The approoued order of martiall discipline with euery particuler offycer his offyce and dutie: with many other stratagemes adioyning to the same. Whereunto is adioyned a second booke, for the true ordering and imbattelling of any number so euer, with the proportions of euery battell, which best serueth in these our dayes of seruice. Newlie written by Gyles Clayton.

THE Approoued order of Martiall discipline , with euery particuler Offycer his offyce and dutie : with many other stratagemes adioyning to the same . ( * )

Whereunto is adioyned a second booke , for the true ordering and imbattelling of any number so euer , with the proportions of euery Battell , which best serueth in these our dayes of seruice . ( ⸪ )

Newlie written by Gyles Clayton .

Printed at London , by I. C. for Abraham Kitsonne , dwelling in Paules Church yarde , at the signe of the Sunne . Anno 1591.

VIrtutis Custos , verae pietatis alumna , Insignita viges Relligione , fide . Quae pacem patriae , meditaris , vt omnia recte , Hostibus externis , praelia dura parans . Vnde parens patriae vocitabere virgo , sed hosti , perpetuus terror , dum timet ipse sibi . Alma licet regno sit pax optanda quiesque , Non tamen armorum reiiciendus amor . Bella parant nobis pacem , placidamque quietem , Et pax alma vigens praelia iusta iuuat . Viue , vale , patriae Custos , & amica bonorum , Et semper florens sis decus ipsa tuis .

TO THE MOST HIGH AND MIGHTIE PRINCESSE , ELIZABETH BY THE GRACE of God : Queene of England , Fraunce , and Irelande : Defendresse of the Fayth . &c.

HAVING HAD OPORtunitie , ( most gracious and mightie Princesse ) since my last seruice in the Lowe Countries , I thought it good to betake me to my penne , in setting forth this approoued order of Martiall Discipline . And for that your princelie loue and good will , hath alwaies beene great and fauourable , to all true and faithfull Souldiours and Seruitors : it hath the more imboldened me , to present to your most gracious view , this little labour , best befitting to come from a Martiall mind . The circumstaunces verie necessarie to be considered of by those which are in authoritie . And although commonlie , euerie man ( most worthie and renowmed Soueraigne ) seeketh speciallie to commende and extoll the thing , whereunto hee feeleth himselfe naturally bent and enclined . Yet all such partialitie and priuate affection layde aside : it is to be thought , that for the defence , maintenaunce , & aduauncement of a Kingdome , or Common-weale : or for the good & due obseruation of peace , and administration of iustice in the same , no one thing to be more profitable , necessarie , or more honourable , then the knowledge of seruice in warre or deedes of Armes . Considering the ambition of the world is such , that it is impossible for any Realme , Kingdome , or Dominion , long to continue free in quietnes and sauegard , where the defence of the sword is not alwaies in a readinesse . For as Valerius Maximus saith , the safe keeping of this blessed peace , consisteth in the knowledge of warre , and deedes of Armes .

Plato praysing the arte , commaundeth that children shoulde learne it so soone as they were able . Cyrus said it was as necessary as Husbandry . Augustine and Bernard , both graue Catholique Doctors of the Church , doth approoue the same . Manie more , and infinite examples might be alledged , and all against those which disaloweth of this most famous and honourable exercise of Martiall discipline , and renowmed orders of the Lawe of Armes , which hath alwaies heeretofore beene the purchaser of Empires : Kingdomes hath beene enlarged : Princes preserued : iustice maintained : good Lawes protected : and the Common-wealth defended . So in laying aside the exercise of warlike weapons and Martiall discipline , how many Kingdoms hath beene ouerthrowne , how many Countries ruinated , & how many florishing Citties sacked and beaten downe flat to the ground .

But as your Highnesse , hauing most sufficiently furnished euerie part of your Realme , with all manner of warlike prouision , in such sort , as neuer any of your Predicessors hath heeretofore come neere : euen so could I wish in hart , that Englande were as well furnished with Seruitours of experience and knowledge , in this most honourable exercise of Martiall discipline . But the starres run their course contrarie to the world , and the learned iudge otherwise then the Idiote . The Cranes , when they flie out of Cicilia ouer the Mountains , carrie in their mouthes a peble stone , least by their chattering , they should be seazed vpon by the Eagles : which byrds , ( most gracious and renowmed Princesse ) teacheth mee silence , least my ignoraunce be perceiued by your most excellent and learned minde . The consideration of the which , droue me first into doubtfulnes , whether it were best to write , and so shew my good will , or to suspend my penne , and so to hide the same .

But then I considered , that the stone Perites burneth not the fingers , except it be broken : nor the loue and hartie affection of the minde , is not knowne , except by words that be opened . Iupiter hath not made mans bodie like a Lattesse , that the hart might be seene through the holes : but hath shutte vp the same close , that the tongue and penne might be the organes and instruments of the thought . I hauing serued your Maiestie in Irelande and in the Lowe Countries these sixteene yeeres , yet not worthie the fauour of so mightie and gracious a Princesse .

Thus most humbly crauing pardon for this my presumptuous enterprise , most humbly beseeching your Highnesse , so to accept my labour heerein , as the first fruites of a poore Seruitours studie , who to the vttermost of his small power , in the seruice of your Maiestie , and his Countrie , will at all times , according to his bounden duetie and allegeance , resolutely and willingly yeeld himselfe to any laboure , trauaile , or danger what soeuer shall happen . Praying in the meane season the Almightie God , to giue your highnes a long and prosperous raigne ouer vs : and as hee hath heeretofore wonderfully preserued you , in most magnificent & princely regalitie , in the despite of all your enuious foes : so he to haue a mercifull and louing eye continually vpon you , to the great comfort of all your louing Subiects : and against all your enemies , most happy and ioyfull victorie .

Your Maiesties Seruitour , most humble and dutifull to be commaunded . Gyles Clayton .

To the freendly Readers in generall , and specially to all young Gentlemen of Englande , which most honourably attempteth to get renowne and honour , in thys most famous and renowned exercise : Gyles Clayton sendeth greeting , health to your persons , and happinesse to all your honourable attempts .

ALthough ( freendlie Readers , ) you thinke my labours might haue beene verie well spared , in wryting any matters appertayning vnto warres , for that euery man is desirous to liue in securitie of peace : but freendly Readers , you are to vnderstand , that this blessed peace cannot be maintayned and kept secure , without the vse and practise of warlike weapons , and Martiall discipline . For we are to consider , the ambition of the world is such , that it is vnpossible for a Realme or Dominion , long to continue in quietnes & safegard , where the defence of the sworde and Mtiarall feates of warre is not exercised and practised with discipline . For as the Greckes thinking themselues to be in peace and secure , applyed themselues in tryfling matters , taking pleasure in Comaedies , and such like toyes , altogether laying aside Martiall discipline and the exercise of warlike weapons : which gaue occasion to Phillip King of Macaedonia , father to Alexander the great , to oppresse and to bring them in seruitude vnder his subiection . I could alledge many more which hath beene suppressed , onelie for lacke of the vse of warlike weapons , and thinking themselues to be in most securitie and peace , as the Assirians , Persians , Athenians , & such like . And the Cittie of Rome , which might haue beene perpetuall , but thought themselues in peace , and fell to inordinate ryot and pastimes , not doubting nor fearing any thing which was hurtfull vnto them or their Common-weale : which thing was to theyr great ruine and ouerthrowe . Euen so where ouermuch libertie is giuen , men may be troden down vnder foote , and brought to most horrible miserie & calamitie : if they giue themselues only to pastimes & pleasures , and forsake the vse and exercise of warlike weapons , which are the defence both of Prince , Country , Religion , iustice , lawes , and subiects : the which are altogether maintained , and protected by Armes onely . And therefore the most famous Conquerers and mightie Captaines did deuise , with most dilligence , all maner of waies , to bring their men to be perfect in the knowledge of all manner of things appertayning to the warres . As manifestly appeareth , by the warlike Games which the Princes of Grecia ordained vpon the Mount Olimpus . And also by the orders and exercise that the auncient Romans vsed in sundry places , and specially in Campo Martio , and in theyr sumptuous Theaters , which chiefely they builded for that purpose : whereby they made their Souldiours of such experience , that they obtained with small company in fight , against a great multitude of enemies , such wonderfull and meruailous victories , as in many credible Histories are mencioned . And also by the same meanes , their stragling people which followed the Campes , gotte such vnderstanding in those actions of Armes , that they in the day of battaile , beeing lest destitute of succour , were able without any other helpe , to sette themselues in good order of battaile , for theyr owne defence against the enemie , and in such times of seruice , they haue doone theyr Countrey great seruice . So that the antiquitie esteemed nothing more happy , then to haue the Country full of men of vnderstanding and knowledge , in warlike actions , and Martiall discipline . Which thing is least regarded in this Realme , & most neede of it : for that we haue so many euill & pestiferous enemies round about vs : which are ready continually , if oportunity serue them , to worke our ruine and decay . Wherfore stirre vp your selues euery man with courage , and boldnes of minde , to the exercise of your warlike weapons , which is honourable , and most worthy to be preferred before all exercises . For the vse heere of being laid aside , breedeth more sedicions and warres , then if they were daily had in vse , & so perfectly practised : for experience in seruice , doth much more preuaile , then many multitudes of people , beeing without vnderstanding and knowledge in this most honourable seruice . Wherefore , sith the necessity of this seruice of warre , and Martiall exercise is so great , and also the necessary vse of them so manifest , that euen peace herselfe , in manner , doth challenge her cheefe defence & protection , such is the worthines of Martiall exercises : for as by proofe wee see , that the glory thereof cannot easily finde roote , but in the harts of such most worthy men , which continually exerciseth themselues in these warlike weapons , for the glory of their Prince & Country , and also for their own honour and magnanimitie . Wherfore these exercises being of such force , which bringeth all those that exercise the same to such honour and fame , both of Prince and Countrey , that I would in hart , that all English men , might shewe their good will in the exercise thereof . But hauing so fewe men of experience in these dayes , we see that euery one hauing serued but a yeere or two , it is a great matter . Nay , if he but crosse the Seas , and make hys abode but one month , he is accounted a Souldiour . But for my part , I haue serued these sixteene yeeres in Ireland , and in the Low Countries , and haue seene many peeces of seruice in both places , and yet I dare not account my selfe a Souldiour . For the name of a Souldiour is most honourable , and those that beare the name or title thereof , shoulde be men of vnderstanding and knowledge , and well experienced in warre , & Martiall discipline .

Doe we not find in many places of the holy Scripture , both in the bookes of Moses , in the booke Numbers , in the booke of Iosua , and in diuers other places of the Scripture , where they vsed no little regard , not onely in chusing of theyr Captaines and leaders , but as well in prescribing of Lawes and Martiall discipline of warres , the which in times past were appointed by the Almighty God himselfe : moreouer promised gyfts to those which could perswade the children of Israell . As by example , in the booke of Numbers , as I remember , in the foureteene chapter , howe God promised with his owne mouth to rewarde Caleb , for his constancie , & couragious perswasion to the children of Israell . And Dauid beeing a man of small account among the great Warriours , yet for his worthines and famous behauiour , in killing and ouerthrowing Goliah : what great riches and rewards receiued hee , with the Daughter of King Saul ? But in Englande , we neuer consider , neyther of hys actions , nor of his knowledge and experience : but most commonly , our Captaines are chosen , more for fauour then for knowledge : more for freendship , then for experience : for if they haue a good opinion in him , they neuer consider his desert , whether he be a man able to discharge his place or no. But I haue no doubt , that euery manshalbe hereafter better looked vnto , both for theyr knowledge , as also for their experience & desert . And Varro sayth , there be three things not to be suffered , a wise man vnder the gouernaunce of a foole : a liberall man in subiection to a caytife : and a foole sette in authoritie . Wherfore it is most commonly seene , where good order & gouernaunce faileth , obedience decayeth , boldnes increaseth , deceit escapeth , iniuries preuaileth , auarice corrupteth , and the estate of a Weale publique soone after decayeth . But least I should offend , I will conclude with a fewe other examples , as in Spayne , in Fraunce , in the Low Countries , and many other places , what great intentions are among theyr Princes & Gouernours , the which is a great perrill , and an endangering to their Princes and their Common wealth & Countrey , in an euil and dangerous estate . Wherefore let vs be thankfull to God , for giuing vs so louing and gracious a Princesse , who foreseeth such euill intentions , least they should breede to such inconuenient sores which may not be cured . For her Maiestie considereth , that the strength of her Realme , is the freendship and loue of her people . And Marcus Aurelius sayth , that Princes liue more safely , in gathering to them men of good vnderstanding and knowledge , then with theyr treasures of money : for the loue of a Princes Subiects to theyr Prince , is the whole strength of the Lande . And as Hermes sayth , vnhappy is that Prince , that esteemeth himselfe happy , to haue his Cofers full of treasure , and his counsaile full of men of euill and corrupt liuing . Also let vs remember the woorthy saying of Socrates , who sayth , that if a Prince be mercifull , liberall , and louing , his estate shall prosper , and his wisedome shall helpe him in hys neede . If he be iust , his subiects shall reioyce in him , his Realme shall prosper , & his estate continue : for glorious is that Country and Common wealth , and fortunate is that Prince , that is Lord of young men to trauaile , and olde sage persons at home , to giue graue and wise counsaile .

Thus hauing spoken sufficient , I will conclude , most humbly beseeching God , so to blesse her Maiestie , with long life to raigne ouer vs , that wee may by her gracious proceedings be long gouerned . God confound her foes , and bring to lyght all traiterous Conspiratours against her most excellent Maiestie . God so blesse her honourable Counsaile with increase of wisedome , that all theyr consultations , may redownd to the safe keeping and honour of this most famous England . Amen .

Gyles Clayton .

THE ORDER OF MARTIALL DISCIPLINE : AND FIRST , OF THE ELECTION OF A Lorde Lieuetennaunt , or a Generall for the Prince .

AS the entrance into warres and martiall discipline , is of great charge and importaunce , as wherevnto requireth no small regard and consideration to be admitted , for in this blessed peace we haue continued a great time , for the which wee thinke our selues in a most happie and blessed estate , which is true : but let vs not flatter our selues too much in this security of life , and so lay away the vse of warlike weapons , the which is the only preseruer & maintayner of that blessed peace , for as Valerius Maximus sayth : without the vse and knowledge of wars and the exercise thereof , this blessed peace cannot be maintayned and preserued . And Augustin and Barnard , both Catholike Doctors of the Church ) affyrmeth , that this sweete and quyet peace cannot be maintayned and kept , without the vse of war and Martiall exercise , with such policies as is possible to be vsed , for the defence of his Countrey and Common-weale , and especially , for the maintenaunce of true Religion : wherefore it shall first and principally be considered , that Officers be chosen therin of all degrées to serue in the same , and those also that be men of godlie conuersation , great wisdome , expert and politique in Martiall affaires , faythful and loyall to theyr Prince and Countrey , and of such magnanimitie and courage , as rather couet to climbe to honour by desert , then to liue a cowardish life with shame . These Officers ought also , to be of ripenesse of witte , at a suddaine to perswade and diswade as the cause shall require : of great lenitie in their spéech and actions , whereby to winne the loue and liking both of enemyes and friendes .

A Campe , Leagar , or Garison , furnished with such Officers , cannot but florish as the Laurell in all behauiours : in so much , as the Officers being themselues faythfull , expert , and godly , the common Souldiours must needes be the better , both by instruction , and example of lyfe , and knowe how to liue in all duetie and obedience : so that vertue thus bearing sway on euery side , vnitie thence immediatly springeth , wherin they all in one lincke : beeing knitte together , there is no doubt but they must néedes preuaile against their enemies , for loue and concorde in Campe or Leagar , is a discouragement to the enemies , and an encouragement to themselues . Who by such meanes are ledde , doe suppose and thinke no toyle paynefull , to winne honour , so forceable is loue , vertue , and obedience , in all kindes of gouernement . But on the contrarie part , where corrupt , gréedy , and churlishe Officers are , who séeking nothing more , then their own priuate gaine and commoditie , not regarding at al , the poore souldiour , whose life for his wages and honour of his Countrey , is solie aduentured : but what ensueth of such Officers , but mutinies and discords , and in fine , by such onely occasions , commeth the vtter raine and confusion of an whole Army .

But the Officers be diuers , for so it is néedefull : for , the gouernment of a Campe or Leagar , is as the gouernment of a Realm or Countrey , and requireth lyke Officers , to minister iustice and to suppres wrongs and iniuries : and as that Common-wealth ( though the Lawe be neuer so pure ) cannot long continue in securitie , where the Magistrates bee ignorant of the same : so that Campe or Leagar , not hauing good , skilfull , and politike Officers , to rule , place , gouerne , and defende their Souldiours , to order their Campe , to make their battailes of diuers sortes , for the best aduantage against theyr enemies , and for the greatest strength to place Ambushes . To endomage the enemy by aduauntage , and also by politike foresight to fore-sée the traps , snares , and Engines of the enemie , and thereby to preuent the same cannot long endure .

But to conclude , a Generall must haue an especiall care to bee well prouided , for the true payment of his Armie : for the want of pay doth not onely inféeble and abate the courage of Souldiours , when they shall bee pincht both with hunger and colde : but it bréedeth mutinies , it causeth discordes , it neglecteth seruice , and let s slippe opportunities . To sette downe in particulars what great daungers hath happened for want of pay , woulde aske a longer discourse then were requisite : wherefore , maintaine discipline , and sée your Souldiours be well payd and well punished .

The Office and duetie of a Colonell generall .

WHen this Colonell is chosen of his Lord Generall , and receiues his aucthory from him , he shall choose his Captaines , Lieuetennants , and Sargeants , Harbengers , Ensignes , Drums , and Phifes , and that his speciall care be in chusing of good Captaines , Lieuetennants , and Sargeantes , and that they been men of gouernment , expert and skilfull in seruice , of such ripenes of witte , which may vpon the suddaine perswade and diswade as the cause shall require . He shall also examine his Captaines , what choise they haue made of their Officers , whether they be men of sufficient knowledge or no , if hee findes them to be good , then hee is to assigne euery Captaine what weapon his Souldiours shall vse .

He is to haue an especiall and great care , in chusing of hys Lieuetennant , for that he ought to be a man of great experience and knowledge in seruice : for it appertaineth to him only , if occasion serueth , to inrancke men in time of seruice , to alter and chaunge them , as best serueth for their aduantage . And lastly , hee shall giue great attendaunce on his Generall , that he may be ready at his commandement to know his pleasure , for that paynes is honorable and of great credite , a place best fitting a man of countenaunce and credite , whose experience ought to be great , and to excéede the knowledge and experience of all other Lieuetennants .

The high Treasurers Office .

YOU ought also to choose vnto you an high Treasurer , which is an Offyce of great reputation , and therefore hee ought to be a man of wisdom , and expert in Martiall affaires : for , hee is to speake his opinion in all Offices , as well concerning other offyces as his owne , otherwise committed to his charge : for the payment of all high Officers appertayneth vnto him , as to the Colonelles and Captaines .

Likewise he shall receiue from the Generall , the true note of horsemen and footemen within the Army , and to make a perfect booke euery moneth , that he may knowe what is due to euery Officer and Souldiour . Hee is also to conferre with the Master of the Ordenance for the prouision of Municion of all sortes , and likewise with the prouante Master , or Master of the victualles , to fore-sée that they be well prouided of victuals for the Campe , that the Souldiours may haue no want thereof . There be many other thinges which might be spoken of , as concerning his Office , but I will referre them vnto the good opinions of those which be wisemen , and sufficiently instructed in this Martiall exercise .

The Office of the Lord high Marshall of the fielde .

WHen the high Marshall is appointed , and for euery battaile , one prouost Marshall with his vnder Marshall , which ought to be men of good vnderstanding and iudgement , both wise & graue , for that matters of great weight , bependeth onelie vpon them . Likewise they shall haue all thinges necessary , for the punishment of all disordered personnes according to iustice : that is to say a Hal with yrons , for the safe kéeping of their prisoners , and carriages for the same , a sufficient number of Tipstaues vnder them , which are inferiour Officers for the reprehension of Offenders , and for the safe-keeping of them . A Clarke of the Market , and an Execucioner : also , at the remooue of your Campe or Leagar , the high Marshall is to giue an order to euery Officer in the Campe , to haue speciall care for the conueying of their carriages .

Likewise hee is to haue speciall care for the placing of the Scoutes , at that time of remooue , and at all other times . Finally , he ought to be a man of sounde iudgement , and experienced in the knowledge of Martiall discipline , for that his office especiallie dependeth thereon .

Also he is to fore-sée , that euery inferiour Officer not dooing his duetie , to bee corrected and reformed , that discipline may be vsed , as well to inferiour Officers , as to the common Souldiour : thus ordering his Leagar or Campe without parciallity , shall not onely winne loue and fouour of the Campe or Leagar , but also reape to him selfe honour and renemue .

The Office and duety of a Sargeant Maior .

LIkewise you are to elect and choose a Sargeant Maior , whose offyce is great , therefore you ought to haue an especiall care in choosing of him : for he ought to be a man of great courage , for that his offyce is alwaies to bee in the face of the enemie . In time of battiale hee ought to be a man of singuler inuention , at a suddaine to perceiue and preuent the situation , terror and pretence of the enemy .

Likewise , he is to appointe what sortes of weapons shal be vsed in euerie battaile , and to see there be no want thereof in time of néede . He is to haue a speciall care , to for-sée that the Armie be perfectly instructed , that they may knowe and vnderstand , the true order and meaning of your battailes , aswel in time of peace as otherwise : also , he is to appointe the battaile , & of such sort , as he thinkes best befitting the ground . He is to appoint euery Captaine his place , & to giue them theyr seuerall charge , which they ought to performe . Hee is to appoint them , what kinde of weapons shall bee vsed in the time of battaile : finally , his Officers ought vnder him , to be very good and sufficient Seruitors , sound in vnderstanding & knowledge in Martiall exercise : for they ought to take paines in setting of battailes , if occasion serue , for that theyr Sargeant Maior cannot be alwaies in one place of the battaile .

The Master of the Ordenance .

THE Master of the Ordenance , ought to be a man expert and skillfull in all pointes of Cannonry , also in those artes which to that office belongeth , able to instructe and reforme his Lieuetennants , Controulers , Clarkes , Conductors , Cannoners , & all other Artificers , teaching them the best he can . To conuay theyr charges to the place of seruice , be it in time of marching , in time of Camping , battering , imbattailling , or retyring : regarding as well , that euery peece of Ordenance be well & strongly stocked , and mounted vpon stronge Axeltrées , & their wheeles well shooed , and strongly bound with yron , in all pointes as to the same belongeth , placing and giuing to euery Cannoner his charge , as to his place appertaineth : and also , it belongeth vnto him to haue in regard and in readines , all thinges fitte for the making of fyre workes : that is to say , Saltpeter or quickesiluer , Rosen , Linséede oyle , and common Lampe oyle , Pitch , wexe , Aquauite , Camphere , Tutia , Arsenicke , Calx viue , and great store of Sulphure , of al these frame balles to burne in the water .

He shal haue special regard for the placing of his Ordenance for the best aduantage against the enemies , & to haue a regard to see that euery Officer doe their duetie in time of battaile : and to conclude , he is in great reputation in the field , for vpon him dependeth the performing of great exploytes , and that all other Officers vnder him be men of vnderstanding , and experienced in Cannonry , and that they taking wages vnder him to be occupied in and about such thinges , as to theyr dueties belongeth .

The Lieuetennat of the Ordenance , his duetie and charge .

THis Lieuetennant of the Ordenance , ought to be a man well practised in seruice , and skilfull in Cannonry , and to be in all pointes as skilfull as the Master of the Ordenance : so that he may at all times in his absence , be able to instructe , reforme , and correct , able to giue a charge vnto all men vnder their leading , as to the same appertaineth , examining and tr●ing theyr Cannoners , Municioners , and Artificers in theyr seuerall sciences : and finding them necessary and able , shall instracte the Master of the Artillarie , who may allowe and place them at his pleasure .

But if in the viewing the Artillarie and Municion , and finding them vnready and not seruiceable , shall cause it to bée amended foorthwith , or else to complaine to the Master of the Ordenance , who shall see present redresse for the amendment thereof .

The Master Gunners charge .

THe Master Gunner must be a man of great experience in that science in all pointes , placing and appointing such men vnder him to bee Cannoners , as haue like experience , which shall see that euery Cannoner , appointed to any Péece of Ordenance , be able to gouerne the same , as to that seruice appertayneth .

Likwise he shal sée all inferionr Gunners do theyr dueties , & that they be skilful incharging and discharging , and to haue in a readinesse all thinges belonging to his offyce , and to foresée that their Peeces be kept cleane , to haue in store all kinde of shotte and fire workes : these and such like matters appertaineth to the Master Gunners charge and duetie , the which he ought to haue a speciall care vnto , for his owne aduancement and credite , during the time of his charge : and that hee be skilfull in the height and weight of his shotte and powder , also in the height of the month of his Péece , and that he see his shotte ready in the bere of his Péece , and pouder in bagges , touch pouder in his horne , Lint and Lintstocke ready . That he bee skilfull in the receipt of his pouder , and knowe the authority of the same : and when soeuer hee reciueth charge of hys Péece , he ought to be dilligent in trying and searching of the same , that she bee cleane within , for honny Combes right bored , and to the same a close couer , with Ladies and Spunges fitte for the same .

Thus furnished and strongely mounted vpon stronge wheeles well shooed , stronge Axeltrées well clowted , often greased , with Lins-pins of yron , a stronge backe well bounds with yron plates well nayled , and reueted boultes , Lins-pins to the same stockes , two Boxes , one of powder in bags , the other for shotte , and some hayle shotte according to his Péece , with mouldes for the same , with many other necessaries vnrehearsed .

The Office and duety of a quarter Master .

THeir ought to be appoynted one quarter Master , whose experience ought to be great , for that he is to place and lodge an whole Armie , either in fielde or Garrison , as it séemes best to the high Marshal : for that he ought to appoint the ground for Leagar , or place for Garrison . This quarter Master ought to appoint conuenient wayes or stréetes for men to passe thorowe , eyther in Leagar or Garrison : and that he haue a speciall regarde to fore-sée , that the wayes bee fayre and easie for men to passe to the place of Artillarie , where men most commonly doe assemble together in time of Alarum , or in time of battaile .

This quarter Master ought to haue foure quarter masters vnder him , which ought to be auncient Seruitors , and men of good behauiour and vnderstanding in thys seruice : and that they may at all times giue dilligent attendance on him , to knowe his pleasure , and what best is to bee doone in that seruice .

The Office and duetie of the Scoute Masters .

ALso there ought to bee certaine Scoute Masters , elected and chosen of the high Marshall and prouost Marshall : they must see that euery Officer doe their dueties in time of theyr watch , and to be carefull for the preuenting of any mischiefe that may happen by their negligence : Wherefore , he ought dilligently to veiw and walke the roundes euerynight , be it in Leagar or Garrison . If he finde any place of suspicion , where the enemy may take any aduantage : then shall hee in that place , plante certaine Scoutes for the defence thereof .

These Scoute masters shall attend vppon the high Marshall , and ought to be both diligent and painefull , for that the preseruation and destruction of the whole Armie consisteth in them onely : wherefore the high Marshall ought of his owne person , to haue a speciall care and regard thereof , and diligently to trye and examine the trustie and carefull ordering of the Scoutes , if any fault be in them , and to sée that present reformation bee made thereof , for they be all of the offyce of the Marshall , and counted all as Marshalls in that time of seruice . As for Forrage masters , carriage masters , and such like Officers , which are very necessary , are hereafter to be spoken of , as you shall finde them in theyr seuerall places of seruice .

The Office and duetie of the Muster Master .

THis Muster master ought to be a man of great credite and trust , for that he is to giue true information vnto the Lord Generall or high Treasurer , what strenght they are of able men , both of horsemen and footemen : also , he shall in taking Muster haue a speciall eye & regarde , vnto those Officers appointed for the leading of men : that they bee men of seruice , and not chosen without regarde , but be men of experience and knowledge , and to sée that the Souldiours bee well furnished with Armor and weapons , and eyther to passe or defaute them as he shall finde reasonable cause , and to make present certificat to the high Treasurer , that he may stoppe such defaultes of theyr pay . Also , they are truely to kéepe all such Lawes and Ordinances , as by the sayde Generall or his saide Counsaile shal be sette down , and appointed by his or their authorities .

The Office and duetie of the Corporalles of the fielde .

IT is most necessary and needefull , that there be chosen 4. Corporals of the fielde , though not in auncient seruice they haue beene vsed , but as our seruice standeth in these daies , they are most needefull and profitable , for that they are as eyes and a right hande to the Generall , Marshall , and other head Officers in the fielde .

These men ought to be of good vnderstanding and knowledge , well experienced in the orders of Martiall discipline , and the ordering of companies , in marching by degrees in the fielde , that of a suddaine they may be brought into a battaile , or battailes , as occasion best serueth . It were good that these Officers might not be chosen , neither for fauour nor affection , but by desert : either to be Captaines of experience , which are discharged of their companies , or to prefer such Liuetennants as be of good gouernment and knowledge , well experienced in these exercises of Martiallity , for that they are to discharge the heade Gouernours of the field , of many trauailes and paynes . When they are commanded , then one or two ought dilligently to giue good attendance of the Generall & Marshall , to know theyr pleasures : the place is painfull , yet honourable , and therefore duelie to be considered of .

Also they ought to haue a speciall regarde to euery Colonelles and Captaines companies , that they march in good order , as best befitteth the way they march in : and as it may séeme best to the Generall , Marshall , or other head Officers , to alter and chaunge as time and place serueth in that iourney .

The Office of a Forrage Master .

A Forrage Master is to haue and receiue from the Leiuetennant of the horse , an able companie of horsemen for the guarde of their Forrages , and such as shall fetch in necessaries , the which must giue dilligent attendance on the sound of the Trumpet : for that they are to goe all together , and not suffering them to straggle out of his companie , further then he is able to reskue them . And if they bee farre from the Campe or Leagar , not to suffer any to depart homeward , vntill they are all prouided : and as they came foorth , so to returne all together .

The carriage Master .

THis Carriage Master ought to be of good credite and trustie , for that hee is to take great charge of carriages vpon him : for the safe conduct thereof , hee is to haue a Cornette of horse , from the Lieuetennant of horse for hys guide , and also lose shorte from the Generall , or else to march with all hys carriages , betwéene the troupes of footemen , for his better securitye in his iourney .

The election of a Captayne , hys Offyce and duetie

THE place of a Captayne is not lightlie to bee considered of , for that vppon his skill and knoweledge dependeth the safety or losse of many mens liues : wherefore he ought to be well experienced , and of great wisedome and policie , to be chosen for his owne worthines of seruice and not for fauour . But I wonder how so many insufficient men , dare oppose themselues to vndertake a matter of so great importaunce : whose inexperience , besides many circumstances , concerneth the losse of a Countrey , or at the leaste , the hazard of many mens liues .

But a good Captaine will haue a great regarde to fore-sée , that his Souldiours be well trayned , and make them men of warre , méete for seruice , within a shorte time , thoughy the neuer sawe warres before , in taking a little paynes with them . A Captaine ought to sée his Souldiours seruing vnder him , to be well furnished with all things needfull for the seruice , and to sée them truely payde their wages . Euery Captaine ought to haue vnder him one Lieuetennant , one Ensigne bearer , two Sargeants , fiue Corporals : one of the sayde Corporals for his pikes , to sée their Armour and pikes be well kept and seruiceable , the other foure Corporalles , to haue the shotte deuided betweene them as his companie is .

He is to haue one Surgeon , one Drum and Phife : it were not amisse that a Preacher and a Phisition , were prouided for euery two thousand of men , to minister remedy , the one to the Soule , and the other to the bodie . But no Captaine that hath but foure shillinges a day , shall be able to furnish himselfe to his calling , and the healping of his Souldiours , except he rob his Prince and poule his Souldiours of their pay : wherefore it were very good , that euery Captaine shoulde haue in his charge and leading , ij . hundred men to his Ensigne : for without doubt , the charge for the carrieng of such necessaries as he ought to haue comes to foure shillings a day , wherfore he can haue no lesse then eight shillinges a day . Thus hauing two hundred men to his Ensigne , the Prince thereby shall neuer the more be charged : then she was before : so may they be able to furnish their bande with many thinges needefull , as meat , drincke , Armour , weapons , carriages for sicke and hurt Souldiours , his Surgeons cheste , and other tooles very necessary : also , hee may releeue the Souldiours of his owne table . Yet shall the Prince bee at no more charge then shee was before , when they had but foure shillings a day , which was then more like to hinder himselfe and his Souldiours , then to giue them any thinge besides theyr pay , which thing is very needefull , at all times to giue to such as be weake and sickely .

It were not amisse to haue a priest vnder him , which might supply the place of a Clarke , and to haue the calling of his bill vnder his Ensigne : also , he shall haue the choyse of his Lieuetennants , and all other Officers vnder him , and to for-sée that they bee sufficient Seruitors , and expert in Martiall exercises , alwayes ready and painfull to discharge their dueties , for the honour of theyr Captaine , and that it may redownd to their owne credites and discharge of their duetyes .

Likewise it appertaineth to him , to be present with the Generall at all times , to knowe his pleasure and determined minde , for the exployting of any péece of seruice commited to his charge : and the same shall he faythfully prosecute , to the vttermost of his power , for his own credite and aduancement . Wherfore he ought to be skilfull in making of Trenches and Ramparts , as wel for his own defence as for any assault : also hee is to appoint his Sargeants to receiue the watch worde euery night , and the same to keepe verie carefully , and to vse all the deuices hee can possibly make or frame for the annoyance of the enemies , and the same continually to followe and practise with all dilligence : not to be timerous , but alwayes bearing a valiant heart , and neuer cease to encourage his souldiours , which may winne him credite for euer , both of his Prince and Countrie .

The Office and duetie of a Leiuetennant .

THe Lieuetennant of a Band , ought to be a man of knowledge and experience in this seruice , for that he is diuers times to discharge his Captaine of many and sundry trauails and paines , which to him belongeth . Yet notwithstanding , he is not to take any more authority then to him belongeth : but faythfully and willingly to aduertise his Captaine , what time soeuer he shall be demaunded any question of him , and shall shewe and instructe to the vttermost of his power .

He is to sée the Sargeants and Corporalles doe their dueties , in time of setting the watch , and to sée that other inferiour Officers bee obedient and carefull in their charge : for the furnishing and prouiding of Armour and weapons of all sortes : and in his Captaines absence to apply his authority , and that with great dilligence , and especiall care during the time of his absence .

Finally , he shall instructe the Souldiours , and giue them to vnderstand , what they haue to doe at any time of exployt , with the best and surest way hee canne for theyr aduantage : and therein not to fayle , but franckly and freely to performe the same with all dilligence possible , for his own aduancement and credite .

The Ensignes charge and duetie .

FOR that the Ensigne in the fielde is to be honoured of all men , so the Bearer thereof ought to be a man of good courage knowledge , sufficient to discharge his duetie . He ought to bee sworne to be faythfull and loyall to his Prince and Captaine , professing rather to die , then to be dishonoured with the losse of his Coulours : but with courage to aduance them ▪ in the sight of his enemies .

He must be of able personage , secret , silent , zealous , wise to perswade and animate the Souldiours : whose resolute minde ought to be shewed in time of any distres , to the encouragement of all the Souldiours about him .

The Sargeants of the Bandes charge .

THese Sargeants of Bands , should be men of great experience , well knowne to bee sufficiently instructed in these Martiall exercises : both secret and silent , for that they are to put their men into goodorder of aray at euery suddain , to teach them the vse of their weapons whatsoeuer , in the best and seruiceablest manner , practising the same in Garrison or in time of Musters , or trayning , marching , and retyring , vntill they be perfect , that euery man in time of battaile may bee able to discharge his duety .

Also to sée them furnished with Armours and weapons , to them most fitte and agréeable , ready by the Ensigne at euery calling , be it by sound of drum or secret calling , either by night or day : who so refuseth their authority in such behalfe , shall be punished as disobedient persons : for the assurance of the whole company consisteth in the same .

Hee shall assigne euery Souldiour to his place most fittest for him , suffering them not to striue the one with the other , for any place : but euery one to be placed according to his seruice and skill . Also , he is to sée there be no want of victualles , powder , shotte , or match : if any such thinges be wanting , he is to assigne it to his Captaine or Leiuetenant , who shal sée it prouided for them , in a readines at all times . He is to accompany the watch to place of stand , either to market place , or to watch Hyll , and at the breaking vp to take the watch worde of the Sargeant Maior or high Marshall : wherefore he ought carefully to giue attendaunce on the Sargeant Maior and hys Captaine , to be ready at his commaundement . For good Sargeants in a disordered company , shall finde toyle more then enough , vntill such time as they haue well trayned them : and therefore , his Captaine is to haue great regarde and consideration of him .

Corporalles and Launcespazadoes charge .

IT is necessarie for the readines of seruice , that fiue Corporals be chosen , which ought to men of honest behauiour and experience , euery Corporall hauing his squadron appointed to him : who is not onely to exercise them in the vse of theyr weapons , to see them that they be well furnished with all necessaries , as shot , powder , match , bullets , and such like : but to haue a speciall care in kéeping their furniture cleane and seruiceable .

If any defaults be founde , they are to complayne , if amendment be not found presently , to the Sargeant or Leiuetennaunt , who shall see it presently reformed , bee it in Garrison or Campe . Thus , iustice and aucthortie shall be mayntayned , and faultes amended .

Also , the Launcespazadoes shall supply the charge of the Corporals in theyr absence , if occasion at any time call them .

The Clarke of a Bandes charge .

CLarkes of Bandes ought to be men of sober and wise behauiour , perfect in accounts : for that hee is to take the names of euery Souldiour , seruing vnder his Captaines colours . He is to be carefull in kéeping of his accounts , betwéen his Captaine and the Souldiours , and to sée that euery Souldiour haue his pay well and truely payd , and to prouide them all thinges necessary , and especially in time of sicknes : the which will be a great credite , both to himselfe and his Captaine , and the onely way to winne the heartes of hys Souldiours .

Also , he must be present at euery turne , as watch , Musters , and other méetings and assemblings , with his bill of names , to call his Captaines Souldiours , and of euery one being absent , to make certificat thereof . Many other things might be spoken of touching his Office , which for breuity I ommitte .

A Chirurgions Office and duetie .

THose Chirurgions shoulde bée men of honest and good conscience , and such as shoulde worke according to arte , not practising new experiments vpon poore souldiours , by meanes whereof many haue béene vtterly maimed : wherefore , the Captaines are to haue a special care in choosing their Chirurgions , that they be skilfull in their science or arte , and to see them haue all thinges necessary : as Oyles , Balmes , salues , and Instruments sufficient for his turne , allowing & sparing carriages for the same .

Also , that euery Souldiour shall giue to the foresaide Chirurgion , euery moneth two pence , as in times past hath beene accustomed , to the augmentation of his wages : in consideration wherof , he ought readily to imploy his industry vpon the sore and wounded Souldiours , not intermodling with any other cures to them noysome , regarding alwayes that hee bee truely payde his wages , and all dueties to him belonging , that he may be able to prouide al such stuffe as to him belongeth . It serueth his turne at néedefull times in the night , to go through the watch without the worde , when vpon straight occasions he is to goe to his cures .

Drums and Phifes duetie .

IT is necessarie that euery Captaine haue two Drums , the one to be resident with the colours , the other to march with the Troupes , as vpon occasion they shall be drawn forth : also , it were not amisse to haue one Phise , for that it is a good lightsomnes to the Souldiours .

Those Drumers ought to be men of personage , faithful , secret and trusty : they ought to haue sundry languages , and to know the sound and cal of all marches , charges , retreites , alarums , and such like pointes of warre : for many times they are sent to parlie with the enemy , to summon their Fortes or Townes , to redéeme and conducte prisoners , and diuers other messages . If such Drums or Phifes fortune to fall into the handes of the enemie , no gyfte , no faire spéeches , neither force nor terror , shall cause them to bewray any secrets knowne to them . They must often times practise their Instruments and teach the company the sound of march , charge , retreit , alarums , and such like , that is necessarie to be knowne : They must bée obedient to their Captaines , Lieuetennants , and other Officers , when soeuer they command them either to goe or stand , or to sound any point of warre , what they thinke best : many other things belongeth to their offyce and duetie , as in diuers places in this booke you shall finde .

Furnishing of Souldiours to the Fielde .

FIrst , that all Corporalles and Launcespazadoes , leading of shotte , shall in his owne person , sée them to be well furnished in all pointes , as followeth : that they haue their full number of Souldiours , and euery Souldiour to haue a sufficient Caliuer , Flaske , and Touch boxe , pouder , bullets , mould , priming yron , match , rammer , worme , burgenet , and one sword and dagger , to teach them to march , to charge and discharge with a fayre retreit , not touching one an other , kéeping their faces vpon the enemies : and in raine or moist weather , to hould their Péece vnder their arme , with the touch-hole of their Péece , close vnder their armehole , their match being fyred betwéene their fingers in the palme of their hande , so shal they be ready at euery suddaine . Prouided alwaies , they kéepe their match and pouder dry , their Péece cleane scoured within and without : if any fault be found therein , immediatly to be amended .

The Corporall of the pikemen , his Office and duety .

A Captaine should choose a sufficient man , stronge and expert in the handling of his Pike , to be Corporall of his companie of Pikes : for that it is a most stronge and warlike weapon . This Corporall shall teach the Souldiour often times to vse his Pike , in pushing and trayling the same in good order , both for the beauty of the battaile , and for the necessity thereof : and to sée them haue sufficient and good Corslets , for they bee the greatest strength of your battaile , and a terror to the enemies , and in any wise sée them fitte and easie for their bodies , that they may be able to vse their weapons in time of fight , which is a great defence in a Campe , and chosen chéefely for the battaile .

They must haue Morions Swordes and Daggers , their Pikes of vsuall length , sharpe pointed , and well nayled : and cause them in time of marching , to lay their Pikes on theyr shoulders , and their thums vnder the same , the but ende on the outside of his leades mannes Legge . After this sorte to march to Muster , to retyre , and Imbattaile as aforesayd : hauing a great care and regarde , that no Souldiour of spite or negligence doe cut the same , or any way impayre it , for the greatest strength of the battaile consisteth therein .

Of Holberders to garde the Ensigne .

THese Holberders should bee men of good stature and courage , for that they are to beautifie the company and guarde the Ensigne , wearing Curites on theyr bodies , with swordes and daggers , vsually called Executioners of the battail : which ought to be alwaies ready at the sound of Drum or secret call , to attende vppon the Collours , and neuer to depart from the same till it be brought into place of good securitie .

Prouision to be fore-seene by the Lorde Lieuetenaunt .

WHen all néedefull Officers be thus chosen , it then behooueth that a conuenient place be appointed , where all Captaines may gather their men together in seueral companies , where the Lieuetenant generall , & other warlike counsayle ought to be present , to take the musters of them , and substantially to foresée , that euery man be well prouided of hys furniture , according to his place of seruice , also to foresée there be no lacke of Munition of all sorts , both small and great , also powder and bullets , both small and great , Caliuers , Muskets , Holberds , Pykes , Armour , Scaling ladders , short laders to fill Maundes , for the safegard of the Ordenaunce and Gunners at time of batterie or battaile , small handbaskettes , ropes , and all other earthware : to haue sufficient tooles méete for the Labourers and Myners to worke withal , if occasion serue , Carts , Cart-wheeles , and Axeltrées , both for the Ordenaunce and other carriages , and that there be store of them in time of néede . Also prouision for bridges if neede bee , as boordes , boates , and Anckers , other plancks and pillers fastened together with ropes and Cables : also to be prouided of all manner Artificers , with theyr necessaries meete for the warres , as Smithes , Masons , Carpenters , and Armorers , with other such like .

And aboue all things to foresée there be sufficient store of victuals , for all things may be beter endured then hunger , for hunger ouercommeth without stroke of enemies , and one other like prouision , which is , money sufficient , that your Souldiours may be wel paid : for oftentimes money giueth courage , and reuiueth the spyrits of your Souldiours , for a Souldior without meate , and especially without money , is as a man without a soule : but if your Souldiours haue money , and bée well paid , then shall your Campe florish like a Cittie , with all manner of victuals , and other necessaries most meete for your Souldiours .

The chusing of Guides .

AND when all your prouisions necessary be made , and sette in good order , and that you be ready to inuade your enemies Countrey , then ere you begin your iourney , you must be sure that you be well prouided of a sufficient number of men of the same Countrey , that knoweth all manner of waies of that Countrey , to the intent they may be your guides , whereby you may the easier conuey your Armie and Carriages , the which Guides must be carefully looked vnto by the High Marshall , and the saide Guides must be vnder the safe keeping of the foresaid High Marshall , béeing alwaies gently intreated , to the intent they may haue no occasion to steale away .

These Guides , in theyr examination must be promised large rewards , if they doo well & truely : also they must haue great threatnings of cruell punishment , if they deale not trulie . And when examination is made , you shall examine them seuerally , euery one by himselfe , to feele whether they agree all in one tale or no : thus shall you vnderstand whether they be perfect in the waies of the Countrey or no. And although you be determined to goe one way , yet must you examine them of diuers other wayes , which you intend not to goe , to the intent they shall not know , but be vncertaine of your determination , vntill such time as you sette foorth your iourney , least that your determination might be discouered to your enemies by your said Guides .

The Captaines care for prouision for their Souldiours .

ALthough these necessary prouisions be made by the Prince , or Lord Lieuetenant generall , yet notwithstanding , it shall be needefull for euery good Captaine , to make as much prouision for victuals as hee can for hys Companie vpon hys owne charges , for oftentimes victuals decayeth before a man be aware , likewise euery good Captaine must be prouided of all manner of tooles méete to make Lodgings and Cabines for his Souldiours , and for the setting vp of Pauillions or Tents , and in generall to prouide all other needful and necessary thinges , for the succour and reléefe of his Souldiours .

Heere followeth many stratagemes and obseruatitions very necessary to be vsed for diuers good causes which may not be forgotten .

AND when all things is thus prouided and furnished as I haue spoken of before , and then appointed to serue in Campe or Garison , you shall choose out some conuenient place to muster in , and béeing their assembled , it shall be necessary to publish vnto the Souldiours these obseruations , stratagemes and statuts , sette foorth by the Marshall : and whosoeuer offendeth or breaketh any of them , is not woorthie the name of a Souldiour : for in silence , obedience and truth , consisteth the whole summe and effect of Martiall discipline in the warres .

Silence .

THey shall vse silence , to the intent that they may heare and well vnderstande any precept , commaundement or poynt , of discipline giuen vnto them by the Officers in anie authoritie from the Prince , and in time of seruice by night or by day , that they may heare their enemies , but not be hearde of them : Manie other vertues belongeth vnto silence , which for breuitie I omit .

Obedience

THis Obedience is of great force , and worketh in the harts of all true Subiects , for it procéedeth from God , that the Princes themselues , or any other , speaking in theyr names and authoritie , must be obedient , although the precepts be contrarie to the mindes of some Souldiours , who be not worthie to knowe the secretes of the Officers in theyr authoritie : yet must they in all poynts obey them , both by the Lawes of God and theyr Prince , though the thinges be both painefull and perrilous vnto them .

Truth .

IN thys truth is contained so many vertues , that they cannot be written in a whole booke : for as faithfulnes proceedeth , and hath his rewarde of God , so hath the vnfaithful and vniust , theyr reward of the deuill : so Souldiours shal be somtimes tempted by the enemies to be corrupted with money , and great promises of liuing , to be false to theyr Prince and Countrey , which things doone before God , is condemned to perdition , and before man hath lost his good name and fame for euer , and all other things wherein they shoulde reioyce : wherefore all good Souldiours estéeme more of theyr trueth and loyaltie , than of theyr liues : for they be full assured of double reward both of God and man , whether they liue or die .

Captaines bils called by the Clarke .

IT is conuenient and néedefull , that at euery muster or assembly , the Captaines bill shall be called by the Clarke , euery man aunswering to his owne name : so marching foorth as he is called , that no man vnto two names make aunswer . If any Souldiour be sicke or hurt , béeing not seruiceable , pay him his wages , and sende him home with a pasport into hys owne Countrey , then immediatly furnish hys roome with an able Souldiour . If any Souldior hauing his health & limbes , absent himselfe at such times , let him be punished , as in the statutes héere following is mentioned , to the example of the rest .

The buriall of the dead .

WHen as any Souldiour is slaine , or otherwise dead , the Company shall bring the dead body to the ground , with the sound of the Drum , and such solemnitie as his scruice meriteth and deserueth , if conueniently you may .

The Souldiours duetie in keeping cleane his furniture .

EUerie Souldiour must keepe cleane his Armour and furniture , alwaies placing the same in hys Tent , Cabben , or Lodging , in such a readines , as hee may presently , and on a suddaine finde the same , eyther by night or by day , readie to attend on the Ensigne if occasion serueth of a suddaine , & that no other take any part thereof .

The aduauncement of a Souldiour .

ALso euery Souldiour shall helpe to Arme the one the other , so that they may with dilligence resort to theyr Ensigne , and whosoeuer comes first , and sheweth himselfe in best readines , with honest and good behauiour in the vse of his weapon and aray , shall not onelie merite thanks & reward of his Captaine , but shall be aduaunced by degrée of office , as it falleth in the Companie .

Punishments for not keeping cleane theyr furnitures .

IF any Souldiour be negligent in the kéeping cleane of hys Armour or other Furniture , or neglect hys dutie as aforesaid , after once warning thereof , he shal be punished as for that offence is most méete , which is a great dysgrace and discredite , and not worthy the name of a Souldior , but to be banished as an idle person , & neuer to come in place of seruice any more .

Trayning your Souldiours in time of Musters .

YOU shall first make deuision of your weapons , and lette euery kind by himselfe in like Companies , which in the opinion of diuers notable Warriours wil be a great strength to your bande : for if you haue too many of one sort , and too fewe of another : when you shall come to the setting of a battaile , you shall finde a great weakenesse by reason thereof , but the remedy is easie . For let euery Ensigne be like prouided , and appointed , so many Shotte , so many Pykes , and so many Bils or Holberds : then shall your company of Footemen be in good order . Likewise for your Gydorne of Horsemen , cause euery Gydorne to haue so many Launces , and as many Light horse , all well furnished , as they doo vse in these dayes of seruice , then shall you haue good order of battaile throughout your whole Armie .

You are further to consider how many sorts of weapons will serue , viz. What , shotte , what Pykes , and what Holberds will serue : and to appoint necessary shotte , is one of the hardest things that belongeth to the warres , because it is so vncertaine , for euer as your number increaseth , so your shotte diminisheth , according to the number , for in a small number , you shall haue neede of the third part of shotte , and in the bigger number , the fourth part of shotte serue , and in the greater number , the fift part of shotte will serue , and so vpwards .

Marching your men by degrees .

ALL these things finished accordingly , then march foorth your Souldiours with theyr seuerall weapons , first your Mus-kets , then your Caliuers , your Pykes , and in the midst of your Pykes , put your Holberds or Eyls , with your Ensigne in the midst thereof , so marche them about awhile , tyll you may view your whole companie , to see whether they be of like strength , and in good order in euery place , both your Uoward and Rereward , keeping good order in theyr aray .

The Almaines trusted much in the push of the Pykes , therefore they will in no wise haue more shotte then Pykes , for ouermuch weakning of the body of the Battell : the more shotte you appoint for the body of the Battell , the weaker is the Battell when it shall come to the push of the Pykes , or fight , and yet not in any wise to lack shotte sufficient , for many times it hath béen seene , that battailes hath béene gotten by shotte onely , without push of Pyke , or stroke of weapons .

Augmenting your ranckes in time of battaile .

WHen you are ready and determined what battaile to make , if it be a Quadrent battaile , then you may augment your rancks , from thrée to fiue , and so to seauen , then to nine and eleuen , and so on till you haue brought them to a Squadrant . Proportion alwaies your Holberds & Ensigne in the midst of your Pykes , then shall yée know the strength and force of your battaile , place your shotte on the flancks of your battaile by themselues , a good space of , and there let them shoote , skyrmage , and retire , with theyr faces alwaies vpon the Enemies , till they be perfect , and so learned to retyre to some place of safetie , which place is héereafter more plainelie declared .

Captaines , Lieuetenants , and Sergiants charge , in deuiding their weapons .

EUery Lieuetenant or Sargiant of a Bande , shall vsuallie sute the Companie euery weapon by himselfe , and when they shall march with the Ensigne , whether it be to muster , or place of assembly to be imbattailed , or in any other time of seruice , they shall furnish them as they be accustomed in these dayes in the Low Countries , that is to say , with Targetors , Muskets , Caliuers , Pykes , and then your Holberds and Bylles in the mids of your Pykes , with your Ensigne , Drum and Phife , then the rest of your shotte and such like , that you may be of like strength , both Foreward and Rerewarde , so march your men , and sometimes cast them in a King , which is verie necessarie for young Souldiours , to knowe the order thereof , for it is a most needefull thing , as heereafter shall be more plainely shewed vnto you .

Furnishing Launses , Light-horse , or Carbines to the field .

IN like manner , troupes of Horsemen being furnished , with Carbines , Launces , and Light Horse , shal in like strength march or imbattaile , so that their Gydron may be garded in the Uowards and Rerewards of like strength , so that they neede no more but turne theyr faces towardes their Enemies , to skyrmage at euery suddaine .

Rules to be obserued and shewed vnto young Souldiours in time of Musters or other times conuenient .

SOmetimes béeing imbattailed , they shall wade from the one end of the battaile to the other , to strengthen the same with so manie rancks of Souldiours as they shal command , leauing one ranck of men , which is called the man of aduauntage , standing still on the out side : thus vsing them , you shall find your battaile in like strength euery where .

Receiuing a word to goe through the battaile .

AT times they shall receiue a word to goe through the battaile , from the one ende to the other , which shall passe from man to man , till it come to the end of the same , which worde must be spoken with soft spéech , as it shall not be hearde but amongst themselues béeing in battaile , in like manner they may performe the same by a signe giuen them of the Marshal , Captaines , or other like Officer .

To march stooping .

SOmetimes the whole Companie shall march stooping , as vnder a hedge or hyll , or such like , and suddainly shall fall flatte on the grounde as in Ambush , which shall suddainlie ryse againe , and sette vpon theyr Enemies in good order of aray , the which may astonish the Enemie , your assaulting them so suddainlie .

Keeping of array in the darke .

AT such times , euery Souldiour shall carry the end of hys leadesmans weapon for making any noyse , and by that meanes they shall keepe theyr aray in darke nights , or marching through straights or woodes , or such like .

Marching and retyring .

SOmetimes marching towardes the Enemies and retyring againe , they shall alwaies keepe theyr faces vpon theyr Enemies , and theyr Pykes couched , readie to encounter with their Enemies .

Trayling your Pykes .

SOmetimes trayling your Pykes on the grounde , the Uoward bearing theyr heads of Pykes in theyr handes , and the Rereward trayling the heads on the ground , ready to receiue the Enemie .

A shew as if men were slayne .

SOmetimes marching in order of battaile , certaine of the Companie shall fall , heere some , and there some , as if they were slaine with shotte , the next man following shall step in the place of his leadesman , so that there be no place left for the Enemie to enter in : if anie ranck be not full , let it be in the body of your battaile .

A suddaine Allarum .

MAnie times it hath beene vsed among Souldiours of experience , to giue Allarums to theyr friendes , as among themselues , to foresée whom they might prayse or discommend , according to theyr readines found in them , & although they vsed thys as a necessary meane , to the intent their Souldiours should be the more carefull , yet still to deceiue them , is a meane to make secure and not careful , if they be oftentimes mocked : wherefore to vse it is good at times conuenient , but not too often . But most commonly , when the enemie maketh any Allarum , it is to accomplish some exployt , eyther to lye in Ambush , to cast a bridge , to plant Ordenaunce , to entrench , or to breake vp some passage , or viewing your numbers and strength , or such like , but when any Allarom is giuen in the night , change the worde .

Pointes of a good Captaine .

AT times conuenient trayne your Souldiours , and pitch them in square battailes , round or breade battailes , and other strengthes , which good Captaines and Officers will vse at times conuenient : which will be a great ease to the Souldiours , at what time soeuer they be called to imbattaile , and a profit to the whole Campe in time of neede .

No brunt to bee made in time of Muster or Campe .

NO man shall make any brunt or noyse , vpon the sight of any Hare , Deare , or Fore , neither breake his array to stay the same , if it be in Muster or March , lesse in Camping , or in time of seruice .

Spoiles or booties to be deuided .

YOU shall giue the company to vnderstande and knowe , that if any exployte or enterprise be executed and doone , the victory ouercome , the enemies taken or slayne : all such spoyles or booties as is gotten , shall be brought to the colours and there shewed , and a noate taken of the same , and at conuenient time to be sould by the sounde , as a generall bootie , and so deuided in equall portions to euery man his parte , as well them that keepe the fielde in order of battaile , as to them that entred the fight and brought the sayd bootie away .

Care in carrying bagages .

YOU shall haue a great regarde , that no Souldiour take any bootie or pillage to hinder himselfe , or annoy his company , but as he may be discharged of the same at euery suddaine , ready to his weapon or place : for the practise of the enemie , is to sette suddainly vppon such men so laden with baggages , a great hinderance to the Souldiour , and an incouragement to the enemie .

Hurte Souldiours to be considered .

IF any Souldiour be hurt in this time of fight , of body or Limmes , spent his weapon , broken his Armour , or such lyke losse , he shall be considered of , out of the sayd bootie , and the rest to be equally deuided .

Souldiours charge for intreating Messengers .

IF any man or woman , what Nation soeuer they be , friend or foe , come to speake with any of the high Officers of the Campe or Garrison : it shal be conuenient , for any such Souldiour , to bring them into such a place as they shall sée but little , and send worde to the sayde Officers , kéeping them safe vntill the sayde Officers pleasure bee to send for them , or to knowe in that behalfe , and in the meane space to intreate them gently with good wordes , what Nation soeuer they be : For such persons are not knowne to most Souldiours .

Souldiours charge in trauailing .

THat no Souldiour in time of trauelling , within the Realm of England , or other dominions vnder our Prince , shall allure any woman , mayde or widdowe , to follow the Campe vnhonestly , neyther shall haue any , without the licence of the Marshall : they shall not spoyle nor destroy any cattell , Pulline , or such like victualles , he shall not stray out of his way , to filch or steale any manner of thinge whatsoeuer , neither commit any other outrage : but shall kéepe the high wayes appointed for them to iourney in , accompaning their Ensigne , and honesily regarding the saftie of the same .

The cousaile of olde Souldiours .

CAptaines hauing any olde Souldiours seruing vnder them , shall giue eare vnto them speaking of experience or seruice , with discréete policie , and shall rewarde them and aduance them to the vttermost of his power , & according to the value of their good counsaile : for such men sometimes , be vnto a Captaine and his company , much auaileable . So must he punish busie bodies , therevnto presuming without experience or discretion .

Captaines , Lieuetennants , and Officers , with Souldiours charge .

IT is conuenient and a most necessary pointe of the Captaine , Lieuetennant , or Sargeant , to frequent oftentimes with the Souldiours in their Lodgings , Tents , or Cabins , to veiw how they be prouided and furnished of all manner of thinges to them néedefull , and that they liue an honest , ciuill , and Christian life , as Christian men ought to doe , not presuming by meanes of warres , to vse such libertie , as if Gods Lawes and our Princes were forgotten , as some Souldiors of diuers Nations in times past haue doone : in vsing the vices of great oathes , in swearing to the blaspheaming of the almighty God : also in the excesse of drunkennes , bringing themselues into the likenes of brute beasts , to their great dispraise before God and man : also , in vicious lyuing , contrary to the Law of God , which may not be vnpunished : also in fighting and quarelling , lyuing in malice with his fellows , which is vile , or in any other vice vsed , amongst the company . Such persons must be sharply punished , for God is wel pleased therewich , and sendeth the company good successes , that serueth him and liueth in his Lawes .

These bee the Articles which shall appertaine to the oath of euery Souldiour , as followeth .

EUery priuate Captaine shal sweare his Souldiours one by one , and the Souldiour shall lay his hande vppon the Ensigne , and make his oath to God , that by the faith he beareth vnto God and his Soueraigne , hee wyll obserue and kéepe all these Marshall Lawes , statutes , and Ordinances , during the sayd iourney , or else to be accounted not onely a forsworne person , but to bee punished at the discretions of the Lorde Lieuetennant or Marshal .

The charge of all Souldiours and Officers generally .

ALso the whole companie of euery Captaine , shall bringe theyr Ensigne with euery Officer and Souldiour , to the place of assembly , be it in Campe or in Garrison , by night or by day , and there shall dilligentlie become in order of battaile by the Sargeants so placed : they shall there tarry and abide attending their Colours , till commaundement bee giuen to breake vp , by the Lord Lieuetennant of the fielde , and then the whole companie shal returne with their Ensigne to their Lodging , with the sounde of Drums and Phiffe . If any fayle in this behalfe , they shall bee punished as to the offence belongeth .

Also , it behoueth all good Captaines , to gratifie the good industry and dilligence of Souldiours in that behalfe : yea , a very good policie to assemble by night , without cause of enemies , to teach the Souldiours the order of battaile , and to reprooue their negligence in such behalfe offending .

Certaine rules of Armes pertaining to Marshall Discipline : sette foorth and proclaimed by the Lorde Marshall , who shall see the offenders thereof punished .

FIrst , that all men whomsoeuer , as well head Officers as inferiour Officers and Souldiours , shall be true & faithfull Subiects , vnto our most gracious Soueraigne Lady Quéene Elizabeth , her crowne and dignitie , and truelie to serue her , vnder her Lieuetenant generall appointed in that iourney .

Also they shal obey all heade Officers , which be appointed to serue vnder the said L. Lieuetenant , as his Captaines , and all such Officers as are appointed vnder the said Captaines , to serue and gouerne them , as his Lieuetenant , his Ensigne , his Sargiants , and the Corporals and Launce spazadoes , following , defending , supporting and maintaining theyr owne Ensigne , and neuer to leaue the same till it be alwaies in safetie , be it in times of assault , allarum , battaile , skyrmage , connoy , watch , ward , or time of seruice . And to these poynts all Souldiours shall be sworne , as I haue before mentioned and sette downe .

All men shall gently and honestly intreate , and suffer in generall , all Victualers , be they friendes or foes , bringing victuales to the place appointed for the same by the Marshall or Coronell : suffering them to passe and returne with theyr money , or any other things , which they are suffered to buy , or exchange for theyr victuals by the Clarke of the Market , or other Officers appointed for that purpose .

It were very good at such times , hauing forraine Victualers comming into your Campe , Leaguor , or Towne of garison , at their returne homewards , to sende some Souldiour of discretion with them , to bring them on the way so farre as they may , without danger to themselues , giuing them good words , with fayre and gentle language , and wise questions , most necessarie , for that time to be knowne , which somtimes may preuaile to learne the intent of the Enemies .

Also if any offend the said Victualers , they shall be punished as to the Law appertaineth : no man shal take any thing from them by force , or without any money , nor vnder the price sette by the Clarke of the Market , or any other bringing any other necessaries , as wollin cloth , Linin cloth , shooes , hose , or weapons , with such like , béeing permitted by the said Officers .

You shall relieue poore Souldiours , which by sicknesse or imprisonment amongst the Enemies , is fallen in decay , and lacketh meate , drinck , weapons , or Armour , and beeing a seruiceable Souldiour , shall by his Captaine be restored , and shall deduct the same in his wages or booties taken of the Enemie , which sometime ought to be deuided , for Captaines in times past , hath not regarded the poore Souldiours , so that some hath perrished for want of reléefe and succour .

All Captaines who hath any man enrowled in his booke , whatsoeuer he be , Souldiour , Corporall , Victualor , Pioner , Carior , or any other , and be taken prisoner of the Enemy , the said prysoner shall not be suffered in theyr hands , which may be ransomed eyther by exchange of prysoners , or otherwise , but with diligence shall they be redéemed and brought home to theyr Colours .

In lik manner , if any Souldiour be taken prysoner , and sent home vpon his fayth and credite , the Captaine shall see that they eyther pay such raunsomes as they are agréed of , or els to send them backe againe to their takers by the day appointed , till some other remedie be found , which thing redowneth to the onely credite and faith of a true Souldiour .

So shall they correct and reprooue diligently all outrages , riotous persons , quarrellors , fighters , whoremungers , murtherers , and robbers , according to their offences committed .

Other penall statutes , to be executed by the Marshall .

FIrst , that no man make any fray within the Campe , Leguor , or Garison , nor appoint any place without the same for that purpose , to take any parts , or carrie any tale , to attempt the same vpon paine .

That no man killing any Cattaile within the said Campe or Leaguor , doo leaue the garbidge aboue the ground , or if any man or beast die within the said Leaguor , it shall be conuaied out of the same , a certaine space of , & there to be buried , except the Leaguor remooue the same day , vpon paine .

That no man shall water their horses , or cast any filth into any part of the water which adioyneth to the said Leaguor , but in the lowest parts appointed for that purpose , vppon paine .

That no woman follow the Campe or Leaguor but such as be by the Marshall appointed , victualers or Laundresses , which shall be licenced by the Marshals byll , and in his booke so recorded vpon paine .

That no Captaine receiue any Souldiour into wages , which is put away for any notable or criminall cause , vpon paine .

That no Captaine entice any Souldiour vnto him , from any other Captaines Bande , nor no Souldiour shall depart without the good will of his Captaine hauing a pasport , vpon paine .

That no Souldiour take any weapons or Armours , Garments , or any other thing whatsoeuer , which to another man appertaineth , nor come within any other mans lodging , except the owner or Kéeper thereof be within , vpon paine .

That all men shall be lodged by the quarter Maister , and béeing so lodged , shall be contented with the same , be it in Towne , Leaguor or Campe , vpon paine .

That no man make any brunt or noyse after the watch be sette , and the warning péece shotte off , so that all allarums may be heard and brought in by the Skowtes , or otherwise , vpon paine .

That no Captaine send foorth any Company about anie enterprise or exploite , without the licence of the Lord Lieuetenant , vpon paine .

That no man goe a forraging , further then they be appointed by the forrage Master , which is garded by the Marshals appointment , vpon paine .

That all priuate Captaines being no head Officers of the Leaguor or Campe , which must be continually busied , doe watch and ward with their Colours themselues , vpon paine .

That all Souldiours , Horsemen and Footemen , learne the sounde of both Trumpets and Drums , which serueth to call as the mouth of Man , and that they be ready at all such calles , eyther on Horse or Foote , vpon paine .

That no man doo his naturall easement within the Leaguor , nor within certaine space of the same , for anoying the Skowtes or standing watch , except the same be buried three foote within the ground immediatly , vpon paine .

That no man goe out of his aray , eyther in day of battel , or in marching , vpon paine .

That no man carry any woman to the Leaguor , or kéepe her in the Towne , except she be his lawfull wife , vpon paine to be punished as a vile person , or a vagabond , and neuer to be accounted a Souldiour in any seruice .

Also if any Souldiour béeing a common swearer , and leaueth it not after once warning of hys Captaine or Lieuetenant , shall be punished as a slaue or villaine , to the example of others .

Also that no man take any thing of the Princes subiects , without he pay truely for it , or it be giuen him , vpon paine .

Also that no man be lodged in Garison or Leaguor , but onely by the Quarter Maister appointed for the same , vpon paine .

Also that all Souldiours intreate theyr Hostis and theyr familie well , béeing the Princes Subiects , to the intent they may be welcome if they come againe , or others in theyr places , for els we shoulde not onely make warre with our Enemies , but also vpon Princes friendes , vpon paine .

Also that no Souldiour be a common dicer or drunkarde , which is the onely way to wast his wages , which should bee his maintenaunce otherwise , to goe like a slaue , vpon paine .

Also that no priuate Captaine nor others , come from hys watch or warde , beeing appointed to the same in Leaguor or Garison , till they be released by other Companies , or els dyscharged : for what a shame is it to a Captaine , when his companie dooth not theyr duetie for want of hys presence , and be distressed by the meanes therof : what account is such a Captaine able to make to his Prince or Lord Lieuetenant , that will come away , leauing his Ensigne and Companie behind him : in like manner to any other man . Wherefore no man shall depart from his Company vpon paine .

Also in times of lodging the Leaguor , all Horsemen shall keepe on horsebacke , vntill such time as all footemen be entered into the Leaguor or Campe , and euery man appointed the quarter or place of assembly , vpon paine .

Also those Horsemen shall see the Skowtes sette foorth , to skowte vppon the high groundes on all sides of the Leaguor , and to sée all Cariages , Ordenaunce , and Municions , cleerly entred into the Leaguor or Campe , before they enter or dysmount , they shall remaine in theyr Armours till the place of encamping be made , vpon paine .

Also if any allarum be made , the Sargiant Maior shall resort to the place of assembly , dilligently there to place euery Souldiour in good order of battaile , and in the strongest manner to be deuised , vpon paine .

The cause of allarums or shewe of Enemies to the Leaguor , eyther by night or by day .

SOmetimes to viewe your order of array , and to discouer your numbers .

Sometimes to viewe your Horsemen , howe they be appointed with great horse for the battaile , and light horse , and such like .

Sometimes to view your Ordenaunces , what store of Cannons you haue for battery , fielde Peeces for the battell , and such like .

Sometimes to viewe the situation of your Leaguor , how they may best bring the allarum in the night , by Canuisado , or otherwise .

Sometimes to viewe the placing of your victuals or powder , and howe they may best take or destroy the same .

Sometimes to traine men out of the Leaguor , to bring them into the place or lappes of theyr ambush .

Sometimes to kéepe men waking , and so to weary them with allarums , whereby they shall not be able to appeare in theyr places at time of neede .

Sometimes to kéepe in Skowtes or Forragers , vntill they doo some exployt , eyther in victualing some holde , or els making some breach or such like .

Sometimes they will mount as many Footemen as they can , vppon baggage horse , to make a great shewe of Horsemen .

Heere followeth the poynters of the Leaguor or Campe , which shall take view of the place appointed .

THE High Marshall , the Quarter Maister , the Maister of the Ordenaunce , the Captaines of the Pyoners , or french Maisters , & diuers other Officers , with certain Lieuetenants of euery warde , to view the place appointed , which Officers shall be well and strongly guarded , with one or two thousand horse at the least , for great honour consisteth in the safe keeping of your Marshall and other heade Officers , also they be a good asiuraunce for the rest of the Armie which followeth .

It behooueth them to haue circumspect Skowtes , which shall march before them strongly guarded , with a company of Pykes and shotte , or troupes of Light Horsemen , least your enemies lie in ambush , or deuise some other engin when you thinke least of them , how to overthrow your Marshal , which were a great discomfort in a field to your Souldiours , and a greater encouragement to the Enemies . Wherefore make your Marshall strong that goeth before , and hee shall bee a good strength to them that follow , and when the Marshall is arriued at the place appointed for the Armie where they shall lodge , and that hee and the rest of his companie haue viewed round about the same , then it shall be meete for the Captaine of the Pyoners , and the Carriage Maisters , to returne to the Armie , to sée theyr Companie and carriages conueyed to the place before appointed : and to leade them as in times past haue béene vsed , which is , to march but fiue or sixe myles in foure howres , so your Arinie shall come at time conuenient to theyr lodging , to prouide forrage and such necessaries , and not to be ouertoyled and made wearie , for a wearie man béeing assailed in time of his wearines , is halfe ouercome by the reason of hys wearines .

In lodging the Armie aforesayde .

YOU shall lodge the Armie where they may be Lordes of theyr commodities , which may not be spared , as Wood , water , and pastures , which must be good and swéete , alwaies kept cleane : being thus furnished , the Marshall and quarter Master , shall appoint to place the Arinie on the higher ground , where they may haue the most aduantage against the enemies , if they should approache them .

The Master of the Ordenance , shall place his charge to the most aduantage of the hyll , where they may best discouer and shoote to those partes , where the enemies might best approche . Also if your enemies assault , they shall climbe vppe to you , whereby their strength is deminished and their breath shortned . Also , if you will meete with your enemies , descending from your Leagar , which is on an hill , your force and strength is the more , ( for a man going downward is of more force then he that goeth vpward .

And when hee hath found out such a commodious ground as best befitteth him , and lookes for the comming of his enemies , then it is good to lodge your Army both horse and foote , all in one Leagar or Campe , vnlesse it be before a Towne or Castle , that you minde to besiege and inclose on euerie side : but for a remoouing Leagar , or a Leagar lying styl , and is not at the stege of neither Towne nor Castle , and lookes for the comming of theyr enemies : then I thinke in my opinion , that men bee of more force , lying together in one Leagar or Campe , then to lodge in seuerall companies .

The proportion of your Leagar or Campe .

YOU shall make your Leagar or Campe large , according to the number of your Armie , neither bigger nor lesse then your company serueth therto : Pitch your Leagar foure square , deuiding the same into foure partes , by two great stréets reaching crosse through your Leagar or Campe , from the one side to the other , two partes for horsemen , and two partes for footemen . Poynt the place of assembly on the highest part thereof , and make the same so large , as to imbattaile your number of footemen , and in such order as men may passe with ease to the same , by the stréetes appoynted .

You shall point your Market place , in the middest of your foure streetes , whereas your horsemen shall assemble in time of allarams by night , where they shall both arme themselues and kéepe on horsebacke , ready to issue forth if néede be . Lodge your Generall néere the place of assemblie , vpon some commodious grounde .

Your stréetes are to be made as most commonly is vsed , iij. score and tenpaces broad , without any annoyance of tentcordes or stakes , so may men march in good order with theyr Ensigne , to the place of assembly : but in any wise , looke that your Leagar be neither too large nor too little for your companies , for by either of them you are the weaker : and point the Artillarie places in such sorte and places , as may bee most daungerous to your enemies , whensoeuer they assayle you , and neere vnto the Artillarie , leaue some voyde place to assemble your men together in battailes , at time of alarum . And if your strength bee great , so that you make more battailes then one , then you must haue more places of assemblie then one , for euery battaile would haue a place of assebly , and so to make a stand til occasion serueth , with the Artillarie before them in time of allarum , besides the horsemen : so shal you bee sure , if your men be well placed , that your Leagar or Campe shal be well warded and defended , for a man knoweth not on which side the enemies will come , wherefore it is good to place your men euery way for your best aduantage .

Also , I woulde wish ( as I haue sayde before ) that euery horseman should be ready at the sound of such allarums , and to resorte with spéede , to the sayde assembly there to doe any seruice if néede shall require at any such times .

Intrenching your Campe or Leagar .

ALso if you intend to stay in your enemies Lande , specially knowing your enemies to be at hand , then it shal be néedfull , by the opinion of diuers olde Seruitors , to entrench your Campe or Leagar with a Trench of twelue foote déepe , and fiftéene foote broade , and as wee vse nowe in these dayes , which shall haue small Ordenance in them , and small shotte to flancke your Trenches , and one bastian to be leuell within compasse of your shotte : and if you looke not for manie enemies to assayle you , then it shall bee sufficient to make the

The plat for Incamping . Place this battell 268 folio , at this mark ****** Trenches of your Leagar , but eyght or nine foote deepe , and seauen foote broade , and at such times all men shall helpe the best they can .

But if you haue not many enemies at hande , and intende to remooue daylie , tyll oportunitie serueth : then it shall bee sufficient to make your King or Pale with your carriages , placing your Ordenances amongst the same to your best aduantage , with your stand watch in the midst , & your Scout watch without the same , both on horsebacke and on foote , for your better security .

Intrenching your powder and Treasure .

ALso it behoueth you to haue a speciall care , in bringing your carriages loden with Powder and Treasure , to the Master of Artillarie his lodging , where you shall safely entrench and watch the same , with good and stronge watches , and none to come néere the same , but his Officers and the watch who hath the same in charge .

Commaundement to bee giuen to the troupes of horsemen at your first arriuall at the Campe or Leagar .

AT your arriuall at any Campe or Leagar , you are to giue commaundement to euery horseman , that no man shall dismount from his horse backe , vntill such time as euery footeman be quietly lodged , and that at such times , good and sure Scoutes bee sette foorth towardes the enemies , so farrre as you can learne : for vppon those Scoutes , at such times , dependeth the wealth and euerthrow of your Armie , for when footemen be busie in making theyr Lodging and Cabines , then they be out of array and strength , and if then they shoulde be supprised of the enemies , it were enough to cast away the whole Armie .

But a good Scoute will repayre euer to the highest places of grounde , where they may see on euery side of the Leagar , and especially towardes the enemies , so may they bee sure to discouer on euery side , both on high groundes and valies : and if they list to discouer farther , let parte of the same companie remayne still on the high grounde where they bee , which shall not stirre vntill they make theyr returne backe againe : So shall your Leagar or Campe be sure to haue aduertisement , though the former Scoutes were ouerthrowne and taken , wherfore be sure to haue alwaies good and sufficient Scoutes , for your better securitie .

Scoute watch on foote .

YOU are also to place your Scoute watch on foote , rounde about the Leagar or Campe , sixe score with out the Ring of the same , by fiue men in a companie , beeing so néere together , as one may sée another in a light night : in a dark night , the one to sende to the other euery halfe quarter of an houre , to know what brunts or noyse they heare . And if the Scouts on horse were so vsed , fiue in a companie , and to send the one to the other as I haue sayde before , I am in that opinion , it would be of more force , then the body of a watch standing stil , me thinkes this were great safty to the Leagar : Likewise euery fift man to haue the watch worde , and no more .

Those which watch shall vse great silence , without great occasion giuen by the enemies comming , then to make allarum with the vsuall worde , arme , arme , then euery man shal make haste the one helping the other , and bée in a readinesse with his weapons for their best defence , tyll they be retyred to the stande watch of the Leagar , wherby they may fight , and be reskued of all the Souldiors of the Leagar or Campe : wherefore , they shall haue great regarde , that they make no allarums , but vpon iust occasiion .

Euery fift man shall haue the watch word for that night , so watching , for at that time they are as Scoute Masters : also , the chéefe Scoute Masters , are appointed to sette the watch , and at certayne times to bring them reliefe , and to search and examine the same , both on horsebacke and foote : also , the stande watch shoulde haue great care in hurting the Scoutes , when as at any time they make their retyre .

Speciall care to be fore-seene both in watching and warding .

ALso the Lorde Liuetennant , the high Marshall , with the rest of the Counsell , must appoint a sufficient number of men , both on horsebacke and foote , to watch and warde the Leagar or Campe : in the which appointment , they ought to vse great discretion , to fore-sée that there be no want of men for the furnishing thereof . Also , that no man be ouertoyled or wearyed either in watching or warding , for according to the number of your strength , so you are to deuide your companies , that no man shall watch but euery fourth night , which will be very well , both for the Souldiours & for the strength of your Armie : for by the ouerwatching of your men , may be a great heauinesse and dulnes vnto them , and a great weakning vnto your whole Armie .

And for the appointment of the bodie of the watch , at the Artillarie you must in any wise appoint that very stronge , as your number will serue , for the safe kéeping of your Artillarie and the wealth of your Leagar . Also , it appertayneth to the prouost Marshall at such times , to set the stand watch and Scoutes , both on horsebacke and on foote : but the watching of the place of Artillarie , belongeth vnto the Officers thereof , which are appointed by the high Marshall and the Master of the Ordenance , as I haue before sette downe .

How the Sargeant Maior , Captaine , and simple Sargeant are to gouerne themselues , when theyr battaile shall chaunce to be assaulted , on foote and on horsebacke .

IN sundry and diuers manners , and moreouer in diuers places of groundes , battailes are fought , according to the occasions and accidents , that in Millitarie occurrents doe chaunce at vnawares , in time of warfare , abroade in the plaines , in Townes and in Fortresses : for which causes it is necessary , that the witte of those which haue the managing thereof , be prompt and ready , as well in this , as moreouer in finding out a good partie for himselfe , all for the honour and safety of the Prince whom he serues , ioyning to his couragious heart , witte , experience , policie , and each aduantage that is possible to bee vsed against his enemie , therefore in two fortes doe arise the meanes to fight : one is , when he dooth séeke to fight with his enemy , and the other when he is sought of the enemy , in such sort that it is needefull to defende himselfe . And therefore I say , when the first occasion doth ryse , and that he séekes the enemie , speaking héere of striking battaile in the playnes , it is requisite first he consider , how the enemies Armie is furnished with horsemen and footemen , and if he looke to fight with horsemen that are to come to breake his battaile , in this case he is to be aduertised , that hee suffer himselfe not to be founde ( if it be possible ) in the open fieldes , or in the playnes , but rather must accomodate his battaile in some place of a hill or a mountaine , or vppon some seate of ground , which hath vppon one side , either Riuer or ditch , or some other impediment against the enemies horsemen , which on some side may be a defence , as in some places bee Trées , Vines , and diuers other such like , as nature brings foorth in diuers places , which are of great impediment vnto the enemies horsemen , and vnto foote battailes are very profitable , and although the number of Souldiours are very small , yet oftentimes by much aduantage remaine victorious . But aduertisment is to be had , that in such cases it is requisite , that there be accomodated many Hargabuziers in the battaile , and many Pikes , for they be good against the enemies horsemen : Hauing to fight with footemen , the open fieldes is the best , with a square battayle and many Pikes , placing Hargabuziers according to his discretion .

Since I haue spoken of the first manner of fight , I will speake of the second , which is , when the enemie deoth assault at vnawares , it is necessary then couragiously not to loose any point of courage , to place his people in square battaile , for that it is the most ready and most sure way that is , making himselfe good slanckes wth the Hargabuziers of the band , afterwardes expecting the assault , cause his battaile to shutte and close it selfe well , causing them to couch and abase , 4. or 5. or somtimes 6. ranckes of Pikes in that case , round about all the sides of the battaile , and the others to stand vpright vntill time of néede : and the Hargabuziers are to holde their Péeces vpon their thighes , with their matches in their cocks , a morce in their pan , and all vigilant in a readinesse . And the Captaine before the battaile , valiantly giuing courage to his Souldiours , to performe the duety of a leader : aduertising , that when the assault is giuen by horsemen , that the Pikemen couching and abasing themselues , doe holde the great ende of their pikes fastned harde in stronge earth , to the ende the Pike may haue the greater force .

THE SECOND PART .

With a Kalender , contayning the square of any number , from one hundred , to ten 1000. seruing for the ordering of iust squares , bastard squares , and broade Squares : and most sufficient for the imbattailing of any number . ( * )

With certaine rules of marching by degrees , the which of a suddaine you may with ease bring them into a Square battell , or a broad Square , of what number soeuer .

By Gyles Clayton , seruitour & late Lieuetenant to the Right honorable the Lord North , Lorde Lieuetenant Generall of Cambridgeshyre .

AT LONDON

❧ Printed , Anno. Domini .

M. D. XCI .

To the Right honorable and his very good Lorde , the Lord of Hunsdon , Lord Chamberlaine of her Maiesties houshold , and Gouernour of her Towne of Barwicke : G. C. wisheth increase of all honourable vertues .

RIght honourable and my very good Lord , hauing receiued so many bountifull rewards , with an infinite number of good words , for other of his writings , the which it hath pleased your good Lordship so fauourably to accept , is not thereby onely encouraged nowe once againe , to betake himselfe to his penne , but also he is emboldened , to present to your L. view this his small labour , which containeth the approoued order of Martiall Discipline . And as it is the common opinion of all worthy men , ( right honourable & my very good Lord ) that among all things that is to be preferred , warre is the one : and that because whosoeuer behaueth himselfe honourably in the exercise thereof , representeth the true Image of the most great and omnipotent God , because among the high titles attributed according to his will and diuine Maiestie in the olde and holy Law , hee hath alwaies beene content to be reuerenced and called by the name of the GOD of hostes : so if this worthy exercise of Martiall Discipline be vsed , and had in practise for the glory of God , and the defence of Christ hys Gospell , or for the defence of a Kingdom or Common-weale , no doubt there is , but that the great GOD of Hostes is our chiefe Generall , and most worthy Captaine .

And as your honour , being not inferiour to any in the exercise heereof , not onely for your owne honour and magnanimitie , but for the better vpholding of Christes Gospell , for the defence of our gracious Soueraigne , her Lawes and louing Subiects , for the exercising of warlike weapons , and the often vsing of them breedeth peace , but if warlike weapons should be layd aside , and Martiall discipline forgotten , then would it be with vs , as it was with the Romans . For as Scipio saith , after the Romans layd aside the vse of theyr warlike weapons , and Martiall exercises , they fell into great idlenes , outrages , ryot , and wantonnes ; for more hurtfull was this time of peace to Rome , then during the whole course and season of the warres , for that whilst they had enemies in Affrick , they knewe not what vices and inordinate ryot ment in Rome .

Wherefore , may it please your good Lordship , in this time of peace , there must be had speciall regard , to see these warlike weapons vsed and practised , and not that euery common fellow be sette in authoritie , but those which be men of experience & knowledge , for what profiteth these Companies heere in England with all theyr muster and traynings ? May I speak it without offence , there is not in conscience two Companies among twentie , which hath men of experience to instruct them in the exercise of theyr weapons . For it is not sufficient to haue store of Armes , weapons , Munitions , and furniture , but also to haue men of experience to vse them , and good Gouernours in the knowledge of Martiall discipline to lead them .

The Realme thus gouerned with men of experience and knowledge , there is no doubt but it will continue and florish . For as Varro sayth , exercise of warlike weapons , and rumors of warres , breedeth peace . And for that your Lordship , beeing a most loyall and faithfull friende to her Maiestie , and a most worthy and famous Generall , best befitting your honourable estate , for the better safe keeping of thys little England , I haue thought it good , for to discouer this briefe discourse of Martiall discipline vnto your good Lordship , hauing not any better thing to bestow of you whereby to witnesse my good will , for if I had , I would with all willingnes impart the same . And for that your Lordship knoweth , the earth which yeldeth salte beareth no other thing , and the ground that hideth golde , will beare no kinde of grayne , so from a slender wit , exercised in Martiall discipline , your Lordship will looke for no gyfts , but fruites of a most willing minde . And albeit they are many , who allured by your manifolde vertues regarde you , and mooued through your true noblenesse of minde to honour you , yet as one not inferior in affection to any , but in good wil surmounting many , thus I boldly presume , leauing it to your honourable humanitie : as a personage most meete , and bulwarke most sufficient , against the barking impes of the enuious , and blunt hastie bolts of the foolish , whose eyes beeing sore , cannot beholde the Sunne , and theyr wits so weake , are not able to penetrate the subtiltie of Martiall experiences : and therefore as slothfull neglect them , or as malicious , wholy contemne them . But proceeding too farre in these speeches , peraduenture I may be misliked , and therefore least I should seeme entred so farre , that I cannot find the way out , I will conclude .

Thus beseeching your good Lordshippe to pardon me in discharging my duetie , and to receiue with cheerefulnesse , defend with willingnes , and to reade with friendlines thys rude worke which I offer to your good L. as an outwarde signe of my inward good will . Thus beseeching God , most earnestlie to blesse and prosper , both you and yours heere on thys earth , with health , and increase of honour , and magnanimitie , and send you in heauen most assured happines .

Your Lordships most humble in all dutifull seruice to be commaunded . Gyles Clayton .

❧ THE SECONDE PART .

❧ Formes of Battels very necessary to be vsed in place of seruice , euery Battell best befitting the place of ground .

FOR as much as I haue vndertaken to sette down the ordering of certaine Battels , with the ordering of your men to march by degrées , so that on a suddaine you may bring them into a Square battell , of what number soeuer they be : and to the intent that such as reade thys Booke , may without difficultie vnderstand the ordering of euery Battell & place of seruice , according as they in the discription are appointed , I thought it good to shewe you the figure of euery one in his place . Wherefore I wyll first declare vnto you , by what figure and Letters you shall finde the Footemen , the Horsemen , and euer other Officer in his place of seruice .

The Letters and Characters .

T for Targetters . O for Musketters . o for Caliuers . P for Pykes . H for Holberders .

G for Generall . M for Marshall . T for Treasurer . C for Captaines . L for Lieueten .

B for Bylles . n for Carbines . m for Light horse . M for Launseares . c for Cariages .

S for Sargiants . E for Ensignes . D for Drumes . F for Fifes .

The summe and contents of the Figures following . 1. In the figure following , is described the marching of your men into a ring , the meaning whereof is more plainly sette downe as followeth . 2. In the second figure is shewed how to order a Battell , or bonde of men , and to bring their men into a Square battell , with theyr Pykes on the fronte of the said battell . 3. In the thirde figure is described the manner of marching by degrees , of what number soeuer , and at the first sight of your enemies , to bring them into a iust Square battell , so that your Ensignes may be in the midst . 4. In the fourth figure is shewed , the ordering of three square battels of Pykes , and to what vse they serue . 5. In the fift figure is signified , the ordering of the foure Squadrons of Pykes , and to what vse they serue . 6. In the sixt figure is declared the ordering of a Crosse battell . 7. In the seauenth figure is shewed , the ordering of a base Crosse battell , and wherefore it best serueth . 8. In the eyght figure is shewed , the ordering of a base Square battell , and to what vse it best serueth . 9. In the ninth figure is declared , a perfect Square battell of foure hundred Pykes . 10. In the tenth figure is shewed , the forme of a battell on foote , without Horsemen , imployed wyth Shotte , readie the fight . 11. In the eleuenth figure is plainly shewed , the order and forme of a Square battell , readie the fight in Fielde , impayled both with Carbines , Light-horse , and Launces , as in these dayes we vse .

❧ The order of Imbattayling .

Although these thinges being first sette down , as marching by degrees , and casting of a Ring , extendeth not to olde Captaines , and Seruitors of experience , yet it is not hurtefull to such as be younge Seruitors , which would be glad to learne experience and knowledge in these Martiall exercises , which is a most honourable lyfe so vsed .

FIrst you shall vnderstand , that if two or three Captaines , hauing vnder theyr leading two or thrée hundred men to each Captaine , & bee sent into the enemies Countrey to doe some notable exployte , or to conduct any Conuoy through the same : then , they shall march thrée or fiue in a rancke , as is most commonly vsed , when they be few in number , for the spéedines of their way & passing through streights , for in such waies a man may not march aboue 385. at the moste , for few men being not strengthned with horse , cannot long endure in the enemies Countrie .

But say it happeneth , that their enemies come suddainly vppon them , so that they rannot set their men in order of battaile as they woulde : then it shall be good for those Captaines to cast their men in a Ring , as they marched before , fiue or thrée in a rancke , with the greatest part of their shotte in the midst of their Pikes , your Holbards or Billes next the Ensigne , being placed in the middest of all , and those shotte which bee in the Rereward of your company , if occasion serueth , shal be deliuered to certaine of your Corporalles , which shal lead them in winges to skirmish with the enemie : but of all thinges haue a care to take all aduantages that may be , both of wind , ground , and Sunne , and be sure that your Corporals be men of knowledge , and able to discharge their dueties and charge committed vnto them . If they be not so skilfull as you would

The plat for Incamping .

The Battell called a Crosse , verie excellent both for night and day .

A two-fold Battell of 2000 men These Charecters are to be vsed in the place of the other , where this letter H was placed for B as heere you may see . These Characters . S Signifie Shot . ♂ or this P Signifie Pikes . ✚ or this B Signifie Halberds . E Signifie Ensignes . Signifie Launces . Δ Signifie Light horsemen . * Signifie Argoletteares .

wish them to be , then sende out with them one or two Sargeants , if you canne spare them from the battaile , for they ought to be skilfull Souldiours , and to knowe howe to bring theyr companies to the face of their enemies , and howe to charge and retyre with the best aduantage .

And if your place of meeting be large , it were good to appoint many of your Corporals , with seuerall companies of shotte to méete your enemies in the face : and when they haue deliuered theyr powder and shotte , they shall make their retreite to the battaile , and then certaine other shotte which are within the battaile , shall issue foorth and reskue them , and to supply their place of seruice , tyll such tymes as they haue furnished themselues , and beeing thus furnished and refreshed , are ready to make a new supply , if needed shall require . Thus may they continue a long time , and maintaine your battaile .

But if you meet your enemies vpon the plaines , then must you appoint certaine of your Pikes with Halbards or bils to defende your shotte from the charge of horsemen : thus dooing , you shall be able to defend your selues in all places , and to encounter with the enemies , though they assaulte you on euery side , & were more in number by thrée partes . These premises considered , & so performed as before mencioned , may redownd to the great credit & magnanimity of such Captaynes , as performeth such an exployt , and also honour and renowme to their Souldiours , which were so resolute in their seruice : for a Souldiour or Seruitor had rather choose to dye with honor in the fielde , then to be any way or meanes dishonoured in seruice . This ( Gentlemen ) is my opinion , and the good opinion of diuers olde Souldiours and Seruitors , if you bee assaulted on a suddaine , which sometimes happeneth .

This is the King which I haue declared vnto you , which King is very necessary to be vsed as I haue declared before , so that you cast and deuide your men with their seuerall weapons as aforesayde , and shal be more plainely seene in the next Figure following .

ACorporallwithshot. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

ACorporallwithshot. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

For the straites .

Corporall. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

In this order for the playnes .

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

A perfect rule to bringe your men into a square battaile on a suddaine , with theyr Pikes in the Front , the which at times were very good , if by chaunce you méete with your enemies in any broade way : thus march your men by degrées fiue in a rancke , euery Captaine by himselfe , with their pikes on the front of theyr array , so , euery Captaine marching with theyr seuerall companies , may on a suddaine bring their men into a square battaile , with their pikes on the Front of the sayde battaile , the which is very good , if by broade wayes or woods they happen to meete with their enemies , for the defence of their horsemen : and for your better vnderstanding thereof , I haue héere in Fygure more playnely sette it down , to shewe you the meaning thereof .

Thus is the foresaid marching by degrees fiue in a ranck , brought into a Square battell , with theyr Dykes on the front , so also you may order your Companies , and bring them into thys proportion , of what number so euer they be if neede requireth .

Heere you shall further vnderstande , howe many men may march in a ranck , and on a suddaine to bring them into a iust Square battaile , of what number soeuer they be , so that your Ensignes may be in the midst thereof .

IF you happen to espy your enemies , and are driuen to make a square battell with spéede , then deuide the roote of your Company of what number soeuer they be , into thrée equall parts , and the thyrd part of your men ought to march by the way , as by thys figure more plainly appeareth . Say there be but 2. hundred fortie fiue men to march through the Enemies Countrey , the roote of those two hundred fortie fiue must be taken , which is fifteene , which number may bée equally deuided into three parts , béeing fiue in fronte , fifteene in flanck , so marching fiue in a ranck , there shall be fortie fiue rancks , fiue to a rancke , as by the figure next folowing more plainly appeareth .

Thus marching with your men by degrées fiue in a rancke or more , what number soeuer , if the companie may equally be deuided into three parts , then they may be brought into a Square battell , so that you deuide them by C. and L. as this figure signifieth , so that euery part heereof is fifteene rancks , fiue to a rancke , and when you will haue them brought into a iust Square battell , make a stande , and cause the front of your Company to stande , that doone procéede forwarde with the second , and so with the thirde , vntill they become vp to the front , the which three parts so placed , will make a iust square battel , 15. both in fronte and flancke , as the example following more plainly sheweth vnto you .

These are the thrée parts which I spake of before , & nowe bringing them vp in order , as you sée , they shall make a iust Square battell , with all their Ensignes in the midst thereof , which shall be more plainly séene vnto you , by figure of these thrée parts brought into a square battel .

Also there are a great number of good battailes , which haue beene vsed among olde Seruitors , & men of experience , which are very good to be vsed against the Enemies , and as they are good , so they are dangerous , for they will be soone disordered where Souldiours are not throughly experienced and trained vp in seruices : but the fight in these dayes , are cleane contrary to the fight in times past , for wee vse altogether Shot , Pykes and Horse , with a few Holberds and Targets , for the which weapons , there is no better order of imbattelling , then the square battell : also if there be 20000. or 30000. in the fielde , then to deuide them into thrée or foure squadrons , which is a most strong way , if occasion serue , as thys figure more plainly sheweth .

The fore Front of the foure Squadrons .

THese square platformes , beeing well and strongly impayled with shotte , ( as most commonly wee vse in the fielde ) is the most strong way and best to be vsed , if that you haue any great number , as ten , twenty , or thirty thousand in fielde , for then you may deuide your pikes , as you finde your selfe best aduantaged against your enemies , eyther in 2. 3. or 4. squadrons , as best serueth for the grounde where you make your stande : but if your commpany be small , as 2. or 3. thousand pikes in the fielde , then it were not good to deuide them , but vpon some great aduantage of grounde , or stopping of a streight way or some gap , which occasions ought most chiefly to be fore-séene : for it hath euer beene obserued for a principle , amongst auncient Souldiours and Seruitors of experience , that the stronger your Pikes are together , the more of force is your battaile accounted , and the more companies your shotte bee deuieed into , the better they may maintayne the skirmish with their enemies , and the apter for seruice .

These premises considered as before mencioned , you will of your selues confesse , that the square battailes are best to be vsed in these dayes , for that wee vse not the weapons which hath béene vsed in olde time , as Cros-bowes , long bows , black Billes , with such other like weapons : but if you happen to méete with your enemies , in any Countrey full of hilles or Mountaines , then your Crosse battaile is very good , or a base crosse bataile , as by Figure I haue sette down in most plaine manner and forme following .

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The forme of a base Crosse battaile . Place this battaile at folio 68. after the Crosse battaile .

These are the formes afore spoken of , both of the Crosse battell , as also of the base Crosse battell , which are very good to be vsed , as aforesaid , for the defending of your shotte from the Horsemens descending downe eyther hyll or Mountaine .

How to make a battell called the broade Square .

THis broade square battell is very good to be vsed if you be but of small strength , for that it maketh a fayre shewe in the sight of your Enemies , and in time of fight vseth manie hands more then the iust squares : for if his enemies be before him , he is like to doo great slaughter , for it will inuiron his enemies rounde about . But there be some of a contrary opinion , the which I yeeld vnto , for in mine owne opinion the iust square is best , because it serueth most commonly in most places of grounds , but this broade square serueth as the grounds will serue , for we be not sure alwaies of a place fitte for the square battel : and also theyr strength may be such , by woods , waters , or false grounds , or such like , that the broade battell is much the better , if helped by these aduantages . But howsoeuer you make your battaile , you must haue a great regard to the situation of your ground , and the strengthes about the same .

The order and forme of a broad square battaile , which is very good to be vsed , if so aduantaged with strengthes , as I haue before spoken of , as woods , waters and false groundes . with such other lyke .

The fore Front .

A perfect rule to bring your men into a square battaile , of what number soeuer they be , so that their Ensigne may be in the middest thereof , as by example , with a small company , so you haue but foure hundred Pikes in the fielde : the 4. square roote whereof is 20. then putting 20. men into a ranck , there will be 20. ranckes , 20. men to a rancke , the which 20. ranckes beeing orderly placed the one behinde the other , wil make a iust square battaile , if so placed as by thys Figure more plainely is shewed vnto you .

The order of a square battaile , impayled with winges and troupes of shotte , as in the fielde is vsed in these dayes .

❧ Certaine Rules of Armes , very needefull and necessary to be foreseene , both of Generall and Captaines . ( * )

ALthough it be not néedefull , yet I will put you in minde of the great incombraunces , which may happen in the fight of a battell , wherefore be sure that your Horsemen in charging the Enemie , be as much distante from the maine battell as may be : or els it may be an occasion in retyring from the Enemie , to breake the rancks of your men , and so disorder the whole maine battell , for sometimes it is pollicie to make a retreite , as occasion shall serue . Also you are to lodge your Horsemen in time of Leaguor or Campe , within the palle or quarters of your footemen , because they are not so soone Armed and mounted , ready to defende as the footemen .

Also you ought to know , how that the Townes and Fortresses be strengthened , eyther by nature or by industry : by nature those are strong , which are compassed round about with Riuers or with Fennes , by industry those which stand vppon hyls or Rocks : those likewise may be strong , which stande on the plaines , eyther by Castell , Turrets , turnings , or crookednes thereof , with many other such like , which may endanger the Enemy on euery side both on front and flanck .

Also when you are minded to besiedge any strong Towne or Holde , you shall first suffer them to sowe theyr séede and fieldes , and so stay a time till it be gréene aboue the ground , to the intent they should lacke the same graine which they haue sowne , and that you may the better hope to reape the same for your commoditie .

Also you are to exercise & practise your Souldiours in actiuitie and déedes of Armes , when as you are not in any great danger of the Enemie , for the perfectnes thereof , and in time of seruice for renowne and honour .

Also if any Generall , Colonels or Captaines , béeing in Leaguor or Campe , and hath any want of victuals , let hym then fayne himselfe to make a composition or agréement with his Enemies : and during some proces of time in this practise , you may be eyther prouided of theyr victuals , or others at the least . And when you haue by thys policie and meanes gotten away theyr victuals & graine , then you may with ease kéepe them short and famish them .

Also if you be minded to win any Cittie or strong Hold , then you shall first foresée which way is best to ouercome all the small Townes rounde about the same , and so ouercomming them with violence , shall driue them into the Cittie or strong Holde , for succour at their fréendes and Countrimens hands , the which multitude of people béeing driuen into the Cittie , you may with more ease famish and ouercome them .

Also if you be minded to make an assault , first & chéefelie you ought to haue a care in giuing the first onsette , wherein you shall be valiant and couragious , and very hotely to assault them on euery side , the which hath oftentimes gotten many victories .

Also he that will be counted a man at Armes and seruice , must be valiant and couragious , most vigilant to obserue the deuises of the Enemie , and in taking some paines to exercise his Companie , such Seruitors shall incur least perils : and may hope most of victory .

Also there is no purpose better then that which is hid from the Enemie , vntill such time as you haue executed the same .

Also to know in the warres how to vnderstande occasions , and in the taking thereof , helpeth more at such times , then any other thing .

Also nature bréedeth many lustie & strong men , but practise and exercise maketh many .

Also you are to vnderstand that where discipline is vsed with lenitie and curtesie , more preuaileth then furie & rashnes , without discretion or wisedom .

Also you shall vnderstande , that the valiantnesse of your Souldiours , more preuaileth then the multitude , and sometime the situation helpeth more then the valiantnes .

Also you may vnderstand , that new and suddain things , maketh many Armies amazed and feared , and accustomed things daily vsed , are little regarded . Wherefore make your Armie to practise , and to know with small fights a new Enemie before you enter the fight with him .

Also he that with disorder foloweth the Enemie , after that he is broken , he wil doo no other but become of a Conquerour in the fielde the looser thereof .

Also hee that prepareth not sufficient and necessary victuals to liue vpon , both for himselfe and for his Company , may soone be ouercomewith stroke of weapons .

Also hee that trusteth more in Horsemen then in Footemen , or more in Footemen , then in Horsemen . Must first accommodate himselfe with the ground and situation .

Also when you perceiue in the day , that there be any comming to espy your Leaguor , then cause euery man to goe into hys Tent or Cabbin , and change your purpose if you perceiue he hath fooreseene your Leaguor or Campe .

Also you may consult with many , thinges which you ought to doo , but the same thing which you doo , conferre with fewe .

Also you shall vse such meanes , that the Enemies may not by any meanes know how you will order your battels in fight : and in what manner soeuer you order them , make that the first may be receiued of the second , and so of the third .

Also if you will make a sette battaile , neuer change to any other purpose , but to the same for which you haue appointed it , for if you doo , it will breede discention and discord .

Also you shall accustome your Souldiours to despise and hate delicate lodging , great fare , and cut apparrell , for that it is dangerous vnto them in time of seruice .

Also I will put you in mind of a saying , which hath béene vsed in times past , and most néedfull to be obserued in these daies . Whereas they said that men , yron , money and bread was the strength of the warres , they sayde true , but of those foure , the first two be best , and most necessary , because men and yron , finde money and bread , and not money and breade to finde men and yron . For men with yron may prouide both for bread , money , and all such like necessaries as to the wars belongeth .

And lastly , I would wish you not to be slow in the exercising of your Souldiours in actiuitie when time and place serueth , for that is your greatest strength in seruice , for if your men haue not practise in theyr weapons , and so be expert and cunning in the vse thereof , your Companies shall be much weaker then those which are practised and perfect .

Not to giue battell without the aduice and counsaile of diuers olde Seruitors and men of experience .

THere be many men of good seruice and experience , saith it is not good for a Generall or Leader of an Armie , to be ouer hastie in gyuing battaile to the Enemies , except it be vpon some great aduantage : for that it is a matter of weight , and ought very wisely and carefully to be foreseene , for that his honour and wealth of a Realme lyeth thereon .

Wherefore first you are to consider and to examine the estate and strength of the enemies , howe they be furnished with men of seruice and experience , also with Armour and weapons both for Horsemen and footemen , as also with other strengthes . Then you are to consider with your selues of your owne strength , and what number of men you haue , likewise how expert they be in theyr weapons , and whether they bee well appointed for such seruice or no.

Then if you finde your owne partie good , you may proceede , if but indifferent , then it is the opinion of olde Seruitors of experience , not to be too hastie to giue the battaile , if you may otherwise choose , although it hath béene oftentimes séene that a few in number , hath forced to fight or els to retyre : and if that smal company doo tarry and fight it out , then they doo determine with themselues euery man to be resolute , that one man is worth two at such times , and commonly it is séene , that the greatest number is carelesse , and thinke themselues most sure of the victory , but victory is vncertaine , for God giueth victory where he pleaseth . Wherefore I woulde wish all Leaders , though they be more in number then their Enemies , not to be too hastie , but kéepe themselues stronglie together : and if in case you giue the battaile , then doe it with courage and resolute mindes , determined to abide the time of good fortune and victory , and doubtlesse one of those men so determined , is woorth three others .

A way to march and conduct foorth the Armie . Place this battell 293. fallio at this marke ******

❧ A breefe Kalender for the better vnderstanding how to augment your Companies by degrees , and in marching eyther by 3. 5. or 7. to bring them into a square battell , as to say in the first number , adde three times 1. is 3. three times 2. is 6. three times 3. is 9. And so forth for the first Table , the seconde , and the third .

Numb . Addit . 1 3 2 6 3 9 4 12 5 15 6 18 7 21 8 24 9 27 10 30 11 33 12 36 13 39 14 42 15 45 16 48 17 51 18 54 19 57 20 60 21 63 22 66 23 69 24 72 25 75 26 78 27 81 28 84 29 87 30 90 31 93 32 96 33 99 34 102 35 105 36 108 37 111 38 114 39 117 40 120 41 123 42 126 43 129 44 132 45 135 46 138 47 141 48 144 49 147 50 150 51 153 52 156 53 159 54 162 55 165 56 168 57 171 58 174 59 177 60 180 61 183 62 186 63 189 64 192 65 195 66 198 67 201 68 204 69 207 70 210 71 213 72 216 73 219 74 222 75 225 76 228 77 231 78 234 79 237 80 240 81 243 82 246 83 249 84 252 85 255 86 258 87 261 88 264 89 267 90 270 91 273 92 276 93 279 94 282 95 285 96 288 97 291 98 294 99 297 100 300

The square roote of this 300. is 17. vnplaced 11.

FINIS .

The second Table .

Numb . Addit . 1 5 2 10 3 15 4 20 5 25 6 30 7 35 8 40 9 45 10 50 11 55 12 60 13 65 14 70 15 75 16 80 17 85 18 90 19 95 20 100 21 105 22 110 23 115 24 120 25 125 26 130 27 135 28 140 29 145 30 150 31 155 32 160 33 165 34 170 35 175 36 180 37 185 38 190 39 195 40 200 41 205 42 210 43 215 44 220 45 225 46 230 47 235 48 240 49 245 50 250 51 255 52 260 53 265 54 270 55 275 56 280 57 285 58 290 59 295 60 300 61 305 62 310 63 315 64 320 65 325 66 330 67 335 68 340 69 345 70 350 71 355 72 360 73 365 74 370 75 375 76 380 77 385 78 390 79 395 80 400 81 405 82 410 83 415 84 420 85 425 86 430 87 435 88 440 89 445 90 450 91 455 92 460 93 465 94 470 95 475 96 480 97 485 98 490 99 495 100 500

The square roote of this 500. is 22. vnplaced . 11.

FINIS .

The third Table .

Numb . Addit . 1 7 2 14 3 21 4 28 5 35 6 42 7 49 8 56 9 63 10 70 11 77 12 84 13 91 14 98 15 105 16 112 17 119 18 126 19 133 20 140 21 147 22 154 23 161 24 168 25 175 26 182 27 189 28 196 29 203 30 210 31 217 32 224 33 231 34 238 35 245 36 252 37 259 38 266 39 273 40 280 41 287 42 294 43 301 44 308 45 315 46 322 47 329 48 335 49 342 50 350 51 357 52 364 53 371 54 378 55 385 56 392 57 399 58 406 59 413 60 420 61 427 62 434 63 441 64 448 65 455 66 462 67 469 68 476 69 483 70 490 71 497 72 504 73 511 74 518 75 525 76 532 77 539 78 546 79 553 80 560 81 567 82 574 83 581 84 588 85 595 86 6●2 87 609 88 616 89 623 90 630 91 637 92 644 93 651 94 658 95 665 96 672 97 679 98 686 99 693 100 700

The square roote of this 700. is 26. vnplaced . 24

FINIS .

❧ Heerefolloweth a breefe discouerie of euery battaile before figured , the square rootes whereof , I haue most plainelie sette downe in Figure following , which serueth to imbattaile from 100. to 1000 , and so you may proceede on forward as before , to 10. 20. or 30. thousand : For such occasions of busines at this present , driues me to conclude with more breuity , then at the first I determined .

100.

FIrst you shall vnderstand , the square roote of 100. is 10. none vnplaced : bastard square 11. in Front , 9. in flanck 1. vnplaced : broade square 14. in Front , 7. in flancke , 2. vnplaced .

200.

The square roote of 200. is 14. 4. vnplaced : bastard square 15. in Fronte , 13. in flancke , 5. vnplaced : broade square 20. in fronte , 10. in flancke , none vnplaced .

300.

The square roote is 17. 11. vnplaced : bastard square 18. in fronte , 16. in flancke 12. vnplaced : broade square , 25. in front , 12. in flancke none vnplaced .

400.

The square roote is 20. none vnplaced : bastarde square , 21 in fronte , 19. in flancke , one vnplaced : broad square , 28. in front , 14. in flancke , 8. vnplaced .

500.

The square roote is 22. 16. vnplaced : bastard square , 23. in front , 21. in flancke , 17. vnplaced : broad square , 31. in front , 16 in flancke , 4. vnplaced .

600.

The square roote is 24. 24. vnplaced : bastarde square , 25. in front , 24 in flancke , none vnplaced : broade square , 35. in front 17. in flancke , 12. vnplaced .

700.

The square roote is 26. 24. vnplaced : bastard square , 27. in front , 25. in flancke , 25. vnplaced : broade square , 38. in front , 18. in flancke , 16. vplaced .

800

The square roote is 28. 16. vnplaced : bastarde square , 29. in front , 27. in flanck , 17. vnplaced : broad square , 40. in front , 20. in flancke , none vnplaced .

900.

The square roote is 30. none vnplaced : bastarde square 31. in fronte , 26. in flancke , 1. vnplaced : broad square , 42. in front , 21. in flancke , 18. vnplaced .

1000.

The square roote is 31. 39. vnplaced : bastard square , 40. in front , 25. in flancke , none vnplaced : broad square , 45. in front 22. in flanck , 10. vnplaced .

FINIS .

COurteous Gentlemen , great occasions of present busines calleth me from my penne , which driues me to conclude in more breefe manner , then I was determined . Wherein I haue erred through ignoraunce , I haue no doubt but you will pardon of curtesie : may opportunity serue , I will proceede further . In the meane time , I beseech you accept of this my good meaning vnto you ; so shall I with all willingnes , rest thankefull vnto you , most louing and courteous Gentlemen .

G. C.