Virgils Eclogues, vvith his booke De apibus, concerning the gouernment and ordering of bees, translated grammatically, and also according to the proprietie of our English tongue, so farre as grammar and the verse will well permit. Written chiefly for the good of schooles, to be vsed according to the directions in the preface to the painfull schoole maister, and more fully in the booke called Ludus literarius, or the grammar-schoole, chap. 8 Bucolica. English Virgil. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A14494 of text S104679 in the English Short Title Catalog (STC 24818). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 491 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 88 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2018 A14494 STC 24818 ESTC S104679 99840412 99840412 4914 2240887279

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Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A14494) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 4914) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 944:09) Virgils Eclogues, vvith his booke De apibus, concerning the gouernment and ordering of bees, translated grammatically, and also according to the proprietie of our English tongue, so farre as grammar and the verse will well permit. Written chiefly for the good of schooles, to be vsed according to the directions in the preface to the painfull schoole maister, and more fully in the booke called Ludus literarius, or the grammar-schoole, chap. 8 Bucolica. English Virgil. Brinsley, John, fl. 1581-1624. Ludus literarius. Virgil. Georgica. Book 4. English. aut [8], 166, [2] p. Printed by Richard Field, for Thomas Man, dwelling at the signe of the Talbot in Pater-noster row, London : 1620. Translator's dedication signed: Iohn Brinsley. "De apibus" is book 4 of the Georgics. The last leaf is blank. Reproduction of the original in the British Library. eng Bee culture -- Early works to 1800. eebo Virgils Eclogues, vvith his booke De apibus, concerning the gouernment and ordering of bees, translated grammatically, and also according to the propr Virgil 1620 176 81002 915 0 0 0 2 0 115.43 F The rate of 115.43 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the F category of texts with 100 or more defects per 10,000 words. 2003-10 Assigned for keying and markup 2003-11 Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2004-11 Sampled and proofread 2004-11 Text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-01 Batch review (QC) and XML conversion

〈…〉 BOOKE 〈…〉 concerning the 〈◊〉 and ordering of 〈◊〉 ▪

Translated Gramatically , and also according to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of our English tongue , so farre as Grammar and the verse will well permit .

Written chiefly for the good of Schooles , to be used according to the directions in the Preface to the 〈◊〉 of Schoole 〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 in the book called 〈◊〉 Learning or the Grammar schoole , Chap. 8.

London , Printed by Richard 〈◊〉 for Thomas Man dwelling at the signe of the 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 16●0 .

TO THE RIGHT NOBLE AND WORTHY KNIGHT SIR GEORGE HASTINGS , brother to the right Honorable the Earle of Huntingdon . SIR ,

BOoks haue euer sought out the fittest Patrons . Thinking seriously with my selfe , who might most iustly challenge the dedication of this labour at my hands , which I trust shall euer bring some light and comfort to our Grammar Schooles , I could finde none to haue thereunto a better title then your self . Sith God hath indeed made you a worthy light , for the sound loue and true aduancement of vertue and good learning , and that euen from your tender yeares . In as much as you ( contrary to the course of the greatest part of the flower of the Nobilitie and Gentrie of our age ) haue addicted your selfe vnto your studies , for the good ( I trust ) both of the Church and Commonwealth , in stead of following the excessiue pleasures of the time ; and haue moreouer in a singular maner manifested your affection towards them both , and towards all good learning to that end . Whenas out of that maintenance , which in regard of your high birth and noble line might seeme farre too little for your selfe ; you haue yet separated and consecrated , as your first fruites , a portion thereof vnto the Lord , towards the maintaining of sundry poore schollers in the Vniuersitie , by whom his glorie may be aduanced , and the good of his people perpetually procured . Concerning which , let me craue pardon of you ( good Sir ) and beare the blame , that ( though contrary to your minde ) I yet still desire , as I ought , that memorable loue of yours to be knowne , for the good ensample and prouoking of many others to the like : wherein one day they should finde a thousand times more comfort , doing it with vpright hearts , then in all that they shall bestow , not onely in the ouerhote pursuite of their vaine pleasures and delights , but euen in sundry other kindes , which make the fairest shew . As my selfe am euer bound in all places to acknowledge those great respects , which I iustly owe vnto your selfe and that right noble house for my selfe and mine , so I hope our God will enable vs to seek euermore to be answerable thereunto , as his Maiesty shall vouchsafe vs fit opportunities . What is wanting in vs , his goodnesse ( I trust ) will fully recompence , that you may be euer honoured , walking with him in this world , and liuing with him in blessednesse for euer in the heauens . And in this earnest desire , with my heartie prayers incessantly for you , that God may make you to increase daily in all true honour , I commend you to his heauenly grace , resting

Yours euer most bounden , IOHN BRINSLEY .
A plaine Direction to the painfull Schoolemaister and others , for the most profitable vse of this and the like Grammaticall translations .

TO the end that all Schollers may find the seuerall benefites of these translations mentioned in my Grammar-schoole , not onely for sound vnderstanding , true construing , parsing , getting without booke , making and prouing the same Latin , speedy turning either into prose or verse , but also for growth in our English tongue together with the Latin ; and principally for causing Schollers to study of themselues , and to prepare their lectures at home , to bring them more perfectly , and keep them more surely ; and all this with very much certaintie , pleasure and ease both to maister and scholler , I finde this course most readie .

1. Cause euery one to be well acquainted with their Grammar rules , and especially to be perfect in the rule of construing , that they may euer follow that direction .

2. Because the greatest part in euery Forme are commonly of the duller sort of wits and more negligent , and also hardlier drawne to take paines at home , vnlesse they euidently see the way how they may do it with some delight ; cause some pregnant scholler of their owne Forme , or of some higher , to reade them their lecture ouernight , onely construing it ouer once or twice , and shewing them the hard words and phrases briefly .

3. Direct them either to trie first how they are able to construe of themselues , and finde out a reason of euery thing , why it must be so construed ; and after to compare and trie that which they haue done , by the translation . On else if they haue not sufficient leisure , and that they would do it speedily , or be not so well able to do it of themselues , direct them to reade ouer the translation once or twice ; first , that they may fully vnderstand the matter whereby all the construing will be made most easie , and then aduise them to examine carefully by themselues the reason of the whole construction . And so for parsing euery thing in the same order as they construe : for these two so depend one vpon another , that they cannot be separated . In a word , cause them so to studie their lectures out of the Latine books and the translation together , that they may be able with their book vnder their arme , to deliuer and pronounce the whole lecture either Latine or English alone , so also to construe and parse without booke to deliuer their lectures either in the plaine Grammar order , or more elegantly , and so to giue varietie of phrase , and whatsoeuer is obserued in the translation .

4. Be carefull that they take not ouermuch at a time , and then so many of them as are apt and painful , wil the next day at any time , within an houres space giuen them to meditate , be able to deliuer their lecture ( so as I said ) viz. pronouncing it without booke both in Latine and English ▪ construe and parse without booke , giue varietie of English phrase , and whatsoeuer can be required for the vnderstanding and knowledge of euery word . Hereby also they will be able to keepe all that they haue learned , not onely to repeate each weekes worke most perfectly vpon the friday , but also their whole quarters worke at each quarters end , if they vse to repeate it now and then , and so to keepe their authors for euery vse , far more perfectly then by any other meanes .

For these Eclogues and the booke de Apibus , I haue made choise of them to translate thus , as being the most familiar of all Virgils workes , and fittest for childrens capacities : and in some of them I haue made a plaine Analysis or resolution , for the more easie and full vnderstanding thereof , as namely of the first and last Eclogues , and so of that excellent booke of the gouernment and ordering of Bees , which is able to draw the very wisest into an admiration , for their policie , and the rare workes of God apparent in them . The resolution of the rest I haue omitted , as being for the most part but heardmens talke , or the matter not so fit , and so the translation of the latter part of the sixi Eclogue . In the first Eclogue I haue giuen a litle taste of the Rhetoricke in Tropes and figures : for the rest I referre to M. Butlers Rhetoricke , M. Far●abies tropes and figures , and to R●mus Commentarie . The Eclogues being select Poemes , I would haue pronounced most exactly , as namely the 1. 3. 5. 7. &c. ( like as Tullies Paradoxes , and some choise Orations for patternes of Theames and Orations ) for that they may be most not able helps to an excellent pro●ciation , which is a principall ornament to all learning , and will bring the schollers much estimation with others , and delight in themselues .

I haue onely proceeded thus farre in translating , being fully assured vpon certaine experience , that children first entred well in Grammar , and hauing gone through but those parts of the authors which I haue thus translated , will be able by Gods blessing ( if they proceed in a right order ) to take their lectures of themselues , at least with very litle assistance , in all the rest of Virgil and the higher Latin authors ; by the meanes of the worthy Commentaries and other helpes , which the Lord hath in this last age prouided aboue all former times .

As for that feare of making truants by these translations , which conceit arose meerly vpon the abuse of other translations , neuer intended for this end ; I hope that happie experience in this kind , will in time driue it , and all like to it , vtterly out of schooles and out of the minds of all . Sith for my selfe , by the meanes hereof I finde the cleane contrary , in causing my schollers to giue a reason of euery thing why it must be so , and also almost double profit to that which I could otherwise . And finally for that I can hereby teach many● then I could without , and cause euery one of them which are any thing diligent and apt , to render an account of that which he learnes from quarter to quarter continually ; and all with much ease and pleasure to my selfe , delight and contention among themselues , and great contentation to their friends . Trie aright , and then giue your sentence . The comforts which my selfe haue found herein , without any of the furnised inconueniences , and the same approued and confirmed by many learned , do make me confident to desire to commend them to all . For all other obiections I haue answered than at 〈◊〉 in my Grammar schoole . Experience , I trust , will fully satisfie all sorts in time . Though the slips in this as in the rest , be very many , the difficultie of the labour to obserue duly all the directions , both for Grammar , proprietie , puritie and otherwise , ( as whos●euer makes triall will soone perceiue ) and also my continuall employment may pleade for me , desiring , if the Lord vouchsafe that fauour , to refine them all ; like as I hope that he who hath thus far proceeded , will for his owne glory and the good of his people , perfect the whole worke in his due time . Whereunto crauing thy loue and prayers , I 〈◊〉 thee 〈◊〉 his grace , and rest thi● , in what his goodnes shal v●chsafe vnto me ▪

I. B.
THE ‖ ‖ Pastorals or heardmens songs . They are called Bucolica of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bubulcus or armentari● , whereof comes bucolicus , a , um , pertaining to neate or to beasts , or pertaining to heardmen or pastorall : and so Bucolica ( carmina ) neatheards songs or heardmens songs , and by a Synecd . sheepheards songs . BVCOLICKS OF PVBLIVS VIRGILIVS MARO : The first ‖ ‖ These are also called Eclogs of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 electio , quasi electum poëma , a choyse Poeme : or here signifying , collocutio , because most of them are set downe in manner of Dialogues , viz. in talke betweene two or moe parties . Eclogue * * To which [ or whereto ] the name is Tityrus . which is named ‖ ‖ The name Tityrus seemeth to be taken out of the Greeke Poet Theocritus , whom Virgil specially imitates in these Eclogues , where it is the name of a sheepheard most expert in countrey musicke . Thus is this first Eclogue named Tityrus of this fained sheepheard , whose felicitie is here chiefly recorded , and vnder his name Virgil is meant . Tityrus . ‖ ‖ The matter of this Eclogue or the substance hereof . THE ARGVMENT .

‖ ‖ Melibeus a sheepheard & familiar friend of Tityrus . MElibeus a sheepheard , * * By the name of whom we vnderstand any Mantuan sheepheard . vnder whose name we here vnderstand any sheepheard of Mantua , * * Driuen away from his bounds [ viz. his fields or possessions . ] being driuen out of his bounds ‖ ‖ By an ancient souldier , viz. by one to whom his possessions were giuen for his long seruice . by an old souldier , * * Deplores [ or laments ] bewaileth ‖ ‖ his misery or mishap : his calamitie in this Eclog : * * And exaggerates his owne miseries by collation [ viz. by comparison ] of the felicitie of Tityrus . & aggrauates his miseries by comparing them with the felicitie of Tityrus his neighbour . * * Contrarily Tityrus who sustaines the person of Virgil [ viz. vnder whose ame Virgil is meant . ] Tityrus contrarily , ( who represents the person of Virgil , ) being now ‖ ‖ Without care of feare . secure , * * His farmes [ viz. his lands ] being recouered . hauing recouered his possessions , * * Lifts vp into heauen Augustus [ Casar the Emperour . ] extols Augustus ‖ ‖ The principall cause of his peace . the author of his quietnesse with * * Maruellous or wonderfull . admirable praises euen vnto heauen . * * About the end [ or a little before the end : ] Towards the end of the Eclogue , * * night now imminent [ viz. approching apace : ] it being now nere night , * * he inuites Melibeus to [ his ] entertainment [ viz. to giue him entertainement : he inuites Melibeus to his house * * with a certaine countrey-like ] or homely curtesie [ or kindnesse . ] with a kind of rurall curtesie .

THE FIRST ECLOGVE , which is called ( 1 1 Tityrus a fained name of a sheepheard , most expert in countrey musicke ( as was said , ) here signifieth Virgil the famous Poet restored to his possessions by the commandement of Augustus . ) TITYRVS . [ The speakers are ] ( 2 2 Melibeus a heardman so called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because he had care of cattell , representing a townsman of Mantua , cast out of his possessions by the Romane souldiers , to whom their lands were giuen . ) Melibeus and Tityrus . Melibeus .

a a In this Eclogue ( as was shewed in the Argument ) Melibeus laments his owne calamitie , and the estate of the rest of the townsmen of Mantua , by comparing their misery with the fortunate estate of Tityrus , which he admireth with a secret indignation : That he might lie at his ease vnder the shade , and play his country ditties vpon his pipe . TItyrus , thou * * Lying downe [ viz. lying at thy ease or resting quietly . ] lying all along vnder the * * Cover [ viz. shade or shadow . ( 3 3 Tegmen ] q. tegimen à tegend● . Syne●d . ge● . ) couert of * * The beech tree spreading largely , [ viz. with great armes or branches . ] the ( 4 4 Patul● ] à patendo . ) broade ( 5 5 Fagi . ] Syn. spec. ) beech tree , Doest * * Meditate . ‖ ‖ Tune . deuise ‖ ‖ A song fit to be sung in the woods [ or a rurall or country song , or a heard●ans or sheepheards ditty . a wood-land ( 6 6 Musam ] Metonymia efficientis . ) song * * With a small oate . vpon a slender ( 7 7 A●ena ] Metalepsis , an oate for a pipe made of oaten straw , Met. materi● & Met. 〈◊〉 , and taken for any pipe , Syn. spec . ) oaten pipe .

b b When they contrarily were enforced to leaue their countrey and pleasant fields : We ‖ ‖ Forsake , or are driuen to leaue or forgo . leaue the * * Ends or coasts . bounds of our countrey and [ our ] ‖ ‖ Pleasant grounds or lands . sweet ( 8 8 Arv●m ab arando , such a field properly as is ready to be sowne , now plowed or tilled , Syn. spec . ) fields : And glad to flie their natiue soyle , ye● he lying at his ease vnder the coole shade , might sing his songs in praise of his loue faire Amaryl , to cause the very woods with their echo to resound the same .

We ‖ ‖ Flie from , or are driuen out and banished from flie ‖ ‖ Our natiue soyle . our countrey : [ but ] * * Tityrus , thou being sluggish [ viz. secure or lying at thy rest , or idle and carelesse . thou ( Tityrus ) lying securely in the * * Shadow . shade ,

‖ ‖ Makest . Teachest the woods ‖ ‖ To found backe ( as the Echo in the woods ) faire Amaryl : viz. thy songs of thy loue faire Amaryl : or to sing songs in praise of Rome and thy fauourers there . to resound faire ( 9 9 Amaryllis a fained loue of Virgils , hauing the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , splendeo , here it may seeme to be taken for Rome , and Virgil hauing friends there ; Metaphora , or being put for songs of Amaryl , it is Meton . subiect . ) Amaryl .

Tit.

c c Tit. ] Tityrus answereth him , reioycing that the Emperour Augustus , whom he called God , had granted him all that happy peace . Oh Melibeus [ our ] ( 10 10 By God he meaneth the Emperour Augustus who had granted him his lands and liberties , for so the Romans flatteringly made their Emperours gods . Or he meaneth that he would honour him as God , for the greatnesse of the benefit which he receiued . Deus Deus , in the beginning and the end , Epa●lepsis . ) God hath * * Made these rests to vs . wrought this * * Idlenesse [ viz. quietnesse or securitie and freedome . ] peace for vs ;

For ( 11 11 Ille , illius ] polyp●ton . ) he shall * * Be euer a god to merviz . whilst I liue and after my death . alwaies be my god , d d Yea that he would offer vnto him many a sacrifice , as the manner of the Romans was to do to their gods . a ‖ ‖ Delicate , fat and yong . tender lambe [ fetched ] from our * * Sheepefoulds . foulds shall * * Imbrue , colour , moysten or poure about , viz be offered on his altar . sprinkle * * The altar of him . ‖ his altar oftentimes .

e e For that he had granted him free libertie & safetie for the keeping of his cattell where he would , and of playing and singing at his will . Hee hath ‖ ‖ Suffered my cattell . permitted my ( 12 12 Kine for any kind of cattell . Syn. spec . ) kine * * To wander [ viz. to leasow or to go where I will . ] ( 13 13 Errare ] Syn. Gen. ) to pasture freely all abroad , as thou seest , and my self to ‖ ‖ Sing . ( 14 14 L●dere ] Syn. Gen. ) play what tunes I please , with my ‖ ‖ Countrey pipe . fielden * * What things or what songs . ( 15 15 Ca● ] Syn. spec. & Met. Mat. ) pipe .

Melib.

* * Reede or straw , viz. on my countrey oaten pipe . f f Melib. Replying , telleth him that he did not enuie him , but rather admireth his felicitie , considering what troubles were at Cremona & Mantua and in all the countrey about , by the Romane souldiers , to whom their lands were giuen : whereby the poore inhabitants were driuen out . And he himselfe become very feeble , yet was faine to driue his goates farre off whither he could , to find pasture for them , hauing nothing else left him ; and had one of them so weake as he could hardly drag her after him . In truth I do not ‖ ‖ Grudge at or repine against thy happinesse or prosperitie . enuie [ thy felicitie , ] ‖ ‖ I wonder at it with delight . I admire it rather . * * It is troubled so very greatly , viz. there are so very great troubles amongst vs by the souldiers . We [ of Mantua ] ( 16 16 Turbatur [ à militibus , 〈◊〉 turbamur . Enal . ) are miserably molested on euery side in * * In our whole fields , or throughout all our bounds or lands . al our grounds . * * See or behold . Lo , I my selfe being ( 17 17 AEger , ago . Paran . ) feeble * * Sicke [ viz. sorrowfull ▪ pensiue or heauie . ] do driue * * Do. my goats ( 18 18 Protenus , [ à porr● & tenus . longè vel procul . Adv. loci . ) far off , * * [ My ] litle goates . and moreouer , Tityrus * * Far [ from our coasts ] or being so farre before me that I cannot ouertake them . I can scarsly ( 19 19 Ag● , duco Epanod . ) * * And also . drag after me this weake goate .

g g Then giues the reason thereof , for that she had newly eaned vpon a bare flint stone , in stead of some better place of succour , and had there left two twins the hope of repairing his flocke againe . For she hauing * * I leade scarsly this [ goate . ] eaned euen now ( alasse ) vpon a bare flint stone , hath left ‖ ‖ Two yong kids . twins the hope of [ my ] flocke , here amongst the thicke hazels .

h h Afterwards he complayneth of their foolishnesse , that they could not be warned to pre●ent these mischiefes by so many prodigious signes : As hauing seene the oakes smitten with the lightning , which did portend some great euil to come vnto them by the displeasure of the Emperour , as by the thunderbolt of Iupiter himselfe . I remember the ( 20 20 The oake which sometime ministreth food● to man by the mast of it , was said to be in the protection of Iupiter ; and therefore by this diuination was signified the displeasure of Caesar , to take away their fields , as of Iupiter smiting the oakes . ) oakes * * Enforced her selfe to bring forth , or brought forth erewhile . smitten from ( 21 21 Coelum pro aere , 〈◊〉 pro tempestate aeris . Metaleps . ) heauen * * Touched ▪ [ viz. ] scorched , or blasted , or smitten with the lightning or thunderbolt . to haue foretold vs this ‖ ‖ Out of the aire . mischiefe oftentimes , ‖ ‖ Euill hap . if * To f●retell ●s . that our mind If we had not bene vnhappie . had not bene * * Left , foolish . besotted . 22 Pr● . Metaph.

i i Also the Chough chattring from the hollow holme tree on the left hand , which he accounteth another prodigious signe . ( 23 23 S●pe , s●pe . Anaph . ) Oft times * * The chough , crow , or daw on the left hand . Al. The chough hath foretold vnhappy tidings from the hollow holme tree , [ or vnhappie things . ] the ( 24 24 Sinistra cornix the chough sitting on the left hand , [ viz. sitting North when they looked towards the East or Sunne rising ; which they accounted vnluckie . ) vnluckie chough foretold it from the hollow holme . This verse is omitted by sundry interpreters , as none of Virgils , for that it seemes contrary to the diuinations of those times , wherein they tooke this signe to be luckie : vnlesse it be attributed to the sheepheards rudenesse .

k k Yet seeing there was now no remedy , ●e desireth to know who this god was . But ‖ ‖ Neuerthelesse . notwithstanding Tityrus * * Giue vs [ viz. shew vs . ] tell vs who this god is .

Tit.

l l Tit. Tityrus in stead of answering directly , beginneth sheepheard ▪ like to extoll the citie where that god dwelt : describing it both by the name , & also the greatnesse and state of it , which he amplifieth by his owne foolishnesse : That he was wont to imagine it to be like their citie Mantua , whither they vsed to driue their lambes to sell , but onely that he thought it somewhat bigger . Oh Melibeus ‖ ‖ I foolish sheepheard I foole ‖ ‖ Imagined that , that citie which men call Rome , was like this our citie Mantua . though [ that ] city which [ men ] call Rome , to be like to this our [ 25 25 Mantua is a little citie in Gallia Cisalpina , where Virgil was borne ▪ ) Mantua ] whither [ we ] sheephea● ▪ * * Ar● wont oft times are often wont * * To put away [ or to driue away to be sold , or to the market ] to driue * * The tender yong ones of our sheepe , [ viz ▪ our lambs wained from their dams . ] our tender lambs .

m m Euen as he had knowne whelpes like the dams , kids like to the goates , & had bene wont thus to compare the greater thing● with lesse . ( 26 26 Sic , si● , Anaph . ) So * * I had knowne or seene . had I knowne ( 27 27 Canibus catulos . Pa●sia . ) whelpes like * * To the bitches . to the dams , [ and ] thus [ * * I had knowne . had known ] ( 28 28 Catul●s , h●dos . Epa●dos . ) kids like * * To their dams . vnto the ( 29 29 Matribus . Metaph. 〈◊〉 Syn. spec. ) goates : thus was I ( 30 30 Noram , sol●bam . Epanal . ) wont to compare great things ‖ ‖ With little . to small .

n n But now he acknowledgeth he saw indeed , that this citie did so far exceed all others in state and greatnesse , But * * This [ city Rome . ] this ‖ ‖ Hath so much aduanced [ or lift vp the head aboue [ all ] other cities . hath lifted vp the head * * So much . so high ( 31 31 Alias inter . Anastrophe . ) amongst As the high cypresse trees do the low shrubs . [ all ] other cities ;

* * How much . As the cypresse trees are wont among the * * Bending or pl●ant , viz. limber . weake ‖ ‖ Bindeweede or shrubs . wilde vines .

Mel.

o o Mel. ] Melibeus replying againe , demandeth of him the cause , which made him so desirous to see Rome . ( 32 32 Ecquae pro quaenam , more antiquo . ) And what so great * * A cause of seeing Rome hath bene to thee . a cause hadst thou of seeing Rome ?

Tit.

p p Tit. ] Whereunto Tityrus answereth , that desire of freedome was the cause , and also hope of recouering his lands , which he there obtained though long before . ‖ ‖ Euen liberty [ viz. a desire of liberty . Liberty : which * * [ Though it was ] late [ before it came ] though it were long first , yet at length * * Respected me ] or behold me fauourably . looked backe vnto me , being altogether ‖ ‖ Sluggish or slouenlike and vnhansome . * * Rude and without art . vnprofitable [ before . ]

q q And not vntill his beard began to be white , viz. that he was growne well in yeares . After that The sence is , After that my beard began to be white . ( 33 33 A white beard , either as the first downe is whitish in many ; or as some imagine by his yeares ; or rather by cares for the losse of his lands ; for that Melibeus calleth him after , fortunate old man . Which speech may yet respect the time to come : what he was like to be . Vid. infrâ . ) ‖ ‖ Yet neuerthelesse [ liberty ] respected me [ viz. I became a free-man . ] a whiter beard fell * * To ●e p●ling [ or barbing ] viz ▪ as the Barber was cutting my beard . from me in trimming .

r r Yet at length he obtained it after long looking and waiting . Notwithstanding ( 34 34 Respexit tamen ] Epan . ) it looked backe vnto [ me ] & came ‖ ‖ A long time after . after a long while .

s s And then he sheweth that since that time that he came in fauour at Rome , he had left Mantua altogether . [ But ] ‖ ‖ Since that I began to be in esteeme at Rome , I left Mantua . since that time , that Amaryllis * * Hath vs . hath got vs , ‖ ‖ Mantua . Galatea hath left [ vs : ]

t t And also giueth the reason of it : because whilst he was at Mantua he had neither hope of freedome , nor meanes of recouering or increasing his substance . * * For. And why ( ‖ ‖ I will confesse the truth . for I will confesse ) ‖ ‖ Whilst I abode at Mantua , whilst Galatea held me ,

( 35 35 Nec , nec , Anaph . ) Neither * * Was there to me hope of liberty nor care of my substance of estate . had I any hope of freedome , nor care of mine ( 36 36 A mans substance or goods was called peculium , because of ancient time it consisted chiefly in ca●ell , pecus . ) estate .

u u Although there 〈◊〉 many a sacrifice out 〈◊〉 his foulds . Although * * Much sacrifice [ viz. many a lambe was fetched from my foulds for sacrifice . many a ( 37 37 Victima , is properly sacrifice for victory obtained , à victoria . As hostia pro hostibus superandis , a sacrifice for the ouercoming of enemies , viz. in hope to ouercome . ) sacrifice went out of my ( 38 38 Septum à sepio . Syn. Gen. pro ouili . ) folds .

And ‖ ‖ I made good fat cheeses . fat cheese And many a good 〈◊〉 cheese went forth of 〈◊〉 dairie to that ●full Mantua . was * * Pressed . made [ by me ] for that ( 39 39 Ingratae ] vnthankful to the sheepheards by whom it was maintained . ) vnthankfull ( 40 40 Vrbi . Syn. Gen. Met. subi . ) citie : Yet still his purse came empty home .

Yet * * [ My ] right hand did not returne to me home at any time loaden with money [ viz. I neuer brought any store of mony home for ●ine owne selfe : or for mine owne vse , but euer returned empty handed , my right hand returned not home loaden with ( 41 41 Aere ] because in old time they made money of brasse . Met. Mat. ) money at any time .

Melib.

x x Melibeus againe applauding his happinesse , telleth him that he wondered why his loue Amaryl , so called vpon the gods in such pensiue manner for him . Oh ( 42 42 Amarylli ] Apostrophe ad amicam . ) Amaryl , I wondered why thou * * Being pensiue ] or sorrowfull , or heauie , as forelorne , or sad . so pensiuely * * Didst call . calledst vpon the gods .

‖ ‖ For whose sake . For whom That he suffered his apples to hang vpon his trees , not regarding to gather them , but pining away with longing after him . thou sufferedst [ his ] apples to hang vpon * * Their owne tree . their trees :

( 43 43 Tityrus , Tityre , ipse , ipsi , ipsa . Anaph . Polypt . ) Tityrus was That the pine trees , fountaines , and euen the very groues did seeme to call for him in mourning wise . ‖ ‖ Farre away from . absent hence : oh Tityrus the very pinetrees called thee :

‖ ‖ The very water springs . The fountaines themselues [ did call ] thee : [ yea ] these same very ( 44 44 Arbustum is a groue of trees either for fruite or pleasure , or onely for bearing vp vines , to which the vines are said to be married : but chiefly of such trees as beare fruite . ) groues cald for thee .

Tit.

y y Tityrus answering , sheweth him the cause of his going to Rome , and of his tarrying there so long . What For that he could neuer otherwise haue gotten out of seruitude ; nor haue seene the gods , ( meaning the chiefe States of Rome , whom he flatteringly calleth gods , ) in such manner as he now did being present with them , and to haue them so bountifull vnto him . should I do ? for neither could I get out of * * Was it lawfull for me to go forth from [ or get out of ] seruice or bondage . slauerie ,

Nor know ‖ ‖ The worthy nobles so fauourable and so ready to helpe . the gods so present otherwhere .

z z There he telleth him , that he saw moreouer that renowned Augustus whom he made his god : Oh Melibeus , here I saw ‖ ‖ We offer sacrifice twelue dayes euery yeare , viz. at the Calends of each moneth * * That yong man [ or that yong gallant , viz. Augustus Caesar the Emperour who began his Empire very yong . ( 45 45 Augustus Caesar the second Emperour of Rome , sonne to Octa●ius a Senator , and Nephew to Iulius Caesar , a wise and mercifull Prince , in whose reigne Christ was borne . ) that renowned Youth , To whom he offered sacrifices twelue times euery yeare : From whom he receiued this comfortable answer , as from an Oracle : * * To whom . for whom ‖ ‖ Cattell . our altars smoake twise sixe dayes euery yeare .

( 46 46 Hic , hic , Anaph . ) Here he first gaue this answer to me * * Requesting [ or making suite vnto him . humbly petitioning : That he should follow his cattell and his husbandry , enioying them as he did before .

( 47 47 Puer is taken properly for a boy , viz as it is opposite to puella a girle . Secondly , it is taken for the childish age , and thirdly , for a seruant or bo●dman which were commonly boyes or yong men : so it is here vsed . ) Ye * * Boyes or lads [ viz. seruants , slaues or drudges ] seruants feede [ your ] ‖ ‖ Happy old man that thou shalt be ! oxen * * As before ▪ as in former time , 48 48 Submittite ta●s , q. sub i●ga mittite . ) * * Put vnder [ your ] buls viz. vnder the yoakes , that is , yoake your oxen as before . yoak [ your ] buls [ againe . ]

Mel.

( 49 49 Fortunate senex ] Melibeus is thought here ●o call him thus in regard of the time to come , that be might liue to be a happy old man . ) ( 50 50 Fortunate , &c. Exclamatio admirationis . ) ‖ ‖ Thou shalt enioy thy grounds or possessions . O a a Melibeus hereupon breaking out into an exclamation of wondering , calleth him fortunate old man , because he should enioy his possessions and his grounds which were large enough for him , fortunate old man ! * * Therefore then ‖ ‖ Pastures sufficient for thy cattell . shall thy * * Countries . grounds remaine to thee ,

And ‖ ‖ Although it be fenced in with a stone wall & a fenne ditch , or with stonie hils or rocks or marish grounds , & not very great [ or seeing that it is . &c. large enough for thee , Albeit they were compassed about with a stone wall & a fen ditch full of bulrushes , and were not very great . ‖ ‖ With slimy bulrushes [ viz. with flags growing in the mud . although a bare stone and a fennie ditch * * Compasseth about [ viz. limiteth . ] incloseth all [ thy ] pastures with 51 51 Limos● i●nco , Syn. spec. sing . proplural . Epan . the slimie bulrush .

b b Yet hereby he should receiue this benefit ; that his cattell should not be indangered to receiue hurt , by such grounds as they were not acquainted with ; Al. [ Yet ] ‖ ‖ Al [ Therefore . ] * * Vnaccustomed pastures , [ or f●dder , or feeding . vnwonted pasturing shall not * * Tain● . annoy thy cattel ( 52 52 Foetas Metony● . adiuncti . ) great with yong :

Nor yet the Nor by the contagious diseases of other cattell , but might pasture by themselues . * * Ill contagions , [ or catching diseases . contagious diseases of [ thy ] * * Cattell neare vnto thee [ or of the cattell of thy neighbour . ] neighbours cattell shall hurt [ them . ]

c c And further also admires his fortunate estate , for the pleasures which he should now enioy : That he might spend all his dayes lying at his ease vnder the coole shade , and amongst the knowne riuers of his owne countrey . O fortunate old man , thou * * Shalt catch oft times here mayest catch here oft times ( 53 53 Frigus opacum . Met. adi●ncti . ) the coole aire in the shade , ‖ ‖ Betweene Padu● and Mincius which were dedicated to the Nymphes . amongst the knowne riuers & the ( 54 54 Sacros propter Nymphas Naiades quibus s●crisunt . ) sacred fountaines .

d d That on the one side he might heare the sweete humming of bees , feeding continually vppon the palmes of the sallow trees , in the hedges of his neighbours bounds , which would oft ●ull him on sleepe by their pleasant noise . * * The shady cold . On the one side the hedge which is * * From hence [ 〈◊〉 one part . on thy neighbours bound , ( 54 54 Hybla is a towne of Sicily , and a mountaine neare vnto it , where was store of thime and sallow trees , and so most excellent for bee● . ) being fed vpon continually by the bees of ( 55 55 Depasta florem [ h. e. secundum florem , Syn. membri . ) ( 56 56 Hybleis apibus [ Syn. spec. ) Hybla , * * From the neare bound , ] viz. on the next meere , or in the next fence , or the hedge betweene thee and thy neighbour . [ for ] the flower of the * * Eaten vpon [ or eaten vp ] alwaies by the bees of Hybla . * * According to [ or in regard of ] the palmes , [ or flowers , or bloomes of the sallow trees . ] ( 57 57 Salicetum locus salicibu● consitus , & per Sy●copen salictum . ) sallow groue will * * Perswade [ or cause thee . moue thee oftentimes * * To go into sleepe , or to sleepe . to fall asleepe with their * * Light sound , [ or humming noise . pleasant ( 58 58 Susurrus is any soft or still noise , as of leaues or branches of trees ; and here of bees , a word fained per ●nomatopeiam . ) humming noise .

e e On the other side he might heare the loppers of trees singing loud to the skies , so as to make the heauens to ring ; as he lay at his ease vnder the rocks . * * Fr● hence the lopper of trees [ or corder of wood lopping and shread ●g of the boughes . On the other side ( 59 59 Frondator [ qui frondes a●putat . ) the tree lopper shall sing * * To the blasts [ viz. aloud piercing the skies . aloud * * From vnder the hi● rocke [ viz. lying vnder it . ] from the high rocke .

* * Neither yet . ( 60 60 Nec , nec , Anaph . ) Ney And that he might heare the ringdoues singing after their manner , wherein sheepheards take chiefe delight . yet in the meane time the hoarse Stocke-doues * * Being thy care , [ viz. thy delight , or that in which thou delightest , ] shall ceasse to sing . [ which are ] thy delight ,

Nor the turtle And likewise the turtles mourning continually in the high elmes . shall ceasse ‖ ‖ To sing after her manner as it were mourning . to mourne from the * * Aierie elme , viz. the elme tree mounting vp into the aire ( 61 61 Aeria Meton . subj . high elme .

Tit.

f f Tityr . ] Tityrus answering professeth , that in regard of all this happinesse which he enioyed by Augustus , he would neuer forget him ; which he amplifieth by three comparisons of impossibilities , and from the lesse to the greater . Therefore ‖ ‖ The Hart so light of foote . the * * Light . swift stags shall feede first in the skie :

And ( 62 62 Fretum à feruendo , a narrow sea betweene two lands here put for any sea . Syn. memb. or Syn. spec. ) the ‖ ‖ Seas . narrow seas * * Shall be fed before , or shall feede , like a common . shall leaue the fishes * * Shall forsake or leaue destitute . bare vpon 1. That the stags should feede in the skie before . * Naked [ viz. vncouered or drie in the shoare or banke of the sea for lacke of water . the shoare . 2. That the seas should be dried vp , and the fishes dye for lack of water .

* * Either the Parthian &c. [ viz. The Parthian outlaw [ remaining in Parthia ] shall drinke of the riuer Sagona in France , & the Germaine , &c. or the Parthian being driuen out of his countrey . ( 63 63 Antè , antè , Anaph . ) [ And also ] ( 64 64 The Parthian in the Scythian language is said to signifie an outlaw . ) the Parthian outlaw 3. That the Parthian remaining in Parthia should drinke of the riuer Ara●is in France , and the Germaine in Germanie should drinke of Tigris in Asia , the one of them running into the other , before he would forget him . Or that they being driuen out of their bounds should wander about the farthest places of the earth . shall either drink of [ the riuer ] Araris , or the ( 65 65 Germania pro Germano . Met. subj . ) Germaine shall Al. The Parthians shall be driuen into Germanie , and the Germanes into Mesopotamia , Friskiline . drinke of [ the riuer ] ( 66 66 Tigris a riuer in Asia passing by Mesopotamia , and so running through Armenia . ) Tigris ; * * The bounds of them both being wandered through [ viz. hauing trauelled about them both , that is , the Germaine hauing trauelled through all the coasts of the Parthians , and the Parthian of the Germaines . the bounds of both of them gone round about , ‖ ‖ Before we shall forget him . before * * Then his countenance shall , &c. his countenance shal slide out of our breast .

Mel.

g g Melibeus contrarily bewaileth the miserable estate both of himselfe , and of the rest of them who were driuen forth , that they should be enforced to flie into all the quarters of the earth , some to Africa Southward ; others into Scythia Northward , others into Creete which he maketh to be in the East ; others into Britaine remote from all the world Westward . But we shall go from hence , * * Some [ of vs shall go or wander ] to the thirsty Africanes , [ viz towards the scorching South where Africa lyeth , which is called thirstie in regard of the heate there . some vnto the thirsty ( 67 67 Afro● . Syn. spec. Met. Adi . ) Africanes :

Part [ of vs ] shall ‖ ‖ Come in our trauels into Scythia [ viz towards the cold North. come into ( 68 68 Scythia put ▪ for the North , Syn. spec . Oaxes is thought to be a swift riuer of Mesopotamia towards the East , put for the East part : named here a riuer of Creete , according to the sheepheards skill : or so called because the earth of it is chalkie , as some thinke . ) Scythia , and [ part ] vnto ‖ ‖ Oaxes towards the East . Oaxes the swift [ riuer ] of Creete :

And [ we shall come ] * * To the Britaines [ viz. to the furthest parts of the Wes● separated wholly by the seas from the rest of the world [ viz. from the continent or firme land of Europe and Asia . vnto the Britaines being diuided altogether from the whole world .

h h Afterwards he breaketh out into a new lamentation for the leauing of his houses and grounds , complaining that when he should see them againe after many yeares he should neuer admire them , reioycing in them as he had bene wont . * * Behold I seeing euer after a long time the coasts of my countrey : Loe , I euer beholding my country bounds After many years , or a long time after my leauing of them . after a long time ;

And ‖ ‖ Looking vpon or reuiewing . seeing after * * Some beards or eares of corne : viz. sommers wherein they are ripe . some ( 69 69 Arista is properly the beard or the ●e of the corne ; taken here first for the whole eare of corne , then the eare for the haruest , where in it is ripe ; the haruest for the sommer ; the sommer for the whole yeare , which make a Metalepsis , viz. many ●ropes in one , thus passing as by degrees from one to another . See Butlers Rhet. ) Sommers , the top of my poore cottage * * Heaped vp with turfe , viz. couered with tu●fes heaped one on another . thacked with turfe , ‖ ‖ Which is now or was before to me as my kingdome . ‖ Shall I wonder being in loue with it , as in former time ? being [ now ] ( 70 70 Regna ] Metap . ) my * * Kingdomes . kingdome , ( 71 71 Mirabor pro admirabor . shall I admire [ it ? ]

i i Thereupon he also bemoneth their lamentable estate , by an exclamation of commiseration : That now the impious souldier should possesse those the● fields so finely husbanded and prepared fo● seede . And that the barbarous stranger should haue their crops of corne . Shall the * * The vngodly [ viz. wicked or prophane ] souldier , shall he haue these new broken vp grounds so well ordered or tilled , or dressed , [ viz. these fallow fields so well prepared for seede . impious souldier haue these so well husbanded ( 72 72 Novaie , vbi satum f●it , & antequam secunda satione ren●vetur , qui●scit . ) grounds new broken vp ?

* * The barbarous [ or rude souldier ] or the rude fellow , or the barbarian [ shall he haue ] these standing corne [ viz. these crops of corne ? Shall the barbarous stranger haue these crops of corne ? ( 73 73 En quo ] Exclamat● commiserationis . ) k k Thus he proceedeth complaining of their discord whither it had brought them , and for whom they had sowne their fields . ‖ ‖ Behold to what a state , contention [ or warre ] hath brought vs the vnhappy inhabitants of Mantua . Lo whither discord hath brought [ vs ] miserable citizens ! ( 74 74 En , en . Anaph . ) See for whom we haue sowne our fields !

l l Yet after by turning the speech vnto himselfe , he comforts himselfe herein notwithstanding : That he might plant pea●e trees and vines otherwhere . Or rather complaines of his folly in planting . O Melibeus , ( 75 75 Insere nunc , ] Apostrophe , viz. a turning of the speech to himselfe . ) ‖ ‖ Plantor set peare-trees . greift pearetrees now , * * Set vines in order plant vines .

m m And then withall speaking to his goates which had in time past bene his chiefe delight , bids them farewell ; lamenting this , that he might not see them any more to feede ( as it were hanging ) vpon the tops of the rocks , like as sometimes he had done , lying vnder them in the greene valleys farre remote . * * Go ye , or get ye gone . ( 76 76 Ite ] Apostrophe to the goates . ) Farewell my [ goates ] ( a ‖ ‖ Sometime my happie cattell . happy cattell in time past : ) ( 77 77 Ite , ite . Epan . ) farewell my little goates .

* * I cast downe . ‖ ‖ I shall not hereafter lying all along in a greene valley see you as I haue bene wont . I lying along in a greene * * Den or caue . valley , shall not see you hereafter ‖ ‖ To hang [ viz. because the goates seeme to hang vpon the steepe rocks when they feede on them . to hang [ feeding ] a far off vpon the bushie rocke .

n n He should sing no moe songs following them , neither should they crop the flourishing trifoly , or bitter willowes , or other such like shrubs , as they had bene wont . I shall sing * * No songs or verses . no moe songs : Oh my goates ye shall not ‖ ‖ Eate or brouze vpon the blooming shrubs . crop the flourishing ( 78 78 Cythisus is a kind of trifoly called tetrifoly , a plant greatly increasing milke , and good against the rot in cattell , taken here for any such kind of hearbe or shrub , good for goates . Syn. sp● . ) cithise , and the ( 79 79 Amaras hominibus , capris su●es . ) ‖ ‖ Sallowes , which are bitter to our taste , though pleasant vnto goates . bitter willowes * * Me feeding [ you ] viz. hauing me to tend you , or to follow you , hauing me to feede you .

Tit.

‖ ‖ Not withstanding . o o Tityru● here concludeth the dialogue , in●iting Melibe● to tarrie with him all night , and to rest and refresh himselfe ; and that by sundry reasons . Yet Tit. thou mayest ‖ ‖ Stay , tarrie , or abide with me . rest here with me this night ,

‖ ‖ Vpon a bed made of tender boughes of trees , or leaues , or flowers , or vpon the soft greene grasse , as sheepheards in that hot countrey vsed . * * Vpon a greene leafe . Vpon greene ( 80 80 Fronde ] Syn. spec. ) leaues * * There are to vs mellow apples . we 1. For the commodiousnesse of his lodging there vpon the greene leaues . haue * * Soft , ripe , or pleasant . mellow apples , * * There are ] soft chestnuts [ viz. fully ripe , or very pleasant . dainty chestnuts , * * And plenty of pressed milke , [ viz. turned to cheese , or of curds and creame . and 2. Because he had good prouision to giue a sheepheard entertainement , both of mellow apples , ripe chestnuts , & of curds and creame and cheese enough . good store of cheese .

And now ‖ ‖ The chimneyes of the townes and farmes about do smoke as toward supper time . the highest tops of the villages do 3. For that it now 〈◊〉 towards night , which 〈◊〉 setteth out and amplifieth by the smoking of chimneyes , the increasing of the shadowes of the hils both in length and greatnesse , as they are wont to do toward● the euening . smoke farre off .

And [ likewise ] ‖ ‖ The shadowes waxing bigger do shew it to be neare tonight . For the nearer it is to the Sunne setting , the greater the shadowes are . greater shadowes fall from the high hils .

THE SECOND ECLOGVE * * To whom the name is [ viz , which hath the name Alexis . [ CALLED ] ALEXIS . THE ARGVMENT .

‖ ‖ A sheepheard called Corydon . COrydon a sheepheard * * Being taken or caught with the loue of the lad Alexis [ viz. being exceedingly affectioned to him : enamored on a youth called Alexis , * * Pretermitteth nothing of those things [ viz. ouerslippeth no oportunitie or meanes . ] omitteth nothing which may * * Appertaine or belong . helpe * * To stroke softly [ viz. to win by smoothing or flattery , or to intice . ] to allure his childish mind , and ‖ ‖ To gaine from him mutuall loue [ viz. to cause Alexis to loue him ●gaine . ] to get mutuall loue . But when he * * Vnderstandeth himselfe , neither to profit any thing . perceiueth that he doth not any thing preuaile , neither by complaints , nor by [ his ] * * Flatteries or alluring words . faire words , * * Or by his little gifts or presents . nor yet by his gifts ; at length * * Returning to himselfe [ viz. be thinking himselfe better . coming to himselfe , and acknowledging his owne * * Madnesse . folly , he determineth * * That he must returne [ viz. to returne . ] to betake himselfe againe * * To the intermitted [ or omitted ] care [ viz. the care which for a time he had left off . ] to the discontinued care * * Of his houshold estate or matters belonging to his family or domesticall businesse . of his priuate businesse at home : that he may ‖ ‖ Cast off or remoue , or put away , or driue away . shake off by his accustomed labour , the * * Tediousnesse [ viz. wearinesse or griefe . ] ●kesomnesse of his ‖ ‖ Vnfortunate loue . vnhappie loue , which is wont for most part to * * Grow or spring . come of idlenesse . * * And [ viz. and indeed or and also . ] Moreouer * * We take [ viz. vnderstand ] Virgil by Corydon . by Corydon ( if we * * Beleeue [ viz. may giue credit to . ] giue credit to Donate ) we vnderstand Virgil ; * * By Alexis [ we vnderstand ] Alexander the boy of Pollio ▪ [ vnder the name of Alexis is meant , &c. ] by Alexis , Alexander Pollioes . sonne , * * Whom he receiued of him [ viz. of Pollio ] after for a gift [ or a reward ] viz. bestowed vpon him freely . whom he receiued of him after giuen vnto him freely .

* * Corydon a sheepheard : THe sheepheard ▪ Corydon * * Burned [ viz. was inflamed with the loue of faire Alexis : [ or ●ehemently loued : impatiently loued ‖ ‖ Beautifull or well fauoured Alexis : faire Alexis :

Being the * * Delights or dainties [ viz. the onely solace of his maister . delight of [ his ] maister ; * * Neither could he haue what he might hope : [ viz. yet he obtained not any thing but onely a vaine hope of him . but yet he could not haue that which he hoped for .

Onely he came * * Continually [ viz. vsually or very often , or day by day . daily among the thicke beeches * * Being shadie tops [ viz. broade & spreading , and so making a shade with their tops . [ hauing ] shadie tops : there all alone ‖ ‖ He reuolued , or rolled , or vainely vttered . he tossed these * * [ Verses ] [ viz. rimes or words ] ill set together , or ill composed or disordered . rude [ meeters ] to the mountaines and woods , * * With a vaine study [ viz. vainely or all in vaine . ] with labour spent in vaine .

O cruell Alexis * * Thou carest for nothing or not at all [ viz. thou carest not for . thou nought regardest my * * Verses . songs :

‖ ‖ Thou hast no compassion of me . Thou takest no pittie of vs : * * To conclude . In a word , * * Thou compellest me to die [ viz. thou killest my heart . ] Al. Al. Thou wilt compell [ viz. cause me to die or hasten my death . ] thou causest me to die .

Now * * Also the cattell or the very cattell : euen the cattle * * Do endeauour or seeke to take the shades and colds , [ viz. shadie and coole places or the shady cold . seeke after shades & coole places .

Now * * The bushes of thornes , [ viz. thorny places or shrubs ] also do hide do the thorny thickets likewise hide the greene ‖ ‖ serpents like newtes . lizards .

And a a Thestylis a countrey woman , Syn. spec . Thestilis * * Doth stampe [ or pun ] together garlicke and wilde thime being strong smelling hearbes . puns strong smelling hearbs [ as ] garlicke and ‖ ‖ Wilde betany smelling like wilde marioram , or wilde thime . wilde betany for the ‖ ‖ Mowers or haruest men . reapers wearied * * With the snatching heate , [ viz. the violent or vehement heate . in the scorching heate . Al. But [ yet ] the groues [ or thickets ] do resound [ my songs ] with me , [ together ] with hoarse grashoppers , whilst I spie on euery side , thy footsteps vnder the burning Sunne .

Al. But the groues * * Do sound backe as the echo , [ or do giue an echo . do ring with me ‖ ‖ With hoarse singing grashoppers , or grashoppers singing hoarsly vnder the scorching heate . with hoarse grashoppers [ lying ] vnder the burning Sunne , whilst * * I go about to seeke or view euery way . I spie out ‖ ‖ The treadings or prints of thy feete . thy footesteps [ on euery side . ]

* * Hath it not , &c. Had it not bene better [ for me ] to ‖ ‖ Abide or endure . suffer b b Tristes iras , ] Met. Effecti . * * The sorrowfull angers , [ viz. the frowning lookes . the heauy looks of Amaryl , ]

And [ her ] proud * * Disdaines . disdaine ? * * Whether or no Menalcas ? [ viz. were it not better to loue Menalcas , or to endure Menalcas to frowne vppon me , or to disdaine me . were it not better to endure Menalcas ?

Although he [ be ] ‖ ‖ Foule , or at least not so faire , or of a swart colour . blacke , and albeit thou wert * * White [ viz. beautifull . passing faire .

‖ ‖ O well fauoured youth . Oh faire boy , trust not thy * * Colour [ viz. fairenesse . ] beauty ouermuch !

c c Ligustra [ Met. subj . pro floribus ligustri . * * The white priuet or prime-print : White priuet flowers ‖ ‖ Fall downe and are lost . fall , ‖ ‖ Violets of purple colour , near● to blacke , [ or blacke hurtle berries , or bramble berries ] are gathered . blacke violets are gathered .

Alexis , ‖ ‖ Thou despisest me , and askest not after me . I am ‖ ‖ Scorned . despised of thee , neither Al. How rich I am in cattle , how plent●us in milke as white as snow . askest thou who I am ,

Al. ‖ ‖ What my wealth and state 〈◊〉 . How rich [ I am ] * * Of snow-white cattell , viz. in sheepe hauing their wooll as white as driuen snow , which he accounts most excellent . in cattell white as snow , * * How abounding of milke [ I am . ] what plenty of milke I haue .

‖ ‖ I haue a thousand ewe lambs [ viz. which are most excellent for breede . My thousand ewe lambes * * Stray or wander , viz. feede at liberty where they will . pasture freely * * In the Sicilian mountaines . in the mountaines of Sicily :

* * New milke [ ● not wanting to me ] in Sommer , neither is it lacking in the cold [ viz. in Winter . ] I want not new milke in the Sommer , not yet in the cold .

‖ ‖ I sing the same songs , &c. I sing [ the songs ] which Amphion Dirce was wont [ to sing ] * * If at any time [ viz. whensoeuer he gathered together his heards or flockes of cattell . whensoeuer he called [ his ] d d Armenta are heards of greater cattell . heards * * In the hill Aracinthus butting on the shoar● , or being neare to Athens , for so also the word Actctaeus may be taken . vpon the hill Aracinthus butting vpon the shoare .

Neither am I so ‖ ‖ Hard fauoured . deformed : e e He speaketh after the manner of sheepheards , who in stead of a glasse vse oft times to behold themselues in the water . I saw my selfe of late [ * * In the shoare [ viz. as I stood vpon the sea shoare , I saw my shadow in the water . ] as I stood ] vpon the ‖ ‖ Banke or side . shoare :

When as the sea ‖ ‖ Was calme [ viz. quiet , not stirred by the winds . stood calme from winds . I will not feare ‖ ‖ To compare with Daphnis ‖ for beauty , though thou thy selfe be iudge Daphnis , thy selfe being iudge , if the ‖ ‖ Likenesse , or counterfeit , or image . shadow [ in the water ] do neuer ‖ ‖ Beguile vs . deceiue .

* * Oh that onely it may like [ or lift ] thee to inhabite the countries base [ or homely ] to thee [ but pleasant vnto me ] with me , [ or to inhabite with me : Oh that it might but like [ thee ] ▪ [ to dwell ] with me in the countrey [ though ] base to thee , * * And to inhabite [ our ] low cotages . and in [ our ] low cottages , * * And to fasten in the ground , [ or to driue do●e ] forked stakes , [ or as some thinke , to s●ite through [ viz. to kill ] stags or harts . and to pitch downe f f Cer●i are taken for forked props like harts hornes , to hold vp their little sheepheards houses . forked stakes .

And for to driue [ my ] flocke of kids ‖ ‖ To the greene marsh-mallowes or water mallowes , for so some take hibiscus . vnto g g Viridi hibisco , for , ad viridem hibiscum . the greene * * Bulrush . bulrushes .

* * Thou shalt imitate Pan , [ that is , euen Pan himselfe . ] [ Then ] shouldest thou imitate h h Pan is called the god of sheepheards , because as the Poets say , he ordained first the sheepheards life , & was most excellent in such musicke as the sheepheards vse . Pan , * * In singing together with me . in singing with me in the woods .

‖ ‖ Pan deuised piping , or the sheepheards pipe . Pan * * Appointed or ordained . deuised first to ioyne together ‖ ‖ Diuers or sundry reedes . moe reedes with waxe . ‖ ‖ Pan is the Protector both of sheepe and sheepheards . Pan cares for sheepe , and for the maisters of the sheepe .

Neither can it repent thee ‖ ‖ To haue put a pipe to thy lip [ or to thy mouth . ] to haue worne * * Thy little lip with a reede . thy lip with a reeden pipe .

What did not Amyntas ‖ ‖ Trie or assay . do , ‖ ‖ That he might learne this ●kill of piping . that he might know * * These same things . these things ?

* * There is to me a pipe compact [ or framed ] of seuen vnlike hemlocks , [ viz. hollow stalkes of hemlocks or reeds , whereof each was bigger then other in order , both in greatnesse and in sound . I haue a pipe made of seuen different reeds , which Dametas * * Gaue me for a gift or for a iewell . gaue me long ago :

And dying said ; * * This [ pipe . ] This hath thee now * * The second [ maister , viz. thou art the second possess●r of this pipe . the second .

[ Thus ] spake Dametas ; foolish Amyntas ‖ ‖ E●ied , [ viz. that I should h● this pipe . enuied [ it . ]

* * There are to me moreouer two kids [ or yong wilde goates or roes , ] found of me in no safe valley [ or place , or not without some perill ] their skins also being sprinkled with white [ viz. full of little white spots , like stars , or of diuers colours white and blacke . [ I haue ] moreouer two kids which I found in a perillous dale , whose skins are also speckled now with white .

* * They drie [ or sucke dry ] either of them two teates of a sheepe [ viz. either of them anewe ] in a day , or sucke twise a day . Each of which sucks dry two sheepes dugs euery day , * * Which [ kids . ] which I [ also ] keepe for thee .

Thestilis * * Intreateth [ or desireth ] now of late , [ or a good while ago . ] intreated lately * * To leade [ or haue them ] away , [ viz. that she might haue them . to haue them away from me :

And * * She shall do it . she shall , because ‖ ‖ Thou esteemest so basely of our gifts . our gifts * * Are so base to thee [ or with thee . ] are so basely esteemed of thee .

‖ ‖ Come hither oh welfauoured youth . Oh faire boy come hither . ‖ ‖ Loe or see . Behold i i Nympha is properly a new maried wife , a Nymph : here by the Nymphes are meant goddesses of the medowes or woods . Amongst the heathens they were taken for goddesses haunting riuers , trees , mountaines , medowes , or the like . the Nymphes bring thee ‖ ‖ Baskets full of lillies . lillies in full baskets : * * White or faire Nais . beautifull k k Nais is taken for one of the Nymphes or Fairies haunting the riuers and fountaines . Nais * * Cropping . gathering for thee pale violets * * The heads [ or tops ] of poppies for thee . and poppie flowers ,

* * Ioynes [ or knits together ] Tyes together the * * Primrose peerelesse , or flower ▪deluce as some will . white daffodill and the flowers of pleasant smelling * * Auisse . dill :

Then * * Weauing them in or making garlands of them . platting them with ‖ ‖ Cassia is commonly taken for Cinamon , here it is taken for a kind of hearbe . cassia and with other sweete hearbes ,

She * * Paints [ or sets pleasantly ] soft violets with the yellow marigold . sets in fine order dainty violets ‖ ‖ With yellow marigolds . with the yellow marigold .

I my selfe will gather * * Hoarie apples with a tender downe [ or cotten ] [ meaning quinces being hoary . ] apples hauing cotten coates :

And chestnuts which my Amaryllis ‖ ‖ Especially commended . loued .

* * I will adde , or adioyne : or put to them . I will [ withall ] bring ‖ ‖ Plums as soft as waxe , or fine yellow plums . plums as yellow as waxe , * * And honour shall be also to this apple , [ viz. this apple shall be set by for his fairenesse , ] or this quince by Synecd . or plum by a Metamor . and this apple shall be in high esteeme .

* * And o● ye lawrels , I will crop [ or plucke ] you . Oh lawrels , I will plucke branches euen from you : and * * Thou next mirtle [ viz. next to the lawrell in sweetnesse . thou mirtle [ which art ] next in [ sweetnesse ‖ ‖ I will plucke branches from thee also . I will likewise crop thee . ]

Because ye being * * So put [ or set in order . ] so composed * * Do mixe or mingle . do make sweete smels .

Corydon thou art * * A rusticke or rude fellow . a clowne , neither doth Alexis regard [ thy ] gifts .

* * Neither can Iôlas grant [ viz. suffer himselfe to be ouercome of thee by gifts . ] Ney will l l Iolas was another ▪ sheepheard which stroue for the 〈◊〉 of Alexis . Iolas yeeld [ to thee ] if thou contend with gifts .

* * What would I to me poore wretch , [ viz. what meant I poore wretch . [ Alasse ] for me poore wretch ! what meant I ▪ [ for ] being * * Lost [ or vndone , or vtterly cast away or out of hope . vtterly forlorrie , I haue * * Sent in . let in the South-wind to [ my ] flowers , and the boares into my * * Liquid [ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ] 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 cleare waters . liquid springs .

A● ‖ ‖ Mad youth . mad [ Alexis ] whom doest thou flie ? for euen the gods haue ‖ ‖ Dwelt in . inhabited the woods ,

And m m Paris the sonne of Pri●mus king of Troy , descended from Dard● the sonne of Iupiter & Electrae , which Dardanus was the first builder of Troy , calling it with the countrey where it stood , Dardania . Paris descended from Dardanus . * * Pall●s her selfe let her inhabite , [ viz. delight in the towers or castles which her selfe hath built . Let Pallas delight in the towers which her selfe hath built : [ but ] let the woods ‖ ‖ Content vs best . please vs * * Before all other things . aboue all [ other ] things .

The ‖ ‖ Fell , fierce or terrible . sterne lionesse doth * * Follow [ in chase . pursue the wolfe , the wolfe himselfe [ pursues ] the goate ,

‖ ‖ The lasciui●us or ranke yong goate . The wanton goate , seekes after the blooming cythisus :

Oh Alexis , Corydon followeth after thee : * * His owne pleasure draweth euery one , [ viz. euery one followes his owne delight . euery ones owne pleasure draweth him .

See , the bullockes * * Bring backe the plowes , [ viz. the ●mes [ or plowes ] come home . bring [ home ] the plowes hanged * * To the yoake . to their yoakes :

And the Sun * * Departing , [ viz. going downeward . going downe doubleth [ his ] ‖ ‖ Increasing longer and bigger . increasing shadowes :

‖ ‖ Although the heate of the Sunne 〈◊〉 , yet the 〈◊〉 of my loue 〈◊〉 increased . Yet loue doth still burne me for what measure * * Can be to loue . can there be in loue ?

Ah Corydon , Corydon , what madnesse hath * * Taken , viz. ouertaken thee . caught thee ?

* * There is to thee a vine . Thou hast a vine halfe pruned * * In an elme tree full of boughes or leaues . in a thicke branching elme .

But * * Thou doest prepare rather . prepare thou rather at least * * To wea●e or plot something . to make something , * * Of those things whereof neede requireth . whereof there is neede : * * With twigs and a soft bulrush . with oziers and soft bulrushes .

Thou shalt find another ‖ ‖ Loue . [ companion ] if this Alexis * * Disdaine thee , [ or despise th●e . ] do thinke scorne of thee .

THE THIRD ECLOGVE * * Which is ●tituled ] Palemon ▪ [ viz. ] PALEMON . THE ARGVMENT .

[ IN this Eclogue ] [ two ] sheepheards * * Menalcas and Dametas being sheepheards , first do striue by mutuall taunts [ or reproches or scoffes ] betweene themselues . Menalcas and Dametas do first contend by taunting one another : * * Forthwith [ or anon ] Palemon coming betweene [ as ] a iudge , by and by Palemon comming as a iudge between them , * * they dispute [ or debate the contention for victorie , ] they trie the mastery by the law of a verse ‖ ‖ A song [ or rime ] answered by turnes , viz. first by one , then the other . sung by course : where neither [ of them ] is ouercome , but * * Either [ or both of them ] is made [ or found ] equall . one of them is equall to the other , by the ‖ ‖ Iudgement . sentence of Palemon .

[ The speakers are ] Menalcas , Dametas , [ and ] Palemon . Men.

* * Dametas tell me whose cattell [ is it ? ] or are they ? TEll me Dametas , whose a a Pe● , ●men collectinum pro grege . cattell are these ? * * Whether [ is it , or whether are they the cattell ] of Melibeus ? [ or Melibeus flocke ? ] Are they Melibees ?

Dam.

No , * * But [ they are the cattell ] of Egon . but they are Egons cattell ; Egon lately * * Deliuered [ them ] to me [ to keep ] or to 〈◊〉 te●ding . committed [ them ] to me .

Men.

〈◊〉 . O b b O●is for o●es . Sy●ecd . speci● , sing●l . pro plur. O semper 〈◊〉 ] 〈◊〉 . sheepe Al. O the cattell [ or flocke ] of sheepe alwayes vnhappie . alwayes an vnfortunate cattell ! whilest ‖ ‖ I 〈◊〉 himselfe the maister . he himselfe doth * * Cherish [ or make much of , or seek● to win the loue of ] Neera . woo Neera , and is afraid lest she should preferre me * * To himselfe . before him .

This fellow ‖ ‖ Keeping or tending another man● cattell . being another mans sheepherd , milks his sheepe twise in an houre :

And both the c c Succ● is the naturall moisture that a healthfull bodie receiueth from the meate . * * Iuyce or moisture is drawne away , flesh is plucked off * * To [ viz ▪ from the cattell . from the ewes , and the * * Milk [ is drawne away or withdrawne ] to the lambes . milke [ is stolen ] from the lambes .

Dam.

Yet remember * * These things to be obiected more sparingly to men . that these things ought to be more sparingly obiected ‖ ‖ To such as I am . vnto men .

We know both * * Who you . Ellipsis . who [ saw ] you , Al. Al. Al. The corners of your eyes looking awrie [ or ouerthwartly ] viz. when you looked a squint . [ your ] hegoates ‖ ‖ Disdaining . looking [ at you ] d d Transuersa pr● transuersim , Adiecti●m pr● Aduerbi● . asquint ,

And in what chappel ; ‖ Thou hadst the Nymphes f●ourable , which did not straightway be●ray thee , but onely smile at thee . but the * * Easie to be pacified . gentle Nymphs did [ onely ] smile .

Men.

Then I beleeue , when they saw me [ ‖ ‖ Spoile . cut ] * * The groue of Mycon . Mycons e e Arbust● is 〈◊〉 such a groue o● ▪ trees , ●s where 〈◊〉 grow vp by trees . groue ,

And to * * Cut , or cut off ▪ viz. thee●ishly . spoile his * * Very new or yong . tender yong vines with ‖ ‖ A bad vinehooke ▪ [ viz. marring the vines , or a hooke thee●ishly vsed . a naughtie hooke .

Dam.

* * Or [ who saw thee ] here , [ or they smiled at thee here . Or here at the old ‖ ‖ Beeches . beech trees , when thou brakest ‖ ‖ Daphnis bow and arrowes or shafts . the bow and arrowes of Daphnis , which thou * * Per●erseor froward Menalcas . peeuish Menalcas * * Grieuedst for [ viz. didst repine at with e●ie . grudgedst at , euen when thou sawest them giuen to the boy :

* * And thou wouldst haue died if thou hadst not hurt him some way . And if thou hadst not hurt [ him ] some way , ‖ ‖ Thou wouldest haue burst with anger . thou wouldest haue died [ with spite . ]

Men.

* * What the maisters shall do when theeues dare aduenture such things ? What shall maisters doe , when ‖ ‖ Theeuish seruants dare be bold to do [ or attempt ] such things , or play such pranks . theeues dare be so bold ?

O * * Thou worst [ or vile fellow . ] thou leud fellow , did not I see thee * * To catch by craft the he-goate of Micon [ or Micons gelded goate . ] steale Micons goate , * * His wolfe-dog [ or band-dog ] barking much [ or loud . ] when his f f Lycisca a dog bred of a wolfe & a bitch , with which they vsed to keepe their flocks . wolfe-dog barkt ●pace ▪

And when * * I cried . I cried out , whither now * * Doth he snatch away [ viz. get or conuey himselfe so speedily ] or whither trudgeth he ? runs the theefe ?

‖ ‖ Ho Tityrus , looke to thy cattell : thou hid'st thy selfe behind the flags or sheere-grasse . Tityrus gather [ thy ] cattell : * * Thou l●yest hid . thou lurked● behind the sedges .

Dam.

* * Whether he being ouercome in singing , should not restore [ or giue . ] Should not he , being ouercome ‖ ‖ In our triall for maistery in singing and piping . in singing , restore to me

[ My ] goate , ‖ which my pipe * * Which my pipe had deserued by [ my verses , [ viz. which I had wonne by piping and singing . had wonne by play ?

If thou knowest not , that goate was ‖ ‖ The reward of my victorie . mine , and Damon himselfe confessed it to me , but denied * * Himselfe to be able to restore [ him ] viz. the goate . that he had power to restore it me .

Menal.

* * [ Deseruedst ] thou [ or didst thou win ] him by singing [ viz. thou so vnskilfull , of him so skilfull . Thou him by play ? * * Or was there euer to thee a pipe ioyned [ or set together ] with waxe , [ viz. any pipe that was ought worth ? or euer hadst thou a pipe [ but onely ] set together with waxe ?

* * Oh vnlearned [ viz. thou rude fellow . ] Oh thou vnskilfull fellow , wast not thou wont * * To lose altogether for nothing ] viz. to play for nothing , as those do whom none regard . to lauish out [ thy ] * * Miserable [ or sory or silly ] song [ or verse . ] pitifull * * With a whizzing or hissing stubble . musicke * * In places where three wayes meet , [ viz. in the comr●on high wayes , or where country fellowes vse to meete , or sitting by the high way side . vpon a creaking stubble pipe in the common crosse wayes ?

Dam.

* * Therefore wilt thou [ that ] we trie by experience . Wilt thou therefore that we make triall between our selues ‖ ‖ One after another . by course , what * * Both [ or both each after other . each of vs can do ? ‖ ‖ I wil play with thee for this heis●r . * * I put downe , viz. will stake downe or lay for gage . I le lay down this heifer to stake ; ( [ and ] lest peraduenture thou shouldest ‖ ‖ Flinch , or despise the wager [ or offer ] any way . refuse , ) ‖ ‖ She is milked twise [ in a day . ] she comes twise [ a day ] to the milking paile , [ and besides ] * * She nourisheth two young ones with her vdder [ or paps , viz. with the milke in her vdder . ] she brings vp two calues . * * Say thou , or tell me . Speake thou , for what wager * * Thou mayest striue , viz. trie for the maistery is playing with me . thou darest play with me .

Men.

I dare not * * Lay downe [ or stake downe , viz. play for ] with thee . lay * * Lay downe [ or stake downe , viz. play for ] with thee . any thing with thee of my flocke ,

* * Any thing of [ my ] flocke , or from my flocke . For I haue a father at home , [ yea ] I haue a cruell stepmother ,

And both of them * * And for [ or , and why ] ‖ ‖ They straightly count all my cattell that I cannot play for any one , but it will be missed . do tell the cattell twise a day , * * For there is a seuere or straight father to me , there is an vniust [ or hard stepmother . and one of them the kids .

* * Do number [ or count [ our ] cattell twise in a day . But ( because tho● wilt needs be so lustie ) [ I will lay that which thou thy selfe shalt confesse to be * * And one of them [ tels ] the kids . farre greater ▪ [ to wit , two ] beech● cups , ‖ ‖ Which were cunningly carued by that excellent or famous workman Alcimedon . the carued works of [ that ] ‖ ‖ Excelling or most skilfull . diuine ●medon :

* * ( Because [ or sith that ] it l●steth thee to be mad , [ viz. that thou darest thus chalenge me ▪ or thou art disposed to be so lustie . In which a 〈◊〉 vine flourished 〈◊〉 with a fine g g Tornu● ] is a toole or instrument with which Turners vse to make things round . caruing toole ,

* * Greater then thy heifer by much . Doth decke the berries scattered ouer it here and there , with a pale i●uie branch .

In the midst [ of them * [ To wit ] Conon , [ viz. the picture of Conon . ] are ] two * * To which a limber vine added aboue [ it ] with an easie [ or fine cutting . ] turning toole . pictures h h Conon a famous Egyptian Mathematician . The Poet brings in the shepherd speaking thus rudely , as most 〈◊〉 his ignorance . * * Doth clothe [ or co●er ] the iuie berries spread [ or scattered ] abroad with a pale [ or wa● ] iuie . Conon ; * The other man . and who was * * Signes [ viz. images grauen [ or carued . th● other ?

‖ ‖ The famous Mathematician , who hath po●rtrayed or set out in tables the whole world , to wit , Archimedes , or as some thinke , Hipparchus , or some other . [ He ] who hath described the whole world to the nations with [ i i Radius is here taken for an instrument with which Geometricians vse to measure , as the Iacobs staffe , or the like : so called for the proportion it hath to the Sun beame , which radius signifieth more properly . his ] * * Geometricall instrument . Iacobs staffe .

* * [ Who also hath described [ viz set out to the capacitie of the h●bandman ] ‖ ‖ The times both of sowing and haruest . The times which * * The reaper or mower should haue . the reaper [ and ] which the k k The plow man is called crooked , because they commonly go crooked or sto●ping in holding the plow . crooked plowman should haue .

* * Neither yet haue I moued [ my ] lips to them but keepe them layed vp . Neither haue I l l Put my lips to them , for , put them to my lips ▪ Hypa●age . ‖ ‖ Drunke in them [ or so much as put them to my lips . put my lips to them as yet ▪ but reserue them layd vp safe .

Dam.

* * And the same Alcimedon hath made two cups for vs [ also ▪ ] The same Alcimedon hath made likewise two cups for vs ,

* * And embraced [ or compassed them ] about the stoukes , viz. eares or handles . And bordered [ them ] about the stouks with * * Soft bearefoot● . pleasant branke vrsine .

* * And hath set Orpheus , &c. And hath set m m Orpheus a notable Poet cunning on the harpe , whom the Poets faine to haue bene able by his excellent musick to draw wilde beasts , woods and mountaines after him . Orpheus in the midst , and ●he woods ‖ ‖ Following [ him ] viz. dancing after his musicke . following him . ]

Neither as yet haue I put my lips vnto them , put * * Keepe [ them ] layed vp . reserue [ them ] layd ●p safe .

[ But yet ] ‖ ‖ If thou compare them to my heifer , or in regard of the heifer . if thou ●ookst to [ my ] heifer , * * There is nothing , [ viz they are not to be compared to my heifer . there is no cause that ●hou shouldst ‖ ‖ Brag of . praise [ thy ] cups .

Men.

* * Thou shalt ne●er sti● away to day . Thou shalt neuer [ so ] escape this day : I will come ‖ ‖ To what place , or to what iudge soeuer . whither soeuer thou shalt call [ me : ]

‖ ‖ At least let euen him that comes , heare these things [ viz. our verses . ] Let [ any ] heare these things , ‖ ‖ [ Our neighbour ] Palemon who comes . at least euen he that comes [ yonder , ] lo Palemon .

* * I will make that thou neuer prouoke any man hereafter in voice [ or by thy voice , [ viz. that thou darest not . I will make thee that thou shalt neuer hereafter challenge any man to sing .

Dam.

* * But go to [ or begin . ] Go to then , if thou hast ‖ ‖ Any thing worth the hearing . any thing , there shall be no * * Stay . delay in me .

Neither * * Do I flie or shrinke from any man . feare I any man : onely , neighbour Palemon ,

* * [ See that ] thou lay vp these things in thy lowest [ or deepest ] senses , [ viz. marke diligently the skill of it seuerally . Weigh these things with thy best thoughts ▪ the ‖ ‖ Wager , or matter of our contention . matter is not small ▪

Pal.

* * Say ye [ or speake ye , viz. sing ye . ] Begin then ▪ seeing that we sit together * * In the soft her be . vpon the 〈◊〉 grasse :

And now * * Euery field [ bringeth forth ] now euery tree brings forth or buds . all the field [ is beautifull , ] now euery tree , puts forth :

Now woods * * Beare leaues . wa● greene , [ yea ] now * * The yeare [ viz. time of the yeare , is in the fairest hu● . the year 〈◊〉 [ is ] the faire●

* * Dametas begin thou . Begin Dametas , and then Menalcas thou shalt follow .

You shall speake ‖ ‖ By mutuall courses [ viz. by turnes . by [ turnes ] one after another : the n n Camoenae the ●ine Muses . Muses loue [ songs ] * * First the one ▪ then the other . that go by turnes .

Dam.

‖ ‖ I will begin my song from Iupiter , viz. by calling vpon and honouring Iupiter , that I may haue better successe : or of Iupiter . The beginning of my song [ shall be ] from Iupiter : all things are * * Full of Iupiter , [ viz. of Iupiters diuine power . filled with Ioue .

* * He inhabites [ or loues to inhabite ] the earths or lands . He preserues the earth : * * My verses [ are ] a care , [ viz. of speciall regard ] to him , he respects my songs .

Men.

And o o Phoebus a name of Apollo ▪ from the brightnes of the Sun , which the Poets call Phoebus . Apollo loueth me . * * His owne , [ or the proper gifts to Phoebus , [ viz. the gifts peculiar to Apollo ] are alwayes with me . Apollos owne gifts are euermore with me , * * [ To wit ] bay trees , and Hyacinthus sweetly red . [ Or thus , Lawrels and Hyacynthus pleasantly red ▪ being the proper gifts to Apollo , are euer with me . [ both ] lawrels and the pleasant red p p Hyacinthus is taken by some for a purple flower which we call Crowtoes , by others for the red lilly . Hyacinthus .

Dam.

‖ ‖ Galatea my louer . Galatea that ‖ ‖ Nice or toying . wanton girle * * Seekes [ viz. throwes at me ] with an apple . hits me with apples [ oftentimes . ]

And [ then ] * * Flies . runnes ‖ ‖ Behind the willowes or sallowes . to the sallow trees , * * And she desireth her selfe to be seene before , [ viz. whereby she shew●s her loue to me . ] but she desireth to be seene before .

Men.

But my loue Amyntas offers ‖ ‖ Meets me . himself to me of his owne accord :

* * That not euen Delia is now better knowne . That ‖ ‖ Delia a name of Diana , to wit , the hunting Goddesse . Diana is not now better knowne vnto our dogs .

Dam.

* * Gifts are gotten [ of me ] for my Venus . I haue prepared gifts for my loue : for why , I * * I my selfe haue noted [ viz ▪ obserued ] the place whither the airie stockdoues [ viz. building in the aire or abroad ] haue caried or heaped together [ their nests . ] my selfe haue marked a place where the q q Palu●bes seeme to be called aër●ae , because they build and haunt in trees and in the woods ▪ and not in houses as the pigeons . ‖ ‖ Ringdoues or stockdoues . woodculuers haue made their nests .

Men.

I haue sent to to the * * Boy , viz. Amyntas . Youth what * * I haue bene able [ to get . ] I could [ get ] * * [ To wit ] ten golden apples [ viz. orenges . ten fine orenges * * Gathered or picked out of a tree belonging to the wood or wilde . chosen out of a tree of the wood ; I will send other ten to morrow .

Dam.

Oh how oft * * And what things hath Galatea spoken to vs ? and what sweete speeches hath Galatea vsed to vs !

* * O ye winds [ I wish ] that ye carry [ or see that you carry . ] or ye may carrie . [ Ye ] windes carrie some part [ of them ] to the eares of the Gods .

Men.

Amyntas , * * What doth it profit [ me ] viz. what am I the better . what good doth it [ me ] that thou doest not ‖ ‖ Contemne [ or thinke basely of me . despise me in thy * * M●nd . heart :

* * If I keepe the nets whilest , &c. If , whilest thou * * Followest after in chase , viz. huntest or chasest . pursuest the boares in chase , ‖ ‖ I onely keepe the nets , and enioy thee not further ? I [ onely ] keepe the nets ?

Dam.

q q Iolas is said to be a name of Menalcas . Iolas * * Send Phyllis to me . send me Phyllis , ‖ ‖ I now celebrate my birth day . it is my r r Vpon their birth-dayes they vsed yearly to feast for a remembrance thereof . birth day :

* * When I shall make with a yong heifer [ viz. shall sacrifice a heifer . When I shall s s This sacrifice was called Sacrificium Ambervalle , because it was first led about the fields , and then sacrificed to Ceres . offer sacrifice with an heifer for my ‖ ‖ Corne . fruites , then come thou .

Men.

I loue Phyllis * * Before other [ loues or maids . aboue [ all ] other [ maides , ] for she wept , * * Me to depart , [ viz. ‖ ‖ When I departed [ forth of the citie ] or to thinke that I should depart . that I should depart ;

And said , * * Oh faire Iolas , a long farewell [ be to thee ] farewell . Oh faire Iolas , t t The first Vale is here put as a word of art , and so a Nowne substantiue newter vndeclined . farewell for euer , u u The last vale hathe short and vncut off by a Grecisme . farewell [ Iolas . ]

Dam.

The wolfe [ is ] a * * Sorrowfull or grieuous , viz. terrible or horrible . dreadfull thing to the x x Stabulum a staule or place where beasts stand . The generall name of all places where cattell abide . foulds , * * The showres [ are a dreadful thing ] to the ripe corne , viz. corne when it is full ripe . the showres to the corne [ full ] ripe ;

The windes to the The winds [ are horrible ] to the trees : the angers of Amaryllis [ are grieuous ] to vs . [ viz. Amaryllis displeasure or lowring . trees , the frowning looks of Amaryl to vs .

Men.

The moisture [ is ] a pleasant thing to the * * Fields sowne , [ viz. lately sowne . [ new ] sowne fields , y y The Seruice is a tree bearing fruite much like to cheries or haw● the * * Arbute [ is pleasant ] Seruice tree to the * * Kids put from their dams . wained kids ;

The limber ‖ ‖ Sallow or ozier . willow * * [ Is pleasant ] or delight some . to the cattell great with yong : onely Amyntas [ ‖ ‖ Pleaseth , or delighteth me . is pleasing ] vnto me .

Dam.

Pollio loueth our * * Muse , [ viz. verse . song , though it be [ but ] ‖ ‖ Homely or vnpolished . countrey like .

Ye z z Picrides ] the Muses were called Pierides for the pleasantnesse and solitarinesse of the h●l Pierius for students . Like as they had sundry other names of other hils and fountains . Muses of the hill Pierius , feed a heifer ‖ ‖ For him that shall reade your verses , viz. for Pollio . for your reader .

Men.

* * And euen Pollio himselfe . Pollio also himselfe maketh ‖ ‖ Stately heroicall verses , which were w●nt to haue a bull for their praemium . new songs : feed ye a bull ,

Which may * * S●ake , viz. ●ub or push . put with his horne , and * * Sprinkle abroad , or cast about , or throw about . scrape abroad the sand with his feete .

Dam.

Pollio , he that loueth thee , let him ‖ ‖ Attaine that dignitie . come [ to that honour ] * * Whither he reioyceth [ thee to haue come also . whereunto he reioyceth [ that thou likewise art come .

* * Let hony flow to him , [ viz. let him haue plentie of all good things , [ or , I wish he may haue . ] Let him haue hony abundantly , and let the ‖ ‖ Sharpe or prickie . rough ‖ ‖ ●ush or shrub . bramble beare him ‖ ‖ Rose of Ierusalem , or our Ladies gloues . Amomus .

Meuius , let him that * * Hates not . abhorres not Bauius , loue thy verses .

* * He that hates not Bauius , let him loue thy verses [ or songs . ] And let the same man * * And let the same man [ that is delighted with thy verses . ] yoke foxes together [ for the plow ] and milke he goates .

Dam.

Ye * * Ioyne [ or tie ] foxes [ to the plow . [ viz. let him do th●se things which are most absurd . ‖ ‖ Children . boyes that gather flowers and strawberries * * Oh ye boyes or lads . creeping * Growing . vpon the ground : * * Flie ye from hence . get ye hence , * * A cold snake lieth hid , [ viz. a venemous snake . The snake is called cold , because he makes the part cold which is bitten or stung by it . there is a cold snake lying hid in the grasse .

Men.

[ * * Al. Ye sheepe spare [ viz. be afraid ] to go forward too farre . Ye sheepherds ] * * Spare . suffer not [ * * [ Your ] sheep to go too far [ towards the brinke [ of the riuer ] it is not trusted well to the banke [ viz. it is not safe trusting the banke . your ] sheepe to go too neare the riuer , it is not good to trust the banke , [ for ] euen the Ram himselfe now drieth [ his ] * * Fleeces . fleece .

Dam.

Tityrus a a Rei●ce capellas . Pe● pro celeusmaticu● ex quatuor breuibu● . pro dactylo . or rather by a Syn●resis , reice capellas . * * Cast away [ viz driue far away ] thy litle goates seeding [ or pasturing driue away [ thy ] grazing goates from the riuer side ,

* * I my selfe . My selfe will wash [ them ] ‖ ‖ Euery one . all in a [ faire ] ‖ ‖ Spring . fountaine , when time * * Shall be . shall serue .

Men.

* * [ Ye ] boyes . Lads gather [ your ] sheepe , if ‖ ‖ The scorching heate of the mid day . heate * * Catch before . drie vp [ their ] milke ,

We shall * * Presse hard in vaine [ in milking ] [ their ] paps with the palmes of our bands . wring [ their ] teates in vaine , as [ we did ] of late .

Dam.

* * Alas how leane a bull is to me in fat pulse , [ or in a fat field , [ or ranke pasture . Alas how leane a bull haue I in such a fertile b b Ar●o , some reade er●o . Er●um is a kind of pulse good to fat cattell in a short space . field !

The same loue is * * A destruction . a spoiling to the cattel * * To the maister of the cattell . and to their maister [ too . ]

Men.

* * Neither certainly loue is the cause Certainly loue is not the cause * * To these [ sheepe ] viz. loue is not the cause of their l●nnesse . in these , * * [ Their skins ] scarce cleaue to [ their ] bones [ for lacke of flesh . ] they scarcely hang together by the bones .

* * I know not . I wot not ‖ ‖ What witch with her malicious eie , what eye * * Bewitcheth my tender lambes [ to me ] bewitcheth my tender lambes .

Dam.

c c This is vnderstood of a chimney , and thus propounded to make it more darke . Tell [ me ] in what * * Earths , or lands , or grounds . countrey the ‖ ‖ Compasse of heauen , viz. the heauen space of heauen * * Lieth open [ or extends it selfe ] three elnes . is three elnes wide and no more , ‖ ‖ And I will esteeme of thee as of the oracle of Apollo . and thou shalt be [ as ] great d d Apollo had principally the power of diuining and declaring obscure matters . Apollo vnto me .

Men.

[ And ] tell thou [ me ] in what countrey e e By the flowers are thought to be meant Hyacinthus , or the red lilly , so named of Hyacinthus being slaine , & turned into a flower of his name , hauing as it were the first letter of his name written vpon ●t , whereof we may see the fable in the 10. book of Ou●ds Met. For both these riddles see Ramus comment . flowers grow , * * Written on [ or intituled [ according ] to the names of kings , [ viz. wherein are written names of kings ] hauing written on them the names of kings , ‖ ‖ And then if thou tell me this , take thee Phyllis as thine owne , for whom we contended before . * * And thou alone haue Phyllis . and thou alone take Phyllis [ for thy labour . ]

Pal.

No , * * It is not of vs , viz. in our power or abiliti● . it is our Al. Thus some take the speech to be diuided after Non ▪ nostrum inter vos , &c. part to end so great a Al. No , [ it is not your office , but ] it is ours to compose so great controuersies , viz. I to end so great a contention . strife .

‖ ‖ In my iudgement both of you haue deserued the heifer , [ viz. the wager first offered . ] Both thou [ Menalcas ] Palemon speaking of being afraid of sweete loue , seemes to aliude to those verses of Menalcas , Dulce satis humor , &c. and to speake it for Menalcas cause : and of the b●ter loue for Dametas , who had said , Tris●e ●upus stabulis . art worthy of the heifer , and also he , and whosoeuer * * Either shall feare sweete loues , or shall trie by experience bitter [ loues . shall either be afraide of pleasant loue , or trie the bitternesse thereof .

* * Ye boyes shut now [ your ] Lads , shut vp [ your ] * * riuers , &c. viz. we haue had sport enough , now make an end . sluces now , the medowes haue drunke enough .

THE FOVRTH ECLOGVE [ named ] Pollio . THE ARGVMENT .

* * A sonne is borne to Asinius Pollio Captaine of the Germaine armie , the same yeare in which he conquered Salone a citie of Dalmatia , whom he called Saloninus , from the name of the citie taken . ASinius Pollio Leader of the Germaine armie had a sonne borne the same yeare in which he won Salone a citie of Dalmatia ; which sonne he called Saloninus by the name of the citie which he had taken .

a a Those things which Sibyl prophecied concerning Christ , Virgil turneth and applieth to Saloninus Pollios sonne now borne ; and to the felicitie of Augustus gouernment . * * The Poet singeth a Genethliacum to him [ viz. maketh a Poeme of his natiuitie and future hopes , ] in this Eclogue , wresting thither those things which Sibyl had sung of the future felicitie of the golden age . Vnto this [ Saloninus ] the Poet in this Eclogue singeth a Genethliacum , detorting to that purpose those things which Sibyl had prophecied of the future felicitie of the golden age : yet ‖ ‖ Incidently or vpon occasion . by the way , he ‖ ‖ Intermingleth or putteth betweene here and there . mixeth the praises of Pollio [ ‖ ‖ Father of Salonicus . his ] father and also * * Of Augustus himselfe . of Augustus then Emperour of Rome .

The Poet alone .

‖ ‖ Ye Muses , or ye Goddesses of Sicil● viz. of Theocritus . YE b b Sicelides , casus graecanicus pro Sicilienses . Sicilian Muses , * * Let vs sing greater things by a litle , [ viz. let vs handle an argument somewhat more stately or loftie then our Pasiorals , and so written in a stile somewhat more loftie , as two other Eclogues are . let vs sing of matters somewhat more ‖ high .

* * Groues of trees , or thickets , or bushe● and shrubs , [ viz. verses of such base matters . Groues and low * * Wilde Tamariske . heath ‖ ‖ All are not delighted in such base matters as our pastorall songs are . do not delight * * All [ men . ] all sorts .

[ Notwithstanding ] if we do sing of woods , ‖ ‖ Our pastorals . the [ very ] woods * * May be worthy of a Consull [ viz. not vnmeete or vnbeseeming a Consull . may beseeme a Consull for to reade .

c c The iron age ▪ wherof Sibyl the Prophetesse of Cuma writ long before , is now come and gone . The last * * Of the Cumean verse [ or song ] viz. wherof Sibyl of Cuma writ in verse ] or foretold . age of Sibyls song * * Hath come now , and is as it were past . is now alreadie come .

d d The foure ages of the world ( which Sibyl is said to haue set out by foure kind of mettals , viz the golden , siluer , brazen , and iron age , wherof see Ouid in his Metamorphosis ) are now beginning again . The great order of ages * * Is borne from the whole , [ viz. is begun or restored againe anew , as it was from the very first beginning of the world , [ or is renewed . ] doth begin anew .

e e [ Now ] viz. now that Saloninus is borne . Now * * The virgin also doth returne [ to the earth ] to wit , iustice being banished long before and gone to heauen . euen f f Virgo ] by virgo here may seem to be meant the virgin Ma● bearing our Sauior , thogh the Poet take it for Erigone or Astraea , which as the Poets faine , was the last of these , which went to heauen , being placed among the hea uenly signes . the virgin doth returne , Saturnes * * Kingdomes returne . [ viz. the golden age wherin Saturne first reigned . kingdome comes againe .

* * Now [ that ] new progenie [ viz. whereof Sibyl spake ] is sent downe from the high heauen . Now is [ that ] new ‖ ‖ Issue . of-spring sent downe ‖ ‖ From God . from heauen .

Oh chaste g g Lucina ] Diana , who is therfore named Lucina , because she and Iuno are said to bring forth the birth into the light . Lucina , ‖ ‖ Preserue . fauour thou * * The child being now in the birth , [ or to be now presently borne . ] the babe that 's now in birth , * * Who [ being safely borne ] [ or , who liuing and being in saf●tie ] by whom the iron * * Nation [ or people ] shall end first . [ age ] shall first haue end , and the golden age * * Shall arise in the whole world . shall begin again in all the world . ‖ ‖ Caesar Augustus the true Apollo of this age . Thy [ brother ] h h By Apollo he meaneth Augustus the Emperour , who was as it were the Apollo of that age , hauing then the chiefe Empire of all the world . Or because he was thought to be descended from Apollo . Apollo and Diana being the children of Iupiter by Latona . Apollo now reigneth .

‖ ‖ And thus . And thus ( oh Pollio ) * * This renowne [ or honour ] of the age , viz. this golden age . this glorie of the world ‖ ‖ Shall first begin . shall enter in , * * Thee [ being Consull ] I say ] thee being Consull . whilest thou art Consull , [ I say ] in thy Consulship , and i i By the great moneths are either meant Iuly and August , which before were called Quintilis and Sextilis , and had not yet taken their names of Iulius and Augustus , to maintaine the memorie in their names : or else thereby are vnderstood the moneths of the great yeare , wherein all the starres should returne to their first placing or constitution . the great moneths shall begin * * To proceed [ or go forward . to take their place .

* * Thee being Captaine or guide . In thy reigne the * * Footsteps , tracks , or traces , or remainders . prints ‖ ‖ [ Of the ciuill warres by Augustus , viz. ] the punishments and plagues due vnto vs for our former wickednes of our wickednesse , if any do remaine ,

* * Made voide or frustrate [ viz. purged . Being vtterly taken away , shall ‖ ‖ Deliuer all nations . free the earth ‖ ‖ From feare of vengeance , which was continuall before . from perpetuall feare .

* * He [ viz. Augustus , or Saloninus Pollios sonne . He shall ‖ ‖ Liue as a God , or be made a God . receiue the life of the [ immortall ] Gods , and shall see the ‖ ‖ Worthy Nobles of Rome . Nobles [ of former ages ] * * Mixed [ or mingled ] with the Gods . mixt in company amongst the Gods , * * And he himselfe shall be seene to them . and shall himselfe [ likewise ] be seene of them .

k k This he vnderstandeth of Augustus Caesar , that he should thus gouerne the world , subdued and quieted by Iulius Caesar his father , by whom he was adopted . And he shall * * Rule the [ whole ] world being quieted gouerne the world being set in peace * * By his fathers vertues . by his fathers ‖ ‖ Brought to quietnesse by the valour and wisedome of his father . valour .

l l These things which follow , the Poet meaneth of Saloninus , whose infancie he maketh the infancie of the golden age , wherein all good things should begin to abound of their owne accord . * * But , oh child , [ viz. oh Salo●ine ] the earth shall powre out vnto thee her first litle gifts with no tillage [ or dressing ] viz. of her owne accord . But vnto thee [ oh child ] the earth shall send forth [ her ] first gifts without any labour , [ to wit ] * * Erring [ or wandring ivies . ] spreading ivies , with * * Some call it Nardus rusticus : others , Sage of Ierusalem , others London buttons . Ladies gloues , and Egyptian beanes intermixed with * * And [ it shall powre forth ] Egyptian beanes , &c. pleasant branke vrsine .

* * Smiling bearefoote . The litle goates shall returne home , * * The litle goate themselues shall be take [ them ] home [ or bring backe [ themselues ] home , referent [ se ] domum . [ hauing ] their dugs strut out with milk : * * Or the litle goates shall bring home their vdders [ or dugs or teates ] stret●ed out with milke [ or filled with milke . the herds of cattel shall not feare the * * Neither shall the heards of cattell feare , &c. ‖ ‖ Fierce or cruell Lions . ] fell Lions .

* * Great Lions , [ viz. Thy very cradle shal yeeld thee pleasant flowers .

* * The cradles themselues shall powre out to thee fawning [ or flattering , viz. sweete ] flowers . [ That is , in the time of thy infancie shall be all pleasant delights . Both the serpent shall * * Also . perish , * * Die . and the deceitfull * * And the deceitfull herbe of venim [ or poison ] shall die , viz. all euill shall depart , as venimous herbs & serpents . venimous herbe shall die ; the Asfyrian vine shall grow * * The rose of Ierusalem [ or our Ladies Rose , or the Grape of Armenia , [ viz. all kind of most excellent plants shall spring vp in all countries . euery where .

m m Here Saloninus youth and first yeares are decribed by his studies and acts , and in it a second degree of the golden age by the adiuncts of it , viz. abundance of all good things . * * Commonly . But so soone as * But as soone as th● shalt be able now to reade the praises of noble men , [ viz. men noble for the loue of vertue , which were reputed halfe Gods . euer thou shalt be able to reade the praises of worthy Nobles , * * And the deeds of thy parent , [ viz. his renowned acts . and the famous acts of thy father ; ‖ ‖ To vnderstand true and heauenly vertue . and to know what * * Vertue . valour is :

n n Campu● pro arisr● campi flaues●ent . Hypallage . ‖ ‖ The tender eares of corne shall wax yellow in the fields by litle and litle of their owne accord . The field shall wax yellow by little and little * * With the soft beard of corne . The beard being put for the eare in the corne , and so for the whole corne , and finally for many cornes . Metalepsis . with tender eares of corne :

* * And the red grape shall hang vpon the great brambles vnhusbanded [ or vntrimmed , or not cut ] but wilde . And the red grape shall hang vpon * * Sen●is is the great blamble or blacke berry bush . the rough bramble :

The hard oakes likewise ‖ ‖ Shall drop . shall sweate * * Dewy hony [ viz hony made of the dew of heauen [ shall hang vpon the oakes ] or hony falling with the dew . hony dewes .

o o A third degree of the golden age followeth . * * Yet a few footsteps of the old deceit [ or fraud , or wickednesse ] shall be vnder [ or continue closely . Yet [ some ] few prints of ancient guile shall secretly remaine :

* * Old ] viz. of the former ages . Which can ‖ ‖ Inforce men to go to sea through couetousnes , or to vse nauigation again . command to trie the p p Thetys a Goddesse of the sea , wise of Neptune , put for the s●a . Met. 〈◊〉 . Sea with * * Which [ prints ] ships , * * Floatboates or lighters made of peeces of timber pinned together for a shift . and compasse townes with walls , [ and ] * * Which [ may command ] to compasse &c. which [ will inforce ] to till the ground .

* * Which may command to cut in furrowes to the earth , [ viz. to plow or tre●h the earth . Then shall there be another q q Tiphys was a notable shipwright , and gouernour of the ship which caried the noble Grecians into Colchis . Tiphys , and another * Then there shall be another Tiphys , &c. [ viz. other notable shipwrights and mariners . Syn. spe . Argo too , which may carrie the chosen Nobles ; there shall be also * Argo was a famous ship , wherein Iaso● and 54 chosen nobles of Greece sailed to Colchis , [ here put for other excellent ships . ] ‖ ‖ New warres . other warres :

And * * Great [ or worthy ] Achilles shall be sent , &c. valiant Achilles ‖ ‖ There shall be valiant souldiers and renowned warres againe . Syn. spec . shall be sent againe to Troy .

But * * From hence [ or afterwards ] when [ thy ] confirmed age [ or age confirmed , viz thy ●iper àge shall make thee a man . after this when thou shalt come to mans estate ,

* * The very carier [ by sea ] [ or ●e that is car●ed . ] Al. The * * Shall giue place to the sea . ship-man himselfe * * Neither the pine tree belonging to ships [ or seruing to make ships ] shall change her wares . shall leaue the Al. The conquerour by sea . sea . * * Euery earth shall beare [ or bring forth ] all things ▪ viz all things shall grow euery where abundantly . The r r Na●tiça pinus pro ●aui , nauis pro nautis . Metalepsis . ship of pine-tree shall not change her merchandize ; * * Suffer or endure . euery countrey shall beare all things .

The ground shall not * * Harrowes , [ viz. rakes , or any thing wherewith the cl●ds are broken . ] need * * The vineyard [ shall ] not [ suffer ] the hooke , viz the vinehooke . harrowes , * * Strong or lastie pl●wer [ or husband man . ] nor the vineyard the * * The wooll shall learne to lie [ viz. to make shew of , or be coloured into ] diuers colours , that is , it shall not need to be died . pruning hooke .

And now the * * N●w [ or one while ] shall change his fleeces with [ or into ] a purple colour sweetly red : now [ or another while ] he shall change 〈◊〉 fleeces ] with a saffarnish [ or saffron coloured ] yellow . sturdie plow man ‖ ‖ Shall vnyoke his buls [ or oxen ] viz shall leaue off his husbandrie , for that there shall be no need thereof . shall loose the yoakes from his buls .

Neither * shall the wooll learne to counterfet diuers colours .

But the Ram himselfe in the medowes * shall L●tum is an herbe wherewith yellow is died : some take it for the marsh marigold . one while change his fleece with a sweete red s s Murex is a shel-fish , of the licour whereof purple is made , here put for the purple colour it selfe . purple , another while with t t Cro●o luto for luteo ●roco . a yellow saffron colour .

‖ ‖ A fine red colour shall adorne [ or beautifie ] of it owne accord the feeding lambes , viz. the sheepe shall change their colours of their owne accord . u u Sand● is a colour called Pa●se-red or Arsenick , made of Ceruse or white lead and rudd●e , taken here for an herbe . Sandix shall clothe the lambes feeding , of it owne accord .

x x

Parcae are the three Ladies of destinie , Clotho , Lachesis and Atropos , whereof the first is said to beare the distaff ▪ the second to spin the thread of mans life , the third to cut off the same thread , according to that verse ▪

Fert Clotho ipsa colum , Lachesis net , at Atropos occat .

Called Parcae , à non parcendo , quia nomini parcant ; or a par●u , qua●i partae , because they conferre good or euill to them that are borne . They are said to be three , as there are three times , viz past , present , to come ; or three principall ages , childhood or youth , middle age , and old age , in which they cut off mans life .

* * The three Ladies of destinie , or the Goddesses of life . The fatall Ladies agreeing in a stable * * Diuine power . decree of destinies , * * Haue said . haue spoken to their spindles [ thus : ] ‖ ‖ Spin ye , or draw ye out . Runne ye out * * Such ages . such like times .

‖ ‖ Oh the renowned sonne of Iupiter . Oh deare of spring of the Gods , oh great increase of Ioue , * * Vndertake [ or take in hand ] [ thy ] great honours . enter vpon thy high renowne , * * The time [ ordained ] will be present now . now the time will be at hand .

Behold the world [ now ] * * Nodding , [ viz. staggering , or inclining as readie to fall ] with a weight bending downeward , [ that is , with the present euils . ] reeling with a bending weight :

Both the * * Earths or lands . earth and * * The tracts [ or coasts ] of the sea . the sea coasts , and also the * * Deepe or profound . high heauen :

Behold how all things do reioyce for this [ golden ] ‖ ‖ Time . age * * About to come [ or now comming ] by thee , or with thee . ] to come .

‖ ‖ Oh that I might liue so long . Oh that the last part of [ my ] life may last so long to me :

* * And how much breath , [ viz. so much breath as ] shall be enough [ or suffice ] to tell thy deeds . [ And ] of my breath as may suffice to record thy worthy acts .

* * Neither the Thracian Orpheus shall ouercome me in verses , [ viz. in setting forth thy praises . Neither y y Orpheus an ancient Poet , and very cunning on the harpe : sonne to Apollo and Calliope , who as the Poets report , could by his excellent musick draw the wilde beasts , woods & mountaines after him , meaning that by his eloquence he could perswade all sorts . Orpheus of Thracia shal passe me [ then ] in song :

* * Neither Linus , although [ his ] mother [ be present ] to this , viz. to Orpheus , and the father [ be presens ] to this [ viz. to Linus . Nor yet z z Linus a most ancient Thebane Poet , son to Apollo and Vrania . Li● , although the mother of the one were by , and the father of the other .

[ To wit , ‖ ‖ Though Calliope one of the nine Muses , mother of Orpheus were present to helpe him , and glorious Apollo the father of Linus were present to assist him likewise . though ] Calliopeia [ were present ] vnto Orpheus , and faire Apollo to Linus .

‖ ‖ Yea though Pan the God of the sheepheards and first inuenter of the rurall verse . [ Yea though ] Pan also * * Should striue with me [ in verse . ] should contend with me , ‖ ‖ Archadia [ the country where Pan is worshipped , put for the Archadians who were excellent musicians . Archadia being iudge :

Yet Pan would acknowledge himself ouercome , euen Archadia being iudge .

* * Oh litle boy begin to know [ viz to acknowledge ] thy mother by laughing , [ viz. by smiling at her , [ so to comfort her after her wearinesse and paine . Begin [ oh litle boy ] to know thy mother by [ thy ] smiling :

‖ ‖ Thy mother hath endured ten moneths wearinesse in going with child with thee . [ For ] ten moneths haue brought long * * Lothsomnesse , as in lothing meate or drinke . wearinesse * * To [ thy ] mother . to her .

‖ Oh litle boy ‖ ‖ Begin to comfort thy parents by smiling at them . begin , * * [ For ] neither the God [ Genius ] hath vouchsafed ] him [ his table , nor the Goddesse [ Iuno ] hath accounted [ him ] worthy of [ her ] bed , at whom [ his ] parents haue not laughed [ or smiled . ] at whom [ his ] parents haue not smiled ,

Neither God [ a a The heathen● ascri bed their pleasures and delights in feasting and belly cheare vnto Genius , whom they made the God thereof : and the preseruation of chil dren in their birth and ●nfancie , vnto Iuno , and likewise the mariage bed . Whence , as the most learned think , by the God here is meant Genius , & by the Goddesse Iuno : That nei ther of them vouchsafed the childe a●y fauour , because he liued not long after he was born . Whereupon also some thinke that these two verses were added by Virgil after the death of the child : and that God suffred him not to liue , because the Poet , of so great authoritie , had turned and applied that to this child , viz. to Salonin● Pollio's sonne , which Sibyl had proph●d concerning Christ the Son of God . Genius [ vouchsafed ] him [ his ] table , nor the Goddesse [ Iuno ] accounted [ him ] worthy of [ her ] bed .

THE FIFTH ECLOGVE [ * * Which is intituled . intituled ] DAPHNIS . THE ARGVMENT .

[ IN this Eclogue ] [ two ] sheepheards , Menalcas and Mopfus , * * Do bewaile or mourne for . bewaile the death of their friend Daphnis : and one of them sings his ‖ ‖ Verses to be set vpon his graue or tombe , or his funerall song . Epitaph ; the other ‖ ‖ His putting into the number of the Gods . his canonization . There are * * Who thinke Caesar the Dictator stabbed in with three and twentie wounds in the Court , a litle before then that the Poet writ these things , to be vnderstood [ or meant . ] that thinke that by Daphnis , Caesar is vnderstood , who was stabbed in the Senate house with three and twentie wounds , a litle before that the Poet writ these verses . Others do take Quintilius Varus slain in Germanie with ‖ ‖ Three bands of souldiers . three ‖ ‖ A full legion consisted of 6100 footmen and 730 hors●n . legions [ to be here meant . ] Others * * Will roth●r . thinke it rather of Flaccus Maro Virgils brother , concerning whom there is extant that Distick so commonly vsed , but of an vncertaine author .

Oh learned Maro , whilest thou doest bewaile the sorowfull destinies * * Of thy [ brother ] Flaccus in Daphnis , thou makest equall thy brother [ viz. thou makest thy brother nothing inferiour ] to the immortall Gods , or doest 〈◊〉 him for a God . of thy Flaccus vnder the name of Daphnis , thou equali●est thy brother vnto the immortall Gods .

The speakers are Menalcas and Mopsus . Men.

a a Here beginneth first a preparation vnto the songs following . OH Mopsus , * * Why do we not sit downe here , [ viz. why do we not rest vs here a while , to delight our selues in musicke ? why sit we not downe here among the elmes ‖ ‖ Mingled . mixt with hazels ? seeing we haue met together , both of vs * * Good , viz. cunning . being skilfull , * * Thou being skilful to blow vp , &c. viz. in piping . thou to blow vp thy light pipes , [ and ] * * I skilfull to speake [ or vtter ] verses , viz. in singing . I to sing in verse .

Mop.

Menalcas , * * Thou art greater , [ viz. elder , or more ancient or worthier , [ or my better . ] thou art mine ancient , * * It is equall me to obey thee , [ viz. that I should obey thee , or be ruled by thee . ] it is meete for me to yeeld to thee .

Whether [ we * * Succeed , [ or go vnder ] the shadowes . go into ] the shades being ‖ ‖ Vnconstant or vnstable . vncertaine * * By the West windes mouing [ or blowing ] lightly . thorough the wauing West winds :

Or rather if we enter into [ ‖ ‖ Yonder caue [ or hollow place . ] this ] caue : * * We go vnder . See how the wilde vine hath ouerspread the caue , * * Behold [ or l● ] how the vine which groweth in the woods hath spread [ or couered ouer ] &c. with bunches of grapes dispersed here and there .

Men.

* * With rare clusters of grapes [ viz. with bunches scattered here and there ] or thinly . Let Amyntas onely trie maisteries with thee in [ these ] our hils . * What if he may trie to excell [ or surpasse .

Mops.

* * Onely Amyntas can striue [ or may trie with thee . ] viz. none but Amyntas [ or I know no sheepheard but Amyntas that ] dare play with thee in our countrey . What if he * * Can striue to thee . Graecismus . dare trie to go beyond * Can striue or go beyond Apollo in song [ or singing ] [ viz. in musicke ] Apollo in singing ?

Men.

Mopsus * * Begin thou the former , or first [ to sing . ] begin thou first , if thou haue either any * * Fiers [ viz. burning , or raging , or mad loues , that i● , songs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 continent loues ] of Phillis . loues of b b Phyllis daughter of 〈◊〉 Ly●rgus , who 〈◊〉 her selfe for● by Demoph●n 〈◊〉 of the king of Athens , hanged her selfe , and was turned into a tree . Phillis , or the praises of c Alcon , or else the brawlings of d d Codrus a King of Athens , who in warre against the Laconians ( hauing receiued this answer from the Oracle , that that side should get the victorie whose King was slaine ) changed his attire , and rushed in amongst the enemies , wonderfully pro●oking them , and was killed by them . Codrus .

Begin : Tityrus * * Shall keepe . shall ●end * * Thy kids [ now ] pasturing [ or feeding . ] thy kids , whilst b Alcon an excellent archer of ●reete , who with an arrow slue a serpent wrapped about his sonne , and neuer touched the child . that they feed .

Mops.

Yea rather I will trie [ to sing ] these * * Verses . songs , which I wrote of late in the greene bark * * Of a beech tree . of a beech , * * And tuning [ these verses . ] and tuning noted them * * By course , [ viz. one while tuning , another while noting . by course . Then bid thou * * [ That ] Amyntas striue , [ viz. trie what he can do . Amyntas trie .

Men.

* * How much . As much as the ‖ ‖ Bending willow or ozier . limber willow * * Giues place . is inferiour ‖ ‖ To the goodly oliue tree . to the pale oliue :

[ And ] how much the Of these three stories see Ramus vpon this place more at large . low ‖ ‖ Spike . lauender [ giues place ] to the * * Red rose gard●ns . red rose borders :

* * Amyntas giues place so much vnto thee in our iudgement . Amyntas in our opinion is so farre inferiour vnto thee .

But * * Oh boy ceasse [ viz. leaue off ] [ to speake ] 〈◊〉 things ▪ we haue succeeded [ viz. we h●ue approched or come vnder ] the ca● . sirra , ceasse [ to adde ] moe words ; we are come vnto the caue .

Mop.

f f Here beginneth the Epicedion or funerall song for Daphn● as yet vnburied : whereof are three parts : The first from the mourning of his mother , of the Nymphes , the cattell , and the very Lions . The Nymphs * * Wept for . bewailed Daphnis * * Extinct , or put out , [ viz. taken away ] perishing * * By a cruell funerall . by a cruel death : * * Ye hazels are witnesses , and ye riuers [ are witnesses ] to the Nymphs . ye hazels and ye riuers [ too ] are witnesses vnto the Nymphes .

When as [ his ] mother * * Hauing embraced . embracing ‖ ‖ The wofull corpes . the miserable bodie of her sonne , * * [ Doth call ] both the gods [ cruell ] and also calls the starres cruell . calls both Gods and starres ‖ ‖ Cruell , because they suffered her sonne to be so cruelly murdered . cruell .

Oh Daphnis , ‖ ‖ No heardmen . not any [ heardmen ] draue their * * Oxen or kine . cattell , * * Being fed . hauing graz'd , vnto the * * Cold riuers . [ viz waters . ] coole streames ‖ ‖ In those dayes when this slaughter was committed . in those dayes : neither did any foure-footed beast taste of the riuer , nor touch * * An herbe [ viz. a blade or leafe ] of grasse . a chier of grasse .

[ Oh worthy ] Daphnis , both the ‖ ‖ Cruell , hard , or desolate . wilde mountains & the woods * * Do speake or say . report , * * Euen the Carthaginian Lions to haue groned [ or sighed for ] thy death , [ viz. because of thy cruell death . that euen the African Lions mourned for thy * * Destruction . death .

g g The second part of the Epicedion of Daphnis , concerning his acts . Daphnis both ‖ ‖ Appointed or ordained first at Rome . ordained [ first ] ‖ ‖ To draw the chariot of triumph with Tigres ▪ to tie the Armenian Tigres to the coach ; [ also he appointed ] ‖ ‖ To bring in these at Rome : though it appeareth by histories , that the Bacchanalia were vsed in Rome long before Iulius Caesars time . to bring in h h Thyasus was a most filthy dance vs●d in the 〈◊〉 of Bacchus . dances vnto Bacchus .

i i In Bacchus sacrifice they vsed to beare a iauelin wrapped with ivie , called Thy●sis . And * * To weaue in , or wrap about . to bind about the ‖ ‖ Bending , quiuering , or shiuering speares . limber speares with * * Soft . pleasant leaues .

k k The third part of the Epicedion , from the honour and happinesse which the Romanes receiued by Daphnis while he liued , being adorned by foure ●militudes . As the vine is the * * Grace or ornament . honour to the trees , [ and ] as the grapes [ * * Are [ the ornament . ] are ] to the vines ;

And the buls [ are ] to the * * Flockes . heards ; as ‖ ‖ The corne now ripe . the standing corne [ * * [ Are. ] is ] to the * * Fat . fruitfull fields :

[ So ] thou art all the honour ‖ ‖ Vnto thy family ▪ or vnto the Romanes , whose Empire Caesar wonderfully enlarged : or else , vnto sheepheards . vnto thine . l l And amplified by the contrary euil● that followed after his death . * * After that the destinies haue taken thee away [ so cruelly . ] Since that the fates haue taken thee away ,

* * Pales [ the Godd●sse of shepheards ] her selfe [ hath left the fields , ] and Apollo himselfe hath left the fields [ likewise . ] Pales her selfe and euen Apollo too hath left the fields :

* * Vnhappie or vnluckie darnell [ or tares . ] Mischieuous darnell and ‖ ‖ Light or vnprofitable oates . barren oates * * Do rule ouer all [ or almost onely grow and run ouer all ▪ ] do beare the sway ‖ ‖ Vpon the tilled land , where we haue sowne the best and greatest , or fullest corne . in the furrowes , whereto ‖ ‖ Cast or throwne . we haue ‖ ‖ Flower de luce , as some thinke . committed great barley oftentimes .

* * We haue committed eft . For the pleasant violet , [ and ] for the purple * * The thistl● [ doth arise or grow ] and the whit● thorne with sharpe prickes springs vp , for the soft violet , [ and ] for the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ‖ ‖ The holly tree , or rather 〈◊〉 or g●sce . Narcissus ,

The thistle and ‖ ‖ Scatt● [ or co●er ] the ground with flowers , [ viz adorne the place of his sepulcher with flowers . white thorne grow ▪ vp with [ their ] sharpe pricks .

m m Hitherto his funerall song , whereunto is adioyned his Epitaph , viz. verses concerning his sepulcher , to be set vpon his tombe . [ Yee ] sheepheards ‖ ‖ Hitherto his funerall song , whereunto is adioyned his Epitaph , viz. verses concerning his sepulcher , to be set vpon his tombe . strew the ground with leaues , * * Bring in the shades to the fountaines , [ that is , make gr●es about the fountaines wherein his soule may dwell : [ for they thought that the soules of such worthy nobles dwelt in the woods and about the fountaines . ] make shades about the fountaines , Daphnis commands such things to be done for him .

And make ‖ ‖ A sepulchre or hearse . a tombe , * * And adde aboue , this verse vnto the tombe . and set this verse vpon the same .

* * I am Daphnis knowne in the woods from hence euen vnto the starres or skies . Daphnis I am , known in the woods from hence vnto the starres .

A keeper [ loe ] of cattell [ I was ] a keeper of faire cattell , I my selfe being fairer [ then they . ] viz. the most renow●d Emperour of the noble Romanes . faire , yet fairer am my selfe .

Men.

n n Thus farre 〈◊〉 the Epitaph of Daphnis : now followeth the commendation thereof by Menalcas : and then his deifying or canonization , viz his referring of him into the number of the Gods , which Menalcas vndertakes . Oh diuine Poet , thy verse [ is ] * * Such [ or of such sort . ] so pleasant vnto vs ,

* * Of what sort sleepe [ is ] to [ men ] being wearie [ lying downe ] in the grasse , [ and ] of what sort it is [ a man ] to quench [ his ] thirst with a bubbling streame of sweete water . As sleepe to wearie [ men ] [ lying ] in the grasse ; [ and ] as in the heate ,

To quench [ ones ] thirst with a * * Leaping riuer [ or springing streame . ] bubbling streame of sweete water .

Neither doest thou match [ thy ] ‖ ‖ Maister , viz. 〈◊〉 , whom Virgil i●tated . maister onely * * With [ thy ] reeds , [ viz. thy pip● and playing thereon , ] but with [ thy ] voice , viz. in singing . in thy pipe , but also in thy voice .

Oh fortuna● * * Boy [ or youth ▪ ] lad , thou now shalt be * * Another from him , [ viz. the next vnto 〈◊〉 i● skill of pastorall 〈◊〉 . ] the next to him .

* * Howbeit we will say these our [ verses ] to thee by course , after 〈◊〉 manner , and we will lift vp thy Daphnis vnto the signes of heauen [ viz vnto the starres . ] Yet notwithstanding we will tune these songs of ours to thee againe by course , ‖ ‖ As well as we can . in some fashion , and we will extoll thy Daphnis to the skies .

We will * * Lift vp . aduance Daphnis vnto the starres : [ for ] * * Daphnis loued vs also [ or made much of vs . ] Daphnis likewise loued vs .

Mops.

* * Whether can any thing be greater to vs . Can any thing be dearer vnto vs then such a verse ?

Both * * The boy [ viz. Daphnis ▪ This cannot be vnderstood of Caesar , who was slain in his mans estate . ] the youth himselfe was worthy to be sung of : and ‖ ‖ Stimichon the famous Po●t . Stimichon commended these verses Al. ‖ A while ago , or not long ago , or of late . vnto vs , al. now of late .

Men.

* * White [ or shining Daphnis . Glorious Daphnis * * Admires , or maruels at . wonders at the vnaccustomed * * Threshold or entrance 〈◊〉 heauen . gate of * * Oly●pus a hill in Greece , so high that of the Poets it is vsed for heauen . heauen , and seeth the clouds and * * Signes of heauen . starres vnder his feete .

Therefore * * Pleasure doth hold the merria woods . viz. the woods and countries do reioyce . pleasure doth possesse the merrie woods , ‖ ‖ And the rest of the countries [ viz. all are quiet and plentifull . ] and other countries , and Pan also & the sheepheards , and ‖ ‖ The Ny●hs of the woods , which solace themselves amongst the 〈◊〉 , whereof in the second Eclogue . those gir●es [ called ] Dryades . * Neither the 〈◊〉 doth 〈◊〉 wiles [ or 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 ] to the cattell , 〈◊〉 any nets deuis● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the stags [ or h●rts . ]

* * Al. merrie pleasure doth possesse . The wolfe [ deuiseth ] not any hurt vnto the ‖ ‖ Foulds . cattell , nor any ‖ ‖ Hunters with nets do seeke ●o catch the stags . nets intend deceit vnto the stags ; good Daphnis loueth * * Quietnesse , viz. concord and rest . peace .

Oh Menalcas , * * The very hils vnshorne [ viz. full of greene trees replenished with leaues . ] cast vp [ or send forth ] their voices , viz ▪ do exceedingly reioyce . the hils vnlopt lift vp their voices with ioy vnto the starres : the very rockes [ do sound out ] verses now , the groues themselues * * Do sound [ he is ] a God , he [ is ] a God . do ring ; he [ is ] a God , a God [ he is . ]

* * Oh [ Daphnis . ] O be thou good and * * Happie [ or bountifull ] to thine . viz. to them that adore and honour thee n●w made a God . gracious to thine . Behold ‖ ‖ Foure altars erected . foure altars .

* * Daphnis behold two altars for thee . Loe ( Daphnis ) two for thee , and the [ other ] two o o Altare quod à terrae erectum & exaltatum est . Ara qua in terra sta●itur . Ara etiam 〈◊〉 dei , altare a●then ▪ tici . altars for Apollo .

‖ ‖ I will offer vnto thee yearely sacrifices two pots of milke , &c. * * I will appoint . I will prepare for thee euery yeare two pots ‖ ‖ Foaming full . foaming with new milke , and two * * Goblets or ka●s . great cups of fat oyle .

‖ ‖ And feasting merrily . And making ‖ ‖ Pleasant . merry bankets , chiefly * * With much Bacchus . with good store of wine ,

Before the fire if it shall be cold , * * If [ it shall be ] harnest . if hot , [ then ] in the * * Shadow . shade ,

Will powre but * * New Nectar ▪ viz. a pleasant liquor fained to be the drinke of the Gods . a new and pleasant drinke [ euen ] * * Ar●isian wines , viz. of Aruisia , a place in the Isle Chi● . malmsey , with sacrificing cups .

p p Dametas and Egon two notable shepherds Dametas and Egon * * Of Lyctus , which was a towne of Creete , whence he had his name . of Creete * * Shall sing vnto me , viz. they shall play , and Alphesibeus shall dance . shall sing me songs :

q q Alphesibeus a fained name of a shepheard , of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , inuenio , & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , bos , velut inuentor boum . Alphesibeus shall imitate the dancing ‖ ‖ The Satyre is a kind of beast in the furthest parts of Lybia , hauing the face of a man : they are called seruants of Bacchus for their beastly wantonnesse , and named gods of the woods . Satyres .

r r The time of his sacrifices , viz. twise solemnly euery yeare . * * These [ holy duties ] These [ sacred rites ] * * Shall be alwayes to thee . shall euer be [ performed ] to thee , both when we shall * * Restore or giue . pay our ‖ ‖ Wonted once euery yeare . solemne vowes vnto the Nymphs , and * * When we shall view , [ viz. when we ‖ ‖ Go about the fields with much deuotion , as in the feasts called Amberuallia , spoken of in the second Eclogue . view the fields .

s s The perpetuitie of his deitie . * * [ Thy ] honour and thy name and praises shall remaine alwayes , whilest the Boare [ shall loue ] the top of a hill , whilest the fish shall loue [ or delight in ] the riuers . Whilest the Boare [ shall loue ] the ridges of the hils , [ and ] whilest the fish shall loue the streames :

* * And whilest the Bees shall be fed with thyme , whilest the grashoppers [ shall be fed ] with dew . And whilest the Bees shall be fed ‖ ‖ Vpon the thyme flowers . with thyme , [ and ] the grashoppers with the dew ;

[ Thy ] honour and thy name and praises shall euermore remaine .

The husbandmen * * Shall vow . shal make vowes yearely vnto thee , like as vnto Bacchus and to Ceres . And thou shalt also ‖ ‖ Condemne them [ or hold them guiltie ] for not performing their vowes : or bind them with their vowes , that they performe them when thou hast granted their petitions , and punish them if they do not . charge them with their vowes .

Mopsus .

t t Mopsus to requite Menalcas , commends his verses of the de●fication of Daphnu , by three comparisons of the lesse . What [ gifts shall I bestow on ] thee ? * * What [ gifts ] what can I requite ‖ ‖ For this thy song . for such a song ?

* * For ●either the hizzing [ or whizzing blast ] of the Southwind coming . For neither doth the whisling of the South-wind rising , so much [ delight ] me :

Nor the shores * * S●itten or dashed against with the waue . beaten on with the waues , do please me [ so , ] * * Nor the flouds which run downeward . nor yet the streames which do run downe amongst the stonie ‖ ‖ Dales or bankes . valleys .

Men.

* * We will present thee before with this brittle hemlocke , [ viz. pipe made of hemlocke . ] We will first bestow on thee this brittle pipe :

‖ ‖ Vpon this pipe I learned those two songs , viz. the second and the third Eclogue . This [ pipe taught ] vs : Corydon impatiently loued faire Alexis .

This same taught vs : Whose cattell [ are these ? ] * * Whether are they the cattell of Melibee ? are they Melibees ?

Mops.

But Menalcas , take thou [ ‖ ‖ My shepheards staffe . this ] sheephooke , ‖ ‖ Being very fine [ or tri●s . ] being very faire , with * * With euen [ or equall knots ] and with brasse , viz. either brazen studs or tacks , in euery knot one , [ or the hoope ●ade of brasse , or with a hoope ●nd pike of brasse . equall knots and studs of brasse , which Antigenes * * Tooke not , or bore not away . could not obtaine , * * When he oft asked me it . though he oft requested it of mee ,

‖ ‖ Although he was well worthy to be loued . and [ yet ] was he then worthy to be loued .

THE SIXTH ECLOGVE [ * * To which the name is Silenus . called ] SILENVS . THE ARGVMENT .

IN this Eclogue [ ‖ ‖ Virgil in this Eclogue bringeth in Silenus , [ and ] him indeed drunke , as it became a bringer vp of Bacchus , &c. the Poet ] brings in Silenus drunke , ( as it well became the schoolemaister of Bacchus ) but yet ‖ ‖ He bringeth him in singing very skilfully . singing very skilfully according to the opinion of the Epicures , ‖ ‖ Of the beginnings of things , viz. the first forming or framing of things . concerning the beginnings of [ all ] things , and that ‖ ‖ To the grace or honour of Quintilius Varus . in fauour of Quintilius Varus : * * Who , Donate being witnesse , together with Virgil , gaue his endeuour to this sect , vnder Silon the Philosopher . who , as Donate saith , gaue himselfe to the studie of this discipline , together with Virgil , vnder Silon the Philosopher . But because these things did not sufficiently * * Agree . accord ‖ ‖ To the lownesse , or low pitch of , &c. to the low straine * * Of a Bucolicke verse . of a pastorall verse , * * He prayeth for pardon straightway from [ or after ] the beginning : neither hauing taried so much in that argument , be passeth straightway vnto fables . he presently at his entrance craueth pardon ; and not tarying long in that argument , forthwith passeth vnto certaine fained tales .

The Poet himselfe is the onely speaker in this Eclogue .

OVr [ Muse ] a a Thalia is properly one of the three Graces , whose names were Aglaia , Thalia , and Euphrosune , supposed to be the daughters of Iupiter and Venus . Thalia vouchsafed first ‖ ‖ To sing . to play ‖ ‖ In pa●torall verse , in imitation of Theocritus , who dwelt in Syracuse a famous citie in Sicilia . in b b For Syracusio some write Syracosio , lest it comming of ou , should be contracted . And it is Syracusi for Syracusano after the maner of the 〈◊〉 , as Sicelides for Sicilienses , Eclog. 4. Syracusian verse , and blushed not * * To inhabite the woods . to dwell among the woods .

* * When I did sing . When as I sang of Kings and ‖ ‖ Battels or skirmishes . warres , * * Cynthius , [ Apollo is called Cynthius of Cynthus a mountaine in the Isle Delos , where Apollo and Dians were borne . Apollo * * Puid [ my ] eare , and admonished me . pluckt me by the care , and warned me : Oh Tityrus * * It behoueth a sheepheard to feed fat sheepa , and to speake [ or sing ] a verse drawne out , [ viz. a pastorall song of a low or meane kind , drawne out small like wooll in spinning . ] it becometh a sheepheard to fat [ his ] sheepe , [ and ] to sing a teased verse .

* * Now will I meditate a fielden Muse , [ viz. a pastorall song ] with my slender reed . Now will I play a countrey tune with my slender reeden pipe : ( for Varus thou shalt haue ●now who will desire to ( For , Varus , there shall be aboue to thee , [ viz. there shall remaine enow to thee ] who may desire to vtter thy praises . speake of thy praises , and * * To build [ viz. to set out or declare ] thy sorrowfull warres . to describe thy dreadfull warres .

I do not sing * * Things vncommanded , without the command [ viz. of Pollio or Augustus . ] vnbidden things : yet if any one shall also [ reade ] these [ verses , ] if any one * * Taken with the loue of thee , or enamoured with the ‖ If any one be enamoured , let him reade these things . loue [ of thee ] will reade them . Oh Varus , * * Our wilde tamariske [ or ling ] shal sing of thee . our heath shall sing thy praises .

Euery ‖ ‖ Groue or forrest , most properly a groue for pleasure . wood ‖ ‖ Shall praise thy deeds . shall sing of thee : * * Neither is there . for there is not any * * Page [ or booke . ] A page is properly a side of a leafe in a booke . writing more pleasing ‖ ‖ To be learned . to Apollo , then that * * Which hath prescribed the name of Varus vnto it selfe , [ viz. which is written in the praises of Varus ] or hath the title of Varus . which beares the name of Varus .

* * Oh ye [ nine ] Muses borne in Pierius in Thessalie , go ye on . Yee Muses of the hill Pierius proceede . ‖ ‖ The two youths Chromis & Mnas . The lads Chromis and Mnasilus saw ‖ ‖ Bacchus schoolemaister , a famous Poet. Silenus lying fast asleepe in a caue ,

* * Lying [ ouerwhelmed or buried ] in sleepe . Hauing his veines blowne vp , * * Blowne vp [ in respect of his veins ] with yesterdayes wine , as alwayes . with wine the day before , as alwayes [ hee was wont . ]

[ His ] garlands lay * * Bacchus . [ Iachos a name of Bacchus , of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying a crie , groaning or belching , taken from the filthy noises which drunkards make commonly . a good way off , ‖ ‖ Onely fallen downe from his head , viz. otherwise whole , and not broken nor hurt . onely slipped * * A farre off . from his head ,

* * To his head . And a great ‖ ‖ A pot or iug that held a great deale of wine . kan hanged by , hauing the eare all worne .

[ * * And a great [ viz. a heauie or mightie ] tankard , with the handle [ or stouke all worne ] hanged on his necke or at his girdle , neare vnto him . They ] setting [ on him ] ( for ‖ ‖ This old Silenus . the old man had oft times mocked * They inuading or assailing him . them both ‖ ‖ Promising to sing them songs . with hope of a song ) ‖ ‖ Bind him with hands made of the garlands themselues . cast bonds vpon him [ made ] of his very garlands .

Egle * * Addeth her selfe a fellow . adioyned her selfe [ as ] a companion , * * And came vpon them being fearfull , [ viz. came ( as we say ) in the nicke , or in the very fit oportunitie , to helpe them , being timorous or doubtfull . and came to helpe these timorous youths :

[ Euen ] Egle the fairest of the. * * Naiades are the Fairies , haunting riuers and fountaines . water Nymphs , ‖ ‖ And painted [ both ] his browes and temples with bloud red mulberies , she seeing him . and painted [ both ] the forehead and the temples of the head [ * * [ To him , viz ▪ to Silenus ] now seeing [ her ] viz. being awaked , and looking on her . ] of him ] now ‖ seeing [ her , ] with bloudie coloured mulberies .

Hee laughing at [ ‖ ‖ Loose me , ye boyes . their ] subtiltie ; to what end knit you these bands ? quoth he .

‖ ‖ The subtill iest . Yee boyes , loose me : c c Silenus makes himselfe a halfe God , which were seene but when they listed ; and thus he speaketh as followeth . it is enough * * Me to haue bene able to be seene [ of you , ] being seene but when I list . that I could be seene [ of you . ]

* * Know ye what verses you will . Chuse ye what songs you will haue , * * Verses [ shall be ] to you . you shall haue songs .

* * Another reward shact be to this [ Egle. ] She shall haue another reward . * * He begins withall . [ And ] so withall doth he begin .

‖ ‖ When Silenus began to sing . And then indeede you might behold both the ‖ ‖ The Gods of the woods . Fawnes and wilde beasts too , * * To play [ or skip ] in number , viz. according to the harmony of the tune . to dance in measure and in time ; then might you see the * * Stiffe oakes to moue oft and shake sturdie oakes to waue their tops .

* * Neither the Parnassian rocke , [ viz. the mount Parnassus in Thessalie , consecrated to Apollo ] So that Parnassus rock * * Doth so much [ delight and ] ioy in Phoebus , viz. Apollo . doth not so much reioyce in Phoebus :

* * Nor Rhodope doth wonder at so much , nor Ismarus [ so greatly admire ] Orpheus . Nor d d Rhodope and Ismarus mountains in Thracia , wherein Orpheus was wont to play . Rhodope and Ismarus do so admire Orpheus .

e e The argument or subiect matter of Silenus songs . For he sang how the f f The Epicures thoght all these to be made of motes and such little bodies concurring . seeds * * Of the earths , and of the soule , and also of the sea , and withall of the liquid fire had bene gathered together . of the earth and of the aire , and also of the water , and likewise of the ‖ ‖ Cleare or pure . liquid fire , were first gathered together * * Thorough the great emptinesse . thorough out the great vast space : Al. Al. How all beginnings [ growed vp together ] from these first seeds , and the very tender globe of the world growed together . how all things [ tooke ] their beginnings of the first [ seeds , ] and how the ‖ ‖ Yong , pliant delectable , or tender at the first . ‖ Growed fast and strong in euery part . tender globe it selfe of the round world did grow together :

Then [ loe ] the earth began to harden and to separate * * Nereus [ a god of the sea , the sonne of Oceanus , whereof the Ocean had the name . Here put for the Ocean . the Ocean sea from * * Pontus the sea betweene Meotis and Tenedos , so called of Pontus the sonne of Nercus . Pontus , ‖ ‖ How things began to be formed of the earth . and by litle and litle to take the * * Formes , viz. diuers shapes . shapes of things .

* * And now the earths [ or lands ] are amazed at the new Sunne to begin to shine . And also how the earth is now astonished [ to see ] ‖ ‖ The Sunne newly formed with the other heauenly lights . the new Sunne to begin to shine .

And [ how ] ‖ ‖ The raine doth fall . the showres do fall * * The clouds being remoued more high [ or very high . ] from clouds remoued on high [ from th' earth , ]

‖ ‖ How . When first the woods * * Do begin . began * * To rise [ viz to spring vp . ] to grow vp , * * And when the liuing creatures do erre [ or wander ] thorough [ or amongst ] the mountaines , [ viz when the mountaines and valleys began to be replenished with new creatures . ] and at what time the beasts wandered vp and downe throughout the vnknowne mountaines .

g g Of the framing of the world in the beginning , and of the repairing it after the floud , especially for the repairing of mankind by Pyrrha and Deucalion , and so the other stories , see Ouid in his Metamorphosis . * * After this [ he reports or relates ] the stones cast to Pyrrha [ viz. of or by Pyrrha ] [ and also he relates ] Saturnes kingdomes . After this [ he sang of ] the stones cast by Pyrrha , and of Saturnes kingdomes .

* * Also he reports [ or shewes ] the birds of Caucasus and the theft of Prometheus . And withall he sings of the birds of the hill Caucasus and the theft For the rest of this Eclogue , I referre the ingenuous Reader to Ramus and other Commenters . of Prometheus , &c.

THE SEVENTH ECLOGVE [ * * To whom the name i● [ viz. which is intituled or named . ] called ] Meliboeus .

THe Argument of this Eclogue is taken from the * * B●coliasts . Pastorals of Theocritus . And here the Poet brings in * * Melibeus a shepheard , [ or rather a neatheard . ] the sheepheard Melibeus reporting * * A strife [ or triall for maisteries ] of Corydon and Thyrsis , &c. a Pastorall ▪ contention betweene Corydon and Thyrsis , whereat by chance ( as he sought a goate which had * * Wandered away . strayed from his flocke ) * * He had came betweene by chance . hee was present , * * Sent for of Daphnis . being called [ thereto ] by Daphnis the iudge of the * * Contention . maistery : whom he * * Nods to [ or signifies by the beckning of his head ] to haue pronounced according to Corydon . intimates to haue giuen sentence with Corydon , whenas he saith at the end of the Eclogue :

* * I remember these things . These things I remember , ‖ ‖ And Thyrsis being outmatched , to haue contended in vaine . that Thyrsis ouercome , contended all in vaine .

The speakers are Meliboeus , Corydon , Thyrsis . Mel.

* * By hap [ or by chance ] Daphnis had ●it downe together . DAphnis as it fell out , sate downe vnder a * * Shrill by the mouing of the leaues . whizzing The holme is a kind of oake . holme :

And both Corydon and Thyrsis * * Had driuen together ▪ [ or had gathered together ] their flockes into one [ flocke . ] had gathered their flockes into one ,

* * Thyrsis [ had gathered his ] sheepe , [ and ] Corydon [ had gathered his ] litle she goates stretched [ or strouted out ] viz. hauing their vdders full of milke . Thyrsis [ his ] sheepe , Corydon his goates bagd with milke .

* * Both of them [ were ] flourishing in their ages , viz. flourishing youths . Both of them flourishing in age , ‖ ‖ Both of them borne in Arcadia , and right Arcadians ▪ for their musicke , [ viz. very skilfull musicians . both Arcadians .

* * And equall to sing , and ready to answer [ viz. in verse ] whosoeuer should chalenge them . Also matches in singing , and prepared to answer [ one another by turnes . ]

* * The man [ or husband ] of the flocke [ viz. the high goate ] himselfe had wandered away to me [ viz. from me ] hither , whilst I defend [ viz. do fence ] [ my ] myrtle trees from the cold [ viz. my yong myrtles . Whilst I was fencing my tender myrtles from the cold : the goate himselfe the leader of the flocke , had strayed from me hither : * * And I see [ or behold ] Daphnis . and then I spied Daphnis : * * He ( when he seeth me against [ him ] ) saith quickly [ or very quickly . ] who when he saw me ouer against him , * * Or spake , O Melibeus come hither quickly . spake quickly [ thus vnto me . ]

* * O Melibeus come hither [ thy ] goate is safe for thee , [ or the he goate to thee is safe ] and [ thy ] kids [ are safe . ] Come hither Melibeus , thy goate is safe , and so likewise thy kids .

And if thou canst * * Ceasse any thing [ viz. if thou haue any leisure . ] stay any whit , rest [ with me ] vnder the * * Shadow . shade .

* * The very bullocks will come hither , &c. The bullockes will come hither to drinke , thorough the medowes of their owne accord .

Al. Here a a Mincius is called greene , for green trees & reeds with the sedge growing about it . the greene Al. Here Mincius hath couered his green banks with a tender re●d , [ viz. with yong reeds . ] riuer Mincius hath couered his banks with tender reeds : and the swarmes of bees ‖ ‖ Make a humming noise from the oake consecrated to Iupiter . resound from the holy oake .

What should I do ? for neither had I Alcippe [ my wife ] nor [ my daughter ] Phillis al. at Al. Which might shut vp at home [ my ] lambes weaned from [ their ] milke , [ viz. from their dams . ] home , which might ‖ ‖ Shut vp [ within the foulds . ] shut vp [ my lambes ] * * Driuen away from the milke . weaned from the milke .

And there was * * A great contention [ or strife for maisteries . a great match to be tried * * Corydon [ did striue [ or play for a wager ] with Thyrsis , or to Corydon with Thyrsis . b b Prolepsis implicit● . betweene Corydon and Thyrsis .

* * Neuerthelesse I set after mine own earnest matters to their play , [ viz. I preferred their sport before mine own serious [ or weightie ] businesse [ of seeking my goate . ] Yet set I mine owne serious [ businesses ] after ‖ ‖ Their contention in musicke . their sport .

Then ‖ ‖ Corydon and Thyrsis . both of them began * * To contend . to trie with verses sung ‖ ‖ One after another by turnes . by course . The Muses wold haue [ them ] record c c In this Eclogue they sing by turnes , either of them foure verses , like as in the third by couples , 〈◊〉 two & two , and in the fift by twentie fiue a peece . [ their * * Verses by course . songs by turnes .

‖ ‖ Corydon began , and rehearsed the foure first verses . Corydon [ rehearsed ] * * These [ verses . ] these [ first , and ] Thyrsis related in order those [ that follow . ]

C.

O Nymphs of d d Lybethris a fountain where those Nymphs are worshipped . Lybethris , * * Being our loue [ or delight . ] [ who are ] our chiefe delight , either grant vnto me [ such ] a verse as [ yee vouchsafed ] to my Codrus ; ( for he makes [ verses ] ‖ ‖ Almost equall to Apollos verses . next vnto the verses of * * Phoebus . Apollo : ) or if all of vs cannot [ make such , ]

My shrill sounding pipe shall ‖ ‖ I will hang vp the instruments of my profession , as hauing serued out my time . hang here vpon [ this ] ‖ ‖ The pine tree consecrated to Cybele the mother of the Gods . sacred pine .

Th.

e e Poets were crowned with ivie , either as being consecrated to Liber , and inspired with a furious spirit , as in the feasts of Bacchus ; or else because as ivies are alwayes greene , so verses deserue eternitie , as Seruius thinketh . Yee Arcadian sheepheards , ‖ ‖ Decke ye , viz. crowne , with a pastorall garland of ivie , though not with a lawrell crowne . adorne with ivie ‖ ‖ [ Me your ] Poet. [ your ] Poet growing [ in his skill , ] ‖ ‖ That Codrus may burst for enuie , [ viz. that I should be preferred before him for my musicke . * * That the small guts may be bursten to Codrus with enuie . that Codrus guts may burst for enuie :

f f The heathen feared to be praised ouermuch , especially of enemies , thinking that praise to haue the force of witchcraft , against which they accounted the herbe Bacchar to haue speciall vertue . ‖ ‖ Or if he shall be inforced to praise me . Or if he shall praise [ me ] * * Beyond [ his ] liking . more then he would willingly , * * Gird about [ my ] forehead . compasse yee my browes about with ‖ ‖ Ladies gloues . ‖ Codrus [ or Corydons ] euill tongue . Saint Iohns wort , lest [ his ] ill tongue should hurt [ me ] * * About to be a Poet , [ viz. which ar● in hope to be a Poet , or , your Poet that shall be . now ready to be a Poet.

Cor.

g g Corydon to the end that he may obtaine his desire for Poetry , offers vnto Diana the sister of Apollo and Goddesse of hunting , these gifts befitting her th●s set out . * * Oh Delia. Oh Diana [ thou hunting Goddesse , ] [ my ] little Mycon ‖ My litle sonne Mycon . [ ‖ ‖ Presents or giues . offers ] vnto thee this head of the bristly h h The Boare and the Stag are amongst the principall beasts of the chase in hunting . boare , and [ these ] branched hornes i i Pli●ie and others report that the Stags liue very long . of the long liued Stag.

‖ ‖ If this victorie or praise shall be mine , that I shal be next vnto Codrus in musicke or Poetrie . If this [ wager ] shall be mine owne , ‖ ‖ I will make thee a picture of marble . thou shalt stand [ made ] * * Whole . wholly of smooth marble k k E●incta sur●s foe [ vsque ] sur●s , Synecd●che . or , secundum sur●s . * * Tied about [ euen vnto ] the calues of the legs with a purple buskin . in purple buskins .

Thyrs .

l l Priapus the god of the gardens or orchard Priapus , ‖ ‖ I hope thou wilt be contented with me , if according to my poore estate I offer vnto thee a boll of milke , &c. it is enough for thee to expect euery yeare a boll of milke and these cakes : thou art [ but ] the keeper ‖ ‖ Of the simple garden . of the poore orchard .

* * We haue made thee a picture of marble . Now we haue made thee of marble ‖ ‖ For the present . for the time : * * But if bringing forth of yong , shall supply [ or fill ] [ our ] flocke : but if increase of yong shall store [ our ] flocke , ‖ ‖ Then thou shalt be golden , viz. haue a picture made of gold . [ then ] be thou all of gold .

Cor.

O Nymph Galatea , daughter of Nereus , sweeter to me ‖ ‖ Then the hony of Hybla , of which before in the first Eclogu● . then the thyme of Hybla [ to the bees , ]

Whiter then the swans , fairer ‖ ‖ Then the fairest 〈◊〉 . then white ivie .

So soone as ‖ ‖ The cattel being filled shall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . the buls being fed * * Shall seeke againe their stals , [ or go againe vnto their stals . ] shall returne vnto their stals , * * Come tho● if any care of thy Corydon ha●e [ or possisse ] th●e . if thou haue any care of thy Corydon [ then ] come thou .

Th.

Yea let me seeme to thee more bitter then m m These herbes of Sardinia are taken for a kind of Crow-foote , which being eaten do take away the vnderstanding , and do shrink vp the sinewes in the face in such sort , that a man shall seeme to die laughing : whereupon came that Adage of the Sardinian laughter . the * * Sardois pro Sardinijs , Casus Graecus . ‖ The herbes that grow in Sardinia . Sardinian herbes , * * More horrible . more rough to touch then ‖ ‖ Butchers broome is a prickly shrub . butchers broome , more ‖ ‖ Contemptible . vile * * Then sea weed cast forth [ of the sea . ] then n n Alga , is called of some Lauer or Sea-girdle , it seemeth to be a sea herb growing on the rocks , hauing leaues like lettice , though here it is taken for whatsoeuer weeds the sea casteth out . wrake cast vp on shore ,

If that * * This light . this day be not * * Now. already longer to me then a whole yeare .

O bullockes fed [ enough ; ] go home , * * Go ye [ home , if there be any shame [ to you . ] if you haue any shame , be gone .

Cod.

‖ ‖ Oh fountaines [ or springs ] greene ouer with mosse . Oh mossie springs , * * And oh herbe more soft [ or pleasant ] to sleepe , [ viz. vnto sleepe . and [ thou ] O grasse o o Mollior som no , for ad somnum . most fost to sleep [ vpon , ] ;

And that greene * * Arbute , or sernice tree , or crab tree . wilding tree , which couereth you ‖ ‖ With the shadow of her branches spred here and there . with her thin * * Shadow . shade ,

* * Defend ye [ or keepe away ] the solstice to the cattel , viz from the cattel : that is , saue the cattell from the heate of the Sunne in the solstice . Hypallage . Met. Effic . Keepe off p p The solstice in the Sommer , is when the Sun ascends no higher towards vs : of Solis statio , which is about the 11 or 12 of Iune : like as contrary the Winter solstice , when it is at the lowest from vs . the vehement heate from the cattell : now the ‖ ‖ The vine buds . scorching Summer comes , now ‖ ‖ Burning heate . the gemmes * * Do swell . break forth in the * * Ioyfull [ or rank● ] vine branch . pleasant vine branch .

Th.

Here [ is ] an herth and q q Teda is taken most properly for the middle or the heart of the pine tree , which ( thorough the licour in it ) being kindled burneth like a torch , and generally for any kinde of fat and gummy wood , and so for a torch , or whatsoeuer the torch is made of . fat gummie wood , ‖ Fat torches . here [ is ] euer * * Very much fire , a great fire . good store of fire , and the posts blacke with continuall ‖ ‖ Smoke . soote .

‖ ‖ Here by reason of our good f●ors . Here care we for the * * Colds . cold of the North-wind so much as either the wolfe cares for the number [ of the sheepe , ] or * * The flouds running violently , [ or vehement , or boisterous . the raging streames [ care for ] the bankes .

Cor.

Both the iuniper trees stand [ full of fruite ] and also * * The rough chest-nut trees [ stand full . ] the rough chest-nuts [ ‖ ‖ Are plenteous , or waxe ripe . doe abound . ]

* * Their owne seuerall apples lie euery where scattered vnder the tree . The apples lie euery where strewed vnder their trees :

* * All things do laugh now , [ viz. do seeme to reioyce because of the plentie and our prosperitie . Now all things laugh : but is faire Alexis ‖ ‖ Should depart . depart from these hils , ‖ ‖ Thou shouldest then see the very riuers drie . [ then ] thou mayest * * Also the flouds drie . see the very riuers dried vp .

Thyrs .

The field * * Is drie [ or is parched with heate , or is very drie . is parcht , * * The herbe [ viz grasse ] dying thorough the felt [ or vnseasonablenesse ] of the aire [ or weather ] thirsteth [ for raine . ] the grasse thirsteth , dying through the distemper of the aire .

Bacchus ‖ ‖ Hath grudged , or denied , or disdained . hath enuied * * The shadowes made of the vine branches , [ viz. the vines haue lost their leaues through the scorching heate . the shades of the vine branches to the hils .

[ But ] euery ‖ ‖ Groue [ or all trees . ] wood * * Shall be greene [ againe . ] shal waxe green [ again ▪ ] At the coming of o●r Phillis , [ viz. if she shall come vnto vs . ] by the coming of our Phillis .

* * And very much Iupiter , [ viz. sweete and pleasant aire . And good store of r r Iupiter is put for the 〈◊〉 , by a Meton . Effic . which ●ire being thickned , tur●eth into raine . s s Iupeter q. iuuans pa● , or iuuans ac● . pleasant aire shall [ then ] descend * * With a merry [ or ioyfull ] shower , viz. with raine making 〈◊〉 ioyfull and merry . with comfortable showres .

Cor.

The poplar tree [ is ] * * Most acceptable [ or best pleasing , or dedicated . most pleasing to t t Alcides put for Hercules . Patronym . ab Alc●o 〈◊〉 . The poplar is dedicated to him , because being crowned with poplar when ●e went downe to hell ( as the Poets faine ) part of the leaues which stucke close to the temples of his head , remained still white , but the outward part of them remained blacke with the soote of hell , which colour still abides in the leaues * * Alcides . Hercules , * * The vine [ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pleasing ] or most delight s●ms . the vine to * * Iacchus . Bacchus ,

The myrtle tree to * * Faire . beautifull Venus , The lawrell being Apolloos owne tree . his * * [ Is most pleasing ] to Apollo . owne lawrell * * To Ph●bus . vnto * * Ouercome , [ viz. go beyond in estimation . ] Apollo .

[ But ] My loue . Phillis loueth The ●ilberd tree . the hazels ; whilest Phillis shall loue them :

Neither shal the myrtle tree * * Nor the bay 〈◊〉 of Apollo [ shall passe them . surpasse the hazels , * * The fairest [ tree growing ] to the woods . nor the lawrell of Apollo .

Th.

The ash tree is * * The pine tree [ is the fairest tree . ] the fairest in the woods , * * The poplar [ is the fairest tree . ] the pine tree in the orchards . ● Gardens .

* * In the 〈◊〉 , [ by the ri●ers side . ] The poplar tree * * If 〈◊〉 see 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●ft . vpon the riuer bankes , the ●ir tree in the high mountaines .

But oh faire Lycidas , * if thou oftener visit● me ,

The ash in the woods * * Shall yeeld [ viz. shall be inferiour to thee . shall stoope to thee , [ and ] the pine tree * * In the orchards [ shall yeeld to thee . ] in the orchards .

Mol.

* * I remember [ well ] these [ songs . ] These things I remember [ well , ] and Thyrsis * * Being ouercome , to contend in vaine . ouer-matched to haue contended all in vaine .

Since that time * * Corydon is the noble conquerour , ] viz. Corydon is for vs , [ viz. Corydon is for our money , ] or in our iudgement . Corydon , Corydon is for vs .

THE EIGHTH ECLOGVE [ INtituled ] * * Pharmaceutria of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , venenum sine 〈◊〉 , vnde 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , veneno inficio , medeor , & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , veneficus , 〈◊〉 , & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 venefica 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Pharmaceutria , [ or the Witch or Sorceresse . ] THE ARGVMENT .

THere are two parts of this Eclogue . In the * * Former [ part . ] former , Damon a shepheard being * * Taken with the loue . enamored with the loue of a [ certaine ] girle [ called ] Nisa ; whenas she had preferred ‖ ‖ Mopsus a fained name of a shepheard . Mopsus before him , * * He 〈◊〉 forth . breakes out into diuers complaints * * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . through impatience of loue . The latter part is almost wholly taken out of an ‖ ‖ Idyllium is a Poets worke consisting of few verses . Idyllium : of Theocritus ‖ ‖ Called Pharmace●tria . of the same name : * * In which . wherein a certaine Witch al. endeuours * * To call back● . to recall the mind of Al. Ende● by medicines and incantations to recall . her husband , of whom she was despised , vnto the loue of her selfe [ againe ] * * By drugs [ or remedies ] and incantations or ●antments . by medicines and charmes .

[ The speakers are ] the Poet , Damon , and Alphesibeus . The Poet.

[ * * We will speake of , or relate . We will record ] a song of [ two ] sheepheards , [ to wit ] of Damon and Alphesibeus ; * * Whom stri●ing [ viz. contending in singing . ] whom as they were trying maisteries [ in singing ] ‖ ‖ A h●fer forgetting her grasse , [ or lea●ing off to eate ] maruelled at . a yong heifer * * Of herbes . much wondered at , vnmindfull * * With the vers● [ or song , ] of which [ two ] the Lynces [ were ] amazed . of [ her ] grasse ; * * The flouds or streames . at whose song the Lynces stood amaz'd ,

And * * Rested [ viz. slaked , as inforced to rest . the riuers being ‖ ‖ Turned or hauing changed their courses . changed * * We will speake of . stayed their courses .

* * The st●es . We will record the song of Damon and Alphesibey .

Thou ▪ [ oh ‖ ‖ Al. Renowned Pollio . great Augustus , shalt be ‖ ‖ Made famous by my verses . extolled ] of me , whether ‖ ‖ Thou passest o●r . thou goest beyond * the rocks of great b b Timauus a riuer of Venice , or the riuer Brenta neare Aquileia in Italy . Timauus .

Or whether ‖ ‖ Thou gatherest neare vnto , or passest by the coast . thou sailest [ neare ] the coast of the * * Illyrian . Sclauonian sea ; loe , shall there euer be

That day , * * When it may be lawfull for me to speake of thy worthy acts [ or deeds . ] when I may record thy acts ?

Loe , shall there be [ that day ] * * That it may be lawfull for me , when I may * * To carry through the whole world , beare throughout the world ,

‖ ‖ The verses written of thy renowned acts . Thy verses * * Being alone worthy of Sophocles buskin , viz. to haue bene penned in Sophocles stately style . which alone are worthy of c c Because Sophocles tragedies were acted in buskins , therefore his loftie style is termed by this name , by a Metonvmie of the Adiunct . Sophocles buskin ?

d d He promiseth in all his verses to set foorth the praises of Augustus . The beginning [ ‖ ‖ Of these my songs . of my song hath bene ] ‖ ‖ Of thee , or by thy command . from thee ; it shall end * * To thee , viz. to thy praise . of thee : accept [ my ] verses ‖ ‖ Vndertaken . begun * * By thy commandements . at thy command , ‖ ‖ Let this garland made of the branches of the ivie and lawrell , be set vpon thy head . and suffer thou this e e Some apply this to Pollio , because he was an excellent Poet ( to whom the ivie garland appertained ) as well as a worthy gouernour . ivie to creepe Ivie in respect of the Poets worke , Lawrell for Augustus famous victories . about the temples of thy head , amongst the triumphant lawrell boughes .

‖ ‖ The night ( wherein it is ordinarily more cold then in the day , thorough the absence of the Sunne ) was scarcely past , and the day n●w appearing . The cold shadow of the night had scarce departed * * From heauen . from the skie ,

Whenas the dew * * In the tender herbe . vpon the tender grasse , is most pleasing to the cattell ,

Damon ‖ ‖ Leaning sheepheard-like vpon his staffe . * * Leaning vpon [ or against ] a long smooth oliue . leaning vpon his f f Teres , tereti● , signifieth any thing long , smooth and round . long smooth oliue staffe , began thus .

Dam.

‖ ‖ Oh Day-starre . O Lucifer arise , and coming before the * * Nourishing , because it is most nourishing and comfortable to all creatures . comfortable day , ‖ ‖ Bring it forth after thee . bring it [ with thee , ] whilest I complaine , being deceiued ‖ ‖ With the loue of Nisa , which she was vnworthy of . with the ‖ ‖ Vnkind loue . vnworthy loue ‖ ‖ Of Nisa whom I thought sure vnto me to be my wife . of Nisa my wife , * * And although I haue profited nothing , they being witnesses , yet I dying speake vnto the Gods in my last houre . and still euen ‖ ‖ About to die with griefe . dying do speake vnto the Gods at my last houre , although I haue not bene any thing helped ‖ ‖ That they are my witnesses that she had so o●t sworne by them that she would be my wife . This he seemeth ●o speake according to the iudgement of the Epicures , who held that the Gods cared not for mortall things . by hauing them my witnesses .

* * My pipe begin Menalian verses with me . My pipe begin [ to sound ] g g By Menalian verses the Poet meaneth excellent verses , such as were sung in Menalus , a hill of Arcadia . So that there is in it a Metalepfis , Menalian for Arcadian , and Arcadian verses for excellent verses . viz. Syn. membri & M●t Subj . Menalian tunes with me .

‖ ‖ In the hill Menalus sheepheards do alwayes sing of their loues , whereby the woods do ring , and as it were answer to their voice , or Menalus hath euer the trees sounding by their rustling with the winds . Menalus hath euermore both a shrill sounding wood , and speaking pine trees , it alwayes heares the loues of shepheards :

* * And [ it heares ] Pan , viz. the God of sheepheards , who is said to haue inuented the fielden musicke . And Pan himselfe who first of all * * Suffered not , &c. [ viz first inuented pipes of reeds . endured This verse oft repeated by Damon in his complaint , is called versus intercalaris , a verse oft interlaced , like the foot of a song . not the reeds [ ‖ ‖ To lie idle . to be ] vnskilfull .

My pipe ‖ ‖ Began to play Menalian tunes . begin [ to sound ] Menalian * * Verses . tunes with me .

‖ ‖ Nisa that fine 〈◊〉 is gi●en in marriage to that il-favoured lubber Mopsus . Nisa is giuen to Mopsus . * * What [ we ] louing may not hope . What may not [ we ] louers i i Some take here sperem●s for timeamus , by a Catachresis , as in the first of the Eneads , At sperate Deos memores fandi atque nefandi . hope for ?

‖ ‖ Griffins shall now be , &c. Now k k Griffins are like vnto Lions , saue that they seeme to haue the head and wing● of Eagles , being most spitefull against horses , and are dedicated to Apollo . Some thinke them to be meerly fabulous , like as the Pegasi . Griffins shall be ioyned [ in loue ] with horses , and in the age * * Following . succeeding ,

* * Timerous Bucks or D●es . The fearefull Deere ‖ ‖ Shall associate or sort themselues . shall come * * To pots [ viz. to banket , or to drinke at the water . to drinke with dogs .

O Mopsus ‖ ‖ Prepare or sharpen peeces of gummie wood , that they may better kindle and burne . cut new l l Faces were peeces of gummie wood cut like torches , wont to be vsed in stead of torches at weddings solemnized and kept at nights . torches : * * A wife is maried to thee [ viz. thou must wed a wife for others ] thou m m Carrying torches & throwing nuts about the house , were amongst their ceremonies vsed at mariages . marriest a wife .

Thou married man * * Sprinkle nuts , viz. cast nuts amongst the boyes , [ or scatter walnuts at the thresholds . cast nuts abroad ; n n The starres do seem to rise from the tops of most high mountaines . the euening starre ‖ ‖ Doth rise ouer Oeta . [ viz. the euening is come , now that the euening starre is risen . doth leaue mount o o Oeta is a mount of Thessaly , so high that the starres do seeme to rise there . Oeta * * To thee . for thy sake .

My pipe * * Begin with me . begin [ to sound ] Menalian * * Verses . tunes with me .

Oh [ Nisa ] * * Ioyned [ viz. married to a worthy husband . p p All these things are spoken in flouting and scornfull manner . matcht to a worthy man , whilest thou despisest all [ others . ]

And whilest * * My pipe is a hate to thee . [ viz odious , or out of fauour . thou disdain'st my pipe ; * * And whilst my litle goates . yea whilest my silly goates , and * * Hairie ‖ eyebrowes . rough eye-brow , and also * * My long beard . my beardgrowne in length , ‖ ‖ Are a hate , [ viz. contemned or despised . ] [ are all scorned of thee , ]

Nor yet beleeuest * * Any God [ or any of the Gods ] to care for mortall things [ viz. to be auenged for thy periury . ] that any God regards the things of mortall men .

My pipe begin with me [ to sound ] Menalian * * Verses or songs . tunes .

q q Damon complaineth of his error in falling in loue with Nisa , which he setteth out by the occasion , time and place , and by his owne age and stature . I saw thee ‖ ‖ When thou wast but a little one . being a little one gathering * * Bedewed apples [ wet with the dew in the morning , lying vnder the trees in our orchards . ] apples wet with dew in our hedges , with [ thy ] mother ( I was your guide . )

* * The other [ viz. the second ] yeare from eleuen had euen then taken me . I then began to be about thirteene yeares of age .

I could * * Now [ viz at that time . ] then ‖ ‖ Reach the boughes of the trees as I stood vpon the ground . touch the brittle boughes from ground .

* * As [ viz after that ] I beheld [ thee ] how perished I ? [ viz. how was I cast away , or vtterly vndone ? So soone as euer I saw thee , how was I vtterly distract ? how did * * That ill error [ viz. raging loue ] carried me away , [ viz. made me besides myselfe . ] that mischieuous error carry me quite away ?

* * My pipe begin [ to sound ] Menalian tunes with me . Begin my pipe with me Menalian tunes .

Now know I ‖ ‖ What a cruell thing loue is . what loue is . r r Damen inueyeth against the sauage nature of loue , by the procreant causes thereof , because of the many mis●ries which it brings . ‖ ‖ Ismarus and Rhodope are hils mentioned before in the 6 Eclogue . Ismarus , or Rhodope , or else * * The vtmost Garamants . ‖ ‖ The Garamants are a sauage people in the vtmost parts of Africa . the Garamants who dwell in the vttermost parts of the world , * * Do breed [ or bring forth ] that boy [ viz. Cupid the God of loue . ] haue bred that boy * * In the hard clifts , [ viz. rockes of stone , of which whet stones are made . amongst the hard rockes , ‖ ‖ Being of another nature different from vs . being neither of our kinde nor bloud .

My pipe begin [ to sound ] Menalian * * Verses . tunes with me .

‖ ‖ Cruell Cupid . Cruell loue taught ‖ ‖ Medea , who being despised by lason , slueher owne children . the mother * * To defile [ staine or soyle . ] to embrue * * Her hands with the bloud , &c. her hands in the bloud of her [ owne ] children . ‖ ‖ Thou Medea wast cruell as well as Cupid the blinded boy . Thou likewise [ wa st ] a cruell mother ,

Whether [ was ] the mother more cruell , or that boy more * * Mischieuous or naughtie . wicked ?

‖ ‖ Cupid was wicked , enforcing thee . He [ was ] a wicked boy , and thou * * Also . likewise a cruell mother .

My pipe begin with me [ to sound ] Menalian [ tunes . ]

‖ ‖ Now let the whole order of nature be subuerted . Now * * The wolfe also of his owne accord let him flie from the sheepe , the hard oakes let them beare golden apples , the alder tree let it flourish with Narcissus [ or the white Daffadill . ] let euen the wolfe flie from the sheep of his o●ne accord : let the hard oakes beare orenges ; let the alder tree flourish with Narcissus .

* * The wilde tamariske [ or heath ] let them sweate , &c. Let shrubs ‖ ‖ Drop downe gummie amber out of their barkes . sweate fat amber from [ their ] barks :

* * The owles let them contend [ in singing ] with swans , viz. let them excell the swans . And let owles contend [ in song ] with swans , let Tytirus [ now ] be Orpheus .

‖ ‖ Let Tityrus with his fielden pipe , passe Orpheus with his harpe amongst the wilde beasts , and Arion amongst the Dolphins , [ viz alluring them with their harmonie . [ Let him be ] Orpheus in the woods , [ and ] Arion amongst the Dolphins .

My pipe begin with me [ to sound ] Menalian * * Verses . tunes .

* * All things now let them be made euen midst of the sea , viz. let waters couer me with all other things . Let all things [ now ] be made maine sea ; * * Liue ye . farewell ye woods .

* * I will be caried downe . ‖ ‖ I will cast my selfe downe headlong into the sea from the top of some high mountaine , to dispatch my selfe . I will be throwne downe ‖ ‖ Ready to die with griefe . headlong into the waues , from * * The highest top , from whence men may looke round about . the top of an * * High in the aire . high mountaine .

[ Nisa ] * * Haue thou . take thou this last gift of me [ now ] ‖ ‖ Ceasse [ now . ] dying .

[ My ] pipe leaue off [ to sound ] Menalian * * Verses . tunes , [ my ] pipe [ at length ] ‖ ‖ Thus farre Damon . leau●ff .

s s 〈◊〉 . ‖ ‖ Each of vs . ] Damon sung these [ songs : ] t t Of the Muses called Pi●rides , see before Eclogu● 6. ye Muses of Picrius [ now ] * * Say ye . report what Alphesibeus answered . * * We all , viz. ‖ All of vs cannot do * * All things . euery thing .

Alph.

u u Here begin the verses of Alphesibeus , b●nging in a witch seeking by her forceries to allure her louer againe , who had began to forsake her . And that she speaketh to her maide . * * Bring out . Bring water , and ‖ ‖ Bind about , or gird . compasse these altars with a soft fillet .

And also ‖ ‖ Do sacrifice with burning sweete things , as fat veruein , burne fat vervein , ‖ ‖ And the best frankincense . and male frankincense ,

‖ ‖ That I may make an experiment or essay : That I may trie ‖ ‖ To turne away from others to my selfe : to turne away * * The sound senses , [ viz. that I may enamour him , or bewitch him with mad loue . ] the right wits of my husband by magicall * * Sacred things [ or sacred rites . ] ceremonies . ‖ ‖ All other things but charmes are prepared [ or ready ] Nothing but charmes are wanting here .

* * My verses . My charmes bring [ ‖ ‖ My husband or louer . Daphnis ] home from the citie , bring Daphnis [ home . ]

* * Charmes can draw downe the Moone euen from heauen . Charmes can euen ‖ ‖ Fetch downe . draw downe the Moon from heauen .

Circe [ the witch ] * * Changed the companions of Vlysses [ into swine ] with her inchantments , [ or the companions to Vlysses . changed the companions x x Vlysseus ▪ ei & contractè Vlissi . 2. declin . vel mutauit Vlyssi . 3. declin . y y For this story see Ouids Metamorph. with Sab. an●otations in the 14. booke . of Vlysses with [ her ] charmes .

The cold snake in the medowes * * Is bursten by singing ▪ [ viz. by charmes or inchantments . ] is burst by charmes .

My charmes bring [ Daphnis ] home from th' Citie , bring Daphnis [ home . ]

First of all * * I compasse about [ or I tie fast about ] to thee . I twist for thee * * These three threeds of the shittle wherewith the sel●edges of the web are made . these t●e seluedge threeds , * * Diuers with a threefold colour . being of three diuers colours , and I draw thy ‖ ‖ Image or counterfet of waxe or clay . picture thrise ‖ ‖ Round about . about these altars : God * * Reioyceth [ or is delighted ] in an vnequall number , [ viz. an odde number ] as three , fiue or seuen . delighteth in an odde number .

My * * Verses [ whereby she did charme or inchant . ] charmes bring [ Daphnis ] home from th' citie , bring Daphnis home .

z z The witch thus speakes vnto her maid . O Amaryl knit three [ diuers ] colours * * With [ viz. on three knots . in three knots .

Amaryl Al. knit Al. Knit the knots . [ them ] a a Some bookes haue nodos , where , if it be so , ● . must be cut off , by a Grecisme , and no in nodos be short : but it is to be read modò . * * Euen now or straightway . by and by , and say , I knit * * Bonds of Venus , or Venus bonds , [ viz. to procure loue againe . ] true-loues knots .

My charmes bring Daphnis ▪ home from th' citie , bring Daphnis [ home . ]

b b The witch hauing made two pictures of Daphnis , one of clay , the other of waxe , and setting them before the fire , thus she conjures . As this same ‖ ‖ Slime or mud . clay * * Doth waxe hard . doth harden , and this same waxe doth soften ,

By one ‖ ‖ The same heate of the fire . and self same fire , ‖ ‖ So let Daphnis be hardned against all others , and melt in loue to vs . * * So Daphnis [ let him be hardened and sof●ned ] by our loue . so Daphnis by our loue .

* * Sprinkle [ or strew about ] meale and salt . c c With meale and salt they did vse to sprinkle their sacrifices . Cast meale about , and ‖ ‖ Kindle . set on fire these brittle bay boughes with d d Bitumen is a kind of clay like pitch , & something of the nature of brimstone , burning like it . ‖ ‖ Slime . brimstone .

That * * Euill or wicked . naughtie Daphnis ‖ ‖ Tormenteth me with loue of him . burneth me ; [ I will burne ] this * * Lawrell or bay . lawrell bough * * In Daphnis , [ viz. vpon hi● in●age or counterfet , to be reuenged of him , in making him feele like torment to mine . vpon the picture of Daphnis .

My * * Verses . charmes bring [ Daphnis ] home from th' citie , bring Daphnis [ home . ]

* * Such a loue let it hold Daphnis what a one [ is , ] or doth hold a yong heifer ] when the heifer , &c. Let such a loue possesse Daphnis , ] as when a heifer being weary in seeking a bull , thorough the woods and high groues , * * Being lost [ or vndone , or cast away with loue . ] hauing lost her selfe , doth lie downe * * For [ or because of ] a riuer of water . neare a riuer side in the greene * * Reed or sea-grasse . sedge , * * Nor doth remember , and doth not remember * * To giue place to the late night , [ or the darke night . ] to depart away because of the late night .

Let such a loue possesse [ ‖ ‖ Daphnis . him , ] * * Neither let there be any care to me to cure [ him . ] and let me not haue any care of his reliefe .

My charmes bring [ Daphnis ] home from th' citie , bring Daphnis [ home . ]

That * * Perfidi● or false of promise . faithlesse [ Daphnis ] * * Left these spoiles [ viz. apparell ] to 〈◊〉 once [ or in time past . ] left me these garments long ago , * * Being deare pledges of him [ or remembrances of his loue . ] as deare pledges of him : ‖ ‖ Which garments ▪ which now O earth ‖ ‖ I betake or commend to thee , burying them in thee . I commit to thee * * In the very threshold , [ viz. at the entrance of my house . at the very threshold : these pledges ‖ owne Daphnis .

My charmes bring [ Daphnis ] home from th' Citie , bring Daphnis [ home . ]

‖ ‖ Meris a notable sorcerer . Meris himselfe gaue [ me ] these herbes , and these * * Do owe Daphnis , [ that is , do make it e●ident that Daphnis is mine , due onely vnto me , and shall bring him backe to me ▪ ] inchanting drugs gathered * * Poisonfull or venemous herbes seruing for inchantments . for me in Pontus : * * To me . very many of them do grow in Pontus .

I haue oft times [ seen ] Meris * * Very many do grow . to become a wolfe ‖ ‖ By these herbes or inchantments . by these , * * To be made a wolfe [ viz. to seeme to be changed into a wolfe . ] and to hide himself in woods , [ and ] oftentimes * * And [ I haue seene him ] to hide . to raise vp e e Thus they were deluded by diuels appearing , which they tooke to be the soules of the departed . soules out of the deepest graues .

And also I haue seene [ him ] * * To call out soules out of the lowest graues , [ viz. the soules of the dead ] or spirits . to conuey f f Messes , haruests , for the sowne corne , is a Meto● . of the effect , or adiunct . the corne new sowne , from one field to another .

My charmes bring [ Daphnis ] home from th' citie , bring Daphnis [ home . ] * Carry the ashes without the doores .

O Amaril , * * To carry ouer [ viz. to remoue ] the sowne haruests other where , [ viz. from one place to another . bring ‖ ‖ The ashes [ of the inchanted fire . ] the ashes forth , Al. and Al. Carry them to the flowing riuer . cast [ them ] ‖ ‖ Ouer thy head backward . ouer [ thy ] head * * To the flowing riuer [ or water . ] into the running streame : g g To looke back , [ viz. to behold the Gods , or rather diuels in such kind of working , was thought to be dangerous . See Ramus Com. Or to looke backe , the Gods forbidding or disliking . * * Thou shalt not looke behind thee , [ or thou shalt not looke backe . ] see thou looke not behind thee .

‖ ‖ I will assay to bring Daphnis . I wil set vpon Daphnis * * By these [ inchantments or means . ] with these : * * He cares for the Gods nothing , he cares for verses nothing . [ viz. he thinkes they can do nothing . he nothing cares for Gods nor charmes .

My charmes bring [ Daphnis ] home from th' citie , bring Daphnis [ home . ]

See , the very ‖ ‖ Imbers . ashes * * Hath taken hold of the altars . haue caught hold vpon the altars with trembling flames , of their owne accord , whilst * * I tarry or delay , [ viz. prolong or protract the time , or linger [ to beare [ them o●t . ] I deferre to carry them forth : * * Let it be good [ lucke . ] good lucke may it be : surely I know not ‖ ‖ What [ lucke ] viz. whether good or bad . what it is : * * And also our dog barkes in the threshold , [ viz. at some body coming towards the doore . and also [ our ] h h Hylax is a fained name of a dog , which wee may call Ring , chanter , or barker , of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , latro . dog barkes at the doore .

‖ ‖ May we beleeue . Do we beleeue [ that he is comming ? ] or ‖ ‖ Do they who dote with loue , imagine things which are nothing so , [ viz. as they would haue them . do they that loue faine dreames vnto themselues ?

* * Spare ye . Ceasse [ my charmes , ] i i The witch supposing that Daphnis was come home , and entring into the house , at whom the dog barked , thus stayes her charmes . Daphnis comes from the Citie , ceasse now [ my ] charmes .

THE NINTH ECLOGVE [ * * Whereunto the name [ is ] Meris . called ] Meris . THE ARGVMENT .

WHen after the victorie at ‖ ‖ Philippi a citie in Thessalie , where Caesar and Pompey fought , and also Augustus with ●rutus and Cassius , as saith Seruius . Philippi , in the distribution of the lands , which were diuided by the commandement of the ‖ ‖ Trium viri were magistrates in Rome , which being three together , had equall authoritie . Triumviri , beyond the riuer ‖ ‖ Padus is now called Po , a riuer in Italy . Padus ▪ Virgil had likewise lost his ‖ ‖ Lands and possessions . farmes , [ he ] going to Rome , both by the fauour of his wit , and especially * * Pollio helping him . by the helpe of Pollio ‖ ‖ President or Lieutenant of the region beyond the riuer Po. gouernour of the country beyond Padus , receiued againe his possessions . But ‖ ‖ Arrius a Captaine ouer an hundred souldiers . Arrius , to whom by chance Virgils grounds had fallen for his portion , taking that grieuously , * * It was away [ but ] a litle , [ viz. he had bene in danger to be slaine . ] it wanted but a litle , but that he had bene slaine by the angrie souldier . Therefore being to go againe to Rome , he commanded [ his ] * * Him to whom he had committed the charge of all his businesse . bayliffe that he should be dutifull vnto Arrius vntill his returne , * * With the very least his detriment he could , [ viz. with as litle hurt to Virgil. with as little damage as he could . * * He therefore , viz Meris , Virgils bayliffe or o●erseer of his goods . He therefore goeth to Mantua , by the * * Commandement . appointment * * Of his patron . ▪ of his maister to offer * * Some little gift . some little present of kids to Arrius . Lycidas a shepherd followeth Meris , inquiring the cause of his iourney . There Meris * * Hauing goten occasion , laments for the calamitie [ or miserie of those times . ] taking occasion , bewaileth the calamitie of those times . And then going to Mantua , they ease the wearinesse of their iourney by diuers songs .

The speakers are Lycidas and Meris . Lyc.

* * Oh Meris , whither [ do ] thy feete [ carry ] thee ? whether whither the way leades , into the citie , [ viz. to Mantua ] Meris , whither goest thou ? [ Goest thou ] whither [ this ] way ‖ ‖ Directs . leades , into the citie ?

Mer.

* * O Lycidas , we haue come aliue , that the stranger being the possessor of our litle field ( which we neuer feared ) should say , These [ goods ] are mine : ye old inhabitants flit ye . O Lycidas , we haue liued vnto this vnhappie day , ‖ ‖ That strangers possessing our lands , should driue vs out , [ viz. the Romane souldiers . that the stranger ( which we neuer feared ) being made the possessor of ‖ ‖ Our farmes or fields . our little land , should say : These things are mine , ye ‖ ‖ Ancient husbandmen [ or farmers ] old inhabitants ‖ ‖ Get ye out . pack ye hence .

* * Now we being ouercome [ and ] sad ( because chance turnes all things vpside downe ) do send these kids vnto him , ( which present ) let not [ God ] turne well , [ viz. God grant he may haue no good of . ] Now quite ouercome , full sad ( sith fortune turnes all things vpside downe ) a a These kids were sent for a present to Arrius the Captaine , who had their lands . we send him these kids ; * * Which [ gift . ] which yet we pray that he may haue no great good of .

Lyc.

‖ ‖ In truth [ or certainly ] I had heard reported . I in very deed had heard * * Your Menalcas [ viz. Virgil ] to haue kept all things by his verses . that your Menalcas had preserued all by his verses , * * From what [ part ] the hils begin to withdraw themselues , and to send downeward their top [ viz. to descend ] with a soft [ or easie ] turning banke , [ viz. with an easie descent or going downe . from whence the hils begin to abate their height , and to bow downewards with an easie descent ,

* * Vnto the water , and to the tops of the old beech tree now broken [ or decayed . ] Euen vnto the ‖ ‖ Myncius . riuer and the late broken tops of the old beech tree .

Mer.

* * Thou hadst heard [ it , ] and the fame hath bene , [ or it was the fame . Thou heardedst it , and [ in truth ] the ‖ ‖ Talke , noise , or report . fame was so : but O Lycidas , our verses do so much auaile ‖ ‖ Amongst warlike weapons [ or amongst souldiers in warre . ] amongst the b b Martiall darts for weapons of wa●re , and they put for the souldiers vsing those weapons , and also for the time of warre . Metalep . Martiall darts , * * How much they say the pigeons of Chaonia [ to preuaile ] the Eagle comming . as men do vse to say that the ‖ ‖ Doues . pigeons of c c Chaonia a region of Epeirus . Chaonia do , when as the Eagle cometh .

d d Of this prediction by the chough on the left hand , see the first Eclogue . The chough at the left hand , and the crow at the right hand , are said to be luckie , forewarning dangers to auoid them . ‖ ‖ That vnlesse I had bin admonished by a happy diuination [ or prediction ] by the chough sitting on my left hand , foreshewing some danger towards me , and therefore to cut off all new occasions of contention , &c. That vnlesse the chough sitting on my left hand had admonished me before from the hollow holme tree , to cut off new contentions by any meanes whatsoeuer I could ,

* * Neither this thy [ old friend ] Meris [ should liue ] nor Menalcas himselfe [ viz. Virgil my maister ] should liue [ could haue escaped the souldiers hands . ] Neither this thy Meris nor Menalcas himselfe had liued .

Lyc.

* * Alas , doth so great a wickednesse [ or so foule a deed ] fall vpon any man [ viz. that he should intend to kill Virgil , or thinke of such a matter ? ] Alacke , can so great a wickednesse fall on any man ? Alacke , Menalcas thy ‖ ‖ Ioyes or comforts . solaces [ had bene ] almost * * Snatch away to vs , [ viz. from vs . ] pluckt away perforce from vs together with thy selfe .

For , ‖ ‖ Who should celebrate [ or extoll ] the Nymphs in song [ or verse . ] who should sing of the Nymphes ? who should * * Sprinkle [ viz. set or decke ] the ground with flourishing herbes ? or who should bring in [ viz. couer or inclose ] the fountaines [ or springs ] with a greene shade ? [ viz who should sing of the ground so strewed , and the springs so couered ? strew the ground with pleasant flowers ? or who should couer the fountaines with shade of greene trees ?

* * Or [ who should sing those ] Or [ who should sing those ] * * Verses which I stole away being silent [ or holding my peace ] of late , when as thou didst carry thy selfe to Amaryl our dainties , [ viz. our loue , kind to vs both ? ] songs , which I closely stole from thee of late ,

When as thou wentest to Amaril our ‖ ‖ Ioy . delight ?

‖ ‖ O Tityrus ●end [ or keepe ] O Tityrus feed * * My litle goates . my goates till I returne , ( the way is short , )

* * And also ▪ And likewise Tityrus * * Driue them to drinke being fed : and betweene to do [ viz. as thou art driuing them , driue them to the water when they haue fed well : and as thou driuest them ,

Take heed * * To meete often the high goate . of meeting the maister goate , ‖ ‖ He will tub [ or rush ] with his hornes . he striketh with his horne .

Meris .

Yea [ who should sing ] these [ songs ] ‖ ‖ Which Menal● as himselfe did sing , &c. which he did sing * * To Varus . of Varus , * * Not as yet perfect , viz. not fully finis●ed . not perfected as yet ?

Varus , the singing swans shall beare thy name aloft vnto the starres , so that [ our citie ] Mantua may remaine ‖ ‖ For vs [ to inhabite . ] to vs .

Al. e e The Poet thus laments Mantua , because it came to be spoiled by meanes of the nearnesse to Cremon . O Mantua , too Al. Oh Mantua , too neare to Cremon , alas [ for thee ] poore miserable [ citie . ] neare ( alas ) to miserable Cremon .

Lyc.

So let thy swarms of bees ‖ ‖ Keepe farre from the yeugh trees which are hurtf●ll to bee● of a venemous nature , and dangerous in some parts to sleepe vnder . flie from * * The Cyrnean yeugh trees . the yeughs of f f Cyrne is an 〈◊〉 of the Tyr●hene sea , called Corsica : it signifieth also an yeugh tree in Greeke . Cyrne .

So let thy kine full fed ‖ ‖ With the best grasse , stuffe their vdders [ with milke . ] with g g Cithysus a kinde of trifoly or three leaued grasse much increasing milke . See before . Cithyse , * * Stretch forth their vdders or dugs . strut out their teates .

‖ ‖ Begin to sing some songs . Begin , if thou haue any thing ; [ for ] * * The Pierides : see before in the third Eclogue . the Muses of Pierius * * Haue made me also a Poet. haue made me a Poet too :

* * There are both verses . Both I haue verses , and the sheepheards call me * * A Prophet . a Poet ; * * But I am not credulous , [ viz. easie to beleeue them , or I do not beleeue them . but I giue no credit to them .

For neither do I seeme as yet * * To speake [ or sing songs ] worthy of Varus , [ or I do not seeme so to Varus , ] nor to speake things worthy of Cinna [ viz. worthy for Cinna to reade , ] but to make a noise [ as ] a goose amongst the shrill swans . to sing any songs worthy the reading of Varus or Cinna , but to gaggle as a goose amongst sweete singing swans .

Meris .

* * I do that in truth , [ viz. I prepare my selfe to sing . ] I do so indeed : and Lycidas , * * I being silent reuol● it with my selfe , [ viz. am thinking of it in silence . I secretly ‖ ‖ Meditate [ or am bethinking my selfe of it . ] thinke of it with my selfe :

* * If I could call it to mind [ or recall it . ] If I could remember it : neither is it * * An vn●oble song ▪ [ or of no estimation , or meane ] viz. that which he writ concerning Galatea . any base song .

* * Galatea come hither . Come hither Galatea ; ‖ ‖ See what sport here is in the waters . for , ‖ what sport is [ here ] in the waues ?

Here is ‖ ‖ The spring flourishing with purple flowers . the purple Spring : * * The ground doth powre out here diuers flowers about the streames . the ground ‖ ‖ Here grow abundantly . doth here affoord sundrie sorts of flowers round about the riuers : here ‖ ‖ The white poplar tree hangs ouer the caue , couering it . the white poplar hangs ouer a caue , and limber vines * * Weaue litle shadowes , [ viz. make a pleasant shade . make shade● .

Come hither , * * And suffer [ that ] the , &c. and let the * * Mad [ viz. outragious or exceeding great ] waues strike the shores . raging waues dash against the shores .

Lyc.

What [ sayest thou of those songs , ] ‖ ‖ Which I had heard thee singing alone in a p●re [ viz. a cleare or bright ] night or e●ening . which I heard thee singing all alone in a faire cleare euening ? I remember * * The n●bers [ viz. the rime or note ] if I could hold the words . the t●ne , if I could call to mind ‖ ‖ The dittie or song it selfe . the words .

Meris .

h h These verses were made in the praise of Iulius Caesar or of Augustus . O Daphnis , why doest thou * * Looke vpon [ or so carefully obserue . behold the ancient risings of the i i The signes consist of many starres , of which sort 47 are obserued in the whole heauen . 20 Northren , 12 of the Zodiack , 15 Southerne . * * Signes . staires ?

Loe , * * The signe [ consisting of many stars ] the signe * * Of Caesar [ descended ] of Dione the mother of Venus , and so of Aeneas , of whom they say Iulius Caesar came . k k At the playes made at the funerall of Iulius Caesar , a blazing starre appeared about eleuen a clocke of the day , and continued for 7 whole dayes , being thought by the Romanes to be the soule of Iulius Caesar . of Dioneus Caesar * * Hath gone forward [ or the moneth of Iuly is now begun ] which was so called of Iulius Caesar. is come abroad .

l l The signe vnder which the corne and grapes begin to be ripe , meaning in Iuly , hauing the name of Iulius Caesar , or August , hauing the name of Augustus Caesar. The signe in which the standing corne * * Might ioy [ do make men to reioyce ] in their [ ripe ] fruites . reioyce in [ their ripe ] fruites , and wherein * * The grape drawes [ her ] colour , [ viz. the grapes begin to ripen . ] the grape gathers her colour in the * * Lying open to the Sunne , not shadie . sunnie hils .

Daphnis ‖ ‖ Plant orchards , [ viz. giue thy selfe to planting . graft thou peare-trees , [ ‖ ‖ Thy posteritie . thy ] nephewes * * Shall plucke thy apples , [ viz shall gather the fruite of thy planting . ] shall gather thy fruite .

Age m m Fert pro au●ert . ‖ ‖ Depriues vs of . taketh away all things , * * And also [ it taketh away ] the mind . euen the verie vnderstanding and memorie : * * I remember my selfe being a boy , to hide oft times long suns with singing , [ viz ▪ to be able to sing all the day vntill after sun-set . ] I do remember [ that I haue bene wont ] when I was a boy , oft times n n Condere pro abscondere . to spend long o o Soles pro diebus . Met. ●ffic . dayes in singing .

* * Now so many verses [ are ] forgotten of me . Now p p Oblitus is here vsed pasaiuely , as oft in Deponen●s . I haue forgot [ those ] so many * * Verses . songs : * * Also the voice it selfe now doth flie Meris , [ viz. I haue now lost euen my voice by reason of my age , no otherwise thenof the wolfes had spied me first . and euen voice it selfe doth now faile Meris : q q This seemeth to haue bin a receiued obseruation , that if the wolfe espied the shepherd first before he spied the wolf , that then his voice was taken away for the present that he could not ●rie against the wolfe ; and contrarily , that if the sheepheard spied him first , then the wolfe was weakened & scared by a certain antipathy : whence came the prouerbe , Lupus est in fabula , which we vse when he comes in , of whom the speech is , & so the speech is cut off . the wolfes haue spied Meris * * Being the former . first .

But yet Menalcas shall oft enough ‖ ‖ Relate , or record to thee . rehearse to thee these [ songs . ]

Lyc.

* * Lyc. Thou drawest on our loues into a long [ time ] by alledging causes [ or making delayes ] by knitting causes , viz. excuses , that thou may est not sing . Thou increasest our longing , by making excuses ;

* * Also now all the sea being layed , [ viz. made calme ] is silent to thee , [ viz. to heare thee sing . And now euery sea being calme , keepes silence for thy cause :

* * And ( behold . ) Yea ( see ) [ how ] all the blasts * * Of the windie noise [ viz. the winds making a noise ] haue fallen [ viz. are now layed and downe . of th' stormie winds haue fallen .

* * From hence moreouer is the mid way to vs [ viz. we are now in the mid way to Mantua . Moreouer , from hence we haue but halfe the way to go : for why , * * The sepulcher [ or graue ] of Byaenor [ who built Mantua , and called it by the name of his mother Mantus . ‖ ‖ I see Byanors tombe . Byanors tombe begins t' appeare .

* * [ Let vs sing ] here where the husbandmen do bind [ or do lop and cut downe ] the thicke boughes , [ viz. do coard wood , or make fagots ] Meris let vs sing here . Here where the husbandmen do coard thick boughes , here Meris let vs sing .

Here lay downe [ ‖ ‖ The kids which thou bearest . thy ] kids , yet we shall come [ ‖ ‖ Time enough , or soone enough . betime ] into the citie .

Or if we be afraid , ‖ ‖ Lest the night gather raine before . lest it proue rainie towards night ,

We may go singing * * Continually [ till we come there . ] all along , ‖ ‖ The way will be lesse grieuous . the way will hurt [ vs ] lesse .

That we may go singing , I will ease thee of this * * Bundle , [ viz. I will carry thy kids . ] burden .

Meris .

* * O lad ceasse [ to say ] any moe things . O lad leaue off to vrge me any more ; and now ‖ ‖ Let vs looke to the businesse we haue in hand , [ viz. to deliuer our present in time . let vs do that * * Which is instant . which we haue in hand .

* * We shall sing verses better then when [ Menalcas ] himselfe shall come . We shall sing better then , when ‖ ‖ Virgil. he himselfe shall come .

THE TENTH ECLOGVE [ intituled ] Gallus . THE ARGVMENT .

COrnelius Gallus was * * A choise Poet. an excellent Poet , and the first ‖ ‖ President or Lieutenant . gouernour of Egypt , who when as ‖ ‖ He was euen mad with the loue of Cytheris an harlot or where . he * * Desperately or outragiously loued . out of measure affected an harlot called Cytheris , * * One who was lately a seruant , now set free . late seruant of Volumnius , whom the Poet here calls Lycoris : * * Neither she answered his mutuall loue , [ viz. loued him not againe . and she answered not [ his ] mutuall loue , * * But he being despised ▪ she had followed Anthonie into France , [ viz. Anthonies armie . but despising him followed Anthonie into France ; * * He is beleeued , or credibly reported . is thought to haue taken that repulse most grieuously . ‖ ‖ Whereupon . Therefore Virgil comforts him in this Eclogue , but yet so , as that he doth not depart from pastorall persons and ‖ ‖ Vplandish , rurall , homely , or taken from matters of the countrey . rusticall comparisons . * * And also this whole . All this argument likewise is almost taken out of ‖ ‖ The first Idy●ion of Theocritus called Thyrsis . Thyrsis of Theocritus , where he ‖ ‖ Followes or sets out . prosecutes the like loue of Daphnis .

In this Eclogue the Poet himselfe is the onely speaker , though he after seeme to bring in Gallus comforting himselfe that the Arcadians should sing of his loues .

a a The Poet in this last pastoral being to celebrate the memory of another famous Poet called Cornelius Gallus , inuocates the Nymphs of Syracusa to help him * * Oh Arethusa . ONymph of the fountaine ‖ ‖ Arethusa is a fountaine of sweete water of Syracusa , where Theocritus liued . Whereby he meaneth the Muses of Syracusa and of Theocritus , whom he inuocates to helpe him therein . ] Arethuse , grant me this last labour .

* * A few verses are to be said [ or sung ] to my Gallus [ or of my Gallus ] [ viz. of the loues of my Gallus towards Cytheris , whom here he calls Lycoris . ] I am to vtter a few verses to my Gallus , but which Lycoris her selfe may reade . Can any one denie verses vnto Gellus ?

1 1 The fountaine Arethuse is numbred among the wonders of waters , that it hauing the head in Peloponnesus is thought to run maruellous farre vnder the sea , and to breake soorth againe at this fountaine . * * So bitter Doris [ viz. the bitter or brackie sea ] let her not intermingle [ or mixe ] her waue [ viz her water ] to thee [ viz. with thy sweete water ] whenas thou shalt slide vnder the Sicanian flouds [ or streames ] [ viz. the waues of the sea of Sicily . ‖ ‖ As thou shalt fauour and helpe vs , so let thy sweet● waters be kept pure from the salt waters of the sea , which th● ru●st vnder . So let not bitter 2 2 Doris a Goddesse of the sea , daughter to Oceanus , and wife of Nere● mother of the Nymphs , put for the sea by a Me●. 〈◊〉 . Doris intermixe her streames with thee , when thou shalt runne vnder the 3 3 Sicani people of Spaine or Sicily , which came from Spaine , from whom the sea is so-named . Sicanian waues .

b b Here first begins the proposition of the Eclogue , wherin the Poet stirres vp himselfe and his Muse to sing some songs of Gallus and his carefull loues . And this from the time and his leisure , and also from the audience which they should haue . * * [ O Nymph ] begin , let vs speake of [ or report ] the carefull loues of Gallus . Begin , let vs record the carefull loues of Gallus .

Whilst that the little flat noz'd goates ‖ ‖ Do nip or brouze the yong shootes , or twigs , or new sprouts . doe crop the tender sprigs .

We sing not to the deafe , the woods * * Do answer all things [ by their eccho , or by other shepheards . ] do answer euery thing .

c c Secondly , he accuseth the Muses that they were so carelesse of Gallus , to let him so to leaue his studies , and to perish in such vnbeseeming loue , that they could not be found to reclaime or pitie him , no not in any hill , nor about any fountaine . * * O ye girles [ called ] Naiades , [ viz. ye Nymphs of the fountaines . [ These were Fairies haunting about such places . ] O Naiades , yee Nymphs , what ‖ ‖ Groues . woods or what ‖ ‖ Forrests or parks . launds * * Had you , [ viz. kept you away . ] held you , when Gallus perished ‖ ‖ By vnbefitting or disdai●full loue . by vnworthy loue ?

* * For neither the ridges of Parnassus [ haue made or caused delay ] to you , for neither any [ ridges ] of the hill Pindus haue made delay to you [ or stayed you , ] nor Aganippe [ the fountaine of Aonia or Boetia . For neither any tops of 4 4 Parnassus is a mount of Phocis . Parnassus , nor yet of 5 5 Pindus of Thessaly , both consecrated to Apollo . Pindus stayed you , no nor 6 6 Aganippe a fountain o● Boetia , dedicated to the Muses . Aganippe [ the fountaine ] of Aonia .

d d When all things seemed to mourne for him , both bay trees , shrubs . * * Euen the lawrell trees [ haue wept for ] him , and also the tamaruke [ or beath ] haue wept [ viz. bewailed his misfortune . Yea the very lawrell trees [ bewailed ] him , and euen the low shrubs wept for [ him . ]

* * Also Menalus bearing pine-trees [ bewailed ] him . And in like manner mount Menalus full of pine trees [ made moane for ] him , lying vnder ‖ ‖ A solitary rocke , or a bare rocke , all alone . a Hils . louely rocke , yea and And sheepe . the ‖ ‖ Rockes . stones of cold ‖ ‖ Lycaeus a mountaine of Arcadia , dedicated to Pan. Lycaeus Of which , by an Apostrophe , he professeth himselfe not to be ashamed , like as the sheepe were not ashamed of him . And so moues Gallus not to be abashed of tending sheepe , for that Ado● is did the same . [ * * Haue bewailed him . bemoaned ] him .

The sheepe likewise stand round about ; * * Neither doth it repent [ or shame ] them of vs , [ they are not ashamed of ●s to tend them ▪ [ or it repe●ts them not to mourne for our cause ] or by an Hypallage , it repe●ts not vs of them . they are not ashamed of vs .

* * Neither . Ne yet oh diuine Poet , * * Let it repent thee of cattell , [ viz. be not ashamed or grieued to tend cattell . ] be thou ashamed of cattell .

* * Also faire Adonis fed sheepe at the riuers . For euen that faire After he shewes how shepheards came . ‖ ‖ Adonis sonne of Cinyra king of Cyprus , beloued of Venus for his beautie . Adonis ‖ ‖ Tended . grazed sheepe by the riuers sides .

There came also * * The shepheard . 7 7 Vpilio pro opilio , & opilio q. ouilio , qui o●es custodit . the sheepheards , the slow Neat-heards . ‖ ‖ Heardmen . Al. neat-heards [ likewise ] Swineheards , [ or those who looked to ●eed swine ] as Menalcas who came wringing wet . came . Al. Swineheards or hogheards .

[ * * Menalcas being wet [ or all wet ] came from the Winter acorne [ viz. from gathering acornes in the Winter for his swine . And ] Menalcas wringing wet , came from gathering Winter acornes ; All these wondered at this mad loue of Gallus , enquiring whence it was .

‖ ‖ All of them aske how Gallus should fall into this franticke loue . All ask , from whence this loue [ should be ? ] e e Yea the Gods themselues who had had experience of the power of loue , came to comfort him ; as Apollo , who in rebuking wise askes him , why he did so torment himselfe , seeing Lycoris was runne after another man , viz. after M. Antonius a Captaine into France . [ and euen ] Apollo came to thee :

* * [ And ] said , Gallus , why art thou mad ? Gallus , why art thou mad , quoth he ? * * Lycoris [ all ] thy care . Thy loue Lycoris

Follows another [ man ] both ‖ ‖ Ouer the Alpes , where snow lieth almost all the yeare long . through the snow and through * * The horrible campes [ or tents of 〈◊〉 souldiers . ] the dreadfull campes .

Syluanus also came Secondly Syluanus the God of the woods , who is described by his Adiuncts , how he came adorned with a garland on his head , and shaking ferule branches and lillies in his hand . ‖ ‖ With a garland on his head , which is the pompe [ or honour of the countrey ] with the country honor of [ his ] head ,

‖ ‖ Shaking in his hands branches of ferule . Shaking flourishing ‖ ‖ The ferule is a kind of shrub or big herbe like vnto fennel giant , with the branches whereof schoole-maisters vsed to i●rt children on the hands , whence came the name of the F●rula . Ferulaeque tristes , sceptra paedagogorum . Mart. ferule branches , and * * Great lillies . faire lillies [ in his hand .

Pan the God of Arcadia

Thirdly , Pan the God of shepheards musicke came likewise to comfort him , who is set out also by his Adiuncts : how he was painted all red with elder berries and with vermilion .

Who comforts Gallus as Apollo did , rebuking him louingly : That sorrow was no meanes to cure loue , but the more he wept , the more he might . And this he illustrates by three similitudes or arguments à pari . That as grasse cannot be satisfied by riuers running by , nor bees with the flower of Cythisus , nor goates with tender sprigs of trees , so nor loue with teares .

came [ withal , ] whom we our selues saw

* * Being red with bloudie berries of the ebull [ or low elder , ] [ it is a tree like the elder tree in leafe and berry , but not so big in growth . ] [ Coloured ] red , with bloud-red berries of the ebull tree , and with ‖ ‖ Red lead . vermilion .

* * And what measure shall there be , quoth he ? And will there be no measure , quoth he , [ of this thy heauinesse ? ] ‖ ‖ Loue is nothing moued with sorrow or griefe . Loue regards not any such things .

Neither [ is ] cruell loue [ ‖ ‖ Content or satisfied . satiate ] with teares , * * Nor the grasse [ is satiate . ] nor grasse * * With riuers watering them . with water streames ;

Nor yet the bees are ‖ ‖ Filled or satiate , satisfied * * With Cythisus [ viz. with the flowers of it . ] Of this herb in the first Eclogue . with Cythise flowers , * * Nor the little goates [ are satisfied ] nor litle goates * * With a bough or tender sprig of a tree . Syn. sp ▪ with tender sprigs of trees .

f f

Hither to hath Virgil spoken in his owne person : now is Gallus brought in answering , and comforting himselfe .

First , that the Arcadians the onely skilfull musitians of the world , should record his loues , and then how sweetly his bones should rest thereby .

* * But he [ viz. Gallus ] being sad [ or pensiu● ] said , ye Arcadians , &c. But yet , quoth he , [ though ] very pensiue ▪ ye Arcadians shall sing these [ songs ] in your mountaines ; yee Arcadians [ I say ] * * Being alone skilfull to sing [ or in singing : ] ch how softly the bones may rest to me then , [ viz how sweetly shall my bones rest [ in my graue . ] being the onely cunning musitians ; oh how sweetly shall my bones rest then , if that your ‖ ‖ Song . pipe ‖ ‖ May speake of . may record my loues * * In time to come , or hereafter . in future times ?

‖ ‖ I would to God . And I do wish I had Secondly , that Gallus detesting his owne estate , wisheth that he had bene a countreyman , either a shepherd or a dresser of vines , for the delights and companie which such haue to sport withall , as of Phillis and Amyntas . That although Amyntas was blacke , yet so are violets and bramble berries also . bene one of you , and either * * A keeper . a tender of your flocke , or * * A gatherer of your ripe grapes , [ viz. a dresser of your vines . a gatherer of [ your ] ripe grapes .

* * Certainly [ or surely ] whether Phillis were [ a louer ] to me , or else Amyntas [ were ] [ a louer , ] or whatsoeuer furie [ or raging loue , viz. louer causing raging loue ] ( what then if Amyntas be browne [ viz. swart or blacke ? ] Certainly whether Phillis were my loue , or else Amyntas , or any furie whasoeuer : ( what then , though Amyntas be blacke ?

Both violets are black , and * * The berries of the great bramble . hurtle berries too [ are ] blacke . ) And he could delight himselfe with them .

‖ ‖ Should rest . He [ yet ] should lie downe with me amongst the willowes , vnder the limber vine . Phillis should make him garlands , Amyntas should sing .

* * Phillis should gather garlands for me , [ viz. flowers to make garlands for me . ] Phillis should gather me garlands , Amyntas should sing [ me songs . ] Thirdly , he in a new and sudden passion of loue , turneth his speech to Lycoris , whom he seeketh to call backe by the pleasantuesse of the places where he was . As coole fountaines , sweet medowes and woods .

* * O Lycoris [ my loue ] here [ are ] cold springs . Here , O Lycoris , [ are ] * * Cold as ice . coole springs ; ‖ ‖ Here in the countrey . here are * * Soft medowes . pleasant medowes : here [ is ] * * A wood . a groue : here * * Here I could be spent with thee for eternitie [ or for euer ] I could wish to spend [ euen ] all my dayes with thee .

g g Nunc insanus , &c. ] Here Gallus breaks ou● to bewaile the miserie both of himselfe and of Lycoris his loue . That as she was now , so his heart was with her in the midst of the enemies and warres : and thus he falleth into exclamations , commiserating her hard heart and wofull case , by an Apostrophe , turning his speech vnto her . Now * * I could be consumed . raging loue * * Mad loue . keepes me * * Detaines [ or holds ] me , [ viz. in affection or my affections . ] in armes of warlicke Mars , amongst * In the weapons [ viz. among the weapons of hard [ viz. cruell ] Mars . the midst of weapons * * And aduerse enemies , [ viz. violently bent against vs . ] and enemies bent against [ vs . ]

* * Thou ( ah hard ) [ Lycoris . ] Thou ( oh hard and vnkind loue ) being farre off from thy countrey ( * * Let it not be for me to beleeue . which I wish that I could not beleeue ) [ and ] That she was now in France , farre off from her countrey , or about the Alpes , readie to perish by the coldnesse of the countrey , caused both by the snowes and frosts , and riuers , and none to care for her . alone without me doest onely see * * The snowes of the Alpes [ viz. of mountaines whereby Italy is diuided from France and Germanie , ] called Alpes , q. albes , because they are almost alwayes white with snow . the Alpine snowes , and the cold of the riuer Rhene . ‖ Ah , let not the cold hurt thee !

* * Ah [ take heed ] lest the sharpe ice cut the tender soles of the feete to thee . Ah , let not the And so perswades her in regard of the cold & sharpnesse of the countries , rather to returne into Italy againe . sharpe ice cut thy tender feete !

h h In the 12 next verses Gall● propounds vnto himselfe the remedies which he wil vse for the ●uring of his loue , by contrary studies . * * I will go , and will tune [ or play ] the songs which are made of me in Calcidian verse , with an oaten pipe of a Sicilian shepheard . I will be gone , and will tune * * With an oate . with ‖ ‖ By the Sicilian shepheard , ●e meaneth Theocritus . a Sicilian pipe , * * Songs which are made to me , [ viz. of me . ] songs which I haue made ‖ ‖ In the verse of Euphor●on the Poet of Chalchis , whom Gallus translated forth of Greeke into Latin . in Calcidian verse .

* * It is determined [ of me ] to will rather to suffer [ any miserie . ] I am determined rather As first by giuing his minde to the studie of Poetrie , wherein he propounds to imitate Euphorion and Theocritus . And so to liue solitarie in woods , there to write his songs of loue , and to ca●e them in trees , that they may grow vp with the trees . to endure [ any miserie ] in the woods amongst the dens of wilde beasts , and * * To cut in [ or car●e ] my loues , [ viz. songs of my loue ] in tender trees [ viz. barks of trees . ] to write my loues in tender trees : the [ trees ] will grow , [ and so ye my ] loues shall grow . The second remedie of his loue , should be by his trauelling , and seeking new loues .

* * In the meane while I will view the hils called Menalus , the Nymphs being mixt , [ or frequent there . ] In the meane time I wil view the mountaine Menalus , where the Nymphs frequent . The third remedie , by giuing himselfe to hunting , and by enduring therein whatsoeuer annoyance ; and this is set out by the places and delights which he seemed to enioy in the very conceit thereof .

Or I will hunt * * The fierce beares . the fierce wilde boares : * * Not any colds shall forbid me to compasse about the Parthenian launds [ or forrests ] with dogs . no colds shall hinder me to range about the ‖ ‖ Parthenius is a mountaine of Arcadia , so call'd of the virgins which vsed to hunt there , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Parthenian launds with dogs .

‖ ‖ Now me thinks I go , Now I seeme vnto my selfe to go ‖ ‖ Through [ or amongst ] the rockes and sounding groues [ viz. sounding with the Eccho . ] by th' As going amongst the rockes and groues , shooting with most excellent bowes and arrowes , that so he may asswage the furie of his raging loue . rockes and sounding groues ; * * It listeth me to whirle [ or shoote forth ] Cydonian darts with a Parthian horne , [ viz a bow tipped with horne : ] as if this may be the medicine of our furie , [ viz. the remedie of our furious [ or ouer passionate ] loue . ] I take delight to shoote 8 8 Cydon is a citie of Creete , where are most excellent reeds to make arrowes . Cydonian arrows with a 9 9 The Parthians were most notable archers . Parthian bow ; as if this were the medicine of our raging loue .

Or else that ‖ ‖ Cupid the God of loue . that God may learne * * To waxe milde by the euils of men , [ viz. by our miseries . ] to become more gentle by th' mishaps of men .

i i Here the Poet suddenly disliking the former remedies , setteth out the inconstancie of loue , and that no remedies can cure it , neither the pleasures of the woods , no● the studie of Poetrie , no no● any musicke , no● yet any toyles can asswage the rage thereof ▪ * * Now againe neither the Hamadryades [ do please vs , ] nor [ our ] verses themselues do please vs . [ But ] now againe neither ‖ ‖ Hamadryades are Nymphs breeding and dying with the ●akes . those Nymphs of the woods , no nor our ‖ ‖ Songs . verses themselues do giue vs any content : yee very woods * * Yeeld ye [ to loue ] [ viz. because ye cannot cure it . ] giue place againe .

‖ ‖ All our toyles and trauels cannot change [ or turne ] Our labours cannot change * * Him [ viz. Cupid ] that is , cannot asswage our loue . ] that God of loue . Nor enduring of any hardnesse , set out 1 by drinking vp the coldest riuer .

Neither * * If we both drinke . if we should both drinke vp the riuer ‖ ‖ Hebrus the riuer of Thracia . Heber * * In the cold , being in the midst [ or in the midst of the cold , or amidst the cold . in the midst of Winter .

* * And vndergo , [ viz endure to trauell in the snowes of Scythia in the Winter . And should vndergo And secondly by abiding the deepest snows ▪ ‖ ‖ Al. Snowes of Sithon a mountaine of Thracia . the Al. Scythian snowes of the watery Winter [ season . ]

* * Nor if we oft turne about [ viz. do tend ] the sheepe of the Ethiopians vnder the signe of Cancer , [ viz. in the hotest scorching heate . No nor yet if we Thirdly , by suffering the most scorching heate in the hottest countries of the world , neare the burning line , and in the patching Sunne , when all things seeme to begin to die with heate . should tend the sheepe of the Blackamoores , when the Sun is in Cancer ; ‖ ‖ Whenas the highest trees do seeme to scorch and die with heate . whenas the barke dying , parcheth in the high elme .

Loue ouercometh ‖ ‖ Euery thing [ viz. euery liuing creature , to make them yeeld to satisfie it . ] all Whence Gallus concludeth that loue ouercometh all things , and therfore he must needs yeeld to loue . things , ‖ ‖ Let vs yeeld to loue , [ viz. let vs also suffer our selues to be ouercome by it , or we may also yeeld to loue . and [ therefore ] let vs [ likewise ] yeeld to loue .

k k Here Virgil speakes himselfe , and concludeth this Eclogue with an Apostrophe and inuocation of the Muses , that Gallus might accept of his homely verse ; that the Muses themselues wold make these verses meete for Gallus , whilst ●e is still making vp his wicker stuffe , viz. perfecting his other Pastorals . Oh ‖ ‖ Ye Muses . ye Goddesses , ‖ ‖ It shall suffice that your Poet [ Virgil ] hath sung these songs [ viz. verses . ] it shall [ now ] be enough for your Poet to haue sung these [ sonnets . ]

* * Whilst he sits and weaues [ or plats ] a little pannier [ or maund ] with a slender bulrush . Whilst he sits still , and makes a little basket of small limber twigs .

Oh Muses of ‖ ‖ Of the Pierides see before in the 3 6. and 8. Eclogues . Pierius , ye shall make these [ my ] * * Greatest [ verses ] viz. fit and meete for Gallus , [ viz. that he may receiue them with the like affection as I haue written them . ] chiefest [ songs ] [ most acceptable ] vnto Gallus .

l l And thence he laboureth to expresse his loue to Gallus , how his loue towards him did increase continually ; & this by an argument à pari . That is increased as much each houre , as the alder trees shootes foorth in the prime of the Spring . To Gallus [ I say ] * * The loue of whom increaseth so much to me in houres , [ viz. euerie houre . ] whose loue growes so much in mee euerie houre ,

* * How much the greene alder tree subiects it selfe [ viz. growes spreading abroad downeward and each way ] in the new spring [ or in the beginning of the spring , or in the flourishing spring . ] As the greene alder tree spreads it selfe abroad in the prime of the Spring .

m m Afterward taketh occasion to end this Eclogue from the danger of the place where he sat , viz. vnder a iuniper tree , the shadow whereof is especially hurtfull , as the shadows of all trees are to things growing vnder them , and therfore he should arise . Let vs arise : the shade is wont to be * * Grieuous to [ men ] singing , [ viz. to shepheards when they sing , lying vnder the shadowes of trees . ] noisome vnto them that sing ;

The shadow of the iuniper tree is ‖ ‖ Noisome [ or hurtfull , [ viz. is especially hurtfull . grieuous : shadowes [ of trees ] do hurt * * The fruites also , [ viz. corne or whatsoeuer groweth vnder them . ] euen the verie fruites .

n n And finally he shuts vp all by turning his speech vnto his goates , that they might now go home , both being full , and the euening starre now shewing it selfe . [ Oh ye my little goates ] * * Being full . full fed , go home , * * The euening starre comes , [ viz. doth shew it selfe . ] the euening comes , * * Go ye [ my ] little goates . Ite , ●te . Apost● . & Epan . get you gone [ my ] goates .

THE FOVRTH BOOKE OF VIRGILS * * There are foure bookes of Virgil called Georgica , meaning Georgica carmina , or documenta georgica , that is , instructions of husbandrie , of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , terra , whereof is made 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , opus , of which comes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , agricola , an husbandman , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , ●gri colendi peritus , viz. skilfull in husbandrie . The first of these bookes is concerning corne ; the second of trees , especially of vines ; the third of cattell ; this fourth of Bees . Georgicks . THE ARGVMENT .

THe * * [ Virgil ] doth prosecute most copiously the care of Bees , and the reason of mellification in this fourth booke . Poet in this fourth booke doth prosecute most fully the ordering of Bees , and the manner of making hony ; which part was the last in the generall proposition of the whole worke . And whereas ‖ ‖ The subiect matter of this booke . this argument * * Was so straight [ or narrow . ] was of so small an extent , that it might be * * Consumed or spent . contained within a few verses , 〈◊〉 ‖ ‖ Enlargeth it . dilates it by diuers ‖ ‖ By matters [ from the point . ] digressions , an● amplifies and adornes it by most pleasant ‖ ‖ Borrowed speeches and comparisons . translations . For he assignes euen to the Bees their certaine Commonwealth , giuing vnto them Kings , campes , * * 〈◊〉 of their chiefe 〈◊〉 , or common halls . Princes , courts , Cities , people , offices , * * Studies or delights . exercises , and manners ; and that with so great fitnesse , that he no where * * Exceeds . departs from his purpose , as * * ●dfull of . forgetting * * His 〈◊〉 translations . his borrowed speeches [ and comparisons . ]

* * And this booke . This booke may also be * * Cut. diuided into two parts : * * For he prosecutes the care of defending , &c. in the former part of it . fo● in the former part of it , he prosecutes ▪ the care of defending and preseruing Bees : * * He prosecutes [ or accomplisheth ] the reason [ or way ] whereby they may be repaired againe , when they shall die vtterly , in the latter [ part . ] in the latter he sets downe the way by which Bees may be repaired againe when they shall be * * From the foundation . vtterly dead and gone . He makes one Aristaeus a sheepheard the author of this inuention ; * * Who is beleeued to haue repaired first his lost Bees , [ viz his Bees being dead . ] who is thought to haue first repaired his Bees being lost , * * Forthwith [ or now afterwards ] the kingdomes smelling againe [ or sweete smelling kingdomes . ] by certaine yokes of oxen which he had killed [ to that end . ]

Another Argument of Herennius Modestinus * * Of ●iery h●ny [ viz. falling from , or made , or gathered in the aire . a Lawyer .

THe Poet shewes * * And also the Bees of Hybla , Syn●d . next after , the fragrant kingdomes * * Chosen . of hony distilling from the aire :

* * [ He shewes ] also the moist hony combes , being heauenly gifts . Moreouer the Hyblean Bees , & ‖ ‖ By the meanes of certaine beasts which he killed , and vsed to that purpose . the waxen houses of their hiues . ● Their hony combes .

And withall what flowers [ are to be * made choise of ] for Bees , and ‖ What swarmes of Bees . also ‖ ‖ A Counseller at the Law . what swarmes are to be chosen .

And finally * [ he shewes ] the dropping hony combes , Gods heauenly gifts .

a a These words contain 〈◊〉 proposition of this fourth booke , according to the distribution in the very entrance of the first booke . Onely the tran●ition is more obscure then in the former bookes ▪ thus in effect . Hauing dispatched my verse concerning cattell , which was my third part , I will now proceed to the ordering of Bees , which is the last . Wherein by an Apostrophe or turning his speech to Maecenas , to whom he dedicated these bookes , he stirres him vp , and so all who shall reade it , to attention , from the admirablenesse of these things whereof he is to speake ( being so smal in shew ) concerning the whole gouernment of Bees , their Captaines , manners , studies , people , skirmishes , and the like . * * I will execute [ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ] forthwith .

I Will foorthwith dispatch ‖ ‖ Gifts sent from heauen , and of a very heauenly or excellent nature . the heauenly * * Of aierie hony . gifts of hony distilling from the aire : oh [ worthy ] Maecenas , ‖ ‖ Accept fauo●rably this part of my worke of husbandrie concerning bees , like as the former . * * Behold also . looke on this part likewise .

* * I will speake [ or shew ] to thee . I will declare vnto you * * Wonderfull spectacles [ or shewes , as in playes ] of light things , [ viz. things but small , or not so much accounted of . admirable sights of things [ so ] light ; both the ‖ ‖ Valorous leaders [ or guides or kings . ] couragious Captains , * * And also [ I will shew vnto you . ] and also the manners , * * And studies [ viz. endeuours or exercises . ] studies , people , and * * And people . skirmishes of [ that ] whole nation [ of the Bees ] ‖ ‖ Duly or plainly . in order .

The labour ‖ ‖ [ Viz. ] in the care about the ordering of bees , yet the glory which comes to the husbandman is not small . is in a small [ matter , ] but the glorie is not small , if [ I I The old Romanes vsed to pray vnto certain Gods to help them , and to others not to hurt them , as to 〈◊〉 , Du● & Robigus , &c. those ] * * Battels or warres . aduerse powers * * Left [ viz. ouerthwart , vnluckie , noisome , shrewd , or hurting diuine powers . will suffer any [ man ] [ to prosper , ] and [ if ] Apollo being called vpon , Secondly , that though 〈◊〉 labour be but in a small matter , yet the glorie coming of the skill ▪ is not small , so that the Gods be fauourable , and hinder not . * * Do suffer any man . will heare .

b b And that he may proceed in order , he sheweth that first a fit standing is to be sought out for bees ; & 〈◊〉 describes the place meete for them , first by the things which are hurtfull to bees , that they may not be annoyed thereby , but stand remote from them ; as first the winds hindring that they cannot bring home their prouision . * * Doth heare , [ viz. do direct and prosper . First of all a seate and standing is to be sought out for the Bees ; * * In the beginning a seate [ is to be sought ] for the bees , and a standing is to be sought . whereto there neither can be ‖ ‖ Passage . entrance for the windes : ( for why , the windes * * Whither neither an entrance can be the winds . doe hinder * Do forbid . [ them ] to carrie home their * * Food , [ viz. nourishment 〈◊〉 maintenance . sustenance ; )

Nor yet the sheepe nor wanton kids ‖ ‖ May oft bounce on the flowers , and tread them downe . can often leape vpon the flowers , ‖ ‖ The wandring heifer , [ viz. cattell going vp and downe . or the heifer pasturing in the fields ,

Can strike downe the dew , and waste the rising herbes .

* * And the lizzards painted [ in regard of their fo●te backes [ or vpon their foule backes ] let them be away , [ viz. let them not be neare . And let the speckled newts [ hauing ] ‖ ‖ May smite the dew from off the herbes , and weare or spoile the herbes which should rise vp . vgly Secondly , cattell , as sheepe , kids , bullockes , or he●fers , eating vp or treading downe the flowers , on which they should labour , or smiting off the hony dew from them . backes , be farre away

‖ ‖ Filthy or horrible , as with painted circles in their backes . From [ their ] fat stals , and also * * Meropes , birds haunting bee hiues , and deuouring the bees and their hony , called Wood-peckers or Eate-bees . the bee-eaters and other birds : Thirdly , venemous beasts , as newts , lizards or the like .

And [ specially ] * * Progne . How Progne Pandious daughter was changed into a swallow , see the sixt book of Ouids Metam . with Sabines Com. at large . She was turned into a swallow , as her husband pursued her for the slaughter of her sonne It is , the markes whereof are on her breast . the swallow * * Signed [ in regard of her ] brest . Syn. markt on the breast with bloudie Fourthly birds , as bee-eaters , spoyling both bees and hony ▪ and swallowes deuouring them as they flie vp and downe , and also carrying them to their yong . hands .

* * For they waste all things all abroad , and they carry in [ their ] mouth them [ viz. the bees ] flying , being a pleasant meate to their vngentle nests , [ viz to their yong ones which deuour the bees brought by their dams ▪ ] For they spoile all farre about , and carrie in their mouthes the flying [ bees ] a pleasant meate vnto their ‖ ‖ From the full hiues fat with hony . pittilesse nests . Secondly , he set● out the place by the thing● which are good for bees , or by the efficient causes of their prospering , as first cleare springs and fountaines , faire standing ponds greene with mosse , or little streames running through the grasse for the watering of the bees , viz. where they may drinke most conueniently .

But let there be cleare springs and standing ponds greene with ‖ ‖ Cruell , hard hearted , [ viz nourished with the death of other creatures . mosse , and ‖ ‖ Weeds growing in it , and after a sort couering it . a little * * But liquid sountaines and standing waters greene with mosse , let be present [ viz. let them haue , &c. ] brook running through the grasse . * Riuer flying [ viz. running ] by the grasse [ let it be present . ]

‖ ‖ See that there be palme trees [ viz. date trees or the like . And let the palme-tree ouershade * * The porch . the entrance [ of their hiues , ] Secondly , trees , plants or herbes . Trees , as the palme ouershadowing the entrance of their hiues , or the wilde oliue to the same purpose . or the ‖ ‖ Great oliue tree , [ viz. some other great trees which the bees like best . huge wilde oliue :

That when the new kings shall leade [ forth ] their first swarmes : Also banks of herbs or lesse plants to allure the yong ones in the Spring to sport abroad and to get them out of the heate .

* * In their spring , [ viz. the time meet for their first going out . In their owne spring time , and [ their ] * * Yong bees . youth sent out from their hony combes shall sport [ abroad , ]

* * The banke neare may inuite [ viz. allure or entice them ] to depart [ or giue place ] to [ or from ] the heate [ of the Sunne into the shadow . ] The banke neareby may inuite them to get [ themselues ] out of the heate ,

* * And the tree meeting [ them ] may hold [ or receiue them . ] And that the tree And great trees in the way to serue them to light and rest vpon . Thirdly , that they should haue boughes of trees , as of ●allowes or the like , to be layed ouerthwart in the water . full in their way may entertaine them ‖ ‖ With her boughes full of greene leaues , for the yong bees to light vpon . with [ her ] branching harborowes .

* * Whether the mo●sture [ viz. water ] shall stand sluggish , [ viz. still , not mouing , ] or whether it flow [ viz. run ] continually : Whether the water shall stand still , or whether it runne , ‖ ‖ Cast into the midst [ thereof ] willowes layed acrosse and big stones . cast sallowes ouerthwart , and Or great stones to be set therein , for the bee● to saue themselues 〈◊〉 for to rest vpon . great stones ‖ ‖ Into the midst of the water for the bees to light vpon . into the midst [ of it . ]

* * That [ the bees ] may stand sure vpon . That [ the bees ] And that they may spread their wings , laying them open against the Sunne , if the windes shall plunge any of them into the water . may rest vpon * * Often bridges [ viz. lying thicke together , or many . bridges layde thicke together , and [ may ] ‖ ‖ Spread abroad . lay open their wings vnto the Summer Sunne ; if that perhaps * * The headlong East wind . the violent Easterne Fourthly , that they should haue store of sweete smelling herbes to be planted round about the waters , and about the hiues , as namely Cassia , wilde marioram , winter sauorie . winde shall scatter them ‖ ‖ Staying long abroad . lingring ouerlong , * * Or shall drowne [ viz. dip them ] into Neptune , [ viz shall cast them headlong into the water . or shall plunge them into the water .

* * Let greene Cassi ▪ [ flourish ] about these [ places ] or bee-gardens . ] About these [ places ] [ let there grow ] greene * * Of Cassia see before in the second Eclogue . Cassia , and Also bankes of violets , &c. * * Wilde bett●nie [ smelling like wilde marjoram , or it may be taken for sauorie . ] wilde thyme smelling all abroad , and store of ‖ ‖ Hysope . winter sauory * * Casting out a sauour grieuously , [ viz. smelling very strong , or being strong of sent . smelling strong ; and let the * * Beds [ or borders ] of violets . banks of violets * * Drinke the watering [ or maistening ] spring , [ viz. let them be planted neare the water sides , where they may draw moisture . ] drink the moistening water-springs .

c c Hitherto the Poet hath described the bee-garden , viz. the place fit for the standing of bees : now he commeth to a second precept concerning the hiues , to shew what ones they must be , both for the matter and fashion . And also the hiues themselues , * * Whether [ they shall be ] sowed to them with hollowed barks , [ viz. whether you shall make them of barkes of trees sewed together , ] or whether they shall be wouen with a limber twig [ or ozier ] viz. made of rods . whether First , for the matter , that they be made of hollow barks sewed together , or of rods or twigs . you haue them sewed [ and made ] with hollow barks , or wouen with limber Secondly , for the entrance● of the hiues , that they be narrow , to keep our both cold and heate : because the Winter cold hardens the hony , and Summer heate dissolues it . twigs ,

Let them haue narrow entrances ; for Winter * * Doth make thick [ or doth thicken ] or make hard ] the honies . hardens hony with the cold ; * * And heate remits [ viz. dissolues ] the same [ honies ] being molten [ viz. made thin , that is , heate ●elts and dissolues them . and heate [ in the Summer ] dissolues That the violence and danger of both these is to be feared & prenented alike he proues further , from the endeuo●rs of the bees themselues against such iniuries of the weather . and melts the same .

* * Both the violence [ of cold and heate ] is to be feared . The violence of both these is ‖ ‖ To be feared to bees , [ viz. to be preuented . ] to be feared alike to bees : * * Neither they do da●be in vaine , or without iust c●se . neither do [ the bees ] themselues in vaine

* * Daub● ouer . besmeare with waxe , That they stop close all the little holes and tifts in their hiues with waxe , mosse , flowers , and with a kind of glue more slimie then birdlime or pitch . * * Striuingly or by strife . most painefully who shall do best the little breathing holes * * In the roofes [ or houses ] within their hiues , ‖ ‖ And stop . and fill vp the * * Vtmost parts [ or skirts , viz. clifts or chinkes . ] rifts * * With fucus : some take this to be meant of a counterfet kind of waxe , but more pitchie , gathered of the gums of trees ; others for a kinde of mosse . with mosse and flowers , and * * Keepe or saue . preserue a glue gathered to these same * * Offices or businesses . seruices , more ‖ ‖ Tough or gummie . clammie then birdlime [ or ] then ‖ ‖ The pitch of the pitch trees of Ida [ an hill in Phrygia , ] the pitch of * * The Phrygian Ida. ] Ida hill in And that for more safetie against all such perill , they haue bene found to haue made their houses within the ground . Phrygia .

Oft times also ( if the report be true ) [ the bees ] * * Haue digged [ their ] house in holes digd out vnder the ground . haue made their houses And in pumeise stones all eaten . in caues digd within the ground ; and they haue And so in trunkes of hollow trees . bene found * * Altogether [ or deeply . ] deepe in Thirdly , for the better preseruing the hiues from all such violence of weather and other inconueni●ces , to daub them smoothly with mud , & to strew leaues thereon to keepe the hiues moist from chopping . hollow pumeise stones , and in the * * Caue , [ viz. the hollownesse trunke * * Of a tree all eaten with rottennesse . of an eaten tree .

‖ ‖ Howbeit . Yet both * * Annoint thou [ their ] lodgings full of clifts [ or rifts , or chinkes . ] da●be their clifted hiues , * * With smooth raud , [ viz. smoothed on the outside , or finely tempered . ] with ‖ ‖ Oxe dung or the like . mud layd smoothly on , * * Cherishing [ them , ] [ viz. to preserue them from all violence both of heate and cold . ] defending [ them ] round about , ‖ ‖ And moreouer cast vpon the hiues thus daubed , leaues here and there , [ viz. to keepe the mud or dung moist and from chinking . ] and also cast aloft vpon them , leaues thinly strewd .

d d After he proceedeth to giue warning of such things as are noisome to the hiues , like as he had before for the bee-gardens : as that the good husband should not suffer yough trees to grow too neare them ; nor to burne the shels of sea-crabs neare vnto them : nor to let them stand ouer neare to deepe fens or standing waters . * * Neither suffer . And suffer not the yough tree [ to grow ] * * Nearer to [ their ] roofes , [ viz. hiues . ] neare vnto [ their ] houses , nor burne ‖ ‖ Crabs or creuisses , which are red when they are sod or burnt . red sea-crabs * * In [ thy ] hearth [ or chimney , ] whereby the smell may come to the bees . on your hearth ; ‖ ‖ Let not your bees stand neare vnto a moore or watery place being deepe . nor trust the deepe fen [ too much . ]

* * Or where the smell of mud [ or dirt ] is grieucus . Or where [ there is ] Nor neare vnto any filthy smell of mud , nor any great sounding of waters . a noisome smell of mud ; or where the hollow Nor where there is a loud ●ccho . * * Stones . rockes ‖ ‖ Do make a noise . do sound with the beating [ of waters , ] and [ where ] * * By beating vpon . the likenesse of the voice beat backe rebounds .

e e Here now followeth a third precept concerning the worke of the Bees in the Spring and in the Summer time . Where first the Poet describes the Spring by the efficient cause of it , to wit , the Sunne , viz. when the Sunne coming nearer vnto vs , hath with his light chased away the Winter , and begins to bring the Summer ; that then the bees trauell forthwith far and neare thorough forrests and woods , and all other places where they may gather their prouision . That which remains [ is this ] [ that ] when the golden Sunne hath chased away the Winter driuen ‖ ‖ Vnto the Antipodes , where it is Winter when it is Summer with vs . vnder the earth , and * * The image of the voice offended leapes backe [ viz. where there is a great Eccho , which comes by the beating backe of the voice . hath again set open the skie with Summer light ,

‖ ‖ The [ bees ] presently passe through vplands or launds . They forthwith trauell through forrests and woods ,

And * * Hath vnshut [ or opened ] heauen with the Summer light , [ viz. the pleasant Sunne in the spring . ] suck the purple How they sucke it chitfly from the pleasant flowers . coloured flowers , and also being light [ of bodie ] * * Reape [ viz. gather the nourishment or the prouision vpon ] the flowers . do sip the vpmost And being light of body , they sip water whersoeuer they find it . streames .

Hereupon being chearfull , And hauing so done , they returne home chearfully . with what * * Do taste lightly the vpmost flouds , [ viz. the vpmost parts of the waters . libare q. labiare , i. e. primis labris attingere . delight I know not , they ‖ ‖ Nourish . cherish And both cherish their brood , and maintaine their hiues . [ their ] * * Sweetnesse . brood , and * Ofspring or issue . [ maintaine ] [ * * [ Their ] nest ● ▪ their ] How hereupon they artificially frame their combes of waxe and hony . hiues . * * From hence they beate out as with a hammer or weild , viz. frame . Yea , hereupon * * Fresh waxe by art . they fashion out * * Frame their . new waxe by skill , and * * You shall now see aloft a troupe [ of bees ] sent forth out of [ their ] caues vnto the flarres of heauen , to swimme through the liquid Summer , [ viz. the cleare aire in the Summer . ] make their ‖ ‖ Cleauing , glu●sh , gummie . clammie hony .

f f Afterwards vpon this occasion of their flying abroad , he cometh to a fourth precept , for the retaining of their swarmes with sweete smels of herbes , and with sounds . Hence whenas * * Behold , [ or marke it well : ] for ] they . you shall behold a swarme sent forth euen now out of their hiues vnto the skies , to waue through the cleare Summer aire ; That when the keepers of them see a great swarme of them gathered like a cloud , and wauing in the skie , they then seeke waters , and a new house amongst the boughes of trees .

And shall ‖ ‖ Wonder at . maruell at ‖ ‖ A swarme of bees gathered round together like a darke cloud . a darke cloud to be ‖ ‖ Caried or moued . drawne with the wind :

* * And branching roofes , [ viz. to make their abode amongst the greene boughes of trees . Marke well : they do alwayes seeke sweete waters * * Balme gently bruzed . This is an herbe wherewith bees are delighted . and houses among the boughes of trees . Therefore to the end that they may settle , they are to sprinkle the places with the vsuall iuyces of certain herbs , as of balme , honysuccles , and the like ; or to rub them with those herbes , and withall to ring or tinkle with basons , cimbals , and other such like sounding things , to keepe them from flying quite away . To this end sprinkle the ‖ ‖ Wonted or vsuall . appointed iuyces :

* * Vnnoble [ or vile , because it growes euery where . ] Bruz'd balme-mint , and the * * A tinkling noise as of basons . common grasse of hony-suckle .

And make * * And shake the cymbals of [ Cybele ] mother [ of the Gods ] round about . a ringing noise , * * To [ or in ] their seates medicined , [ viz. prepared with such iuyces and herbes as are mentioned . ] and tinkle round about the ‖ ‖ The cymbals are tinkling instruments which were vsed in the sacrifices of Cybele . cymbals Al. of the mother [ of the Gods . ] Because by these meanes they will settle vpon the places so sprinkled . Al. Of Mars .

The [ bees ] will settle all together * * They will hide [ or betake ] themselues . vpon their sprinkled seates : [ yea ] And will easily be gotten into new hiues thus rubbed and prepared . * they will get themselues into the inmost * * Cradles [ viz hiues fitted for them . ] cabbines ‖ ‖ By nature of their owne accord . after their manner .

g g And hence he proceedeth to a fifth precept , concerning the battels of the bees , which he setteth out by a principall cause thereof , and by signes . The chiefe cause is discord arising betweene the kings or maister-bees . But if they shall go foorth to fight ( for discord oftentimes * * Hath gone with a stately pace as in kings [ viz. marched or crept ] to two kings with a great motion [ or stirre , ] for that their kingdome is impatient of any consort , or they cannot endure two kings . hath growne betweene two kings with great adoe , )

[ You may ] both presently [ foreknow ] * * The minds of the common people . the stomackes of the common The signes whereby any one may foreknow their stomackes , and their trembling hearts prepared for warre , and so their skirmishes are . fort , and also you may * * Know . perceiue long before [ ‖ ‖ Their hearts stirring [ or rising ] to battle . their ] trembling hearts [ prepared ] for warre .

For why , that warlike You shall heare the night before a warlike noise , as of a sounding trumpet , calling all forth to warre , and withall sundry broken sounds , as of trumpets . noise * * Of hoarse sounding brasse . of a brazen trumpet sounding harsh , * * Doth chide [ viz. rebuke or prouoke and hasten forward . doth checke * * [ The bees ] lingring long [ or making no haste . ] those which do linger long .

And [ after ] a voice is heard * * Imitating . resembling the broken sounds of trumpets .

* * Then they go together among themselues trembling , [ viz. quiuering with anger or with violence . Then hastily they And then the next day they go hastily together , glistering with their wings , as souldiers in armour . go together , ‖ ‖ And shine as souldiers in armour . and glister with their * * Pens or feathers . wings .

* * And also they sharpen [ their ] darts with [ their ] bils [ or nibs . ] They likewise sharpen [ their ] stings with They will also sharpen their stings with their snouts , and fit themselues to fight . [ their ] snouts , * * And make fit [ their ] armes , [ viz. prepare them . and fit [ their ] lims [ to fight . ]

And * * They are mingled thicke about [ their ] king [ for his preseruation . ] are gathered Then they gather thick about their king , as the Romanes were wont about the Emperours pauilion , and call forth their enemy with loud cries . thicke about [ their ] king , and * * To the very places of their Pretor [ or Emperour . ] It is an allusion to the maner of the Romanes to desire to be nearest to the Emperours tent or pauilion . euen vnto the Emperours pauillion , and ‖ ‖ Challenge [ or prouoke . ] call [ forth ] the enemie with ‖ ‖ Mightie or loud humming . great cries .

Therefore when [ they And thus when they haue got a faire calme sunny day in the spring , they rush out of their hiues , and runne violently together as souldiers to battell : haue ] got * * A cleare spring , [ viz. a faire day in the Spring or Summer . ] a faire and cleare Spring time , and ‖ ‖ Large and wide fields , [ viz roome enough . ] open fields , they rush out of [ their ] gates : * * It is runne together , [ viz. they skirmish . ] they runne violently together , Whereby there is a great sound made in the aire ; ‖ ‖ A great noise is heard forth of the aire . a sound is made * * In the high skie [ or aire . ] high in the aire : * * They being mingled together , they And all the bees are gathered thicke into a great round heape . And straightway they fall downe killed or wounded out of the aire , as thicke as haile . mixt * * Are w●un round like a clew or ball into a great orbe or circle [ after the manner of an armie . ] are gathered into a great round heape ,

‖ ‖ They fall downe as dead . And fall downe headlong . The haile [ falls ] not more thicke * * From the aire . out of the aire , So that the acornes fall not downe so fast from the shaken oake .

* * Nor so much of the acorne doth raine , [ viz. fall like raine ] from the oake being smitten . Nor yet such , store of acornes raine from th' shaken ‖ ‖ Ilex is taken for a kind of oake . oake . The kings in the meane time flie thorough the midst of their armies with their gallant wings ,

[ The kings ] themselues [ flying ] thorough the midst of the armies Al. with gallant wings , Al. With wings like ensignes ,

* * Do turne oft great courages in a narrow breast : Do exercise braue And shew their braue mindes , encouraging their armies , minds within their narrow breasts :

* * Striuing [ or encouraging themselues with all their might ] so verie greatly not to yeeld . Endeuouring stoutly Stoutly enforcing themselues with all their power not to yeeld , with all their power not to yeeld , vntill * * The grieuous conquerours [ or heauie , as we say , an heauie enemie . ] the heauie ● Vntill the one side being ouercome , be caused violently to turn their backs in flight . conquerour hath ‖ ‖ Enforced . compelled either these or those * * To giue their backes , being turned by flight . to turne their backs in flight .

h h Vpon this occasion the Poet cometh to a sixth precept , concerning the recalling and quieting of the bees in these broyles ; ‖ ‖ These their furious rages . These stirrings vp of their courages , and these so great * * Strifts or battels . skirmishes ,

* * Shall rest [ or be quiet . ] Will ceasse , being Which is , by casting vp a little dust , viz. by throwing vp a few molds into the aire , which may be felt as raine in the midst amongst them . ‖ ‖ Supprest or appeased . repressed * * With casting . with the casting vp of a litle dust .

But when you haue recall'd both the ‖ ‖ Kings , [ viz. king or maister-bees . leaders * * From the forefront of the battell . from the battell , And withall teacheth how to continue their peace after , which is , by killing the worse of the two kings , viz. of those two maister bees , which were the cause of the battell .

* * Giue him to death , [ viz. kill that of them two ] which [ shall ] seeme the wor●e , lest being prodigall he hurt , [ viz. lest he proue a robber , or liue onely in consuming the hony , and getting nothing . Put him to death that seemes the worst , lest being a spend-all he do hurt : * * [ But ] suffer [ that ] the better may reigne . [ but ] suffer [ him that seemes ] the better , [ that ] he may And he giues a reason of it , lest he proue a robber . reigne * * In the emptie hall , [ viz. the Emperours pallace free from enemie , as sole king . in the pallace [ all alone . ] But to preserue th● better of them , that he may reigne alone , without any other to prouoke him .

* * One will be burning with spots foule with gold , [ viz. shewing yellow like gold . Catachrefis . One [ of the kings ] will be bright burning red with spots shining And here for more clearenes , he describeth the kings or maister bees . like gold .

( For there are two kinds of [ kings : ] ) this That as there are two kinds of kings , so one of them which is the better , is of a burning red colour bright with gliftering specks , and of a more notable countenance . [ which is ] the better , [ is ] ‖ ‖ 〈◊〉 , or notably knowne . notable * * In mouth . in countenance ,

And ‖ ‖ Cleare or shining . bright * * With red scales [ viz. with golden spots shining as scales in fishes . with glistering specks : that other [ king ] is * * Horrible , vgly or lothsome . ill fauoured The other is vgly through his sloth , dragging his broad belly , creeping in a base maner before or about the hiues mouth .

‖ ‖ Idlenesse or lazinesse . Through sloth , * * And without all glory , [ viz base ] drawing his broade belly [ vpon the hiues mouth . ] and draggeth his ‖ ‖ Broade , not round as in the other . broad belly ‖ ‖ In a base maner . without all honour . And moreouer sheweth , that as there are such differences in the kings ; so there are two principal differences in the common sort likewise .

* * As the faces [ or formes ] of [ their ] kings are two , so the bodies of the nation [ or common sort of bees ] [ are different . ] As [ there are ] two fashions of [ their ] kings , so the bodies * * Of the nation [ of the bees . ] of the common sort ‖ ‖ Are of two sorts , differing one from another , euen as the bodies of the kings . [ are two , differing each from other . ] For that some of them are rough and illfauoured , as if they were all dustie ouer ; which he illustrateth by a similitude : That they haue on them a filthinesse like the spittle which the thirstie traueller coming out of the deepe dust spits vpon the ground , and this is the worst kind .

For why , some of them * * Being filthy [ or foule ] are vgly and lothsome . are rough and ill-fauoured , like as when a * * Drie with thirst . thirstie ‖ ‖ Passenger , or wayfaring man . traueller comes out of the deepe dust , and spits vpon the ground * * With his mouth being drie [ with thirst and dust . ] with [ his ] drie mouth : ‖ ‖ Others are of a cleare and bright shining colour . others do shine and glister with cleare brightnesse , The other sort of them shines and glisters with a cleare brightnesse like gold :

* * Burning with gold . Gloring like gold , and [ hauing ] [ their ] bodies * * Smeared or annointed , dasht * * With like or euen drops , [ viz. spots of euen bignesse . ] with equall And haue their bodies dasht with equall spot● . spots .

This is the better This latter he sheweth to be the better brood . brood : ‖ ‖ From these bees . from hence at a certaine time * * Of heauen , [ viz. at a meete season . ] of the yeare , And that these make the most liquid and excellent 〈◊〉 .

* * You shall presse out , [ viz. 〈◊〉 or crush out . ] You may presse out sweete hony , * * Nor so much sweete as liquid , [ viz. pure , clarified , or cleare from dregs . and not so sweete as liquid , * * And to 〈◊〉 [ viz. fit to tame the hard taste of Bacchus [ or of wine , Met. effic . and which will amend ‖ ‖ That is , to take away the vnpleasantnesse or sharpnesse of wine or the like : or to make sweete wine called Mulsum , viz. bastard wine or Metheglin , by seething wine and hony together . the Which will notably amend the ouermuch hatdnesse of wine , to make it most delicate . ouer-much hardnesse of wine .

i i Here he repeats again the fourth precept , concerning the keeping of the swarmes , that they flie not away . But when ‖ ‖ The bees rising together . the swarmes flie * * Vncertaine [ whither they will flie . astray , and play * * In heauen , or aboue , as in the skie . in the aire ,

* * And do contemne or neglect . And care not for First , that when they begin to sport in the aire , and to leaue their hiues , and so to offer to flie quite away , they be restrained and withdrawne after this manner following : viz. [ their ] hony combes , and leaue [ their ] * * Cold roofes [ viz hiues . ] coole houses ,

* * You shall forbid , [ viz. withdraw or stay . You must restraine [ their ] ‖ ‖ Wauering or vnstayed . vnstable minds * * From vaine play or pastime . from [ that ] vaine sport : By plucking off the wings from their kings

Neither [ is it ] any ] great labour * * To prohibite or stay them from flying away . to represse them . * * Plucke thou off . Plucke away the wings from [ their ] kings . For that then none of the rest dare be so bold to flie so high , [ And then ] ‖ ‖ None of the bees dare be so bold , or aduenture . not any one will be bold * * To go [ or vndertake ] a high iourney . to flie so Or to offer to remoue their standards , viz. to prouoke their fellowes to flie away , so long as the kings stay behind . high , or * * To plucke vp [ to stirre yp the rest to flie away . This is a b●rowed speech , a Metaphor taken from souldiers , who by plucking vp and remouing their standards , do shew to their fellowes that they are about to go from that place . to remoue the standards from [ their ] campes , * * Those , [ viz. the maister bees ] lingring . the kings staying behind . A second meanes of retaining them , is ▪ by the sweetnesse of trees and flowers growing about or neare vnto the hiues , whereof sundrie kinds are mentioned before and after .

* * Your orchards or gardens , &c. let them . Let your gardens * * Breathing out , or sending out 〈◊〉 . i● 〈◊〉 delight . smelling sweete ‖ ‖ With all such flowers as where ▪ with saffron flowers entice them .

‖ ‖ And let Priapus who is the god and preseruer of the gardens , be set at the entry of the bee-garden , with his willow reaping hooke to driue away theeues and birds , and to preserue the bees . And let the guard A third remedie , is by commending them to the guard of Priapus whom they made the god of their gardens , and placed him at the entrie thereof , with his willow hooke , to keepe away both theeues and birds , and to saue the bees from all annoy . of ‖ ‖ Priapus , sonne of Bacehus and Venus . Priapus borne in Hellespont , with his willow hooke , [ who is ] Al. the keeper both of theeues and birds , saue them Al. The keeper both of theeues and bees , with h● sallow hooke saue them . [ from annoy . ]

k k But here he returneth again to the second remedie ; that he that hath a due regard of his bees to haue them to prosper , and himselfe to thriue , looke to that chiefly , to plant store of thyme and pine trees round about neare vnto his bees . Al. [ And ] he himselfe Al. And let him . * * To whom such things are a care , [ viz. who hath a care of bees that they may prosper . ] to whom such things are in regard , bringing thyme & ‖ ‖ Yong pine trees . pine-trees from the high mountaines , let him ‖ ‖ Set them . plant [ them ] largely round about * * The roofes , [ viz. the bee gardens or the hiues . ] the houses [ of the bees . ]

* * Let him weare his hand with hard labour , [ viz. with labouring hard . ] Let him labour . hard : And that he labouring hard , set also other fruitfull trees about his grounds , being carefull in watering them till they take roote . [ yea ] * * Let him fasten downe fruitfull plants to [ or in ] the ground . let him set fruitfull ‖ ‖ Sets of fruitfull trees . plants , and * * Let him water , [ viz. let him powre vpon them ] friendly showers , [ viz. wholesome water like showers , or in stead of showres . water them with friendly showres .

l l Vpon this occasion the Poet maketh a profitable digression to the pleasantnesse and commoditie of orchards & gardens , which he professeth that he would haue prosecuted more fully , had be not purposed to be very briefe in this treatise , which he expresseth by an allegory taken from mariner● approching neare vnto the ha● . And now * * I indeed but that I may draw [ downe ] [ my ] sailes , and may hasten to turne my prore [ viz. the forepart of my ship ] to the lands : [ that is , but that I desire to draw towards an end , as the weary mariner towards the land . indeed , but that I would strike saile , and make haste to turne my foredecke to the land * * Vnder [ or about ] the extreme ●nd of my labours . a little before the last end of my ‖ ‖ Toiles or paines . labours ,

* * Perhaps I would sing of , [ viz. would write of in verse after this ma●er ] what care of husbanding might adorne both the fat orchards [ or gardens ] and the r●siers [ or rose-gardens , or rose-beds of Pestum [ a town of Lucania ] bearing twise a yeare , [ viz. where through the temperature of the heauens , the ground beareth abundance of roses twise in the yeare , to wi● , in May and September . I would perhaps declare what care of husbanding [ the ground ] might beautifie both That otherwise ●e would haue handled the maner of husbanding of gardens and rose-yards , to make them ranke and fruitfull . ranke gardens and the rose-borders of Pestum , which beareth roses twise a yeare .

* * And after what manner endiue , [ viz. the herbes called endiue or suecory . ] might reioyce in the riuers well drunke of . And how endiue Also the manner of planting endiue and succorie neare water sides . delights to grow neare water sides .

And also [ how ] ‖ ‖ Greene parsly banks . banks And how to haue the greene bankes of parsly . greene with ‖ ‖ A pium taken for common parsly , and not for garden parsly . parsly [ delight therein . ]

* * And the cucumber . Yea how the cucumber Likewise how to haue faire great cucumbers . writhen among * * The herbe [ viz. herbes or weeds . the herbes * * Might increase into a belly . might grow to be very big .

Neither * * Had I held my peace of [ or said nothing of ] ▪ the Narcissus or white daffadill bearing leaues [ or flowering ] late . would I haue passed ouer in silence With store of Narcissus . the Narcissus which so * * Sera pro serò , a Newter Adiectiue for an Aduerbe . lately flowers , or * * The twig [ viz. of the herbe called branke vrsine . ] the branch of the * * Bowed or bent . crisped Branke vrsine . ‖ ‖ Acanthus or beare ▪ breech . See before in the third Eclogue . branke vrsine . Ivies .

And the pale ivies , and Mi●le trees and the like . also the myrtle trees ‖ ‖ Delighting to grow neare the sea-shores . louing the shoares . This he confirmeth by the example of an old man of Corycus neare vnto Tarent .

* * For I remember me to haue seene [ viz. that I once saw ] an old Corycian fellow vnder the high towers of Oebalia , &c. For I remember that I haue seene vnder the loftie towers of ‖ ‖ By Oebalia he meaneth Tarent built by the Oebalians , viz. the Lacedemonians in the countrey of Calabria . Oebalia , ( where the blacke riuer Galesus ‖ ‖ Watereth . moisteneth the * * The tilled [ fields ] waxing yellow [ with ripe c●rne . ] yellow fields ) an old man ‖ ‖ Of Cilicia : for Corycus is a towne of Cilicia : of Corycus , * * To whom there were a few acres of the country left , [ viz after the diuision of the fields of Tarent made by Pompey to the old soldiers , not left & for saken as contemned by the owners . Some thinke it is meant , left by his ancestors , and made fruitfull by his husbandrie . to whom there befell a Who hauing but a few acres of ground left after the diuision of the countrey . few acres of the countrey , that was left [ after the diuision [ of the grounds . ] The soile whereof was neither fruitfull for grasse nor corne , nor yet commodious for vines .

* * Neither was that [ ground ] fertile for bullockes , [ viz. for pasture , ] nor the corne growing on it [ or puise . ] The soile whereof was neither fruitfull for feeding bullocks , nor the crop ‖ ‖ Good for other cattell , [ or thuu , nor a fit crop for cattell , viz for sheep . fit for cattell , * * Neither [ was the ground . ] neither yet [ was it ] commodious * * To Bacchus , [ viz. fit or good for vines . ] for wine . Yet this old man planting herbes in that ground thinly here and there ,

‖ ‖ Yet this man , &c. Yet in this place * * He pressing [ or pricking downe , ] viz. setting . he planting * * Pot-herbes [ viz. herbes fit to be eaten , of diuers sorts ] thinne in the bushes . pot-herbes thinly here and there among the bushes , and white lillies round about , and ‖ ‖ All herbes vsed about religious c●remonies , or to holy ends . verveine , and poppie ‖ ‖ Meete to be eaten sparingly . fit to be eaten : Thought himselfe as rich as a king thereby .

Did match * * In [ his ] minds , [ viz. in conceit ] the wealth of kings [ because it is the mind , not the cheft that maketh rich . in conceit And could at any time furnish his table with dainties of his owne growing , without any further cost . the wealth of kings ; and returning home ‖ ‖ Meates , or pro●ision of his owne . late at night , * * At late night [ or late in the euening . ] furnished his table with dainties vnbought . Hauing abundance of roses in the Spring , and 〈◊〉 in Autumne , and those ripe with the first .

* * He loaded his tables . He gathered roses first in the Spring , * * [ He begun , or was w●nt ] to plu●ke roses first , [ viz. with the first . and Or carpere for carpebat . Enal . likewise apples in the Autumne .

* * And also [ he plucked ] apples [ first ] [ viz. his were first ripe . And euen when the And also store of greene herbes in the hardest Winter , when all elsewhere were killed with the frost . hard Winter did burst the stones * * And when the sad [ or terrible ] Winter euen now did burst the stones * with cold , and bridled the co●rses of 〈◊〉 , [ viz. of the ri●ers ] with frost , and stayed the course of waters * * With ice . with [ her ] ice : Thus he proceeded still , watching his oportunities , waiting on the time , and oft thinking i● long before it came .

* * Euen now did he sheare the tops of soft branke vrsi●e [ viz. new sprung , ] that is , he had fresh herbes . Euen then did he gather fresh leaues of pleasant Acanthus .

Oft blaming the ‖ ‖ Late . lateward Summer , and the West windes * * Staying long , [ or making long delayes , ] because the West windes are the first messengers of the Spring . lingring ouer-long [ before they came . ] Hereby he was wont to abound with breeding bees and store of swarmes .

Therefore the same [ old man ] [ was wont ] t' abound first [ of all ] * * With bees full of yong ones , and with many a swarme . with breeding bees , & with store of swarmes And plentie of hony . and to gather foaming hony out of the ‖ ‖ Crushed , or strained . pressed hony combes . Hauing all trees wherein the bees delight , as both linden trees and also pine-trees .

* * [ There were ] to him linden trees and the most plentifull pine tree , [ or great abundance of pine trees . ] He had linden trees , and the pine tree ‖ ‖ Most fruitfull [ or profitable ] [ viz. for making their ho●y combes . yeelding most abundantly .

* * And with how many apples [ each fruitfull tree had clothed [ or arayed ] it selfe in the new flower [ viz. at the first knotting ] it held euen so many ripe [ apples ] in Autumne [ viz. at the gathering ] [ that is , they did all prosper . ] And as many apples And maruellous increase of apples ; so that looke how many yong apples he had set on the trees presently after the blooming , so many ripe ones 〈◊〉 gathered in the Autum●e ; all ●med to prosper . as [ each ] fruitfull tree had in the fresh blossom , it had so many ripe in the Autumne .

* * He also remo●ed [ or translated ] into order , [ viz. into rowes , after the maner of a Quineu●x ] late 〈◊〉 , [ viz. elmes that grow but showly . He moreouer set in order lateward elmes .

And the * * Very hard , [ or the 〈◊〉 and strong 〈◊〉 . hard peare-tree He moreouer plan●ed 〈◊〉 . and sloe trees now And withall peare-trees and pl●m trees , bearing ‖ ‖ Plums , or damosi●s , not sloes , because the nature of the trees were changed by the change of the ground through his husbandrie . plums .

And also the plane-tree And al●o pl●ne 〈◊〉 for shade . * * Now ministring [ viz. affoording ] a shadow to [ men ] drinking [ vnder the same . ] giuing shade to But he concludeth this digression , that he is enforced to cut off all longer discourse of these things through lacke of time , & leaues them to be recorded by others . folke drinking [ vnder it . ]

But I indeed H H Ouerpasse or omit . passe by these things , * * Being separated [ or excluded ] by vnequall spaces , [ viz. being hindred from hauing the like , or from finishing the worke by the short time of my life , or of my leisure , compared to that old mans . being bard [ from them ] by my vnequall space [ of time , ] and * * Leaue them to others to be rehearsed hereafter . leaue them to be recorded of others hereafter . And first he toucheth a fable concerning the originall or their first receiuing of their excellent qualities , which they are said to haue had from Iupiter , for a reward of feeding him when he was new born .

m m Here he cometh to a seuenth precept concerning the nature and qualities of bees ; where their whole work is expressed in diuers parts . Now go to [ then , ] I will dispatch * * The natures or gifts . the qualities which Iupiter himselfe ‖ ‖ Hath giuen to bees besides what they had before . hath added vnto bees : [ ‖ ‖ What reward the bees had for following , &c. and feeding Iupiter . to wit ] for what reward , they following the shrill sounds * * Of the Curetes [ viz. of Cybeles priests called Corybantes , or of the people called Curetes , being the first inhabitants of Creet , who vndertooke the nursing of Iupiter , to hide him and his crying , from his father Saturne , in a caue at the foote of the hill Dicte in Candie . of Cybeles That bees following the shrill sound that Cybeles priests made at his birth to the end that his crying should not be heard , found him in a caue of the hill Dicte in Creete , where he was hid from his father Saturne , and fed him there with their hony . Of which fable see Ramus his Com. more at large . priests , * * And [ their ] ratling brasses . and [ their ] tinkling cymbals fed ‖ ‖ Iupiter . the king of heauen * * Vnder the Dictean caue . in a caue of the hill Dicte in Creete .

n n Then he proceedeth to shew their admirable qualities ; as that they haue their yong ones in common , both bred in common , and all hauing a common care of them : and also that they haue a citie and common halls , & leade their liues vnder worthy lawes . ‖ ‖ Onely the bees of all other creatures haue their yong ones bred in common of them all , and haue a common care of them . They alone haue [ their ] * * Children [ viz. yong brood ] common . yong in common , * * [ They haue also ] roofes [ viz. some houses ] of [ their ] citie common , [ viz. common hals . * Whereof they are alike partakers or partners in . and common houses [ also ] of [ their ] citie , * * And oft passe ouer [ their ] time [ or the time of their life , ] viz. liue perpetually and leade [ their ] liues * * Vnder great lawes . vnder worthie lawes .

* * And [ the bees ] alone have knowne their natiue countrey , and their certaine houshold gods , [ or priuate and severall houses , viz. their owne hiues or cels . And they onely know [ their own ] natiue countrey , and their certaine dwelling houses .

* * And [ they ] being mindfull of &c. And being mindfull That ▪ they onely of all creatures know their natiue country & their certaine dwelling houses . of the Winter * * About to come . that will come , * * They trie labour by experience , [ viz. they make experience of labours . ] do take great paines , * * And lay vp things gotten in the midst . and lay vp in store , for the common That they are mindfull of Winter before it 〈◊〉 , and take great 〈◊〉 in Summer to prouide and lay vp in store for the common vse against that time . vse , the things which they haue gotten .

* * For some [ bees ] do watch diligantly for liuing [ or food , ] viz. do take all occasions to labour for liuing , and bring in pro●ision . Victu for victui . For why , some of them toile for liuing , and * * Are exercised [ viz occupied . ] are busied in the fields After he sheweth how they deuide their workes : ‖ ‖ By a certain appointment , or order . by a couenant * * Agreed of , or 〈◊〉 . made [ amongst themselues . ] That some of them are busied in the fields to seeke and fetch in prouision , as by a couenant amongst themselues .

‖ ‖ Other some [ of them . ] Part [ of them ] lay within the * * Hedges or bounds . fences of [ their ] houses , * * The teare of Narcissus , [ alluding to the fable , because the boy Narcissus was turned into a flower ; whereof before . the iuyce of Narcissus and * * Cleauing [ or sticking ] glue . clammie Others worke within their houses ; laying the first foundations of their hony combs with iuyces of herbes and gums of trees . gumme [ gathered ] * * From the barke . from the barkes [ of trees , ] ‖ ‖ As , or for the first foundations . being the first foundations ‖ ‖ To their hony combes . of [ their ] hony combes . * * And then they hang vpon [ them ] stiffe waxe , [ such as i● stiffe and clammy , called propolis , viz. bee-glue . And afterwards And so build thereupon , framing and fashioning their combes . they fasten thereto gluish waxe .

* * Other [ bees ] bring forth [ out of the huskes or skinnes wherein they are bred ] the yong ones growne to perfection , [ viz. as the hen hatcheth the chickens by sitting on them . ] [ or else do leade them abroad , and accustome them to labour . ] Others bring forth Others breede and bring forth their yong , and leade them out , when they are come to perfect growth ; thus accustoming them to labour . [ their ] yong ones now at perfect growth , the hope * * Of the nation [ viz. of the continuance and increase of their swarmes or hiues . ] [ all their ] stocke : Others [ of them ] ‖ ‖ Do fill the cel● or combes with the purest and finest hony . fill vp the purest hony , and Others of them fill vp their cels with the purest and finest 〈◊〉 hony . ‖ ‖ Fill full , or stuffe out . stretch out [ their ] cels * * With liquid [ or pure ] ●ectar , [ viz. the 〈◊〉 and most excellent part of the hony . with the finest life hony .

[ And other some ] Others are appointed to ward at their gates . there are , to whom * * Custodie , [ viz. keeping or watching ] at the gates , hath fallen to lot , [ viz. as to their lot or by lot , speaking after the maner , as it is in warre , to keepe out the enemie . the warding at their gates falleth for [ their ] lot .

* * And they do behold [ or obserue ] by course the waters [ viz. drops of raine ] and clouds of heauen , [ that is , clouds ouercasting , and all signes of the w●ather , as of showers or stormes . And they by turnes And these by turnes do watch the raine and clouds . do watch the raine and clouds of heauen .

Or else ‖ ‖ They receiue . they take Or else take 〈◊〉 burdens of tho e which come loaden home , and work them in their hiues . the ‖ ‖ Loades burdens ‖ ‖ Of such bees as come loaden home , and do helpe them . [ of the bees ] [ then ] comming [ home . ] Or making an army doe driue away the drones .

* * Or an armie [ of them ] being made [ viz. hauing gathered a troupe of them together . ] Or making an army , driue away from [ their ] * * Stalls . Metaph. hiues ‖ ‖ The droane bees without stings . the drones ‖ ‖ A sluggish or slothfuli beast , onely consuming their hony , and getting none . a lazie And generally he declare●h how all of them do bestirte themselues in their worke , cach in their proper place , as sweating at it . cattell .

‖ ‖ They plie their worke [ viz as men vntill they sweate . ] Their worke is hote , and ‖ ‖ Their hiues . [ their ] fragrant hony * * Yeelds a sauour [ or a sweete sent . ] smels sweete with ‖ ‖ By the herbs from whence they gather their hony and waxe . thyme .

o o Which diligence and haste of theirs , he illustrateth by a notable similitude taken from the Cyclopians , Vulcans Smiths , framing thunderbolts for Iupiter . And euen as * * When the Cyclopes [ viz. a people of Sicily hauing but one eie in their forehead , fained to be Vulcan● smiths , and to make thunderbolts for Iupiter . ] the Cyclopians when they * * Hasten . make vp in haste the * * Lightnings . thunderbolts [ of Iupiter ] * * Out of masses [ or wedges [ of iron or other mettall ] softened [ in the fire , or pliant to worke on . ] out of the softned iron lumpes ; That like as they making vp their bolts in haste out of the soft ned iron lumps .

* * Some [ of them ] take in blasts [ or wind ] and send it forth againe with bellows of bull-hides . Some [ of them ] blow with [ their ] bellowes made of bull-hides : Some of them blow the bellowes .

Others * * Dip their mettals hizzing , [ viz. coming out of the glowing fier . ] quench [ their ] Others quench their mettals hizzing in the troughes . hizzing * * Brasses , in a lake [ or trough of water as smiths vse . ] mettals in the trough .

* * Etna ] a mountaine in Sicily burning with perpetuall fiers , through the abundance of brimstone and other matter in it : fained to be the shop or workhouse of Vulcan and the Cyclops for the often and great thundring and lightning in those parts . Etna groaneth Etna in the meane while groaning vnder the stithies that are placed thereon . * * With the stithies . through the stithies * * Layed vpon it . placed thereon . Those among them , who weild the hammers , do lift vp their armes to smite in order , and oft with their pinsers turne the iron holding it fast .

‖ ‖ Others of them . They among themselues lift vp their armes ‖ ‖ Making as it were a musicall harmonie by the order of their strokes vpon the iron , to fashion it on the stithy in order with great force , and often turne the iron * * With a paire of pinsers holding fast [ the iron . ] with [ their ] Euen so ( to compare small things with great ) pinsers holding [ 't ] fast .

None otherwise ( * * If it be lawfull to compare . if that I may compare smal A naturall loue of gathering and making hony , enforceth the litle bees to bestirre themselues , and euery bee in her owne place . things ‖ ‖ With great . to great . )

* * A loue bred in [ them ] [ viz. a naturall loue . ] An inbred loue * * Of hauing . of getting [ hony ] * * Doth vrge [ viz. vehemently presse or charge . ] doth euen inforce the bees of * * Of Cecropia , [ viz. of the citie Athens , so called of Cecrops builder and king of Athens , where is most excellent hony in abundance , for the store of thyme neare vnto it . Athens , ‖ ‖ Euery one in her owne office . and euery [ bee ] in her owne place . p p Thus still going on in the former distribution of their workes , he she weth , that the elder bees haue the charge of the whole hiues committed to them . ‖ ‖ The ancient [ viz. elder bees ] haue the charge of the townes [ viz. of the whole hiues ] committed to them . The townes [ are ] the charge [ giuen ] to the * * A care to the ancient . ancienter [ bees , ] To fence their hony combes , and to make them houses in a most artificiall and exquisite maner .

And * * To fortifie . to fence their hony combes , [ yea ] * * To fashion [ or frame them ] Dedalian roofes [ viz. houses built with admirable art . and to make them houses * * Dedalus like [ viz. artificiall , like as if framed by Dedalus that most cunning workman . most cunningly deuised . The yonger labour abroad in the fields , & returne home wearie and loaden late at night .

* * But the lesser [ bees ] betake themselues [ home ] weary at late night , [ viz. late in the euening . But the yonger [ bees ] returne [ home ] wearie late at night , How they seeke and trauell for their prouision euery where both on the blossomes of crab-trees on fallowes which we call palmes .

* * Full [ in regard of or vpon their ] legs , Syn. [ viz. loaden with hony or waxe made of iuyce suckt out of thyme and other flowers . ] Loaden on the legs with thyme : ‖ ‖ They feed , or get their liuing or prouision all abroad . they are fed euery where both So vpon saffron . The linden trees . [ vpon ] * * The seruice trees [ or crab trees . ] the crab tree The flower of the red Hyacinthus and all other sweete flowers . blossomes and * * Greenish or gray sallowes , which we call palme trees , on which bees vse to lie very much . gray sallowes , ‖ ‖ Of Casia , see before . and Casia and red saffron , and vpon the * * Fat tilly . ranke linden trees , and also [ vpon ] * * The H●acinth of a blacke red colour , like iron : of the flower so called , or red purple lilly , see before Ecl. 3. the ironish coloured hyacinth .

q q Here he still goeth along , and to declare by the way what a com munitie they haue in labouring and resting together , and so likewise in sleepe and watching : That all of them rest together , and all of them labour together , that there seemes to be but one rest and one worke vnto them all . [ There is ] one rest * * Of works to all , [ viz. they all rest from their labour together , and they all worke together . from worke to all [ of them , ] one labour [ is ] vnto [ them ] all .

* * They rush forth of the gates early in the morning : delay [ is ] no where : againe , when as the euening starre hath admonished , the same [ bees ] depart at length . In the morning they rush out of [ their ] gates : How in the morning they rush out of their gates all together to worke , and so continue in labouring all the day till the euening admonish them to depart home . [ there is ] no stay ; againe whenas the euening admonisheth them to depart at length out of the fields ‖ ‖ From seeking their prouision . from feeding , then * * They seeke their roofes , [ viz. they returne to their ●iues . go they home ; [ and ] And then returne , and so refresh their wearie lim● . * * Then do they care for [ their ] bodies . then do they cherish [ their ] weary bodies . How at that time when they are got into the hiue , there is made a great humming noise by one of them flying about the hiue ; who by her sound commandeth all to take their rest .

‖ ‖ There is made a sound or noise , [ viz. by one of them flying about , by her humming , commanding all to take their rest . ] A sound is made , and they ‖ ‖ Do generally make a great noise . do buz about the * * Vtmost parts [ viz. outsides ] and thresholds , bounds and entrances [ of their hiues . ]

Afterwards whenas they haue * * Composed [ viz betaken themselues to rest . ] reposed themselues So that after when they haue all reposed themselues , there is a great silence among them , that no stirring or noise is heard all the night . [ to rest ] in their chambers , ‖ ‖ There is no noise [ all ] the night . there is silence * * Into [ viz. for or through ] the whole night . [ all ] the night , & * * The owne sleepe [ of euery bee occupieth &c. [ viz. euery bee refresheth their weary lims by their sleepe . euery ones owne sleepe Thus euery one with rest and sleepe doth recreate it selfe . possesseth [ all their ] * * Wearied ioynts . wearie lims .

r r Here is repeated their foreknowledge of the weather , and what they do therein . That if it be like to be rainie or windie , they wil not flie farre from their hiues . ‖ ‖ But they do not depart or flie abroad farre . Nor yet indeede do they * * Go backe longer from [ their ] stalls , [ viz. go farre off from home , depart farre from [ their ] hiues * * Raine hanging ouer , [ viz. if there be any raine presently toward . ] if it be like to raine ; * * Or do they trust the heauen , or skie . [ viz they dare not commit themselues vnto the aire to flie abroad . or trust vnto the aire when * * The Easterne windes approching , or comming neare , [ viz. when it will be wind . the Eastwindes will arise . But they will seeke water neare them round about .

But ‖ ‖ They drinke or fetch water . they are watered * * Being safe . safely vnder the walls of the citie ‖ ‖ On euery side . round about . And flie no further abroad then they may get home before the storme .

* * And they trie [ or assay ] short excursions , [ flights , walks or iourneys ] [ viz. to go no further then they may get home before the storme . ] And they aduenture but short courses ; and Or if they be ouertaken by the windes , they vse to take vp litle stones to peize and carry themselues euen and steadily : like as floating boates do take vp balasse , [ viz. do l●ade themselues with land or grauell ] in a rough water , to preserue them safe , and to go the better ; euen so do they take vp these litle stones to beare themselues euen through the emptie aire . oft times do they take vp little stones , as * * Vnstable [ or wauering ] boates [ or barges . ] Saburra , is the lastage or balasse wherewith ships are poized to make them go vpright , as grosse sand , grauell , or the like . floating boates [ do take vp ] balasse * * The floud [ viz. tide or surges , tossing , and so putting the ship in danger . in a rough water .

With these [ same little stones ] * * They peise themselues , [ viz. make themselues weightie to go steadily . ] they beare themselues leuell thorough the emptie * * Clouds or darke weather . cloudie aire .

s s Next hereunto the Poet declareth the maner of the breeding of bees . You wil wonder * * That maner to haue pleased , [ viz. that that custome hath so pleased , [ or that they are delighted with such a kind of procreation . ] that that same manner [ of liuing ] hath so pleased the bees , that they do neither * * Delight in companying together for the cause of generation , [ viz. take delight in ingendring . ] giue themselues to That they are not bred by ingendring , a● most other liuing creatures are . ingendring ; nor being ‖ ‖ Idle or sluggish , do loose , &c. or dissol●e , [ viz. spend or weaken their bodies with lust . slothfull , do let loose their bodies vnto * * Venus . lust ; Or haue any lust . * * Or do bring foorth [ their ] yong ones with [ painfull ] endeuour or enforcement , as most other creatures . or bring foorth yong Neither bring forth their yong with paine or inforcement . with pangs in birth .

But they do ‖ ‖ Chuse . gather But that they gather their yong ones with their mouthes , from sweet flowers & herbes as they gather their hony . [ their ] * * Sonnes [ viz. broed . ] yong ones with ‖ ‖ Mouthes . their mouth from flowers and sweete herbes .

They [ hence ] * * Suffice [ viz. supply or chuse a new king . ] prouide And that hence they prouide their king , make supply of their stockes , and establish their kingdomes . [ their ] king * * And their litle Romanes [ viz yong to succeed in the place of the old . ] and their yong progenie , and * * Festen againe or set vp . establish [ their ] * * [ Common ] hall● . courts and [ their ] ‖ ‖ Hi●es , or combes , made ●hiefly of waxe . waxen kingdomes .

t t In this place is repeated the painfulnesse & diligence of these bees . Oft times also * * They haue worne , [ viz. rubd or worne away . they That , they oft times weare their wings in earnest flying amongst stones & rocks , and oft die vnder their burdes . weare [ their ] wings by * * Erring farre away , [ or 〈◊〉 ] in hard whetstones [ viz. rockes or clefts , out of which whetstones are made ] amongst which they flie . wandring among hard rockes , and of their owne The cause whereof is brought in by an Epiphonema ; for that they haue so great a loue of flowers , and take such glorie in making hony . accord * * Haue giuen vp their soule , [ viz. haue died , or as we speake of men , haue yeelded vp the ghost . ] yeeld vp [ their ] liues vnder [ their ] ‖ ‖ Loade . burden .

* * [ Their ] loue of flowers [ is ] so great , and their glorie [ or pride ] of making hony i● [ so great , ] [ viz. they take such a delight in it . They haue so great a loue of flowers , and [ such a ] glory of making hony .

u u Here likewise is interposed the age of bees , and how long they liue . * * Therefore albeit the terme of a narrow age receiue them , [ viz. although the age of bees be but short . ] Therefore although That they liue but a small time , not aboue seuen yeares commonly , ( which is much too , considering their industrie , ) yet their stocke ( if they be well looked to ) and so the prosperous state and honour of their houses remains almost immortall [ viz. for many yeares ] that the owners of them may recken the grandfathers & great grandsires of them . the compasse of a small age entertaines them , ( * * For neither more then a seuenth Summer is led of them . for they do not liue aboue seuen yeares , )

Yet [ ‖ ‖ Their race and progenie do not decay vtterly . their ] stock remaines immortall , and ‖ ‖ The state or prosperitie of them being carefully looked into , abides very long . the fortune of [ their ] house * * Stands by many yeares . abides for many yeares ; ‖ ‖ A man may number their progeny for many descents . and the grandsires of their grandfathers are numbred [ amongst them . ]

x x Vnto the natures of the bees , the Poet addeth here their obseruance and honour towards their kings : which he illustrates by comparisons from some dissimilitudes and sundrie effects . The dissimilitudes are these : that neither the Egyptians , Lydians , Parthians , Medes , nor Indians , are so obseruant & carefull for their king , as the bees are for theirs . Moreouer ‖ ‖ The people of Egypt and of Lydia . Egypt and great Lydia , * * Nor the people of the Parthians or ‖ the Medes , [ viz. the people of Media . or the Parthian , ‖ the Mede , [ * * [ Or ] Hydaspes [ the riuer of India ] or ] Indian do not so ‖ ‖ Reuerence and carefully preserue . obserue [ their ] king , [ as bees do theirs . ]

‖ ‖ So long as their king bee is safe . The king being safe , * * One mind is to all , [ viz. they are all of one mind . ] the same mind [ is ] in them all .

* * [ But their king ] being lost , they haue broken their fidelitie , and they themselues haue plucked as under their hony built vp [ viz. layed or hoorded vp in the hony combes . ] [ But he ] being lost , they breake their faith , and they themselues spoile [ their ] hony made For that their king being safe , all is in peace amongst them . vp [ in their cels ] * * And haue loosed [ or dissolued ] the wattles of [ their ] hony combes : and so hauing destroyed all , they flie away . burst the frames of [ their ] hony But if he be lost , they break their faith , spoile their hony , and all their owne work which they haue made . combes .

‖ ‖ The king bee . He [ is ] * * The keeper [ or preseruer . ] the protector of [ their ] workes ; As he is the protector of their workes , so they admire him with all reuerence , guarding him thicke round about . * * They admire him , or wonder at him with reuerence . him they admire , and all of them stand about him * * With a thicke humming noise . with great humming noise , and guard They oft lift him vp and carry him on their shoulders , putting their bodies betweene him and all dangers chearefully enduring wounds , and readily aduenturing their liues for his cause . [ him ] ‖ ‖ Being thicke about him . thicke .

And oft times ‖ ‖ They bears him on their shoulders . they lift [ him ] vp with their shoulders , and * * Obi●ct their bodies in warre [ betweene his bodie and the danger ] viz. when they skirmish with other bees . hazard [ their ] bodies in warre [ for him , ] and do desire ‖ ‖ A faire death . a glorious death by wounds [ sustained for his sake . ]

y y Hence the Poet sheweth , that by these obseruations of their gouernment , and these former signes of their wisedome , some haue thought that bees haue reason and some part of diuine vnderstanding . * * Certaine men haue said by these signes , and following these examples , there to be a part of the diuine mind and airie breaths in bees . Some by these signes , and following these examples , haue said that there is a part of the diuine vnderstanding and * * Draughts from the firmament [ or diuine draughts ] viz. such spirits as they draw from heauen . also heauenly spirits in bees : for why [ they say ] * * God to go through all , [ viz. that God is a spirit , and i● in all the elements , and euery where , as the Poet said before , Iouis omnia plena . that God For that God is in all things , going thorough all , both earth , and seas , and heauen . goeth thorow all , both lands and * * Tracts . coasts of the sea , and the high heauen .

Hereupon [ they haue affirmed ] [ both ] * * The lesser cattell , heards [ or droues of beasts . ] the And so euery creature to fetch their life from him , and so from heauen . small [ and ] great cattell , men , and euery kind * * Of wilde beasts . of wilde beast ,

[ Yea ] * * Euery [ man ] being borne to fetch [ or get ] to himselfe [ his ] thinne lines , [ viz. life or vitall spirits . ] euery one Yea that all things dying , surrender vp their liues backe againe thither . that is borne , to fetch [ his ] life . ‖ ‖ From God . [ from hence , ]

* * To wit . Know this [ that they haue said ] ‖ ‖ That all things are restored . all things ] to be restored hither * * Afterwards [ or in the end . ] finally , and being ‖ ‖ Dissolued by a separation of the soule from the bodie . resolued , * * To be restored [ hither , ] viz. into the hea●ous , or to God . to be surrendred again ; * * Neither [ any ] place to be for death . and that there is no And that the spirits of all things that are dissolued , do flie vnto the starre● , euery one to his owne fatal starre ▪ and after returne from heauen into new bodies as need is , and thus keepe a continuall succession both in heauen and earth . place for death , * * But [ all things ] to flie aliue into the number of a signe in heauen , [ viz. into their owne fatall starre , from which they came , ] but that all things [ so dissolued ] do flie aliue into the number of the starres , * * To succeed to the high heauen , [ viz. to succeed or follow againe in their place in heauen , whence they came . and [ so ] succeed [ by course ] in the high heauen .

z z And from hence he proceedeth to an eight precept , concerning the time of emptying their hiues . If at any time you will * * Vndaube , or vncouer , [ viz. to the end to take forth the hony combes , [ or , if you will take forth of the hiues . emptie their Al. stately seate , * * And the hony kept in their treasures . and the hony which they haue That when the owners of them will take some of their hony forth , they first spurt vpon them some draughts of water out of their mouthes , as if it rained , to cause them to keepe within their hiues , and smoake them with swampes , to cast them for the present into a kinde of swoone . preserued in [ their ] treasuries : * * Sprinkling before draughts of water , warme [ these draughts ] with [ your ] raouth . or make warme with [ your ] mouth draughts of water sprinkled [ on them , ] [ either sparsus for spargens , or sparsos . first spurt vpon them [ some ] draughts of ‖ ‖ Water sprinkled on them will cause them to keepe in for feare of raine , and smoke wil cast them into a swoon till you haue taken forth the hony . water warmed in your mouth , and hold before you in [ your ] hand * * Fumes of swampe , or galbanum , or the like . smokes following one another .

‖ ‖ The bees fill their hiues twise in the yeare , or the husbandman gathers the increase of the bees , viz. of hony and waxe twise , &c. They gather [ their ] This they do twise in the yeare , viz. in the Spring and in the haruest , which two times are described by the rising and setting of the seuen starres . * * Heauie [ or loaden with increase . ] great increase twise [ in the yeare , ] * * There are two times of haruest , that is , of gathering their hony , viz. in the spring and in the haruest , i. e. twise in the yeare . they haue two times of haruest :

‖ ‖ First when . * * Together . So soone as ‖ ‖ Taygete and Pleias are two of the seuen starres called Pleiades . By this speech following is meant , that the hony is to be gathered twise in the yeare , viz. at the rising and setting of the seuen starres . Taygete The first when the seuen stars called Pleiades rise in the euening : which starres are set out by the names of two of them , Taygete and Pleias . hath shewed her honest face vnto the earth ,

And ‖ ‖ And also when the same , &c. [ viz. at the setting of the seuen starres . Pleias * * Hath thrust backe . hath pushed backe with [ her ] foote * * The despised riuers of the Ocean sea with [ her ] foote , [ viz. at the rising of the seuen starres . the scorned The second time is at the setting of the seuen starres , viz. when they go downe at the arising of Pisces ouer against them . waues of the Ocean sea :

‖ Or whenas the same [ Pleias ] * * Flying from the signe of the waterish fish , [ viz. because at the setting of the seuen starres , Piscis riseth ouer against them . shunning the signe of waterish Piscis ,

‖ ‖ Sets seeming to descend into the Ocean sea , and so more sorrowfull , or more sad by reason of the Winter showers which then begin . Goeth downe more sad from heauen into the Winter waters .

a a Hitberto the Poet hath set out the nature of bees , by their causes , works , subiects , adiu●cts : now he commeth to the euils and dangers belonging to them . * * Anger is to them , [ viz to the bees . ] The bees haue anger As first , that they will be angry without measure , and being hurt , they will bite and sting . aboue measure : and being hurt * * They inspire poison into the bitings , [ viz. they send poison into the places which they bite , or they poison the place bitten . they breathe And with their biting will breathe in a kinde of poison into the place bitten ; and will also fasten their stings so deepe , that commonly they leaue them behind them , and their liues withall . in poison with their biting , and also leaue ‖ ‖ Short stings which can hardly be seene to be plucked forth . blind * * Darts . stings , hauing fastned them in the veines : * * And putting [ their ] liues in the wound , [ viz leauing oft their stings in the wound , and then they die presently after , because with the sting , if they lose it , they lose some of their entrals . yea and lay downe [ their ] liues in the [ verie ] wound . A second euill , is their pouertie , through the lacke of hony in the Winter time , and by reason of robbers , against which he teacheth the remedie : That if you feare a hard Winter , and haue pitie on your bees , and care to preserue them :

But if you feare ‖ ‖ Hard , because the bees get nothing that time , but onely spend . a hard Winter , and will spare [ ‖ ‖ For [ the time ] to come , ] viz. lest the bees d●e through lacke of food , or being discouraged flie away . for [ the time ] to come :

And shall haue pitie of [ their ] bruised * * Minds or stomackes . hearts * * And shall haue pitie of [ their ] broken matters . and [ their ] decayed estates : That you perfume their hiues with the smoke of thyme , and also pare away all the emptie waxe .

* * But who can doubt . Who then would doubt * * To smoke [ their hiues ] with the smoke of thyme , with which the bees are much refreshed . to perfume [ their hiues ] with thyme , and And then he giues reasons why he would haue that waxe so taken away . * * Cut or take away the emptie wax . pare away the ‖ ‖ The waxe that hath no hony in it . * * Emptie [ viz. voide , superfluous , vnprofitable . emptie waxe ? for oft times ▪ * * Stellio is taken for the lizard , or a beast like the lizard , hauing spots in the necke like starres . the newt * * Vnknowne [ viz. not perceiued . ] not knowne of , Because that otherwise there wi●l new 〈◊〉 breed or get into it , which wil eate away the hony combs And likewise moathes . * * Eates vnto [ or into . ] eates away the hony combes , [ and ] * * Places to lie in [ or neasts ] are heaped vp to ●thes [ or by ●athes ] viz. ●oathes get into the hi●es and consume all ▪ or beetles . beds [ are ] made for moathes which flie the light : And also idle droanes will get into it , which will consume the prouision of the litle bees .

And also the droane sitting * * Free , [ viz. idle , or partaker of no office or worke with the other bees . scotfree ‖ ‖ Liuing ( as we speake ) at another man ▪ trencher , [ viz. on the labours of the litle bees ] * intermixeth himselfe . at others meate ,

Or else * * The sharpe [ or stinging ] hornet , so called because nine of them ( as is said ) will kill a man . the cruel hornet Or hornets with their cruell stings . * * Hath intermixed himselfe with vnequall weapons , [ viz. with hi●sting far bigger then the stings of the bees . thrusts in himselfe with [ his ] vnequall weapons : And finally spiders will be bred there ▪ which will weaue and spred their nets loose in the mouthes of the hiues , to hang the bees as they enter in .

Or [ that ] * * Vengible [ or cruell . ] direfull kind * * Of worme breeding in hi●es . of moath ; or [ finally ] ‖ ‖ The spider is said to be enuied of Minerua , because being a girle of Lydia , she durst challenge Minerua in spinning , and so was changed by her into a spider . the spider * * Enuied . odious to Minerua , * * Hath hanged her loose [ or wide ] nets , [ viz. her webs wherein the bees are hanged . ] hangs [ her ] nets loose * * In the doores or gates . in the entrances [ of the hiues . ] Lastly he addes this reason for the cleane taking away of all the emptie waxe . Because the emptier the hiues shall be , the more eagerly will the bees bestirre themselues to repaire their decayes , and to fill vp their emptie roomes .

* * By how much the bees shall be more exhausted , [ viz. drawne emptie of hony , or more emptied . ] The emptier the bees shall be , * * By so much . so much the more * * Sharply or fiercely . eagerly all of them * * Will apply [ themselues ] to amend ▪ wil bestirre [ themselues ] to repaire ‖ ‖ The losses or damages the ruines * * Of their kind , being sliden , [ viz. spent or wasted . ] of [ their ] decayed stocke .

And * * Will fill together . will fill vp [ their ] * * Foros , hatches , [ a metaphor borowed of mariners , who loade their ships with merchandize by the hatches . hatches , and ‖ ‖ And make vp their combes with waxe and like matter gathered from flowers . * * Make like wea●ers worke . weaue [ their ] barnes with flowers .

b b Then followeth a third annoyance or euil of bees , which is by disease , for that they vse to be diseased as well a● other cattell . But if [ their ] bodies ‖ ‖ Shall pi● away ▪ shall languish * * With a sad ▪ or sorowfull disease . by [ some ] sore disease , ( because life hath brought [ euen ] our * * Chances . misfortunes vnto bees . )

( Which thing * * You may know now by signes not doubtfull [ viz. certaine or manifest . ] you Whereof he giueth fixe signes , viz. whereby to know that they are sicke . may presently know by vndoubted signes . )

‖ ‖ So soone as they are sicke , they are straight way of another colour [ viz. a bad colour ] There is forthwith As first , that they wil be then of a bad dustie colour . another colour ‖ ‖ In them , [ or the sicke bees are of another colour . to them when they are sicke : an Secondly , they will be of an vgly leannesse . * * Horrible [ viz. ill fauoured . ] vgly leannesse doth ‖ ‖ Marre [ their ] deforme [ their ] * * Countenance , or visage . looke : * * Then they carry forth out of [ their ] roofes [ or houses ] the bodies of [ the bees ] wanting light , and leade sad [ or sorrowfull ] funerals or burials . then carry they foorth Thirdly , by their carying out of dead bees . the bodies of the dead out of [ their ] hiues , and make dolefull funerals . Fourthly ▪ their hanging together ●unged by their feete at the mouth of their hiues .

* * Or they do hang , knit together by [ their ] feete at the thresholds of their hiues . Or they hang at the entries of [ their ] hiues ‖ ‖ Clustered , or wrapped , or tangled together . clung by [ their ] feete . Fiftly , their lingring in their hiues , and sloth , thorough famishment or cold .

Or else ‖ ‖ All of the● linger [ or loyter ] they all abide lingring within ‖ ‖ In their hiues , [ as if it were shut vp . in their houses shut , both sluggish thorough * * Famine or hunger . famishment , and slothfull * * Through cold contracted or drawne vpon them . by cold which they haue Sixtly , by their heauie noise , humming in a trailing maner , as oft drawing their breath . caught .

Then [ their ] sound is heard more heauie , and they hum ‖ ‖ Drawing out their noise weakly , [ or oft drawing their breath , as in them that are readie to die , or more broken . trailingly . Which last signe is illustrated by three similitudes : That their noise is then as the noise of the Southwind in the woods .

As sometimes ‖ ‖ The South wind being cold or coole , [ viz. because it is cold , as all other winds in their owne nature . the cold South wind ‖ ‖ Doth make a low noise in the woods . doth sound in th' woods :

[ Or ] as the troubled sea Or as of the sea being troubled with her rebounding waues . doth make a noise * * With [ her ] waues [ or surges ] flowing backe againe . with [ her ] rebounding waues :

[ And ] as the * * Fierce [ or scorching ] fire burnes , making a hollow sound . vehement O● finally like a vehement fire sounding hollowly in close fornaces . fire sounds hollowly * * The fornaces or ouens being shut vp . in fornaces shut vp .

c c

Whereunto ●e adioyneth nine remedies .

As first , to perfume or smoke their hiues with sweete smels , as by burning Galbanum , or the like .

Secondly to hearten them , by laying hony in troughes of reed for them to feed vpon , in the hiues mouth , or before the hiues .

Thirdly , to mingle with the hony the decoction of bruised gals .

Fourthly , to mixe therewith drie roses .

Fifthly , or to mingle with it new wine boyled thicke in stead of the former .

Sixtly , to lay them bunches of raisins of the Sunne of the best vines for the bees to suck vpon , or to make them decoctions thereof .

Seuenthly , decoctions made with thyme .

Eightly , Decoction of centaury .

The ninth and last by the decoction of the flower called Amello , which h●be the Poet describeth 〈◊〉 large by sundry circumstances : As first , that it groweth in medowes .

Here now * * I will perswade [ or counsell you ] to burne odours of Galbanum [ which is a kind of gu● issuing out of a certaine herbe in the Summer time ] viz. to smoke and perfume their hiues with Galbanum . ] I will aduise [ you ] to make sweet smels with the burning of Galbanum .

And [ I would counsell you ] * * Exhorting [ viz. encouraging them [ that is ] ‖ ‖ To hearten and reuiue your bees by seeding them with hony . heartning them of your owne accord , * * And calling them . & recalling them being * * Weary or weake . faint , * * Vnto their knowne nourishment or sustenance , [ viz. to encourage them to labour againe . vnto [ their ] acquainted food , to bring in [ for them into their hiues ] hony * * In reeden chancels or pipes . in troughes of reed .

* * It shall profit [ them , ] also to mingle [ with the hony ] the bruised taste of gals , [ viz. the decoction of gals . It shall likewise do them good to mingle herewith bruised gals and drie roses , or * * New wine boiled to the halfe . ‖ ‖ Botled till it be very thicke , or sod to a third part . new wine ‖ ‖ Of the best vine or grape , [ viz. to make another decoction ] boyled * * Fat with much fire . thicke with good store of fire , * * Or bunches of grapes layed open [ or dried well in the Sunne ] gathered ] from the Psithian vine . or bunches of raisins of the Sunne ‖ ‖ And a decoction made of thyme and centaury . of the Psithian vine .

And thyme * * Of Cecropia . ‖ ‖ In medow grounds . of Athens and strong smelling * * Of this herbe are two kindes , the great and the small . The Physitians thinke the greater to be here vnderstood . centaury .

There is also a flower ‖ ‖ Which the husbandmen call Amell● , [ as some thinke , of Mella ● riuer in France , neare vnto which much of it groweth , [ or rather a riuer of Lucania , as followeth after . in the medows , ‖ ‖ Which the husbandmen call Amell● , [ as some thinke , of Mella ● riuer in France , neare vnto which much of it groweth , [ or rather a riuer of Lucania , as followeth after . whereunto the husbandmen haue giuen the name Amellus , Secondly that the husbandmen call it Amellus . an herbe * * Easie to [ men ] seeking [ it . ] easie [ to be found ] of them Thirdly , that it is an herbe easie to be found of them that seeke it . that seeke [ it . ]

* * For i● lifts vp [ or shootes out . ] For it sends vp * * A huge wood [ viz. great store of stalks ] and leaues or many branches out of one stalke or roote . a In that first it sends foorth many branches out of one roote . mightie bush out of one Al. turfe . And secondly for that the flower is of a golden colour , the leaues of a purple hue , somewhat like a blacke violet spread very thicke round about .

[ The flower ] it selfe is of a colour like gold ; ‖ ‖ But the leaues are of a purple colour , somewhat like a blacke violet . * * But a purple colour . but a purple hue [ as ] of a blacke violet ‖ ‖ Shines somewhat duskishly . shines somewhat in the leaues , * * Which [ leaues ] are powred out very many round about , [ viz. which grow very thicke about . which are spread very thicke round about . Thirdly , that the altars of their Gods were wont to be deckt with garlands made thereof .

The altars of the Gods [ * * Are oft adorned . are ] oft times deckt with * * Collars or chaines [ viz. garlands ] knit [ or tied together with a threed . ] garlands made Fourthly , it is set out by the taste , that it is sharpe in the mouth . [ thereof . ]

The taste [ of it ] is Fifthly by the place more particularly where sheepheards vse to gather it , viz. in valleys wont to be mown , and specially neare vnto the riuer Mella , where it groweth plentifully . sharpe in the mouth : shepheards do gather it * * In mowne valleys [ viz. where no woods grow , or in medowes before they be mowne . ] in valleys vsed to be mowne , and neare vnto the crooked * * Flouds of Mella . streames of * * Mella ( as was said ) i● thought to be a riuer of France , or rather of Lucania , which is nearer vnto Naples , where Virgil writ this worke , as M●yen iudgeth . Mella .

Boyle the rootes Lastly he teacheth the manner of the decoction of it , to wit , by boyling the rootes thereof in the most odoriferous wine , and then to set it as meane for the weake bees in ●ll ●roughes in the entrie of their hi● . hereof * * In wine smelling sweete [ or mixed with spices smelling sweet . ] in odoriferous * * Bacch● . wine ,

And set [ the same as ] meate [ vnto the bees ] in full * * Wicker b●kets or panniers [ or other vessels , a● treys , pipes , or the like . ] troughs * * In the doores . at the entrie [ of the hiues . ]

d d After all this , now towards the end of the worke , he sheweth the maner of the restoring and repairing of bees againe , if all the whole brood shall faile , viz. by the putrified bloud of a beast . But if all * * The issue or stocke , &c. [ viz. if any mans bees shall die wholly . the brood shall faile any man of a sudden ,

* * Neither shall he haue from whence the kind of a new stocke [ or brood ] may be recalled . That he shall not haue [ some left ] whereof the stocke of a new race may be supplied , To which purpose he brings in a long fabulous storie concerning the memorable inuention of Aristeus a king of Arcadia , in finding out this deuice of restoring bees , by the bloud of a bullocke newly killed .

[ It is ] time ‖ ‖ To shew in like manner . to lay open also ‖ ‖ The deuice of Aristaeus worth remembring . the memorable inuentions of [ ‖ ‖ Aristaeus is said to haue bene king of Arcadia , and the first finder out of this inuention of repairing bees decayed , and sundrie other concerning bees . Aristaeus ] the Arcadian maister , * * By what meanes foule [ or vncleane , or not pure ] bloud . how corrupt bloud hath oft times brought foorth bees * * Bullocks being new killed . in Where he first vseth a short exordium to a very long narration : That he will dispatch the whole report hereof , rehearsing it at large from the first beginning . bullockes newly killed . I will dispatch * * All the fame of it . the whole report [ thereof , ] * * Repeating [ viz. fetching it ] more deeply from the first originall . rehearsing it at large from the first beginning . Then he enters into the narration , first by describing the place where this was first inuented , viz. Canopus Pelleus in Egypt , neare the mouthes of Nilus , where the bees being vtterly lost by the ouerflowings of Nilus , were repaired by this deuice .

For all the region [ from that part ] where * * The fortunate nation [ viz. the wealthy people ] of Canopus Pelleus , a citie of Egypt neare Alexandria , which Canopus , Alexander the great built , and is called Pellaeus , because Alexander who built it , was borne in Pella . vid Mein . the fortunate people of Canopus built by Alexander , * * Dwelleth neare vnto Nilus standing as a pond [ his ] streame being powred out [ or let out . ] bordereth vpon [ the riuer ] Nilus , ouerflowing as a standing Ramus and Frischli● do take it that Alexandria built by Alexander , is here meant , being neare vnto Canopus a litle Iland by one of the seuen mouthes of Nilus . Which ouerflowing● of Nilus are thus set out : That they make that part of Egypt neare thereto , for the time of the ouerflowing like a standing pond . So that the people there are for that time faine to be carried about their grounds and countrey in boates . pond with his streames powred out , * * And [ the people ] is caried about their countreys [ or fields ] in painted brigandines , or galliots , [ viz. for all the time that the countrey is ouerflowed by Nilus , which is for almost fourescore dayes , beginning at the rising of the dog-starre , watering and fatting all their grounds . vid. Mein . & Ram. and is carried about his grounds in painted boates ,

And whence . And where [ the And secondly the place is more particularly set out to be ; where Nilus turning downeward from Ethiopia , washeth vpon the countries neare vnto the warlike Persian . same ] riuer * * Bending downeward , welnigh from , &c. turning downeward * * Vrgeth [ or pressethon , or cometh neare vnto , or troubleth . ] all along from ‖ ‖ The Ethiopians , not the East Indians . See hereof Mein . and 〈◊〉 . the [ swartie ] coloured Indians , * * The neare places of Persia , [ viz. the places not farre off from Persia. ] washeth vpon * * Wearing a quiuer , [ viz. louing archerie . ] the countries And where by the mud which it leaues behind it , it makes Egypt fruitfull . neare vnto the Persian * * And makes fruitfull Egypt being greene , [ viz. more greene then other countries through this ouerflowing of Nilus . armed with bowes & arrowes , * * Doth lay her safetie , [ viz. for the preseruing of her bees in this art of the repairing of them . and maketh And so rushing downward , deuides it selfe into 7 diuers mouthes , whereby it is emptied into the sea . greene Egypt fruitfull ‖ ‖ With the blacke mud which it leaueth behind it when it hath ouerflowne . with his blacke sand : and rushing downe ‖ ‖ Diuides it selfe into seuen diuers mouthes , whereby it is emptied into the sea . doth run abroad into seuen diuers Euen all that region vpon the occasion of this experiment , relies vpon this art for the repairing of their bees . mouthes .

[ Euen all that region ] * * First a very little place . doth repose her certain ‖ ‖ Sure experience of this skill or practise of repairing bees . safetie in this art .

e e And so he proceeds vnto a full description of this art it selfe . First for the place where this feate may be wrought : That there must be a place made streight of purpose with walls . * * Drawne together [ or made streight or narrow ] for the same vses . First of all a little ‖ ‖ Roome . place and * * They presse this place , [ viz. they make it close ] with a roofe tile of a narrow roofe . streightned for that same vse is chosen out . * * They adde . This they make close with narrow And couered close with narrow roofe tiles . roofe tiles and with straite walls . And * * With an oblique [ viz. thwart or slope ] light , [ that is , not full outright but descending downewards . they Which place must haue foure windowes , whereby to let in the light aslope downward from the foure winds . make foure windowes * * Then a calfe now crooking his hornes in his two yeare old forehead is sought for this purpose . with the light let in aslope from the foure winds .

* Then a bullocke of Secondly for the matter , that there must be a bullocke of two yeares old , taken for this purpose . two yeres old , beginning now to bend his hornes is sought .

‖ ‖ They stop his nosthrils and his breath , though he struggle much , and kill him with bruising his flesh thoroughout his whole hide . His * * The double nosthrils , [ viz. both the nosthrils ] are stopped ] and the breath of the mouth is stopped to this [ bullocke ] striuing against it [ or struggling ] much . two nosthrils Which bullock must be strangled by stopping his nosthrils and mouth . and the breath of his mouth are stopt , although And all his flesh within his hide must be bruised with blowes & bangs . he struggle exceedingly , and [ his ] * * Bowels [ viz. all his inward parts . ] fleshie parts * * Beaten . being Multa pro multum . bruised * * Throughout his hide being whole , [ viz remaining whole . ] throughout his whole hide * * Are vnloosed [ to him , ] being killed with strokes or blowes . are all dissolued Thirdly , that he must be left lying in the place so inclosed with peeces of greene boughes , and also store of thyme and casia newly gathered vnderneath him . whilst he is killed with bangs .

So they do leaue him * * Put. lying ‖ ‖ In the place shut vp . in the inclosed place , * * And put vnder his ribs branchie fragments [ viz. peeces of branches or boughes of trees . and lay peeces of boughes vnderneath his Fourthly , it is described by the time when it is to be done , viz. in the beginning of the Spring ; which is set out by sundrie other circumstances , as first , when the West winde begins to blow . ribs , [ and also ] thyme Al. Fresh , recentes , [ viz. newly gathered . ] and Al. greene ‖ ‖ Of Casia see before . Casia .

* * This thing is done [ or effected , ] the West windes first driuing forward , [ viz. thawing or stirring ] the waues , [ that is , in the first beginning of the Spring . This feate is done whenas the West winds do first begin to moue the waters ;

Before the * * Medowes . medow Secondly , before the medow grounds be decked with flowers . grounds be red with new colours , [ and ] before Thirdly , before the building of the swallow . that the chattering swallow hangeth vp her neast in the rafters [ of the house . ]

f f After , followeth the euent hereof , that the moisture of the bullocke thus waxing hot and purrifying , by the meanes aforesaid , liuing creatures will appeare in a maruellous multitude and manner , without feete at first like little wormes . ‖ ‖ Before the coming , or at least before the building of the swallow . In the meane time ‖ ‖ In the meane while . [ his ] moisture being ‖ The bloud being warmed in the bones all bruised , [ viz. by the meanes of the time and place . made warme in [ his ] tender bones waxeth hote ; and liuing creatures to be seene ‖ ‖ In wonderfull sorts . in maruellous By and by they will flicker as with wings . * * Manners . manner , After receiuing more liuelinesse from the thinne aire ,

* * Cut short [ viz. as it were mai●ed and vnperfect ] of their feete like litle wormes . Lacking [ their ] feete at first , * * And by and by making a noise , as it were , with fins , or wings . and straightway They burst out of the hide abundantly ; which bursting out of them in such an admirable number , is illustrated by two similitudes : flickering [ as ] with * * Pens or fethers , Al. with fins . wings ,

* * Are mixed . Are mingled together , * * And catch in thin aire , [ viz. gather vitall spirits or life . ] and take in thinne aire more and more , vntill That they powre out as thicke as drops of raine out of the clouds in a great Summer shower : they haue burst [ out of the hide ] euen as a ‖ ‖ A vehement shower powred out of the clouds in the Summer time . shower powred out of Summer clouds , or as Or as the shafts are sent out of the bowes when the Parthians giue the first onset in battell . the ‖ ‖ Arrowes , * [ are sent out ] shafts * * The sinew , [ viz. the bow-string which was wont to be made of sinewes ] driuing [ them . ] out of the bow ,

* * If at any time [ viz. whensoeuer ] the light Parthians enter their first battels , [ viz conflicts or skirmishes with their enemies . ] If at any time the Parthians light of foote do giue the first onset .

g g Here the Poet to procure more attention to that which followeth , turnes his speech vnto the Muses , and inuocates them to helpe him in finding out and relating this great matter ; what God inuented this skill . ‖ ‖ Oh ye daughters of Iupiter , who remember all things . Oh [ ye ] Muses , [ tell me ] what God [ ‖ ‖ Hath inuented or found out . hath beaten out ] this [ art , ] who hath ‖ ‖ Found out this skill or cunning . beat out this * * Art . skill for vs .

‖ ‖ Vpon what occasion . From whence this From whence this new experience came . new ‖ ‖ Practise or triall . experience of men Then he proceeds to his long narration concerning Aristeus , and the recouerie of his bees . How he went vnto his mother Cyrene a Nymph for aduice , who sent him to Pro●eus a God of the sea , of whom he learned this art . Where first he describes Aristeus by his calling ; that he was a shepheard , viz a great maister of husbandry , chiefly of bees ; and secondly by his countrey , Tempe , those pleasant fields of Thessaly , neare the riuer Peneis ; and thirdly , in that he hauing lost his bees by sicknesse and by famishment , did quite forsake that his pleasant countrey . hath taken her beginning .

The ‖ ‖ The great husband Aristeus being skilfull about cattell , trees and bees , as followeth after . sheepheard Arist●us * * Flying from , forsaking quite * * The Peneian Tempe , [ viz. Tempe neare the riuer Peneus in Thessaly , running betweene Ossa and Olympus . the pleasant fields of ‖ Thessaly named Tempe neare the riuer Penous ,

* * [ His ] bees being lost ( as the fame [ is ] ) by , &c. [ or when his bees were lost . ] Hauing lost [ his ] bees And went to the head of the riuer Peneis ; where standing verie penfiue at that sacred fountaine , he makes a grieuous complaint vnto his mother Cyrene . ( as the report goeth ) by ‖ ‖ Diseases comming of famishment . Hysteron proteron . sicknesse and by ‖ ‖ Hunger . famishment ,

Stood * * Sad. pensiue at the Speaking in this maner as followeth , in the words of the Poet. sacred head of the * * Vtmost riuer , [ viz. at the fountaine of Peneus . vtmost part of [ this ] riuer , Mother Cyrene , &c. Where first he calls his mother by her name ; and secondly describes her by her habitation , that she dwelt in the deepest bottoms of that riuer .

Complaining * * Many things . much , and speaking to * * [ His ] parent in this voice [ or speech . ] [ his ] mother in his sort :

Mother Cyrene , * * [ My ] mother . mother [ mine , ] * * Which holdest , [ viz. inhabitest . ] who dwellest Secondly he aggrauates his complaint by the wrong which she had done him ; that she had bred him , and that of the noble linage of the Gods , ( if Apollo was his father , as she said ) yet to liue enuied of the Gods or fates . in * * The lowest bottomes or places of , &c. the deepest bottomes ‖ ‖ Cyrene was thought to dwell in a caue of Pindus , whence Peneus springs , there to be worshipped as a Nymph or Goddesse . of this same ‖ ‖ Riuer . gulfe , why hast thou * * Begotten me being odius to the fates bred me [ comming ] of the noble linage of the Gods , ( if so be that ‖ ‖ Apollo was called Thymbraeus , either of Thymbra a towne of Phrygia , where was great store of the herbe Thymbra , viz. Sauorie ; or of Thymber a riuer of Troas , neare which Apollo had a Temple . Thymbraeus Apollo be And so expostulates with her , asking what was become of her loue towards him , and why she had put him in hope to be receiued into the number of the Gods , or to liue that heauenly life , seeing he could not be permitted the honour of this mortall life , which he had attained by his owne wisdom , industry and experience in his carefull ordering both of cattell and fruites . my father as thou sayest , ) * * Being odious to the fates , [ viz. that I should liue enuied or odious to the Gods . ] [ to be ] hated of the heauenly destinies ? or whither [ is ] ‖ ‖ The loue wherewith thou wast wont to loue vs . thy loue of vs ‖ ‖ Departed . driuen * * To thee . from thee ? why didst thou bid me ‖ ‖ To hope to be receiued into the number of the Gods . t'hope for heauen ?

* * Behold or see also . Loe also I do leaue ( although * * Thee being [ my ] mother . thou be my mother ) this very honour of [ my ] mortall life , which [ my ] * * Wittie custodie . carefull keeping both of fruites & And after he wisheth her , if she enuied his prosperous estate , that she should then destroy all the fruites and hopes or his labours , as if pluking them vp with her owne hands . cattell , * * Had beaten out to me , [ viz. had inuented or prouided for me , ] trying all things . had beaten out to me , making triall of all things .

But go to , and thou thy selfe plucke vp ‖ ‖ My fruitfull trees , [ viz. destroy all the fruites and hopes of my labours . my happy woods with [ thine That she would consume with fire all his cattell , corne , and store . owne ] hand .

‖ ‖ Set fire vpon my stalls of cattell , or roomes of store , [ viz. burne vp all my cattell and store . ] Bring mischieuous Yea that she would burne vp his plants , and destroy his vines if she was weary of his praise . fire to my stalls [ of cattell ] and * * Kill [ viz. waste ] [ my ] haruests or graine . destroy my corne .

Burne vp [ my ] plants and * * Moue [ thy ] strong twibill , axe , or vinehooke vnto my vines . thrust thy strong two edged hooke into [ my ] vines .

* * If so great tediousnesse [ or wearinesse ] of my praise haue taken thee , [ viz. taken hold vpon thee , ] or if it ●rke thee of my praise . If thou be so wearie of my praise .

h h The Poet hauing thus described Aristaeus and his complaint , descends to the Nymph Cyrene the mother of Aristeus , and her answer : wherein first he sheweth how she perceiued a dolefull voice , and then describes her both by the place wher she was , viz. in her bedchamber , vnder the deep riuer Peneus ; and also by her attendants , the Nymphs round about her . Which Nymphs are againe set out by their work , that they toosed Milesian wooll of a deepe glassie colour ; and by their names , to wit , Drymo , Zantho , Ligea , Philodoce : and these like wise commended by their beautie in their haire , viz. hauing their faire haire spred about their white neckes . But [ his ] mother perceiu'd ‖ ‖ A dolefull noise , [ viz. the complaint of her sonne Aristeus . a [ mournfull ] sound in [ her ] bedchamber vnder [ the bottome ] of the deepe riuer : * * The Nymphs [ standing ] about her . the Nymphs about her ‖ ‖ Caried . toosed * * Milesian fleeces [ viz. of the citie Miletum . ] Milesian wooll * * Counterfeited . died * * With a full colour of glasse . Al. in a deepe glassie colour . Al. A Saturan colour , of Saturum a citie neare Tarent , where such colours were much died .

Both [ the Nymph ] * * For the reason of these names set Ramus com on this place . Drymo and also Zantho , and Lygea and Philodoce , * * Being powred out [ or spred ] in regard of [ their ] bright haire [ or locks ] by [ or about ] their white necks . hauing [ their ] ‖ ‖ Gay , or gallant . faire haire spred about their white neckes . And with these Nesea , Spio , Thalia , Cymodoce , Cydippe and Lycorias , which two last are noted , that one of them was a virgin :

Nesea [ likewise ] and Spio , and cke Thalia and Cymodoce ,

And also Cydippo * * And yellow Lycorias , [ viz. Lycorias with her golden lockes . and yellow haired Lycorias : the one of them a virgin , The other of them hauing had one onely child .

* * Th' other then first hauing tried by experience the labours [ or trauels ] of Lucina . By Lucina is vnderstood Iuno or Diana , so called because they two ruled the trauell of women , and helped in bringing the child to light . The other hauing then first felt the pangs ‖ ‖ Where the Poet counts adulterie theft . of bearing child . Vnto these are added Clio and Beroe , which two are honoured by their descent , that they were the daughters of Oceanus .

And Clio and Beroe [ her ] sister , both of them the daughters of Oceanus .

Both of them * * Girded in with gold . cloth'd And also by their attire , that they were clothed in gold , and spotted skins . in gold , * * And with painted skins , [ viz. garments or girdles made of speckled Deere skins . and in spotted skins [ of hindes . ] With these in like manner are numbred others , as Ephyre , Opis , Asia and Deiopeia .

* * And also . And in like manner Ephyre and also Opis , * * And Deiopeia of Asia [ or Asia Goddeslike . ] Asia [ and ] Deiopeia ,

And Arethusa very And also Arethusa , who is commended for her swiftnesse , hauing layed away her shafts wherewith she pursued the chase . swift , * * Her shafts being layed away at last , [ viz. after that she had layed away her shafts , and left off her hunting . ] hauing at length layed away her shafts .

* * Amongst which [ Nymphs ] [ the Nymph ] Clymene Amongst which , Clymene * * Shewed [ or related ] viz. sang of , told * * The vaine [ or needlesse ] care of Vulcan . the idle care of Vulcan , * * The deceits of Mars . Hereof see Ouids Met. the craftie And amongst them all Clymene , who told them merrie tales to passe away the time , & make their work more pleasant . Of which tales some few are noted , to giue a ●aste to the rest . sleights of Mars , and their * * Sweet thefts , [ viz. stolne delights ] betweene Mars and Venus . pleasant thefts .

* * And Clymene numbred the thicke loues . And numbred vp the thicke and threefold loues of th' Gods , ‖ ‖ From the beginning of the world . Metam . I. [ euen ] from the Chaos .

i i But here the Poet returns to declare the effect of Aristeus moane , that thogh the Nymphs were caught with much delight , whilest they were spinning , through the pleasantnesse of her discourse and her pretie tales , yet the dolefull moan of Aristeus pierst into his mothers eares . * * With which verse . With which discourse the Nymphs being * * Catched or taken [ with delight . ] caught * * Whilst they roll downe or twist the soft yarne with their spindles . whilst that they spin , * * The mourning of Aristeus inforced [ or entered violently into ] his mothers eares . the dolefull moane of Aristeus pierst into his mothers eares , and all the Nymphes And that all the Nymphes sitting on their glassie seates were much amazed therewith . were amazed * * From [ their ] glassie seates . [ sitting on ] ‖ ‖ Their seates being bright like glasse [ as water which is shining , that it may be discerned thorough . ] [ their ] glassie seates ; but Arethusa looking forth before her other sisters , And thirdly how Arethusa looking forth before her other sisters to know the noise and what it meant , lift vp her golden head aboue the top of the water . lift vp [ her ] ‖ ‖ Shining head , or golden head . yellow head * * From the vppermost waue , [ viz. the vppermost part of the water . aboue th' top of the * * Waue . water .

* * And farre off . And being farre off [ thus she spake , ] Oh sister And that she perceiuing what it was , thogh standing a far off , spake vnto her sister Cyrene , ( who was exceedingly affrighted at the dolefull moane ) & shewed her the whole matter . Cyrene , * * Exceedingly terrified . affrighted not without [ iust ] cause , * * By so great a groane , [ viz. pitifull mourning . for so great a wailing : Aristeus himself , thy greatest care , sad * * To [ or for thee . ] for thy sake , stands weeping at the How her son Aristeus who was her greatest care , being very sad for her cause , stood weeping at the riuer side , & called her cruell . * * Waue , [ viz. at the side of [ the riuer ] Peneus . waues of Peneus [ thy ] father , and cals thee cruel by name .

The mother * * Smitten in regard of her minde . Synech . ‖ ‖ Astonished . smitten Wherunto the answer of Cyr●nes his mother is adioyned , and first is set downe a preparation to her speech : How she being smitten with a new feare , returned againe this answer vnto Arethusa : That she should go and bring him in vnto her . That it might be lawfull for him to approch and enter within the thresholds of the Gods , sith he was the sonne of a Nymph and of a God . in her mind with a new feare , saith * * To this [ Arethusa . ] to her , Go to , bring [ him hither ] bring him vnto vs , [ it may be ] ‖ ‖ For him [ because he was the sonne of a God and of a Nymph . ] lawfull for him to touch the thresholds And withall how she commanded the waters to depart , and to make way where her sonne should enter in . of the Gods : [ and ] withall she commands the deepe riuers ‖ ‖ To auoide , or giue place , [ viz. to make a way . to depart all abroad where the How thereupon the waters obeyed , stood about him . yong man * * Should bring in his steps , [ or the going of the yong man might bring him in . should enter in . But the * * The waue . water stood round about ‖ ‖ Crooked [ or bowed crooks ] into the face [ viz. after the maner or fashion of a mountaine or hill . bowed after the manner of a hill . And receiued him accordingly , and sent him vnderneath the riuer vnto his mothers house .

‖ ‖ And receiued him in her huge chanell . And entertained [ him ] in her vast bosome , and sent [ him ] vnderneath the ‖ ‖ Streame . riuer .

k k Then the Poet shews his wondering at the things he saw in this his passage amongst the waters . How he admired his mothers house , her watery realmes , the great : standing ponds within ●he ground , from whence the fountaines and di●ers riuers issued , and also how he wondered at the sounding groues . And now * * Maruelling [ or wondering ] at the house of his mother which had bred him . admiring his mothers house and her watery * * Kingdomes . realmes ,

And also the ‖ ‖ These are fained to be the Theaters of the Nymphes . lakes shut vp in caues , and the ‖ ‖ Huge motion or tumbling . sounding groues ▪

He went [ forward , ] and being astonied at the ‖ ‖ Large or spacious . mightie mouing of the waters , How he still going forward , was asto●ied at the huge tumbling of the waters , and 〈◊〉 great riuers flowing vnder●e at● the earth .

* * And [ admiring ] the lakes , [ viz. standing ponds or meeres , the receptacles of the fountains or from whence the heads of diuers riuers issued . Beheld all the riuers * Sliding . * * And did behold . flowing vnder the ‖ ‖ Issues forth . great earth , both Phasis and Lycus ,

And th● head from A● Phasis and Lycus . And to behold the heads of diuers great riuers , 〈◊〉 both of the deepe riuer E●ipous , whence the deepe E●ipeus first ▪ Al. bursts forth [ and shewes ] it selfe . Al Snatcheth forth it selfe .

* * From whence . From what place And also of the ancient riuer Tiber. ‖ ‖ The ancient riuer Tiber [ doth burst forth . ] father Tiberine , and And so likewise the head of Anien , of Hipanis , Caicus & Eridanus . Which three riuers are set forth by their seuerall circumstances . As Hipanis for making a great sound , running amongst stones : Caicus flowing out of Mysia . from whence the streams of ‖ ‖ Anio a riuer neare Tibur . Anien [ do come . ]

And Hipanis * * Sounding as amongst stones , [ viz. roughly and vehemently , ] Saxosum pro Saxo● . making a great sound amongst the stones , and ‖ ‖ Caicus a riuer of Phrygia , coming out of Mysia . Caicus flowing out of Mysia . Eridanus , that it hath two golden hornes in a buls face .

* * And Eridanus being golden [ in regard of his ] double hornes in [ or with ] a buls countenance . Synec . It seemeth to be called golden , either in regard of the signe in heauen so called , golden with ●larre : or for the riches of it by the ca●tell feeding on the banks thereof ; or the townes and cities neare vnto it . And it is said to be bull faced , for the roaring or violence thereof . It is now called Padus . And eke Eridanus hauing two golden And that it floweth most violently into the sea through the fertile fields . hornes in a buls face : * * Then which [ riuer . ] then which not any other riuer * * Flowes in [ or runnes ] more violent into the purple sea thorough the fat well tilled fields . flowes more violently thorough the fertile fields into ‖ ‖ The Adriaticall sea called purple for the blacknesse , in regard of the depth . The sea i● commonly called ●ceruleum , viz. azure , or skie coloured . the ‖ ‖ And bring him fine towels . purple sea .

l l Then followeth a second part of the na●ration of the maner of his receiuing into his mothers house , and entertainment there ; and also his sending vnto Pro● for his entertainment . How after he was entred into his mothers house , ( which is described that it was roofed o●er with hanging pumish stone , ) and after that she knew that the cause of her sons weeping might easily be remedied ▪ the Nymphs which attended vpon her ( each in their order , ) some of them brought him sweet water for his hands , * * After that [ it was ] throughly come [ of him ] into the roofes , [ viz. vnder the roofes ] of the bed-chamber hanging with pumish stone , [ viz. being of pumish stone hanging ouer their heads . ] After that he was come vnder the roofe of the bed-chamber [ of his mother Cyrene ] hanging all with pumish stone , and [ that ] Cyrene knew the * * Vaine [ viz hurtfull to him , and which might be helped . ] needlesse weeping of [ her ] sonne : * * [ Her ] naturall sisters giue liquid fountaines to [ his ] hands in order , [ viz. each in order , or many of them attending in order . ] [ her ] sister Nymphes giue in order faire spring water for his hands , ▪ and bring [ him ] towels with * * The naps shorne . the nap shorne off .

Part [ of them ] * * Loade . furnish And fine towels to wipe withall . the tables with * * Meate or delicates . dainties : Others of them furnish the table with dainties , and oft fill the cups . * * And set againe full pots . and oft do fill the cups : m m For his sending to Proteus , the Poe● sheweth what holy rites were vsed . How the Nymphs first burnt vpon the altars great store of incense made with sweet Panchean wood . * * The altars grow great with Panchean fiers , [ viz. with fiers of sweete wood or of frankincense of Panchea a countrey in Arabia where is store thereof . the altars ‖ ‖ Are incensed , or haue great store of frankincense burnt on them . waxe full sweete with fiers of Panchean wood .

And [ then his ] mother [ said , ] Take thou these ‖ ‖ Pots , goblet● , or sacrificing cups . cups of * * Meonian wine . ● Lydian And then how his mother filling certaine sacrificing cups of Lydian wine , inc●tes him to offer to Oceanus the great God of the sea . wine ,

* * Let vs sacrifice or touch lightly . Let vs offer to God Oceanus , quoth she . * * Together . And herewith she prayes both And how withall she prayes both vnto that great Oceanus , whom she calls the father of all things , and to the Nymphs her sisters . vnto * * Oceanus the great God of the sea , sonne to 〈◊〉 and Vesta . Oceanus ‖ ‖ The Poet followes the opinion of them which thought all things to be made of the water . the father of all things , and to the Nymphs [ her ] sisters ,

* * A hundred [ whereof there are ] which , &c. A hundred [ of them ] which ‖ ‖ Are Goddesses of the woods , a hundred of the riuers . [ keepe ] Which sister Nymphs are described by their number and their charges ; that a hundred of them kept the woods , and another hundred kept the riuers . the woods , [ and also ] an hundred which keep the riuers .

* * She powred [ or all to sprinkled ] about thrise the burning fire with liquid Nectar , [ viz. that excellent drinke of the Gods . Thrise did she sprinkle the burning * * Vesta the Goddesse of the fire , put for fire . fire with And thirdly how she thrise sprinkled the fires vpon the altars with most pure Nectar . pure sweete wine .

Thrise the flame being ‖ ‖ Vnder the wine cast on , it flasht backe to the top of the house . vnderneath , flasht Finally , how the flame thereof flashed vp three times to the top of the house . backe againe to th' top of the house .

With which luckie With which good signe of happy successe she comforting & assuring her selfe , as if she had 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the spirit of 〈◊〉 began to direct her so● Aristeus for his going and seeking vnto Prote●s , as followeth . signe ‖ ‖ She assuring her selfe , as being inspired by Oceanus , began to speake thus . she confirming her mind , began thus .

n n That there was a Prophet of Neptune in the 〈◊〉 sea , There is a Prophet * * Of Neptune . of the sea ‖ ‖ In the gulfe of the Carpathian sea , which is so named of an I le betweene Rhodes and Creete , called Carpathus . in the Carpathian gulfe ,

[ Called ] ‖ ‖ Proteus of the colour of the sea . the skie coloured Whose name was the skie coloured Proteus , which Prophet vsed to be carred ouer the sea on fishes backs . Proteus , who ‖ ‖ Swims ouer the huge sea . measures out the great sea * * By fishes . [ borne vpon ] fishes backs , And in a chariot drawn by two footed horses .

* * And with a chariot of two footed horses ioyned [ or tied thereunto ] viz. with a chariot tied to the horses . And in a chariot How this Prophet was at this time gone to review the ports of Emathia and his countrey Palene . drawne ‖ ‖ The Gods of the sea were fained to be of the forepart horses , fishes of the hinder . by two footed horses .

* * He now hath visited againe the hauens of Emathia . He is now gone to And how for his diuine knowledge the very Nymphs did adore him , and euen Nereus that ancient God of the sea did honour him , for that he foreknew all things both past , present , and to come . renew the ports of ‖ ‖ Emathia is taken for Thessaly , wherein Proteus is said to haue reigned first . Emathia , and [ his ] countrey Palene . * * Both the Nymphs do worship him , and also the great aged Nereus [ who is the father of the Nymphes ] [ doth worship him . ] Him do the Nymphs adore , and ancient ‖ ‖ Nereus a God of the sea . Nereus himself , for ‖ ‖ That Proteus . [ that ] Prophet * * Hath knowne all things . knoweth all things , Then for the confirmation hereof , she giues the reason of his diuine knowledge : That it seemed good to Neptune thus to grate him therwith , for his good seruice done vnto him , in tending of his beards of cattell , to wit , both his sea-calues and all other monsters of the sea .

Which are , which haue bene , [ and ] ‖ ‖ Or which may be drawne on , [ or prolonged ] to come by and by [ or hereafter . ] which may be protracted to come ere long .

Because it hath so seemed good ‖ ‖ To Neptunes grace . to Neptune , whose ‖ ‖ By these monstrous heards , he meanes the huge fishes and sea monsters , as whales and the like . monstrous heards of cattell , and * * Filthy , [ viz. ugly , great . huge sea-calues he feeds ‖ ‖ Vnder the gulfe , [ viz. in the depth of the seas . ] vnderneath the gulfe .

o o After she shewes him the maner how he must consult with this Proteus : That first he must bind him before he ask any question of him , to the end that he might the more speedily make knowne vnto him the causes of the diseases of his bees . * * My sonne , this [ Prophet Proteus ] is to be catched of thee before with bonds , [ viz. thou must bind him first because he will tell thee nothing , but being inforced . This [ Prophet ] ( [ my ] sonne ) is to be bound of thee before [ thou aske him any thing ] that he may * * Dispatch readily . speedily tell thee * * All the cause of the disease . euery cause of the diseases [ of thy And grant him good successe for the repairing of them . bees , ] * * And may prosper the euents [ or falling out of things . and may giue thee good successe . Because he would not teach him any thing but by constraint .

For ‖ ‖ He will not tell thee any thing . he will not giue [ thee ] any precepts without For that he could not moue him by any intreatie . * * Force . constraint ; neither shalt thou * * Bow him . moue him And therfore she aduiseth to catch him of a sudden , and to bind him by force . * * Stretch out hard force [ or violence ] to [ him ] taken . by intreatie . * Lay hard hands and bonds vpon him being caught : ‖ ‖ His subtill deuices about , &c. His And then howsoeuer he would for a time vse sundry deceits to escape his bonds , yet at length all his shifts would be frustrate , and he should certainly preuaile . deceits about these things * * Shall be broken [ as ] vaine at length , [ viz. that he will tell thee ] will at length be vtterly frustrate .

* * I my selfe will leade thee into the secret places [ or walkes ] of the old man , [ viz. Proteus . ] I my selfe [ about the noone-tide ] ‖ ‖ Whenas the Sun doth parch in the middle of the day . whenas Also to this purpose she promiseth that she her selfe will conduct him to the very place where he may finde Proteus asleepe . That about the noone time of the day , when as the Sunne is most hote , so that the herbs begin to parch , and that the cattell seeke after the shadow to stand vnder , to saue them from the heate , she would guide him to the secret place of this old man . the Sunne hath kindled [ his ] middle heate ,

When the herbes * * Do thirst [ or parch , as crying for water . ] are thirstie , and the shadow is more ‖ ‖ Pleasant or delight some . welcome to the cattell ,

Will bring thee into the secret [ places ] of th' ‖ ‖ Gods of the sea are fained to be old men and gray haired , because of the foame of the sea . old man , * * Al. Whither he being wearied of the waues , or with the water . Al. whither he being wearie , * * Doth receiue or betake himselfe . doth retire himselfe from the waues ; that thou mayest Whither he being wearied by reason of his age & toyling amongst the waues , retires himselfe to rest . easily ‖ ‖ Come vpon him . set vpon him * * Lying in sleepe . lying fast asleepe .

p p And here she rehearseth againe the maner how her son should inforce him , when he had caught him . That he must hold him fast and binde him sure , because he would change himselfe into diuers shapes , to the end to delude him , or to affright him , so to cause him to let him go . But when thou shalt hold [ him ] * * Catched with . taken with That so he might come vpon him of a sudden , lying fast asleep . hands and bands ,

Then diuers ‖ ‖ Shewes or likenesses . shapes will delude [ thee , ] and * * Mouthes . faces of wilde beasts ; * * For he will be made suddenly a horrible [ or dreadfull ] swine . for he will be of a sudden a rough bristled swine , and a ‖ ‖ A cruell tiger . blacke tiger , That he would be turned of a sudden into a swine , and to a blacke tiger .

And also ‖ ‖ A dragon full of scales . a scaly dragon ‖ ‖ A she lion . and a lionesse Likewise into a scaly dragon . * * With a necke of a deepe yellow shining like gold . with a tawnie yellow And into a fierce lionesse . necke :

* * Or else he will giue a sharpe [ or shrill ] sound of a flame of fire . Or else he will giue Or else he would seeme like a flame of fire , making a crackling noise to escape out of his bonds . forth a crackling noise of fire : and so he will * * Fall out , [ viz. get away . ] escape out of [ thy ] bands ; * * Or sliding away , he will go into the thin waters . or slipping aside Or to slip away into the water . [ from thee ] he will go quite away into the thin waters .

* * But by how much more he shall turne himselfe . But how much more Against all which she forewarneth him , to looke well to it , that the more he should so change himselfe , he should tie and hold him so much the harder , he ‖ ‖ Change . turnes himselfe into all * * Formes . shapes :

* * My sonne stretch more , by so much the bands holding him fast . So much the more ( my sonne ) tie hard his bands to hold him fast :

Vntill he shall be such Vntill he come vnto his right shape againe , as he was at the first . a one , his bodie being changed [ againe , ] * * What a one thou hast seene him . as thou sawest him , when he * * Couered . closed [ his ] eyes * * With sleepe begun , [ or [ his ] sleepe begun ] [ viz. beginning to sleepe . ] beginning first to sleepe .

q q Cyrene hauing thus directed her sonne , she moreouer prouides that he may be liuely & valorous against the time of this his conflict with Proteus , the better to preuaile . And to this purpose she cast vpon him a pure odour of Ambrosia . ‖ ‖ Thus she spake . These things she * * Sa●d . spake , ‖ ‖ And [ withall ] and * * Powred abroad . cast abroad * * A liquid smell [ or sauour , or iuyce . ] a pure odour of r r Ambrosia ab a pri●atiua , & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mortalis , because it is ●aid to make them immortall who taste thereof , as Nectar of 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , occido , non occido , Ramus . ‖ ‖ By Ambrosia is either meant an herbe commonly called Oke of Ierusalem , or Oke of Paradise ; or else it is taken for the meate of the Gods , as vsually in the Poets , like as Nectar is the drinke of the Gods . Ambrosia ,

* * With which she powred [ or wet ] throughout the whole bodie of [ her ] sonne . Wherewith she Al. sok't the bodie of [ her ] sonne throughout : but * * A sweete winde [ or blast ] breathed vnto him , his haires being composed , [ viz combed , and neatly set in order . ] a sweete sent blew to him ; hauing his haire neatly drest ,

And ‖ ‖ A liuely ablenesse . an able vigour Al. Throughly annointed , or led thoroughout . * * Came. entred into [ his ] lims . s s After all this , doth the Poet describe the place of Proteus re●t , more fully , where Cyrene sets her sonne to catch him in such sort as she had directed . There is ‖ ‖ A mightie great ho●e . a huge caue in the side * * Of a mountaine all eaten away [ with the waters . ] of a hill eaten Wherewith she soked his whole bodie thoroughout , & blew vpon with so sweete a sent , that a liuely vigour entred into his lims . all away , whereinto ‖ ‖ Great store of water . very much water * * Is gathered by the wind . is driuen by the wind , * * And [ the waue ] doth cut or deuide it selfe into bosomes brought backe , [ viz. hollow turnings of water banks , where the water is beate backe . ] and parts it selfe into reflowing creakes ,

* * In time past a most safe standing [ or rode ] to the mariners being catched . [ Which ] sometime [ was ] a most safe harbour for sea-men caught [ by tempest . ]

* * Within Proteus doth couer , [ viz. is wont to couer , or hide himselfe for his retire . ] Within [ it ] doth That there is a huge caue in the side of a hill eaten with the water , where the waues driuen in by the windes are beaten backe . Proteus * * Barre or shut . close himselfe with the * * Vaste or mightie . couer of a * * Here the Nymph [ his mother ] doth place the yong man [ viz. Aristeus ] turned from the light [ that is , aside from the caues mouth , whereby the light came into the caue , that Proteus should not see him . huge great stone .

* Here doth the Which place was sometime a most safe harbour for sea-men caught by tempest . Nymph [ Cyrene ] place the yong man turned from the light , ‖ ‖ In a secret place . within How within this ca●e Proteus vsed to retire & rest himselfe , couering the mouth of it with a very great stone . the lurking holes : ‖ ‖ She also withdrew her selfe a far off , couered with a cloud . [ and ] she her selfe Al. went backe farre off And how within a creake hereof she placed her sonne secretly , that he might stand close ▪ and not be seene . Al. resistit , stands backe , [ viz. stood aside . * * Obscure with clouds , [ viz. much hidden . obscured with clouds .

t t Then he declares the effect of her aduice , how all things came to passe accordingly ; and first sets out the time of his surprising him in such sort , that it was the beginning of the dog-days , viz when the dog-star burnes in the skie , and about the midtime of the day , which is thus set forth by causes and effects : That the Sunne had gone halfe his daily course , the herbes withered , the hollow riuers waxed warme euen vnto the mud , hauing their banks drie . * * Now Syrius vehement [ in burning ] parching or scorching . Now the wood Dog-starre called ‖ ‖ Syrius is a starre in the mouth of the signe called the Dog , at the arising whereof are great and intemperate heates . Syrius broyling the thirstie That she withdrew her selfe farre off , obscuted with a cloud . Indians * * Did burne in the heauen , [ viz. did cast his fiery influence from heauen . burned in the skie , and the fierie Sunne * * Had drawne halfe the orbe , [ viz. had past halfe the world , that is , was come to the midst or height of heauen , viz , to the noonesteed . had gone halfe his daily course : herbes withered , and ‖ ‖ The scorching sun had warmed the riuers to the mud . the sun-beames boyled the hollow riuers warmed to the mud , their * * Iawes [ viz. mouthes or tops of the riuers ] viz. their banks drie all about the tops . vpper parts being drie .

u u Secondly , Proteus his going to sleepe , is amplified by the place whither he went , viz. to his wonted caues ; When Proteus went from the * * Flouds . riuers , * * Seeking his accustomed holes , [ or priuie lurking places . ] going vnto [ his ] wonted caues ; ‖ ‖ The fishes of the sea . the waterish nation of the ‖ ‖ Huge great sea . vast sea ‖ ‖ Bounsing about him , as triumphing for excessiue ioy . leaping about him , sprinkled ‖ ‖ The seawater which is bitter in taste . the bitter dew ‖ ‖ Far abroad , like as fishes do when they leape . all abroad .

‖ ‖ The sea monsters . The sea-calues * * Strew themselues in sleepe in a diuers shore . lay themselues asleepe on euery shore . And likewise by his attendants , the sea-calues bounsing vp about him as reioycing at his presence , and sprinkling the water all abroad .

‖ ‖ Proteus himselfe . Himselfe ( euen as the keeper of a heard sometimes in th' mountaines , ‖ ‖ Whenas his cattell go home from feeding . when the euening tide And thirdly by the sea monsters , laying themselues to sleep on euery shoare . Lastly , Proteus reposing himselfe to rest in the midst amongst them . Which the Poet illustrates by a fit similitude taken from a heardman in the mountaines : That as he , when his bullocks returne from feeding in the euening , brings home [ his ] bullockes from feeding to [ their ] houses ; At what time the lambes by their bleating set the teeth of th ▪ ●olues on edge , doth then sit downe vpon some rocke or some other high place , and counts the number of his cattell :

And [ when ] the lambs * * Do sharpen the wolues [ or set their teeth on edge . do whet on the wolues ‖ ‖ By their bleating in the euening . [ their ] bleatings being heard , ‖ ‖ Sits downe on a rocke , and tels his cat tell , euen so Proteus )

* * Sate downe together [ in the midst of his great troupes of fishes . ] Sate downe * * Being the middle . full in the midst vpon a rocke Euen so did Proteus set downe himselfe to rest in the midst of his great troupes of fishes . and ‖ ‖ Rehearseth the number of them , [ or numbers them . ] counts the number of them .

x x Then followeth the aduenturing vpon him by Aristeus , and the whole manner of it for the speedinesse and violence thereof . * * Of [ taking ] whom [ viz. which Proteus ] because a facultie [ or libertie ] is offered to Aristeus , Of whom because there was so fit an occasion offered to Aristeus ,

He scarcely * * Hauing suffered suffering How he seeing now his fit opportunitie , scarcely suffereth the old man to repose his weary lims to rest , ‖ ‖ Proteus , the old man * * To compose his wearied lims . to settle his wearie limmes [ to rest , ]

* * Rusheth with a great crie , and takes before [ or preuents him ] lying downe with manicles [ viz. bonds [ or gives ] for his hands . Rusheth [ vpon him ] But rusheth vpon him with a great outcrie , with a great outcrie , and Catcheth him lying all along to sleepe , ties him fast . ties him with manicles lying all along . ‖ ‖ Proteus . He * * Contrarily . on How Proteus on the other side remembring his skill , the other side , not vnmindfull * * Of his [ deceitfull ] art. of his skill ,

‖ ‖ Disguiseth and changeth himselfe , Transformes himselfe Transformes himselfe into maruellous shapes . * * Into all miracles [ or maruellous likenesses ] of things . into all wonderments of things , As both into fire ,

‖ ‖ Both into the likenesse of fire , and of fierce wilde beasts , and a liquid floud [ or streame . ] Both into fire , and And into the likenesse of a horrible wild beast , and also into a cleare riuer . into a most horrible wild beast , and into a cleare riuer . Finally , when he can finde no meanes to escape by any delusion or deuice ,

* * But when he found flight by no deceit . But when he could find no meanes to escape by any * * Deceit , [ viz. sleight or deuice . shift , being ouercome Being ouercome he returnes into his owne shape againe . * * He returnes into himselfe , [ viz. he came to his owne likenesse . he returned into his owne shape again . y y And then he at length speakes with a mans voice : Demanding of him the causes how he durst be so bold ? And at the length he spake ‖ ‖ With a man● voice . with the [ very mouth ] of a man . Who bad him come vnto his house ? or what he fetched thence ?

* * O thou most confident [ yong man ] of [ all ] yong men . O boldest of all youths , for who ( quoth he ) * * Commanded thee , bad thee ‖ ‖ To enter into my dwelling house . to come Vnto which demands Aristeus makes answer . vnto our * * Houses . house ? or That he knew the causes well enough . what doest thou fetch hence ? But * * He answered . he [ made That it was not possible for any man to go beyond him by decei● . answer , ]

Oh Proteus ‖ ‖ Thou knowest why I came , and what I would . thou knowest ; And therefore wisheth him to leaue off either to seek to beguile him , or to enquire the cause . euen thou thy selfe knowest ; neither is it For that he was come thither , following the command of the gods ; and moreouer that he came to enquire of the Oracles of the Gods , euen of himselfe , ( who at that time gaue their answers ) what he was to do for the repairing of his decayed estate , viz. for the recouerie of his bees . [ * * Granted ] to any man . possible ] for any man ‖ ‖ To outreach thee by deceit . to deceiue thee :

* * But ceasse thou to be willing [ to deceiue me with thy sleights , or to know why I am come . But leaue thou off to seeke [ to beguile me . ] * * We hauing followed [ or obeyed . ] We following the commandements of the gods ‖ ‖ Are come hither . haue come hither * * To seeke the oracles [ of the Gods ] my things being sliden , [ viz. mine estate or stocke being decayed . ] to enquire of the Oracles concerning our decayed estate .

z z Aristeus hauing thus spoken , Proteus strangely rapt by a diuine furie , ( as Prophets haue bene wont to be in giuing their answere ) speakes vnto him as an Oracle . But first his fury is described notably . How he rolled his fierie eyes with great enforcement ; * * He spake [ or vttered ] thus much , [ viz. Aristeus answered thus . Thus much spake [ Aristeus . ] * * The Prophet rolled his eyes burning [ or flaming ] with red fiery light , at these words . At these words at last the Prophet [ Proteus ] with great enforcement * * Writhed or turned . rolled his eyes burning with a ‖ ‖ Glaucus here seemeth to be taken for a fiery rednesse , a● in the eyes of lions . red fierie light ,

And * * Gnashing [ or grinning ] grieu●sly [ being enforced . gnashing his Gnashed his teeth discontentedly , and then thus began to manifest the oracle , concerning the cause of the losse of his bees . That it was for the death of Euridice , which he had caused ; for which the Nymphs her sisters killed his bees . Which he vtters thus by the contrary more particularly How it was not the displeasure of any meane power , but euen of a God that did him that annoy . That he was punished for his hainous fact : and that Orpheus the famous musitian ( worthy of all commi●eration ) had raised vp all that euill against him , yet nothing so great as his desert , ( as he should find if the fates did not resist ) for villanie offered vnto his tender wise . teeth discontentedly , ‖ ‖ Thus he began to shew the destinies of the Gods . thus opened he his mouth * * In destinies . in oracles .

* * The angers not of no diuine power , [ viz. of none of the meanest Gods , or of no lesse a power then a God ] do exercise thee . The wrath of no base power doth trouble thee ,

* * Luis , not lues , [ viz. thou abidest punishment for , [ or thou redeemest or purgest by thy punishment ] thy ] great offe●es committed . Thou art punished for thy hainous faults : ‖ ‖ Orpheus the Poet worthy of much commiseration , stirreth vp against thee all these euils . miserable Orpheus * * Raiseth vp to thee those punishments . raiseth vp these stormes , [ and yet ] * * Nothing at all for thy merit , [ viz. nothing so much as thou deseruest . ] nothing according to thy desert , * * Except that [ or but that the destinies resist , ] viz. of Apollo thy father , and Cyrene thy mother . if the fates did not resist : and rageth grieuously * * For his wife being rauished , [ or in danger to be rauished by Aristeus , [ or for his wife being violently taken away [ from him . ] for villanie offered to his wife .

She indeed [ poore ] * * Yong wench or girle . wench * * Readie to die [ with feare of thee . ] being neare vnto her death , * * Whilst she fled from thee all headlong , [ viz. in haste without regard . ] whilst headlong [ she ] fled from thee * * By the flouds [ or riuers ] by the riuers side , saw not a * * A cruell [ fierce or huge ] water serpent or adder . fell serpent For that whilst ●he fled away from him , as for her life , and almost dead with feare , running headlong by a riuers side , was stung to death of a sudden by a most fell adder , which there lay watching in the deepe grasse . before her feet , ‖ ‖ Watching . keeping the bankes in the deepe * * Herbe , [ herbes or weeds by the riuer side . grasse .

But the companie of Nymphs called Dryades * * Being equall [ in age ] with Orpheus wife ] viz. all the yong Nymphs . being of like age , ‖ ‖ Made the mountaines ring with their crie . filled the highest mountaines Whereupon all the whole company of the yong Nymphs called the Dryades that were of equal age with her , filled the highest mountaines with their crie : in so much as the very mountaines themselues did seeme to mourne and weepe ; with [ their ] crie : * * The Rhodopeian towers haue wept , [ viz. the tops of the mountaine Rhodope in Thracia being like towers , lamented ] viz. by reason of the Nymphs there hauing their abode . the Rhodopeian hils As both Rhodopey , did weepe ,

* * And the high mountaines called Pangea [ in Thracia neare Macedonia . ] And the high Pangean And Pangea , And the countrey of Rhesus , tops , * * And the warlike earth of Rhesus , [ viz. of Thracia where king Rhesus reigned after . yea the warlike And also the Getes , countrey of Rhesus , The riues Hebrus in like manner : and so Orythia the Athenian Nymph .

And also ‖ ‖ The Scythians called Massagets . the Getes , and the riuer ‖ ‖ A riuer of Thracia . Hebrus , * * And Actias Orithya [ viz. Orithya of Acte or Athens the daughter of Erichthonius king of Athens . and likewise Orithya the Athenian Nymph .

a a But yet how Orpheus himselfe though exceedingly bewailing his deare wife , yet labored to asswage his sorowful loue with doleful songs & with his hollow Iute . Which harmony of his is set out both by the places and times , and things on which it wrought , and how farre it did auaile . That he sang of his sweete wife , both by himselfe all alone in the desert shore , and also how he sang of her in the morning , at the breaking of the day & in the eurning likewise at the departure of the same , still sounding out E●ridice in most 〈◊〉 sort . [ But ] he himselfe * * Comforting [ his ] sicke [ or pensiue ] loue with [ his ] hollow lute made of a torteise shell , [ or after the fashion of a torteise shell , for thence was ( as they say ) the first inuention of the lute . ] asswaging [ his ] sorowfull loue with [ his ] hollow lute ,

( O sweete wife ) ‖ ‖ He sang of thee continually . [ did sing of ] thee , [ he sang of ] thee by himselfe [ alone ] in the * * Louely shore . desert shore :

[ He sang of ] thee * * The day coming . at the comming of the day ; he sang of thee * * [ The day ] departing . at the departing of the same :

* * And hauing entred into the Tenarian iawes , [ or mouthes , or gaping holes . And entring into the iawes of * * Tenarus is a Promont●ry in Laconia , where for the deepe concauities , is thought to be the descent into hell . Tenarus , the deepe ‖ ‖ Dungeons . doores * * Of Dis. of And so entring into the very iawes of hell , and into the deep dungeons of Pluto , and into a groue all blacke with fearfull darknesse , he went to the infernall spirits , and to the dreadfull king , euen vnto Pluto himselfe . Pluto [ the God of hell , ] and into * * A groue or wood dark with a black feare , [ because there is perpatuall and most dread full darknesse . a groue all blacke with fearfull darknes , he went both to the ‖ ‖ Infernall spirits , ghosts , or diuels . spirits , and ‖ ‖ To Pluto . to the dreadfull king ,

And to the hearts * * Not knowing [ or being ignorant how ] to waxe gentle [ or 〈◊〉 ] by humane prayers , [ viz. that 〈◊〉 can be quieted or appeased by any prayers or meanes . This appeasing them by Orpheus was extraordinary and onely for a time , by the sweetnesse of his melodie . that And vnto the ghosts which cannot be appeased or quieted by any prayers of men . know not to waxe gentle at the prayers of men .

* * But the thinne shadowes moued together . But yet the slender But yet were moued by the sweetnesse of his harmonie . ghosts being moued So that they came from the lowest seates of hel to heare him l●te and sing . with [ his ] song , ‖ ‖ Came and flocked to heare Orphe●s to sing and play . went from the lowest seates of * * Erebus is properly a certain darknesse , vsed for a riuer of hell , here for hell it selfe . hell , and [ so many ] Which comming of theirs , is amplified by their multitudes , and also by their sorts . likenesses * * Of [ men . ] of [ folks ] lacking the light of life ,

* * How many thousands of birds , [ viz as many or as thicke as birds which flie to the woods , &c. As thousands of That they came in such numbers , as birds flocking to the woods in the euening time . birds hide themselues in woods ,

* * When the euening [ doth driue them ] When as the euening Or when a Winter shower driues them from the hils . or ‖ ‖ A wet or sharpe storme . a Winters shower doth driue [ them ] from And for the sorts of them , that there came both mothers and husbands , couragious nobles , boyes and girles . the * * Mountaines . hils .

* * [ These ghosts are ] mothers and husbands . [ Both ] mothers and husbands , and the bodies of couragious noble men ‖ ‖ Departed . discharged of life , Yong men also which had bene burnt to ashes before their parents faces . ‖ ‖ Lads . boyes and vnmarried girles ,

And yong men ‖ ‖ Burnt to ashes in the fiers made for that purpose . put into the fiers * * Before the faces of [ their ] parents . before Euen all the ghosts of all sorts whith were within the bounds of hel , came to heare him : which bounds are limited by Cocytus that lothsome riuer of hell , made so noisome , for that the water neuer moueth . [ their ] parents faces ,

[ All ] which the black mud and foule ill fauoured reeds of * * Cocytus is a riuer of hell , flowing out of Styx . Cocytus , and the fenne being * * Vnlouely with slow water , [ viz. because the water neuer moueth . Al. lothsome thorough Al. Vnfit to be sw●mme in . her continuall standing water compasseth about , And by Styx the infernall fen compassing all nine times about . * * Styx is said to be a fountaine [ or fen ] of Arcadia , so cold , that it kills whatsoeuer ●rinketh of it : here taken for the fen of hell , à nomine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , tristis . and the [ infernall ] Styx ‖ ‖ For the vnderstanding of these words , nou●es Styx interfusa , Seruius saith , that by the nine circles are meant the seuen circles of the seuen plannets and the two circles of fire and aire , which nine circles compasse the earth , intermixt with water , and so this Styx which is said to be in the midst of the earth : but for this I leaue it to better iudgement . nine times powred betweene This is yet further amplified , that not only thes● , but also the very hel●ish houses théselues were astonied therewith , & the deepest dungeons called Tarta●a . [ the liuing and the departed ] keepeth in [ or includeth , compassing them nine times about . ] And not they alone , but that euen the hellish furies were wrapt therewith . Which furies are described as hauing their haire all intangled with blackish snakes .

Moreouer ‖ ‖ The fiends inhabiting the hellish houses . the very [ hellish ] houses themselues * * Haue bene astonied or amazed . were astonied , & also * * The inmost [ deep ] dungeons called Tartara . the deepest dungeons of death , * * And the Eumenides [ furies or hags of hell , daughters to Acheron and Nox , ] being intangled [ or hauing intangled or wrapped ] skie coloured snakes with [ their ] haires , stood astonied to heare Orpheus . and the furies of hell hauing their Yea that Cerberus the gaping curre of hell left off his yolping . haire all intangled with blackish snakes : and likewise And moreouer , that the very wheele of Ixion , whereon he was tormented , stood still ; and euen the wind did stay , whereby it was whi●lde about before . * * Cerberus a dog with three heads , which as the Poets fained was porter of hell . Cerberus the gaping curre of hell , * * Kept [ viz. left off his yolping . ] stayd his three mouthes .

And the wheele * * Of Ixions orbe , viz. the round engine whereon he was tormented by Iupiters appointment , because he had sollicited Iuno to adultery ] stood still [ or stayed ] with the wind [ viz. together with the winde of it , by which winde it rolled about before ] to the end that they might heare Orpheus . of Ixions torture stood still with the winde [ thereof . ]

b b And finally the Prophet sheweth , that his musick so farre preuailed , as that he had recouered his Euridice againe , vpon this condition and law , that he looke ●ot behind him vnto her , vntil they were both quite forth of hel : wherunto they had proceeded , which is thus set forth by the Poet. That he was returning back from hell , had escaped al dangers , with his wife restored vnto him , and was coming out of the infernall darknesse into the light of this world ; and yet euen there ouerthrew all his labours and hopes again , onely forgetting that law of Proserpina the Queene of hel , in looking back vnto his Euridice . And now [ Orpheus ] * * Carrying backe [ or plucking backe ] [ his ] foote . returning backe [ from hell ] ‖ ‖ Was past . had escaped all * * Chances 〈◊〉 misfortunes . dangers , and [ his wife ] Euridice ‖ ‖ Whom he had recouered againe . being restored [ vnto him ] ‖ ‖ Was comming into the vpper aire , [ viz. into the light of the world , out of the darknesse of hell . came into the vpper aire , following behind [ him , ] ( for why ‖ ‖ Proserpina Plutoes wife had giuen this law , that if Orpheus looked backe vpon his wife vntill she was quite out of hell , and in the vpper light of the world , he should lose her againe , for that she should returne backe into hell . Proserpina [ the Queene of hell ] had giuen this law . )

c c Which is also further amplified by the causes and manner thereof . That a sudden madnes through the vehemencie of his affection , caught away his vnwarie minde to looke backe vnto his Euridice ( which though it was a great fault against such a law and vpon such a perill , yet was it a fault that in that case might wel haue bin pardoned if the infernall spirits could pardon any thing . Notwithstanding hee onely standing still , and but casting his eye behind him to her at the first glimpse of the light lost all his hope ; the grant of the mercilesse tyrant being vtterly made voide . Whenas a sudden ‖ ‖ Folly of too much loue . madnesse * * Tooke [ viz had surprised or caught away the minde of Orpheus at vnawares . had caught away the vnwarie louer ,

( [ * * [ A madnesse , ] [ viz. a passion of loue to be forgiuen . A folly ] indeed to be ‖ ‖ To shew any pitie . pardoned , if the [ infernall ] spirits knew ‖ ‖ Conquered or surprized of minde , [ viz. by the passion of [ his ] mind . to pardon [ any thing . ]

[ He ] stood still , and * * Alacke . alas forgetfull [ man , ] and ‖ ‖ A great noise of many voices together [ was ] heard from the standing waters of Auernus , [ viz. the lake of hell , ] the fiends reioycing at the returns of Euridice . ouercome in mind , * * He looked backe vnto his [ wife ] Euridice . he looked backe vpon his owne Euridice , now * * About the very light , [ viz. somewhat before full light , or so soone as he was come within the glimpse of any light . ] about the verie entrance into the light . There [ was ] all [ his ] labour * * Powred out [ or spilt . ] lost , and the * * Leagues [ viz. grant . ] couenants of the * * Vngentle [ viz. pitilesse ] tyrant [ Pluto . ] mercilesse tyrant * * Burst [ or broken . ] all made voide , d d Then followeth the lamentable moane and woe of both of them thereupon . and thrice ‖ ‖ The commandement of Pluto calls me backe . a broken noise [ was ] heard from the Auerne ponds .

[ Then ] shee spake [ thus , ] O Orpheus who hath * * Lost [ or vtterly cast away or destroyed . ] vndone both * * Wretched woman . me miserable wretch , & thee That though the fiends did exceedingly reioyce thereat , so that there was heard a great broken noise at of many voices together , of those infernall spirits from the 〈◊〉 ponds , yet they both lament ; and first she poore wretch cries out vnto her husband that he had vndone both her and himselfe , demanding what so great a madnesse in him had vndone them both ? for that the cruel 〈◊〉 now called her backe to hell againe . [ likewise . ]

* * What madnesse , [ ah ] so great [ hath vndone vo● ] What so great a madnesse ! loe ‖ ‖ The commandement of Pluto calls me backe . the cruell destinies call me backe againe : and sleepe [ of death ] * * Doth hide my lights [ viz. eyes ] swimming [ in teares . ] doth couer [ my ] And the sleepe of death began to couer her dazeling eyes . dazeling eyes .

And now ‖ ‖ O Orpheus farewell . farewell : And so she bids him farewell , for that she perceiued her selfe to be borne away , being compassed about with a dreadfull darknesse . And then stretching out her feeble hands vnto him , which she told him were none of his : [ for ] * * I am caried . I am borne [ away ] compassed about * * With a huge great night . with a dreadfull darknesse .

* * And I alas not thy [ wife ] [ as thou imaginedst . ] It is an answer to that before , Euridicem suam respexit . And stretching out to thee ( alacke not thine ) ‖ ‖ The weake [ or feeble ] palmes of my hands . [ my ] feeble hands .

[ Thus ] she spake , Hauing spoken , she vanished suddenly out of his sight , like smoke vanishing into the thin ●ire , so that she saw him not after . * * And fled away diuerse [ or asunder from him ] suddenly out of his eyes , euen as the smoke mixt together flieth into the thi● winds or blasts . and [ vanished ] suddenly out of his sight , euen as the smoake being mixt together flies And he poore man catching at her shadow all in vaine , and desirous to haue spoken many things vnto her , and to haue gone after her , yet could not . diuers wayes into the thin aire : neither saw she him * * Furthermore [ or further . ] after catching at [ her ] * * Shadowes . ghost all in vain , * * Willing . and desirous to speake For that the ferriman of hell would not suffer him any more to passe the fen betweene the liuing in this world and the infernall ghosts . many things vnto her , nor yet ‖ ‖ Charon that caried soules oúer the three riuers of hell , Acheron , Cocythus and Styx , as the Poets faine : whence some of the heathen haue bene wont to put a litle peece of mony into the mouthes of the dead to pay for their feriage or fare . the ferriman of hell

* * Suffered him . Would suffer [ him ] to passe ouer any more ‖ ‖ Styx . the fen * * Set against [ them . ] set betweene [ the liuing and the infernall ghosts . ]

e e This wofull distresse of Orpheus , the Prophet 〈◊〉 amplifieth againe , adorning it with this demand , what he should haue done in this case , whither he should haue betaken himselfe , hauing his wife thus violently taken away from him twise ? by what lamentations be could 〈◊〉 possibly either moue the fiends , or intreate the Gods . What should he do ? whither should he * * Carry himselfe . betake himselfe , his wife being * * Snatched away . violently taken from him twise ?

With what * * Weeping . lamenting ‖ ‖ Could he moue , should he moue And that she now being cold , swims back in the Stygian ferryboate . * * The infernall spirits or diuels . the fiends , [ or ] with what voice [ might he * * Moue the [ infernall ] powers . intreate ] the Gods ?

* * She indeed . But she ‖ ‖ Being dead , now cold , * * Did swim [ or was caried backe in the ferry boate of hell . swims [ back ] in the Stygian ferriboate .

f f For Orpheus likewise . Proteus amplifies and sets out his lamentation both by the time , places and effects , and finally by his miserable death . For the time ; that men say that he mourned seuen whole moneths together without euer taking rest . * * [ Men ] shew [ or report ] him [ viz. Orpheus ] to haue w●pt . They say that he [ then ] mourn'd seuen whole moneths * * In order [ without intermission . ] together [ without rest , ]

* * Vnder an airie rocke , [ viz. high in the aire . ] Vnder a verie loftie And for the place , that this he did vnder a high rocke neare vnto the riuer Strymon a place little inhabited through lakes & fens , oft repeating his old song . rocke in the open aire , * * At the waue [ viz water ] of Strymon a riuer of Thracia , hauing in some places no people neare vnto it by meanes of fens and lakes by it , and oft ouer flowings . neare vnto the streames of Strymon forsaken [ of all people ] , * * And to haue oft rolled ouer these things . and that he oft repeated these same Also for the effect of his song , that there he tamed the tigers with his 〈◊〉 , and made the very okes to moue . things vnder [ those ] cold caues ,

* * Asswaging the tigers , [ viz. the fiercenesse of the tigers , or delighting the cruell wilde beasts . ] Taming the tigers , and ‖ ‖ Making the very okes to moue . mouing the okes with [ his ] * * Verse . song .

g g This ●e illustrates by a most apt ●imilitude taken from the nightingale . That like as she mourning vnder the shade of a poplar tree , 〈◊〉 in most dolefull ●ort for the taking away of her yong ones by a hard hearted plow man , who finding them drawes them out of their ●east vnfledgd , euen so did he . * * What a one [ or as ] the nightingale sorrowing [ or lamenting ] vnder a poplar shade . Like as the nightingale mourning vnder the shade of a poplar tree , ‖ ‖ Bewailes her yong ones being lost . complaines for her yong ones being lost : * * Which [ yong ones . ] which the * * Hard plowman . hard hearted plowman

‖ ‖ Marking . Obseruing , drew forth out of [ their ] neast * * Fetherlesse , [ viz. before they had fethers . ] vnfledge ; And like as she wailes all night long , and sitting vpon some branch euer renewes afresh her wofull note , filling all places farre and neare with her dolefull complaints , so likewise did Orpheus . but she * * Weepes . wailes [ all ] the night , and sitting * * In a branch , [ viz. on a bough of that tree from whence her yong were taken ] begins againe . on a bough , renews afresh ‖ ‖ Her dolefull song . her miserable * * Verse . note , and fils the places * * All abroad . farre and neare with [ her ] * * Sorowfull [ mourning or lamentable ] complaints . dolefull complaints .

h h Afterwards he enlargeth and sets out yet further , the excesse of his mourning , that it was so great , as no new loue or mariages could moue his mind at all : * * No Venus [ or lust . ] No loue : * * No mariages haue bowed , [ viz. moued or inclined [ his ] mind . no new mariages could moue his mind . But that he wandred pensiue all alone in the most cold countries , both through the frozen Scythian coasts , and neare the riuer Tanais , which is vsually couered with snow ; and vp and downe the cold Rhiphean mountaines neuer free from frost , alwayes dolefully complaining for his Euridice so taken from him violently , and the grant of Pluto thus vtterly made voide .

* * He viewed all alone the Hyperborian ice , [ viz. the cold countries of the North towards the North pole . ] He all alone wandered about the frozen Scythian coasts , and the riuer Tanais * * Snowish [ or white with snow , or euer mixed with snow . ] couered with snow , * * And also [ he wandered thorough ] the fields neuer depriued of as a widow , [ viz. neuer voide of ] the Rhiphean hoare frosts [ viz. the frosts vpon the Rhiphean hils . ] and eke the fields neuer without the Rhiphean frosts , complaining for ‖ ‖ His wife Euridice . [ his ] Euridice taken [ from him ] violently , and the * * Gifts of Dis , [ the God of hell ] all in vaine . grant of Pluto vtterly made voide ; * * For which gift [ viz. in respect of which Euridice ] the mothers of the Cycones being despised . in regard of And finally , that his mourning was so excessiue and so endlesse , that he came to despise all other women in regard of his Euridice . Whereupon followed his miserable death by the women of the Cyconians , who seeing themselues and all other women scorned by him , pluckt him in peeces amongst them , yea they dragd & strewed his quarters through the broade fields , at the time of the sacrifices of their Gods , euen at their Bac-chanalia , when they celebrated their night ceremoniall rites to Bacchus in most odious manner . which most precious gift , the women of the ‖ ‖ The Cycones are a people of Thracia dwelling neare the riuer Hebrus . Cycones being * * Despised [ by Orpheus . ] scorned , ‖ ‖ Pluckt Orpheus in peeces being then but a youth , and strewed his quarters thorough the broad fields at the time of the sacrifices and night ceremonies which they vsed at their feasts of Bacchus . * * Spread [ or scattered . ] dragged and scattered the yong man pluckt all in peeces thorough the broade fields , amongst * * The holy things of the Gods . the sacrifices of [ their ] And which is of all other most memorable , that yet his loue remained such to his Euridice , that when as his head being pluckt off from his white marble neck , was throwne into the riuer Hebrus , as it tumbled vp and downe in the midst of the stream , his voice and tongue , though he was now cold , called still Euridice . Gods , and * * The rites or ceremonies of Bac●hus [ wont to be celebrated in the night at their Bacchanalia or feasts of Bacchus . ] the night ceremoniall rites of Bacchus .

And then withall whenas the riuer * * Hebrus a riuer of Thracia , called OEagrius of OEagrus king of Thracia , and father of Orpheus as i● thought . Hebrus OEagrius [ of Thracia ] carying [ his ] head plucked away from [ his ] white marble necke , * * Rolled [ it ] in the middle gulfe [ viz. midst of the gulfe [ or streame . ] tumbled [ it ] in the midst of the streame , Ah miserable Euridice ; euen when his soule was flying away . * * The voice it selfe and the cold tongue did call Euridice . [ his ] very voice and tongue now cold called So that the bankes throughout the whole riuer resounded still Euridice . Euridice , ‖ ‖ Alacke Euridice p●re wretch . ah miserable Euridice , * * [ His ] soule flying away [ or departing ] viz. when his ghost vtterly departed . euen when his soule was flying away .

The banks ‖ ‖ Resounded with the Eccho . resounded Euridice * * In the whole floud . thorough the whole riuer .

i i This was the summe of the answer of Proteus . And when he had made an end of his speech , the Poet sheweth how he cast himselfe into the depth of the sea . * * Proteus spake [ or answered ] these things , and gaue himselfe by a throw These things [ spake ] Proteus , and cast himselfe * * Into the deepe sea , [ viz. leapt into the depth of the sea , or maine sea . into the depth of the sea . And how where he threw in himselfe , the waters whirld about their foming waues vnder the round turning of the streame .

* * And which way he gaue [ himselfe . ] And where he threw in himselfe , he whirl'd about the * * Fr●thing waue [ or water ] vnder the whirlepit [ or vpper crowne of the waters . ] foming waues vnder the round turning of the streame .

k k Yet that his mother Cyrene who had secretly withdrawne her selfe to hearken , and carefully to looke to the comfort of her sonne , departed not from him so as Proteus did ; but seeing him in much perplexed feare , spake vnto him most chearefully : That he might now put away all sorrowfull cares out of his mind , for that he vnderstood the cause of all his woe . But Cyrene [ departed ] not : for why , she of her own accord spake vnto [ her sonne ] ‖ ‖ Being very fearfull . fearing [ much : ]

[ My ] sonne , [ quoth shee ] * * But Cyrene [ the mother of Aristeus [ did ] not [ so , ] [ viz. cast not her selfe likewise into the sea , nor yet feared . thou mayest put away sorrowful cares out of thy mind .

‖ ‖ Euridice Orpheus wife . Shee [ of whom Proteus spake , is ] ‖ ‖ The whole cause . all the cause of the disease : That all his losses were for that violence offered to Euridice , and for her death ensuing thereupon , for whose sake the Nymphs with whom she vsed to dance in the greene woods , sent all that miserable destruction vpon his bees . * * It is lawfull to put away sad cares out of [ thy ] heart . hereon the Nymphes with whom * * From hence . she vsed to dance in the high ‖ ‖ Wood● . groues ‖ ‖ Haue thus destroyed [ thy ] bees . haue sent [ this ] miserable destruction * * She practised dances . on thy bees . * * To [ thy ] bees . Thou [ therefore ] humbly offer gifts ‖ ‖ Seeking reconciliation . crauing peace , and ‖ ‖ Adore . worship After also hauing thus manifested vnto him the cause , she shewes him likewise the remedie . ‖ ‖ The gentle Nymphs of the woods , [ viz. the Goddesses of herbs and flowers , gentle or easie to be intreated . the Nymphes of the woods [ which are ] easie to bee intreated . That he must humbly offer gifts vnto those Nymphs of the woods , ( which as she ●els him were easie to be intreated ) and that he must adore them , crauing peace : because they would easily be appeased so , and grant him his requests .

* * Thou being suppliant reach [ out ] gifts . For they will grant * For they will giue leaue vnto [ thy ] vowes or wishes ] and will remit their angers , [ viz. they will be pacified . ] [ thy ] requests , and qualifie [ their ] wrath .

l l And withal she directs him in order what the maner of his intreating them must be . But I will first tell thee in order , what is * Of praying [ or making supplication ] vnto them . the maner of intreating [ them . ]

Choose out foure * * Ch●ise [ or pickt out . ] speciall bulls ‖ ‖ Of body peerlesse or matchlesse . of excellent body , * * Which now feed vpon the tops of greene Lyceus for thee . which feed for That he must chuse foure principall buls of most excellent bodies of all those which feed vpon mount Lyceus in Arcadia , and as many heifers which neuer had borne yoke . thee now vpon the tops of green ‖ ‖ Lyceus a hill of Arcadia . Lyceus mount , and as many heifers * * With necke vntouched , [ viz. which neuer bare yoke , ] [ because the sacrifices must be whole and vntouched . ] of necke vntouched .

* * Appoint to these foure altars at the high temples . Foure , as it may seeme according to the number of the foure windowes and windes mentioned before . Make for these also And that he must make for these foure altars neare vnto the temples of the Nymphs , foure altars neare vnto the stately temples ‖ ‖ Of these Nymphs . of the Goddesses : ‖ ‖ And kill these buls . and let Where he must kill them , so letting out the sacred bloud out of their throates . out the sacred bloud forth of [ their ] throates .

And also leaue the Also that he must leaue the bodies of these in a groue full of greene leaues . very bodies * * Of the exen in a leauie groue . of the buls in a groue full of greene leaues . And that the ninth morning after he must offer some ghostly sacrifices to Orphe●s ,

After * * Whenas the ninth morning shall shew her risings , [ viz. in the morning of the ninth day . ] whenas the ninth morning shall appeare , As namely of poppies , causing forgetfulnesse .

Thou shalt send vnto Orpheus [ some ] ghostly Orphei casus Graec. sacrifices , [ namely ] * * Deadly poppies , [ viz. causing forgetfulnesse vnto death , if they be verie much . ] poppies causing forgetfulnesse : And also a blacke sheepe .

And thou shalt [ likewise ] * * Kill [ for a sacrifice ] a black sheep ] [ because the infern●ll spirits are delighted with blacke sacrifices . ] offer a blacke And then go and visite the groue againe where their bodies lie . sheepe , and shalt go see ‖ ‖ The groue where the bodies of the 〈◊〉 are . the groue againe .

[ There ] shalt thou There to adore Euridice , offering to her a heifer to 〈◊〉 her likewise . ‖ ‖ Adore Euridice being appeased , [ viz. seeking to appease her with a heifer offered to her . worship Euridice appeased with a heifer slaine .

m m All which things the Po● sheweth how Aristeus did according ●y without delay , obeying in all things the precepts of his mother . * * [ There was ] not [ any ] delay . There was 〈◊〉 no delay , [ but ] ‖ ‖ Aristeus . he ●orth ▪ with * * Dispatcheth [ or puts in execution . ] obeyed ‖ ‖ The commandements . the precepts of his mother :

Comes vnto the Temples , How he came into the Temple , erected foure such altars as she had directed him . [ and ] ‖ ‖ Erecteth or buildeth the altars . reareth vp the altars , ‖ ‖ Directed [ by his mother . shewed [ vnto him . ] And also how he brought foure such choise buls & as many ●heifers of vntouched necke .

[ And ] brings foure * * Buls pickt out [ viz. singular . chosen buls of * * Excelling or notable . excellent bodie , and as many heifers * * Their necke being vntouched , [ viz. which neuer bare the yoke . ] of vntouched necke . And after when the ninth morning did appeare , he sacrificed to Orpheus as he was commanded , and went againe vnto the groue .

Afterwards * * Whenas the ninth morning had brought in her risings , [ viz early in the morning on the ninth day after . whenas the ninth morning did appeare ,

* * He sends the infernall sacrifices to Orpheus , [ viz. he sacrificed to Orpheus . ] Aristeus ] sends to Orpheus the ghostly sacrifices , * * And visited againe the groue , [ viz. where the bodies of the beasts were left . ] and went again vnto the groue .

n n Then the Poet relates the effects of all , how euery thing an swered his desire . [ And ] here indeed they do behold a sudden * * Monster . wonder ▪ and ●aruellous That here they did behold a sudden wonder , and almost vncred●ble to be spoken . to be spoken , bees ‖ ‖ Stridere & effervere tertiae co●iugationis vt olim . for to make a buzzing noise * * Throughout the molten bowels , [ viz. di●solued by putrefacti● . ] throughout the That first bees made a buzzing noise thoroughout all the bodies of the beasts . dissolued bowels * * Of the oxen . of the beasts in their whole * * Wombe [ viz. bodie ] bellies , * * To boyle out [ viz. to issue out 〈◊〉 it were boyling . ] and [ as it And then issued as it were boiling out of their bursten ribs and 〈◊〉 were ] * with heat to issue boyling out from their bursten ribs .

* * And ●asurable clouds to 〈◊〉 drawne along , [ viz. swar●es lik● clouds . ] And mightie clouds 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they s● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rudes of them , 〈◊〉 mightie clouds 〈◊〉 out in length , 〈◊〉 in the aire , ●d for to swarme together knitting in the tops of tree● , to h●ng downe like great clusters of grapes from the li●ber boughs . [ of bees ] t' be drawne [ in length ] and now ‖ ‖ To swarme and 〈◊〉 . to flow together knitting * * In a chiefe [ or high tree , ] [ viz. high in a tree . ] in the top of a tree , and ‖ ‖ To let downe , to send downe * * A grape , [ viz. to hang downe in a great cluster like a huge bunch of grapes . a cluster like a grape from the * * Bowing or bending , &c. limber boughes .

o o Thus the Poet hauing made an end of his long storie of Aristeus , concerning the recouery of his bees , and for the manner of repairing them when all the stocke is v●terly decayed , comes to the conclusion of the whole work of his Georgicks , with a briefe rehearfall of all the things contained therein , and also of the time and place in which hee wrote . That these things he had sung of the ●illage of the fields , and of orde●g of cattell , and concerning trees . * * I sang these verses , [ viz. I writ these things in verse . ] These things I sang ‖ ‖ Of or concerning the manner of the tillage of the field● , vpon the tillage of the fields , and [ ordering ] of cattell .

* * And vpon trees . And concerning trees , whilst * * That great [ viz. mightie and most renowned [ Augustus ] Casar . that great Caesar ‖ ‖ Fighteth valiantly and terribly like the thunder , against the Parthians , hauing ouercome the Armenians . thundereth with warre ‖ ‖ Neare the riuer Euphrates . at the deepe Euphrates , * * And being a conquerour ordaines lawes amongst a people willing to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to submit themselues . and [ as ] a victorious conquerour giueth lawes amongst a willing people , and [ thus ] * * 〈◊〉 , a way to heauen , [ viz. 〈◊〉 by v●lorous acts . prepares a way for heauen .

Sweete Naples * * 〈◊〉 , [ viz. Naples a most famous citie of Campania , called first Parthenope of one of the Syrenes so named buried there . ] entertained at that time And this at the time whenas Augustus 〈◊〉 thundered 〈◊〉 wa●e ●gainst the 〈◊〉 hauing subdued the 〈◊〉 menians , and was ●daining good 〈◊〉 among● a wicked ●ple ; and so was preparing a way for heauen , or at least for diuine honours in the earth . me Virgil flourishing in * Of v●noble idlenesse , [ viz. of Poetrie , which requires a kinde of idlenesse in vacant time from businesse , according to that of the Poet , Caemina secessum scribentis & otia quaerunt . It is also called v●noble , because learning commonly brings so little honour or riches through mens v●thankfulnesse , or lacke of respect , or for that idlenesse brings no honour . the studies * * Nourished me . of vnrenowned vacancie . And finally that he wrote these bookes of his Georgicks at Naples , flourishing in his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Po●trie , which he calls ignoble vacancie .

FINIS .
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