another
in
the
left
.
Now
if
it
happen
that
a
man
find
these
bones
by
chaunce
,
either
one
or
both
of
them
,
let
him
lay
them
vp
safe
,
and
whensoeuer
he
is
trobled
with
the
Head-ach
,
let
him
vse
them
,
hanging
them
about
his
necke
by
a
silken
thrid
,
that
is
to
say
,
if
his
head
ake
on
the
right
side
,
let
him
hange
the
right
bone
,
and
if
on
the
left
,
the
left
bone
:
These
things
I
report
vpon
the
credit
of
Marcellus
.
Galen
also
writeth
,
that
if
the
pole
of
the
swines
eare
be
hanged
about
ones
necke
,
it
will
preserue
him
from
all
cough
afterwards
.
They
were
wont
as
Dioscorides
writeth
,
to
seeth
a
Gudgen
in
a
swines
belly
,
by
the
eating
whereof
,
they
staied
the
falling
downe
of
the
seat
.
If
a
man
eat
the
lunges
of
a
Boare
,
and
a
sow
sodden
and
fasting
,
they
will
preserue
him
from
drunkennesse
all
that
daye
,
and
likewise
the
sayed
lunges
doth
keepe
the
soles
of
the
feete
from
inflammation
which
are
caused
by
streight
shooes
.
It
also
healeth
the
piles
,
clifts
,
and
breaking
of
the
skinne
,
and
kibes
of
the
feet
,
by
laying
to
it
a
Bores
gall
,
and
a
swines
lungs
.
If
a
man
drinke
the
liuer
of
a
sow
in
wine
,
it
saueth
his
life
from
the
biting
of
venemous
beastes
.
Also
the
liuer
of
a
Bore
burned
with
Iuniper-wood
,
cureth
all
the
faults
in
the
secrets
,
and
drunke
in
Wine
without
salt
after
it
is
sod
,
stayeth
the
loosenesse
of
the
belly
.
The
gall
of
swine
is
not
verye
vehement
,
for
as
the
whole
body
is
waterish
,
so
also
is
that
,
neither
is
there
any
beast
heerin
comparable
vnto
it
,
(
except
the
wild
)
&
that
is
enimy
to
Vlcers
,
ripening
the
sore
,
scattering
the
euill
humors
,
and
resisting
the
bitinges
of
venemous
Beastes
.
Also
the
gall
of
Bores
layed
to
brused
Articles
,
doth
procure
vnto
them
wonderfull
ease
.
One
shall
take
away
an
old
scurffe
very
easily
by
the
gall
of
a
sow
,
which
farrow
if
it
be
mingled
with
the
iuyce
of
the
hearbe
Siclamine
,
and
there
withall
to
rub
the
heade
wel
in
a
Bath
.
To
keepe
haire
from
growing
vpon
the
browes
when
it
is
once
plucked
off
.
Take
the
gall
and
fatte
of
a
Bore
,
and
put
them
into
a
smooth-thicke-earthen-pot
,
and
of
the
sharpest
Vineger
and
oyle
of
Almonds
,
foure
oun●es
a
peece
,
poure
that
into
it
,
and
then
bind
the
mouth
of
the
pot
close
with
a
thicke
linnen
cloath
,
so
letting
them
stand
seuen
daies
together
,
afterwards
open
them
againe
,
and
you
shall
finde
vpon
the
top
a
certaine
scum
like
Gold
,
wherewithal
annoint
those
places
,
which
you
woulde
haue
remaine
balde
,
after
that
you
haue
beaten
it
togither
in
a
morter
:
likewise
the
gall
of
a
Barrow
hogge
or
Bore
pigge
,
doeth
scatter
Apostumes
and
bunches
in
any
part
of
the
body
.
The
gall
of
a
Hog
dryed
in
an
Ouen
,
and
layed
vpon
a
Carbuncle
,
as
much
as
will
couer
it
,
it
cleaueth
fast
to
the
sore
,
and
draweth
out
the
root
and
core
thereof
.
It
is
likewise
good
against
the
vlcers
of
the
eares
,
except
the
Vlcer
be
of
long
continuance
,
and
then
it
is
good
to
vse
a
sharper
gall
,
such
as
is
a
sheepes
,
an
Oxes
,
a
Beares
,
or
a
Goats
,
they
mingle
herewithall
sometimes
oyle
of
roses
,
but
for
olde
wounds
in
the
ears
,
It
is
good
to
take
one
part
of
the
best
hony
,
and
two
parts
of
the
sharpest
Vineger
,
and
so
let
them
boile
on
the
fire
three
walmes
,
afterwards
set
them
farre
off
from
the
fire
,
vntill
it
leaue
seething
or
boiling
,
and
then
put
Nitre
vnto
it
,
so
long
til
you
know
by
the
Vapor
that
the
Niter
is
settled
,
then
seeth
it
againe
vppon
a
gentle
fire
,
so
as
it
boyleth
not
ouer
,
and
lastlye
put
into
the
eares
of
this
gal
of
a
Bore
,
or
of
a
Goate
,
and
then
seeth
it
the
third
time
,
taking
it
from
the
fire
,
when
it
is
Luke-warme
,
infuse
it
into
the
eares
,
and
this
gall
must
not
be
the
gall
of
a
sow
,
except
of
such
as
neuer
bare
pig
.
Also
this
gall
being
dried
doth
cure
the
Haemorhods
and
kibes
.
There
are
also
certaine
slifters
or
clifts
in
the
hooues
of
horsses
,
which
are
cured
in
one
nights
space
,
by
applying
vnto
them
the
gal
of
a
Barrow-hog
,
mingled
with
the
yolkes
of
Egges
.
The
blather
of
swine
will
prouoke
vrine
,
and
of
a
Boare
pig
sod
,
rosted
or
boyled
,
and
so
eaten
and
drunke
,
causeth
a
man
to
containe
his
vrine
,
which
neuer
could
before
.
When
the
head
of
a
man
is
exulcerated
and
runneth
,
take
the
bladder
of
a
Barrow-hog
,
with
the
Vrine
,
and
cast
the
same
into
the
fat
cut
small
,
afterwards
mingle
it
so
with
salt
,
that
it
may
appeare
all
white
,
then
binde
it
vp
fast
,
and
digge
a
hole
in
the
Garden
about
a
cubit
deepe
,
wherein
bury
and
couer
the
sayde
gall
,
and
so
let
it
rest
forty
or
fifty
daies
in
the
earth
,
till
the
matter
therein
contained
be
putrified
,
then
take
it
out
and
melt
it
in
a
dish
,
and
keepe
the
ointment
that
ariseth
of
it
.
Then
wash
the
head
all
ouer
with
lye
,
vnto
the
intent
that
it
may
not
be
offended
thorough
the
Acrimony
thereof
,
mingle
it
with
new
wine
or
with
water
,
and
then
when
it
is
dry
after
such
washing
,
annoint
it
with
the
sayde
ointment
,
and
so
will
the
noxious
and
vncleane
haires
fall
euery
one
off
,
and
new
pure
ones
arise
in
their
place
,
and
you
must
be
very
carefull
to
keepe
the
head
from
colde
.
They
were
wont
to
giue
the
stones
of
swine
against
the
sauling
sicknesse
,
but
then
they
were
first
dryed
,
and
afterwards
beaten
to
pouder
,
and
giuen
to
the
sicke
party
in
swines
milke
,
so
he
was
commaunded
to
abstaine
from
wine
many
daies
before
,
and
after
he
receiued
it
for
many
daies
togither
.
In
Savoye
they
take
the
stones
out
of
a
yong
hog
when
they
geld
him
,
and
scorch
them
at
the
fire
so
long
,
till
they
may
bee
crushed
to
peeces
,
and
this
they
prescribe
to
be
drunke
in
wine
against
the
Collicke
.
Some
giue
the
powder
of
Bores
stones
to
men
and
women
,
to
increase
copulation
and
conception
.
The
Magicians
or
wise
men
of
the
East
,
prescribed
to
be
drunke
for
the
incontinency
of
vrine
,
the
pouder
of
a
Bore
pigs
stones
out
of
sweete
Wine
,
and
then
to
make
water
in
a
Dogs
kennell
,
which
while
he
is
doing
,
to
speake
to
himselfe
these
words
:
Ne
ipse
vrinam
faciam
vt
canis
in
suo
cubile
,
but
I
will
leaue
this
superstition
,
as
not
worthy
to
be
Englished
.
Some
take
the
bladder
of
a
Sow
burned
to
pouder
,
and
drunke
for
this
infirmity
,
and
some
a
certaine
liquerish
poison
,
which
droppeth
from
the
Nauell
of
a
Bore
pig
,
immediately
after
it
is
farrowed
.
Bacon
beaten
together
,
and
made
like
meale
,
is
good
against
a
continuall
cough
,
or
staieth
bleeding
at
the
mouth
.
Bacon
broath
is
also
mingled
with
other
medicines
against
the
gout
,
and
they
make
an
implaister
of
Bacon
to
scatter
grauelly
matter
in
the
bladder
.
The
bones
of
Bacon
about
the
hippes
,
are
kept
to
clense
and
rubbe
teeth
,
and
by
burning
of
them
,
not
onely
the
loose
teeth
in
men
are
fastened
,
but
also
the
wormes
in
the
teeth
of
beasts
are
killed
.
If
a
horse
bee
troubled
with
the
Glaunders
or
any
such
liquid
matter
running
out
at
his
mouth
and
nose
,
then
let
the
broath
wherein
Bacon
and
swines
feete
hath
bin
sod
,
be
mixed
with
hony
,
and
so
strained
afterward
,
let
it
be
beaten
well
togither
with
Egges
,
and
so
infused
into
the
left
Nosthrill
of
the
horsse
.
Gagnerius
prescribeth
an
emplaister
to
be
made
of
cheese
,
and
the
feet
of
swine
against
the
shrinking
vp
of
the
sinnewes
.
The
ancle
bone
of
a
sow
being
burned
vntil
it
be
white
,
and
brused
and
taken
in
drink
,
doeth
cure
the
swellings
of
the
necke
,
and
paines
of
long
continuance
.
The
Ancle
bone
of
a
Sow
burned
and
brused
,
and
giuen
to
drinke
onely
in
Water
,
is
a
remedy
against
the
collicke
and
stone
.
The
anckle
bone
of
a
sow
doth
driue
away
those
swellinges
which
arise
in
the
stomacke
,
and
doth
ease
the
paines
of
the
head
.
The
ashes
of
the
ancle
bone
of
a
sow
or
Bore
,
doeth
cure
Cornes
,
cleftse
,
or
other
rifts
in
the
skin
,
and
the
hardnesse
of
the
skin
that
is
in
the
bottome
of
the
feet
.
It
is
also
shewed
,
that
if
the
bone
shall
be
hung
about
the
necke
of
those
that
are
trobled
with
quarterne
agues
,
that
then
they
shall
be
farre
better
,
but
of
what
bone
he
speaketh
,
it
is
vncertaine
,
but
as
he
remembreth
it
is
the
next
bone
before
the
fat
of
the
anckle
bone
.
The
bones
that
are
taken
from
the
hoofes
of
sowes
,
burned
and
beaten
to
pouder
are
very
good
to
rub
and
clense
the
teeth
:
Also
the
bones
next
to
the
ribbes
of
Bacon
,
being
burned
,
are
very
good
to
fasten
the
teeth
.
The
bones
that
are
taken
from
the
hooues
of
hogs
,
and
burned
to
pouder
,
are
vsed
to
clense
the
teeth
,
and
it
is
very
good
also
to
fasten
the
teeth
.
The
ashes
which
are
made
of
a
Harts
horne
,
or
of
the
hoofe
of
a
hog
,
are
verie
good
to
clense
or
rub
the
teeth
.
The
bones
which
are
taken
from
the
hoof
of
a
hog
burnd
and
beaten
to
pouder
and
sifted
,
and
a
little
spicknard
added
thereto
,
doth
make
the
teeth
very
white
,
by
often
rubbing
them
therewith
.
The
ashes
of
the
hoofs
of
a
Bore
or
sow
,
put
in
drinke
,
doth
stay
the
incontinency
of
vrine
,
and
also
the
bloody
flixe
.
Take
as
much
Mercurial
sodden
,
as
ones
hand
can
hold
,
sod
in
two
pintes
of
water
vnto
one
pinte
,
and
drinke
the
same
with
hony
and
salt
,
and
the
pouder
of
a
Hogges
hoofe
,
and
it
shall
l●ose
the
belly
.
The
milke
of
a
Sow
drunke
with
sweet
wine
,
helpeth
women
in
trauell
,
and
the
same
being
drunke
alone
,
restoreth
milke
in
Womens
breasts
,
It
is
also
good
against
the
blody
flix
and
Tissick
.
The
stones
of
swine
beaten
to
powder
,
and
drunke
in
swines
milke
,
are
good
against
the
fauling
sicknesse
.
The
wise
men
were
wont
to
prescribe
the
left
foote
or
legge
of
a
Camaelion
to
be
bound
vnto
the
feet
against
the
gowt
.
There
are
also
many
vses
of
the
dung
of
swine
,
and
first
of
al
it
being
mixed
with
Vineger
,
is
good
against
the
bittinges
of
venemous
beastes
,
and
Aetius
maketh
an
emplaister
thereof
,
against
the
biting
of
a
Crocodile
.
It
is
to
be
applyed
single
against
the
stinging
of
Scorpions
and
also
the
biting
of
any
other
reptile
creature
If
a
Serpent
bite
an
Oxe
or
a
Horse
,
or
any
other
Foure-footed-Beast
,
take
the
stalke
of
Nigella
,
and
beat
into
a
pinte
of
olde
wine
,
so
as
all
the
iuice
may
goe
out
thereof
,
then
infuse
it
into
the
Nostril
of
the
beast
,
and
lay
swines
dunge
to
the
sore
,
so
also
it
may
bee
applied
vnto
men
,
whereunto
some
do
ad
Hony
Atticke
,
and
the
vrine
of
a
man
,
and
so
it
is
to
be
applyed
warme
,
it
being
also
warmed
in
a
shell
,
and
dried
to
pouder
,
mixed
with
oyle
,
and
layed
to
the
bodie
,
easeth
outward
paines
.
It
is
likewise
profitable
against
burnings
,
itch
,
scabs
,
and
blisters
,
and
trembling
of
the
body
,
according
to
these
verses
of
Serenus
:
Stercoris
ex
porco
cinerem
confundit
olimphis
Sic
pauidum
corpus
,
dextra
pascente
foueto
.
This
is
also
commended
against
hard
bunches
in
the
body
,
hardnes
of
the
skinne
,
cliftes
and
chinkes
in
the
flesh
,
freckles
,
lice
,
and
nits
,
and
also
the
breaking
of
the
sinnewes
:
Si
cui
forti
lapis
teneros
violanerit
artus
Non
pudeat
luteae
,
stercus
perducere
possae
.
It
is
also
good
to
stay
bleedinges
at
the
nose
,
if
it
be
layed
to
the
Nosthrils
warme
,
and
to
staie
the
bleedings
of
beasts
,
if
it
be
giuen
them
in
wine
,
the
same
being
mixed
and
couered
with
hony
,
is
annointed
vpon
horses
for
the
Quinsey
or
swellings
of
the
throat
.
If
the
breastes
of
a
woman
do
swel
after
her
deliuery
of
childe
,
it
is
good
to
annoint
them
with
water
,
and
the
dung
of
Hogges
,
also
the
powder
thereof
mixed
with
oile
,
is
profitable
for
the
secrets
of
men
and
women
.
If
a
man
haue
receiued
any
hurt
by
bruses
,
so
as
his
blood
staieth
in
his
body
,
or
suffer
convulsion
of
the
Nerues
through
Crampes
,
those
euils
are
cured
by
the
dung
of
a
Bore
gathered
in
the
spring
time
,
dried
and
sod
in
Viniger
,
and
some
of
the
later
Physitians
prescribe
it
to
be
drunke
in
water
,
and
they
say
that
Nero
the
Emperor
was
woont
to
vse
that
medicine
,
when
he
would
try
the
strength
of
his
body
,
in
a
running
Chariot
:
also
the
powder
of
the
same
being
drunk
in
Vineger
,
is
profitable
for
the
rupture
and
inwarde
bruses
,
and
warmed
in
Wine
against
al
manner
of
flixes
and
Tizickes
For
the
paines
of
the
loines
and
al
other
thinges
which
need
mollyfieng
rub
them
first
of
all
with
Deeres
greace
,
and
then
sprinkle
them
with
old
Wine
mixed
with
the
pouder
of
Swines
dung
.
The
vrine
of
a
Swine
is
also
good
against
al
bunches
and
apostemation
being
layed
to
in
wool
.
The
vrine
of
a
Bore
pig
dryed
in
the
smoke
,
and
drunke
with
sweet
Wine
,
the
quantity
of
a
beane
,
is
profitable
against
the
fauling
euil
.
Against
the
whitenes
of
the
eyes
,
and
the
stone
in
the
reynes
and
bladder
.
And
thus
much
for
the
story
of
swine
in
generall
.
OF
THE
WILDE
BORE
.
THis
beast
is
tearmed
by
no
other
name
then
the
common
swine
among
the
Haebrewes
,
namely
,
Chasir
,
as
you
may
see
in
Psal.
80.
wher
the
prophet
speaketh
of
Chasir
de
sylva
,
That
is
;
the
Bore
out
of
the
wood
.
The
Graecians
call
him
Capros
and
Syagros
,
and
Clunis
,
although
some
take
Clunis
for
a
Bore
of
an
exceeding
great
stature
.
Aristophone
saith
,
that
there
are
some
of
this
kind
which
are
cald
Monij
,
which
worde
by
S.
Cyril
vppon
the
prophet
Osey
is
interpreted
a
wilde
Asse
,
but
I
rather
incline
to
their
opinion
which
saie
,
that
Chlunis
Monyos
,
and
Chauliodon
are
poeticall
words
for
cruell
Bores
.
Aristotle
is
of
opinion
,
these
bores
being
gelt
when
they
are
young
,
growe
greater
and
more
fierce
,
whereunto
Homer
also
yeeldeth
as
he
is
thus
translated
:
Nutrijt
exetum
,
sylvis
horrentibus
aprum
Instar
non
bruti
sed
dorsi
montis
opaci
.
But
this
is
to
be
vnderstoode
of
such
Bores
,
as
by
accident
geld
themselues
by
rubbing
vpon
any
tree
.
The
French
call
this
Beast
,
Sanglier
and
Porc
Sanglier
;
the
Italians
Cinghiale
and
Cinghiare
,
and
Porco
.
The
Spaniards
Puerco
Syluestre
,
and
Puerco
montes
,
and
I'auali
,
the
Germans
Wild
Schuuein
.
The
Illyrians
Worpes
,
and
the
Latines
Aper
,
for
Porcus
signifieth
the
tame
swine
,
and
Aper
the
wilde
.
The
reason
of
this
Latine
name
Aper
,
is
deriued
from
Asper
,
because
he
liueth
among
the
sharp
thorns
and
woods
,
but
I
rather
think
that
Aper
is
deriued
from
Capros
the
Greeke
word
,
or
else
Aper
à
feritate
,
from
his
fiercenesse
and
wildenes
,
by
chaunging
one
letter
into
another
.
The
epithets
The
Epithites
of
this
beast
are
many
,
both
in
Greeke
and
Latine
,
such
as
these
are
;
sharpe
,
wilde
,
Arcadian
,
Attalantean
,
troubler
,
bloody
,
toothed
,
hard
,
Erymanthean
,
cruell
,
outragious
,
fierce
,
strong
gnashing
,
lightning
,
yellowe
,
raging
,
Acorne-gatherer
,
quicke
,
rough
,
rough-haired
,
horrible
,
Maenalian
,
Mercean
,
Meleagron
,
threatning
,
wood-wanderer
,
cruell
,
Sabelican
,
bristle-bearer
,
foaming
,
strict
,
filthy
,
Tegean
,
Thuscan
,
fearfull
,
wry-faced
,
truculent
,
deuourer
,
violent
,
Vmbrian
,
wound-maker
,
impetuous
,
mountaine-liuer
,
armed
on
both
sides
,
and
such
like
.
But
of
all
these
Epithites
there
are
onely
three
,
Erimanthean
,
Calidonean
,
and
Myssean
,
which
do
offer
vnto
vs
peculiar
stories
,
according
as
we
find
them
in
the
poets
,
which
wee
will
prefix
by
way
of
morral
discourse
before
we
enter
into
the
natural
story
of
this
beast
.
First
of
all
,
Erymanthus
was
a
hill
of
Arcadia
,
wherein
was
a
wilde
bore
,
that
continually
did
descend
down
&
depopulate
their
Corn-fields
,
Hercules
comming
that
way
,
and
hearing
of
that
mischiefe
did
kill
the
said
Bore
,
and
carryed
him
vpon
his
backe
to
Eurystheus
,
whereat
Eurystheus
was
so
much
affraid
,
that
he
went
and
hid
himselfe
in
a
brazen
vessell
,
whereof
Virgill
speaketh
thus
:
Erymanthi
placaret
syluam
,
&
lernam
tremefecerit
arcu
And
of
this
Erymanthean
bore
Martiall
speaketh
:
Quantus
erat
calidon
,
&
Erymanthe
tuus
.
Of
the
Calidonian
Bore
there
is
this
story
in
Homer
.
When
Oeneus
the
Prince
of
Aetolia
sacrificed
the
first
fruits
of
his
country
to
the
Goddes
,
he
forgot
Diana
,
wherewithall
she
was
very
angry
,
and
so
sent
among
the
people
a
sauage
Boare
,
which
destroyed
both
the
Countrey
and
Inhabitants
:
against
whom
the
Calidonians
and
Pleuronians
went
foorth
in
hunting
,
and
the
first
of
al
that
wounded
the
wilde
Beast
was
Meleager
the
sonne
of
Oeneus
,
for
reward
wherof
,
he
receiued
his
head
and
his
skin
,
which
he
bestowd
on
Atalanta
a
virgin
of
Arcadia
,
with
whome
hee
was
in
loue
,
and
which
did
accompany
him
in
hunting
:
where
withall
the
sonnes
of
Thyestius
,
which
were
the
Vncles
of
Meleager
,
were
greatly
offended
▪
(
for
they
were
the
brothers
to
his
mother
Althea
,
)
those
men
lay
in
waite
to
destroy
him
,
whereof
when
hee
was
aduertised
,
he
killed
some
of
them
,
and
putte
the
residue
to
flight
;
For
which
cause
the
Pleuronians
made
warre
against
the
Calidonians
:
in
the
beginning
of
which
warre
Meleager
fell
out
with
his
mother
,
because
she
did
not
help
hir
country
:
At
last
when
the
Citty
was
almost
taken
,
by
the
perswasion
of
his
wife
Cleopatra
,
hee
went
out
to
fight
with
his
enemies
,
where
,
in
valiant
maner
he
flew
many
of
them
,
others
he
put
to
flight
,
who
in
their
chase
running
away
,
fell
downe
vpon
steepe
rockes
and
perished
.
Then
Althea
the
mother
of
Meleager
,
began
to
rage
against
her
sonne
,
and
flunge
into
the
fire
the
torch
which
the
fates
had
giuen
vnto
her
to
lengthen
his
daies
,
so
when
she
saw
her
sonne
was
dead
,
she
repented
and
flue
herselfe
,
and
afterwardes
was
cast
into
the
very
selfe-same
burning
fire
with
him
.
In
the
hunting
of
this
Bore
Ancaeus
the
companion
of
Iason
to
Colchis
was
slaine
.
This
Bore
is
also
called
a
Meliagran
and
Attalantean
Bore
,
of
whom
Martiall
writeth
thus
:
Qui
diomideis
metuendus
Setiger
agris
Aetola
cecidit
cuspide
talis
erat
.
And
againe
in
another
place
:
Lacte
mero
pastum
pigre
mihi
mortis
alumnum
Ponat
&
Aetolo
de
sue
diues
edat
.
It
is
said
that
this
Bore
had
teeth
of
a
cubit
long
,
&
the
maner
of
his
hunting
was
expressed
in
the
pinnicle
of
the
Temple
of
Tegea
,
for
which
cause
he
is
called
the
Tegean
Bore
.
Vpon
the
one
side
of
the
Bore
against
his
middle
,
were
painted
Atalanta
,
Meleager
,
Theseus
,
Telamon
,
Peleus
,
Pollux
,
and
Iolaus
the
companion
of
al
Hercules
trauels
.
Prothus
and
Cometes
,
the
sonnes
of
Thiestius
and
brethren
of
Althea
,
on
the
other
side
of
the
Bore
stood
Ancaus
wounded
,
and
Epecus
sustaining
his
hunting
speare
;
next
vnto
him
stood
Castor
and
Amphiaraus
,
the
sonne
of
Oicleus
.
After
them
Hippothus
,
the
sonne
of
Cercion
,
Agamedes
,
the
sonne
of
Stymphelus
,
and
lastly
Pirithous
.
The
teeth
of
this
Bore
were
taken
away
by
Augustus
after
the
time
that
he
had
ouercome
Anthoney
,
which
he
hung
vp
in
the
Temple
of
Bacchus
,
standing
in
the
Gardens
of
the
Emperour
.
And
thus
much
for
the
Calidonian
Bore
.
Now
concerning
the
Myssean
bore
,
I
find
this
story
recorded
of
him
.
When
Adrastus
the
Phrygian
,
who
was
of
the
kings
blood
,
had
vnawares
killed
his
brother
,
he
fled
to
Sardis
,
and
after
his
expiation
dwelt
with
Cresus
.
It
hapned
at
that
time
that
there
was
a
wilde
Bore
came
out
of
Olimpus
,
and
wasted
a
great
part
of
the
countrey
of
Myssea
:
the
people
oppressed
with
many
losses
,
and
terrifyed
with
the
presence
of
such
a
beast
,
besought
the
king
to
send
his
owne
sonne
Attys
with
much
company
to
hunt
and
kil
the
Bore
.
The
king
was
affraide
thereof
,
because
in
his
dreame
he
saw
a
vision
,
his
sonne
perishing
by
an
iron
speare
;
yet
at
last
he
was
perswaded
,
&
committed
the
safegard
of
his
body
to
Adrastus
.
When
they
came
to
the
wilde
beast
,
Adrastus
bent
his
speare
at
the
Bore
,
and
while
hee
cast
it
to
kill
him
,
the
sonne
of
Cresus
came
betwixt
them
,
and
so
was
slaine
with
the
spear
,
according
to
the
dreame
of
his
Father
.
Adrastus
seeing
this
misfortune
,
(
that
his
handes
which
should
haue
defended
the
young
prince
,
had
taken
away
his
life
)
fell
into
extreame
passion
and
sorrow
for
the
same
,
and
although
the
king
,
knowing
his
innocency
,
forgaue
him
the
fact
,
yet
hee
slue
himselfe
at
the
Funerall
of
Attys
,
and
so
was
burned
with
him
in
the
same
fire
.
And
thus
much
for
the
Myssean
Bore
.
Now
we
will
proceede
to
the
particular
story
of
the
wilde
Bore
,
and
first
of
all
of
the
countries
breeding
Bores
.
The
Spaniards
say
,
that
in
the
new
found
world
,
there
are
wilde
Bores
much
lesse
then
ours
,
which
haue
tailes
so
short
,
that
one
would
think
they
had
bin
cut
off
,
Of
the
wilde
bores
parts
&
other
accidents
.
they
differ
also
in
their
feet
,
for
their
hinder
feet
are
not
clouen
,
but
stand
vppon
one
claw
,
and
their
forefeet
are
clouen
like
common
swines
.
Their
flesh
also
is
more
sweet
and
wholesome
then
common
swines
flesh
,
whereof
Peter
Martir
giueth
reason
in
his
Ocean
Decads
,
because
they
feed
vnder
palme
Trees
,
neer
the
Sea-shore
,
and
in
Marshes
.
Olaus
Magnus
writeth
,
that
in
diuers
places
of
Scandinavia
,
they
hunt
wilde
Bores
which
are
twelue
foot
long
.
The
wilde
Bores
of
India
according
to
Pliny
haue
teeth
,
which
in
their
compasse
contain
a
cubit
,
and
besides
their
teeth
growing
out
of
their
chaps
,
they
haue
two
hornes
on
their
head
like
Calues
hornes
.
In
the
Islands
Medera
,
there
are
abundance
of
wilde
Bores
,
likewise
in
Heluetia
;
and
especially
in
those
parts
that
ioyne
vppon
the
Alpes
,
where
they
would
much
more
abound
,
but
that
the
Magistrates
giue
liberty
to
euery
man
to
kill
and
destroy
them
.
There
are
no
Bores
in
Affricke
,
except
in
Aethiopia
,
where
their
Bores
haue
all
hornes
,
and
of
those
it
was
that
Lycotas
the
Countriman
saw
in
a
publicke
spectacle
at
Rome
:
Niueos
lepores
&
non
sue
cornibus
apros
.
That
is
,
Hares
whire
like
swine
,
and
Bores
that
haue
hornes
.
It
is
a
wonderfull
thinge
that
there
are
no
Boares
in
Creet
,
and
no
lesse
admirable
that
the
Bores
of
Macidonia
are
dum
and
haue
no
voice
:
And
thus
much
concerning
the
Countries
of
Bores
.
Now
concerning
their
colour
,
it
is
obserued
,
that
wilde
Bores
for
the
most
part
are
of
a
blacke
and
browne
colour
,
especially
at
the
top
of
their
haire
,
and
somewhat
yellow
vnderneath
,
and
yet
Pausanias
writeth
,
that
he
hath
seene
Boares
all
white
;
howbeit
that
is
not
ordinary
.
Their
blood
is
sharpe
and
blacke
like
blacke
wine
,
and
such
as
wil
neuer
bee
thicke
,
their
eies
like
to
the
eies
of
wrathfull
beasts
,
as
Wolues
,
and
Lyons
.
Their
tuskes
are
most
admirable
,
for
with
them
while
they
are
aliue
,
they
cut
like
sharpe
kniues
,
but
when
they
are
dead
,
they
haue
lost
that
cutting
property
,
the
reason
of
it
is
in
the
heat
of
the
tooth
,
for
it
is
certainely
affirmed
by
hunters
of
wilde
Bores
,
that
when
the
Beast
falleth
first
on
the
earth
downe
before
the
Dogges
and
hunters
,
if
one
pull
off
a
bristle
from
his
backe
,
Oppianus
●●●nus
and
lay
it
vpon
the
tuske
,
the
heat
thereof
wil
make
it
shrinke
vp
and
turne
togither
like
a
hot
yron
,
and
if
Dogges
doe
chaunce
to
touch
them
,
they
burne
their
haires
from
their
backe
,
whereby
the
ardent
and
fiery
nature
of
this
beast
is
manifest
,
as
an
euerlasting
monument
of
the
work
of
God
,
and
yet
notwithstanding
all
their
wrath
they
haue
no
gall
,
(
as
Pliny
writeth
)
their
head
and
face
are
their
strongest
parts
,
and
therefore
vpon
them
they
receiue
the
hunters
blowes
as
vpon
a
bucket
.
Their
teares
which
they
send
forth
of
their
eies
are
verie
sweet
,
and
of
all
other
thinges
they
cannot
abide
their
owne
vrine
,
for
it
is
thought
to
be
so
hotte
,
that
it
burneth
them
,
and
they
can
neuer
runne
away
in
flight
,
〈◊〉
of
●●●de
.
till
they
haue
emptied
their
bellies
thereof
.
The
place
of
their
abode
is
for
the
most
part
in
the
marshes
and
woods
,
for
the
Scythians
did
hunt
Harts
and
wilde
Bores
in
the
Marshes
,
but
Roes
and
wilde
Asses
in
the
plaine
fields
.
Sometimes
they
hide
themselues
among
Fern
,
which
they
haue
gathered
together
in
the
fields
,
and
they
dig
holes
and
ditches
for
themselues
,
wherein
they
rest
,
and
this
is
obserued
,
that
they
loue
not
so
much
to
wallow
in
the
mite
,
as
the
tame
and
Domestical
swine
,
although
they
be
of
a
hotte
and
fiery
nature
.
Their
voice
is
like
to
the
voice
of
common
swine
,
but
the
females
is
somewhat
more
shril
.
They
liue
for
the
most
part
solitary
and
alone
,
and
not
in
heards
as
the
other
do
,
and
feede
vppon
such
meates
as
the
vulgar
swine
.
Tragus
saieth
,
that
there
is
a
kind
of
greene
corne
in
Germany
,
which
is
armed
with
verye
sharpe
stalkes
and
pointes
at
both
ends
like
Barley
,
this
the
people
do
seeth
and
eate
like
pease
.
Now
forasmuch
as
wilde
Bores
are
destroyers
of
their
Corne
,
they
sowe
that
graine
neer
the
woods
sides
where
the
Bores
abide
,
whereby
they
defend
and
safegard
their
better
corne
.
Bores
do
also
eat
the
wormes
of
the
earth
,
which
they
dig
out
with
their
noses
,
and
in
Pamphilia
and
the
mountaines
of
Cylicia
,
they
do
eat
Salamanders
without
hurte
or
danger
to
themselues
,
and
yet
if
men
chance
to
eat
of
their
flesh
which
haue
so
deuoured
them
,
they
die
afterwards
through
the
poison
:
wherby
it
manifestly
appeareth
,
that
there
is
danger
in
eating
wilde
hogs
flesh
.
Hemlock
and
Henbane
is
also
poison
to
swine
,
which
they
neuer
eat
but
vnawars
,
and
hauing
eaten
it
presently
they
loose
their
strength
in
their
hinder
parts
,
whereby
they
are
faine
to
draw
them
after
them
,
and
in
that
maner
they
craul
to
the
water
sides
,
where
they
gather
together
Snailes
&
sea-crabs
,
by
eating
wherof
they
are
restored
to
their
former
health
.
Iuy
is
also
a
medicine
for
the
diseases
of
Boares
,
and
old
age
maketh
them
altogether
vnfit
to
be
preserued
.
Therefore
in
auncient
time
when
they
kept
Bores
in
parks
,
whereof
Fuluius
Hirpinus
was
the
first
beginner
,
Lucius
Lucullus
,
and
Quintus
Hortentius
,
the
immediate
followers
,
I
say
they
neuer
kept
bores
past
4.
year
old
,
because
after
that
time
they
waxed
leane
and
pined
away
.
Now
concerning
their
generation
or
copulation
to
engender
,
it
is
certaine
that
they
do
not
couple
often
in
the
year
as
the
tame
swine
,
but
only
once
,
and
that
in
the
beginning
of
Winter
,
or
the
middle
,
The
generation
of
wilde
Swine
.
so
that
they
may
bring
forth
in
the
spring
time
of
the
yeare
,
and
they
chuse
the
most
vnused
,
narrowe
,
hollowe
,
and
steepe
places
to
couple
in
.
The
male
abideth
with
the
female
thirty
daies
together
,
and
the
female
beareth
her
young
ones
,
both
for
the
number
and
the
time
answerable
to
the
vulger
swine
.
When
the
Boare
is
in
copulation
before
hand
,
while
he
worketh
the
sow
,
he
carrieth
a
mouth
as
white
as
any
horse
,
which
as
in
the
horse
it
riseth
through
vehement
stirring
,
so
in
the
bore
it
riseth
through
vehement
heate
and
fearuer
In
the
time
of
their
lust
they
are
very
sharpe
,
eager
,
and
cruell
,
fighting
withall
males
that
come
in
their
presence
,
and
therefore
they
arme
their
bodies
by
rowling
in
the
durt
,
and
also
by
rubbing
them
against
trees
,
that
so
they
may
be
hard
to
withstand
one
another
.
This
fight
of
bores
is
thus
described
of
Virgill
:
Per
syluas
tum
saeuus
aper
,
tumpessima
Tigris
,
Ipseruit
dentesque
sabelicus
exacuit
sus
,
Et
pedibus
subegit
terram
,
fricat
arbore
costas
,
Atque
hinc
atque
illinc
humeros
ad
vulnera
durat
.
Being
inflamed
with
venerial
rage
,
he
so
setteth
vpright
the
bristles
of
his
neck
,
that
you
would
take
them
to
be
the
sharp
fins
of
Dolphins
;
then
champeth
he
with
his
mouth
,
The
fight
of
Boares
.
grateth
and
gnasheth
his
teeth
one
against
another
,
and
breathing
forth
his
boyling
spirit
,
not
only
at
his
eies
,
but
at
his
foaming
white
mouth
,
he
desireth
nothing
but
copulation
,
and
if
his
female
endure
him
quietly
,
then
doth
shee
satisfie
his
lust
,
and
kill
all
his
anger
;
but
if
she
refuse
,
then
doth
he
either
constraine
her
against
her
will
,
or
else
layeth
hir
dead
vpon
the
earth
.
Somtime
they
force
a
tame
Sow
,
and
then
the
pigs
so
begotten
,
are
cald
Hybridae
,
that
is
,
by
way
of
contumely
,
bastards
:
And
it
is
to
bee
obserued
,
that
neuer
any
wilde
beast
being
tamed
doth
engender
copulation
,
except
they
bee
tamed
very
young
,
onely
wilde
Bores
do
quickly
mingle
with
vulgar
swine
.
The
female
of
this
kinde
hath
no
teeth
standing
out
of
her
mouth
like
the
male
,
except
very
short
ones
,
and
therefore
the
residue
are
more
like
a
saw
then
the
teeth
of
a
Boare
,
for
it
is
a
generall
rule
;
Nulli
dentes
exerti
quibus
serrati
.
Concerning
the
disposition
of
Bores
in
generall
,
it
is
brutish
,
stubborne
,
and
yet
couragious
;
wrathfull
,
and
furious
,
because
their
bloud
is
full
of
fibres
,
and
ministreth
vnto
them
sudden
matter
of
anger
,
neither
are
ther
any
beasts
so
clothed
with
haire
,
as
Lyons
and
Bores
;
wherefore
both
of
them
are
of
like
fierce
and
angry
nature
,
yet
we
haue
shewed
in
the
story
of
the
Hart
,
how
they
were
drawne
from
their
meat
and
dens
by
the
voice
of
musick
.
It
is
said
that
they
are
not
capable
of
any
discipline
or
instruction
,
and
yet
Scaliger
affirmeth
,
that
he
saw
a
Bore
that
belonged
to
the
Lord
of
Saluimont
,
of
an
exceeding
great
stature
,
tamed
by
his
maister
,
who
at
the
sounding
of
the
hornes
,
would
come
running
like
a
dog
to
hunting
,
and
go
abroad
with
his
maister
among
the
Dogs
,
contending
with
the
most
swift
in
race
to
attaine
the
prey
.
They
naturally
desire
to
bury
their
owne
footsteps
in
wet
miry
places
,
that
they
may
not
bee
found
out
by
the
hunters
;
and
as
the
rage
of
the
Boares
is
greatest
in
the
time
of
their
lust
,
so
is
it
in
the
Sowes
after
their
farrowing
and
therfore
it
was
an
excellent
speech
of
Cyaxares
vnto
Syrus
,
that
Swyne
when
they
see
the
Hunter
,
although
they
be
many
,
yet
run
away
with
their
pigs
;
but
if
the
Hunter
follow
one
of
the
young
ones
,
then
doth
the
dam
turne
againe
,
and
withall
her
force
endeuoure
to
destroy
him
that
would
depriue
hir
of
her
yong
ones
.
Before
the
Bores
do
fight
they
go
and
whet
their
teeth
,
but
while
they
are
in
contention
,
if
it
happen
that
a
Wolfe
commeth
in
sight
,
then
they
forsake
their
mutuall
combats
,
and
all
of
them
ioyne
together
to
driue
away
the
Wolfe
.
The
Beare
dareth
not
to
enter
vpon
the
wilde
Bore
,
except
behind
him
and
vnawares
.
Hesiod
saith
,
that
Vulcan
pictured
vppon
the
shield
of
Hercules
,
the
images
and
shapes
of
many
wilde
beastes
fighting
one
with
another
,
neither
of
both
yealding
to
other
,
till
both
of
them
fell
downe
dead
,
which
caused
Alciatus
to
make
this
Emblem
of
a
vulture
standing
by
to
see
their
contention
,
and
suffered
them
to
kill
one
another
without
parting
,
whereby
afterwardes
she
enioyed
their
dead
carkases
,
Dum
saeuis
ruerent
in
mutua
vulnera
telis
,
Vngue
leaena
serox
dente
timendus
aper
,
Accurrit
vulter
spectatum
,
&
prandia
captat
,
Gloria
victoris
praeda
futura
sua
est
.
It
is
reported
that
Bores
will
swim
single
and
alone
like
fishes
,
and
some
of
them
two
togither
like
Wolues
,
Swimming
of
Boares
.
and
many
times
in
flocks
and
heards
like
Roes
,
for
such
is
their
ardent
nature
and
desire
of
meat
,
that
they
feare
not
the
highest
Mountains
,
nor
the
deepest
waters
.
Now
concerning
the
flesh
of
wilde
Bores
,
although
we
haue
spoken
aboundantly
in
the
former
discourse
of
Swyne
,
yet
must
we
adde
something
in
this
place
;
for
although
generally
the
flesh
of
tame
swine
is
viscous
and
colde
,
yet
the
flesh
of
the
wilde
is
more
temperate
and
nourishable
,
and
therefore
of
lighter
concoction
and
stronger
nourishment
.
Therefore
those
which
had
a
Timpany
were
prescribed
to
eate
Bores
flesh
and
wilde
Sowes
,
for
it
dryeth
,
strengthneth
,
and
moueth
;
and
men
that
are
vexed
with
Saint
Anthonies
fire
,
are
forbidden
to
eate
all
salt
meates
and
leauened
bread
,
yet
permitted
to
eate
of
Bores
flesh
.
It
is
reported
that
Publius
Seruillus
Rullus
,
was
the
verye
first
among
all
the
Romans
that
did
set
at
his
table
a
whole
Boare
,
most
delicately
dressed
and
stuffed
with
variety
of
diuers
costly
dishes
,
which
Bore
by
Varro
is
cald
Aper
Millianius
,
that
is
,
Millilibrarum
,
of
a
thousand
pound
worth
;
against
which
intollerable
gluttony
and
cost
,
Iuuenall
made
these
verses
;
Quanta
est
gula
quae
sibitotos
,
Ponit
Apros
animal
propter
conuiuia
natum
.
Apitius
in
the
beginning
of
his
eight
booke
,
prescribeth
the
maner
how
to
dresse
the
flesh
of
wilde
Bores
,
wherewithall
if
any
be
delighted
let
him
reade
that
booke
,
for
it
is
not
my
purpose
in
this
Treatise
,
to
blot
any
paper
with
any
long
instruction
for
Cooks
and
Belli-gods
,
neither
were
it
any
part
of
this
naturall
History
,
nor
yet
agreeable
to
my
calling
or
enterprise
,
and
therefore
I
will
onely
adde
this
obseruation
of
Misaldus
,
that
Bores
flesh
salted
in
poudring
tubs
,
doth
change
both
colour
and
tast
,
at
that
time
of
yeare
,
wherin
the
liuing
Bores
do
rage
vpon
their
females
:
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
to
haue
spoken
of
Bores
flesh
.
Of
the
hunting
of
wilde
Bores
.
Now
in
the
next
place
wee
will
proceede
to
talke
,
concerning
the
hunting
of
Boares
which
is
not
onely
a
pastime
for
Lords
and
Princes
,
but
also
a
necessary
labour
for
meaner
men
;
for
as
the
harme
that
commeth
by
bores
is
exceeding
great
,
and
so
much
the
greater
by
how
much
he
is
poorer
that
doth
sustaine
it
,
so
the
vtility
to
learne
the
meanes
of
destroying
this
beast
is
more
commodious
,
because
the
common
prouerb
is
more
true
in
this
then
in
the
vulgar
swine
,
that
they
neuer
do
good
till
they
are
dead
.
It
is
reported
of
Dioclesian
when
he
was
agent
for
the
Romans
in
France
,
there
came
an
olde
Woman
called
Dryas
vnto
him
,
and
reproued
him
for
his
couetousnesse
,
telling
him
that
he
was
ouer-sparing
,
and
persimonious
;
to
whom
he
answered
in
iest
,
when
I
am
Empe.
I
wil
be
more
liberal
:
Dryas
replyed
vnto
him
,
Noli
Iocare
Dioclesiane
,
nam
imperator
eris
cum
aprum
occideris
.
That
is
,
Iest
not
O
Dioclesian
,
for
thou
shalt
be
Emp.
when
thou
hast
killed
Aper
,
(
that
was
a
Bore
as
he
thought
,
)
and
therefore
he
gaue
himselfe
to
the
hunting
of
Bores
,
neuer
sparing
any
time
that
was
offred
vnto
him
,
alwaies
expecting
the
euent
of
that
speech
,
whereof
he
was
frustrated
vntill
he
killed
Arius
Aper
,
the
gouernor
of
the
iudgement
hall
,
and
then
afterwards
being
Emperor
he
knew
that
the
women
did
not
meane
a
Boare
,
but
a
man
.
Now
therefore
the
hunting
of
Boares
,
and
the
manner
of
their
taking
is
many
waies
,
either
by
violence
in
chase
,
or
by
pollicie
in
ditches
and
traps
,
or
else
by
impoysoned
baites
.
The
best
time
of
their
hunting
is
in
the
middest
of
winter
as
some
say
,
but
I
thinke
the
Winter
is
the
worst
time
,
because
then
they
are
strongest
,
and
seeing
all
Swine
are
impacient
of
heate
,
the
Summer
will
quickly
end
their
life
,
if
then
they
bee
chased
.
It
behooueth
therefore
the
hunter
of
Boares
to
be
very
wary
,
and
therefore
the
auncientes
ordayned
that
such
a
one
should
weare
a
rough
garment
of
a
broune
colour
,
and
likewise
that
his
Horse
should
be
of
a
yellow
and
firy
colour
,
and
that
the
Boare
spear
shold
be
strong
and
sharp
,
for
this
beast
is
armed
with
a
very
strong
head
and
skin
,
and
besides
they
couer
themselues
with
dryed
durt
,
as
it
were
with
a
coate
of
male
to
blunt
the
Weapon
,
and
therefore
he
runneth
willingly
either
without
dread
or
feare
vpon
the
hunters
.
In
which
encounter
if
he
receiueth
not
a
deadly
wound
,
hee
ouerthroweth
his
aduersary
,
except
he
fall
flat
on
the
ground
,
for
the
Boares
teeth
cannot
cut
vpward
,
but
downeward
;
therefore
if
the
Hunter
be
a
foote-man
,
he
must
seate
himselfe
neere
some
tree
,
and
then
also
prouide
that
if
he
misse
the
Boare
,
he
may
easily
climbe
into
the
boughes
,
and
so
saue
himselfe
;
but
if
the
Swyne
that
is
raised
be
a
female
,
she
will
all
to
teare
and
bite
the
Hunter
with
her
teeth
if
she
get
him
within
hir
clutches
:
wherfore
for
the
more
speedy
ending
of
the
hunting
,
it
is
good
to
raise
the
beast
earely
in
the
morning
before
he
hath
made
water
,
for
the
burning
of
his
bladder
doth
quickly
make
him
weary
.
But
if
the
boare
haue
either
made
water
before
,
or
got
liberty
and
rest
in
the
chase
to
ease
himselfe
,
then
will
his
taking
be
very
difficulte
and
tedious
,
such
is
the
nature
of
this
couragious
beast
,
that
he
neuer
ceaseth
running
till
he
bee
weary
,
and
being
wearied
desembleth
the
same
by
sitting
vpon
his
buttocks
,
and
offereth
combat
to
his
Hunter
,
and
yet
he
is
not
wont
to
strike
a
man
vntill
he
be
wounded
first
by
him
.
When
the
Boare
is
first
raised
out
of
the
Wood
,
he
snuffeth
in
the
winde
,
lifting
vp
his
Nose
to
smell
what
is
with
him
,
and
what
is
against
him
.
The
hunting
speare
must
be
very
sharp
and
broad
,
branching
forth
into
certain
forkes
or
hornes
,
so
as
by
no
meanes
the
Boare
shall
breake
through
them
vppon
the
Hunter
,
and
when
he
bendeth
the
same
before
the
beast
,
hee
must
stand
with
one
leg
before
another
like
a
wrestler
,
holding
his
left
hand
vpon
the
middle
of
the
speare
to
direct
the
same
,
and
the
right
hand
behind
,
to
thrust
it
forward
with
violence
,
hauing
his
eye
intent
vpon
the
beast
,
and
if
it
be
a
boare
to
wound
him
in
the
middle
of
his
forehead
betwixt
his
eye-lids
,
or
else
vppon
the
shoulder
,
for
in
both
those
places
the
wound
is
deadly
;
but
if
hee
chance
to
hit
him
on
the
cheeke
,
the
greatest
harme
that
hee
doth
him
,
is
that
he
maketh
him
vnfit
to
vse
his
tuskes
:
of
this
he
must
be
very
careful
that
if
the
boare
leap
vpon
him
,
he
likewise
must
giue
backe
and
draw
out
his
sword
;
and
if
he
chaunce
to
bee
ouerturned
,
then
to
lye
downe
in
some
hollow
place
where
the
boare
cannot
come
at
him
with
his
teeth
.
Now
concerning
the
instruction
of
dogs
,
and
the
choyce
of
such
hounds
as
are
appointed
for
the
hunting
of
boares
,
you
must
note
,
that
euery
Dog
is
not
fit
for
the
same
,
but
great
mastiues
,
such
as
are
vsed
for
the
baiting
of
beares
.
For
the
boare
first
of
all
terrifyeth
the
Dog
with
his
voice
,
and
if
he
bee
not
ready
to
fight
but
to
run
away
,
then
are
the
Hunters
in
worse
case
then
at
the
beginning
.
Therefore
they
must
be
sure
to
haue
them
well
instructed
before
they
giue
the
onset
,
and
bee
likewise
at
hand
to
encourage
them
.
When
they
come
fyrst
of
all
to
the
place
wherin
they
coniecture
the
boare
is
lodged
,
if
there
be
no
appearance
either
by
his
footsteps
,
or
by
the
woundes
of
his
teeth
vpon
the
trees
and
boughes
,
then
let
them
let
loose
one
of
the
best
houndes
,
and
casting
about
the
wood
follow
with
the
residue
weather
the
cry
goeth
.
The
Dogge
presseth
into
the
thickest
bushes
where
commonly
the
boare
lodgeth
,
and
when
he
hath
found
the
beast
he
standeth
still
and
bayeth
,
then
must
the
Hunter
come
and
take
vp
that
Dogge
,
for
the
Boare
will
not
stir
very
easie
out
of
his
lodging
,
and
goe
and
set
vp
his
nets
and
toyles
in
all
the
by
places
,
whereby
it
is
likely
the
beast
will
passe
,
and
these
must
he
hang
to
some
trees
,
for
postes
in
the
earth
will
not
suffice
,
alwaies
make
king
the
inside
of
them
very
light
,
that
the
beast
may
suspect
no
harme
.
The
nets
being
thus
set
vp
,
let
him
returne
againe
to
his
dogs
,
loosing
them
all
;
and
euery
hunter
arming
himselfe
with
dartes
and
a
boares
speare
,
so
let
the
most
skilfull
followe
the
dogs
close
to
exhort
them
&
set
them
on
,
the
residew
followe
one
after
another
a
good
distance
,
scattering
themselues
into
sundry
angles
,
for
their
better
safegard
and
end
of
their
sport
:
for
if
they
should
come
all
together
,
the
Boare
might
light
vppon
them
and
wound
some
of
them
,
for
vppon
whosoeuer
he
falleth
in
his
rage
hee
hurteth
them
:
furthermore
when
the
dogs
beginne
to
come
neere
to
his
lodging
,
then
must
they
bee
set
on
more
eagerly
,
and
so
hartened
that
they
be
no
waies
appalled
at
the
rasing
of
the
Boare
,
for
his
manner
is
to
make
force
at
the
formost
dogge
that
is
nearest
to
him
,
so
must
hee
bee
followed
in
chase
euen
vnto
the
nets
,
but
if
the
nets
stand
vppon
a
side
hill
,
or
a
steepe
Rocke
,
then
when
he
is
insnared
he
will
get
out
with
no
difficulty
;
but
if
it
stand
vppon
plaine
ground
,
the
toiles
will
hold
him
till
the
hunters
come
,
who
must
presently
take
care
,
to
wound
him
with
darts
and
speares
before
they
meddle
with
him
,
compassing
him
round
about
very
warily
,
so
that
he
nor
they
hurt
any
of
the
dogges
,
and
especially
they
must
wound
him
in
the
face
or
shoulders
,
where
the
wounds
are
mortall
as
I
haue
sayd
before
:
but
if
it
happen
that
the
beast
getteth
loose
when
hee
feeleth
the
blowes
,
the
hunters
must
not
start
away
,
but
the
strongest
of
them
to
meete
him
with
his
speare
,
setting
his
body
as
we
haue
formerly
expressed
,
hauing
an
especiall
eye
to
the
beasts
head
,
which
way
soeuer
he
windeth
and
turneth
the
same
,
for
such
is
the
nature
of
the
Bore
,
sometimes
he
snatcheth
the
speare
out
of
the
Hunters
hands
,
or
else
recoyleth
the
force
backe
againe
vpon
the
smiter
,
for
by
both
these
meanes
the
hunter
is
ouercome
and
ouerthrowne
:
whensoeuer
this
happneth
,
then
is
there
but
one
meanes
to
saue
the
hunters
life
,
which
is
this
,
another
of
his
companions
must
come
and
charge
the
Boare
,
making
as
though
hee
would
wound
him
with
his
dart
,
but
not
casting
it
for
feare
of
hurting
the
hunter
vnder
his
feete
.
When
the
Boare
seeth
this
,
he
forsaketh
the
first
man
and
rusheth
vpon
the
second
,
who
must
looke
to
defend
himselfe
with
all
dexterity
,
composing
his
body
,
and
ordering
his
weapons
according
to
artificiall
Bore-hunting
,
&
in
the
meane
season
the
vanquished
hunter
must
arise
againe
,
taking
fresh
hold
on
his
speare
,
and
with
all
courage
setting
vppon
the
aduersarie
beast
,
to
wound
him
either
in
the
shoulders
or
in
the
head
,
for
it
is
no
credit
to
escape
with
life
,
except
he
kill
and
ouercome
the
Boare
.
When
hee
feeleth
himselfe
thus
wounded
that
hee
cannot
liue
,
if
it
were
not
for
the
crosses
and
forkes
vppon
the
Boare-speare
,
hee
would
presse
in
vppon
the
vanquisher
to
take
reuenge
for
his
death
;
For
so
great
is
the
feruent
wrath
of
this
beast
,
that
he
spareth
not
to
kill
and
wound
,
although
he
feel
vpon
him
the
pangs
of
death
:
and
what
place
soeuer
he
biteth
either
vpon
dog
or
man
,
the
heate
of
his
teeth
inflicteth
a
dangerous
inflaming
wound
:
and
for
this
cause
if
he
doth
but
touch
the
haire
of
dogs
,
he
burneth
it
off
,
but
if
it
be
a
female
that
is
raised
,
(
for
there
is
as
great
a
rage
in
females
as
in
males
though
not
so
great
power
)
then
must
the
hunter
take
heede
he
neuer
fall
to
the
ground
,
for
as
the
male
hurteth
not
but
when
a
man
standeth
or
lyeth
high
,
so
the
female
hurteth
not
but
when
a
man
falleth
or
lyeth
low
:
therefore
if
the
hunter
chance
to
fall
,
he
must
rayse
himselfe
withall
speede
,
vsing
no
lesse
dexterity
and
courage
against
the
female
,
then
hee
doth
against
the
male
.
There
is
also
another
manner
of
hunting
wilde
Swyne
,
which
is
this
:
first
of
all
they
set
vp
their
nets
in
all
passages
,
through
which
it
is
likely
the
beast
will
goe
,
then
do
the
men
and
dogs
with
a
gallant
cry
,
filling
the
woods
and
fieldes
,
raise
them
out
of
their
lodgings
.
In
the
meane
season
,
setting
some
valiant
hunters
to
keepe
the
nets
.
When
the
beast
perceiueth
that
he
is
sought
after
,
vp
he
starteth
,
looking
about
him
like
an
euill
spirit
where
he
may
deuoure
,
but
being
terrified
with
the
cry
of
men
,
and
pursued
by
a
multitude
of
greedy
Dogs
,
forth
he
runneth
in
some
of
his
vsuall
waies
,
carefully
looking
behind
him
to
auoide
the
traine
that
followeth
,
vntill
he
fall
fast
enclosed
into
the
Hunters
nets
,
then
commeth
the
keeper
of
the
nets
,
and
woundeth
him
with
his
Boare-Speare
,
as
I
sayde
before
:
but
if
it
fortune
that
hee
fall
out
of
the
Nettes
,
or
neuer
commeth
to
them
,
then
must
they
prosecute
him
,
both
Men
and
Dogges
,
vntill
they
haue
wearied
him
,
for
such
is
the
heate
of
his
body
,
that
he
cannot
long
stand
,
and
although
he
shall
lodge
himselfe
in
some
marish
or
woodes
where
the
hunters
can
haue
no
vse
of
their
nets
,
yet
must
they
not
be
afraid
to
approch
vnto
him
,
and
with
such
hunting
instruments
as
they
haue
,
shew
the
magnitude
and
courage
of
their
mind
,
by
attaining
their
game
by
the
strength
of
hand
,
when
they
are
depriued
from
the
help
of
Art
:
And
to
conclude
,
the
same
deuises
,
diligence
,
labour
,
prosecution
,
and
obseruations
,
are
to
bee
vsed
in
the
hunting
of
the
Boare
,
which
are
prescribed
for
the
hunting
of
the
Hart.
It
sildome
falleth
out
that
the
pigs
of
wilde
swine
are
taken
,
for
they
run
and
hide
themselues
among
the
leaues
,
and
in
the
woods
,
sildome
parting
from
their
parents
vntill
their
death
,
and
as
we
haue
said
already
,
the
dams
fight
for
their
young
ones
most
irefully
.
For
it
is
not
with
these
as
with
the
vulgar
Swine
,
that
they
beate
away
their
young
ones
for
following
them
,
but
because
they
conceiue
but
sildome
,
they
suffer
their
pigges
to
accompany
them
a
whole
yeare
:
And
thus
much
for
the
violent
and
forceable
hunting
of
Boares
.
Now
followeth
the
artificiall
deuises
and
pollicyes
which
haue
bin
inuented
for
the
same
purpose
,
〈◊〉
m●●nes
to
take
Boares
.
whereby
to
take
them
without
pursute
of
Dogs
,
and
first
of
all
the
same
engins
which
we
haue
prescribed
for
taking
of
the
Hart
,
are
also
in
vse
for
taking
of
the
Boare
,
and
Petrus
Crescenticusis
sheweth
how
a
multitude
of
Boares
may
be
taken
together
in
one
ditch
;
and
first
of
all
(
he
saith
)
neere
to
the
place
where
Boares
make
their
abode
,
they
sow
in
some
plain
fields
a
kind
of
fatting
corne
which
hogs
loue
,
and
about
that
field
they
make
a
high
and
strong
hedg
of
the
boughs
of
trees
in
the
one
part
,
whereof
they
leaue
a
great
gap
,
yet
not
altogither
down
to
the
ground
At
the
time
of
the
yeare
when
the
graine
waxeth
ripe
,
the
Boars
gather
thereinto
in
great
number
:
now
right
ouer
against
the
said
gap
on
the
other
side
,
there
is
another
little
low
place
of
the
hedge
left
,
ouer
which
the
swine
may
easily
leape
.
When
the
watch-man-hunter
seeth
the
field
full
,
he
commeth
alone
and
vnarmed
to
the
first
gap
,
and
therein
he
standeth
lewring
and
making
a
terrible
noise
to
affright
the
swine
;
now
on
the
other
side
where
the
hedg
is
left
low
,
there
is
also
made
a
vast
and
deepe
ditch
,
the
hogs
being
terrified
with
the
presence
and
noise
of
the
hunter
,
and
seeing
him
stand
in
the
place
of
their
entrance
,
run
too
and
fro
to
seeke
another
escape
,
and
finding
none
,
but
that
low
place
of
the
hedge
before
the
ditch
,
ouer
they
presse
headlong
as
fast
as
they
can
,
and
so
fal
into
the
trench
one
vpon
another
.
Again
,
neere
Rome
there
be
diuers
that
watch
in
the
woods
,
and
in
the
night
time
when
the
Moone
shineth
,
set
vp
certaine
Iron
instruments
through
which
there
glistereth
fire
,
vnto
which
the
Boares
and
wilde
swine
will
approch
,
or
at
the
leastwise
stand
still
and
gaze
vpon
them
,
and
in
the
meane
season
the
hunters
which
stand
in
secret
come
and
kil
them
with
their
darts
:
and
to
conclude
,
in
Armenia
,
there
are
certaine
black
venemous
fishes
,
which
the
inhabitants
take
and
mixe
with
meale
and
cast
them
abroad
where
bores
and
wild
Swine
did
hant
,
by
eating
wherof
as
also
Hemlock
and
Henbane
,
they
are
quickly
poisoned
and
dye
:
And
thus
much
we
haue
shewed
out
of
Xenophon
and
other
Authors
,
the
seueral
waies
of
hunting
and
taking
of
wild
Swyne
.
Men
that
haue
perished
by
Boares
in
hunting
.
Now
forasmuch
as
the
hunting
thereof
hath
bin
often
shewed
to
be
dangerous
both
to
men
and
dogs
,
I
wil
a
little
adde
some
histories
concerning
the
death
of
them
,
which
haue
bin
killed
by
Boares
.
For
if
that
commeth
not
to
passe
which
Martiall
writeth
;
Thusscae
glandis
aper
populator
,
&
ilice
multa
,
Impiger
Aetolae
fama
secunda
fere
,
Quem
meus
intrauit
splendenti
cuspide
culter
,
Praeda
iaces
nostris
inuidiosa
focis
.
I
say
if
the
Boare
be
not
killed
by
men
,
the
hunter
is
constrained
many
times
to
say
with
the
Lydia
in
the
same
Poet
;
Fulminio
spumantis
apri
sum
dente
perempta
.
Apulaius
reporteth
,
of
one
Leopolemus
,
that
he
loued
the
wife
of
Thrasillus
;
now
to
the
intent
that
he
might
possesse
hir
,
he
tooke
hir
husband
abroad
with
him
to
the
hunting
of
a
boare
,
that
vnder
colour
therof
he
might
kil
him
,
and
say
the
bore
slew
him
:
Being
abroad
,
the
nets
raised
,
&
the
dogs
loosed
▪
there
appeard
vnto
them
a
bore
of
a
monstrous
shape
,
wonderfull
fat
,
with
horrible
haire
,
a
skin
set
with
standing
bristles
,
rough
vpon
the
back
,
&
his
mouth
continually
foaming
out
aboundance
of
froath
,
&
the
sound
of
his
gnashing
teeth
ringing
like
the
ratling
of
armot
;
hauing
fire-burning
eies
,
a
despitefull
looke
,
a
violent
force
,
and
euery
way
feruent
:
the
slew
the
noblest
Dogs
which
fyrst
set
vpon
him
,
not
staying
till
they
came
to
him
,
but
he
sought
out
for
them
,
breaking
their
cheeks
&
legs
asunder
,
euen
as
a
dog
will
do
some
small
bones
;
then
he
trod
downe
the
nets
in
disdaine
,
passing
by
them
that
offered
him
the
first
encounter
,
and
yet
remembring
his
owne
vigor
and
strength
,
turning
backe
againe
vpon
them
,
first
ouerthrowing
them
,
and
grinding
them
betwixt
his
teeth
like
Apples
,
at
length
he
meetes
with
Thrasillus
,
and
first
teareth
his
cloth
from
his
backe
,
and
then
likewise
tore
his
body
in
peeces
,
and
this
man
I
remember
in
the
first
place
to
be
killed
by
this
monster-Boare
,
wheather
he
was
a
beast
or
a
man
.
Martiall
in
his
booke
of
spectacles
remembreth
a
story
of
Diana
,
who
killing
of
a
wilde
Sow
with
pig
,
the
young
ones
leaped
out
of
her
belly
,
and
this
I
thought
good
to
remember
here
,
although
it
be
somewhat
out
of
place
;
Inter
caesariae
discrimina
saeua
Dianae
,
Fixisset
grauidam
cum
leuis
hacta
suem
,
Exiliet
partus
misere
de
vulnere
matris
,
O
lucinae
ferox
hoc
peperisset
fuit
?
Anseus
the
father
of
Agapener
was
killed
by
the
Calidonian
Boare
,
as
we
haue
said
already
.
Carmon
was
slain
by
a
boare
in
the
Mountaine
Tmolus
.
There
was
one
Attas
a
Syrian
,
and
another
an
Arcadian
,
and
both
these
were
slaine
by
Boares
,
as
Plutarch
writeth
in
the
life
of
Sertorius
.
It
is
reported
of
one
Attes
a
Phrygian
,
that
as
he
kept
his
Sheepe
he
did
continually
sing
songes
in
commendation
of
the
mother
of
the
Gods
,
for
which
cause
she
loued
him
,
honored
him
,
and
often
appeared
vnto
him
;
wherein
Iupiter
fell
to
be
offended
,
and
therefore
sent
a
Boare
to
kill
Attes
.
Rea
after
his
death
lamented
him
,
and
caused
him
to
be
buried
honorably
.
The
Phrygians
in
his
remembrance
did
euery
yeare
in
the
spring
time
lament
and
bewaile
him
.
Adonis
also
,
the
Lemon
of
Venus
is
fayned
of
the
Poets
to
be
killed
by
a
Boare
:
and
yet
Macrobius
saith
,
that
it
is
an
alegory
of
the
sunne
&
the
Winter
,
for
Adonis
signifieth
the
Sunne
,
and
the
Boare
,
the
Winter
:
for
as
the
Boare
is
a
roughe
and
sharpe
beaste
,
lyuing
in
moyst
cold
,
&
places
couered
with
frost
,
&
doth
properly
liue
vpon
winter
fruits
,
as
Acornes
,
so
he
is
the
fitter
emblem
for
Winter
,
that
is
,
a
deuourer
of
the
Sunnes
heat
,
and
warmth
,
both
which
fall
away
by
death
from
all
liuing
creatures
.
When
Tuthras
a
King
of
Myssia
went
to
hunt
in
the
Mountaine
Thrasillus
,
he
started
a
huge
great
Boare
,
which
he
and
his
gaurd
followed
and
hunted
vnto
the
Temple
of
Diana
Orthosia
,
wherinto
the
Boare
entered
for
sanctuary
.
The
poore
Beast
seeing
the
Hunters
at
hand
,
cryed
out
with
the
voyce
of
a
man
:
Parce
ô
rex
pecudi
deae
.
O
King
spare
Dianayes
Boare
:
but
the
King
being
nothing
at
all
moued
therewith
,
slew
him
in
the
Temple
;
which
wickednesse
the
Gods
could
not
endure
,
and
therefore
first
of
all
she
restored
the
Boare
to
life
,
and
afterwardes
afflicted
the
King
with
madnesse
,
who
was
therefore
driuen
into
the
Mountaines
,
and
there
liued
like
a
beast
.
When
Lysippe
his
mother
knew
heereof
,
she
went
to
him
into
the
Woodes
,
and
carried
Cyranius
the
prophet
,
who
instructed
him
to
pacifie
the
Gods
by
a
sacrifice
of
Oxen
,
which
when
it
was
performed
the
King
recouered
againe
his
right
minde
;
and
so
his
mother
in
remembrance
thereof
,
built
there
a
Chappell
to
Diana
,
and
set
thereupon
the
picture
of
a
Boare
in
Gold
,
with
a
mans
mouth
.
There
was
also
a
custome
in
ancient
time
for
champions
and
their
fathers
brethren
and
kindred
,
to
sweare
by
a
Boare
cut
in
peeces
.
And
thus
much
for
the
naturall
and
morrall
story
of
the
Boare
,
which
I
will
conclude
with
those
verses
of
Horace
,
describing
the
prodigious
habitation
of
Boares
in
the
waters
,
and
Dolphins
in
the
woods
,
as
if
one
had
changed
with
another
;
Delphinum
syluis
appingit
,
fluctibus
aprum
,
Qui
variare
cupit
rem
prodigialiter
vnam
.
The
medicines
of
the
wilde
swine
.
There
are
declared
a
M●things
concerning
the
remedies
of
Goats
,
but
a
larger
and
more
ample
power
shal
be
shewn
of
a
wild
beast
of
the
same
kind
.
Also
the
same
regard
shal
be
had
concerning
the
remedies
of
a
tame
Sow
and
a
wild
Boare
,
yea
of
all
other
tame
and
wilde
beasts
,
that
is
,
that
the
same
or
things
like
to
either
of
them
may
be
ended
,
differing
onely
according
to
more
or
lesse
,
because
the
same
parts
of
wilde
beasts
liuing
,
are
lesse
moist
&
colde
then
those
that
are
tame
.
That
which
we
repeat
heere
concerning
the
common
remedies
of
a
bore
and
sow
tamed
,
in
some
of
the
parts
of
them
,
to
wit
the
blood
,
the
braine
,
the
cheeke
bone
,
the
lungs
or
lights
,
the
liuer
,
the
gall
,
the
anckle
bone
,
the
hoofe
,
the
dung
and
vrine
,
is
not
in
the
sow
repeated
before
.
The
braines
of
a
bore
taken
with
blood
,
is
very
much
commended
against
the
bitings
of
serpents
.
Againe
,
the
braines
and
blood
of
a
boare
,
doeth
helpe
those
that
feare
the
comming
of
carbuncles
.
The
lard
and
fat
of
a
bore
being
sodden
and
bound
fast
together
,
doth
with
a
wonderfull
celerity
make
firme
those
bones
that
are
broken
.
The
fat
of
abore
mingled
with
hony
and
Rozin
,
is
very
much
commended
against
the
bitinges
of
Serpents
.
The
fat
of
a
wild
Bore
mingled
with
the
fat
of
the
lungs
or
lights
,
doth
very
much
profit
those
which
haue
their
feet
broken
or
brused
by
any
mischance
.
The
fat
of
a
Bore
being
mixed
with
oile
of
Roses
,
is
very
good
for
those
that
are
troubled
with
blisters
or
pushes
,
it
being
annointed
thereupon
.
The
braines
of
a
Bore
is
very
profitable
for
carbuncles
,
and
the
paines
of
a
mans
yard
.
The
braines
of
a
Boare
being
brused
very
small
in
hony
,
and
put
thereto
,
doth
wonderfully
make
it
sound
.
The
braines
of
a
Bore
sodden
&
drunke
in
Wine
,
doth
ease
all
the
paines
and
greefes
.
There
are
more
thinges
spoken
concerning
the
remedies
of
the
braine
in
the
medicines
of
the
sowe
.
The
ashes
of
the
cheeke-bone
of
a
Boare
,
doeth
cure
those
vlcers
which
doe
encrease
bigger
by
little
and
little
.
Also
the
same
thing
doth
make
firme
those
bones
that
are
broken
.
The
lungs
or
lights
of
a
Bore
mixed
with
hony
,
and
put
vpon
the
feet
after
the
manner
of
a
mollyfieng
emplaister
,
they
shall
bee
freed
from
all
exulcerations
.
Dioscorides
also
doth
commend
the
lungs
or
lightes
of
Sowes
,
lambes
,
and
Beares
.
The
liuer
of
a
Bore
being
new
killed
and
scorched
by
a
fire
,
and
beaten
to
powder
,
and
so
being
taken
in
wine
,
is
an
especiall
remedie
against
the
bitings
of
Serpents
and
Dogges
.
The
liuer
of
a
Bore
being
olde
and
drunken
in
wine
with
rue
,
it
is
very
much
commended
against
the
bitings
of
serpents
.
The
Fibres
of
the
liuer
of
a
bore
,
and
those
especially
which
are
nearest
to
the
enteraunce
of
the
gall
and
liuer
,
being
taken
in
Vineger
or
rather
wine
,
is
much
profitable
against
the
bitings
of
Serpents
.
The
liuer
of
a
bore
is
good
to
reuiue
those
whose
spirits
are
drousie
.
The
liuer
of
a
bore
doth
much
profit
,
being
stopped
in
the
eares
,
for
those
that
are
trobled
with
Apostumes
or
any
running
sores
therein
.
The
liuer
of
a
bore
being
new
killed
and
drunken
in
wine
,
is
very
effectual
against
the
loosenesse
of
the
belly
.
There
are
certaine
little
stones
in
the
liuer
of
a
bore
,
as
there
is
in
a
common
or
vulgar
sow
,
or
at
leastwise
like
vnto
little
stones
,
and
they
are
also
white
,
which
being
sodden
and
taken
in
wine
are
very
effectuall
against
the
disease
of
the
stone
.
Thou
shalt
read
many
more
thinges
concerning
the
remedies
of
the
liuer
of
a
bore
in
the
medicines
of
the
sow
.
The
gall
of
a
bore
is
very
much
commended
for
Wennes
or
swellings
in
the
necke
.
The
gall
of
a
bore
being
mingled
with
Rosin
and
Waxe
,
doth
cure
those
vlcers
which
do
encrease
bigger
and
bigger
.
The
gall
of
a
bore
,
and
Lambes
milke
,
being
mingled
together
,
and
dropped
in
the
eares
,
is
very
profitable
for
all
paines
therein
.
The
body
of
a
man
being
annointed
with
the
gall
of
a
bore
,
doth
stirre
him
vp
to
carnal
copulation
.
The
gall
of
a
bore
being
mingled
with
suet
,
and
applyed
vpon
euery
ioynt
of
the
body
,
doeth
immediately
cure
all
paines
of
the
gout
.
We
haue
declared
also
many
things
in
the
medicines
of
the
Sow
,
concerning
the
remedies
of
the
gall
of
a
bore
.
The
stones
of
a
boare
being
eaten
,
is
very
good
against
the
fauling
sicknesse
,
or
the
stones
of
a
bore
being
taken
in
Mares
milke
or
water
,
is
also
very
effectual
against
the
same
disease
.
The
hoofes
of
a
bore
being
burned
to
ashes
,
and
sprinkled
vppon
drinke
,
and
so
taken
,
doeth
very
much
helpe
those
that
cannot
easily
make
water
.
The
hooues
of
a
bore
being
burned
,
and
beaten
to
powder
,
and
giuen
in
drinke
,
is
very
effectuall
against
the
stopping
of
vrine
.
The
hooues
of
a
bore
or
sow
being
burned
and
giuen
to
drinke
in
wine
,
is
very
much
commended
for
those
that
cannot
holde
their
vrine
in
their
sleepe
.
The
dung
of
a
sow
(
which
liueth
in
the
woods
)
belng
dryed
and
drunke
in
water
and
wine
,
doth
stay
the
voiding
of
blood
,
and
doth
ease
also
old
paines
of
the
sides
And
againe
being
taken
in
Vineger
,
it
doth
stay
al
ruptures
and
convulsion
,
and
also
being
mingled
with
the
sirrup
of
roses
,
it
doth
remedy
or
helpe
those
places
which
are
out
of
ioynt
.
The
dung
of
a
Bore
being
new
made
and
hot
,
is
a
speciall
remedy
against
the
flux
of
blood
which
yssueth
forth
of
the
Nostrils
.
The
dung
of
a
Bore
being
mingled
in
Wine
,
and
applyed
after
the
forme
of
an
emplaister
,
do
presently
draw
away
and
make
sound
any
thinge
which
cleaueth
to
the
Body
.
It
being
also
brused
and
sodden
with
hony
,
and
afterwards
kneaded
like
Dow
,
and
so
applyed
to
the
ioynts
,
doth
ease
all
paines
that
arise
therein
.
An
emplaister
made
of
the
dung
of
a
Bore
,
is
very
profitable
against
all
venemous
bitings
,
for
it
draweth
forth
the
poison
.
All
other
vlcers
are
filled
vppe
and
clensed
with
the
dung
of
a
Bore
,
except
those
which
arise
in
the
thighes
.
The
dung
of
a
bore
dried
and
beaten
to
pouder
,
and
sprinkled
vpon
drinke
,
doth
cure
all
paines
of
the
sides
.
Againe
,
it
beeing
dryed
and
beaten
to
pouder
,
and
administered
in
wine
,
doth
not
onely
cure
the
paine
in
the
Spleene
,
but
also
the
paine
in
the
kidnies
.
The
dung
of
a
bore
being
burned
to
the
ashes
,
Pliny
,
Marcellus
.
and
giuen
to
drinke
in
wine
,
doth
ease
all
paines
in
the
knees
and
legges
.
The
dung
of
a
bore
new
made
and
annointed
vpon
those
places
that
are
out
of
ioynt
,
is
verie
profiable
for
them
.
The
dung
of
a
field-bore
,
mixed
with
brimstone
,
and
taken
in
Wine
,
and
strained
Pitch
,
is
very
commendable
for
paines
in
the
Hips
.
The
dunge
of
a
bore
being
mingled
with
wine
,
and
afterwardes
strained
,
and
giuen
to
drinke
,
about
the
measure
of
two
little
cuppefuls
at
a
time
,
doth
speedily
helpe
those
which
are
trovbled
with
the
Scyatica
.
It
also
being
sodden
in
Vineger
and
Honey
,
doeth
mittigate
all
paines
that
rise
in
the
feet
or
anckles
.
The
dung
of
a
Bore
burned
to
ashes
,
and
sprinckled
vpon
wine
luke-warm
,
and
so
giuen
to
drinke
,
doth
helpe
all
those
that
are
troubled
with
the
bloody
flixe
.
The
rest
of
the
remedies
which
concerne
the
dung
of
a
Bore
,
thou
shalt
finde
in
the
medicines
of
the
sow
.
The
vrine
of
a
Bore
mingled
with
hony
and
Water
,
and
so
taken
,
in
a
speciall
remedy
for
those
that
are
troubled
with
the
fauling
sicknesse
.
Againe
,
the
vrine
of
a
Bore
being
taken
in
sweet
Vineger
,
doth
driue
out
those
things
which
are
dried
in
the
bladder
.
The
vrine
of
a
Bore
being
kept
in
a
glasse
,
doeth
cure
all
diseases
and
paines
in
the
eares
,
but
it
is
especially
profitable
for
those
which
cannot
hear
.
The
vrine
of
a
Bore
being
kept
in
a
glasse
,
Sextus
.
and
made
luke-warme
,
and
dropped
into
the
eares
is
a
speciall
remedy
for
all
Apostumes
that
are
therein
.
The
vrine
of
a
Bore
which
is
kept
long
,
is
farre
more
profitable
,
if
so
be
,
that
it
bee
kept
in
a
vessell
of
glasse
.
Againe
the
vrine
of
a
Bore
being
dryed
in
smoake
,
and
moistened
with
hony
,
and
so
poured
into
the
eares
,
doth
cure
the
deafenesse
of
the
eares
.
The
vrine
of
a
Bore
and
oile
of
Cypresse
,
each
of
them
being
equally
mingled
and
made
Luke
warme
,
is
also
good
for
the
same
disease
.
The
vrine
of
a
wilde
Bore
also
is
of
the
same
force
and
vertue
.
The
bladder
of
a
wilde
Bore
doth
stay
the
incontinency
of
the
vrine
,
if
it
be
eaten
,
rosted
,
or
boiled
.
The
blather
of
a
Goate
being
burned
to
powder
,
and
giuen
to
drinke
in
water
and
wine
,
is
very
good
and
profitable
for
those
which
cannot
make
water
easily
.
The
vrine
of
a
Bore
being
drunken
,
doth
helpe
those
that
are
troubled
with
the
stone
in
the
bladder
,
but
it
is
more
effectual
if
it
be
first
of
all
mingled
with
the
dung
.
The
bladder
of
a
Bore
,
moistned
with
the
vrine
,
Sextus
.
and
hung
vp
vntill
the
waterish
humor
commeth
foorth
,
and
then
boiled
and
giuen
to
those
which
are
Truculent
with
the
Stranguri
,
is
verie
profitable
and
good
for
them
.
Marcellus
.
The
bladder
of
a
boare
being
dried
and
giuen
in
drinke
,
is
very
profitable
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
paines
in
the
bladder
and
wringinges
of
the
guts
.
The
vrine
of
a
tame
Bore
hung
vp
in
the
smoke
in
the
bladder
of
a
sow
,
and
mixed
with
drinke
,
is
verye
profitable
for
those
that
are
troubled
with
the
Strangury
.
The
vrine
of
a
Bore
or
at
least
wise
the
bladder
being
giuen
in
drinke
,
hath
cured
those
which
haue
bin
troubled
with
the
Hidropsey
as
some
do
say
.
The
vrine
of
a
Bore
being
taken
in
drinke
,
is
very
good
for
those
that
are
troubled
with
he
stone
.
Now
forasmuch
also
as
hunters
are
hurt
by
some
,
I
thought
it
good
to
set
down
what
remedies
is
fit
for
them
.
Therefore
the
woundes
made
of
them
are
daungerous
,
because
they
are
not
onely
deepe
,
but
also
large
and
great
,
and
it
is
also
impossible
to
bring
them
to
agluttination
with
medicines
,
for
the
lips
of
the
wounds
which
is
made
by
contusion
,
are
cut
off
,
and
burned
.
They
vse
a
mutuall
gnashing
and
striking
of
their
teeth
together
,
as
it
were
against
a
whetstone
,
to
take
reueng
vpon
those
which
pursue
and
followe
them
.
Therefore
they
cause
a
certaine
scab
to
grow
vpon
the
lips
of
the
wound
,
wherefore
it
is
meet
to
vse
a
suppuratiue
and
not
a
gluttinatiue
maner
of
cure
in
them
.
It
is
meet
to
vse
in
running
and
moist
vlcers
,
not
hot
things
but
cold
,
both
in
Winter
and
Summer
.
For
it
is
an
easie
matter
for
a
Boare
to
hurt
a
Horsse
in
the
inside
of
his
knee
in
the
time
of
his
hunting
,
which
doth
breed
to
a
waterish
vlcer
,
and
there
doth
also
follow
a
swelling
.
To
this
cold
things
is
to
be
applyed
,
and
it
is
to
be
cured
by
anointing
it
with
a
medicin
which
is
called
Diachalcanthes
,
or
the
head
of
a
Dog
,
being
burned
without
the
tongue
,
and
beaten
into
powder
,
and
so
to
be
applyed
after
the
manner
of
a
Cataplasme
.
And
thus
much
concerning
the
medicines
of
the
Bore
.
OF
THE
TATVS
,
OR
GVINEAN
BEAST
.
THis
is
a
foure-footed
strange
Beast
,
which
Bellonius
saith
,
he
found
in
Turchia
,
among
the
mounte-bankes
and
Apothicaries
.
It
is
brought
for
the
most
part
out
of
the
new-found
world
,
and
out
of
Guinia
,
and
may
therefore
be
safely
conueyed
into
these
parts
,
because
it
is
naturally
couered
with
a
harde
shell
,
deuided
and
interlined
like
the
fins
of
fishes
,
outwardly
seeming
buckled
to
the
backe
like
coat-armor
,
within
which
,
the
beast
draweth
vp
his
body
,
as
a
Hedghog
doth
within
his
prickled
skin
;
and
therefore
I
take
it
to
be
a
Brasilian
Hedghog
.
It
is
not
much
greater
then
a
little
pig
,
and
by
the
snout
,
ears
,
legs
,
and
feet
thereof
,
it
seemeth
to
be
of
that
kind
,
sauing
that
the
snout
is
a
litle
broader
,
&
shorter
then
a
pigs
,
and
the
tail
very
long
like
a
Lizards
or
rats
,
and
the
same
couered
al
ouer
with
a
crust
or
shel
.
The
gaping
of
the
mouth
is
wider
then
a
swines
;
and
one
of
these
being
brought
into
France
,
did
liue
vpon
the
eating
of
seeds
,
and
frutes
of
the
Gardens
,
but
it
appeareth
by
that
picture
,
or
rather
the
skinne
stuffed
,
which
Adrianus
Marcillius
the
Apothecary
of
Vlmes
,
sent
vnto
Gesner
,
from
whence
this
pictture
heere
expressed
was
taken
,
that
the
feete
thereof
are
not
clouen
into
two
partes
like
swine
,
but
rather
into
many
like
Dogges
,
for
vpon
the
hinder
feete
there
are
fiue
toes
,
and
vpon
the
forefeete
fowre
,
whereof
two
are
so
smal
that
they
are
scarse
visible
.
The
bredth
of
that
same
skin
was
about
seuen
fingers
,
and
the
length
of
it
two
spans
,
the
shell
or
crust
vpon
the
backe
of
it
did
not
reach
downe
vnto
the
rumpe
or
taile
,
but
broke
off
as
it
were
vpon
the
hips
,
some
foure
fingers
from
the
taile
.
The
Merchants
as
I
haue
herd
and
Cittizens
of
London
keepe
of
these
with
their
Garden
wormes
.
Of
the
Aiochtochth
.
THere
is
another
beast
that
may
bee
compared
to
this
,
(
whereof
Cardanus
writeth
,
)
and
hee
calleth
the
name
of
it
Aiotochth
.
It
is
a
strange
creature
,
found
in
Hispania
noua
,
neare
the
riuer
Aluaradus
,
being
not
greater
then
a
Cat
,
hauing
the
bil
or
snowt
of
a
Mallard
,
the
feet
of
a
Hedge-hog
,
and
a
very
long
necke
.
It
is
couered
al
ouer
with
a
shell
like
the
trappinges
of
a
horsse
,
diuided
as
in
a
Lobster
and
not
continued
as
in
an
Oyster
;
and
so
couered
heere
with
,
that
neither
the
necke
nor
head
appeare
plainely
,
but
onely
the
eares
;
and
the
Spaniards
for
this
cause
call
it
Armato
and
Contaexto
:
There
be
some
doe
affirme
that
it
hath
a
voice
like
swine
,
but
the
feet
thereof
are
not
indeed
so
clouen
,
that
they
remaine
vnequal
,
but
are
like
to
a
horses
,
I
meane
the
seueral
cloues
.
There
are
of
these
as
I
haue
hearde
to
be
seene
in
Gardens
in
London
,
which
are
kept
to
destroy
the
Garden
wormes
.
OF
THE
TIGER
.
The
names
of
Tigers
.
THe
worde
Tigris
is
an
Armenian
worde
,
which
signifieth
both
a
swift
Arrow
,
and
a
great
riuer
,
and
it
should
seeme
that
the
name
of
the
riuer
Tigris
was
therefore
so
called
,
because
of
the
swiftnes
thereof
,
and
it
seemeth
to
be
deriued
from
the
Haebrew
word
Gir
and
Griera
,
which
signifie
a
dart
.
Munster
also
in
his
Dictionary
of
three
languages
doth
interpret
Tigros
for
a
Tiger
,
and
Alai
.
In
the
4.
of
Iob
,
the
word
Laisk
by
the
Septuagints
is
translated
Murmeleon
,
and
by
S.
Ierom
Tigris
.
The
Iewes
call
the
same
beast
Phoradei
,
which
the
Graecians
call
Tigris
;
and
al
the
people
of
Europe
to
whom
this
beast
is
a
stranger
,
call
it
after
the
Greeke
name
,
as
the
Italians
Tigre
and
Tigra
,
the
French
Vn
Tigre
,
and
the
Germaines
Tigerthier
.
Of
the
riuer
Tigrys
.
Now
,
concerning
the
name
of
the
riuer
Tigris
,
which
because
it
ioyneth
in
affinity
with
this
beast
,
it
is
necessary
that
I
should
say
something
in
this
place
,
because
that
wee
finde
in
holy
scripture
that
it
is
one
of
the
foure
riuers
which
runneth
through
Paradice
,
which
according
to
Iosephus
,
maketh
many
compasses
and
windings
in
the
world
,
and
at
last
fauleth
into
the
redde
sea
,
and
they
further
say
that
there
is
no
riuer
of
the
world
that
runneth
so
swiftly
as
this
:
And
therefore
Tigris
vocatur
,
id
est
Sagitta
,
quod
iaculum
vel
Sagittam
velocitate
aequet
:
That
is
,
It
is
called
a
Tiger
,
a
Dart
,
or
Arrow
,
because
it
runneth
as
fast
as
an
Arrow
flyeth
:
and
for
this
cause
wee
finde
in
Theocritus
,
that
a
riuer
in
Sicilia
was
called
Asis
,
thrt
is
:
Spiculum
,
a
dart
.
First
of
〈◊〉
●herefore
Tigers
like
Lyons
are
bred
in
the
East
,
South
,
and
hot
countries
,
Countries
breeding
Tigers
.
because
their
generation
desireth
aboundance
of
heate
,
such
as
are
in
India
and
neare
the
red
Sea
,
and
the
people
called
Asangae
or
Besingi
which
dwell
beyond
the
riuer
Ganges
,
are
much
troubled
and
anoyed
with
Tigers
.
Likewise
the
Prasians
,
the
Hercanians
and
the
Armenians
.
Apolonius
with
his
companions
traueling
betwixt
Hiphasis
and
Ganges
,
saw
many
Tigers
.
In
Barigaza
and
Dachinabades
,
which
is
beyond
the
Mediteranian
region
of
the
East
,
there
are
aboundance
of
Tigers
and
all
other
wilde
beastes
,
as
Arrianus
writeth
.
In
Hispaniola
,
Ciamba
,
and
Guanassa
,
Peter
Martyr
saith
,
by
the
relation
of
a
Spaniard
inhabiting
there
,
that
there
are
many
Lyons
and
Tigers
.
The
Indians
say
,
that
a
Tiger
is
bigger
then
the
greatest
horse
,
Quantitie
of
Tigers
.
and
that
for
strength
and
swiftnesse
they
excell
all
other
beastes
.
There
be
some
which
haue
taken
them
for
Tigers
,
which
are
called
Thoes
,
greater
then
Lions
,
and
lesser
then
the
Indian
Tigers
,
as
it
were
twice
so
bigge
as
Lyons
;
but
I
rather
agree
to
the
relation
of
Arrianus
,
Strabo
,
Megastines
,
&
Mearcus
,
for
they
say
that
a
Tyger
feareth
not
an
Elephant
,
&
that
one
of
them
hath
beene
seene
to
flye
vpon
the
head
of
an
Elephant
and
deuour
it
:
and
that
among
the
Prasians
when
foure
men
led
one
of
these
Tigers
tamed
,
by
the
way
they
met
with
a
Mule
,
and
that
the
Tiger
tooke
the
Mule
by
the
hinder
legge
,
drawing
him
after
him
in
his
teeth
,
notwithstanding
all
the
force
of
the
Mule
and
his
foure
leaders
;
which
is
vnto
me
a
sufficient
argument
not
onely
of
his
strength
,
but
of
his
stature
also
:
and
if
any
haue
been
seen
of
lesser
stature
,
they
haue
been
mistaken
either
for
the
Linxes
,
or
for
the
Thoes
.
The
similitude
of
the
body
of
this
Beast
is
like
to
a
Lionesses
,
for
so
is
the
face
and
mouth
;
The
seuerall
parts
.
the
lower
part
of
the
foreheade
,
and
gnashing
or
grinning
teeth
,
and
all
kinde
of
creatures
which
are
rauening
,
are
footed
like
a
cat
,
their
necke
short
,
and
their
skins
full
of
spots
,
not
round
like
a
Panthers
,
nor
yet
diuers
coloured
,
but
altogether
of
one
colour
and
square
,
and
sometimes
long
,
and
therefore
this
beast
and
the
Panther
are
of
singular
note
among
all
the
foure-footed
:
yet
Solinus
and
Seneca
seeme
to
bee
of
opinion
that
their
spottes
are
sometimes
of
diuers
colours
both
yellow
and
blacke
,
and
those
long
like
rods
in
these
sayings
:
Tibi
dant
variae
pectora
Tigres
.
And
againe
:
Vhera
viergata
faraecaspia
.
And
Cilius
saith
:
Corpore
virgato
Tigris
.
It
were
needlesse
to
speake
of
their
crooked
clawes
,
their
sharpe
teeth
,
and
deuided
feet
,
their
long
taile
,
Oppianus
.
agilitye
of
body
,
and
wildenesse
of
nature
which
getteth
all
their
foode
by
hunting
.
It
hath
beene
falsely
beleeued
,
that
all
Tigers
be
females
,
and
that
there
are
no
males
among
them
,
and
that
they
engender
in
copulation
with
the
wind
;
whereupon
Camerarius
made
this
witty
riddle
in
his
Rhetorical
exercises
:
A
fluuio
dicor
,
fluuius
vel
dicitur
ex
me
Iunctaque
sum
vento
,
vento
velotior
ipso
Et
mihi
dat
ventus
natos
,
nec
quaero
maritos
.
The
Epithits
.
The
Epithites
of
this
beastes
are
these
:
Armenian
Tigers
,
sharpe
,
Ganietican
,
Hercanian
,
fierce
,
cruell
,
and
wicked
,
vntamed
,
spotted
,
diuers-coloured
,
straked
,
bitter
,
rauenous
,
Affrican
,
greedy
,
Caspian
,
Carcesian
,
Caucasean
,
Indean
,
Parthean
,
Marsian
,
streight-footed
,
madde
,
stiffe
,
fearefull
,
strong
,
foaming
,
and
violent
,
with
many
such
others
,
as
are
easie
to
be
found
in
euery
Author
.
The
voice
of
this
beast
is
cald
Ranking
,
according
to
this
verse
:
Tigrides
indomitae
rancant
,
rugiuntque
leones
.
Now
because
that
they
are
strangers
in
Europe
as
we
haue
saide
already
,
neuer
breeding
in
that
part
of
the
world
,
and
as
sildome
seen
,
we
must
be
constrained
to
make
but
a
short
story
of
it
,
because
there
are
not
many
diuers
thinges
concerning
the
nature
of
it
,
and
in
the
physicke
none
at
all
.
Their
food
.
For
the
manner
of
their
foode
,
they
prey
vppon
all
the
greatest
beasts
,
and
sildome
vpon
the
smaller
,
as
Oxen
,
Harts
,
and
Sheepe
,
but
Hares
and
Conies
they
let
alone
.
It
is
reported
by
Plutarch
,
A
history
of
a
tame
Tiger
that
was
brought
vp
with
a
Kid
▪
the
said
kid
was
killed
and
laide
before
him
to
eat
,
but
he
refused
it
two
daies
together
〈◊〉
the
third
day
opressed
with
extremity
of
hunger
,
by
her
ranking
and
crying
voice
〈◊〉
made
signes
to
her
keeper
for
other
meate
,
who
cast
vnto
her
a
cat
,
which
presently
it
pulled
in
peeces
and
deuoured
it
.
The
like
story
vnto
this
we
haue
shewed
already
in
the
Panther
.
Generally
the
nature
of
this
beast
,
is
according
to
the
Epithites
of
it
,
sharpe
,
vntamed
,
cruell
,
and
rauenous
,
neuer
so
tamed
,
but
sometimes
they
returne
to
their
former
natures
,
yet
the
Indians
do
euery
year
giue
vnto
their
king
tamed
Tigers
and
Panthers
,
and
so
it
commeth
to
passe
,
that
sometimes
the
Tiger
kisseth
his
keeper
as
Seneca
writeth
.
In
the
time
of
their
lust
they
are
very
raging
and
furious
,
according
to
these
verses
of
Virgill
:
Per
sylvas
tum
saeuus
aper
,
tum
pessima
Tigris
Heu
male
cum
libyae
,
solis
erratur
in
agris
.
Their
copulation
and
generation
.
They
ingender
as
Lyons
do
,
and
therefore
I
maruell
how
the
fable
first
came
,
vppe
,
that
they
were
all
females
and
had
no
males
amonge
them
,
and
that
the
females
conceiued
with
young
by
the
West
wind
,
we
haue
shewed
already
in
the
story
of
the
Dogs
,
that
the
Indian
Dogge
is
engendered
of
a
Tiger
and
a
Dogge
,
and
so
also
the
Hercanian
dogs
:
Whereby
it
is
apparant
,
that
they
do
not
onely
conceiue
among
themselues
,
but
also
in
a
mingled
race
.
The
male
is
sildome
taken
,
because
at
the
sight
of
a
man
hee
runneth
away
,
&
leaueth
the
female
alone
with
her
yong
ones
,
for
he
hath
no
care
of
the
Whelps
,
and
for
this
occasion
I
thinke
that
the
fables
first
came
vp
that
there
were
no
males
among
the
Tigers
.
The
female
bringeth
forth
many
at
once
like
a
Bitch
,
which
she
nourisheth
in
her
den
very
carefully
,
louing
them
,
and
defending
them
like
a
Lionesse
from
the
Hunters
,
whereby
she
is
many
times
ensnared
and
taken
.
It
is
reported
by
Aelianus
,
that
when
they
heare
the
sound
of
Bels
and
Timbrils
,
they
grow
into
such
a
rage
and
madnesse
,
that
they
teare
their
owne
flesh
from
their
backes
.
For
the
taking
of
Tigers
,
The
taking
and
killing
of
Tygers
.
Plutarch
Calistines
the
Indians
neare
the
Riuer
Ganges
haue
a
certaine
,
Hearb
growing
like
Buglosse
,
which
they
take
and
presse
the
iuyce
out
of
it
,
this
they
preserue
beside
them
,
and
in
still
silent
calme
nights
,
they
poure
the
same
down
at
the
mouth
of
the
Tigers
den
,
by
vertue
whereof
it
is
said
the
Tigers
are
continually
enclosed
,
not
daring
to
come
out
ouer
it
through
some
secret
opposition
in
nature
,
but
famish
and
dye
,
howling
in
their
caues
through
intollerable
hunger
,
so
great
is
the
swiftnesse
of
this
beast
,
as
we
haue
shewed
already
,
that
some
haue
dreamed
it
was
conceiued
by
the
wind
.
For
as
the
swiftest
horses
and
namely
the
horsses
of
Dardanus
,
are
likewise
fabled
to
be
begotten
by
the
Northern
wind
,
so
the
Tigers
by
the
West
wind
.
Therfore
they
are
neuer
taken
but
in
defence
of
their
young
ones
,
neither
is
there
any
beast
that
liueth
vpon
preying
so
swift
as
they
:
Solam
Tigrim
Indis
in
superabilem
esse
dicunt
,
Philostratus
quoniam
fugiendi
celeritate
,
quae
ventos
equare
dicitur
,
è
conspectu
aufugit
.
Onely
the
Tiger
,
the
Indians
say
can
neuer
bee
conquered
,
because
when
he
is
hunted
he
runneth
away
out
of
sight
as
fast
as
the
wind
.
For
this
cause
they
diligently
seeke
out
the
caues
and
dens
of
the
Tigers
where
there
young
ones
are
lodged
,
and
then
vpon
some
swift
Horsses
they
take
them
and
carry
them
away
:
when
the
female
Tiger
returneth
and
findeth
her
den
empty
,
in
rage
she
followeth
after
them
by
the
foot
,
whom
she
quickly
ouertaketh
,
by
reason
of
her
celerity
.
The
Hunter
seeing
her
at
hand
,
casteth
downe
one
of
her
Whelpes
:
the
distressed
angry
beast
knowing
that
shee
can
carry
but
one
at
once
,
first
taketh
vp
that
in
her
mouth
,
without
setting
vpon
the
Hunter
,
contented
with
that
one
,
returneth
with
it
to
her
lodging
;
hauing
layd
it
vp
safe
,
backe
againe
she
returned
like
the
wind
to
pursue
the
Hunter
for
the
residue
,
who
must
likewise
set
her
downe
another
if
hee
haue
not
got
into
his
ship
,
for
except
the
Hunter
be
neare
the
Water
side
,
and
haue
a
ship
ready
,
she
will
fetch
them
all
from
him
,
one
by
one
,
or
else
it
wil
cost
him
his
life
:
therfore
that
enterprise
is
vndertaken
in
vaine
vpon
the
swiftest
Horses
in
the
World
,
except
the
Waters
come
betwixt
the
hunter
and
the
Tiger
:
And
the
maner
of
this
beast
is
,
when
she
seeth
that
her
young
ones
are
shipped
away
,
and
shee
for
euer
depriued
of
seeing
or
hauing
them
againe
,
she
maketh
so
great
lamentation
vpon
the
Sea
shoare
howling
,
braying
,
and
rancking
,
that
many
times
she
dyeth
in
the
same
place
,
but
if
shee
recouer
all
her
young
ones
againe
from
the
hunters
,
shee
departeth
with
vnspeakeable
ioy
,
without
taking
any
reuenge
for
their
offered
iniury
.
For
this
occasion
,
the
hunters
do
deuise
certaine
round
spheares
of
glasse
,
wherein
they
picture
their
young
ones
very
apparant
to
be
seene
by
the
damme
,
one
of
these
they
cast
downe
before
her
at
her
approch
,
she
looking
vppon
it
,
is
deluded
,
and
thinketh
that
her
young
ones
are
enclosed
therein
,
and
the
rather
,
because
through
the
roundnesse
thereof
it
is
apt
to
rowle
and
stir
at
euery
touch
,
this
she
driueth
along
backewards
to
her
den
,
and
there
breaketh
it
with
her
feete
and
nailes
,
and
so
seeing
that
she
is
deceiued
,
returneth
back
againe
after
the
hunters
for
her
true
Whelps
;
whilest
they
in
the
meane
season
are
safely
harbored
in
some
house
,
or
else
gone
on
shipboard
.
It
is
reported
by
Iohannes
Ledesma
a
Spaniard
this
excellent
story
of
a
male
&
female
Tiger
.
In
the
Iland
Dariene
,
standing
in
the
oxidental
Ocean
of
the
new
found
world
,
some
8.
daies
saile
from
Hispaniola
,
it
fell
out
(
saith
he
)
in
the
yeare
of
our
Lord
1514.
that
the
said
Island
was
annoyed
with
two
Tigers
,
a
male
and
a
female
,
for
halfe
a
year
together
,
so
that
there
was
no
night
free
,
but
they
lost
some
of
their
cattell
,
either
a
Horsse
,
or
an
Oxe
,
or
a
Cowe
,
or
a
Mare
,
or
a
Hog
,
and
swine
,
and
in
the
time
that
there
young
ones
did
suck
,
it
was
not
safe
for
men
to
go
abroad
in
the
day
time
,
much
lesse
in
the
night
,
but
they
deuoured
a
Man
,
if
they
did
not
first
of
al
meete
with
another
Beast
:
At
length
the
countrey
thus
oppressed
,
necessity
constrained
them
to
deuise
a
remedy
,
&
to
try
some
meanes
to
mitigate
their
calamities
,
wherefore
they
sought
out
all
the
waies
and
pathes
of
the
Tigers
to
and
from
their
dens
,
that
so
they
might
take
vengeance
vpon
the
raueners
for
the
losse
of
so
much
bloud
:
At
the
last
they
found
a
common
beaten
way
,
this
they
cut
asunder
and
digged
deep
into
a
large
dungeon
:
hauing
made
the
dungeon
,
they
strewed
vpon
the
top
of
it
litle
sticks
and
leaues
so
couering
it
to
dissemble
that
which
was
vnderneath
,
then
came
the
heedlesse
Tiger
that
way
,
and
fell
downe
into
the
ditch
vpon
such
sharp
irons
stakes
and
pointed
instruments
as
they
had
there
set
,
with
his
roaring
he
filled
all
the
places
thereabout
,
and
the
Mountaine
sounded
with
the
eccho
of
his
roaring
voice
.
The
people
came
vpon
him
,
and
casting
great
&
huge
stones
vpon
his
back
killed
him
,
but
first
of
all
,
he
broke
into
a
thousand
pieces
,
both
the
stones
,
Weapons
,
and
Speares
,
that
were
cast
again
him
;
and
so
great
was
his
fury
,
that
when
he
was
halfe
dead
,
and
the
bloud
run
out
of
his
body
,
he
terrified
the
standers
by
beholding
and
looking
vpon
him
.
The
male
Tiger
being
thus
killed
,
they
followed
the
footsteps
into
the
Mountaines
where
the
female
was
lodged
,
and
there
in
her
absence
tooke
away
two
of
her
young
ones
,
yet
afterwards●
changing
their
minds
,
carried
them
backe
againe
,
putting
vpon
them
two
brazen
chollers
and
chaines
,
and
making
them
fast
in
the
same
den
that
so
when
they
had
sucked
till
they
were
greater
,
they
might
bee
with
pleasure
and
safety
conuaied
into
Spain
.
At
last
when
the
time
appointed
was
come
that
they
should
be
taken
forth
to
be
sent
away
,
the
people
went
to
the
den
,
wherein
they
found
neither
young
nor
olde
,
but
their
chollers
fastened
in
the
same
place
that
they
had
left
them
,
whereby
it
was
conceiued
that
the
enuious
mother
had
killed
and
torne
her
young
ones
in
pieces
,
rather
then
they
should
fall
into
the
handes
of
the
hunters
;
so
that
this
beastly
loue
of
hers
,
ended
in
horrible
cruelty
,
and
for
this
occasion
is
it
that
Maedea
thus
speaketh
in
Ouid
;
Hoc
ego
si
patiar
tum
me
de
Tigride
natam
,
Tum
ferrum
&
scopulos
gestare
in
corde
videbor
.
And
for
this
cause
it
was
fained
,
not
without
singular
wit
by
the
Poets
,
that
such
persons
as
satisfie
the
fulnesse
of
their
wrath
in
extremity
of
reuenge
,
are
transformed
into
Tygers
.
The
same
Poet
compareth
the
wrath
of
Perseus
standing
betwixt
two
aduantages
vnto
a
Tiger
,
betwixt
two
preies
or
heards
of
cattell
,
being
in
doubt
whether
of
them
to
deuoure
,
in
this
manner
;
Tigris
vt
auditis
diuersa
valle
duorum
,
Extimulata
famae
mugatbus
armentorum
,
Nescit
vtro
potius
ruat
,
&
ruere
ardet
vtroque
,
Sic
dubius
Perseus
dextra
leuaue
feratur
.
In
ancient
time
these
Tigers
were
dedicated
to
Bacchus
,
as
all
spotted
beastes
were
,
and
that
the
said
Tygers
did
draw
his
Charriot
whilest
he
did
hold
the
raines
;
therefore
Ouid
saith
thus
;
●
Bacchus
in
curru
quem
summum
texer
at
vuis
,
Tigribus
adiunctis
aurea
lor
a
dabat
.
And
Horace
in
this
manner
;
Hac
te
merentem
Bacchipater
tuae
,
Vexere
Tigres
in
docili
iugum
collo
trahentes
.
Tigers
,
notwithstanding
their
great
minds
and
vntamable
wildnesse
haue
been
taken
,
and
brought
in
publike
spectacle
by
men
,
and
the
first
of
all
that
euer
brought
them
to
Rome
was
Augustus
,
when
Quintus
Tubero
,
and
Fabius
Maximus
were
Consuls
,
at
the
dedication
of
the
Theater
of
Marcellus
;
the
which
Tigers
were
sent
vnto
him
out
of
India
,
for
presentes
(
as
Dion
writeth
.
)
Afterwards
Claudius
presented
foure
to
the
people
;
and
lastly
Heleogabalus
caused
his
chariots
to
be
drawne
with
Tigers
,
whereunto
Martiall
alleuded
when
he
saide
;
Picto
quod
inga
delicata
collo
,
Pardus
sustinet
improbeque
Tigres
,
Indulgent
patientiam
flagello
.
Ledesma
of
whom
we
spake
before
affirmeth
,
Eating
of
Tigers
.
that
he
did
eate
of
the
Tigers
flesh
that
was
taken
in
the
ditch
in
the
Island
Dariene
,
and
that
the
flesh
thereof
was
nothing
inferior
to
the
flesh
of
an
Oxe
,
but
the
Indeans
are
forbidden
by
the
lawes
of
their
Countrey
,
to
eat
any
part
of
the
Tigers
flesh
,
except
the
haunches
.
And
thus
I
will
conclude
this
story
of
the
Tiger
,
with
the
Epigram
that
Martiall
made
of
a
Tiger
,
deuouring
of
a
Lyon
.
Lambere
securi
dextram
&
consueta
magistri
,
Tigris
ab
Hyrcano
glorta
rara
iugo
.
Saena
ferum
rabido
lacerauit
dente
Leonem
Res
noua
non
vllis
cognita
temporibus
.
Ansa
est
tale
nihil
syluis
dum
vixit
in
altis
.
Post
quam
inter
nos
est
,
plus
feritatis
habet
.
OF
THE
VNICORNE
.
WE
are
now
come
to
the
history
of
a
beast
,
whereof
diuers
people
in
euery
age
of
the
worlde
haue
made
great
question
,
because
of
the
rare
Vertues
thereof
;
therefore
it
behooueth
vs
to
vse
some
dilligence
in
comparing
togither
the
seuerall
testimonies
that
are
spoken
of
this
beast
,
for
the
better
satisfaction
of
such
as
are
now
aliue
,
and
clearing
of
the
point
for
them
that
shall
be
borne
heereafter
,
whether
there
bee
a
Vnicorne
;
for
that
is
the
maine
question
to
be
resolued
.
Now
the
vertues
of
the
horne
,
of
which
we
will
make
a
particular
discourse
by
it selfe
,
haue
bin
the
occasion
of
this
question
,
and
that
which
doeth
giue
the
most
euident
testimony
vnto
all
men
that
haue
euer
seene
it
or
vsed
it
,
hath
bred
all
the
contention
;
and
if
there
had
not
bin
disclosed
in
it
any
extraordinary
powers
and
vertues
,
we
should
as
easily
beleeue
that
there
was
a
Vnicorne
in
the
worlde
,
Many
beasts
with
hornes
,
improperly
called
Vnicornes
.
as
we
do
beleeue
there
is
an
Elephant
although
not
bred
in
Europe
.
To
begin
therefore
with
this
discourse
,
by
the
Vnicorne
wee
doe
vnderstand
a
peculiar
beast
,
which
hath
naturally
but
one
horne
,
and
that
a
very
rich
one
,
that
groweth
out
of
the
middle
of
the
foreheade
,
for
wee
haue
shewed
in
other
parts
of
the
history
,
that
there
are
diuers
beasts
,
that
haue
but
one
horne
,
and
namely
some
Oxen
in
India
haue
but
one
horne
,
and
some
haue
three
,
and
whole
hooues
.
Solinus
,
Aelianus
.
Oppranus
.
Likewise
the
Buls
of
Aonia
,
are
saide
to
haue
whole
hooues
and
one
horne
,
growing
out
of
the
middle
of
their
foreheads
.
Likewise
in
the
Citty
Zeila
of
Ethiopia
,
there
are
Kine
of
a
purple
colour
,
as
Ludouicus
Romanus
writeth
,
which
haue
but
one
horne
growing
out
of
their
heads
,
and
that
turneth
vp
towards
their
backes
.
Caesar
was
of
opinion
that
the
Elke
hadde
but
one
horne
,
but
we
haue
shewed
the
contrary
.
It
is
said
that
Pericles
had
a
ram
with
one
horn
,
but
that
was
bred
by
way
of
prodegy
,
and
not
naturally
.
Simeon
Sethi
writeth
,
that
the
Musk
ca●
hath
also
one
horne
growing
out
of
the
forehead
,
but
we
haue
shewed
already
that
no
man
is
of
that
opinion
beside
himselfe
.
Aelianus
writeth
,
that
there
be
Birds
in
Ethiopia
hauing
one
horn
on
their
foreheads
,
and
therefore
are
cald
Vnicornus
:
and
Albertus
saith
,
there
is
a
fish
cald
Monoceros
,
and
hath
also
one
horne
.
Now
our
discourse
of
the
Vnicorne
is
of
none
of
these
beasts
,
for
there
is
not
any
vertue
attributed
to
their
hornes
,
and
therefore
the
vulgar
sort
of
infidell
people
which
scarcely
beleeue
any
hearbe
but
such
as
they
see
in
their
owne
Gardens
,
or
any
beast
but
such
as
is
in
their
own
flocks
,
or
any
knowledge
but
such
as
is
bred
in
their
owne
braines
,
or
any
birds
which
are
not
hatched
in
their
owne
Nests
,
haue
neuer
made
question
of
these
,
but
of
the
true
Vnicorne
,
whereof
ther
were
more
proofes
in
the
world
,
Whether
there
be
any
Vnicornes
in
the
World
.
because
of
the
noblenesse
of
his
horn
,
they
haue
euer
bin
in
doubt
:
by
which
distraction
,
it
appeareth
vnto
me
that
there
is
some
secret
enemy
in
the
inward
degenerate
nature
of
man
,
which
continually
blindeth
the
eies
of
God
his
people
,
from
beholding
and
beleeuing
the
greatnesse
of
God
his
workes
.
But
to
the
purpose
that
there
is
such
a
beast
,
the
Scripture
it selfe
witnesseth
,
for
Dauid
thus
speaketh
in
the
92.
Psalme
:
Et
erigetur
cornu
meum
tanquam
Monocerotis
.
That
is
,
my
horne
shall
bee
lifted
vp
like
the
horne
of
a
Vnicorne
;
whereupon
all
Diuines
that
euer
wrote
haue
not
onely
collected
that
there
is
a
Vnicorne
,
but
also
affirme
the
similitude
to
be
betwixt
the
kingdome
of
Dauid
and
the
horne
of
the
Vnicorne
,
that
as
the
horne
of
the
Vnicorne
is
wholesome
to
all
beasts
and
creatures
,
so
should
the
kingdome
of
Dauid
be
in
the
generation
of
Christ
;
And
do
we
think
that
Dauid
would
compare
the
vertue
of
his
kingdom
,
&
the
powerful
redemption
of
the
world
vnto
a
thing
that
is
not
,
or
is
vncertain
and
fantastical
,
God
forbid
that
euer
any
wise
man
should
so
dispight
the
holy
ghost
.
For
this
cause
also
we
read
in
Suidas
,
that
good
men
which
worship
God
and
follow
his
lawes
,
are
compared
to
Vnicornes
,
whose
greater
parts
as
their
whole
bodies
are
vnprofitable
and
vntamable
,
yet
their
horne
maketh
them
excellent
:
so
in
good
men
,
although
their
fleshly
partes
be
good
for
nothing
,
and
fall
downe
to
the
earth
,
yet
their
grace
and
piety
exalteth
their
soules
to
the
heauens
.
We
haue
shewed
already
in
the
story
of
the
Rhinocerot
,
that
Reem
in
Haebrew
signifieth
a
Vnicorne
,
although
Munster
be
of
another
opinion
yet
the
Septuagints
in
the
translation
of
Deut.
33.
do
translate
it
a
Vnicorn
,
for
the
Rhinocerot
hath
not
one
horne
,
but
two
.
〈◊〉
brew●●●
in
〈◊〉
proue
●●●cornes
Rabbi
Solamon
,
Dauid
Kimhi
,
and
Saadius
do
alwaies
take
Reem
&
Karas
for
a
Vnicorn
,
and
they
deriue
Reem
from
Rom
,
which
signifieth
Altitudinem
height
,
because
the
Horn
of
the
Vnicorne
is
lifted
vpon
high
.
Hereunto
the
Arabians
agree
which
call
it
Barkeron
,
and
the
Persians
Bark
.
The
Chaldeans
Remana
.
In
the
39
of
Iob
,
the
Lord
speaketh
in
this
maner
to
Iob
:
Numquid
acquiesset
Monoceros
vt
seruiat
tibi
,
aut
vt
moretur
iuxta
prasepia
tua
?
Num
quid
ligabis
Monocerotem
fune
suo
pro
sulco
faciendo
,
aut
complanabit
glenas
vallium
post
te
.
That
is
to
say
,
will
the
Vnicorne
rest
and
serue
thee
,
or
tarry
beside
thy
cratches
?
cans●
thou
bind
the
Vnicorn
with
a
halter
to
thy
plough
to
make
furrows
,
or
will
he
make
plaine
the
clots
of
the
vallies
?
Likewise
in
the
prophecy
of
Esay
the
34.
chap.
and
in
many
other
places
of
Scripture
,
whereby
God
himselfe
must
needs
be
traduced
,
if
there
be
no
Vnicorne
in
the
world
.
Besides
the
Arabians
,
as
And.
Bellun
.
writeth
,
call
this
beast
Alcherceden
,
and
say
that
it
hath
one
horne
in
the
forehead
which
is
good
against
poysons
.
The
Graetians
call
it
Monokeros
,
from
whence
Pliny
and
all
the
ancient
Grammarians
doe
call
it
Monoceros
,
yet
the
deuines
both
elder
and
later
do
name
it
by
a
more
learned
proper
Latin
word
Vnicornis
.
The
Italians
Alicorno
,
Vnicorno
,
Liocorno
,
Leocorno
the
French
Licorne
,
the
Spaniards
Vnicornio
,
The
hands
of
Vnicornes
the
Germans
Einhorne
,
and
the
Illirians
Gednorozecz
:
And
thus
much
for
the
name
.
All
our
Eropean
Authors
which
write
of
beastes
,
do
make
of
the
Vnicorne
diuers
kindes
,
especially
Pliny
,
Ludouicus
Romanus
,
Paulus
Venetus
,
Nicholaus
Venetus
,
Aeneas
Sylutus
,
Albertus
Magnus
,
out
of
whose
words
we
must
gather
the
best
description
that
we
can
of
the
Vnicorne
.
The
Arcean
Indians
(
saith
Pliny
)
do
hunt
a
certaine
wild
beast
which
is
very
curst
vntamable
,
hauing
one
horne
,
which
in
the
head
resembleth
a
Hart
,
in
the
feet
an
Elephant
,
in
the
taile
a
Bore
,
and
in
the
residue
of
the
body
a
Horse
:
Countries
of
Vnicorns
.
the
horne
he
saith
,
is
about
two
cubits
long
,
and
the
voice
like
the
lowing
of
of
an
Oxe
,
somewhat
more
shrill
,
and
they
deny
that
this
beast
is
ever
taken
aliue
.
Aelianus
writeth
herof
in
this
manner
,
there
are
(
saith
he
)
certaine
Mountaines
in
the
middest
of
India
,
vnto
the
which
the
passage
is
very
difficult
,
where
are
abundance
of
wild
beasts
,
&
among
other
Vnicornes
,
which
the
Indians
call
Cartazonons
,
who
in
their
ripe
age
are
as
big
as
a
Horsse
,
and
their
mane
and
haires
are
yellow
,
excelling
in
the
celerity
of
their
feet
and
bodies
,
hauing
feet
clouen
like
an
Elephants
,
the
taile
of
a
Boate
,
and
one
blacke
horne
growing
out
betwixt
their
eie-browes
,
not
smooth
,
but
rough
all
ouer
with
wrinckles
,
and
the
same
groweth
to
a
most
sharp
point
,
these
thinges
(
saith
Aelianus
,
)
by
comparing
of
whose
wordes
with
Pliny
,
it
is
apparant
they
describe
in
these
words
but
one
and
the
same
beast
,
and
so
also
doth
Phyles
;
wherby
I
gather
,
that
it
is
no
other
beast
then
the
wilde
Asse
,
or
at
the
least
the
wilde
Asse
commeth
nearest
to
the
Vnicorne
of
all
others
,
for
they
agree
in
these
thinges
,
first
,
in
that
both
of
them
haue
one
horn
in
the
middle
of
the
forehead
,
secondly
,
in
that
both
of
them
are
bred
in
India
,
thirdly
,
in
that
they
are
both
about
the
bignesse
of
a
Horsse
,
fourthly
in
their
celerity
and
solitary
life
,
fiftly
and
lastly
in
their
exceeding
strength
and
vntamable
natures
;
but
herein
they
differ
both
in
their
feet
and
colours
,
for
the
feet
of
the
wilde
Asses
are
whole
and
not
clouen
like
the
Vnicornes
,
and
their
colour
white
in
their
body
,
and
purple
on
their
head
;
and
Aelianus
saith
,
that
the
horne
also
differeth
in
colour
from
the
Vnicornes
,
for
the
middle
of
it
is
onely
blacke
,
the
roote
of
it
white
,
and
the
top
of
it
purple
,
which
Bellonius
doth
interpret
,
that
the
superficies
or
vpper
face
of
the
Horne
is
all
purple
,
the
inner
parte
white
,
and
the
inward
part
or
middle
blacke
;
but
of
this
Indian
wilde
Asse
we
haue
spoken
already
,
and
therefore
I
will
adde
nothing
in
this
place
but
the
words
of
Philostratus
in
the
life
of
Apolonius
,
who
writeth
in
this
manner
.
There
are
many
wilde
Asses
which
are
taken
in
the
Fens
,
neare
the
riuer
Hiphasis
,
in
whose
forehead
there
is
one
horne
,
wherewith
they
fight
like
Buls
,
and
the
Indians
of
that
horne
make
pots
,
affirming
that
whosoeuer
drinketh
in
one
of
those
pots
,
shall
neuer
take
disease
that
day
,
and
if
they
bee
wounded
shall
feele
no
paine
,
or
safely
passe
through
the
fire
without
burning
,
nor
yet
be
poysoned
in
their
drinke
,
and
therefore
such
cuppes
are
only
in
the
possession
of
their
Kings
,
neither
is
it
lawfull
for
any
man
except
the
King
,
to
hunt
that
beast
,
and
therefore
they
say
that
Appollonius
looked
vpon
one
of
those
beastes
,
and
considered
his
nature
with
singular
admiration
.
Now
there
was
one
Damis
in
his
company
,
who
asked
him
whether
he
did
beleeue
that
the
vulgar
report
of
the
Vnicorns
hornes
were
true
or
no
,
Appollonius
made
him
this
aunswer
:
Ad
hibeo
si
huius
regionis
immortalem
regemesse
intellexero
,
qui
enim
mihi
aut
alteri
cui
quam
poculum
ita
salubre
potest
dare
,
nónne
veri
simile
est
ipsum
quotidie
illo
vti
,
&
ex
eo
cornu
frequenter
vel
ad
crapulam
vsque
bibere
,
nemo
enim
vt
puto
illum
caluminiabitur
qui
in
tali
poculo
etiam
inebrietur
.
That
is
to
say
,
I
would
beleeue
that
report
if
I
found
in
this
country
a
king
that
were
immortall
and
could
neuer
dye
,
for
if
a
man
would
giue
me
such
a
cup
or
any
other
man
,
do
not
you
thinke
that
I
would
beleeue
he
drunke
in
the
same
cup
?
and
who
would
blame
a
man
if
he
drunke
in
such
a
cup
till
he
were
drunk
,
for
it
were
lawful
to
vse
that
horne
vnto
surfetting
,
whereby
we
may
gather
the
mind
of
that
wise
man
concerning
the
Asses
horn
,
and
the
Vnicorns
;
namely
,
that
they
may
giue
one
some
ease
against
accidentall
diseases
,
although
they
cannot
prolong
a
mans
life
the
space
of
one
day
:
these
things
said
he
.
There
be
beastes
(
saith
Aristotle
)
as
the
Oryx
and
Indian
Asse
,
which
are
armed
with
one
horne
,
and
the
clouen
footed
Orix
is
no
other
then
the
whole
footed
Asse
,
for
in
the
middle
of
their
forehead
they
haue
one
horn
,
by
which
both
sides
of
their
head
are
armed
,
Cum
medium
pariter
comune
vtrique
extremo
sit
.
Because
the
middle
is
equally
distant
from
both
the
extreames
,
and
the
hoofe
of
this
beast
may
wel
be
said
to
be
clouen
and
whole
,
because
the
horne
is
of
the
substance
of
the
hoofe
,
and
the
hoofe
of
the
substance
of
the
Horne
,
and
therefore
the
horne
is
whole
,
and
the
Hoofe
clouen
;
for
the
cleauing
either
of
the
horne
or
of
the
hoofe
commeth
through
the
defect
of
nature
,
and
therefore
God
hath
giuen
to
Horsses
and
Asses
whole
hooues
,
because
there
is
greatest
vse
of
their
Legges
,
but
vnto
Vnicornes
a
whole
and
entire
Horne
,
that
as
the
ease
of
men
is
procured
by
the
helpes
of
Horsses
,
so
the
health
of
them
is
procured
by
the
horne
of
the
Vnicorne
:
The
vse
of
a
Vnicornes
horne
.
These
things
(
saith
Aristotle
,
)
And
Strabo
also
writeth
,
that
there
are
Horses
in
India
,
which
haue
Harts
heades
,
with
one
horne
,
of
which
horne
their
Princes
make
Cups
,
out
of
which
they
drinke
their
drinke
against
poyson
,
and
therefore
by
this
which
hath
beene
sayd
it
appeareth
vnto
me
,
that
either
the
Indian
Asse
is
a
Vnicorne
,
or
differeth
from
it
only
in
colour
;
and
the
obiection
of
the
hooues
is
aunswered
by
Aristotle
.
Vnto
this
discourse
I
will
adde
the
trauailes
of
Ludouicus
Roman
,
wherein
he
saw
two
Vnicornes
at
Mecha
in
Arabia
,
where
Mauhomets
Temple
and
Sepulcher
is
.
There
are
preserued
(
saith
he
)
within
the
walles
and
Cloysters
of
that
Temple
two
Vnicornes
,
which
by
way
of
miracle
they
bring
forth
to
the
people
,
and
truely
not
without
cause
for
the
sight
is
worthy
of
admiration
.
Now
their
description
is
on
this
sort
:
one
of
them
and
the
elder
was
about
the
stature
of
a
Colt
of
two
yeares
and
a
halfe
olde
,
hauing
a
horne
growing
out
of
his
forehead
of
two
cubits
length
,
and
the
other
was
much
lesse
,
for
it
was
but
a
year
old
,
and
like
a
Colt
of
that
age
,
whose
Horne
was
some
foure
spans
long
,
or
there
abouts
.
The
colour
of
them
was
like
a
Weaseled-coloured-horse
,
the
head
like
the
head
of
a
Hart
,
the
neck
not
long
,
and
the
mane
growing
all
on
one
side
.
The
Legges
slender
and
leane
,
like
the
Legges
of
a
Hinde
,
the
hooues
of
the
forefeet
were
clouen
like
a
Goates
feete
,
and
the
hinder
Legges
are
all
hairy
and
shaggy
with
the
outside
;
the
Beastes
although
they
were
wilde
,
yet
by
Art
or
superstition
,
they
seemed
to
be
tempered
with
no
great
wildnesse
,
and
it
was
saide
that
the
King
of
Ethiopia
,
did
send
them
to
the
Sultan
of
Mecha
,
with
whom
he
is
constrained
,
to
obserue
perpetuall
amity
.
Now
these
Vnicornes
are
of
another
kinde
then
the
Vnicornes
of
Pliny
and
Aelianus
,
because
their
Vnicorn
hath
a
whole
Hoofe
,
and
this
clouen
,
but
this
obiection
was
answered
before
:
and
although
Pliny
&
Aristotle
do
acknowledge
no
other
Vnicorne
then
the
Orix
,
whose
Horne
is
blacke
,
as
hard
as
Iron
,
and
sharp
at
the
point
,
yet
it
is
cleare
that
there
is
another
Vnicorne
besides
that
.
Now
Paulus
Venetus
saith
,
that
in
the
kingdome
of
Basman
,
which
is
subiect
to
the
great
Cham
,
that
there
are
Vnicornes
somewhat
lesser
then
Elephants
,
hauing
haire
like
Oxen
,
heads
,
like
Boares
,
feet
like
Elephantes
,
one
Horne
in
the
middle
of
their
foreheads
,
and
a
sharp
thorny
tongue
,
wherewith
they
destroy
both
man
and
Beast
,
and
besides
headdeth
,
that
they
muddle
in
the
durt
like
Swine
.
Now
if
it
were
not
for
the
Horne
in
the
middle
of
the
forehead
,
I
would
take
this
Beast
for
a
Rhinocerot
,
but
because
the
Horn
of
the
Rhinocerot
groweth
out
of
the
Nose
,
I
deeme
this
to
be
a
second
kinde
of
Vnicorne
,
for
there
is
no
man
that
shall
read
this
story
,
but
will
thinke
that
the
learned
Authour
had
reason
to
discerne
betwixt
the
eies
and
the
forehead
,
and
therefore
there
can
be
no
exception
taken
to
my
obseruation
.
Nicolaus
Venetus
an
Earle
saith
,
that
in
Masinum
or
Serica
,
that
is
,
the
Mountaines
betwixt
India
and
Cathay
,
(
as
Aeneas
Syluius
writeth
)
there
is
a
certain
Beast
hauing
a
Swines
head
,
an
Oxes
taile
,
the
body
of
an
Elephant
(
whom
it
doth
not
onely
equall
in
stature
,
but
also
it
liueth
in
continuall
variance
with
them
)
and
one
horne
in
the
forehead
:
now
this
if
the
Reader
shall
thinke
it
different
from
the
former
,
I
doe
make
the
thirde
kinde
of
a
Vnicorn
,
and
I
trust
there
is
no
Wise-man
that
wil
be
offended
at
it
:
for
as
we
haue
shewed
already
in
many
stories
,
that
sundry
Beastes
haue
not
onely
their
diuisions
,
but
subdeuisions
,
into
subalternal
kinds
,
as
many
Dogges
,
many
Deere
,
many
Horsses
,
many
Mice
,
many
Panthers
,
and
such
like
,
why
should
there
not
also
bee
many
Vnicorns
.
And
if
the
Reader
be
not
pleased
with
this
,
let
him
either
shew
me
better
reason
,
(
which
I
know
hee
shall
neuer
be
able
to
do
)
or
else
beside
least
the
vttering
of
his
dislike
,
bewray
enuy
and
ignorance
.
Other
discourses
of
the
horne
.
Now
although
the
parts
of
the
Vnicorne
be
in
some
measure
described
,
and
also
their
Countrys
,
namely
,
India
and
Ethiopia
,
yet
for
as
much
as
al
is
not
said
as
may
be
said
,
I
will
adde
the
residue
in
this
place
:
And
first
of
al
there
are
two
kingdomes
,
in
India
one
called
Niem
,
and
the
other
Lamber
or
Lambri
;
both
these
are
stored
with
Vnicornes
:
And
Aloisius
Cadamustus
in
his
fifty
Chapter
of
his
booke
of
nauigation
,
writeth
that
there
is
a
certaine
region
of
the
new
found
world
,
wherein
are
found
liue
Vnicornes
;
and
toward
the
East
,
and
South
,
vnder
the
Equinoctiall
there
is
a
liuing
creature
(
with
one
horne
which
is
crooked
,
and
not
great
)
hauing
the
head
of
a
Dragon
,
and
a
beard
vpon
his
chin
,
his
necke
long
,
and
stretched
out
like
a
Serpents
,
the
residue
of
his
body
like
to
a
Harts
,
sauing
that
his
feete
,
colour
,
and
mouth
are
like
a
Lyons
:
Pbiles
.
and
this
also
(
if
not
a
fable
or
rather
a
monster
)
may
be
a
fourth
kinde
of
Vnicorne
;
And
concerning
the
hornes
of
Vnicornes
,
now
we
must
performe
our
promise
,
which
is
to
relate
the
true
historie
of
them
,
as
it
is
found
in
the
best
writers
.
This
therefore
growing
out
of
the
forehead
betwixt
the
eye
lids
is
neither
light
nor
hollow
,
nor
yet
smooth
like
other
hornes
,
but
hard
as
Iron
(
rough
as
any
file
)
reuolued
into
many
plights
,
sharper
than
any
darte
,
straight
and
not
crooked
,
and
euery
where
blacke
except
at
the
point
.
There
are
two
of
these
at
Venice
in
the
Treasurie
of
S.
Markes
Church
,
as
Brasavolus
writeth
,
one
at
Argentarat
,
which
is
wreathed
about
with
diuers
sphires
.
There
are
also
two
in
the
Treasurie
of
the
King
of
Polonia
,
all
of
them
as
long
as
a
man
in
his
stature
.
In
the
yeare
1520.
there
was
found
the
horne
of
a
Vnicorne
in
the
riuer
Arrula
,
neare
Bruga
in
Heluetia
,
the
vpper
face
or
out-side
whereof
was
a
darke
yellow
,
it
was
two
cubites
in
length
,
but
had
vpon
it
no
plights
or
wreathing
versuus
.
It
was
very
odoriferous
(
especially
when
any
part
of
it
was
set
one
fire
)
so
that
it
smelled
like
muske
:
as
soone
as
it
was
found
,
it
was
carried
to
a
Nunnery
called
Campus
regius
,
but
afterwardes
by
the
Gouernor
of
Heluetia
it
was
recouered
backe
againe
,
because
it
was
found
within
his
teritorie
.
Now
the
vertues
of
this
horne
are
already
recited
before
,
and
yet
I
will
for
the
better
iustifiyng
of
that
which
I
haue
said
concerning
the
Vnicornes
horne
,
adde
the
testimony
of
our
learned
men
which
did
write
thereof
to
Gesner
,
whose
letters
according
as
I
find
them
recorded
in
his
worke
,
so
I
haue
here
inserted
and
translated
word
for
word
.
And
first
of
all
the
answere
of
Nicholas
Gerbelius
vnto
his
Epistle
,
concerning
the
Vnicornes
horne
at
Argentoratum
,
is
this
which
followeth
,
for
,
saith
he
,
The
horne
which
those
Noblemen
haue
in
the
secrets
of
the
great
Temple
,
I
haue
often
seene
and
handled
with
my
hands
;
It
is
of
the
length
of
a
tall
man
,
if
so
be
that
you
shall
thereunto
adde
the
point
thereof
:
for
there
was
a
certaine
euill
disposed
person
among
est
them
,
who
had
learned
(
I
know
not
of
whom
)
that
the
point
or
top
of
the
same
horne
would
be
a
present
remedy
both
against
all
poyson
,
and
also
against
the
plague
or
pestilence
:
Wherefore
that
sacrilegious
theefe
,
plucked
off
the
higher
part
or
top
from
the
residue
,
being
in
length
three
or
foure
fingers
.
For
which
wicked
offence
,
both
he
himselfe
was
cast
out
of
that
company
,
and
not
any
euer
afterwards
of
that
family
might
be
receaued
into
this
society
by
an
ordinance
grauely
and
maturely
ratified
.
This
pulling
off
of
the
top
brought
a
notable
deformitie
to
that
most
splendant
gift
.
The
whole
horne
from
that
part
which
sticketh
to
the
forehead
of
this
beast
,
euen
vnto
the
top
of
the
horne
is
altogether
firme
or
solide
,
not
gaping
with
chops
,
chinks
or
creuises
,
with
a
litle
greater
thicknes
then
a
tile
is
vsua
;
lly
amongst
vs
.
For
I
haue
often
times
comprehended
almost
the
whole
horne
in
my
right
hand
.
From
the
roote
vnto
the
point
it
is
euen
as
wax
candles
are
rowled
together
most
elegantly
seuered
and
raised
vp
in
little
lines
.
The
waight
of
this
horne●●
of
so
great
a
massinesse
,
that
a
man
would
hardly
beleeue
it
,
and
it
hath
beene
often
wondred
at
,
that
a
beast
of
so
little
a
stature
could
beare
so
heauy
and
weighty
a
burden
.
I
could
neuer
smell
any
sweetnesse
at
all
therein
.
The
colour
thereof
is
like
vnto
old
yuory
,
in
the
midst
betwixt
white
and
yellow
.
But
you
shall
neuer
haue
a
better
patterne
of
this
,
then
where
it
is
sold
in
litle
peeces
or
fragments
by
the
oile-men
.
For
the
colour
of
our
horne
is
life
vnto
them
,
But
by
whom
this
was
giuen
vnto
that
same
temple
I
am
altogether
ignorant
.
Another
certaine
friend
of
mine
,
being
a
man
worthy
to
be
beleeued
,
Gerbellius
A
second
history
of
a
Vnicorns
horn
declared
vnto
me
,
that
he
saw
at
Paris
with
the
Chancellor
,
being
Lord
of
Pratus
,
a
peece
of
a
Vnicorns
horne
,
to
the
quantity
of
a
cubit
,
wreathed
in
tops
or
spires
,
about
the
thickenesse
of
an
indifferent
staffe
(
the
compasse
therof
extending
to
the
quantity
of
six
fingers
)
being
within
and
without
of
a
muddy
colour
,
with
a
solide
substance
,
the
fragments
whereof
woulde
boile
in
the
Wine
although
they
were
neuer
burned
,
hauing
very
little
or
no
smell
at
all
therein
.
When
Ioannes
Ferrerius
of
Piemont
had
read
these
thinges
,
he
wrote
vnto
me
,
that
in
the
Temple
of
Dennis
,
neare
vnto
Paris
,
that
there
was
a
Vnicornes
horne
six
foot-long
,
wherin
all
those
things
which
are
written
by
Gerbelius
in
our
chronicles
were
verified
both
the
weight
and
the
colour
:
but
that
in
bignesse
it
exceeded
the
horne
at
the
Citty
of
Argentorate
,
being
also
holow
almost
a
foot
from
that
part
which
sticketh
vnto
the
forehead
of
the
Beast
,
this
he
saw
himselfe
in
the
Temple
of
S.
Dennis
,
and
handled
the
horne
with
his
handes
as
long
as
he
would
.
A
third
Hystory
of
a
Vnicornes
horne
.
I
heare
that
in
the
former
yeare
(
which
was
from
the
yeare
of
our
Lord
1553.
when
Vercella
was
ouerthrown
by
the
French
,
there
was
broght
from
that
treasure
vnto
the
King
of
France
,
a
very
great
Vnicorns
horne
,
the
price
wherof
was
valued
at
fourscore
thousand
Duckets
.
Paulus
Poaeius
,
describeth
an
Vnicorne
in
this
manner
;
Another
description
of
the
Vnicorn
.
That
he
is
a
beast
,
in
shape
much
like
a
young
Horse
,
of
a
dusty
colour
,
with
a
maned
necke
,
a
hayry
beard
,
and
a
forehead
armed
with
a
horne
of
the
quantity
of
two
cubits
,
being
seperated
with
pale
tops
or
spires
,
which
is
reported
by
the
smoothnes
and
yuorie
whitenesse
thereof
,
to
haue
the
wonderfull
power
of
dissoluing
and
speedy
expelling
of
all
venome
or
poison
whatsoeuer
.
For
his
horne
being
put
into
the
water
,
driueth
away
the
poison
,
that
hee
may
drinke
without
harme
,
if
any
venomous
beast
shall
drinke
therein
before
him
.
This
cannot
be
taken
from
the
Beast
being
aliue
,
forasmuch
as
he
canot
possible
be
taken
by
any
deceit
:
yet
it
is
vsually
seene
that
the
horne
is
found
in
the
desarts
,
as
it
happeneth
in
Harts
,
who
cast
off
their
olde
horne
thorough
the
inconueniences
of
old
age
,
which
they
leaue
vnto
the
Hunters
,
Nature
renewing
an
other
vnto
them
.
The
horne
of
this
beast
being
put
vpon
the
Table
of
Kinges
,
and
set
amongst
their
iunkets
and
bankets
,
doeth
bewray
the
venome
if
there
be
any
suche
therein
,
by
a
certaine
sweat
which
commeth
ouer
it
.
Concerning
these
hornes
,
there
were
two
seene
,
which
were
two
cubits
in
length
,
of
the
thicknesse
of
a
mans
Arme
,
the
first
at
Venice
,
which
the
Senate
afterwards
sent
for
a
gift
vnto
Solyman
the
Turkish
Emperor
:
the
other
being
almost
of
the
same
quantity
,
and
placed
in
a
Syluer
piller
,
with
a
shorte
or
cutted
paint
,
which
Clement
the
Pope
or
Bishop
of
Rome
,
being
come
vnto
Marssels
,
broght
vnto
Francis
the
King
for
an
excellent
gift
.
Furthermore
concerning
the
vertue
of
such
a
gifte
,
I
will
not
speake
more
of
this
beast
,
then
that
which
diuulged
fame
doeth
perswade
the
beleeuers
.
Petrus
Bellonius
writeth
,
that
he
knewe
the
tooth
of
some
certaine
Beast
in
time
past
,
sold
for
the
horne
of
a
Vnicorne
,
Of
adulterated
Vnicorns
horns
.
(
what
beast
may
be
signified
by
this
speech
I
know
not
,
neither
any
of
the
French
men
which
do
liue
amongst
vs
)
and
so
a
smal
peece
of
the
same
being
adulterated
sold
sometimes
for
300.
Duckets
.
But
if
the
horne
shal
be
true
and
not
counterfait
,
it
doth
notwithstanding
seeme
to
be
of
that
creature
which
the
Auncientes
called
by
the
name
of
an
Vnicorne
,
especially
Aelianus
,
who
only
ascribeth
to
the
same
this
wonderfull
force
against
poyson
and
most
grieuous
diseases
,
for
he
maketh
not
this
horne
white
as
ours
doth
seeme
,
but
outwardly
red
,
inwardly
white
,
and
in
the
middest
or
secrettest
part
only
blacke
.
But
it
cannot
bee
denied
,
that
this
our
Vnicornes
horne
was
taken
from
some
liuing
wilde
Beast
.
For
their
are
found
in
Europe
to
the
number
of
twenty
of
these
hornes
pure
,
and
so
many
broken
;
two
of
the
which
are
showne
in
the
treasury
of
Saint
Markes
church
at
Venice
(
I
heard
that
the
other
was
of
late
sent
vnto
the
Emperor
of
the
Turkes
for
a
gift
by
the
Venetians
)
both
of
them
about
the
length
of
six
cubits
:
the
one
part
which
is
lowest
being
thicker
,
and
the
other
thinner
,
that
which
is
thicker
,
exceedeth
not
the
thicknesse
of
three
inches
iust
,
which
is
also
attributed
vnto
the
horne
of
the
Indian
Asse
,
but
the
other
notes
of
the
same
are
wanting
.
I
doe
also
know
,
that
which
the
King
of
England
possesseth
to
be
wreathed
inspires
,
euen
as
that
is
accounted
in
the
Church
of
S.
Dennis
,
then
which
they
suppose
none
greater
in
the
world
,
and
I
neuer
saw
any
thing
in
any
creatures
more
worthy
praise
then
this
horn
.
The
substance
is
made
by
nature
,
not
Art
,
wherin
al
the
marks
are
found
which
the
true
horne
requireth
.
And
forsomuch
as
it
is
somewhat
hollowe
(
about
the
measure
of
a
foot
which
goeth
out
of
the
head
,
&
the
bone
growing
from
the
same
is
comprehended
)
I
coniecture
that
it
neuer
falleth
,
as
neither
the
hornes
of
a
Muskcat
,
a
wilde
Goat
,
and
an
Ibex
do
:
but
the
hornes
of
these
beasts
do
yearely
fall
off
,
namely
,
the
Bucke
,
the
Hart
,
Field-goat
,
and
Camelopardall
.
It
is
of
so
great
a
length
,
that
the
tallest
man
can
scarsely
touch
the
top
thereof
,
for
it
doth
fully
equall
seuen
great
feet
.
It
weigheth
thirteen
pounds
with
their
assize
,
being
only
weighed
by
the
gesse
of
the
hande
,
it
seemeth
much
heauier
.
The
figure
doth
plainely
signifie
a
wax
candle
,
(
being
folded
a
wreathed
within
it selfe
)
beeing
farre
more
thicker
from
one
part
,
and
making
it selfe
by
little
and
little
lesse
towards
the
point
,
the
thickest
part
thereof
cannot
be
shut
within
ones
hand
,
it
is
the
compasse
of
fiue
fingers
,
by
the
circumference
,
if
it
bee
measured
with
a
thred
,
it
is
three
fingers
and
a
span
.
That
part
,
which
is
next
vnto
the
heade
hath
no
sharpenesse
,
the
other
are
of
a
polished
smoothnes
.
The
splents
of
the
spire
are
smooth
and
not
deep
,
being
for
the
most
part
like
vnto
the
wreathing
turnings
of
Snailes
,
or
the
reuolutions
or
windings
of
Wood-bine
about
any
wood
.
But
they
proceed
from
the
right
hande
toward
the
left
,
from
the
beginning
of
the
horne
,
euen
vnto
the
very
ende
.
The
colour
is
not
altogether
white
,
being
a
long
time
somewhat
obscured
.
But
by
the
weight
it
is
an
easie
thinge
to
coniecture
,
that
this
beast
which
can
beare
so
great
burden
in
his
head
,
in
the
quantity
of
his
body
can
bee
little
lesse
then
a
great
Oxe
.
There
are
found
oftentimes
in
Polonia
certaine
hornes
which
some
men
gesse
to
be
of
the
Vnicorns
,
by
a
doubble
Argument
.
First
,
because
they
are
found
seuerall
,
Of
the
Vnicornes
horns
found
in
Polonia
.
neuer
by
twaines
which
as
yet
is
heard
,
although
sometimes
they
may
be
found
with
the
scull
and
bones
of
the
rest
of
the
body
:
furthermore
because
their
strength
or
vertue
is
approued
against
great
and
most
grieuous
diseases
:
concerning
which
thing
Antonius
Schnebergerus
a
Phisitian
of
great
learning
amongst
the
Sarmatians
,
and
an
excellent
obseruer
of
nature
,
writ
vnto
me
some
fiue
yeare
past
,
to
see
some
of
these
hornes
,
hauing
sent
them
by
the
labour
of
my
very
good
friend
Ioachinnus
Rhaeticus
,
a
most
excellent
phisitian
in
Sarmatia
,
and
incomparable
in
the
mathematick
Artes
in
this
age
.
The
first
of
these
hornes
(
saith
hee
)
I
sawe
being
of
the
length
of
my
fadome
,
with
a
duskishe
or
darkish
colour
:
the
point
there
of
being
exceeding
sharpe
and
smooth
.
The
compasse
about
the
root
of
the
horne
did
exceed
six
spans
.
The
outside
was
plaine
,
with
no
turnings
of
spires
:
the
substance
easie
to
be
crummed
,
the
figure
crooked
,
the
colour
exceeding
white
within
,
which
if
it
be
drunk
in
wine
,
doth
draw
ouer
it selfe
a
dark
colour
.
Eight
such
diuisions
were
ioyned
to
the
same
,
as
you
shall
see
in
the
greater
part
which
I
send
,
but
that
part
is
not
of
the
horn
,
but
either
the
entrance
of
the
pallat
,
or
some
other
things
as
I
coniecture
.
This
horne
was
found
vnder
the
earth
,
(
not
deeper
then
a
foote
,
in
a
solitary
and
high
place
,
as
betweene
two
hils
,
through
which
a
riuer
runneth
,
)
by
Countri'men
that
were
digging
to
lay
the
foundation
of
a
house
.
But
the
horne
was
smitten
with
an
Axe
,
and
seuered
into
very
smal
peeces
:
but
that
Noble
and
excelent
man
Ioannes
Frikasz
(
in
whose
field
the
horne
was
founde
,
being
distaunt
from
Cracouia
two
miles
)
by
all
diligence
he
could
,
least
that
the
small
peeces
should
be
cast
abroad
,
tooke
deliberate
heed
,
that
they
should
be
taken
out
of
the
earth
.
From
the
roote
to
the
top
it
was
all
round
and
smooth
,
but
touching
it
with
ones
toongue
,
it
cleaueth
fast
vnto
it
,
the
tooth
was
as
big
as
a
man
could
gripe
in
his
hand
,
being
in
the
vpper
or
outward
part
bony
or
hollow
within
,
white
in
the
middle
,
and
toward
the
end
somewhat
reddish
.
But
there
was
found
all
the
beast
,
as
by
the
greatnesse
of
his
bones
might
easily
be
perceived
,
being
bigger
in
quantity
then
a
horse
.
It
is
most
certaine
that
it
was
a
Foure-footed-beast
,
by
the
bones
of
the
shoulders
,
thighes
and
ribs
.
But
if
this
Horne
were
the
tooth
of
an
Elephant
,
as
some
doe
suppose
,
you
would
maruaile
why
two
(
which
I
haue
heard
)
were
neuer
found
together
.
But
the
teeth
or
rather
hornes
of
Elephants
are
neither
so
crooked
that
they
might
come
almost
to
halfe
a
circle
as
they
did
.
The
strength
of
this
horne
a
penny
weight
thereof
being
put
in
wine
or
water
of
Borrage
,
healeth
old
Feuers
,
as
also
Tertian
or
quarterne
Agues
of
three
yeares
continuance
,
and
cureth
many
diseases
in
mens
bodies
,
as
asswaging
the
paine
of
the
belly
,
and
making
of
those
to
vomit
,
who
can
by
no
meanes
ease
their
stomackes
.
Hitherto
shal
suffice
to
haue
spoken
concerning
one
of
those
foure
hornes
which
I
saw
.
The
other
was
like
vnto
this
,
but
lesse
pure
;
for
the
colour
was
outwardly
most
blacke
,
inwardly
most
white
,
being
found
in
the
Riuer
.
The
third
,
and
fourth
most
hard
,
so
that
a
man
would
thinke
it
were
by
the
touching
thereof
stone
or
iron
,
being
solide
euen
vnto
the
point
,
for
I
haue
not
seene
them
wholly
,
but
the
part
of
one
,
to
the
length
of
a
cubit
;
of
the
other
,
to
the
length
of
halfe
a
cubit
with
a
darke
colour
,
being
almost
of
the
same
thicknesse
as
the
two
former
:
But
for
as
much
as
the
two
former
haue
no
riftes
or
chinkes
in
them
,
these
haue
by
their
longitude
,
being
like
hearbs
bending
or
wreathing
in
their
stalkes
.
There
was
another
found
in
a
certaine
field
,
so
much
appearing
out
of
the
earth
,
that
the
rude
or
country
sort
did
thinke
it
to
be
some
pile
or
stake
.
Many
also
are
cured
and
freed
from
shaking
feauers
by
the
medicinall
force
of
these
,
the
cause
whereof
I
suppose
to
be
this
,
because
the
former
are
softer
,
for
as
much
as
one
of
them
will
lye
in
the
Water
for
so
long
a
time
,
but
the
other
vnder
the
earth
being
scarce
well
hid
.
I
afterwardes
saw
a
fi
lt
like
vnto
the
first
,
none
of
them
being
straight
or
direct
vppe
,
but
also
crooked
some
almost
vnto
a
halfe
a
circle
:
Hitherto
Schnebergerus
,
who
also
addeth
this
.
That
there
are
more
of
these
to
be
found
in
Polonia
,
and
therefore
for
the
most
part
to
bee
contemned
.
There
are
moreouer
found
in
Heluetia
some
of
these
hornes
:
one
in
the
riuer
Arula
against
the
Towne
of
Bruga
,
the
other
in
the
last
yeare
,
in
the
riuer
of
Birsa
,
but
it
was
broken
,
euen
as
the
third
with
that
famous
Earle
of
the
Cymbrians
,
William
Warner
in
a
tower
neare
vnto
the
Citty
Rottauit
,
who
gaue
vnto
Gesner
a
good
peece
thereof
,
who
found
another
peece
as
he
was
a
fishing
at
Birsa
in
the
riuer
.
And
it
is
no
great
maruaile
that
they
are
found
there
,
where
through
length
of
time
they
are
broken
into
small
pieces
,
and
carried
by
the
force
of
the
waters
into
diuers
places
.
But
it
is
most
diligently
to
be
obserued
,
whether
they
are
found
in
the
earth
,
as
also
to
be
knowne
whether
that
great
horne
be
of
this
beast
,
which
hangs
alone
in
the
great
temple
at
Argentaur
,
by
the
piller
,
for
it
hath
hanged
there
many
yeares
before
,
as
now
it-appeareth
,
for
that
doth
plainely
seeme
the
same
magnitude
,
thicknesse
,
and
figure
which
Schnebergerus
hath
described
in
his
own
horne
that
we
haue
allowed
before
for
wild
oxen
.
The
ancients
haue
attributed
singuler
hornes
to
the
Vnicorne
,
whom
some
haue
cald
by
other
names
as
it
is
said
:
and
furthermore
to
the
Orix
(
a
wilde
beast
vnknowne
in
our
age
except
I
be
deceiued
)
which
Aristotle
and
Pliny
call
a
Vnicorne
,
Aelianus
a
Quadrucorne
.
Oppianus
doth
not
expresse
it
,
but
he
seemeth
to
make
it
a
two
horned
beast
.
Simeon
Sethi
doth
also
write
that
the
Musk-cat
or
Goat
at
which
bringeth
forth
Muske
,
hath
one
horne
.
Certaine
later
writers
(
as
Scaliger
reporteth
)
say
,
that
there
is
a
certaine
Oxe
in
Ethiopia
which
hath
one
Horne
comming
out
in
the
middest
of
his
forehead
,
greater
then
the
length
of
a
foot
,
bending
vpwardes
,
the
point
being
wreathed
ouerthwart
,
and
they
haue
red
haire
,
whereby
we
gather
that
the
horne
of
all
Vnicornes
is
not
pure
.
But
the
reason
why
these
hornes
are
more
found
in
Polonia
then
in
any
other
place
,
I
cannot
well
ghesse
,
whether
from
thence
we
shall
suspect
them
to
be
of
certaine
Vries
,
which
at
this
day
abide
in
the
woods
of
Sarmatia
;
in
times
past
,
there
were
many
more
,
which
haue
liued
both
in
greater
and
larger
woods
,
neither
were
they
killed
with
so
often
Hunting
:
some
whereof
it
is
most
like
haue
come
to
great
age
,
as
appeareth
by
their
great
&
stately
hornes
,
which
things
we
leaue
to
be
considered
of
others
.
I
suppose
that
the
Apothe
caries
neuer
haue
the
true
horne
of
a
Vnicorne
,
but
that
some
doe
sell
a
kinde
of
false
adulterated
Horne
,
other
the
fragments
of
this
great
and
vnknowne
Horne
,
of
which
we
haue
spoken
,
and
not
onely
of
the
horne
,
but
also
of
the
bones
of
the
head
;
some
of
which
are
so
affected
by
longanimity
of
time
,
that
you
may
take
a
threefold
substance
in
them
,
although
it
be
broken
by
a
certain
distance
,
one
being
for
the
most
part
whitish
and
pale
,
the
other
whiter
and
softer
,
the
third
stony
and
most
white
.
I
heare
that
in
the
new
Ilands
there
was
a
Horne
bought
in
the
name
of
a
Vnicornes
horne
,
being
much
praised
for
expelling
of
poyson
:
which
what
it
is
I
haue
not
as
yet
examited
,
but
it
is
to
bee
inquired
,
whether
it
bee
a
Rhynocerots
or
not
,
for
both
the
auncient
and
late
Writers
doe
mingle
this
with
the
Vnicorne
.
I
doe
verily
coniecture
that
the
same
strength
is
pertinent
to
both
the
Hornes
.
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
concerning
the
true
Vnicornes
horne
,
and
the
Vertues
arising
there
from
.
In
this
place
now
we
will
proceed
to
the
residue
of
the
history
,
reseruing
other
vses
of
this
horne
to
the
proper
medicines
.
These
Beasts
are
very
swift
,
and
their
legges
haue
no
Articles
.
The
naturall
properties
of
Vnicornes
They
keep
for
the
most
part
in
the
desarts
,
and
liue
solitary
in
the
tops
of
the
Mountaines
.
There
was
nothing
more
horible
than
the
voice
or
braying
of
it
,
for
the
voice
is
straind
aboue
measure
.
It
fighteth
both
with
the
mouth
and
with
the
heeles
,
with
the
mouth
biting
like
a
Lyon
,
and
with
the
heeles
kicking
like
a
Horse
.
It
is
a
beast
of
an
vntamable
nature
,
and
therefore
the
Lord
himselfe
in
Iob
saith
that
he
cannot
bee
tyed
with
any
halter
,
nor
yet
accustomed
to
any
cratch
or
stable
.
Hee
feareth
not
Iron
or
any
yron
Instrument
,
(
as
Isidorus
writeth
)
and
that
which
is
most
strange
of
all
other
,
it
fighteth
with
his
owne
kinde
,
yea
euen
with
the
females
vnto
death
,
except
when
it
burneth
in
lust
for
procreation
;
but
vnto
straunger-Beasts
,
with
whome
he
hath
no
affinity
in
nature
,
he
is
more
sotiable
and
familiar
,
delighting
in
their
company
when
they
come
willing
vnto
him
,
neuer
rising
against
them
,
but
proud
of
their
dependence
and
retinue
,
keepeth
with
them
all
quarters
of
league
&
truce
,
Philes
.
Aelianus
.
but
with
his
female
,
when
once
his
flesh
is
tickled
with
lust
,
he
groweth
tame
,
gregall
and
louing
,
and
so
continueth
till
she
is
filled
and
great
with
young
,
and
then
returneth
to
his
former
hostility
.
He
is
an
enemy
to
the
Lyons
,
wherefore
as
soone
as
euer
a
Lyon
seeth
a
Vnicorne
,
he
runneth
to
a
tree
for
succor
,
that
so
when
the
Vnicorne
maketh
force
at
him
,
hee
may
not
onely
auoide
his
horne
,
but
also
destroy
him
;
for
the
Vnicorne
in
the
the
swiftnesse
of
his
course
runneth
against
the
tree
wherein
his
sharpe
horne
sticketh
fast
,
then
when
the
Lyon
seeth
the
Vnicorne
fastned
by
the
horne
without
all
danger
,
he
fauleth
vpon
him
and
killeth
him
.
These
things
are
reported
by
the
king
of
Aethiopia
,
in
an
Haebrew
Epistle
vnto
the
Bishop
of
Rome
.
It
is
sayd
that
Vnicorns
aboue
all
other
creatures
,
doe
reuerence
Virgines
and
young
Maides
,
and
that
many
times
at
the
sight
of
them
they
growe
tame
,
The
taking
of
Vnicornes
and
come
and
sleepe
beside
them
,
for
there
is
in
their
nature
a
certaine
sauor
,
wherewithall
the
Vnicornes
are
allured
and
delighted
:
for
which
occasion
the
Indian
and
Ethiopian
hunters
vse
this
stratagem
to
take
the
beast
.
They
take
a
goodly
strong
and
beautifull
young
man
,
Albertus
.
Alunnus
.
Tzetzes
.
whom
they
dresse
in
the
apparrell
of
a
woman
,
besetting
him
with
diuers
odoriferous
flowers
and
spices
.
The
man
so
adorned
,
they
set
in
the
Mountaines
or
Woods
where
the
Vnicorne
hunteth
,
so
as
the
wind
may
carrie
the
sauour
to
the
beast
,
and
in
the
meane
season
the
other
hunters
hide
themselues
:
the
Vnicorne
deceaued
with
the
outward
shape
of
a
woman
and
sweete
smells
,
commeth
vnto
the
young
man
without
feare
,
and
so
suffereth
his
head
to
bee
couered
and
wrapped
within
his
large
sleeues
,
neuer
stirring
but
lying
still
and
a
sleepe
,
as
in
his
most
acceptable
repose
.
Then
when
the
hunters
by
the
signe
of
the
young
man
perceaue
him
fast
and
secure
,
they
come
vppon
him
,
and
by
force
cut
off
his
horne
and
send
him
away
aliue
:
but
concerning
this
opinion
wee
haue
no
elder
authoritie
then
Tzetzes
,
who
did
not
liue
aboue
fiue
hundred
yeares
agoe
,
and
therefore
I
leaue
the
reader
to
to
the
freedome
of
his
owne
iudgment
,
to
beleeue
or
refuse
this
relation
;
neither
was
it
fit
that
I
should
omit
it
,
seeing
that
all
writers
since
the
time
of
Tzetzes
,
doe
most
constantly
beleeue
it
.
It
is
sayd
by
Aelianus
and
Albertus
,
that
except
they
bee
taken
before
they
bee
two
yeares
old
they
will
neuer
bee
tamed
;
and
that
the
Thrasians
doe
yeerely
take
some
of
their
Colts
,
and
bring
them
to
their
King
,
which
he
keepeth
for
combat
,
&
to
fight
with
one
another
:
for
when
they
are
old
,
they
differ
nothing
at
all
from
the
most
barborous
,
bloodie
,
and
rauenous
beasts
.
Their
,
flesh
is
not
good
for
meate
,
but
is
bitter
and
vnnourishable
:
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
for
the
naturall
storie
of
the
Vnicorne
,
now
followeth
the
medicinall
.
The
medicine
arising
from
the
Vnicorne
.
Concerning
the
hornes
of
the
Vnicorne
,
I
haue
sufficiently
already
written
,
as
the
auntientes
haue
deliuered
in
their
remedies
:
but
in
this
place
I
will
handle
the
remedies
which
late
writers
haue
attributed
thereunto
,
as
also
our
owne
obseruations
of
the
same
I
remember
that
in
times
past
,
I
saw
a
peece
of
this
horn
of
the
weight
of
nine
inches
with
a
certaine
Merchant
in
the
marker
,
being
blacke
and
plaine
,
and
not
wreathed
in
circles
or
turnings
,
but
at
that
time
I
did
not
so
much
obserue
it
.
Now
amongst
our
Apothecaries
I
do
not
onely
find
smal
or
little
fragments
,
out
of
which
they
yssued
(
as
they
say
)
some
certaine
marrow
,
which
are
rounder
,
whiter
,
and
softer
.
But
both
the
same
colour
,
as
also
the
substance
being
put
too
much
,
and
eaten
,
if
it
be
easily
crummed
,
and
not
stuft
as
other
hornes
,
doeth
signifie
the
same
not
to
be
good
or
perfect
,
but
counterfetted
and
corrupted
:
as
perhaps
the
horne
of
some
other
beast
brent
in
the
fire
,
some
certaine
sweet
odors
being
thereunto
added
,
and
also
imbrued
in
some
delicious
or
aromaticall
perfume
;
peraduenture
also
Bay
by
this
means
,
first
burned
,
and
afterward
quenched
or
put
out
with
certaine
sweet
smelling
liquors
.
There
is
great
care
to
be
had
,
that
it
be
taken
new
,
and
while
it
smelleth
sweete
,
not
either
abolished
by
age
,
nor
the
vertue
thereof
deminished
by
often
or
frequent
cups
.
For
rich
men
do
vsually
cast
little
peeces
of
this
horne
in
their
drinking
cups
,
either
for
the
preuenting
or
curing
of
some
certaine
disease
.
There
are
also
some
which
enclose
it
in
gold
or
siluer
,
and
so
cast
it
in
their
drinke
,
as
though
the
force
thereof
could
remaine
many
yeares
,
notwithstanding
the
continuall
soking
in
wine
.
But
that
which
is
so
vsed
and
drunke
in
wine
doth
bring
vpon
it
a
certaine
dark
or
obscure
colour
,
the
whitenesse
which
before
remained
vppon
the
same
being
quite
lost
,
expelled
,
and
vtterly
abolished
.
Most
men
for
the
remedies
arising
from
the
same
,
commaund
to
vse
the
horne
simply
by
it selfe
:
Others
prefer
the
marrowe
therein
.
It
being
cast
in
wine
doth
boyle
,
which
some
men
either
through
ignorance
or
deceipt
,
impute
to
be
a
signe
of
the
true
horne
,
when
as
contrarily
any
other
hornes
being
brent
,
do
in
water
or
wine
cause
bubles
to
arise
.
There
are
some
wicked
persons
which
do
make
a
mingle
mangle
thereof
,
as
I
sawe
amongst
the
Venetians
(
being
as
I
heare
say
,
compounded
with
lime
and
sope
)
or
peraduenture
with
earth
or
some
stone
:
(
which
things
are
wont
to
make
bubles
arise
)
and
afterwards
fell
it
for
the
Vnicornes
horne
.
Wherefore
it
shall
be
more
safe
to
buy
it
out
of
the
whole
horne
if
it
may
be
done
,
or
of
greater
crums
,
and
which
may
well
describe
the
figure
of
a
horne
,
then
smal
fragments
where
you
may
receiue
lesse
deceit
.
A
certaine
Apothecary
which
was
at
Noramberg
,
in
a
stately
mart
towne
amongst
the
Germans
,
declared
the
way
vnto
me
how
to
deface
the
colour
of
an
adulterated
Vnicornes
horne
,
being
made
by
some
with
Iuory
,
either
macerated
or
boyled
with
certaine
medicines
(
by
Set-foile
as
I
suppose
,
and
other
things
)
by
which
meanes
hauing
scraped
it
,
I
found
within
the
true
substance
to
be
yuory
.
Antonius
Brasauol●s
writeth
,
that
all
men
for
the
most
part
doe
sell
a
certaine
stone
for
Vnicornes
horne
,
which
truely
I
deny
not
to
be
done
,
who
haue
no
certainty
there
in
my selfe
:
notwithstanding
also
it
may
come
to
passe
,
that
a
very
hard
and
solid
horne
,
about
the
point
of
a
sword
especially
(
which
part
is
preferred
to
inferior
,
as
also
in
Harts
horns
)
to
which
either
stones
or
yron
may
yeild
,
such
as
authors
attribut
to
the
Rhinocerot
.
And
other
Vnicornes
may
bear
the
shape
of
a
stone
before
it selfe
.
For
if
Orpheus
concerning
Harts
horns
rightly
doubted
,
whether
the
same
or
stones
were
of
greatest
strength
:
I
think
it
more
to
be
doubted
in
the
kind
of
Vnicornes
,
for
the
hornes
of
Harts
are
not
onely
solide
(
as
Aristotle
supposed
)
but
also
the
hornes
of
Vnicornes
,
as
heere
I
haue
said
.
The
horne
of
an
Vnicorne
is
at
this
day
vsed
,
although
age
or
longinquity
of
time
bath
quite
abolished
it
from
the
nature
of
a
horne
.
There
are
some
which
mingle
the
Rhinoceros
with
the
Vnicorne
,
for
that
which
is
named
the
Rhinoceros
horne
,
is
at
this
day
in
phisical
vse
,
of
which
notwithstanding
the
Authours
haue
declared
no
effectual
force
.
Some
say
that
the
Vnicornes
horn
doth
sweat
,
hauing
any
poison
comming
ouer
it
,
which
is
false
,
it
doth
perhaps
sometimes
sweat
,
euen
as
some
solide
,
hard
,
and
light
substance
,
(
as
also
stones
and
glasse
)
some
external
vapor
being
about
them
,
but
this
doeth
nothing
appertaine
to
poison
.
It
is
in
like
manner
reported
,
that
a
kind
of
stone
called
the
serpents
toong
doth
sweat
hauing
poison
come
ouer
it
.
I
haue
heard
and
read
in
a
certaine
booke
written
with
ones
hands
,
that
the
true
horne
of
a
Vnicorne
is
to
be
proued
in
this
maner
.
To
giue
to
two
Pigeons
poyson
(
red
Arsnick
or
Orpin
)
the
one
which
drinketh
a
litle
of
the
true
Vnicorns
horne
will
be
healed
,
the
other
will
die
,
I
do
leaue
this
manner
of
tryall
vnto
rich
men
.
For
the
price
of
that
which
is
true
,
is
reported
●●
this
day
to
bee
of
no
lesse
vallew
then
Gold
.
Some
do
sel
the
waight
thereof
for
a
floren
,
or
eight
pence
:
some
for
a
crowne
,
or
twelue
pence
.
But
the
marrow
thereof
is
certainely
of
a
greater
price
,
then
that
which
is
of
harder
substance
.
Some
likewise
do
sel
a
dram
thereof
,
for
two
pence
halfe
penny
,
so
great
is
the
diuersity
thereof
.
For
experience
of
the
Vnicornes
horne
to
know
whether
it
be
right
or
not
:
put
silke
vpon
a
burning
cole
,
and
vpon
the
silke
the
aforsaid
horne
,
and
if
so
be
that
it
be
true
the
silke
will
not
be
a
whit
consumed
.
The
hornes
of
Vnicorns
,
especially
that
which
is
brought
from
new
Islands
,
being
beaten
and
drunk
in
water
,
doth
wonderfully
help
against
poyson
:
as
of
late
experience
doth
manifest
vnto
vs
a
man
,
who
hauing
taken
poison
and
beginning
to
swell
was
preserued
by
this
remedy
.
I
my selfe
haue
herd
of
a
man
worthy
to
be
beleeued
,
that
hauing
eaten
a
poisond
cherry
,
and
perceiuing
his
belly
to
swell
,
he
cured
himself
by
the
marrow
of
this
horne
being
drunke
in
wine
in
very
short
space
.
The
same
is
also
praised
at
this
day
for
the
curing
of
the
falling
sicknes
,
and
affirmed
by
Aelianus
,
who
called
this
disease
cursed
.
The
ancient
writers
did
attribute
the
force
of
healing
to
cups
made
of
this
horne
,
wine
being
drunke
out
of
them
:
but
because
we
cannot
haue
cups
,
we
drinke
the
substance
of
the
horn
,
either
by
it selfe
or
with
other
medicines
.
I
happily
sometime
made
this
Sugar
of
the
horne
,
as
they
call
it
,
mingling
with
the
same
Amber
,
iuory
dust
,
leaues
of
gold
,
Corall
,
and
certaine
other
things
,
the
horne
being
included
in
silke
,
and
beaten
in
the
decoction
of
razens
and
Cinamon
,
I
cast
them
in
water
,
the
rest
of
the
reason
of
healing
in
the
mean
time
not
being
neglected
.
It
is
morouer
commended
of
Physitians
of
our
time
against
the
pestilent
feauer
,
(
as
Aloisius
Mundella
writeth
)
against
the
the
bitings
of
rauenous
Dogs
,
and
the
strokes
or
poyson
some
stings
of
other
creatures
:
and
priuately
in
rich
mens
houses
against
the
belly
or
mawe
wormes
;
to
conclude
,
it
is
giuen
against
all
poyson
whatsoeuer
,
as
also
against
many
most
grieuous
diseases
.
The
King
of
the
Indians
drinking
out
of
a
cuppe
made
of
an
Indian
Vnicorns
horne
,
and
being
asked
wherefore
he
did
it
,
whether
it
were
for
the
loue
of
drunkennesse
,
made
answer
,
that
by
that
drinke
drunkennesse
was
both
expelled
and
resisted
,
and
worser
things
cured
,
meaning
that
it
cleane
abolished
al
poyson
whatsoeuer
.
The
horne
of
an
Vnicorn
,
doth
heale
that
detestable
disease
in
men
called
S.
Iohns
euill
,
otherwise
the
cursed
disease
.
The
horne
of
an
Vnicorne
being
beaten
and
boyled
in
wine
,
hath
a
wonderful
effect
in
making
the
teeth
white
or
cleare
,
the
mouth
being
well
clensed
therewith
.
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
for
the
medicines
and
vertues
arising
from
the
Vnicorne
.
OF
THE
VRE-OXE
.
THis
Beast
is
called
by
the
Latins
Vrus
,
by
the
Germans
Aurox
,
The
seueral
names
.
and
Vrox
,
and
Grosse
vesent
,
by
the
Lituanians
Thur
,
the
Scythians
Bubri
,
and
these
beastes
were
not
knowne
to
the
Graecians
,
(
as
Pliny
writeth
)
of
whom
Seneca
writeth
in
this
manner
;
Tibi
dant
variae
pectora
tigres
,
Tibi
villosi
terga
Bisontes
,
Latisque
feri
cornibus
vri
.
In
outward
proportion
of
the
body
it
differeth
little
from
the
Bull
,
It
is
very
thick
,
and
his
back
somewhat
bunched
vp
,
and
his
length
from
the
head
to
the
taile
is
short
,
no
waies
answerable
to
the
proportion
of
his
stature
and
sides
:
the
horns
(
as
some
say
)
are
but
short
,
yet
blacke
,
The
seueral
partes
broad
,
and
thicke
,
his
eies
red
,
a
broad
mouth
,
and
a
great
broade
head
,
his
temples
hairy
,
a
beard
vpon
his
chin
,
but
short
,
and
the
colour
thereof
blacke
,
his
other
parts
,
as
namely
in
the
face
,
sides
,
legs
,
and
taile
,
of
a
reddish
colour
.
These
are
in
the
wood
Hercynia
,
in
the
Pyreney
Mountaines
,
and
in
Mazouia
neare
Lituania
.
Places
of
their
abode
They
are
cald
Vri
of
Oron
,
that
is
the
Mountaines
,
because
their
sauage
wildnes
is
so
great
,
that
they
sildome
discend
from
those
sauegardes
.
They
far
excell
Buls
,
and
other
wild
Oxen
,
comming
neerer
to
the
quantity
or
stature
of
Elephants
,
then
to
the
Bull.
In
resemblance
a
man
would
thinke
them
to
be
compounded
of
a
Mule
and
a
Hart
,
for
their
outward
resemblance
so
seem
.
It
is
said
they
could
neuer
be
tamed
by
men
,
although
they
were
taken
when
they
were
young
,
yet
they
loue
other
heardes
of
cattel
,
and
will
not
forsake
them
easily
after
they
haue
once
ioyned
themselues
vnto
them
,
wherby
many
times
they
are
deceiued
and
killed
,
20.
30.
or
forty
at
a
time
.
Caligula
Caesar
brought
of
these
aliue
to
Rome
,
and
did
shew
them
in
publike
spectacle
to
the
people
,
and
at
that
time
they
were
taken
for
wilde
Buls
.
Some
affirme
that
there
are
of
these
in
Prussia
,
and
that
they
are
so
wild
,
Countries
of
their
breed
cruel
,
and
vntamable
,
as
they
feare
or
spare
neither
man
nor
beast
;
and
when
they
are
set
vpon
and
wounded
by
the
hunters
in
the
woods
among
the
trees
,
feeling
their
hurts
and
perceiuing
their
bloude
issuing
out
of
their
body
,
they
rage
aboue
measure
,
for
hauing
no
meanes
to
take
reuenge
vpon
the
hunter
,
by
reason
that
he
standeth
behind
some
great
tree
,
for
very
wrath
and
fury
they
kill
themselues
with
their
owne
headlong
force
vpon
the
same
tree
.
It
is
said
that
their
foreheades
are
so
broad
and
large
,
that
two
men
may
easily
sit
betwixt
their
hornes
.
They
are
able
to
take
vp
an
Armed
man
and
his
horse
,
and
to
tosse
him
into
the
aire
like
a
Bull
,
and
the
heads
of
these
or
such
like
beasts
are
to
be
seene
publiquely
fixed
vp
in
common
places
at
Mentz
and
Wormes
,
which
are
worth
the
obseruation
,
because
in
all
proportion
they
are
twice
so
big
as
the
vulgar
Bull
or
Oxe
.
Now
although
their
large
bodies
and
manes
doe
also
appertaine
to
the
Bisons
,
yet
it
is
not
vnfit
to
attribute
the
same
also
to
the
Vre-Oxe
.
For
if
it
be
in
the
pleasure
of
any
man
to
make
it
also
a
kind
of
Bison
,
I
will
not
deny
that
this
must
be
remembred
,
that
both
the
body
of
this
beast
is
much
larger
,
and
also
the
aspect
not
so
grim
or
fierce
as
is
the
Bison
.
There
are
many
of
these
found
also
in
Angremannia
,
and
the
Confines
of
Lapponia
,
Their
stature
and
other
Northerne
parts
of
the
world
,
where
they
are
cald
by
the
Illirian
terme
Zubrones
,
and
these
are
so
high
as
a
tall
man
can
hardly
lay
his
hand
vpon
the
top
of
their
backes
,
although
he
straine
himselfe
very
much
.
And
some
of
them
are
fifteen
cubits
in
length
,
of
whom
beside
their
admirable
strength
,
their
velocity
and
nimblenesse
is
also
remarkeable
,
for
it
is
said
of
them
,
that
when
they
empty
their
bellies
,
they
can
turn
about
to
take
their
dung
or
excrement
vpon
their
horns
before
it
fall
to
the
ground
,
which
they
cast
vpon
the
hunters
or
pursuers
,
Dogs
or
men
,
whereby
they
blind
and
burne
them
.
They
which
accustome
or
practise
to
kill
and
hunt
these
beasts
,
are
greatly
commended
and
rewarded
when
they
haue
killed
many
of
them
,
whereof
they
make
proofe
,
by
bringing
the
hornes
of
them
that
they
haue
killed
into
the
common
Market
place
.
In
ancient
time
before
the
inuention
of
iron
weapons
,
they
did
take
them
in
those
countries
in
ditches
,
and
great
caues
of
the
earth
,
wherunto
the
strongest
and
most
actiue
young
men
did
apply
themselues
,
hauing
both
Dogs
and
all
other
needfull
instruments
to
take
away
the
life
of
this
beast
;
and
if
it
did
not
happen
that
hee
fastened
his
hornes
into
some
tree
,
then
was
all
the
labour
lost
,
for
they
could
neuer
come
neere
to
touch
him
,
onely
when
in
his
speedy
swift
fury
among
the
woods
,
he
ran
his
hornes
into
the
body
of
some
Okes
or
such
like
,
whereby
hee
was
stayed
,
(
for
it
is
not
so
easie
to
pull
them
forth
,
as
to
fixe
them
,
because
they
are
rugged
,
crooked
,
and
stand
vpward
)
then
hee
was
ouertaken
and
killed
by
some
hunter
or
other
.
And
if
at
any
time
he
met
with
a
hunter
,
it
was
fatall
and
deadly
to
the
man
,
except
hee
could
auoyde
the
Beast
by
getting
vnto
some
tree
.
Sigismundus
Baro
,
that
honorable
man
writeth
thus
hereof
,
that
in
Masonia
neare
Lituania
it
is
bred
,
and
called
Thur
,
&
they
are
a
kind
of
wilde
Oxen
,
not
differing
from
the
vulgar
,
(
except
as
aforesaid
)
but
in
their
colour
,
and
a
spotted
strake
or
line
which
goeth
al
along
their
backs
.
And
those
Vre-oxen
are
kept
as
it
were
in
parkes
and
chases
,
hauing
a
peculiar
disignment
by
the
King
,
and
the
inhabitantes
of
certaine
villages
to
keepe
and
watch
them
.
Sometimes
when
they
meet
with
a
common
or
vulgar
tame
Cow
,
they
leape
vpon
her
and
fill
her
,
but
such
a
Calfe
liueth
not
long
,
but
dyeth
as
if
it
were
not
perfect
,
and
if
it
do
chance
to
liue
,
it
neuer
resembleth
the
sire
,
nor
yet
is
admitted
into
their
society
and
heard
,
but
are
refused
for
bastards
and
ignoble
breed
.
And
when
he
was
Ambassador
to
Sigismundus
the
Empe.
he
receiued
for
a
gift
one
of
these
killed
,
and
bowelled
,
Vse
of
their
parts
.
hauing
the
skin
of
the
forehead
cut
off
and
taken
away
,
whereat
hee
wondered
much
,
but
durst
not
aske
the
question
or
reason
thereof
;
yet
afterward
he
vnderstood
that
there
were
girdles
made
of
that
part
of
the
hide
,
whereby
the
women
in
that
Country
were
perswaded
that
they
should
be
made
apt
to
conceiue
&
bring
forth
children
:
&
Bona
the
mother
of
Sigismund
gaue
vnto
him
2.
girdles
for
that
purpose
,
wherof
he
said
he
bestowed
one
vpon
the
Queene
of
Romaines
,
who
did
take
the
same
at
his
hand
very
gratiously
and
thankefully
.
And
it
is
certain
,
that
out
of
the
hides
of
these
beasts
are
made
girdles
,
which
are
two
fingers
thicke
,
and
strong
,
and
yet
the
haire
vpon
them
is
soft
and
gentle
like
any
wooll
.
The
flesh
of
these
beasts
is
ranke
and
heauy
,
and
if
it
be
eaten
fresh
it
causeth
loosenesse
,
but
if
be
salted
a
day
or
two
it
it
is
nothing
inferiour
to
Beefe
,
for
so
the
humidity
is
taken
away
.
With
the
hornes
are
made
drinking
Cups
,
and
for
that
purpose
the
richer
sort
of
people
do
edge
or
lip
them
ouer
with
siluer
and
gold
:
they
hold
or
containe
as
much
as
two
ordinary
pitchers
of
water
.
Other
take
off
the
points
and
fasten
them
to
speares
,
being
very
sharp
,
and
not
easily
blunted
or
broken
,
and
other
make
of
them
cut
into
slices
or
panes
the
best
Lanthornes
in
the
world
.
And
thus
much
for
the
Vre-Oxe
,
vnto
whose
Historie
it
is
needefull
for
me
to
adde
the
story
of
diuers
other
wilde
Oxen
not
yet
described
.
Strabo
saith
,
that
there
are
Oxen
cald
Rhizes
,
among
the
Hesperian
Aethiopians
,
who
in
outward
proportion
are
much
like
the
vulgar
buls
,
but
in
other
parts
,
as
quantity
,
strength
,
Histories
of
other
wilde
Oxen.
and
vigour
,
comparable
to
the
Elephants
.
Theuetus
writeth
,
that
betwixt
Floridia
and
Palma
,
in
the
new
found
Worlde
,
there
are
verye
many
strange
shaped
Beastes
,
and
amonge
other
a
kynde
of
Wilde
Bull
,
whose
hornes
are
a
foot
long
,
but
on
his
backe
he
hath
a
tumour
or
bunch
like
a
Camel
,
and
is
therefore
called
Bos
Camelita
,
his
haire
all
ouer
his
body
is
very
long
,
but
especially
vnder
his
chin
,
and
his
colour
like
a
yellow
Mule
,
and
this
beast
is
a
continuall
enemy
to
a
Horse
.
Like
vnto
these
are
the
tame
Scythian
Oxen
,
and
some
other
in
Asia
,
who
carry
packes
vpon
the
bunches
of
their
backes
,
and
also
bend
their
knees
like
Camels
.
OF
THE
LYBIAN
OXE
.
THere
is
so
great
an
innumerability
of
Libian
Oxen
,
of
so
great
swiftnes
and
celerity
,
that
the
hunters
are
many
times
deceiued
in
hunting
them
,
and
so
doe
certainely
chance
or
fall
vpon
other
wilde
beastes
for
the
same
they
raised
,
and
he
in
the
meane
while
doth
hide
himselfe
in
a
place
of
brambles
and
briars
,
keeping
himselfe
there
safe
,
while
other
wild
beasts
doth
appeare
like
vnto
them
,
and
so
doe
deceiue
the
eies
of
the
hunters
:
therefore
if
any
man
doth
begin
to
follow
after
either
of
them
,
it
will
be
but
labour
lost
,
for
hee
is
not
able
to
comprehend
or
attaine
them
with
a
horse
,
except
he
may
take
them
being
wearied
by
longitude
of
time
.
But
if
any
hunters
shall
find
a
young
calfe
,
spare
the
life
thereof
,
and
shall
not
presently
kill
it
,
he
shall
reape
a
double
profit
by
it
:
and
first
it
doth
bring
profit
to
it selfe
,
and
dooth
induce
or
lead
his
dam
into
captiuity
.
For
after
that
the
hunter
hath
bound
the
calfe
with
a
rope
,
she
being
enflamed
by
the
loue
or
affection
which
she
beareth
to
hir
calfe
,
returneth
backe
againe
vnto
it
,
coueting
with
an
ardent
desire
to
loosen
and
take
away
her
Calfe
out
of
the
bond
or
halter
,
therefore
she
thrusteth
in
hir
horne
that
she
may
loosen
the
cord
,
and
pluck
hir
young
one
away
,
whereby
she
is
kept
fast
bound
with
hir
Calfe
,
her
hornes
being
entangled
in
the
rope
.
〈◊〉
.
Then
commeth
the
hunter
and
killeth
her
,
and
taketh
forth
her
liuer
,
and
also
cutteth
off
her
dugs
or
vdder
,
and
doth
likewise
pluck
off
hir
skin
,
&
leaueth
her
flesh
for
the
Birds
and
wild
beasts
to
feed
vpon
.
There
is
another
kind
of
Oxe
in
Libia
,
whose
Hornes
doth
bend
downeward
,
and
for
that
cause
they
are
faine
to
feed
going
backwards
.
Of
the
sayings
of
Herodotus
and
Aelianus
,
I
haue
spoken
before
.
Philes
doth
write
that
they
are
cald
Oxen
going
backward
,
because
the
broadnes
of
their
hornes
doth
couer
their
eie-sight
,
so
that
it
standeth
them
in
no
vse
to
go
forward
,
but
is
very
commodious
to
go
backward
.
There
is
an
Oxe
which
liueth
in
the
woods
of
Affrick
,
which
doth
resemble
a
domesticall
Oxe
,
yet
lesse
in
stature
,
of
a
browne
or
russet
colour
,
and
also
most
swift
of
foote
.
This
beast
is
found
in
the
desarts
,
〈◊〉
African
or
in
the
Marches
or
limits
of
the
desarts
.
Their
flesh
is
also
of
a
perfect
or
absolute
sauour
and
tast
,
good
for
the
nourishment
of
men
.
OF
THE
INDIAN
WILD
OXEN
.
THe
horns
of
the
Oxen
of
the
Garamantons
do
grow
downewards
toward
the
earth
,
〈◊〉
and
therefore
when
they
feede
they
bow
the
hinder
part
of
the
necke
,
(
as
Solinus
writeth
)
and
as
we
haue
spoken
before
in
the
diuersities
of
wilde
Oxen.
The
woods
also
in
India
are
filled
with
wild
Oxen.
In
the
prouince
of
India
where
the
Gymnits
inhabit
,
are
great
multitudes
of
Oxen
which
liue
in
the
forrests
or
woods
.
In
the
kingdomes
which
are
vpon
the
borders
or
Confins
of
India
,
〈…〉
●onet
.
(
in
the
mid
of
the
day
)
are
many
faire
and
great
Oxen
which
liue
in
the
woods
.
There
are
Mountains
in
the
in
most
regions
of
India
,
which
are
very
hard
to
come
vnto
,
where
they
say
liue
those
beasts
wilde
,
which
are
among
vs
domesticall
and
tame
,
as
sheepe
,
●●lianus
Goates
,
Oxen
,
and
so
forth
.
The
great
King
of
India
doth
elect
or
choose
a
day
euery
yeare
for
the
runnings
and
combats
of
men
,
and
also
fightings
of
beastes
,
who
setting
their
hornes
one
against
another
,
do
fight
irefully
with
admirable
rage
,
vntill
they
ouercome
their
aduersaries
.
They
do
also
labour
,
and
striue
withall
their
nerues
and
sinnewes
,
euen
as
if
they
were
champions
,
or
fought
for
some
great
reward
,
or
should
get
honor
by
their
battell
.
Wilde
bulles
,
tame
Rams
,
Asses
with
one
horne
,
Hyaenaes
,
and
lastly
Elephantes
,
as
if
they
were
capable
of
reason
,
they
wound
them
among
themselues
,
and
the
one
doth
oftentimes
ouercome
and
kill
the
other
,
and
sometimes
fall
downe
togither
being
both
wounded
.
I
haue
also
recited
before
in
another
place
of
the
intreaty
of
Oxen
,
those
Indian
Oxen
which
are
said
to
be
most
swift
in
their
ioynts
in
running
too
and
fro
,
when
they
are
at
combate
,
because
there
we
had
not
distinguished
whether
these
were
wild
Oxen
or
not
:
but
it
doth
appeare
in
this
place
,
that
they
are
wholy
taken
for
wilde
Oxen
:
and
the
thing
it selfe
doth
manifest
that
domesticall
Oxen
are
not
so
swift
nor
so
strong
.
The
Oxen
in
India
haue
altogether
whole
hoofes
,
and
also
but
one
horne
.
Aethiopia
also
doth
breede
Indian
Oxen
,
that
is
to
say
,
Oxen
that
are
like
to
those
of
India
,
Plinius
.
for
some
haue
but
one
horn
,
&
othersome
3.
Solinus
saith
,
that
there
are
found
in
India
some
Oxen
which
haue
but
one
horn
,
&
othersome
which
haue
3.
horns
with
whole
hoofs
,
&
not
clouen
.
The
Indian
Oxen
are
said
to
bee
as
high
as
a
Cammell
,
and
their
horne
foure
foote
broad
.
Ptolomaeus
doth
report
,
that
he
saw
a
horne
of
an
Indian
Oxe
which
did
hold
in
the
bredth
of
it
thirty
gallons
.
There
are
also
Oxen
which
are
bred
in
India
,
which
in
greatnes
are
no
bigger
then
a
Bucke
,
or
Goat
,
they
do
run
yoaked
together
very
swift
,
nor
do
end
their
race
with
lesse
speed
then
the
Goat-land
horses
,
and
I
did
not
take
them
to
be
Oxen
liuing
in
the
woods
,
for
our
Rangifer
and
Oxen
which
liue
in
the
woods
,
are
the
swiftest
of
al
beasts
in
this
kind
,
Aristotle
and
most
apt
to
combats
and
runnings
,
and
they
may
partly
be
called
Oxen
hauing
one
horne
,
and
partly
Oxen
hauing
three
hornes
,
neither
are
they
found
in
Scandinauia
,
but
also
in
other
Regions
and
Dominions
of
Asia
,
as
we
beleeue
that
Indian
Oxen
are
of
the
same
kind
.
Solinus
doth
not
rightly
cal
those
Indian
Oxen
,
which
Aelianus
calleth
Aethiopicos
,
as
I
haue
declared
aboue
in
the
storie
of
the
Aethiopian
Oxen
,
for
their
hornes
are
moouable
.
Ctesias
doth
write
,
that
there
are
sprung
vp
among
the
same
beasts
,
that
beast
which
is
called
Mantichora
:
which
is
manifested
by
Aristotle
in
his
Historie
of
Foure-footed
beasts
.
Hermolaus
also
and
others
haue
not
considered
this
error
.
Among
the
Arachotans
there
are
Oxen
which
liue
in
the
woodes
,
which
do
differ
from
those
that
are
bred
in
the
Citty
,
as
much
as
wilde
swine
from
tame
.
Their
colour
is
blacke
,
bending
a
litle
downwards
,
and
their
hornes
broad
and
vpright
.
There
is
a
Citty
in
India
called
Arachotus
,
taking
the
name
from
the
riuer
Arachotus
,
which
do
flow
out
of
Causacus
,
what
those
beasts
are
which
bend
their
hornes
vpward
,
I
haue
declared
in
the
story
of
the
Bison
,
for
as
there
may
be
spoken
something
concerning
the
difference
of
the
plantes
of
the
woods
,
so
also
concerning
the
beasts
that
are
bred
in
the
Citty
,
and
those
that
are
bred
in
the
woods
.
OF
THE
WEASELL
.
THere
are
diuers
kinds
of
Weasels
,
but
in
this
place
we
do
intreat
of
the
least
kind
whose
forme
and
shape
we
haue
also
here
set
downe
.
It
is
likwise
properly
named
of
the
Latines
Mustela
,
a
weasel
,
for
so
we
were
wont
plainly
to
name
those
which
wer
common
and
domesticall
and
to
adde
names
to
those
which
are
more
seldome
seene
,
or
liue
in
the
woods
for
difference
sake
.
The
word
Choled
in
Leuit.
11.
is
translated
a
Weasel
of
all
interpreters
.
The
Rabbins
do
call
them
Chuldah
,
and
commonly
Mustela
,
as
Dauid
Kimhi
writeth
.
The
Chaldaeans
do
translate
it
Chulda
,
the
Arabians
Caldah
,
the
Persians
Gurba
,
and
Hieron
Mustela
.
Oach
is
an
Haebrew
word
,
whereupon
it
was
once
translated
Ochim
,
plurally
in
Esay
.
13.
Babilon
subuertetur
,
&
implebunt
domes
eorum
ochim
,
Munsterus
cercopithecos
vertit
.
That
is
to
say
,
Babilon
shall
be
ouerthrowne
,
and
their
houses
shall
be
filled
with
Ochim
,
that
is
,
Weasels
,
but
Munsterus
doth
call
them
Munkeys
.
Dauid
Kimhi
,
and
the
Maister
of
Thalmud
,
do
call
it
Nemiah
,
that
is
,
like
to
a
Cat
,
but
commonly
they
call
it
a
Martin
,
or
Firum
,
and
Furon
.
The
Authors
of
the
Concordances
of
the
Haebrewes
doth
interpret
Koph
,
Circopithecum
,
or
Cephum
,
and
Culdah
,
that
is
to
say
Mustela
;
a
Weasill
,
as
the
Iewes
do
thinke
.
The
Chaldae
hath
translated
a
Martin
Ochijn
.
Symmachus
also
hath
left
or
forsaken
the
Haebru
word
.
Aquila
doth
translate
it
Typhones
,
that
is
,
a
Whirle-winde
,
Hieronimus
doeth
translate
it
Draco
,
that
is
;
a
Dragon
.
Koah
is
truely
interpreted
to
be
a
kind
of
Lizard
,
or
a
Chamalion
.
In
Leuiticus
11.
We
also
read
in
Albertus
,
His
,
and
Hyrzus
,
(
two
Barbarous
words
)
for
a
Weasell
,
which
hee
himselfe
doth
not
vnderstand
:
but
I
haue
discerned
or
taken
this
signification
out
of
the
words
of
Aristotle
:
for
Albertus
doth
most
vnlearnedly
expound
Hyrcum
a
Hare
,
being
deceiued
,
because
both
the
liuing
beasts
do
oftentimes
remoue
their
young
ones
from
one
place
to
another
in
their
mouths
.
Fethis
also
doth
seeme
to
be
according
to
Aristotle
,
no
other
thing
then
Gale
,
that
is
to
say
;
a
Weasell
.
For
Feyton
(
saith
he
)
it
hath
wit
like
a
Fox
,
that
is
to
say
,
in
setting
vpon
Hens
or
Chickins
,
and
the
other
shape
and
forme
of
it
is
Katiz
,
that
is
to
say
Ictis
,
a
Ferret
.
Nim
fitza
also
is
euen
to
this
day
called
a
Weasell
among
the
Graecians
.
Ibanauge
is
also
called
a
Weasell
,
Ibinuers
is
a
little
foure-footed-beast
.
Si●●gaticus
Bellula
also
doth
seeme
to
signifie
a
Weasell
,
by
a
feigned
worde
proceeding
from
the
French
or
Italians
,
which
do
call
also
Belettam
,
Balottam
pro
mustela
for
a
Weasell
,
but
some
of
the
later
Graecians
do
abuse
it
in
tearming
it
a
Catte
,
as
I
haue
spoken
before
in
the
History
of
the
Cat.
Theodorus
Gaza
in
Aristotle
doeth
interpret
it
sometimes
a
Weasell
,
and
other
sometimes
a
Cat
;
neither
can
I
sufficiently
gather
wherefore
he
doth
so
change
it
,
seeing
that
that
the
Graecians
call
Cattum
,
for
a
Cat
Aeluron
,
and
the
Latines
Felem
.
Some
say
,
that
Mustela
for
a
Weasell
hath
bin
interpreted
or
declared
of
late
daies
,
being
onely
led
(
if
I
be
not
deceiued
)
with
the
affinity
of
the
German
word
,
for
the
Germans
do
call
Mustela
a
Wisel
.
The
Graecians
do
vsually
take
to
this
day
Mustela
for
a
Weasell
,
as
I
haue
read
in
the
Oration
of
Suidas
.
Scopa
A
Weasell
is
called
in
Italy
Donnola
,
or
Ballottula
.
It
is
apparant
by
the
words
of
Auicen
that
Donnula
,
and
otherwise
Dannula
is
Barbarously
vsed
Pro
mustela
for
a
Weasell
:
Albertus
and
Niphus
doe
write
Damula
for
a
Weasell
,
by
the
which
word
the
later
writers
do
very
obscurely
vnderstand
Dama
for
a
Weasell
,
which
is
of
the
kind
of
Goats
liuing
in
the
woods
.
Damma
or
Dammula
,
is
a
small
and
weake
beast
,
(
as
Isidorus
writeth
)
speaking
of
those
that
are
wilde
and
will
not
come
to
hand
.
When
it
doth
bring
forth
young
,
it
doth
presently
deuoure
the
seconds
or
those
that
come
after
byrth
before
they
touch
the
earth
,
Albertus
and
yet
it
is
a
prey
it selfe
to
other
Foure-footed-beastes
.
You
may
also
seeme
to
take
a
little
Deare
,
or
a
kinde
of
young
Goate
,
or
a
Weasell
,
for
that
kind
of
Beast
which
doth
deuour
her
seconds
:
But
we
read
that
neither
of
these
do
it
.
The
Lizard
is
sayed
to
deuoure
her
first
litter
which
she
littereth
in
her
old
age
.
Wo
also
call
Domesticall
Weasels
Foinos
.
A
weasell
is
called
in
France
,
Belotte
or
Belette
,
and
Albalotte
.
Some
as
I
do
heare
which
do
inhabite
about
the
townes
of
Meta
,
do
call
them
Baccal
.
Carolus
Figuli
doth
interpret
a
weasel
in
French
Fouinum
,
or
Marturellum
,
of
which
I
haue
shewed
before
that
there
is
two
kindes
,
and
also
that
there
is
weasels
liuing
in
the
woods
.
In
Spaine
also
they
are
called
Comadreia
.
The
people
of
Rhetia
which
speake
Latine
,
do
keepe
the
Latine
name
.
The
Germans
do
cal
them
Wisel
or
Wisele
.
Georgius
Agricola
saith
,
that
it
is
called
a
weasell
by
reason
of
the
noise
that
it
maketh
.
Other
some
dwelling
in
Heluetia
do
call
it
Hermelin
,
and
some
doe
call
it
by
a
corrupt
worde
Ha●●lin
,
but
those
ought
only
to
be
named
so
which
are
altogether
white
,
and
are
found
in
winter
time
.
But
heere
in
England
it
is
called
a
Weasell
,
and
some
do
write
it
Wesyll
,
or
Weasyll
:
but
the
white
weasell
is
called
Mineuer
,
by
the
transposition
of
the
letters
of
the
French
word
,
it
is
called
Herminne
,
and
among
the
Illyrians
Kolczauna
.
Some
doe
thinke
at
this
day
that
the
beast
whose
shape
and
forme
we
haue
giuen
for
a
Weasell
,
is
the
Shrew-mouse
,
but
not
rightly
,
for
their
onely
reason
is
,
that
the
bitings
of
it
doth
poyson
and
harme
almost
in
like
manner
.
Albertus
also
doth
write
,
that
the
Sea
Weasell
is
called
the
fielde-Shrew
,
which
is
vtterly
false
and
vntrue
:
For
the
Shrew
is
called
among
the
Graecians
Mygale
,
Male
or
Female
.
They
doe
now
also
commonly
call
Ichnumon
the
Indian
Mouse
,
and
othersome
the
fallow
Deere
;
But
Damula
,
or
Donula
,
is
of
the
Italians
and
some
later
Barborous
Writers
,
altogether
called
a
common
Weasell
,
and
not
Ichneumon
,
which
is
a
peculiar
Beast
to
the
Egyptians
.
Now
the
reason
of
the
Latine
name
Mustela
,
Carolus
Figulus
is
of
opinion
,
Niphus
The
etymology
of
Weasels
.
that
it
is
deriued
of
Mys
and
Stelio
,
two
Greeke
wordes
,
because
it
deuoureth
Mice
,
and
both
the
Germans
and
the
English
deriue
their
word
Steale
,
or
Stellen
,
to
rob
or
filtch
,
from
the
Greeke
worde
S●ellein
;
so
that
it
is
so
called
,
because
this
Weasell
is
a
still
,
and
secret
,
stealing
,
and
deuouring
Beast
.
Calepin
saith
,
that
Mustela
is
Quasi
longior
mus
.
This
Beast
is
also
called
by
Aristotle
Habeninum
,
and
it
is
sayd
that
it
hunteth
Moles
or
blinde
Mice
.
The
epithets
hereof
are
,
fearefull
,
In-creeper
,
and
swift
,
The
epithits
colour
and
seueral
parts
and
beside
these
I
finde
not
any
materiall
or
worthy
to
be
rehearsed
.
Now
concerning
their
outward
proportion
,
it
is
as
we
haue
heere
described
,
a
long
and
thinne
body
,
but
the
colour
thereof
varieth
,
for
some
of
them
are
browne
and
branded
,
some
blacke
,
and
some
cleane
white
,
which
we
haue
shewed
already
to
be
the
Ermyn
:
for
in
some
places
of
Germany
,
Heluetia
,
and
the
Alpes
,
the
Weasels
in
the
Winter
become
all
white
.
But
for
as
much
as
there
are
two
kinds
of
Weasels
,
one
vulgar
and
domesticall
,
liuing
in
Houses
and
Citties
,
and
the
other
wild
liuing
in
the
Woods
&
Mountains
:
we
find
also
that
they
differ
in
colour
,
neither
of
both
being
constant
in
the
same
,
for
the
domesticall
Weasell
is
vpon
the
backe
and
side
sandy
,
red
,
and
sometime
yellowish
,
and
alwaies
white
on
the
throat
,
yea
,
sometimes
as
Geor.
Agricola
writeth
,
they
are
all
white
,
whereat
no
man
ought
to
wonder
,
seeing
the
Hares
of
Heluetia
do
in
the
Winter
time
turne
white
,
and
of
these
white
Weasels
,
or
Armins
there
are
aboundance
in
the
Northern
partes
of
Europe
,
where
their
Summers
are
short
,
and
their
Winters
long
:
and
these
white
Weasels
differ
nothing
from
the
common
vulgar
Weaselles
of
other
colours
,
except
that
their
haire
sticke
faster
to
their
backes
;
and
it
is
obserued
,
that
in
Russhia
the
Noblest
Women
are
apparailed
with
these
skinnes
:
And
there
is
a
Woode
in
Scandinauia
(
called
Lanzerucca
)
which
is
fourescore
Mile
long
,
wherein
are
aboundance
of
white
Weasels
,
and
the
Kings
tentes
among
the
Tartareans
are
said
to
be
couered
all
ouer
with
the
skinnes
of
Lyons
without
,
and
the
wals
to
be
hung
with
these
Armins
or
white
Weasels
within
;
and
although
the
price
of
these
skinnes
be
very
deere
among
them
(
for
sometimes
so
many
as
are
vsed
in
one
Garment
will
cost
two
thousand
Crowns
)
yet
do
the
people
earnestly
seeke
after
them
,
accounting
it
no
small
honor
,
to
weare
so
much
wealth
vpon
their
backes
.
Now
the
reason
why
these
beasts
came
to
be
called
Armilini
,
is
from
Armilla
a
chaine
,
because
they
did
weare
them
in
fringes
about
their
Garments
like
chaines
;
and
although
that
some
of
the
Alpine
Mice
bee
all
white
,
and
likewise
the
Pontique
Mouse
,
yet
there
must
be
a
difference
obserued
betwixt
these
Weasels
which
are
properly
called
Armins
and
those
Mice
which
are
so
called
,
onely
by
way
of
resemblance
,
as
we
haue
shewed
already
in
their
stories
.
And
of
the
Pontique
Mouse
,
I
may
adde
thus
much
more
,
that
they
liue
in
the
winter
time
in
hollow
trees
,
wherein
they
become
as
white
as
Snow
all
oouer
,
except
their
tailes
,
and
are
in
quantity
like
Squirrels
,
but
in
the
end
of
May
they
turn
somewhat
red
,
because
that
then
they
giue
themselues
to
copulation
and
generation
of
young
ones
,
when
they
lay
aside
their
whitenesse
,
and
liue
many
dayes
together
in
carnall
copulation
,
among
the
greene
and
fresh
Hearbs
,
leauing
behinde
them
such
rancke
and
vnsauory
smels
,
as
are
very
odious
to
a
good
scent
:
And
it
is
said
that
euery
three
yeare
their
skins
through
aboundance
of
foode
grow
greater
and
greater
,
to
the
exceeding
commodity
of
Marchants
and
skinners
in
Norway
,
and
Helsyngia
.
There
are
certaine
little
Foure-footed-beastes
called
Lemmar
,
or
Lemmus
,
Of
the
Lemmars
.
which
in
tampestuous
and
rainy
weather
,
do
seeme
to
fall
downe
from
the
cloudes
,
and
it
was
neuer
yet
found
,
whether
their
beginning
arose
first
from
heauen
or
earth
,
but
this
is
certaine
that
assoone
as
euer
they
haue
fallen
to
the
ground
,
some
of
them
haue
bin
opened
,
and
in
their
bowels
haue
bin
found
greene
hearbes
,
and
therefore
I
maruaile
why
euer
it
should
be
beleeued
that
these
beasts
are
bred
of
some
seculent
matter
in
the
cloudes
;
but
if
any
man
aske
me
from
whence
then
haue
they
their
beginning
,
I
answer
from
the
earth
,
euen
as
Locusts
and
Catterpillers
,
who
are
said
in
holy
scripture
to
be
carryed
to
and
fro
with
the
winds
,
and
so
these
beasts
being
destitute
of
naturall
food
in
their
places
of
generation
,
do
aduance
themselues
into
the
wind
,
and
so
are
carried
into
other
strange
and
vnknowne
countries
,
where
they
fall
like
Locusts
vpon
euery
greene
thing
,
liuing
vntill
they
haue
deuoured
all
,
but
when
once
they
tast
of
new
grown
Hearbs
,
they
perish
and
dy
,
by
meanes
whereof
they
encrease
great
pestilence
and
corruption
,
but
the
Armlins
or
Armins
,
do
eate
and
deuoure
them
.
Now
the
skins
of
these
beasts
are
exceeding
delicate
hauing
in
them
diuers
colours
,
and
therfore
the
people
flea
them
off
from
their
bodies
,
and
sel
them
by
thirty
or
forty
in
bundles
for
great
price
,
but
of
these
skins
I
haue
sayd
enough
,
both
here
and
else
where
.
The
wild
weasels
differ
not
from
the
vulgar
domesticall
weasell
,
their
foreteeth
are
short
,
and
not
long
like
a
Mouses
,
the
face
broad
,
their
genital
part
like
a
foxes
,
their
taile
short
,
their
legs
and
clawes
short
,
strong
and
sharp
,
and
it
is
reported
by
Strabo
,
that
the
Weasels
of
Mauritania
are
as
big
as
Cats
,
but
their
gaping
and
opening
of
their
mouth
much
longer
and
wider
.
There
is
an
Island
called
Dordocelena
,
on
the
one
side
whereof
(
as
Pliny
writeth
)
there
are
weasels
,
and
through
the
middle
there
is
a
way
ouer
which
they
neuer
passe
,
and
on
the
otherside
there
are
not
onely
not
any
bred
,
but
also
if
they
be
brought
into
it
they
die
and
perish
,
and
so
likewise
it
is
reported
of
Beotia
.
They
make
themselues
caues
and
holes
in
the
earth
,
rocks
,
and
wals
,
wherin
they
lodge
,
into
the
which
they
frame
two
passages
or
doores
,
Places
of
their
abode
one
into
the
South
,
the
other
into
the
North
(
resembling
herein
the
Squyrrels
)
that
so
they
may
be
free
from
the
wind
on
which
side
so
euer
it
bloweth
,
sometimes
they
get
into
stackes
of
Hay
and
straw
,
and
their
they
lodge
:
those
weasels
which
liue
neare
houses
sleep
not
much
,
for
they
haue
bin
seen
abroad
all
the
winter
time
,
not
only
the
vulgar
but
the
Armins
,
neither
are
they
vnthankfull
vnto
the
country
men
in
whose
houses
they
lodge
,
for
they
kill
,
eat
,
and
douour
all
manner
of
Mice
,
Rats
,
and
Molds
,
for
because
of
their
long
slender
bodies
,
they
are
apt
to
creep
into
the
holes
of
the
earth
and
narrow
passages
,
fetching
their
prey
from
those
places
,
whether
cats
cannot
come
,
therefore
in
Heluetia
the
country
men
nourish
them
more
then
Cats
,
because
they
destroy
more
virmin
then
Cats
.
The
harme
they
do
is
to
Hens
,
chickins
,
and
Egges
,
and
yet
some
say
they
eat
the
Egges
and
let
the
hens
alone
:
they
are
likewise
enimies
to
geese
,
and
deuoure
their
Egges
,
and
Aelianus
writeth
,
that
if
they
come
vnto
dead
men
,
they
will
pull
out
their
eies
in
such
manner
as
they
do
Egges
,
and
therefore
such
carkases
are
to
be
watched
against
them
.
Amyntas
writeth
,
that
the
Shrew-mouse
is
conceiued
betwixt
a
mouse
and
a
weasell
,
which
opinion
is
not
only
ridiculous
but
impossible
,
for
how
is
it
likely
that
a
mouse
will
engender
with
that
beast
which
lyeth
in
waite
to
destroy
her
.
It
is
also
said
that
a
weasell
fighteth
with
those
serpents
that
hunt
after
Mice
,
for
no
other
cause
,
but
to
gaine
the
prey
from
him
.
Their
copulation
and
conception
.
There
is
nothing
in
this
beast
more
strange
,
then
their
conception
and
generation
,
for
they
do
not
engender
nor
couple
in
their
hinder
parts
,
like
other
foure-footed-beasts
,
but
at
their
eares
,
and
bring
forth
their
young
ones
at
their
mouth
,
and
for
this
cause
Aristeas
writeth
,
the
Iewes
were
forbidden
to
eat
them
,
for
this
their
action
was
an
emblem
of
folly
,
and
of
foolish
men
,
which
can
keep
no
secrets
but
vtter
al
that
they
hear
(
thus
saith
he
)
but
we
that
are
christians
knew
other
reasons
,
why
the
Iewes
were
forbid
to
eate
them
.
The
Egyptians
make
of
it
another
sign
,
for
they
say
that
their
copulation
at
the
eare
,
and
generation
at
the
mouth
,
are
emblems
of
speech
which
is
first
taught
to
the
eare
,
and
then
vttered
by
the
tongue
:
there
be
other
againe
that
hold
this
to
be
a
fable
:
And
Pope
Clemen
writeth
,
that
they
conceiue
at
the
mouth
,
and
bring
forth
at
the
eare
,
many
say
it
is
true
of
the
weasell
of
the
Sea
,
but
not
of
the
Weasell
of
the
earth
,
which
is
therefore
called
Collipara
,
and
this
they
would
confirme
by
another
fable
of
Medusa
,
whose
head
after
it
was
cut
off
,
it
is
said
to
bring
forth
Chrysaor
and
Pegasus
;
some
do
alledge
for
this
opinion
,
that
the
Crowes
and
the
Ibis
do
conceiue
at
their
mouthes
,
but
this
is
certaine
,
that
they
haue
places
of
conception
vnderneath
their
tails
like
other
Four-footed-beasts
,
and
therefore
how
it
should
come
to
passe
,
that
their
young
ones
should
come
foorth
at
their
mouths
,
I
cannot
easily
learne
.
It
may
be
that
the
opinion
thereof
first
arose
from
the
sight
of
some
old
one
carrying
her
young
in
her
mouth
,
for
the
young
ones
are
very
small
like
Mice
,
and
therefore
it
is
likely
that
they
remoue
them
to
and
fro
as
Catres
doe
their
young
ones
,
for
they
are
in
continuall
feare
,
least
they
should
be
taken
and
destroied
by
men
,
or
by
some
other
Enimy
beast
.
The
dung
of
weasels
doth
smel
many
times
like
musk
,
the
reason
whereof
we
haue
shewed
you
in
another
place
,
al
of
them
in
general
haue
a
most
ranke
and
filthy
sauour
.
It
is
a
rauening
and
destroying
beast
,
and
although
the
body
of
it
be
very
small
,
yet
is
the
witte
and
vnderstanding
of
it
very
great
,
for
with
singular
Art
and
subtilty
it
compasseth
his
prey
,
wherupon
there
lyeth
this
history
of
Galanthis
the
maid
of
Alckmena
,
as
Perottus
obserueth
out
of
Ouid.
When
Alckmena
was
in
long
trauell
and
childe-birth
,
it
is
said
that
the
maid
perceiuing
shee
was
hindered
by
Lucina
,
craftily
obtained
not
onely
the
knowledge
of
the
cause
by
Lucina
,
but
also
the
remedy
;
whereupon
she
eased
her
Lady
,
(
like
a
true
and
faithful
seruant
)
of
many
paines
.
Lucina
seeing
that
he
was
beguiled
by
Galanthis
,
and
that
her
crafty
wit
had
ouer-reached
a
Goddesse
,
shee
turned
her
into
a
Weasell
for
her
punnishment
,
that
as
she
had
sinned
by
reuealing
the
counsel
of
the
Goddesse
,
so
she
should
be
punnished
to
bring
forth
al
her
young
ones
at
hir
mouth
,
as
weasels
doe
;
and
for
this
occasion
the
Domestical
weasel
like
a
maide
doth
continually
liue
in
houses
,
and
her
colour
yellowish
like
the
haire
of
Galanthis
:
thus
say
they
of
metamorphosing
and
transforming
.
Others
some
say
,
that
when
Alckmena
was
in
trauel
of
Hercules
,
hauing
indured
long
torments
,
she
was
deliuered
by
the
sight
of
a
weasel
which
came
in
her
presence
,
and
therefore
the
Theban
Graecians
do
religiouslie
worship
a
weasel
,
for
they
say
that
as
it
was
norisht
by
Heccate
the
Goddesse
,
so
it
did
norish
Hercules
;
but
heerein
they
take
Gale
for
Galanthis
aforesaid
,
that
is
,
a
weasel
;
for
Alckmenaies
maid
,
and
seeing
we
haue
begunne
to
talke
of
transformations
,
I
wil
adde
another
thinge
out
of
Stobeus
,
not
impertinent
to
this
common
place
,
for
he
writeth
in
the
dispraise
of
women
,
that
the
diuersitie
of
their
dispositions
perswadeth
him
that
some
of
them
are
deriued
from
one
beast
,
and
some
from
another
:
and
namely
those
which
come
of
weasels
,
are
a
miserable
,
sullen
,
and
sorrowful
kind
of
women
,
to
whome
nothing
is
pleasing
,
delightfull
,
or
acceptable
,
but
hauing
no
mind
to
the
pleasure
of
Venus
,
loathing
hir
husband
,
hurteth
her
neighbors
,
robbeth
her self
,
and
deuoureth
consecrated
and
hallowed
things
,
euen
after
the
manner
of
weasels
,
which
will
take
a
booty
from
the
altar
:
Thus
saith
he
,
which
I
beleeue
to
be
true
in
the
comparison
,
but
not
in
the
generation
or
transmutation
of
women
from
weasels
.
I
do
maruaile
how
it
came
to
passe
that
a
weasell
was
called
,
an
vnhappy
,
infortunate
,
and
vnlucky
beast
among
Hunters
,
for
they
held
opinion
heere
in
England
,
The
signification
of
a
Weasels
occurrence
.
that
if
they
meet
with
a
weasel
in
the
morning
,
they
shal
not
speed
wel
that
day
,
therefore
the
Graecians
say
Galesteir
,
and
Altiatus
hath
an
excellent
Emblem
,
whereby
hee
insinuateth
that
it
is
not
good
to
haue
a
weasel
run
vppon
ones
left
hande
,
and
therefore
aduiseth
a
man
to
giue
ouer
his
enterprize
,
after
such
an
Omen
.
Now
although
I
would
haue
no
wise
man
to
stand
in
feare
of
such
a
superstitious
conceit
,
yet
I
wil
subscribe
his
verses
,
more
for
variety
and
elegancie
,
then
for
truth
:
Auspicijs
res
coepta
malis
bene
cedere
nescit
Foelici
quae
sunt
omine
fact
a
iuuant
Quicquid
ages
mustela
si
,
tibi
occurret
omitte
Signa
malae
haec
sortis
bestia
praua
gerit
.
It
should
seeme
that
the
beginning
of
this
opinion
did
come
from
the
punishment
of
a
certain
general
of
the
Corinthians
nauy
,
who
being
periured
in
breaking
his
faith
to
that
state
,
came
running
awaie
from
them
;
and
they
saie
that
afterwards
he
could
neuer
sleep
,
but
that
he
dreamed
weasels
came
and
tore
his
flesh
from
his
bodie
:
At
last
through
anguish
and
grees
;
e
of
mind
,
he
flue
himself
,
these
things
are
reported
by
Heraclides
,
which
whether
they
be
true
or
false
,
are
but
a
sillie
and
slender
foundation
to
build
vpon
them
a
Prophetical
opinion
,
or
presage
future
euils
,
and
so
I
wil
leaue
the
morral
part
of
the
weasel
,
and
returne
againe
to
the
natural
.
They
haue
knowledge
like
mice
and
rattes
,
to
run
out
of
houses
before
their
downefal
.
They
liue
in
hatred
with
the
serpent
that
hunteth
mice
,
for
by
eating
of
Rue
they
driue
them
out
of
houses
,
wherein
they
inhabite
;
and
this
is
a
wonderful
worke
of
God
,
that
this
silly
beast
should
haue
the
knowledge
of
the
virtue
of
that
hearbe
,
and
not
onely
arme
her selfe
with
it
,
because
it
is
hateful
to
Serpents
,
and
they
in
no
wise
in
nature
able
to
abide
it
,
but
also
by
it
to
restore
to
life
againe
her
younge
ones
after
they
are
dead
.
There
is
a
poison
in
Weasels
which
destroyeth
the
Cockatrice
,
for
when
the
Weasel
findeth
the
Cockatrices
hole
or
den
,
she
layeth
her
poison
in
the
mouth
therof
,
whereby
two
contrary
natures
meet
and
fight
,
and
the
lesser
ouercommeth
the
greater
,
and
this
is
affirmed
both
by
Pliny
and
Solinus
;
wherefore
all
maner
of
cattle
do
feare
weasels
.
They
hunt
all
manner
of
birds
,
pulling
out
theyr
throate
as
a
wolfe
doeth
a
sheepes
.
They
will
play
with
Hares
till
they
haue
wearied
them
,
and
then
destroy
them
,
they
are
in
perpetual
enmity
with
swine
,
Rauens
,
Crowes
,
and
Cats
,
for
although
Cats
sometimes
set
vpon
them
,
yet
they
cannot
ouercome
them
.
In
many
places
of
Italy
they
are
nourished
tame
,
for
as
Ferrets
are
vsed
to
fetch
Conies
out
of
the
earth
,
so
are
weasels
by
tying
a
stringe
about
their
necke
to
fetch
young
Pigeons
out
of
Doue-cotes
,
and
birds
out
of
their
nests
.
If
the
pouder
of
a
weasel
be
giuen
vnto
a
Cocke
,
Chickens
,
or
pigeons
,
it
is
said
they
shal
neuer
be
annoied
by
weasils
.
Likewise
if
the
braine
of
a
weasel
,
bee
mingled
with
a
rennet
in
cheeses
,
it
keepeth
them
from
being
couched
with
mice
or
corrupted
with
age
.
The
flesh
of
a
weasel
is
not
vsed
for
meat
,
but
dried
and
preserued
for
medicines
.
The
powder
thereof
mixed
with
water
driueth
away
mice
,
by
casting
the
gall
of
Stellius
in
a
house
where
Weasels
are
gathered
togither
,
and
then
by
oile
of
bitter
Almonds
,
or
salt
Ammoniak
they
are
killed
,
but
if
one
of
their
tailes
be
cut
off
,
al
the
residue
do
forsake
the
house
.
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
concerning
the
History
of
Weasels
,
now
followeth
the
medicines
arising
out
of
their
bodies
.
The
medicines
arising
from
the
Weasel
.
A
weasel
being
applied
vnto
those
which
are
troubled
with
Agues
or
Quarterne
Feauers
,
Vrsinus
.
doth
in
short
time
cure
them
.
It
doth
also
being
mingled
with
other
thinges
make
a
wonderful
pleasant
mollifying
medicine
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
gout
or
any
other
infirmity
in
the
ioyntes
,
and
easeth
those
which
haue
a
continual
ache
in
the
head
,
leauing
a
certaine
matter
on
the
top
thereof
,
and
stroking
it
from
the
foreheade
to
the
hinder
part
of
the
head
.
For
the
curing
also
of
the
gout
,
this
is
an
excellent
remedy
.
To
take
a
little
yong
whelp
aliue
wel
fatted
,
and
a
liuing
weasel
in
nine
pintes
of
oile
,
and
vnto
the
same
two
or
three
pounds
of
Butter
,
A●tius
and
to
boile
them
together
,
vntil
the
Beastes
be
made
lanke
or
lither
,
and
then
to
put
your
hands
or
feet
a
whole
daie
in
hot
oile
wel
strained
.
Auicenna
attributeth
certaine
things
to
weasels
flesh
only
,
which
the
classical
Authors
rather
ascribe
to
the
powder
of
weasels
which
are
these
:
to
be
applyed
to
the
gout
,
being
drunk
in
wine
against
the
falling
sicknesse
,
and
the
head-ache
,
but
it
is
accounted
an
especiall
remedy
against
the
bitings
of
Scorpions
.
The
flesh
of
a
weasel
being
taken
,
is
a
verie
good
and
effectual
preseruatiue
againste
al
poisons
.
The
same
being
taken
in
meat
,
the
head
and
feet
onely
cast
awaie
,
doeth
helpe
those
which
are
troubled
with
Wennes
or
bunches
in
the
flesh
,
being
first
anointed
with
the
blood
of
the
same
beast
.
The
blood
of
a
weasel
is
very
wel
applied
to
broken
or
exulcerated
sores
in
the
flesh
.
Auicenna
The
same
vertue
hath
the
whole
bodie
of
a
weasel
boiled
in
wine
,
being
in
the
manner
of
a
plaister
placed
thereunto
.
For
the
expelling
of
the
gout
take
a
dead
weasel
,
and
boile
him
in
oyle
,
vntil
it
be
made
liquid
,
then
straine
forth
the
oile
,
and
mingle
it
with
wax
,
Theophrastus
fashioning
the
same
in
the
forme
of
a
plaister
,
and
this
being
in
good
order
applyed
,
wil
in
very
short
time
expel
it
quite
away
.
A
house
weasel
is
wont
to
be
burned
for
diuers
remedies
,
and
to
be
imbowelled
with
salt
,
and
dried
in
a
shade
.
But
there
are
some
late
writers
which
affirme
,
Dioscorides
that
a
weasell
is
better
being
dried
or
burned
for
the
said
disease
,
then
vsed
in
the
aforesaid
manner
,
some
also
which
are
more
foolish
,
think
it
best
,
being
onely
salted
,
but
it
is
more
proper
,
being
vsed
in
the
first
manner
.
The
bodies
of
creatures
which
are
dry
by
nature
being
dryed
by
the
sprinkling
of
salt
vpon
them
,
are
vnmeete
for
foode
,
for
a
certaine
man
going
about
to
salt
a
Hare
,
made
it
like
vnto
a
dryed
weasel
.
Some
haue
written
that
the
flesh
of
a
Hedge-hog
dried
,
doth
very
much
profit
those
which
are
troubled
with
an
outward
or
inwarde
leprosie
:
which
if
it
can
effect
,
it
will
more
strongly
haue
a
drying
force
or
power
:
euen
as
the
flesh
of
a
weasell
being
dried
and
drunke
in
wine
,
expelleth
poison
.
A
vulgar
weasell
being
kept
very
old
and
drunke
in
Wine
,
to
the
quantity
of
two
drams
,
is
accounted
a
present
remedy
against
the
venome
or
stings
of
serpents
.
A
young
weasel
being
prepared
,
as
is
before
said
,
that
is
to
say
imbowelled
with
salte
,
Gallen
.
is
of
good
force
against
all
il
medicines
.
A
weasel
vsed
in
the
same
maner
doth
presentlie
cure
the
bites
of
serpenst
.
A
weasel
being
brent
and
dryed
,
especially
the
belly
thereof
is
accounted
an
excellent
remedy
against
the
bitings
of
any
other
wilde
beast
.
Some
small
part
of
the
belly
of
a
young
weasel
to
the
quantity
of
two
drams
being
stuffed
with
Coriander
,
and
drunke
in
wine
,
is
giuen
to
those
that
are
smitten
by
serpentes
,
and
is
curable
for
them
.
The
flesh
of
a
weasel
being
burnt
,
mingled
with
rue
and
wine
,
and
so
drunke
,
is
very
medicinable
for
the
curing
of
the
bites
of
al
creatures
.
Pl●●
The
young
whelps
of
weasels
being
imbowelled
with
salt
,
is
very
profitable
for
the
healing
of
the
deadly
stinging
or
biting
of
the
spider
called
Phalaugium
.
The
whelp
of
a
weasel
doth
cure
the
venomous
bitings
of
the
shrew
.
Albertus
The
flesh
of
a
weasel
being
dried
,
doth
strongly
dry
and
seperat
,
by
both
which
forces
those
are
heald
which
are
troubled
with
the
falling
sicknes
hauing
drunk
it
in
wine
.
This
vertue
is
also
attributed
vnto
the
blood
of
weasels
.
A
weasel
being
dried
and
drunke
in
wine
,
doth
heale
those
that
are
troubled
with
the
palsie
or
shaking
of
the
ioynts
.
Concerning
the
pouder
of
weaselles
there
are
many
things
read
:
But
Galen
writeth
,
that
he
neuer
burned
this
creature
,
that
he
might
try
the
excellency
thereof
.
The
blood
and
pouder
of
a
weasel
are
very
profitable
,
being
anointed
on
those
whose
bodies
are
vext
with
the
leprosie
,
acording
to
the
saying
of
Serenus
in
these
verses
:
—
Elephanti
Morbo
aduersus
erit
cedri
de
cortice
succus
,
Mustelaeue
cinis
vel
fusus
sanguis
ab
illa
.
The
pouder
of
a
weasel
,
being
mingled
with
the
blood
of
a
young
swallow
doth
heale
the
Quinsie
or
Squincy
,
the
inflammation
of
the
iawes
,
as
also
those
which
are
greeued
with
the
strangurie
,
being
either
taken
in
bread
or
in
drinke
.
The
same
is
also
very
effectual
for
the
expelling
of
wens
or
bunches
in
the
body
,
and
healeth
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
falling
sicknesse
,
being
daily
taken
in
drinke
.
The
same
diseases
are
both
healed
by
this
medicin
,
to
burn
a
liuing
weasel
altogether
in
an
earthen
pot
,
Myrepsus
and
to
mingle
with
the
pouder
thereof
Hony
,
Turpentine
,
and
Butter
,
of
each
a
sufficient
quantity
,
and
in
the
maner
of
an
ointment
,
to
apply
it
vnto
the
bodies
of
the
grieued
parties
.
The
blood
of
a
swallow
and
a
weasel
are
commended
by
some
to
be
very
congruent
and
agreeable
,
but
Pliny
,
Auicenna
,
and
the
rest
of
the
auncient
writers
commend
the
blood
of
a
weasel
onely
to
bee
very
medicinable
for
these
diseases
following
;
namely
,
the
falling
sicknes
,
the
Foule-euil
,
Serenus
and
the
head-ach
.
The
pouder
of
a
weasel
being
mingled
in
water
,
and
giuen
to
one
that
is
madde
or
frenzy
to
drinke
,
is
reported
by
some
to
be
very
good
and
profitable
for
him
,
if
so
be
that
they
can
compel
the
Franticke
person
to
perceiue
it
.
The
pouder
of
a
weasel
is
very
effectual
for
the
expelling
or
taking
away
of
the
pin
and
web
in
the
eies
.
Plinie
.
There
is
a
speedy
remedy
for
the
driuing
away
of
rheume
in
the
head
,
and
the
catar
swelling
by
rheume
in
the
iaws
,
which
is
this
,
to
take
a
weasel
vpon
a
Thursday
in
the
old
moone
,
and
put
him
aliue
in
an
vnburned
pot
,
that
in
the
boiling
he
may
be
torne
,
and
dried
into
pouder
,
which
pouder
being
gathred
togither
and
wel
tempred
with
hony
,
to
giue
it
to
the
diseased
person
euery
day
in
a
spoone
fasting
,
to
the
quantity
of
three
drams
,
and
it
wil
in
short
space
wonderfully
ease
him
.
A
Weasell
being
brent
,
and
the
powder
thereof
wrapped
in
some
seare-cloath
which
is
annointed
ouer
with
the
oile
of
Flower-de
luces
,
doth
helpe
and
heale
al
sores
or
impostumes
proceeding
from
the
head
to
the
eares
being
applyed
thereunto
.
A
Weasell
being
beaten
to
powder
,
mingled
with
wax
,
and
in
the
manner
of
a
seare-cloath
applied
vnto
the
shoulders
,
doth
expell
al
paines
,
aches
,
or
greefes
therein
whatsoeuer
;
it
doth
also
purge
or
clense
sores
very
effectually
,
〈◊〉
according
to
these
verses
of
Serenus
following
:
Obscaenos
si
pone
locos
noua
vnlner
a
carpant
,
Horrentum
mansa
curantur
fronde
ruborum
.
Et
si
iam
veteri
succedit
fistula
morbo
,
Mustelae
cinere
immisso
purgabitur
vlcus
,
Sanguine
cum
recini
,
quem
bos
gestauerit
anti.
A
Weasell
being
burned
in
an
earthen
pot
,
is
verie
medicinable
for
the
curing
of
the
gout
.
The
pouder
thereof
being
mingled
with
Vineger
,
and
in
that
manner
thereunto
aplied
.
Dioscorides
The
dust
of
a
liuing
Weasell
brent
,
mingled
with
wax
and
rose-water
,
and
annointed
with
a
Feather
vpon
gouty
legs
,
cureth
the
same
disease
.
The
braine
of
a
Weasel
being
kept
very
long
,
and
thorougly
dried
,
afterwards
mingled
with
vineger
,
and
so
drunke
,
doth
very
effectually
cure
the
falling
sicknes
.
Rasis
.
The
braines
of
a
Cammell
mingled
with
the
braines
of
a
weasel
being
both
well
dryed
,
and
drunke
in
Vineger
,
speedily
helpeth
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
disease
called
the
Foule-euill
.
If
a
horse
shal
fal
into
a
sudden
disease
(
being
for
the
most
part
tearmed
daungerous
,
)
which
our
Countrey-men
cal
Raech
,
concerning
which
,
I
haue
spoken
in
the
Horse
,
he
is
cured
by
some
Horse-coursers
by
a
small
quantity
of
a
Weasels
skinne
,
(
being
about
the
bignesse
of
a
foresaide
golden
crowne
)
which
is
giuen
to
him
inwardly
,
whether
in
a
potion
by
some
horne
,
or
cut
small
and
mingled
with
chaffe
,
I
knowe
not
.
Some
doe
giue
to
the
horses
troubled
with
the
aforesaide
disease
the
taile
of
a
white
weasell
being
halfe
blacke
,
and
halfe
white
,
cut
exceeding
smal
in
their
chaffe
or
prouender
.
If
a
serpent
or
any
other
venomous
creature
shal
stinge
or
bite
an
Oxe
,
let
the
wounded
place
be
stroked
or
smoothed
with
the
skin
of
a
weasel
,
&
it
shal
in
short
time
be
perfectly
cured
.
The
same
they
do
in
a
maner
commannd
to
be
done
to
horses
which
are
so
stunge
or
bitten
,
rubbing
the
wound
which
the
Weasels
skin
vntill
it
wax
hot
,
ministring
in
the
meane
time
some
certaine
Antidote
within
the
horses
body
.
There
are
some
also
which
are
of
opinion
that
the
skin
being
in
the
saide
manner
applyed
,
is
of
no
efficacy
,
but
that
the
whole
beast
being
cut
&
aplyed
while
it
is
hot
,
wil
rather
profit
,
which
both
in
a
shrew
,
as
also
in
many
other
creatures
is
manifest
.
The
bloode
of
a
Weasel
being
annointed
vppon
any
impostume
arising
behinde
the
eare
,
A●●higines
doth
instantly
cause
the
swelling
to
cease
,
or
being
broken
,
doth
speedily
heale
the
sore
.
The
same
also
being
anointed
vpon
any
impostumes
in
the
head
either
whole
or
broken
,
doth
very
effectually
cure
them
.
The
blood
of
a
weasell
being
anointed
vpon
wen●
or
bunches
of
flesh
in
any
part
of
the
body
doth
instantly
expel
them
.
The
same
doth
also
helpe
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
falling
sicknesse
:
which
disease
is
also
cured
by
the
whole
body
of
a
Weasel
either
brent
or
imbowelled
with
salte
.
The
heade
and
feete
of
a
Weasel
being
castaway
,
and
the
body
taken
in
any
kind
of
drink
doth
perfectly
heal
those
which
are
troubled
with
that
pestiferous
disease
called
S.
Iohns
euil
.
The
bloode
of
the
same
beast
,
is
an
excellent
remedy
for
the
expelling
of
the
Fowle-euil
.
The
blood
of
a
weasel
being
annointed
vpon
broken
or
exulcerated
bunches
in
the
flesh
,
doth
not
only
mittigate
the
paine
but
also
heale
the
wounds
.
The
blood
of
a
weasel
being
anointed
vppon
the
iawes
,
doth
heale
all
paines
or
sores
therein
whatsoeuer
.
The
pouder
and
blood
of
a
weasel
being
both
mingled
together
and
anointed
vpon
the
body
of
any
leprous
man
doth
in
short
time
driue
away
al
scabs
or
scurffes
thereon
.
The
blood
of
a
weasel
being
anointed
with
a
plantaine
vpon
the
legs
or
feet
of
any
one
that
is
troubled
with
the
gout
,
doth
very
speedily
mittigate
or
asswage
the
paine
thereof
.
〈◊〉
The
same
being
annointed
vppon
the
nerues
or
sinnewes
which
are
shrunke
togither
,
doth
easily
mollifie
them
againe
,
and
loosen
the
greeuous
paine
eyther
in
the
ioynts
or
articles
.
The
liuer
of
a
weasel
mingled
with
his
own
braines
,
being
both
well
dryed
,
and
taken
in
any
kind
of
drinke
,
doth
very
much
profit
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
disease
called
S.
Iohns
euill
.
The
liuer
of
a
weasell
being
throughly
dryed
,
and
afterwardes
taken
in
water
to
drinke
,
doth
heale
the
disease
called
the
foule
euill
,
taking
hold
of
sence
&
mind
together
:
but
there
must
great
care
be
had
that
this
medicine
be
ministred
vnto
the
sicke
party
,
euen
when
the
disease
is
comming
on
him
.
The
gal
of
a
hare
being
mingled
with
the
liuer
of
a
weasel
to
the
quantity
of
three
drams
,
one
dram
of
oyle
of
Beauers
stones
,
foure
drams
of
Myrrhe
,
Galen
with
one
dram
of
vineger
,
and
drunk
in
hony
,
or
bastard
wine
,
doth
heale
those
which
are
troubled
with
a
dizzinesse
or
certaine
swimming
in
the
head
.
The
liuer
of
a
weasell
is
reported
to
be
very
good
and
medicinable
for
the
curing
of
the
lethargy
,
or
dropsie
euill
.
Sextus
The
liuer
of
a
weasel
being
bound
to
the
left
foot
of
a
woman
,
doth
altogether
hinder
her
from
conception
The
gall
of
a
weasell
is
a
very
excellent
and
effectuall
remedy
against
the
venom
or
poyson
of
aspes
,
being
taken
in
any
kind
of
drink
.
The
yard
of
a
weasell
,
Hart
,
or
Doe
,
being
dryed
,
beaten
to
powder
,
and
taken
in
wine
,
or
any
other
drink
,
is
an
excellent
medicine
for
the
curing
of
the
bites
or
stings
of
serpents
.
The
yard
of
a
weasell
or
Ferret
,
is
commended
for
a
very
excellent
remedy
against
the
strangury
,
or
disease
called
the
collike
and
stone
.
The
stones
of
a
male
weasell
,
or
the
secret
parts
of
a
female
weasel
,
Pliny
is
reported
by
some
to
be
very
medicinable
for
the
curing
of
the
falling
sicknesse
.
The
stones
of
a
weasell
being
bound
vnto
any
part
of
e
woman
while
she
is
in
trauaile
of
child
birth
,
doth
altogether
hinder
her
from
her
deliuery
.
By
the
left
stone
of
a
Weasell
being
bound
in
a
piece
of
a
mules
hid
,
there
is
a
certaine
medicine
made
,
which
being
drunke
by
any
Woman
not
being
with
child
,
causeth
barrennesse
,
as
also
by
Women
being
with
child
hard
and
grieuous
paine
in
deliuery
.
The
efficacy
or
force
in
them
,
haue
the
stones
of
a
Weasel
being
cut
off
in
the
change
of
the
Moone
,
and
he
suffered
to
go
away
aliue
,
Kiranides
.
being
tyed
vpon
any
part
of
a
woman
in
the
hide
of
a
Mule
.
The
heele
of
a
liuing
weasell
being
taken
away
and
bound
vnto
a
woman
,
doth
make
her
that
she
shall
not
conceiue
so
long
as
shee
shall
so
beare
it
.
The
powder
of
a
dogs
head
dryed
,
being
put
into
any
broken
or
exulcerated
sores
,
doth
eat
away
al
the
corruption
or
dead
flesh
encreasing
therein
.
The
same
vertue
hath
the
powder
of
weasels
dung
,
being
vsed
in
the
said
manner
.
The
dung
of
Mice
or
of
a
weasell
,
being
annointed
vpon
the
head
,
is
an
excellent
remedy
for
the
falling
off
of
the
haire
on
the
head
,
or
any
other
part
of
mans
body
,
Aegi●●tta
and
doth
also
cure
the
disease
called
by
some
the
Foxes
euill
.
The
biting
of
a
weasell
is
reported
by
some
to
be
very
venomous
,
and
in
his
rauening
or
madnesse
,
not
to
be
lesse
hurtfull
then
the
bitings
of
mad
dogs
.
For
weasels
and
Foxes
are
very
often
mad
.
But
Arnoldus
is
of
a
contrary
opinion
,
and
affirmeth
that
the
weasell
doth
more
hurt
by
his
biting
,
Auice●●●
then
by
any
venom
he
can
put
forth
.
Others
also
doe
affirme
,
that
there
is
venom
in
weasels
,
for
this
cause
,
that
in
all
kind
of
Weasels
when
they
are
angry
,
the
force
of
their
smell
is
so
ranke
and
strong
.
The
best
way
to
driue
away
Mice
,
is
by
scattering
the
powder
of
weasels
or
cats
dung
vp
and
downe
,
the
sauour
whereof
Mice
canot
abide
,
but
the
same
being
made
into
some
certaine
kind
of
bread
will
smell
more
strongly
.
That
the
bites
of
a
weasell
are
venomous
and
deadly
,
there
is
an
example
writen
by
Aristides
,
of
a
certaine
man
,
who
being
bitten
by
a
weasell
,
and
ready
to
die
,
gaue
a
great
sigh
,
and
said
that
if
he
had
dyed
by
a
Lyon
or
Panther
,
it
would
neuer
haue
grieued
him
,
but
to
dye
by
the
biting
of
such
an
ignoble
beast
,
it
grieued
him
worse
then
his
death
.
The
biting
of
a
weasell
,
Aelianus
doth
bring
very
quicke
and
grieuous
paine
,
which
is
onely
knowne
by
the
colour
,
being
dusky
or
blewish
:
and
it
is
cured
by
onions
and
garlike
,
either
applyed
outward
or
taken
in
drinke
,
so
that
the
party
drinke
sweet
wine
thereon
.
Vnripe
figs
also
mingled
with
the
flower
of
the
graine
called
Orobos
,
doth
much
profit
the
same
.
Treacle
in
like
manner
,
being
applyed
in
the
manner
of
a
plaister
,
speedily
cureth
them
.
Garlike
being
mingled
with
fig
tree
leaues
and
cynamon
,
and
so
beaten
together
,
are
very
wel
applyed
to
the
saide
bites
.
It
commeth
also
to
passe
,
that
sometimes
the
weasel
biteth
some
cattel
,
which
presently
killeth
them
,
except
ther
be
some
instant
remedy
.
The
remedy
for
it
is
this
,
to
rubbe
the
wounded
place
with
a
piece
of
a
weasels
skin
wel
dryed
vntil
it
waxe
hot
,
and
in
the
meane
time
giue
the
beast
Treacle
to
drinke
in
the
manner
of
an
antidote
.
The
Weasel
vsually
biteth
cowes
dugs
,
which
when
they
are
swollen
if
they
be
rubd
with
a
Wesels
skin
they
are
instantly
healed
.
OF
THE
WOLFE
.
Oppianus
among
the
other
kind
of
wolues
hath
demonstrated
one
which
is
bred
in
Cilicia
.
And
also
he
doth
write
that
it
is
called
in
the
mountaines
of
Taurus
and
Amanus
,
Chryseon
,
that
is
to
say
,
Aureum
,
but
I
coniecture
that
in
those
places
it
was
cald
after
the
language
of
the
Haebrews
or
Sirians
,
which
do
cal
Sahab
,
or
Schab
aurum
,
and
Seeb
lupum
for
a
wolf
,
or
Dahab
,
or
Debah
,
for
Aurum
:
They
also
do
cal
Deeb
or
Deeba
for
a
wolf
.
Dib
(
otherwise
Dijs
)
is
an
Arabian
or
Saracenican
word
:
Also
the
translation
of
this
worde
in
the
booke
of
medicines
is
diuers
,
as
Adib
,
Adip
,
Adhip
,
and
Aldip
:
but
I
haue
preferred
the
last
translation
,
which
also
Bellunensis
doth
vse
.
Aldip
alambat
doth
signifie
a
mad
or
furious
wolfe
.
The
wolfe
which
Oppianus
doth
cal
Aureum
,
as
I
haue
said
euen
now
,
doth
seem
to
agree
to
this
kinde
,
both
by
signification
of
the
name
Aurum
,
and
also
by
the
nature
because
it
doth
go
vnder
a
dog
close
to
the
earth
to
eschew
the
heat
of
the
summer
,
which
Oppianus
doth
write
,
doth
seeke
his
foode
out
of
hollowe
places
,
as
a
Hyaena
or
Dabha
doth
out
of
graues
where
the
deade
men
are
buried
.
The
golden
coloured
wolfe
is
also
more
rough
&
hairy
then
the
residue
,
euen
as
the
Hyaena
is
said
to
be
rough
and
maned
.
And
also
these
wolues
necks
in
India
is
maned
,
but
it
differeth
according
to
the
nation
and
colour
where
there
are
any
wolues
at
al.
Lycos
a
wolfe
among
the
Graecians
,
and
Lugos
,
and
Lucainia
,
and
Lycos
,
among
some
of
the
Arabican
writers
is
borrowed
from
them
,
as
Munster
hath
noted
in
his
lexicon
of
3.
languages
.
In
Italy
it
is
called
Lupo
.
In
French
Loup
,
in
Spaine
Lobo
,
in
Germany
Vulff
,
in
England
Wolfe
.
In
Illyria
Vulk
,
as
it
were
by
a
transposition
of
the
letters
of
the
greek
word
Now
because
both
men
,
women
,
citties
,
places
,
mountains
,
villages
,
and
many
artificiall
instruments
haue
their
names
from
the
Latine
and
Greek
words
of
this
beast
,
The
notation
of
Lupus
and
Lyons
.
it
is
not
vain
or
idle
to
touch
both
them
and
the
deriuation
of
them
,
before
we
proceed
to
the
natural
storie
of
this
beast
.
Lupus
as
some
say
in
Latine
is
Quasi
leopos
,
Lyon-footed
;
because
that
it
resembleth
a
Lyon
in
his
feet
,
and
therefore
Isidorus
writeth
,
that
nothing
liueth
that
it
presseth
or
treadeth
vpon
in
wrath
.
Other
deriue
it
from
lukes
the
light
,
because
in
the
twilight
of
the
euening
or
morning
it
deuoureth
his
prey
,
auoiding
both
extreame
light
as
the
noone
day
,
Named
apellatiues
deriue
●●om
a
wolfe
.
and
also
extreame
darknesse
as
the
night
.
The
Graecians
do
also
cal
them
Nycterinoi
kanes
,
dogs
of
the
night
.
Lupa
and
lupula
were
the
names
of
noble
deuouringe
Harlots
,
and
from
thence
commeth
Lupanar
for
the
stewes
.
It
is
doubtful
whether
the
nurse
of
Romulus
and
Remus
were
a
harlot
or
she
Wolf
,
I
rather
thinke
it
was
a
harlot
then
a
Wolfe
that
cursed
those
children
.
For
we
read
of
the
wise
of
Fostulus
,
which
was
called
Laurentia
,
after
she
had
plaied
the
whore
with
certaine
shepheards
,
to
be
called
Lupa
.
In
al
Nations
there
are
some
mens
names
deriued
from
wolues
,
therfore
we
read
of
Lupus
a
roman
poet
,
Lupus
Seruatus
a
priest
or
Elder
,
of
Lupus
de
oliueto
a
Spanish
Munke
,
of
Fulvius
lupinus
a
Roman
,
and
the
Germans
haue
Vulf
,
Vulfe
,
Hart
,
Vulfegang
.
The
Graecians
haue
Lycambes
,
of
whom
it
is
reported
he
had
a
Daughter
called
Neobole
,
which
he
promised
in
marriage
to
Archilochus
the
Poet
,
yet
afterwardes
he
repented
and
woulde
not
performe
his
promise
,
for
which
cause
the
Poet
wrote
against
him
many
bitter
verses
,
and
therefore
Lycambes
when
he
came
to
knowledge
of
them
,
dyed
for
griefe
.
Lycaon
was
a
common
name
among
the
Graecians
for
many
men
,
as
Lycaon
Gnotius
,
an
excellent
maker
of
edged
tooles
.
Licaon
the
brother
of
Nestor
,
another
the
son
of
Priamus
slaine
by
Achilles
,
but
the
famous
and
notorious
among
all
was
Lycaon
,
the
king
of
Arcadia
,
the
son
of
Titan
and
the
earth
,
whose
Daughter
Calisto
was
deflowered
by
Iupiter
,
and
by
Iuno
turned
into
a
beare
,
whom
afterwards
Iupiter
pittying
,
placed
for
a
sign
in
heauen
,
and
of
whom
Virgil
made
this
verse
;
Pleiadas
,
Hyadas
,
claramque
Lycaonis
arcton
.
Ther
was
another
Lycaon
the
son
of
Pelasgus
,
which
built
the
Citty
Lycosura
,
in
the
Mountaine
Lycaeus
,
this
man
called
Iupiter
Lycaeus
.
On
a
time
he
sacrificed
an
infant
vpon
his
altar
,
after
which
sacrifice
he
was
presently
turned
into
a
wolfe
.
Ther
was
another
Lycaon
after
him
,
who
did
likewise
sacrifice
another
child
,
and
it
was
said
that
he
remained
ten
years
a
wolfe
,
&
afterwards
becam
a
man
again
,
wherof
the
reason
was
giuen
,
that
during
the
time
he
remained
a
beast
he
neuer
tasted
of
mans
flesh
,
but
if
he
had
tasted
therof
he
shold
haue
remained
a
beast
for
euer
.
I
might
adde
hereunto
Lychophron
,
Lycastus
,
Lycimnius
,
Lysinus
,
Lychomedes
,
Lycurgus
,
Lycus
,
and
of
womens
names
,
Lyca
,
Lyce
,
Lycaste
,
Lycoris
,
Lycias
,
and
many
such
others
,
besides
the
names
of
people
,
as
Irpini
,
of
Mountaines
&
places
,
as
Lycabetus
,
Lyceus
,
Lycerna
,
Lycaonia
,
Lycaspus
,
Lyceum
Aristotles
schoole
.
Of
flouds
and
Riuers
,
as
Lycus
,
Lycormas
.
Of
plants
,
as
wolfe
bane
,
Lupum
salictarium
lupinus
,
Lycantheum
,
Lycophrix
,
Lycophone
,
Lycopsis
,
Lycoscytalion
,
and
many
such
others
,
whereof
I
haue
onely
desired
to
giue
the
Reader
a
tast
,
following
the
same
Method
that
we
haue
obserued
in
other
beasts
:
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
to
haue
spoken
of
the
names
of
this
beast
.
Contries
breeding
wolues
.
The
countries
breeding
wolues
,
are
for
the
most
part
these
that
follow
.
The
inhabitants
of
Creet
were
wont
to
say
,
that
there
was
neither
wolues
,
Beares
,
nor
Vipers
cold
be
bred
in
their
Island
,
because
Iupiter
was
borne
there
,
yet
there
is
in
a
city
called
Lycastus
,
(
so
named
for
the
multitude
of
wolues
that
were
abiding
therein
)
It
is
likewise
affirmed
of
Sardinia
,
and
Olimpus
,
a
Mountaine
of
Macedonia
,
that
there
come
no
Wolues
in
them
.
The
wolues
of
Egypt
are
lesser
then
the
wolues
of
Greece
,
for
they
exceede
not
the
quantity
of
Foxes
.
Affrica
likewise
breedeth
small
wolues
,
they
abound
in
Arabia
,
in
Sweuia
,
Rhaetia
,
Athesis
,
and
the
earldome
of
Tirol
in
Muscouia
,
especially
that
part
that
bordereth
vppon
Lithuania
.
The
wolues
of
Scanzia
,
by
reason
of
extremity
of
cold
in
those
parts
are
blind
&
loose
their
eies
:
there
are
no
wolues
bred
in
Lumbardy
beyond
the
Alpes
,
&
if
any
chance
to
come
into
that
countrey
,
presently
they
ring
their
bels
,
and
arme
themselues
against
them
,
neuer
giuing
ouer
till
they
haue
killed
him
,
or
droue
him
out
of
the
countrey
.
In
Norway
there
are
3.
kind
of
wolues
,
and
in
Scandinauia
the
wolues
fight
with
Elkes
.
It
is
reported
that
ther
are
wolues
in
Italy
,
who
when
they
looke
vpon
a
man
,
cause
him
to
be
silent
,
that
hee
cannot
speake
.
The
French-men
call
those
Wolues
which
haue
eaten
of
the
flesh
of
men
Eucharnes
.
Among
the
Crotoniatae
in
Meotis
,
&
diuers
other
parts
of
the
world
,
wolues
do
abound
:
there
are
some
few
in
France
,
but
none
at
al
in
England
,
except
such
as
are
kept
in
the
Tower
of
London
to
be
seene
by
the
Prince
and
people
brought
out
of
other
countries
,
where
there
fell
out
a
rare
accident
,
namely
,
a
mastiue
dog
was
limed
to
ashe
wolfe
,
and
she
thereby
conceiued
and
brought
forth
sixe
or
seuen
young
Whelpes
,
which
was
in
the
yeare
of
our
Lord
1605.
or
there
abouts
.
There
are
diuers
kinds
of
wolues
in
the
world
,
The
seuerall
kinds
of
wolues
.
whereof
Oppianus
in
his
admonition
to
sheapheards
maketh
mention
of
fiue
,
the
first
is
a
swift
wolfe
,
and
runneth
fast
,
called
therefore
Toxeuter
,
that
is
,
Sagitarius
a
shooter
.
The
second
kind
are
called
Harpages
,
and
these
are
the
greatest
raueners
,
to
whom
our
sauiour
Christ
in
the
gospell
compareth
false
prophets
,
when
he
saith
,
Take
heed
of
false
prophets
which
come
vnto
you
in
sheeps
clothing
,
but
are
inwardly
Lycoy
harpages
,
rauening
wolues
,
and
these
excel
in
this
kind
.
The
third
kind
is
cald
Lupus
aureus
,
a
golden
wolfe
,
by
reason
of
his
colour
,
then
they
make
mention
of
two
other
kinds
,
(
called
Acmonae
)
and
one
of
them
peculiarly
Ictinus
.
The
first
which
is
swift
,
hath
a
greater
head
then
other
wolues
,
and
likewise
greater
legs
fitted
to
run
,
white
spots
on
the
belly
,
round
members
,
his
colour
betwixt
red
&
yellow
,
is
very
bold
,
howleth
fearefully
,
hauing
firy-flaming
eies
,
and
continually
wagging
his
head
.
Oppi●●us
The
second
kind
hath
a
greater
and
larger
body
then
this
,
being
swifter
then
all
other
;
betimes
in
the
morning
he
being
hungry
,
goeth
abroad
to
hunt
his
prey
,
the
sides
and
taile
are
of
a
siluer
colour
,
he
inhabiteth
the
Mountaines
,
except
in
the
winter
time
,
wherein
he
defendeth
to
the
gates
of
Citties
or
Townes
,
and
boldly
without
feare
killeth
both
Goates
and
sheepe
,
yet
by
stealth
and
secretly
.
The
third
kind
inhabiteth
the
white
Rocks
of
Taurus
and
Sylicia
,
or
the
tops
of
the
hill
,
Amanus
,
and
such
other
sharp
and
inaccessible
places
,
being
worthily
for
beauty
preferred
before
the
others
,
because
of
his
Golden
resplendant
haires
:
and
therefore
my
Author
saith
:
Non
lupus
sed
lupo
praestantior
fera
.
That
he
is
not
a
wolfe
,
but
some
wilde
Beast
excelling
a
wolfe
.
He
is
exceeding
strong
,
especially
being
able
with
his
mouth
and
teeth
to
bite
asunder
not
only
stones
,
but
Brasse
and
Iron
:
He
feareth
the
Dog
star
and
heate
of
summer
,
reioycing
more
in
cold
then
in
warme
weather
,
therfore
in
the
Dog
daies
he
hideth
himselfe
in
some
pit
or
gaping
of
the
earth
,
vntill
that
sunny
heat
be
abated
.
The
fourth
and
fift
kinds
are
cald
by
one
common
name
Acmone
,
now
Acmon
signifieth
an
Egle
,
or
else
an
Instrument
with
a
short
neck
,
&
it
may
be
that
these
are
so
called
in
resemblance
of
the
rauening
Eagle
,
or
else
because
their
bodies
are
like
to
that
instrument
,
for
they
haue
short
necks
,
broad
shoulders
,
rough
Legs
and
feet
,
and
small
snouts
,
and
little
eies
:
herein
they
differ
one
kind
from
the
other
,
because
that
one
of
them
hath
a
backe
of
a
siluer
colour
,
and
a
white
belly
,
and
the
lower
part
of
the
feet
blacke
,
and
this
is
Ictinus
?
?
?
canus
,
a
gray
Kite-wolfe
:
the
other
is
black
,
hauing
a
lesser
body
,
his
haire
standing
continually
vpright
,
and
liueth
by
hunting
of
Hares
.
Now
generally
al
Authors
do
make
some
two
,
some
3.
some
4.
and
some
fiue
kinds
of
Wolues
,
all
which
is
needlesse
for
me
to
prosecute
,
and
therefore
I
will
content
my selfe
,
with
the
only
naming
of
such
differences
as
are
obserued
in
them
and
already
expressed
,
except
the
Thoes
and
the
sea-wolfe
,
of
whom
there
shal
be
somthing
said
particularly
in
the
end
of
this
History
.
Olaus
Magnus
writeth
,
in
his
History
of
the
Northerne
regions
,
that
in
the
Mountaines
cald
Doffrini
,
which
doe
deuide
the
kingdoms
of
Swetia
and
Norway
,
there
are
great
flockes
or
heardes
of
wolues
of
white
colour
,
whereof
some
wander
in
the
Mountaines
,
and
some
in
the
vallies
.
They
feed
vpon
little
,
small
,
and
weake
creatures
,
but
there
are
also
wild
common
wolues
,
who
lie
in
waite
to
destroy
their
heards
of
cattell
,
and
flocks
of
sheep
,
against
whom
the
people
of
the
country
do
ordaine
general
huntings
,
taking
more
care
to
destroy
the
young
ones
then
the
old
,
that
so
the
breeders
and
hope
of
continuance
may
be
taken
away
.
And
some
also
do
keepe
of
the
whelps
aliue
,
shutting
of
them
vp
close
and
taming
them
,
especially
females
,
who
afterwards
engender
with
dogs
,
whose
Whelpes
are
the
most
excellent
keepers
of
flocks
,
and
the
most
enimies
to
wolues
of
all
other
.
Wolues
are
●o●
wilde
dogges
.
There
be
some
haue
thought
that
Dogs
and
Wolues
are
one
kind
;
namely
,
that
vulgar
Dogs
are
tame
Wolues
,
and
rauening
wolues
are
wilde
dogs
.
But
Scaliger
hath
learnedly
confuted
this
opinion
,
shewing
that
they
are
two
distinct
kinds
,
not
ioyned
together
in
nature
,
nor
in
any
naturall
action
,
except
by
constraint
;
for
he
saith
,
that
there
are
diuers
wilde
dogs
are
not
wolues
,
and
so
haue
continued
for
many
yeares
in
a
hill
cald
Mountfalcon
,
altogether
refusing
the
society
and
seruice
of
men
,
yea
sometimes
killing
and
eating
them
;
and
they
haue
neither
the
face
,
nor
the
voyce
,
nor
the
stature
,
nor
the
condicions
of
wolues
,
for
in
their
greatest
extremity
of
hunger
,
they
neuer
set
vpon
flocks
of
sheep
:
so
that
it
is
vnreasonable
to
affirme
,
that
wolues
are
wilde
dogs
,
although
it
must
needs
be
confessed
,
The
voyces
of
wolues
.
that
in
outward
proportion
they
are
very
like
vnto
them
.
Some
haue
thought
that
wolues
cannot
bark
,
but
that
is
false
(
as
Albertus
writeth
)
vpon
his
owne
knowledge
,
the
voice
of
wolues
is
called
Vulatus
howling
,
according
to
these
verses
;
Ast
lupus
ipse
vlulat
frendet
agrestis
aper
,
And
againe
:
Per
noctem
resonare
lupis
,
vlulantibus
vrbes
.
It
should
seeme
that
the
word
Vlulatus
,
which
the
Germans
translate
Heulen
,
the
French
Hurler
,
and
we
in
English
,
howling
,
is
deriued
either
from
the
imitation
of
the
beasts
voice
;
or
from
a
night
whooping
Bird
called
Vlula
,
I
will
not
contend
,
but
leaue
the
Reader
to
either
of
both
,
for
it
may
be
that
it
commeth
from
the
Greek
word
,
Ololeuzein
,
which
signifieth
to
mourne
and
howle
after
a
lamentable
manner
,
and
so
indeed
wolues
doe
neuer
howle
,
but
when
they
are
oppressed
with
famin
:
And
thus
I
leaue
the
discourse
of
their
voyce
with
the
annotation
of
Seruius
:
Vlulare
canum
est
&
furiare
.
To
howle
is
the
voyce
of
dogs
and
furies
.
Although
there
be
great
difference
of
colours
in
wolues
,
as
already
I
haue
shewed
,
yet
most
commonly
they
are
gray
and
hoary
,
that
is
,
white
mixed
with
other
colours
,
and
therefore
the
Graecians
in
imitation
therof
,
do
cal
their
twie-light
which
is
betwixt
day
and
night
,
as
it
were
participating
of
black
and
white
Licophos
,
wolfe-light
,
because
the
vpper
side
of
the
wolues
haire
is
browne
,
and
the
neather
part
white
.
It
is
said
,
that
the
shaggy
haire
of
a
wolfe
is
full
of
virmin
and
wormes
,
and
it
may
well
be
,
for
it
hath
beene
proued
,
that
the
skin
of
a
sheep
which
was
killed
by
a
wolfe
,
breedeth
wormes
.
The
braines
of
a
wolfe
do
decrease
and
encrease
with
the
Moon
,
and
their
eies
are
yellow
black
,
and
very
bright
,
sending
forth
beames
like
fire
,
The
seueral
partes
&
carrying
in
them
apparant
tokens
of
wrath
and
mallice
;
and
for
this
cause
it
is
said
they
see
better
in
the
night
then
in
the
day
,
being
herein
vnlike
vnto
men
,
that
see
better
in
the
day
then
in
the
night
,
for
reason
giueth
light
to
their
eyes
,
and
appetite
to
beasts
,
and
therfore
of
ancient
time
the
wolfe
was
dedicated
to
the
Sun
,
for
the
quicknesse
of
his
seeing
sence
,
and
because
he
seeth
far
.
And
such
as
is
the
quicknesse
of
his
sence
in
seeing
,
such
also
it
is
in
smelling
,
Coelius
Stumpsius
for
it
is
reported
,
that
in
time
of
hunger
by
the
benefit
of
the
wind
,
hee
smelleth
his
prey
a
mile
and
a
halfe
or
two
mile
off
:
for
their
teeth
they
are
called
Charcharodontes
,
that
is
sawed
,
yet
they
are
smooth
,
sharp
,
and
vnequall
,
and
therefore
bite
deepe
,
as
we
haue
shewed
already
,
for
this
cause
the
sharpest
bits
of
horses
are
called
Lupata
.
All
beasts
that
are
deuourers
of
flesh
doe
open
their
mouths
wide
,
that
they
may
bite
more
strongly
,
and
especially
the
wolfe
.
The
necke
of
a
wolfe
standeth
on
a
straight
bone
that
canot
well
bend
,
therefore
like
the
Hyaena
,
when
he
would
looke
backwards
he
must
turne
round
about
,
the
same
necke
is
short
which
argueth
a
trecherous
nature
.
It
is
saide
that
if
the
heart
of
a
wolfe
be
kept
dry
,
it
rendreth
a
most
fragrant
or
sweet
smelling
sauor
.
The
liuer
of
a
Wolfe
is
like
to
a
horses
hoofe
,
and
in
the
blather
there
is
found
a
certaine
stone
cald
Syrites
,
being
in
colour
like
Saffron
or
Honny
,
yet
inwardly
containe
certaine
weake
shining
stars
:
this
is
not
the
stone
called
Syriacus
or
Indiacus
,
which
is
desired
for
the
vertue
of
it
against
the
stone
in
the
blather
.
The
forefeet
haue
fiue
distinct
towes
,
and
the
hinder
feet
but
4.
because
the
forefeet
serue
in
stead
of
hands
,
in
Lyons
,
dogs
,
wolues
,
and
Panthers
.
We
haue
spoken
already
of
their
celerity
in
running
,
and
therefore
they
are
not
compared
to
Lions
which
go
foot
by
foot
,
but
vnto
the
swiftest
Dogs
.
It
is
sayd
they
will
swim
,
and
go
into
the
water
two
by
two
,
euery
one
hanging
vpon
anothers
taile
,
which
they
take
in
their
mouthes
,
and
therefore
they
are
compared
to
the
daies
of
the
yeare
,
which
do
successiuely
follow
one
another
,
being
therfore
called
Lucabas
.
For
by
this
successiue
swimming
they
are
better
strengthned
against
impression
of
the
flouds
,
and
not
lost
in
the
waters
by
any
ouerflowing
waues
or
billowes
.
The
meat
&
voracity
of
Wolues
.
Great
is
the
voracity
of
this
beast
,
for
they
are
so
insatiable
that
they
deuoure
haire
and
bones
with
the
fleshe
which
they
eat
,
for
which
cause
they
render
it
whole
againe
in
their
excrements
,
and
therefore
they
neuer
grow
fat
.
It
was
well
sayd
of
a
learned
man
:
Lupus
vorat
potius
quam
commedit
carnes
,
&
pauco
vtitur
potu
.
That
is
,
A
wolfe
is
rather
to
rauen
then
to
eat
his
meat
.
When
they
are
hungry
they
rage
much
,
&
although
they
be
nourished
tame
,
yet
can
they
not
abide
any
man
to
look
vpon
them
while
they
eat
;
when
they
are
once
satisfied
,
Aelianus
Philes
they
endure
hunger
a
great
time
,
for
their
bellies
standeth
out
,
their
tongue
swelleth
,
their
mouth
is
stopped
,
for
when
they
haue
droue
away
their
hunger
with
aboundance
of
meate
,
they
are
vnto
men
and
beasts
as
meeke
as
lambs
,
til
they
be
hungry
again
,
neither
are
they
moued
to
rapine
,
though
they
go
through
a
flock
of
sheep
:
but
in
short
time
after
,
their
bellies
and
tongue
are
calling
for
more
meat
,
and
then
saith
mine
Author
.
In
antiquam
frigrā
redit
,
iterumque
lupus
existit
.
That
is
,
They
returne
to
their
former
conditions
,
and
become
as
rauening
as
they
were
before
;
Neither
ought
this
to
seem
strange
vnto
any
man
,
for
the
like
things
are
formerly
reported
of
the
Lyon
,
and
it
is
said
that
wolues
are
most
dangerous
to
be
met
withal
towards
the
euening
,
because
of
their
fasting
al
the
day
before
,
and
for
this
is
alledged
the
saying
of
holy
scripture
where
the
prophets
make
mention
of
Lupi
Vespertini
,
but
we
haue
shewed
already
in
the
story
of
the
Hyaena
,
what
those
signifie
.
It
is
said
that
Wolues
doe
also
eate
a
kind
of
earth
called
Argilla
,
which
they
doe
not
for
hunger
,
but
to
make
their
bellies
waigh
heauy
,
to
the
intent
,
that
when
they
set
vpon
a
Horsse
,
an
Oxe
,
a
Hart
,
an
Elke
,
or
some
such
strong
beast
,
they
may
waigh
the
heauier
,
and
hang
fast
at
their
throates
till
they
haue
pulled
them
downe
,
for
by
vertue
of
that
tenetious
earth
,
their
teeth
are
sharpened
,
and
the
waight
of
their
bodies
encreased
;
but
when
they
haue
killed
the
beast
that
they
set
vpon
,
before
they
touch
any
part
of
his
flesh
,
by
a
kind
of
natural
vomit
,
〈◊〉
.
they
disgorge
themselues
,
and
empty
their
bellies
of
the
earth
,
as
vnprofitable
food
.
The
remainder
of
their
meate
they
alwaies
couer
in
the
earth
:
and
if
there
be
many
of
them
in
hunting
together
,
they
equally
deuide
the
prey
among
them
all
,
and
sometimes
it
is
saide
,
that
they
howle
and
call
their
fellowes
to
that
feast
which
are
absent
,
if
their
prey
be
plentifull
.
Now
this
they
haue
common
with
Lyons
,
in
their
greatest
extremity
of
hunger
,
that
when
they
haue
election
of
a
man
and
a
beast
,
they
forsake
the
Man
and
take
the
Beast
.
Some
are
of
opinion
,
that
when
they
are
olde
they
grow
weary
of
their
liues
,
and
that
therefore
they
come
vnto
Citties
and
Villages
,
offering
themselues
to
be
killed
by
men
,
but
this
thing
by
the
relation
of
Niphus
is
a
very
fable
;
for
hee
professeth
that
he
saw
an
old
Wolfe
come
into
a
Village
,
and
set
vpon
a
Virgin
to
destroy
and
eate
her
,
yet
he
was
so
old
that
he
had
scarse
any
teeth
in
his
head
,
but
by
good
hap
company
being
at
hand
,
the
maid
was
saued
,
and
the
Wolfe
was
killed
.
Now
those
Wolues
that
are
most
sluggish
and
least
giuen
to
hunting
,
are
most
ready
to
venture
vpon
men
,
because
they
loue
not
to
take
much
paines
in
getting
their
liuing
:
This
Wolfe
is
called
Vinipeta
,
but
the
industrious
Hunting
Wolfe
Kunegeiseia
.
It
is
reported
that
a
Wolfe
will
neuer
venture
vpon
a
liuing
man
,
except
he
haue
formerly
tasted
of
the
flesh
of
a
dead
man
,
but
of
these
things
I
haue
no
certainety
,
but
rather
doe
beleeue
the
contrary
;
that
like
as
Tyrants
in
an
euill
grieued
estate
,
do
pick
quarrels
against
euery
man
that
is
rich
for
the
spoyle
of
their
goods
,
accounting
them
their
enimies
,
how
well
soeuer
they
haue
deserued
at
their
handes
.
In
like
manner
,
Wolues
in
the
time
of
their
hunger
fall
vpon
all
Creatures
that
come
in
the
way
,
whether
they
be
Men
or
Beastes
,
without
partiality
to
fill
their
bellies
,
and
that
especially
in
the
winter
time
,
wherein
they
are
not
afraid
to
come
to
houses
and
citties
.
They
deuoure
Dogges
when
they
get
them
alone
,
and
Elkes
in
the
kingdome
of
Norway
,
but
for
Dogges
it
hath
beene
seene
,
that
they
haue
liued
in
a
kind
of
society
and
fellowship
with
Wolues
,
but
it
was
to
steale
and
deuoure
in
the
night
time
,
like
as
Theeues
do
couer
their
mallice
and
secret
grudges
one
to
other
,
when
they
are
going
about
to
rob
true
men
.
Wolues
are
enimies
to
Asses
,
Bulles
,
and
Foxes
,
for
they
feede
vppon
their
flesh
,
and
there
is
no
Beast
that
they
take
more
easily
then
an
Asse
,
killing
him
without
all
daunger
,
as
we
haue
shewed
already
in
the
story
of
an
Asse
.
They
also
deuoure
Goates
and
Swyne
of
all
sortes
,
except
Bores
,
who
doe
not
easily
yeald
vnto
Wolues
.
It
is
said
that
a
Sow
hath
resisted
a
Wolfe
,
and
that
when
he
fighteth
with
her
,
hee
is
forced
to
vse
his
greatest
craft
and
suttelty
,
leaping
to
and
from
her
with
his
best
actiuity
,
least
she
should
lay
her
teeth
vpon
him
,
and
so
at
one
time
deceiue
him
of
his
prey
,
and
depriue
him
of
his
life
.
It
is
reported
of
one
that
saw
a
Wolfe
in
a
Wood
,
take
in
his
mouth
a
peece
of
Timber
of
some
thirty
or
forty
pound
waight
,
and
with
that
he
did
practise
to
leape
ouer
the
trunke
of
a
tree
that
lay
vpon
the
earth
;
at
length
when
he
perceiued
his
own
ability
and
dexterity
in
leaping
with
that
waight
in
his
mouth
,
he
did
there
make
his
caue
and
lodged
behinde
that
tree
;
at
last
it
fortuned
there
came
a
wild
S●w
to
seeke
for
meat
along
by
that
tree
,
with
diuers
of
her
pigs
following
her
,
of
different
age
,
some
a
yeare
old
,
some
halfe
a
yeare
,
and
some
lesse
.
When
he
saw
them
neare
him
,
he
suddenly
set
vpon
one
of
them
,
which
he
coniectured
was
about
the
waite
of
Wood
which
he
carried
in
his
mouth
,
and
when
he
had
taken
him
,
whilest
the
old
Sow
came
to
deliuer
her
pig
at
his
first
crying
,
he
suddenly
leaped
ouer
the
tree
with
the
pig
in
his
mouth
,
and
so
was
the
poore
Sow
beguiled
of
her
young
one
,
for
she
could
not
leape
after
him
,
and
yet
might
stand
and
see
the
Wolfe
to
eate
the
pigge
which
hee
had
taken
from
her
.
It
is
also
sayd
,
that
when
they
will
deceiue
Goates
,
they
come
vnto
them
with
the
greene
leaues
and
small
boughes
of
Osiers
in
their
mouthes
,
wherewithall
they
know
Goats
are
delighted
that
so
they
may
draw
them
therewith
,
as
to
a
baite
to
deuoure
them
.
Their
manner
is
when
they
fal
vpon
a
Goat
or
a
Hog
,
or
some
such
other
beast
of
smal
stature
,
not
to
kil
them
,
but
to
lead
them
by
the
eare
withal
the
speed
they
can
driue
them
to
their
fellow
Wolues
,
and
if
the
beast
be
stubborne
and
wil
not
runne
with
him
,
then
he
beateth
his
hinder
parts
with
his
taile
,
in
the
mean
time
holding
his
ear
fast
in
his
mouth
,
whereby
he
causeth
the
poore
beast
to
run
as
fast
or
faster
then
himselfe
vnto
the
place
of
his
owne
execution
,
where
he
findeth
a
crew
of
rauening
Wolues
to
entertaine
him
,
who
at
his
first
appearance
seize
vpon
him
,
and
like
Diuels
teare
him
in
peeces
in
a
moment
,
leauing
nothing
vneaten
but
onely
his
bowels
.
But
if
it
be
a
swine
that
is
so
gotten
,
then
it
is
said
,
that
they
lead
him
to
the
waters
and
there
kil
him
,
for
if
they
eat
him
not
out
of
cold
water
,
their
teeth
doth
burne
with
an
vntolerable
heat
.
The
Harts
when
they
haue
lost
their
hornes
doelie
in
secret
,
feeding
by
night
for
feare
of
the
Wolues
vntil
their
hornes
do
grow
againe
which
are
their
cheefest
defence
.
The
least
kind
of
Wolues
we
haue
shewed
already
,
doe
liue
vppon
the
hunting
of
Hares
,
and
generally
al
of
them
are
enemies
to
sheepe
,
for
the
foolish
sheep
in
the
day
time
is
easily
beguiled
by
the
Wolfe
,
who
at
the
sight
of
the
sheepe
maketh
an
extraordinary
noise
with
his
foot
,
whereby
he
calleth
the
foolish
sheepe
vnto
him
;
for
standing
amazed
at
the
noise
he
falleth
into
his
mouth
and
is
deuoured
:
but
when
the
Wolfe
in
the
night
time
commeth
vnto
a
folde
of
sheep
;
he
first
of
al
compasseth
it
round
about
,
watching
both
the
Shepheard
and
the
Dogge
,
whether
they
be
asleepe
or
awake
,
for
if
they
be
present
and
like
to
resist
,
then
he
departeth
without
dooing
any
harme
,
but
if
they
be
absent
or
asleepe
,
then
looseth
he
no
opportunity
,
but
entereth
into
the
sold
,
and
falleth
a
killing
,
neuer
giuing
ouer
til
he
haue
destroyed
al
,
except
he
be
hindered
by
the
approch
of
●●e
or
other
;
for
his
manner
is
not
to
eat
any
til
he
haue
killed
al
,
Textor
,
Albertus
.
not
because
hee
feareth
the
ouer-liuers
wil
tel
tales
,
but
for
that
his
insatiable
mind
thinketh
he
can
neuer
bee
satisfied
,
and
then
when
al
are
slaine
he
falleth
to
eat
one
of
them
.
Now
although
there
be
great
difference
betwixt
him
and
a
Bul
both
in
strength
and
stature
,
yet
is
he
not
affraid
to
aduenture
combat
,
trusting
in
his
policy
more
then
his
vigor
,
for
when
he
setteth
vpon
a
Bul
,
he
commeth
not
vpon
the
front
for
feare
of
his
hornes
,
nor
yet
behind
him
for
feare
of
his
heeles
,
but
first
of
al
standeth
a
loofe
from
him
,
Aelianus
.
with
his
glaring
eyes
,
daring
and
prouoking
the
Bul
,
making
often
prosers
,
to
come
neere
vnto
him
,
yet
is
wise
enough
to
keepe
aloofe
till
he
spy
his
aduauntage
,
and
then
he
leapeth
suddenly
vpon
the
backe
of
the
Bull
at
the
one
side
,
and
being
so
ascended
,
taketh
suche
hold
that
he
killeth
the
beast
before
he
loosen
his
teeth
.
It
is
also
worth
the
obseruation
,
how
he
draweth
vnto
him
a
Calfe
that
wandereth
from
the
dam
,
for
by
singular
treacherie
he
taketh
him
by
the
nose
,
first
drawing
him
forwarde
,
and
then
the
poore
beast
striueth
and
draweth
backward
,
and
thus
they
struggle
togither
,
one
pulling
one
way
,
and
the
other
another
,
till
at
last
the
Wolfe
perceiuing
aduantage
,
and
feeling
when
the
calfe
pulleth
heauyest
,
suddenly
he
letteth
go
his
hold
,
whereby
the
poore
beast
falleth
backe
vpon
his
buttocks
,
and
so
downe
right
vpon
his
backe
;
then
flyeth
the
Wolfe
to
his
belly
which
is
then
his
vpper
part
,
and
easily
teareth
out
his
bowels
,
so
satisfieng
his
hunger-greedy
appetite
:
But
if
they
chance
to
see
a
Beast
in
the
water
,
or
in
the
marsh
,
emcombred
with
mire
,
they
come
round
about
him
,
stopping
vp
al
the
passages
where
he
shold
come
out
,
baying
at
him
,
and
threatning
him
,
so
as
the
poore
distressed
Oxe
plungeth
himselfe
many
times
ouer
head
and
ears
,
or
at
the
least
wise
they
so
vex
him
in
the
mire
,
that
they
neuer
suffer
him
to
come
out
aliue
.
At
last
when
they
perceiue
him
to
be
dead
and
cleane
without
life
by
suffocation
,
It
is
notable
to
obserue
their
singular
subtilty
to
drawe
him
out
of
the
mire
,
whereby
they
may
eat
him
;
for
one
of
them
goeth
in
,
and
taketh
the
beast
by
the
taile
,
who
draweth
with
al
the
power
he
can
,
for
wit
without
strength
may
better
kil
a
liue
Beast
,
then
remoue
a
dead
one
out
of
the
mire
:
therefore
he
looketh
behind
him
and
calleth
for
more
helpe
;
then
presently
another
of
the
wolues
taketh
that
first
wolues
tail
in
his
mouth
,
and
a
third
wolfe
the
seconds
,
a
fourth
the
thirds
,
a
fift
the
fourth
,
and
so
forward
,
encreasing
theyr
strength
,
vntil
they
haue
pulled
the
beast
out
into
the
dry
lande
:
whereby
you
may
see
,
how
they
torment
and
stretch
their
owne
bodies
,
biting
their
tailes
mutually
,
pinching
and
straining
euery
ioynt
vntil
they
haue
compassed
their
desire
,
and
that
no
man
shold
thinke
it
strange
for
a
Wolfe
to
kil
an
Oxe
,
It
is
reported
that
Danaus
did
build
a
temple
to
Apollo
at
Argos
,
in
the
very
same
place
where
he
saw
a
Wolfe
destroy
an
Oxe
,
because
he
receiued
instruction
thereby
,
that
he
should
be
king
of
Greece
.
Wolues
are
also
enemies
to
the
Buffes
,
and
this
is
no
maruaile
,
seeing
that
it
is
confidently
reported
by
Aelianus
,
that
in
time
of
great
famine
when
they
get
no
meat
,
they
destroy
one
another
;
for
when
they
meet
together
,
each
one
bemoaning
himselfe
to
other
,
as
it
were
by
consent
they
run
round
in
a
circle
,
and
that
Wolfe
which
is
first
giddy
,
being
not
able
to
stande
,
falleth
downe
to
the
ground
,
and
is
deuoured
by
the
residue
,
for
they
teare
him
in
peeces
,
before
they
can
arise
againe
.
The
●●aun
of
Wolues
Pliny
affirmeth
that
there
be
Wolues
in
Italy
,
whose
sight
is
hurtfull
to
men
,
for
when
a
man
seeth
one
of
them
,
though
he
haue
neuer
so
much
desire
to
cry
out
,
yet
hee
hath
no
power
:
but
the
meaning
of
this
is
,
as
we
find
in
other
writers
,
that
if
a
Wolfe
first
see
a
man
,
the
man
is
silent
,
and
cannot
speake
,
but
if
the
man
see
the
Wolfe
,
the
Wolfe
is
silent
and
canot
cry
,
otherwise
the
tale
is
fabulous
and
superstitious
,
and
thereupon
came
the
prouerbe
Lupus
in
fabula
est
,
to
signifie
silence
.
Now
although
these
things
are
reported
by
Plato
,
Ruellius
,
Vincentius
,
&
Ambros
,
yet
I
rather
beleeue
them
to
be
fabulous
than
true
,
howbeit
Albertus
writeth
,
that
when
a
man
is
in
such
extremity
,
if
he
haue
power
but
to
loose
his
cloke
or
garment
from
his
backe
,
he
shal
recouer
his
voice
again
.
And
Sextus
saith
,
that
in
case
one
of
these
Wolues
do
see
a
man
first
,
if
he
haue
about
him
the
tip
of
a
wolues
taile
he
shal
not
neede
to
feare
anie
harme
.
There
be
a
number
of
such
like
tales
concerning
wolues
and
other
creatures
,
(
as
that
of
Pithagoras
)
A
beast
making
water
vpon
the
vrine
of
a
wolfe
,
shal
neuer
conceiue
with
young
.
All
domestical
Foure
▪
footed-beasts
,
which
see
the
eie
of
a
wolfe
in
the
hand
of
a
man
,
wil
presently
feare
and
runne
away
.
If
the
taile
of
a
wolfe
be
hung
in
the
cratch
of
Oxen
,
they
can
neuer
eat
their
meate
.
If
a
horse
tread
vpon
the
foote-steps
of
a
wolfe
which
is
vnder
a
Horse-man
or
Rider
,
hee
breaketh
in
peeces
,
or
else
standeth
amazed
.
If
a
wolfe
treadeth
in
the
footsteppes
of
a
horse
which
draweth
a
waggon
,
he
cleaueth
fast
in
the
rode
,
as
if
he
were
frozen
.
If
a
mare
with
foale
tread
vpon
the
footsteps
of
a
wolfe
,
she
casteth
her
foal
,
and
therefore
the
Egyptians
when
they
signifie
abortment
,
doe
picture
a
mare
treading
vppon
a
wolues
foot
.
These
and
such
other
things
are
reported
,
(
but
I
cannot
tell
how
true
)
as
supernatural
accidents
in
wolues
.
The
wolfe
also
laboureth
to
ouercome
the
Leoparde
,
and
followeth
him
from
place
to
place
,
but
forasmuch
as
they
dare
not
aduenture
vpon
him
single
or
hand
to
hand
,
they
gather
multitudes
and
so
deuoure
them
.
When
wolues
set
vpon
wilde
Bores
,
Or●●
although
they
bee
at
variance
amonge
themselues
,
yet
they
giue
ouer
their
mutual
combats
,
and
ioyne
together
against
the
Wolfe
their
common
aduersarie
.
For
these
occasions
a
wolfe
hath
euermore
bin
accounted
a
most
fyerce
and
wilde
beast
,
as
may
further
appeare
by
this
Historie
following
.
A
history
.
When
Euristines
and
Procles
intended
to
marie
the
Daughters
of
some
Graecian
,
that
so
they
might
ioyne
themselues
in
perpetual
league
and
amity
by
affinity
,
they
went
to
Delphos
to
aske
counsel
of
Apollo
▪
:
in
what
place
they
should
meet
with
their
wiues
.
Apollo
gaue
them
answere
,
that
when
they
should
meet
with
an
extreame
wild
beast
,
as
they
went
into
Lacedemonia
,
and
yet
the
same
beaste
appeare
meeke
and
gentle
vnto
them
,
there
they
should
take
their
wiues
.
When
they
came
into
the
land
of
the
Cleonians
they
met
with
a
wolfe
carrying
a
lambe
in
his
mouth
,
whereupon
they
conceiued
that
the
meaning
of
Apollo
was
,
that
when
they
met
with
a
wolfe
in
that
country
,
they
might
very
happily
and
successiuely
take
them
wiues
,
and
so
they
did
,
for
they
married
with
the
daughters
of
Thesander
Cleonimus
,
a
verie
honest
man
of
that
countrey
.
It
is
reported
of
Milo
Crotaniata
,
that
valiant
strong
man
,
how
vpon
a
season
rending
a
tree
in
sunder
in
the
woods
,
〈◊〉
destroy
●
by
wolues
one
of
his
armes
was
taken
in
the
closing
of
the
tree
,
&
he
had
not
strength
enough
to
loose
it
againe
,
but
remained
there
inclosed
in
most
horrible
torments
vntill
a
wolfe
came
and
deuoured
him
.
The
like
story
vnto
this
,
is
that
which
Aelianus
reporteth
of
Gelon
the
Syracusan
,
a
scholler
,
vnto
whome
there
came
a
Wolfe
as
he
sat
in
the
schoole
writing
on
his
Tables
,
Coelius
.
Tzetzes
.
and
tooke
the
writing
tables
out
of
his
hand
.
The
schoolemaister
being
inraged
heerewith
,
and
knowing
himselfe
to
be
a
valiant
man
,
tooke
hold
of
the
same
tables
in
the
Wolues
mouth
,
and
the
Wolfe
drew
the
maister
and
schollers
in
hope
of
recouery
of
the
tables
out
of
the
schoole
into
a
plaine
field
,
where
sodainely
hee
destroyed
the
schoole-maister
and
a
hundered
schollers
,
sparing
none
but
Gelon
,
whose
tables
were
a
baite
for
that
prey
,
for
hee
was
not
onely
not
slaine
,
but
preserued
by
the
Wolfe
to
the
singular
admiration
of
al
the
world
;
whereby
it
was
collected
,
that
that
accident
did
not
happen
naturally
,
but
by
the
oueruling
hand
of
God
;
Now
for
these
occasions
,
as
also
because
that
the
wooll
and
skin
of
beasts
killed
by
wolues
,
are
good
for
nothing
,
(
although
the
flesh
of
sheepe
is
more
sweeter
)
are
vnprofitable
and
good
for
nothing
.
Men
haue
bin
forced
to
inuent
and
find
out
many
deuises
for
the
destroying
of
wolues
,
The
taking
of
Wolues
&
the
reward
of
the
hunters
.
for
necessity
hath
taught
men
much
learning
,
and
it
had
beene
a
shameful
misery
to
indure
the
tyranny
of
such
spoiling
beastes
without
labouring
for
resistaunce
and
reuenge
:
for
this
cause
they
propounded
also
a
reward
to
such
as
killed
Wolues
,
for
by
the
law
of
Dracho
,
he
that
killed
a
young
wolfe
receiued
a
tallent
,
and
he
that
killed
an
old
wolfe
receiued
two
talents
.
Solon
prescribed
that
hee
that
brought
a
Wolfe
aliue
,
shoulde
receiue
fiue
peeces
of
mony
,
and
he
that
brought
one
dead
,
should
receiue
two
.
Apollo
himselfe
was
called
Lycoctonos
,
a
wolfe-killer
,
because
he
taught
the
people
how
to
put
away
wolues
.
Homer
calleth
Appollo
Lysegenes
,
for
that
it
is
saide
immediately
after
hee
was
borne
of
his
mother
Latona
,
he
was
chaunged
into
the
shape
of
a
wolfe
,
and
so
nourished
;
and
for
this
cause
there
was
the
image
of
a
wolfe
set
vp
at
Delphos
before
him
.
Others
say
,
that
the
reason
of
that
ymage
was
,
because
that
when
the
temple
of
Delphos
was
robbed
,
and
the
treasure
thereof
hid
in
the
grounde
,
while
diligent
inquisition
was
made
after
the
theeues
,
there
came
a
wolf
and
brought
them
to
the
place
where
the
golden
vessels
were
couered
in
the
earth
,
which
she
pulled
out
with
her
feete
.
And
some
say
that
a
wolfe
did
kil
the
sacriliger
,
as
he
lay
asleepe
on
the
mountaine
Parnassus
,
hauing
all
the
treasure
about
him
,
and
that
euery
day
she
came
downe
to
the
gates
of
Delphos
howling
,
vntil
some
of
the
Cittizens
followed
her
into
the
mountaine
,
where
shee
shewed
them
the
theefe
and
the
treasure
both
together
.
But
I
list
not
to
follow
or
stand
vpon
these
fables
.
The
true
cause
why
Apollo
was
called
a
Wolfe
killer
was
,
for
that
he
was
feined
to
be
a
shepheard
or
Heardsman
,
and
therefore
in
loue
of
his
catle
to
whom
wolues
were
enemies
,
he
did
not
onely
kil
them
while
he
was
aliue
,
but
also
they
were
offered
vnto
him
in
sacrifice
,
for
wolues
were
sacred
to
Apollo
,
Iupiter
and
Mars
:
and
therefore
wee
read
of
Apollo
Lycius
or
Lyceus
,
to
whom
there
were
many
temples
builded
,
and
of
Iupiter
Lyceus
the
sacrifices
instituted
vnto
him
called
Lycaea
,
and
games
by
the
same
name
.
There
were
other
holly-daies
cald
Luper
calia
,
wherein
barren
women
did
chastice
themselues
naked
because
they
bare
no
children
,
hoping
thereby
to
gaine
the
frutefulnesse
of
the
wombe
,
whereof
Ouid
speaketh
thus
:
Excipe
foecunde
pascientur
verbera
dextrae
Iam
socer
optatum
nomen
habebit
saui
.
Propertius
and
some
other
writers
seeme
to
be
of
the
mind
that
those
were
first
instituted
by
Fabius
,
Lupercus
as
appeareth
by
these
verses
:
Verbera
pellitus
setosamouebat
arator
Vnde
liceus
Fabius
sacra
lupercus
habet
.
And
Inuenal
thus
:
Nec
prodest
agili
palmas
praebere
luperco
.
Now
concerning
the
manner
of
taking
of
Wolues
,
Diuers
policies
and
inuentions
to
take
wolues
.
the
Auncients
haue
inuented
manic
deuises
and
gins
,
and
first
of
al
an
yron
Toyle
which
they
stil
fasten
in
the
earth
with
iron
pins
,
vpon
which
pins
they
leaue
a
ring
,
being
in
compasse
about
the
bignes
of
a
wolues
head
,
in
the
midst
whereof
they
lay
a
peece
of
flesh
,
and
couer
the
Toyle
,
so
that
nothing
is
seene
but
the
flesh
,
when
the
Wolfe
commeth
and
taketh
holde
of
the
flesh
,
feeling
it
sticke
,
pulling
hard
,
he
pulleth
vp
the
ring
,
which
bringeth
the
whole
Toyle
on
his
necke
and
sharpe
pins
.
This
is
the
first
manner
that
Crescentiensis
repeateth
of
taking
Wolues
,
and
he
saith
there
are
other
deuises
to
ensnare
their
feet
,
which
the
Reader
cannot
vnderstand
except
he
saw
them
with
his
eies
.
The
Italians
cal
the
nets
wherein
wolues
are
taken
,
Tagliola
,
Harpago
,
Lo
Rampino
,
and
Lycino
,
the
French
Hauspied
,
and
Blondus
affirmeth
,
that
the
shepheardes
of
Italy
make
a
certaine
ginne
with
a
net
,
wherein
that
part
of
the
Wolfe
is
taken
which
is
first
put
into
it
.
Now
the
manner
of
taking
Wolues
in
ditches
and
pits
is
diuers
,
first
of
all
they
dig
a
deep
ditch
,
so
as
the
wolfe
being
taken
,
may
not
get
out
of
it
,
vpon
this
pitte
they
lay
a
hurdle
,
and
within
vpon
the
pillar
they
set
a
liue
Goose
or
Lambe
,
when
the
Wolfe
windeth
his
prey
or
booty
,
he
commeth
vpon
the
trench
,
and
seeing
it
at
a
little
hole
which
is
left
open
on
purpose
to
cast
the
wolfe
into
the
deepe
ditch
,
and
some
vse
to
lay
vpon
it
a
weak
hurdle
,
such
as
wil
not
beare
vp
either
a
man
or
a
beast
,
that
so
when
the
wolfe
commeth
vpon
it
,
it
may
breake
,
and
he
fal
downe
,
but
the
best
deuise
in
my
opinion
that
euer
was
inuented
in
this
kind
,
is
that
the
pertch
and
hurdle
may
be
so
made
,
and
the
bait
so
set
,
that
when
one
wolfe
is
fallen
downe
it
may
rise
againe
of
it
one
accord
,
and
stand
as
it
did
before
to
entrap
another
;
and
great
care
must
bee
had
,
that
these
kinde
of
ditches
may
bee
made
in
solide
and
strong
earth
,
or
if
the
place
affoorde
not
that
opportunity
,
then
must
the
inside
be
lined
with
boords
,
to
the
intent
that
the
beast
by
scraping
and
digging
with
his
feet
make
no
euasion
.
The
Rhaetians
vse
to
raise
vp
to
a
Tree
a
certaine
engine
like
a
mouse-trappe
but
much
greater
,
through
which
there
is
a
cord
where
they
hange
a
bate
of
flesh
or
pullin
,
or
some
such
thing
which
the
wolfe
loueth
;
when
he
commeth
vnto
it
,
hee
suddenly
snatcheth
at
it
,
and
so
pulleth
the
trap
vpon
his
owne
pate
.
The
Teucreans
,
Mysseans
,
and
Thraseans
,
inhabitants
of
Asia
,
were
wont
to
carry
short
weapons
to
kil
wolues
,
and
they
vsed
also
the
strongest
Dogges
,
who
by
the
incoragement
of
the
hunters
would
tear
the
wolues
in
pieces
,
for
there
is
hardly
any
Dogge
so
couragious
,
as
to
aduenture
vppon
a
Wolfe
at
single
hand
.
The
Dogges
haue
therefore
certaine
collers
made
vnto
them
of
leather
stuft
full
of
sharp
yron
nails
,
to
the
intent
that
their
necks
may
be
sauegarded
from
the
wolues
biting
.
Now
Blondus
saith
,
that
al
hunting
of
Wolues
with
Doggs
is
in
vaine
,
except
there
be
also
set
vp
certaine
great
nets
made
of
strong
cords
,
stretched
out
and
standing
as
stiffe
as
may
be
immouably
fastned
to
the
bodies
of
trees
,
or
strong
pillars
in
the
earth
,
and
in
diuers
places
of
these
nettes
they
must
set
boughes
to
couer
them
,
to
the
end
the
wolfe
descry
them
not
;
and
at
either
end
of
the
net
must
be
made
a
little
shedde
with
boughes
to
couer
a
man
,
wherein
the
hunter
must
lodge
with
his
speare
,
readie
to
pierce
through
the
Wolfe
when
he
perceiueth
him
in
the
net
,
for
if
the
wolfe
be
not
instantly
wounded
,
hee
will
deliuer
himselfe
and
escape
,
and
then
also
he
must
bee
followed
with
the
cry
of
men
and
Dogges
,
that
he
may
not
returne
backe
againe
into
his
den
,
and
the
hunters
obserue
this
order
in
hunting
of
a
Wolfe
,
and
driuing
him
to
their
nets
.
When
they
are
farre
from
theyr
nets
,
they
hunt
them
but
gently
,
and
let
him
go
at
leisure
,
but
when
they
are
closer
and
nearer
vnto
them
,
they
follow
them
with
al
speed
and
violence
,
for
by
that
meanes
many
are
intrapped
and
suddenly
killed
,
and
these
are
those
hunting
obseruations
which
I
find
to
be
recorded
in
Authors
for
the
taking
of
Wolues
.
And
this
is
the
nature
of
this
beast
,
that
he
feareth
no
kind
of
weapon
except
a
stone
,
for
if
a
stone
be
cast
at
him
,
he
presently
falleth
downe
to
auoide
the
stroke
,
for
it
is
saide
that
in
that
place
of
his
body
where
he
is
wounded
by
a
stone
,
there
are
bred
certaine
wormes
which
doe
kill
and
destroie
him
;
and
therefore
the
Egyptians
when
they
doe
decipher
a
man
that
feareth
an
eminent
danger
,
they
picture
a
wolfe
and
a
stone
;
as
Orus
writeth
.
Wolues
do
likewise
feare
fire
euen
as
Lyons
doe
,
and
therefore
they
which
trauell
in
woods
and
secret
places
by
night
,
wherein
there
is
anie
suspicion
of
meeting
of
Wolues
,
they
carry
with
them
a
coople
of
flints
,
where
withall
they
strike
fire
,
in
the
approach
of
the
rauening
beast
which
so
dazleth
his
eies
,
&
danteth
his
courage
,
that
he
runneth
away
fearefully
.
It
is
said
that
wolues
are
afraid
of
the
noise
of
swords
or
iron
strucke
together
,
and
it
may
well
be
,
for
there
is
a
true
story
of
a
man
traueling
neare
Basil
,
with
a
bell
in
his
hand
,
who
when
he
saw
that
the
throwing
stones
at
the
wolfe
which
followed
him
would
nothing
auaile
,
and
by
chance
fel
downe
,
in
he
meanetime
a
bell
which
he
carried
about
him
did
giue
a
sound
,
at
which
sound
the
wolfe
being
affrighted
ran
away
,
which
when
he
perceiued
,
he
sounded
the
bell
aloud
,
and
so
droue
away
the
wild
rauening
beast
.
As
the
Lyon
is
afraid
of
a
white
Cocke
and
a
Mouse
,
so
is
the
wolfe
of
a
Sea-crab
or
shrimp
.
It
is
said
that
the
pipe
of
Pithocaris
did
represse
the
violence
of
wolues
when
they
set
vpon
him
,
for
he
sounded
the
same
vnperfectly
,
and
indestinctly
,
at
the
noise
whereof
the
raging
wolfe
ran
away
;
and
it
hath
bin
beleeued
that
the
voice
of
a
singing
man
or
Woman
worketh
the
same
effect
.
Horace
testifieth
so
much
of
himselfe
,
that
by
singing
he
droue
away
a
wolfe
,
as
in
these
verses
;
Namque
me
sylua
lupus
in
sabina
,
Dum
meam
canto
tellagen
&
vltra
,
Terminum
cur
is
vagor
expeditus
,
Fugit
niermem
.
Quale
portentum
neque
militaris
,
Daunia
in
latis
alit
aesculetis
,
Nec
iubetellus
gener
at
leonem
,
Arida
nutrix
.
If
at
any
time
a
wolfe
follow
a
man
a
far
off
,
as
it
were
trecherously
to
set
vppon
him
suddenly
and
destroy
him
,
let
him
but
set
vp
a
stick
or
staffe
,
or
some
such
other
knowledgable
marke
,
in
the
middle
space
betwixt
him
and
the
wolfe
,
and
it
will
fear
him
away
;
for
the
suspitious
beast
feareth
such
a
man
,
and
thinketh
that
he
carrieth
about
him
some
engin
or
trap
to
take
away
his
life
:
and
therefore
also
it
is
said
,
that
if
a
trauailer
doe
draw
after
him
a
long
rod
or
pole
,
or
a
bundle
of
sticks
&
clouts
,
a
wolfe
will
neuer
set
vpon
him
,
worthily
mistrusting
some
deserued
pollicy
to
ouerthrow
&
catch
him
.
Aesculapius
writeth
,
that
if
a
man
do
anoint
himselfe
with
the
fat
or
sewet
taken
out
of
the
raines
of
a
Lyon
,
it
wil
driue
away
from
him
all
kind
of
Wolues
.
There
bee
some
that
take
wolues
by
poisoning
,
for
they
poyson
certaine
peeces
of
meat
,
and
cast
them
abroad
,
whereof
when
the
wolues
do
eate
,
they
die
immediately
.
There
were
certaine
country
men
which
brought
the
skins
of
wolues
into
the
citty
of
Rome
,
and
carried
them
vp
and
downe
the
streets
publikely
to
be
seene
,
affirming
that
they
had
killed
those
wolues
with
the
powder
of
a
certaine
hearb
cald
Cardus
Varius
,
and
that
therewithall
also
they
could
kil
Rats
and
Mice
.
Pausanius
saith
,
that
there
was
a
temple
of
Apollo
Lyceus
,
at
Sicycon
,
and
that
on
a
time
the
inhabitants
were
so
anoyed
with
wolues
,
that
they
could
receiue
no
commodity
by
their
flockes
,
wherevpon
Apollo
taking
pitty
of
them
,
told
them
that
there
was
in
their
temple
a
certaine
peece
of
dry
wood
,
commaunding
them
to
pull
off
the
rinde
or
barke
of
that
wood
,
and
beating
it
to
powder
,
to
mingle
it
with
conuenient
meat
for
Wolues
,
and
so
cast
it
abroad
in
the
fieldes
.
The
people
did
as
they
were
commaunded
by
the
Oracle
,
and
thereby
destroyed
al
the
wolues
;
but
what
kind
of
wood
this
was
,
neither
Pausanias
nor
any
of
the
pristes
of
Sicycon
could
declare
.
In
one
part
of
the
world
the
Ewe-tree
,
and
certaine
fragments
of
Iuniper
.
The
spindle
tree
,
and
Rododaphne
do
yeald
poison
vnto
wolues
mixed
in
their
drinke
,
and
besides
them
we
know
no
trees
that
are
venemous
,
and
yet
plants
innumerable
,
especially
wolfe
bane
.
And
the
occasion
why
there
are
more
poysonfull
herbs
then
trees
,
is
in
the
iuyce
or
liquor
whereby
they
are
nourished
,
for
where
the
iuyce
is
wholesome
and
well
tempered
,
there
it
encreaseth
into
a
great
tree
,
but
where
it
is
imperfect
and
venomous
,
there
it
neuer
groweth
tall
,
nor
bringeth
forth
any
great
stocke
.
There
are
certain
litle
Fishes
called
by
the
Graecians
Lycos
,
and
by
the
Latanists
blenni
,
which
we
may
english
wolfe-Fishes
,
&
these
the
Hunters
vse
to
take
wolues
in
this
maner
,
when
they
haue
taken
a
great
many
of
them
aliue
;
they
put
them
into
some
tub
or
great
morter
,
〈◊〉
ther
kil
them
by
bruising
them
to
pieces
,
afterwards
they
make
a
fire
of
coles
in
the
mountains
where
the
wolues
hant
,
putting
into
the
same
some
of
these
fishes
mixed
with
blood
and
peeces
of
mutton
,
and
so
leauing
it
,
to
haue
the
sauour
thereof
carryed
euery
way
with
the
winde
,
they
go
and
hide
themselues
:
whilst
that
in
the
mean
time
the
Wolues
inraged
with
the
sauour
of
this
fire
,
seeke
too
and
fro
to
finde
it
,
because
of
the
smell
,
the
fire
before
they
come
is
quenched
or
goeth
out
naturally
,
and
the
Wolues
by
the
smoke
therof
,
especially
by
tasting
of
the
flesh
,
blood
and
fish
which
there
they
find
,
do
fall
into
a
drowsie
dead
sleepe
,
which
when
the
Hunters
do
perceiue
,
they
come
vpon
them
and
cut
their
throats
.
The
Armenians
do
poison
them
with
blacke
fishes
,
&
some
do
take
a
cat
,
pulling
off
her
skin
,
taking
out
the
bowels
,
they
put
into
her
belly
the
powder
of
Frogges
,
this
cat
is
boiled
a
little
vpon
coles
,
and
by
a
man
drawne
vp
and
down
in
the
mountaines
where
wolues
do
hant
,
now
if
the
Wolues
do
chance
to
meet
with
the
traine
of
this
cat
,
they
instantly
followe
after
him
,
inraged
without
all
feare
of
man
to
attaine
it
,
therefore
he
which
draweth
the
catte
,
is
accompanied
with
another
hunter
armed
with
a
a
Gun
,
Pistoll
,
or
Cross
bow
,
that
at
the
appearaunce
of
the
Wolfe
,
and
before
his
approach
to
the
traine
,
he
may
destroy
and
kill
him
.
Poysyning
of
Wolues
I
will
not
discourse
of
Wolfe-bane
,
commonly
called
Aconitum
in
Latine
,
wherwithall
both
men
&
beasts
are
intoxicated
,
and
especially
Wolues
,
but
referring
the
Reader
to
the
long
discourse
of
Conradus
Gesner
in
his
History
of
the
Wolf
,
I
will
onely
remember
in
this
place
an
Epigram
of
Ausonius
wherein
he
pleasantly
relateth
a
story
of
an
adulterated
women
,
desiring
to
make
away
her
iealous
husband
,
and
that
with
speed
and
vehemency
,
gaue
him
a
drinke
of
Wolfe-bane
and
Quick-siluer
mingled
together
,
eyther
of
both
single
are
poison
,
but
compounded
are
a
purgation
,
the
Epigram
is
this
that
followeth
:
Toxica
zelotypo
dedit
vxor
mecha
marito
Nec
satis
ad
mortem
credidit
esse
datum
,
Miscuit
argenti
letalia
pondera
viui
Cogeret
vt
celerem
vis
geminata
necem
Diuidat
haec
si
quis
faciunt
discreta
,
venenum
Antidotum
sumet
qui
sociata
bibet
,
Ergo
inter
sese
dum
noxia
pocula
certant
,
Cessit
letalis
noxa
salutiferae
Protinus
&
vacuos
alui
petiere
recessus
,
Lubrica
deiectis
qua
via
nota
cibis
.
Concerning
the
enimies
of
Wolues
,
there
is
no
doubt
but
that
such
a
rauening
beast
hath
fewe
friendes
,
for
except
in
the
time
of
copulation
wherein
they
mingle
sometime
with
dogges
,
The
enimies
of
Wolues
and
sometime
with
Leopards
,
and
sometime
with
other
beastes
,
all
Beastes
both
great
and
small
do
auoyd
their
society
and
fellowship
,
for
it
cannot
be
safe
for
strangers
to
liue
with
them
in
any
league
or
amity
,
seeing
in
their
extremity
they
deuour
one
another
:
for
this
cause
,
in
some
of
the
inferiour
beasts
their
hatred
lasteth
after
death
,
as
many
Authors
haue
obserued
;
for
if
a
sheepe
skinne
be
hanged
vp
with
a
Wolues
skin
,
the
Wool
falleth
off
from
it
,
and
if
an
instrument
be
stringed
with
stringes
made
of
both
these
beasts
,
the
one
will
giue
no
sounde
in
the
presence
of
the
other
;
but
of
this
matter
we
haue
spoken
in
the
story
of
the
sheep
,
shewing
the
opinion
of
the
best
learned
,
concerning
the
truth
heereof
.
The
Rauens
are
in
perpetuall
enmity
with
Wolues
,
and
the
Antiphathy
of
their
natures
is
so
violent
,
that
it
is
reported
by
Philes
and
Aelianus
,
that
if
a
rauen
eat
of
the
carcasse
of
a
beast
which
the
wolfe
hath
kild
,
or
formerly
tasted
of
,
she
presently
dyeth
.
There
are
certaine
wilde
Onions
called
Scille
,
and
some
say
the
sea-Onion
,
because
the
roote
hath
the
similitude
of
an
Onion
,
of
all
other
thinges
this
is
hatefull
to
a
wolfe
,
and
therefore
the
Arabians
say
,
that
by
treading
on
it
his
legge
falleth
into
a
crampe
,
whereby
his
whole
body
many
times
endureth
insufferable
torments
,
for
the
crampe
increaseth
into
convulsions
;
for
which
cause
it
is
worthy
to
be
obserued
how
vnspeakle
the
Lord
is
in
all
his
workes
,
for
whereas
the
wolfe
is
an
enemy
to
the
fox
and
the
Turtle
,
he
hath
giuen
secret
instinct
and
knowledge
both
to
this
beast
and
Foule
,
of
the
vertu●us
operation
of
this
hearbe
against
the
rauening
wolfe
;
for
in
their
absence
from
their
ne●●s
,
they
leaue
this
Onion
in
the
mouth
thereof
,
as
a
sure
gard
to
keepe
their
young
ones
from
the
wolfe
.
There
are
certaine
Eagles
in
Tartaria
which
are
tamed
,
who
doo
of
their
owne
accord
being
set
on
by
men
aduenture
vpon
wolues
,
and
so
vex
them
with
their
talants
,
that
a
man
with
no
labor
or
difficulty
may
kil
the
beast
,
&
for
this
cause
the
wolues
do
greatly
feare
them
and
auoid
them
;
And
thereupon
came
the
common
prouerb
,
Lupus
fugit
aquilam
:
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
to
haue
spoken
in
general
concerning
their
taking
.
Now
we
will
proceed
to
the
other
parts
of
their
History
,
and
first
of
al
of
their
carnal
copulation
.
They
ingender
in
the
same
manner
as
dogs
and
Sea-calues
do
,
Their
Copulation
&
procreation
and
therefore
in
the
middle
of
their
copulation
they
cleaue
together
against
their
wil.
It
is
obserued
that
they
begin
to
engender
immediately
after
Christmasse
,
and
this
rage
of
their
lust
lasteth
but
twelue
daies
,
whereupon
there
was
wont
to
go
a
fabulous
tale
or
reason
,
that
the
cause
why
al
of
them
conceiued
in
the
twelue
daies
after
Christmas
was
,
for
that
Latona
so
many
daies
togither
wandered
in
the
shape
of
a
shee
wolfe
in
the
mountaines
Hyperborei
for
for
feare
of
Iuno
,
in
which
likenes
shee
was
brought
to
Delus
;
but
this
fable
is
confuted
by
Plutarch
,
rehearsing
the
words
of
Antipater
in
his
booke
of
beastes
,
for
he
saith
when
the
Oakes
that
beare
Acornes
do
begin
to
cast
their
flowers
or
blossoms
,
then
the
wolues
by
eating
thereof
do
open
their
wombes
,
for
where
there
is
no
plenty
of
Acornes
there
the
yong
ones
die
in
the
dam●
belly
,
and
therefore
such
countries
wherein
there
are
no
store
of
Oakes
,
are
freed
from
wolues
;
and
this
he
saith
is
the
true
cause
why
they
conceiue
but
once
a
yeare
,
and
that
onely
in
the
xii
.
daies
of
Christmas
,
for
those
Okes
flower
but
once
a
year
,
namely
,
in
the
spring
time
,
at
which
season
the
wolues
bring
forth
their
yong
ones
.
For
the
time
that
they
go
with
young
▪
and
the
number
of
whelps
,
they
agree
with
dogs
,
that
is
,
they
beare
their
young
nine
weeks
,
and
bring
foorth
many
blind
whelps
at
a
time
,
according
to
the
manner
of
those
that
haue
manie
clawes
on
their
feet
.
Their
legges
are
without
Articles
,
and
therefore
they
are
not
able
to
go
at
the
time
of
their
littering
,
and
there
is
a
vulgar
opinion
that
a
she
wolfe
doth
neuer
in
al
her
life
bring
foorth
aboue
nine
at
a
time
,
whereof
the
last
which
she
bringeth
forth
in
hir
old
age
is
a
dog
,
throgh
weaknes
and
infirmity
:
but
the
Rhaesians
among
whom
wolues
do
abound
,
do
affirme
constantly
,
that
in
the
beginning
of
May
,
they
bring
their
young
out
of
their
dens
,
and
lead
them
to
the
water
,
sometimes
seauen
,
and
sometimes
nine
,
euery
yeare
increasing
their
number
;
so
that
the
first
yeare
she
littereth
one
whelpe
,
the
second
yeare
two
,
the
thirde
yeare
three
,
and
so
obserueth
the
same
proportion
vnto
nine
,
after
which
time
she
groweth
barren
and
neuer
beareth
more
:
and
it
is
said
when
shee
bringeth
her
young
ones
to
the
water
,
she
obserueth
their
drinking
very
diligently
,
for
if
any
of
them
lap
water
like
a
dogge
,
him
she
reiecteth
as
vnworthy
of
her
parentage
,
but
those
which
sucke
their
water
like
a
swine
,
or
bite
at
it
like
a
Beare
,
them
she
taketh
to
hir
,
and
norisheth
very
carefully
.
We
haue
said
already
that
wolues
do
engender
not
only
among
themselues
,
but
among
other
beasts
,
and
such
are
to
be
vnderstood
of
them
which
beare
their
young
an
equal
proportion
of
time
,
as
of
Dogges
and
Wolues
commeth
the
Lupus
canarius
,
or
Panther
,
and
the
Crocuta
.
Of
the
Hyaena
and
the
wolfe
come
the
Thoes
,
of
whome
wee
shal
speake
in
their
due
place
in
the
end
of
this
story
,
and
the
Hyaena
it selfe
seemeth
to
bee
compounded
of
a
wolfe
and
a
fox
.
Concerning
the
naturall
disposition
of
this
beast
we
haue
already
spoken
in
part
,
and
now
we
wil
adde
that
which
doth
remaine
;
The
epithets
and
natural
disposition
.
and
first
of
al
their
Epithites
which
are
attributed
vnto
them
among
seueral
Authors
are
most
cleare
demonstrations
of
their
disposition
;
as
sowre
,
wilde
,
Apulean
,
sharp
,
fierce
,
bold
,
greedy
,
who
are
,
flesh-eater
,
wary
,
swift
,
bloody
,
blood-louer
,
degenerate
,
hard
,
glutton
,
hungrie
,
Cattle-eater
,
famishing
,
furious
,
yellow
,
fasting
,
vngentle
,
vnhonest
,
vntameful
,
harmeful
,
Cattle-hurter
,
teeth-gnasher
,
insatiable
,
treacherer
,
martial
,
sorrowful
,
mountanie
,
nightly
,
robber
,
strate
,
rauener
,
mad
,
snatcher
,
cruel
,
pack-bearer
,
blood-sucker
,
fomer
,
proud
,
fearing
,
sullen
,
terrible
,
vehement
,
houling
,
and
such
other
like
belonging
to
the
male
wolfe
.
Now
vnto
the
female
there
are
some
peculiar
ones
also
,
as
in
human
,
vngentle
,
martial
,
obscure
,
ranke
,
rauener
,
sanded
,
Romulian
,
greasie
,
terrible
,
and
Volscaen
,
and
the
rauening
desire
of
this
wolfe
doeth
not
only
apeare
in
the
prouerbs
of
holy
scripture
already
repeated
,
as
where
Christ
compareth
the
Hereticks
to
wolues
,
but
also
from
hand
instruments
and
sicknesses
,
for
a
little
hand-saw
is
called
of
the
Latins
and
Germans
Lupus
,
a
wolfe
;
because
of
the
inequalitie
of
the
teeth
,
wherewithall
a
man
sheareth
asunder
violently
any
piece
of
wood
,
bones
,
or
such
like
thing
.
There
is
a
disease
called
a
wolfe
,
because
it
consumeth
and
eateth
vp
the
flesh
in
the
bodie
next
the
sore
,
and
must
euery
day
be
fed
with
fresh
meat
,
as
Lambes
,
Pigeons
,
and
such
other
things
wherein
is
bloode
,
or
else
it
consumeth
al
the
flesh
of
the
body
,
leauing
not
so
much
as
the
skin
to
couer
the
bones
.
Also
the
gals
on
a
mans
seat
,
which
commeth
by
horse-riding
,
are
by
the
auncientes
called
Lupi
,
and
by
Martiall
,
Ficus
,
whereof
he
made
this
disticon
;
Stragula
succincti
venator
sume
veredi
Nam
solet
à
nudo
surgere
ficus
equo
.
There
be
also
instruments
called
Lupi
and
Harpages
,
or
Harpagones
,
wherewithal
Ankers
are
loosed
in
the
sea
,
or
any
thing
taken
out
of
the
deepe
.
There
is
a
certaine
territorie
in
Ireland
,
(
whereof
M.
Cambden
writeth
)
that
the
inhabitants
which
liue
till
they
be
past
fifty
yeare
old
,
are
foolishly
reported
to
be
turned
into
wolues
,
the
true
cause
whereof
hee
coniectureth
to
be
because
for
the
most
part
they
are
vexed
with
the
disease
called
Lycanthropia
which
is
a
kind
of
melancholy
causing
the
persons
so
affected
,
about
the
moneth
of
February
to
forsake
their
owne
dwelling
or
houses
,
and
to
run
out
into
the
woodes
,
or
neare
the
graues
and
sepulchers
of
men
,
howling
and
barking
like
Dogs
and
wolues
.
The
true
signes
of
this
disease
are
thus
described
by
Marcellus
:
those
saith
he
which
are
thus
affected
haue
their
faces
pale
,
their
eies
dry
and
hollow
,
looking
drousily
and
cannot
weep
.
Their
tongue
as
if
it
were
al
scabd
,
being
very
rough
,
neither
can
they
spit
,
and
they
are
very
thirsty
,
hauing
many
vlcers
breaking
out
of
their
bodies
,
especiallie
on
their
legges
,
this
disease
some
cal
Lycaon
,
and
men
oppressed
therewith
,
Lycaones
,
because
that
there
was
one
Lycaon
as
it
is
fained
by
the
poets
,
who
for
his
wickednes
or
sacrificing
of
a
child
,
was
by
Iupiter
turned
into
a
Wolf
,
being
vtterly
distracted
of
human
vnderstanding
,
and
that
which
the
poets
speake
of
him
,
may
very
wel
agree
with
melancholy
,
for
thus
writeth
Ouid
:
Territus
ipse
fugit
,
nactusque
silentia
ruris
Exululat
frustraque
loqui
couatur
.
And
this
is
most
strange
,
that
men
thus
diseased
should
desire
the
graues
of
the
dead
.
Like
vnto
this
is
another
disease
,
called
by
Bellunensis
,
demonium
leoninum
,
which
is
saith
he
,
confusio
rationis
cum
factis
malis
,
noxijs
&
iracundis
à
leone
dictum
videtur
malum
,
quod
eo
detenti
alios
homines
laedant
,
&
leonum
instar
in
eos
saeuiant
,
that
is
;
the
Lyon-diuel
disease
is
a
confusion
of
reason
,
ioyned
with
wrathful
,
and
impious
facts
,
and
it
seemeth
to
bee
named
of
Lyons
,
because
that
such
as
are
oppressed
therewith
,
doe
rage
against
men
,
and
wound
them
like
Lyons
.
There
is
a
pretty
Apologie
of
a
league
that
was
made
betwixt
the
Wolues
and
the
sheepe
,
The
apology
of
Wolues
&
Lambs
.
whereupon
came
the
word
Lycophilios
,
my
Author
rehearseth
it
thus
:
Lupis
et
agnis
faedus
aliquando
fuit
,
datis
vtrinque
obsidibus
,
lupi
suos
catulos
,
oues
canum
cho
rtem
dedere
.
Quietis
ouibus
ac
pascentibus
lupuli
matrum
de
siderio
vlulatus
adunt
,
tum
lupi
irruentes
fidem
faedusque
solutum
clamitant
,
ouesque
canum
praesidio
destitutas
laniant
,
that
is
to
say
,
There
was
a
peace
made
betwixt
the
wolues
and
the
sheepe
,
either
side
giuing
ostages
to
other
,
the
wolues
gaue
their
young
whelpes
,
and
the
sheepe
gaue
the
shepheards
dogs
to
the
wolues
.
Now
when
the
young
Wolues
were
among
the
flocke
of
sheepe
they
houled
for
their
dams
,
which
when
the
old
wolues
heard
,
they
came
rushing
in
vppon
the
sheep
,
crying
out
that
they
had
broken
the
league
,
and
therfore
they
destroyed
the
sheep
in
the
absence
of
the
dogs
that
should
keepe
them
:
whereby
is
notably
signified
the
simplicity
of
innocent
men
,
and
the
impiety
of
the
wicked
,
for
whatsoeuer
bondes
of
truce
and
peace
are
made
with
them
,
they
euer
respect
their
owne
aduantage
,
taking
any
smal
occasion
like
Wolues
at
the
crying
of
their
young
ones
,
without
al
offence
of
the
innocent
and
harmeles
,
to
breake
through
the
brazen
wals
of
truce
,
peace
,
and
amity
,
for
the
execution
of
their
bloody
and
vngodly
minds
.
The
particular
disposition
of
Wolues
Wolues
are
truely
said
to
be
fierce
and
treacherous
,
and
not
generous
and
bold
,
and
noble
like
Lyons
.
They
especially
rage
in
the
time
of
their
hunger
,
and
then
they
kil
not
so
much
as
wil
suffice
,
but
al
the
flocke
before
them
;
but
being
satisfied
,
as
we
haue
saide
already
,
they
seeme
rather
Lambes
then
Wolues
.
The
male
is
alwaies
as
carefull
of
the
young
ones
as
the
female
,
for
while
shee
suckleth
her
younge
ones
,
hee
bringeth
meate
vnto
her
in
the
denne
,
and
when
that
they
are
greatly
constrained
both
to
fly
away
,
they
carry
their
young
ones
along
with
them
.
Great
is
their
malice
towards
them
that
hurte
them
as
Niphus
saith
,
he
tried
one
day
when
he
was
a
hunting
neare
Rome
,
for
his
Dogge
was
fighting
with
a
Wolfe
,
and
he
comming
in
with
the
multitude
of
hunters
,
alighted
from
his
horse
,
drew
his
sword
,
and
gaue
the
Wolfe
a
wound
,
the
wolfe
feeling
the
stroke
of
the
sword
,
forsooke
the
Dogge
and
turned
vppon
the
man
,
making
all
force
at
him
he
could
to
bite
him
,
but
he
professed
he
escaped
with
singular
danger
,
more
by
the
help
of
his
fellow-hunters
,
then
by
his
owne
valor
;
wherefore
he
concludeth
that
as
Wolues
are
enimies
to
al
,
so
they
take
special
reuenge
of
them
that
harm
them
,
as
we
haue
said
before
of
Lyons
.
Some
say
that
when
many
of
them
haue
obteined
a
spoile
,
they
do
equally
deuide
it
among
them
al
,
I
am
sure
the
like
is
reported
betwixt
the
olde
Lyon
and
the
young
,
but
whether
it
be
true
in
Wolues
I
cannot
tell
,
but
rather
thinke
the
contrary
,
because
they
are
insatiable
and
neuer
thinke
they
haue
enough
.
And
Albertus
saith
,
they
do
not
communicate
their
prey
like
Lyons
,
but
when
they
haue
fed
sufficiently
,
they
hide
the
residue
in
the
ground
til
they
hunger
againe
.
When
they
set
vppon
horned
beasts
,
they
inuade
them
behinde
,
and
on
their
backs
;
when
they
set
vppon
sheepe
,
they
chuse
a
darke
cloudy
day
or
time
,
that
so
they
may
escape
more
freely
;
and
to
the
intent
that
their
treadinges
should
not
be
heard
,
they
licke
the
bottome
or
soles
of
their
feet
,
for
by
that
meanes
they
make
no
noise
among
the
dry
leaues
,
and
if
going
along
they
chance
to
breake
a
sticke
,
and
so
against
their
mind
make
a
noise
,
then
presently
they
bite
their
foot
,
as
if
it
were
guilty
of
that
offence
:
For
the
most
part
they
set
vpon
such
Cattle
as
haue
no
keepers
,
and
rauen
in
secret
.
If
they
come
vnto
a
flocke
of
sheep
where
there
are
Dogges
,
they
first
of
al
consider
whether
they
bee
able
to
make
their
party
good
,
for
if
they
see
they
cannot
match
the
Dogges
,
they
depart
away
,
although
they
haue
begun
the
spoile
,
but
if
they
perceiue
their
forces
to
be
equal
or
superiour
,
then
they
diuide
themselues
into
three
rankes
,
one
companie
of
them
killeth
sneepe
,
a
second
company
fighteth
with
the
Dogs
,
and
the
third
setteth
vppon
the
men
.
When
they
are
in
daunger
to
be
taken
by
the
hunters
,
they
bite
off
the
tip
of
their
tailes
,
and
therefore
the
Egyptians
when
they
woulde
describe
a
man
deliuered
out
of
extremity
and
danger
,
do
picture
a
wolf
lacking
that
part
of
his
taile
.
To
conclude
,
when
they
are
in
perill
they
are
extreamely
fearefull
,
astonished
,
and
affraide
,
especially
when
they
are
vnauoidably
included
they
seeme
harmles
,
and
this
argueth
the
basenesse
of
their
mind
which
is
subtil
,
cowardlie
and
treacherous
;
daring
do
nothing
but
for
the
belly
,
and
not
then
neither
,
but
vppon
a
singular
aduantage
,
and
for
the
manifesting
heereof
,
I
will
expresse
these
two
stories
following
,
as
they
were
related
to
Gesner
by
Michaell
Herus
,
and
Instinius
Goblerus
.
It
hapned
(
saith
the
first
)
,
that
a
certaine
wolfe
constrained
by
famine
,
came
vnto
a
village
neare
Millan
in
Italy
,
and
there
entered
into
a
certaine
house
,
wherein
fat
the
good
wife
and
her
children
,
the
poore
woman
being
terrified
heerewith
,
and
not
knowing
what
she
did
,
ran
out
of
the
house
,
pulling
the
dore
to
after
her
,
and
so
shutting
the
wolfe
in
among
her
children
;
at
last
her
husband
returned
home
,
vnto
whom
she
related
the
accident
,
and
how
she
had
shut
vp
the
wolfe
;
the
man
being
more
affraide
then
was
cause
,
least
the
wolfe
had
deuoured
some
of
his
children
,
entered
hastily
in
a
doors
,
longing
to
saue
and
deliuer
his
poore
infants
,
whom
the
feareful
mother
had
left
with
the
wolfe
,
when
he
came
in
he
found
al
wel
,
for
the
wolfe
was
in
worse
case
,
astonished
,
amazed
,
daunted
,
and
standing
like
a
stocke
without
sence
,
not
able
to
run
awaie
,
but
as
it
were
offering
himselfe
to
be
destroied
:
And
this
is
the
first
history
.
The
second
is
like
vnto
this
,
but
more
admirable
,
for
the
great
Vnckle
of
Goblerus
being
marueilously
addicted
to
the
hunting
of
wilde
beasts
,
had
in
his
lande
diuers
ditches
and
trenches
cast
vp
with
other
pittes
and
caues
wrought
verie
artificiallie
for
the
safe
keeping
of
such
beasts
as
should
fal
into
them
.
Now
it
hapned
that
vpon
one
Sabboth
daie
at
night
there
fel
into
one
of
those
pits
three
creatures
of
diuers
disposition
,
and
aduerse
inclination
,
none
of
them
being
able
to
get
out
thereof
:
the
first
was
a
Neighbors
wife
of
his
,
a
poore
woman
,
which
going
to
the
field
to
gather
Beets
and
rapes
for
hir
meate
the
day
following
,
it
fortuned
that
she
fel
downe
by
a
mischance
into
the
said
pitte
,
wherein
she
was
faine
to
lodge
al
night
(
you
must
thinke
with
great
anguish
,
sorrow
,
and
perillous
daunger
to
hir self
)
beside
that
which
hir
husband
and
family
conceiued
at
home
,
but
she
had
not
tarried
long
in
the
said
pitte
ere
a
Fox
was
likewise
taken
and
fel
downe
vpon
her
,
now
began
her
griefe
to
be
encreased
,
fearing
least
the
wilde
beast
should
bite
and
wound
her
,
hauing
no
meanes
to
escape
from
him
,
nor
no
man
to
helpe
and
rescue
her
,
although
she
cryed
as
loud
as
euer
she
could
;
wherewithall
being
wearied
,
necessity
made
hir
to
be
patient
,
being
a
little
comforted
to
see
the
Foxe
as
much
affraid
of
her
,
as
she
was
of
him
,
and
yet
she
thought
the
night
ful
long
,
wishing
for
the
breake
of
the
day
,
when
men
stir
abroad
to
their
labors
,
hoping
that
some
or
other
would
hear
hir
mone
,
and
deliuer
her
from
the
society
of
such
a
Chamber
fellow
:
while
thus
she
thoght
,
striuing
betwixt
hope
,
feare
,
and
griefe
,
loe
what
befell
her
more
wofully
then
before
,
for
suddenly
a
wolfe
was
taken
and
fell
downe
vpon
her
,
then
she
lost
her
hope
,
and
in
lamentable
maner
thinking
of
husband
and
children
,
how
little
they
conceiued
of
her
extremity
,
resolued
to
to
forsake
the
world
,
and
commended
her
soule
to
God
,
making
no
other
reckoning
but
that
her
distressed
leane
lims
should
now
be
a
supper
and
breakefast
to
the
Wolfe
,
wishing
that
she
might
but
see
her
husbande
,
and
kisse
her
children
before
shee
lost
her
life
by
that
sauage
execution
;
but
all
her
wishes
could
not
preuaile
,
nor
cleare
her
hart
from
fear
and
expectation
of
an
vnauoidable
death
:
while
thus
she
mused
,
she
saw
the
wolfe
lie
down
,
she
sitting
in
the
one
corner
,
and
the
Fox
resting
in
another
,
and
the
wolf
apaled
as
much
as
either
of
boeth
,
so
the
woman
had
no
harme
but
an
ill
nightes
lodging
,
with
the
feare
whereof
she
was
almost
out
of
her
wits
.
Earely
in
the
morning
came
his
great
vnckle
the
hunter
to
looke
vpon
his
trenches
and
pits
what
was
taken
,
and
comming
vnto
that
pitte
,
he
found
,
a
trebble
prey
;
a
Woman
,
a
Wolfe
,
and
a
Fox
,
whereat
he
was
greatly
amazed
and
stepped
a
litle
backward
at
the
first
sight
the
woman
seeing
him
cryed
out
,
calling
him
by
his
name
,
and
praying
his
aide
:
he
knowing
her
by
her
voice
,
presently
leaped
downe
into
the
pit
;
(
for
he
was
a
valiant
man
)
and
with
his
weapon
first
slue
the
wolfe
,
and
then
the
Foxe
,
and
so
deliuered
the
woman
from
the
feare
of
them
,
yet
there
was
forced
to
leaue
her
till
he
went
and
fetched
a
ladder
,
for
she
was
notable
to
come
foorth
as
he
was
;
then
hauing
brought
the
ladder
,
he
went
down
againe
into
the
pit
,
and
brought
her
forth
vppon
his
shoulders
,
in
that
manner
deliuering
her
safe
to
her
husband
and
family
.
Now
these
two
stories
doe
plainely
set
forth
,
that
a
Wolfe
dareth
doe
nothing
when
hee
is
in
feare
himselfe
.
Of
tamed
Wolues
.
It
hath
beene
a
question
whether
Wolues
can
be
tamed
or
no
,
some
say
that
they
are
alwaies
wilde
and
can
neuer
be
tamed
.
Albertus
writeth
,
that
being
taken
whelpes
,
they
are
tamed
and
wil
play
like
Dogges
,
yet
he
saith
,
they
neuer
forget
their
hatered
against
the
hunter
and
the
desire
of
Lambes
or
other
beastes
which
are
deuoured
by
Wolues
,
whensoeuer
he
goeth
abroad
.
And
Stumpsius
writeth
,
that
euen
when
they
are
tamed
they
are
angry
with
their
maisters
that
looke
vpon
them
while
they
eat
their
meat
.
Strabo
writeth
a
fable
of
two
woods
among
the
auncient
Veneti
,
one
of
them
dedicated
to
Iuno
,
and
the
other
to
Diana
,
and
he
woulde
make
the
worlde
beleeue
,
that
therein
the
Wolues
liued
peaceably
and
gently
with
the
Hartes
,
and
did
come
to
the
handes
of
men
like
familiar
and
tame
Dogges
,
suffering
themselues
to
be
stroked
with
their
hands
.
Aelianus
and
Stephanus
doe
say
,
that
neare
the
plaine
of
Meotis
,
there
are
Wolues
which
liue
like
tame
Dogges
with
men
,
being
continually
conuersant
amonge
the
Fisher-men
,
and
these
Wolues
do
part
stakes
and
deuide
their
prey
with
the
inhabitants
dwelling
vpon
the
Sea-shores
,
and
there
is
such
a
mutuall
charitye
and
commons
obserued
betwixt
them
and
the
men
,
for
sometimes
the
wolues
take
fishes
when
the
men
take
none
,
and
then
they
part
with
the
wolfe
,
sometimes
the
men
take
fishes
when
the
wolues
haue
none
,
and
thus
they
liue
together
in
quiet
maner
like
confederats
,
each
one
releeuing
and
helping
other
;
but
if
the
men
at
any
time
break
with
the
wolus
,
and
do
not
giue
them
a
share
,
they
recompence
their
ingratitude
and
falsehood
with
tearing
in
pieces
their
nets
:
which
thing
if
it
be
true
,
is
a
singular
example
of
that
rare
concord
and
agreement
which
was
primitiuely
ordained
by
God
to
be
betwixt
man
and
beast
;
Some
say
these
kind
of
wolues
bee
Otters
,
hut
I
rather
beleeue
that
they
be
Sea-wolues
,
of
whome
wee
shal
talke
presently
.
There
be
many
magical
inuentions
about
the
parts
of
wolues
,
namely
,
their
heades
,
teeth
,
eares
,
tails
&
priuy
parts
,
which
I
wil
not
stand
to
recite
in
this
place
,
because
I
cannot
tel
what
benefit
shal
come
to
the
knowledge
of
them
by
the
English
Reader
.
Wolues
are
subiect
to
the
same
diseases
that
dogs
are
,
especially
the
swellings
of
the
throat
,
madnesse
,
and
the
gout
:
when
they
are
sicke
they
eat
of
an
hearb
which
make
them
cast
,
some
say
it
is
ground
Iuy
,
some
say
it
is
grasse
,
and
some
otherwise
,
of
this
they
eate
when
they
haue
a
paine
in
their
bellyes
,
and
not
otherwise
.
Albertus
.
The
reason
why
Dogs
and
Wolues
are
more
subiect
to
madnesse
then
any
other
Beast
,
is
because
their
bodies
are
chollerick
,
and
their
braines
encrease
and
decrease
with
the
Moone
.
If
a
man
be
bitten
by
a
madde
Wolfe
,
he
is
to
be
cured
by
the
same
medicines
that
are
applyed
to
the
bitings
of
a
mad
Dogge
.
They
liue
very
long
,
euen
vntill
they
loose
their
teeth
,
therefore
in
their
old
age
oppressed
with
famin
they
fly
vnto
citties
and
houses
to
seeke
meat
.
They
haue
no
friends
but
the
Parrots
.
A
Wolfe
was
once
the
part
of
the
armes
of
Rome
,
The
wolfe
hath
no
friend
but
the
Parrot
.
and
the
iudgment
seat
at
Athens
had
in
it
the
picture
of
a
Wolfe
.
There
were
ancient
coines
of
mony
stamped
with
the
image
of
a
wolfe
,
both
among
the
Graecians
,
and
among
the
Romans
,
which
were
therefore
deuised
,
because
Romulus
and
Remus
were
said
to
be
nursed
by
a
wolfe
:
with
the
skins
of
wolues
after
they
were
dressed
by
Curriers
,
we
do
read
that
there
were
garmentes
made
,
where
withall
great
princes
and
Noble
men
were
cloathed
,
the
bare
being
inward
next
to
their
bodies
,
and
the
rough
being
outward
,
these
were
vsed
in
iournies
and
huntings
,
and
they
were
the
proper
garment
of
the
gaurds
of
Tyrants
:
And
this
shall
suffice
of
the
vulgar
wolfe
.
OF
THE
SEA-WOLFE
.
ALthough
nothing
hath
hitherto
beene
brought
to
light
,
concerning
the
sea-wolfe
of
the
ancient
writers
that
I
know
,
yet
his
form
is
notable
to
be
obserued
and
you
may
chuse
whether
you
wil
cal
him
a
Theefe
or
a
Sea-monster
,
much
differing
from
the
wolfe-fish
,
as
that
he
seemeth
to
challenge
a
particular
description
or
treatise
.
It
is
also
a
Foure-footed
.
Beast
that
liueth
both
on
sea
&
land
,
satisfiing
his
hunger
on
the
most
part
vpon
fishes
:
It
hath
bin
seene
vpon
the
Brittaine
Ocean
shoare
,
and
it
doth
resemble
the
wolfe
that
liueth
on
the
land
,
that
it
is
not
vndeseruedly
called
among
the
common
people
a
wolfe
.
It
doth
liue
also
a
long
time
being
tamed
,
it
hath
a
dangerous
head
,
&
very
many
haires
growing
on
both
sides
of
his
eies
to
shaddow
them
,
his
Nosthrils
and
teeth
are
like
vnto
a
dogs
,
and
strong
haires
growing
about
his
mouth
:
also
smal
bristles
growing
vpright
vpon
his
back
:
and
adorned
and
marked
on
euery
side
with
black
distinct
spots
,
a
long
taile
,
Bellonius
.
thick
and
hairy
,
al
the
other
parts
being
like
to
a
wolues
,
as
you
may
easily
see
by
this
expressed
picture
:
and
vnto
this
belongeth
the
story
of
the
Wolues
last
before
expressed
which
liue
vpon
fishes
,
and
deuide
them
familiarly
with
men
.
OF
THE
THOES
.
THere
are
two
kinds
of
Thoes
,
as
there
are
of
Panthers
,
differing
onely
in
magnitude
or
greatnesse
.
But
the
lesser
Thoes
is
like
vnto
the
lesser
Panther
,
Pliny
a
Licopanther
,
and
the
Lupus
canarius
engendered
betwixt
a
Wolfe
and
a
Dogge
,
are
all
one
Foure
footed
beast
.
The
Thoes
also
are
a
kind
of
Wolfe
.
And
:
Bellu
:
And
againe
,
there
is
a
kind
of
Wolfe
which
Aristotle
doth
call
Chabez
,
but
Auicen
doeth
write
,
that
it
ought
to
be
called
Beruet
,
in
the
Persian
tongue
.
And
againe
in
another
place
,
where
he
doth
write
,
that
the
Lion
and
the
Thoes
are
vtter
enemies
,
and
Albertus
doth
translate
it
,
that
a
Wolfe
doth
fight
with
the
Foure-footed-Beast
Toboz
,
which
is
a
corrupted
word
,
Toboz
for
Thoes
,
as
Cabez
for
Thohoz
,
and
this
some
men
think
it
to
be
the
Lynx
.
Thoes
is
called
in
Haebrew
Tahas
,
Alshali
is
a
Foure-footed-Beast
like
to
a
Wolfe
.
Adeditach
is
also
a
kinde
of
Wolfe
,
but
I
doe
not
know
whether
these
names
belong
onely
to
the
Thoes
,
or
to
any
other
kind
of
Wolfe
.
Solinus
doth
call
Thoas
Aethiopian
Wolues
,
and
a
little
before
he
sayd
that
Lycaon
was
an
Aethiopian
wolfe
,
mained
on
the
Necke
,
and
so
diuers
coloured
that
a
man
would
thinke
there
were
no
colours
wanting
in
them
.
The
people
of
Schythia
likewise
say
,
that
the
Buff
doth
change
his
colours
,
neither
is
there
any
other
beast
couered
with
haire
,
except
the
Lycaon
among
the
Indians
,
(
as
Pliny
also
writeth
)
and
besides
this
there
is
no
mention
made
of
the
Lycaon
among
all
the
ancient
writers
.
Lycaons
are
called
Dogs
,
in
the
story
of
the
diuersities
of
Dogges
.
The
lesser
kind
of
Thoes
are
the
best
,
for
some
make
two
kinde
of
Thoes
,
and
some
three
,
and
these
like
Birds
,
and
other
Foure-footed-beastes
,
change
their
colour
,
both
in
Winter
and
Summer
,
so
that
sometime
they
appeare
bare
,
and
againe
at
other
times
rough
all
ouer
,
that
is
,
bare
in
the
Summer
,
and
rough
in
the
Winter
,
but
it
doth
plainely
seeme
that
there
is
no
more
kind
of
Thoes
but
one
,
which
the
things
that
come
after
doth
proue
and
make
manifest
.
Nearchus
saith
,
that
those
Tygers
are
not
true
Tygers
,
which
are
commonly
called
Tigers
,
but
changable
Thoes
(
as
if
that
euery
Thoes
were
not
changable
)
and
greater
then
the
other
Thoes
.
Arrian
They
haue
no
reason
which
take
the
Lupus
ceruarius
for
a
Thoes
,
which
wee
haue
already
shewed
to
be
a
Lynx
,
for
the
Rhaecians
which
speak
Italian
,
and
the
Sauoyans
do
to
this
day
call
him
Ceruario
,
and
for
the
Armenian
Wolfe
the
Cicatus
,
and
the
Lupus
canarius
we
haue
already
shewed
,
that
it
is
a
Panther
,
and
therefore
it
is
needlesse
to
stand
any
longer
vppon
those
names
in
this
place
.
Wee
will
therefore
take
it
for
confessed
,
that
the
Thoes
is
a
Beast
engendered
betwixt
a
Wolfe
and
a
Foxe
,
whereof
some
are
greater
and
some
smaller
,
and
these
are
found
about
the
Mountaine
Pangeus
,
Cittus
,
Olympus
,
Myssius
,
Pindus
,
and
Nisa
,
beyound
Syria
,
resembling
for
the
most
part
a
Hyaena
,
hauing
a
longer
body
,
and
a
straighter
taile
then
a
Wolfe
,
and
although
it
bee
not
so
high
of
stature
,
yet
it
is
as
nimble
and
as
strong
as
is
the
Wolfe
,
and
it
seemeth
that
the
very
name
Thoes
is
taken
from
the
celerity
and
swiftnesse
in
running
and
leaping
,
for
it
getteth
his
liuing
by
the
quicknesse
of
his
feet
.
In
the
outward
face
it
much
resembleth
a
Wolfe
his
Father
,
but
in
the
spots
and
length
of
his
body
it
resembleth
a
Panther
his
mother
;
they
couple
in
generation
like
dogs
,
bringing
forth
two
or
foure
at
a
time
like
wolues
,
which
are
blinde
,
and
their
feet
clouen
into
many
toes
.
They
are
enimies
to
Lyons
,
and
therefore
they
doe
not
liue
in
the
same
place
where
Lyons
are
,
not
onely
because
they
liue
vpon
the
same
victuals
and
food
,
but
also
because
they
are
a
more
pittifull
creature
then
they
,
especially
to
man
,
for
if
they
see
the
face
of
a
man
at
any
time
,
they
run
vnto
him
and
do
him
all
such
reuerence
as
their
brutish
nature
can
demonstrate
.
And
further
Philes
and
Selius
write
,
that
if
they
see
a
man
oppressed
by
any
other
beast
,
they
runne
and
fight
for
him
,
although
it
be
with
the
Lyon
,
not
sparing
to
offer
their
owne
liues
,
and
to
spend
their
dearest
bloud
in
the
defence
of
him
,
who
by
secret
instinct
of
nature
they
vnderstand
to
be
ordained
of
God
,
the
King
and
chiefest
of
all
worldly
creatures
:
therefore
Gratius
calleth
this
kind
,
semiferam
Thoem
de
sanguine
prolem
,
and
of
their
taming
and
fighting
with
Lyons
,
he
speaketh
:
—
Thoes
commissos
leones
Et
subiere
astu
,
et
paruis
domuere
lacertis
.
They
liue
for
the
most
part
vppon
Harts
,
whom
they
take
in
the
swiftnes
of
their
course
,
these
they
bite
and
sucke
their
bloud
,
then
sufferring
them
to
runne
away
to
some
Mountaines
thether
they
followe
them
and
take
them
the
second
time
,
not
destroying
them
all
at
once
,
but
by
distance
of
time
,
whereby
the
harts
bloud
groweth
sweeter
vnto
them
,
and
they
haue
the
better
appetite
thereunto
to
destroy
them
.
The
Licopanthers
,
and
also
the
beast
Pathyon
whereof
Albertus
speaketh
,
I
doe
take
to
be
two
seuerall
distinct
beasts
from
the
Thoes
,
although
the
quantitie
and
stature
agree
,
and
I
see
no
cause
if
there
bee
any
such
beast
in
the
world
,
but
that
wee
may
truly
say
they
are
a
lesser
kind
of
Panthers
:
And
this
shall
suffice
to
haue
said
of
these
beasts
,
which
are
deemed
to
bee
of
the
kind
of
Wolues
,
wherein
we
haue
endeuored
to
say
so
much
of
the
generall
and
especiall
as
wee
coulde
collecte
out
of
any
good
Authors
;
and
thus
wee
wyll
shut
vp
the
Storie
of
the
Woulfe
with
a
short
rememberance
of
his
medicinall
vertues
.
The
Midicines
of
a
Woulfe
.
A
Woulfe
being
sodden
aliue
vntill
the
bones
doe
only
remaine
,
is
very
much
commended
for
the
paines
of
the
goute
,
or
a
liue
Woulfe
steeped
in
oile
and
couered
with
waxe
,
is
also
good
for
the
same
disease
.
The
skinne
of
a
woulfe
being
tasted
of
those
which
are
bit
of
a
mad
or
rauenous
dog
,
doth
preserue
them
from
the
feare
or
hazard
of
falling
into
water
.
The
skinne
of
a
woulfe
is
very
profitable
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
wind
collicke
,
if
it
be
bound
fast
about
the
belley
:
and
also
if
the
person
so
affected
doeth
sit
vppon
the
said
skinne
,
it
will
much
auaile
him
.
If
any
labouring
or
trauailing
man
doth
were
the
skinne
of
a
woulfe
about
his
feete
,
his
shooes
shall
neuer
paine
or
trouble
him
.
The
skinne
of
a
woulfe
being
new
plucked
off
from
him
,
and
especially
when
it
hath
the
naturall
heat
in
it
,
and
so
rowled
about
the
member
where
the
crampe
is
,
is
verie
effectuall
against
it
.
The
bloud
of
a
woulfe
beeing
mixed
with
oyle
,
is
very
profitable
against
the
deafenesse
of
the
eares
.
The
dunge
and
bloud
of
a
woulfe
is
much
commended
,
for
those
that
are
troubled
with
the
collicke
and
stone
.
The
bloud
of
a
Bucke
,
Foxe
,
or
Woulfe
being
warme
,
and
so
taken
in
drinke
,
is
of
much
force
against
the
disease
of
the
stone
.
He
which
doth
eate
the
skinne
of
a
woulfe
well
tempered
and
sodden
,
will
keepe
him
from
all
euill
dreames
,
and
cause
him
to
take
his
rest
quietlie
.
The
flesh
of
a
woulfe
being
sodden
,
and
taken
in
meate
,
doth
helpe
those
that
are
lunaticke
.
The
flesh
of
a
woulfe
being
eaten
,
is
good
for
procreation
of
children
.
You
may
read
more
things
in
the
Chapter
going
before
,
concerning
remedies
of
the
flesh
of
a
woulfe
taken
in
meate
.
The
fat
of
a
woulfe
is
no
lesse
efficable
,
then
the
flesh
.
The
fat
of
a
woulfe
doth
very
much
profit
,
being
anointed
vppon
those
whose
ioyntes
are
broken
.
Some
of
the
later
writers
were
wont
to
mingle
the
fat
of
the
woulfe
,
with
other
ointments
for
the
disease
of
the
goute
.
Some
also
doe
mingle
it
with
other
ointments
,
for
the
paulsey
.
It
doth
soften
also
the
Vula
,
being
anointed
thereon
.
The
same
also
being
rubbed
vppon
the
eies
,
is
very
profitable
for
the
bleardnesse
or
bloudshot
of
the
eies
.
Plinie
.
Sextus
.
The
head
also
of
a
woulfe
is
very
good
for
those
that
are
weake
to
sleepe
vppon
,
beeing
layed
vnder
ther
pillowe
.
The
head
of
a
woulfe
being
burned
into
ashes
,
is
a
speciall
remedie
for
the
loosenes
of
teeth
.
The
right
eie
of
a
woulfe
being
salted
,
and
bound
to
the
body
,
doth
driue
away
all
agues
ad
feauers
.
The
eie
of
a
woulfe
being
rubbed
vppon
the
eie
,
doth
diminish
all
diseases
that
rise
in
the
sight
of
the
eie
,
and
it
doth
also
take
away
al
markes
or
prints
being
made
with
hot
irons
.
The
right
eie
of
a
wolfe
also
is
profitable
for
those
that
are
troubled
with
stiches
on
the
right
side
of
the
belly
,
and
the
left
eye
of
a
wolfe
for
pains
on
the
left
side
.
The
right
eie
of
a
wolfe
is
very
good
against
the
bitings
of
dogs
.
Also
the
eye
of
a
wolfe
is
much
commended
for
those
that
are
lunaticke
by
the
bitinges
of
dogges
.
The
teeth
of
a
wolfe
being
rubbed
vpon
the
gums
of
young
infants
,
doth
open
them
,
whereby
the
teeth
may
the
easier
come
forth
.
Slundus
.
Againe
,
the
gums
of
children
are
loosened
with
the
tooth
of
a
Dog
,
being
gently
rubbed
theron
,
but
they
are
sooner
brought
forth
with
the
teeth
of
a
Wolfe
.
Some
men
do
commend
the
tongue
of
a
wolfe
to
bee
eaten
of
those
that
are
troubled
with
the
falling
sicknesse
.
The
artery
which
springeth
in
the
throat
of
a
wolfe
being
taken
in
drink
,
is
a
most
certaine
cure
against
the
Squincy
.
The
throat
of
a
Wolfe
taken
in
drinke
,
is
very
much
commended
for
those
that
are
troubled
with
the
falling
sicknesse
.
The
lungs
or
lights
of
a
Wolfe
being
sodden
and
dryed
,
and
mingled
with
pepper
,
and
so
taken
in
milke
,
is
very
profitable
for
those
that
are
puffed
vp
,
or
swollen
in
the
belly
.
The
heart
of
a
wolfe
being
burned
and
beaten
to
powder
,
and
so
taken
in
drinke
,
doth
help
those
that
are
sicke
of
the
falling
sicknesse
.
Take
one
ounce
of
the
gum
of
an
Oake
,
and
halfe
an
ounce
of
the
gum
of
a
peare
tree
,
and
two
drams
of
the
powder
made
of
the
top
of
a
Harts
horne
,
and
one
dram
of
the
hart
of
a
wolfe
,
al
which
being
mingled
togither
,
and
made
into
medicine
,
is
alwaies
vsed
for
the
cure
of
al
vlcers
:
but
it
wil
be
more
effectual
if
thou
dost
adde
thereto
the
hinder
part
of
the
skull
of
a
man
beaten
to
powder
.
The
Lyuer
of
a
wolfe
is
of
no
lesse
vertue
then
the
lungs
or
lights
,
which
I
haue
manifested
in
the
medicines
of
the
Foxe
.
The
liuer
of
a
Wolfe
helpeth
or
profiteth
those
that
are
sick
of
the
falling
sicknesse
.
The
liuer
of
a
wolfe
being
washed
in
the
best
white
,
and
so
taken
,
is
very
good
for
those
diseases
that
arise
in
the
liuer
.
The
liuer
of
a
wolfe
mixed
in
the
medicine
made
of
Liuerwort
,
is
very
much
commended
for
the
diseases
in
the
liuer
.
Galen
also
doth
say
,
that
he
hath
holpen
those
which
haue
bin
diseased
in
the
liuer
,
only
vsing
the
medicine
made
of
Liuerwort
,
and
he
saith
if
he
did
apply
any
other
medicine
thereto
,
it
did
little
or
nothing
at
all
profit
him
.
The
Lyuer
of
a
Wolfe
is
very
profitable
for
those
that
are
troubled
with
the
skurfe
in
the
mouth
.
The
Lyuer
or
laps
of
a
wolfe
is
much
vsed
for
those
that
are
troubled
with
diseases
in
the
liuer
,
but
you
must
dry
it
and
afterwards
beat
it
to
powder
,
and
so
giue
the
party
so
affected
one
dramme
of
it
in
sweet
wine
.
The
liuer
laps
of
a
Wolfe
saith
Marcellus
,
being
dryed
and
beaten
to
powder
,
and
a
little
part
of
it
mingled
in
like
portions
with
the
powder
made
of
Fene
greeke
,
of
Lupines
,
Wormewood
,
and
of
the
Hearbe
called
Herba
mariae
,
and
so
mingled
that
it
may
be
about
the
quantity
of
a
cup
full
,
and
so
giuen
him
that
day
which
hee
is
not
troubled
with
the
feauer
,
but
if
he
shall
be
troubled
with
it
,
let
him
take
it
in
water
for
the
space
of
three
dayes
,
and
after
hee
hath
drunke
it
,
let
him
lie
for
the
space
of
halfe
an
houre
with
his
armes
spread
abroad
:
and
afterwardes
let
him
walk
very
often
,
but
eate
very
sildome
,
and
let
him
be
sure
he
keepe
himselfe
for
the
spact
of
those
three
daies
well
ordered
,
and
from
drinking
any
cold
drinke
,
or
eating
any
salor
sweet
thing
,
and
within
a
little
space
after
he
shall
bee
freed
from
that
disease
.
The
liuer
laps
of
a
Wolfe
being
wrapped
in
bay
leaues
,
and
so
set
to
dry
at
the
Sunne
or
at
the
fire
,
and
being
dryed
beate
it
to
powder
in
a
Morter
,
first
taking
away
the
leaues
very
warily
,
which
being
powdered
,
you
must
keepe
it
in
a
cleane
vessell
,
and
when
you
giue
it
him
to
drinke
,
you
must
adde
thereto
,
two
leaues
of
Spoonewort
,
with
tenne
graines
of
pepper
beaten
very
small
,
and
as
much
clarified
Hony
as
is
needfull
,
and
also
made
hot
with
a
hot
burning
Iron
,
and
mingled
very
diligently
in
a
Morter
,
which
being
so
warmed
,
you
must
giue
him
to
drinke
sitting
right
vp
in
his
bed
,
that
after
he
hath
taken
the
potion
,
he
may
lye
downe
on
his
right
side
for
the
space
of
an
houre
,
Auicen
.
drawing
his
knees
together
,
and
after
that
hee
hath
done
so
,
let
him
walke
vp
and
downe
for
the
space
of
an
houre
,
and
this
will
likewise
cure
him
of
the
same
disease
.
Auicen
doth
set
downe
a
medicine
concerning
the
cure
of
the
hardnesse
of
the
Liuer
,
which
is
,
take
Opium
,
Henbane
,
Oyle
made
of
Beauers
stones
,
Myrrhe
,
Saffron
,
Spicknard
,
Agrimony
,
the
Lyuer
of
a
Wolfe
,
and
the
right
Horne
of
a
Goat
burned
,
Dioscorides
of
each
equall
partes
,
and
make
thereof
a
Medicine
.
The
Lyuer
of
a
Wolfe
being
made
in
the
forme
of
a
dry
electuary
,
and
giuen
as
a
lozeng
,
doth
also
very
much
profit
against
the
diseases
of
the
liuer
.
Gugir
a
Phylosopher
doth
affirme
,
Galen
Pliny
that
the
Lyuer
of
all
liuing
Beastes
doth
very
much
profit
against
all
paines
of
the
Lyuer
.
The
Liuer
of
a
Wolfe
being
througly
dryed
and
drunke
in
sweete
Wine
,
doth
mitigate
all
griefes
or
paines
of
the
Lyuer
.
The
Liuer
of
the
same
beast
to
the
quantity
of
a
penny
,
taken
in
a
pinte
of
sweete
Wine
,
is
very
medicinable
for
the
curing
of
all
paines
in
the
Liuer
whatsoeuer
.
The
Liuer
of
a
Wolfe
being
taken
in
hot
Wine
,
doth
perfectly
cure
the
cough
.
If
an
intollerable
Cough
doth
vex
any
man
,
let
him
take
of
the
liuer
of
a
wolfe
,
either
dried
or
burnt
,
as
much
as
he
shall
thinke
conuenient
,
and
therewith
let
him
mingle
Wine
,
Honny
,
and
warme
water
,
and
afterward
drinke
the
same
fasting
euery
day
,
to
the
quantity
of
foure
spoonefuls
,
and
hee
shall
in
short
space
be
cured
of
the
same
.
The
laps
or
fillets
of
a
Wolues
Liuer
,
being
applyed
vnto
the
side
,
doth
perfectly
heale
any
sticth
or
pricking
ach
therein
.
The
Liuer
of
a
Wolfe
being
taken
in
sweete
Wine
,
doth
heale
those
which
are
troubled
with
a
ptisicke
.
The
Lyuer
of
a
Wolfe
being
first
boyled
in
Water
,
afterwardes
dryed
,
beaten
and
mingled
with
some
certaine
potion
,
doth
instantly
heale
the
griefe
and
inflammation
of
the
stomacke
.
The
powder
of
a
Wolues
Lyuer
mingled
with
white
Wine
,
and
drunke
in
the
morning
for
some
certaine
daies
together
,
doth
cure
the
Dropsie
.
The
Liuer
of
a
Wolfe
taken
either
in
meat
or
drinke
,
doth
asswage
the
paines
of
the
secret
parts
.
Two
spoonefuls
of
the
powder
of
a
Wolues
Lyuer
,
being
giuen
in
drinke
,
doeth
cure
all
paines
or
sores
of
the
mouth
.
The
Gall
of
a
Wolfe
being
bound
vnto
the
Nauell
of
any
man
,
doeth
loosen
the
belly
.
The
Gall
of
a
Wolfe
taken
in
wine
,
doth
heale
all
paines
in
the
fundament
.
The
entrals
of
a
Wolfe
being
washed
in
the
best
white
Wine
,
blowen
vpon
,
dryed
in
an
Ouen
,
Syluius
Albertus
pounded
into
dust
,
afterwardes
rowled
in
Wormewood
,
is
a
good
and
effectuall
remedy
against
the
Collicke
and
stone
.
If
some
part
of
the
yard
of
a
Wolfe
being
baked
in
an
Ouen
,
be
eaten
by
any
,
either
Man
or
Woman
,
it
instantly
stirreth
them
vp
to
lust
.
Concerning
the
genitall
of
a
Wolfe
I
haue
spoken
before
in
the
Medicines
of
the
Foxe
:
but
antiquity
,
as
Pliny
saith
,
doth
teach
that
the
genitall
of
Beasts
which
are
bony
,
as
wolues
,
Foxes
,
Ferrets
,
and
Weasels
,
are
brought
to
an
especiall
remedye
for
many
diseases
.
Rasis
If
any
man
take
the
right
stone
of
a
Wolfe
being
bloody
,
steepe
it
in
Oyle
,
and
giue
it
vnto
any
woman
to
apply
it
vnto
their
secret
partes
,
being
wrapped
in
Wooll
,
it
instantly
causeth
her
to
forsake
all
carnall
copulation
,
yea
although
she
bee
a
common
Strumpet
.
The
same
being
taken
in
some
certaine
perfume
,
Marcellus
doth
help
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
foule
euill
.
The
eyes
being
annointed
with
the
excrementes
of
a
wolfe
,
are
instantly
freed
from
all
couers
or
spreadi●g
skinne
therein
.
The
powder
of
the
same
wolf
being
mingled
with
the
sweetest
Hony
as
can
possible
be
had
,
and
in
the
like
manner
rubbed
or
spread
vpon
the
eyes
,
doth
expell
all
dazeling
from
them
.
The
fime
of
a
Wolfe
long
rubbed
,
vntill
it
be
very
light
,
being
mingled
with
Honny
,
by
the
vnction
thereof
,
Galenus
causeth
the
filth
or
scurfe
growing
about
the
eyes
to
auoyd
away
,
and
restoreth
them
to
an
exceeding
clearnesse
.
The
powder
of
a
Wolues
head
being
rubbed
vpon
the
teeth
,
doth
make
fast
and
confirme
the
loosenesse
thereof
,
and
it
is
most
certaine
that
in
the
excrementes
of
the
same
Beastes
,
there
are
certaine
bones
found
,
which
being
bound
vnto
the
teeth
,
haue
the
same
force
and
efficacy
.
The
dung
of
a
Wolfe
or
Dogge
being
beaten
into
small
powder
,
mingled
with
Hony
and
annointed
vpon
the
throate
,
doth
cure
the
Quinsie
or
Squirisie
,
as
also
al
other
sores
in
the
throat
whatsoeuer
.
The
fime
of
a
Wolfe
being
giuen
to
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
Collicke
to
drinke
,
doth
easily
cure
them
,
but
this
dung
is
more
effectuall
if
it
haue
neuer
touched
ground
,
which
is
very
hard
to
come
by
,
but
it
is
found
by
this
means
.
The
nature
of
the
wolfe
both
in
making
his
water
,
as
also
in
voyding
his
excrements
is
like
vnto
a
Dogs
,
for
while
he
voydeth
his
Water
he
holdeth
vp
his
hinder
Leg
,
and
voydeth
his
excrementes
in
some
high
or
steepy
place
far
from
the
earth
,
by
which
meanes
it
falleth
downe
vpon
bushes
,
thornes
,
fruites
,
Elder-trees
,
or
some
other
Hearbes
growing
in
those
places
,
by
which
meanes
it
is
found
neuer
touching
the
earth
.
There
is
furthermore
found
in
the
fime
of
Wolues
certaine
bones
of
Beasts
which
they
haue
deuoured
,
which
for
as
much
as
they
could
not
bee
grinded
or
chawed
,
so
also
can
they
not
be
concocted
,
which
being
beaten
and
bruised
small
,
are
by
some
commended
to
be
excellent
giuen
in
drinke
for
the
ease
of
the
Collicke
,
but
if
the
grieued
party
shall
be
some
fine
or
delicate
person
which
cannot
endure
so
grosse
a
Medicine
,
then
mingle
it
with
Salt
,
Pepper
,
or
some
such
like
thing
,
but
it
is
most
often
giuen
in
sweet
wine
,
so
there
be
but
a
smal
quantity
thereof
drunke
at
one
time
.
But
this
dung
which
the
Graecians
cal
Lagonas
,
and
is
to
be
applyed
to
the
groin
of
the
diseased
person
,
ought
to
bee
hanged
in
a
band
made
of
wooll
,
but
not
of
any
wooll
:
But
it
would
be
more
effectuall
if
it
were
made
of
the
Wool
of
that
Sheepe
which
was
slaine
by
a
Wolfe
.
But
if
the
same
cannot
be
got
,
then
is
it
fit
that
there
be
two
bands
,
one
which
may
be
bound
about
the
groine
,
and
another
which
may
bee
bound
vppon
the
dung
to
keepe
it
from
falling
.
There
are
also
some
which
cast
a
small
quantity
of
the
same
dung
to
the
bignesse
of
a
Beane
in
a
little
pot
,
fastening
the
same
to
any
one
which
is
troubled
with
the
saide
disease
,
and
it
healeth
them
(
which
in
a
manner
seemeth
incredible
)
in
very
short
time
.
The
dung
of
a
Wolfe
boyled
in
small
white
Wine
,
and
afterwardes
taken
in
drinke
,
is
very
profitable
for
those
which
are
troubled
with
the
collick
:
and
it
is
also
reported
that
if
the
same
dung
be
couered
with
the
skin
of
the
same
Beast
and
hung
vpon
the
thigh
of
any
one
which
hath
the
collick
being
bound
with
a
thread
made
of
the
wool
of
a
sheep
slaine
by
a
wolfe
,
it
will
instantly
cure
the
said
disease
.
The
fime
of
a
Wolfe
,
so
that
it
be
not
found
vppon
the
earth
,
but
vppon
some
trees
,
Brambles
or
Bul-rushes
being
kept
,
and
when
there
shall
bee
neede
bound
vnto
the
arme
of
him
that
shall
be
troubled
with
the
Collick
,
or
to
his
Necke
being
included
in
a
bone
,
or
in
Copper
,
and
hung
with
the
thread
wherewith
silke-women
weaue
,
doth
wonderfully
and
most
speedily
cure
him
,
so
there
be
great
care
had
,
that
in
the
meane
time
there
be
a
little
of
the
same
dung
giuen
to
the
grieued
party
to
drinke
,
not
knowing
what
it
is
.
The
dung
of
a
Wolfe
being
taken
,
and
the
bones
therein
beaten
into
powder
,
mingle
therewith
cold
water
,
giuing
it
to
any
one
to
drinke
which
is
troubled
with
the
stone
,
and
it
will
instantly
cure
him
.
The
Dung
of
a
Wolfe
beaten
into
the
smallest
powder
then
strained
and
giuen
vnto
any
in
his
fit
which
is
troubled
therewith
to
the
quantity
of
halfe
a
spoonefull
in
hot
water
,
is
a
very
effectuall
,
and
approued
cure
for
the
stone
.
The
bones
which
are
found
in
Wolues
,
being
bound
vnto
the
arme
of
any
one
which
is
troubled
with
the
Collike
,
hauing
neuer
touched
the
ground
do
with
great
speed
and
celerity
cure
him
.
The
pasterne
bone
of
a
Hare
found
in
the
dung
of
a
Wolfe
,
being
bound
vnto
any
part
of
the
body
of
him
which
is
troubled
with
the
Collicke
,
doth
very
effectually
cure
him
.
The
dung
of
a
Wolfe
with
the
Haires
of
a
white
Asse
,
and
taken
by
any
Woman
in
a
certaine
perfume
,
maketh
her
apt
for
conception
.
The
teeth
of
a
Wolfe
are
vnequall
,
wherefore
their
biting
is
very
dangerous
.
A
rauening
Wolfe
by
his
biting
bringeth
the
same
danger
,
as
a
rauenous
Dogge
,
they
also
are
cured
by
the
same
Medicines
,
as
we
haue
declared
at
large
in
the
story
of
the
Dog
.
The
woundes
which
come
by
the
teeth
or
Nailes
of
a
Wolfe
are
very
dangerous
,
for
the
filth
which
pierceth
through
al
clouts
or
spunges
which
are
laid
vpon
them
:
But
they
are
cured
by
no
other
meanes
then
the
bitinges
of
Dogs
:
Aristotle
writeth
these
things
concerning
the
biting
of
a
Lyon
,
and
not
of
a
wolfe
.
Iohanes
Vitus
the
Hungarian
declared
that
there
were
certaine
men
in
Hungary
bitten
by
a
mad
Wolfe
,
and
that
they
were
as
it
seemed
presently
cured
:
But
before
forty
daies
expired
they
all
dyed
by
a
most
bitter
or
painefull
disease
,
small
pieces
of
flesh
encreasing
through
their
Vrine
in
the
forme
of
Dogges
,
with
an
exceeding
paine
or
torment
.
It
is
also
reported
of
a
certaine
Countrey
man
,
who
when
hee
had
striken
a
Wolfe
with
his
Club
,
and
the
Wolfe
had
so
torne
his
face
with
his
Nailes
,
that
he
pulled
off
the
skinne
,
he
was
in
short
time
healed
that
there
appeared
no
signe
of
any
harme
,
but
in
short
time
after
he
beganne
to
be
sicke
,
and
to
howle
like
vnto
a
Dogge
,
and
so
perished
;
by
which
it
was
coniectured
that
that
Wolfe
was
mad
.
An
Oxe
being
bitten
by
a
mad
Wolfe
or
Dogge
is
cured
by
Garlike
being
beaten
and
rubbed
vppon
the
wound
:
the
Wolfe
himselfe
is
also
healed
of
any
wound
by
old
Salt
flesh
applyed
vnto
the
same
.
Auicenna
.
Two
drammes
of
Gentian
being
drunke
in
Wine
,
is
an
excellent
cure
for
the
bites
of
a
mad
Dogge
and
rauening
Wolues
,
as
also
of
all
beastes
tearing
with
their
teeth
or
Nailes
.
The
bites
of
Wolues
being
marked
in
the
bodies
of
any
Cattell
are
burned
or
seared
with
a
hot
yron
,
least
that
the
biting
bee
assuredly
hurtfull
,
may
draw
vnto
it selfe
corruption
.
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
concerning
the
medicines
of
the
Wolfe
.
OF
THE
ZEBEL
,
commonly
called
a
Sabel
.
AMong
all
the
kindes
of
Weasels
,
Squirrels
,
Wood-Mice
,
wilde-mice
,
or
other
little
Beasts
of
the
world
,
there
is
none
comparable
to
this
Zebeth
,
commonly
called
in
Latin
Zebellus
,
and
Zobela
,
from
whence
the
Germans
call
it
Zobel
,
the
Illirians
and
Pollonians
Sobol
,
and
Soboel
,
the
Italians
Sesi
,
and
Sablines
:
the
skins
hereof
are
cald
Zebellinae
,
and
Zobellinae
,
&
sometimes
Zibellinae
.
It
is
bred
in
Muscouia
,
and
the
Northerne
partes
of
the
Worlde
,
among
the
Lapones
,
but
no
where
more
plentifull
then
in
Tartaria
,
Scythia
,
and
Sarmasia
,
and
it
is
therefore
called
by
some
Mus
Scythicus
,
the
Scythian
Mouse
.
The
French-men
because
of
the
similitude
it
hath
with
a
Martin
,
doe
call
it
by
a
compounded
name
Marteis
Soublineis
.
It
liueth
of
the
most
part
in
the
Woodes
,
being
lesser
then
a
Martin
euery
way
,
and
hath
also
shorter
Legges
:
they
runne
vppe
and
downe
vpon
trees
like
Squirrels
,
easily
fastening
their
clawes
in
the
boughes
;
when
they
leape
their
taile
serueth
instead
of
a
Crosse
beame
to
direct
them
:
They
bite
most
ireful
,
for
their
teeth
are
as
sharp
a
Razors
,
and
there
is
no
beast
in
the
World
of
their
quantity
so
angry
and
terrible
as
they
:
their
flesh
is
vnprofitable
and
good
for
nothing
.
The
onely
price
and
estimation
of
this
beast
is
for
the
skinne
,
which
farre
excelleth
all
the
skinnes
of
the
World
,
either
Ermins
,
Martins
,
or
Foines
,
differing
herein
from
the
Martins
,
because
their
haire
is
thinner
,
and
if
you
stroke
them
from
the
head
to
the
taile
,
or
on
the
contrary
from
the
taile
to
the
head
,
they
do
lie
euery
way
smooth
,
whereas
the
Martins
do
only
fall
smooth
from
the
head
to
the
taile
.
These
are
more
subiect
to
Wormes
then
other
skinnes
,
except
they
bee
continually
worne
,
or
layd
vp
with
bunches
of
Wormewood
,
but
aboue
all
other
thinges
the
laying
of
them
open
one
day
together
in
the
Sunne
or
aire
,
doth
him
more
harme
then
a
whole
yeares
wearing
,
for
the
beast
it selfe
liueth
euermore
in
shadowy
places
,
forbearing
the
sun
except
she
be
hunted
,
and
ketcheth
small
birds
in
secret
.
In
the
furthest
part
of
Littuania
they
haue
little
or
no
Mony
,
and
therfore
the
Marchants
which
traffick
thether
do
exchange
their
wares
for
Zebel
or
Sabel
skins
;
Those
are
the
best
which
haue
most
white
and
yellow
haires
mingled
in
them
,
and
the
Garmentes
of
princes
are
onely
fringed
and
lined
with
these
Sabel
skinnes
,
and
honorable
matrons
,
auncient
Noble
Men
and
their
Wiues
doe
likewise
vse
two
or
three
of
these
to
weare
about
their
Neckes
,
for
it
is
certaine
that
a
garment
of
these
skinnes
is
much
deerer
then
cloth
of
Gold
,
and
I
haue
heard
and
also
read
,
that
there
haue
beene
two
thousand
duckets
payed
for
so
many
as
were
put
in
one
cloake
.
It
is
a
very
libidinous
and
lustfull
beast
,
and
at
that
time
stincketh
very
rankefully
,
wherefore
it
mingleth
it selfe
with
Martins
of
all
sortes
that
it
meeteth
:
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
to
haue
discoursed
of
this
little
beast
.
Now
there
are
diuers
other
which
seem
to
be
of
this
kind
,
of
which
,
though
I
haue
not
much
to
say
,
yet
rather
then
they
should
be
omitted
,
I
will
expresse
their
bare
names
,
that
so
I
may
giue
occasion
to
all
our
Country-men
that
shall
trauaile
into
other
Nations
,
to
make
enquiery
after
them
,
that
so
at
their
returne
if
they
haue
any
conscience
of
publique
good
,
they
may
get
themselues
eternall
fame
and
names
,
by
communicating
publikely
their
owne
knowledge
,
experience
,
and
learning
,
which
they
haue
gained
in
these
,
or
other
Foure-footed-beasts
.
Of
the
Noertzs
THis
Beast
is
of
the
quantity
of
a
Weasell
,
and
by
the
Germans
called
Noerts
,
and
Nerts
,
from
which
word
the
Latines
haue
their
Noerza
,
for
this
Beast
.
It
liueth
(
as
Georgius
Agricola
writeth
)
in
the
Woods
,
betwixt
Sweuia
and
Vistula
,
the
colour
of
the
haires
which
is
short
and
smooth
,
is
for
the
most
part
like
an
Otters
.
Their
skinnes
are
sold
at
Franckford
by
forty
in
a
heape
or
bundle
,
they
are
long
,
and
more
red
then
the
Ferrets
,
euery
bundle
most
commonly
is
sold
for
sixe
and
twenty
Nobles
.
Some
thinke
that
this
is
the
Latax
,
spoken
off
before
,
because
it
getteth
his
liuing
in
the
waters
.
Of
the
Varmel
.
THis
Beast
is
called
by
the
Latins
Vormela
,
by
the
Germans
Wormiein
,
it
is
lesse
then
a
Ferret
,
the
belly
wherof
is
black
,
al
the
residue
of
the
skin
ful
of
white
,
pale
,
red
,
and
yellow
spots
,
which
adorneth
it
in
admirable
manner
,
very
comely
,
and
excellent
to
be
looked
vpon
,
the
taile
not
past
halfe
a
hand
bredth
long
,
the
tip
whereof
is
blacke
,
but
the
haires
of
the
residue
mixed
with
white
and
ashe
colour
together
.
There
is
another
beast
which
for
the
variety
of
the
colours
,
which
are
apparant
in
his
skinne
,
he
is
called
a
Salamander
,
not
that
which
liueth
in
the
fier
,
but
one
like
vnto
it
,
hauing
a
gentle
haire
,
distinguished
all
ouer
into
blacke
and
yellow
spots
,
and
these
because
of
our
ignorance
we
reckon
among
our
outlandish
weasels
.
In
India
there
is
a
little
beast
called
Chiurca
,
hauing
a
very
pretious
skinne
,
and
this
(
as
Cardan
writeth
)
hath
a
bag
vnder
the
belly
,
wherein
it
suffereth
his
young
ones
to
goe
in
and
out
,
as
before
we
haue
said
of
the
Simivulpa
,
or
Foxe-Ape
.
There
is
another
little
Beast
in
Hungaria
,
called
Vncken
,
which
dwelleth
in
holes
of
the
earth
as
Conies
do
,
the
outward
proportion
whereof
is
like
a
weasell
,
but
it
is
much
thinner
and
longer
,
the
colour
of
the
backe
is
red
,
and
all
the
residue
of
the
body
mouse
colour
.
Now
although
I
do
not
read
any
speciall
vse
of
the
skin
of
this
beast
,
yet
I
thought
it
good
to
name
it
in
this
place
,
because
it
is
reported
that
the
breathing
thereof
vppon
the
face
of
man
,
is
venomous
and
poysonfull
,
for
when
Souldiers
sleep
in
their
tents
vpon
the
earth
,
they
come
many
times
and
looke
in
their
faces
and
poyson
them
:
And
thus
much
for
the
Zebel
,
and
the
seuerall
kinds
of
this
little
beast
.
OF
THE
ZIBETH
,
OR
SIVET-CAT
.
The
throat
thereof
was
blacke
,
and
a
little
aboue
the
eye
there
arise
three
blacke
lines
or
strakes
:
whereof
the
first
or
vppermost
descendeth
downe
right
to
the
throate
:
the
second
descendeth
compasse
in
and
out
of
the
middle
of
the
Necke
:
And
the
third
downe
to
the
shoulder
,
and
then
a
little
beneath
that
place
on
the
contrary
,
arise
two
other
blacke
lines
like
circles
ascending
in
the
compasse
of
the
shoulder
to
the
backe
bone
:
and
all
the
residue
of
the
body
is
distinguished
and
parted
into
many
colours
,
hauing
diuers
and
sundry
blacke
spots
scattered
abruptly
through
out
the
whole
circuit
:
whereof
some
are
continued
and
ioyned
together
.
For
that
which
is
vppon
the
backe
is
continued
from
the
shoulder
,
and
the
second
and
third
arising
in
that
part
,
are
broken
and
deuided
,
the
fourth
and
all
the
residue
are
in
like
sort
discontinued
and
separated
one
from
the
other
,
so
that
their
position
runneth
all
in
length
.
The
first
part
of
his
taile
to
the
middle
is
spotted
,
and
all
the
residue
blacke
.
The
haire
both
on
the
face
,
Legges
,
and
feet
,
is
soft
,
and
very
gentle
to
be
handled
,
falling
downe
,
but
in
all
other
parts
of
the
body
,
it
is
harsh
,
deepe
,
and
standing
vpright
:
the
spots
doth
both
ascend
and
descend
,
the
tongue
hereof
was
smooth
and
not
rugged
,
and
vnder
the
taile
was
the
passage
for
the
excrements
after
the
fashion
in
other
Beastes
,
and
a
little
beneath
the
same
was
the
receptacle
or
bag
containing
the
Siuet
,
and
a
little
space
after
that
the
priuy
part
of
the
Male
which
was
hid
or
sheathed
in
the
body
.
The
Beast
being
moued
to
anger
,
vttereth
a
voyce
like
to
the
voyce
of
an
angry
Cat
,
withal
,
doubling
the
letter
RR.
but
being
not
angry
the
voyce
is
like
a
young
Cats
,
although
lower
.
This
Zibet
was
in
length
from
the
head
to
the
taile
,
one
foote
,
three
palmes
,
and
one
Roman
fingers
breadth
,
but
the
breadth
thereof
vnder
the
belly
,
was
one
foot
,
two
palmes
,
and
three
Roman
fingers
.
It
was
a
gentle
and
tractable
Creature
,
and
was
solde
for
eight
pounds
of
English
mony
,
which
was
in
French
twenty
foure
Crowns
,
or
in
Florens
forty
and
eight
.
These
things
are
said
by
Doctour
Cay
.
Now
vnto
this
Gesner
addeth
,
that
he
receiued
such
another
picture
from
one
Iohannes
Kentmannus
,
which
he
tooke
by
another
of
these
Cats
in
the
possession
of
the
Duke
of
Saxony
,
and
hee
said
that
it
was
bought
by
him
for
seuenty
Taters
(
euery
Tater
being
worth
in
our
English
mony
eight
pence
halfe
penny
)
in
the
yeare
of
the
Lord
1545.
This
Beast
is
a
very
cleane
Beast
,
I
meane
a
hater
of
filthinesse
;
and
therefore
the
place
wherein
it
lyeth
must
be
swept
euery
day
,
and
the
vessels
cleane
washed
.
The
Siuet
or
liquor
distilled
out
of
the
Cod
,
must
be
taken
away
euery
second
or
third
day
,
or
else
the
beast
doth
rub
it
forth
of
his
owne
accord
,
vppon
some
post
in
his
kennel
,
if
he
be
tamed
or
inclosed
.
This
Siuet
is
an
excrement
not
growing
in
the
secret
part
onely
,
but
in
a
peculiar
receptacle
by
it selfe
,
increasing
euery
day
the
waight
of
a
groat
.
The
colour
whereof
at
the
beginning
is
like
butter
,
but
afterwardes
it
groweth
more
sad
and
browne
:
one
ounce
of
it
if
it
be
pure
and
not
sophisticated
,
is
sold
for
eight
Crownes
at
the
least
.
There
be
impostours
which
do
adulterate
it
with
an
oxes
gall
,
Styrax
,
and
Honny
.
This
is
of
a
strange
sauour
,
and
preferred
before
Muske
by
many
degrees
,
yet
it
smelleth
worst
if
it
be
held
hard
to
the
Nose
:
It
is
said
that
the
liquor
running
out
,
doth
go
backe
againe
if
any
vessell
be
put
to
receiue
it
,
except
it
be
a
Syluer
Spoone
,
or
Porringer
.
Leo
Afer
saith
,
these
Beastes
are
wilde
,
vntamable
,
and
liue
vppon
flesh
,
but
the
Europaean
Marchants
buy
of
the
young
ones
and
nourish
them
tame
,
with
Branne
,
Milke
,
hard
Egges
,
and
other
things
,
and
that
so
they
conuay
them
into
Europe
out
of
Affrick
,
emptying
their
cods
twice
or
thrice
a
day
in
the
hot
Countries
;
and
that
this
Siuet
is
nothing
else
but
the
sweat
of
the
Beast
vnder
the
ribbes
,
forelegges
,
Necke
,
and
taile
.
There
were
diuers
of
these
Zibets
tamed
among
other
.
It
is
reported
of
a
Consull
of
the
Florentine
Marchants
at
Alexandria
that
had
one
of
these
so
tame
,
that
it
would
play
with
a
man
and
bite
his
Nose
,
eares
,
cheeks
,
or
lips
so
gently
,
that
it
should
not
be
felt
,
the
reason
whereof
was
giuen
,
because
it
was
at
the
first
nourished
with
the
Milke
of
a
Woman
.
Cardinall
Galeottus
had
three
of
these
at
Rome
,
which
he
kept
for
their
Siuet
,
and
Otho
Duke
of
Bauaria
,
had
also
one
which
he
nourished
with
Sugar
.
They
are
bred
in
Aethiopia
and
India
about
the
Citty
Pegus
and
Tarnasari
.
Their
Siuet
is
not
sauory
till
it
bee
washed
and
clensed
.
It
is
said
to
be
very
excellent
against
the
strangulations
of
the
wombe
,
and
it
is
good
against
the
collicke
,
it
hath
also
vertue
to
purge
the
wombes
of
women
,
to
purge
the
braine
,
and
is
applyed
to
many
other
diseases
and
infirmities
.
FINIS
.
An
Epilogue
to
the
Readers
.
THus
haue
I
by
the
merciful
goodnesse
of
the
Lord
arriued
at
the
first
of
the
foure
portes
of
liuing
creatures
,
whereunto
I
haue
purposed
to
saile
by
Gods
permission
,
of
Beasts
,
Birdes
,
Fishes
,
Serpents
,
and
all
creeping
imperfect
creatures
,
and
to
discourse
to
all
my
Countrimen
that
part
of
Diuinity
that
was
neuer
knowne
in
English
.
I
take
my
owne
Conscience
to
witnesse
,
which
is
manifest
to
my
Judge
and
Sauiour
,
J
haue
intended
nothing
but
his
glory
that
is
the
Creator
of
all
;
and
if
I
thought
that
heereby
the
world
would
not
be
the
more
prouoked
to
acknowledge
and
obey
his
soueraign
Maiestie
,
whilest
that
they
behold
as
in
EDEN
the
assembly
of
all
known
and
vnknowne
Beasts
,
but
read
the
stories
to
feed
curiositie
,
and
behold
their
figures
as
Children
do
Babies
,
I
would
not
onely
desist
and
go
no
farther
,
but
also
wish
that
this
worke
were
buried
in
Obliuion
,
and
the
poore
lame
Paraliticke
right
hand
which
wrote
and
endited
the
same
,
were
seuered
from
the
bodie
.
Therefore
(
well
minded
Readers
,
)
heerein
you
shall
satisfie
your
owne
consciences
and
harts
,
when
the
visible
thinges
of
the
world
,
doe
lead
you
to
the
invisible
things
of
God
,
and
all
these
rowes
and
ranks
of
liuing
Foure-footed-Beasts
are
as
letters
&
Mid-wiues
to
saue
the
reuerence
which
is
due
to
the
highest
(
that
made
them
)
from
perishing
within
you
.
If
you
thinke
my
endeauors
and
the
Printers
costs
necessarie
and
commendable
,
and
if
you
would
euer
farther
or
second
a
good
enterprize
,
J
do
require
al
men
of
conscience
that
shall
euer
hear
,
read
,
or
see
these
Histories
,
or
wish
for
the
sight
of
the
residue
,
to
helpe
vs
with
knowledge
,
and
to
certifie
their
particular
experiences
in
any
kinde
,
or
any
one
of
the
liuing
Beastes
:
and
withall
to
consider
how
great
a
task
we
do
vndertake
,
trauelling
for
the
content
and
benefit
of
other
men
,
and
therefore
how
acceptable
it
would
be
vnto
vs
,
and
procure
euerlasting
memorie
to
themselues
,
to
be
helpers
,
incouragers
,
ayders
,
procurers
,
maintainers
,
and
abettours
,
to
such
a
labor
and
needefull
endeuour
,
as
was
neuer
before
enterprized
in
England
.
If
S.
PETER
did
finde
in
one
Fishes
mouth
a
piece
of
mony
which
discharged
his
Maisters
and
his
Subsidie
.
Jf
ABELL
that
was
the
first
man
that
hearded
,
and
gaue
himselfe
to
the
knowledge
both
humane
and
Deuine
,
that
is
to
be
learned
out
of
Cattle
,
was
the
first
man
that
entered
heauen
.
Jf
an
Angell
opened
the
mouth
of
BALAAMS
Asse
who
spake
like
a
man
,
why
should
not
we
being
commaunded
with
S.
PETER
to
search
al
the
workes
of
God
,
looke
into
the
mouths
of
other
Fishes
,
with
expectation
of
commodity
?
or
why
shoulde
not
wee
learne
the
seuerall
vses
,
Deuine
and
humane
,
which
God
hath
ordained
in
the
natures
of
beasts
?
or
why
should
not
we
in
this
our
latter
age
of
the
world
which
run
and
ride
to
gaine
wealth
by
the
harme
of
the
innocent
as
BALAAM
did
,
haue
our
accursed
Couetousnes
reproued
by
the
secret
voices
of
Asses
,
I
say
no
more
of
this
worke
but
MARTIALS
words
:
Casibus
hic
nullis
,
nullis
hic
delebilis
annis
,
viuet
,
Apellaeum
cum
morietur
opus
.
And
so
I
conclude
with
the
saying
of
S.
Austen
in
his
Booke
de
Gen.
against
the
Manichees
,
where
he
speaketh
thus
of
the
Beasts
and
all
creatures
,
Vsurpa
vtilia
caue
pernitiosa
,
relinque
superflua
,
in
omnibus
tamen
cum
mensuram
&
numeros
&
ordine
vides
,
artificem
quaere
.
Farewell
.
A
Table
of
the
names
of
all
the
Beastes
contayned
in
this
Hystory
,
in
diuers
Languages
.
Haebrue
.
-
AChar
503
-
Adapes
110
-
Alai
706
-
Ako
118
-
Ari
456
-
Arda
30
-
Arod
30
-
Arioth
456
-
Arkobizanes
2
-
Ajilzeb
598
-
Ako
445
-
Ajal
121
-
Aldhip
734
-
Alia
,
Aielet
121
-
Arnebet
264
-
Atud
230
-
Ben
,
Bakar
88
-
Bogia
2
-
Behemah
192
-
Caar
20
-
Chamar
20
-
Catull
102
-
Chasir
,
Chasirah
661
-
Chuldah
,
Coled
726
-
Dischon
570
-
Dobb
.
Dubim
36
-
Egel
88
-
Egela
68
-
Ere
30
-
Erem
278
-
Ez
230
-
Gamal
42
-
Gajedor
20
-
Gedaijm
247
-
Gedi
640
-
Gedioth
247
-
Haissim
247
-
Hanakae
534
-
Izbethsch-neth
230
-
Karas
712
-
Keleb
137
-
Kebesch
Kabsa
-
Kibsa
598
-
Kipod
277
-
Koph
,
Kophin
2
-
Labi
456
-
Laisch
456
-
Lamas
137
-
Lebiah
456
-
Merodo
30
-
Namer
576
-
Neelimah
598
-
Oach
495
-
Ochim
6
-
Oker
121
-
Par
88
-
Para
68
-
Pered
pirdah
556
-
Perot
498
-
Phorade
706
-
Rachel
,
Rechelim
598
-
Reem
712
-
Sair
Skirim
13
-
Schanar
,
Schunara
102
-
Schaphan
110
-
Schor
68
-
Schojanim
456
-
Scgull
221
-
Sch
598
-
Seir
230
-
Sus
Susah
281
-
Tahaz
750
-
Tahel
598
-
Tachasch
33
-
Tartak
20
-
Thates
Theheh
598
-
Tinschemet
497
-
Tigros
706
-
To
57
-
Tor
,
Taur
60
-
Zanier
101
-
Zebi
Zebiah
114
-
Zeir
230
-
Zijm
6
-
Zeeb
Zeebim
734
-
Zebah
Ibid
Caldey
.
-
ABir
60
-
Acbera
503
-
Aldub
36
-
Ana
101
,
598
-
Alphec
568
-
Aielah
121
-
Ariauan
456
-
Arneba
264
-
Arebue
,
Arnebetis
264
-
Aschuta
498
-
Bakera
68
-
Beira
192
-
Caupeda
278
-
Chasira
661
-
Culdah
726
-
Caudaha
556
-
Daboube
36
-
Duba
36
-
Deeba
734
-
Deba
101
734
-
Dikerim
Eastoz
495
-
Gamela
,
Gemele
92
-
Gadeia
247
-
Iacle
445
-
Imar
598
-
Ize
220
-
Kacheobeon
495
-
Kalba
137
-
Kophin
2
-
Leta
456
-
Meriah
68
-
Oza
230
-
Rachlak
598
-
Ramakin
Susuatha
28
-
Schedin
13
-
Teias-iaii
230
-
Thaal
221
-
Thabia
Tabitha
114
-
Thapsa
110
-
Tora
,
Torata
68
-
Thor.
68
-
Zephirah
101
Arabian
.
-
ACanthil
661
-
Aduldus
278
-
Albednester
44
-
Alborach
32
-
Alnegeb
92
-
Alraneb
110
-
Asad
456
-
Bagel
281
-
Bakar
68
-
Beal
556
-
Behitz
192
-
Chabal
221
-
Chalcail
221
-
Dakh
230
-
Darasch
33
-
Dib
134
-
Dubbe
36
-
Egel
598
-
Ernab
264
-
Fer
or
phar
503
-
Gemal
92
-
Genas
598
-
Hazir
661
-
Iebu
456
-
Kabsa
631
-
Kalbe
137
-
Kaniser
661
-
Kony
498
-
Lanebaraz
498
-
Leseiathin
13
-
Maez
230
-
Metahan
230
-
Mesch
,
Misch
,
Almisch
551
-
Ohal
445
-
Pelagoz
498
-
Sarapha
101
-
Sasgona
33
-
Schaah
230
-
Scrofa
661
-
Taur
60
-
Teus
230
-
Thabin
114
-
Thaleb
221
-
Vebar
110
Saracens
.
-
ADuldul
588
-
Adualbul
588
-
Adulbus
588
-
Aherha
588
-
An-se
230
-
Arneph
264
-
Alhamet
638
-
Alchercheden
712
-
Bakiron
712
-
Caldah
726
-
Ceusud
or
Coufeud
278
-
Colty
498
-
Fara
503
-
Ganeme
Garien
598
-
Hesel
88
-
Kep-Kolph
137
-
Kat
102
-
Sebey
456
-
Shymel
92
-
Sousias
281
Persian
.
-
ASthak
33
-
Ahu
114
-
Asteban
230
-
An
mus
503
-
Angurbah-Dedach
Asbacha
281
-
Begauzerah
110
-
Bara
598
-
Behad
192
-
Busan
230
-
Buz
230
-
Buz-galaie
230
-
Cahali
Busan
247
-
Chare
20
-
Deuan
13
-
Gehad
416
-
Geuazen
121
-
Gosalai
68
-
Gospand
598
-
Gurba
726
-
Kargos
264
-
Komeschan-Thu
598
-
Kotziotu
445
-
Medagaucha
68
-
Mar-an-Buk
661
-
Nadgaeah
68
-
Nerameisch
631
-
Sag
137
-
Schetor
92
-
Seraphah
101
-
Scher
456
THE
GREEKE
NAMES
-
AGargas
:
Aigastro
,
246
-
Agrim
113
-
Agelada
68
-
Aegoceros
445
-
Aix
130
-
Aeluros
102
-
Acanthonocos
278
-
Acanthocoiros
588
-
Amnos
640
-
Ariake
631
-
Arnos
,
Arnab
640
-
Arni
.
640
-
Alke
212
-
Alogo
281
-
Allop●ihekos
19
-
Anebros
121
-
Alopekon
,
Alopex
,
Alopon
221
-
Analopos
1
-
Aptolos
Ibid.
-
Aspalax
498
-
Arctos
36
-
Arctopithekos
19
-
Astrabe
556
-
Beiros
36
-
Bisoon
50
-
Bolinthus
53
-
Bonassos
53
-
Boubalos
,
Boubalis
57
-
Bous
Boes
68
-
Camelos
92
-
Camelopardalis
101
-
Castor
44
-
Cercopithecos
6
-
Cher
278
-
Chimaron
230
-
Ceraste
631
-
Choiros
661
-
Cynokephalos
-
Damalis
68
-
Damalai
68
-
Dasyllys
36
-
Dasypos
couniclos
110
-
Dorcas
115
-
Dromos
97
-
Dorcalis
Dorcadion
Ibid.
-
Echin●s
278
-
Echydris
562
-
Enarchan
230
-
Erifon
247
-
Eriphoi
247
-
Elaphos
121
-
Elatica
144
-
Elephas
192
-
Galeopithekos
18
-
Gala
Agria
216
-
Gale
726
-
Hemionos
556
-
Hippos
261
-
Hus
661
-
Hystrix
.
558
-
Ibanauge
726
-
Indouros
499
-
Ictis
216
-
Ixalon
246
-
Ixalos
445
-
Kapron
661
-
Kallithrix
8
-
Kattes
Katis
102
-
Kepos
Kebos
7
-
Killos
20
-
Kriare
631
-
Kuon
137
-
Lagis
Georchios
110
-
Laphe
Pelaphe
121
-
Lagos
Lagoos
264
-
Leon
456
-
Lugx
489
-
Lycos
734
-
Lytra
572
-
Lugos
734
-
Mygale
534
-
Leporis
264
-
Myoxos
326
-
Mys
aroaraios
542
-
Megamukos
20
-
Mimoon
2
-
Monops
Monopios
53
-
Monios
36
-
Monokeros
.
712
-
Moschos
Mouschari
88
-
Myss
503
-
Murmeleon
706
-
Onos
20
-
Orthoponticos
499
-
Oijs
598
-
Perissas
192
-
Pithecos
2
-
Plagtognos
,
platyceros
,
Prox
113
-
Ptox
364
-
Pardales
Pardalis
Panther
575
-
Poephagos
587
-
Probaton
598
-
Rastes
509
-
Riscos
519
-
Satyros
13
-
Schanzochoeros
588
-
Siphne●s
499
-
Sciuros
656
-
Skunax
110
-
Skele
110
-
Skilos
Skile
137
-
Sphinx
17
-
Suarctos
33
-
Suagros
61
-
Tarandos
55
-
Tauros
60
-
Theureticos
144
-
Tragelaphus
118
-
Tragos
230
-
Tigris
Tigre
706
-
Zarkadi
115
-
Zon
,
Zona
558
LATINE
NAMES
-
Aegop●thecus
16
-
Africana
,
id
est
,
Panthera
575
-
Agnus
640
-
Alce
212
-
Allocamelus
102
-
Alpinus
mus
521
-
Alzabo
,
id
est
hyaena
435
-
Ana
101
-
Analapos
1
-
Aper
694
-
Araneus
mus
534
-
Arctopithecus
19
-
Aries
631
-
Armelini
726
-
Asinus
20
-
Asini
cornuti
in
Scythia
&
Africa
31
-
Asinus
Indicus
32
-
Axis
32
-
Bef●i
2
-
Bison
50
-
Bison
albus
Scoticus
52
-
Bonasus
52
-
Bos
68
-
Bos
camelites
724
-
Boues
feri
diuersi
721
-
Boues
feri
Indici
724
-
Boues
Libyci
724
-
Boues
Paeonici
72
-
Boues
Troglodytici
50
-
Bubalus
de
genere
boum
,
vulgo
buffalus
57
-
Bubalus
veterum
,
de
genere
ca
prearum
-
Burdo
29
-
Buselaphus
66
-
Cacus
92
-
Callithrixsimia
8
-
Calopus
1
-
Camelus
simpliciter
,
vel
Bactriana
92
-
Camelus
dromas
vel
Arabica
97
-
Camelopardalis
,
vel
Camelus
Iudica
101
-
Campe
103
-
Canic●p●
,
id
es●
cynocephalus
10
-
Canis
137
-
Canes
diuersi
164
-
Canes
aquatici
,
hoc
est
in
aquis
mergi
&
nat●re
consueti
154
-
Canes
aucupio
seruientes
154
-
Canes
bellicosi
-
Canes
bigeneres
vel
mixti
154
-
Canes
custodes
in
genere
Custodes
priuatarum
&
publicarum
aedium
160
-
Priuatarum
264
-
Canis
defensor
hominis
-
Canis
fidelis
vel
post
mortem
domini
-
Canis
fluuiatilis
,
id
est
,
lutra
572
-
Canis
Getulis
161
-
Canis
inutilis
-
Canis
melitaei
161
-
Canis
mimicus
161
-
Canes
mixti
vel
bigeneres
154
-
Canis
nauticus
-
Canis
pastoralis
-
Canis
sagax
,
&
de
inuestigatione
animalum
-
Canes
Scotici
149
-
Canis
socius
&
fidelis
-
Canis
velox
-
Canes
venatici
ingenere
-
Canis
venaticus
robustus
,
aduersus
magnas
aut
fortes
feras
-
Canis
villaticus
160
-
Capra
230
-
Caprae
Indicae
imagines
235
-
Caprae
syluestres
243
-
Caprea
,
capreolus
115
-
Capreolus
moschi
551
-
Capricornus
246
-
Caestor
44
-
Catoblepon
262
-
Catus
seu
feles
102
-
Catus
syluestris
107
-
Catus
paludis
572
-
Centauri
337
-
Cepus
7
-
Cercopithecus
6
-
Cercopitheci
Prasiani
&
alij
magni
9
-
Ceruus
121
-
Ceruus
Palmatus
113
-
Ceruus
subulo
114
-
Chaus
488
-
Chiurca
mustelarum
generis
-
Choeropitheci
3
-
Cicalus
675
-
Citellus
vel
mus
Noricus
532
-
Colos
108
-
Cricetus
de
genere
murium
529.
-
Crocuta
440
-
Cuniculus
110
-
Cuniculus
aut
porcellus
Indicus
112
-
Cynocephalus
10
-
Dama
Plinij
,
cui
cornua
in
aduersum
adunca
243
-
Dama
rentiorum
,
id
est
,
caprea
platyceros
103
-
Dama
vel
damula
promustela
25
-
Dictys
137
-
Dorcas
,
id
est
caprea
115
-
Dromas
camelus
,
vulgo
dromedarius
.
97
-
Eale
19
-
Echinus
terrestris
278
-
Elephas
192
-
Emptra
551
-
Equus
281
-
Erinaceus
vel
echines
278
-
Ericius
syluestris
588
-
Feles
seu
catus
102
-
Felis
zibethi
-
Fiber
seu
castor
44
-
Furo
aliâs
furettus
,
furunculus
,
fretta
216
-
Galeopithecus
18
-
Genetha
228
-
Ginnus
29
-
Giraffa
101
-
Glis
526
-
Gorgon
&
deinceps
262
-
Gulo
261
-
Haiit
19
-
Hinnus
29
-
Hippelaphus
326
-
Hippopotamus
388
-
Hircus
230
-
Hoedus
247
-
Hystrix
588
-
Ibex
445
-
Ichneumon
448
-
Ictis
216
-
Innus
29
-
Lamia
452
-
Lardirone
-
Lassicius
mus
546
-
Latax
575
-
Lauzanum
568
-
Leo
456
-
Leopardus
575
-
Et
priuatim
de
eo
-
Lepus
164
-
Leucrocuta
442
-
Lupus
732
-
Lupus
Arabiae
734
-
Lupus
Armenius
734
-
Lupus
aureus
734
-
Lupus
catus
440
-
Lupus
ceruarius
488
-
Lupus
marinus
749
-
Lupus
vespertinus
435
-
Lutra
572
-
Lutrae
congeneres
Ibid
-
Lycaon
734
-
Lycopantheros
750
-
Lynx
488
-
Lynx
Indica
vel
Africana
488
-
Maesolus
575
-
Mantichora
442
-
Martes
495
-
Meles
,
vulgo
taxus
33
-
Melitaei
canes
261
-
Monoceros
656
-
Monops
52
-
Monstrum
in
ditione
episcopi
Salceburgens
.
captum
15
-
Moschi
capreolus
551
-
Mulus
556
-
Mus
503
-
Mures
agrestes
542
-
Mus
alpinus
521
-
Mus
aquaticus
520
-
Mus
araneus
534
-
Mus
auellanarum
545
-
Muscaecus
,
qui
&
araneus
accipitur
etiam
pro
talpa
534
-
Mures
diuersi
731
-
Mures
diuersi
secundum
regiones
ordine
literarum
-
Mus
Getulus
533
-
Mus
Indicus
548
-
Mus
maior
domesticus
,
vulgo
rattus
519
-
Mus
Lassicius
546
-
Mus
napelli
544
-
Mus
Noricus
vel
Citellus
532
-
Mus
peregrinus
548
-
Mus
Pharaonis
448
-
Mus
Ponticus
seu
Venetus
vulgo
Varius
532
-
Mus
syluaticus
544
-
Mus
Venetus
532
-
Musmon
vel
Musimon
642
-
Mustela
725
-
Mustela
rustica
725
-
Mustela
Sobella
756
-
Nabis
101
-
Neades
vel
Neides
567
-
Noerza
mustelarum
generis
756
-
Onager
30
-
Onager
Indicus
32
-
Oraflus
vel
Orasius
101
-
Oryx
570
-
Ouis
598
-
Ouis
platycercos
&
macrocercos
600
-
Oues
ferae
598
-
Pan
16
-
Panther
575
-
Panthera
vel
pardalis
,
pardus
575
-
Papio
439
-
Pathio
751
-
Pirolus
656
-
Poephagus
587
-
Porcos
572
-
Putorius
vulgo
dictus
219
-
Pygmaei
3
-
Rangifer
vel
raingus
591
-
Rattus
519
-
Rhinoceros
595
-
Rhizes
723
-
Rupicaprae
figura
hstioria
244
-
Sagoin
18
-
Satherium
575
-
Satyrum
575
-
Satyrus
simia
13
-
Satyri
daemones
14
-
Sciurus
656
-
Sciurus
Getulus
659
-
Serapha
101
-
Simia
2
-
Simia
callitrix
8
-
Simia
caudata
6
-
Simia
Prasianae
&
aliae
magnae
9
-
Simivulpa
19
-
Sobella
è
genere
mustelarum
756
-
Sorex
546
-
Sphinx
simia
17
-
Spinx
fabulosa
17
-
Spiriolus
656
-
Strepsiceros
655
-
Su
660
-
Svbus
660
-
Suillus
pro
Ichnevmone
418
-
Sus
661
-
Talpa
498
-
Tarandus
55
-
Tatus
705
-
Taurus
60
-
Taxus
,
vide
Meles
33
-
Thos
750
-
Thuro
in
Tarando
&
feorsim
55
-
Tigris
706
-
Tragelaphus
118
-
Vacca
63
-
Varius
,
id
est
mus
vel
sciurus
Ponticus
aut
Venetus
532
-
Veruex
638
-
Vitulus
88
-
Viuerra
216
-
Vormela
vulgo
dicta
e
genere
mustelarum
756
-
Vncia
568
-
Vrsus
36
-
Vrus
721
-
Vulpes
221
-
Vulpes
C●ucigera
222
-
Zabo
,
id
est
hyaena
455
-
Zibethifeles
755
-
Zobel
genoris
mustelarum
756
-
Zubro
50
ITALIAN
AND
SPANISH
NAMES
.
-
AGno
640
-
Alicorno
712
-
Asini
bastardi
vel
nani
29
-
Babuino
10
-
Ballottula
726
-
Beccho
230
-
Bertuccia
2
-
Biuaro
vel
beuero
44
-
Bue
68
-
Bufalo
57
-
Camello
92
-
Camuza
246
-
Cane
137
-
Capra
230
-
Cauretto
247
-
Capriola
vel
cauriolo
115
-
Castoreo
44
-
Castrone
vel
castrato
638
-
Cauallo
281
-
Cauretto
vel
capretto
247
-
Ceruo
121
-
Ciacco
Florentinus
661
-
Ciauarello
247
-
Cinghiale
vel
cinghiare
694
-
Conigli
110
-
Daino
vel
danio
113
-
Dannola
726
-
Dromedario
9
-
Foino
726
-
Galero
521
-
Gatto
102
-
Ghiro
vel
gliero
521
-
Histrice
588
-
Istrice
588
-
Lardirono
vel
lardirolo
552
-
Lasino
207
-
Leocorno
712
-
Leofant●
192
-
Leone
456
-
Leonpardo
575
-
Lepre
264
-
Lieuora
264
-
Lionfante
192
-
Lodralodria
vellontra
572
-
Lonza
568
-
Lupo
734
-
Lupo
ceruario
488
-
Lupo
chatt
440
-
Maiale
661
-
Marturo
,
vel
martaro
,
vel
mar
turello
495
-
Montone
vel
ariete
631
-
Mulo
556
-
Capriolo
del
Musco
551
-
Musco
551
-
Muserain
vel
muzeraigne
Rhetis
534
-
Mustela
Rhaetis
Latinum
nomen
retinet
-
Orso
93
-
Pantegana
Venetis
,
mus
maior
domesticus
119
-
Pardo
575
-
Pecora
598
-
Porca
fattrice
▪
661
-
Porco
661
-
Porco
castrato
661
-
Porco
syluatico
694
-
Porco
spinoso
588
-
Rato
di
casa
503
-
Riccio
vel
rizo
278
-
Samada
Maionio
2
-
Schiriuolo
vel
schirato
656
-
Scrofa
661
-
Simia
2
-
Sorgo
morgange
520
-
Sorgio
moschardino
542
-
Sorice
alias
sorgio
503
-
Sourco
503
-
Stainbucc
445
-
Talpa
498
-
Tasso
33
Rhaetis
tasch
.
-
Tigre
vel
tigra
706
-
Topo
503
-
Topo
ragno
534
-
Toro
60
-
Troia
vel
troiata
661
-
Vacca
68
-
Vesina
Rhaetis
ibex
foemina
445
-
Vitello
88
-
Volpe
221
-
Vnicorno
712
-
Zebelli
vel
zibelli
755
Spanish
.
-
Asno
20
-
Buey
68
-
Bufano
57
-
Cabra
230
-
Cabrito
247
-
Cabron
230
-
Cabronzillo
montes
115
-
Camello
92
-
Capra
montez
246
-
Carnero
631
-
Castor
44
-
Cauallo
281
-
Cieruo
121
-
Comadreia
726
,
656
-
Coneio
110
-
Cordero
640
-
Corz
113
-
Dromedario
97
-
Elephante
192
-
Erizo
278
-
Esquilo
sciurus
659
-
Furam
226
viuerra
-
Ga●no
113
-
Gato
102
-
Gato
montes
107
-
Hebre
164
-
Harda
656
sciurus
-
Huron
viuerra
216
-
Iauali
694
aper
-
Leon
456
-
Leonpardo
,
vel
leon
pardal
575
-
Liebre
264
-
Liron
521
-
Lobo
734
-
Marta
445
-
Mona
2
-
Mulo
556
-
Musco
552
-
Nutra
527
lutra
-
Orso
vel
oso
,
vel
osso
36
-
Oueia
598
-
Perro
137
-
Puerco
661
-
Puerco
siluestro
,
vel
Puerco
montes
694
-
Puerco
espin
588
-
Raposa
221
-
Rat
503
-
Raton
519
-
Ratan
pequenno
546
-
Sorice
.
&
546
-
Sorce
546
-
Tasugo
33
meles
-
Ternera
88
vitulus
-
Texon
33
meles
-
Topo
503
-
Vaca
63
-
Vnicornio
712
-
Ximio
2
FRENCH
NAMES
.
-
AGneau
640
-
Asne
20
-
Babion
20
-
Baccal
circa
Metas
mustelam
vocant
,
(
Gallice
puto
.
)
726
-
Bedouo
686
meles
-
Belette
,
belotte
,
balotto
726
-
Belier
631
-
Beuf
68
-
Beuffle
57
-
Biche
121
-
Bieure
44
fiber
-
Blaireau
,
alias
blaureau
33
meles
-
Bouc
230
-
Brebis
598
-
Caion
661
-
Cerf
111
-
Chameau
92
-
Chat
102
-
Cheual
281
-
Cheureuel
chieure
230
-
Cheureau
247
-
Cheureul
115
-
Chien
137
-
Chiens
augues
-
Chien
limier
-
Coche
661
-
Cochon
661
-
Connin
101
-
Dain
vel
daim
113
-
Dromadere
97
-
Elephant
192
-
Eseurieu
vel
eschureau
656
-
Foina
vel
fouina
495
726
-
Furon
,
furet
,
vel
fuson
fuset
-
Grisart
33
-
Herisson
278
-
Herminne
726
-
Leopard
vel
Lyopard
575
-
Lerot
545
-
Leure
Sabaudis
lutra
572
-
Loir
521
-
Loup
734
-
Loup
ceruier
388
-
Loup
chat
488
Vide
in
Additionibus
&
castig
.
super
eadem
pagina
.
-
Loutre
572
-
Lieure
264
-
Licorne
712
-
Lyon
456
-
Lyron
vel
rat
liron
521
-
Margotus
521
-
Marmot
6
-
Martre
495
-
Martes
soublines
755
-
Mouton
638
-
Mulet
,
mulus
,
foem
,
mule
556
-
Mullot
542
-
Musc
551
-
Cheureul
du
musc
551
-
Muserain
,
vel
muzeraigne
mus
araneus
534
-
Muset
,
vel
musette
,
idem
Sabaudis
534
-
Ours
36
-
Porc
chastre
661
-
Porc
sanglier
694
-
Porc
espic
588
-
Porceau
661
-
Porcelet
661
-
Poutois
vel
poytois
219
-
Pouttet
219
-
Ran
631
-
Rangiar
vel
ranglier
591
-
Rat
519
-
Rat
d'eau
520
-
Rat
liron
vel
rat
veul
521
-
Regnard
-
Sagoni
18
-
Sanglier
694
-
Sery
Burgundis
mus
araneus
534
-
Singe
2
-
Souris
503
-
Tasson
,
taisson
,
taxion
tesson
33
-
Taulpe
498
-
Tigre
706
-
Toreau
61
-
Truye
661
-
Vache
68
-
Veau
88
-
Verrat
661
-
Celtica
vetus
lingua
cercepithecos
vocabat
Abranas
GERMAN
.
-
AEkermauss
520
-
Aeber
663
-
Aff
2
-
Auwerochs
50
-
Babion
10
-
Bar
oder
beer
36
-
Barg
661
-
Biber
44
-
Bilchmuss
532
-
Bisemthier
551
-
Bock
230
-
Bogner
638
-
Boll
60
-
Baummarder
495
-
Baumruter
107
-
Bracken
150
-
Brandhirsch
118
-
Bussel
57
Wild
gross
buffel
-
Buchmarder
495
-
Dam
,
damlin
,
damhirsch
dannhirsch
113
-
Dars
33
-
Doruschwein
588
-
Eichorn
oder
eyehoru
656
-
Einhorn
712
-
Elch
,
ellend
212
-
Elg
212
-
Erdmauss
542
-
Esel
20
-
Farle
oder
varle
661
-
Farr
oder
varr
60
-
Feech
oder
veech
532
-
Feldmarder
495
-
Feldmauss
542
-
Fiechtmarder
495
-
Frette
oder
frettel
216
-
Frischling
638
-
Fuchs
221
-
Fuchsaff
19
-
Furette
226
-
Galtz
661
-
Geiss
265.
Indische
geissen
-
Gems
246
-
Genithkatz
228
-
Gize
247
-
Grauwerck
532
-
Greul
521
-
Halemlin
726
-
Hagen
60
-
Hammel
638
-
Hamster
oder
hamestervnd
529
-
Harnball
546
-
Hass
oder
haas
264
-
Haselmauss
Grosse
haselmuss
545
-
Heilwider
651
-
Helfant
192
-
Hermelin
726
-
Hesshnnd
150
-
Hyn
121
-
Hinde
,
hindkalb
121
-
Hirs
,
hirs
,
hirsch
121
-
Hodenwider
632
-
Haupthar
36
-
Hund
137
-
Hundsigel
150
-
Haussmarder
495
-
Iagbund
137
-
Ybsch
oder
Ibschgeis
445
-
Igel
278
-
Iltis
216
-
Iseren
verk
78
-
Kalb
88
-
Kame
el
oder
kamelthier
92
-
Katz
102
Wilde
katz
-
Kitzlein
247
-
Knutscher
638
-
Kornfarle
529
-
Kunele
,
kunigle
,
kunlein
100
-
Ku
68
-
Kurshund
Corsici
canes
-
Lamb
649
-
Lassitz
546
-
Lefrat
575
-
Leidthund
137
-
Leem
oder
lemmer
murium
genus
in
Norduegia
vocatur
726
-
Leppard
755
-
Lew
457
-
Liechtmarder
595
-
Lochhundle
136
-
Loos
661
-
Luchs
oder
lux
488
-
Luckmus
541
-
Marder
oder
marter
495
-
Wild
marter
495
-
Meerk
atz
Kleine
meerkatzen
9
-
Meerschwyn
588
-
Mistbellerle
541
-
Mol
oder
molmuss
498
Flandrice
Molmuss
Hollandis
.
-
Moor
661
-
Mulleresell
20
-
Multhier
,
mulesel
556
-
Mulwerff
oder
molwurf
498
Saxonice
-
Mummelsher
60
-
Murmelthier
,
murmentle
521
-
Mus
563
-
Muker
534
-
Nork
768
-
Nulmuss
oder
nielmuss
542
-
Ochs
68
-
Otter
572
-
Pantherthier
575
-
Pile
532
-
Porcopick
588
-
Pundten
532
-
Ranichen
631
-
Ratz
519
-
Reh
oder
reech
115
capreolus
.
Et
pro
hinnulo
cerui
.
-
Rell
oder
rellmuss
521
-
Reen
,
rein
,
reyner
,
reinger
,
renschieron
591
-
Rind
68
-
Rossz
281
-
Ruden
136
-
Schaaff
598
-
Schar
oder
scharmuss
542
-
Schormuss
542
-
Schrettele
13
-
Schwyn
,
schwein
661
-
Wild
schwyn
694
-
Schemmickel
oder
simme
simia
Flandris
.
-
Slaepratte
543
Flandricum
.
-
Spizmus
534
spanfarle
661
-
Spurhund
136
-
Stachelschwein
588
-
Steinbock
445
-
Steinmarder
495
-
Stier
60
-
Stossmus
542
-
Suw
,
su
,
saw
661
-
Sewigel
110
-
Tachmarder
495
-
Tachs
33
-
Taran
588
-
Thanmarder
495
-
Thierwolf
749
-
Tigerthier
706
-
Varr
,
farr
66
-
Varle
,
Farle
,
verf
66
-
Vech
,
feeh
657
-
Vilfra
261
-
Visent
oder
wisent
(
alias
voesent
)
50
Grossevisent
721
-
Vogelhund
136
-
Vorstendhund
136
-
Vos
22.
Vulpes
Flandrice
-
Vrochs
143
-
Waldesel
50
-
Wasserhund
154
-
Wassermus
520
-
Weeck
532
-
Wider
631
-
Wilprecht
121
cerua
-
Windspiel
136
Turckischewind
136
-
Wisele
726
-
Wolff
734
-
Wormlein
756
-
Wucherstier
,
das
mucher
60
-
Zibeth
fatz
756
-
Zysel
oder
zeisel
532
-
Zissmenss
die
grossen
534
-
Zytku
88
-
Zobel
755
-
Zundmarder
595
ILLIRIAN
.
-
BAbion
10
-
Bauwol
570
-
Beram
638
-
Bobr
44
-
Ceruiro
488
-
Furioz
102
-
Gaynus
Brussis
martes
est
495
-
Gednorozecz
712
-
Gelen
121
-
Gess
278
-
Gezwecz
33
-
Iehjenij
121
-
Iunecz
60
-
Keret
Polonicum
534
-
Koczka
102
-
Kolczawa
726
-
Konij
281
-
Koza
230
-
Kozel
230
-
Koziel
Polonicum
247
-
Kozoroziecz
304
-
Korytaski
246
-
Kralik
vel
krolijk
110
-
Krticze
498
-
Kun
495
-
Lanij
113
-
Lanij
(
cerua
)
Polonicum
121
-
Lasica
Polonicum
546
-
Lew
456
-
Lewhart
755
-
Lisska
221
-
Loni
Bohemicum
52
-
Los
212
-
Malox
278
-
Mezeck
556
-
Myss
505
-
Morska
koczka
6
-
Nedwed
Bohemice
36
-
Niemegkamyss
546
-
Opicze
2
-
Osel
20
-
Otzijscax
248
-
Owcze
598
-
Pes
vel
pas
137
-
Pizmo
551
-
Pouuod
Polonicum
712
-
Porcospino
588
-
Prase
661
-
Rys
488
-
Rossomak
animal
apud
Lituanos
&
Moscouitas
261
-
Sarna
521
-
Sczurek
Polonicum
521
-
Sczurcz
504
-
Sysel
Bohemice
529
-
Skop
651
-
Slon
192
-
Sniatky
Mosconiticum
108
-
Sobol
vel
Sobol
756
-
Srna
115
-
Swinie
261
-
Tchorz
219
-
Tur
vel
thuro
Polonicum
55
-
Tzuuijerzatko
369
-
Vijdra
Polonicum
767
-
Vislij
canes
robustissimi
Polonis
136
-
Vuelblud
92
-
Weprz
55
-
Wewer
Polonicum
734
-
Wewerka
vel
wijewijerka
657
-
Vuydra
572
-
Wlka
734
-
Wul
60
,
68
-
Zagicz
264
-
Zubr
vel
zubro
50
FINIS
.