The Anatomie of the simple members .

ANd if it be , asked you howe many simple members there be , it is to be answered , eleuen and two that be but super 〈◊〉 of members : and th●…se be they , Bones , Cartilages , Nerues , Pannicles , Lygaments , Cordes , Arteirs , Ueynes , Fatnes , Flesh and Skinne : and the superfluities be the heares and the nayles . I shal begin at the bone , because it is the foundation , and the hardest member of all the body . The Bone is a c●…nsimile member , simple and spermaticke , and colde and dry of complexion , insensible , and inflexible : and hath diuers formes in mans body , for the diuersitie of helpings . The cause why there be many bones in mans body is this : Sometime it is néedeful that one member or one lymme should moue without another . Another cause is , that some defende the principall members , as doth the bone of the brest , and of the head : and some to be the foundation of diuers parts of the body , as the bones of the Ridge , and of the legges : and some to fulfill the hollow places , as in the handes and féete , &c.

The Grystle is a member simple and spermaticke , next in hardnes to the bone , and is of complexion colde and dry , and insen●…ible . The grystle was ●…rdeyned for ●…ixe ●…auses , or profites that I fin●…e in it : The first is , that the continual mouing of the hard bone might not be done in a iuncture but that the grystle should be a meane betwéene the Lygament and him : The seconde is , that in the time of concussion or oppression , the soft members or limmes should not be hurt of the hard●… : The thirde is , that the extremitie of bones and Ioyntes that be grystly , might the 〈◊〉 be folded and moued together without hurt : the fourth is , for that it is necessary in some meane places to put a grystle , as in the throte bowel for the sounde : The fifth is , for that it is néedefull that some members be holden vp with a grystle , as the l●…ds of the eyes : The sixth is ; that some limmes haue a susteyning and a drawing abroade , as in the nose and the eares , &c.

The Lygament is a member consimple , simple , & spermaticke , next in hardnesse hardnesse 〈◊〉 the grystle and of com●…lexion colde and dry , and is fle●…ible and in●…ensible , and bi●…deth the bones together . The cause why h●… is flexible and insensible is this : If it had béene sensible , he might not haue suffred the labour and mouing of the ioyntes : and if it had not béen flexible of his bowing , one lymme should not haue moued without another . The seconde profite is , that hee be ioyned with sinew●…s , for to 〈◊〉 Cordes and Brawnes : The thirde helpe is , that he be a resting pla●…e to some synews : The fourth profite is , that by him the members that be within the body be susteined , as the matrix and kidneis , and diuers other , &c.

The Sinew is a 〈◊〉 member , simple and spermaticke , meane betwéene har●… and soft , and in complexion cold and drye , and he is both flexible an●… sensible , strong and tough , hauing his beginning from the braine , or from Mynuca , which is the 〈◊〉 of the backe . And from the braine commeth , 〈◊〉 payre ●…f Nerues se●…satiues , an●… from Mynuca commeth xxx . payre of Nerues moti●…s , and one that is by himselfe , that springeth of the last spondell . All these senewes haue both féeling and mouing , in ●…ome more and in some lesse . &c.

A Corde or Tendon is a consimple or officiall member , compounde and spermaticke , synowy , strong , and tough , meanely betwéene hardnes and softnesse , and meanly sensible , and flexible , and in complexion cold and dry . And the Corde or Tendon is thus made : The synewes that come from the braine and from Mynuca , and goe to mooue the members , is intermingled with the Lygamentes , & when the synewes and Lygamentes are intermingled together , then is made a Corde . And thrée causes I perceiue why the Cordes were made : The first is , that the Synewe alone is so sensible that hee may not suffer the great labour and trauell of mouing , without the fellowshippe and strength of the Lygament that is insensible , & that letteth his great féeling , and bringeth him to a perfect temperaunce , and so the Cordes moue the limmes to the will of the soule . And this Corde is associated with a simple fleshe , and so thereof is made a brawne or a Muskle , on whom he might rest after his trauell . And this Brawne is called a Muskle . Then when this Corde is entred into this brawne , he is departed into many small thréedes , the which be called wylle . And this will hath thrée properties . The first is in length , by whose vertue that draweth it hath might : The second in breadth , by whom the vertue that casteth out hath might : The third in thwartnes , in whom the vert●…e that holdeth hath might : and at the end of the Brawne those thréedes be gathered together to make an other Muskle . &c.

Nowe I will beginne at the Artere . This Artere is a member cons●…myle , simple and spermaticke , hollowe and synowye , hauing his springing from the heart , bringing from the heart to euery mem●…er blood and spirite of life . It is of complexion colde and drye . And all these Arteres haue two cotes , except one that goeth to the Lunges , and he hath but one cote that spreadeth abroad in the Lungs , and bringeth with him to the Lungs blood , with the spirite of life to nourish the Lungs withall : and also that Artere bringeth with him from the lungs ayre to temper the fumous heate that is in the heart . And this Artere is he that is called Arteria venalis , because he hath but one cote as a vaine , and is more obedient to be delated abroad through ●…l the lungs , because that the blood might the sooner sweate through him : whereas all other Arters haue two cotes , because one cote may not withstande the might & power of the spirite of life . Diuerse other causes there be , which shal be declared in the Anatomie of the brest . &c.

The Ueyne is a simple member in complexion cold and drye , and spermaticke , like to the Artere , hauing his beginning from the Lyuer , and bringing from the Liuer nutritiue blood , to nourish euery member of the body with . And it is so to be vnderstanded that there is no more difference betwéene these two vessels of blood , but that the Artere is a vessell of bloud spirituall or vitall . And the Ueine is a vessell of bloud nutrimentall , of the which Ueines there is noted two most principall , of the which one is called Vena porta , the other is called venacelis , of whom it is too much to treate of nowe , vntill we come to the Anatomie of the wombe . &c.

The flesh is a consimiler member , simple , not spermaticke , and is ingendred of bloud congeled by heate , and is in complexion hote and moyst . Of the which is noted thrée kindes of fleshes : that is to say , one is soft 〈◊〉 pure flesh : the second is muskulus , or hard & brawny flesh : the third is glandulus , knotty , or kurnelly flesh . Also the commodities of the flesh be indifferent , for some be common to euery kind of flesh , and some be proper to one manner of flesh alone . The profites of the flesh be many , for some defend the body from colde as doth clothes : also it defendeth the body from harde thinges comming against it : also through his moysture he rectifieth the body in sommer , in time of great heate . Wherefore it is to be considered what profitablenesse is in euery kind of flesh by himselfe . And first of simple and pure flesh , which fulfilleth the concauities of voyde places , and causeth good forme and shape : and this flesh is founde betwéene the téeth , and on the end of the yard . The profite of the Brawny flesh or muskulus flesh , shall be spoken of in the Anatomie of the armes . The profits of the Glandulus flesh are these : First , that it turneth the bloud into a cullour like to himselfe , as doth the fleshe of a womans paps turne the menstruall bloud into milke : secondly , the Glandulus flesh of the Testikles , turneth the bloud into sparme : thirdly , the Glandulus flesh of the chéekes , that ingendreth the spittle . &c.

The next is of Fatnes , of the which I find thrée kinds : The first is Pinguedo , and it is a consimilar member , not spermatike , and it is made of a subtill portion of bloud congeled by colde : and it is of complexion colde and moyst , insensible , and is intermedled amongest the partes of the flesh . The seconde is Adeppes , and is of the same kinde as is Pinguedo , but it is departed from the flesh besydes the skinne , and it is as an oyle heating and moysting the skinne . The third is Auxingia , and it is of kinde as the others be , but he is departed from the flesh within foorth about the kidneys , and in the intrayles , and it helpeth both the kidneys and the intrayles from drying by his vnctiositie . &c.

Then come we to the skinne . The Skinne is a consimile member or officiall , partly spermatike , strong and tough , flexible and sensible , thinne and temperate , Wherof there be two kindes : One is the Skinne that couereth the ●…utward members : and the other the inner members , which is called a Pannicle , the profitablenesse of whom was spoken of in the last Lesson : But the Skinne is properly wouen of Thréedes , Nerues , Ueynes , and Arteirs . And he is made 〈◊〉 , because he should be a good déemer of heate from colde , and of moystnesse from drynesse , that there should nothing noy nor hurt the body , but it giueth warning to the common wits thereof . &c.

The Hayres of euery part of mans body are but a superfluitie of members , made of the grosse fume or smoke passing out of the viscoues matter , thickned to the forme of hayre . The profitablenesse of him is declared in the Anatomie of the head . &c.

The Nailes likewise are a superfluitie of members , engendred of great earthly smoke or fume resolued through the naturall heate of humours , and is softer then the Bone , and harder then the Flesh. In complexion they be cold and dry , and are always waxing in the extremitie of the fingers and toes . The vtilitie of them are , that by them a man shall take the better holde : also they helpe to clawe the bodie when it néedeth : Lastly , they helpe to deuide things for lacke of other tooles , &c.

The Anatomie of the compound members , and first of the head .

BEcause the head of man is the habitation or dwelling place of the reasonable soule of man , therefore with the grace of God . I shall fi●…st speake of the Anatomie of the head . Galen sayth in the 2. Chapter De iuuamentes , and Auicen rehearseth the same in his first preposition and third chapter , prouing that the Head of man was made neither for wits , nor yet for the Braynes , but onely for the eyes For beastes that haue no heades , haue the orgayne or instruments of Wits in their brests . Therefore God and nature haue reared vp the head of man onely for the eyes , for it is the hyest member of man : and as a beholder or watchman standeth in a high Towre to giue warning of the enemies , so doth the eye of man giue warning vnto the common Wits , for the defence of all other members of the body . Nowe to our purpose . If the question be asked , howe many things be there conteyning on the head , and howe manie thinges conteyned within the head ? As it is rehearsed by Guydo , there be but fiue conteyning , and as manie conteyned : as th●…s , The ●…ayre , the Skinne , the Flesh , the Pannicles , and the Bone , neyther rehearsing Ueyne nor Artere . The which Anatomie can not be truely without them both , as thou shalt well perceiue both in this Chapter , but specially in the next . And nowe in this lesson I shall speake but of Hayre , Skinne , Flesh , Ueynes , Pannicles , and Bones , what profitte they doe to man , euerie of them in his kinde . Of the Hayre of the head ( whose creation is knowen in the Anatomie of the simple members ) I doe note foure vtilities why it was ordeyned : the first is , that it defendeth the Brayne from too much heate , and too much cold , and many other outward noyances : The seconde is , it maketh the forme or shape of the head to séeme more séemelier or beautifuller . For if the head were not heyred , the face & the head should seeme but one thing , and therefore the heyre formeth and shapeth the head from the face : The thirde is , that by the cullour of the heyre is witnessed and knowen the complexion of the Braine : The fourth is , that the fumosities of the Brayne might assende and passe lightlyer out by them . For if there were a sad thing , as the skinne or other , of the same nature as the heyre is , the fumosities of the brayne might not haue passed through it so lightly , as it doth by the hayre .

The Skinne of the head is more lazartus , thicker , and more porrus , than any other Skinne of any other member of the bodie . And two causes I note why , One is , that it kéepeth or defendeth the braine from too much heat and colde , as doeth the haire : The other , it discusseth to the common wittes of all things that noyeth out wardly , for the heyre is insencible : The third cause , why the Skinne of the head is more thicker then any other Skinne of the body , is this , that it kéepeth the braine the more warme , & is the better fence for the brayne , and it bindeth and kéepeth the bones of the head the faster togither .

Next followeth the Flesh , the which is al Musculus or Lazartus flesh , lying vppon pericranium without meane . And it is made of subtile Wille , and of simple flesh , Synewes , Ueines , and Arteirs . And why the flesh that is all musculus or lazartus in euery member of a mans body was made is for thrée causes : the first is , that by his thicknes , he should comfort the digestion of other members that lye by him : The second is , that through him euery member is made the more formelyer , & taketh the better shape : The third is , that by his meanes euery member of the bodye draweth to him nourishing , the which others withold to put forth from them , as it shal be more plainlyer spoken of in the Anatomie of the wombe .

Next followeth Pericranium , or the couering of the bones of the head . But here it is to be noted of a Ueyne & an Artere that commeth betwéene the flesh and this Pericranium , that nourisheth the vtter part of the head , and so entreth priuily through the commissaries of the skull , bearing to the Brayne and to his Pannicles nourishing : of whose substance is made both Duramater , and also Pericranium , as shall be declared in the partes conteyned in the head . Here it is to be noted of this Pannicle Pericranium , that it bindeth or compasseth all the bones of the head , vnto whome is adioyned the Duramater , and is also a part of his substance , howbeit they bee separated , for Duramater is nearer the braine , and is vnder the skull . This Pericranium was made principally for two causes : one is , that for his strong binding togither he should make firme and stable the feeble commissaries or seames of the bones of the head : The other cause is , that it shoulde be a meane betwéene the hard bone and the soft flesh .

Next is the Bone of the Pot of the head kéeping in the Braines , of which it were too long to declare their names after all Authors , as they number them and their names , for some name them after the Gréeke tongue , and some after the Arabian , but in conclusion al is to one purpose . And they be numbred seuen bones in the pan or skul of the head : the first is called the Coronal bone , in which is the Orbyts or holes of the Eyes , & it reacheth from the browes vnto the middest of the head , and there it méeteth with the second bone called Occipissial , a bone of the hinder part of the head called the Noddel of the head , which two bones Coronal and Occipissial be deuided by the Commissaries in the middes of the head . The thirde and fourth bones be called Parietales , and they be the bones of the sideling partes of the head , and they be deuided by the Commissories both from the foresaid Coronal and Occipissial . The fifth and sixth bones be called Petrosa or Mendosa : and these two bones lye ouer the bones called Parietales , on euery side of the head one , like skales , in whome be the holes of the eares . The seuenth and last of the head is called Paxillarie , or Bazillarie , the which bone is as it were a wedge vnto all the other seuen bones of the head , and doeth fasten them togeather . And thus be all numbred : the first is the Coronal bone : The seconde is the Occipissiall : The thirde and the fourth is Parietales : The fifth and the sixth is Petrosa or Mendosa : and the seuenth is Parillari , or Bazillari . And this suffiseth for the fiue things conteyning .

In this Chapter is declared the fiue things contayned within the head .

NExt vnder the bones of the head withinfoorth , the first thing that appeareth is Duramater , then is Piamater , then the substance of the Braine , and then Uermy formes and Retemirabile . But first to speake of Duramater , whereof , and how it is sprong & made : First it is to be noted of the Ueine and Arteire that was spoken of in the last Chapter before , how priuily they entred through the Commissoris or seames of the head , & there by their vnion together , they do not onely bring and giue the spirite of life and nutriment , but also doe weaue themselues so togeather , that they make this pannicle Duramater . It is holden vp by certaine thréedes of himselfe comming through the saide commissoris , running in to Pericranium or pannicle that couereth the bones of the head . And with the foresaide Ueyne and Arteire , & these thréedes comming from Duramater , is wouen and made this Pericranium . And why this panicle Duramater is set from the skul , I note two causes : the first is , that if the Duramater should haue touched the skul , it should lightly haue béene hurt with the hardnesse of the bone : The second cause is , that the matter that commeth of woundes made in the head pearsing the skul , should by it the better bée defended and kepte from Piamater , and hurting of the brayne . And nexte vnto this pannicle there is another pannicle called Piamater , or meeke mother , because it is so softe and tender vnto the brayne . Of whose creation it is to bée noted as of Duramater , for the originall of their first creation is of one kind , both from the Hart and the Lyuer , & is mother of the very substance of the braine . Why it is called Piamater , is , for because it is so soft and tender ouer the braine , that it nourisheth the braine & féedeth it , as doth a louing mother vnto her tender childe or babe , for it is not so tough and harde as is Duramater . In this pannicle Pia mater is much to bee noted of the great number of Ueynes and Arteirs that are planted , ramefying throughout all his substance , geuing to the brayne both spirite and life . And this Pa●…nicle doth 〈◊〉 or lappe all the substance of the brayne : and in some places of the braine the Ueines and the Arteirs goe foorth of him , and enter into the diuisions of the brayne , and there drinketh of the brayne substance into them , asking of the heart to them the spirite of life or breath , and of the Liuer nutriment . And the aforesayde spirite or breath taketh a further digestion , and there it is made animal , by the eleboration of the spirite vitall is turned and made animal . Furthermore , why there be mo pannicles ouer the braine then one , is this , If there had beene but one pannicle onely , eyther it must haue beene harde , or soft or meane betweene both : If it had beene hard , it should haue hurt the brayne by his hardnesse : if it had beene soft , it should haue béene hurt of the hard bone : and if it had béene but meanely neither hard nor soft , it should haue hurt the brayne by his roughnesse , and also haue béene hurt of the hard bone . Therefore God and nature hath ordeyned two pannicles , the one harde , and the other soft , the harder to be a meane betwéene the soft and the bone : and the softer to be a meane betwéene the harder and the braine it selfe . Also these Pannicles be colde and drye of complexion , and spermaticke .

Next is the Braine , of which it is marueilous to be considered and noted , how this Piamater deuideth the substance of the Brayne , and lappeth it into certaine selles or diuis●…ons , as thus : The substance of the Brayne is deuided into thrée partes , or ventrikles , of which the foremost part is the most : the seconde or middlemost is lesse : the third or hindermost is the least . And from eche one to other be issues or passages that ar called Meates , through whom passeth the spirite of life too and fro . But here yee shall note that euery Uentrikle is diuided into two partes , and in euery parte God hath ordained and set singular and seuerall vertues , as thus : First in the foremost Uentrikle God hath founded and set the common Wittes , otherwise called the fiue Wittes , as Hearing , Séeing , Féeling , Smelling , and Lasting . And also there is in one parte of t●…is Uentrikle , the vertue that is called Fantasie , and he taketh all the formes or ordinances that be disposed of the fiue Wittes , after the meaning of sensible thinges : In the other parte of the same Uentrikle is 〈◊〉 & founded the Imaginatiue vertue , the which receiueth of the common Wittes the fourme or shape of sensitiue things , as they were receiued of the common wittes withoutfoorth representing their owne shape and ordinances vnto the memoratiue vertue . In the middest sel or ventrikle there is ●…ounded and ordeined the Cogitatiue or estimatiue vertue : for hee rehearseth , sheweth , declareth , and déemeth those thinges that bee offered vnto him by the other that were spoken of before . In the thirde Uentrikle and last there is founded and ordeined the vertue Memoratiue : in this place is registred and kept those things that are done and spoken with the senses , and keepeth them in his treasurie vnto the putting foorth of the fiue or common wittes , or orgaynes , or instruments of animall woorkes , out of whose extremities or lowar partes springeth My●…uca , or marowe of the spondels : of whome it shal be spoken of in the Anatomie of the necke and backe . Furthermore it is to bee noted , that from the foremoste Uentrikle of the brayne springeth seuen payre of sensatiue or féeling senewes , the which be produced to the Eyes , the Eares , the Nose , the Tongue , and to the Stomacke , and to diuers other partes of the bodye : as it shal be declared in their Anatomies . Also it is to bee noted , that about the middest ventrikle is the place of Uermi formis , with curnelly flesh that filleth , and Retemirabile , or wonderfull caule vnder the Pannicles , is set or bounded with Arteirs only which come from the heart , in the which the vital spirite by his great labour is turned and made animal . And yee shall vnderstande that these two bee the best kept partes of all the body , for a man shall rather dye , then anye of these shoulde suffer any manner of gréefes from without foorth , and therefore God hath set them farre from the heart . Héere I note the saying of Haly Abbas , of the comminge of small Arteirs from the heart , of whome ( sayeth hée ) is made a marueylous net or caule , in the which caule is inclosed the Brayne , and in that place is layde the spirite of féeling , from that place hath the spirite of feeling his firste creation , and from thence passeth to other members &c. Furthermore yee shall vnderstande that the brayne is a member colde & moyst of complexion , thin , & meanly viscous , & a principal member , & an official member & spermatik . And first , why he is a principall member , is , because he is the gouernor or the treasurie of the fiue wits : And why he is an officiall member , is , because he hath the effect of féeling and stering : And why hée is colde and moyst , is , that hée shoulde by his coldnesse and moystnesse abate and temper the exceeding heate and drought that commeth from the heart : Also why it is moyst , is , that it shoulde bee the more indifferenter and abler to euery thing that shoulde bee reserued or gotten into him : Also why it is softe , is , that it shoulde giue place and fauour to the vertue of stering : And why it is meanely viscous , is , that his senewes shoulde bée strong and meanely tough , and that they shoulde not bee letted in their woorking through his ouermuch hardnesse . Here Galen demaundeth a question , which is this , Whether that féeling and moouinge be brought to Nerues by one or by dyuers ? or whether the aforesayde thing bee brought substancially or radically . The matter ( sayeth hee ) is so harde to searche and bee vnderstood , that it were much better to let it alone and passe ouer it . Aristotle intreating of the braine , sayeth : The Brayne is a member continually moouing and ruling all other members of the bodye , giuing vnto them both feeling and moouinge : for if the Brayne hée let , all other members bée let : and if the Brayne bée well , then all other members of the bodye bee the better disposed . Also the Brayne hath this propertie , that it mooueth and followeth the moouing of the Moone : for in the waxinge of the Moone the Brayne followeth vpwardes , and in the wane of the Moone the Brayne discendeth downwardes , and vanisheth in substance of vertue : for then the brayne shrinketh togeather in it selfe , and is not so fully obedient to the spirite of feeling . And this is prooued in men that be lunatike or madde , and also in men that bee epulentike or hauing the falling sicknesse , that bée most gréeued in the beginning of the newe Moone , and in the latter quarter of the Moone . Wherefore ( sayeth Aristotle ) when it happeneth that the Brayne is eyther too drye , or too moyst , then can it not woorke his kinde : for then is the bodye made colde : then are the spirites of life melted and resolued awaye : and then followeth féeblenesse of the Wittes , and of all other members of the bodye , and at the last death .