A
Briefe
Description
of
vniuersall
Mappes
and
Cardes
,
and
of
their
vse
,
and
also
the
vse
of
Ptholomey
his
Tables
.
THis
woord
Mappa
in
latin
signifieth
a
Table
cloth
of
lynnen
to
couer
a
board
:
of
the
shape
and
likenes
whereof
vniuersall
tables
,
contayning
the
description
of
the
earth
,
are
commonly
called
Mappes
.
And
first
you
haue
to
vnderstande
,
that
euery
such
Mappe
is
chiefly
traced
with
ij
.
sortes
of
lynes
or
circles
,
that
is
Meridians
and
paralels
.
The
Meridians
are
either
right
or
circular
lynes
passing
through
both
the
Poles
of
the
worlde
,
and
are
imagined
to
be
drawen
right
vp
and
downe
from
the
head
to
the
foote
of
the
Mappe
,
and
are
called
Meridians
,
of
this
Latin
woord
meridies
,
which
is
as
much
to
say
as
midday
or
noonetyde
.
Because
that
when
the
Sunne
commeth
to
touch
any
of
those
lynes
,
it
is
mydday
to
those
that
dwel
right
vnder
the
same
.
Againe
,
Paralells
are
either
right
or
circular
lynes
imagined
to
be
equally
distant
one
from
another
,
which
doe
crosse
the
foresaid
Meridians
with
right
angles
.
Now
in
the
verie
midst
of
the
Map
is
most
commonly
drawne
from
head
to
foote
a
ryght
lyne
which
signifieth
not
onely
the
first
Meridian
,
but
also
the
Axle
tree
of
the
world
,
the
vpper
ende
of
which
lyne
is
called
the
poole
Artique
,
that
is
to
say
the
North
Pole
,
and
the
neather
end
the
Pole
Antartique
,
that
is
the
South
Poole
,
and
this
lyne
is
crossed
in
the
verie
midst
betwixt
the
ij
.
Pooles
with
another
great
circle
or
right
lyne
called
the
Equinoctiall
,
because
that
when
the
Sunne
commeth
to
touch
this
lyne
or
circle
,
the
day
and
nyght
is
equall
throughout
the
world
.
The
one
halfe
of
which
lyne
toward
the
right
hand
sheweth
the
east
part
,
and
thother
half
towards
the
left
hand
sheweth
the
west
part
of
the
world
:
so
as
these
ij
.
lynes
,
the
first
Meridian
and
the
Equinoctiall
do
point
out
the
iiij
.
quarters
of
the
world
,
North
,
South
,
East
,
and
West
,
from
whence
the
foure
principall
wyndes
do
blowe
betwixt
:
which
wyndes
are
set
downe
in
most
Mappes
together
with
their
Latin
or
Italian
names
in
the
outermost
skirt
or
border
thereof
viij
.
other
wyndes
,
so
as
in
all
there
be
xij
.
wyndes
,
whereby
the
auncient
Greekes
and
Romanes
were
wont
to
saile
.
The
names
whereof
both
Greeke
,
Latin
and
English
are
heretofore
set
downe
in
the
latter
end
of
our
Sphere
.
But
now
to
returne
to
our
first
two
lynes
,
that
is
the
first
Meridian
and
the
Equinoctiall
,
you
haue
to
note
that
both
these
lynes
or
circles
are
deuided
each
of
them
into
360.
degrees
,
so
as
euery
quarter
of
them
contayneth
90.
degrees
.
And
in
the
Equinoctiall
are
set
downe
the
degrées
of
longitude
,
which
is
the
length
of
the
worlde
,
round
about
from
West
to
East
,
and
againe
from
East
by
West
home
againe
:
The
first
degrée
whereof
beginneth
,
whereas
the
first
aforesaid
Meridian
crosseth
the
Equinoctiall
in
the
verie
middest
of
the
Mappe
,
and
so
procéedeth
Eastward
vnto
the
number
of
90
degrées
,
which
is
as
farre
as
you
can
goe
Eastward
,
sith
from
thence
by
reason
of
the
roundnesse
of
the
Earth
,
you
must
néedes
turne
backe
againe
by
the
backe
side
of
the
Sphere
,
or
ball
Westward
,
vntill
you
come
to
the
270
degrée
,
which
is
the
farther
point
westward
you
can
goe
,
from
whence
you
must
returne
Eastward
vntill
you
come
to
the
360
degrée
,
which
is
the
last
degrée
of
longitude
,
and
endeth
where
the
first
degrée
beginneth
.
Moreouer
in
the
said
first
Meridian
,
or
in
some
other
Meridian
hard
by
it
,
are
set
downe
the
degrées
of
latitude
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
breadth
of
the
worlde
,
both
Northerne
and
Southerne
:
for
from
the
Equinoctiall
to
the
North
Pole
are
contained
in
the
foresaide
Meridian
90.
degrées
,
and
that
is
called
the
North
latitude
,
and
from
the
Equinoctial
to
the
South
Pole
,
are
contained
in
the
said
Meridian
,
other
90
degrées
,
which
is
called
the
South
latitude
:
and
in
most
Mappes
the
Equinoctiall
line
is
deuided
and
crossed
with
18
Meridians
on
each
side
of
the
first
Meridian
,
deuiding
the
Equinoctiall
into
36
seuerall
spaces
or
distances
,
euery
space
conteining
10
degrées
,
and
euerie
degree
containeth
60
Italian
myles
of
length
.
Moreouer
betwixt
the
Equinoctiall
and
each
of
the
Poles
are
drawen
certaine
Circles
or
lines
,
called
(
as
I
said
before
)
Paralels
:
of
which
most
commonly
4
are
painted
with
red
inke
,
signifying
the
4
lesser
Circles
before
described
in
our
Sphere
,
whereof
the
highest
towards
the
North
Pole
,
is
called
the
Circle
Artique
,
béeing
distant
from
the
Pole
23
degrées
and
a
halfe
,
and
the
lowest
towards
the
South
Pole
is
called
the
Circle
Antartique
,
béeing
also
distant
from
the
Pole
23
degrées
and
a
halfe
.
Now
as
touching
the
other
two
red
Circles
,
the
one
lying
betwixt
the
Circle
Artique
,
and
the
Equinoctiall
is
called
the
Tropique
of
Cancer
,
and
the
other
lying
betwixt
the
Equinoctiall
and
the
Circle
Antartique
is
called
the
Tropique
of
Capricorne
,
and
each
of
these
two
Tropiques
is
distant
from
the
Equinoctiall
23
degrees
and
a
halfe
,
which
is
the
greatest
declination
of
the
Sunne
,
for
betwixt
these
ij
.
Tropiques
the
Sunne
continuallie
maketh
his
course
and
returne
,
as
this
word
Tropique
signifyeth
,
mounting
neuer
higher
then
the
Tropique
of
Cancer
:
nor
discending
lower
then
the
Tropique
of
Capricorne
:
for
which
cause
some
doe
set
downe
in
their
Maps
betwixt
the
sayde
two
Tropiques
an
ouerthwart
line
,
signifying
the
ecliptique
line
,
vnder
which
the
Sun
continually
walketh
.
Now
by
helpe
of
the
foresaide
4
circles
,
the
earth
is
deuided
into
5
zones
,
that
is
,
one
whotte
,
2
temperate
,
and
2
cold
.
The
whotte
is
contained
betwixt
the
2
Tropiques
,
in
the
midst
of
which
whotte
zone
,
is
the
Equinoctiall
line
,
and
of
the
2
temperate
zones
,
the
one
lieth
betwixt
the
Tropique
of
Cancer
and
the
circle
Artique
,
and
the
other
betwixt
the
Tropique
of
Capricorne
and
the
circle
Antartique
.
Againe
,
of
the
2
colde
zones
,
the
one
lyeth
betwixt
the
North
Pole
and
the
circle
Artique
,
and
the
other
betwixt
the
South
Pole
,
and
the
circle
Antartique
▪
Nowe
besides
these
foure
speciall
Paralels
,
there
bee
diuers
other
Paralels
drawne
on
each
side
of
the
Equinoctiall
,
both
Northward
and
Southward
,
which
crossing
in
certaine
points
the
first
Meridian
marked
with
degrees
,
do
shew
the
true
latitude
of
euery
place
,
and
vnder
what
Clime
or
Paralell
it
is
,
and
also
how
many
howers
the
longest
day
of
any
place
vnder
euery
Paralell
is
,
beginning
to
accompte
the
same
,
eyther
from
the
Equinoctiall
vpward
towardes
the
North
Pole
,
alongst
the
first
Meridian
marked
with
degrees
of
Northerne
latitudes
,
or
els
from
the
sayde
Equinoctiall
downe-warde
towardes
the
South
Pole
,
marked
with
degrees
of
Southerne
latitude
.
Notwithstanding
,
they
vse
most
commonlye
to
set
downe
the
number
and
iust
distaunces
of
the
Clymes
,
Paralels
,
and
howers
in
the
North
latitude
onely
,
willing
the
like
numbers
of
Clymes
,
Paralels
,
and
howers
to
bee
accompted
in
the
South
latitude
,
euen
as
they
are
in
the
North
latitude
and
with
like
distances
.
And
note
that
in
procéeding
towardes
the
Pole
from
the
Paralell
,
whereas
the
longest
day
is
24.
howers
,
they
accompte
the
Paralell
of
the
longest
daye
no
longer
by
howers
,
but
by
monethes
,
that
is
to
saye
,
from
one
moneth
to
six
monethes
,
whereof
wee
haue
spoken
before
in
our
sphere
.
The
numbers
of
the
aforesayd
Clymes
,
Paralels
and
howers
you
shall
finde
set
foorth
in
Vopellius
Mappe
alongest
the
first
Meridian
on
the
left
hand
.
But
hee
setteth
downe
the
numbers
of
the
longest
daies
encreasing
by
monethes
in
the
vttermost
border
of
hys
Mappe
on
the
right
hand
betwixt
the
North
Pole
,
and
the
circle
Artique
.
And
in
that
border
hee
setteth
downe
the
number
of
leagues
and
miles
answerable
to
euery
Paralell
,
whereas
also
hee
sheweth
the
three
differences
of
Inhabitants
according
to
their
shadows
,
that
is
to
say
.
the
Periscij
,
Heteroscij
,
and
Amphiscij
.
Periscij
are
those
that
dwell
in
anie
of
the
two
colde
zones
,
whose
shadowe
goeth
round
about
them
.
Heteroscij
be
those
that
dwell
in
anie
of
the
two
temperate
zones
whose
shadowe
tendeth
at
noone-tide
but
one
waie
,
that
is
either
North
or
South
.
Amphiscij
bee
those
that
inhabite
the
whotte
zone
,
whose
shadowe
tendeth
both
waies
,
that
is
sometime
North
and
sometime
South
,
as
is
before
declared
at
large
in
our
sphere
.
But
in
the
Mappe
of
Gemma
Frizius
,
you
shall
find
all
these
thinges
set
foorth
on
the
left
hand
of
his
Mappe
amongest
the
vttermost
circles
,
whereas
vpon
the
circle
Artique
,
hee
setteth
downe
the
twelue
signes
,
hauing
certaine
compassed
lines
,
running
downe
to
the
Equinoctiall
,
meeting
and
concurring
all
in
one
point
:
at
the
end
whereof
vpon
the
Equinoctiall
,
you
shall
finde
the
number
of
howers
,
at
which
the
sunne
riseth
in
euery
degree
of
latitude
.
Also
at
the
nether
ende
of
hys
Mappe
on
the
left
hand
,
he
placeth
a
halfe
quadrant
,
which
hee
calleth
Directorium
nauticum
,
whereof
wee
shall
speake
heereafter
.
And
because
he
would
haue
hys
Mappe
to
serue
both
sea
and
land
,
he
setteth
downe
a
certaine
number
of
mariners
compasses
deuided
with
32
lines
signifiyng
the
32.
windes
,
which
doe
shew
howe
euery
place
beareth
one
from
the
other
,
and
by
what
winde
a
Shippe
is
to
bee
directed
from
one
part
to
another
,
which
thing
is
also
obserued
in
Mercators
Mappe
and
others
that
haue
written
more
lately
,
and
yet
nothing
seruiceable
for
the
Sea
,
because
(
as
M
Borowgh
,
Controller
of
her
Maiesties
Nauy
,
a
man
most
skilful
in
the
Art
of
sailing
saith
)
no
consideration
is
had
in
the
said
Maps
or
Cards
touching
the
variation
of
the
Compasse
,
without
the
which
they
can
neuer
set
downe
any
true
or
iust
direction
.
Now
as
touching
the
diuision
and
order
of
the
partes
of
the
Earth
,
most
commonlie
described
in
vniuersall
Mappes
,
you
shall
vnderstand
that
the
ancient
Cosmographers
,
not
knowing
then
the
West
Indies
,
nor
manie
other
places
scituated
both
Northward
and
Southward
(
which
haue
bene
since
discouered
)
deuided
the
whole
Earth
onely
into
thrée
partes
,
that
is
,
Europe
,
Aphrike
and
Asia
,
in
the
description
whereof
,
their
Mappes
neuer
extended
in
latitude
Northwards
further
then
to
63
degrées
,
as
I
haue
said
before
in
my
Sphere
,
and
Southward
no
further
then
to
20
degrées
of
the
Northerne
latitude
,
or
there
about
,
but
in
longitude
from
West
to
East
,
beginning
the
same
at
the
Ilandes
called
Insulae
Canariae
or
Fortunatae
,
which
are
scituated
at
the
West
end
of
Aphrike
,
in
the
Sea
called
Mare
Atlanticum
:
their
descriptions
doe
extend
to
180
degrées
.
But
because
a
whole
worlde
almost
hath
bene
founde
out
since
those
times
,
our
moderne
Cosmographers
doe
deuide
the
whole
Earth
into
4
partes
:
that
is
Europe
,
Aphrike
,
Asia
and
America
,
which
we
nowe
call
the
West
Indies
.
And
because
men
of
diuers
Nations
haue
sayled
round
about
the
world
,
East
and
West
,
their
late
descriptions
doe
extend
in
longitude
the
whole
content
of
the
Equinoctiall
,
which
is
360
degrées
:
and
in
latitude
Northwards
,
the
same
descriptions
doe
extende
to
80
degrées
:
and
Southwards
to
66
.
½
as
you
may
sée
in
the
vniuersall
Mappes
lately
set
foorth
by
Mercator
,
and
by
Barnardus
Puteanus
and
others
.
But
the
ancient
and
moderne
doe
greatly
differ
in
the
diuision
of
the
partes
of
latitude
,
as
well
Northerne
as
Southerne
,
and
also
in
longitude
:
for
,
whereas
the
ancient
Cosmographers
doe
deuide
each
latitude
into
90.
degrées
by
certaine
Paralels
making
9.
equall
spaces
,
euery
space
containing
10.
equall
degrees
:
in
the
latter
Mappes
last
mencioned
,
you
shall
finde
those
spaces
and
the
degrées
thereof
altogether
vnequall
,
the
first
3
spaces
next
the
Equinoctiall
onely
excepted
,
for
those
differ
not
aboue
one
halfe
degree
at
the
most
:
but
from
thence
Northward
,
euery
space
is
greater
then
other
,
and
euery
degree
in
euery
such
space
is
greater
then
other
,
insomuch
as
the
fourth
space
containeth
11
degrées
and
a
halfe
of
those
degrees
which
are
set
downe
in
the
first
space
,
and
the
fift
space
conteineth
of
such
degrees
13
degrées
¾
,
the
6
space
containeth
of
the
said
degrées
16
degrées
¼
:
the
7
containeth
of
the
same
degrées
20
degrees
½
,
so
as
the
space
is
is
twise
so
broade
as
the
first
space
and
one
halfe
degree
more
:
the
eight
space
conteineth
of
the
said
first
degrees
36
:
further
then
which
8
spaces
containing
80
degrees
of
latitude
,
their
Mappes
extend
not
Northward
:
and
they
obserue
the
like
proportion
in
the
Southerne
latitude
,
sauing
that
they
extende
no
farther
Southward
then
to
66
degrees
and
a
halfe
.
Againe
,
they
differ
in
longitude
thus
:
for
the
moderne
Cosmographers
doe
make
the
first
Meridian
to
passe
through
the
Isles
called
Azores
,
which
doe
stande
5
degrees
more
Westward
then
the
Fortunate
Islands
do
:
through
which
Fortunate
Islandes
,
Ptolomey
and
his
followers
doe
appoint
the
first
Meridian
to
passe
.
The
cause
of
which
transposing
the
saide
first
Meridian
is
,
because
that
the
mariners
Compasse
doth
neuer
shewe
the
right
North
and
South
,
in
any
other
place
,
but
onely
vnder
that
Meridian
.
Yea
M.
Borowgh
thinketh
that
it
would
shewe
it
more
truely
,
if
the
saide
Meridian
were
placed
somewhat
more
Westward
.
But
in
those
Cardes
and
mappes
that
are
made
according
to
the
rules
of
Ptolomey
:
the
spaces
of
Paralels
containing
the
90.
degrées
of
latitude
,
both
Northwarde
and
Southward
,
are
equall
,
and
all
the
degrées
of
euery
such
space
,
are
also
equall
.
And
yet
the
spaces
of
Paralels
that
shew
the
longest
day
in
any
place
,
are
towards
the
Pole
,
euery
one
more
narrowe
then
other
:
for
as
I
haue
sayd
before
in
my
sphere
,
there
are
3
kinds
of
paralels
,
that
is
Paralels
of
the
Sunne
,
Paralels
of
the
latitude
,
&
Paralels
of
the
longest
day
.
The
causes
why
in
these
latter
Maps
,
the
degrées
of
latitude
are
made
greater
and
greater
towards
the
Poles
,
are
set
downe
by
Barnardus
in
his
vniuersall
Mappe
,
who
sayth
there
,
that
in
making
the
said
Mappe
,
he
had
3.
speciall
cares
:
First
,
that
the
places
might
be
so
scituated
,
as
they
may
haue
both
true
direction
and
distance
,
and
also
due
longitude
and
latitude
,
and
as
nigh
as
may
bee
,
the
same
very
shape
which
they
haue
in
the
sphere
or
globe
,
to
which
end
hee
hath
inuented
a
new
proportion
or
habitude
of
the
Meridians
to
the
paralels
,
affirming
that
the
Maps
before
made
,
are
not
fit
for
Nauigation
,
by
reason
of
the
crookednes
and
bowing
of
the
meridians
,
which
by
theyr
oblique
&
ouerthwart
falling
into
the
Paralels
,
doe
so
much
disfigure
in
the
vttermost
parts
,
the
true
shape
of
the
Regions
as
they
can
skant
be
knowen
.
And
as
for
the
mariners
Cardes
,
because
their
Paralels
of
latitude
are
also
of
equall
distance
from
the
Equinoctiall
to
the
very
Pole
;
he
sayth
that
they
must
needes
misfashion
the
Regions
and
make
the
directions
,
distances
,
longitudes
,
and
latitudes
to
be
vntrue
,
and
thereby
cause
great
errors
.
Which
to
auoyd
,
hee
maketh
the
spaces
of
his
Paralels
and
degrees
of
latitude
to
encrease
by
little
and
little
towardes
the
Pole
,
affirming
that
thereby
all
places
shall
haue
theyr
true
shape
,
and
also
their
true
directions
,
distaunces
,
longitudes
,
and
latitudes
.
His
second
care
was
,
that
the
Regions
and
places
,
might
haue
their
true
quantitie
and
greatnes
,
and
also
true
distance
one
from
another
,
wherin
he
hath
taken
as
he
saith
,
greatest
paines
whilest
he
did
confer
the
Tables
of
the
Castilians
and
Portugales
aswell
amongest
themselues
,
as
with
diuers
other
Nauigations
both
printed
and
written
.
His
third
care
was
to
shew
what
partes
of
the
world
were
knowen
to
the
auncient
men
,
that
the
limits
and
bounds
of
theyr
Geographie
might
not
bee
vnknowen
,
to
the
intent
they
might
haue
their
due
honour
and
praise
.
And
hauing
shewed
what
places
they
did
in
their
time
describe
both
East
,
West
,
North
,
and
South
,
in
the
end
of
hys
speach
,
he
affirmeth
,
that
auncient
Cosmographers
haue
set
down
in
the
East
Indians
more
places
,
then
euer
the
Portugales
haue
as
yet
discouered
or
attained
vnto
.
This
Barnardus
Puteanus
borne
in
Bruges
,
is
by
hys
owne
confession
a
Cutter
or
Grauer
in
brasse
,
and
also
a
Cosmographer
,
whose
Mappe
set
foorth
in
the
yeare
of
our
Lord
1579.
doth
not
differ
in
any
one
point
that
I
can
finde
from
the
last
vniuersall
Mappe
of
Mercator
that
famous
Cosmographer
,
who
as
I
vnderstand
was
himselfe
also
sometime
a
Cutter
&
Grauer
of
such
Maps
and
Globes
as
Gemma
Frizius
did
cause
to
bee
printed
in
his
time
,
from
whom
Mercator
learned
great
part
of
hys
most
excellent
skill
in
Cosmographie
.
But
of
one
thing
I
am
sure
,
the
Ptolomey
was
first
Maister
to
them
all
,
who
hath
set
down
so
good
and
perfect
rules
of
describing
the
Earth
,
be
it
whole
or
part
,
as
in
the
opinion
of
most
learned
men
,
no
better
can
be
inuented
.
Truely
when
I
did
first
beholde
these
latter
Maps
,
and
sawe
that
the
Paralels
towardes
the
Pole
were
as
long
as
the
verie
Equinoctiall
it selfe
,
it
seemed
to
mee
somewhat
straunge
,
for
then
I
said
that
a
Shippe
in
sayling
about
the
world
vnder
the
Paralell
of
60
degrees
,
should
by
this
meanes
make
as
long
a
voyage
as
that
which
saileth
about
the
world
right
vnder
the
Equinoctiall
,
which
voyage
is
twice
as
long
.
For
this
containeth
in
longitude
21600
miles
,
which
is
the
whole
compasse
of
the
Earth
,
and
the
other
containeth
in
longitude
10800
miles
,
which
is
iust
halfe
so
much
and
no
more
.
But
after
that
I
had
taken
better
aduisement
thereof
,
I
found
by
measuring
with
my
compasse
,
that
one
degrée
of
the
Meridian
next
to
the
60
degree
of
latitude
,
did
comprehend
two
of
such
degrees
,
as
are
set
downe
in
the
Equinoctiall
,
and
that
one
degree
of
the
Meridian
,
crossing
the
the
Paralel
that
hath
70
degrees
of
latitude
,
did
comprehend
3
degrees
of
the
Equinoctiall
line
,
and
so
I
found
the
degrées
towards
the
Pole
;
to
waxe
greater
and
greater
,
by
which
degrees
I
perceiued
their
meaning
was
to
haue
the
longitude
of
their
paralels
to
be
measured
,
&
not
by
the
degrées
of
the
Equinoctiall
.
And
by
the
meanes
their
paralels
should
haue
ech
one
as
nigh
as
might
be
his
due
longitude
proporcionally
,
euen
as
they
haue
in
the
globe
.
Moreouer
the
shape
,
quantities
,
and
distances
of
such
Countries
as
haue
beene
found
out
of
late
daies
must
néeds
bee
more
perfectly
set
forth
in
these
Mappes
,
then
in
those
that
haue
bene
made
hertofore
,
because
the
true
longitudes
&
latitudes
of
those
places
were
not
so
wel
known
then
as
they
are
now
.
Albeit
I
feare
mee
that
of
many
places
in
the
Indies
,
there
are
as
yet
but
fewe
true
longitudes
known
.
For
it
is
not
so
easie
a
thing
to
get
the
true
longitude
of
euery
place
,
as
the
true
latitude
thereof
.
And
had
not
the
late
makers
of
Maps
bene
greatly
holpen
by
the
Maps
and
Cards
of
such
learned
Pilots
as
haue
traueiled
those
Countries
.
I
doubt
not
,
but
that
they
should
haue
committed
as
great
errours
as
those
that
wrote
before
them
.
And
of
one
thing
I
doe
assure
my selfe
,
that
in
these
latter
Mappes
,
more
places
are
described
,
then
euer
were
knowen
or
discouered
:
as
for
example
,
the
North-parts
of
Groyneland
,
Crockland
,
&
America
,
all
which
they
make
Islands
,
and
yet
neuer
sayled
about
them
,
and
specially
on
the
North
side
,
as
it
may
wel
be
gathered
by
the
vaine
attempting
of
diuers
Nations
,
to
finde
out
newe
waies
in
the
North
seas
to
the
Molucas
both
by
East
and
West
.
For
being
a
little
entred
into
those
seas
,
they
are
quickly
driuen
backe
,
either
by
extreame
colde
,
by
great
Yses
,
or
by
the
raging
floods
bred
of
snowe
,
and
falling
from
the
mountaines
of
the
next
continent
,
and
making
in
some
places
such
Whirlepooles
in
the
Sea
,
as
if
any
Shippe
chance
to
come
nigh
them
,
it
is
soone
swallowed
vpppe
.
Neither
doe
I
thinke
,
that
King
Arthur
in
hys
time
,
euer
sent
(
as
it
is
reported
)
any
of
his
people
to
inhabite
those
Islands
,
beeing
places
in
mine
opinion
,
more
méete
for
Whales
and
monstruous
fishes
to
dwel
in
,
then
for
men
:
and
specially
for
English
men
,
which
are
not
able
to
suffer
the
cold
winter
at
Wardhouse
:
to
which
place
some
of
our
Mariners
do
saile
in
Sommer
season
euerie
yeare
.
And
yet
Wardhouse
hath
skant
in
latitude
71
degrées
,
much
lesse
then
are
they
able
to
winter
in
those
places
that
haue
77
degrees
of
latitude
,
as
the
North
side
of
Groynland
and
Crockland
hath
.
Moreouer
the
North
side
of
the
promontorye
Tabin
hath
76
degrées
of
latitude
,
which
place
,
whatsoeuer
Plinie
saith
therof
in
his
fourth
booke
of
Histories
,
yet
I
beleeue
that
no
Roman
came
euer
there
to
describe
the
Promontory
.
Neither
doe
I
beléeue
that
the
Fryer
of
Oxford
,
by
vertue
of
his
Art
Magicke
euer
came
so
nigh
the
Pole
to
measure
with
his
Astrolabe
those
colde
parts
togither
with
the
foure
floods
,
which
Mercator
&
Barnardus
do
describe
both
in
the
front
,
and
also
in
the
nether
end
of
their
Maps
,
vnlesse
hee
had
some
colde
deuil
out
of
the
middle
Region
of
the
aire
to
be
his
guide
.
And
therfore
I
take
them
in
mine
opinion
to
be
méer
fables
.
Truly
if
any
men
should
discouer
those
parts
,
me
thinketh
that
the
people
of
Finmarke
&
of
Wardhouse
or
such
like
people
bordering
vpon
the
North
seas
,
should
best
doo
it
,
hauing
bodies
vsed
to
extreame
colde
.
But
then
being
bred
in
so
grosse
an
aire
,
their
wits
perhaps
are
too
grosse
for
such
a
purpose
.
I
remember
that
William
Boorne
in
his
booke
called
the
Regiment
of
the
Sea
,
secteth
downe
fiue
sundrie
waies
to
saile
into
Cathay
,
wherof
the
first
way
is
by
the
Cape
of
good
hope
in
the
outermost
south
part
of
Affrike
:
The
second
by
the
Sea
called
Mare
Magellanicum
.
The
third
waye
is
to
saile
betwixt
the
North
part
of
America
and
the
Iles
of
Groynland
and
Crockland
.
The
fourth
is
by
Noua
Zemla
,
whereas
Sir
Hughe
Willoughby
in
seeking
that
way
was
frozen
to
death
.
The
firt
way
is
to
sayle
right
vnder
the
Pole
,
that
is
first
from
South
to
North
,
vntill
you
be
right
vnder
the
Pole
,
and
then
from
North
to
South
,
alledging
there
certaine
reasons
to
prooue
the
three
last
waies
possiblie
to
be
as
passable
,
as
the
first
ij
.
waies
well
▪
knowen
in
these
daies
and
vsually
haunted
.
The
strongest
reason
that
Boorne
vseth
to
make
the
foresayd
Seas
Nauigable
,
is
,
for
that
the
Sun
by
hys
long
tarriyng
aboue
the
horizon
,
so
warmeth
both
land
and
Sea
,
as
it
cannot
bee
ouer
soone
colde
againe
.
But
I
pray
you
what
heat
can
the
Sunne
yéelde
to
that
place
aboue
whose
Horizon
he
is
neuer
eleuated
more
then
23.
degrées
and
a
halfe
,
a
verie
colde
winterlie
heat
GOD
wotte
.
And
though
the
colde
were
not
so
extreame
as
I
take
it
to
be
indéed
,
yet
in
desert
places
,
where
is
there
any
safe
harborow
,
fresh
water
,
or
any
other
necessary
succor
to
be
had
?
For
in
taking
such
a
iorny
,
let
no
man
think
to
goe
through
without
a
bait
,
vnlesse
he
saile
in
Pegasus
,
and
hath
both
winde
and
tide
at
will
.
Notwithstanding
,
I
can
greatly
commend
those
valiaunt
mindes
that
doe
attempt
such
desperate
voyages
,
and
the
rather
when
they
doe
it
for
knowledge
sake
,
and
to
profite
their
Countrey
,
and
not
altogether
for
priuate
gaine
and
lucre
.
But
truly
for
mine
owne
part
,
I
thinke
it
vnpossible
that
any
man
bred
in
any
of
the
temperate
zones
or
in
the
hotte
zone
is
euer
able
to
continue
the
whole
iourney
in
any
of
those
3
waies
:
no
,
though
they
were
much
more
passable
then
I
take
them
to
be
indéede
.
But
if
they
were
passable
in
all
respects
,
sauing
for
cold
,
then
I
think
no
Nation
or
people
so
méete
to
attempt
those
waies
as
those
which
I
haue
already
named
,
or
such
like
,
borne
and
bred
nigh
vnto
the
North
Seas
.
But
leauing
these
matters
,
let
vs
now
shew
howe
euery
one
of
the
4
foresaid
parts
of
the
Earth
,
that
is
,
Europe
,
Affrike
,
Asia
,
and
America
is
bounded
,
and
howe
many
miles
each
part
containeth
aswell
in
longitude
as
in
latitude
,
according
to
such
longitude
and
latitude
as
Mercator
and
Puteanus
do
set
downe
in
their
Maps
.
Europe
is
bounded
on
the
North
with
the
North
Ocean
Sea
,
Europa
.
and
on
the
South
with
the
Sea
called
Mare
Mediterraneum
,
on
the
East
with
the
flood
Tanais
,
and
on
the
west
with
the
West
Ocean
Sea
.
Europe
in
measuring
with
a
right
line
from
the
furthest
part
of
Ireland
on
the
West
vnto
the
flood
Tanais
,
on
the
East
both
places
hauing
52
degrées
of
latitude
,
hath
in
longitude
.
2166.
miles
,
and
in
measuring
with
a
right
line
from
the
furthest
parte
of
Morea
on
the
South
,
whose
latitude
is
35
degrées
,
vnto
the
North
Sea
side
hauing
72
degrées
of
latitude
,
hath
in
latitude
2220.
miles
.
Affrike
is
bounded
on
the
North
with
the
straight
Sea
Gibralter
and
with
the
Sea
called
Mare
Mediterraneum
,
Affrica
.
on
the
South
with
a
sea
which
deuideth
Affrike
from
the
south
land
not
yet
fully
knowen
,
and
on
the
east
with
the
red
sea
or
gulfe
of
Arabia
,
and
on
the
west
with
the
great
Ocean
Atlantique
.
Affrike
in
measuring
with
a
right
line
from
Gambra
on
the
west
vnto
the
Cape
de
Gardasa
on
the
East
,
both
places
hauing
10
degrees
of
North
latitude
,
or
there
about
hath
in
longitude
4155.
miles
.
And
in
measuring
with
a
right
line
from
the
50
degree
of
the
Equinoctiall
vnto
the
sea
called
Mare
mediterraneum
,
it
hath
in
north
latiude
32
degrees
,
which
being
multiplied
by
60
maketh
1920
miles
.
In
South
latitude
measuring
with
a
right
line
,
from
th
50
degree
of
the
Equinoctiall
vnto
the
Cape
of
good
hope
,
it
hath
35
degrees
,
which
beeing
multiplyed
by
60
maketh
2100
miles
.
Asia
.
Asia
is
bounded
on
the
North
,
with
the
North
Ocean
sea
,
and
on
the
South
partly
with
the
red
sea
,
which
Sea
according
to
Pomponius
Mela
,
extendeth
to
the
Isle
sometime
called
Taprobana
now
Sumatra
:
which
is
a
famous
market
place
of
all
maner
of
spices
.
Also
Asia
is
bounded
on
the
South
with
diuers
other
gulphes
&
seas
,
as
you
may
see
in
the
Map
:
Againe
on
the
East
it
is
bounded
with
the
East
Indian
Ocean
,
and
with
the
straight
sea
of
Anian
,
&
on
the
West
,
it
hath
the
floud
Tanais
and
the
Fenne
of
Meotis
,
&
diuers
seas
,
as
Bosphorus
Cimmerius
the
sea
called
Mare
Euxinum
,
the
sea
Bosphorus
Thracius
&
Propontis
,
and
part
of
the
sea
Mediterraneum
,
&
part
of
the
red
sea
or
gulfe
of
Arabia
,
which
deuideth
Affrike
from
Arabia
Felix
.
Asia
in
measuring
with
a
right
line
from
the
flood
Tanais
to
the
promontorie
Tamos
,
both
places
hauing
50
degrees
of
latitude
,
hath
in
longitude
4284
miles
,
and
in
measuring
with
a
right
line
from
the
150
degree
of
the
Equinoctiall
vnto
the
promontory
Tabin
,
Asia
hath
in
North
latitude
76
degrees
,
which
being
multiplied
by
60
maketh
4560
miles
.
America
.
America
is
bounded
on
the
North
,
with
the
North
Ocean
sea
,
and
on
the
south
,
with
the
sea
called
Mare
Magellanicum
,
on
the
East
with
the
great
Ocean
Atlantique
,
&
on
the
west
with
the
West
Indian
Ocean
,
&
the
strait
sea
of
Anian
▪
America
in
measuring
with
a
right
line
from
the
straite
of
Anian
to
the
furthest
part
of
Estotilant
vpon
the
64
degrée
of
latitude
,
hath
in
longitude
4342
miles
,
&
in
measuring
with
a
right
line
from
the
270
degrée
of
the
Equinoctiall
vnto
the
North
sea
,
it
hath
in
North
latitude
76
degrées
,
which
maketh
4560
miles
,
and
yet
the
quantitie
of
the
ground
described
in
the
Mappe
,
is
not
so
great
as
the
other
by
a
seauenth
part
:
wherein
I
can
very
well
excuse
the
Mappe-makers
,
not
hauing
perhappes
as
yet
the
true
longitude
of
that
part
of
America
.
Finally
,
in
measuring
with
a
right
line
from
the
310
degrée
of
the
Equinoctiall
vnto
the
sea
called
Mare
Magellanicum
,
it
hath
in
the
South
latitude
52
degrees
,
which
maketh
3120
miles
.
Now
if
you
would
know
what
kingdomes
,
Regions
,
Cities
,
Mountaines
,
Fluds
,
Lakes
,
also
what
seas
togither
with
their
Islands
,
Ports
,
Capes
,
Points
,
&
baies
doe
belong
to
euerie
one
of
the
foresaid
foure
parts
,
then
studie
well
these
moderne
Maps
:
and
with
your
eie
you
shall
beholde
,
not
onely
the
whole
world
at
one
view
,
but
also
euery
particular
place
contained
therein
.
Which
to
describe
at
the
ful
,
in
writing
would
require
a
long
time
Wherefore
leauing
that
to
your
owne
Industrie
,
I
will
shew
you
how
to
finde
out
the
longitude
and
latitude
of
anie
place
in
the
Mappe
.
Also
to
know
how
one
place
lieth
from
another
,
and
with
what
wind
you
haue
to
saile
from
one
place
to
another
.
And
finally
how
to
finde
out
the
true
distaunce
betwixt
place
and
place
,
in
which
thinges
the
chéefe
vse
of
Mappes
doth
consist
.
And
first
you
haue
to
vnderstand
,
that
the
Meridians
which
you
sée
in
the
Mappe
,
doe
serue
for
diuers
purposes
.
For
you
learne
thereby
that
it
is
noone-tide
or
mid-day
sooner
to
one
place
then
to
another
,
by
marking
what
Meridian
is
more
towardes
the
East
,
which
the
Sunne
alwaies
toucheth
sooner
then
that
Meridian
which
is
more
towardes
the
West
.
Also
by
the
Meridians
you
know
how
the
Eclipse
of
the
Moone
appeareth
sooner
to
one
place
then
to
another
,
&
with
what
variety
of
time
.
For
they
whose
Meridian
is
towards
the
West
,
doe
séeme
to
sée
the
Eclipse
of
the
Moone
sooner
then
they
whose
Meridian
is
more
towardes
the
East
,
whereas
in
verie
truth
the
Eclipse
of
the
moone
is
séene
to
all
places
(
where
it
can
be
séene
)
at
one
very
instant
of
like
greatnes
,
&
yet
seemeth
to
be
séene
later
or
sooner
,
by
reason
of
the
diuersitie
of
the
time
of
the
day
,
in
places
standing
one
East
or
West
from
another
.
And
if
the
distance
betwixt
those
two
Meridians
doe
containe
15
degrées
of
the
Equinoctiall
,
then
the
Eclips
appeareth
to
bee
sooner
to
the
one
then
to
the
other
by
one
whole
hower
.
For
euerie
15
degrees
maketh
an
hower
,
and
therefore
looke
how
manie
15
degrées
you
finde
betwixt
the
two
Meridians
,
so
many
howers
are
to
be
accounted
.
And
if
you
find
fewer
degrées
,
then
the
time
of
the
Eclips
is
to
be
shortned
accordingly
,
and
by
attributing
4
minutes
of
an
hower
to
one
degrée
,
(
for
foure
times
15
maketh
60
minutes
,
which
is
also
one
hower
)
you
may
make
your
account
so
small
or
great
as
you
will
.
And
note
also
that
you
may
conceiue
to
be
in
the
Mappe
as
many
Meridians
as
there
are
degrées
in
the
Equinoctiall
.
As
for
the
Eclipse
of
the
Sunne
,
it
is
séene
,
neither
generally
,
nor
fully
at
the
selfe
same
time
,
nor
yet
of
the
same
greatnes
in
all
places
.
Indeed
it
appeareth
sooner
to
the
Westerne
Countries
,
then
to
the
Easterne
.
But
the
diuersitie
of
the
time
of
appearance
doth
depend
not
onely
of
the
number
of
Meridians
betwixt
the
two
places
,
but
also
of
the
swift
or
slowe
motion
of
the
Moone
,
which
comming
betwixt
vs
and
the
Sunne
,
taketh
the
sight
of
the
Sunne
from
vs
.
Moreouer
,
by
the
Meridians
you
shall
knowe
what
longitude
any
place
in
the
Map
hath
,
by
dooing
thus
.
First
set
the
one
foot
of
your
compasse
in
the
place
it selfe
,
and
the
other
in
some
Meridian
that
is
next
vnto
it
,
whether
it
bee
on
the
left
or
right
hand
,
it
maketh
no
matter
:
and
from
thence
drawe
downe
your
compasse
following
styll
that
Meridian
vntill
you
come
to
the
Equinoctiall
lyne
,
and
there
marke
vpon
what
degrée
of
the
Equinoctiall
that
foote
of
your
compasse
which
you
did
first
put
in
the
place
,
doth
rest
&
there
make
a
pricke
.
That
done
,
count
how
many
degrees
that
is
distant
from
the
first
Meridian
,
and
that
is
the
true
longitude
of
the
place
:
and
that
longitude
serueth
to
al
the
places
that
be
vnder
that
Merian
,
though
they
be
neuer
so
farre
distant
one
from
another
North
and
South
.
Now
if
you
would
know
the
latitude
of
any
place
in
the
Map
,
that
is
to
say
,
how
far
it
is
distant
from
the
Equinoctial
,
either
Northward
or
southward
,
either
of
which
latitudes
containeth
90
degrees
.
then
do
thus
:
set
the
one
foot
of
your
Compasse
vpon
the
verie
place
,
and
the
other
vpon
that
Paralel
which
is
next
it
,
whether
the
Paralell
be
aboue
it
or
beneath
,
it
maketh
no
matter
,
and
drawe
your
Compasse
from
that
place
following
stil
that
Paralel
vntill
you
come
to
that
Meridian
,
which
is
marked
with
the
degrees
of
latitude
,
which
Meridian
in
the
latter
Maps
,
standeth
somewhat
more
West
then
the
first
Meridian
dooth
.
And
marke
vpon
what
degrée
that
foote
of
your
Compasse
which
you
did
drawe
from
the
place
doth
rest
,
and
there
make
a
pricke
.
That
doone
,
count
how
manie
degrées
that
pricke
is
distant
from
the
Equinoctiall
,
and
that
is
the
true
latitude
of
that
place
.
And
the
like
latitude
haue
all
they
that
dwell
vnder
that
Paralell
,
howe
farre
so
euer
they
dwell
asunder
,
East
and
West
.
And
by
knowing
the
latitude
of
any
place
,
you
may
quickly
finde
also
in
some
Mappes
vnder
what
Clime
or
Paralell
such
place
is
scituated
,
and
of
howe
many
howers
the
longest
day
is
there
,
as
in
the
Mappe
of
Vopellius
,
of
Gemma
Frizius
and
diuers
others
.
But
in
these
latter
Mappes
such
things
are
not
set
foorth
,
wherefore
not
hauing
the
other
maps
,
you
may
resort
to
the
tables
set
down
in
my
sphere
,
which
doe
shew
all
such
things
at
the
full
.
Now
to
know
how
one
place
beareth
from
another
,
&
with
what
a
ship
is
to
be
directed
from
one
port
to
another
,
&
also
what
distance
is
betwixt
2
places
,
that
is
,
how
many
miles
one
place
is
distant
from
another
,
the
latter
Cosmographers
,
as
Mercator
,
Barnardus
,
Puteanus
,
and
diuers
others
haue
inuented
a
newe
instrument
called
Organum
directorium
,
which
they
set
down
in
their
Maps
togither
with
the
vse
thereof
.
Organum
directorium
But
in
mine
opinion
not
plainely
inough
for
most
mens
capacitie
.
This
Instrument
containeth
2
Quadrants
of
a
Circle
,
hauing
the
names
of
the
windes
written
therein
:
And
they
call
the
vpper
Quadrant
Organum
Superius
,
&
the
nether
Quadrant
Organum
Inferius
.
Which
2
Quadrants
haue
2
lines
marked
with
degrées
,
and
are
ioyned
togither
with
a
right
angle
,
of
which
2
lines
the
standing
or
hanging
line
on
the
left
hand
doth
signifie
the
first
Meridian
,
&
is
marked
with
75
vnequall
degrées
of
latitude
,
in
such
proportion
as
the
middle
Meridian
of
the
Map
hath
.
The
other
line
which
lieth
ouerthwart
,
signifieth
the
Equinoctiall
,
and
is
marked
with
90
equall
degrées
of
longitude
.
But
the
spaces
of
the
Paralels
of
latitude
are
in
number
7
and
a
halfe
,
euerie
whole
space
containing
10
degrees
,
and
the
halfe
space
but
5
degrées
.
Which
spaces
are
wider
and
wider
towardes
the
Pole
,
and
of
like
proportion
to
those
of
the
Mappe
.
And
note
by
the
way
that
the
highest
right
line
that
goeth
from
the
first
Meridian
towardes
your
right
hand
,
is
the
East
line
,
and
the
nethermost
line
signifiyng
the
Equinoctiall
is
the
West
line
.
For
the
vpper
Quadrant
commeth
towards
you
from
East
to
South
,
and
the
nether
Quadrant
goeth
from
you
towardes
the
left
hand
from
west
to
south
,
&
in
the
center
of
ech
Quadrant
must
be
put
a
long
thread
to
shewe
the
direction
from
place
to
place
.
The
vse
of
this
Instrument
is
thus
:
first
hauing
found
out
in
the
Map
the
seuerall
longitudes
,
&
latitudes
of
2
places
in
such
order
as
is
before
taught
,
séeke
the
latitude
of
the
first
place
in
the
first
Meridian
,
&
there
make
a
marke
.
I
call
here
the
first
place
,
that
from
whence
you
go
,
and
the
second
that
to
which
you
go
.
That
done
,
seeke
out
in
the
said
Meridian
the
latitude
of
the
second
place
,
&
there
make
another
marke
.
And
from
that
marke
of
the
second
place
draw
a
right
line
towards
your
right
hand
,
so
as
it
may
be
a
Paralel
to
the
Equinoctiall
line
.
Then
take
the
difference
of
the
2
longitudes
by
substracting
the
lesser
out
of
the
greater
,
&
séeke
out
the
degrées
of
that
difference
in
the
Equinoctiall
line
,
and
there
make
a
marke
from
which
marke
draw
a
right
line
that
may
be
a
Paralel
to
the
first
Meridian
.
And
whereas
this
line
crosseth
the
first
line
there
set
downe
a
marke
,
then
drawe
a
right
line
from
the
marke
of
the
first
place
,
so
as
it
may
passe
through
the
crossing
point
.
That
done
,
if
the
latitude
of
the
first
place
be
greter
then
that
of
the
second
place
,
make
a
Paralell
to
that
line
with
the
thread
of
the
vpper
quadrant
,
but
if
the
latitude
of
the
first
bee
lesser
then
the
second
,
then
make
a
Paralell
vnto
the
said
line
with
the
thread
of
the
nether
Quadrant
,
which
with
the
helpe
of
your
Compasse
you
shall
easily
doo
.
And
that
thread
being
stretched
out
amongst
the
winds
,
wil
shew
by
what
wind
the
second
place
beareth
from
the
first
.
And
the
opposite
wind
is
the
director
wherby
you
haue
to
saile
:
yet
neither
Mercator
nor
Barnardus
do
plainely
shew
how
to
find
out
the
true
distance
of
2
places
by
this
instrument
,
nor
yet
do
set
down
in
their
Maps
,
either
skale
or
tronke
to
take
the
distance
betwixt
2
places
with
the
compasse
,
as
most
commonly
al
other
Maps
&
Mariners
Cards
haue
,
but
do
refer
the
plaine
declaration
thereof
to
other
their
bookes
and
tables
which
I
haue
not
yet
séene
,
&
therefore
in
the
mean
time
I
thought
good
to
set
downe
according
to
Barnardes
rule
,
this
briefe
way
of
finding
out
the
distance
of
any
2
places
whatsoeuer
is
set
down
in
their
Maps
.
First
with
your
Compasse
,
take
the
iust
distance
of
the
two
latitudes
vppon
the
first
Meridian
,
which
is
otherwise
called
the
difference
of
the
latitude
.
And
hauing
layd
a
ruler
or
thread
to
the
places
,
looke
howe
many
times
the
foresaid
distance
,
or
difference
taken
with
your
Compasse
,
is
comprehended
in
the
space
that
lyeth
betwixt
the
two
places
,
and
by
so
many
times
multiplie
the
sayd
difference
,
the
product
whereof
beeing
multiplied
againe
by
60
,
will
shew
howe
many
miles
the
one
place
is
distant
from
the
other
.
As
for
example
,
the
distance
or
difference
betwixt
the
two
latitudes
of
London
and
Hierusalem
,
is
19
degrées
or
there
abouts
,
which
being
taken
with
your
compasse
you
finde
to
be
two
times
contained
in
the
space
betwixt
Hierusalem
and
London
.
Wherefore
in
multiplying
19
degrées
by
2
you
find
the
product
to
bee
38
which
being
multiplied
by
sixtie
,
maketh
2280
miles
,
and
so
farre
is
Hierusalem
from
London
by
a
right
line
.
But
if
in
measuring
the
distance
betwixt
2
places
with
your
Compasse
there
remaine
any
odde
space
not
fully
answering
the
first
widenes
of
your
Compasse
,
then
take
that
od
space
with
your
Compasse
beeing
straightned
and
made
fit
therevnto
,
and
looke
how
many
degrées
the
said
odde
space
comprehendeth
in
the
first
Meridian
,
about
the
midst
of
the
degrées
of
the
foresaid
difference
of
latitude
,
adde
those
degrées
also
to
the
rest
which
you
haue
already
measured
and
multiplied
,
and
by
multiplying
the
whole
summe
by
60
you
shall
haue
the
true
distance
.
Againe
,
it
may
be
that
the
two
places
doe
not
differ
at
all
in
latitude
but
onely
in
longitude
,
for
as
I
haue
sayd
in
my
sphere
,
2
places
may
differ
thrée
maner
of
waies
,
that
is
in
latitude
onely
,
in
longitude
onely
,
or
in
both
.
And
there
I
doe
shewe
howe
euery
one
is
to
bee
measured
.
But
because
that
order
of
measuring
is
somewhat
busie
to
such
as
are
not
very
wel
exercised
in
Arethmeticke
,
and
also
doe
knowe
the
vse
of
the
tables
of
sines
called
in
Latin
Tabulae
Sinuum
,
I
thought
good
to
set
downe
here
a
more
easie
waie
of
measuring
,
though
perhaps
not
altogether
so
iustlye
,
and
yet
without
any
great
errour
.
Wherefore
if
the
two
places
doe
differ
both
in
longitude
and
latitude
,
then
you
must
doe
as
before
is
taught
.
But
if
they
differ
onely
in
latitude
,
then
you
haue
no
more
to
doo
but
to
multiplie
the
difference
of
the
two
latitudes
by
60
miles
,
and
if
there
bee
any
odde
minutes
,
then
to
allow
for
euery
minute
one
mile
.
As
for
example
,
Compostella
and
Lisbone
,
two
towns
,
the
one
in
Spaine
,
the
other
in
Portugale
haue
one selfe
same
longitude
differing
onely
in
latitude
,
which
difference
is
foure
degrees
,
and
20
minutes
.
Here
if
you
multiple
4
by
60
it
amounteth
to
240
miles
,
whervnto
by
adding
20
miles
for
the
20
minutes
,
you
shall
finde
the
whole
summe
to
be
260
miles
,
which
is
the
distaunce
by
a
right
line
betwixt
Compostella
and
Lisbona
.
But
if
the
two
places
hauing
one selfe
latitude
,
doe
differ
onely
in
longitude
,
then
looke
howe
many
such
degrées
as
are
of
equall
quantity
to
the
last
degree
of
the
same
latitude
are
contained
betwixt
the
two
places
by
a
right
line
,
and
by
allowing
for
euery
degree
60
miles
,
you
shall
haue
the
true
distance
,
or
at
the
least
not
much
differing
from
the
truth
.
And
if
you
see
that
the
two
places
in
the
mappe
doe
stand
far
a
sunder
,
then
for
the
more
spéedines
,
take
with
your
compasse
fiue
such
degrées
at
once
,
being
first
prickt
vpon
a
péece
of
paper
which
is
iust
300
miles
,
and
at
the
widenes
measure
the
sayd
space
,
and
if
there
remain
at
the
last
any
od
space
,
then
straighten
your
Compasse
and
fit
them
to
that
odde
space
,
and
looke
how
many
of
the
foresaid
degrées
that
comprehendeth
,
and
hauing
multiplied
the
same
by
60
adde
the
product
thereof
to
the
former
summe
.
As
for
example
,
Compostella
and
Constantinople
,
hauing
one selfe
same
latitude
,
that
is
43
degrees
of
North
latitude
doe
differ
onely
in
longitude
:
Heere
with
my
Compasse
I
pricke
vppon
a
péece
of
paper
5
degrees
like
in
quantitye
to
the
last
and
vppermost
degrée
of
the
foresaide
43
degrees
,
and
measuring
with
the
widenes
of
my
compasse
the
space
betwixt
the
two
places
by
a
ruler
or
right
line
I
finde
that
space
to
comprehend
the
foresayd
widenes
of
my
compasse
6
times
,
which
maketh
1800
miles
,
and
that
there
remaineth
an
odde
space
containing
3
of
the
foresaide
degrees
,
that
is
,
180
miles
,
which
beeing
added
to
the
former
summe
,
maketh
in
all
1980
miles
,
which
is
the
distance
betwixt
Compostella
and
Constantinople
.
Also
if
you
would
knowe
the
distance
betwixt
two
townes
in
Affrike
,
the
one
called
Budonell
standing
vpon
Capo
viride
,
&
the
other
called
Ercoco
,
standing
hard
by
the
red
sea
,
both
places
hauing
one selfe
same
latitude
,
that
is
to
saye
14
degrées
of
North
latitude
,
or
there
abouts
,
and
doe
differ
onely
in
longitude
.
Then
pricke
with
your
Compasse
vppon
a
péece
of
paper
5
degrées
,
euerie
one
equall
to
the
last
degrée
of
the
foresaid
latitude
.
And
in
measuring
the
space
betwixt
those
two
places
with
that
widenes
of
your
Compasse
,
you
shall
finde
the
same
to
bee
comprehended
in
the
said
space
12
times
,
which
by
allowing
300
miles
to
euery
widenes
amounteth
to
3600
miles
,
and
the
ouerplus
of
the
odde
space
being
2
degrees
,
is
120
miles
,
which
being
added
to
the
former
summe
,
maketh
in
all
3720
miles
:
and
that
is
the
distance
betwixt
Budonell
and
Ercoco
.
And
if
this
way
like
you
not
,
then
multiply
the
difference
of
the
2
longitudes
,
by
the
miles
answerable
to
the
latitude
of
the
said
places
,
which
you
shall
find
in
a
speciall
table
made
for
that
purpose
,
&
is
set
downe
in
my
sphere
,
togither
with
the
rule
and
order
that
is
to
bee
obserued
therin
.
The
hardest
of
which
2
waies
in
mine
opinion
,
is
much
more
easie
than
that
which
is
to
bee
done
by
the
former
Instrument
called
Organum
directorium
.
Which
instrument
Mercator
and
Barnardus
did
borrow
as
it
seemeth
to
mee
from
that
which
Gemma
Frizius
calleth
his
Quadratum
Nauticum
,
inuented
by
him
many
yeres
since
:
the
shape
,
description
and
vse
whereof
,
I
thought
it
not
amisse
to
set
down
here
and
the
rather
for
that
in
mine
opinion
it
sheweth
both
the
true
course
and
direction
to
anie
place
more
spéedily
,
and
with
more
facility
then
the
other
.
Here
followeth
the
Mariners
Quadrant
.
A
DESCRIPTION
OF
GEMMA
FRIZIus
his
Instrument
called
Quadratum
Nauticum
.
THis
square
by
2
right
lines
called
Diameters
crossing
one
another
with
right
angles
in
the
very
Center
is
deuided
into
foure
Equall
quarters
,
and
within
the
said
square
vpon
the
said
Center
is
drawne
a
Circle
,
which
by
meanes
of
the
two
foresaid
Diameters
is
also
deuided
into
foure
Quadrants
,
and
euery
Quadrant
is
subdiuided
with
right
lines
into
8
partes
,
so
as
in
all
,
there
be
32
lines
,
signifiyng
the
32
winds
of
the
Mariners
Compasse
.
Euerie
line
hauing
his
proper
name
of
wind
written
theron
.
And
note
that
the
right
line
which
is
drawne
right
downe
in
the
middest
of
the
square
,
signifieth
the
Meridian
,
shewing
the
Northpoint
aboue
,
and
the
South
point
beneath
,
and
the
other
right
line
,
crossing
the
same
in
the
Center
,
signifieth
the
Equinoctial
line
,
which
sheweth
the
East
point
on
the
right
hand
,
and
the
West
point
on
the
left
hand
,
and
the
Circle
it selfe
signifieth
the
Horizon
.
Now
you
haue
to
vnderstand
,
that
from
the
Equinoctiall
line
vpwards
the
2
sides
of
the
square
are
deuided
each
of
them
into
90
degrées
of
North
latitude
,
and
the
other
two
sides
from
the
Equinoctiall
downeward
,
are
likewise
deuided
on
both
hands
into
90
degrées
of
south
latitude
.
Then
the
head
or
front
,
&
also
the
base
of
the
said
square
is
deuided
in
the
middest
by
the
foresaid
Meridian
line
into
2
equall
parts
,
wherof
the
first
procéeding
from
the
said
Meridian
towardes
the
right
hand
is
deuided
as
well
aboue
as
beneath
into
90
degrées
of
longitude
,
and
that
is
called
the
East
longitude
,
and
the
other
part
procéeding
from
the
said
Meridian
towardes
the
left
hand
is
likewise
deuided
as
well
aboue
as
beneth
into
90
degrées
of
longitude
,
&
is
called
the
West
longitude
.
The
vse
of
which
instrument
is
thus
:
first
knowing
by
some
table
or
Mappe
,
the
longitude
and
latitude
of
two
places
,
take
the
difference
of
both
by
substracting
the
lesser
out
of
the
greter
.
And
if
the
longitude
of
the
second
place
bee
greater
then
the
first
,
séeke
the
difference
thereof
in
the
front
,
and
also
in
the
base
of
the
East
longitude
on
the
right
hande
.
But
if
the
longitude
of
the
second
place
be
lesse
then
the
first
,
then
séeke
the
difference
thereof
in
the
West
longitude
on
the
left
hand
.
And
here
as
before
I
meane
by
the
first
place
that
from
whence
you
goe
,
of
which
2
places
,
the
first
is
alwaies
supposed
to
bee
in
the
very
center
of
the
Circle
,
and
the
other
is
to
be
found
out
thus
:
first
,
hauing
sought
out
the
degrées
of
the
difference
of
the
longitude
,
as
well
in
the
vpper
part
as
in
the
nether
part
,
and
marked
the
same
with
one
pricke
aboue
,
and
another
beneath
,
applie
your
Ruler
or
a
thread
to
those
2
pricks
,
or
els
drawe
a
secret
right
line
from
the
one
pricke
to
the
other
by
a
ruler
.
That
done
,
séeke
out
the
difference
of
the
2
latitudes
on
both
sides
of
the
square
,
that
is
to
say
,
if
the
second
place
hath
greater
latitude
then
the
first
,
then
you
must
seeke
the
difference
in
the
North
latitude
,
if
lesse
,
then
seeke
that
in
the
South
latitude
.
And
hauing
marked
the
same
on
both
hands
,
by
setting
down
on
each
side
a
pricke
,
drawe
a
secret
right
line
from
marke
to
marke
,
and
where
the
last
line
crosseth
the
first
line
,
there
make
a
marke
,
for
there
standeth
the
place
whereto
you
would
goe
.
Which
if
you
would
know
how
it
beareth
from
the
first
place
,
then
lay
your
ruler
both
to
the
Center
and
also
to
that
marke
,
drawing
a
right
line
passing
through
the
Center
,
and
also
through
the
said
marke
from
the
one
side
of
the
circle
to
the
other
,
or
els
stretch
a
thred
through
the
Center
and
the
marke
,
and
on
that
side
that
the
mark
is
,
you
shall
sée
the
name
of
the
winde
that
sheweth
how
the
second
place
beareth
from
you
,
the
opposite
point
whereof
is
the
winde
whereby
you
haue
to
saile
.
As
for
example
,
if
you
would
knowe
howe
Venice
beareth
from
London
.
Nowe
if
you
séeke
in
the
Mappe
,
you
shall
find
London
to
haue
in
longitude
23
degrees
and
0
minutes
,
and
in
latitude
51
degrees
,
and
32
minutes
.
Againe
,
you
shall
finde
Venice
to
haue
in
longitude
36
degrees
,
and
30
minutes
,
and
in
latitude
45
degrees
and
15.
minutes
or
there
abouts
.
The
difference
of
the
longitudes
is
13
degrees
and
30
minutes
,
which
because
the
longitude
of
Venice
is
greater
then
the
longitude
of
London
,
you
must
seeke
it
out
in
the
East
longitude
on
the
right
hand
,
and
marke
the
same
both
aboue
and
beneath
.
Againe
,
the
difference
of
latitude
is
6
degrees
and
17
minutes
.
Which
because
Venice
hath
the
lesser
latitude
,
séeke
that
out
in
the
South
latitude
,
marking
the
same
on
both
handes
.
That
doone
,
laie
two
threads
,
or
els
drawe
two
right
crosse
lines
from
the
foresaid
markes
,
and
where
those
two
threads
or
lines
doe
crosse
,
make
a
marke
,
which
marke
signifieth
the
place
whereunto
you
would
goe
▪
which
is
Venice
.
Then
from
the
one
side
of
the
Circle
to
the
other
,
lay
a
ruler
or
thread
passing
through
the
center
,
and
the
said
marke
made
for
Venice
,
at
the
end
of
which
thread
,
ruler
,
or
line
on
the
right
hande
you
shall
sée
the
winde
which
sheweth
how
Venice
beareth
from
London
,
and
on
the
left
hand
the
wind
,
wherby
you
haue
to
saile
,
if
the
space
betwixt
the
2
places
were
al
sea
.
For
in
sailing
by
sea
,
you
may
not
thinke
to
go
alwaies
by
a
right
line
,
but
often
to
chaunge
your
course
according
as
either
mainland
,
hedlands
,
Iles
Currents
,
Sandes
,
Rockes
,
or
such
like
impedimentes
shall
giue
occasion
:
and
therfore
though
your
right
course
from
London
to
Venice
is
to
go
Southwest
and
by
East
,
yet
being
come
out
of
the
Thames
to
Douer
,
your
course
from
thence
to
the
Cape
of
Britaine
is
west
Southwest
.
And
from
thence
to
the
Cape
Finis
terrae
in
Spaine
,
it
is
Southwest
and
by
South
.
And
from
thence
to
the
cape
saint
Vincent
in
Portugale
you
go
right
South
:
and
from
thence
to
Gibralter
almost
East
Southeast
.
Againe
from
Gibralter
to
the
South
point
of
Sardignia
,
your
course
is
almost
East
and
by
North.
And
from
thence
to
the
south
point
of
Sicilia
almost
East
Southeast
:
and
from
thence
to
Corfu
,
your
course
is
iust
Northeast
,
and
from
thence
to
Venice
,
you
turne
againe
Northwest
.
Thus
you
see
that
in
going
by
Sea
,
one
course
doth
not
holde
,
no
nor
yet
in
going
by
Land
,
sith
Mountaines
,
Riuers
,
and
lakes
may
put
you
out
of
your
right
course
,
and
yet
it
is
necessary
to
know
how
the
place
wherto
you
go
,
beareth
from
you
to
the
intent
that
being
out
of
your
way
,
you
may
alwaies
the
better
direct
your
course
right
againe
to
the
same
.
Moreouer
,
Gemma
Frizius
sayth
,
that
by
this
Instrument
you
may
also
finde
out
the
difference
of
longitude
betwixt
the
two
places
from
whence
and
whither
you
goe
,
so
as
you
know
before
how
the
second
place
beareth
from
the
first
,
and
also
the
difference
of
their
latitudes
.
As
for
the
latitude
of
each
place
,
you
may
easily
finde
the
same
with
your
Astrolabe
,
Quadrant
,
or
crosse
staffe
,
by
taking
therewith
the
Meridian
altitude
of
the
Sunne
,
or
the
highest
altitude
of
some
starre
that
you
know
:
The
order
whereof
I
haue
set
downe
in
my
Sphere
.
And
the
Coast
of
the
Countrey
and
place
whereunto
the
Shippe
is
to
bee
directed
,
is
commonly
well
knowen
to
the
Mariners
how
it
beareth
from
the
first
,
and
specially
hauing
a
prosperous
wind
.
Then
knowing
these
two
things
,
you
must
do
thus
:
First
hauing
drawen
a
secret
line
or
thread
,
from
the
difference
of
the
two
latitudes
,
placed
according
to
the
rule
of
greater
and
lesser
before
set
downe
,
and
marked
on
both
sides
of
the
Instrument
:
draw
another
thread
,
or
els
lay
a
ruler
so
as
it
may
passe
thorough
the
Center
,
and
the
line
of
the
wind
,
or
coast
wherby
the
second
place
beareth
from
the
first
.
And
wheras
those
two
lines
or
threds
doe
touch
,
make
a
marke
,
and
then
lay
a
ruler
,
or
extend
a
thread
from
the
vpper
line
to
the
nether
line
of
longitude
,
so
as
it
may
passe
hard
by
the
last
marke
,
and
then
the
thread
or
ruler
so
laid
,
will
shew
you
the
difference
of
longitude
betwixt
the
two
places
.
And
by
this
meanes
Gemma
Frizius
sayth
,
that
the
Mariners
may
easilie
correct
the
longitudes
of
places
as
they
saile
:
but
how
truely
,
I
referre
that
to
the
skilfull
Pilots
.
But
for
mine
owne
part
,
hauing
to
seeke
out
in
these
latter
Mappes
the
way
by
Sea
or
Lande
to
any
place
I
would
vse
none
other
Instrument
of
direction
then
halfe
a
Circle
deuided
with
lines
like
a
Mariners
Flie
,
in
such
sort
as
you
sée
in
this
Figure
.
THE
FLIE
,
THE
VSE
WHEREof
here
followeth
.
THis
Flie
containeth
two
quarters
of
the
Mariners
Compasse
▪
the
middle
line
whereof
marked
with
a
Crosse
,
signifieth
the
line
which
runneth
East
and
West
.
For
if
the
place
whereto
you
goe
,
be
on
your
right
hand
,
then
the
Crosse
signifieth
the
east
point
,
but
if
it
bee
on
your
left
hand
,
then
turning
the
Flie
towardes
your
left
hand
,
the
Crosse
doth
signifie
the
West
point
,
and
the
right
downe
line
crossing
the
foresaide
middle
line
with
right
angles
in
the
very
Center
,
is
the
Meridian
line
shewing
the
North
and
South
,
according
as
you
turne
the
Crosse
East
or
West
.
The
vse
of
which
Flie
is
thus
;
first
with
a
pin
or
a
néedle
,
being
thrust
through
the
center
of
the
Flie
,
pricke
the
pin
down
in
the
very
place
from
whence
you
go
,
called
before
the
first
place
,
and
if
the
second
place
bee
on
your
right
hand
,
then
turne
the
crosse
of
your
Flie
that
way
,
but
so
as
the
Meridian
of
the
Flie
may
be
a
true
Paralel
to
the
next
Meridian
of
the
Mappe
that
is
on
your
left
hand
,
which
your
compasse
will
quickly
perfourme
by
taking
therewith
a
iust
space
at
both
ends
of
the
Flie
betwixt
the
two
foresayd
Meridians
.
That
doone
,
extend
your
thread
so
as
it
may
passe
through
both
the
Center
of
the
Flie
hard
by
the
pinne
,
and
also
through
the
second
place
,
and
then
looke
vppon
what
winde
or
coast
of
the
Flie
the
thread
lieth
,
and
that
wind
sheweth
how
the
second
place
beareth
from
you
.
And
the
opposite
winde
thereof
sheweth
by
what
winde
you
haue
to
sayle
thither
.
But
if
the
second
place
be
on
your
left
hand
,
then
you
must
turne
the
crosse
of
the
Flie
towards
your
left
hand
,
and
hauing
set
downe
the
Center
of
the
Flie
in
the
first
place
,
and
with
your
Compasse
made
the
Meridian
of
the
Flie
a
iust
Paralell
to
the
next
Meridian
of
the
Map
that
is
on
your
right
hand
,
lay
your
thread
to
the
two
places
as
before
,
and
marke
vpon
what
wind
of
the
Flie
it
striketh
,
and
you
shall
haue
your
desire
.
The
lesser
that
your
flie
be
,
the
better
,
for
being
great
it
would
couer
too
many
places
of
the
Carde
or
Mappe
.
But
if
the
two
places
stand
so
nigh
togither
,
as
the
Fly
dooth
couer
them
both
,
then
hauing
set
downe
your
pinne
in
the
first
place
,
make
your
thread
with
a
Noose
,
&
hauing
put
the
same
ouer
the
pin
,
draw
the
thread
through
the
second
place
somwhat
beyond
the
Compasse
of
the
Flie
,
and
holde
it
there
fast
vntill
you
haue
also
put
the
Center
of
the
Flie
ouer
the
sayd
pin
or
néedle
,
and
duely
placed
the
same
in
such
fourme
as
is
before
taught
:
and
in
so
dooing
,
that
line
of
the
Flie
which
lieth
vpon
the
thread
will
shewe
your
course
and
direction
aswell
as
if
the
thread
lay
aboue
the
Flie.
Trulie
I
doe
thinke
the
vse
of
this
Flie
a
more
easie
and
spéedie
way
of
direction
,
then
the
manifolde
tracing
of
the
Mappes
or
Mariners
cards
with
such
a
number
of
crosse
lines
,
as
commonly
are
drawen
therein
,
causing
rather
a
confusion
then
otherwise
:
for
in
such
Cardes
as
are
made
with
right
Meridians
,
you
shall
find
the
Flie
to
to
bee
much
more
seruice-able
then
these
manifolde
lines
.
The
vse
of
Ptolomeis
Tables
.
THus
much
touching
the
vse
of
Mappes
and
Cards
,
now
according
to
my
promise
,
I
wil
brieflie
shew
you
the
the
vse
of
Ptolomeis
Tables
,
or
of
any
other
table
made
in
the
forme
.
The
chiefest
point
wherof
is
redily
to
find
out
any
place
that
you
séeke
,
and
to
know
where
it
standeth
.
For
the
accomplishment
whereof
,
you
must
first
knowe
what
longitude
and
latitude
that
place
hath
.
The
longitudes
and
latitudes
of
all
places
described
by
Ptolomey
,
are
set
downe
in
his
second
,
third
,
fourth
,
fift
,
sixt
,
and
seuenth
booke
of
Geographie
.
For
in
his
second
booke
he
describeth
the
West
part
of
Europe
,
containing
Ireland
,
England
,
and
Scotland
,
Hispania
,
Gallia
,
Germanie
,
Hungarie
,
and
Slauony
.
In
his
third
booke
,
he
describeth
the
East
part
of
Europe
,
as
Italie
,
Sicilia
,
Corsica
,
Sardignia
,
Sarmatia
,
Taurica
,
Peninsula
,
Datia
,
Misia
,
Thracia
,
Macedonia
,
Achaia
,
Peloponesus
,
Candia
,
Rubia
,
&
diuers
other
Lands
and
Islands
.
And
hee
containeth
all
Europe
in
ten
Tables
.
In
his
fourth
booke
he
describeth
Affrike
,
that
is
to
say
,
so
much
as
was
known
in
his
time
,
containing
the
same
in
4
Tables
.
In
his
5.6
.
and
7.
booke
he
describeth
all
Asia
and
the
East
Indians
,
whereof
hee
maketh
12
Tables
,
and
in
describing
any
Region
or
prouince
,
he
sheweth
how
it
is
bounded
both
North
,
South
,
East
,
and
West
.
And
also
what
notable
Cities
,
Flouds
,
Lakes
,
or
Mountaines
bee
in
euerie
Region
,
and
therewith
setteth
downe
the
longitude
and
latitude
of
euerie
place
:
To
which
his
booke
,
diuers
haue
made
certaine
Alphabeticall
tables
,
containing
the
names
of
all
the
places
that
are
mentioned
in
the
foresaid
books
,
shewing
in
what
leafe
to
finde
the
same
:
to
the
intent
that
you
may
the
more
readily
find
out
,
not
onely
the
place
,
but
also
the
longitude
and
latitude
thereof
,
and
in
what
Table
it
is
contained
.
Notwithstanding
,
I
knowe
by
good
triall
,
that
there
are
a
number
of
places
mentioned
in
the
saide
bookes
,
which
you
shall
not
finde
in
the
foresaid
Alphabet
.
Werefore
I
wish
that
Mercator
,
Ortellius
,
Barnardus
,
Brugensis
,
or
any
other
of
the
latter
Cosmographers
and
setters
foorth
of
Mappes
and
Cards
,
would
take
the
paine
to
make
a
generall
Alphabet
,
containing
all
the
names
that
are
to
bee
found
and
knowen
,
both
auncient
and
moderne
,
of
Regions
,
Cities
,
Seas
,
Floods
,
Lakes
,
Riuers
,
Portes
,
Baies
,
Hedlandes
,
Ca●es
,
Mountaines
,
and
all
other
notorious
places
contained
in
their
Maps
and
Cardes
,
togither
with
the
true
longitude
and
latitude
annexed
to
euerie
place
,
&
agréeable
to
their
Maps
,
to
the
intent
,
that
euerie
man
delighted
with
the
reading
of
Histories
,
may
in
their
Mappes
both
generall
and
speciall
,
easilie
finde
out
anie
place
that
hee
seeketh
.
Which
worke
in
mine
opinion
would
bee
most
thankfullie
receiued
of
all
those
that
delight
in
Geographie
,
to
the
great
commendation
and
prayse
of
the
Authours
thereof
.
For
though
Ptolomey
,
Appian
,
Gemma
Frizius
,
Gastaldus
,
Orontius
,
Munsterus
,
Ortellius
and
others
haue
set
downe
certaine
names
,
both
auncient
and
moderne
togither
with
their
longitudes
and
latitudes
,
yet
they
are
but
very
fewe
in
comparison
of
all
the
names
that
are
wanting
,
yea
or
of
those
that
are
comprehended
in
their
own
Cards
and
Mappes
,
all
which
Maps
I
would
wish
to
agree
in
their
longitudes
and
latitudes
:
for
otherwise
a
man
shall
hardly
finde
the
place
which
hee
seeketh
.
Wherefore
I
pray
God
with
all
my
heart
,
that
some
good
man
that
is
a
skilfull
Cosmographer
may
shortlie
traueile
hearein
to
the
profit
of
all
Students
in
Geographie
.
But
now
to
returne
to
my
matter
,
which
is
to
shew
how
to
find
out
any
place
contained
in
Ptolomeis
tables
,
I
say
that
you
must
first
finde
out
the
name
of
the
place
in
the
Alphabet
,
and
that
will
direct
you
to
the
booke
wherin
it
is
set
down
,
togither
with
the
longitude
and
latitude
thereof
.
And
there
also
you
shall
find
in
what
table
it
is
contained
.
Then
hauing
taken
a
note
of
the
longitude
and
latitude
,
and
also
the
number
of
the
table
wherein
it
is
to
be
sought
,
resort
to
that
table
,
bee
it
in
Europe
,
Affrike
or
Asia
.
In
the
front
of
euerie
which
table
,
and
also
in
the
base
are
set
down
certaine
numbers
of
longitudes
,
in
such
sort
as
the
vttermost
and
nethermost
be
like
numbers
,
and
do
directly
answere
one
another
.
Againe
,
on
both
sides
of
the
table
are
set
downe
certaine
numbers
of
latitude
like
in
quantity
,
and
directly
answering
one
another
.
Then
séeke
out
the
longitude
of
the
place
which
you
would
find
in
the
front
,
and
also
in
the
base
,
and
marke
the
same
with
two
prickes
,
one
aboue
,
another
beneath
.
From
which
two
pricks
,
lay
a
ruler
or
extend
a
thread
,
holding
it
fast
there
vntill
you
haue
found
out
the
latitude
of
the
place
on
both
sides
of
the
table
,
which
beeing
also
marked
on
each
side
with
a
pricke
,
extend
another
thread
from
those
two
last
prickes
,
and
in
that
very
point
wheras
the
two
threads
do
crosse
,
you
shall
find
the
place
to
be
which
you
séeke
,
or
at
least
should
be
there
.
Moreouer
,
on
the
right
hand
of
euerie
table
,
Ptolomey
setteth
downe
most
commonlie
vnder
what
Clime
and
Paralel
euerie
place
is
,
and
by
that
meanes
you
may
also
knowe
the
longest
day
that
any
Paralell
hath
.
For
as
I
haue
sayd
before
in
my
Sphere
,
euery
Paralell
procéeding
from
the
Equinoctiall
towardes
the
Pole
,
encreaseth
by
one
quarter
of
an
hower
,
and
euery
Clime
containing
two
Paralels
,
encreaseth
by
halfe
an
hower
.
Of
which
Climes
Ptolomey
setteth
downe
but
seuen
,
but
of
Paralels
he
maketh
21
in
such
order
as
this
table
following
sheweth
,
which
Table
consisteth
of
foure
Columns
,
whereof
the
first
containeth
the
seuen
Climes
togither
with
their
names
,
and
also
howe
many
miles
euery
Clime
hath
in
breadth
.
And
the
second
containeth
63
degrées
of
latitude
,
further
then
which
Northward
,
Ptolomey
his
Tables
do
not
extend
.
The
third
containeth
the
numbers
of
the
21
Paralels
,
and
the
fourth
the
howers
and
minutes
of
the
longest
day
in
euerie
Paralell
.
The
seuen
Climes
,
their
names
,
and
miles
in
breadth
.
|
The
degrees
of
latitude
.
|
The
21.
Paralels
.
|
Of
the
longest
day
in
euery
Paralell
.
The
howers
&
m.
|
|
|
63
|
*
|
21
|
19
30
|
60
|
■
|
20
|
19
0
|
■
|
19
|
18
30
|
■
|
18
|
18
0
|
7
|
Dia
Riphios
.
195.
Miles
.
|
50
|
■
|
17
|
17
30
|
■
|
16
|
17
0
|
6
|
Dia
Boristenes
.
225
|
■
|
15
|
16
30
|
■
|
14
|
16
0
|
13
|
15
30
|
5
|
Dia
Romes
.
240.
|
■
|
12
|
15
0
|
40
|
■
|
11
|
14
45
|
4
|
Dia
Rhodou
.
350.
|
■
|
10
|
14
30
|
9
|
14
15
|
3
|
Dia
Alexandrias
.
370.
|
■
|
8
|
14
0
|
30
|
■
|
7
|
13
45
|
2
|
Dia
Sienes
.
420.
|
■
|
6
|
13
30
|
■
|
5
|
13
15
|
1
|
Dia
Meroes
.
465
|
20
|
■
|
4
|
13
0
|
■
|
|
765.
|
■
|
3
|
12
45
|
■
|
2
|
12
30
|
10
|
■
|
|
|
■
|
1
|
12
15
|
■
|
|
|
■
|
|
|
*
The
Equinonctiall
line
,
vnder
which
those
that
dwell
haue
no
Latitude
,
and
therfore
they
haue
alwaies
12.
howers
day
,
and
12
howers
night
.
|
But
you
haue
to
vnderstand
,
that
whereas
Ptolomey
maketh
the
furthest
North
part
of
his
seuenth
Clime
called
Dia
Ripheos
to
haue
but
50
degrees
and
30
minutes
of
latitude
,
the
moderne
Cosmographers
doe
allowe
to
those
mountaines
70
degrées
of
latitude
,
affirming
the
same
to
bee
those
selfe
Mountaines
which
are
otherwise
called
Montes
Hiperborei
,
which
because
they
enclose
a
great
part
of
the
North
side
of
the
world
,
are
called
Orbis
terrae
cingulum
,
that
is
to
say
,
the
girdle
of
the
worlde
,
the
wrong
latitude
whereof
and
of
diuers
other
,
I
thinke
Ptolomey
had
from
others
and
not
from
himselfe
.
For
being
brought
vp
in
so
warme
a
soile
as
Alexandria
standeth
in
,
he
could
neuer
endure
to
go
so
far
northward
,
to
take
the
latitude
of
those
colde
Riphean
Mountaines
,
and
therefore
if
you
list
to
knowe
what
latitude
doth
truly
belong
vnto
euerie
Clime
and
Paralell
,
then
resort
to
Orontius
his
Table
of
Climes
and
Paralels
set
downe
in
my
Sphere
,
which
sheweth
how
many
degrées
of
latitude
euery
Paralell
hath
,
togither
with
the
longest
day
,
euen
from
the
Equinoctiall
to
the
very
Pole
,
wherefore
I
leaue
to
speake
heere
any
further
thereof
,
and
so
for
this
time
ende
this
Treatize
,
which
if
I
shall
perceiue
to
bee
thankfully
taken
,
I
minde
(
God
willing
)
to
put
in
print
,
the
description
and
vse
of
the
Sphere
and
of
the
Globe
,
both
Celestiall
and
Terrestiall
.
Also
a
verie
plaine
and
briefe
Arithmetike
,
togither
with
the
discription
,
and
certaine
vses
of
the
Tables
of
Sines
,
called
in
Latin
Tabulae
Sinuum
.
And
finally
,
the
principles
of
Nauigation
more
plainely
(
I
beleeue
)
than
euer
there
haue
beene
heretofore
taught
,
onely
to
helpe
and
further
such
as
bee
desirous
to
traueile
by
Sea
,
and
haue
not
bene
exercised
in
the
Mathematicall
Disciplines
,
without
some
knowledge
whereof
,
it
is
hard
to
bee
skilfull
in
that
Art
.
FINIS
.