¶
A
breefe
Treatise
of
of
the
Anatomie
of
mans
body
:
Compyled
by
me
Thomas
Vycarie
Esquire
,
and
Sargeant
Chirurgion
to
king
Henry
the
eyght
,
for
the
vse
and
commoditie
of
al
vnlearned
Practicioners
in
Chirurgerie
.
IN
the
name
of
God
,
Amen
.
Heere
I
shal
declare
vnto
you
shortly
and
breefly
the
sayinges
,
and
the
determinations
of
diuers
auncient
Authors
,
in
three
poyntes
▪
very
expedient
for
al
men
to
knowe
,
that
entende
to
vse
or
exercise
the
mysterie
or
arte
of
Chirurgerie
.
The
first
is
,
to
knowe
what
thing
Chirurgerie
is
:
The
second
is
,
how
that
a
Chirurgion
should
be
chosen
:
And
the
thirde
is
,
with
what
properties
a
Surgion
should
be
indued
.
THE
fyrst
is
to
know
what
thing
Chirurgerie
is
.
Heerein
I
doo
note
the
saying
of
Lamfranke
,
whereas
he
sayth
,
Al
thinges
that
man
would
knowe
,
may
be
knowen
by
one
of
these
three
thinges
:
That
is
to
say
,
by
his
name
,
or
by
his
working
,
or
els
by
his
very
being
and
shewing
of
his
owne
properties
.
So
then
it
followeth
that
in
the
same
manner
we
may
know
what
Chirurgerie
is
by
three
thinges
.
First
by
his
name
,
as
thus
,
The
Interpreters
write
,
that
Surgerie
is
deriued
oute
of
these
wordes
,
Apo
tes
chiros
,
cai
tou
ergou
,
that
is
too
bee
vnderstanded
,
A
hand
working
,
and
so
it
may
be
taken
for
al
handy
artes
,
But
noble
Ipocras
sayth
,
that
Surgerie
is
hande
working
in
mans
body
,
for
the
very
ende
and
profite
of
Chirurgerie
is
hande
working
.
Nowe
the
seconde
manner
of
knowing
what
thing
Chirurgerie
is
,
it
is
the
saying
of
Auicen
to
be
knowen
by
his
beeing
,
for
it
is
verely
a
medecinal
science
:
and
as
Galen
sayth
,
he
that
wyl
knowe
the
certentie
of
a
thing
,
let
him
not
busy
him selfe
to
knowe
only
the
name
of
that
thing
,
but
also
the
working
and
the
effect
of
the
same
thing
.
Nowe
the
thirde
way
to
knowe
what
thing
Chirurgerie
is
,
It
is
also
to
be
knowen
by
his
beeing
or
declaring
of
his
owne
properties
,
the
which
teacheth
vs
to
worke
in
mannes
body
with
handes
:
as
thus
,
In
cutting
or
opening
those
partes
that
be
whole
,
and
in
healing
those
partes
that
be
broke
nor
cut
,
and
in
taking
away
that
that
is
superfluous
,
as
warts
,
wennes
,
skurfulas
,
and
other
lyke
.
But
further
to
declare
what
Galen
sayth
Surgery
is
,
It
is
the
laste
instrument
of
medicine
:
That
is
to
say
,
Dyet
,
Pocion
,
and
Chirurgerie
:
of
the
whiche
three
,
sayth
he
,
Dyet
is
the
noblest
,
and
the
most
vertuous
.
And
thus
he
sayth
,
whereas
a
man
may
be
cured
with
Dyet
onely
,
let
there
be
geuen
no
maner
of
medicine
.
The
seconde
instrument
is
Pocion
:
for
and
if
a
man
may
be
cured
with
Dyet
and
Pocion
,
let
there
not
be
ministred
any
Chirurgerie
.
The
thirde
and
laste
Instrument
,
is
Chirurgerie
,
through
whose
vertue
and
goodnes
is
remoued
and
put
away
many
greeuous
infirmities
and
diseases
,
which
might
not
haue
bene
remoued
nor
yet
put
away
,
neither
with
Diet
,
nor
with
Pocion
.
And
by
these
three
meanes
it
is
knowen
what
thing
Chirurgerie
is
.
And
this
suffiseth
for
vs
for
that
poynt
.
Nowe
it
is
knowen
what
thing
Chirurgerie
is
,
there
must
also
be
chosen
a
man
apt
and
mete
to
minister
Surgerie
,
or
to
be
a
Chirur
gion
.
And
in
this
poynt
al
Authors
doo
agree
,
that
a
Chirurgion
should
be
chosen
by
his
complexion
,
and
that
his
complexion
be
very
temperate
,
and
al
his
members
wel
proportioned
.
For
Rasis
sayth
,
Whose
face
is
not
seemely
,
it
is
vnpossible
for
him
for
to
haue
good
manners
.
And
Aristotle
the
great
Philosopher
writeth
in
his
Epistles
to
the
noble
king
Alexander
(
as
in
those
Epistles
more
playnely
doth
appeare
)
howe
hee
should
choose
al
suche
persons
as
should
serue
him
,
by
the
forme
and
shape
of
the
face
,
and
al
other
members
of
the
body
.
And
furthermore
they
say
,
he
that
is
of
an
euill
complexion
,
there
must
needes
folowe
like
conditions
.
Wherefore
it
agreeth
that
a
Chirurgion
must
be
both
of
a
good
and
temperate
complexion
,
as
is
afore
rehearsed
.
And
principally
,
that
he
be
a
good
lyuer
and
a
keeper
of
the
holy
commaundements
of
God
,
of
whom
commeth
al
cunning
and
grace
,
and
that
his
body
be
not
quaking
,
and
his
hands
stedfast
,
his
fingers
long
and
smal
,
and
not
trembling
:
and
that
his
left
hand
be
as
ready
as
his
right
hande
,
with
al
his
lymmes
able
to
fulfil
the
good
workes
of
the
soule
.
Nowe
here
is
a
man
meete
to
be
made
a
Chirurgion
.
And
thoughe
he
haue
al
these
good
qualities
before
rehersed
,
yet
is
he
no
good
Chirurgion
,
but
a
man
very
fitte
and
meete
therfore
.
Now
then
to
knowe
what
properties
and
conditions
this
man
must
haue
before
he
be
a
perfect
Chirurgion
.
And
I
doo
note
foure
thinges
moste
specially
that
euery
Chirurgion
ought
for
to
haue
:
The
first
that
he
be
learned
:
the
seconde
,
that
he
be
expert
:
the
thirde
,
that
he
be
ingenious
:
the
fourth
,
that
he
be
wel
manered
.
The
first
(
I
sayde
)
he
ought
to
be
learned
,
and
that
he
knowe
his
principles
,
not
onely
in
Chirurgerie
,
but
also
in
Phisicke
,
that
he
may
the
better
defende
his
Surgery
.
Also
he
ought
to
be
seene
in
natural
Philosophie
,
and
in
Grammer
,
that
he
speake
congruitie
in
Logike
,
that
teacheth
him
to
proue
his
proportions
with
good
reason
.
In
Rethorike
,
that
teacheth
him
to
speake
seemely
and
eloquently
:
also
in
Theorike
,
that
teacheth
him
to
knowe
thinges
natural
and
not
natural
,
&
thinges
agaynst
nature
.
Also
he
must
knowe
the
Anatomie
,
for
al
authors
write
against
those
Surgions
that
worke
in
mans
body
not
knowing
the
Anatomie
,
for
they
be
likened
to
a
blind
man
that
cutteth
in
a
vine
tree
,
for
he
taketh
more
or
lesse
then
he
ought
to
doo
.
And
here
note
wel
the
saying
of
Galen
the
prince
of
Philosophers
,
in
his
Estoris
,
that
it
is
as
possible
for
a
Surgion
not
knowing
the
Anatomie
,
to
worke
in
mans
body
without
error
,
as
it
is
for
a
blind
man
to
carue
an
Image
&
make
it
perfyt
.
The.
ij
.
I
said
,
he
must
be
expert
:
for
Rasus
sayth
,
he
ought
to
knowe
and
to
see
other
men
work
,
and
after
to
haue
vse
and
exercise
.
The
thirde
,
that
he
be
ingenious
or
wittie
,
for
al
things
belonging
to
Chirurgerie
may
not
be
written
,
nor
with
letters
set
foorth
.
The
fourth
I
sayde
,
that
he
muste
be
wel
manered
,
and
that
he
haue
al
these
good
conditions
here
folowing
:
First
,
that
he
be
no
spousbreaker
,
nor
no
drunkarde
.
For
the
Philosophers
say
,
amongst
all
other
thinges
beware
of
those
persons
that
followe
dronkennes
,
for
they
be
accompted
for
no
men
,
bicause
they
liue
a
life
bestiall
:
wherfore
amongst
al
other
sortes
of
people
,
they
ought
to
be
sequestred
from
the
ministring
of
medicine
.
Likewise
a
Chirurgion
must
take
heede
that
he
deceiue
no
man
with
his
vayne
promises
,
for
to
make
of
asmal
matter
a
great
,
because
he
woulde
be
counted
the
more
famous
.
And
amongest
other
thinges
they
maye
neither
be
flatterers
,
nor
mockers
,
nor
priuie
backbyters
of
other
men
.
Likewise
they
muste
not
be
proude
,
nor
presumptuous
,
nor
detracters
of
other
men
.
Likewise
they
ought
not
to
be
too
couetous
,
nor
no
nigarde
,
&
namely
amongst
their
fréendes
,
or
men
of
worship
,
but
let
them
be
honest
,
curteous
,
and
free
,
both
in
worde
and
deede
.
Likewise
they
shal
g●ue
no
counsayle
except
they
be
asked
,
and
then
say
their
aduise
by
good
deliberation
,
and
that
they
bewel
aduised
afore
they
speake
,
chefly
in
the
presence
of
wise
men
.
Likewise
they
muste
be
as
priuie
and
as
secrete
as
anye
Confessour
,
of
al
thinges
that
they
shal
eyther
heare
or
see
in
the
house
of
their
Pacient
.
They
shal
not
take
into
their
cure
any
maner
of
person
,
except
he
wyl
be
obedient
vnto
their
preceptes
,
for
he
can
not
be
called
a
pacient
,
vnlesse
he
be
a
sufferer
.
Also
that
they
doo
their
diligence
aswel
to
the
poore
as
to
the
riche
.
They
shal
neuer
discomfort
their
pacient
,
and
shall
commaunde
all
that
be
about
him
that
they
doo
the
same
,
but
to
his
fréendes
speake
truthe
as
the
case
standeth
.
They
must
also
be
bolde
in
those
thinges
whereof
they
be
certayne
,
and
as
dreadfull
in
al
perilles
.
They
may
not
chide
with
the
sicke
,
but
be
alwayes
pleasaunt
and
mery
.
They
must
not
couet
any
woman
by
waye
of
vylanie
,
&
specially
in
the
house
of
their
Pacient
.
They
shal
not
for
couetousnes
of
money
take
in
hande
those
cures
that
be
vncurable
,
nor
neuer
set
any
certaine
day
of
the
sickemans
health
,
for
it
lyeth
not
in
their
power
:
folowing
the
distinct
counsayle
of
Galen
,
in
the
amphorisme
of
Ipocras
,
saying
,
Oportet
seipsum
non
solum
.
By
this
Galen
meaneth
,
that
to
the
cure
of
euery
sore
there
belongeth
foure
thinges
:
of
which
,
the
first
and
principal
belongeth
to
God
,
the
second
to
the
Surgion
,
the
thirde
to
the
Medicine
,
and
the
fourth
to
the
Pacient
.
Of
the
which
foure
and
if
any
one
doo
fayle
,
the
Pacient
can
not
be
healed
:
then
they
,
to
whom
belongeth
but
the
fourth
parte
,
shal
not
promise
the
whole
,
but
bee
first
wel
aduised
.
They
must
also
be
gracious
and
good
to
the
poore
,
and
of
the
rich
take
liberally
,
for
bothe
.
And
sée
they
neuer
prayse
them selues
,
for
that
redoundeth
more
to
their
shame
and
discredite
,
then
to
their
fame
&
worship
:
For
a
cunning
and
skilful
Chirurgion
néede
neuer
vaunt
of
his
dooings
,
for
his
works
wyll
euer
get
credite
ynough
.
Likewise
that
they
despise
no
other
Chirurgion
without
a
great
cause
:
for
it
is
méete
that
one
Chirurgion
should
loue
another
,
as
Christe
loueth
vs
al.
And
in
thus
dooing
they
shal
increase
both
in
vertue
&
cunning
,
to
the
honour
of
God
and
worldly
fame
.
To
whome
he
bring
vs
al.
Amen
.
¶
Heereafter
foloweth
the
Anathomie
of
the
simple
members
.
AND
if
it
be
asked
you
how
many
simple
members
there
be
,
it
is
to
be
answered
,
eleuen
,
and
two
that
be
but
superfluities
of
members
:
and
these
be
they
,
Bones
,
Cartylages
,
Nerues
,
Pannykles
,
Lygaments
,
Cordes
,
Arteirs
,
Weines
,
Fatnes
,
Fleshe
and
Skinne
:
and
the
superfluities
be
the
heares
&
the
nayles
.
I
shal
beginne
at
the
Bone
,
because
it
is
the
fundation
,
and
the
hardest
member
of
al
the
body
.
The
Bone
is
a
consimile
member
,
simple
and
spermatike
,
and
colde
and
dry
of
complexion
,
insencible
,
and
inflexible
:
and
hath
diuers
formes
in
mans
body
,
for
the
diuersitie
of
helpings
.
The
cause
why
there
be
many
bones
in
mans
body
is
this
:
Sometime
it
is
néedeful
that
one
member
or
one
lymme
should
moue
without
another
.
Another
cause
is
,
that
some
defende
the
principal
members
,
as
dothe
the
bone
of
the
brest
,
and
of
the
head
:
and
some
to
be
the
fundation
of
diuers
partes
of
the
body
,
as
the
bones
of
the
Ridge
,
and
of
the
legges
:
and
some
to
fulfyll
the
hollowe
places
,
as
in
the
handes
and
feete
.
&c.
The
Grystle
is
a
member
simple
and
spermatike
,
next
in
hardnes
to
the
bone
,
and
is
of
complexion
colde
and
drye
,
and
insencible
.
The
grystle
was
ordeyned
for
sixe
causes
,
or
profites
that
I
fynd
in
it
:
The
first
is
,
that
the
continual
mouing
of
the
hard
bone
might
not
be
done
in
a
iuncture
,
but
that
the
grystle
should
be
a
meane
betwéene
the
Lygament
and
him
:
The
seconde
is
,
that
in
the
time
of
concussion
or
oppression
,
the
softe
members
or
limmes
should
not
be
hurt
of
the
harde
:
The
thirde
is
,
that
the
extremitie
of
bones
and
Ioyntes
that
be
gristly
,
might
the
easelyer
be
folded
and
moued
together
without
hurt
:
The
fourth
is
,
for
that
it
is
necessarie
in
some
meane
places
to
put
a
grystle
,
as
in
the
throte
bowel
for
the
sounde
:
The
fyfth
is
,
for
that
it
is
néedeful
that
some
members
be
holden
vp
with
a
grystle
,
as
the
liddes
of
the
eyes
:
The
sixth
is
,
that
some
limmes
haue
a
sustayning
and
a
drawing
abrod
,
as
in
the
nose
and
the
eares
.
&c.
The
Lygament
is
a
member
consimple
,
simple
,
and
spermatike
,
next
in
hardnes
to
the
gristle
,
and
of
complexion
cold
and
dry
,
and
is
flexible
and
insensible
,
and
byndeth
the
bones
together
.
The
cause
why
he
is
flexible
and
insencible
is
this
:
If
it
had
bene
sensible
,
he
mighte
not
haue
suffred
the
labour
and
mouing
of
the
ioynts
:
and
if
it
had
not
ben
flexible
of
his
bowing
,
one
lymme
should
not
haue
moued
without
another
.
The
seconde
profite
is
,
that
he
be
ioyned
with
sinews
,
for
to
make
Cordes
&
Brawnes
:
The
thirde
helpe
is
,
that
he
be
a
resting
place
to
some
sinewes
:
The
fourth
profite
is
,
that
by
him
the
members
that
be
within
the
body
be
sustayned
,
as
the
matrix
and
kidneys
,
and
diuers
other
.
&c.
The
Sinew
is
a
consimiler
member
,
simple
and
spermatike
,
meane
betweene
harde
and
softe
,
and
in
complexion
colde
and
drye
,
and
he
is
both
flexible
and
sensible
,
strong
and
tough
,
hauing
his
bes
ginning
from
the
braine
,
or
from
Mynuca
,
whiche
is
the
marow
of
the
backe
.
And
from
the
brayne
commeth
.
vij
.
payre
of
Nerues
sensatiues
,
and
from
Mynuca
commeth
.
xxx
.
payre
of
Nerues
motius
,
and
one
that
is
by
him selfe
,
that
springeth
of
the
last
spondel
.
All
these
senews
haue
both
féeling
and
mouing
,
in
some
more
,
and
in
some
lesse
.
&c.
A
Corde
or
Tendon
is
a
consimple
or
official
member
,
compounde
and
spermatike
,
synowy
,
strong
,
and
tough
,
meanly
betweene
hardenes
and
softnes
,
and
meanely
sensible
and
flexible
,
and
in
complexion
colde
and
dry
.
And
the
Corde
or
Tendon
is
thus
made
:
The
synewes
that
come
from
the
brayne
&
from
Mynuca
,
and
go
to
moue
the
members
,
is
intermingled
with
the
Lygamentes
,
and
when
the
Synewes
and
Lygamentes
are
intermingled
together
,
then
is
made
a
Corde
.
And
three
causes
I
perceyue
why
the
Cordes
were
made
:
The
fyrst
is
,
that
the
Synewe
alone
is
so
sensible
that
he
may
not
suffer
the
great
labour
and
trauel
of
mouing
,
without
the
felowship
and
strength
of
the
Lygament
that
is
insencible
,
and
that
letteth
his
great
féeling
,
and
bringeth
him
to
a
perfect
temperaunce
,
and
so
the
Cordes
moue
the
limmes
to
the
wil
of
the
soule
.
And
this
Corde
is
associated
with
a
simple
flesh
,
and
so
therof
is
made
a
brawne
or
a
muskel
,
on
whom
he
might
rest
after
his
trauel
.
And
this
Brawne
is
called
a
Muskle
.
Then
when
this
Corde
is
entred
into
this
brawne
,
he
is
departed
into
many
smal
threeds
,
the
whiche
be
called
wylle
.
And
this
wyl
hath
three
properties
:
The
fyrst
is
in
length
,
by
whose
vertue
that
draweth
it
hath
might
:
The
soconde
in
breadth
,
by
whome
the
vertue
that
casteth
out
hath
might
:
The
third
in
thwartnes
,
in
whom
the
vertue
that
holdeth
hath
might
:
and
at
the
ende
of
the
Brawne
those
threedes
be
gathered
together
to
make
another
muskel
.
&c
Nowe
I
wyl
begynne
at
the
Artere
.
This
Artere
is
a
member
consimyle
,
simple
and
spermatike
,
hollowe
and
synowy
,
hauing
his
springing
from
the
hart
,
bringing
from
the
harte
to
euery
member
blood
and
spirite
of
lyfe
.
It
is
of
complexion
colde
and
drye
.
And
al
these
Arteres
haue
two
cotes
,
except
one
that
goth
to
the
Lunges
,
and
he
hath
but
one
cote
that
spreadeth
abrode
in
the
Lungs
,
and
bringeth
with
him
to
the
Lunges
blood
,
with
the
spirite
of
lyfe
to
nourishe
the
Lungs
withal
:
and
also
that
Artere
bringeth
with
him
from
the
lunges
ayre
to
temper
the
fumous
heate
that
is
in
the
harte
.
And
this
Artere
is
he
that
is
called
Arteria
venalis
,
because
he
hath
but
one
cote
as
a
vayne
,
and
is
more
obedient
to
be
delated
abrode
through
al
the
lunges
,
because
that
the
blood
might
the
sooner
sweate
through
him
:
wheras
al
other
Arters
haue
two
cotes
,
because
one
cote
may
not
withstande
the
might
and
power
of
the
spirit
of
life
.
Diuers
other
causes
there
be
,
which
shal
be
declared
in
the
Anathomie
of
the
brest
.
&c.
The
Ueyne
is
a
symple
member
,
in
complexion
colde
and
drye
,
and
spermatike
,
like
to
the
Artere
,
hauing
his
beginning
from
the
Lyuer
,
and
bringing
from
the
Lyuer
nutritiue
blood
,
to
nourishe
euery
member
of
the
body
with
.
And
it
is
so
to
be
vnderstanded
that
there
is
no
more
difference
betweene
these
two
vessels
of
blood
,
but
that
the
Artere
is
a
vessel
of
blood
spiritual
or
vytal
.
And
the
Ueyne
is
a
vessel
of
blood
nutrimental
,
of
the
which
Ueynes
there
is
noted
two
most
principal
,
of
the
which
one
is
called
vena
porta
,
the
other
is
called
venacelis
,
of
whom
it
is
too
much
to
treate
of
now
,
vntyll
we
come
to
the
anathomie
of
the
wombe
.
&c.
The
flesh
is
a
consimiler
member
,
sim
ple
,
not
spermatike
,
and
is
ingendred
of
blood
congeled
by
heate
,
and
is
in
complexion
hote
and
moyst
.
Of
the
which
is
noted
three
kindes
of
fleshes
:
that
is
to
say
,
one
is
soft
&
pure
fleshe
:
the
seconde
is
muskulus
or
hard
&
brawny
flesh
:
the
thirde
is
glandulus
,
knotty
,
or
kurnelly
fleshe
.
Also
the
commodities
of
the
fleshe
be
indifferent
,
for
some
be
common
to
euery
kinde
of
fleshe
,
and
some
be
proper
to
one
maner
of
fleshe
alone
.
The
profytes
of
the
fleshe
be
many
,
for
some
defende
the
bodye
from
colde
as
dothe
clothes
:
also
it
defendeth
the
body
from
harde
thinges
comming
agaynst
it
:
also
through
his
moysture
he
rectifieth
the
body
in
sommer
,
in
time
of
great
heate
.
Wherefore
it
is
to
be
considered
what
profitablenes
is
in
euery
kinde
of
fleshe
by
him selfe
.
And
fyrst
of
simple
and
pure
fleshe
,
whiche
fulfylleth
the
concauities
of
voyde
places
,
and
causeth
good
forme
and
shape
:
and
this
fleshe
is
founde
betweene
the
teeth
,
and
on
the
ende
of
the
yarde
.
The
profite
of
the
Brawny
fleshe
or
muskulus
fleshe
,
shal
be
spoken
of
in
the
Anathomie
of
the
armes
.
The
profites
of
the
Glandulus
fleshe
are
these
:
First
,
that
it
turneth
the
blood
into
a
cullour
like
to
him selfe
,
as
doth
the
fleshe
of
a
womans
paps
turne
the
menstrual
blood
into
mylke
:
secondly
,
the
Glandulus
fleshe
of
the
Testikles
,
turneth
the
blood
into
sparme
:
thirdly
,
the
Glandulus
flesh
of
the
cheekes
,
that
ingendreth
the
spittle
.
&c.
The
next
is
of
Fatnes
,
of
the
whiche
I
finde
thrée
kindes
:
The
firste
is
Pinguedo
,
and
it
is
a
consimilar
member
,
not
spermatike
,
and
it
is
made
of
a
subtyl
portion
of
blood
congeled
by
colde
:
and
it
is
of
complexion
colde
and
moyst
,
insencible
,
and
is
intermedled
amongest
the
partes
of
the
fleshe
.
The
seconde
is
Adeppes
,
and
is
of
the
same
kinde
as
is
Pinguedo
,
but
it
is
departed
from
the
fleshe
besydes
the
skinne
,
and
it
is
as
an
oyle
heating
and
moysting
the
skinne
.
The
thirde
is
Auxingia
,
and
it
is
of
kinde
as
the
others
be
,
but
he
is
departed
from
the
fleshe
withinforth
about
the
kidneys
,
and
in
the
intrayles
,
and
it
helpeth
both
the
kidneys
and
the
intrayles
from
drying
by
his
vnctiositie
.
&c.
Then
come
we
to
the
Skinne
.
The
Skinne
is
a
consimile
member
or
officiall
,
partely
spermatike
,
strong
and
tough
,
flexible
and
sencible
,
thinne
and
temperate
,
Wherof
there
be
two
kindes
:
One
is
the
Skinne
that
couereth
the
outwarde
members
:
and
the
other
the
inner
members
,
whiche
is
called
a
Pannicle
,
the
profitablenesse
of
whome
was
spoken
of
in
the
laste
Lesson
:
But
the
Skinne
is
properlye
wouen
of
Thréedes
,
Nerues
,
Ueynēs
,
and
Arteirs
.
And
he
is
made
temperate
,
because
he
should
be
a
good
déemer
of
heate
from
colde
,
and
of
meystnes
from
drynes
,
that
there
shoulde
nothing
noye
nor
hurt
the
body
,
but
it
geueth
warning
to
the
common
wittes
thereof
.
&c.
The
Heyres
of
euery
part
of
mans
body
are
but
a
superfluitie
of
members
,
made
of
the
grosse
fume
or
smoke
passing
out
of
the
viscoues
matter
,
thickened
to
the
forme
of
heyre
.
The
profitablenesse
of
him
is
declared
in
the
Anathomie
of
the
head
.
&c.
The
Nayles
likewise
are
a
superfluitie
of
members
,
engendred
of
great
earthly
smoke
or
fume
resolued
through
the
natural
heate
of
humours
,
and
is
softer
then
the
Bone
,
&
harder
then
the
Fleshe
.
In
complexion
they
be
colde
and
drye
,
and
are
alwayes
waxing
in
the
extremitie
of
the
fyngers
and
toes
.
The
vtilitie
of
them
are
,
that
by
them
a
man
shal
take
the
better
holde
:
also
they
helpe
to
clawe
the
body
when
it
néedeth
:
Lastly
,
they
helpe
to
deuide
thinges
for
lacke
of
other
tooles
,
&c.
¶
Heereafter
foloweth
the
Anathomie
of
the
compound
members
,
and
first
of
the
head
.
BEcause
the
head
of
man
is
the
habitation
or
dwelling
place
of
the
reasonable
soule
of
man
,
therefore
with
the
grace
of
God
I
shal
fyrst
speake
of
the
Anatomie
of
the
head
.
Galen
saith
in
the
seconde
Chapter
De
iuuamentes
,
and
Auicen
rehearseth
the
same
in
hys
fyrst
preposition
and
third
Chapter
,
prouing
that
the
Head
of
man
was
made
neither
for
Wittes
,
nor
yet
for
the
Braynes
,
but
onely
for
the
eyes
.
For
beastes
that
haue
no
heades
,
haue
the
orgayne
or
instrumentes
of
Wittes
in
their
brests
.
Therefore
God
and
nature
haue
reared
vp
the
head
of
man
onely
for
the
eyes
,
for
it
is
the
hyest
member
of
man
:
and
as
a
beholder
or
watchman
standeth
in
a
highe
Towre
to
geue
warning
of
the
enemies
,
so
doth
the
Eye
of
man
geue
warning
vnto
the
common
Wittes
,
for
the
defence
of
all
other
members
of
the
body
.
Nowe
to
our
purpose
.
If
the
question
be
asked
,
how
many
things
be
there
conteyning
on
the
head
,
and
howe
many
thinges
conteyned
within
the
head
?
As
it
is
rehearsed
by
Guydo
,
there
bee
but
fyue
conteining
,
and
as
many
conteined
:
as
thus
,
The
Heyre
,
the
Skinne
,
the
Flesh
,
the
Pannicles
,
and
the
Bone
,
neither
rehearsing
Ueyne
nor
Artere
.
The
which
Anathomie
can
not
be
truly
without
them
both
,
as
thou
shalt
wel
perceiue
both
in
this
Chapter
,
but
specially
in
the
next
.
And
nowe
in
this
lesson
I
shall
speake
but
of
Heire
,
Skinne
,
Fleshe
,
Ueines
,
Pannicles
,
and
Bones
,
what
profite
they
doo
to
man
,
euery
of
them
in
his
kinde
.
Of
the
Heire
of
the
head
(
whose
creation
is
knowen
in
the
Anatomie
of
the
simple
members
)
I
doo
note
foure
vtilities
why
it
was
ordeyned
:
the
fyrst
is
,
that
it
defendeth
the
Brayne
from
too
muche
heate
,
and
too
muche
colde
,
and
many
other
outwarde
noyances
:
The
seconde
is
,
it
maketh
the
forme
or
shape
of
the
head
to
seeme
more
seemelyer
or
beautyfuller
.
For
if
the
head
were
not
heyred
,
the
face
and
the
heade
should
seeme
but
one
thing
,
and
therefore
the
heyre
formeth
and
shapeth
the
head
from
the
face
:
The
thirde
is
,
that
by
the
cullour
of
the
heyre
is
witnessed
&
knowen
the
complexion
of
the
Brayne
:
The
fourth
is
,
that
the
fumosities
of
the
brayne
might
assend
and
passe
lyghtlyer
out
by
them
.
For
if
there
were
a
sad
thing
,
as
the
skinne
or
other
,
of
the
same
nature
as
the
heyre
is
,
the
fumosities
of
the
brayne
might
not
haue
passed
throwe
it
so
lightly
,
as
it
doth
by
the
heyre
.
The
Skinne
of
the
head
is
more
lazartus
,
thicker
,
and
more
porrus
,
than
any
other
Skinne
of
any
other
member
of
the
body
.
And
two
causes
I
note
why
,
One
is
,
that
it
keepeth
or
defendeth
the
brayne
from
too
muche
heate
and
colde
,
as
doth
the
heyre
:
The
other
,
it
discusseth
to
the
common
wittes
of
al
thinges
that
noyeth
outwardly
,
for
the
heyre
is
insencible
:
The
thirde
cause
why
the
skinne
of
the
head
is
more
thicker
then
any
other
skinne
of
the
body
,
is
this
,
that
it
keepeth
the
brayne
the
more
warme
,
and
is
the
better
fence
for
the
brayne
,
and
it
bindeth
and
keepeth
the
bones
of
the
head
the
faster
together
.
Next
followeth
the
Fleshe
,
the
which
is
al
Musculus
or
Lazartus
fleshe
,
lying
vpon
pericranium
without
meane
.
and
it
is
made
of
subtile
Wylle
,
and
of
simple
fleshe
,
Synewes
,
Ueines
,
&
Arteirs
.
And
why
the
fleshe
that
is
al
musculus
or
lazartus
in
euery
member
of
a
mans
body
was
made
,
is
for
three
causes
:
the
fyrst
is
,
that
by
his
thicknes
,
he
shoulde
comforte
the
digestion
of
other
members
that
lye
by
him
:
The
seconde
is
,
that
through
him
euery
member
is
made
the
more
formelyer
,
and
taketh
the
better
shape
:
The
thirde
is
,
that
by
his
meanes
euery
member
of
the
body
draweth
to
him
norishing
,
the
which
others
withholde
to
put
foorth
from
them
:
as
it
shal
be
more
playnlyer
spoken
of
in
the
Anathomie
of
the
wombe
.
Next
followeth
Pericranium
,
or
the
couering
of
the
bones
of
the
head
.
But
heere
it
is
to
be
noted
of
a
Ueyne
and
an
Artere
that
commeth
betweene
the
flesh
and
this
Pericranium
,
that
nourisheth
the
vtter
part
of
the
head
,
and
so
entreth
priuily
through
the
commissaries
of
the
skul
,
bearing
to
the
Brayne
and
to
his
Pannikles
nourishing
:
of
whose
substaunce
is
made
bothe
Duramater
,
and
also
Pericranium
,
as
shall
be
declared
in
the
partes
conteyned
in
the
head
,
Here
it
is
to
be
noted
of
this
Pannikle
Pericranium
,
that
it
bindeth
or
compasseth
al
the
bones
of
the
head
,
vnto
whom
is
adioyned
the
Duramater
,
and
is
also
a
part
of
his
substaunce
,
howbeit
they
be
separated
,
for
Duramater
is
nerer
that
brayne
,
and
is
vnder
the
skull
.
This
Pericranium
was
made
principally
for
two
causes
:
one
is
,
that
for
his
strong
bynding
together
he
should
make
firme
and
stable
the
féeble
commissaries
or
seames
of
the
bones
of
the
head
:
The
other
cause
is
,
that
it
shoulde
be
a
meane
betwéene
the
harde
bone
and
the
softe
fleshe
.
Nexte
is
the
Bone
of
the
Pot
of
the
head
keeping
in
the
Braynes
,
of
which
it
were
too
long
to
declare
their
names
after
al
Authors
,
as
they
number
them
and
their
names
,
for
some
name
them
after
the
Gréeke
tongue
,
and
some
after
the
Arabian
,
but
in
conclusion
al
is
to
one
purpose
.
And
they
be
numbred
seuen
bones
in
the
pan
or
skul
of
the
head
:
the
fyrst
is
called
the
Coronal
bone
,
in
which
is
that
Orbyts
or
holes
of
the
Eyes
,
and
it
reacheth
from
the
Browes
vnto
the
mid
dest
of
the
head
,
and
there
it
meteth
with
the
seconde
bone
called
Occipissial
,
a
bone
of
the
hinder
part
of
the
head
called
the
Noddel
of
the
head
,
which
two
bones
Coronal
and
Occipissiale
be
deuided
by
the
Commissaries
in
the
middes
of
the
head
.
The
thirde
and
fourth
bones
be
called
Parietales
,
and
they
be
the
bones
of
the
sideling
parts
of
the
head
,
and
they
be
deuided
by
the
Cōmissories
both
from
the
foresayde
Coronal
and
Occipissial
.
The
fyfth
and
the
syxth
bones
be
called
Petrosa
or
Mendosa
:
and
these
two
bones
lye
ouer
the
bones
called
Parietales
,
on
euery
side
of
the
head
one
,
lyke
skales
,
in
whom
be
that
holes
of
the
eares
.
The
seuenth
and
last
of
the
head
is
called
Paxillarie
,
or
Bazillarie
,
the
whiche
bone
is
as
it
were
a
wedge
vnto
all
the
other
seuen
bones
of
the
head
,
and
doth
fasten
them
togeather
.
And
thus
be
all
numbred
:
the
first
is
the
Coronal
bone
,
the
seconde
is
the
Occipissial
,
the
thirde
and
the
fourth
is
Parietales
,
the
fyfth
and
the
sixth
is
Petrosa
or
Mendosa
,
and
the
seuenth
is
Paxillari
,
or
Bazillari
.
And
this
suffiseth
for
the
fyue
thinges
conteyning
.
¶
In
this
Chapter
is
declared
the
fiue
thinges
conteyned
within
the
head
.
NExt
vnder
the
bones
of
the
head
withinfoorth
,
the
first
thing
that
appeareth
is
Duramater
,
then
is
Piamater
,
then
the
substaunce
of
the
Brayne
,
and
then
Uermy
formes
and
Retemirabile
.
But
first
to
speake
of
Duramater
,
whereof
,
and
howe
it
is
sprong
and
made
:
First
it
is
to
be
noted
of
the
Ueine
and
Arteire
that
was
spoken
of
in
the
laste
Chapter
before
,
howe
priuyly
they
entred
through
the
commissoris
or
seames
of
the
head
,
and
there
by
their
vnion
together
,
they
doo
not
onely
bring
and
geue
the
spirite
of
lyfe
and
nutriment
,
but
also
doo
weaue
them selues
so
togeather
,
that
they
make
this
pannicle
Duramater
.
It
is
holden
vp
by
certayne
threedes
of
him selfe
comming
through
the
sayd
commissories
,
running
into
Pericranium
or
pannicle
that
couereth
the
bones
of
the
head
.
And
with
the
foresayde
Ueyne
and
Arteire
,
and
these
threedes
comming
from
Duramater
,
is
wouen
and
made
this
Pericranium
.
Also
why
this
panicle
Duramater
is
set
from
the
skul
,
I
note
two
causes
:
the
first
is
,
that
if
the
Duramater
shoulde
haue
touched
the
skul
,
it
shoulde
lightly
haue
bene
hurt
with
the
hardnes
of
the
bone
:
The
seconde
cause
is
,
that
the
matter
that
commeth
of
woundes
made
in
the
head
pearsing
the
skul
,
shoulde
by
it
the
better
be
defended
and
kepte
from
Piamater
,
and
hurting
of
the
brayne
.
And
next
vnto
this
panicle
there
is
another
pannicle
called
Pia
mater
,
or
méeke
mother
,
because
it
is
so
softe
and
tender
vnto
the
brayne
.
Of
whose
creation
it
is
to
be
noted
as
of
Duramater
,
for
the
original
of
their
fyrst
creation
is
of
one
kind
,
both
from
the
Hart
and
the
Lyuer
,
and
is
mother
of
the
very
substaunce
of
the
brayne
.
Why
it
is
called
Piamater
,
is
,
for
because
it
is
so
softe
and
tender
ouer
the
brayne
,
that
it
nourisheth
the
brayne
and
feedeth
it
,
as
doth
a
louing
mother
vnto
her
tender
childe
or
babe
,
for
it
is
not
so
tough
and
harde
as
is
Duramater
.
In
this
panicle
Pia
mater
is
much
to
be
noted
of
the
great
number
of
Ueynes
and
Arteirs
that
are
planted
,
ramefying
throughout
al
his
substaunce
,
geuing
to
the
brayne
both
spirite
and
lyfe
.
And
this
Pannicle
doth
circumuolue
or
lappe
al
the
substaunce
of
the
brayne
:
and
in
some
places
of
the
brayne
the
Ueynes
and
the
Arteirs
goo
foorth
of
him
,
and
enter
into
the
diuisions
of
the
brayne
,
and
there
drinketh
of
the
brayne
substaunce
into
them
,
asking
of
the
hart
to
them
the
spirite
of
lyfe
or
breath
,
and
of
the
Lyuer
nutriment
.
And
the
aforesayde
spirite
or
breath
taketh
a
further
digestion
,
and
there
it
is
made
animal
,
by
the
eleboration
of
the
spirite
vital
is
turned
and
made
animall
.
Furthermore
,
why
there
bee
moo
pannicles
ouer
the
brayne
then
one
,
is
this
,
If
there
had
beene
but
one
pannicle
onely
,
eyther
it
must
haue
beene
harde
,
or
soft
,
or
meane
betweene
both
:
If
it
had
beene
harde
,
it
should
haue
hurt
the
braine
by
his
hardnes
:
if
it
had
beene
soft
,
it
shoulde
haue
beene
hurt
of
the
harde
bone
:
and
yf
it
had
beene
but
meanely
neyther
hard
not
soft
,
it
should
haue
hurt
the
braine
by
his
roughnes
,
and
also
haue
beene
hurte
of
the
harde
bone
.
Therefore
God
and
nature
haue
ordeyned
two
Pannicles
,
the
one
harde
,
and
the
other
softe
,
the
harder
to
be
a
meane
betweene
the
softe
and
the
bone
:
and
the
softer
to
be
a
meane
betweene
the
harder
and
the
braine
it selfe
.
Also
these
Pannicles
be
colde
and
dry
of
complexion
,
and
spermatike
.
Next
is
the
Brayne
,
of
which
it
is
marueylous
to
be
considered
and
noted
,
how
this
Piamater
deuideth
the
substaunce
of
the
Brayne
,
and
lappeth
it
into
certen
selles
or
diuisions
,
as
thus
:
The
substaunce
of
the
braine
is
diuided
into
thrée
partes
,
or
ventrikles
,
of
which
the
foremost
part
is
the
moste
:
the
seconde
or
middlemost
is
lesse
:
the
third
or
hindermost
is
the
least
.
And
from
eche
one
to
other
be
issues
or
passages
that
are
called
Meates
,
through
whom
passeth
the
spirit
of
life
too
and
fro
.
But
here
ye
shal
note
that
euery
Uentrikle
is
diuided
into
two
partes
,
and
in
euery
parte
God
hath
ordeyned
and
set
singular
and
seueral
vertues
,
as
thus
:
First
in
the
foremost
Uentrikle
God
hath
founded
and
set
the
common
Wittes
,
otherwise
called
the
fyue
Wittes
,
as
Hearing
,
Séeing
,
Féeling
.
Smelling
,
and
tasting
.
And
also
there
is
in
one
part
of
this
Uentrikle
,
the
vertue
that
is
called
Fantasie
,
and
he
taketh
al
the
formes
or
ordinaunces
that
be
disposed
of
the
fiue
wittes
,
after
the
meaning
of
sensible
thinges
:
In
the
other
parte
of
the
same
Uentrikle
is
ordeyned
and
founded
the
Imaginatiue
vertue
,
the
whiche
receyueth
of
the
common
Wittes
the
fourme
or
shape
of
sensitiue
thinges
,
as
they
were
receyued
of
the
common
wittes
withoutfoorth
,
representing
their
owne
shape
and
ordinaunces
vnto
the
memoratiue
vertue
.
In
the
middest
sel
or
ventrikle
there
is
founded
and
ordeyned
the
Cogitatiue
or
estimatiue
vertue
:
for
he
rehearseth
,
sheweth
,
declareth
,
and
déemeth
those
things
that
be
offered
vnto
him
by
the
other
that
were
spoken
of
before
.
In
the
thirde
Uentricle
and
last
there
is
founded
and
ordeyned
the
vertue
Memoratiue
:
in
this
place
is
registred
and
kept
those
things
that
are
done
and
spoken
with
the
senses
,
and
keepeth
them
in
his
treasurie
vnto
the
putting
foorth
of
the
fyue
or
common
wittes
,
or
orgaynes
,
or
instrumentes
of
animal
workes
,
out
of
whose
extremities
or
sowar
partes
springeth
Mynuca
,
or
marowe
of
the
spondels
:
of
whom
it
shall
be
spoken
of
in
the
Anatomie
of
the
necke
and
backe
.
Furthermore
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
from
the
foremost
Uentrikle
of
the
brayne
springeth
seuen
payre
of
sensatiue
or
féeling
senews
,
the
which
be
produced
to
the
Eyes
,
the
Eares
,
the
Nose
,
the
Toung
,
and
to
the
Stomack
,
and
to
diuers
other
partes
of
the
body
:
as
it
shal
be
declared
in
their
anatomies
.
Also
it
is
to
bee
noted
,
that
aboute
the
middest
ventrikle
is
the
place
of
Uermi
formis
,
with
curnelly
fleshe
that
filleth
,
and
Retemirabile
,
or
wonderful
caule
vnder
the
Pannicles
,
is
sette
or
bounded
with
Arteirs
onely
whiche
come
from
the
harte
,
in
the
whyche
the
vitayle
spirite
by
his
great
labour
is
turned
and
made
animal
.
And
ye
shal
vnderstande
that
these
two
be
the
best
kept
partes
of
al
the
body
,
for
a
man
shal
rather
dye
,
then
any
of
these
should
suffer
any
manner
of
greefes
from
withoutfoorth
,
and
therefore
God
hath
set
them
farre
from
the
hart
.
Héere
I
note
the
saying
of
Haly
Abbas
,
of
the
comming
of
smal
Arteirs
from
the
hart
,
of
whom
(
sayth
he
)
is
made
a
marueylous
net
or
caule
,
in
the
which
caule
is
inclosed
the
Brayne
,
and
in
that
place
is
layde
the
spirite
of
feeling
,
from
that
place
hath
the
spirite
of
feeling
his
fyrst
creation
,
and
from
thence
passeth
to
other
members
.
&c.
Furthermore
ye
shal
vnderstand
that
the
brayne
is
a
member
colde
and
moyst
of
complexion
,
thinne
,
and
meanely
viscous
,
and
a
principal
member
,
and
an
official
member
,
and
spermatike
.
And
fyrst
why
he
is
a
principal
member
,
is
,
because
he
is
the
gouernour
or
the
treasurie
of
the
fyue
wittes
:
And
why
he
is
an
official
member
,
is
,
because
he
hath
the
effect
of
féeling
and
stering
:
And
why
he
is
colde
and
moyst
,
is
,
that
he
shoulde
by
his
coldnes
and
moystnes
abate
and
temper
the
exceeding
heate
and
drought
that
commeth
from
the
harte
:
Also
why
it
is
moyst
,
is
,
that
it
shoulde
be
the
more
indifferenter
and
abler
to
euery
thing
that
shoulde
be
reserued
or
gotten
into
him
:
Also
why
it
is
soft
,
is
,
that
it
should
geue
place
and
fauour
to
the
vertue
of
stering
:
And
why
it
is
meanely
viscous
,
is
,
that
his
senewes
should
be
strong
and
meanely
toughe
,
and
that
they
shoulde
not
be
letted
in
their
working
throughe
his
ouermuche
hardnes
.
Heere
Galen
demaundeth
a
question
,
whiche
is
this
,
Whether
that
feeling
and
mouing
bee
brought
to
Nerues
by
one
or
by
diuers
?
or
whether
the
aforesayde
thing
be
brought
substancially
or
radically
.
The
matter
(
sayth
he
)
is
so
harde
to
searche
and
be
vnderstoode
,
that
it
were
much
better
to
let
it
alone
and
passe
ouer
it
.
Aristotle
intreating
of
the
Brayne
,
sayth
,
The
Brayne
is
a
member
continually
mouing
and
ruling
al
other
members
of
the
body
,
geuing
vnto
them
both
feeling
and
mouing
:
for
if
the
Brayne
be
let
,
al
other
members
be
let
:
and
if
the
Brayne
be
wel
,
then
al
other
members
the
body
be
the
better
disposed
.
Also
the
brayne
hath
this
propertie
,
that
it
moueth
and
followeth
the
mouing
of
the
Moone
:
for
in
the
waxing
of
the
Moone
the
Brayne
followeth
vpwardes
,
and
in
the
wane
of
the
Moone
the
brayne
discendeth
downwardes
,
and
vanisheth
in
substaunce
of
vertue
:
for
then
the
Brayne
shrinketh
togeather
in
it selfe
,
and
is
not
so
fully
obedient
to
the
spirit
of
feeling
.
And
this
is
proued
in
menne
that
be
lunatike
or
madde
,
and
also
in
men
that
be
epulentike
or
hauing
the
falling
sicknesse
,
that
be
moste
greeued
in
the
beginning
of
the
newe
Moone
,
and
in
the
latter
quarter
of
the
Moone
.
Wherefore
(
sayth
Aristotle
)
when
it
happeneth
that
the
Brayne
is
eyther
too
drye
or
too
moyst
,
then
can
it
not
worke
his
kinde
:
for
then
is
the
body
made
colde
:
then
are
the
spirites
of
lyfe
melted
and
resolued
away
:
and
then
foloweth
féeblenes
of
the
wittes
,
and
of
al
other
members
of
the
body
,
and
at
the
laste
death
.
¶
Heereafter
foloweth
the
Anatomie
of
the
Face
.
THE
Front
or
the
Forhead
conteyneth
nothing
but
the
Skinne
and
Musculus
fleshe
,
for
the
panicle
vnderneth
it
is
of
Pericranium
,
and
the
bone
is
of
the
Coronal
bone
.
Howebeit
there
it
is
made
broade
as
yt
there
were
a
double
bone
,
whiche
maketh
the
forme
of
the
Browes
.
It
is
called
the
Forhead
or
Front
from
one
Eare
to
the
other
,
and
from
the
rootes
of
the
Eares
of
the
head
before
vnto
the
browes
.
But
the
cause
why
the
Browes
were
set
and
reared
vp
,
was
,
that
they
shoulde
defende
the
Eyes
from
noyaunce
withoutfoorth
:
And
they
be
ordeyned
with
heare
to
put
by
the
humour
or
sweat
that
commeth
from
the
head
.
Also
the
Browes
do
helpe
the
Eyeliddes
,
and
do
beautifie
and
make
fayre
the
face
,
for
he
that
hath
not
his
Browes
heyred
,
is
not
séemely
.
And
Aristotle
sayth
,
that
ouer
measurable
Browes
betokeneth
an
enuious
man
:
Also
high
browes
and
thicke
betokeneth
hardnes
:
and
browes
with
little
heare
betokeneth
cowardnes
:
and
meanly
sigfieth
gentlenes
of
hart
.
Incisions
about
these
partes
ought
to
be
done
according
to
the
length
of
the
body
,
for
there
the
Muscle
goeth
from
one
Eare
to
the
other
.
And
there
if
any
incision
should
be
made
with
the
length
of
the
Muscle
,
it
might
happen
the
Browe
to
hang
ouer
the
Eye
without
remedie
,
as
it
is
many
times
seene
,
the
more
pitie
.
The
browes
be
called
Supercilium
in
Latin
,
and
vnder
is
the
Eye
liddes
,
whiche
is
called
Cilium
,
and
is
garnished
with
heyres
.
Two
causes
I
finde
why
the
eye
liddes
were
ordeyned
:
The
fyrst
is
,
that
they
shoulde
kéepe
and
defende
the
Eye
from
duste
and
other
outwarde
noyances
:
the
seconde
is
,
when
the
eye
is
wéery
or
heauy
,
then
they
should
be
couered
and
take
rest
vnderneath
them
.
Why
the
heyres
were
ordeyned
in
them
,
is
,
that
by
them
is
addressed
the
formes
or
similitudes
of
visible
thinges
vnto
the
apple
of
the
eye
.
The
Eare
is
a
member
semely
and
grystlye
,
able
to
be
folden
without
,
and
is
the
orgayne
or
instrument
of
hearing
:
It
is
of
complexion
colde
and
drye
.
But
why
the
eare
was
set
vp
out
of
the
head
,
is
this
,
that
the
soundes
that
be
very
fugitiue
,
should
lurke
and
abyde
vnder
his
shadowe
,
tyl
it
were
taken
of
the
instrumentes
of
hearing
:
Another
cause
is
,
that
it
should
keepe
the
hole
that
it
standeth
ouer
from
thinges
falling
in
that
might
hinder
the
hearing
.
The
senewes
that
are
the
Orgayns
or
Instrumentes
of
hearing
,
spring
each
from
the
Brayne
,
from
whence
the
seuen
payre
of
senewes
do
spring
,
&
when
they
come
to
the
hole
of
the
Eare
,
there
they
writhe
lyke
a
wyne
presse
,
and
at
the
endes
of
them
there
be
like
the
head
of
a
worme
,
or
like
a
little
teat
,
in
whiche
is
receyued
the
sounde
,
and
so
caried
to
the
common
wittes
.
The
Eyes
be
nexte
of
nature
vnto
the
Soule
:
for
in
the
Eye
is
seene
and
knowen
the
disturbances
&
gréefes
,
gladnes
and
ioyes
of
the
Soule
,
as
loue
,
wrath
,
and
other
passions
.
The
Eyes
be
the
instrumentes
of
sight
.
And
they
bee
compounde
and
made
of
ten
things
:
that
is
to
say
,
of
seuen
Tunicles
or
Cotes
,
and
of
three
humours
.
Of
the
whiche
(
sayth
Galen
)
the
Brayne
and
the
head
were
made
for
the
Eye
,
that
they
might
be
in
the
hyest
place
,
as
a
beholder
in
a
towre
,
as
it
was
rehearsed
in
the
Anatomie
of
the
head
.
But
diuers
men
holde
diuers
opinions
of
the
Anatomie
of
the
Eyes
:
for
some
men
accompt
but
three
tunikles
,
and
some
sixe
.
But
in
conclusion
they
meane
all
one
thing
:
For
the
very
truth
is
,
that
there
be
counted
and
reckoned
seuen
Tunikles
,
that
is
to
say
,
Sclirotica
,
Secondyna
,
Retyna
,
Vnia
,
Cornua
,
Arania
,
and
Coniunctiua
:
and
these
three
humours
,
That
is
to
say
,
humor
Vitrus
,
humor
Albigynus
,
and
humor
Crystallinus
.
It
is
to
be
knowen
howe
and
after
what
maner
they
spring
:
You
shal
vnderstande
that
there
springeth
of
the
brayny
substaunce
of
his
formost
Uentrikles
,
two
senewes
,
The
one
from
the
right
side
,
and
the
other
from
the
left
,
and
they
be
called
the
fyrst
payre
,
for
in
the
Anatomie
they
be
the
first
paire
of
senewes
that
appeare
of
al
seuen
.
And
it
is
shewed
by
Galen
,
that
these
senews
be
hollowe
as
a
reede
,
for
two
causes
:
The
fyrst
is
,
that
the
visible
spirit
might
passe
freely
to
the
Eyes
:
The
second
is
,
that
the
forme
of
visible
thinges
mighte
freely
be
presented
to
the
common
wits
.
Nowe
marke
the
gooing
foorth
of
these
senewes
:
When
these
senewes
goo
out
from
the
substaunce
of
the
Brayne
,
he
commeth
through
the
Piamater
,
of
whose
substaunce
he
taketh
a
Pannicle
or
a
Cote
:
and
the
cause
why
he
taketh
that
Pannicle
,
is
to
keepe
him
from
noying
,
and
before
they
enter
into
the
skul
,
they
meete
and
are
vnited
into
one
senewe
the
length
of
halfe
an
inche
:
and
then
they
depart
agayne
into
two
,
and
eche
goeth
into
one
eye
,
entring
through
the
brayne
panne
,
and
these
senews
be
called
Nerui
optici
.
And
three
causes
I
finde
why
these
Nerues
are
ioyned
in
one
before
they
passe
into
the
Eye
:
First
,
if
it
happen
any
diseases
in
one
eye
,
the
other
should
receyue
all
the
visible
spirite
that
before
came
to
bothe
:
The
seconde
is
,
that
all
thinges
that
we
see
shoulde
not
seeme
two
:
for
if
they
had
not
beene
ioyned
together
,
euery
thing
shoulde
haue
seemed
two
,
as
it
doth
to
a
worme
,
and
to
other
beastes
:
The
thirde
is
,
that
the
Senewe
might
stay
and
helpe
the
other
.
But
heerevpon
Lamfranke
accordeth
muche
,
saying
,
that
these
two
Senewes
come
together
to
the
Eyes
,
and
take
a
Panikle
both
of
Piamater
and
of
Duramater
,
and
when
they
enter
into
the
Orbyt
of
the
Eye
,
there
the
extremities
are
spread
abroade
,
the
which
are
made
of
three
substances
:
that
is
to
say
,
of
Du
ramater
,
of
Piamater
,
and
of
Nerui
optici
.
There
be
ingendred
thrée
Tunikles
or
Cotes
,
as
thus
,
Of
the
substance
that
is
taken
from
Duramater
is
ingendred
the
fyrst
cote
that
is
called
Secondina
:
and
of
Nerui
optici
is
ingendred
the
third
cote
that
is
called
Retina
:
and
eche
of
them
is
more
subtiller
then
other
,
&
goeth
about
the
humours
without
meane
.
And
it
is
to
be
vnderstoode
,
that
eche
of
these
three
Tunicles
be
deuided
,
and
so
they
make
sire
:
That
is
to
say
,
iij.
of
the
partes
of
the
brayne
,
and
three
of
the
parts
outwardes
,
and
one
of
Pericranium
that
couereth
the
bones
of
the
head
,
whiche
is
called
Coniunctiua
.
And
thus
you
maye
perceyue
the
springing
of
them
:
as
thus
,
Of
Duramater
springeth
Sclirotica
and
Cornua
:
of
Piamater
springeth
Secondina
&
Unia
:
and
of
Nerui
optici
springeth
Coniunctiua
.
No
we
to
speake
of
the
humors
whiche
be
three
,
and
their
places
are
the
middle
of
the
Eyes
:
Of
the
whiche
the
fyrst
is
Humor
Uitrus
,
because
he
is
lyke
glasse
,
in
colour
very
cleare
,
redde
,
liquit
,
or
thinne
,
and
he
is
in
the
inward
side
next
vnto
the
brayne
:
and
it
is
thin
,
because
the
nutritiue
blood
of
the
Crystalline
might
passe
,
as
water
through
a
sponge
should
be
clensed
and
made
pure
,
and
also
that
the
visible
spirite
mighte
the
lightlyer
passe
through
him
from
the
Brayne
.
And
he
goeth
about
the
Cristaline
humour
,
vntil
he
méete
with
Albuginus
humour
,
which
is
set
in
the
vttermost
parte
of
the
Eye
.
And
in
the
myddest
of
these
humours
Uitrus
,
and
Albuginus
,
is
set
the
Crystalline
humour
,
in
whiche
is
set
principally
the
syght
of
the
Eye
.
And
these
humours
be
separated
and
inuolued
with
the
Pannicles
aforesayde
,
betweene
euery
Humour
a
Panicle
.
And
thus
is
the
Eye
compound
and
made
.
But
to
speake
of
euery
Humour
and
euery
Pannicle
in
his
due
order
and
course
,
it
would
aske
a
long
processe
,
and
a
long
Chapter
,
and
this
is
sufficient
for
a
Chirurgion
.
Nowe
to
begin
at
the
Nose
:
You
shall
vnderstande
that
from
the
Brayne
there
commeth
.
ij
.
Senews
to
the
holes
of
the
brayne
pan
,
where
beginneth
the
concauitie
of
the
Nose
,
and
these
two
be
not
properly
senewes
,
but
organes
or
instrumentes
of
smelling
,
and
haue
heades
lyke
teates
or
pappes
,
in
whiche
is
receyued
the
vertue
of
smelling
,
and
representing
it
to
the
common
wittes
.
Ouer
these
two
is
set
Colatorium
,
that
we
cal
the
Nose
thrils
:
and
it
is
set
betweene
the
Eyes
,
vnder
the
vpper
parte
of
the
Nose
.
And
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
this
concauitie
or
ditche
was
made
for
two
causes
:
The
fyrst
is
,
that
the
ayre
that
bringeth
foorth
the
spirite
of
smelling
might
reste
in
it
,
tyll
it
were
taken
of
the
organ
or
instrument
of
smelling
:
The
seconde
cause
is
,
that
the
superfluities
of
the
Brayne
might
be
hydden
vnder
it
,
vntill
it
were
clensed
:
And
from
his
concauitie
there
goeth
two
holes
down
into
the
mouth
,
of
which
there
is
to
be
noted
three
profites
:
The
fyrste
is
,
that
when
a
mans
mouth
is
close
,
or
when
he
eateth
or
sleepeth
,
that
then
the
ayre
might
come
through
them
to
the
Lunges
,
or
els
a
mans
mouth
should
alwayes
be
open
:
The
seconde
cause
is
,
that
they
helpe
to
the
relation
of
the
forme
of
the
Nose
:
for
it
is
sayd
,
a
man
speaketh
in
his
Nose
when
any
of
these
holes
be
stopped
:
The
thirde
cause
is
,
that
the
concauitie
might
be
clensed
by
them
when
a
man
snuffeth
the
Nose
,
or
draweth
into
his
mouth
inwardly
.
The
Nose
is
a
member
consimple
or
official
,
appearing
without
the
face
,
somewhat
plicable
,
because
it
shoulde
the
better
be
clensed
.
And
it
is
to
be
perceyued
that
it
is
compounde
and
made
of
shinne
and
Lazartus
fleshe
,
and
of
two
bones
standing
in
maner
trianglewise
,
whose
extremities
be
ioyned
in
one
part
of
the
Nose
with
the
Coronal
bone
,
and
the
nether
extremities
are
ioyned
with
two
grystles
,
and
another
that
diuideth
the
Nose
thrilles
within
,
and
holdeth
vp
the
nose
:
Also
there
be
two
concauities
or
holes
,
that
if
one
were
stopped
the
other
should
serue
:
Also
there
is
in
the
Nose
two
Muskles
,
to
helpe
the
working
of
hys
office
.
And
Galen
sayth
,
that
the
Nose
shapeth
the
Face
moste
:
for
where
the
Nose
lacketh
(
sayth
he
)
al
the
rest
of
the
face
is
the
more
vnseemely
.
The
Nose
should
be
of
a
meane
bignes
,
and
not
to
exceede
in
length
,
or
breadth
,
nor
in
highnesse
.
For
Aristotle
sayth
,
yf
the
Nose
thrills
be
too
thinne
,
or
to
wyde
,
by
great
drawing
in
of
ayre
,
it
betokeneth
great
straightnes
of
hart
,
and
indignation
of
thought
.
And
therefore
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
the
shape
of
the
members
of
the
body
,
betokneth
and
iudgeth
the
affections
and
wyll
of
the
Soule
of
man
,
as
the
Philosopher
sayth
.
The
temples
be
called
the
members
of
the
head
,
and
they
haue
that
name
because
of
continuall
mouing
.
And
as
the
science
of
the
Anatomie
meaneth
,
the
spirite
vital
is
sente
from
the
hart
to
the
brayne
by
Arteirs
,
and
by
veynes
and
nutrimental
blood
,
where
the
vessels
pulsatiues
in
the
temples
be
lightly
hurt
.
Also
the
temples
haue
dentes
or
holes
inwardely
,
wherin
he
taketh
the
humour
that
commeth
from
the
brayne
,
and
bringeth
the
eyes
asléepe
,
and
if
the
sayde
holes
or
dentes
be
pressed
and
wroung
,
then
by
trapping
of
the
humour
that
continueth
,
he
maketh
the
teares
to
fal
from
the
Eye
.
The
Chéeks
are
the
sideling
partes
of
the
face
,
and
they
conteyne
in
them
Musculus
fleshe
,
with
Ueynes
and
Arteirs
,
and
aboute
these
partes
be
many
Muscles
.
Guydo
maketh
mention
of
.
vij
.
about
the
chekes
&
ouer
lyp
.
And
Haly
Abbas
sayth
,
there
be
.
xij
.
Muscles
that
moue
the
nether
Iawe
,
some
of
them
in
opening
,
and
other
some
in
closing
or
shutting
,
passing
vnder
the
bones
of
the
temples
,
And
they
be
called
Temporales
:
And
they
be
right
noble
and
sensatiue
,
of
whose
hurte
is
muche
peril
.
Also
there
be
other
Muskles
for
to
grinde
and
to
chewe
.
And
to
al
these
Muscles
commeth
Nerues
from
the
brayne
to
geue
them
féeling
and
mouing
:
and
also
there
commeth
to
them
many
Arteirs
and
Ueines
,
and
cheefly
about
the
temples
,
and
the
angles
or
corners
of
the
Eyes
and
the
Lippes
.
And
as
the
Philosophers
say
,
the
chéefe
beautie
in
man
is
in
the
cheekes
,
and
there
the
complexion
of
man
is
most
knowen
,
as
thus
,
If
they
be
full
,
ruddy
,
and
medled
with
temperate
whitnes
,
and
not
fat
in
substaunce
,
but
meanely
fleshly
,
it
betokeneth
hotte
and
moyst
of
complxion
,
that
is
,
sanguin
and
temperate
in
culler
.
And
if
they
be
white
coloured
,
without
medling
of
rednes
,
and
in
substaunce
fat
and
soft
,
quauering
,
it
betokeneth
excesse
and
superfluitie
of
colde
and
moyst
,
that
is
flematike
:
And
if
they
be
browne
in
colour
,
or
cytrin
,
yelowe
,
redde
,
and
thin
,
and
leane
in
substance
,
betokeneth
great
drying
and
heate
,
that
is
cholerike
:
And
if
they
be
as
it
were
blowen
in
colour
,
and
of
little
fleshe
in
substaunce
,
it
betokeneth
excesse
and
superfluitie
of
drynes
and
colde
,
and
that
is
melancolie
.
And
as
Auicen
sayth
,
the
Cheekes
doo
not
only
shewe
the
diuersities
of
complexions
,
but
also
the
affection
and
wil
of
the
hart
:
for
by
the
affection
of
the
hart
,
by
sodaine
ioy
or
dréede
,
he
waxeth
eyther
pale
or
redde
.
The
bones
or
bony
partes
,
fyrste
of
the
cheekes
be
two
:
of
the
Nose
outwardely
,
two
:
of
the
vpper
Mandibile
,
two
:
within
the
Nose
,
three
:
as
thus
,
one
diuiding
the
Nosethrilles
within
,
and
in
ech
Nosethril
one
,
and
they
séeme
to
be
rowled
like
a
wafer
,
and
haue
a
holownesse
in
them
,
by
whiche
the
ayre
is
respyred
and
drawen
to
the
lunges
,
and
the
superfluitie
of
the
brayne
is
purged
into
the
mouth
wardes
,
as
is
before
rehearsed
.
But
Guydo
and
Galen
say
,
that
there
be
in
the
face
nyne
bones
,
yet
I
can
not
finde
that
the
nether
Mandible
should
be
of
the
number
of
those
nyne
,
for
the
nether
Mandible
accompted
there
,
proueth
them
to
be
ten
in
number
,
Of
which
thing
I
wyl
holde
no
argument
,
but
remit
it
to
the
sighte
of
your
Eyes
.
The
partes
of
the
mouth
are
fyue
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
Lippes
,
the
téeth
,
the
toung
,
the
Uuila
,
and
the
Pallet
of
the
mouth
.
And
first
to
speake
of
the
lippes
,
they
are
members
consimile
or
official
,
ful
of
Musculus
fleshe
,
as
is
aforesayde
,
and
they
were
ordeyned
for
two
causes
,
one
is
,
that
they
should
be
to
the
mouth
as
a
doore
to
a
house
,
and
to
keepe
the
mouth
close
tyl
the
meate
were
kindly
chewed
:
The
other
cause
is
,
that
they
should
be
helpers
to
the
pronouncing
of
the
speache
.
The
teeth
are
members
consimile
or
official
,
spermatike
,
and
hardest
of
any
other
members
,
and
are
fastened
in
the
cheeke
bones
,
and
were
ordeyned
for
three
causes
:
First
that
they
should
chewe
a
mans
meate
,
or
it
should
passe
downe
,
that
it
might
be
the
sooner
digested
:
The
seconde
,
that
they
should
be
a
helpe
to
the
speache
,
for
they
that
lacke
their
Teeth
doo
not
perfectly
pronounce
their
wordes
:
the
thirde
is
,
that
they
should
serue
to
beasts
as
weapons
.
The
number
of
them
is
vncertayne
,
for
some
men
haue
mo
,
and
some
lesse
,
they
that
haue
the
whole
number
haue
.
xxxij
.
that
is
to
say
.
xvj
.
aboue
,
and
as
many
beneath
,
as
thus
,
two
Dwallies
,
two
Quadripulles
,
two
Cannines
,
eyght
Morales
,
and
two
Cansales
.
The
Toung
is
a
carnous
member
,
compounde
and
made
of
many
Nerues
,
Lygamentes
,
Ueines
and
Arteirs
,
ordeyned
principally
for
thrée
causes
:
The
first
is
,
that
when
a
man
eateth
the
Toung
mighte
helpe
to
turne
the
meate
tyll
it
were
wel
chewed
:
The
seconde
cause
is
,
that
by
him
is
receiued
the
taste
of
sweete
and
sowre
,
and
presented
by
him
to
the
common
wittes
:
The
thirde
is
,
that
by
him
is
pronounced
euery
speach
.
The
fleshly
parte
of
the
toung
is
white
,
and
hath
in
him
nine
muskles
,
and
about
the
roote
of
him
is
Glandulus
,
in
the
whiche
be
two
welles
,
and
they
be
euer
ful
of
spittle
to
temper
and
keepe
moyst
the
toung
,
or
els
it
would
waxe
dry
by
reason
of
his
labour
.
&c.
The
Uuila
is
a
member
made
of
a
spongeous
fleshe
,
hanging
downe
from
thy
ende
of
the
Pallet
ouer
the
goulet
of
the
throte
,
and
is
a
member
in
complexion
colde
and
dry
,
and
oftentimes
when
there
falleth
rawnes
or
muche
moystnes
into
it
from
the
head
,
then
it
hangeth
downe
in
the
throte
,
and
letteth
a
man
to
swallowe
,
and
it
is
broade
at
the
vpper
ende
,
and
smal
at
the
nether
.
It
was
ordeyned
for
diuers
causes
,
One
is
,
that
by
him
is
holpen
the
sounde
of
speache
,
for
where
the
Uuila
is
lacking
,
there
lacketh
the
perfect
sound
of
speache
:
Another
is
,
that
it
mighte
helpe
the
prolation
of
vomites
:
another
is
,
that
by
him
is
tempered
and
abated
the
distemperaunce
of
the
ayre
that
passeth
to
the
Lunges
:
another
is
,
that
by
him
is
guyded
the
superfluities
of
the
brayne
that
commeth
from
the
coletures
of
the
Nose
,
or
els
the
superfluities
should
fal
down
sodenly
into
the
mouth
,
the
which
were
a
displeasure
.
The
Pallet
of
the
mouth
conteyneth
nothing
els
but
a
carnous
Pannikle
,
and
the
bones
that
be
vnderneath
it
haue
two
diuisions
,
One
along
the
Pallet
from
the
diuision
of
the
Nose
,
and
from
the
opening
of
the
other
Mandible
vnto
the
nether
ende
of
the
Pallet
,
lacking
halfe
an
inch
,
and
there
it
diuideth
ouerthwart
,
and
the
first
diuision
is
of
the
Mandible
,
and
the
seconde
is
of
the
bone
called
Paxillarie
or
Bazillarie
,
that
sustayneth
and
byndeth
al
other
bones
of
the
head
together
.
The
skinne
of
the
Pallet
of
the
mouth
is
of
the
inner
parte
of
the
stomack
and
of
Myre
,
and
of
Ysofagus
,
that
is
the
way
of
the
meate
into
the
stomacke
.
The
way
how
to
know
that
such
a
pannicle
is
of
that
part
of
the
stomacke
,
may
be
knowen
when
that
a
man
is
touched
within
the
mouth
,
anone
he
beginneth
to
tickle
in
the
stomacke
,
and
the
neerer
that
he
shal
touche
vnto
the
throte
,
the
more
it
abhorreth
the
stomocke
,
and
often
times
it
causeth
the
stomacke
to
yeld
from
him
that
is
within
him
,
as
when
a
man
doth
vomite
.
Also
in
the
mouth
is
ended
the
vppermoste
extremitie
of
the
Wesande
,
which
is
called
Myre
or
Isofagus
.
And
with
hym
is
conteyned
Trachia
arteria
,
that
is
,
the
waye
of
the
ayre
,
whose
holes
be
couered
with
a
lap
like
a
tong
,
and
is
gristly
,
that
the
meate
and
drinke
mighte
slyde
ouer
him
into
Isofagus
:
The
whiche
grystle
when
a
man
speaketh
it
is
reared
vp
,
and
couereth
the
way
of
the
meate
:
and
when
a
man
swaloweth
the
meate
,
then
it
couereth
the
way
of
the
ayre
,
so
that
when
the
one
is
couered
the
other
is
discouered
.
For
if
a
man
open
the
waye
of
the
ayre
when
he
swalloweth
,
if
there
fal
a
crum
into
it
,
he
shal
neuer
cease
coughing
vntil
it
be
vp
agayne
.
And
this
suffiseth
for
the
necke
,
face
.
¶
Heereafter
foloweth
the
Anatomie
of
the
Necke
.
THE
Necke
foloweth
next
to
be
spoken
of
.
Galen
proueth
that
the
Necke
was
made
for
no
other
cause
but
for
the
Lunges
,
for
al
thinges
that
haue
no
Lungs
haue
neither
necke
nor
voyce
,
except
fishe
.
And
you
shal
vnderstande
,
that
the
necke
is
all
that
is
conteyned
betweene
the
head
and
the
shoulders
,
and
betweene
the
chinne
and
the
brest
.
It
is
compounde
and
made
of
foure
thinges
,
that
is
to
say
,
of
Spondillus
,
of
Seruicibus
,
of
Gula
,
&
of
Gutture
,
the
which
shal
be
declared
more
playnely
hereafter
,
and
through
these
passe
the
waye
of
the
meate
and
of
the
ayre
,
but
they
be
not
of
the
substance
of
the
necke
.
The
Spondelles
of
the
necke
be
seuen
,
The
fyrst
is
ioyned
vnto
the
lower
parte
of
the
head
,
called
Paxillarie
or
Bazillarie
,
and
in
the
same
wise
are
ioyned
euery
Spondel
with
other
,
and
the
laste
of
the
seuen
with
the
fyrst
of
the
Backe
or
Ridge
:
and
the
Lygamentes
that
keepe
these
Spondels
together
are
not
so
hard
and
tough
as
those
of
the
backe
:
for
why
?
those
of
the
necke
be
more
feebler
and
subtiller
:
The
cause
is
this
,
for
it
is
necessary
otherwhile
that
the
head
moue
without
the
necke
,
and
the
necke
without
the
head
,
the
whiche
might
not
well
haue
beene
done
if
they
had
beene
strong
and
boystrous
.
Of
these
aforesayd
seuen
Spondels
of
the
necke
,
there
springeth
seuen
payre
of
Senewes
,
the
whiche
be
deuided
into
the
head
and
into
the
Uysage
,
to
the
shoulders
,
and
to
the
armes
.
From
the
hole
of
the
first
spondel
springeth
the
fyrst
payre
of
senewes
,
betwene
the
fyrst
spondel
and
the
seconde
,
and
so
foorth
of
al
the
rest
in
like
maner
as
of
these
.
Also
these
senewes
receyue
subtil
wylle
of
the
senews
of
the
Brayne
,
of
the
which
wylle
,
and
senewes
,
and
fleshe
,
with
a
pannikle
,
make
the
composition
of
Muskels
,
Lazartes
,
and
Brawnes
,
the
which
three
thinges
be
al
one
,
and
be
the
instrumentes
of
voluntarie
mouing
of
euery
member
.
The
Muskles
of
the
neck
after
Galen
are
numbred
to
be
.
xx
.
mouing
the
head
and
the
necke
.
Likewise
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
there
be
three
maner
of
fleshes
in
the
necke
:
the
first
is
Pixwex
or
Seruisis
,
and
it
is
called
of
Chylder
Golde
heire
,
or
yellowe
heire
,
the
whiche
are
certayne
longitudinales
lying
on
the
sides
of
the
Spondels
from
the
head
downe
to
the
latter
Spondel
.
And
they
are
ordeyned
for
this
cause
,
that
when
the
Senewes
be
wéery
of
ouer
muche
labour
with
mouing
and
trauayle
,
that
they
might
rest
vpon
them
as
vpon
a
bedde
.
The
second
fleshe
is
musculus
,
from
whome
springeth
the
Tendons
and
cordes
that
moue
the
head
and
the
necke
,
whiche
be
numbred
twentie
,
as
is
afore
declared
:
The
thirde
fleshe
replenisheth
the
voyde
places
.
&c.
The
thirde
parte
of
the
necke
is
called
Gutture
,
and
it
is
the
standing
out
of
the
Throte
boll
.
The
fourth
part
is
called
Gula
,
and
the
hinder
parte
Ceruix
,
and
hath
that
name
of
the
Philosophers
because
of
the
marowe
comming
to
the
Ridge
bones
,
It
is
so
called
,
because
it
is
as
it
were
a
seruaunt
to
the
brayne
:
For
the
necke
receiueth
and
taketh
of
the
brayne
influence
of
vertue
of
mouing
,
and
sendeth
it
by
senewes
to
other
parts
of
the
body
downwardes
,
and
to
al
members
of
the
body
.
Heere
you
shal
vnderstand
,
that
the
way
of
the
meate
,
&
Mire
or
Isofagus
is
al
one
thing
,
and
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
it
stretcheth
from
the
mouth
to
the
stomacke
,
by
the
hinder
part
of
the
necke
inwardly
,
fastned
to
the
spondels
of
the
necke
,
vntyl
he
come
to
the
fyfthe
spondel
,
and
there
he
leaueth
the
spondel
and
stretcheth
tyl
he
come
to
the
formost
part
of
the
brest
,
&
passeth
through
Diafragma
tyl
it
come
to
the
mouth
of
the
stomacke
,
and
there
he
is
ended
.
Furthermore
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
this
Wesande
is
compounde
and
made
of
two
Tunikles
or
Cotes
,
that
is
to
say
,
of
the
inner
,
and
of
the
vtter
.
The
vtter
tunikle
is
but
simple
,
for
he
néedeth
no
retention
but
onely
for
his
owne
nourishing
:
but
the
inner
Tunikle
is
compounde
and
made
of
Musculus
Longitudinal
Wyl
,
by
which
he
may
drawe
the
meate
from
the
mouth
into
the
stomack
,
as
it
shal
be
more
playnely
declared
in
the
Anatomie
of
the
stomacke
.
Furthermore
Cana
pulmonis
via
trachia
arteria
,
al
these
be
one
thing
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
throte
boll
,
and
it
is
set
within
the
necke
besides
the
Wesand
towardes
Gula
,
and
is
compounde
of
the
grystle
knytte
eache
with
other
.
And
that
pannikle
that
is
meane
betweene
the
Wesand
and
the
throte
bol
,
is
called
Ismon
.
Also
ye
shal
vnderstand
,
that
the
great
Ueines
which
ramefie
by
the
sydes
of
the
necke
to
the
vpper
part
of
the
head
,
is
of
some
men
called
Gwidege
,
&
of
others
Vena
organices
,
the
incision
of
whom
is
perillous
.
And
thus
it
is
to
be
considered
,
that
the
Necke
of
man
is
compounde
and
made
of
skinny
fleshe
,
Ligamentes
and
bones
.
And
this
suffiseth
for
the
necke
and
the
throte
.
¶
The
Anatomie
of
the
Shoulders
and
Armes
.
AND
fyrst
to
speake
of
the
bones
:
It
is
to
be
noted
,
that
in
the
shoulder
there
be
two
bones
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
Shoulder
bone
,
and
the
Cannel
bone
,
and
also
the
adiutor
bone
of
the
arme
are
ioyned
with
the
shoulder
bones
,
but
they
are
not
numbred
among
them
,
but
amongst
the
bones
of
the
armes
.
In
the
composition
of
the
shoulder
,
the
fyrst
bone
is
Os
spatula
,
or
shoulder
blade
,
whose
hinder
part
is
declined
towards
the
chinne
,
&
in
that
ende
it
is
broade
&
thin
,
&
in
the
vpper
part
it
is
round
,
in
whose
roundnes
is
a
concauitie
,
which
is
called
the
boxe
or
coope
of
the
shoulder
,
into
which
entereth
the
Adiutor
bones
,
and
they
haue
a
bynding
togethers
with
strong
flexible
Senewes
,
and
are
conteyned
faste
with
the
bone
called
Clauicula
,
or
the
Cannel
bone
:
and
this
Cannel
bone
stretcheth
to
bothe
the
shoulders
,
one
ende
to
the
one
shoulder
,
and
another
to
the
other
,
and
there
they
make
the
composition
of
the
shoulders
.
The
bones
of
the
great
arme
,
that
is
to
say
,
from
the
shoulder
to
the
fingers
endes
,
be
.
xxx
.
The
fyrst
is
the
Adiutor
bone
,
whose
vpper
ende
entreth
into
the
concauitie
or
boxe
of
the
shoulder
bone
:
It
is
but
one
bone
hauing
no
felowe
,
and
it
is
hollowe
and
ful
of
marowe
,
and
it
is
also
crooked
because
it
shoulde
be
the
more
habler
to
grype
thinges
,
and
it
is
hollowe
because
it
should
be
lighter
and
more
obedient
to
the
steering
or
mouing
of
the
Brawnes
.
Furthermore
,
this
bone
hath
two
emynences
,
or
two
knobs
in
his
nether
extremitie
,
or
in
the
iuncture
of
the
Elbowe
,
of
the
which
the
one
is
more
rising
then
the
other
,
and
are
made
lyke
vnto
a
Polly
to
drawe
water
with
,
and
the
endes
of
these
bones
enter
into
a
concauitie
proportioned
in
the
vppermoste
endes
of
the
two
Focel
bones
,
of
whiche
two
bones
the
lesse
goeth
from
the
Elbowe
to
the
Thombe
,
by
the
vppermoste
part
of
the
arme
,
and
the
greater
is
the
nether
bone
from
the
Elbowe
to
them
little
finger
.
And
these
two
bones
be
conteyned
with
the
Adiutor
bone
,
and
bee
bounde
with
strong
Ligamentes
,
and
in
like
maner
with
the
bones
of
the
hande
.
The
whiche
bones
be
numbred
.
viij
.
the
iiij
.
vppermost
be
ioyned
with
the.
iiij
.
nethermost
towardes
the
handes
:
and
in
the
thirde
warde
of
bones
,
be
.
v.
and
they
are
called
Ossa
patinis
,
and
they
are
in
the
palme
of
the
hande
.
And
to
them
be
ioyned
the
bones
of
the
Fingers
and
the
Thombes
,
as
thus
,
in
euery
fynger
.
iii.
bones
,
and
in
the
thombe
two
bones
:
that
is
to
say
,
in
the
fingers
and
thombe
of
euery
hand
.
xiiij
.
called
Ossa
digitorum
,
in
the
palm
of
the
hand
.
v.
called
Patinis
,
and
betweene
the
hande
and
the
wryste
viij
.
called
Racete
,
and
from
the
wryst
to
the
shoulder
.
iij.
bones
:
al
which
beeing
accompted
together
,
ye
shal
finde
thirtie
bones
in
eche
hand
and
arme
.
To
speake
of
Senewes
,
Lygamentes
,
Cordes
and
Brawnes
:
Here
fyrst
ye
shal
vnderstand
that
there
commeth
from
Mynuca
thorowe
the
Spondels
of
the
necke
foure
senewes
,
which
most
playnly
do
appeare
in
sight
,
as
thus
,
one
commeth
into
the
vpper
parte
of
the
arme
,
another
into
the
nether
parte
,
and
one
into
the
inner
side
,
and
another
into
the
vtter
side
of
the
arme
,
and
they
bring
from
the
brayne
and
from
Minuca
both
féeling
and
mouing
into
the
armes
,
as
thus
,
The
senewes
that
come
from
the
Brayne
and
from
the
marow
of
the
backe
that
is
called
Minuca
,
when
they
come
to
the
iuncture
of
the
shoulder
,
there
they
are
mixed
with
the
Lygamentes
of
the
selfe
shoulder
,
and
there
the
Lygamentes
receyue
both
féeling
and
mouing
of
them
,
and
also
in
their
medling
together
they
are
made
a
Corde
or
a
Tendon
.
Thrée
causes
I
find
why
the
senewes
were
medled
with
the
Lygamentes
,
The
first
cause
is
,
that
the
excellent
féeling
of
the
senewes
,
whiche
many
waies
be
made
weery
by
their
continual
mouing
,
should
be
repressed
by
the
insenciblenesse
of
the
Lygaments
:
The
seconde
is
,
that
the
littlenesse
of
the
Senewes
shoulde
be
fulfilled
through
the
quantitie
of
the
Lygaments
:
The
third
is
,
the
féeblenesse
of
the
senewe
,
that
is
insufficiente
and
too
féeble
to
vse
his
offices
,
but
by
the
strength
and
hardnes
of
the
Lygamentes
.
Nowe
to
declare
what
a
Corde
is
,
what
a
Ligament
,
and
what
a
Muskle
or
a
Brawne
,
it
is
ynough
rehearsed
in
the
Chapter
of
the
Simple
members
.
But
if
you
wyl
thorough
the
commaundement
of
the
Wyl
or
of
the
Soule
,
drawe
the
arme
to
the
hinder
part
of
the
body
,
then
the
vtter
Brawne
is
drawen
together
,
and
the
inner
is
inlarged
:
And
likewise
inwards
,
when
the
one
brawne
dothe
drawe
inwardes
,
the
other
doth
stretche
,
&
when
the
arme
is
stretched
in
length
,
then
the
Cordes
be
lengthened
:
but
when
they
passe
the
iuncture
of
the
shoulder
and
of
the
Elbowe
,
by
thrée
fingers
breadth
or
thereabout
,
then
it
is
deuided
by
subtill
wyl
,
and
medled
with
the
simple
fleshe
,
and
that
whiche
is
made
of
it
is
called
a
Brawne
.
And
three
causes
I
finde
why
that
the
simple
fleshe
is
medled
with
the
Corde
in
the
composition
of
the
brawne
:
The
fyrst
is
,
that
the
aforesayde
Wylle
might
drawe
in
quiet
through
the
temperaunce
of
the
fleshe
:
The
seconde
is
,
that
they
temper
and
abate
the
drought
of
the
cord
with
his
moystnes
,
the
which
drought
he
getteth
through
his
manifold
mouing
:
The
thirde
is
,
that
the
forme
of
the
brawny
members
shoulde
be
the
more
fayre
,
and
of
better
shape
:
wherfore
God
and
nature
haue
clothed
it
with
a
Panikle
that
it
might
the
better
be
kept
.
And
it
is
called
of
the
Philosophers
Musculus
,
because
it
hath
a
forme
like
vnto
a
Mcuse
.
And
when
these
Brawnes
come
neere
a
Ioynt
,
then
the
Cordes
spring
foorth
of
them
,
and
are
medled
with
the
Lygaments
agayne
,
and
so
moueth
that
Ioynt
.
And
so
ye
shall
vnderstande
,
that
alwayes
betweene
euery
two
Ioyntes
is
ingendred
a
Brawne
,
proportioned
to
the
same
member
and
place
vnto
the
last
extremitie
of
the
fingers
,
so
that
aswell
the
least
iuncture
hath
a
proper
féeling
and
mouing
when
it
needeth
,
as
hath
the
greatest
.
And
after
Guydo
there
be
numbred
.
xiij
.
in
the
arme
and
hande
,
as
thus
.
iiij
.
in
the
Adiutor
,
mouing
the
vpper
part
of
the
arme
:
and.
iiij
.
in
the
Focels
,
mouing
that
part
of
the
arme
:
and
fiue
in
the
hande
,
mouing
the
fyngers
.
Now
to
speake
somewhat
of
the
Ueynes
and
Arteirs
of
the
arme
:
It
is
to
be
vnderstoode
,
that
from
Venakelis
there
commeth
two
braunches
,
the
one
commeth
to
the
one
arme
pyt
,
and
the
other
commeth
to
the
other
.
And
nowe
marke
the
spreading
,
for
as
it
is
of
the
one
,
so
it
is
of
the
other
,
as
thus
,
when
the
braunch
is
in
the
arme
pyt
,
there
he
is
deuyded
into
two
braunches
,
the
one
braunche
goeth
along
in
the
inner
side
of
the
arme
vntil
it
come
to
the
bought
of
the
arme
,
and
there
it
is
called
Bazilica
or
●patica
,
and
so
goeth
downe
the
arme
til
it
come
to
the
wryst
,
and
there
it
is
turned
to
the
backe
of
the
hand
,
and
is
found
betwene
the
little
fynger
and
the
next
,
and
there
it
is
called
Saluatella
.
Nowe
to
the
other
braunche
that
is
in
the
arme
hole
,
which
spreadeth
to
the
vtter
side
of
the
shoulder
,
and
there
he
deuideth
in
two
,
the
one
goeth
spreading
vp
into
the
carnous
parte
of
the
head
,
and
after
discendeth
through
the
bone
into
the
Brayne
,
as
it
is
declared
in
the
Anatomie
of
the
head
:
The
other
braunche
goeth
on
the
outwarde
side
of
the
arme
,
and
there
he
is
deuided
in
two
also
,
the
one
parte
is
ended
at
the
hande
,
and
the
other
part
is
folded
about
the
arme
,
tyl
it
appeare
in
the
bought
of
the
arme
,
and
there
it
is
called
Sephalica
,
from
thence
it
goeth
to
the
backe
of
the
hande
,
&
appeareth
betweene
the
thombe
and
the
formost
fynger
,
and
there
it
is
called
Sephalica
occularis
.
The
two
braunches
that
I
spake
of
,
whiche
be
deuided
in
the
hinder
part
of
the
shoulders
,
from
eche
of
these
two
(
I
say
)
springeth
one
,
and
those
two
meete
together
and
make
one
veyne
,
which
appeareth
in
the
bought
of
the
arme
,
and
there
it
is
called
Mediana
,
or
Cordialis
,
or
Commine
.
And
thus
it
is
to
be
vnderstoode
,
that
of
vena
Sephalica
springeth
vena
occularis
,
and
of
vena
Bazilica
springeth
vena
Saluatella
,
and
of
the
two
veynes
that
méete
springeth
vena
Mediana
,
and
in
ramefying
from
these
fyue
principal
Ueines
springeth
innumerable
,
of
the
whiche
a
Chirurgion
hath
no
great
charge
,
for
it
suffiseth
vs
to
knowe
the
principals
.
To
speake
of
Arteirs
,
you
shall
vnderstande
,
that
wheresoeuer
there
is
founde
a
Ueine
,
there
is
an
Arteire
vnder
him
:
and
if
there
be
founde
a
great
Ueyne
,
there
is
found
a
great
Arteir
,
and
where
as
is
a
little
Ueine
there
is
a
little
Arteir
:
For
whersoeuer
there
goeth
a
veine
to
geue
nutriment
,
there
goeth
an
Arteir
to
bring
the
spirite
of
lyfe
.
Wherfore
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
the
Arteires
lye
more
deeper
in
the
flesh
then
the
Ueines
doo
:
for
they
cary
and
kepe
in
them
more
precious
blood
then
doth
the
Ueine
,
and
therefore
he
hath
neede
to
be
further
from
daungers
outwardly
:
and
therefore
God
and
nature
haue
ordeyned
for
him
to
be
closed
in
two
cotes
,
where
the
Ueine
hath
but
one
.
&c.
The
Brest
or
Thorax
is
the
Arke
or
Chest
of
the
spiritual
members
of
man
,
as
sayth
the
Philosopher
,
where
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
there
be
soure
thinges
conteyning
,
and
eyght
conteyned
,
as
thus
,
The
foure
conteyning
,
are
,
the
Skinne
,
Musculus
fleshe
,
the
Pappes
,
and
the
Bones
:
The
partes
conteyned
,
are
,
the
Hart
,
the
Lunges
,
Panikles
,
Ligamentes
,
Nerues
,
Ueines
,
Arteirs
,
Mire
or
Isofagus
.
Nowe
the
skinne
and
the
fleshe
are
knowen
in
their
Anatomie
.
It
is
to
be
noted
,
that
the
fleshe
of
the
Pappes
differeth
from
the
other
fleshe
of
the
body
,
for
it
is
white
,
glandulus
,
&
spongeous
:
and
there
is
in
them
both
Nerues
,
Ueines
and
Arteirs
,
and
by
them
they
haue
Coliganes
with
the
hart
,
the
lyuer
,
the
brayne
,
and
the
generatiue
members
.
Also
there
is
in
the
brest
,
as
old
Authors
make
mention
,
lxxx
.
or
.
xc
.
Muskles
,
for
some
of
them
be
common
to
the
necke
,
some
to
the
shoulders
,
and
to
the
spades
,
some
to
Diafragma
or
the
Mydriffe
,
some
to
the
Ribbes
,
some
to
the
Backe
,
&
some
to
the
brest
it selfe
.
But
I
fynde
certayne
profitablenes
in
the
creation
of
the
Paps
,
aswel
in
man
as
in
woman
:
for
in
man
it
defendeth
the
spirituals
from
annoyannce
outwardly
:
and
another
,
by
their
thicknes
they
comfort
the
natural
heate
in
defience
of
the
spirites
.
And
in
women
there
is
the
generation
of
milke
:
for
in
women
there
commeth
from
the
Matrix
into
their
Brestes
manye
Ueines
which
bring
into
them
menstrual
blood
,
the
whiche
is
turned
through
the
digestiue
vertue
from
red
colour
into
white
,
like
the
colour
of
the
Pappes
,
euen
as
Chylley
comming
from
the
stomocke
to
the
Lyuer
is
turned
into
the
colour
of
the
Lyuer
.
Nowe
to
speake
of
the
bones
of
the
Brest
:
They
be
sayde
to
be
triple
or
threefolde
,
and
they
be
numbred
to
be
seuen
in
the
Brest
before
,
and
their
length
is
according
to
the
breadth
of
the
brest
,
and
their
extremities
or
endes
be
grystlie
,
as
the
ribbes
be
.
And
in
the
vpper
ende
of
Thorax
is
an
hole
or
a
concauitie
,
in
which
is
set
the
foote
of
the
Furklebone
or
Canel
bone
,
and
in
the
nether
ende
of
Thorax
,
agaynst
the
mouth
of
the
stomache
,
hangeth
a
gristle
called
Ensiforme
:
and
this
grystle
was
ordeyned
for
two
causes
,
One
is
,
that
it
shuld
defende
the
stomacke
from
hurte
outwardly
:
The
seconde
is
,
that
in
time
of
fulnes
it
should
geue
place
to
the
stomacke
in
time
of
neede
when
it
desireth
.
&c.
Now
to
speake
of
the
parts
of
the
backe
behindefoorth
:
There
be
.
xij
.
Spondels
,
through
whom
passeth
Mynuca
,
of
whom
springeth
.
xij
.
payre
of
Nerues
,
brnging
both
feeling
and
mouing
to
the
Muscles
of
the
Brest
aforesayde
.
And
here
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
in
euery
syde
there
be
.
xij
.
Rybbes
,
that
is
to
say
.
vij
.
true
,
and.
v.
false
,
because
these
.
v.
be
not
so
long
as
the
other
.
vij
.
be
,
and
therefore
be
called
false
Rybbes
,
as
it
may
be
perceiued
by
the
sighte
of
the
Eye
.
Likewise
of
the
partes
that
be
inwardly
,
and
fyrst
of
the
Hart
,
because
he
is
the
principal
of
al
other
members
,
and
the
beginning
of
life
:
he
is
set
in
the
middest
of
the
brest
seuerally
by
him selfe
,
as
Lord
and
King
of
al
members
.
And
as
a
Lorde
or
King
ought
to
be
serued
of
his
subiectes
that
haue
their
liuing
of
him
:
So
are
al
other
members
of
the
body
subiectes
to
the
Hart
,
for
they
receyue
their
liuing
of
him
,
and
they
doo
seruice
many
wayes
vnto
him
agayne
.
The
substaunce
of
the
Hart
is
as
it
were
Lazartus
fleshe
,
but
it
is
spermatike
,
and
an
official
member
,
and
the
beginning
of
life
,
and
he
geueth
to
euery
member
of
the
body
both
blood
of
life
,
and
spirite
of
breath
and
heate
:
for
if
the
Hart
were
of
Lazartus
fleshe
,
his
mouing
and
steering
should
be
voluntarie
and
not
natural
,
but
the
contrarie
is
true
,
for
it
were
impossible
that
the
Hart
should
be
ruled
by
Wyl
onely
,
and
not
by
nature
.
The
Harte
hath
the
shape
and
forme
of
a
Pyneapple
,
and
the
brode
ende
thereof
is
vpwardes
,
and
the
sharpe
ende
is
downewardes
,
depending
a
little
towardes
the
left
side
.
And
here
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
the
Hart
hath
blood
in
his
substaunce
,
whereas
al
other
members
haue
it
but
in
their
Ueines
&
Arteirs
:
also
the
hart
is
bounde
with
certayne
Ligamentes
to
the
backepart
of
the
brest
,
but
these
Lygamentes
touche
not
the
substaunce
of
the
Hart
,
but
in
the
ouerpart
they
spring
foorth
of
him
,
and
is
fastened
,
as
is
aforesayde
.
Furthermore
the
Hart
hath
two
Uentrikles
or
concauities
,
and
the
left
is
hyer
then
the
right
,
and
the
cause
of
this
holownesse
is
this
,
for
to
keepe
the
bloud
for
his
nourishing
,
and
the
ayre
to
abate
and
temper
the
great
heate
that
he
is
in
,
the
which
is
kept
in
his
concauities
.
Nowe
here
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
to
the
right
Uentrikle
of
the
harte
commeth
a
veyne
from
the
great
veyne
called
Venakelis
,
that
receyueth
al
the
substaunce
of
the
blood
from
the
Lyuer
.
And
this
veine
that
commeth
from
venakelis
entreth
into
the
hart
at
the
right
Uentrikle
,
as
I
sayde
before
,
and
in
him
is
brought
a
great
portion
of
the
thickest
blood
to
nourishe
the
Hart
with
,
&
the
residue
that
is
left
of
this
,
is
made
subtil
through
the
vertue
of
the
hart
,
and
then
this
blood
is
sent
into
a
concauitie
or
pytte
in
the
myddest
of
the
Harte
betweene
the
two
Uentrikles
,
and
therein
it
is
made
hote
and
pured
,
and
then
it
passeth
into
the
left
Uentrikle
,
and
there
is
ingendred
in
it
a
spirit
that
is
clearer
,
brighter
,
and
subtiller
then
any
corporal
or
bodely
thing
that
is
ingendred
of
the
foure
Elementes
:
For
it
is
a
thing
that
is
a
meane
betweene
the
body
and
the
soule
.
Wherfore
it
is
likened
of
the
Philosophers
,
to
be
more
liker
heauenvly
thinges
then
earthly
thinges
.
Also
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
from
the
left
Uentrikle
of
the
Hart
springeth
two
Arteirs
:
The
one
hauing
but
one
cote
,
and
therefore
it
is
called
Arterea
venalis
:
and
this
Arteir
carieth
blood
from
the
Hart
to
the
Lungs
,
the
which
blood
is
vaporous
,
that
is
tried
and
left
of
the
Harte
,
and
is
brought
by
this
Artery
to
the
Lunges
to
geue
hym
nutriment
:
and
there
he
receyueth
of
the
Lunges
ayre
,
and
bringeth
it
to
the
hart
to
refreshe
him
with
.
Wherefore
Galen
sayth
,
that
he
fyndeth
that
mans
harte
is
natural
and
frendly
to
the
Lungs
,
for
he
geueth
him
of
his
owne
nutrimental
to
nourishe
him
with
,
and
the
Lunges
rewarde
him
with
ayre
to
refreshe
him
with
agayne
.
&c.
The
other
Arterye
that
hath
two
cotes
,
is
called
vena
Arterialis
,
or
the
great
Artery
that
ascendeth
and
dissendeth
,
and
of
him
springeth
al
the
other
Arteirs
that
spreade
to
euery
member
of
the
body
,
for
by
him
is
vnified
and
quickneth
al
the
members
of
the
body
.
For
the
spirite
that
is
reteyned
in
them
,
is
the
instrument
or
treasure
of
al
the
vertue
of
the
soule
.
And
thus
it
passeth
vntil
it
come
to
the
Brayne
,
&
there
he
is
turned
into
a
further
digestion
,
and
there
he
taketh
another
spirite
,
and
so
is
made
animal
,
and
at
the
Lyuer
nutrimental
,
and
at
the
Testikles
generatiue
:
and
thus
it
is
made
a
spirite
of
euery
kinde
,
so
that
he
beeing
meane
of
all
maner
of
operations
and
workinges
taketh
effect
.
Two
causes
I
fynde
why
these
Arteirs
haue
two
cotes
:
One
is
,
that
one
cote
is
not
sufficient
nor
able
to
with
stande
the
violent
mouing
and
steering
of
the
spirite
of
lyfe
that
is
caryed
in
them
:
The
seconde
cause
is
,
that
the
thing
that
is
caried
about
from
place
to
place
,
is
of
so
precious
a
treasure
that
it
had
the
more
neede
of
good
keeping
.
And
of
some
Doctors
this
Arteir
is
called
the
Pulsatiue
veyne
,
or
the
beating
veyne
:
for
by
him
is
perceyued
the
power
&
might
of
the
Hart.
&c.
Wherfore
God
and
Nature
haue
ordeyned
that
the
Arteirs
should
haue
two
cotes
.
Also
there
is
in
the
Harte
three
Pelikels
,
opening
and
closing
the
gooing
in
of
the
Harte
blood
and
spirite
in
conuenient
time
.
Also
the
Hart
hath
two
little
Eares
,
by
whome
commeth
in
and
passeth
out
the
ayre
that
is
prepared
for
the
Lunges
.
Also
there
is
founde
in
the
Hart
a
Cartilaginus
auditament
,
to
helpe
and
strength
the
selfe
Harte
.
Also
the
Harte
is
couered
with
a
strong
Pannikle
,
which
is
called
of
some
Capsula
cordes
,
or
Pericordium
,
the
which
is
a
strong
case
,
vnto
whome
commeth
Nerues
,
as
to
other
inwarde
members
.
And
this
Panicle
Pericordium
springeth
of
the
vpper
Pannicle
of
the
Midriffe
.
And
of
him
springeth
another
Panikle
called
Mediastinum
,
the
which
departeth
the
Brest
in
the
middest
,
and
kéepeth
that
the
Lunges
fal
not
ouer
the
Hart.
Also
there
is
an
other
Pannikle
that
couereth
the
Ribbes
inwardly
,
that
is
called
Plura
,
of
whom
the
Midriffe
taketh
his
beginning
.
And
it
is
sayde
of
many
Doctors
,
that
Duramater
is
the
originall
of
all
the
Pannicles
within
the
body
:
and
thus
one
taketh
of
another
.
&c.
¶
The
Anatomie
of
the
Lunges
.
THE
Lunges
is
a
member
spermatike
of
his
fyrst
creation
,
and
his
natural
complexion
is
colde
and
dry
,
and
in
his
accidental
complexion
he
is
colde
and
moyste
,
lapped
in
a
Nerueous
Pannikle
,
bicause
it
should
gather
togeather
the
softer
substaunce
of
the
Lunges
,
and
that
the
Lunges
might
féele
by
the
meanes
of
the
Pannicle
,
that
whiche
he
mighte
not
feele
in
him selfe
.
Nowe
to
proue
the
Lunges
to
be
colde
and
drye
of
kinde
,
it
appeareth
by
hys
swift
steering
,
for
he
lyeth
euer
wauing
ouer
the
hart
,
and
about
the
harte
.
And
that
he
is
colde
and
moyst
in
rewarde
,
it
appeareth
wel
,
that
he
receyueth
of
the
brayne
many
cold
matters
,
as
Cataries
,
and
Rumes
,
whose
substance
is
thinne
.
Also
I
fynde
in
the
Lunges
three
kinds
of
substaunce
:
One
is
a
Ueyne
comming
from
the
Liuer
,
bringing
with
him
the
Crude
or
rawe
parte
of
the
Chylle
to
féede
the
Lunges
:
Another
is
Arterea
venalis
,
comming
from
the
hart
,
bringing
with
him
the
spirite
of
lyfe
to
nourishe
him
with
:
The
third
is
Trachia
arteria
,
that
bringeth
in
ayre
to
the
Lunges
,
and
it
passeth
through
al
the
left
part
of
them
to
doo
his
office
.
The
Lunges
is
deuided
into
fiue
Lobbes
or
Pellikels
,
or
fiue
portions
,
that
is
to
say
,
three
in
the
right
side
,
and
two
in
the
left
side
.
And
it
was
done
for
this
cause
,
that
if
there
fel
any
hurt
in
the
one
part
,
the
others
shoulde
serue
and
doo
their
office
.
And
three
causes
I
finde
why
the
Lunges
were
principally
ordeyned
:
First
,
that
they
should
drawe
colde
winde
,
and
refreshe
the
hart
:
The
seconde
,
that
they
shoulde
chaunge
and
alter
,
and
purifie
the
ayre
before
it
come
to
the
hart
,
least
the
hart
were
hurte
and
noyed
with
the
quantitie
of
the
ayre
:
The
thirde
cause
is
,
that
they
shoulde
receyue
from
the
harte
the
fumous
superfluities
that
he
putteth
foorth
with
hys
breathing
.
&c.
Behinde
the
Lunges
towarde
the
Spondels
,
passeth
Mire
or
Isofagus
,
of
whom
it
is
spoken
of
in
the
Anatomie
of
the
necke
.
And
also
there
passeth
both
Ueynes
and
Arteirs
,
and
al
these
with
Trachia
arteria
,
doo
make
a
Stoke
,
replete
vnto
the
Gullet
with
Pannikles
,
and
strong
Lygaments
,
and
Glandulus
fleshe
to
fulfil
the
voyde
places
.
And
last
of
al
is
the
Midriffe
,
and
it
is
an
official
member
,
made
of
two
Pannikles
,
and
Lazartus
flesh
,
and
his
place
is
in
the
middest
of
the
body
,
ouerth
wart
or
in
bredth
vnder
the
region
of
the
spirituall
members
,
departing
them
from
the
matrix
.
And
thrée
causes
I
finde
why
the
Midriffe
was
ordeyned
:
First
,
that
it
should
diuide
the
spirituals
from
the
nutrates
:
The
seconde
,
that
it
should
kéepe
the
vital
colour
or
heate
to
dissende
downe
to
the
nutrates
:
The
last
is
,
that
the
malicious
fumes
reared
vp
from
the
nutrates
,
should
not
noye
the
spirituals
or
vytals
.
&c.
The
wombe
is
the
region
or
the
citie
of
al
the
Intrils
,
the
whiche
reacheth
from
the
Midriffe
downe
vnto
the
share
inwardly
,
and
outwardly
from
the
Reynes
or
Kydnes
,
downe
to
the
bone
Pecten
,
about
the
priuie
partes
.
And
thys
wombe
is
compounde
and
made
of
two
thinges
,
that
is
to
say
,
of
Syfac
&
Myrac
.
Syfac
is
a
Paunicle
,
and
a
member
spermatike
,
official
,
sensible
,
senowy
,
compound
of
subtil
Wyl
,
and
in
complexion
colde
and
drye
,
hauing
his
beginning
at
the
inner
Pannicle
of
the
Midriffe
.
And
it
was
ordeyned
because
it
shoulde
conteyne
and
bind
together
al
the
Intrals
,
and
that
he
defende
the
Musculus
so
that
he
oppresse
not
the
natural
members
.
And
that
he
is
strong
and
tough
,
it
is
because
he
should
not
be
lightly
broken
,
and
that
those
thinges
that
are
conteyned
goo
not
foorth
,
as
it
happeneth
to
them
that
are
broken
.
&c.
Myrac
is
compound
and
made
of
foure
things
,
that
is
,
of
skin
outwardly
,
of
fatnes
,
of
a
carnous
pannicle
,
and
of
Musculus
fleshe
.
And
that
it
is
to
be
vnderstanded
,
that
all
the
whole
from
Sifac
outwarde
is
called
Myrac
,
it
appeareth
wel
by
the
wordes
of
Galen
,
where
he
commaundeth
,
that
in
al
woundes
of
the
wombe
to
fewe
the
Sifac
with
the
Myrac
,
and
by
that
it
proueth
that
there
is
nothing
without
the
Sifac
but
Myrac
.
And
in
this
Myrac
or
vtter
parte
of
the
wombe
,
there
is
noted
eyght
Muscles
,
two
Longitudinals
,
proceeding
from
the
sheelde
of
the
Stomacke
vnto
Os
Pecten
:
two
Latitudinales
comming
from
the
backe
wardes
to
the
wombe
:
and
foure
Tranuerse
,
of
the
which
two
of
them
spring
from
the
Ribbes
on
the
right
side
,
and
go
to
the
left
side
,
to
the
bones
of
the
Haunches
,
or
of
Pecten
:
and
the
other
two
spring
from
the
Ribbes
on
the
left
syde
,
and
come
ouer
the
wombe
to
the
righte
partes
,
as
the
other
before
doth
.
Heere
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
by
the
vertue
of
the
subtyl
wyl
that
is
in
the
Musculus
longitudinal
,
is
made
perfect
the
vertue
attractiue
:
and
by
the
musculus
Tranuerse
is
made
the
vertue
retentiue
:
and
by
the
musculus
Latitudinale
is
made
the
vertue
expulsiue
.
It
is
thus
to
be
vnderstoode
,
that
by
the
vertue
attractiue
is
drawen
downe
into
the
Intrals
al
superfluities
,
both
water
,
wynde
,
and
dyrt
:
By
the
vertue
retentiue
all
thinges
are
withholden
and
kept
,
vntil
nature
haue
wrought
his
kinde
:
And
by
the
vertue
expulsiue
is
put
foorth
al
thinges
,
when
Nature
prouoketh
any
thing
to
be
done
.
Galen
sayth
,
that
woundes
or
incisions
be
more
perillous
in
the
middest
of
the
wombe
then
about
the
sides
,
for
there
the
partes
be
more
tractable
,
then
any
other
partes
be
.
Also
he
sayth
,
that
in
wounds
persing
the
womb
there
shal
not
be
made
good
incarnation
,
except
Sifac
be
sewed
with
Myrac
.
Nowe
to
come
to
the
parts
conteyned
within
:
Fyrst
,
that
which
appeareth
next
vnder
the
Sifac
is
Omentum
,
or
Zirbus
,
the
which
is
a
pannicle
couering
the
stomacke
and
the
Intrals
,
implanted
with
many
Ueynes
&
Arteirs
,
and
not
a
little
fatnes
ordeyned
to
keepe
moyst
the
inwarde
partes
.
This
Zirbus
is
an
official
member
,
and
is
compound
of
a
veyne
and
an
Arteir
,
the
which
entreth
and
maketh
a
line
of
the
vtter
tunikle
of
the
stomacke
,
vnto
whiche
tunikle
hangeth
the
Zirbus
,
and
couereth
al
the
guttes
downe
to
the
shayre
.
Two
causes
I
finde
why
they
were
ordeyned
:
one
is
that
they
shuld
defend
the
nutratiues
outwardly
:
the
seconde
is
,
that
through
his
owne
power
&
vertue
he
should
strength
&
confort
the
digestion
of
al
the
Nutrates
,
because
they
are
more
féebler
then
other
members
be
,
bicause
they
haue
but
a
thin
wombe
or
skinne
.
&c.
Next
Zirbus
appeareth
the
Intrals
or
guttes
,
of
which
Galen
saith
,
that
the
Guttes
were
ordeined
in
the
fyrst
creation
to
conuey
the
drosse
of
the
meate
and
drinke
,
&
to
clense
the
body
of
their
superfluities
.
And
here
it
is
to
be
noted
that
there
be
sixe
portions
of
one
whole
Gutte
,
which
both
in
man
and
beast
beginneth
at
the
nether
mouth
of
the
stomacke
,
and
so
continueth
foorth
to
the
end
of
the
Fundament
.
Neuerthelesse
he
hath
diuers
shapes
and
formes
,
and
diuers
operations
in
the
body
,
and
therfore
he
hath
diuers
names
.
And
here
vpon
the
Philosophers
say
,
that
the
lower
wombe
of
a
man
is
like
vnto
the
wombe
of
a
swine
.
And
lyke
as
the
stomack
hath
two
tunikles
,
in
like
maner
haue
al
the
Guttes
two
tunikles
.
The
fyrst
portion
of
the
Guttes
is
called
Duodenum
,
for
he
is
.
xij
.
ynches
of
length
,
and
couereth
the
nether
parte
of
the
stomacke
,
and
receyueth
al
the
drosse
of
the
stomacke
:
The
seconde
portion
of
the
Guttes
is
called
Ierunium
,
for
he
is
euermore
emptie
,
for
to
him
lyeth
euermore
the
chest
of
the
Gal
,
beating
him
sore
,
and
draweth
forth
of
him
al
the
drosse
,
&
clenseth
him
clene
:
The
iij.
portion
or
gutte
is
called
Yleon
,
or
smal
gutte
,
and
is
in
length
.
xv
.
or
.
xvj
.
Cubites
.
In
this
gutte
oftentimes
falleth
a
disease
called
Yleaca
pas●io
.
The
iiij
.
gut
is
called
Monoculus
,
or
blind
gut
,
and
it
seemeth
to
haue
but
one
hole
or
mouth
,
but
it
hath
two
,
one
neere
vnto
the
other
,
for
by
the
one
al
thinges
go
in
,
and
by
the
other
they
goo
out
agayne
:
The
fyft
is
called
Colon
,
and
receyueth
al
the
drosse
depriued
from
al
profitablenesse
,
and
therefore
there
commeth
not
to
him
any
veynes
Miseraices
,
as
to
the
other
:
The
syxte
&
last
is
called
Rectum
,
or
Longaon
,
and
he
is
ended
in
the
Fundament
,
and
hath
in
his
nether
end
foure
Muscles
,
to
holde
,
to
open
,
to
shutte
,
and
to
put
out
.
&c.
Next
is
to
be
noted
of
Mesenterium
,
the
which
is
nothing
else
but
a
texture
of
innumerable
veynes
Miseraices
,
ramefied
of
one
veyne
called
Porta
epates
,
couered
and
defended
of
Pannicles
and
Ligamentes
comming
to
the
Intrals
,
with
the
backe
ful
of
fatnes
and
glandulus
fleshe
.
&c.
The
stomacke
is
a
member
compound
and
spermatike
,
senowy
and
sensible
,
and
therein
is
made
perfect
the
fyrst
digestion
of
Chile
.
This
is
a
necessarie
member
to
al
the
body
,
for
if
it
fayle
in
his
working
,
al
the
members
of
the
body
shal
corrupte
.
Wherefore
Galen
sayth
,
that
the
stomacke
was
ordeyned
principally
for
two
causes
:
The
first
,
that
it
shoulde
be
to
al
the
members
of
the
body
,
as
the
earth
is
to
al
that
are
ingendred
of
the
earth
,
that
is
,
that
it
shoulde
desire
sufficient
meate
for
al
the
whole
body
:
The
seconde
is
,
that
the
stomacke
shoulde
be
a
sacke
or
chest
to
al
the
bodie
for
that
meate
,
and
as
a
Cooke
to
al
the
members
of
the
body
.
The
stomacke
is
made
of
two
pannicles
,
of
which
the
inner
is
Nerueous
,
and
the
vtter
Carneous
.
This
inner
panicle
hath
musculus
longitudinales
that
stretcheth
along
from
the
stomacke
to
the
mouth
,
by
the
which
he
draweth
to
him
meate
and
drinke
,
as
it
were
handes
.
Also
he
hath
Tranuers
wyl
,
for
to
withholde
or
make
retention
.
And
also
the
vtter
pannicle
hath
Latitudinal
wyl
,
to
expulse
and
put
out
:
and
that
by
his
heate
he
shoulde
helpe
the
digestiue
vertue
of
the
Stomacke
,
and
by
other
heates
geuen
by
his
neighbours
,
as
thus
,
It
hath
the
lyuer
on
the
right
side
,
chafing
&
heating
him
with
his
lobes
or
figures
:
&
the
Splen
on
the
left
syde
with
his
fatnes
,
&
veynes
sending
to
him
melancolie
,
to
exercise
his
appetites
:
and
aboue
him
is
the
Harte
,
quickening
him
with
his
Arteries
:
Also
the
brayne
,
sending
to
him
a
braunche
of
Nerues
to
geue
him
feeling
.
And
he
hath
on
the
hinder
parte
,
dissending
of
the
partes
of
the
backe
many
Lygamentes
,
with
the
which
he
is
bounde
to
the
Spondels
of
the
backe
.
The
forme
or
fygure
of
the
Stomacke
is
long
,
in
likenes
of
a
gowrde
,
crooked
:
and
that
both
holes
be
in
the
vpper
part
of
the
body
of
it
,
is
,
because
there
should
be
no
going
out
of
it
vnaduisedly
of
those
thinges
that
are
receyued
into
it
.
The
quantitie
of
the
stomacke
commonly
holdeth
two
pitchers
of
water
,
and
it
maye
suffer
many
passions
,
and
the
nether
mouth
of
the
stomacke
is
narrower
then
the
vpper
,
and
that
for
three
causes
:
the
first
cause
is
,
that
the
vpper
receyueth
meate
great
and
boystrous
in
substaunce
that
there
béeyng
made
subtile
it
might
passe
into
the
nether
:
The
second
is
,
for
by
him
passeth
al
the
meates
,
with
their
chilositie
from
the
Stomacke
to
the
Lyuer
:
The
thirde
is
,
for
that
through
him
passeth
al
the
drosse
of
the
Stomacke
to
the
guttes
.
And
this
suffiseth
for
the
Stomacke
.
&c.
The
Lyuer
is
a
principal
member
,
and
official
,
and
of
his
first
creation
spermatike
,
complete
in
quantitie
of
blood
,
of
him self
insencible
,
but
by
accidence
he
is
sencible
,
and
in
him
is
made
the
seconde
digestion
,
and
is
lapped
in
a
Senowy
pannicle
.
And
that
he
is
a
principall
member
,
it
appeareth
openly
by
the
Philosophers
,
by
Auicen
,
and
Galen
.
And
it
is
official
as
is
the
stomacke
,
and
it
is
of
spermatike
matter
,
and
senowy
,
of
the
which
is
ingendred
his
Ueynes
.
And
because
it
was
little
in
quantitie
,
nature
hath
added
to
it
cruded
blood
,
to
the
accomplishment
of
sufficient
quantity
,
and
is
lapped
in
a
senowy
pannicle
,
And
why
the
Lyuer
is
cruded
,
is
,
because
that
Chile
which
commeth
from
the
stomacke
to
the
Lyuer
,
should
be
turned
into
the
colour
of
blood
.
And
why
the
Lyuer
was
ordeined
,
was
,
because
that
al
the
nutrimental
blood
shoulde
be
ingendred
in
him
.
The
proper
place
of
the
Lyuer
is
vnder
the
false
Ribbes
in
the
righte
side
.
The
forme
of
the
lyuer
is
gibbous
or
bunchy
on
the
backside
,
&
it
is
somwhat
hollow
like
the
insyde
of
an
hande
.
And
why
it
is
so
shapen
,
is
,
that
it
should
be
plycable
to
the
stomacke
,
like
as
a
hande
dothe
to
an
apple
,
to
comforte
her
digestion
,
for
his
heate
is
to
the
stomacke
as
the
heate
of
the
fyre
is
to
the
Potte
or
Cauldron
that
hangeth
ouer
it
.
Also
the
Lyuer
is
bounde
with
his
pellikles
to
the
Diafragma
,
and
with
strong
Lygamentes
.
And
also
he
hath
Colyganes
with
the
Stomack
and
the
Intrals
,
and
with
the
Hart
and
the
Raines
,
the
Testicles
and
other
members
.
And
there
are
in
hym
fiue
Pellikles
like
fiue
fingers
.
Galen
calleth
the
Liuer
Massasanguinaria
,
conteyning
in
it selfe
foure
substances
,
Natural
and
Nutrimental
.
The
naturals
is
sent
with
the
blood
to
all
partes
of
the
body
to
be
ingendred
and
nourished
.
And
the
nutrimentals
be
sequestrate
and
sent
to
places
ordeyned
for
some
helpinges
.
These
are
the
places
of
the
humors
,
the
blood
in
the
Lyuer
,
Choler
in
the
chest
of
gal
,
Melancolie
to
the
Splen
,
Flegme
to
the
Lunges
and
the
Iunctures
,
the
watery
superfluities
to
the
Reynes
and
the
Uesike
.
And
they
goo
with
the
blood
,
and
sometime
they
putrifie
and
make
Feuers
,
and
some
be
put
out
to
the
skin
,
and
be
resolued
by
sweat
,
or
by
skab
,
by
Pushes
,
or
by
Impostumes
.
And
these
foure
natural
humours
,
that
is
to
say
,
Sanguin
,
Choler
,
Melancoly
,
&
Fleme
,
be
ingendred
and
distributed
in
this
maner
:
First
ye
shal
vnderstande
that
from
the
Spermatike
matter
of
the
Liuer
inwardly
,
there
is
ingendred
two
greate
veynes
,
of
the
whiche
the
first
and
the
greatest
is
called
Porta
,
and
commeth
from
the
concauitie
of
the
Lyuer
,
of
whom
springeth
al
the
smal
veynes
Miseraices
,
and
these
Miseraices
be
to
Vena
porta
as
the
braunches
of
a
tree
be
to
the
stocke
or
tree
.
For
some
of
them
be
conteyned
with
the
botome
of
the
stomacke
,
some
wyth
Duodenum
,
some
with
Ieiunium
,
some
with
Yleon
,
&
some
with
Monoculus
,
or
Saccus
.
And
from
al
these
guttes
they
bring
to
Vena
porta
the
succozitie
of
Chiley
gooing
from
the
stomacke
,
&
distribute
it
into
the
substaunce
of
the
Lyuer
.
And
these
veynes
Miseraices
be
innumerable
.
And
in
these
vaynes
is
begon
the
seconde
digestion
,
and
ended
in
the
Lyuer
,
like
as
is
in
the
Stomacke
the
fyrst
digestion
.
So
it
proueth
that
Vena
porta
and
vena
Miseraices
serue
to
bring
al
the
succozitie
of
the
meate
and
drinke
that
passeth
the
Stomacke
to
the
Liuer
,
and
they
spreade
them selues
thorough
the
substaunce
of
the
Liuer
inwardly
,
and
al
they
stretche
towards
the
gibbos
or
bowing
part
of
the
Liuer
,
and
there
they
méete
and
goe
al
into
one
vnitie
,
&
make
the
second
great
veine
called
Venakelis
or
Concaua
,
or
Vena
ramosa
,
al
is
one
,
and
he
with
his
rootes
draweth
out
al
the
blood
ingendred
from
the
Lyuer
,
and
with
his
braunches
ramefying
vpwardes
and
downewardes
,
carieth
and
conueyeth
it
to
al
other
members
of
the
body
to
be
nourished
with
,
where
is
made
perfect
the
thirde
digestion
.
And
also
there
goeth
from
the
Lyuer
veines
bearing
the
superfluities
of
the
thirde
digestion
to
their
proper
places
,
as
it
shal
be
declared
hereafter
.
Nowe
to
speake
of
the
Gal
,
or
the
chest
of
the
Gal:
it
is
an
official
member
,
and
it
is
spermatike
and
senowy
,
and
hath
in
it
a
subtil
wyl
,
and
it
is
as
a
purse
or
a
pannicular
vesike
in
the
holownesse
of
the
Lyuer
,
about
the
middle
pericle
or
lobe
,
ordeyned
to
receyue
the
Cholerike
superfluities
which
are
ingendred
in
the
Lyuer
.
The
which
purse
or
bagge
hath
three
holes
or
neckes
:
by
the
fyrste
he
draweth
to
him
from
the
Lyuer
the
choler
,
that
the
blood
be
not
hurt
by
the
choler
:
by
the
seconde
necke
he
sendeth
to
the
bottome
of
the
stomacke
Choler
to
further
the
digestion
of
the
stomacke
:
And
by
the
third
neck
he
sendeth
the
choler
regularly
from
one
gutte
to
another
to
clense
them
of
their
superfluities
and
drosse
:
and
the
quantitie
of
the
purse
may
conteyne
in
it
halfe
a
pinte
.
&c.
And
next
is
the
Splen
,
or
the
Milte
,
the
whiche
is
a
spermatike
member
,
as
are
other
members
,
and
official
,
and
is
the
receptory
of
the
melancolious
superfluities
that
are
ingendred
in
the
Liuer
.
And
his
place
is
on
the
lefte
side
,
transuerslye
lincked
to
the
stomacke
,
and
his
substaunce
is
thinne
.
And
two
causes
I
finde
why
he
was
ordeyned
there
:
The
first
is
,
that
by
the
melancolious
superfluities
that
are
ingendred
of
the
Lyuer
which
he
draweth
to
him
,
he
is
nourished
with
:
The
seconde
cause
is
,
that
the
nutritiue
blood
should
by
him
be
made
the
more
purer
and
cleane
,
from
the
drosse
and
thicking
of
melancolie
.
&c.
And
next
of
the
Reynes
and
Kidnes
:
It
is
to
be
vnderstoode
,
that
within
the
region
of
the
Nutrites
backwardes
,
are
ordeyned
the
Kidnes
,
to
clense
the
blood
from
the
waterie
superfluities
,
And
they
haue
ech
of
them
two
passages
,
or
holes
,
or
neckes
:
by
the
one
is
drawen
the
water
from
Uenakelis
by
two
veynes
,
whiche
ar
called
vena
emulgentes
,
the
length
of
a
fynger
of
a
man
,
and
issueth
from
the
Liuer
:
and
by
the
other
is
sente
the
same
water
to
the
Bladder
,
and
is
called
Poros
vrithides
.
The
substaunce
of
the
Kidnes
is
Lazartus
fleshe
,
hauing
Longitudinal
wyl
.
And
their
place
is
behinde
on
eache
side
of
the
Spondles
,
and
they
are
two
in
number
,
and
the
righte
Kidney
lyeth
some
what
hyer
then
the
lefte
,
and
is
bounde
fast
to
the
backe
with
Lygamentes
.
The
Philosopher
sayth
,
that
mans
kidneys
are
like
to
the
kidnes
of
a
Cowe
,
ful
of
harde
knottes
,
hauing
in
him
many
harde
concauities
,
and
therefore
the
sores
of
them
be
harde
to
cure
.
Also
they
are
more
harder
in
substaunce
then
any
other
fleshy
member
,
and
that
for
two
causes
:
one
is
,
that
he
bee
not
muche
hurt
of
the
sharpnesse
of
the
vrin
:
The
other
is
,
that
the
same
vrin
that
passeth
from
him
might
the
better
be
altered
and
clensed
throughe
the
same
.
Also
there
commeth
from
the
harte
to
eche
of
the
kydnes
an
Arteir
,
that
bringeth
with
him
blood
,
heate
,
spirite
,
and
lyfe
.
And
in
the
same
maner
there
commeth
a
veyne
from
the
Lyuer
,
that
bringeth
blood
to
nourishe
the
kydnes
,
called
blood
nutrimental
.
The
grease
of
these
kydnes
or
fatnes
is
as
of
other
inwarde
members
,
but
it
is
an
official
member
,
made
of
thinne
blood
,
congeled
&
cruded
through
colde
:
and
there
is
ordeyned
the
greater
quantitie
in
his
place
,
because
it
should
receyue
and
temper
the
heate
of
the
kydnes
,
which
they
haue
of
the
byting
sharpnesse
of
the
water
.
Nowe
by
the
kydnes
vpon
the
Spondels
passeth
Venakelis
,
or
venacaua
,
which
is
a
veyne
of
a
great
substaunce
,
for
he
receyueth
al
the
nutrimental
blood
from
the
Lyuer
:
and
from
him
passeth
many
smal
pypes
on
euery
side
,
and
at
the
Spondel
betwéene
the
Shoulders
he
deuideth
him selfe
whole
into
two
great
braunches
,
the
one
goeth
into
the
one
arme
,
and
the
other
into
the
other
,
and
there
they
deuide
them selues
into
many
veynes
and
branches
:
as
it
is
declared
in
the
armes
.
¶
The
Anatomie
of
the
Hanches
,
and
their
parts
.
THe
Hanches
are
the
lower
parte
of
the
wombe
,
ioyning
to
the
Thies
,
and
the
secret
members
.
And
three
thinges
there
are
to
be
noted
thereof
:
the
first
is
of
the
partes
conteining
:
the
seconde
is
of
the
partes
conteyned
:
and
the
thirde
is
of
the
partes
proceeding
outwardes
.
The
partes
conteyning
outwardly
,
be
Myrac
and
Sifac
,
the
Zirbus
,
and
the
bones
.
The
partes
conteyned
inwardly
,
are
,
the
Vezike
,
or
bladder
,
the
spermatike
vessels
,
the
Matrix
in
women
,
Longaon
,
Nerues
,
Ueynes
,
and
Arteirs
dissending
downwards
The
partes
procéeding
outwardes
,
are
,
The
Buttockes
,
and
the
Muscles
dissending
to
the
Thies
,
of
whiche
it
is
to
be
spoken
of
in
order
.
And
first
of
the
partes
conteyning
:
as
of
Myrac
,
Sifac
,
and
Zirbus
,
there
is
ynough
spoken
of
in
the
Anatomie
of
the
wombe
.
But
as
for
the
bones
of
the
Hanches
,
There
be
of
the
partes
of
the
backe
three
Spondels
of
Ossa
sacri
,
orof
the
Hanches
,
&
three
cartilaginis
spondels
of
Ossa
caude
,
called
,
The
tayle
bonne
.
And
thus
it
is
proued
,
that
there
is
in
euery
man
,
woman
,
and
childe
.
xxx
.
spondels
,
and
thus
they
are
to
be
numbred
:
In
the
Necke
,
vij
.
in
the
Ridge
,
xij
.
in
the
Reynes
,
v.
&
in
the
Hanches
,
vj.
And
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
euery
spondel
is
hollowe
in
the
middest
,
through
which
holownesse
passeth
Nuca
from
the
Brayne
,
or
the
marowe
of
the
backe
.
And
some
Authors
say
,
that
Mynuca
is
of
the
same
substaunce
that
the
Braene
is
of
,
for
it
is
like
in
substaunce
,
and
in
it selfe
geueth
to
the
Nerues
both
the
vertue
of
mouing
and
féeling
.
And
also
euery
Spondel
is
holed
on
euery
side
,
through
the
which
holes
both
Arteirs
and
veynes
,
doo
bring
from
the
hart
and
the
Lyuer
both
lyfe
&
nourishment
,
like
as
they
doo
to
the
brayne
:
and
from
the
pannicle
of
Minuca
or
the
marowe
of
the
backe
,
through
the
holes
of
the
sides
of
the
spondels
,
springeth
forth
Nerues
motiues
,
and
there
they
intermedle
them selues
with
the
strong
Lygamentes
that
be
insencible
,
and
so
the
Lygamentes
receyue
that
feeling
of
the
Nerue
,
which
the
Nerue
taketh
of
Mynuca
.
And
by
this
reason
many
Autors
proue
,
that
Mynuca
is
of
the
same
substaunce
that
the
Brayne
is
of
,
and
the
panicles
of
the
Nuca
is
of
the
substance
of
the
pannikles
of
the
Brayne
.
&c.
And
eche
of
these
spondels
be
bounde
fast
one
with
another
,
so
that
one
of
them
maye
not
wel
be
moued
without
another
.
And
so
al
these
spondles
together
,
conteined
one
by
another
are
called
the
Ridgbone
,
which
is
the
fundation
of
al
the
shape
of
the
body
.
They
with
the
laste
spondel
be
conteyned
or
ioyned
to
the
bones
of
the
Hanchēs
,
and
they
be
the
vpholders
of
al
the
spondles
.
And
these
bones
be
smal
towardes
the
tayle
bone
,
and
broade
towardes
the
Hanches
,
and
before
they
ioyne
and
make
Os
pectinis
.
And
so
they
be
brode
in
the
partes
of
the
Iles
,
and
therefore
some
Authors
calleth
it
Ilea
.
And
ech
of
these
two
bones
toward
the
lyuer
hath
a
great
rounde
hole
,
into
the
whiche
is
receyued
the
bone
called
Vertebra
,
or
,
The
whorle
bone
,
Also
besides
that
place
there
is
a
great
hole
or
way
,
through
the
which
passeth
from
aboue
Musculus
,
veynes
,
and
Arteirs
,
and
go
into
the
Thees
.
And
thus
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
of
this
bone
Pecten
,
and
the
bone
Vertebra
,
is
made
the
iuncture
of
the
Thye
.
Now
to
speake
of
the
parts
conteined
,
The
first
thing
that
commeth
to
sight
,
is
the
Bladder
,
the
which
is
an
official
member
,
compounde
of
two
Neruous
Pannicles
,
in
complexion
colde
&
dry
,
whose
necke
is
carnous
,
and
hath
Muscles
to
withholde
,
and
to
let
go
:
And
in
men
it
is
long
,
and
is
conteyned
with
the
yard
,
passing
through
Peritoneum
,
but
in
women
it
is
shorter
,
and
is
conteyned
within
the
Vulua
.
The
place
of
the
bladder
is
betweene
the
bone
of
the
Share
and
the
tayle
gutte
called
Longaon
,
and
in
women
it
is
betweene
the
foresayde
Bone
and
the
Matrix
.
And
in
it
is
implanted
two
long
Uessels
comming
from
the
kidnes
,
whose
names
be
Porri
vrichides
,
bringing
with
them
the
Urin
or
water
from
the
kidnes
to
the
bladder
,
whiche
priuily
eutreth
into
the
holes
of
the
pannicles
of
the
bladder
,
by
a
natural
mouing
betweene
tunicle
and
tunicle
,
and
there
the
vrin
fyndeth
the
hole
of
the
nether
tunikle
,
and
there
it
entreth
priuily
into
the
concauitie
of
the
bladder
,
and
the
more
that
the
bladder
is
filled
with
vrin
,
the
straighter
be
the
two
tunicles
comprised
togeather
,
for
the
holes
of
the
tunicles
be
not
euen
one
agaynst
another
,
and
therefore
if
the
bladder
be
neuer
so
ful
,
there
may
none
goe
backe
agayne
.
The
forme
of
it
is
rounde
,
the
quantitie
of
it
is
a
pitcher
full
,
in
some
more
,
and
in
some
lesse
.
&c.
Also
there
is
founde
two
other
vessels
called
,
vaza
seminaria
,
or
the
spermatike
vessels
.
And
they
come
from
Uenakelis
,
bringing
blood
to
the
Testikles
,
as
wel
in
man
,
as
in
woman
,
in
the
which
by
his
further
digestion
it
is
made
sparme
or
nature
in
men
.
They
be
put
outwarde
,
for
the
Testikles
be
without
,
but
in
women
it
abydeth
within
,
for
their
Testicles
stande
within
,
as
it
shal
be
declared
hereafter
.
Next
foloweth
the
Matrix
in
women
:
The
Matrix
in
woman
is
an
official
member
,
compounde
and
Nerueous
,
and
in
complexion
colde
and
dry
.
And
it
is
the
felde
of
mans
generation
,
and
it
is
an
instrument
〈◊〉
,
that
is
to
say
,
a
thing
receyuing
or
taking
:
and
hee
proper
place
is
betweene
the
bladder
and
the
gutte
Longaon
,
the
likenes
of
it
is
as
it
were
a
yarde
reuersed
or
turned
inwarde
:
hauing
testikles
likewise
,
as
aforesaid
:
also
the
Matrix
hath
two
concauities
or
selles
,
and
no
moe
,
but
al
beasts
haue
as
many
selles
as
they
haue
pappes
heades
.
Also
it
hath
a
long
necke
lyke
an
vrynal
,
&
in
euery
necke
it
hath
a
mouth
,
that
is
to
saye
,
one
within
,
and
an
other
without
.
The
inner
in
the
tyme
of
conception
is
shutte
,
and
the
vtter
parte
is
open
,
as
it
was
before
:
and
it
hath
in
the
middest
a
Lazartus
pannicle
,
whiche
is
called
in
Laten
Tentigo
.
And
in
the
creation
of
this
Pannicle
is
founde
two
vtilities
:
The
first
is
,
that
by
it
goeth
forth
the
vrin
,
or
els
it
should
be
shed
throughout
al
the
Vulua
:
The
seconde
is
,
that
when
a
woman
doth
set
hir
thies
abrode
it
altereth
the
ayre
that
commeth
to
the
Matrix
for
to
temper
the
heat
.
Furthermore
,
the
necke
that
is
betweene
these
two
foresayde
mouthes
,
in
her
concauitie
hath
many
inuolutions
and
pleates
,
ioyned
together
in
the
maner
of
Rose
leaues
before
they
be
fully
spread
or
ripe
,
and
so
they
be
shut
togeather
as
a
Purse
mouth
,
so
that
nothing
may
passe
foorth
but
vrin
,
vntil
the
time
of
chylding
.
Also
about
the
middle
of
this
necke
be
certain
veynes
in
Maydens
,
the
which
in
tyme
of
deflouring
be
corrupt
&
broken
.
Furthermore
,
in
the
sides
of
the
vtter
mouth
of
the
mouth
are
two
testicles
or
stones
,
and
also
two
vessels
of
sparme
shorter
then
mans
vessels
,
and
in
time
of
coyt
the
womans
sperme
is
shed
downè
into
the
bottome
of
the
Matrix
.
Also
from
the
Lyuer
there
commeth
to
the
Matrix
many
veynes
,
bringing
to
the
childe
nourishing
at
the
time
of
a
womans
beeing
with
childe
:
and
those
veynes
,
at
suche
time
as
the
Matrix
is
voyde
,
bring
therto
superfluities
from
certayne
members
of
the
body
,
whereof
are
ingendred
womens
flowres
.
&c.
And
forasmuche
as
it
hath
pleased
almightie
God
to
geue
the
knowledge
of
these
his
mysteries
and
workes
vnto
his
Creatures
in
this
present
worlde
,
Here
I
purpose
to
declare
what
thing
Embreon
is
,
and
his
creation
.
The
noble
Philosophers
,
as
Galen
,
Auicen
,
Bartholomeus
,
and
diuers
other
writing
vpon
this
matter
,
say
,
That
Embreon
is
a
thing
ingendred
in
the
mothers
wombe
,
the
original
wherof
is
the
sparme
of
the
man
and
the
woman
,
of
the
which
is
made
by
the
might
and
power
of
God
,
in
the
mothers
wombe
a
chylde
,
as
hereafter
more
at
large
shal
be
declared
.
First
the
feelde
of
generation
called
the
Matrix
,
or
the
mother
,
is
knowen
in
the
anatomie
,
whose
place
is
properly
betwixt
the
Bladder
and
Longaon
in
the
woman
,
in
which
place
is
sowen
by
the
tillage
of
man
a
couenable
matter
of
kindly
heate
,
for
kindly
heate
is
cause
efficeens
bothe
of
dooing
and
working
,
and
spirite
that
geueth
vertue
to
the
body
,
and
gouerneth
and
ruleth
that
vertue
:
the
which
séede
of
generation
commeth
from
al
the
partes
of
the
body
both
of
the
man
and
the
woman
,
with
consent
&
wyl
of
al
members
,
and
is
shed
into
the
place
of
conceyuing
,
where
through
the
vertue
of
Nature
it
is
gathered
together
in
the
selles
of
the
matrix
or
the
mother
,
in
whom
by
the
way
of
the
working
of
mans
seede
,
and
by
the
way
of
suffering
of
the
womans
seede
mixte
together
,
so
that
eche
of
them
worketh
in
other
,
and
suffereth
in
other
,
there
is
ingendred
Embreon
.
And
further
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
this
sparme
that
commeth
both
of
man
and
woman
,
is
made
&
gathered
of
the
most
best
and
purest
drops
of
blood
in
all
the
body
,
and
by
the
labour
and
chafing
of
the
testikles
or
stones
this
blood
is
turned
into
another
kinde
,
and
is
made
sparme
.
And
in
man
it
is
hotte
,
white
,
&
thicke
,
wherfore
it
may
not
spread
nor
runne
abroade
of
it selfe
,
but
runneth
and
taketh
temperaunce
of
the
womans
sparme
,
which
hath
contrarie
qualities
,
for
the
womans
sparme
is
thinner
,
colder
,
and
féebler
.
And
as
some
Authors
holde
opinion
,
when
this
matter
is
gathered
into
the
right
side
of
the
matrix
,
then
it
happeneth
a
male
kinde
,
and
likewise
on
the
lefte
the
female
,
and
where
the
vertue
is
most
,
there
it
sauoureth
most
.
And
further
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
lyke
as
the
Renet
of
the
Chéese
hath
by
him selfe
the
way
or
vertue
of
working
,
so
hath
the
mylke
by
waye
of
suffering
:
and
as
the
Renet
and
mylke
make
the
chéese
,
so
doth
the
sparme
of
man
and
woman
make
the
generation
of
Embreon
,
of
the
which
thing
springeth
by
the
vertue
of
kindly
heate
,
a
certayne
skinne
or
caule
,
into
the
which
it
lappeth
it selfe
in
,
where
with
afterwardes
it
is
tyed
to
the
mothers
wombe
,
the
whiche
couering
commeth
foorth
with
the
byrth
of
the
childe
,
and
if
it
happen
that
any
of
the
skinne
remaine
after
the
byrth
of
the
childe
,
then
is
the
woman
in
peril
of
her
lyfe
.
Furthermore
it
is
sayde
,
that
of
this
Embreon
is
ingendred
the
Hart
,
the
Lyuer
,
the
Brayne
Nerues
,
veynes
,
Arteirs
,
Cordes
,
Lygamentes
,
Skinnes
,
Gristles
,
&
Bones
,
receyuing
to
them
by
kindly
vertue
the
menstrual
blood
,
of
whiche
is
ingendred
both
fleshe
and
fatnes
.
And
as
wryters
say
,
the
fyrst
thing
that
is
shapen
be
the
principals
,
as
is
the
Harte
,
Lyuer
,
and
Brayne
.
For
of
the
Hart
springeth
the
Arteirs
,
of
the
Lyuer
the
Ueynes
,
and
of
the
Brayne
the
Nerues
:
and
when
these
are
made
,
Nature
maketh
&
shapeth
Bones
and
grystles
to
kéepe
&
saue
them
,
as
the
bones
of
the
head
for
the
Brayne
,
the
Brest
bones
and
the
Ribbes
for
the
Harte
and
the
Lyuer
.
And
after
these
springeth
al
other
member
one
after
another
.
And
thus
is
the
childe
bred
foorth
in
four
degrees
,
as
thus
,
The
first
is
,
when
the
sayde
sparme
or
seede
is
at
the
fyrst
as
it
were
mylke
:
The
seconde
is
,
when
it
is
turned
from
that
kinde
into
another
kinde
,
is
yet
but
as
a
lumpe
of
blood
,
and
this
is
called
of
Ypocras
,
Fettus
:
The
thirde
degrée
is
,
when
the
principals
be
shapen
,
as
the
Hart
,
lyuer
,
and
Brayne
:
The
fourth
and
laste
,
as
when
al
the
other
members
be
perfectly
shapen
,
then
it
receyueth
the
soule
wyth
life
and
breath
,
and
then
it
beginneth
to
moue
it selfe
alone
,
Nowe
in
these
foure
degrees
aforesayde
,
in
the
fyrst
as
milke
it
continueth
,
vij
.
dayes
:
in
the
seconde
as
Fettus
,
ix
.
dayes
:
in
the
thirde
as
a
lumpe
of
fleshe
ingendring
the
principals
the
space
of
,
ix
.
days
:
and
the
fourth
vnto
the
tyme
of
ful
perfection
of
al
the
whole
members
,
is
the
space
of
,
xviij
.
dayes
:
So
is
there
,
xlvj
.
dayes
from
the
day
of
conception
vnto
the
day
of
ful
perfection
and
receyuing
of
the
soule
,
as
God
best
knoweth
.
Now
to
come
agayne
to
the
Anatomie
of
the
Hanches
:
Then
come
we
to
Longaon
,
otherwise
called
,
The
tayle
gutte
,
whose
substance
is
panniculer
,
as
of
al
the
other
bowels
,
the
length
of
it
is
of
a
spanne
long
,
stretching
nigh
to
the
Raynes
,
his
nether
parte
is
called
Annis
,
that
is
to
say
,
The
towel
.
And
about
him
is
found
two
Muscles
,
the
one
to
open
,
the
other
to
shutte
.
Also
there
is
founde
in
him
fiue
veynes
or
braunches
of
veynes
,
called
vena
emoraidales
,
and
they
haue
coliganes
with
the
bladder
,
wherefore
they
are
partners
in
their
greeues
.
And
when
this
Longaon
is
raysed
vp
,
then
ye
may
sée
the
veynes
and
arteirs
,
and
senowes
,
howe
they
be
braunched
and
bounde
downe
to
the
nether
partes
.
The
partes
procéeding
outwardly
,
are
,
Didimus
,
Peritoneum
,
the
Yarde
,
the
Testikles
,
and
the
Buttockes
.
And
fyrst
it
shal
be
spoken
of
the
yarde
,
or
of
mans
generatiue
members
,
the
whiche
dureth
vnto
that
parte
that
is
called
Peritoneum
,
the
which
place
is
from
the
Coddes
vnto
the
Fundament
,
wherevpon
is
a
seame
.
Wherfore
sayth
the
Philosopher
,
Mans
yard
is
in
the
ende
and
terme
of
the
share
.
The
yarde
is
an
official
member
,
and
the
tyller
of
mans
generation
,
compounde
and
made
of
skinne
,
brawnes
,
Tendons
,
veynes
,
arteirs
,
senewes
,
and
great
Lygaments
:
and
it
hath
in
it
food
passages
,
or
principal
issues
,
that
is
to
say
,
one
for
the
sparme
,
and
another
for
the
vryn
.
And
as
the
Philosophers
say
,
the
quantitie
of
a
common
yard
is
viij
.
or
,
ix
.
ynches
,
with
mesurable
bignes
proportioned
to
the
quantitie
of
the
matrix
.
This
member
hath
,
as
sayth
Auicen
,
three
holes
,
through
one
passeth
incensible
polissions
and
wynde
,
that
causeth
the
yard
to
ryse
:
the
other
two
holes
be
declared
before
.
Also
the
yard
hath
a
skinne
,
and
about
the
head
thereof
it
is
double
,
and
that
men
call
Prepusium
,
and
this
skinne
is
mouable
,
for
through
his
consecration
the
spermatike
matter
is
the
better
and
sooner
gathered
together
,
and
sooner
cast
foorth
from
the
Testicles
:
for
by
him
is
had
the
more
delectation
in
the
dooing
.
And
the
formost
part
of
the
head
of
the
yard
before
is
made
of
a
subtil
brawny
fleshe
,
the
whiche
if
it
be
once
lost
,
it
is
neuer
restored
agayne
,
but
it
may
wel
be
skinned
.
&c.
The
Coddes
is
a
compounde
member
,
and
an
officiall
,
and
though
it
be
counted
amongst
the
generatiue
members
,
yet
it
is
called
a
principal
member
because
of
generation
.
This
purss
was
ordeined
for
the
custodie
&
comfort
of
the
testikles
and
other
spermatike
vesselles
.
And
it
is
also
made
of
two
partes
,
of
the
inner
,
and
the
vtter
.
The
vtter
is
compound
and
made
of
skinne
,
and
lazartus
,
longitudinal
,
and
transuersal
,
in
like
maner
as
is
the
Myrac
.
The
inner
parte
of
the
Coddes
is
of
the
substaunce
of
the
Sifac
,
and
are
in
similitude
as
two
pockets
drawen
together
by
them selues
,
and
they
differ
not
from
the
Sifac
:
and
there
be
two
,
bicause
if
there
fal
any
hurt
to
the
one
,
the
other
should
serue
.
The
Testikles
or
stones
be
two
,
made
of
glandulus
fleshe
or
curnelly
fleshe
.
And
furthermore
,
through
the
Didimus
commeth
to
the
Testikles
from
the
Brayne
,
Senowes
,
and
from
the
Hart
Arteirs
,
and
from
the
Lyuer
veynes
,
bringing
vnto
them
both
feeling
and
steering
,
lyfe
and
spirite
,
and
nutrimental
blood
,
and
the
most
purest
blood
of
al
other
members
of
the
body
,
whereof
is
made
the
sparme
by
the
labour
of
the
Testicles
,
the
which
is
put
foorth
in
due
tyme
,
as
is
before
rehearsed
.
The
Groynes
be
knowen
:
they
be
the
emy
iunctures
or
purging
place
vnto
the
Lyuer
,
and
they
haue
curnelly
fleshe
in
the
plying
or
bowing
of
the
Thyes
.
The
Hippes
haue
great
brawny
fleshe
on
them
,
and
from
thence
dissende
downwards
brawnes
,
cordes
,
and
lygaments
,
mouing
and
bynding
together
the
thies
,
with
the
Haunches
themselues
.
¶
The
Anatomie
of
the
Thyes
,
Legges
,
and
Feete
.
THE
Legge
reacheth
from
the
Ioynt
of
the
Thie
vnto
the
extremitie
of
the
Toes
,
and
I
wyl
deuide
it
in
partes
,
as
the
armes
were
deuided
:
One
parte
is
called
Coxa
,
or
Thigh
,
and
that
is
al
that
is
conteyned
from
the
ioynt
of
the
Haunche
vnto
the
Knee
:
The
seconde
part
is
called
Tibia
,
and
that
reacheth
from
the
Knee
to
the
Ankle
:
The
thirde
is
the
little
foote
,
and
that
is
from
the
Ankle
,
vnto
the
end
of
the
Toes
.
And
here
it
is
to
be
noted
,
that
the
Thigh
,
Legge
,
and
Foote
,
are
compounde
and
made
as
the
great
arme
or
hande
,
with
skinne
,
fleshe
,
veynes
,
arteirs
,
senewes
,
brawnes
,
tendons
,
and
bones
,
whereof
they
are
to
be
spoken
of
in
order
.
Of
the
skinne
and
fleshe
there
is
ynough
spoken
of
before
.
And
as
of
veynes
and
arteirs
,
in
their
discending
downewardes
at
the
laste
spondels
they
be
deuided
into
two
partes
,
whereof
the
one
parte
goeth
into
the
right
Thye
,
and
the
other
into
the
lefte
:
and
when
they
come
to
the
Thye
they
be
deuided
into
other
two
great
braunches
:
the
one
of
them
spreadeth
into
the
inner
side
of
the
Legge
,
and
the
other
spreadeth
into
the
vtter
syde
,
and
so
braunching
dissende
downe
the
Legge
to
the
ankles
&
feete
,
and
be
brought
into
foure
veynes
,
which
be
commonly
vsed
in
letting
blood
,
as
hereafter
foloweth
.
One
of
them
is
vnder
the
inner
ankle
towarde
the
heele
,
called
Soffena
,
and
another
vnder
the
vtter
ankle
,
called
Siattica
,
and
another
vnder
the
hamme
,
called
Poplitica
,
the
fourth
betweene
the
little
Toe
and
the
next
,
called
Kenalis
.
And
it
is
to
be
noted
of
these
foure
great
veynes
in
the
legges
of
the
manyfolde
daungers
that
mighte
fal
of
them
,
as
oft
it
happeneth
.
There
be
many
other
braunches
which
a
Chirurgion
nedeth
not
much
to
passe
vpon
.
The
Senewes
spring
of
the
last
spondel
,
&
of
Os
sacrum
,
and
passeth
through
the
hole
of
the
bone
of
the
Hippe
,
and
dissendeth
to
the
Brawnes
,
and
moueth
the
Knée
&
the
ham
,
and
these
dissende
downe
to
the
ankle
,
and
moue
the
foote
,
and
the
brawnes
of
the
feete
moue
the
Toes
,
in
lyke
maner
as
is
declared
in
the
bones
of
the
handes
.
The
first
is
called
Coxa
,
that
is
The
thye
bone
,
and
he
is
without
a
fellowe
,
and
is
ful
of
marow
,
and
is
round
at
eyther
ende
:
The
roundnes
that
is
at
the
vpper
ende
is
called
Vertebrum
,
or
Whurle
bone
,
and
boweth
inwardes
,
and
is
receyued
into
the
boxe
or
hole
of
the
hanche
bone
:
and
at
the
lower
&
towards
the
Knee
there
it
hath
two
roundes
,
which
be
receyued
into
the
concauities
of
the
bone
of
the
legge
at
the
knee
,
called
the
great
Fossels
.
There
is
also
at
the
knee
a
rounde
bone
called
,
The
knée
panne
.
Then
foloweth
the
legge
,
wherin
is
two
bones
,
called
Focile
maior
,
and
Focile
minor
,
the
bygger
of
them
passeth
before
,
making
the
shape
of
the
shinne
,
&
it
is
called
the
shinne
bone
,
and
passeth
downe
making
the
inner
ankle
.
The
lesse
passeth
from
the
knee
backwardes
,
dissending
downe
to
the
vtter
ankle
,
and
there
formeth
that
ankle
.
&c.
The
bones
of
the
foote
are
,
xxvj
.
as
thus
,
Fyrst
,
next
the
ankle
bone
is
one
,
called
in
Laten
Orobalistus
:
next
vnder
that
towardes
the
Heele
is
one
,
called
Calcany
:
and
betweene
them
is
another
bone
called
Os
nauculare
:
In
the
seconde
warde
there
be
foure
bones
,
called
Raceti
,
as
be
in
the
handes
.
In
the
thirde
&
fourth
warde
be
,
xiiij
.
called
Digitori
:
and.
v.
called
Pectens
at
the
extremities
of
the
Toes
,
next
to
the
nayles
.
And
thus
be
there
in
the
foote
,
xxvj
.
bones
,
with
the
Legge
from
the
Ankle
to
the
Knee
,
two
in
the
Knee
,
and
one
rounde
and
flat
bone
,
and
in
the
Thye
one
.
And
thus
shal
you
finde
in
the
whole
Legge
and
Foote
,
xxx
.
bones
.
And
this
suffiseth
for
young
Practicioners
.
FINIS
.