A
Treatise
of
Warre
.
IVndertake
not
here
to
treat
of
all
the
functions
of
warre
in
particular
,
because
so
many
have
written
thereof
as
it
would
be
a
thing
superfluous
.
I
content
my self
to
make
generall
observations
upon
all
those
things
which
depend
thereon
,
and
which
may
in
these
times
be
put
in
practice
:
being
loth
to
touch
upon
any
thing
but
what
experience
hath
taught
me
,
and
in
all
to
be
so
brief
as
I
may
not
weary
the
Reader
.
CHAP.
I.
Of
the
election
of
Souldiers
.
THe
election
of
souldiers
was
by
the
Ancients
and
is
by
Moderns
made
after
divers
wayes
.
The
Grecians
and
Romanes
contented
not
themselves
to
enroll
the
souldiers
which
of
their
own
accord
were
willing
to
go
to
the
warre
,
but
chose
out
of
them
such
as
they
judged
to
be
fittest
for
that
service
;
which
is
the
cause
they
had
so
good
souldiers
.
The
Carthaginians
for
the
most
part
imployed
strangers
,
and
therefore
had
no
worse
souldiers
then
their
own
countrey-men
.
The
Turks
choose
their
souldiers
,
and
train
them
.
The
Swisses
make
use
of
their
own
men
.
The
Venetians
and
Hollanders
,
in
imitation
of
the
Carthaginians
,
are
served
by
auxiliarie
souldiers
.
The
French
and
Germanes
abound
in
good
souldiers
,
and
may
well
forbear
auxiliaries
.
England
alone
,
of
all
the
States
of
our
time
,
may
choose
them
,
and
take
such
as
she
pleaseth
.
Whereupon
we
must
consider
the
constitution
of
these
States
,
on
what
maximes
they
be
founded
,
and
what
either
of
them
may
best
do
to
have
good
souldiers
.
The
greater
part
of
States
at
this
time
are
more
founded
upon
policie
then
upon
warre
,
and
endeavour
rather
to
conserve
themselves
then
to
grow
greater
.
Wherefore
we
see
that
learning
flourisheth
there
,
and
arms
degenerate
;
in
so
much
that
those
States
which
are
founded
upon
warre
do
devour
the
other
.
The
example
of
the
Turk
to
the
shame
of
the
Christians
,
and
that
of
the
king
of
Spain
to
the
prejudice
of
Germany
and
Italy
,
are
two
manifest
proofs
.
That
which
causeth
this
mischief
is
,
that
men
of
the
gown
have
possessed
themselves
of
the
government
of
almost
all
States
,
which
(
for
that
they
hate
souldiers
)
cause
them
alwayes
to
be
ill
dealt
with
,
and
do
advise
Princes
to
imploy
auxiliars
rather
then
their
naturall
subjects
:
which
is
a
most
pernicious
maxime
.
But
this
being
no
fit
place
to
treat
of
it
,
we
will
onely
speak
of
the
election
of
souldiers
.
England
,
which
hath
right
by
the
laws
of
that
kingdome
to
make
choice
of
her
souldiers
,
may
observe
the
form
of
the
election
of
the
Romanes
,
which
is
very
good
.
The
other
kingdomes
which
have
not
that
power
must
incite
their
men
which
are
ambitious
of
honour
to
cause
themselves
to
be
enrolled
,
aswell
for
the
hope
of
being
advanced
to
other
honours
by
embracing
the
profession
of
warre
,
as
by
shutting
up
the
means
of
atteining
thereunto
by
any
other
way
then
that
▪
For
example
,
not
to
bestow
any
office
of
the
kingdome
,
nor
of
the
kings
house
,
nor
any
charge
amongst
the
souldiers
,
to
any
but
such
,
as
have
served
in
the
warres
a
certain
number
of
years
;
nor
to
make
any
man
Colonel
of
horse
which
hath
not
been
a
Captain
and
other
officer
of
the
Cavalrie
;
nor
any
to
be
Marshall
of
the
field
,
which
hath
not
honourably
born
lesser
charges
;
nor
any
to
be
Generall
of
the
army
,
which
hath
not
been
a
worthy
Marshall
of
the
field
:
briefly
,
that
none
may
be
advanced
to
any
office
,
which
hath
not
passed
through
the
degrees
of
warre
.
And
as
the
hope
of
advancement
is
a
strong
spur
to
encourage
every
man
to
exercise
the
profession
of
arms
;
so
the
fear
of
finding
ones
self
poore
and
needy
after
long
service
is
a
sharp
bit
to
keep
men
from
●●
.
Therefore
I
would
prevent
that
by
establishing
a
foundation
for
men
of
that
profession
,
so
that
they
might
live
out
the
rest
of
their
dayes
commodiously
and
honourably
.
Those
States
which
by
reason
of
their
form
of
government
are
fearfull
to
arm
their
own
people
(
as
Venice
)
or
where
their
subsistence
dependeth
on
traffick
(
as
the
Low-Countreys
)
and
which
for
these
reasons
are
constrained
to
help
themselves
in
their
warres
by
auxiliars
,
must
principally
be
carefull
to
choose
good
Commanders
;
next
,
to
have
a
certain
body
of
well
exercised
and
●●sciplined
sould●ers
alwayes
in
readinesse
,
sufficient
as
well
to
guard
them
from
a
surprise
as
to
give
them
time
●o
assemble
greater
forces
.
For
an
armie
formed
●nd
disciplined
at
leisure
,
though
but
small
,
is
more
capable
to
defend
it self
,
yea
to
conquer
,
●hen
those
armies
which
assure
themselves
onely
in
their
great
numbers
.
And
great
conquests
are
almost
alwayes
made
by
small
armies
,
as
great
Empires
are
alwayes
lost
with
their
innumerable
forces
.
For
that
they
which
were
to
fight
against
such
numerous
armies
,
opposed
them
with
an
exact
discipline
and
good
order
;
and
the
other
,
having
neglected
all
discipline
and
order
,
have
endeavoured
to
supply
that
defect
by
their
great
number
of
men
;
which
hath
brought
upon
them
the
greater
confusion
and
hath
served
them
for
no
other
end
but
to
make
their
losse
the
more
disgracefull
.
Whence
I
conclude
,
that
the
best
means
to
have
good
souldiers
is
to
choose
such
as
are
most
fit
for
warre
;
the
second
,
to
incite
men
of
ambition
and
vertue
freely
to
enroll
themselves
,
by
shutting
the
doore
of
any
other
way
to
advancement
;
and
lastly
,
to
entertein
a
body
of
an
armie
▪
and
to
be
carefull
(
as
well
in
peace
as
in
warre
)
to
keep
them
under
an
exact
discipline
,
without
relaxation
One
of
which
three
wayes
all
sorts
of
States
may
make
use
of
.
CHAP.
II.
Of
Arms.
THe
most
usuall
arms
of
the
Infanterie
at
thi●
present
time
,
are
(
for
the
defensive
)
th●
head-piece
,
the
cuirace
,
and
the
tasses
:
and
fo●
the
offensive
,
the
sword
,
the
pike
,
and
the
musket
which
are
rather
the
arms
of
the
Grecians
then
o●
the
Romanes
.
Whereupon
we
must
observe
,
that
ou●
muskets
serve
us
as
the
casting-weapons
did
th●
Ancients
;
so
that
the
body
of
the
battel
consisted
of
pikes
,
which
is
a
very
fit
weapon
to
resist
th●
Cavalrie
,
for
that
many
of
them
joyned
together
make
a
very
solid
body
,
and
very
hard
to
be
broken
on
their
front
,
by
reason
of
their
length
,
whereof
foure
or
five
ranks
extend
the
heads
of
their
pikes
beyond
the
first
rank
of
men
,
and
do
alwayes
keep
out
the
squadrons
of
horse
from
them
twelve
or
fifteen
foot
of
.
Maurice
Prince
of
Orange
had
a
great
desire
to
make
use
of
the
target
,
and
having
caused
divers
trials
to
be
made
thereof
,
hath
found
that
it
hath
not
onely
resisted
the
pike
,
but
that
half
the
number
of
targets
hath
alwayes
entred
into
twice
the
number
of
pikes
,
and
hath
routed
them
.
Neverthelesse
,
being
but
Generall
of
the
armies
of
a
State
,
and
not
a
sovereigne
and
absolute
Prince
,
he
durst
not
make
so
great
a
change
;
whether
it
were
that
he
feared
the
Cavalrie
,
which
now-adayes
is
exceeding
well
armed
or
else
the
reproch
of
some
evil
successe
;
not
being
ignorant
that
the
people
Judge
of
the
actions
of
such
as
serve
them
rather
by
the
event
then
by
reason
.
For
my
part
,
I
would
adde
this
kind
of
arms
to
our
discipline
,
making
alwayes
the
principall
body
of
my
Infantery
to
be
of
pikes
,
and
to
have
for
every
battallion
a
small
body
separate
of
one
hundred
or
one
hundred
and
twentie
targets
to
charge
on
the
flank
,
which
would
work
a
marvellous
effect
on
the
day
of
battel
;
and
this
should
be
the
true
place
of
voluntiers
,
and
of
very
brave
Nobilitie
,
which
often
prove
to
be
but
troublesome
to
an
army
.
Concerning
the
offensive
arms
of
the
Cavalrie
,
there
be
of
five
sorts
;
namely
,
the
lance
,
the
pistoll
,
the
sword
,
the
carabine
,
and
the
musket
:
the
two
first
are
given
to
the
heavie-armed
calvarie
,
which
must
have
for
defensive
arms
the
cuiracecask
,
vambraces
,
tassets
,
cuisses
,
and
guard-rein
,
and
(
not
many
years
since
)
some
horses
have
been
armed
with
barbs
.
Of
the
two
other
kinds
,
they
which
serve
with
carabines
have
the
head-piece
and
cuirace
;
and
because
they
fight
on
horseback
,
they
must
be
well
mounted
:
but
they
which
serve
with
the
musket
have
no
defensive
arms
.
Of
these
five
sorts
of
offensive
arms
there
be
but
three
much
in
use
;
namely
,
the
pistol
,
sword
,
and
carabine
.
The
Spaniards
onely
have
continued
some
few
companies
of
lances
,
which
they
keep
rather
for
gravitie
then
reason
;
for
the
lance
doth
no
effect
but
by
the
violence
of
the
carreir
of
the
horse
,
and
besides
there
is
but
one
rank
which
can
make
use
of
it
;
so
that
their
order
must
be
to
fight
by
single
ranks
,
which
cannot
resist
the
squadrons
:
and
if
they
should
fight
in
squadrons
,
they
would
rather
be
troublesome
then
serviceable
.
And
for
musketiers
on
horseback
or
dragones
,
they
are
also
in
a
manner
left
off
,
for
that
in
the
civil
warres
they
ruined
the
Infantery
,
every
man
desiring
to
have
a
nag
,
that
so
he
might
be
the
fitter
to
rob
and
pillage
:
neverthelesse
some
well-ordered
troups
of
this
kind
in
an
armie
are
of
very
great
service
;
either
for
executions
,
to
gain
bad
passages
,
to
guard
the
quarters
of
horse
,
or
else
(
on
a
day
of
battel
)
to
cause
them
to
dismount
as
forlorn
hopes
before
the
squadrons
of
Cavalrie
.
Now
the
Cavalrie
must
be
proportioned
with
the
Infantery
;
which
may
be
distinguished
according
to
the
situation
of
the
countrey
where
the
warre
is
made
,
or
else
according
to
the
enemy
against
whom
you
are
to
fight
.
For
if
you
you
be
in
a
champain
full
of
forrage
,
and
if
ye
be
to
make
warre
against
a
great
Cavalrie
,
as
that
of
the
Turk
,
in
such
a
case
you
must
fortifie
your self
with
the
greater
number
of
horse
.
But
if
the
warre
be
in
a
countrey
enclosed
,
either
by
mountains
,
forrests
,
moores
,
or
hedges
and
ditches
,
and
that
hath
many
fortified
places
,
for
that
the
warre
is
rather
reduced
to
sieges
then
to
battels
and
field-combats
,
in
such
a
case
you
must
strengthen
your
Infanterie
.
And
these
two
bodies
are
so
necessary
the
one
for
the
other
,
as
an
armie
cannot
be
held
to
be
good
nor
subsist
unlesse
it
be
equally
provided
of
both
.
Neverthelesse
,
if
I
were
not
induced
by
some
extraordinary
reason
,
I
would
make
the
proportion
of
my
army
for
the
open
countrey
of
a
fourth
part
of
horse
to
three
fourth
parts
of
Infantery
;
as
to
twentie
foure
thousand
foot
,
eight
thousand
horse
:
in
an
inclosed
countrey
,
of
a
sixth
part
of
horse
to
five
parts
of
foot
;
as
to
twentie
foure
thousand
foot
,
foure
thousand
horse
.
It
remaineth
to
give
to
these
two
bodies
such
arms
as
were
before
mentioned
with
the
most
profitable
proportion
.
The
Swisses
have
many
more
pikes
then
muskets
,
and
for
this
they
have
made
themselves
to
be
much
feared
in
a
champain
countrey
;
for
in
a
day
of
battel
where
you
come
to
hand
,
the
number
of
pikes
hath
much
advantage
of
that
of
muskets
.
Other
nations
do
equally
divide
the
pikes
and
muskets
;
and
because
the
war
in
these
times
is
reduced
to
sieges
rather
then
battels
,
we
desire
to
have
a
greater
number
of
muskets
then
of
pikes
.
For
my self
,
which
adde
the
targets
to
them
,
my
opinion
should
be
to
have
the
regiments
of
1440
souldiers
,
namely
of
600
pikes
,
600
muskets
,
and
240
targets
.
For
the
Cavalrie
;
I
would
proportion
it
after
this
manner
:
I
would
compose
the
regiments
of
500
horse
,
whereof
I
would
arm
400
with
Cuirassiers
arms
;
50
with
carabines
,
and
50
to
be
dragones
.
But
this
is
not
all
,
to
provide
good
arms
for
your
souldiers
,
unlesse
you
oblige
them
to
wear
them
;
it
being
an
unsufferable
shame
to
see
their
delicatenesse
in
these
times
,
and
how
they
disesteem
them
:
and
to
cover
this
fault
,
they
publish
that
it
is
want
of
courage
to
go
armed
,
and
that
they
will
go
in
their
doublets
into
the
most
dangerous
places
,
aswell
as
they
which
are
armed
.
It
is
not
enough
to
go
into
a
place
to
cause
ones
self
there
to
be
knocked
on
the
head
;
we
should
go
thither
to
conquer
,
and
not
to
be
beaten
.
Besides
this
inconvenience
groweth
of
it
,
that
if
you
use
not
your self
to
wear
your
arms
,
you
are
so
pestered
with
them
as
you
cannot
fight
in
them
:
on
the
contrary
,
if
you
accustome
your self
to
them
,
they
are
no
more
troublesome
to
you
,
and
you
are
at
as
much
libertie
in
them
as
if
you
were
in
your
doublet
.
But
the
greatest
mischief
that
cometh
of
it
is
,
that
the
ruine
of
military
discipline
followeth
on
it
;
which
a
good
Captain
ought
to
cause
to
be
exactly
observed
in
every
part
.
For
if
he
slacken
it
in
one
,
or
in
favour
of
some
persons
,
the
consequences
which
follow
on
it
by
little
and
little
will
be
such
as
they
will
wholly
overthrow
it
:
and
then
he
shall
find
himself
without
obedience
and
without
respect
;
which
he
shall
never
recover
without
incurring
the
hatred
of
those
whom
he
hath
too
much
spared
;
it
being
most
certain
that
it
is
easier
to
prevent
a
mischief
then
to
help
it
when
it
is
befallen
.
CHAP.
III.
Of
Militarie
Discipline
.
BEsides
that
which
hath
been
said
to
incite
every
one
to
take
upon
him
the
profession
of
arms
rather
then
any
other
,
we
must
make
other
observations
to
make
a
man
worthy
thereof
,
which
consist
in
three
things
:
namely
in
the
recompense
of
commendable
actions
,
in
the
punishment
of
bad
ones
,
and
in
the
continuall
and
exact
exercise
of
militarie
discipline
;
for
there
is
no
profession
in
the
world
which
hath
more
need
of
such
helps
then
that
of
warre
,
where
for
the
single
pay
(
which
hardly
affordeth
livelyhood
,
and
with
which
the
meanest
artisan
would
not
be
contented
)
the
souldier
abandoneth
himself
to
all
sorts
of
perils
and
labours
:
but
none
are
instigated
thereunto
unlesse
it
be
by
emulation
of
honour
,
or
by
licence
to
do
evil
;
and
as
the
first
aim
is
vertuous
,
so
you
shall
have
good
service
of
such
as
enter
into
it
for
that
end
.
But
of
the
other
you
shall
reap
nothing
but
shame
;
for
in
stead
of
a
good
and
obedient
army
you
shall
find
that
you
have
no
better
then
a
troup
of
pillaging
rogues
,
which
without
order
or
obedience
forsake
you
,
either
after
a
good
boot-haling
,
or
in
any
eminent
danger
.
For
this
reason
the
election
of
souldiers
is
a
better
way
of
forming
an
army
,
then
onely
to
receive
voluntaries
;
where
all
the
vagabonds
and
evil
livers
,
and
such
as
cannot
live
but
by
robbing
,
cause
themselves
to
be
enrolled
.
Therefore
to
incite
such
as
are
vertuous
to
well-doing
,
and
to
deterre
the
vitious
from
doing
evil
,
recompenses
and
punishments
are
principally
necessary
.
The
Romanes
have
made
very
profitable
use
of
these
two
means
:
and
if
we
follow
not
their
way
we
shall
never
have
good
nor
well-disciplined
souldiers
.
It
matters
not
though
we
use
not
the
very
same
remunerations
and
the
same
punishments
they
did
;
it
sufficeth
that
they
be
equivalent
,
that
so
we
may
receive
the
same
benefit
by
them
:
and
these
things
are
diversly
done
,
according
to
time
and
custome
.
The
principall
is
to
be
an
exact
observer
of
them
,
that
so
the
remunerations
may
excite
brave
men
to
worthy
actions
,
and
the
rigour
of
punishment
may
keep
cowards
from
doing
basely
.
The
manner
of
decimating
the
souldiers
which
the
Romanes
had
,
is
held
to
be
cruel
:
neverthelesse
there
be
sometimes
so
infamous
actions
committed
,
as
you
are
constrained
to
use
great
severity
,
to
give
a
terrour
to
all
;
finding
it
very
good
to
strike
a
fear
into
all
those
that
have
escaped
by
the
means
of
the
lot
,
and
to
put
but
few
to
death
.
For
you
must
imprint
this
belief
into
your
souldiers
,
that
by
base
flight
they
escape
not
death
,
but
they
onely
exchange
a
glorious
death
which
they
should
have
acquired
by
fighting
valiantly
for
an
infamous
one
.
After
that
the
souldier
be
incouraged
by
the
honour
of
being
esteemed
valiant
,
and
brought
to
a
hatred
of
being
held
a
coward
,
it
must
be
made
a
like
degree
of
honour
for
every
one
to
know
how
well
to
obey
his
superiour
,
from
the
private
souldier
to
the
Lieutenant
generall
:
for
on
this
obedience
all
the
functions
of
an
army
depend
,
and
without
it
you
can
keep
nothing
in
rule
,
nor
do
any
thing
that
is
good
.
This
must
be
ingraffed
into
the
hearts
of
the
souldiers
,
as
being
one
of
the
principallest
vertues
required
in
them
.
From
hence
groweth
order
;
by
this
military
exercise
is
mainteined
;
briefly
,
by
this
brave
designes
are
executed
,
and
without
this
all
goeth
to
confusion
and
ruine
.
I
will
not
trouble
my self
here
to
speak
of
the
particular
military
exercises
which
the
souldier
is
to
be
exercised
in
,
because
divers
books
are
ful
of
them
,
and
that
custome
doth
alwaies
change
something
or
other
in
them
.
I
will
onely
say
that
there
is
nothing
so
profitable
as
to
exercise
every
souldier
to
carry
his
arms
properly
,
to
use
them
souldier-like
,
to
keep
his
rank
well
,
and
therein
well
to
execute
all
the
motions
and
charges
which
are
commanded
him
.
So
much
concerning
the
souldiers
:
But
concerning
the
recompense
of
Generals
of
armies
,
I
will
say
the
same
which
I
said
for
the
souldiers
,
namely
,
that
according
to
the
time
,
or
the
constitution
of
kingdomes
or
common-wealths
,
such
courses
ought
to
be
taken
as
the
honour
of
such
as
have
done
brave
actions
and
great
services
be
not
diminished
nor
blemished
:
For
that
the
most
generous
spirits
(
which
will
easily
excuse
all
want
of
other
recompense
for
their
services
)
will
never
endure
to
be
robbed
of
the
honour
due
to
their
brave
actions
,
and
will
sooner
stomach
such
a
want
of
due
honour
then
any
other
thing
whatsoever
:
whereupon
very
often
great
mischiefs
have
followed
.
CHAP.
IV.
Of
the
obedience
of
souldiers
.
NOw
as
the
Generall
of
the
armie
requireth
of
the
souldiers
that
obedience
which
is
due
to
him
,
so
he
must
have
a
care
to
give
them
no
just
cause
to
exempt
themselves
from
it
:
to
this
end
he
ought
to
keep
them
in
continuall
imployment
,
for
that
idlenesse
engendreth
corruption
of
manners
and
discipline
,
whence
proceed
luxury
,
neglecting
of
exercises
and
the
guards
,
and
disobedience
to
superiours
.
It
was
the
ease
and
idlenesse
of
Capua
that
destroyed
Hannibals
army
,
and
the
delicacies
of
Babylon
which
corrupted
Alexander
himself
,
and
from
whence
he
drew
away
his
army
to
prevent
the
totall
ruine
of
it
;
there
being
no
means
of
greater
efficacy
to
keep
it
in
due
order
,
and
to
prevent
seditions
,
then
to
imploy
it
in
warre
.
It
is
therefore
a
maxime
which
must
be
exactly
observed
,
never
to
suffer
your
souldiers
in
any
place
to
be
idle
,
especially
when
the
army
is
brought
together
in
a
body
;
for
if
you
imploy
them
not
in
that
which
is
good
,
they
will
busie
themselves
in
that
which
is
naught
.
This
course
must
be
taken
aswell
in
the
time
of
securest
peace
as
of
open
warre
;
particularly
,
to
exercise
them
to
use
their
arms
well
,
and
to
observe
good
order
;
and
though
there
be
no
need
,
yet
to
use
them
to
make
retrenchments
of
the
camp
,
and
to
make
their
huts
:
that
so
they
may
be
so
accustomed
to
remove
the
earth
,
that
when
necessity
shall
require
,
it
may
be
no
trouble
to
them
.
I
would
further
imploy
them
to
make
fortifications
and
other
works
of
this
kind
,
not
onely
to
keep
them
in
exercise
,
but
that
also
they
may
get
(
besides
their
pay
)
wherewith
the
better
to
maintein
themselves
,
and
that
they
accustome
themselves
to
that
which
in
time
of
warre
is
as
profitable
to
them
as
to
fight
well
,
there
being
nothing
impossible
for
twenty
or
thirty
thousand
men
which
will
work
in
the
earth
;
for
in
eight
dayes
they
will
make
fortresses
which
shall
be
impregnable
:
And
Cesar
hath
made
himself
as
much
redoubted
and
admired
by
the
great
works
which
he
hath
caused
his
souldiers
to
make
,
as
by
his
great
battels
.
Moreover
,
the
Generall
must
take
care
that
they
be
well
clothed
and
well
fed
;
especially
that
(
out
of
their
payes
)
they
be
furnished
with
clothes
and
shoes
,
otherwise
he
will
soon
find
his
army
to
decay
,
and
diseases
to
rage
in
it
for
want
thereof
.
He
must
also
have
a
great
care
of
those
which
are
sick
and
hurt
,
and
therein
to
spare
for
no
cost
;
that
so
the
souldiers
may
not
excuse
themselves
from
going
on
upon
dangerous
services
,
or
to
undergo
laborious
imployments
,
because
they
are
abandoned
when
they
are
sick
or
wounded
.
The
General
ought
also
to
take
a
particular
care
not
to
overlabour
his
souldiers
,
nor
to
put
them
to
extraordinary
hard
marches
without
great
necessity
:
but
when
need
requireth
it
,
he
must
be
the
first
to
undergo
the
labour
;
for
the
example
of
the
commander
maketh
all
things
easie
to
the
souldier
.
The
examples
not
onely
of
the
greatest
Captains
amongst
the
Ancients
,
but
even
of
the
greatest
Monarchs
and
Emperours
,
should
shame
our
delicate
Captains
of
these
times
,
which
are
afraid
to
spoil
their
fair
complexion
in
the
sunne
,
and
their
goodly
plumes
in
the
rain
,
which
would
believe
themselves
to
be
dishonoured
if
they
should
march
on
foot
at
the
head
of
their
companies
:
and
those
great
men
have
not
scorned
to
march
at
the
head
of
their
armies
,
and
have
refused
to
quench
their
extraordinary
thirst
,
because
there
was
not
water
enough
to
make
all
the
army
to
drink
;
and
so
making
themselves
companions
of
the
dangers
and
labours
of
their
meanest
souldiers
,
have
made
themselves
masters
of
the
greatest
part
of
the
world
,
and
have
gained
an
immortall
glory
.
CHAP.
V.
Of
Marching
.
THere
are
divers
considerations
to
be
made
upon
the
marching
of
an
army
;
which
may
be
assaulted
in
the
day-time
,
or
at
its
dislodging
,
or
even
in
the
night
when
it
is
lodged
.
If
it
be
not
encamped
,
but
lodge
in
villages
,
you
must
(
to
cause
it
to
meet
in
one
body
)
give
it
a
Rendez-vous
on
the
way
which
it
must
take
;
which
if
the
enemy
learn
time
enough
to
be
there
first
,
or
that
he
meet
with
it
there
by
chance
,
he
will
put
the
army
to
run
a
great
hazard
,
which
cometh
to
its
Rendez-vous
at
divers
times
and
by
divers
wayes
.
The
best
means
to
guard
ones
self
from
such
an
accident
are
,
to
keep
your
Rendez-vous
very
secret
,
to
have
good
spies
amongst
the
enemies
,
and
to
send
out
many
discoverers
for
intelligence
.
When
you
encamp
you
are
not
subject
to
that
danger
,
because
the
army
is
alwayes
together
.
For
the
march
you
must
consider
the
countrey
where
you
are
,
and
the
number
of
souldiers
which
you
have
.
If
you
march
in
great
plains
,
you
may
(
for
the
most
part
)
march
in
battalia
;
or
at
least
with
formed
battaillons
and
squadrons
:
then
it
is
very
easie
to
put
your self
readily
into
a
good
form
to
fight
well
,
because
you
march
not
in
a
long
order
.
But
when
you
march
through
a
strait
countrey
,
where
but
few
can
march
in
front
,
then
you
must
compute
the
discommodity
of
the
way
,
and
the
time
you
have
for
your
march
,
with
the
number
of
souldiers
whereof
your
army
consisteth
;
for
10000
foot
marching
10
in
front
,
and
1000
horse
marching
5
in
front
,
with
the
lightest
baggage
they
can
possibly
have
,
and
ten
cannons
,
with
equipage
for
every
piece
to
shoot
100
bullets
,
take
up
about
28000
foot
of
way
in
length
;
whereby
you
may
judge
how
much
way
in
file
30000
foot
and
6000
horse
will
take
.
Therefore
when
so
great
armies
find
themselves
in
such
a
troublesome
way
,
you
must
of
necessity
divide
them
into
severall
bodies
,
which
may
march
one
after
another
,
and
lodge
severally
;
or
rather
cause
them
to
march
by
divers
wayes
,
some
miles
distant
from
each
other
;
or
howsoever
,
to
make
wayes
through
the
fields
for
your
souldiers
to
march
in
,
leaving
the
great
road
for
your
cannon
and
baggage
.
If
there
be
a
river
to
passe
where
you
can
make
but
one
bridge
,
or
some
passage
over
a
mountain
,
moorish
ground
,
or
forrest
where
you
cannot
make
severall
wayes
,
then
you
must
march
one
after
another
,
and
on
severall
dayes
.
I
trouble
not
my self
to
shew
how
you
are
to
passe
through
such
bad
passages
in
view
of
the
enemy
,
because
many
have
written
thereof
:
yet
when
it
cometh
to
execution
,
few
will
get
off
well
,
if
they
be
charged
home
;
but
I
will
onely
say
that
the
best
way
is
to
calculate
the
time
so
well
as
you
may
avoid
such
encounters
.
Concerning
the
march
;
I
find
it
almost
impossible
that
two
armies
should
meet
each
other
,
if
one
of
the
two
Generals
be
desirous
to
avoid
it
,
especially
in
an
inclosed
countrey
:
but
whatsoever
happen
,
the
best
way
is
to
have
the
baggage
wholly
separated
from
the
souldiers
,
leaving
onely
on
the
rear
some
few
troups
to
keep
it
from
disbanding
:
for
if
in
time
of
alarm
every
body
have
their
baggage
behind
them
,
it
causeth
a
great
confusion
,
and
hindreth
the
souldiers
from
rallying
themselves
and
helping
each
other
.
The
time
of
lodging
is
also
a
dangerous
time
to
be
assaulted
in
,
because
the
army
is
then
tired
,
and
every
man
(
desirous
to
be
lodged
)
hastneth
to
the
quarter
in
disorder
,
which
is
a
thing
hard
to
avoid
,
if
(
before
you
enter
your
lodgings
)
you
cause
not
your
army
to
stand
in
battalia
,
and
so
cause
them
to
lodge
troup
after
troup
,
without
suffering
any
to
lodge
but
by
command
,
mean
time
sending
out
on
all
sides
upon
discovery
.
There
remaineth
the
assaulting
of
a
quarter
,
which
is
that
which
is
more
frequently
attempted
,
especially
when
the
army
is
not
encamped
;
because
it
being
lodged
in
severall
quarters
,
the
enemy
may
attempt
to
surprise
some
one
quarter
without
hazarding
a
generall
combat
:
fo●
which
I
do
not
find
the
ordinary
guard
alone
(
how
exactly
soever
it
be
performed
)
sufficien●
to
remedy
such
an
accident
;
because
it
canno●
give
the
alarm
but
at
too
near
a
distance
,
and
tha●
ofttimes
you
have
not
leisure
to
put
your self
in
order
to
fight
;
therefore
you
must
be
carefull
to
send
out
discoverers
every
night
,
by
divers
small
troups
,
which
(
if
they
do
well
perform
their
task
)
will
not
suffer
you
to
be
surprised
;
for
an
army
or
a
grosse
troup
capable
to
assail
a
quarter
of
an
army
cannot
march
so
secretly
that
it
be
not
perceived
.
And
when
you
have
to
do
with
a
vigilant
enemy
,
and
that
you
fear
such
assaults
in
the
night
,
there
is
nothing
so
good
as
to
prevent
him
,
if
it
be
not
in
earnest
,
at
least
to
give
him
alarms
every
night
,
that
so
he
may
be
more
troubled
about
keeping
himself
upon
his
guards
,
then
about
assailing
you
.
If
it
be
in
an
intrenched
camp
,
where
all
the
army
is
in
one
body
,
it
is
a
high
enterprise
to
assault
it
.
And
this
one
chapter
sheweth
the
security
of
an
intrenched
camp
▪
which
I
will
end
with
this
conclusion
,
That
all
the
forementioned
things
to
assure
the
quarters
must
never
be
omitted
,
though
you
believe
your self
to
be
far
off
from
any
enemy
;
for
that
,
besides
the
profit
you
draw
from
hence
in
accustoming
your
army
to
do
their
duties
,
there
may
such
an
occasion
befall
you
as
it
may
be
the
safety
of
your
army
,
of
your
life
,
and
of
your
reputation
.
CHAP.
VI.
Of
encamping
.
I
Will
not
here
describe
the
form
of
entrenched
camps
,
but
onely
the
profitablenesse
of
them
,
not
being
able
to
wonder
enough
that
they
have
been
wholly
discontinued
.
No
people
made
so
exact
use
of
them
as
the
Romanes
;
and
in
our
time
Maurice
Prince
of
Orange
hath
revived
the
use
of
them
,
or
at
least
hath
given
them
a
great
perfection
.
The
entrenchment
of
a
camp
assureth
an
army
,
in
that
it
is
never
dispersed
in
the
villages
,
where
some
quarter
or
other
is
ever
in
danger
to
be
surprised
,
but
lodgeth
all
in
one
body
,
and
in
such
fashion
as
being
assailed
it
may
fight
with
great
advantage
.
The
entrenchment
saveth
a
great
deal
of
trouble
,
because
by
it
there
is
need
of
the
fewer
guards
by
many
,
&
those
lesse
toilsome
,
especially
to
the
Cavalry
,
which
when
they
are
lodged
in
open
villages
,
are
constrained
to
be
on
horseback
almost
all
night
.
The
entrenchment
encloseth
your
army
as
a
walled
city
;
from
whence
you
may
march
privately
with
such
troups
as
you
please
,
to
execute
all
sorts
of
brave
designes
,
leaving
your
baggage
in
safety
.
The
entrenchment
hindreth
the
enemy
from
constraining
you
to
fight
,
unlesse
when
you
please
.
The
entrenchment
causeth
you
to
be
without
danger
at
the
head
of
the
most
dreadfull
armies
.
The
entrenchment
causeth
you
to
take
strong
cities
in
the
face
of
more
puissant
armies
then
your
own
.
Briefly
,
the
entrenchment
is
lesse
subject
to
infection
then
the
villages
where
you
lodge
,
because
you
choose
a
wholsome
place
to
sit
down
in
,
and
in
villages
you
must
take
them
as
they
fall
out
:
Also
,
because
this
is
more
ayrie
,
the
lodgings
are
here
better
divided
,
those
things
which
may
cause
bad
air
are
more
easily
removed
;
and
in
effect
an
army
incamped
and
entrenched
wil
rather
subsist
three
moneths
in
health
in
a
camp
,
then
a
forthnight
in
the
best
villages
.
Whence
I
conclude
,
that
one
of
the
most
necessary
parts
of
warre
is
,
well
to
know
how
to
incamp
and
entrench
.
CHAP.
VII
.
Of
Battels
.
OF
all
the
actions
of
warre
the
most
glorious
and
most
important
is
to
give
battel
:
the
gaining
of
one
or
two
acquireth
or
subverteth
whole
Empires
.
Anciently
all
warres
were
divided
by
battels
,
which
caused
such
speedy
conquest
:
For
the
present
,
warres
are
managed
more
fox-like
then
lion-like
;
and
are
rather
founded
upon
sieges
then
combats
.
Neverthethelesse
,
there
be
divers
nations
at
this
day
which
decide
the
most
part
of
their
warres
by
battels
,
as
the
Turks
and
the
Persians
:
and
even
amongst
the
Christians
we
have
seen
of
late
divers
battels
given
in
Germanie
,
whereof
onely
one
had
almost
inthralled
all
the
Protestant
Princes
.
And
an
army
well-disciplined
,
and
which
feareth
not
battel
,
hath
a
marvellous
advantage
in
all
designes
of
that
which
feareth
it
.
For
this
reason
(
howsoever
the
manner
of
warring
at
this
time
be
not
so
frequent
in
the
hazarding
of
battels
as
in
times
past
)
the
knowledge
of
them
must
not
be
neglected
.
And
a
Generall
of
an
army
cannot
be
said
to
be
a
good
Captain
,
which
knoweth
not
all
advantages
which
may
be
taken
on
a
day
of
battel
,
and
all
disadvantages
which
ought
to
be
avoyded
;
that
so
he
may
well
disintangle
himself
.
I
will
not
speak
of
dust
,
the
sunne
or
rain
,
whereof
it
is
observed
that
many
Captains
have
made
use
,
driving
them
on
the
face
of
the
enemy
by
gaining
the
wind
of
them
;
because
they
are
casuall
things
which
may
change
in
a
moment
,
and
which
by
consequence
happen
rather
by
hazard
then
come
by
designe
;
but
of
things
more
solid
.
He
then
that
will
give
battel
must
have
regard
to
seven
principall
things
.
The
first
is
,
never
to
suffer
himself
to
be
forced
to
fight
against
his
will
.
The
second
,
to
choose
a
field
for
the
battel
fit
for
the
quality
and
number
of
his
souldiers
:
for
if
he
feareth
to
be
inclosed
by
a
great
number
,
he
must
shelter
his
flanks
▪
or
at
least
one
of
them
,
by
the
nature
of
the
place
;
as
by
a
river
,
wood
,
or
some
other
thing
equivalent
:
and
if
he
be
weak
in
his
Cavalry
,
he
must
avoid
the
plains
;
as
he
must
strait
passages
or
enclosed
places
,
if
stronger
.
The
third
,
so
to
range
his
army
in
battel
,
as
according
to
the
quality
of
his
souldiers
it
may
be
within
its
own
advantage
,
sheltring
his
horse
by
his
foot
,
if
therein
he
be
the
weaker
;
and
if
the
contrary
,
his
foot
by
his
horse
;
disposing
all
his
souldiers
in
such
order
as
they
may
fight
divers
times
before
they
be
wholly
defeated
:
for
if
we
well
observe
the
small
troups
of
souldiers
which
fight
not
all
at
once
,
and
believe
that
a
hundred
horse
in
two
troups
wil
beat
two
hundred
in
one
entire
troup
,
and
have
observed
in
our
times
that
divers
battels
have
been
won
by
him
which
had
made
a
troup
of
reserve
,
which
was
not
to
fight
untill
all
the
rest
had
fought
,
how
much
greater
effect
will
a
second
order
of
battel
produce
,
which
will
come
to
the
charge
after
that
all
the
adverse
army
hath
fought
against
the
first
order
▪
and
yet
after
that
a
third
,
in
imitation
of
the
Romanes
,
if
the
two
former
be
defeated
It
is
a
maxime
,
That
every
troup
(
how
grosse
soever
i●
be
)
which
hath
fought
,
is
in
such
a
disorder
as
the
least
troup
that
chargeth
it
,
is
able
to
defeat
it
absolutely
:
so
that
that
Generall
which
can
reserve
some
troups
to
the
last
without
fighting
,
will
with
those
bear
away
the
victory
:
it
being
a
long
work
and
difficult
to
go
about
to
rally
an
army
that
hath
fought
into
good
order
to
fight
afresh
;
some
gazing
about
for
pillage
,
others
being
vexed
to
return
to
the
danger
again
,
and
all
being
so
distracted
as
they
do
not
or
will
not
understand
any
command
:
on
the
contrary
,
such
as
have
not
as
yet
fought
,
are
under
obedience
,
and
ready
to
do
whatsoever
their
Generall
shall
command
them
.
So
that
the
knowledge
of
a
Generall
of
an
army
is
not
so
much
to
rally
disordered
and
defeated
troups
(
which
is
properly
but
an
action
of
courage
)
as
to
make
his
troups
fight
to
good
purpose
,
the
one
after
the
other
,
and
not
all
at
once
:
for
he
must
consider
that
he
cannot
be
well
obeyed
by
his
souldiers
,
but
onely
untill
the
houre
that
he
sendeth
them
to
the
combat
.
After
that
all
the
orations
of
the
world
will
not
stay
them
when
they
flie
;
but
this
troup
which
is
in
good
order
will
easily
do
it
.
The
fourth
is
,
to
have
many
good
commanders
,
it
being
impossible
that
a
Generall
should
suffice
for
all
places
.
After
that
he
hath
made
a
good
choice
of
his
field
for
battel
,
and
put
his
army
into
good
order
,
it
is
altogether
impossible
for
him
(
when
it
cometh
to
blows
)
to
give
order
,
more
then
in
that
part
where
he
is
present
:
so
that
if
he
be
not
well
assisted
every-where
else
,
aswell
amongst
the
horse
as
foot
,
though
he
should
work
miracles
in
that
place
where
he
himself
is
,
he
cannot
make
good
the
ignorance
of
those
officers
which
command
in
the
other
parts
of
his
army
.
Therefore
there
must
be
at
least
five
principall
commanders
to
make
an
army
fight
well
,
namely
for
three
bodies
of
Infantery
,
distinguished
by
vanguard
,
battel
,
and
rearguard
,
and
two
for
the
horse
which
are
on
the
wings
.
The
fifth
is
,
so
to
observe
your
distances
in
your
order
of
battel
,
that
the
foremost
troups
being
put
to
recoil
,
may
not
fall
upon
those
which
should
come
up
to
relieve
them
,
nor
the
second
upon
the
third
.
The
sixth
is
,
to
place
the
most
valiant
souldiers
on
the
wings
of
the
army
,
and
to
begin
the
battel
by
that
wing
which
you
think
to
be
strongest
;
for
if
you
once
break
one
of
the
enemies
wings
,
you
fall
upon
his
flank
and
rear
,
and
it
is
impossible
for
him
to
resist
you
.
The
seventh
and
last
is
,
not
to
suffer
any
to
pursue
the
enemy
,
nor
fall
to
pillaging
,
untill
he
be
routed
on
all
parts
;
and
although
it
be
good
to
give
him
a
hot
chace
,
you
must
ever
have
some
troups
in
order
,
which
must
not
disband
,
that
so
you
may
avoid
all
inconveniences
.
I
will
not
speak
of
the
advantages
which
may
be
met
with
in
a
field
of
battel
,
whereof
a
good
Captain
often
maketh
use
with
great
profit
;
because
there
can
no
certain
rule
be
given
for
it
,
by
reason
the
diversitie
of
situations
is
such
,
that
you
shall
never
find
two
every-way
alike
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Of
Fortresses
.
BEcause
the
gain
and
losse
of
battels
draweth
such
consequences
after
it
,
as
it
giveth
or
taketh
away
whole
Empires
at
once
,
it
hath
caused
a
resolution
of
opposing
the
conquers
by
fortified
places
,
to
stay
their
first
fury
with
few
men
,
and
to
ruine
their
armies
:
But
since
the
invention
of
the
cannon
they
have
been
enforced
to
change
their
manner
of
fortifications
;
and
even
by
reason
of
the
invention
of
petards
we
have
beene
constrained
to
assure
the
gates
of
cities
by
portculices
,
pallisadoes
,
draw-bridges
,
and
other
inventions
;
because
there
was
no
place
,
how
strong
soever
it
were
,
which
did
not
runne
a
hazard
to
be
surprised
by
this
new
invention
.
Now
the
best
fortresses
against
the
cannon
are
those
which
are
made
of
earth
;
because
(
when
they
have
a
sufficient
thicknesse
to
make
resistance
)
they
are
not
subject
to
endamage
the
besieged
,
as
those
fortifications
are
which
are
made
of
masons
work
,
the
shivers
whereof
do
much
mischief
.
Neverthelesse
,
when
a
Prince
can
be
at
the
cost
to
line
them
as
high
as
the
rampart
,
leaving
the
parapet
upon
it
to
be
of
earth
cannon-proof
,
it
maketh
the
work
to
last
the
longer
.
In
fortresses
you
must
observe
foure
principall
things
:
namely
,
that
the
line
of
defense
be
within
musket-shot
;
that
the
flanked
angle
exceed
not
ninety
degrees
,
nor
be
lesse
then
sixty
;
that
the
gorge
of
the
bul-wark
be
not
too
narrow
;
and
that
the
flank
be
as
great
as
may
be
.
And
these
foure
generall
maximes
must
be
so
proportioned
amongst
themselves
,
as
that
to
make
one
of
them
exceeding
good
you
destroy
not
the
rest
.
You
must
also
avoid
tenailles
in
the
principall
body
of
fortification
,
unlesse
the
ground
be
so
small
as
it
will
not
suffer
you
to
make
good
flanks
.
For
the
interior
angle
of
such
a
fortification
raised
as
it
ought
to
be
cannot
be
defended
by
any
flank
,
and
men
may
lodge
themselves
at
the
foot
of
it
without
receiving
any
hurt
,
unlesse
it
be
by
stones
thrown
over
.
This
is
the
reason
why
tenailles
are
not
used
but
in
the
counterscarps
.
The
moats
are
usually
proportioned
according
to
the
earth
necessary
to
make
the
fortifications
;
and
such
as
are
full
of
water
are
best
to
hinder
a
surprise
,
and
the
forts
defend
themselves
the
best
against
an
assault
:
their
breadth
must
have
a
due
proportion
;
for
when
they
are
too
broad
the
out-works
are
too
farre
distant
from
the
defense
of
the
principall
fortification
;
but
depth
never
spoiled
a
moat
.
The
false
brayes
are
joyned
to
the
body
of
the
fortification
.
It
is
anew
invention
and
excellent
to
hinder
the
approching
to
the
bulwarks
by
galleries
.
The
counterscarp
,
half-moons
,
ravelins
,
and
horn-works
are
beyond
the
great
moat
;
all
the
out-works
(
if
it
be
possible
)
must
be
commanded
by
the
body
of
the
fortification
.
These
are
in
grosse
the
principall
observations
which
are
in
fortifications
in
a
place
which
is
levell
and
approchable
:
the
rest
dependeth
on
the
judgement
of
the
Enginier
,
which
must
make
profitable
use
of
the
situation
of
the
place
which
he
is
to
fortifie
,
either
in
taking
what
serveth
for
his
advantage
,
or
in
avoyding
whatsoever
is
to
his
hinderance
.
I
adde
further
,
that
there
be
situations
so
favourable
,
as
nature
it self
defendeth
them
,
and
maketh
them
more
inexpugnable
then
all
the
art
in
the
world
;
as
an
inaccessible
rock
,
a
quagmire
or
a
lake
:
But
every
commodity
hath
its
discommodity
;
seldome
you
shall
meet
with
such
situations
on
frontier-places
,
or
upon
any
important
passage
,
or
capable
to
contein
a
garrison
of
sufficient
strength
to
give
●ealousie
to
an
enemy
which
would
invade
your
countrey
;
or
else
they
are
found
so
easie
to
be
blocked
up
,
as
five
hundred
men
without
are
able
to
besiege
five
hundred
within
.
They
which
desire
to
know
the
particularities
of
fortification
,
may
find
them
amongst
an
infinite
number
of
books
where
they
are
described
;
but
much
better
in
the
exercise
of
warre
,
where
expe●●ence
causeth
every
day
something
to
be
added
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Of
defense
against
surprises
.
NOw
that
we
have
spoken
of
fortresses
,
we
must
come
to
the
way
of
guarding
them
,
and
not
suffer
them
to
be
surprised
.
It
is
most
certain
that
men
will
alwayes
attempt
to
take
them
by
surprise
rather
then
by
open
force
;
for
that
thereby
they
save
charge
and
time
.
But
because
surprises
are
grounded
upon
some
defects
which
they
find
in
the
place
,
or
in
the
guard
thereof
,
I
will
begin
with
that
which
must
be
observed
to
defend
your self
against
such
surprises
.
The
Captain
which
shall
have
a
place
to
guard
must
provide
for
six
principall
things
,
whereon
all
the
rest
depend
:
namely
,
to
see
that
the
walls
be
out
of
danger
of
a
scalado
;
the
gates
not
subject
to
the
petard
;
the
way
for
the
rounds
easie
and
convenient
;
the
sentinels
well
set
;
the
guard
very
exact
;
and
to
hinder
intelligences
and
treacheries
.
For
the
five
first
,
the
way
is
beaten
for
them
,
there
be
books
full
of
instructions
,
a●d
there
be
now
so
many
Princes
orders
in
writing
and
in
practice
,
as
he
must
be
very
negligent
which
is
not
carefull
therein
.
But
for
the
last
it
is
not
so
easie
to
give
rules
.
Treachery
may
be
wrought
by
the
townsmen
or
souldiers
:
the
mingling
of
them
together
,
whether
it
be
on
the
guards
,
rounds
,
or
patroullies
,
may
much
hinder
it
;
as
also
the
drawing
all
the
functions
of
the
guard
by
lot
,
the
keeping
a
guard
without
the
town
,
and
the
having
of
spies
amongst
the
enemies
.
You
must
double
your
guards
at
times
of
fairs
and
markets
,
in
harvest
and
time
of
●intage
,
because
men
use
to
spy
out
such
times
to
frame
a
designe
.
You
must
observe
to
be
in
arms
at
the
opening
and
shutting
of
the
gates
;
and
in
whatsoever
time
of
peace
it
may
be
,
you
must
never
neglect
the
observation
of
any
of
these
particulars
.
There
is
also
a
way
to
avoid
intelligences
,
namely
,
by
making
double
enterprises
your self
,
feigning
to
discontent
an
officer
,
private
souldier
,
or
townsman
,
who
running
over
to
the
enemy
,
causeth
him
to
undertake
some
designe
probably
feisible
and
facil
:
for
besides
the
profit
which
you
gain
by
it
,
by
getting
the
boldest
of
them
in
a
trap
,
you
reap
this
advantage
by
it
,
that
your
enemie
dreameth
on
no
other
so
long
as
he
hopeth
in
that
;
for
that
every
one
alwayes
undertaketh
that
which
he
believeth
will
succeed
most
assuredly
.
Whereby
we
may
see
how
doubtfull
those
enterprises
are
which
are
grounded
upon
intelligence
,
either
for
that
they
may
be
double
,
or
else
by
the
fault
of
traitours
,
which
in
the
very
point
of
execution
may
lose
courage
and
discover
all
;
or
by
their
indiscretions
and
not
keeping
secret
their
negotiations
.
For
these
reasons
in
enterprises
made
upon
intelligence
both
the
defendant
and
assailant
must
be
very
suspicious
and
exceeding
diligent
to
observe
the
words
,
actions
and
behaviour
of
such
as
promise
to
serve
them
by
betraying
their
own
side
,
and
to
omit
no
precautions
to
assure
themselves
of
their
persons
,
so
that
they
may
not
catch
them
;
the
hostages
of
women
and
children
being
not
alwayes
sufficient
(
as
Montluc
observeth
at
the
enterprise
of
Darges
)
for
that
some
traitours
are
so
resolute
as
they
will
hazard
all
to
attein
the
height
of
their
designes
,
and
make
account
to
release
their
pledges
by
such
prisoners
as
they
intend
to
take
.
There
remaineth
a
word
to
be
spoken
of
alarms
.
You
may
therein
use
two
wayes
:
the
first
and
usuall
way
is
to
put
your self
in
order
in
the
allarm-place
,
where
the
governour
must
be
present
,
that
so
from
thence
he
may
lead
to
the
place
of
danger
;
the
second
is
,
for
every
company
to
repair
to
their
colours
,
and
from
thence
to
go
and
find
out
their
squadron
which
is
upon
the
guard
.
If
the
garrison
be
weak
,
the
scalado
easie
,
and
the
place
large
,
this
last
way
of
going
to
the
alarm
is
the
best
,
because
they
go
more
readily
to
the
defense
of
the
walls
;
but
in
this
case
they
must
have
no
suspicion
of
the
fidelitie
of
the
inhabitants
.
CHAP.
X.
Of
assaults
by
surprises
.
THe
enterprises
of
fortified
places
are
made
after
severall
fashions
,
either
by
petard
,
or
by
scalado
,
or
by
some
holes
in
the
wals
,
or
by
saucidges
,
or
by
some
such
other
wayes
and
inventions
which
men
seek
every
day
to
encrease
,
according
to
the
measure
of
the
remedies
against
such
as
are
alreadie
invented
.
But
to
make
them
take
good
effect
you
must
be
very
carefull
of
three
things
;
namely
,
intelligence
,
conducting
,
and
execution
:
for
for
want
of
one
of
these
we
see
all
enterprises
miscarry
;
either
by
being
prevented
by
the
day-light
,
or
being
discovered
too
soon
,
or
for
want
of
some
petard
or
ladder
,
or
by
some
disorder
in
the
execution
.
For
the
first
,
which
is
intelligence
,
they
which
are
imployed
in
it
must
inform
themselves
exactly
of
the
form
of
the
garrison
,
number
of
the
townsmen
,
and
of
their
affections
.
They
must
observe
at
the
gates
whether
there
be
a
bridge
dormant
to
come
at
them
;
whether
it
be
of
wood
or
stone
;
and
if
of
wood
,
whether
they
use
not
to
take
away
some
planks
in
the
night-time
;
whether
this
bridge
hath
not
rails
:
whe●her
the
moat
be
deep
and
broad
,
and
whether
by
a
commodious
descending
into
the
moat
you
may
escape
the
draw-bridge
,
which
is
usually
made
upon
the
bridge
dormant
:
or
whether
by
the
benefit
of
the
moat
the
gate
or
draw
bridge
of
the
town
may
be
petarded
without
carriages
or
rolling-bridge
.
They
must
well
observe
all
the
hindrances
which
may
be
before
the
bridge
dormant
,
whether
they
be
gates
,
barres
,
pallisadoes
,
or
portculices
,
there
being
usually
a
ravelin
:
and
whether
there
be
a
corps
du-guard
kept
in
the
night
,
either
on
the
outside
or
upon
the
bridge
dormant
:
taking
notice
how
many
gates
,
bridges
,
barres
,
pallisadoes
,
portculices
,
trap-doores
,
grates
,
iron-pinnes
,
chains
,
and
other
impediments
whatsoever
there
be
from
the
field
to
the
inside
of
the
town
,
and
how
all
these
things
are
fastened
:
how
many
paces
of
distance
there
may
be
from
one
piece
to
another
,
and
(
as
near
as
may
be
)
the
length
,
breadth
and
thicknesse
of
all
those
things
,
and
in
what
places
they
are
:
whether
there
be
loopholes
over
the
gate
,
or
holes
in
the
roof
of
it
:
how
many
corps
du-guards
there
be
,
in
what
places
they
are
,
and
how
situated
;
whether
the
entrance
be
straight
on
,
or
winding
;
observing
the
place
of
the
flanks
,
whether
they
be
on
the
side
before
,
behind
,
above
,
or
below
;
whether
they
keep
any
ordinance
there
,
and
how
many
;
or
whether
they
be
onely
for
musketiers
;
what
number
may
be
lodged
on
them
,
and
at
what
distance
they
flank
the
●ate
;
discovering
the
way
by
which
you
are
to
go
from
the
town
you
go
from
to
that
which
you
intend
to
assail
:
To
spie
out
a
fitting
place
within
half
a
league
of
it
to
alight
,
and
to
distribute
the
petards
and
other
instruments
:
they
must
also
observe
the
places
and
streets
within
the
town
which
must
be
seised
upon
,
all
the
corps
du-guards
to
be
forced
;
and
well
consider
the
condi●ion
of
the
souldiers
,
and
other
necessarie
things
,
to
surmount
all
obstacles
which
might
be
met
with
.
If
it
be
to
give
them
a
scalado
,
they
must
well
observe
the
dvenues
,
the
counterscarp
and
the
moat
;
to
know
whether
you
may
come
at
it
undiscovered
,
go
down
into
the
moat
,
and
come
up
out
of
it
easily
,
especially
over
against
the
place
where
you
would
make
the
scalado
,
or
near
it
.
For
if
you
must
go
farre
about
the
town
after
you
be
entred
into
the
moat
,
the
enterprise
becometh
much
the
more
dangerous
and
difficult
.
It
must
be
known
whether
the
moat
be
drie
or
frozen
,
or
that
the
water
be
but
shallow
,
without
mud
and
easie
to
passe
;
whether
the
wall
be
low
or
weak
,
so
as
it
may
easily
be
scaled
or
pierced
,
or
whether
there
be
some
hole
or
drain
or
other
means
for
the
water
to
passe
in
or
out
which
are
ill
guarded
or
weak
.
You
must
judge
what
height
your
ladders
must
be
of
,
and
regard
how
they
may
be
set
on
sure
footing
,
and
whether
there
be
a
scarp
or
not
;
whether
the
place
where
you
mean
to
give
on
be
far
from
guards
or
sentinels
;
whether
the
place
of
scalado
be
capable
to
raise
good
store
of
ladders
,
and
for
store
of
men
to
enter
at
once
:
as
if
it
were
very
strait
,
you
must
see
if
the
first
being
entred
can
accommodate
themselves
upon
the
rampart
to
subsist
so
long
untill
the
rest
mount
.
You
must
also
observe
the
distances
of
the
wall
to
enter
into
the
town
,
and
to
go
and
set
upon
the
corps
du-guard
.
For
the
second
,
which
is
the
conducting
,
it
may
be
made
two
wayes
,
by
parts
or
in
grosse
:
by
parts
,
when
they
are
designes
upon
places
of
importance
,
and
which
are
farre
within
an
enemies
countrey
,
and
whereof
the
enterprises
are
held
to
be
very
f●isible
in
the
execution
;
for
they
may
not
fail
,
without
putting
all
the
souldiers
which
go
on
that
service
into
eminent
danger
:
therefore
there
must
be
great
prudence
used
,
and
none
imployed
in
it
but
resolute
men
and
secret
,
because
they
must
either
there
overcome
or
perish
;
which
happeneth
not
in
such
enterprises
where
there
is
as
great
care
taken
of
the
safety
of
retreating
as
of
giving
on
.
The
Marshall
of
Brisac
made
one
(
being
in
Piedmont
)
upon
the
castle
of
Millain
,
which
was
excellently
well
conducted
,
and
deserveth
to
be
here
taken
notice
of
,
to
serve
for
a
lesson
for
such
as
may
desire
to
undertake
the
like
.
He
made
choice
of
eightie
French
men
and
fourtie
Italians
,
the
bravest
and
resolutest
souldiers
of
all
his
army
,
and
made
Salvaison
Captain
of
the
French
,
and
Peter
Maria
of
Recuperat
of
Bresignolle
commander
of
the
Italians
,
which
two
onely
knew
whither
they
were
to
go
:
then
he
caused
them
to
come
by
five
at
once
to
his
Secretaries
lodging
,
and
caused
twenty
five
crowns
to
be
given
to
each
of
them
,
and
to
the
chief
man
of
every
five
there
was
a
note
given
,
wherein
was
specified
the
way
they
were
to
take
,
and
the
dayes
journeyes
they
were
to
go
,
that
so
the
brigadoes
might
not
meet
each
other
.
The
first
rendez●vous
was
at
an
out-house
(
or
farm-house
)
on
the
confines
of
Millanois
,
whither
Lodowick
Birague
had
conveyed
himself
some
dayes
before
very
secretly
in
disguised
apparel
,
to
give
such
order
to
this
designe
as
should
be
necessary
.
The
manner
of
meeting
at
this
farm-house
was
thus
;
At
the
parting
from
the
valley
Camonica
or
Bergamasque
,
the
first
five
or
brigado
(
and
so
by
turns
all
the
rest
)
found
a
countrey-fellow
having
a
straw-hat
with
two
pheasants
feathers
on
it
;
to
whom
the
chief
man
of
every
brigado
was
to
say
,
O
buon
compagno
,
voi
tu
vender
my
quella
capelina
!
that
is
,
Ho
,
good
fellow
,
wilt
thou
sell
me
that
hat
?
to
which
he
was
to
answer
,
Messer
no
,
ne
ho
bisogno
per
me
;
that
is
,
No
sir
,
I
must
use
it
my self
.
That
was
the
watchword
;
which
being
so
known
,
the
chief
(
without
speaking
a
word
)
followed
the
countrey-fellow
,
which
conducted
him
with
his
brigado
to
the
farm-house
where
Lodowick
Birague
was
;
and
in
this
wise
the
Marshall
of
Brisac
his
hundred
and
twenty
souldiers
passed
very
secretly
to
that
place
.
From
this
farm-house
they
were
to
get
to
the
house
of
one
of
Sienna
near
Millain
,
who
was
the
plotter
of
the
designe
:
to
this
end
they
passed
along
as
before
,
by
five
and
five
together
,
and
after
they
had
passed
the
river
Adde
at
the
haven
of
Vaure
,
they
had
measured
the
time
to
arrive
towards
night
at
the
bridge
Navilio
of
Millain
,
near
the
Monastery
of
Angels
;
on
which
bridge
being
arrived
,
the
chief
of
the
brigado
shaked
a
little
bell
,
at
the
sound
of
which
he
was
answered
by
another
like
it
,
and
presently
there
came
(
from
below
the
bridge
)
the
man
of
Sienna
(
the
authour
of
this
designe
)
who
conducted
the
brigado
to
his
own
house
,
and
continued
after
this
manner
every
night
,
untill
the
whole
troup
was
past
:
which
is
a
matter
worth
the
observing
,
to
cause
a
hundred
and
twenty
souldiers
to
go
by
stealth
from
Piedmont
to
the
very
gates
of
Millain
,
without
being
discovered
,
and
not
a
man
of
them
(
except
onely
Salvaison
and
Peter
Maria
of
Recuperat
)
untill
then
,
knowing
whither
they
went
or
where
they
were
.
Concerning
the
conducting
in
grosse
,
which
is
the
more
ordinary
,
you
must
measure
the
length
of
the
way
to
the
place
upon
which
you
have
your
designe
,
with
the
time
which
you
must
have
to
arrive
at
the
just
time
to
execute
it
:
wherein
many
deceive
themselves
very
often
,
for
that
usually
there
befall
unexpected
casualties
which
prolong
the
time
;
insomuch
that
what
measures
soever
you
take
(
without
great
experience
in
such
actions
)
you
shall
commonly
find
the
time
too
short
,
especially
if
you
have
a
grosse
troup
to
lead
.
For
to
make
two
thousand
men
to
march
by
night
in
their
long
order
,
the
Altes
which
must
be
made
at
the
head
to
stay
for
the
rear
,
or
those
which
a
narrow
or
troublesome
way
,
or
that
is
cut
off
by
a
river
compell
you
to
make
,
are
such
,
and
cause
you
to
lose
so
much
time
,
that
unlesse
you
be
very
diligent
to
make
them
march
,
and
that
you
have
caused
good
intelligence
to
be
taken
of
the
way
,
and
provided
for
all
these
things
,
you
will
find
you
have
not
half
time
enough
.
I
speak
not
of
the
great
showers
of
rain
,
nor
of
frosts
,
which
sometimes
happen
so
unlooked
for
and
extraordinary
,
that
,
what
foresight
soever
you
may
have
used
in
all
other
things
,
it
is
impossible
to
overcome
them
.
After
that
you
have
proportioned
the
time
with
the
way
,
you
must
provide
your self
of
good
guides
,
and
as
many
of
them
as
may
be
:
then
you
must
form
your
order
before
you
depart
,
as
it
should
be
at
the
execution
,
giving
to
every
man
your
commands
in
writing
of
what
he
is
to
do
,
and
keeping
a
register
thereof
.
For
if
you
deferre
to
do
it
untill
you
come
upon
the
place
where
you
are
to
alight
,
and
where
all
the
equipage
is
to
be
accommodated
(
which
is
usually
about
half
a
league
from
the
place
)
may
hinder
you
therein
,
the
place
haply
will
not
be
spacious
enough
nor
commodious
to
make
the
order
,
contentions
which
may
befall
,
jealousie
of
honour
amongst
the
souldiers
,
and
divers
unthought-of
accidents
which
arise
,
are
able
to
frustrate
the
designe
:
which
things
being
resolved
on
before
your
going
out
,
and
there
being
nothing
to
be
changed
in
your
order
,
this
(
most
certainly
)
is
the
means
to
avoid
such
obstacles
.
I
adde
this
,
That
if
it
be
a
citie
from
whence
you
go
out
,
you
must
keep
the
gates
shut
long
before
and
after
;
and
cause
the
troups
to
march
by
day
,
that
so
you
may
see
that
not
a
man
go
out
but
they
of
the
enterprise
.
And
afterwards
to
cause
the
troups
to
make
Alte
,
beyond
the
gate
or
in
some
private
place
near
hand
.
Concerning
the
order
;
you
must
cause
some
horse
to
march
foremost
,
whose
scouts
must
have
charge
to
ride
farre
enough
before
,
and
to
seise
upon
all
sorts
of
persons
wheresoever
they
go
,
that
so
they
may
hinder
the
giving
of
intelligence
to
the
town
which
you
intend
to
surprise
;
especially
if
there
be
some
bridge
or
passage
by
which
unavoydably
you
must
passe
,
you
must
gain
that
.
Then
must
fifty
musketiers
follow
;
next
the
train
,
the
petards
or
ladders
,
being
followed
by
those
men
which
are
chosen
to
carry
them
;
whereof
there
must
be
a
treble
number
,
to
ease
and
succeed
each
other
,
in
case
any
be
hurt
or
killed
:
and
these
must
be
men
of
execution
,
the
most
resolute
and
adventurous
of
the
troup
;
for
on
these
foremost
usually
the
good
or
bad
successe
dependeth
:
you
must
also
carry
double
equipage
of
petards
,
because
all
work
not
that
effect
which
you
purpose
they
should
;
and
often
the
want
of
one
petard
hath
caused
brave
enterprises
to
fail
,
and
so
of
ladders
,
which
are
often
broken
by
the
enemies
,
or
break
by
being
too
much
laden
.
In
the
pursuit
you
must
not
make
any
troup
of
above
fifty
souldiers
,
namely
fifty
muskets
,
then
fifty
pikes
,
and
so
successively
:
for
you
must
consider
that
the
first
encounters
are
in
narrow
streets
,
and
in
the
night
;
so
that
the
grosse
troups
cause
but
disorder
.
And
if
you
find
streets
that
are
broader
then
the
order
which
you
have
framed
,
you
must
joyn
two
troups
together
,
that
so
they
may
take
up
the
whole
breadth
of
the
street
.
Every
troup
must
have
officers
at
the
front
and
rear
of
it
,
and
the
sergeants
on
the
flanks
,
to
keep
them
to
their
duties
,
and
to
hinder
them
from
straggling
and
pillaging
.
You
must
also
observe
in
the
order
you
make
(
when
you
part
from
your
quarter
)
that
if
you
make
severall
assaults
,
the
commanders
,
souldiers
,
and
equipage
must
be
distinguished
into
so
many
troups
as
you
will
make
assaults
,
and
that
they
march
according
to
the
order
they
should
assail
in
.
In
all
enterprises
(
especially
in
those
where
the
retreat
is
dangerous
and
long
)
you
must
more
regard
to
have
good
souldiers
then
many
;
for
a
small
troup
may
come
from
farther
off
,
march
more
secretly
,
and
retreat
with
lesse
danger
and
confusion
then
a
grosse
troup
.
Besides
,
a
small
troup
with
good
store
of
officers
,
is
more
obedient
in
execution
,
and
begetteth
lesse
disorder
then
a
grosse
,
I
adde
further
,
that
in
enterprises
by
night
you
affright
an
enemy
as
much
with
a
small
troup
as
with
a
great
one
:
for
it
is
a
maxime
,
That
they
which
are
surprised
and
assailed
fight
in
fear
,
alwayes
perswading
themselves
that
you
assail
them
with
forces
sufficient
.
Briefly
,
if
you
overcome
with
a
small
troup
you
get
more
honour
then
if
it
had
been
with
a
great
,
which
ofttimes
disturbeth
you
both
in
fight
,
in
march
,
and
in
their
retreat
:
and
if
you
be
beaten
,
the
dishonour
is
the
lesse
.
Concerning
the
third
,
which
is
the
execution
,
all
the
order
must
be
given
in
writing
,
that
so
none
of
them
which
have
any
command
in
the
enterprise
may
excuse
themselves
by
pretending
they
misunderstood
you
.
If
it
be
by
scalado
,
there
must
be
2
men
to
carry
every
piece
of
a
ladder
;
and
because
it
is
almost
impossible
to
do
the
execution
upon
a
place
where
there
needeth
more
then
five
pieces
of
ladders
in
height
,
it
is
sufficient
that
there
be
ten
men
for
every
ladder
,
and
one
man
to
command
them
:
The
men
for
every
ladder
must
be
mentioned
in
a
roll
by
their
names
and
surnames
,
and
of
what
company
they
be
.
You
must
command
them
on
pain
of
death
to
bring
back
their
ladders
if
you
cannot
get
the
town
:
for
they
seeing
the
danger
and
trouble
of
bringing
them
back
again
,
will
rather
desire
to
do
their
uttermost
endeavour
to
enter
the
town
moreover
you
must
command
ten
other
men
to
enter
after
the
first
ten
,
which
must
be
led
by
an
officer
,
and
another
to
be
on
their
rear
to
take
care
to
see
them
mount
without
losing
of
time
and
without
making
too
much
hast
:
otherwise
the
ladders
will
be
so
much
laden
as
that
they
will
break
;
after
this
,
ten
more
must
follow
,
commanded
and
divided
as
the
former
:
and
every
file
of
ten
must
know
by
which
ladder
they
must
mount
,
and
in
what
order
,
that
so
al●
may
be
done
without
confusion
.
The
first
te●
which
follow
their
ladder
must
carry
another
,
though
they
have
no
order
to
raise
it
;
that
so
if
any
piece
of
the
first
should
break
,
there
may
another
be
raised
in
the
stead
.
If
it
be
by
petard
,
the
petardier
shall
call
him
that
is
to
carry
the
madrier
or
planchier
;
then
he
is
to
call
three
for
the
petard
(
two
to
carry
it
,
and
the
third
to
assist
in
time
of
need
)
and
if
the
planchier
be
fastned
to
the
petard
,
then
foure
men
may
carry
it
interchangeably
by
two
and
two
:
and
those
two
which
carry
not
the
petard
with
the
planchier
shall
each
of
them
have
a
great
smiths
hammer
.
After
these
foure
,
the
petardier
shall
call
two
men
,
each
of
them
carrying
a
great
ax
;
after
them
one
with
a
crow-lever
,
then
another
with
a
dark-lantern
,
then
one
with
three
or
foure
pieces
of
lighted
matches
:
besides
these
there
must
be
one
to
command
them
,
which
shall
carry
a
piercing
instrument
,
or
a
coopers
turrell
,
or
some
good
hooks
with
steeled
points
,
and
a
weighty
hammer
.
So
that
to
attend
every
petard
well
there
must
be
ten
men
;
this
file
of
ten
for
the
first
petard
shall
be
led
by
some
brave
Sergeant
,
which
shall
have
the
name
of
every
man
of
his
file
in
writing
,
and
shall
also
know
what
every
of
them
is
to
carry
.
The
men
must
know
the
Mule
which
carrieth
their
equipage
,
and
so
soon
as
they
come
to
the
place
where
they
are
to
unlade
,
they
must
place
themselves
about
the
Mule
,
that
so
each
of
them
may
receive
what
he
is
to
carry
.
If
the
second
petard
must
be
applied
to
a
gate
or
barres
,
they
which
shall
carry
it
must
be
in
the
same
order
as
they
of
the
first
petard
:
but
if
it
be
for
a
draw-bridge
,
the
rolling-bridge
or
carriage
goeth
formost
,
with
seven
or
eight
men
which
are
imployed
as
well
to
carry
it
as
to
push
it
forward
:
after
this
the
planchier
and
petard
must
be
carried
,
after
the
same
manner
as
the
first
;
then
shall
they
follow
(
in
file
and
in
close
order
)
which
carry
the
ladders
and
planks
to
cast
upon
the
breach
which
the
petard
shall
have
made
upon
the
draw-bridge
;
then
shall
they
follow
which
carry
hāmers
,
hatchets
,
pinsōs
,
instruments
to
pull
out
bolts
and
to
cut
chains
;
then
some
with
fire-lances
and
granadoes
,
and
some
dark
lanterns
.
The
officer
which
shall
have
the
leading
of
them
must
take
care
that
not
a
man
lose
his
rank
,
and
shall
divide
them
into
files
,
and
shall
take
care
to
cause
the
spare
men
to
carry
such
portions
of
the
equipage
as
they
did
carry
which
shall
happen
to
be
hurt
or
killed
,
which
he
shall
onely
cause
to
be
laid
out
of
the
way
,
without
suffering
those
which
are
to
be
imployed
about
the
service
of
the
petard
to
trouble
themselves
about
carrying
away
any
man
that
is
killed
or
hurt
.
At
all
the
gates
and
bridges
the
men
must
be
disposed
in
the
same
order
.
But
when
you
go
against
iron-grates
or
portcullices
,
you
must
cause
those
to
march
first
which
carry
the
tresses
or
iron-hooks
;
then
marcheth
the
planchier
and
the
petard
;
after
which
follow
hammers
,
hatchets
,
crows
of
iron
,
and
other
instruments
which
may
be
thought
fitting
:
you
must
not
forget
to
carry
fire-balls
,
granadoes
,
or
fire-lances
,
if
you
have
observed
that
you
may
make
use
of
them
;
every
man
must
carry
a
hatchet
at
his
girdle
:
you
must
rather
have
a
supernumerary
number
of
instruments
,
then
want
one
.
Having
thus
put
all
into
order
,
and
officers
at
the
head
and
on
the
flanks
of
every
file
,
you
must
have
besides
some
petards
,
planchiers
,
and
other
instruments
for
reserve
,
which
must
be
carried
in
the
same
order
as
the
●ther
:
For
you
must
alwayes
have
a
double
equipage
.
When
you
come
near
the
place
where
the
execution
is
to
be
done
,
you
must
distribute
to
every
man
what
he
is
to
carry
.
The
Sergeant
ordereth
them
in
file
,
and
commandeth
every
one
duly
to
follow
his
leader
:
then
he
causeth
them
to
march
forward
to
give
room
to
those
of
the
second
petard
;
and
so
consequently
of
all
the
rest
,
there
being
a
guide
for
the
first
file
to
shew
them
the
way
.
And
that
you
may
not
be
intangled
,
sometimes
you
may
cause
ten
cuiraciers
to
march
before
one
foot
,
to
discover
whether
the
enemy
be
not
on
the
advenues
;
then
follow
three
men
bearing
good
targets
,
to
shelter
(
amongst
others
)
the
petardier
;
then
march
they
which
carry
the
petards
and
the
other
train
,
in
such
order
as
hath
been
said
,
which
shall
be
followed
by
fifty
muskets
led
by
a
Captain
,
to
give
fire
for
their
defense
(
if
need
be
)
with
large
hailshot
.
He
must
look
that
no
man
stay
by
the
way
as
they
march
;
when
the
enemy
asketh
,
Who
goeth
there
,
they
must
hasten
their
pace
,
and
then
the
petardier
taketh
the
first
petard
with
him
,
and
the
rest
must
follow
very
close
,
that
so
when
the
first
is
fired
the
second
be
ready
to
be
put
into
his
hands
.
The
ten
horsmen
which
have
marched
before
all
the
equipage
so
farre
,
shall
not
advance
further
then
the
distance
of
pistoll-shot
from
the
first
bars
;
then
they
shall
fall
back
to
the
Captain
which
leadeth
the
fifty
musketiers
.
The
first
petard
being
fired
,
the
officer
shall
cause
his
men
to
be
placed
on
the
right
and
left
hand
,
to
give
room
for
the
second
petard
;
then
that
shall
do
the
same
,
to
give
passage
to
the
third
;
then
that
maketh
room
for
the
rolling-bridge
,
and
they
for
the
petards
and
other
instruments
,
and
consequently
all
the
rest
.
And
they
which
are
unladen
must
help
the
rest
,
without
making
any
noise
.
And
if
the
petardier
calleth
for
any
thing
,
he
that
carrieth
it
must
be
ready
to
give
it
him
,
and
no
man
upon
pain
of
death
must
stirre
out
of
the
place
where
he
was
placed
,
but
onely
to
give
to
the
petardier
what
he
calleth
for
,
or
to
supply
some
bodies
place
which
in
carrying
something
to
the
petardier
was
hurt
or
killed
.
The
officers
must
take
care
that
the
petardier
be
presently
served
,
and
all
be
done
without
noise
or
confusion
.
The
ouverture
being
made
,
they
which
shall
be
commanded
for
the
first
attempts
must
be
ready
to
enter
,
and
to
force
whatsoever
shall
resist
them
;
they
which
are
to
follow
them
must
do
the
like
,
and
so
consequently
all
the
rest
which
are
to
act
any
thing
:
And
when
they
are
within
,
they
which
first
entred
must
not
scatter
themselves
in
the
town
(
whilest
they
are
yet
weak
)
whether
it
be
in
pursuing
the
enemy
,
or
though
they
meet
none
:
but
they
must
make
two
bodies
,
the
one
to
act
,
the
other
onely
to
be
put
into
battalia
to
sustein
the
rest
.
This
done
,
they
must
march
in
good
order
,
the
one
to
force
that
whereunto
they
are
appointed
,
the
other
to
go
and
embattel
themselves
in
the
streets
and
market-places
which
you
had
resolved
ought
to
be
seised
upon
,
by
the
plat
or
draught
of
the
town
,
by
which
the
whole
enterprise
ought
to
have
been
designed
.
For
howsoever
it
hath
sometimes
succeeded
well
to
fo●low
the
enemy
speedily
with
such
few
men
as
are
entred
,
yet
is
it
not
the
surest
way
,
because
they
may
be
repulsed
by
a
few
men
;
which
hath
often
caused
brave
enterprises
to
be
frustrated
.
There
must
also
be
a
third
body
which
must
stand
in
battalia
without
during
the
execution
,
to
the
end
that
if
they
which
entred
should
be
repulsed
,
they
may
sustein
them
;
or
else
to
remedy
such
accidents
which
might
befall
them
by
some
of
the
enemies
troups
,
which
casually
might
arrive
in
that
place
.
If
you
be
wholly
repulsed
,
that
troup
which
is
without
shall
make
the
retreat
,
and
shall
remain
firm
in
battalia
untill
that
the
repulsed
troups
be
recollected
and
put
in
order
:
but
if
they
which
entred
become
masters
of
the
town
,
to
hold
it
they
must
disarm
the
townsmen
before
they
disarm
themselves
.
And
being
well
assured
of
all
the
corps
du-guards
and
commodious
places
,
the
houses
must
be
shared
,
that
so
every
man
may
have
his
proportion
of
the
bootie
,
they
being
not
suffered
to
take
it
any
other
way
;
and
they
which
shall
begin
to
pillage
must
be
severely
punished
.
By
this
means
you
may
appoint
the
best
houses
to
them
which
have
best
deserved
,
and
do
the
rest
by
lot
,
whereof
no
man
shall
have
cause
to
complain
but
of
his
own
ill
fortune
.
If
it
be
needfull
,
in
such
places
as
are
assailed
by
scalado
,
you
may
dispose
some
troups
of
musketiers
,
which
shall
give
fire
perpetually
upon
the
flanks
;
and
if
you
can
,
you
may
adde
to
them
some
fire-lances
:
and
such
as
give
fire
at
the
top
of
the
ladder
,
must
cease
so
soon
as
their
men
begin
to
mount
.
I
have
been
more
particular
in
this
chapter
then
in
any
other
;
but
so
many
enterprises
have
failed
by
the
not
observing
of
the
least
of
these
things
,
that
I
rather
chose
to
be
somewhat
long
herein
then
to
omit
them
.
CHAP.
XI
.
Of
assaults
by
sieges
.
IN
the
two
chapters
of
surprises
I
have
begun
with
the
means
to
defend
ones
self
,
for
that
we
must
never
undertake
to
attempt
the
surprise
of
any
fort
,
but
upon
the
defects
which
are
to
be
found
in
them
:
so
that
he
which
knoweth
not
on
which
part
nor
after
which
manner
he
ought
to
make
his
assault
,
must
be
prepared
for
all
manner
of
accidents
.
In
these
two
I
will
begin
to
treat
of
the
assailing
of
towns
by
sieges
,
for
that
you
must
observe
by
what
place
and
after
what
manner
you
are
assailed
,
to
make
a
good
defense
against
it
.
Sieges
are
undertaken
either
by
blocking
up
of
towns
to
famish
them
,
or
by
taking
them
by
force
;
for
both
the
one
and
the
other
you
must
be
master
of
the
field
,
and
you
must
have
two
armies
,
the
one
to
hinder
the
enemy
from
undertaking
any
thing
,
and
the
other
to
form
your
siege
.
Or
in
any
case
you
must
be
the
first
in
the
field
,
that
you
may
so
fortifie
your self
before
the
town
you
besiege
as
you
may
be
able
to
maintein
your self
there
in
spite
of
the
furious
attempts
of
the
enemy
.
To
get
the
town
which
you
mean
to
besiege
at
the
easier
rate
,
you
must
attempt
to
surprise
it
when
there
is
but
a
small
garrison
in
it
:
to
this
end
you
are
to
use
all
manner
of
inventions
to
keep
them
from
the
knowledge
of
your
purpose
to
besiege
it
;
then
all
on
a
sudden
you
must
go
and
block
it
up
.
But
if
(
notwithstanding
all
your
stratagemes
)
you
be
not
able
to
surprise
it
at
unawares
,
or
that
you
apprehend
the
charge
to
be
too
great
,
it
will
be
better
to
make
some
other
siege
of
lesse
importance
:
for
a
town
well
and
obstinately
defended
is
the
ruine
of
an
army
;
and
if
it
be
not
taken
,
it
often
diminisheth
the
reputation
of
the
commander
which
assailed
it
.
For
this
cause
,
before
you
undertake
any
such
thing
,
it
must
be
well
considered
on
;
and
you
must
provide
your self
abundantly
of
all
things
necessary
to
effect
it
.
When
you
form
a
siege
,
you
must
appoint
your
quarters
(
asmuch
as
may
be
)
in
healthfull
places
,
and
be
carefull
to
make
them
spacious
enough
,
and
to
keep
them
clean
:
for
you
must
account
upon
your
time
of
abode
there
,
that
your
army
be
not
wasted
by
diseases
.
You
must
make
the
quarters
of
your
army
so
near
the
town
besieged
as
may
be
,
yet
so
as
they
be
not
discommodated
by
their
artillerie
:
And
if
the
ground
be
level
and
lie
open
round
about
,
the
quarters
must
be
out
of
reach
of
the
cannon
.
You
must
make
as
many
quarters
as
the
places
are
which
you
intend
to
assault
,
or
at
least
as
the
bignesse
of
the
town
besieged
,
or
the
situation
thereof
requireth
.
Neverthelesse
I
would
have
the
Generals
quarters
to
be
so
large
,
as
(
in
a
case
of
necessity
)
it
might
receive
all
the
troups
of
the
other
quarters
;
If
you
make
a
siege
with
a
small
army
,
and
that
the
garrison
be
strong
,
you
must
fortifie
the
quarters
one
after
another
,
with
the
whole
body
of
the
army
;
and
in
this
case
you
must
make
the
fewer
quarters
,
and
attempt
the
fewer
places
.
But
if
you
find
your self
strong
enough
you
may
abbridge
the
businesse
and
make
them
all
at
once
.
Besides
this
,
you
must
make
a
circumvallation
with
forts
and
redoubts
without
reach
of
cannon
of
the
besieged
,
which
shall
joyn
all
the
quarters
one
to
the
other
,
behind
which
your
army
may
present
it self
in
battalia
,
and
this
line
must
be
led
in
such
manner
as
it
may
possesse
all
the
commanding
places
.
And
if
the
garrison
of
the
town
besieged
be
so
strong
as
you
may
fear
to
be
assailed
on
both
sides
,
you
must
make
another
circumvallation
about
the
town
,
the
nearest
that
may
be
,
that
so
it
may
require
the
fewer
men
to
guard
it
:
for
it
being
made
to
oppose
your self
against
the
town
,
you
need
not
take
care
to
make
it
out
of
the
reach
of
the
cannon
.
For
the
opening
of
the
trenches
,
you
are
to
use
the
more
or
fewer
ceremonies
,
according
as
the
garrison
is
strong
or
weak
.
If
it
be
strong
,
you
begin
by
a
good
fort
,
and
continue
by
good
redoubts
along
the
trenches
,
leaving
onely
sentinels
in
them
.
For
it
is
an
old
errour
to
think
to
defend
trenches
.
If
the
garrison
be
weak
,
you
need
not
make
so
much
ado
to
gain
time
.
The
batteries
must
be
well
strengthened
by
good
moats
,
and
flanked
by
good
corps-du-guards
,
to
preserve
them
against
the
sallies
of
the
besieged
.
If
there
be
any
out-works
which
are
not
yet
in
good
defense
,
and
which
may
be
carried
by
force
,
you
must
attempt
them
;
otherwise
you
must
approch
them
by
little
and
little
:
for
it
is
there
where
the
bravest
defense
is
made
,
because
that
at
the
beginning
they
can
easiliest
make
their
sallies
.
When
the
outworks
are
taken
,
and
the
cannon
is
planted
on
the
counterscarp
,
and
you
sap
into
the
moat
,
and
prepare
your self
to
lay
over
your
galleries
to
get
over
to
the
bulwarks
,
you
must
then
place
your
musketiers
all
along
the
counterscarp
,
that
so
under
favour
of
them
and
of
your
cannon
you
may
passe
over
your
galleries
.
If
the
moats
be
drie
,
they
will
dispute
it
with
you
,
but
at
last
the
stronger
overcometh
the
weaker
.
If
they
be
full
of
standing
water
,
that
hindereth
you
not
from
making
your
cawsie
whereupon
you
place
your
gallerie
:
If
they
be
full
of
running
water
,
you
must
make
use
of
floting
bridges
to
put
over
your
miners
.
When
you
are
got
close
to
the
bulwarks
,
you
are
to
use
mines
(
great
or
small
)
so
by
little
and
little
to
get
into
the
ground
,
and
the
retrenchments
which
may
be
made
behind
the
bulwarks
.
I
trouble
not
my self
here
to
shew
how
to
make
the
quarters
,
forts
,
circumvallations
,
the
trenches
,
(
that
they
lie
not
open
to
the
enemy
)
the
batteries
,
(
that
they
be
well
assured
)
the
descents
into
the
moat
,
how
to
assail
the
false
brayes
,
how
the
galleries
are
to
be
made
,
also
the
mines
,
and
the
lodgings
which
are
to
be
made
after
they
be
sprung
;
because
whatsoever
may
be
said
on
that
subject
is
alreadie
written
,
and
it
must
be
experience
that
must
perfect
the
rest
;
where
every
day
something
is
altered
or
some
new
thing
is
added
.
CHAP.
XII
.
Of
the
defense
of
towns
against
sieges
.
TO
withstand
a
siege
well
,
the
town
must
be
well
fortified
,
it
must
have
a
sufficient
number
of
souldiers
to
defend
it
;
it
must
abound
in
victuall
;
and
it
must
have
good
store
of
arms
and
munitions
of
warre
:
And
these
foure
things
are
so
necessary
,
as
that
if
there
were
an
abundance
of
three
of
them
,
if
the
fourth
be
wanting
the
rest
will
serve
for
nothing
.
For
what
will
a
well
fortified
place
serve
for
if
there
be
not
souldiers
to
defend
it
?
or
what
good
will
souldiers
do
if
they
have
neither
arms
nor
munitions
of
warre
to
fight
?
neither
will
arms
nor
munitions
avail
,
if
they
want
bread
to
live
by
;
to
which
I
adde
instruments
to
work
in
the
earth
,
without
which
it
is
impossible
to
make
any
great
resistance
.
But
it
is
not
enough
to
have
all
that
is
necessary
for
resistance
;
there
must
be
a
good
order
and
rule
kept
,
otherwise
it
will
all
be
dissipated
by
those
which
will
desire
to
get
out
of
danger
quickly
,
and
will
find
some
pretext
to
yield
upon
terms
which
shall
not
be
dishonourable
;
the
number
of
such
being
alwayes
greater
then
of
those
which
will
re●●st
stoutly
.
You
must
proportion
the
labour
an●●●st
amongst
the
souldiers
and
the
townsmen
,
that
so
they
which
are
well
affected
be
not
suppressed
,
and
that
the
rest
grow
not
lazie
through
idlenesse
.
They
must
be
distinguished
by
companies
of
pioners
,
miners
,
carpenters
,
smiths
,
and
all
artificers
usefull
for
a
siege
,
appointing
a
commander
to
every
of
them
.
You
must
take
an
inventory
in
the
town
of
all
the
iron
,
wood
,
linen
,
instruments
to
work
in
the
ground
,
drugs
fit
for
artificiall
fires
,
and
other
such
things
necessary
for
a
siege
:
and
take
care
that
there
be
alwayes
of
them
in
the
magazins
to
serve
for
the
present
necessity
:
and
to
avoid
disorder
in
the
distribution
of
all
these
things
,
there
must
be
a
counsel
which
must
have
the
oversight
thereof
,
and
which
shall
cause
all
to
be
delivered
out
and
received
in
according
to
the
order
of
the
Governour
and
the
Counsel
of
warre
.
These
things
thus
put
in
order
,
you
must
think
upon
defense
,
which
is
done
principally
after
two
wayes
,
by
holding
the
enemy
off
by
retrenchment
,
and
by
hindring
him
(
when
he
approcheth
)
by
sallies
.
For
the
first
;
it
is
approved
and
practiced
by
all
;
and
he
which
breaketh
ground
best
,
and
beginneth
to
dispute
it
the
furthest
off
,
is
he
which
maketh
the
longest
resistance
.
For
the
smallest
retrenchment
without
(
accommodated
with
pallisadoes
)
is
hard
to
be
forced
.
But
if
it
be
mined
,
and
that
there
be
another
made
behind
it
,
it
is
a
dangerous
piece
to
enter
,
and
you
constrain
the
enemy
to
approch
by
little
and
little
,
and
with
the
same
ceremonies
which
are
used
to
fall
upon
the
bulwarks
and
the
great
moat
;
so
that
by
divers
retrenchments
you
keep
off
the
enemy
at
a
distance
a
long
time
before
he
can
come
to
fall
upon
the
counterscarp
,
who
cannot
take
away
your
outworks
but
by
mines
,
which
taketh
up
good
store
of
time
.
The
moat
also
may
be
defended
if
it
be
dry
by
portable
casemats
(
which
are
called
coffers
)
incircled
by
little
moats
or
pallisadoes
to
hinder
the
approch
,
which
are
placed
in
severall
places
of
the
great
moat
to
defend
it
,
and
not
to
be
discovered
by
the
cannon
of
the
assailant
.
The
bulwarks
are
also
to
be
defended
by
retrenchments
,
which
you
are
to
make
either
at
the
point
,
or
at
the
middle
,
or
at
the
gorge
,
according
as
they
are
capable
,
and
that
the
mines
of
the
besiegers
do
enter
forward
within
the
bulwarks
.
And
when
all
that
is
forced
,
the
last
defense
is
a
retrenchment
of
the
whole
town
,
reducing
it
to
keep
onely
one
part
of
it
.
For
the
second
way
of
defense
;
in
stead
of
many
sallies
to
drive
back
them
that
work
in
the
approches
some
would
have
onely
some
few
to
good
purpose
,
in
great
necessitie
;
alleaging
that
the
besieged
there
alwayes
lose
some
men
,
and
of
the
best
of
them
,
which
they
ought
to
conserve
against
a
strong
assault
;
and
that
oftentimes
they
which
would
have
a
fair
pretext
to
yield
the
town
cause
their
souldiers
to
be
maimed
by
continuall
sallies
,
to
shew
that
they
yield
not
themselves
but
through
necessitie
.
For
mine
own
part
(
which
do
approve
of
the
quantitie
of
sallies
,
and
which
have
alwayes
seen
the
works
of
the
assailants
retarded
by
them
more
in
one
houre
then
in
eight
dayes
by
other
defenses
)
I
answer
,
that
these
reasons
would
carry
some
shew
if
the
town
were
attempted
by
assault
;
for
they
not
taking
any
other
but
that
way
at
that
time
,
it
were
fit
to
preserve
the
souldiers
to
withstand
them
:
but
whilest
the
assailant
getteth
ground
by
little
and
little
,
if
you
defend
not
the
town
otherwise
then
by
retrenchment
,
you
must
lose
it
at
last
:
wherein
your
quantitie
of
souldiers
standeth
you
in
no
stead
at
all
,
in
so
much
that
the
care
you
have
taken
to
preserve
your
souldiers
doth
not
prolong
the
taking
of
the
town
one
day
;
but
if
by
your
brave
sallies
you
ruine
batteries
,
throw
down
trenches
,
force
the
redoubts
which
defend
them
;
and
when
they
are
within
the
moat
you
burn
their
galleries
,
they
must
be
inforced
to
begin
their
work
anew
as
ofttimes
as
you
overthrow
it
;
insomuch
as
the
besieger
finding
himself
so
enterteined
,
he
approcheth
with
much
more
ceremonie
,
and
at
last
his
souldiers
draw
back
.
So
that
in
my
opinion
it
is
very
fit
that
the
besieged
should
make
frequent
sallies
;
but
they
must
make
them
at
severall
houres
,
that
so
they
may
the
better
surprise
the
enemy
with
few
men
(
but
resolute
)
to
avoid
the
disorder
in
the
retreat
,
and
to
do
no
other
thing
but
what
is
commanded
.
For
though
you
find
not
resistance
at
the
falling
on
,
as
is
usuall
,
if
you
stay
to
little
purpose
,
you
runne
the
hazard
to
be
ill
led
off
at
the
retreat
.
The
other
particularities
of
defense
depend
upon
those
of
assailing
,
the
besiegers
teaching
you
by
necessitie
what
you
are
to
do
;
wherein
there
is
nothing
but
practice
and
experience
which
can
well
direct
you
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
Of
Artillery
.
IT
is
fit
to
speak
of
Artillery
after
sieges
,
since
it
is
principally
by
means
thereof
that
towns
are
taken
;
and
that
since
this
hath
been
in
use
,
there
are
no
places
found
impregnable
,
if
they
be
not
inaccessible
:
It
hath
changed
all
the
form
and
matter
of
fortifications
:
for
in
stead
of
towers
and
ancient
walls
,
which
have
not
been
able
to
resist
it
,
we
now
make
bulwarks
and
other
works
of
earth
.
We
may
say
that
it
hath
even
in
a
manner
altered
the
manner
of
making
warre
.
Anciently
they
began
their
approches
to
towns
where
now
we
end
them
:
for
on
the
first
day
they
lodged
on
the
brim
of
the
moat
;
and
now
adayes
we
must
go
a
great
way
before
we
come
at
it
:
then
the
circumvallation
was
made
out
of
reach
of
arrows
onely
,
now
they
must
be
made
beyond
reach
of
cannon
:
then
it
mattered
not
though
the
fortresses
of
the
encamped
armies
were
overtopped
,
so
as
they
had
their
other
conveniences
;
now-adayes
there
must
be
care
taken
above
all
things
that
they
be
not
.
In
those
times
two
armies
were
quietly
led
in
batalia
at
two
or
three
hundred
paces
distance
from
each
other
,
and
remained
there
whole
dayes
without
being
able
to
be
dislodged
but
by
a
hazard
of
a
general
battel
;
now
one
cannot
be
before
another
but
out
of
the
reach
of
the
cannon
,
otherwise
he
that
hath
most
of
them
,
or
that
hath
planted
them
best
,
beateth
out
the
other
without
fighting
.
At
that
time
a
Generall
of
an
army
could
know
the
order
of
his
enemy
at
a
near
distance
,
and
form
his
own
according
to
that
,
seeking
his
advantages
upon
the
defects
of
another
,
and
all
without
danger
;
now
these
things
can
no
more
be
observed
but
so
farre
off
as
you
must
rather
trust
to
your
own
good
order
then
upon
any
defect
in
that
of
your
enemy
.
Then
one
army
could
charge
another
without
losing
their
order
,
because
they
had
not
above
two
or
three
hundred
paces
to
march
;
in
these
times
it
is
impossible
to
observe
it
in
sight
of
the
enemy
for
half
a
league
together
,
and
to
find
a
plain
which
shall
be
even
and
without
hindrances
.
Whereunto
I
adde
further
,
that
without
a
great
exercise
of
marching
in
battalia
you
are
not
able
to
march
a
thousand
paces
without
losing
all
your
distances
of
battalions
and
squadrons
,
and
by
consequence
without
being
in
confusion
.
Since
therefore
the
cannon
is
of
so
great
use
in
warre
,
and
hath
so
great
a
share
in
the
victory
,
it
is
necessary
that
you
know
how
to
make
good
use
of
it
.
It
is
an
engine
which
all
cannot
well
imploy
,
for
it
is
of
great
expense
,
and
belongeth
onely
to
great
and
puissant
States
to
make
ordinary
use
of
them
.
They
tie
them
to
a
great
charge
for
draught
,
there
being
a
hundred
draught-horses
required
to
draw
one
cannon
for
battery
through
all
kinds
of
wayes
,
and
to
shoot
onely
a
hundred
bullets
.
By
this
you
may
judge
according
to
the
number
which
you
mean
to
imploy
what
length
of
ground
it
taketh
up
.
To
mannage
one
piece
of
battery
well
,
there
must
be
eighteen
men
:
besides
,
how
many
smiths
,
carters
,
farriers
,
and
other
workmen
must
there
be
in
the
train
to
repair
the
carriages
?
how
many
carpenters
to
make
bridges
?
how
how
many
pioners
to
accommodate
the
high-wayes
?
Briefly
an
army
which
carrieth
cannon
with
it
cannot
march
but
leisurely
,
and
that
which
hath
none
can
do
no
great
effect
:
therefore
in
these
times
the
artillery
is
an
essentiall
part
of
an
army
;
but
withall
,
if
the
Generall
suffereth
himself
to
be
approched
too
near
,
without
entrenching
himself
it
is
impossible
for
him
to
disintangle
himself
without
fighting
,
or
losing
it
;
which
cannot
so
happen
without
losing
much
of
his
reputation
.
For
this
reason
he
ought
to
inform
himself
very
particularly
of
all
that
dependeth
on
the
artillery
:
and
that
he
may
not
be
deceived
,
he
must
know
the
least
even
of
the
smallest
things
,
namely
,
of
the
mixture
,
founding
,
proportion
,
weight
,
calibre
,
and
carriage
;
of
what
wood
it
must
be
,
how
it
must
be
conducted
according
to
the
severall
wayes
,
miry
or
mountainous
;
how
to
passe
rivers
,
how
to
secure
the
batteries
,
as
well
against
the
cannon
of
the
enemy
as
against
his
sallies
;
what
ground
the
cannon
must
have
for
his
reverse
,
what
distance
between
piece
and
piece
;
in
what
manner
the
platform
must
be
made
,
at
what
distance
the
batteries
are
sufficient
,
and
other
things
,
whereof
I
do
not
here
specifie
the
particulars
,
because
others
have
written
of
them
.
It
sufficeth
me
to
shew
the
use
of
artillerie
,
the
chargeablenesse
of
it
,
the
turmoil
of
it
,
and
whereunto
it
engageth
you
,
to
incite
Generals
not
to
rely
upon
others
;
and
to
know
the
benefit
and
discommoditie
thereof
so
well
,
that
they
may
make
use
of
the
one
to
their
advantage
,
and
avoid
the
other
by
their
foresight
.
CHAP.
XIV
.
Of
the
baggage
and
pioners
.
AFter
the
great
turmoil
of
the
artillery
,
I
will
speak
a
word
of
that
of
the
baggage
.
It
is
a
great
shame
to
lose
it
,
but
it
is
also
a
hard
matter
to
preserve
it
when
it
is
excessive
;
there
being
nothing
that
bringeth
so
much
disorder
to
an
army
:
therefore
it
is
highly
necessary
to
reduce
it
to
the
smallest
proportion
that
may
be
,
and
to
make
a
review
of
it
every
moneth
;
for
it
groweth
in
the
twinkling
of
an
eye
.
We
are
so
delicate
now
a
dayes
as
we
will
hardly
carry
our
arms
,
much
lesse
would
we
carry
a
weeks
victuall
about
us
.
So
long
as
such
an
abuse
be
suffered
in
an
army
,
it
will
make
it self
incapable
to
do
any
thing
that
is
good
.
For
as
in
a
battel
he
which
can
last
preserve
some
troups
which
have
not
fought
,
carrieth
away
the
victory
;
so
he
that
last
keepeth
his
army
in
health
,
complete
,
and
accustomed
to
labour
,
doth
the
like
:
which
he
cannot
do
if
the
souldiers
be
so
delicate
as
they
cannot
carry
their
baggage
.
Besides
that
,
sicknesse
and
famine
getteth
not
into
an
army
,
but
by
this
rascalli●ie
of
souldiers
boyes
:
and
this
thing
which
seemeth
to
be
a
thing
of
nothing
,
is
of
such
importance
,
as
it
is
for
the
most
part
the
dissipation
of
the
most
flourishing
,
yea
I
dare
say
,
of
the
most
victorious
armies
.
It
is
principally
in
the
time
of
prosperity
that
men
grow
effeminate
,
and
give
themselves
to
take
their
ease
;
and
in
that
time
it
ought
least
to
be
done
,
if
after
the
example
of
the
delicacies
of
Capua
where
Hannibals
army
imbased
it self
,
they
would
not
do
the
same
.
Whilst
we
are
about
cutting
off
unnecessary
things
from
the
army
,
I
will
say
a
word
concerning
pioners
.
There
be
Captains
of
our
time
which
will
have
an
unbridled
number
of
them
,
and
say
,
that
it
were
better
to
cut
off
some
regiments
of
souldiers
,
and
to
take
pioners
in
their
stead
,
which
are
necessary
to
make
the
inclosures
of
the
camp
,
the
trenches
in
a
siege
,
the
accommodation
of
the
wayes
;
briefly
,
to
take
away
all
imployment
from
the
souldiers
of
working
in
the
ground
,
for
that
they
in
these
times
cannot
be
brought
to
be
subject
to
such
labours
as
the
ancient
Romanes
were
:
alledging
further
,
that
the
souldier
when
he
arriveth
at
his
quarter
,
is
sufficiently
tired
,
though
he
be
not
imployed
a
new
to
cast
up
earth
.
An
opinion
whereat
I
cannot
wonder
enough
,
and
which
strengthneth
me
in
that
which
I
hold
,
that
we
spoil
our
souldiers
by
sparing
them
too
much
.
There
must
be
care
taken
for
their
livelihood
,
for
their
clothing
,
for
such
as
are
sick
and
hurt
:
but
they
must
be
hardned
to
labour
,
and
their
Generall
and
other
Commanders
must
be
examples
to
them
.
For
if
you
will
reduce
them
to
content
themselves
with
a
little
whilest
you
burst
your self
with
excesse
of
meat
,
and
to
labour
whilest
you
glory
it
,
and
live
in
lazinesse
;
I
confesse
they
will
murmure
.
But
to
return
to
the
pioners
:
it
is
necessary
you
should
have
them
to
accommodate
the
wayes
,
for
the
artillery
principally
;
for
which
five
hundred
may
serve
for
a
great
equipage
.
Concerning
the
inclosing
of
the
camp
,
the
souldier
is
bound
to
make
it
;
for
that
this
labour
procureth
him
a
means
to
rest
himself
and
to
sleep
in
safetie
.
I
say
further
,
that
it
is
a
work
which
must
be
done
in
three
or
foure
houres
;
to
this
end
all
the
army
worketh
at
it
,
or
at
least
half
of
it
,
when
the
enemy
is
near
hand
.
So
that
if
we
must
needs
have
it
done
by
pioners
,
there
had
need
be
as
many
of
them
in
an
army
as
there
are
souldiers
,
which
would
be
a
means
to
famish
a
whole
countrey
,
and
to
encrease
the
turmoil
,
which
we
would
diminish
.
Concerning
the
trenches
;
I
never
saw
it
succeed
well
when
pioners
did
it
;
and
whilest
the
danger
groweth
,
the
most
valiant
souldiers
are
not
too
good
for
that
imployment
;
and
further
they
must
be
incited
to
that
work
by
the
gain
of
it
:
which
will
serve
to
assure
themselves
the
better
in
that
danger
,
and
to
give
them
a
means
to
spare
something
to
cloth
themselves
;
and
no
money
is
so
well
imployed
as
that
in
an
army
.
CHAP.
XV.
Of
spies
and
guides
.
THere
be
yet
two
sorts
of
people
whereof
(
contrary
to
the
pioners
)
there
cannot
be
too
many
in
an
army
;
which
are
spies
and
guides
.
The
first
advertise
you
of
the
deportments
of
the
enemy
,
upon
whose
report
either
you
enterprise
something
upon
him
,
or
you
guard
your self
from
his
designes
.
The
second
give
you
knowledge
of
the
countrey
,
of
the
wayes
and
passages
by
which
you
are
to
passe
,
or
else
by
what
way
your
enemy
can
come
to
you
.
Both
the
one
and
the
other
must
be
faithfull
,
for
that
in
advising
you
●alsly
,
or
guiding
you
maliciously
,
they
may
cause
you
to
fall
into
great
dangers
.
You
must
have
good
store
of
guides
:
for
that
(
especially
if
you
march
by
night
)
every
grosse
troup
(
or
at
least
every
body
)
hath
need
of
their
own
;
and
before
you
set
forward
,
they
must
all
be
agreed
on
the
way
which
they
will
take
.
There
must
be
a
Captain
of
the
guides
,
a
man
of
spirit
,
and
vigilant
,
and
that
may
take
care
to
get
guides
from
place
to
place
.
Concerning
spies
,
there
must
be
something
more
observed
in
them
,
and
you
must
be
alwayes
suspicious
of
them
:
for
that
as
it
is
a
dangerous
task
for
him
that
undertaketh
it
,
so
it
is
also
for
him
that
imployeth
them
.
To
this
end
it
is
necessary
that
no
man
know
them
but
he
which
imployeth
them
;
and
that
spies
may
not
know
each
other
,
that
so
they
may
not
agree
to
give
false
advises
:
for
by
this
means
by
examining
them
severally
,
by
the
agreement
or
disagreement
of
their
advises
,
you
may
judge
whether
they
be
good
;
and
by
the
verification
of
those
which
speak
true
or
false
,
you
shall
know
who
betrayeth
you
,
or
doth
you
true
service
.
And
howsoever
when
you
discover
traitours
,
yet
I
say
you
may
make
a
profitable
use
of
them
,
by
feigning
that
you
believe
them
to
be
faithfull
,
and
giving
them
commissions
which
they
may
discover
to
the
enemy
,
that
you
have
some
designe
quite
contrary
to
that
which
you
intend
to
put
in
execution
;
that
so
whilest
he
is
preparing
himself
for
one
side
,
you
may
attempt
something
upon
him
on
the
other
.
But
this
is
not
all
,
to
beware
of
your
own
spies
;
you
must
also
take
heed
of
those
of
the
enemy
;
which
you
must
presuppose
you
have
within
your
camp
,
as
the
enemy
hath
of
yours
.
For
this
reason
besides
the
secresie
which
must
be
used
in
all
enterprises
,
it
is
good
to
give
a
charge
,
by
publishing
(
in
a
still
way
)
that
you
have
a
quite
contrary
designe
to
that
which
you
purpose
to
put
in
execution
,
that
so
those
spies
may
so
report
it
to
the
enemy
.
But
the
most
essentiall
means
to
be
well
served
by
this
kind
of
men
,
is
to
be
very
liberall
to
them
;
for
they
are
faithfull
to
them
which
give
them
most
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
Of
victuall
.
BUt
seeing
it
is
to
no
purpose
to
have
an
army
composed
of
good
commanders
and
valiant
souldiers
,
well
disciplined
and
obedient
,
well
furnished
with
artillery
and
munition
,
if
they
have
not
what
to
eat
;
I
will
distinguish
this
chapter
into
five
parts
:
the
first
to
make
provisions
of
corn
;
the
second
to
provide
for
the
carriage
of
it
;
the
third
of
the
safe
conveying
of
it
;
the
fourth
of
the
making
of
good
bread
;
and
the
fifth
of
the
distribution
of
it
.
To
this
end
the
Commissary
generall
of
the
victuall
ought
to
be
a
man
of
authority
,
faithfull
,
vigilant
,
and
active
;
and
this
office
ought
not
to
be
despised
(
as
nowadayes
it
is
)
nor
given
to
men
of
mean
quality
;
for
it
is
of
such
importance
,
that
according
as
it
is
either
well
or
ill
discharged
,
it
causeth
an
army
to
subsist
,
or
go
to
ruine
.
And
the
Romanes
alwayes
committed
it
to
some
eminent
person
.
To
come
to
particulars
,
I
will
say
that
the
provision
of
corn
ought
to
be
made
in
due
time
,
in
sufficient
quantitie
,
in
a
commodious
place
for
transportation
,
and
that
choice
be
made
of
very
good
corn
.
For
you
must
not
conceive
any
hope
of
finding
it
,
either
in
the
champain
or
towns
where
you
are
to
go
,
because
the
enemy
may
either
hoard
it
up
or
burn
it
;
and
so
on
that
hope
you
shall
find
in
this
onely
point
all
your
designes
frustrated
.
In
the
second
,
you
must
make
Magazines
in
divers
places
,
that
so
you
may
not
be
in
danger
to
lose
all
at
once
,
both
in
towns
and
castles
which
are
nearest
and
most
commodious
for
the
transporting
of
corn
into
your
army
;
and
(
according
to
the
situation
of
the
countrey
)
you
are
to
make
provision
of
waggons
or
mules
to
carry
it
to
the
camp
,
where
must
alwayes
be
a
Magazine
for
a
forthnight
,
which
should
not
be
meddled
with
but
in
extremitie
,
or
for
some
extraordinary
enterprise
.
In
the
third
place
,
the
carriage
of
it
ought
not
to
be
performed
without
a
good
convoy
;
and
never
on
any
prefixed
day
,
to
prevent
the
preparation
of
taking
of
it
whilest
it
is
on
the
way
.
In
the
fourth
,
to
hinder
the
abuses
which
are
ordinarily
used
(
and
I
dare
say
,
ever
,
unlesse
there
be
a
very
narrow
looking
to
it
)
about
the
bread
.
For
,
for
their
private
gain
,
they
mingle
bad
grain
with
it
,
yea
even
earth
,
and
use
other
base
tricks
,
whence
for
the
most
part
proceed
diseases
in
an
army
;
which
is
a
mischief
which
cannot
be
too
severely
punished
.
And
in
the
last
place
,
that
it
may
be
well
distributed
and
not
wasted
;
for
if
you
trust
the
Sergeants
,
they
alwayes
take
for
double
the
number
of
souldiers
they
have
in
their
companies
:
to
this
end
it
is
necessary
that
the
Commissarie
generall
of
the
victuall
from
week
to
week
should
have
an
exact
list
of
those
that
are
in
the
army
,
signed
by
the
Generall
,
that
so
he
may
order
the
distribution
of
bread
according
to
it
.
Besides
,
you
must
cause
them
to
be
punished
rigourously
which
pillage
those
victuallers
and
other
persons
which
bring
victuall
to
the
camp
;
whereof
the
price
must
be
regulated
,
that
so
the
souldiers
may
not
be
sharked
upon
.
When
you
are
at
a
well
retrenched
siege
,
where
the
hope
to
make
you
quit
it
consisteth
in
nothing
else
but
in
cutting
off
your
victuall
,
you
must
have
that
foresight
to
cause
so
much
to
be
brought
within
your
camp
as
you
judge
to
be
necessary
to
serve
your
turn
for
the
time
you
believe
you
shall
stay
to
take
the
town
besieged
;
as
Cesar
did
before
Alexia
.
There
be
many
rules
to
be
given
on
this
subject
,
to
hinder
the
abuses
which
may
be
used
therein
,
which
I
omit
to
avoid
prolixitie
:
b●sides
they
are
pettie
ord●rs
which
are
changed
according
to
the
places
and
occasions
;
all
which
should
tend
to
no
other
end
but
to
draw
victuall
to
the
army
,
and
to
hinder
the
excessive
prices
of
it
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
Of
the
generall
officers
of
an
army
,
and
of
their
functions
.
THere
is
nothing
more
necessary
in
an
army
then
to
have
the
offices
therein
well
regulated
,
and
that
every
man
may
know
whom
he
is
to
command
,
and
whom
he
ought
to
obey
;
and
yet
I
never
saw
that
absolutely
decided
in
any
,
which
is
the
reason
why
I
have
been
willing
here
to
make
a
project
,
how
things
therein
ought
to
be
established
.
The
Generall
ought
to
have
absolute
power
,
which
ought
not
to
be
communicated
to
any
:
for
in
warre
more
then
in
any
other
profession
the
command
ought
to
be
singular
:
and
it
is
a
very
bad
introduction
to
make
Generals
which
command
the
army
by
the
day
,
or
by
the
week
,
or
by
the
moneth
.
At
all
times
when
the
Romanes
did
so
,
they
sped
the
worse
for
it
.
Then
there
must
be
a
Lieutenant
generall
,
or
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
,
which
ought
to
take
care
to
cause
all
the
Generalls
commands
to
be
put
in
execution
as
absolutely
as
himself
,
thereby
to
ease
him
:
it
being
too
hard
a
thing
for
the
Generall
to
do
all
,
especially
when
the
army
marcheth
;
for
that
(
of
all
necessitie
)
there
must
be
a
man
of
eminent
authority
at
the
head
of
an
army
,
and
whom
all
the
other
commanders
do
acknowledge
.
Sometimes
there
is
a
Lieutenant
generall
and
a
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
to
perform
these
two
offices
;
neverthelesse
these
two
places
,
being
born
by
two
men
in
an
army
,
oftentimes
bring
confusion
,
and
cause
that
which
we
desire
to
avoid
:
for
in
the
functions
thereof
they
never
agree
;
because
the
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
doing
his
office
,
must
distribute
the
commands
of
the
Generall
to
all
the
other
commanders
;
he
must
march
in
the
vanguard
,
order
the
lodgings
and
encampings
:
insomuch
as
I
know
not
what
function
the
Lieutenant
generall
shall
have
unlesse
he
usurp
the
others
office
,
or
else
that
he
serve
onely
as
a
shooting
trunk
,
that
so
through
him
the
Generals
commands
may
be
delivered
to
the
Ma●shall
of
the
field
:
which
is
the
reason
I
conclude
that
there
ought
to
be
but
one
of
these
two
offices
.
That
done
,
I
divide
all
the
functions
of
the
army
into
foure
principall
parts
,
namely
the
caualrie
,
the
infanterie
,
the
artillerie
,
and
the
victuall
,
and
will
treat
of
each
part
one
after
another
.
The
cavalry
is
a
body
which
often
lodgeth
s●parated
from
that
of
the
army
,
and
requireth
a
principall
commander
to
whom
all
the
rest
should
yield
obedience
,
which
must
be
of
great
authority
and
eminent
qualitie
,
or
of
such
experience
and
vertue
that
all
the
other
commanders
may
voluntarily
obey
him
.
For
it
is
in
the
cavalrie
,
where
you
shall
meet
with
more
men
of
wealth
and
good
families
,
and
consequently
more
difficult
to
be
made
to
obey
;
and
therefore
this
authoritie
ought
not
to
be
divided
.
And
because
in
marching
the
cavalrie
is
ordinarily
in
the
front
and
in
the
rear
,
and
that
in
lodging
you
are
ofttimes
compelled
to
make
two
fronts
,
and
for
that
in
time
of
battel
the
horse
are
at
least
on
the
two
wings
,
it
is
necessary
that
there
be
a
Lieutenant
Generall
,
a
man
also
of
great
authoritie
.
There
must
further
be
a
third
commander
,
whom
the
most
part
call
a
Commissary
generall
,
who
distributeth
the
orders
,
keepeth
the
list
of
the
guards
,
of
the
convoyes
,
and
other
functions
;
and
ought
to
go
and
take
the
orders
from
the
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
,
to
carry
them
to
his
Generall
of
the
horse
,
who
distributeth
them
to
the
Quarter-masters
,
which
come
for
them
from
every
quarter
.
All
the
cavalry
must
be
divided
into
companies
,
of
which
regiments
are
formed
;
not
after
the
manner
of
the
infantery
,
under
the
command
of
a
Colonell
;
but
onely
to
maintein
the
order
of
the
lodgings
and
of
battel
.
To
form
these
regiments
you
put
foure
or
five
companies
together
,
with
one
of
carabines
,
and
the
ancientest
Captain
commandeth
that
body
;
and
so
all
the
cavalry
is
divided
:
which
maketh
it
plainly
evident
how
merely
unprofitable
an
office
it
is
to
have
a
generall
commandder
of
the
carabines
;
for
the
carabines
cannot
make
a
body
,
for
that
their
want
of
fighting
permitteth
it
not
,
neither
were
they
instituted
but
to
serve
the
cavalry
,
either
at
their
quartering
,
or
to
discover
,
or
for
intelligence
,
or
to
give
a
charge
in
the
flank
in
time
of
fight
,
or
in
a
retreat
to
harrie
them
whom
you
chace
,
or
to
keep
you
from
being
so
when
you
are
pursued
.
In
effect
,
good
carabines
mingled
amongst
the
caval●●e
are
of
very
good
service
;
but
alone
are
unprofitable
.
If
you
make
more
quarters
then
there
be
generall
officers
,
the
ancientest
Captain
commandeth
in
the
quarter
,
and
therein
taketh
the
most
ancient
quarter-master
of
his
quarter
.
Insomuch
that
the
Generall
of
the
horse
giving
his
orders
to
the
Commissary
generall
,
he
to
the
Quarter-master
generall
,
and
he
to
the
other
Quarter-masters
which
come
for
them
from
the
other
quarters
(
where
the
same
order
is
observed
)
the
commands
are
carried
without
confusion
,
and
passe
through
the
hands
of
few
persons
;
and
when
there
is
any
deficiency
found
,
it
is
easie
to
be
verified
whence
it
arose
.
The
infantery
is
the
more
solid
body
of
an
army
:
that
of
the
artillery
and
victuall
alwayes
are
quartered
with
it
.
There
is
not
that
diversitie
between
the
companies
which
is
between
the
horse
;
they
are
all
of
the
same
fashion
,
composed
of
half-pikes
half-musketiers
.
Many
companies
make
a
regiment
,
which
hath
its
commander
;
and
many
regiments
make
a
body
,
which
we
call
a
Brigado
of
the
army
.
The
army
is
usually
divided
into
three
bodies
,
Vanguard
,
Battel
,
and
Rearguard
.
Every
brigado
hath
its
commander
;
and
besides
it
ought
to
have
a
Sergeant
Major
of
a
brigado
,
and
a
Quarter-master
of
a
brigado
;
The
first
to
go
and
take
the
orders
from
the
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
,
to
carry
them
to
the
commander
of
his
brigado
;
then
he
giveth
the
word
to
the
Sergeant
Majors
of
the
regiments
:
and
the
other
to
give
to
every
Quarter-master
of
a
regiment
,
either
his
quarter
,
or
the
space
of
ground
which
is
necessary
,
for
him
to
encamp
in
;
and
he
divideth
it
to
the
particular
Quarter-masters
,
or
to
the
harbengers
of
every
company
,
which
afterwards
lodgeth
them
.
If
there
be
a
Colonel
generall
of
all
the
infantery
,
he
may
have
a
care
in
generall
of
all
the
government
thereof
;
but
in
an
army
he
must
onely
command
a
brigado
,
otherwise
we
should
not
be
able
to
establish
the
order
which
we
have
propounded
.
Moreover
,
there
be
divers
nations
which
do
not
judge
a
Colonell
generall
of
the
infantery
to
be
necessary
,
but
content
themselves
with
particular
Colonels
for
every
regiment
,
which
acknowledge
onely
the
commands
of
the
Generall
,
or
of
his
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
.
The
artillery
ought
to
have
a
Generall
,
a
Lieutenant
generall
,
a
Quarter-master
,
then
other
officers
.
And
for
that
all
pioners
,
miners
,
enginiers
,
conductours
of
works
,
smiths
,
carpenters
,
wheelwrights
,
and
other
workmen
depend
on
him
,
I
would
establish
a
commander
for
every
sort
of
these
men
;
which
I
would
take
either
out
of
the
commissaries
of
the
artillery
,
or
other
persons
apart
,
to
addresse
my self
to
them
when
I
had
need
of
such
men
.
The
Quarter-master
must
every
night
go
to
receive
the
orders
of
the
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
.
The
charge
of
the
victuals
ought
to
be
performed
by
a
Generall
;
he
ought
to
have
his
Lieutenant
,
his
Quarter-master
,
and
his
other
officers
:
his
Quarter-master
must
every
evening
go
and
take
the
orders
of
the
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
.
So
then
you
see
how
the
commands
are
distributed
:
the
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
receiveth
them
from
the
Generall
,
then
goeth
to
his
own
lodging
;
there
the
Commissary
of
horse
cometh
and
receiveth
them
for
the
cavalry
;
the
Sergeant
Major
generall
for
the
infantery
,
who
delivereth
it
to
the
Sergeant
Majors
of
brigadoes
:
for
the
artillery
to
the
Quarter-master
thereof
;
and
so
to
him
for
the
victuals
:
Briefly
,
the
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
speaking
with
these
foure
persons
,
giveth
the
orders
to
all
the
army
.
All
orders
and
commands
ought
to
be
given
in
writing
.
The
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
,
the
Generall
of
the
artillery
,
the
Fiscall
,
the
Controller
of
the
Exchequer
,
the
Generall
of
victuall
,
the
Quarter-master
generall
,
the
Sergeant
major
generall
and
the
Provost
generall
must
alwayes
be
lodged
within
the
Generalls
quarter
.
If
all
the
army
be
encamped
in
bodies
,
the
Quarter-master
generall
giveth
to
each
of
these
bodies
the
space
of
ground
which
is
fitting
;
which
is
afterwards
distributed
(
in
every
body
)
by
the
officers
thereunto
appointed
.
On
a
day
of
battel
the
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
doth
assigne
the
place
for
every
body
;
afterwards
the
Sergeant
major
generall
rangeth
the
infantery
into
battalia
.
The
Marshall
of
the
field
generall
ought
to
have
three
or
foure
assistants
for
the
field
,
to
carry
the
extraordinary
orders
;
but
they
must
not
pretend
to
command
any
officer
in
chief
,
unlesse
they
formerly
have
been
either
Colonels
or
Captains
of
horse
.
The
Sergeant
major
generall
must
command
the
Colonels
;
but
that
they
may
the
readilier
obey
him
,
he
ought
to
be
taken
out
of
the
Colonels
;
and
none
ought
ever
to
have
that
place
unlesse
he
hath
been
one
:
as
also
the
Sergeant
majors
of
brigadoes
ought
to
be
taken
out
of
the
Sergeant
majors
of
regiments
.
Things
being
thus
regulated
and
established
,
you
shall
see
a
great
facilitie
in
the
commands
,
and
none
shall
be
able
to
excuse
his
fault
by
putting
it
off
upon
another
,
because
presently
it
will
be
verified
whence
it
proceeded
:
which
obligeth
every
man
to
be
carefull
to
do
that
exactly
which
he
shal
be
commanded
CHAP.
XVIII
.
Of
the
assailing
of
States
,
according
to
their
forces
and
situations
.
AFter
that
you
have
formed
an
army
,
you
must
imploy
it
,
either
for
the
conquest
of
a
new
countre●
,
or
for
the
defense
of
your
own
.
We
will
begin
with
the
first
.
The
Prince
which
putteth
himself
upon
the
offensive
must
be
the
stronger
,
or
must
see
some
garboils
in
the
State
which
he
assaileth
,
and
that
he
be
called
thither
by
a
partie
:
otherwise
it
would
be
a
rash
enterprise
.
If
the
countrey
which
he
assaileth
be
large
and
open
,
he
must
seek
in
the
beginning
to
hazard
a
battel
or
some
grand
skirmish
,
that
so
by
the
reputation
of
his
arms
he
may
affright
the
enemies
.
If
it
be
a
countrey
enclosed
with
mountains
,
or
divided
by
rivers
and
ditches
,
or
sheltered
with
forrests
,
or
full
of
fortresses
,
it
is
hard
to
force
an
enemy
to
battel
;
and
in
this
case
you
must
go
to
sieges
,
and
make
your
conquest
by
little
and
little
.
Now
he
that
will
make
any
progresse
by
this
way
must
at
least
have
two
bodies
of
armies
;
that
so
with
the
one
he
may
hold
his
enemy
in
play
,
and
with
the
other
he
may
actuate
without
impeachment
.
For
it
is
most
difficult
to
accomplish
the
designe
of
a
siege
,
so
long
as
you
have
a
good
army
encamped
near
you
,
which
shall
cut
off
your
victuall
.
If
it
be
a
countrey
which
is
hard
to
enter
,
and
that
hath
but
few
passages
whereby
to
enter
into
it
,
you
must
force
one
;
and
before
you
go
further
,
you
must
there
fortifie
,
and
so
well
assure
your
way
for
your
victuall
as
you
may
not
suffer
though
the
enemy
should
have
burned
or
carried
away
that
of
his
countrey
into
his
fortresses
.
If
you
be
called
by
a
faction
,
that
is
a
very
great
advantage
for
you
;
because
you
are
instructed
of
the
situation
of
the
countrey
,
and
of
the
defects
which
are
to
be
found
in
the
●●●tified
places
,
and
want
not
spies
nor
punctuall
advertisements
of
whatsoever
passeth
amongst
the
enemies
.
You
must
also
be
very
carefull
to
use
this
faction
very
courteously
,
and
to
engage
them
by
little
and
little
into
actions
which
may
make
them
irreconcilable
to
their
Prince
.
But
when
you
see
they
make
warre
with
respect
,
and
that
they
will
but
by
halves
offend
him
from
whom
they
have
revolted
,
you
must
have
them
in
great
suspicion
,
and
march
with
them
with
bridle
in
hand
:
for
whether
it
be
the
fear
of
a
ruine
without
recovery
,
or
the
hope
of
a
reconciliation
that
hindreth
them
from
putting
themselves
upon
reall
extremities
,
the
one
and
other
are
equally
dangerous
;
and
at
last
you
may
fear
they
may
accommodate
themselves
to
your
prejudice
:
wherefore
if
they
will
not
engage
themselves
to
do
extraordinary
and
irremissible
actions
at
the
beginning
,
you
ought
not
to
joyn
with
them
but
under
good
pledges
:
You
must
also
use
such
as
do
voluntarily
yield
themselves
to
you
with
all
humanitie
,
clemencie
,
and
liberalitie
,
and
such
as
resist
you
with
all
severitie
;
for
beneficence
towards
the
one
and
severitie
towards
the
other
are
the
two
principall
means
which
get
you
obedience
.
A
town
taken
by
force
,
and
hardly
used
,
or
one
which
yieldeth
it self
of
its
own
accord
,
and
favoured
,
openeth
the
gates
of
a
dozen
others
:
as
on
the
other
side
,
a
town
taken
by
force
and
spared
,
or
which
rendred
it self
voluntarily
and
is
evil
intreated
,
shutteth
a
great
many
.
Whence
I
conclude
,
that
a
Conquerour
must
be
as
good
as
his
word
,
whatsoever
he
promiseth
,
be
it
in
clemency
or
severity
CHAP.
XIX
.
Of
the
defense
of
States
according
to
their
forces
and
situations
.
TO
treat
of
this
subject
well
,
we
must
divide
it
into
three
parts
;
namely
,
into
small
States
,
those
of
a
middle
rank
,
and
those
which
are
puissant
.
The
small
ones
are
of
that
nature
as
they
subsist
not
but
by
the
jealousies
which
their
neighbours
have
one
of
another
;
for
that
if
one
of
them
will
assail
a
weak
State
,
the
other
will
defend
it
:
neverthelesse
,
it
is
but
a
tottering
condition
and
ill
assured
;
for
if
the
one
findeth
himself
able
enough
to
assail
them
,
the
other
will
not
find
himself
sufficient
to
defend
them
.
The
counsels
of
Princes
and
States
are
not
alwayes
governed
so
equally
,
but
for
the
most
part
one
prevaileth
above
the
other
.
Besides
this
inconvenience
there
is
yet
another
,
that
sometimes
they
agree
to
divide
the
prey
;
so
that
such
kind
of
pettie
States
which
have
not
strength
within
themselves
for
their
own
defense
,
are
alwayes
in
perill
;
and
they
must
use
very
much
pliantnesse
to
remove
all
pretexts
from
their
neighbours
of
undertaking
something
against
them
.
The
onely
means
which
they
have
is
to
have
one
or
two
towns
exceeding
well
fortified
,
with
arms
and
money
enough
to
defend
them
well
;
that
so
they
may
give
leisure
to
them
which
will
not
suffer
the
growth
of
him
which
shall
assail
you
,
to
aid
you
:
for
if
you
have
no
means
at
all
to
resist
,
your
countrey
will
be
taken
before
they
shall
have
time
to
assist
you
:
and
besides
that
,
the
happinesse
which
they
conceive
of
conquering
you
giveth
them
a
spur
to
assail
you
;
you
shall
find
many
more
persons
disposed
to
succour
you
then
to
reconquer
your
countrey
:
for
that
the
one
is
easie
with
equall
forces
,
and
the
other
without
greater
strength
is
very
difficult
.
To
which
I
adde
,
that
there
is
ofttimes
as
great
danger
that
he
which
regaineth
your
countrey
as
your
friend
keep
it
not
for
himself
,
as
well
as
he
which
had
taken
it
as
your
enemy
:
or
if
he
restore
it
to
you
,
it
will
be
with
so
hard
conditions
,
as
you
shall
possesse
but
the
shadow
of
a
Sovereigntie
.
And
thrice
happy
are
they
which
meet
with
so
good
and
so
generous
Princes
,
which
do
reestablish
them
into
their
lost
States
,
with
the
same
authoritie
and
liberty
as
they
possessed
them
before
:
for
such
examples
are
exceeding
rare
.
Concerning
those
States
of
a
middle
condition
,
I
propound
a
Prince
(
or
common-wealth
)
which
for
his
defense
is
able
to
entertein
an
army
of
20000
foot
and
3000
horse
with
all
necessary
equipage
.
If
his
countrey
be
of
a
difficult
accesse
,
and
that
there
be
no
entrance
into
it
but
by
certain
passages
and
mountains
guarded
and
fortified
,
he
hath
a
great
advantage
:
but
they
which
too
much
do
trust
and
rest
upon
them
,
and
have
neglected
other
defenses
,
have
deceived
themselves
,
and
have
been
lost
by
those
wayes
wherein
they
thought
themselves
most
assured
.
If
it
be
encompassed
by
the
sea
,
it
is
a
fair
moat
,
notwithstanding
he
which
is
stronger
will
find
means
to
make
his
descent
into
the
island
.
If
it
be
environed
with
moorish
grounds
and
rivers
,
yet
an
enemy
will
find
wayes
to
passe
them
,
especially
when
he
hath
artillery
to
favourise
such
passages
;
insomuch
that
the
surest
way
is
to
trust
to
your
own
forces
,
namely
a
good
army
and
good
fortresses
:
I
say
,
both
joynned
together
:
for
that
the
army
without
fortresses
being
weak
,
and
not
daring
to
hazard
any
thing
,
leaveth
the
victuall
of
the
champain
to
the
enemy
,
and
so
the
means
to
subsist
at
your
charge
,
and
at
last
to
ruine
you
.
And
fortresses
without
an
army
are
not
able
to
preserve
you
longer
then
the
time
you
have
made
your
magazines
of
victuall
for
,
within
them
:
but
these
things
being
proportioned
with
judgement
,
you
may
make
a
great
resistance
.
In
these
things
you
must
not
suffer
your self
to
be
led
by
the
fansies
of
the
people
,
which
without
considering
the
situations
of
their
towns
,
or
the
publick
good
,
when
they
see
their
neighbours
fortifie
themselves
,
will
all
imitate
them
;
a
thing
equally
dangerous
,
to
have
more
fortresses
then
you
can
guard
,
or
to
have
none
at
all
.
Yet
I
should
rather
like
the
last
then
the
first
:
for
that
at
least
by
hazarding
a
battel
you
put
your
enemy
to
half
the
fear
;
but
by
the
other
way
you
must
surely
perish
,
without
being
able
to
do
any
other
thing
but
prolong
your
ruine
:
for
the
jealousie
which
you
have
to
preserve
all
your
fortresses
by
leaving
great
garrisons
in
them
,
hindreth
you
of
the
means
of
keeping
an
army
in
the
field
:
and
then
the
spoil
of
two
or
three
harvests
compelleth
you
to
yield
your
neck
to
the
halter
.
I
know
there
are
some
which
ground
themselves
upon
this
reason
,
That
when
all
the
principall
places
of
a
State
be
fortified
,
all
the
victuall
of
the
champain
may
be
drawn
into
them
,
so
that
an
army
coming
thither
,
if
it
stayeth
there
,
it
dieth
through
famine
;
and
if
it
doth
but
passe
through
,
it
doth
no
great
hurt
:
insomuch
that
it
is
almost
impossible
to
make
any
great
siege
there
.
Whereunto
I
answer
,
that
fortresses
are
principally
invented
for
the
weaker
,
that
so
a
few
men
may
resist
a
great
number
:
and
if
you
have
so
great
a
number
of
fortresses
,
and
those
requiring
great
guards
(
as
the
great
fortified
towns
do
)
you
must
have
a
greater
number
of
souldiers
then
he
shall
have
which
cometh
to
assail
you
;
otherwise
you
were
not
able
to
provide
them
all
with
sufficient
garrisons
to
preserve
them
from
a
siege
.
And
if
you
be
the
stronger
without
any
fortified
place
,
you
shall
preserve
your
countrey
in
keeping
the
field
.
There
is
yet
a
further
inconvenience
in
the
fortifying
of
great
towns
;
that
is
,
that
you
make
them
so
proud
as
they
will
not
acknowledge
their
Sovereigne
but
upon
good
terms
;
and
upon
the
least
discommoditie
they
receive
in
any
warre
the
inhabitants
desire
rather
to
change
their
master
then
to
see
their
goods
wasted
.
Insomuch
that
I
conclude
,
that
you
ought
to
have
so
few
fortresses
that
they
may
not
hinder
you
from
keeping
the
field
;
that
those
which
you
have
be
so
well
fortified
and
furnished
with
munition
as
they
may
make
a
great
resistance
;
and
to
place
them
so
well
as
they
may
bridle
the
great
towns
,
and
that
they
may
assure
the
frontiers
,
that
so
the
enemy
may
make
difficultie
to
leave
a
place
behind
him
which
might
discommodate
his
victuall
,
and
that
by
intelligence
or
otherwise
he
may
not
seise
upon
some
principall
town
which
may
serve
him
for
a
seat
to
entertein
warre
within
the
countrey
.
These
things
thus
disposed
of
,
you
must
regard
what
enemy
assaileth
you
.
If
it
be
a
power
of
confederates
united
together
,
it
is
the
more
easie
to
disunite
,
then
when
it
dependeth
on
one
alone
:
and
in
this
case
it
is
exceeding
good
to
cause
some
diffidence
to
grow
betwixt
them
,
by
feigning
of
intelligence
with
some
one
of
the
confederates
,
to
whom
shewing
more
respect
and
lesse
animositie
,
you
may
give
jealousie
to
the
rest
:
as
also
by
procuring
a
diversion
upon
the
countrey
of
one
of
the
rest
.
It
being
a
very
difficult
thing
that
many
sovereigne
powers
should
long
hold
a
league
together
,
without
some
disgusts
to
arise
amongst
them
,
or
mistakings
,
envies
,
and
even
enmities
,
by
reason
of
the
diversitie
of
their
humours
and
interests
;
so
that
that
power
which
onely
dependeth
upon
one
State
onely
,
is
much
more
to
be
feared
.
And
because
you
may
be
assailed
more
or
lesse
fiercely
,
I
must
say
a
word
for
that
:
If
it
be
by
forces
which
are
not
too
much
disproportionable
to
yours
,
you
may
preserve
your
countrey
without
forsaking
it
,
and
with
your
army
and
fortresses
tie
up
the
enemy
,
in
hindring
him
from
victuall
;
and
by
entrenching
alwayes
so
near
him
as
you
shall
hinder
him
from
making
any
siege
of
importance
.
For
if
a
Conquerour
advanceth
not
forward
he
recoileth
;
and
it
is
impossible
for
him
to
subsist
in
a
countrey
which
he
would
conquer
,
if
at
first
he
taketh
no
footing
,
and
doth
not
strengthen
himself
by
some
considerable
prise
.
If
also
you
be
assailed
by
a
power
altogether
disproportionable
to
your
forces
;
in
this
case
you
must
leave
the
field
,
and
burn
all
the
victuall
which
you
cannot
contein
within
your
fortresses
,
and
also
all
the
towns
and
villages
which
you
cannot
guard
:
for
it
is
better
for
you
to
preserve
your self
in
a
ruined
countrey
,
then
to
keep
it
for
your
enemy
.
And
it
is
in
this
that
a
Prince
,
to
gain
,
as
he
thinketh
,
the
name
of
being
compassionate
towards
his
people
(
which
in
such
occasions
turn
their
backs
upon
him
)
becometh
cruel
towards
himself
:
But
it
is
rather
a
vice
of
irresolution
and
of
weaknesse
of
courage
which
possesseth
us
,
then
a
true
compassion
which
we
have
of
the
misfortune
of
another
:
as
that
of
the
Emperour
Otho
,
who
upon
the
first
ill
fortune
that
befell
him
(
his
forces
being
yet
entire
)
durst
not
trie
the
hazard
of
a
battel
any
more
.
And
he
who
could
not
afford
any
pitie
to
Galba
in
his
decrepit
age
(
being
his
designed
successour
to
the
Empire
)
and
which
had
committed
all
kinds
of
villanies
to
attein
it
,
would
perswade
posterity
,
that
compassion
to
see
the
Romane
bloud
shed
had
made
him
resolve
to
estrange
himself
from
it
by
killing
himself
.
Thus
it
is
that
we
oftentimes
desire
to
cover
our
vices
with
the
vertue
which
is
nearest
thereunto
.
But
as
it
is
a
maxime
,
that
no
publick
good
can
be
without
some
prejudice
to
some
particular
men
,
so
a
Prince
cannot
disintangle
himself
from
a
perilous
enterprise
,
if
he
will
please
every
man
.
And
the
greatest
and
most
usuall
faults
which
we
commit
in
matters
of
State
and
war
proceed
from
suffering
our selves
to
be
carried
away
with
this
complacencie
,
whereof
we
repent
us
when
there
is
no
remedy
left
.
But
to
avoid
such
storms
you
must
hold
this
for
a
fundamentall
law
for
your
own
preservation
,
Never
to
suffer
that
neighbour
of
yours
to
grow
up
which
maketh
himself
the
strongest
:
for
it
is
better
to
offend
him
by
hindring
him
from
enabling
himself
to
destroy
you
,
then
to
suffer
him
to
grow
greater
out
of
fear
to
offend
him
.
It
being
a
thing
certain
,
that
no
man
preserveth
his
libertie
against
a
conquering
enemy
by
complements
but
onely
by
force
.
It
remaineth
that
we
speak
of
puissant
States
which
(
without
help
of
another
)
have
arms
,
money
,
and
what
else
is
needfull
to
maintein
a
continuall
warre
.
Of
this
kind
there
be
but
few
,
and
they
need
to
care
for
none
but
themselves
;
for
that
one
sole
enemy
is
not
able
to
assail
them
,
and
that
it
is
hard
for
the
leagues
of
severall
Princes
all
to
agree
in
such
a
designe
,
or
for
any
long
time
to
subsist
together
:
Neverthelesse
I
will
say
a
word
on
this
subject
.
Great
States
are
either
compacted
altogether
,
or
spread
abroad
in
severall
places
:
the
first
,
which
have
all
their
forces
united
,
are
able
to
assail
,
and
to
defend
themselves
more
powerfully
then
they
which
are
so
separated
;
because
they
carry
all
their
forces
where
need
requireth
with
more
diligence
and
facilitie
,
and
lesse
charge
:
the
other
put
a
great
part
of
the
world
into
an
alarm
and
jealousie
,
because
they
frontier
upon
the
greatest
number
of
States
.
Neverthelesse
,
if
the
one
or
the
other
be
assailed
,
they
must
make
use
of
the
defenses
we
propounded
before
:
onely
I
will
say
that
they
ought
to
have
no
fortresses
but
good
ones
,
and
few
in
number
,
and
onely
on
the
frontiers
,
and
none
within
the
heart
of
the
countrey
;
for
that
having
more
cause
to
fear
civil
warres
then
forrein
,
and
without
which
no
man
will
ever
assail
a
great
Empire
,
it
is
the
way
to
take
away
the
main
root
from
them
which
maketh
them
to
undertake
the
enterprise
and
to
subsist
.
Besides
,
you
ought
not
to
perpetuate
any
governments
,
neither
to
families
,
nor
yet
for
life
.
But
the
principall
and
most
able
remedy
against
civil
warre
is
to
entertein
a
forrein
warre
;
which
chaseth
away
idlenesse
,
setteth
all
on
work
,
and
particularly
giveth
satisfaction
to
ambitious
and
stirring
spirits
:
it
banisheth
luxurie
,
it
maketh
your
people
warlike
,
and
mainteineth
you
in
such
reputation
amongst
your
neighbours
,
as
you
are
the
arbitratour
of
all
their
differences
.
It
is
true
that
this
maxime
is
not
good
to
be
observed
but
by
such
States
as
are
of
this
last
sort
.
For
as
it
is
necessary
for
them
,
I
find
it
hurtfull
for
pettie
States
,
which
must
fear
all
sorts
of
warre
;
for
being
too
weak
to
gain
by
it
,
they
run
the
hazard
to
be
the
pray
of
such
as
are
the
stronger
,
CHAP.
XX.
Of
the
means
how
to
assure
a
conquest
.
A
Sovereigne
Prince
is
more
capable
to
make
great
and
ready
conquests
then
a
common-wealth
;
for
that
finding
himself
secret
in
his
counsel
,
courageous
in
his
resolution
,
ready
in
his
execution
,
and
not
fearing
to
be
contradicted
by
any
,
he
maketh
more
conquests
in
ten
years
of
his
life
,
then
a
common-wealth
which
is
lesse
secret
,
which
is
long
in
resolving
,
which
bridleth
the
authoritie
of
her
Captains
,
and
which
every
houre
contradicteth
their
actions
,
shall
be
able
to
do
in
a
hundred
yeares
:
So
also
a
common-wealth
which
goeth
alwayes
upon
her
own
maximes
,
which
is
not
subject
to
the
want
of
one
person
,
and
whose
government
receiveth
no
alteration
by
the
death
of
any
of
them
,
conserveth
much
better
and
for
a
longer
time
that
which
she
hath
conquered
then
a
Prince
;
which
ofttimes
(
and
almost
alwayes
)
hath
a
successour
as
much
a
heartlesse
dullard
as
himself
was
vertuous
.
Neverthelesse
,
I
will
here
establish
(
as
well
for
the
one
as
for
the
other
)
the
true
maximes
for
the
well
assuring
of
a
conquest
:
which
consist
in
two
things
;
namely
to
take
away
the
desire
of
revolting
from
those
whom
you
have
conquered
,
and
the
means
of
being
able
to
do
it
.
For
the
first
,
it
is
a
thing
very
certain
,
that
if
you
conquer
a
free
people
,
you
shall
not
take
away
(
at
least
during
the
life
of
those
which
have
lived
so
)
their
desire
to
recover
their
liberty
.
If
they
be
subjects
to
a
Prince
and
a
State
,
and
that
they
have
onely
changed
their
master
,
they
will
rather
desire
to
remain
under
the
authoritie
of
him
which
shall
use
them
the
most
courteously
.
Therefore
you
must
alwayes
begin
by
a
fair
way
,
and
to
establish
a
condition
for
them
which
you
have
conquered
which
may
be
sure
,
both
for
their
life
and
for
their
goods
.
For
if
even
your
own
subjects
find
not
this
assurance
,
it
is
to
be
feared
they
will
revolt
;
how
much
more
they
which
are
newly
conquered
?
it
being
a
law
of
nature
imprinted
in
every
creature
,
that
the
meanest
and
least
animal
taketh
care
for
its
own
conservation
;
to
which
man
endued
with
reason
addeth
the
conservation
of
his
honour
and
his
welfare
,
which
he
ofttimes
preferreth
before
his
own
life
.
Therefore
a
Prince
must
govern
according
to
exact
justice
,
uphold
the
oppressed
in
his
due
right
,
abstein
from
all
violence
himself
,
aswel
concerning
the
honour
of
their
wives
as
for
their
goods
:
for
without
this
it
is
impossible
to
make
a
conquered
people
tractable
.
You
must
also
(
so
much
as
may
be
)
maintein
them
in
the
form
of
their
government
,
&
exclude
none
of
them
out
of
the
possibility
of
atteining
to
those
offices
,
dignities
and
honours
which
they
may
possesse
without
prejudice
to
your
safetie
.
And
if
it
be
a
Prince
which
maketh
this
conquest
,
the
means
to
assure
himself
well
therein
is
there
to
establish
his
residence
the
most
that
may
be
;
for
that
his
presence
doth
hinder
many
disorders
,
the
splendour
of
his
court
imprinteth
a
certain
veneration
into
the
minds
of
the
people
,
and
it
bringeth
gain
to
the
artificers
and
citizens
where
it
is
kept
.
If
it
be
a
common-wealth
which
cannot
change
the
seat
of
their
government
,
it
is
therefore
necessary
that
such
as
they
should
send
thither
to
govern
live
there
with
splendour
.
For
the
people
is
sometimes
more
taken
with
appearance
then
realitie
.
These
are
the
means
which
do
insensibly
insinuate
obedience
into
a
newly
conquered
people
:
but
because
this
is
not
sufficient
,
and
that
ofttimes
the
facilitie
of
revolting
impunely
causeth
men
to
have
a
desire
to
it
,
it
is
necessary
for
you
to
precaution
your self
by
requisite
assurances
,
which
consist
in
having
their
arms
and
fortresses
in
your
own
hands
:
I
mean
not
that
all
the
people
shall
be
wholy
disarmed
,
for
if
it
be
possible
it
must
not
come
to
that
;
but
to
assure
your self
of
great
communalties
by
good
fortresses
;
to
have
arcenals
in
severall
parts
,
and
not
all
in
one
place
;
and
not
to
leave
any
town
or
castle
(
except
your
fortresses
of
garrison
)
so
strong
as
to
be
able
to
endure
100
cannon-bullets
.
There
is
a
last
means
,
whereof
the
ancients
made
a
profitable
use
,
and
is
now
wholly
left
,
which
I
do
marvellously
approve
of
;
which
is
,
to
establish
colonies
,
and
to
transport
the
people
from
one
countrey
to
another
.
For
besides
that
it
is
a
great
bridle
to
keep
a
conquered
countrey
in
aw
,
you
recompense
by
this
means
the
nearer
part
of
those
souldiers
which
have
done
you
good
service
.
And
I
find
not
the
reason
to
be
sufficient
which
some
alledge
,
that
it
is
cruelty
to
make
this
permutation
,
and
that
it
is
against
charity
;
but
to
the
contrary
I
find
indeed
those
remedies
to
be
cruel
which
are
commonly
used
,
to
keep
the
people
so
under
as
they
have
nothing
but
their
life
,
and
cannot
hope
for
any
honour
within
their
own
countrey
.
For
my self
I
professe
freely
,
that
I
had
rather
be
driven
out
of
my
countrey
into
another
,
where
I
should
have
a
hope
for
my self
and
mine
to
be
able
to
attein
to
something
more
then
now
I
am
,
then
to
remain
in
mine
own
countrey
to
be
deprived
of
that
hope
;
finding
nothing
to
be
so
hard
as
to
take
away
hope
from
a
man
,
which
is
that
which
in
this
world
,
and
for
the
goods
of
this
world
,
maketh
him
undertake
all
things
;
and
which
for
the
goods
of
the
other
world
furnisheth
him
with
constancy
to
suffer
all
things
:
Moreover
,
there
is
nothing
which
distinguisheth
a
man
so
much
from
a
beast
,
nor
yet
a
regenerate
man
from
a
sensuall
,
as
hope
.
Which
maketh
me
conclude
,
that
you
should
never
take
from
a
man
the
hope
of
being
able
to
obtein
a
better
condition
then
that
which
he
possesseth
,
that
so
he
be
not
cast
into
despair
.
CHAP.
XXI
.
How
you
must
proceed
to
relieve
your
allie
and
confederate
.
ONe
of
the
most
honourable
actions
which
a
Prince
doth
,
and
which
bringeth
him
most
reputation
,
is
to
succour
his
allies
in
their
necessities
:
but
it
is
a
thing
which
for
the
most
part
is
very
difficult
.
When
you
will
make
war
,
you
choose
your
advantages
,
and
you
take
your
time
and
your
measures
according
to
that
which
you
can
and
will
do
:
it
is
not
so
in
the
succouring
of
your
allie
,
which
must
be
assisted
with
such
difficulties
and
discommodities
as
you
meet
with
.
If
his
countrey
be
joyned
to
yours
,
and
that
nothing
hindreth
you
from
assisting
him
with
all
your
forces
united
,
you
cannot
excuse
the
not
doing
of
it
,
unlesse
it
be
that
you
fear
his
enemy
,
and
would
not
offend
him
;
which
is
an
unmanly
and
no
judicious
reason
.
For
by
this
excuse
you
escape
not
the
danger
which
your
neighbours
losse
will
draw
upon
you
.
It
being
much
better
for
you
to
resist
joyntly
,
then
suffer
your selves
to
be
undone
one
after
another
.
But
if
it
be
an
allie
separated
from
you
by
other
Princes
and
States
(
which
ofttimes
so
hapneth
)
and
that
you
meet
with
great
difficulties
to
get
into
his
countrey
,
you
must
then
well
consider
after
what
manner
you
should
succour
him
:
for
if
the
States
which
are
between
you
both
refuse
you
passage
,
and
that
you
must
be
enforced
to
give
them
battel
before
you
be
able
to
assist
your
allie
,
it
is
to
be
feared
that
you
shall
not
be
able
to
succour
him
timely
enough
.
And
if
your
neighbour
,
either
for
fear
of
you
,
or
of
him
which
assaileth
your
allie
,
do
offer
you
passage
,
you
cannot
accept
thereof
with
safety
,
unlesse
he
put
you
in
possession
of
those
places
which
are
necessary
to
assure
your
return
;
which
being
refused
you
,
you
must
go
no
further
.
But
if
the
enemy
of
your
ally
hath
territories
near
you
,
and
such
as
you
may
easily
assail
;
you
must
do
it
stoutly
;
and
that
succour
which
can
be
given
by
diversion
is
(
in
my
opinion
)
the
surest
and
that
which
succeedeth
best
;
because
you
do
it
with
all
your
forces
and
conveniences
,
and
ordinarily
that
countrey
which
you
assail
is
not
well
provided
,
because
he
which
assaileth
another
State
leadeth
out
with
him
the
best
Captains
and
souldiers
which
he
hath
.
But
if
you
want
all
these
means
,
there
is
no
other
left
but
that
of
money
,
wherewith
you
may
assist
him
;
which
ofttimes
is
not
sufficient
to
save
him
.
CHAP.
XXII
.
Which
is
best
,
whether
a
great
Prince
make
warre
in
person
,
or
by
his
Lieutenant
.
IT
is
to
the
purpose
in
this
place
to
treat
whether
a
Prince
ought
to
manage
his
warre●
in
person
or
by
Lieutenants
:
for
that
the
practice
thereof
being
different
,
every
man
bringeth
his
best
reasons
to
maintein
his
opinion
.
They
which
disapprove
of
his
doing
it
in
person
alledge
,
that
by
going
out
of
his
territories
he
openeth
the
doore
for
disorders
,
and
robbeth
himself
of
the
means
to
prevent
them
;
that
it
is
more
necessary
for
him
to
keep
peace
within
then
to
make
war
abroad
,
for
which
nothing
can
do
so
much
good
as
his
presence
,
which
keepeth
in
aw
the
most
stirring
spirits
;
that
holding
them
which
are
within
in
obedience
he
may
give
the
better
order
to
his
affairs
abroad
;
that
there
befall
greater
inconveniences
and
lesse
remediable
,
when
the
Prince
is
ingaged
in
person
out
of
his
countrey
,
then
when
he
is
within
it
;
that
if
he
shall
receive
some
check
in
his
person
being
farre
from
his
owne
territories
,
those
busie
heads
are
more
daring
to
make
innovations
,
every
man
emancipateth
himself
and
shaketh
off
his
obedience
;
if
he
be
slain
there
,
his
subjects
are
affrighted
,
and
his
enemie
is
encouraged
by
it
,
and
thence
draweth
great
advantages
;
if
he
be
taken
,
that
is
still
worse
;
for
none
being
able
to
declare
himself
Prince
,
and
the
great
ones
,
desiring
to
make
their
benefit
of
his
calamity
,
put
all
affairs
into
such
a
confusion
that
nothing
is
done
in
the
State
with
authoritie
,
because
they
which
seise
upon
the
government
tyrannize
over
the
other
great
ones
which
might
pretend
the
same
,
which
oft-times
love
rather
to
call
in
the
common
enemy
then
to
obey
their
fellows
.
Whereunto
they
adde
,
that
a
Prince
cannot
free
himself
without
giving
great
advantages
to
his
enemy
,
which
turn
to
a
notable
and
irremediable
prejudice
both
to
himself
and
his
State
:
So
that
all
things
being
balanced
,
they
conclude
that
the
inconveniences
are
much
greater
of
hazarding
the
person
of
the
Prince
in
the
warres
then
to
cause
them
to
be
managed
by
his
Lieutenants
.
This
opinion
is
principally
mainteined
by
men
of
the
gown
,
naturall
enemies
to
souldiers
;
who
for
that
they
can
better
preserve
their
authoritie
in
peace
then
war
,
do
not
onely
disswade
from
going
in
person
to
the
warre
,
but
even
do
advise
the
suffering
of
all
sorts
of
ignominy
rather
then
to
make
war
.
Whereunto
flatterers
,
panders
,
and
all
the
plagues
of
Princes
do
adhere
,
which
entertein
them
within
their
countrey
in
a
lazinesse
which
bringeth
them
to
all
sorts
of
luxurie
,
making
them
believe
that
their
States
are
but
made
for
them
,
and
not
they
for
their
States
;
that
the
taking
of
a
maidenhead
is
more
honourable
then
the
conquest
of
a
Province
;
that
there
belongeth
more
industry
and
trouble
to
the
well-ordering
of
a
feast
then
of
a
battel
;
that
labour
is
not
appointed
but
onely
for
porters
;
and
that
great
Kings
should
cause
all
things
to
be
acted
without
moving
themselves
:
which
is
the
usuall
way
of
the
losse
of
kingdomes
and
empires
.
They
which
counsel
a
Prince
to
make
warre
in
person
,
alledge
that
the
command
of
an
army
is
a
morsell
so
delicious
that
it
ought
not
to
be
imparted
to
others
without
great
necessitie
:
for
that
to
acquit
a
mans
self
well
in
such
a
charge
,
he
must
be
very
absolute
;
and
ofttimes
the
Generall
of
an
army
doth
not
contein
himself
within
his
dutie
,
especially
when
the
Prince
performeth
not
his
own
.
For
in
this
case
he
is
naturally
envious
of
the
glory
of
another
,
and
cannot
support
the
good
actions
of
his
Lieutenant
,
though
they
tend
to
his
own
profit
.
In
which
humour
they
do
entertein
him
which
govern
the
affairs
at
court
,
with
this
fear
,
least
that
an
eminent
vertue
should
supplant
them
.
And
from
hence
proceedeth
the
infelicitie
of
the
most
part
of
brave
designes
,
how
well
soever
undertaken
,
which
are
made
to
perish
either
for
want
of
money
or
of
victuall
,
or
by
restraining
the
authority
of
the
Generall
,
or
by
putting
officers
upon
him
which
oppose
him
,
and
which
prove
rather
shackles
to
him
then
assistants
:
and
when
affairs
have
not
succeeded
as
men
imagined
,
the
fault
is
cast
upon
him
which
is
innocent
,
and
the
blameworthy
triumph
:
and
thus
great
Princes
shal
be
served
which
make
war
by
their
Lieutenants
:
That
the
reputation
of
a
Prince
who
is
a
good
commander
himself
is
much
greater
then
a
Princes
which
hath
good
commanders
:
that
the
first
is
feared
for
his
own
worth
,
and
the
other
onely
through
others
:
that
the
first
cannot
betray
himself
,
but
that
the
commanders
of
the
other
may
be
corrupted
:
that
the
first
can
make
choice
of
such
as
are
fit
for
warre
,
and
the
other
hath
no
good
commanders
but
by
hazard
:
that
the
authoritie
of
the
one
is
not
so
envied
nor
crossed
,
seeing
he
is
master
,
and
is
to
give
account
of
his
actions
to
no
man
;
but
that
the
Generall
of
the
army
of
another
is
subject
to
a
perpetuall
jealousie
,
and
thrice
happy
is
he
that
escapeth
it
:
that
the
means
to
prevent
civil
warres
is
to
imploy
the
most
stirring
and
courageous
spirits
in
forrein
warres
,
where
they
shall
find
wherewith
to
satisfie
their
ambitions
;
as
also
to
be
alwayes
armed
,
because
that
will
cool
those
which
are
hottest
:
and
that
the
Prince
be
at
the
head
of
his
army
,
that
so
none
may
use
it
against
him
.
They
alledge
further
,
that
never
Prince
hath
founded
a
great
Empire
,
but
by
making
warre
in
person
;
nor
hath
lost
any
,
but
when
he
made
warre
by
his
Lieutenants
.
It
is
now
left
to
the
choice
of
Princes
what
is
to
be
done
upon
these
two
advises
.
If
he
be
a
drone
,
which
contenteth
himself
to
be
admired
by
his
grooms
,
which
taketh
no
delight
but
in
voluptuousnesse
,
and
which
leaveth
off
the
acting
of
the
part
of
a
King
to
act
that
of
a
scoundrel
,
he
will
never
take
that
counsel
to
command
his
armies
himself
.
If
he
be
a
wise
Prince
,
which
loveth
tranquillitie
to
maintein
his
people
in
justice
,
neverthelesse
he
will
not
omit
to
be
prepared
for
warre
,
and
to
inform
himself
therein
,
that
so
when
occasion
shall
serve
he
need
not
commit
the
command
of
his
armies
to
others
.
But
if
he
be
a
generous
Prince
which
hunteth
after
glory
,
and
desireth
to
imitate
those
great
men
which
live
still
2000
years
after
their
death
,
and
whose
venerable
names
at
this
day
do
honor
those
which
mention
them
,
he
will
doubtlesse
choose
for
his
principall
imployment
that
of
war
;
wherein
he
will
endevour
to
make
himself
expert
,
that
so
he
need
not
depend
upon
others
for
the
leading
of
his
armies
,
and
will
make
that
his
chief
delight
.
And
this
is
the
true
pleasure
which
contenteth
the
spirit
,
which
is
particular
to
man
,
and
common
to
great
men
:
for
corporall
pleasure
hath
more
of
the
beast
then
of
man
;
and
so
he
that
wholly
addicteth
himself
thereunto
is
worse
then
a
brute
beast
.
CHAP.
XXIII
.
Of
reputation
.
IT
is
a
thing
which
cannot
be
conceived
,
how
available
the
reputation
of
a
Generall
of
an
armie
is
;
and
how
hard
it
is
to
be
preserved
.
For
after
that
you
have
acquired
the
estimation
of
being
a
wise
man
,
and
of
great
managing
,
if
you
will
conserve
it
by
prudence
,
men
will
say
you
are
become
a
coward
;
and
if
by
hazarding
some
battel
you
receive
a
check
,
they
will
hold
you
to
be
rash
.
So
that
there
is
no
function
in
the
world
more
subject
to
blame
then
that
of
a
Generall
of
an
arm●
;
and
very
happy
is
that
commander
which
keepeth
his
reputation
entire
untill
the
the
end
.
Neverthelesse
so
long
as
it
lasteth
it
worketh
marvellous
effects
:
for
when
he
hath
gotten
the
name
of
being
prosperous
in
war
,
the
souldiers
believe
that
he
cannot
be
beaten
;
and
go
upon
his
word
so
securely
to
the
combat
,
as
they
take
no
more
knowledge
of
the
danger
;
perswading
themselves
that
he
never
commandeth
them
to
fight
,
but
that
he
is
assured
of
the
victory
:
which
doth
so
encourage
them
as
they
fight
with
much
the
more
resolution
.
Moreover
,
the
enemies
meeting
with
such
a
man
,
fight
not
but
in
fear
,
as
being
assured
to
be
beaten
.
There
be
a
thousand
of
ancient
and
modern
examples
of
this
truth
.
When
the
army
of
Alcibiades
(
even
when
he
was
absent
)
was
beaten
,
the
Athenians
believed
that
it
was
with
his
consent
.
The
one●y
report
of
the
arrivall
of
Cesar
and
Alexander
,
howsoever
but
with
small
forces
,
hath
oftentimes
caused
the
yielding
of
provinces
and
the
defeat
of
armies
.
The
sole
reputation
of
Henry
the
fourth
,
who
was
taken
notice
of
in
the
combat
of
Fontaine
Francoise
,
arriving
there
the
day
before
in
post
,
made
the
Spaniards
abandon
Burgundy
.
I
have
observed
the
Dauphinois
to
have
this
belief
,
that
the
Constable
le
Desdiguires
could
not
be
beaten
.
But
as
this
opinion
is
of
great
profit
to
a
Generall
of
an
army
when
he
hath
atteined
it
,
so
to
be
thought
unluckie
in
warre
is
a
great
hindrance
to
him
:
for
it
is
impossible
for
him
to
assure
himself
on
those
souldiers
which
have
such
an
opinion
of
their
Commander
.
Therefore
a
Generall
of
an
army
must
make
it
his
principall
aim
to
begin
well
;
then
not
to
omit
any
thing
for
the
preserving
of
what
he
hath
gotten
:
resolving
rather
to
die
gloriously
in
some
great
action
then
to
linger
out
a
shamefull
life
after
that
he
hath
committed
some
unmanly
act
.
For
as
the
profession
of
war
is
that
of
all
others
which
conferreth
most
honour
upon
a
man
which
therein
acquitteth
himself
well
,
so
it
draweth
the
greatest
infamy
upon
him
that
demeaneth
himself
ill
.
FINIS
.