The gentlemans academie. Or, The booke of S. Albans containing three most exact and excellent bookes: the first of hawking, the second of all the proper termes of hunting, and the last of armorie: all compiled by Iuliana Barnes, in the yere from the incarnation of Christ 1486. And now reduced into a better method, by G.M.

The Gentlemans Academie . OR , The Booke of S. Albans : Containing three most exact and excellent Bookes : the first of Hawking , the second of all the proper termes of Hunting , and the last of Armorie : all compiled by Iuliana Barnes , in the yere from the incarnation of Christ 1486. And now reduced into a better method , by G. M.

LONDON Printed for Humfrey Lownes , and are to be sold at his shop in Paules church-yard . 1595.

¶ To the Gentlemen of England : and all the good fellowship of Huntsmen and Falconers .

GEntlemen , this Booke , intreting of Hawking , Hunting and Armorie ; the originall copie of the which was doone at Saint Albans , about what time the excellent Arte of Printing was first brought out of Germany , and practised here in England : which Booke , bicause of the antiquitie of the same , and the things therein contained , being so necessarie and behouefull to the accomplishment of the Gentlemen of this flourishing Ile , and others which take delight in either of these noble sports , or in that heroicall & excellent study of Armory , I haue reuiued and brought again to light the same which was almost altogether forgotten , and either few or none of the perfect copies thereof remaining , except in their hands , who wel knowing the excellency of the worke , & the rarenesse of the Booke , smothered the same from the world , thereby to inrich themselues in priuate with the knowledge of these delights . Therfore I humbly craue pardon of the precise and iudicial Reader , if sometimes I vse the words of the ancient Authour , in such plaine and homely English , as that time affoorded , not being so regardful , nor tying my self so strictly to deliuer any thing in the proper and peculiar wordes and termes of arte , which for the loue I beare to antiquitie , and to the honest simplicitie of those former times , I obserue as wel beseming the subiect , & no whit disgracefull to the worke , our tong being not of such puritie then , as at this day the Poets of our age haue raised it to : of whom , & in whose behalf I wil say thus much , that our Nation may only thinke her selfe beholding for the glory and exact compendiousnes of our longuage . Thus submitting our Academy to your kind censures and friendly acceptance of the same , and requesting you to reade with indifferency , and correct with iudgement ; I commit you to God .

G. M.

¶ The maner to speake of Hawkes from an egge till they be able to be taken .

TO speake of the first original beginning of Hawkes , first they be egges , after they be disclosed they are Hawkes , & most commonly Goshawkes be disclosed as soone as they chough , or kadow , and in some places more timely , according to the hote climate of the country , which the rather infuseth a timely breeding . And we ought to say , that Hawkes do eire , and not breede in the woods or rocks : also that they draw , when they beare that wherewith they build their nests , and that in their loue or courting humour they call and not kanke , and that in the action it self they treade : when they are disclosed and beginne to feather in any ample maner , by a naturall instinct and kinde they will drawe somewhat out of the nest , coueting to clamber vpon the boughs , and then come to the nest againe , and they be called Bowesses . After S. Margarets day they will flie from tree to tree , and then they are termed Branchers , at which is the most conuenientest time to take them , and seuen nights before saint Margarets day , & seuen nights after is the best time for taking Sparrow hawkes .

How you shall take Hawkes , with what instruments , and how you shall kidde them .

What gentleman or other whosoeuer will take Hawkes he must haue nets which are called vrines , and they must be made of good small threed , which would be died either greene or blew , for feare of the Hawkes espying of the same , then must he haue needle and threede for the inseeling of such Hawkes as are taken , and in this manner they must be inseeled : take the needle & threede and put it thorow the vpper eie lidde of the one side , and so likewise of the other , and make it fast vnder the Hawkes beake : so as she may not see at all , and then she is inseeled as shee ought to be : some vse to inseele Hawkes by the nether eie lidde , fastning it aboue the beake almost vpon the head , but that is approoued ill , for by all reason the vpper eie lidde closeth more iustly than the neather , because that it is much larger : when you haue seeled your Hawke , and brought her home , cast her on a pearch , and let her stand there a night and a day , and on the next day towardes euening , take a knife , and with great care see you cut the threedes insunder which inseele hir , and take them away softly for feare of breaking her eie liddes , then beginne in gentle manner to feede her , and vse all the lenitie and meekenesse you can vnto her vntill she will sit quietly vpon your fist , for by much striuing you shal hurt her wings which were not a little dangerous : and then the same night after the feeding , watch her all night and all the next morrow from any sleepe or rest , which will occasion hir to be reclaimed with lesse difficultie : yet note , that the first meate which she shall eate be hote , and let her take enough thereof without troubling .

When your Hawke may be drawne to reclaime , and the manner of her diet .

If your hawke be hard penned , she may be drawn to be reclaimed , for the while she is tender penned , it is hurtfull to reclaime her . And if she be a goshawke or a Tersell which shall be reclaimed , euer feed them with washed meate at the drawing and at the reclaiming , but looke that it be hote , and in this manner wash it : take the meate and swill it vp and downe in the water , and then wring the water out and feed her therewith if she be a brancher , but if it be a Iesse , then must you wash your meate much cleaner than for a brauncher , and wiping it with a linnen cloth so feede her , and euermore the third day giue her casting : if she be a Goshawke or Tersell in this sort , take new flannell cloth , and cut fiue pellets thereof of an inch long at the least , then take the flesh , and cut fiue morsels , and with your knifes point cut a hole in euery morsell , and put therein the pellets of cloth , then lay them in a dish of faire water , and take your hawke , and giue her a bit of warme meate so bigge as halfe her casting , then take one of them which lieth in the water and giue it her , and so one after another , and then feede her for all night .

How to feede your hawke and know her infirmities .

A sparrow hawke would alwayes be fedde with vnwashed meat , and her casting would be plumage : and haue an especiall care that the ground bee cleane vnder her pearch , whereby in the morning you may the more readily finde her casting when shee hath cast , by which you shal know whether she be sound I or no , for some casting wil be yelow , some greene , some clammie , and some cleare : and if it be yellow , then she engendereth the frounce which is a canker which riseth in the mouth or cheeke , and if it bee greene it betokeneth the rie , the propertie of which euill is this , it wil arise in the head and make it swel , her eies wil be heauy and darke , and but it haue present remedy it will fall into the legs and make them impostume , and if it reuert from the legges vnto the head againe , then is it mortall : if it be clammie and roping , then is it the apparant signe of a disease called the Cray , which causeth a hawke that she cannot mute : but if it bee cleare and bright , then is there great assurance of her soundnesse .

When your Hawke shall bathe .

Once in three dayes during the Summer let not your hawke faile to bathe , and once a weeke in the winter , if the weather be faire and conuenient , and not els , and euery time your hawke batheth giue hir a bit or two of hote meate vnwashed , of what kinde soeuer your hawke be .

How to make your hawke flee with a corage in the morning .

If you haue a determination that your Hawke shall flee in the morning , then feede her the night before with hote meate , and wash the same meate in vrine and wring out the water cleane , and that shal adde vnto her a lust and courage to flee in the next morning to your contentment .

How to make a Hawke flee well which is full gorged .

If your hawke be full gorged , and yet notwithstanding you would faine haue a flight , take three cornes of wheate , and put them in a morsell of flesh and giue it vnto your hawke , and immediately shee will cast all that is within her , which as soone as she hath cast , looke you haue a bit or two of some hote meate to giue her , and then you may boldly flee her : this medcine also is excellent for a Hawke that is ouergorged .

The true Termes and Titles belonging to Hawkes .

The first true Tearme and Title a Falconer ought to learne , is to holde fast at all times , and especially when she batteth , or striueth to flee away . It is called batting , in that she batteth with hirselfe without cause : the second is , rebate your hawke to your fist , and that is when she batteth the least moouing that you can with your fist will rebate her backe againe vppon your fist : the third is , feede your Hawke , and not giue her meate : the fourth is , a Hawke smiteth or seweth her beake , not wipeth her beake : the fift , your hawke iouketh , and not sleepeth : the sixt , your hawke pruneth , and not piketh , and she pruneth not but when she beginneth at her legges , and fetcheth moisture like oile at her taile wherewith she imbalmeth her feet , & strikes the fethers of hir wings thorow her beake : and it is called the Note then when shee fetcheth the oile : and note , that in any wise a Hawke ought not to be troubled whilest shee is in pruning of her selfe , for , when shee pruneth shee shewes her selfe to bee lusty and in courage , and when shee hath done she will rowze her selfe mightily : sometimes your Hawke countenances as shee piketh hir selfe , and then she pruneth not ▪ wherefore you must say , she reformeth her fethers : the seuenth , your Hawke collieth , and not beaketh : the eight , she rowzeth and not shaketh her selfe : the ninth , she streineth , and not clitcheth or snatcheth : the tenth , she mantleth , and not stretcheth when as she putteth her legges from her one after another , and hir wings follow after her legges , for then shee doeth mantle her , and when she hath mantled her , and crosseth both her wings together ouer her backe , you shall say your Hawke warbleth her wings , which is a terme most proper for that purpose : the eleuenth , you shall say your Hawke-mutesseth , or muteth , and not skliseth : the twelfth , you shall say , cast your Hawke to the pearch , and not set your Hawke vpon the pearch .

Termes to commend sundrie properties in a Hawke .

First you shall say , this is a faire Hawke , an huge hawke , a long hawke , a short thicke hawke , but not that shee is a great Hawke : also you shall say , this hawke hath a large beake , or a short beake , but call it not a bill : an huge head , or a small head faire seasoned : you shall say your Hawke is full gorged , and not cropped , and your Hawke putteth ouer and endueth , and yet she doth both diuersly , as thus : shee putteth ouer when shee remooueth her meate from her gorge into her bowells , and thus you shal know it : when shee putteth ouer shee trauerseth with her body , and chiefly with her necke as a crane doth , or an other bird : shee endueth neuer as long as her bowelles be full at her feeding , but as soone as shee is fed and resteth , she endueth by little and little , and if her gorge be voide , and the bowel any thing stiffe , then you shall say shee is embowelled and hath not fully endued , or , so long as you can feele any thing in hir bowels it is dangerous to giue her any meate . You shall say an Hawke hath a long wing , a faire long traine with sixe barres out , and standeth vpon the seuenth , this hawke is enterpenned , that is to say , when the feathers of the wings be betweene the body and the thighes , this hawke hath an huge legge , or a flat legge , a round legge , or a faire ensered legge .

To know the Maile of an hawke .

Hawkes haue a white Maile , canuas maile or a red maile , and some call a red maile an yron maile , a white maile is easiest knowen , a canuas maile is betweene a white maile and an yron maile , and an yron maile is exceeding red . A goshawke or tercell in their soreage haue not their mailes named , but it is called their plumage , and after that cote it is called their maile , and if your hawke flee for reward you shall say , cast the Hawke thereto , and not let flee thereto .

Nommed or seased .

And if your hawke nomme a foule , and the foule breake away from her , shee hath discomfited many feathers of the foule , and is broken away , for in true Falconers language you shall say , your Hawke hath nommed or seased a foule , and not taken it .

Why a Hawke is called a Rifler .

It happeneth many times through eagernesse or foolishnesse , that a hawke when she should nomme a foule , she seaseth but on the feathets onely , whereby her flight is effectlesse , looke how oft she so doth , so oft she rifleth , and for that cause such hawkes are called Riflers .

Diuers proper names to the feathers and other parts of an Hawke .

The formost bearing out feathers of a hawke are called the breast feathers , the feathers vnder the wings are called plumage , those vnder the beake are called the barbe feathers , and those which are at the ioynt of the hawks knee , & stand hanging and sharp at the ends , those be called the pendant feathers , the feathers of the wings next the body are the flagge or flags fethers , the long feathers of an hawks wing are the beame fethers , & those that some call the pinion feathers of an other foule , are in a hawke called the sercell feathers . Besides this , you shal vnderstand if a hawke be in the mew that same sercell feather is alwaies the last that she wil cast , and til that be cast she is not absolutely mewed , yet it hath beene sometimes seene that hawkes haue cast it first ( as report maketh mention ) but the other rule is most generall : and when she hath cast her sercels in the mew , then , and not before it is time to feed hir with washt meat , and to beginne to inseam her : which word inseame in a hawke betokeneth greace , and but it be taken away by feeding with washed meate and otherwise as it shall be mentioned hereafter , she will gather a pannell which may turne to her vtter confusion : moreouer , if shee do flee therewith and take blood and colde it is present death , there are also certaine feathers which close vpon the sercelles and they are called the couerts or couert feathers , and so likewise are all the feathers tearmed which are next ouer the long beame feathers and the flagge feathers vppon the wings , the feathers vppon the backe are called the backe feathers , the Hawkes beake is the vpper part which is nooked , the neather parte of the beake is called the Hawkes clappe , the holes in the Hawkes beake are called her nares , the yellow betweene the beake and the eies is called the Sere : Hawkes haue long small blacke feathers l●ke haires about the sere , which are properly called Crynits .

Of the soreage of a Hawke .

The first yeare of euery Hawke whether shee be called brancher or eyesse , that selfesame first yeare is alwayes called her soreage , and during that yeere she is called a Sore Hawke , for and if shee doe escape that yeere all impediments , with good feeding and orderly regarding , she is likely to endure long .

How to reclaime a hawke .

If you will reclaime your Hawke , you must parte one meale into three meales , till such time that shee will come to reclaime , which when shee doth to your contentment , then encrease her meales euery day better and better : and haue chiefe regard that ere she come to reclaime , by no meanes she soare , for albeit she be perfitly reclaimed , yet it may happen shee will soare so high into the aire , as you shall neither see her , nor finde her : and as a generall principle if your hawke flie at the partrige , looke that you enseame her before she flie , whether she be brauncher , eyesse , or menod hawke .

Why a Hawke is called an eyesse .

An Hawke is called an eyesse of her eies , for a hawke that is brought vp vnder a Bussard , Puttocke or Kite , ( as there be many ) they alwayes haue watery eies , for when they are disclosed and kept in forme vntill they be full summed , you shall knowe them most assuredly by their waterie eies , neither will her looke bee so quicke , liuely , and sharpe as a brancher is : and thus because the best knowledge is by the eies , all such hawkes as are extraordinarily brought vp not vnder their owne dams , are called Eyesses : Againe , you may knowe an eyesse by the palenesse of her seres of her legges , and the sere ouer her backe , and also by the taints vppon her taile or wings which taints come for lacke of feeding when they be eyesses .

What a Taint is .

An ataint is a thing which goeth ouerthwart the fethers of the wings and of the taile , like as if it were eaten with the wormes , and it beginneth first to breed at the body in the pen , in such sorte that some pens will fret in sunder and fall away thorowe the same taint , and then is the hawke disparaged for all that yeere insuing .

An outward signe to know when your hawke is enseamed .

This rule is infallible and most certaine , looke how long your hawkes feete be blackish and rough , so long she is full of greace and glut , but euer as shee enseameth so her feet wil wax yellow and smooth .

How to demeane your selfe when your hawke is ready to flee .

When you haue enseamed your hawke and reclaimed her , and she is ready to flee to the partrige , take then a partrige in your bag , & go into the field , and there let your spaniels range for a couey of partriges , and when they are put vp and begin to scatter , looke that you haue about you well eied markers to some of them , then couple vp your spaniels , which done , let some one of your company priuilie take the partrige out of your bagge , and tie it by the leg in a paire of creance , then cast it vp as high as he can , which as soone as the hawke shall perceiue shee wil flee thereunto , if your hawke sease the partrige aboue giue her a reward therefore , and go after that by leasure to the partriges which were marked , and do thus as I wil teach you : If you haue a chased spaniel which wil be rebuked and is a good retriuer , vncouple him and no more of the spaniels , then goe to a single partrige of the couey so dispersed , and be as nigh as you can vnto the rising thereof , and if your hawke desier cast her vnto it , which if she take , then is she made for that yeere , and of the same partrige which she thus killeth reward her in manner as here followeth .

How you shall reward your Hawke .

Take a knife and cut the head and the necke from the body of the partrige , and strippe the skinne away from the neck , then giue the same to the hawke and couer the body of the foule with a hat or other garment and lay the same head or necke therevpon , and if so be she wil forsake the foule she plumeth vpon and come to the reward , then secretly take away the partrige , and reward your hawke with the brain and the necke , but haue heede she eate no bones , for they be exceeding euill to endure , and they wil take from her lust and courage in fleeing , and in this maner reward her of as many as she shall kill , only haue that discretion , that her rewardes be not too great , for feare you make her full gorged , and then can she flee no more for that day .

How your Hawke shall reioyce .

When your Hawke hath to your contentment killed a foule , and is by you rewarded ( as aboue said ) let her not by any meanes flee againe til she haue reioyced her , which is to say , till she haue sewed , suided , or cleansed her beake , or else rowzed her , and when shee hath done any of these or all : then may you boldely at your pleasure flee her againe .

How you shall doe that you rebuke not your hawke when she killes .

Learne one thing perfitly , and haue great heede thereof , that is , when your hawke hath nommed or killed a partrige , stand a good way off and come not too nigh her , and be sure to keepe backe al your spanielles for feare of rebuking her , for many hawks cannot endure spaniels , and also many spaniels will teare the game from the hawkes foote , which is an extreame mischiefe : and whilest your hawke plumeth , come softly towardes her by little and little , but if you see she leaue pluming , and fix her eies vpon you , then stand still and checke her and whistle her till she plume againe , and in this manner do till you come close vnto her , then leasurely and without trouble fall downe vpon your knees , and priuily whilest she plumeth put vnder your hand , and be sure of her gesse , for , hauing that sure , you may rule all things else at your owne pleasure , which if you ouerslip or forget , then the least feare will make hir indeuour to carry away her game , or else forsaking it let it ascape , which is but losse both to your selfe and your hawke .

An opinion of Ostrengers .

Ostrengers hold opinion , that if you feede your Hawke continually with Porke , with Iaies , with Pies , or beare her abroad much in rainie weather , she will vndoubtedly prooue lowsie .

Of Ostrengers , Speruiters , and Falconers .

Because that now I haue spoken of Ostrengers , you shall vnderstand , that they be called Ostrengers which are the keepers of Goshawkes or Tercelles , and those which keepe Sparrow hawkes or muskets are called Speruiters , and those which keepe any other kinde of hawke being longwinged are termed Falconers .

Of the Gesse , Lewnes , Tyrrits , Bewits , Creance , and how they are fastned .

All hawkes haue or should haue about their legs gesse made of leather , and many times some of silke , which shoulde be no longer than that the knots of them should appeare in the midst of the left hand betweene the long finger and the least finger , because the lewnes should be fastned to them with a paire of tyrrits , which tyrrits , should rest vppon the lewnes , and not vpon the gesses for feare of fastning or hanging vpon trees as shee flies , and those same lewnes you shall fasten about your little finger slackely in compassing the same in foure or fiue fiue fould like to a bow string which was neuer vsed , and the tyrrets serue to keepe her from winding when shee battes . Lastly , those somewhat broad leathers to which her belles are put vnto , and so buttoned about her legs , you shall call Bewits . The Creance is that line to which you fasten your hawke when you call her to reclaime of what sort soeuer it be .

How a man shall take a Hawke from the Eyree .

Whoso will take a hawke out of the eyree , it behooueth him to be very circumspect in bringing it vp easely , and to keepe it from colde or hurting of the bones , for they are first very tender and must haue great rest , neither may they haue stinking or filthy aire , but as sweete and good as is possible , and euermore must you giue them cleane meat and hot , and a little , yet often , many times chaunging their meate , yet alwayes so as it be hot , let the same meate be cut into little morsels , for they ought not to tire on bones till they be of abilitie to flee . But when as they beginne to penne , and plumeth , and spalcheth and picketh themselues , put them in a close warme place into which no fulmerds , weesels or other vermine can come , neither winde nor raine can annoy , and then she will soone som her selfe , yet euermore giue her hote meate , for it is better for a man to feed his hawke while she is tender with hote meates , and so make her good with some cost , than to feede her with euil meate and make her naught with no cost , and as soone as shee is sommed then let her bathe .

When to put you Hawke in the mew .

If you haue a loue or care of your hawke , keep her wel , & put her not late in the mew : whosoeuer for couetousnesse of his hawkes fleeing plesure looseth the time of her mewing , hee may after put her in the mew at aduenture , and haue her mew at insufficient leisure : the best time therefore to put a hawke into the mew , is in the beginning of Lent , for if she be then well kept , she will be mewed by the beginning of August .

How to dispose and ordaine your mew .

Dispose your mew so as it be free from weesel or poulcat , or any other vermine , and that it be not annoyed either with winde or cold , or extreame heat , yet let one part of the mew stand so as the Sun may come in for the most part of the day , let also the scituation be so appointed as your hawke may not bee troubled with much noise nor tumult of men , neither let any person come vnto her , but onely he that feedeth her : prouide to haue in your mew a feeding stocke for your hawke , and a long string tied therevnto to make her meate fast withall , for else she wil carry it about the house , and soile it with dust , and many times hide it til it stinke and be vnwholsome , insomuch as it may occasion her death , and therefore when it is bound to the feeding stocke , neither in the feeding , nor in the tiring , neither at her lighting downe , nor at her rising vp shall shee doe her selfe anye hurte or preiudice , then when as shee hath fedde , take away whatsoeuer shee shall leaue , and at the next time giue her fresh and sweete meate , for stale and long kept meate engendereth manie euill and mortall sickenesses , and looke that you neuer go to your mew , but when as you doe intend to giue her meate , or bring her water wherein shee may bathe , neither suffer any raine to wette her at any time for diuerse causes : and for her bathing , that shall occasion her to mew well .

The manner how to put a Hawke into the mew .

First before you put your hawke into the mew , haue an especiall care , that if she haue any sickenesse or infirmitie in her , you cure her before you put her into the mew , for it is an infallible principle , a sicke hawke shall neuer mew well , or if she doe mew , yet shall she not endure any longer than whilest shee is great and fat , for as her estate wastes , so her life consumes . Some men without any medicine will inuent howe to mew their hawkes , some will putte their hawkes into the mew at high estate , some when they are very lowe , some when they be full , some when they are empty and leane , and some when they are miserably leane , but of al it is no great matter so she be sound : neuerthelesse , this is my opinion , both as I haue seene and learned , whosoeuer putteth a goshawke , a tercell , or sparrowhawke into the mew , so high as shee can possibly be no higher , she will holde her long in the point before shee will mew any feather , and who so putteth his hawke in leane , she wil be as long ere she be remounted , and whoso puts her into the mew too hungry , and too leane , if she haue meate at will she wil eate too greedily , and so through surfet die ere shee come to any mewing . But whoso will haue his Hawke endure and mew kindly , my best counsell is , that she be neither too high nor too low , neither in great distresse of hunger , but in such case or plight as she should be when she is at hir best flying : this obserued , obserue after , that the first day she comes into the mew she eate not too much , vntill such time as her stomacke be made stanch , which perceiued you may then giue her such meate as I shall set downe here following .

How to feede your hawke in the mew ▪

With what meate she hath bene most commonly vsed to be fed , with the same feed her eight daies continually , and in those eight dayes giue her birdes enow both morning and euening , and let her plume vppon them well , and take casting of the plumage which will cleanse her and make her haue an exceeding good appetite : also it will scower her bowels , which being scowred , you may after aduenture to giue her what meate you will , so it be cleane and fresh : yet the best meate for to make a hawke mew soone without medicine is the flesh of a kidde , of a yong swanne , or of a chickin , but aboue al , the flesh of a ratte , goslings are good , or any such like , which are of themselues hote : if you take gobbets of great fresh eeles , and principally that next the naurll , and dippe it in the hote blood of a mutton , it will make a hawke mew soone , and all other things , it will make her white after her soreage : these meates before mentioned are the best to mew a hawke with , and to keepe her in good state , but it must bee your care that she haue some euery day , so that she rather leaue some thing then want any thing , and euerie third day let her not faile to bathe if she be so disposed : and when shee is almost firme , then giue her hennes flesh , fat porke , or dogges flesh , any of these three is good . An hawke is not full firme or readie to drawe out of the mew till such time as her sercell be ful growen , yet haue I seene some men take them out of the mew when the sercell was but halfe appeared , but I am against it , and thinke it perillous , because they are not then hard penned : some men vse when a hawke hath cast her sercell to begin and wash her meate , and feede her so in the mew with washed meate a moneth or sixe weekes before they draw her , but I am not of that opinion .

To know when a Hawke tireth , feedeth , gorgeth , beaketh , rowseth , endueth , muteth , pearcheth , ioiketh , putteth ouer , pruneth , plumeth , warbleth , and mantleth .

A hawke she tireth vppon rumps , she feedeth vpon all manner of flesh , she gorgeth when shee filleth her gorge with meate , she beaketh when she seweth , which is to say , she wipeth her beake , shee rowseth when she shaketh al her feathers and her body together , she endueth when her meate in her bowelles falles to digestion , she muteth when she auoides her ordure , she percheth when she stands on any manner of bough or perch , she ioiketh when she sleepeth , she puts ouer when she auoyds her meat out of her gorge into her bowels , she proineth when she fetcheth oile with her beake out of her taile & annoints her feete and her feathers , she plumeth when she pulles off the fethers from any foule , or from any other thing and casts them from her , she warbleth when she draweth both her wings ouer the midst of hir back , and there they meete both , and softly shaketh them , and lets them fall againe , and she mantleth when she stretcheth one of her wings along after her leg , and afterward the other wing , which most commonly shee doth before she warbleth her .

The true names of a Spar-hawke , as Ostrengers , and Speruiters haue thought .

There is a question whether a man shall call a sparehawke , a spere-hawke , or an aspere-hawke , to which Ostrengers and Speruiters answer she may be called by al the three names for three reasons ▪ first , she may be called a spere-hawke , for of al the hawkes that are she is most spere , that is , she is most tender to keepe , for the least misdiet or disorder whatsoeuer kils hir . Secondly , she may be called an asper-hawke , by reason of the sharpnes of her corage , & her quick looke , & also of her fleeing , for she is most aspere and sharp in all things which belong vnto her more than anie other hawke . Lastly , she may be called a sparehawke for two reasons , one is , she spareth goshawkes and tercels both , such as be in their soreage vntill such time as they may bee reclaymed and made readie to flee , as also all goshawkes or tercels which are not fully mewed till such time as they may be cleane ens●amed & ready to flee , for al the while they be vnable the sparehawke occupieth the season of the yere , and kills the partrige excellently wel , which is from Saint Margarets day till Lammas , and so foorth in the yeere , she will also flee wel at yong fesants , yong heath cockes in the beginning of the yeere , and after Michaelmasse when partriges through greatnesse passe their daunger , I haue then seene them made , some to flie the pie , some the teale vppon riuers , some to flie the woodcocke , and some for the blacke birde or the thrush : the flight at the woodcocke is a cunning flight , and asketh great craft , therfore when you come to a wood or a quetch of bushes , cast your sparrowhawke into a tree , and beate the bushes , then if any woodcocke arise shee will assuredly haue it ▪ yet you must first make her therevnto , or to any other foule casting one first in a string out of the bushes whereby she may know her pastime , and she must sit aloft as when she is made for the partrige : again , ( as before I haue saide ) you may call her a sparrowhawke for this other reason , which is , if there were a shippe laden full of hawkes and nothing else , and if there were one sparrowhawke amongst them there should be no custome be paide because of her , and so for the most common name they are called sparrow hawkes , as prooue the reasons before mentioned .

How a hawke flieth .

An hawke flieth to the riuer diuerse wayes , and killeth the foule diuersly , that is to say , shee flieth to the view , to the beake , or to the toll , and all is but one , as you shall knowe hereafter , shee flieth also to the qu●●●e , to the creep , and no other way , and she nymmeth the foule at the fere iuttie , or at the iuttie fere .

To know what Huffe , Iuttie ferry , Mount , Randon , Creepe , Ennewed meanes .

A Goshawke or a Tercell that shall flee to the view , to the toll , or to the beake , is taught in this manner ▪ you must finde a foule in the riuer or in a pit , and then set your hawke a good way off vpon a moll hill , or on the ground , and creepe softely towards the foule , and when you come almost where the foule lieth , looke backward toward the hawke , and with your hand make signe for your hawke to come to you , and when she is a comming and commeth lowe by the ground almost at you , then smite your hawkes poule , and crie huffe , huffe , huffe , and make the foule to rise , which when she shall see , doubt not her forwardnesse in fleeing , but if shee nyme or take the further side of the riuer or pit from you , then she slaieth the foule at fere iuttie : but if she kill it on that side that you are on your selfe as many times it chanceth , then you shall say shee killed the foule at the iutty ferry if your hawke nime the foule aloft , you shal say she tooke it at the mount , or at the sonce , but if the foule rise not but flee along close by the riuer and the hawke nyme it , then you shal say , she killed it at the randon : when you haue your Hawke on your fist , and creepe softly to the riuer or to the pit , stealing softly to the brinke thereof , and by that meanes slay a foule , then you shall say it was killed at the creepe either at the fere iuttie , or iuttie fery as is aboue mentioned , but if it chance , as it doth many times , and most often , that the foule for feare of your hawke rise and falles againe into the riuer ere the hawke can sease vppon her , and so lieth she and dare not rise , you shal say then your hawke hath endewed the foule into the riuer , and so you shal say also if there be moe foules in the riuer than that the which your hawke nymeth , if they dare not arise for feare of your hawke .

A theefe .

You shall vnderstand , that a goshawke ought not to flee at any foule vpon the riuer with belles at her feete in any wise , by which meanes a goshawke is called a theefe .

Querre .

If you see store of mallards separate from the riuer and feeding in the fielde , if your hawke flee couertly vnder hedges , or close by the ground , by which meanes she nymeth one of them before they can rise , you shall say , that foule was killed at the Querre .

Marke this terme Drawe .

There be many Falconers which doe misuse this terme Drawe , and say that their hawkes will drawe to the riuer , where that terme Draw is properly assigned to that hawke which wil kill a rooke , a crow , or a rauen sitting vppon a land , wherefore it must be saide , that such an hawke will drawe well to a rooke .

How a man shal make a hawke to the Querre .

Take a tame mallard and set him in a faire plaine , & let him go whither he wil , then take your hawke vppon your fist and go to that plaine , and being a good distance off hold vp your hand , and see if your hawke can espie the mallard yea or no by her owne corage , and if you finde she haue discerned the foule and desire to flee thereto , let her kil it and plume wel thereon , and in this sorte serue her three or foure times , and doubt not but shee is perfitly made to the Querre : I haue knowen gentlemen , that whensoeuer and wheresoeuer they see any tame duckes , and if their hawkes would desire to them , they woulde let them flee , which they found encouraged their Hawkes to bee well fleeing to the Querre an other time .

A prety deceit to take an hawke that is broken out of the mew , or any foule that sitteth in trees .

Looke where an hawke pearcheth for all night in what place soeuer it bee , and softly and leasurely clime vp to her with a sconce or lanthorne which hath but one light in it , and let that light be toward the hawke , so as she see not your face and in that maner you may come to her , and take her either by the legges or any other part , for she will not in any wise mooue from the light , and in this sort may you take any other fowle .

Of Hawkes belles .

The bells which your hawke shal weare , looke in any wise that they be not too heauy , whereby they ouerloade hir , neither that one be heauier than an other , but both of like weight : looke also , that they be well sounding and shrill , yet not both of one sound , but one at least a note vnder the other : also , that they be whole and not broken , and chiefly in the sounding place , for if they bee crackt , there the sound will be dul and naught , of spar-hawkes belles there is choice enough , and the charge little , by reason that the store thereof is great : But for goshawks sometimes belles of Millaine were supposed to bee the best , and vndoubtedly they be excellent , for that they are sounded with siluer , and the price of them is thereafter , but there be now vsed belles out of the lowe Countries which are approoued to be passing good , for they are principally sorted , they are well sounded , and sweet of ringing , with a pleasant shrilnesse , and excellently well lasting .

To what Honour all Hawkes do belong , and first to an Emperor .

First , there is an Eagle , a Bawter , and a Melowne , the worst of these three will kill an hinde calfe , a fawne , a roe , a kidde , an elke , a crane , a buzzard , a storke , a swanne , a foxe in the plaine ground : and these are not enlured neither reclaimed , because they be so exceeding ponderous to the pearch portatiue , and these three by their proper natures belong to an Emperour .

What to a King .

Vnto a King belongeth at his pleasure tributaries a Gerfalcon , and a tercell of a Gerfalcon which is most commonly called a Gerkin .

To a Prince .

There is a Falcon gentle , and a Tercel gentle , and both of them belong euery way to a Prince .

To a Duke .

There is a Falcon of the Rocke , and that belongeth ( in the opinions of all Falconers ) to a Duke .

To an Earle .

There is one other falcon , and that hawke is called a falcon peregrine , which by the best iugements is bequeathed to an Earle .

To a Baron .

To a Baron and his degree belongeth a Hawke which is called a Bastard .

To a Knight .

There is a Sacre and also a Sacret , and both the one and the other do belong vnto a knight .

To an Esquier .

The Lanar and the Lanret , hawks of exceeding hardnesse do both belong to an Esquier .

To a Ladie .

There is an Hawke called a Merlin , both Iacke and Formale , and they belong vnto a Lady .

To a Yongman .

To euery Yongman is due the Hawke called the Hobbie , and these be all the long-winged haugs or hawkes of the Tower , and all these are by lure both called and also reclaymed .

Of short winged Hawkes .

Of short winged hawkes , which are hawkes of another kinde , there is first a goshawke the which is for a Yeoman .

There is a tercell of a Goshawke which is for a poore man .

There is a Sparre-hawke which is for a poore man .

There is a Musket , which is ( as olde Authours haue entitled them ) for a holy water Clarke : and these be the short winged hawkes , of an other kind from the former , for they flee to the Querre , and to fere iuttie and iuttie ferry .

Thus endeth the processe or discourse of Hawking , and now followeth the most excellentest approued receits and medicines belonging to all manner of diseases and other impediments in Hawkes whatsoeuer .

How the Frounce commeth , and a medicine therefore .

THe Frounnce commeth not by any thing sooner than by feeding your hawke with vile and naughtie meate , as with porke , or else with cattes flesh , which is the worst of all : the cure thereof is thus , take a siluer spoone and put the small end in the fire til it be hot , then hauing your hawke held fast , open her beake and burne the sore , then anoint it with the marrow of a goose which hath laine so long till it stincke and it will soone be whole , but if the frounce be waxed as great as a nut ▪ then shal you find a worme therein , wherefore then you must cut it with a razor in this maner , let one hold the hawke and slit the sore , and you shall find there as if it were the maw of a pigeon , take it all out whole , and take a paire of sheares and cutte the hole of the sore , and make it as cleane as you can with a linnen cloth , wiping the blood cleane away , then annoint the sore place with balme foure daies together , & afterward with populion till it be whole .

How the rie commeth , and the cure thereof .

The want of hot meate , and ignorance , not suffering your hawke to tire much , is that which occasioneth the rie : the cure is , take dasie leaues and stamp them in a morter and wring out the iuise , then with a pen put it in the hawks nares once or twice when she is small gorged , and immediatly thereupon giue her tiring and she will be sound : or else take parcely rootes and serue her with them in the same maner , and when she tireth hold rew in your hand with the tiring , and that will make her voide the naughtie humour , but it is dangerous to vse it too often for feare the iuice spirt into her eie and hurt her .

How the Cray commeth , and the cure therefore .

The Cray commeth by giuing your hawke meat washed in hote water when you want hote meate : it commeth by means of threeds in the flesh that the hawke is fed withall , for though you picke the flesh neuer so cleane , yet you shall finde threedes therein : the cure is , take and chafe with your hands the fundament of your Hawke with luke warme water a long time , & after that take the poulder of saxifrage or else the poulder of rew , and a quantitie of Maie butter , and temper it well together till they be well mingled , then put it in a little boxe and close it fast , and as often as you feed your hawke a whole meale annoint her meate a little therewith , and that shall make her loue the meate the better , because of the ointment , and it will keepe her from the Cray , and from diuerse other sickenesses which ingender in a hawke . If you take the hote heart of a swine or of a pigge and feede your Hawke therewith two dayes together it will cure her .

Also , if you take porke and dippe it in the hote milke of a cowe and feede your hawke therewith , it will helpe the cray , and make her mute cleane .

Againe , porke with the marrow of the bone of the buttocke of a swine , being giuen both together shall make her mute well and cleane .

Also , if you vse her now and then vnto fresh butter , you shall finde it passing good for the cray .

Also , one meale , or two at the most , of the hote liuer of a pigge will make her mute wel , but beware you giue her not too great a gorge thereof , for it is a perillous meate .

Also , take the white of an egge , and beate it well with a spoone till it be like water , then let the meat which shall be for your hawkes supper lie in steepe therein all the day before , and at night feede her therewith , and that which shall be for her dinner in the morning , let it lie all night and if the meate that is so steeped be porke , it is much better , for so it hath beene approoued .

Medicines to enseame your Hawke .

Take the roote of rasue and do it in cleane water , then lay the flesh therein to steepe a great while , and after giue it to your hawke to eate , and if she do eate thereof , doubt not but it will take away her greace , neither shall she much bate therefore .

Also , take puliall and garlike , and stampe them well together , and wring out the iuice into a dish , and then wet the flesh therein and feed your hawke there with , and within foure daies without all faile it ▪ will clense and enseame your hawke , but bee sure euery day to make new iuice , and alwaies when you feede her , wet your meate therein . Also take the iuice of parcelie moris , otherwise called parcelie rootes , aad the iuice of hysope and wash your flesh theeein , and your hawke shall bee enseamed kindlie without anie great abate to your hawke .

Some vse to lay their flesh in water almost a day , and to giue the same to the hawke at supper , and that which so lieth all night to giue to her in the morning , and thus to feede her in the mue before she be drawne about a month or sixe weekes , and so to enseame here ere shee come to the fist , which is very good , and when shee hath cast her sercell then is the time to begin to feede her in that manner .

A medicine to make a hawke cast which is troubled with casting in her bodie .

Take the iuice of Saladine , and wette a peece of flesh therein to the bignesse of a nut , and giue that peece to the hawke , and it will presently make her cast the old casting , and saue the hawke .

A medicine for a hawke that wil soare .

Wash the flesh that your hawke shall feede with in the iuice of fenell , and it will take away that pride from her , and make her to leaue hir soaring , whether shee be leane or fatte , and many times a hawke will soare , only for want of bathing .

A medicine for a hawke that is lowsie .

Take quickesiluer and put it in a basen of brasse , and put thereto saladine and ashes and mingle them well togither til the quicke siluer be slaine , and mixe therewith the fatte of bones , and annointe the hawke therewith , and hang it about her necke till it fall away , and that shall kill the lice . Also powder of orpment blowne vpon a hawke with a pen will kill the lice .

Also take a peece of a rough blanket vnshorne , and hold it to the fier till it be thorow warme , and then wrap the hawke therein , and holde her softlie for hurting her in your handes , and all the lice will creepe into the cloth .

Also hold her in the sunne in a faire day , and you shall see the lice creepe out vpon her feathers , then take a knife and wet the one side of the blade thereof with your mouth , and alwaies as they appeare lay the wet side of the knife vpon them , and they will cleaue thereto , and so you may kill them .

A medicine for a hawke that will cast flesh .

Put the flesh that your hawke shall eate in faire water , and feede her therewith three daies , and shee shall hold her flesh at the best .

A medicine for an hawke that hath lost her courage .

An hawke that hath lost her courage , a man maie knowe if hee will take good heede , for this is her manner , when she is cast to a fowle , she flieth a wayward , as if shee knew not a fowle , or els shee will pursue it a little way , and immediatly giue it ouer , then for such a hawke , this is a good and an approoued medicine : take of oile of Spaine , and temper it with cleare wine and the yolke of an egge : which being done , put biefe therein , and giue to your hawke thereof fiue morcels and then set her in the sunne , and at the euening feede her with an olde hot doue , and if you doe but feede her thus three or foure times , you shall finde that the hawke was neuer more lustie , or of better courage in her life , then shee will be . Others make a powder of meckles , which stincketh , and puts the powder on the flesh of a peacocke , and mingles the blood of the peacocke with the powder , and so giues it to the hawke .

A medicine that a hawke lie not in the mew for vnlustines .

Take ferne rootes which grow on an oake , and oake apples , and make a iuice of them , and feed your hawke therewith three or foure times , and shee will leaue her lying .

A medicine for a hawke that hath the teyne .

An hawke which hath the teyne is easily known if a man take heede , for this is her manner , shee will pant more for one batting , then an other hawke will for three , and if shee should but flie a little she would loose her breath , whether she be hie or lowe , and alwaies shee is of heauie cheere , the cure whereof is thus , Take a quantitie of the rednes of ●assell with the pouder of a rasne , and peper , and somewhat of ginger , and make thereof with fresh grease three pellets , then holde the hawke to the fier , and when shee feeleth the heate , make her to swallow those pellets by force , then knit fast her beake that shee cast them not out , and in doing this thrise , shee will bee sound .

Also take rasne and rubarbe , and grinde them togither , and make a iuice thereof and wet your hawkes meate therein , and giue it her to eate , and it will cure her . Also take Alysaunders and the root of a primrose , and seeth them in butter , and giue your hawke three morsels euery daie vntill she be whole .

A medicine for a hawke that cast wormes at her fundament , what wormes soeuer they bee .

Take the lymaile of iron and mingle it with the flesh of porke , and giue it your hawke to eate three daies togither and it will cure her .

A medicine for the Aggrestine .

When you see your hawke hurt her feete with her beake , and pulleth her traine , then she hath the aggrestine , the cure is , take merde of a doue , and of a sheepe , and of an allow , and strong vineger , and do all softly , in a brasse bason and mingle them well togither , so as they may serue three daies togither , and giue her the flesh of a coluer or stocke doue with honie and the powder of peper , and then set her in a darke place , and doe so nine daies , and when you see new feathers come in her taile let her bathe , for she is sound .

A medicine for the crampe , and how it commeth .

For the crampe in a hawkes winges , take a white loafe of breade somewhat colder then it commeth out of the ouen , and holding the hawke softlie for feare of hurting her , cut the loafe almost thorough out , and displaie her winge easilie and hold it betweene the two partes of the loafe , and let it bee so held the space of halfe a quarter of an houre and shee shall be eased . The crampe commeth to an hawke by taking of cold in her soreage , wherfore it is good to keep a hawke warme both when she is yong and old : and this medicine is approued good at all times whether she be yong or old .

A medicine to make a hawke mew timely without hurt .

There are in woods , or in hedges wormes called adders , which be by nature redde , and there are also snakes of the same nature , and they are very bitter , take two or three of them , and cut off their heades and the ends of their tailes , then take a new earthen potte which was neuer vsed , and cutting them into small gebbets , put them therein , and in leasurely sort let them seeth a good while , and let the pot be close couered so as no aire may come out , or go in : and let those peeces seethe til they be all turned to grease , then cast it out and doe away the bones , and gather vp the grease and put it in a cleane vessell , and as oft as you feede your hawke , annoint her meate therewith , then let her eate as much as shee will , and by meanes of that meate , shee will mew at your pleasure .

Also take wheate , and boyle it in the broath that the Adders were sodden in , and when you see it beginne to breake , take it out and feede hens and chikens therewith , and with such hennes and chikens feede your hawke .

A medicine that a hawke fall none of her feathers .

Take powder of canell , and the iuice of frankcost , with the iuice of paranie , and wette therein three or foure peeces of flesh , and make your hawke to swallowe them , and in vsing this often , it will preuaile .

Also take the skinne of an Adder or a snake , and cut it into smal pieces and temper it with hot blood , and make your hawke many times to feed thereon , and she will not mew .

For the gowt in the throate .

When you see your hawke blowe manie times , and that it commeth not of batting , then maie you bee assured that shee hath the goute in the throate : the cure whereof is , take the bloode of a peacocke and incense Mirabolana , and cloue gilleflowers ▪ canell and ginger , and take of all these a like , and mingle them with the peacockes blood , and seeth it till it be very thicke , and thereof make morcels , and giue your hawke thereof euery daie at midmorne , and at noone .

For the gout in the head and reines .

When you see your hawke cannot endue her meate , nor remount her estate , then it is like she hath the gout in the heade , or reines : the cure whereof is , take momyan , otherwise called momy of the appoticaries . And the skinne of an hare , and giue it to your hawke to eate nine times with the flesh of a colt , and if shee can holde that meate it will cure her .

A medicine for the falera .

When you see your hawkes talents waxe white , then is it a signe shee hath the falera , the cure is , take a blacke snake and cut away the head and the taile , and take the middle and frie it in an earthen pot , then take the grease and saue it , and annoint the flesh of a peacocke therewith , and giue it to the hawke for to eate eight daies togither , but if you haue not a peacocke , take a stocke doue , and after the eight daies end , giue her a chicken , wash a little chiefly the tenderest part of the breast , and she will be whole .

For the crampe in the thigh , legge , or foote of a hawke .

When you see your hawke lay one foote vpon another , then is it a signe shee hath the crampe , the cure thereof is , draw her blood vpon the foot which lieth vpon the other foote , and vpon the legge also , and it will extinguish the crampe .

For the cough , or pose .

For the cough , take pouder of bayes , and put it vpon the flesh of a stockedoue , & giuing it to your hawke it will helpe her .

For the podagree .

When your Hawkes feete are swollen shee hath the podagree , the cure is , take fresh Maie butter and as much of oile oliue , and of allume , and chafe them well together at the fire , and make thereof an ointment and annoint her feete foure daies together , and set her in the sunne , and giue her the flesh of a catte , and if you see it auaile not , 〈◊〉 the cutting of a vine , and wrappe it about the swelling , and let her sit vppon a colde stone , and annoint her with butter till she be whole .

For inward sickenesse vnseene .

A man may knowe by the cheere and vnpleasantnesse of an hawke this infirmitie , but yet it is strange to knowe things which a man can not see , in what sickenesse or what maner they be greeued , and chiefly when a man knoweth not whereof it commeth , the cure is , feede your hawke well vpon a henne , and then make her to fast two dayes after to empty her bowels well , the third day take hony sodden , and fill her body full , and binde her beake that she cast it not out againe , and then set her out in the sunne , and when it draweth towardes euening , feede her with some hote foule , for I haue heard my maisters say , if this helpe her not , then nothing will .

For the passion which go shawkes haue fasting .

Take the roote of small rushes and make iuice of them ▪ and moistening your flesh therein , let your hawke eate it .

For Hawkes that are wounded .

Take away the feathers from about the wound , and take the white of an egge and oile oliue & mingle them togither and annoint the wound therewith bathing it in white wine , but if you see any dead flesh arise then put into the sore Escome salt till it be eaten away , after take insence and wax , as much of the one as of the other and mixe them together on the fire , and when you will annoint the sore , warme it , and then annoint the place with a penne till it be cleane skinned , but if the dead flesh encrease , lay venecreeke thereon , and it will cure it sound .

For the Artetike .

When you see your hawke fat about the breast , it is an vndoubted signe she hath the artetike , wherefore let her blood in the originall veine , and after giue her a frogge to eate , and it will helpe her .

For a Hawke that is troubled in her bowelles .

When your hawke is troubled in her bowels , you shal know it by hir eies , for they wil be darke , and she will looke vnpleasantly , and her muting will defile her fundament : the cure is , annoint her meate with the poulder of cammell and ferne , let her eate it and no other .

For the gowt in generall .

Giue your hawke three or foure meales of a new slaine vrchine and it will instantly helpe her .

For mites .

Bathe your hawke in the iuyce of wormewoode , and it will kill all her mites .

To make a hawke flee craftily al the yeare .

When you go to the field in the latter end of hawking , and desire that your hawke shal flee craftily , vse her in this sort , let hir kill a foule , and let hir plume it as much as she will , and when she hath plumed inough , go to her so as you fright hir not , and reward hir on the foule , and after that you may cast her on a pearch , and by that incouragement shee will vse her craft all the yeare .

For the stone .

Anoint hir fundament with oile & with a holow straw put in the pouder of allum : also take an hearbe which is called Castis lardder , and annoynt the inside of her mouth , and it wil help her . Also take small flam●s rootes and polipody , and the nerues of spinage and grinde them well , and seeth it in butter , and straine it through a cloth , then make three pellets as bigge as a nut , and put them in your hawkes mouth in the morning , and looke that shee be voyde , and then let her fast till the euening , then feede her by little and little till she be whole .

A medicine for vermine .

Bathe your hawke in the iuice of fennell rootes , and it will kill vermine of what sort soeuer .

For the rheume .

When you see your hawke shut her eies and shake her head , then hath she the rheume in her head , therefore giue her the larde of a goate the first day , and the second giue her epatike with the flesh of a chicken , and it will helpe her .

A medicine to keepe hawkes moist that are drie .

Take the iuice of horehound , and wet your hawkes meate therein , and feede her therewith once or twice , and then shee will bee moist enough inwardly .

For sickenesse in the intrailes of Hawkes .

A hawke whose intrailes are ill is more than ordinarily sicke , for if she hold not her meat , but cast it , it is a token of foule glut or surfet of feathers taken in hir youth , and appeares when she commeth to much fleeing shee will haue much desire to rest , and will sleepe when she putteth ouer her meate , and the flesh which she hath in her gorge if she cast it , will looke as if it were sodden , she will many times assay to put ouer her meate , but cannot : wherefore , if she cast it , she may be holpen , if not , she dieth : the cure is , take the rawe yolkes of egges , and when they be wel beaten , put thereto Spanish salt and honny , and wet therein the flesh which your hawke must eate for three days , but if shee refuse to eate it , then holding her , enforce her to swallow three or foure morsels euery day : or else vse this , take hony at the changing of the moon , and a keene nettle , and thereof make fine poulder , and when it is well ground , take the breast bone of a hen , and an other of a stockedoue , and hacke them with a knife . then doe away the skin , and lay thereon the poulder , and all hote with the poulder feede her , do thus thrice , and it is enough .

For swelling .

If your hawke haue a felon swolne on her that a man may heale it , and keepe the hawke from death , doe thus , take the roote of comfory and sugar , of ech a like quantity , and seethe it in fresh greace , with a third part of hony , and then draw it through a cloth , and lay it to your hawke and it will helpe her .

For blaines in hawkes mouthes called frounches .

The frounce is a dangerous disease in hawkes , and bringeth her to death withholding her strength , and men say it comes of colde , which doth hawkes great hurt , making fleugme fall out of the head , her eies will swell and looke dead , and if she do want speedie help , nothing will kill sooner : take therefore of fennell , mariall , and kersis , of each a like quantitie , then seethe them , and straine them through a cloth , and now and then wash the hawkes head therewith , and chiefly the roofe of her mouth , and it wil foorthwith help her .

For a hawke that hath the agrum .

When your hawke hath her mouth and cheekes blubbed , then she hath the agrum , therefore take a siluer needle and heate it in the fire , and burne her nares throughout , then annoint her with oile oliue till she be whole .

How to make a hawke great and fat .

Take a quantity of porke , hony , butter , and clarified greace , and seathe them al together , and annoint flesh therein and feede your hawke therewith and it will fatte her , or else take the wings of an eued and feede her and keepe her from trauell , and it will fat your hawke though you vse nothing else .

For botches in the Iaw of a Hawke .

Cut the botches with a knife , that the matter may haue issue , and then mixe them and fill the hole with the poulder of arneme●t Ibrent , then on that pouder do a litle larde which is raised and it will heale it .

For a hawke that wil not reclaime .

Take fresh butter and put thereto sugar , and put it in a cleane cloth , and reclaime her to that , and keepe it in a boxe in your bagge .

For a hawke that is refrained .

When you see your hawke neezing , and casting matter through her nostrils or her nares , then doubtlesse she is refrained : the cure is , take graines of shaffelgree , and of pepper , and grinde it well , and temper it with strong vineger , and then put it into her nares and into the roofe of her mouth , then giue her hote meate to eate and she will be sound .

A medicine for hawkes that haue paines in their croups .

You shall take faire Morsum , and the poulder of gelefre , and mingle them together , and giue them to your hawke to eate , and if she hold it past the second day she will be sound .

For the stone in the fundament .

When your hawke cannot mute then she hath the sickenesse called the stone , for cure whereof take the heart of a swine , and swines greace , and mixing it with the heart let her eate it .

A medicine for the drie frounce .

For this sicknes take the roote of polipody which groweth vpon oakes and seethe it a great while , then take it from the fire and let it stand vntill it bee luke warme , then wash your flesh therein , and feede your hawke three times and she will be perfitly sound .

A medcine for the wormes called Anguellis :

Take pressure made of a lamb which was yeaned vntimely , and make thereof three morsels , and put it in a gut of a stockedoue and feede her therewith , and looke the hawke be voide when you giue her this medicine .

Also take iuice of Dragons and put ful the gut of a pigeon , then cut it and part it so as a hawk may swallow it , which done , close vp her beake for feare of casting it vp againe : also , giue her the dowsets of a bucke , as hot as they can be cut out , and make poulder of the pizle , and cast it vpon the flesh of a cat , and feede her therewith and it is a present remedy .

FINIS .

A TREATISE of Hunting .

LONDON Printed by Valentine Sims for Humfrey Lownes , and are to be sold at his shop in Paules church-yard . 1595.

As before in the booke of Hawking , is truly noted and set downe the skill appertaining vnto a Falconer or Ostringer : so in the same manner , in this Booke is duely and precisely taught the Termes belonging to that noble sport of Hunting or Venery .

Beasts of Venery .

THere be onely foure beasts of Venery : the Hart , the Hare , the wilde Roe , and the Woolfe : and these and none other by the antient laws of Sir Tristram you may onely call Beasts of Venery .

Beasts of the Chace .

There be fiue beasts which we cal beasts of chace : the Buke , the Doe , the Foxe , the Marterne , and the Roe : all other of what kinde soeuer , terme them Rascall .

And first because of all other beasts , of Venery be the most worthy , the Hart , and ( as we may terme him ) is the most noble and taketh the first place , we will speake of the termes belonging to him : At the first yeare you shall call him a calfe . The second yeare a brocket . The third yeare a spayad . The fourth yeare a stagge . The fift yeare a great stagge . The sixt yeare you shall call him a Hart.

To know the head of a Hart.

Thou shalt call the head of a Hart Auntelere , Riall , and Surriall , and when you may knowe him by the toppe , you shall call him forked a Hart of tenne : and when he beareth three in the top , you shall call him a Hart of twelue , and when he beareth foure , you shall call him summed a Hart of sixteene : and from foure forward you shall call him summed of so many as he carrieth , how many soeuer they be .

Of Hart , Hinde , Bucke , and Doe , you shall euer say , a heard : of Roes you shall euer terme a beuie : of wilde Swine a sounder : of Wolues a rowt .

Either of red deere or fallow you shall call vppon the view twenty a little or small heard : fortie you shall call a middle heard : and foure score you shall euer call a great heard , be they male deere , Hindes , or Does .

Vpon the view of a hart , if he be a goodly deere , you shall neuer call him faire , but a great Hart : and so likewise a great Hinde , a great Bucke : but onelie of a Doe , you shall terme her a faire Doe : euer haue a great care of this as you will be counted a perfect Woodman .

A beuie of Roes .

Sixe Roes or vnder is euer called by Huntesmen , a small Beuie , betwixt six and tenne is a middle Beuie : twelue is a great Beuie : And still the greater the number is , the greater is the Beuie .

A sounder of Swine .

Twelue or some lesser number be called a Sounder of wilde Swine : sixeteene is a middle Sounder : but twenty may very well be termed a great Sounder .

Of the Roe hunting , breaking , and dressing .

When you shall hunt the Roe , you shall say , He crosses and tresones before the houndes , or if you say , he doubles , it is not much amisse , although by the lawes of sir Tristram it is hardly permitted , you shall not say , This is a great Roebucke , but a faire Bucke , and a faire Doe . Dressing of the Ro is called the Herdlenge of a Roe by the termes of Venerie which you shall performe in this sort : you shall lay the head betwene the two farther legges : then take the two hinder legges , and crossing them put them on the two contrary farther legges , fastning them by the loosning of the former ioynts , onely taking out the bowels with the blood , and cutting off the feete wherewith you shall reward your hounds , diuiding ech foote into foure peeces with your fawchon or woodknife , and putting them amongest the bowels and blood : And this of the Roe is tearmed a Rewarde .

Of the age and vndoing of the Bore .

Now to speake of the Bore , the first yeare hee is called a pigge of the Sounder , the second yeare he is called a hogge , the third yeare a hog stere , the fourth a Bore , for then , if not before he departeth from the Sounder , and then he is termed a Singler . When you haue the Bore , you shall vndo him , first , not taking off the skinne , and in dressing him orderly diuide the flesh into two and thirtie breades , as wee terme it in Venerie : if he be slaine by the strength of the hounds , you shall giue them the bowelles in the place vppon the ground where the Bore was slaine : and this is likewise called a Reward .

Of the Hare .

The Hare is the King of al the beasts of Venerie , and in hunting maketh best sport , breedeth the most delight of any other , and is a beast most strange by nature , for he often changeth his kinde , and is both male and female . And this is a strange thing in the female , and onely peculiar to this beast of all other : after she hath taken the Bucke and commeth to kindle shee bringeth foorth two leuerets rough and in perfite shape , and retaineth two other in her still , which shee bringeth foorth before the two first bee well able to releeue , and she is knotted for her third leueret , and all this at one time : we terme the place where she sitteth , her forme , the places through the which she goeth to releefe , her muset , and when we finde where she hath gone , we call it the pricking of the Hare : her deceits and shifts before the houndes we terme , her doubling : wee terme her feeding her releefe . The Hare beareth sewet and greace , shee fimasheth , crottises , and rounges , although amongst the Huntsmen of these latter times these termes bee worne out of vse , onely we say , she crotises : when the Hare is gone to her fourme , we say euer shee is gone to her seate : and we say the hare sitteth , where speaking of other beasts we say , they lie , & the reason is , because she euer hucketh vpon her legges , as though nature had taught her to haue her feete euer in a readinesse , of all the other beasts beeing most watchfull . And shee naturally desireth to runne vp the hill , because her legges be shorter before than behinde : and her sewet and grease which she beareth lieth ouer the leine betweene the chine and the taile .

The termes of a Huntsman to the kennel according to the French , from which they were at first only deriued .

When the Huntsman commeth to the kennell in the morning to couple vp his hounds , and shall iubet once or twice to awake the dogs : opening the kennell doore , the Huntesman vseth some gentle rating lest in their hasty comming forth they should hurt one an other : to which the French man vseth this worde Arere , Arere , and we , sost ho ho ho ho once or twice redoubling the same , coupling them as they came out of the kennell . And being come into the field , and hauing vncoupled , the Frenchman vseth , hors de couple auant auant onse or twise with soho three times togither : wee vse to iubet once or twice to the dogges crying , a traile a traile , there dogges there , and the rather to make the dogs in trailing to hold close together striking vppon some Brake crie soho . And if the hounds haue had rest , and being ouerlustie , doe beginne to fling away , the French men vse to crie , swefames swef , redoubling the same , with Arere ames ho : nowe we to the same purpose vse to say , sost ho , heere againe ho , doubling the same , sometimes calling them backe againe with a iubet or hallow : poynting with your hunting staffe vpon the ground , saying soho .

And if some one of the hounds light vpon a pure scent , so that by the manner of his eager spending you perceiue it is very good , yet shall the same hounds crying , there , now there : and to put the rest of the crie in to him , you shall crie , ho auant auant , list a Talbot , list list there . To which the Frenchman vseth , Oyes a Talbot le vailant oyes oyes , troue le coward in the same manner with little difference . And if you find by your hounds where a Hare hath beene at relefe , if it be in the time of greene corne , and if your hounds spend vppon the troile merily , and make a goodly crie , then shall the Huntsman blow three motes with his horne , which hee may sundry times vse with discretion : when hee seeth the houndes haue made away : A double , and make on towards the seate : now if it be within some field or pasture where the Hare hath beene at relefe , let the Huntsman cast a ring with his houndes to finde where she hath gone out , which if the hounds light vppon , hee shall crie , There boyes there , that tat tat , hoe hicke , hicke , hicke auant , list to him list , and if they chance by their brainsicknesse to ouershoote it , he shall call to his hounds , ho againe ho , doubling the same twice . And if vndertaking it againe , and making it good , hee shall cheare his hounds : there , to him there , that s he , that tat tat , blowing a mote . And note , that this word soho is generally vsed at the view of any beast of Chase or Venerie : but indeede the word is properly saho , and not soho , but for the better pronuntiation and fulnes of the same we say , soho , not saho . Now the hounds running in full chace , the Frenchman vseth to say , ho ho , or swef alieu douce alieu , and wee imitating them say , There boies , there auant there , to him there , which termes are in deede deriued from their language : now we finde the olde and antient Huntsmen had diuers termes vpon the view of the pricking of the Hare , which although I finde not very needefull , yet for the loue I beare vnto Antiquitie , I wil not omit : as when the Hare hath gone ouer some grassie place where her prickes cannot be seene , but only by straying the grasse , or by breaking some loose mould , we say she sorths or resorths : but these terms I will leaue to the indifferent opinion of the skilful Huntsman .

Now the reason why they say , the Hare fumaies and crottes or crottiseth is this , we say the Hare fumaies , because he beareth sewet , and crottiseth , because he beareth greace , and because she croucheth on the houghes when she letteth it go : so that wee say all beasts that beare tallow , and stand vpright remaine as they goe , all that crouch or stoupe doe .

The hounds rewarde .

When your hounds by force haue killed the hare you shall rewarde them with the shoulders and the side , with the head , and with all the intrailes sauing the gall : which being dealt them , is called the hallow of all good Huntsmen , but the loines is most excellent meate in mine opinion , being finely dressed is the most dainty venison that England hath : And to tell what manner of beasts relefe , this is a thing worthy to be noted of all good Huntsmen , that the Hart from the Annunciation of our Ladie till Saint Peeters tide , is saide to relefe as well as the Hare .

Of flaying and stripping of beasts .

When beasts are slaine which shall be flaied and which stript according to their natures and kindes , know ye , that al that beare sewet and rounge , according to the olde English , or chawe , shall be said to be flayed , only the Hare excepted , which shall bee saide to be stripped or cased , which termes shal be vsed to all beasts of relefe .

Now of the Roebucke .

The first yeare he is a kid sucking on the damme : the second yeare he is called a gerle : the third yeare a hemule : the fourth yeare a Roebucke of the first head : the fift yeare a Roebucke . He vseth to cast his hornes at Saint Andrews tide , and his nature is to hide them in some moore or some marsh , that they are very seldome found : at Saint Iames tide he euer goeth to the Roe , which when he doeth , we say , he goeth in his turne : and if you kil a Roebucke which is hie in greace , you shall dresse the venison as of a Hart or a Hinde : wee vse to say a Hart bellowes , a Bucke groanes , a Roebucke kelles , which they vse in the time of their rutte , and we vse to say the Foxe and the Woolfe do barke and howle .

The season of all sortes of Venery .

The time of greace beginneth at Midsummer day , and lasteth till Holy roode day .

The season of the Fox from the Natiuitie till the Annunciation of our Lady .

The season of the Robucke lasteth from Easter til Michaelmasse .

The season of the Roe beginneth at Michaelmas , and lasteth till Candlemasse .

At Michaelmasse beginneth the hunting of the Hare , and lasteth till Midsummer .

The season of the Woolfe is as the Foxe .

The season of the Bore is from the Natiuitie to the Purification of our Lady .

Now in the hunting of the hart being a princely and royall chace , it giueth an exceeding grace vnto a Huntsman , to vse the termes fit and proper vnto the same , which I here set downe as receiued from Antiquitie . First , when wee see where the Hart hath gone , we vse to say here , he breaketh : and when the Hart entereth a riuer or poole which wee call the soile , we say , he descendeth , and when wee finde where hee hath leapt into the riuer we say , he profereth , because wee are vncertaine whether hee goeth out at some other place , or returneth the same way againe , and if he turne againe the same way , he reproffereth , and when we finde where he hath come out of the other side of the riuer , we call it the soile , and being come out of the water which filles his footesteppes wee call it defouling .

How you shall vndo a Hart.

After his fall , and that the Huntsmen be come in together , and haue blowen the death of the Hart , you shall lay him vpright vppon his hornes , which wee call suing of the Hart , then let the best man in the company , or some personage of account take the assay before the assembly : then first cutte off the coddes : then beginne at the iawes , and slitte him downe to the assay , and directly to the place of the coddes : which being done , beginne first to slit the left legge before , and next the left leg behinde , which you must not forget in any hand before you goe to the right side , which you must performe next in the same manner : the which being done , beginne at the cheeke on the left side , from which directly take off the skin downe to the breast , and so downe to the assay , and to the place of the cod : then begin at the other side and do the same in like manner , but cut not the taile of the beast away in any hand , but cut off the skinne , and let it remaine to the haunches : then spreading the skin abroad , let the body be laide open vpon the same , and beginne first to make the erbere , then cutte off the shoulders , opening the belly and take out the sewet which is most excellent and needefull for Surgeons . Then putting in thy hand vnder the breast bone take out therber , & turning out the panch take away the rate filling it with the blood and sewet , hauing a needle and a threede ready to sow it vppe with , then searching into the small guttes take out the maw : And next , the liuer , laying them vpon the skinne , next after these the bladder : then going to the vmbles , first loosen the auanters which leane to the necke , and taking the throat and wesant , loosen the fillets charily which falles to the vmbles , and must be gathered and stripped vpon the wesant with the same with the naues , and sewet , and the flesh along the midriffe , then take the midriffe from both the sides , and so like a Huntsman make vp the vmbles with all these together , only keep the lights vpon the skinne and bid the querry : This being done , slit the skinne wherein the heart is infolded , and take away the haires which grow about the same , in keruing the heart you shal find a bone therein , which hath the vertue to cure the malady and griefe of mans heart : then cutting away the loose skertes and fill them with blood to saue the melting of the greace : then cutte away the necke from both the sides , and take the head away from the necke , taking out the tongue and the brain , laying them with the lights , the smal guts and the blood vpon the skinne to rewarde the hounds , which is called the querry . The left shoulder of the Hart is his fee which dresseth him , the right is the Forresters fee .

Of the termes of the vmbles of a deere .

That part of the vmbles which cleaue vnto the throat-bole is called the Aduancers , and the hinder-most part of the vmbles be called the Forchers , the other called the Crookes of the vmbles : now in the heart the chiefe part and substance is called the Gargilon , and the other part be called Crookes and Rundelles .

To vndoe the wilde Bore .

You shall make two and thirtie breades of the Bore , the first and principall is the head , the next to that is the choller which is the best of the swine : then two sheelds and the two shoulders , and diuide ech side of the swine into three parts , the pestles , and the gambones accounting as two : then the two fillets , the legs and the feete diuided into eight partes , diuiding the chine in foure sundrie peeces : then put the greace of the Boore into his bladder , and preserue the same as a thing passing medicinable .

Of the vauntlay , the lay , and relay , with forloining termes vsed in Venerie .

This is properly called a Vauntlay in hunting , when the houndes are in chase of a Hart , and that you either doubt their speede , or find them farre cast behind , you do vncouple fresh hounds , and hallowing them in to the deere , force him to more speede than before , which may be a means to cast off the other hounds which be behind . An alay is this , when the Hart is in full chace , thou lying neere to some couert , doe so shake off some fresh hounds into the crie , to supply and make it the stronger , if some ouerhaled dogges should happen to sinke in the latter end of the chace . A relay is , when you shall vncouple some fresh houndes and cheare them , when as the rest of the dogges be already gone away with the Hart , and almost out of the hearing of the crie , and this is called a relay . Forloyning is when thou findest any chase within some couert , and some mewet or light cunning hounds fall in with the same , being stollen out of the couert , this is called forloyning , when they driue the chace so fast on before as the Huntsmen can not lay the rest of the crie in with the same .

Of the descreuing of a Bucke .

The first yeare he is a fawne sucking vppon his damme , the second yeare a pricket , the third yeare sorrell , the fourth a sore , the fift a bucke of the first head , the sixt yeare a great bucke .

Of the hornes of a Bucke .

The hornes of such a fallow deere must be summed or euer he be a Bucke , he must haue two palmed branches , and foure and twenty espelers , which when hee hath , you may well terme him a very great Bucke .

And this we see , that oft in hunting of the Hart or the Bucke : the houndes towardes the fall of the chace holde together and come strongly , the reason is this , and for three causes which makes the hounds continue , and incourageth them much : the first is , that when the Hart or Bucke beginneth to bee imbosted , he casteth out of his mouth a froth which is wonderfull sweete to the houndes , which he leaueth vpon the hearbs and bushes : the second is , when he sweateth , the sweat commeth downe from his body to his cleis , which the hounds finding knowe well he sincketh : the third is , that by reason of his lazinesse and toile , the scent is very strong and hote , and easily entreth the noses of the dogges which maruellously incourageth them to his death .

Certaine proper termes belonging to all chace . A heard of Harts . A heard of all maner of Deere . A beuie of Roes . A sounder of Swine . A rowt of Woolues . A trip or heard of Goates . You shall say , an Hart harboureth . A Bucke lodgeth . A Roe bedeth . A Hare seated or fourmed . A Conie sitteth . A Foxe kenelleth . An Ot●er kenelleth . A litter of Cubbes . A nest of Rabbets . You shall say , the Deere is broken . The Foxe is cased . The Hare is cased . We say , dislodge the Bucke . Start the Hare . Vnkennell the Foxe . Rowze the Hart. Bolt the Conie .

THE BOOKE of Armorie .

LONDON Printed by Valentine Sims for Humfrey Lownes , and are to be sold at his shop in Paules church-yard . 1595.

The Booke of Armorie The Preface .

HEre in this booke following is expressed the genealogie of coate-armors and how a perfit Gentleman shall bee knowne from an imperfit clowne , both howe bondage began in angels , and after succeeded in mankind , as insueth in the stories of the children of Adam and Noah , with the diuision which Noah made of the world in three parts , to his three sonnes , also of the three colours in armes figured by the nine orders of angels , and in the colours is made mention which is royall , & which worthy , & of royalties which is noble , which is excellent . In this discourse shall not be omitted , the vertues of Chiualrie , nor any other notable or famous thing , fitte for the pleasures of renowned persons , as the Worke , not my report shall witnesse : therefore who so liketh , let him reade , and leaue to reade when he leaues to like , the gray haires this workes aged tropheis , shal promise graue matter , no light delight , therfore for his age do him reuerence , and for thy profit loue : In whose conclusion shall follow the blasing of all maner of armes in Latin , French , and English .

Jncipit Liber Armorum .

BEing worthy to beare the honor of Armes , by royal , noble , or gentle bloode , from the highest to the lowest degree , come hither , and bee instructed by me to disseuer gentlenes from vngentlenes , light from darknes : and in that all gentlenesse which is excellency , commeth from the great good of heauen , I wil therefore with heauen beginne , where were in the beginning nine orders of Angels , and nowe are resident but nine in the knowledge of coate armors , crowned full high with pretious stones , whereas Lucifer with millions of angels fell out of heauen into hell , and other places , where they are held in a continuall bondage , yet all created in heauen , and of gentle nature . A bondman , pesant , or churle will say , that all are issued of Adam , therefore all alike for excellency : so Lucifer may say with his company , all wee are come from heauen , therefore all heauenly : but the wise knowe to the contrary . Adam , the beginning of mankinde , was as a stocke vnspread , or vnflorished , in whose braunches is discouered rotten and greene boughes .

The difference twixt Churles and Gentlemen : Noahs diuision of the world .

There was neuer gentleman , nor churle ordained , but hee had father and mother : Adam and Eue , had neither father nor mother , and therefore in the sonnes of Adam and Eue , first issued out both gentleman and churle . By the sonnes of Adam and Eue , to wit , Seth , Abell and Caine , was the royall blood diuided from the rude & barbarous , a brother to murder his brother contrary to the law , what could be more vngentlemanly or vile , in that therefore became Caine and al his of-spring churles , both by the curse of God , and his owne father ? Seth was made a Gentleman through his father and mothers blessing , from whose loynes issued Noah a gentleman by kinde and linage . Noah had three sonnes truely begotten , two by the mother , named Cham and Sem , and the thirde by the father called Iaphet , euen in these three after the worlds inundation , was both gentlenes and vilenes discerned , in Cham was grose barbarisme founde towardes his owne father in discouering his priuities , and deriding from whence hee proceeded . Iaphet the yongest Gentlemanlike reproued his brother , which was to him reputed a vertue , where C ham for his abortiue vilenes became a churle both through the curse of God and his father Noah . When Noah awoke , hee said to Cham his sonne knowst not thou how it is become of Caine the sonne of Adam , and of his churlelike blood , that for them all the worlde is drowned saue eight persons , and wilt thou nowe begin barbarisme againe , whereby the world in after ages shall be brought to consummation ? well vpon thee it shall bee , and so I pray the Great one it maie fall out , for to thee I giue my curse , and withall the north part of the world , to draw thine habitation vnto , for there shall it be where sorrow care , colde , and as a mischieuous and vnrespected churle thou shalt liue , which part of the earth shall be termed Europe , which is the countrie of churles ▪ Iaphet come hither my sonne , on thee will I raine my blessing , deare insteede of Seth : Adams sonne , I make thee a gentleman , and thy renowne shall stretch through the west part of the world , and to the end of the Occident , where wealth and grace shall flourish , there shall be thine habitation , and thy dominion shall bee called Asia , which is the cuntrie of gentlemen . And Sem my sonne , I make thee a gentleman also , to multiply the blood of Abell slaine so vndeseruedlie , to thee I giue the Orient , that part of the world which shal be called Affrica , which is the country of temperatenes : and thus diuided Noah the world and his blessings . From the of-spring of gentlemanly Iaphet came Abraham , Moyses , Aaron and the Prophets , and also the king of the right line of Mary , of whom that only absolute gentleman Iesus was borne , perfite God and perfite man , according to his manhood king of the lande of Iuda and the Iewes , and gentleman by his mother Mary princesse of coat armor .

How long coate armours began before Christs incarnation .

Iaphet was the first that euer made target , and therein he made a Ball in token of al the world , and afterward two thousand eightene yeares before the incarnation of Christ , coate armor was made , namely at the siege of Troy , where the first beginning of the law of armes was seene , as is prooued in the Booke called Gesta Troianorum , and that lawe was begunne before any law in the worlde ▪ but the lawe of Nature , and before the ten commaundements of God . And this law of Armes was grounded vppon the nine orders of Angels in heauen , crowned with nine seuerall pretious stones , differing in colours and vertues , nine seuerall waies , from which are taken the nine colours in Armes , as shall follow .

Of the first stone called Topasion , signifying gold in armes .

This stone Topasion is a semi stone and is called gold in armes , the vertue thereof is , that gentleman which shall leaue this stone in his armes , shall bee a sure messenger to his king in the day of battaile because this stone was reserued in the angels crowne which was a true messenger and firme in the heauenly battaile against Lucifer .

Of the second stone .

The second stone is called Smaragdus , and is called vert ( that is , greene ) in armes the vertue therof is , the gentleman which beares it in his coate armour shall bee valiant , stout , and coragious in his kings battaile , the which stone was reserued in the archangels crowne , which was most puissant in the conflict with Lucifer .

Of the third stone .

The third stone is called an Ametise , and it is Bruske in armes , the vertue thereof is he which beareth it in his coate-armour shal be fortunate to conquest in his kings battaile , which stone was reserued to the vertuous crowne , which was fortunate and vertuous in the heauenly combate against Lucifer .

Of the fourth stone .

The fourth stone is called a Margaret , a cloudie stone , & is called in armes plumby , the vertue therof is , whoso leaues it in his coate-armour , hee shal haue great gouernement in his kings conquests , the which stone is reserued in the potestates crowne , which were the commaunders in the heauenly battaile against Lucifer .

Of the fift stone .

The fift stones is called a loys , and in armes sanguine or synamer , the vertue thereof is , the gentleman which beares it in his coate armour shall bee mightie of power in his kings battaile , the which stone was reserued in Dominations crowne that were only powerfull in the king of heauens battaile against Lucifer .

The sixt stone .

The sixt stone is called a ruby , and is in armes gules , the vertue thereof is , the gentleman which beareth it in his coate armor , shall be hot and full of vigor in his kings battaile , the which stone was reserued in the principallest crowne , who were fiery hot in heauenly battaile against Lucifer .

Of the seuenth stone .

The seuenth stone is called a Saphyr , & in armes Azure , the vertue whereof is , the gentleman which in his coate armour beareth that stone , shall be wise and vertuous in all his actions in the battaile of his king , which stone was reserued to the crowne of the thrones which were wise and vertuous in the heauenly battaile against Lucifer .

Of the eight stone .

The eight stone is a diamond a blacke stone , and called sable in armes , the vertue thereof is , the gentleman which beareth it in his coate armor shall be durable and vnfainting in his kings battaile , which stone was kept in the Cherubins crowne , which neuer fainted , or shrunke in the warre against Lucifer .

Of the ninth stone .

The ninth stone is called a carbuncle , a shining stone , and in armes is called siluer , or argent , the vertue thereof is , what gentleman soeuer beares it in his coate armor , shall be doughty , glorious , and shining in his kings battaile : which stone was reserued to the Seraphins crowne who were full of might , glorie , and brightnes in the kings battaile of heauen against Lucifer .

Of the nine colours which is worthy , which royall .

Of these nine sundry colours due to coat armors , there are fiue worthy , and foure royall , the fiue worthy are these , Golde ( otherwise called Or ) Vert , Brusk , Plumby , and Sanguin , and the foure royall are these , Gules , Asure , Sable , and Siluer . But nowe according to the blasers of armes there are but sixe colours of the which two are mettall , and foure coulours , gold and siluer for mettall , vert , gules , asure , and sable , for colours , and no other vsed .

Of the nine stones , which noble , which of dignitie .

Of the nine pretious stones before spoken of , fiue of them are noble , and foure of dignitie , the fiue noble stones are these , the Topasion , Smaragdus , Amatis , Margaret , and Aloys , the foure of dignity are the Ruby , Saphyre , Diamond , and Carbunckle .

Of the orders of Angels .

Of the nine orders of Angels , there are fiue Ierarchy , thronely , the fiue Ierarchy , are Angel , Archangels , Vertues , Potestats , and Dominations the foure thronely be these , Principalles , Thrones , Cherubins and Seraphins .

Of the dignities of Regaltie .

There are nine dignities of regaltie , fiue noble , & foure excellent , the fiue noble are these , gentleman , squire , knight , barron , and Lorde : and the foure excellent are , Earle , Marquesse , Duke , and Prince .

Of the nine vertues of pretious stones .

There are nine vertues of pretious stones , fiue generall , and foure special , the fiue general are these , a sure messenger , valiant and stoute , fortunate to conquest , great in gouernement , and mightie in power , the foure speciall are , hot in courage , wise & vertuous , durable , and vnfainting , and doughty , and glorious .

Of the foure vertues of chiualry .

Chiualry hath foure vertues , the first , iust in his actions , cleanenes of his person , pitty to the poore , gratious in prison , reuerent and faithfull to his God : the second is , that he be wise in battaile , prudent in his fighting , hauing his wit alwaies in a readinesse : the third is , that he be not slow in his warres , regard that his quarrell be true , thanke God euer for his victorie , and to haue measure in his sustinaunce : the fourth , to be strong and stedfast in his gouernment , to hope of victory , not to fly the field , nor shame his coate armor , also that hee bee not boasting proud of his manhood , looke that he be curteous , lowly , and gentle , and without ribawldry in his language .

Of the nine articles of gentrie .

There are nine articles of gentrie , of which fiue are amorous and foure soueraigne , the fiue amorous are these , lordly of countenaunce , sweet in speech , wise in answere , perfitte in gouernement and cherefull to faithfulnes : the foure soueraigne are these fewe , oathes are no swearing , patient in affliction , knowledge of his owne birth and to feare to offend his soueraigne .

Of nine vices contrary to gentlemen .

There are nine vices contrary to gentlemen , of which , fiue are indeterminable , and foure determinable , the fiue indeterminable are these , to bee full of slouth in warre , to bragge of his prowesse , to be cowardly to his enimy , to be lecherous in body , and to be alwaies drinking and euer drunke . The foure determinable are , to reuoke his owne challenge , to kill his prisoner with his owne handes , to runne awaie from his colours in the field , and lastly to tell his soueraigne vntruthes or lies .

Of the nine inestimable reioynings in armes .

These are the nine inestimable reioynings in armes , first is , for a gentleman to bee made a knight in the field at battaile , the seconde is , liuelyhood of him to receiue after manhood , the third is , chiualrie to do before his soueraigne , the fourth embassage to be put vnto him for wisdome , the fift is prowesse of knighthood done before aliens in honor of renown , these in armes as called the fiue authentique , nowe followe the foure ending stremitalles personall , the first , a poore knight to be married to the blood royall , the second is , to haue thankes of his soueraigne perpetuall , the third is , to keepe his coate armor vnshamed in triall , and the fourth is to keepe all the pointes of his knighthoode , as Gesta ●royanorum declareth .

Of the two orders , wedlocke and knighthoode , and how knighthood was made before coate armor was ordained .

The two first orders that euer were ordained , was first wedlock , and then knighthood , & knighthood was before any coate armor , for Olibion was the first and primere knight that euer was , whose father Asteriall came by the right line of Iaphet , who seeing the people multiply without any gouernour , and that the cursed race of Cham warred against them , Olibion being the strongest and most manfull in those times , the people cried on him to bee their maister and gouernour , there were in those daies one thousand multiplied of the line of Iaphet , whereupon Asteriall made for his sonnes heade a garland of nine seuerall pretious stones , for a signe that he was the gouernour of a thousand men : and to this daie the name of a knight in latine signifieth the gouernour of a thousande men , then Olibion kneeled to Asteriall his father and required his blessing , who tooke Olibions sword which was Iaphets , Fawchion made by Tuball before the flood , and smote flatling nine times on the right shoulder of Olibion in token of the nine vertues of the foresaide pretious stones ▪ and gaue him his blessing with a charge to keepe the nine vertues of charity which hereafrer follow .

The articles which knights should keep , to wit , fiue temporal , and foure ghostly .

Charity hath nine vertues , fiue temporall , and foure ghostly , the fiue temporal vertues are these : the first , he shal not turne his backe to his enemie for to flie : the second , hee shall truely keepe his promise to his friend , and also to his foe : the thirde , he shall be bountifull in hospitality and those about him : the fourth , he shall maintaine and vpholde all maidens rites : and the fift , that he defend widowes from oppression : the foure ghostly are these , the first , he shal honour his father & mother : the second , he shal not wrong the poore : the third , he shal be mercifull : the fourth , he shall mainetaine the statutes of the great God of heauen . This done , Asteriall gaue Olibion a target of Oliue tree , with three corners triangular , two aboue his face , and one downe to the earth : in token that Olibion was the chiefe of all the bloode of the three sons of Noah , by the oliue tree he ment victory to winne by the point of his target to the ground-ward the cursed brother Cham , by the corners of his target aboue , the further signified Sem , that next him the true gentleman Iaphet , of whom God and man issued by the right line .

Of the seuerall maners of Knighthood .

There is two maner of knighthoods , one with the sword , the other with the bath ▪ but the bath is worthiest , bicause of foure royalties , one is when a yong Prince is made knight , or to be crowned king : the second is , when a King or an Emperour is crowned : the third is when a Queene or an Empresse is crowned , the fourth when a King or an Emperour talke with Embassadours of forraine Countries .

Of nine sortes of gentlemen .

First , there is a gentleman of ancestry and blood .

A gentleman of blood .

A gentleman of coat-armour , and those are three , one of the kings badge , another of lordship , and the third of killing a Pagan .

A gentleman vntriall : a gentleman Ipocrafet : a gentleman spirituall and temporall : There is also a gentleman spirituall and temporall , and all these are better set downe hereafter .

The diuers maners of gentlemen .

There are foure maner of gentlemen , to wit , one of auncestrie which must needes bee of blood , and three of coate-armour , and not of blood : as one a gentleman of coate-armour of the Kings badge , which is of armes giuen him by an Herauld : an other is , to whome the King giueth a Lordeshippe , to a Yeoman by his letters pattents , and to his heires for euer , whereby hee may beare the coate-armour of the same Lordeshippe : the Hinde is , if a Yeoman kill a gentleman , Pagan , or Sarazen , whereby he may of right weare his coate-armour : and some holde opinion , that if one christian doe kill an other , and if it be in lawfull battell , they may weare eache others coate-armour , yet it is not so good as where the Christian killes the Pagan . And againe if the King make any yeoman knight , that same knight is a gentleman of blood by the royaltie of the king and knighthoode .

Of a gentleman spirituall .

A churles sonne being made a Priest is a gentleman spirituall to God but not of blood : but if a gentlemans sonne be made a priest , he is both a gentleman spirituall and temporall : Christ was a gentleman by his mothers side , and bare coate-armour by auncestry : the foure Euangelists are testimonies of his workes in the Gospell , together with the Apostles , they were Iewes and issued from Gentlemen by the right line of that famous Conquerour Iudas Machabeus , but that through the ruine of times their kinreds fell to pouertie after the destruction of Iudas Machabeus , whereby they fell to labour , and were esteemed for no gentlemen : and the foure doctours of the holy church , saint Ierome , saint Augustine , Ambrose and Gregorie were Gentlemen of blood , and of coate armour .

Of the nine diuisions of coat-armours .

There are nine diuisions of coate-armours , fiue perfit , foure vnperfite : the fiue perfite are these , Terminall , Colaterall , Abstract , Fixall , and Bastard : and of these fiue I will speake more largely , with their differences .

Difference Imbordring .

Terminall is called in Armes all the brethren of the right line either by father or mother , may beare the right heires coate-armour , with a difference called Imbordring .

Difference Iemews .

Colaterall is called in Armes , the sonnes of the brethren of the right heire bearing the coate-armors of their fathers with a difference Iemewes .

Difference Mollet .

Fixall in Armes is called the third degree by the right line from the right heire by line male , they may beare their fathers coate-armour with a difference Mollet .

Difference Countertreuis .

The bastard of Fixall shall beare his fathers coate armour Countertreuis , that is to say , whatsoeuer he beareth in his field , he shall beare in the same seuerall colours , and no more .

Of the foure coat-armors imperfit .

Foure coate-armours there are imperfit , and are borne without any difference , the first coat-armor is if a Lordship ( as before saide ) be giuen vnder pattent by the King , if he died without heires his coat-armour dieth with him : the second is , when the King giueth a coate-armour , if he die without heire his coate dieth also , and if either of these coate-armours haue issue , the fift degree of them bearing line by male , are Gentlemen of blood by lawe of armes : the third being the coate-armor of a Pagan , if the christian die without heire his coate-armour dieth , but if he haue issue also , the fift degree in like sort after him are gentlemen of blood ▪ the fourth coat armour , of the chiefe blood if hee die without any issue , then the whole coate-armour is lost , and becommeth a coate-armour of the vnperfite . All the bastards of all the coate-armours , shal beare a fesse , or ( as some call it ) a baston of one of the foure dignities of colours , except the bastardes of the fixialles , the bastard of the brethren of the chiefe blood , where the inheritance is diuided to euery brother alike , these bastards shall adde more badgie vnto his armes , and take away a badgie of armes .

Who shall giue coate armours .

Not one of the nine orders of royaltie , but onely the soueraigne King shall giue coate-armour , for it is impropriat to him by law of Armes : and yet the King shall not make a knight without coate-armor before : and euery knight chiefe generall in the field may make a coate-armour knight .

Where a Knight may onely be made .

In fiue seuerall places may a knight be made , as in musters in the land war , in marching vnder baners , in listes of the bathe , and at the sepulchre .

A laced coate-armour is on the mothers side .

A laced coate-armour is called the coate of a gentlewoman maried to a man hauing no coat-armor , her sonne may weare her coate with a difference of Armes during his life by the curtesie of the lawe of Armes , but his sonne shall beare no coate-armour , except that the gentlewoman be heire , or the next of blood to the coate-armour , or else doe deriue her birth from the blood royall , and then shall her heire beare her coate-armour .

How Churles are made gentlemen , and called Vntriall , and Ipocrifat .

Churles are made two sorts of gentlemen which are neither of blood , nor coat-armour , one is called in armes a gentleman vntriall , which is to say , made vp amongst religious men , as Priors , Abbats , or Bishops , the other is called in Armes a gentleman apocrifat , that is to say , made vp , and so intitled by the liuery of a gentleman or man of honor .

Of the sixe differences in Armes .

There be sixe differences in Armes , two for excellent , foure for the Nobles , Labell , and imborduring , for excellent , Iemews , Mollets , flower de luce , and Quintfoiles for nobles .

Of nine Quadrats in blazing Armes .

In blazing of Armes are nine quadrates , fiue quadrates finiall , and foure royall , the fiue finiall are Gereri , Gerundi , Fretly , Geratly , and Endently , Gereri is called in Armes when coate-armours haue nine quarters diuers colours : Gerundi is called in armes when the coate is of nine seuerall colours , and a fusi-target within the coate of what colour soeuer it be . Fretly is called in Armes when the coat is counterseised . Geratly is called in Armes when the coat-armour is powdred : but the blazer shal not say , he beareth ermin , siluer powdred with ermin , but he shall say , hee beareth ermin , or else in some Armes hee must say demi ermin , which is to say , whitly ermin . And now for that in the fifth quadrate finiall , it is determined touching the signes of armes : before I proceede vnto it I will shewe what manner of signes a man may weare , for a gentleman may not weare signes of Armes but of stayning colours , that is to say , his coat-armour ynyat or else gerat ▪ Gerating hath nine badges of coate-armours , first with croslets , and of them there are foure sortes , namely , crosse fixily , crosse paty , crosse croslets , and crosse flory : the second badge is flowre de luce : the third is croslets : the fourth is primerose : the fift is quinfoiles : the sixt is diaclis : the seuenth is chaplets , the eight is mollets , and the ninth is cressents , which is halfe moones , and these are the powders of coat-armours .

The fift quadrate is called Endently of three seuerall wayes , which is Bebally , Lentally and fiesly : Bebally is called in armes when a coate-armour is endented of two seuerall colours in the length of the coate-armour : Lentally is called in armes when the coate-armour is endented with two seuerall colours in the breadth of the coate : fiesly is called in armes three maner of wayes , fessy badge , fessy target , fessy general : fessy badge is when signes of armes are disseuered from the chiefe of the coate-armour to the right spleier in the field ▪ fessy target is when a scutchion is made in the midst of the coat-armor : fessy generall is called in armes when the coat-armour is endented with two seuerall colours , from the last point of the coate-armour to the spleyer , the chiefe is called in armes the midst of the coate of the right side : Quadrate in armes is called when the field is set with some token of armes : a quadrate finiall is called in armes when the field is discoloured with signes of armes , hauing no beast in the field : a quadrate royall is when the fielde occupieth the signe of a beast , or any other signe set within the coate-armour to the number of fiue : the first quadrate is a token of armes onely set : the second quadrate royall is bearing in his coate three things called the signes of armes , that is to say , three flower de luces , three fiscialls , three roses , three chaplets , three libbards , three lions : and so the fourth quadrate royall is to beare a beast rampant , bebally , lentally , and fessely .

What coats restriall be , and where the Blazer shall beginne to blaze .

There are three coats called restriall in armes , one is when a coat is barry of diuers colors to the point , and what colour the point is , of that colour is the field , and there the blazer shall beginne : the second coat restriall is , when a coate is paly , of diuers colors to the point , then what colour the point is , the same is the fielde , and there shall the Blazer beginne : the the third coat restriall is called in armes when a coat is sentry of diuers colours to the point , and what the point is , that is the field , and so the Blazer shall blaze from that colour to the next colour on the left side of the coate and blaze the colour sentry .

Of diuerse woordes of Art in Armes .

A senter in armes is called staker of tents :

Fixiall in armes , is called milne pickes :

Mangis in armes are called a sleue : gorgis bee called in armes water budgettes : Elynelles bee called in armes foure quadrates trucholles : Oglis in armes are called gunnestones : tortlettes are called in armes Wastell : Diaclys are called in armes scopperilles : Myrris are called in armes mirrours or glasses : Feons are called in armes broade-arrowe heades : Tronkes are called in armes anie beastes heades , or neckes : Demi in armes is called halfe of anie thing : Countertreuis is called in armes , when halfe the beast is of one colour , and the other halfe of an other . Euerie coate that beareth a crosse to the point , the pointe is the fielde , as Saint George beareth gules foure anglettes of siluer , but against this rule there are some heraldes repugnant , as shall be shewed in the booke insuing ▪ These three tearmes , of , and , with , shall not bee rehearsed in armes but cure anie of them .

Of the diuerse bearings of fieldes .

There bee diuerse bearings of fieldes : as one is bearing whole fielde , and that is called in armes Claurie . The seconde is bearing two fieldes , and it is called in armes countlie . The thirde is bearing two fields in foure quarters , and it is called in armes quarterlie .

Of three coate armors grittie .

There are in armes three coates grittie , one called checkie , that is , when the fielde is checked with sundrie colours : the second is called windie , that is , when as the fielde is made like waues of one or of diuerse colours . The thirde is called verrie , when the fielde is made like goblettes of sundrie colours .

In armes are two pinions , also what claurie , counterlie , and quarterlie is .

There are in armes two pinions one is when the fielde is a saultire , or Saint Andrewes crosse which maie bee claurie counterlie , or quarterlie : claurie is called plaine of one coulour , counterlie is when colours quarterlie bee two colours sette in two quarters .

The seconde pinion is called cheffrounce , that is , a couple of sparis , and , that maie be claurie , counterlie , quarterlie , gerery , or byallie .

Gerery is when three cheffrounce be together or moe .

Byall is when a barre is betweene two cheffrounce .

Here endeth the most speciall things of the book of the genealogie of coate armours , the true insearcher , to displaie gentlemen from churles , and nowe shall follow , the exact booke of blasing of all maner of armes whatsoeuer , both in latin , french , and english .

Explicit prima pars .

The title of Barons growne in England by discent to the daughters and heires thereof .

FIrst the auncient and laudable custome of this Realme agreeable to the Realme of France and Spaine , and their Dominions where women are capable of the Feodales , and that the husbandes in right of their wiues passeth their Feodall dignities , stiles and titles .

That custome is a sufficient and the chiefest rule to determine this question , is prooued by the common principle , Consuetudo in vnaquaque regione estomnium dignitatum & iurisdictionum origo firma et principium . And by Baldwine Consuetudini standum est disponendi de nobilitate , et consuetudines loci faciunt quem nobilem qui alias non esset nobilis .

To proue the antiquitie and continuance of that custome in this Realme , appeareth by an Abstract of many examples in euery kings reigne , chusing ( of many ) one person , hauing the dignitie of a Baron by the right of his wife , as followeth in euery Kings gouernement since the conquest .

William Conquerour : Iohn Talbot a Norman came into England with William the Conqueror , and married Mawd daughter and heire of Richard Lord Talbot of Longhope in England , in whose right the said Iohn was Lord Talbot of Longhope , of whom the Earle of Shrewsbury is descended .

William Rufus : Eustace fitz Iohn the sonne of Monoculus Lord of Knaresburgh married Beatrice daughter and heire of Yuan Lord Vescy , in whose right the saide Eustace was Lord Vescie , of whome the Earle of Cumberland is descended , and writeth himselfe Lord Vescy .

Henry the first : Ioceline sonne to the Duke of Brabant married Agnes daughter and heire to William Lord Percy , in whose right he was lord Percy , of whom the Lords of Northumberland are descended .

King Stephen : Morice fitz Harding maried Alice daughter and heire to Robert Lord Barkeley , of Whom is descended the Lord Barkeley .

Henry the second : Iohn Molton knight maried Mawd daughter and heire of William Meschines Lord Egremond , in whose right he was Lord Egremond , whose heire generall was married to the L. Fitzwater , of whom is descended the Erle of Sussex , and writeth himselfe Lord Egremond .

Richard the first : Adam de Port lord of Basing married Isabell daughter and heire of Robert Lorde Haya of Haluna , of whom descended the lord Saint Iohn of Basing auncester to the marquesse of Winchester .

King Iohn : Iohn de Placetis maried the daughter and heire of Walleram Earle of Warwicke , in whose right he was Earle of Warwicke , which Iohn died without issue , after whose death the saide countesse of Warwicke was maried to Master Mandret baron of Haushap , who also was Earle of Warwike in her right , of whom are descended the Earles of Huntington , warwicke , Leycester , and others .

Henry the third : Henry hastings knight , maried Ione daughter and heire of Master Cantilyp Lorde of Aburgauenie , in whose right he was Lord of Aburgauenie .

Edware the first ▪ Roger Lord Clyfford maried Isabell daughter and heire of Robert Dipount Lord of Westmerlande , in whose right he was Lorde of Westmerland .

Edward the second : Sir Iohn Charlton knight maried Auis daughter & heire of Owen ap Griffith Lord powys , in whose right he was Lord Powys .

Edward the third : Iohn Fitz Allen sonne to Richard Earle of Arundell maried Mary daughter and heire of Iohn Lord Matrauers in whose right hee was Lord Matrauers .

Richard the second : Sir Warrin Gerard knight , maried Isabel daughter and heire of Iohn Lord Lile in whose right he was Lord Lisle .

Henry the fift : Sir William Louel knight maried Elinor daughter and heire of Iohn Lorde Morloy , in whose right he was Lord Morley .

Henry the fift : Iohn Tuchet maried Ione daughter and heire of Nicholas Lord Awdley , in whose right he was Lord Awdley .

Henry the sixt : William Bourchier maried Margaret daughter and heire of Richard lord Barnes , in whose right he was Lord Barnes .

Edward the fourth : Iohn Grey Knight , maried Elizabeth the daughter and heire of Iohn Talbot , Vicount Lysle , in whose right hee was Vicount Lysle .

Henry the seuenth : George Lord Stanley maried Ione the daughter and heire of Iohn Lorde Strange , in whose right he was Lord Strange .

The names also of diuers persons ( taken out of an infinite number ) within other realmes which in right of their wiues haue enioyed all maner of noble and princely titles .

Otheline erle of Burgoin was in right of his wife Earle of Artoys .

Philip the Long , in right of Iane daughter to the said Otheline was Earle of Burgoine .

King Henry the second of England , was in right of Elenor his mother , Duke of Guyenne , and Erle of Poictow .

Endo Duke of Burgoine was in the right of Iane his wife daughter and heire to Philip the Long , & Iane his wife Earle of Burgoine .

Philip the son of Eudo was in the right of Iane his wife Earle of Artois and Boloigne .

William Godfrey , in the right of his wife was Earle of Tholous .

Philip le Grand Erle of Flanders was in the right of Elizabeth his wife Earle of Vermandois .

Bauldwine Earle of Henault in the right of Margaret his wife sister and heire to Earle Philippe was Earle of Flanders .

Fernand sonne of Sanctiz King of Portugall , in the right of Iane his wife was Earle of Flanders .

Thomas of Sauoy second husband to the saide Iane , was in her right ( although hee had no issue by her ) Earle of Flaunders .

Maximilian Archduke of Austria ( before hee was elected emperour ) was in right of Mary his wife , the heire general of Charles duke of Burgoine and Isabell of Burbon duke of Burgoine , of Zotnih , of Brabant , of Limbourgh , Earle of Flaunders , Artoys , Burgoyne , Henault , Holland , Zeland , Lord of Salignis , and Malignis .

Philip of Burgoine by Bona his wife was earle of Ew .

Godfrey Duke of Bullen , in the right of Mawde his wife was head Lorde of Ieturia , Marquesse of Antona , Pisa and Luques .

Hugh sonne to Henry the first King of Fraunce , was in the right of his wife Earle of Vermandois : and Ralfe his sonne was by his mother Earle after him .

Peter Earle of Alanson , in the right of Mawd his wife was earle of Bloys .

Hugh Earle of Saint Paule , by the right of Marie his wife was Earle of Blois , and Iohn his sonne erle of the same after him .

Hambert surnamed Blandemaine Earle of Brittaine , and so was Geffrey Plantagenet in the right of Constance his wife .

Guy earle of Spaine , was in right of his wife erle of Neuers : and so Adolfe Duke of Cleue Earle of Neuers by his wife .

Charles the second of Fraunce , was in right of Susan his wife Duke of Burbonnois , of Auuergne , earle of Cleriust , visast of Charlot and Marrot , lorde of Beumolois chaire and chamberlaine of France .

Emanuell Philibert now duke of Sauoy in right of his wife Spannage is duke of Berry .

The Prince of Orange by his wife while shee liued was earle of Buer : and their sonne now Earle by his mother .

Now , after these examples both at home and abroad followeth the particular proofe by matter of record , viz. that the aforesaide custome hath euer taken place in the Baronies of Willoughby and Eresby , &c.

ANd that sir Richard Welles sonne of the Lord Welles was Lord Willoughby in the right of Ione his wife daughter and heire of Robert lord Willoughby .

And also sir Richard Hastings knight in the right of Ione his wife daughter and heire of the saide Richard Welles and Ione , was both Lord Welles and L. Willoughby reputed , called , and written immediatly after the death of Richard Welles lord Wells and Willoughby before any parleament called or summoned , as appeared in their Court rolles and other euidences .

And if the said sir Richard Hastings had been called thereto by Writ , he could not after the forme of the writ be summoned , but by denomination of one of the baronies , who vsing both the titles of the Baronies , then he must of necessitie be reputed to hold the other in right of his wife .

And if sir Ri. Welles and Rich. Hastings had bin created , then should the dignitie haue descended to the heires of Wels & Hastings , and not reuerted to the house of Willoughby , neither could Christopher Willoughby the grandfather , neither William lord Willoughby father of the duchesse nf Suffolke haue vsed as they did ( and may be prooued by euidence , & matter of record ) the stile of L. Willoughby before they were called by Writ to parleament .

Furthermore , after the death of William L. Willoughby , the said duchesse as his sole daughter and heire enioyed the title & stile of Lady Willoughby , descended to her from her father , at which time sir Christopher Willoughby knight , yonger sonne of lord Christopher , and brother to the lord William Willoughby claimed the dignitie as heire male and the claim being heard , the title was adiudged to the lady Katherine now duchesse .

¶ Here beginneth the Blazing of Armes .

I Haue shewed to you in the former Booke how Gentlemen beganne , and howe armes were first ordained , and how many colours there bee in coate-armours , and the difference of coate-armours , with many other things which heere are needelesse , to be rehearsed . And now I entend to proceede to coates caried in Armes , and the blazing of all armes : But by the way , should I stand vpon all sundrie deuises borne in Armes , as the Peacocke , the Pie , the Dragon , the Lion , the Dolphine , with leaues and flowers , I should rather cumber and tire the Reader with friuolous circumstance , than any way instruct him in that which I vndertake : Therefore I shall shortly and truely teach you to blaze all Armes : if you giue diligent intention to the rules that I doe prescribe which shall not be many , but passing effectuall : And because the Crosse is the most worthie coate or marke which is carried in Armes , I wil beginne with the Crosse , in which the renowmed and valiant Prince king Arthur had such great trust , so that he left his armes which hee bare of the three dragons , and another coat he bare of three crownes and tooke to his armes , a Crosse of siluer in a fielde of vert , and on the right side an Image of the virgin Mary with her Sonne in her armes , and vnder that signe of the crosse he atchieued many great & wonderfull conquests : of which our Chronicles at this day make mention : also I haue read this signe of the crosse to be sent from God to that blessed man Mercurie , as Vincentius saith in his Speculo historiali of the maruellous and strange death of Iulian the apostata emperour lib. 15. saith , that an Angell brought to the aforesaid Mercury , al armour necessary , with a shield of azure , and a crosse flouery with foure Roses of golde in this manner as is here set downe :

blazon or coat of arms and I neuer heard that euer any Armes came from heauen , but in them was the signe of the Crosse , except onely the Armes of France , which Armes were sent by an Angell from heauen , three floures in maner of swords in a shield of azure , which Armes were giuen to the King of France in signe of euer-lasting trouble , that he and his successors should euer be punished with wars and ciuill broiles .

blazon or coat of arms

Of Armes in which are carried the signe of the Crosse .

Now I turne againe to the signe of the Crosse and aske a question , how many Crosses be borne in armes ? To which question , vnder any certaine number I dare not answere , for Crosses innumerable are now borne daily : but descending to euery Crosse which I haue seene before , and heere meane to set downe , the plaine crosse shall be first described , of which crosse more doubts be made than of many other Crosses . Forasmuch as wise men in blazing of Armes hold for a certaine rule that you must begin to blaze at the lowest point of the shield . If the point be of one colour : and so that colour that is in the point of the sheelde is the fielde of the armes .

But in that rule to remooue away all doubtes ye must very diligently obserue , that that same rule is true with a little addition , that is to wit , that in Armes to be blazed , it is alwayes to beginne at the point of the shield , if the point bee of one colour , then that is true : if the colour of the point be more copious or greater in those Armes , and then without doubt you shall beginne there , or else not . And when the colours be equall parted , either in length or ouerthwart , then euermore you shall beginne to blaze those Armes in the right side , and in that case you shall haue no respect to the point .

blazon or coat of arms

And in the same manner all Armes , hauing a plaine Crosse , are to bee blazed : Therefore they that say S. George beares the fielde of gules with foure quarters of siluer do erre , for by those reasons a plaine Crosse should neuer be found in armes , nor well nie any difference in armes .

Of a Crosse of an equall length in euery part .

A plaine crosse is found in armes differing from the first : and it is of an equall length on euery parte , as it appeareth here :

blazon or coat of arms and these armes be harder than the other to blaze , for the ends of this crosse touch not the hemmes or vtter part of the shield in no part , in which you shall say , that he that beareth these armes , in Latin Ille portat de asuro cum vna cruce plana aurea aequalis longitudinis ex omni parte : in French , Il port d'azure vn cros plain d'un longre per tont : in English he beareth azure with a plaine crosse or of equall length on euery part . And this is the difference in blazing , that the endes of this crosse are in equall length , which cannot be saide in the plaine crosse before where the foote is the longest part if it be well made . And this difference shal appeare better in a coate-armour then it doth in a shield , And this is the euident difference betweene the crosses aforesaide .

Of a plaine crosse straight .

There is an other crosse equaller straight in the middest then in the ends , as in this coate with open corners , and not touching the border and vtmost part of the sheeld in any part , and it is called a crosse patent .

blazon or coat of arms And you shall blaze it in this maner in Latine , Ille portat vnam crucem argentatam patentem in campo nigro : in French , Il port de sable vn cros pate d'argent , in English , he doth beare sable a crosse paty of siluer .

Of a crosse patent fixible .

This crosse patent is made sharpe in the foote of the same : and it is called a crosse patent fixible , because it may be fixed in the earth , in the which crosse three partes are open in the corners and broader than in the middest : and the foote thus pointed to be fastened in the earth :

blazon or coat of arms thus to be blazed , in latine , Portat de rubeo cum vna cruce fugitiua de albo : in French , Il port de gules vn cros patee fichie argent , in English , Hee beareth gules a Crosse paty fixible of siluer : And there bee many crosses which may be made fixible , as it shall be shewed to you in diuers examples heereafter following .

Of a plaine Crosse cordid .

Amongst other Crosses one is found called a corded crosse , as is shewed in this coate insuing , which is called a corded crosse , for it is made of cordes , the which I lately sawe carried by a noble man , whose auncester indeede was of mechanicall trade , and a Roper by his occupation , as hee himselfe reported vnto mee : the which Armes I doe blaze thus in latine , Ille portat gules cum vna cruc● plana cordata de argento , in French , Il port de gules vn cros plein cordee d'argent , in English , Hee doeth beare gules a Crosse plaine corded of siluer .

blazon or coat of arms

Of a Crosse plaine perforated .

There is an other crosse which differeth maruellously from the crosse of Saint George . And heere it is to bee noted , that the opinion of such is to be reprehended , which doe affirme , that this coate is checkered , for Armes may not bee checkered , but at the least in the number of foure , but more vsuall in a greater number , as heereafter shall bee shewed .

blazon or coat of arms Therefore this coate is to be blazed thus , in Latine , Ille portat vnam crucem argenteam perforatam in campo nigro , and in French , Il port de sable vn cros d'argent partee , in English , he beareth sable a crosse perforated of siluer .

Of a besanted Crosse .

We haue another crosse carried in Armes which is called a besanted crosse , for it is made of all besants : as for besant in this coate :

blazon or coat of arms And the colour of example shall not bee expressed in blazing , for it is needlesse to say , a besant of gold , for except they be of golde they bee not besants : Therefore such a coate is thus to be blazed in Latine , Ille portat vnam crucem talentatam in campo rubeo : in French , Il port de gules vn cros besantee ▪ in English he beareth gules a crosse besanted .

A crosse floury fixible .

Now followeth an other crosse floury which is so called , because it hath floures on the point of euery of the crosses , and this crosse flourie is sometime borne in armes , fixible as in this coate , and then we properly call it a crosse floury fixible , for in three of his endes hee is flourishing , and in the foote pichable or fixible .

blazon or coat of arms Therefore we truely blaze it , in Latine , Portat vnam crucem auream floridam in campo a sur●o , in French , Il port d'azure vn cros floritee d'or , in English , hee beareth azure a crosse flourie of golde .

Of a crosse floury patent in armes .

Now followeth a crosse which is called a crosse floury patent : and it is so called , because it hath the endes open , and in the midst of euery end appeares a threed in manner of a flower , as is shewed in this coate :

blazon or coat of arms therefore it shall be saide , that hee which beareth these Armes beareth in this wise , in Latin , Portat vnam crucem floridam patentem in campo asureo , in French , Il port d'azure vn patee floritee d'or , in English , he beares azure with a crosse patent flouerie of golde .

Of a crosse wauie or vndie .

Moreouer you shall vnderstand that there is another plaine crosse which is called wauy or vndy , for it is made in the maner of water troubled with the wind , as is shewed in this coate heere sette foorth :

blazon or coat of arms Therefore he which beareth this coate shall be said to beare it thus , in Latine Portat vnam crucem planam vndosam de argento in campo rubeo , in French , Il port de gules vn cros plain vndee d'argent , in English , he beareth gules a plaine watery crosse of siluer : or a plaine crosse vndy of siluer .

Of the crosse inuecked .

In armes also there are found crosses of colours inuecked or indented , as here in this coate appeeres , and it is called a crosse inuecked , because it hath two colours one put or lincked within another :

blazon or coat of arms and of him that beareth these Armes it shal be said he beareth thus , in Latine , Portat vnam crucem planam inuectam de coloribus albis & nigris in campo rubeo , in French , Il port de gules vn cros plein verre d'argent et sable , in English , he beares gules a crosse of siluer and sable inuecked .

Of the crosse croslet .

Now followeth an other crosse which is called a crosse crosset or croslet , & he is called crosset because at euery end he is crossed as appeares by this coate :

blazon or coat of arms but this crosse is not borne so oft in armes by himselfe as other crosses neuertheles many times it is borne in diminutiues , that is to say , in little crosses crosset , and then the armes are poudred with litle crosses cruciated and of him which beareth these armes you shall say , hee beareth thus , in Latine , Portat vnam crucem cruciatam de argento in campo asureo , in French , Il port d'azure vn cros crocee d'argent , and in English , he beares azure a crosse crosset of siluer : and when such crosses diminutiues are borne without any certain number , they are called in French Crossets .

A Crosse masculet .

There is an other crosse which is called a Crosse masculet , as is shewed in this coate which here I set down , which is made of masculies , of which I will speake more at large when I speake of mascules and lozenges :

blazon or coat of arms and thus I blaze this coate , first in latin , Portat vnam crucem masculatam de argento in campo asureo , and in French , Il port d'azure vn cros masculee d'argent , in English , he beareth azure a crosse masculet of siluer .

Of a crosse masculet and perforated .

And this crosse masculet is sometime borne perforated in the mascules , as is shewed in this coate ,

blazon or coat of arms and is thus to be blazed , first in Latine in this wise , Portat vnam crucem perforatam de rubeo in scuto argenteo . in French , Il port d'argent vn cros de gules masculee persee , in English , he beareth siluer with a crosse of gules masculet peersed .

Of the Millers Crosse or mill Nut.

There is a crosse which is called the Millers cros , for it is made in the proportion of a certaine instrument of yron which beares the mil-stone , by which the stone in his course is born equaly that he fal not , nor decline to the right side , nor to the left : and hath beene giuen to Iudges to beare in their armes , signifying thereby , that as that instrument supporteth the mill stone equally that it fall not vnto one parte more than to another , so these Iudges are bound to giue equally euery one his right .

blazon or coat of arms And thus it shall be blazed in Latine , Portat crucem molendinariam argenteam in campo rubeo , in french Il port gules vn crois molein d'argent , in English , he beareth gules a Millers crosse of siluer .

Of a crosse returned .

There is a crosse which is called a crosse turned , because the endes of this crosse on euerie side turne backe with a kinde of bending like to the horne of a Ram :

blazon or coat of arms he that beareth these armes is said to beare them thus , in Latin , Portat crucem vnam auream reuersam in scute asureo , in French , Il port d'azure vn cros recercilee d'or in English , he beareth azure with a cros reuersed of gold

Of a crosse forked .

There be some which beare in their Armes a certaine forked crosse , and it is called forked , bicause the endes of it are clouen and forked .

blazon or coat of arms Therefore hee which beareth this coate shal be saide to beare this , first in latin , portat vnam crucem furcotam de auro in campo Asureo , In French , il port d'azure vn cros d'or , in English : he beareth Azure with a Crosse forked of golde .

Of a crosse engrayled or engraded .

Also there be some which in their coate armours cary a crosse engrayled or engraded , it is called engrayled , because it is endented all ouer , as well ouer the length , as ouer the breadth ,

blazon or coat of arms but in the blazing of Armes wee doe saie , this crosse is engrailed , not endented , and thus we blaze such a coate in latin , portat vnam crucem ingradatam de albo in campo Rubeo , in french , Il port de Gules vn crois ingrailee d'argent : in English , he beares gules a crosse engrailed of siluer .

Of a ragged or truncated crosse .

There is an other crosse borne which is called a crosse truncated or Ragged crosse because it is in maner of two lopped trees .

blazon or coat of arms Therefore it is saide : He which beareth this armes beareth thus , in Latine , portat vnam crucem truncatanum , de argento in campo rubeo , in French , Il port de gules vn crois recompee d'argent , in english , he beareth Gules with A crosse truncated of siluer .

Of a knottie crosse .

There is an other crosse borne in Armes which is called a knottie crosse , because on euerie end of the same crosse it hath certain knottes in forme of this coate which heere I set downe :

blazon or coat of arms which is thus blazed , in latin , portat vnam crucem auream nodulatam in scuto Asureo : in french , Il port d'azure vn crois Botone d'or : he beareth azure with a crosse knotty of golde .

And this crosse is found sometimes fixible , as I haue shewed in other coates before .

Of a crosse flourie knotted .

There is another crosse which is called a flourie knotted crosse , as is this coat which here I set down hauing both flowers and knots on euerie end of ech crosse .

blazon or coat of arms And of him which beareth this coat , it is said he beareth thus : in latine , portat crucem ▪ nodulatam , floridam , auream in campo de asuro , in French , Il port d'azure vn crois floritee botone d'or , in English , he beareth azure a crosse floury knotty of gold .

Of a crosse double parted .

There is also founde in diuerse coate armours a double partited crosse , and it is so called double parted , for if it bee deuided or parted after the longe waie , or the broade waie , yet it is still a double crosse as we see heere , and of this crosse manie doubtes haue risen , and questions growne of this Armorie , yet by Generall opinion at length alowed .

blazon or coat of arms Therefore hee which beareth these armes is said to bear thus in latin , in campo nigro , in french , il port sable vn cros double petty d'argent , in English : hee beareth sable , a crosse double partited of Siluer .

Of a crosse double parted flourished .

This crosse double parted is varyed sometimes and then it is a crosse double parted florished as here :

blazon or coat of arms neuerthelesse it is called a crosse flourie , improperlie as some do hold , for it faileth in the midst of the flower , as you shall see in the next armes following which certaine midst by no maner of wise may be in the crosse double partited , therefore hee which beareth these armes , is saide to beare them thus : in latine : portat crucem duplam partitam auream in campo Rubeo , il port de Gules vn crois double partie flouretee d'or : hee beareth a gules a Crosse double partited floury of gold .

Of a crosse tripartited florished .

As before I haue shewed you the Coate double florised for there faileth in the midst of the crosse , by which the crosse florished is made perfect , but as in this coate amidst put thereto it shall bee rightlie called a crosse tripartited , florished , and so it is rightly blazed , for diuide it by the length or breadth , it is euerie waie three folde in the midst of the crosse , and open in the pointes :

blazon or coat of arms and therefore hee which beareth these armes , beareth thus first in latin : portat crucem tripartitam de argento in campo de asuro : in french , Il port d'azure vn crois trefois partee floritee d'argent : in English he beareth azure with a crosse tripartited floury of siluer .

Of the mill nut or millers crosse shadowed or vmbrated .

There hath beene made a doubte of this vmbrated crosse , and it is called a shaddowed or vmbrated crosse , because the shadow is euermore of blacke , of what colour soeuer the field bee of , and the bodie of the shadow is of the same colour of the fielde :

blazon or coat of arms Therfore hee which beareth these armes , is said to bear in latin , portat crucem vmbratam in campo aureo in french , Il port d'azure vn crois molein vmbree : hee beareth golde with a millers crosse vmbrated or shaddowed .

Of a crosse floury Patent vmbrated .

Now this coate I here set downe for the vmbration of a certaine crosse , and this crosse is called , a crosse floury vmbrated , as here appeareth ,

blazon or coat of arms but indeed it is no Crosse , but a shadow of such a crosse , & the reason is , for the body of the same crosse is of the colour of the field and so the colour in the fielde sheweth by all the bodie of the said shaddow : and he that beareth these armes , is said to beare in latine , portat crucem floridam patentem vmbratam in campo rubeo , in French , Il port de Gules vn crois patee floritee vmbree , in english he beareth Gules , a crosse patent floury vmbrated .

Of a crosse floury patent vmbrated and perforated .

And also this crosse which here I set downe is caried in coate armours which blasing rightly , they say it is floury patent vmbrated and perforated .

blazon or coat of arms And it shall bee saide , that hee which beareth this coate , in latin , portat crucem floridam patentem vmbra am perforatam cum rubeo in campo aureo , in French , Il port d'or vn cros patee floritee vmbree partee de Gules : English , he beares gold , a crosse patent , floury shadowed , and perced with Gules .

Therefore they which will vndertake to blaze , must beware of these armes vmbrated , of which manie rules be shewed before : for there be manie families in England to this day which beare shaddowes ( diuersly in their coate armours ) of the Lyon , the Antelop , and other beasts Therefore lest the ignoraunt or vnskilfull shoulde by this mistake the rule mentioned before of colours transmuted , hee which beareth such a Lyon in his coate , shal be said to beare : in latine , Portat voum leonem vmbratum in campo aureo : in french , Il port d'or vn leon vmbree , in English , he beareth of golde a Lyon vmbrated : and there bee some skilfull in armorie which are of opinion , that such as doe carrie these vmbrated Armes , had their auncesters carrying the same whole , and without shadow at all , but their possessions and patrimonies descending to other men , their nephewes and kinsemen , onely hauing the honour without the land , bare the Armes vmbrated , leauing all other differences , disguising their coates in such sort , thinking it better to beare the armes vmbrated then whollie , vntill fortune should againe raise them to the estate of their progenitors : bearing it rather as some diuice or Empreze , then a coate in armes .

Of the hemmed or bordered crosse .

There hath risen some question , amongst heraldes of the difference betwixt this crosse fimbrated or bordered as heere appeareth , and the foresaid crosse vmbrated , because they are so much like , and at the first sight seeme to bee all one .

blazon or coat of arms But if a man behold them well he shall finde great difference , for the border of this crosse is varied as well from the colour of the Crosse , as from the colour of the field . And therefore it shall be said of him which beares these armes in latine , portat crucem nigram perforatam floridam patentem fimbriatam siue borduratam cum argento in campo Rubeo : in french , Il port de Gules vn crois floritee patee percee de sable bordure d'argent : in English , he beareth gules with a crosse floury patent pearsed of sable bordered with siluer .

Of the Ermine crosse .

There is an ermine crosse , of which there happened a disputation at London betweene a Herauld of Brittaine and one of our nation , betwixt whome it was prooued and determined , that this Crosse in armes could be of no other colour than it is here set downe :

blazon or coat of arms and hee which beares these Armes shall be saide to beare them thus , in Latine , Portat crucem erminalem , in the French . Il port vn crois erminee : in English , He doth beare a crosse ermines , without other circumstance in blazing of the same , because they must be only blacke and white , which is their proper colour .

Now that we haue spoken sufficiently of Crosses ( as before ) it followeth that we intreate of diuerse Armes quartered as heereafter shall be shewed .

ANd to speake of armes quartred , there be some Armes quartered plaine , some engraded , some irrazed , some inuecked , some indented , of the which we wil speake as they fall in their places : and first of armes quartered plaine .

Armes may be quartered three manner of wayes , the first manner is open , when two diuerse Armes are borne quarterly , as may be seene here in the Armes of France and England ,

blazon or coat of arms of which it may be saide , Portat arma regis Franciae et Angliae quarterata , in Frenche , Il port les armes de Francie e d'Angleterre quartelees , in English , Hee beareth the armes of France and England quarterly : And it shal not be offensiue to any man , that Fraunce is put before England in blazing , for we haue a generall rule , that whensoeuer in armes two colours or more bee in the point of the shield , then you shall not begin at the point to blaze them , but in the right side or part of those armes , though it be not the most worthiest coate , but because of the place you shall begin to blaze there .

Of Armes quarterly borne .

Now to speake of armes quarterly borne , when foure sundry armes or coates be quartered , as heere is shewed ,

blazon or coat of arms it shall be saide , in Latin , portat quatuor arma diuersa quarterata , in french , Il port quater armes diuerses quarterlees , in English , he beareth foure coates diuersly quartered . And if it be asked how these Armes must be blazed : The Blazer must beginne in the hiest part of the right side , first blazing the Armes in the right side , and then to the left : And you must note , that these be plaine Armes quartered .

There is an other maner of bearing Armes quartered when as two Armes quartered be borne quarterly : and it is borne most in Armes of Queenes : euen so bare that most Noble Queene of Englande Queene Anne wife to that royall Prince king Richard the second which bare the Armes of England and France , and of the Emperour of Almaine quarterly in sixteene parts , that is to say , in the right side of the shield : in the first quarter shee bare the armes of France , three flower deluces of golde in a field of azure : in the second quarter three lions of golde in a field of gules : in the third quarter , a splayed Eagle with two neckes : and in the fourth , a blacke lion ramping in a field of siluer : and so changeably shee bare these Armes in sixeteene quarters , which is seldome seene in any Armes .

Of Armes quartered and engrailed .

Now to speake of Armes quartered and engrailed , that is to say , when any Armes in his quarter is engrailed , as it appeareth in this coate here set downe ,

blazon or coat of arms and it shall be saide of him which beareth these Armes thus , in Latine , Portat de ●uro et rubio arma quarterata et ingradata , in French , Il port d'or et gules quartilee engralee , in English , He beareth gold and gules quarterly engrailed : and they are called Armes engrailed , because they bee of two colours , yet thus runne one into an other , as you see in this coate .

Of Armes quartered and irrazed .

Of these Armes quartered and rased , as by this coat appeareth , they be so called razed , bicause the colors be irrazed , as one colour in blazing were taken awaie from another .

blazon or coat of arms And it shall be saide of him which doth beare these armes thus : in Latine , Portat arma quarterata irrasa de albo et nigro , in French , Il port d'argent et sable quarterlee irrasee , in English , hee beareth siluer and sable quarterly irrazed .

Of armes quartered and inuecked .

There be armes quarterly inuecked , or as some say , they be armes quartered of colours enuecked , as here appeareth , for in them are two colours quarterly put the one into the other , and so one colour inuecked within an other :

blazon or coat of arms therefore it is saide of him that beares these armes , in Latine , portat quarteratum de asurio et auro inuectis , in French , port quartrelie verre d'azure & d'or , in English , Hee beareth quarterly inuecked azure and golde .

Of Armes quartered indented .

There be diuers Armes which be quartered indented the two colours one indented into the other , as is shewed you in this shield :

blazon or coat of arms and thus you shal blase such Armes , Portat arma quarterata indentata de rubio et auro , in French , Il port quartilee indentee de gules & d'or : in English , he beareth quarterly indented gules and golde .

Of Armes parted after the longest way .

I Intend nowe to speake of Armes diuided after the longest way , which is in sundry maners and sorts : the first partition is of two colours in armes after the longest way in plaine maner .

The second , a parting of Armes of two colours ingraded .

The third , a parting of Armes of two colours irrased .

The fourth , a parting of Armes of two colours inuecked .

The fift , a parting of Armes of two colours indented .

The sixt , a parting of Armes of two colours clouded or ●ubulated .

The seuenth , a parting of Armes of two colours wauie or vndie .

And although there be yet more than here we set downe , yet we will onely shew these coates at this time .

blazon or coat of arms

Of armes the longest way engrayled .

Of the second sort of Armes engrayled as is saide before of armes parted in colours plaine , of which , and the rest of this sort , I will not stand long , onely setting downe the Coates with their blazons whereby the maner may easily be discerned , hauing had the termes explaned to you before by example in the quartred coates before going .

blazon or coat of arms And it shall be saide of him which beareth these armes he beareth thus , in Latine , portat arma partita secundum longum ingradata de argento et nigro ▪ in French ▪ Il port d'argent ingrailee et sable partee du long , in English , he beareth siluer and sable engrayled parted after the long way .

Of armes parted irrased .

The third sort of armes parted of two sundrie colours and irrased , as before of quartered Armes irrased :

blazon or coat of arms and he which beareth these armes thus , in Latine , Portat arma partita secundum longum irrasa de argento et rubio , in French , Il port patee du long d'argent et du gules racee , in English , He beareth siluer and gules parted on length irrased .

Of Armes inuecked .

The fourth sorte of Armes parted or borne the long way in two sundry colours be inuecked , as is shewed in this coate ,

blazon or coat of arms which shall shew you howe much they differ from the coate before irrased , wherefore it is saide of him which beareth these armes , Portat arma partita secundum longum de coloribus albo & rubio inuectis , in French , Il port partee verre du loin d'argent et de gules , in English , Hee beareth armes party inuecked in length siluer and gold .

Of Armes the long way indented .

The fift manner of bearing Armes in this sort is called party endented , as is shewed to you in this coate , in like maner before , as in the quartered Armes indented :

blazon or coat of arms And it shall bee saide of him which beareth these armes , portat arma partita secundum longum de argento et nigro indentata , in french Il port partee indentee du loin d'argent et sable , in English , Hee beareth partie indented on length of siluer and sable .

Of Armes parted , cloudy , or nebulated .

The sixt part of these Armes borne , parted the long way be clouded or nebulated , as is shewed to you in this scutchion , called so , nebulated , because the coulours are mixed in manner of cloudes :

blazon or coat of arms Therefore hee which doth beare these Armes shall be said to beare this , Portat arma partita secundum longum de argento asureo in nebulata , Il port partee du loin d'argent et d'azure innuble , in English , He beareth party at length of siluer and azure innebulated .

Of armes parted wauie .

Moreouer , besides these Armes aforesaide , yet there are armes borne diuided the long way , which are parted wauy or vndy , the colours bounding one vppon an other like to water troubled with winde ,

blazon or coat of arms which Armes shall be thus blazed : portat arma partita secundum longum de argento et rubio , in Frenche , Il port partee du loin d'argent & gules vndee , in English , Hee beareth parted of siluer and gules vndie .

Now to speake of Armes diuided ouerthwart .

HEre now it followeth to speake of armes diuided ouerthwart , the which partition is done in many and sundry manners , that is to say , plaine , ingrailed , irrased , inuecked , indented , nebulated , and vndated , as in the armes before quartered , and parted :

blazon or coat of arms and first I wil begin with the plaine armes of this sort , which I shew in this Scutchion , & shall be blazed in this sort , Portat arma partita ex transuerso plana de auro et asureo , in the French , Il port partee transuersee d'or et d'azure : Hee beareth gold and azure parted ouerthwart : now you must knowe , that here is no doubt of the first rule that is , that a man should beginne at the point of the shielde , for heere is as much colour of golde as of azure .

Of Armes irrased ouerthwart .

Now will I speake of an other manner of partition of colours in Armes , as shal appeare by this scutchion of armes ouerthwart irrased ▪

blazon or coat of arms and it shal be saide of him that beares this armes , in Latine , portat arma partita ex transuerso , irrasa de auro et rubeo , in French , Il port partee transuersee irrasee d'or et gules , in English , He beareth armes parted ouerthwart , irrased of gold and gules .

Of Armes parted ouerthwart indented .

Of armes indented and parted ouerthwart I doe meane to speake , and they be called indented , by reason of the intermizture of the colours in such manner of indentings :

blazon or coat of arms and such armes are blazed in this maner , Portat arma partita ex transuerso indentata de auro et asureo , in French , Il port partiee de trauers d'or & d'azure endentee , in English He beareth golde and azure parted ouerthwart and indented .

And now to speake more of Armes parted ouerthwart , it shall be needelesse being sufficiently declared before in the rules of Armes quartered and parted , holding this maxime , inutilis est repetitio vnius ad eiusdem : And I do beleeue it shal be hard to find many more Armes parted at length or ouerthwart than bee heere rehearsed , neuerthelesse , if any bee found , the same rules shall be obserued in them as are before rehearsed .

Of Armes borne in a chiefe .

Now some men there be , who would haue these Armes which heere I haue set downe in this scutchion to be termed parted armes :

blazon or coat of arms but in this they erre very much , for that there is no equall partition of colours , nor any likenesse in diuiding the same , for in Armes parted , it is alwayes required , that the colours should be equall in quantitie , which altogether faileth in this , because three partes of the sheelde be of one colour : therefore this coate shal be blazed in this wise , Portat de argento et caput scuti de asureo cum duabus maculis perforatis de auro , in French , Il port d'argent vn chiefe d'azure et deux mulletties partees d'or , in English , He beareth siluer a chiefe of azure and two mullets perforated of golde .

And moreouer , you shall vnderstand , that no Armes can rightly be called parted Armes : But if they be of two colours , once parted , and no more : for in these Armes paled , or party paled , as in this scutchion heere set downe appeares , although they be of two colours :

blazon or coat of arms yet for that these Armes be diuersly diuided in the forme of pales , they be called paled armes , which coate is truely thus blazed , Portat arma palata de auro et asureo , in French , Il port palee d'or et azure , in English , Hee beares pale gold and azure .

Of Armes paly vndated .

Armes paly vndated be often borne when as the pales thus mixe themselues with other colours , wherewith they be borne , with a kinde of swelling like vnto waues , as is shewed heere in this scutchion ,

blazon or coat of arms which Armes are rightly blazed thus , Portat arma palata vndata vel vndosa de rubie et argento ▪ in French il port palee vndee de gules et argent , hee beareth paly vndated of gules and siluer .

Of armes paled , irrased , or crooked .

And you shall vnderstand , that these paled armes be borne diuersly , and in diuerse manners , as is shewed in this Booke , yet shal you hardly finde them in a stranger sorte than in this scutchion which heere I set downe , when the two colours paly are mixed in this rased and crooked manner :

blazon or coat of arms Therefore it shal be saide of him which doth beare this coate , Portat arma palata tortuosa de nigro et argento , Il port pale daunsete de sable et d'argent : Hee beareth pale crooked sable and siluer .

Of armes plaine barred .

As before hath already beene spoken of paled armes , nowe I intend to speake of Armes barred : and you shall vnderstand , that Armes in this sorte may be barred in sundrie manner of wise . But first I doe intend to speake of Armes plaine barred : in the blazing of the which , it is altogether vnnecessary to say , hee beareth Armes plaine barred . But onely in blazing an other coate , to shew how that differeth from plaine barred armes , for some be blazed with a lion , greyhound , or other beast , and some be powdered with crosse crossets , mullets , crescents , small birds or other differences .

blazon or coat of arms But blazing the plaine Baron , you shall saie thus , portat arma barrata de argento et nigro , in french , Il port barre d'argent & sable : in English hee beareth barry siluer and sable .

Of barred armes vndated .

As in the coats of armes before declared and spoken of , quartered , parted , and paled , so haue you likewise armes barred vndated , as heere is shewd to you in this scutchion :

blazon or coat of arms the colours meeting togither in the manner of waues , which coate you shal blaze thus : portat arma barrata vndata nigro et albo : in french , Il port barri verree de sable & argent : in English , he beares barri vndated of sable and siluer .

Of barred armes inuecked .

Barred armes inuecked are borne of diuerse gentlemen with colours inuecked : how they be borne barry wise , I shew you how in this scutchion : and he which beareth these colours in this wise shall bee said to beare thus :

blazon or coat of arms Portat arma barrata de coloribus rubio et albo inuectis , in french , Il port barri verre de gules & d'argent , hee beareth barri inuecked of Gules and siluer , and I beginne with gules because that coloure is the first in the right corner .

Of armes barry crooked or sharpe .

There bee some which beare armes crookedlie barred as appeareth in this scutchion , and you shall make the like difference in this , as in the eolours borne in armes , paled after the same maner ,

blazon or coat of arms and he which beareth these armes shall bee saide to beare in this sort : Portat arma barrata tortuosa de nigro et auro : in French , Il port barri d'auncete du sable & d'or : he beareth barry crooked sable and golde .

Of armes bendi barred .

Now to speake of armes bendie barred so called , because the two colours bee ioined togither bendy wise , as is shewd to you by example in this scutchion ,

blazon or coat of arms and therefore it shall bee said of him which beareth these armes . In latin , Portat arma bendaria de rubeo et auro . Il port barri bendee de gules & d'or : he beareth barri bended of gules and gold .

And you must be ware and haue an especiall care in blazing armes paled barred or bendy , otherwise you may easily mistake , and be deceiued in the same , for that coat is rightly paled in , which the pales of both colours be equal in number , and if so be they be not equall as I prescribe , you cannot in blazing tearm them paled : & I find in diuers coats two pales of one colour , & three of another , as in this scutchion which here I set downe , where as the gules seemeth to bee only the field ,

blazon or coat of arms therefore the gentleman which beareth these armes shall bee saide to beare this : Portat duos palos aureos in campo reubio : I l port de gules , e deux pales d'or , he beareth gules two pales of gold .

And you shall commonly and vsually finde in armes a barre betwixt two little barres or barrets as we tearme them in armorie both the lines or little barres , beeing of the same colour of the great barre betwixt them :

blazon or coat of arms as you perceiue by this scutchion which coate shall bee thus blazed : portat vnam Barram et duas Barrulas de albo in campo de Reubio : in french , Il port de gules vn barree & deux barrelettee d'argent : in English hee beareth gules , one barre betwixt two little barrets of siluer .

Of armes barred with barrets flourie .

And those barres or small lines be sometimes florished , as here in this scutchion you maie see , and so called florished , for that they be made in the manner of floure deluces ,

blazon or coat of arms which coate shall bee blazed in this maner , portat vnam barram et duas barrulas floridas albas in scuti de asurio : il port d'azure vn barree et deux barrilettes floritees d'argent : he beareth azure , a barre betwixt two barrelets of siluer .

Of bends borne in armes .

And now comming to speake of bendes borne in armes , you must vnderstand that it is called a bende which beginneth at the right corner of the sheelde and descendeth to the left , as here I shew in this scutchion which is a note sufficient to shewe the difference betweene a bende , & a fisure or little staffe of which it shall bee spoken of hereafter .

blazon or coat of arms And of him which beareth these armes it shall be said thus : portat vnam bendam de Reubeo in campo de aureo : in french , Il port d'or , vn bend de gules : he beareth gold a bend of gules .

And as I shewed you before of certaine little bars borne in armes , in the like manner are certain little bends borne in armes , and they bee called bendils or bendilets :

blazon or coat of arms and where a bend is charged in armes with two such bendils , as heere I shewe you in this scutchion , you shall thus blase the coate : portat vnam bendam et duas bendulas de auro in campo de asuro : Il port d'azure vnbend & deux bendilets d'or , hee beareth azure , a bend betweene two bendilets of golde . And these bends be sometimes florished as is shewed before in the coate of barres and sometimes the bendilets be found inchained , & somtimes powdred with mullets , & somtimes with other differences which were needlesse to be shewed here .

Of armes paly bended .

And certainely the best manner of bearing of sundry armes in one shielde , is in these bends especially for him that hath a patrimony left him by his father , and other lands descending to him by his mother , to which lands of his mother armes are appropriate of olde time , and that the Armes with lande fall to her by discent , then maie a man beeing heire if hee will , beare the armes of his father in his shielde , and in such a bend beare his mothers armes , in such forme as appeares in this ,

blazon or coat of arms and it shall be saide of him which beares these armes , in latin thus , Portat arma palata de argento et reubio cum vna benda de nigro , Il port palee d'argent & de gules & vn bend du sable : he beareth palee of siluer and gules , with a bend of sable .

And sometimes we find these bends charged with three mascules or mullets of gold .

Of armes bendy fusilled .

Moreouer there be found in armes other certaine bends much differing from these as here I will shew you in this scutchion , of a bend fuselled of the manner of which fusels I will speake on hereafter .

blazon or coat of arms And it shall be said of him which doeth beare these Armes , Portat vnam bendam fusillatam in campo de asurio : il port vn bendee fusillee d'or , he beareth azure , a bend fusilled of gold .

Of borders in armes .

There are diuers and sundry borders founde in armes , of which some be plain , some engrayled , some talented , some plain powthered , some checked , some gobonetted , some inuecked , of which euery one shal be spoken of in order .

blazon or coat of arms But first I wil speake of plain borders as appeareth in this scutchion , and it is tearmed a plaine bordure where it is of one coulour alone . And thus it shall be said of him which beareth this coate , portat tres rosas rubras in campo argenteo cum vna bordura de reubeo , Il port d'argent trois Rosis de gules & vn bordure de gules : he beareth siluer , three roses of gules and a border of gules .

Of armes bordered engrailed .

Armes with a border engrailed are vsually borne as I shall shewe you in this scutchion which heere I set downe , and it shall bee needlesse for me to shewe you what ingrayling in armes is , hauing sufficientlie declared the same in other coates already blazed .

blazon or coat of arms But nowe comming to speake of armes with a bordure engrayled , I wil blaze this coate which heere I set downe , portat arma de auro fimbriata siue bordurata de nigro ingradata , cum tribus maculis perforatis de nigro : in french : Il port d'or trois mullettes perforatees de sable vn bordure engraylee de sable : he beareth golde three mullets perforated of sable and a bordure engrayled of sable .

Of armes bordered , tallanted , or besanted .

There are also borne in Armes a Bordure besanted or tallented , as in this scutchion , which heere I set downe :

blazon or coat of arms but it shall bee needelesse in blazing to expresse the colour of the tallents or lessantes , because they be euer of gold : therefore it shall be saide of him which beareth this coate , Portat vnum signum capitale de rubio in campo albo borduratum cum rubio talentatium , Il port d'argent vn cheueron de gules bordure de gules talentee , in English , Hee beareth siluer a cheueron of gules bordered with gules talented .

Of armes bordered hauing two cheuerons .

And oftentimes we finde in armes , that bordures are borne powdered in diuerse manners , sometimes with mullets , sometimes with crossets , otherwhiles with besants , and diuers other changes .

blazon or coat of arms And then it is called a border powdered with that which is in the border , and these signes , as mullets , roses , and other are not comprehended within any number in blazing exceeding the number of nine . And thus it shall be said of him which beareth these armes , Portat scutum de Rubio cum duobus signis capitalibus de Albo & vna bordura puluerisata cum talentis : Il port de gules deux cheuerons d'argent & vn bordure de gules powdree talentee , hee beareth Gules two cheuerons of siluer and a border powdered with Besants .

Of a border checkered .

We haue yet another bordure in armes which is called a border checkered : and so called , because it is checkerwise in two colours , as here appeares in this scutchion ,

blazon or coat of arms and it shall bee saide of him which beares these armes in this maner : Portat vnam crucem rubinam planam in campo argenteo cum vna bordura scaccata de nigro et argento : Il port d'argent vn crois plain de gules borduree checkee du sable & d'argent , he beareth siluer , a plaine crosse of gules , a border checkie with siluer and sable .

Of borders gobonated .

Moreouer and besides the armes which I haue spoken of with borders , there is a border gobonated as in this scutchion next following : and it is called gobinated for it is made of two colours in quadrats or quadrately of blacke and white , and whosoeuer beareth these armes , shall be said to beare thus : Portat de argento et duas bendas de nigro cum vna bordura de albo et nigro gobinata : Il port d'argent : deux bendees de sable , & vn bordure de sable & d'argent : he beareth siluer , two bendes of sable with a bordure gobinated of siluer and sable :

blazon or coat of arms and this same bordure bare that noble prince the Duke of Glocester , brother to that famous warriour , King Henry the fifth , the which royall Duke bare in his coate the whole armes of France and England quarterly with a bordure gobinated of siluer & sable , as in this scutchion set down .

Of bordures inuecked .

blazon or coat of arms

And this opinion before rehearsed in the blazing hath pleased many , the which in no maner of wise can be true , for if these armes ( as it is sayde before ) were countercoined , then the lowest corner or coine of the Armes , that is , the lowest point of the sheelde shoulde not be of one colour as it is of azure .

But besides these proofes before rehearsed , it is certaine , that in all armes countercoyned , all the coines of what colour soeuer they be , meete together by their points in the middest of the sheelde , as in the next scutchion it shall be shewed : Therefore ( in mine opinion ) except greater aucthoritie can be shewed to the contrary : but they shall thus be blazed , Portauit arma barrata , et caput scuti palatum et angilatum de asurio et auro , cum scuto simplici de argento , Il port barree vn cheiff palee cunectee d'azure et d'or et vn estu simple d'argent : in English , Hee beareth barrie and a chieffe paly angulated of azure and gold with a simple sheelde of siluer .

Of armes countercoined .

There be diuers families which beare Armes countercoined , as heere in this scutchion appeareth ,

blazon or coat of arms and these armes be called countercoined , because the coins meete all together in one point in the middest of the sheelde , for euery border triangular is properly more of length , then of bredth wherefore the opinion of such as said that the armes before spoken of belonging to the Earle of March , were palie barry , and counter-coyned are to be reprooued , because the colours accord not , as of necessity they shuld accord , if the aforesaid opinion were true . Therefore it shall be said thus of him which beareth these armes : Portat arma contraconata de asureo et albo : Il port Girone d'azure & argent ▪ he beareth countercoynd of azure and siluer .

Of armes pyled .

For as much as we haue spoken of armes in which the colours meete togither in the midst of the shield now it followeth of certain armes in which three pyles meete togither in one point ,

blazon or coat of arms as in this scutchion which shall be thus blazed : portat tres pilas nigras , in campo aureo : Il port d'or trois piles de sable , hee beareth golde three pyles of siluer .

Of balles in armes .

Neuerthelesse you must note the difference in the blasing of these armes before , and those that come after , when you blase them in the latine tongue , for sometimes this woorde pila in latine is taken for a peece of timber to be put vnder the pillor of a bridge as in the scutchion before , and sometimes this word pila is taken for a ball such as wee plaie with , then it is called pila manualis , as in this scutchion ,

blazon or coat of arms otherwhiles a foote ball which is in latin pila pedalis , therefore it shal bee said of him which beareth these armes in latin , Portat tres pilas argenteas in campo reubio , Il port de gules trois peletees d'argent : hee beareth gules three balles of siluer .

And you must note this , that such balles haue all coulours , but the coulour of golde , for if they bee of golde , you shall terme them besants .

Of tortels in armes .

There be also tortelles that be little cakes which be greater than balles , as in this scutchion appeareth ,

blazon or coat of arms which tortelles be euer of a greater compasse than the balles in the Armes before set downe : and hee which beareth these tortels shal be said to beare this , in latine , Portat tres tortellas rubias in campo aureo , Il port d'or et trois torteulx de gules , in English , Hee heareth golde three tortelles of gules . And you must note this , that Balles , Besants , and Tortelles in Armes are alwayes whole round figures , and not perforated .

Of Fountaines and Welles borne in armes .

There be certaine other round figures borne in armes , of white mixed sometime with azure , sometime with sable vndated , or after the manner of waues , which markes or figures be called fountaines or welles : and therefore cary the colour of that which they represent , like water troubled with the winde :

blazon or coat of arms And of him which beareth these armes thus it shall be saide , Portat tres fontes in campo viridi , Il port di vert et trois fountains : he beareth vert three fountaines .

Of Rings borne in Armes .

Now after these round figures aboue rehearsed , there be other which bee perforated as rings or anlets , as is shewed vnto you in this scutchion :

blazon or coat of arms And of him which beareth these armes , it shal be saide thus : Portat tres anulos aures in campo nigro : in French , Il port du sable et trois anulettes d'or , in English , He beareth sable and three rings of golde .

Of Tracts in Armes .

Hauing spoken before of bordures in armes , now it followeth to intreate of Tracts or lines : and first of a simple tract , as in this scutchion heere set downe ,

blazon or coat of arms and it is called a tract or line because it drowneth not the colour of the sheeld , but that the same appeareth as well within the charge as without , as it were representing the bordure of a sheelde , Portat vnum tractum simplicem planam auream in campo asurio , in French , Il port d'azure vn tracee plein d'or , He beareth azure a plaine tract of gold .

Of a tract ingrailed on both sides .

A tract or line is sometimes engrailed on both sides , as heere in this figure appeareth ,

blazon or coat of arms and it shall bee saide of him which beareth these Armes in this wise : Portat vnum tractum ex vtraque parte ingradatum de auro in campo rubeo , in French , il port de gules vn tracee engraile de chestim coste d'or , in English , Hee doth beare gules with a tract ingrailed on both sides of golde .

Of a tract double and flourished .

This tract is sometimes borne double and flourished , as in the armes of the King of Scotland , and as heere in this scutchion appeareth :

blazon or coat of arms which armes bee blazed in this manner , in Latine , Portat duplicem tractatum cum floribus gladioli contrapositis vno leone rapaci de reubio in campo aureo , in the French , Il port d'or vn double tracee flouretee countree et vn lion rampant de gules , in English , He beareth a double trace flourished contrary , and a lion ramping of gules .

Of Tracts triplatite and quadriplatite .

Also you shal finde more diuersitie of these tracts before rehearsed , for there are some families which beare these tracts triplatite , as in this figure :

blazon or coat of arms and of him which beareth this coate in this sort you shall say thus : Portat tractum tripl●tatum de albo in campo aureo , in french , il port d'or vn tracee triplee d'argent , He beareth gold a trace triplatite of siluer .

Of a tract simple of two colours inuecked .

There bee other families which beare a tract simple with two colours inuecked , as heere I haue set downe in this scutchion ,

blazon or coat of arms and the possessour thereof shall be said to beare in this wise : Portat vnum tractum simplicem de coloribus asureo & argenteo inuectis in scuto aureo : in French , Il port d'or vn trace simple verre d'azure et d'argent , in English , Hee beareth gold a tract simple inuecked of azure and siluer .

Of fisures or staues .

Hauing spoken of Bendes and their differences , now wee will speake of fisures or staues : the which doe euer beginne at the left corner of the sheelde beneath , contrary to bendes , which beginne at the right and are drawen to the left :

blazon or coat of arms And you shall vnderstand , that these fisures bee borne as many and sundry wayes , as bendes be : There be fisures plaine , engrailed , inuecked , and fusillated , as I haue saide before in the place of Bendes : And these staues Bastardes are woont to beare , or should beare them : but most commonly wee do call it a fisure , because that it doeth cleaue the Armes in two parts , signifying thereby , that the bastard is diuided from the inheritaunce of his father . And such a Bastarde is forbidden for to beare the whole Armes of his father , because of the reuerence of blood : Therefore if hee will beare them , hee must beare them with this difference , thereby to shew his bastardie , from the naturall and lawefull heire of his father : and when you haue any such fisure in Armes ingrailed , inuecked , or fusillated , you shall blaze the same as is already taught you in the Chapiter of Bendes going before . And the bastard the which beareth these Armes shall be saide to beare them in this manner : in Latine , Portat vnam fisuram siue bacculum aureum in campo asurio , in French , Il port d'azure vn fees d'or , in English , He beareth azure a fisure or staffe of golde .

Of Armes borne with a head or a chiefe .

And you must knowe , that it is called a head or chiefe in Armes , when as the highest part of the sheelde is of one colour or diuerse , and that it doe not extend vnto the middest of the sheelde , as it is shewed you in this scutchion .

blazon or coat of arms And this chiefe is often borne in armes , by reason that oftentimes men haue landes descended vnto them by their mothers , and that hee as heire to her may beare the Armes belonging to his mother , the which oftentimes they doe carrie in this sort : But if hee be a man well descended , and hath inheritance by his father , then may he beare his fathers coate in such a chiefe , and his mothers in the lower part of the shielde . And in this manner it shall be saide of him which beareth this coate , Portat vnum signum capitale de nigro in campo aureo cum vno capite rubio et tribus talentis in eodem , in French , Il port d'or vn cheueron de sable et vn cheef de gules et trois besantes in le mesmes : in English , hee beareth golde a cheueron of sable with a cheefe of gules and two besants therein .

And there are some noble families which beare in a sheelde of golde ( as is saide before ) a cheueron of sable , or some other colour , and three red roses or white , or some other deuises or markes , as crosses , cressents , birdes , flowers , in a cheefe some of sable some of other colour with mullets or such like , and there shall euery one be blazed in his order , as the field and colours require , as if some man happely shal beare thus : he beareth sable , a cheueron of golde , three roses of gules in a cheefe of azure : or three mullets of vert perforated , and thus of all other differences .

Of armes paly with a quarter or canton of another colour .

Now there be some families which doe beare in their armes one quarter or canton of an other differing from the colour or colours of the sheelde , as heere you may perceiue in this scutchion :

blazon or coat of arms which , whosoeuer beareth shall bee saide to beare in this manner : in Latine , Portat arma palata de asureo et auro cum vna quartera ermetica , in French , Il port palee d'azure et d'or vn quater d'ermine , in English , He beareth paly azure and golde with one quarter ermine .

And you must euer be respectiue to the colour of that pale which should ascend to the right corner of the sheelde , if that quarter were not there , and in that colour you must euer beginne to blaze those Armes as if that canton were not .

Of Armes checkered .

Now to speake of armes checkered , as in this scutchion I shew you , and they be termed checkes when they be made of two colours in the manner of a checke boorde ,

blazon or coat of arms and these armes are borne with many differences , with cheefe , quarters , cheuerons , and bendes , as shall be shewed you heereafter , but first these armes are blazed thus , in Latine , Portat arma scakata de asurio et auro , in french Il port skakke d'azure et d'or , in English , he beareth checke of azure and golde .

Or cheuerons borne in Armes .

Nowe to speake of cheuerons borne in Armes , which in Latine are called , Signa capitalia vel ligna , and indeede they be a couple of sparres ioyned together , as in this scutchion heere set downe you may perceiue ,

blazon or coat of arms which signes , as it should seeme were first borne of Carpenters or Architects , and the reason is , because a house is neuer made perfect vntill that the sparres be laied : and sometimes two be borne , sometimes three , and sometimes foure , as it is knowen : and of him which beareth these Armes it shall bee saide thus , in Latine : Portat de rubio et dua signa capitalia de auro cum tribus talentis , in the French , Il port de gules et deux cheurons d'or et trois talentes : in English , he beareth gules two cheuerons of golde with three besants .

Of a cheueron engrailed .

Also this cheueron is sometimes borne ingrailed , as heere in this scutchion is set downe :

blazon or coat of arms which then shal thus be blazed , in Latine , Portat vnum signum capitale ingradatum de albo in campo asurio , in French , Il port d'azure vn cheueron d'argent engraylee , in English , Hee beareth azure a cheueron of siluer engrayled .

Of cheuerons transmuted .

Moreouer in these markes or signes of cheuerons there be found borne transmuted and of diuerse colours , as in this scutchion which here I set downe it appeareth :

blazon or coat of arms and the cheuerons borne in this sort shall thus be blazed , in Latine , Portat arma quarterata de nigro et argento cum vno signo capitali de dictis coloribus transmutatis , Il port quartilee de sable et d'argent vn cheuron changee loin de laltre : in English , Hee beareth quarterly fable and siluer with a cheueron of the saide colours transmuted .

Of cheuerons transmuted or counterchanged the long way .

There be also cheuerons borne in Armes transmuted after the long way , as it may most plainely appeare in this scutchion ,

blazon or coat of arms & shall be blazed thus : in latin , Portat arma partita secundum longum de coloribus aureo et rubeo cum vno signo cvpitali de dictis coloribus transmutatis , in French , Il port partee du loin d'or et de gules vn cheueron changee lun de laultre , in English , Hee beareth party after the long way two colours gold and gules with a cheuron of the said colors transmuted .

Now to speake of this coate which heere in this scutchion I set downe ,

blazon or coat of arms I haue knowen some doubt arise about the same among such as pretended to haue great skill in armorie , some holding one opinion , some an other about blazing of the same : neuerthelesse , I do not thinke it a thing wherof there shoulde growe so great a question : and thus I blaze this coate , in Latine , Portat duas partes capit●s scuti de reubio & caeteram partem de albo admodum signi capitalis et tres rosas de coloribus transmutatis , in French , Il port les deux partees du cheif de gules et le troiseme d'argent partees in maniere de cheuron et trois roses l'un de laltre , in English , Hee beareth two partes of the head of the sheeld gules , and the third part siluer in the manner of a cheueron , and three roses of the same colours transmuted .

Of fusils borne in armes .

There hath sundry noble families borne fusils in their armes : amongst the number of which my L of Glocester that noble prince vncle to king Henry the sixt was one , who bare in his armes three fusils of gules in the maner of a bar in a field of siluer : which armes this Duke bare , by reason of certaine landes belonging to the mount :

blazon or coat of arms And here in this same scutchion I haue set downe the like coate in forme althogh not in their colours : the which shall be blazed after this manner , in Latine : Portat de reubio et tres fusillos de argento , in the Frenche , Il port de gules et trois fusills d'argent , in English , Hee doeth beare gules three fusilles of siluer : and otherwhiles these three or foure fusilles be borne in maner of a pale .

And this is to be noted , that if these fusilles doe exceede the number of nine , you shal say euermore , the Armes bee powdered with fusilles : and so generally if any such markes or signes be borne aboue the number of nine , you shal say , the coate is powdered with the same .

Of one fusill borne in Armes .

Sometimes one fusill is borne in Armes , as heere in this figure it appeereth :

blazon or coat of arms yet haue I heard some Herauldes doubtfull thereof : Neuerthelesse I knowe the armory is good , and such a coate is truely thus blazed : in Latine , Portat de rubio cum vno fusillo de auro , in French , Il port de gules vn fusill d'or , in English , he beareth gules a fusil golde .

Of a fusill of diuerse colours .

Also these fusilles are sometimes borne of diuers colours , as here in the scutchion set downe appeareth :

blazon or coat of arms but yet it is more doubtfull how these Armes shoulde bee blazed than the other : but you shall blaze them thus , in Latine , Portat arma partita ex transuerso de albo et nigro cum vno fusillo ex eisdem coloribus transmutatis , in French , Il port partie de trauers d'argent et sable et vn fusil de mesmes colours lun de laultre : in English , He beareth armes parted barry of siluer and sable with a fusill of the very same colours transmuted .

Of fusilles in the manner of a bend .

And you shall finde , that such fusilles are often times borne in the manner of a bend , as you shall perceiue in this scutchion :

blazon or coat of arms which armes are thus to be blazed , in Latine , Portat vnam bendam fusillatam de auro in campo rubio , in French , Il port de gules vn bend fusill d'or : in English , Hee beareth gules a bend fusilled of golde .

Of a barre fusilled .

Also you shall finde in armes in the manner of a barre fusilled , as in this scutchion it doth appeare :

blazon or coat of arms and it shall be saide of him which beareth such Armes , in Latine , Portat de reubio cum vna Barra fusillata de argento , in French , Il port de gules vne barre fusillee d'argent : in English , He beareth gules a barre fusilled of siluer .

Some haue held opinion that such Armes began of Weauers , because this fusill or spindle is proper to their trade .

The difference betwixt fusils , mascules and lozenges .

And you must vnderstand , that the differences betwixt fusilles and mascules are these : first the fusils be euermore longer and smaller than mascules , the mascules be euer broader , and not so long as the fusilles be , as you may perceiue by the mascules in this scuchion ,

blazon or coat of arms which I blase in this manner , in Latine , Portat de reubio et sex masculas de auro , in French , Il port de gules et sex mascules d'or , in English , Hee beareth gules sixe mascules of golde , and very often you shall finde these mascules perforated .

Also there are Armes borne masculet , as in this figure following is shewed you : and you shall vnderstand that those armes be called masculet , in the which the aforesaide Mascules beginne most plenteously in the right angle of the shield , and are ended toward the left part , which indeed are paled , and are diuided into three pales , if they be rightly done :

blazon or coat of arms and of him that beares these armes shal be said , Portat arma masculata de argento et asurio , Il port d'argent et d'azure masculee : he beares siluer and azure masculet .

Of lozenges , and how they be made .

Now to knowe the true and perfite difference betweene Mascules and Lozenges , you must take this for a generall information and instruction , that the lozenge euermore standeth vpright , so that one of his pointes is euer directly towardes the toppe of the sheelde , and his other point towardes the bottome or lowest part of the same , and that both the pointes of the sides of the lozenge stand directly towardes the sides of the sheelde : and standing rightly in the sheelde they doe stand in the fourme and manner of bends , as you most plainely perceiue in this scutchion which here I haue set downe :

blazon or coat of arms And furthermore you must obserue , that neither fusilles nor lozenges be euer found perforated .

Of a Saltary borne in Armes .

There is also a signe or marke borne in Armes which is called a Saltarie , and it is made in the maner of Saint Andrewes Crosse , as most plainely it appeareth in this scutchion here set downe .

blazon or coat of arms And this Saltarie was a thing vsed in olde times in parkes , which was of great compasse and largenesse to take Deere or wilde beasts in , which being once forced into the same , they coulde not get out againe . Wherefore in olde times these markes were giuen vnto rich couetous men or great farmours , that in what manner soeuer they came by their wealth , could neuer bee forced to part from the same : Which coate is to be blazed in this wise , in Latine , Portat de asureo et vnum saltatorium de auro , in French , Il port d'azure vn saltiere d'or , in English , Hee beareth azure a saltarie of golde .

Of a sautory engrailed .

Now you must vnderstand that these sautories be otherwhiles ingrailed , as heere in this scutchion ,

blazon or coat of arms and then they be caled sauteries ingrailed : which armes are euer blazed : portat vnum saltatorium ingradatum de auro in campo asurio , in French , Il port d'azure vn saltiere d'or engrailee : He beares azure a saltary of gold ingrailed .

Sometimes there are many sauteries engrailed in one sheelde , sometimes two , otherwhiles three , as in this scutchion appeareth ,

blazon or coat of arms and of him that beares these Armes thus it shall be saide : Portat vnam barram planam et tria saltatoria ingradata de auro in campo rubio , in French , Il port de gules vn barre plein et trois saltiers engrailees d'or : in French he beareth gules , one barre plaine , and three sauteries engrailed of golde .

Of Crownes in armes in maner of a pale .

And it is diligently to be noted , that speaking of such crownes in Armes , we must euer haue a regard howe they bee borne :

blazon or coat of arms for sometimes they be borne in the manner of a pale , as you may see in this scutchion which is thus blazed , in latine , Portat tres coronas de auro palatas in campo asurio , in French , Il port d'azure trois corones palees , in English , hee doth beare azure three crownes of gold paled .

Of crownes borne barred .

These three crownes be sometimes borne barred , as appeereth in this scutchion ,

blazon or coat of arms and you shall blaze it thus : Portat tres coronas aureas in campo asureo , in French , Il port d'azure e trois corones barres d'or : in English , he beares azure three crownes of gold barred .

Of three Crownes borne in the corners of the shielde .

Now to speake of these three Crownes borne in the corners of the sheelde , as in the scutchion here set downe you must note , that this is the most worthy fourme and manner of bearing such Armes , and the most auncient :

blazon or coat of arms therefore you shall say of him that beareth these crownes in this wise , in Latine , Portat de asureo tres coronas aureas , in French , Il port d'azure trois corones d'or , in English , Hee beareth azure three crownes of gold .

¶ Of Fishes borne in Armes .

NOw to speake of fishes borne in Armes , you must vnderstand , that in times past ther was one Peter de Rupibus Bish. of Winchester , which did beare in his Armes three roches after his own name :

blazon or coat of arms In which armes it is doubted whether it be enough to say in blazing of them , that hee bare three fishes alone , as in this scutchion : which ( in mine opinion ) I thinke not , for the rule going before : but it shall be saide thus of the Armes of the saide Peter de Rupibus , in Latine , Portauit tres pisces argenteos natantes in campo nigro , in French , Il port de sable et trois roches natantes d'argent : in English , Hee beareth sable three roches of siluer swimming .

And nowe to speake of the Armes of Galfride Lucie , which here appeareth in the scutchion , and carrieth three pikes or Lucies ,

blazon or coat of arms it shal be saide thus , in Latine , portauit tres lucios aureos in campo reubio , Il port de gules et trois luces d'or : in English , he beareth gules three lucies of gold , which blazing is sufficient without any more adoe , because these fishes are borne in the most worthy maner .

And in like maner to blaze the armes of this gentleman , which beareth two barbels turning their backes together , as here appeareth in this scutchion :

blazon or coat of arms Portat duos barbellos aureos adinuicem terga vertentes , in scuto azorio puluerisato cum crucibus cruciatis figitiuis de auro , Il port d'azure powdree des crois croiceles fiches e deux barbeulx dors an dors d'or , in English , He beares azure poudered with crosses cros●ets fixed , and two barbels of gold backe to backe .

Of Frets borne in armes .

A certaine noble man , the lord Awdeley of England bare in his armes a frect , which frects in like maner are borne of diuers gentlemen of great houses in all colours , as in red , in blacke , in golde , otherwhiles single , otherwhiles double , and sometimes triple , and sometimes ouer all the sheeld :

blazon or coat of arms and you shall find great difference betwixt armes bended , & these frets wherefore it is to be noted , that in bended armes the colours equally are diuided : but in these frets the field euer abides whol , as in these armes of the L. Awdley : Portat arma frectata de auro in campo reubeo , in French , Il port de gules vn frect d'or , He beareth gules a frect of golde .

Of beasts salient or ramping borne in Armes .

Diuerse families beare beasts ramping or salient in their armes , of which as yet I haue made no mention :

blazon or coat of arms Therefore to speake of a Lion or other beast borne in such manner as heere in this scutchion is shewed , I will thus blaze this coate , in Latine , Portat de reubio vnum leonem de argento , in french , Il port de gules vn lion salient d'argent : hee beareth a lion ramping of siluer : and hee is properly caled a lion rampant or ramping , forasmuch as his right foot ascendes to the right corner of the shield : and this rule is obserued in all beasts , hauing foure feet , as lions , leopards , beares , dogges , and such like .

Of Barres and Labelles borne in Armes .

blazon or coat of arms

And like as the children of the second brother , bearing three labels , haue their differences by their signes and borders , so the children of the third brother , bearing foure labels , beare the same armes their father did , and so many labelles , and they haue also their differences by their signes and borders , as before is rehearsed , and diuers other , as a lion ramping , one part blacke , and another part red .

For , of all the markes and signes which be found in Armes , as flowers , leaues , and other deuises , it were too long and tedious to speake of , they be so innumerable : but for such rules as generally holde in Armourie , obseruing these which here I haue set downe , I doubt not but you shall finde them sufficient to blaze the hardest coate . Therefore take you heede to these rules : and although they touch not euerie particular in Armourie , yet shall you finde them to profite much , and shew you a neare way to some perfection in this knowledge .

And nowe lastly I wil proceede to this question , that is , Whether the Armes by the graunt of a Prince , or other great Lorde be of more dignitie , than those Armes which a man taketh by his owne aucthoritie , when it is lawfull for him to take him Armes at his pleasure . By which question you shal well knowe that wee haue Armes foure manner of wayes .

The first of the which is the Armes which wee haue by descent from our fathers or mothers , or our predecessours : the which manner of bearing of Armes is most vsuall , and most famous , vppon the which I intend not to stand long , being so wel approoued .

The second manner wee haue Armes by , is by our merites , as plainely appeareth by the addition of the Armes of France to the Armes of England , wonne by that victorious prince Edward the eldest sonne of King Edward the third then king of England , after the taking of King Iohn of Fraunce in the battaile of Poicters , which Armes are rightly and lawfully borne ▪ and in the same manner may a priuate souldier take some great Lorde in battaile , the same souldier may carry the Armes of his prisoner ▪ and his heire shall in his fathers right carrie the same Armes .

The third manner is , when wee haue Armes by the grant of a Prince or some other great Lord : and it is to bee vnderstoode , that these Armes which wee haue by the grant of the Prince receiue no question why a man doeth beare such a coate , for the Prince will not that such a question be asked , whie hee gaue to any man such Armes ? Because whatsoeuer pleaseth the Prince , hath the strength of the lawe , so it be not to ouerthrowe the lawe : except any man bare those Armes before , because that that which is a mans owne by a right title , may not bee taken from him , nor may the Prince doe it without doing wrong .

The fourth manner is , when wee beare Armes which we take by our owne proper authoritie , as we see in these daies , how many men by their grace , labour , fauour , or deseruing , are made gentlemen , some by their wisedome , some by valour , some by their strength , some by arte , some by vertue : and of these men , many by their owne aucthoritie haue taken Armes to be borne by them and their heires , whose names I thinke it needelesse to repeate : neuerthelesse I thinke those Armes so taken may bee lawfully borne : but yet they are not of so great dignitie and authoritie as those Armes which be granted by the authoritie of a Prince or great Lord . And it is the opinion of many , that a Herald of Armes may giue Armes : But I say , if any Armes be giuen by a Herauld , that those Armes be of no more authoritie than those Armes taken by a mans owne authoritie .

FINIS .