THE
CHARACTER
OF
WARRE
,
OR
The
Image
of
Martiall
Discipline
:
contayning
many
vsefull
directions
for
Musters
&
Armes
,
and
the
v●ry
first
principles
in
Discipline
,
the
groun●●●●●●es
,
all
the
Military
motions
now
vsed
:
Their
vse
〈◊〉
dem●nstration
of
their
vse
,
first
by
precept
,
then
by
example
,
Shewing
how
to
doe
them
,
how
to
performe
them
gracefully
,
how
to
command
them
properly
,
playnely
,
without
distractions
to
the
Souldiers
.
Contayning
many
excellent
Pollicies
and
Stratagemes
,
many
good
Documents
for
young
Souldiers
,
shewing
how
they
must
bee
qualified
,
what
qualities
best
befits
them
.
A
worke
fitt
for
all
Noble
,
Generous
and
good
Spirits
,
that
loue
Honour
,
or
Honourable
Action
.
By
EDWARD
COOKE
.
Exodus
.
15.3
.
The
Lord
is
a
man
of
Warre
:
his
Name
is
Iehouah
.
LONDON
,
Printed
by
Tho:
Purfoot.
1626.
To
the
right
Honourable
and
most
Noble
Lord
Edward
Lord
Sackuile
,
Baron
of
Buckhurst
Earle
of
Dorset
,
and
Knight
of
the
Noble
order
of
the
Garter
THey
that
write
vpon
any
serious
Subiect
(
right
Honorable
and
most
noble
Lord
)
whether
it
be
of
Peace
or
Warre
,
commonly
doe
dedicate
their
Bookes
to
Noble
persons
:
to
the
end
,
that
what
they
haue
effected
by
Labour
and
Study
,
may
by
their
greatnesse
be
protected
from
Maledictions
and
Enuie
:
and
they
chose
such
,
whose
eminent
vertues
(
exempt
from
Riualles
)
is
of
all
admired
,
by
all
obserued
,
and
withall
beloued
,
where
the
choycest
witts
shelter
their
chiefest
workes
.
Hence
I
take
my
imitation
,
and
in
all
humilitie
prostrate
this
my
poore
labour
to
kisse
your
noble
hands
,
not
as
any
adition
to
your
vncontrolable
and
approued
knowledge
,
but
as
a
weake
Fabricke
which
onely
wanteth
the
support
of
your
much
admired
goodnesse
.
In
former
time
,
if
any
were
longheaded
,
as
Pericles
,
crooked
nosed
as
Cyrus
,
foretopped
with
his
hayre
growing
vpright
as
Alexander
;
he
had
fauour
shewed
in
all
Courts
,
and
in
euery
company
he
came
in
:
Such
respect
did
they
giue
to
their
outward
shapes
,
who
it
may
be
had
not
any
of
their
Habituall
vertues
;
Oh
then
what
loue
,
what
respect
ought
euery
one
(
in
what
degree
or
place
soeuer
)
to
giue
you
,
that
haue
the
Habit
of
their
vertues
,
onely
want
their
blemishes
.
Pericles
loue
to
his
Country
.
Cyrus
(
the
elders
)
care
of
his
Souldiers
.
Alexanders
vertues
(
not
vices
)
are
pregnant
in
your
honour
,
the
world
sees
it
.
Demetrius
,
Nero
,
and
Caligula
,
(
not
setting
their
Empire
aside
)
are
not
to
be
compared
with
your
honour
:
yet
let
me
lay
Gold
to
copper
,
that
the
gold
may
appeare
the
more
glorious
.
Demetrius
care
was
more
for
an
Astrologicall
Cloake
(
thereby
to
hang
the
world
on
his
backe
,
)
then
for
his
Kingdome
or
people
.
But
your
honours
care
is
for
the
Kingdome
,
to
doe
good
to
euery
member
thereof
,
Mentally
,
Actually
,
to
your
power
.
Nero
the
Tyrants
care
was
for
new
inuented
Garments
(
dayly
)
to
weare
none
twice
:
your
care
is
that
euery
man
haue
good
Armes
to
grace
the
Kingdome
dayly
.
Caligulas
care
was
to
weare
Sacras
Deorum
vestes
,
to
set
forth
the
greatnesse
of
his
authority
.
But
your
care
is
the
Habit
of
a
Souldier
,
shewing
power
in
your
command
that
all
may
obey
.
These
Noble
parts
being
eminent
in
your
honour
,
are
powerfull
inducments
for
me
to
sue
euer
for
such
a
Noble
Patrone
,
therefore
to
you
,
and
onely
to
your
honoured
selfe
,
I
humbly
dedicate
this
Booke
.
The
Booke
deserues
more
your
honours
censure
then
prayse
;
for
like
Phormio
it
seemes
to
reade
a
Lecture
of
warre
(
to
an
Haniball
)
who
for
it
was
reproued
,
but
if
I
escape
from
your
honour
vnchekt
,
I
will
impute
it
(
not
to
desert
in
me
)
but
to
your
honours
sufferance
,
vsuall
Mildnesse
,
passing
by
my
presumption
.
Thus
commiting
the
Booke
to
your
Noble
patronage
,
you
to
the
Almighties
protection
,
and
my selfe
to
your
honours
command
and
seruice
,
I
euer
rest
In
Field
and
out
of
Field
your
honours
Seruant
EDWARD
COOKE
,
To
Captaine
Pert
,
Lieuetenant
Millen
,
Lieuetenant
Keneston
,
Ancient
Gualter
,
Ancient
Clarke
,
Mr.
Tho:
Webster
,
Mr.
Iohn
Foster
Gentlemen
,
and
to
all
the
rest
of
their
place
and
office
,
in
the
Sixe
Cautionarie
,
or
trayned
bandes
of
Middlesex
.
ALSO
,
To
the
worthy
Captayne
Gostock
Mustermaister
for
the
County
of
Middlesex
:
And
to
all
the
suruiuing
Founders
of
the
Artillery
Garden
,
and
Military
yard
.
THe
Actions
of
vertue
(
worthy
Gentlemen
and
Souldiers
)
should
so
much
affect
the
beholders
,
that
they
should
presently
not
onely
admire
them
,
but
indeauour
to
follow
them
.
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Julius
Caeasar
.
Iulius
Caesar
reading
the
braue
acts
of
Alexander
the
great
fell
(
saith
Plutarch
)
a
weeping
,
and
was
angry
with
himselfe
,
to
thinke
how
Alexander
a
young
man
(
iust
about
his
age
)
had
notwithstanding
conquered
the
whole
world
,
whereas
he
as
yet
had
done
nothing
worthy
the
name
of
a
Generall
:
From
this
Princely
Emulation
he
fell
to
Action
,
and
became
so
excellent
,
that
Plutarch
himselfe
paralells
him
onely
with
Alexander
.
I
make
no
doubt
,
but
that
setting
before
your
eyes
the
braue
exployts
of
your
Ancestors
you
haue
beene
mooued
to
practize
Armes
,
by
which
you
haue
gayned
great
applause
,
(
and
worthy
of
it
)
because
you
haue
done
good
seruice
to
your
King
and
Country
.
The
greatest
seruice
that
men
can
doe
,
is
to
saue
their
Country
frem
danger
.
The
Romans
gaue
him
a
crowne
that
saued
one
Cittyzen
:
then
how
many
crownes
deserueth
you
,
that
helpeth
to
saue
a
number
.
They
vsed
to
make
a
Coyne
for
his
commendation
with
this
inscription
:
The
Senate
and
people
of
Rome
for
Citizens
saued
.
You
saue
the
liues
of
men
by
teaching
them
the
right
vse
of
their
Armes
,
whereby
they
saue
themselues
from
danger
.
Would
to
God
that
all
would
follow
you
,
as
you
doe
follow
the
vertues
and
Actions
of
the
Romans
and
Grecians
.
The
Grecians
were
the
first
,
that
out
of
varietie
of
actions
and
long
experience
reduced
the
knowledge
of
Armes
into
an
Art
,
and
gaue
precepts
for
the
orderly
mouing
of
a
battaile
,
and
taught
,
that
the
moments
of
victorie
rested
not
in
the
hands
of
multitudes
,
but
in
a
few
men
rightly
instructed
to
mannage
Armes
,
and
trayned
vp
in
the
obseruation
of
the
dicipline
of
the
field
.
In
which
regard
they
had
Schooles
and
Schoole-maisters
called
Tacticks
,
which
deliuered
the
Art
Militarie
to
such
as
were
desirous
to
learne
.
Out
of
whose
Schooles
issued
those
chiefs
of
Warre
in
number
so
many
,
Captayne
Bingham
.
in
Skill
so
exquisite
,
in
Vallor
so
peerelesse
,
in
all
vertues
beseeming
great
Generalls
so
admirable
,
that
no
Nation
of
Europe
euen
to
this
day
hath
been
able
to
match
,
much
lesse
to
ouer-match
their
same
and
glory
.
The
braue
Romans
c●m●
farre
short
of
them
:
yet
the
Romans
following
their
ordinances
both
haue
kept
in
vse
,
and
also
set
forth
in
writing
the
rules
of
Martiall
policie
or
discipline
:
And
you
haue
Schooles
wherein
you
teach
this
Martiall
policy
or
discipline
to
such
as
are
desirous
to
learne
.
The
one
is
called
the
Artillery
garden
,
the
other
the
Millitary-yard
.
The
first
of
these
was
erected
by
the
Vertuous
Gentlemen
of
London
.
The
second
by
you
the
no
lesse
vertuous
Gentlemen
of
Midlesex
:
out
of
these
two
Schooles
as
out
of
the
former
,
haue
issued
men
of
worth
taking
their
degrees
:
As
Captaynes
,
Lieuetenants
,
Antients
,
and
Sergeants
,
so
that
all
the
trayned
bands
in
London
&
Midlesex
,
are
furnished
with
able
&
sufficient
Officers
out
of
both
these
Schooles
,
to
your
honours
that
were
the
Founders
.
I
,
the
last
in
degree
(
of
inferior
officers
)
had
my
first
egresse
from
the
Artillery
Garden
.
In
that
Schoole
I
spent
Foure
yeares
compleat
,
to
gayne
the
little
knowledge
which
I
haue
,
neuer
presuming
to
shew
my
skill
,
much
lesse
to
contend
with
others
in
it
:
vntill
the
Scollers
of
another
Schoole
(
Low-Country-like
)
banded
together
for
tryall
of
skill
,
vrged
me
thereunto
.
Then
for
the
honour
of
my
Schoole
(
put
on
by
my
owne
Schoole
fellowes
)
I
entred
the
List
to
play
my
Schollers
Prize
:
And
I
haue
now
done
it
,
but
whether
I
haue
performed
it
ill
or
well
,
resteth
not
in
me
the
Scholler
to
iudge
but
in
you
the
Maisters
of
Science
,
most
skilfull
in
the
Art
Military
.
Iudge
then
and
Censure
,
Your
Friend
Edward
Cooke
.
To
the
worthy
Company
and
whole
body
of
Noble
Souldiers
,
seruing
in
the
Fift
Cautionarie
or
Trayned
Band
of
Midlesex
,
otherwise
called
Captayne
Perts
Company
.
WHere
a
generall
voyce
warrants
an
approbation
(
worthie
Gentlemen
and
Souldiers
)
there
euery
seruice
is
a
Duty
.
The
truth
of
it
concernes
&
inuites
mee
to
write
a
peculiar
Epistle
vnto
you
,
and
therein
to
extoll
your
worth
:
And
none
will
discommend
me
for
it
,
that
either
imitates
your
vertues
,
or
would
be
praysed
(
as
you
)
for
worth
.
Your
worth
Implyes
your
rare
parts
:
your
rare
part●
(
though
many
)
may
bee
Epitomized
in
Foure
.
1.
Your
pronesse
of
mind
to
beare
Armes
.
2.
Your
actiuenesse
in
all
Millitary
motions
.
3.
Your
Subiugated
wills
to
obey
your
Officers
.
4.
Your
Damon
,
and
Pythian
like
affection
one
to
another
.
The
three
first
are
rare
,
but
the
fourth
and
last
is
the
most
rare
and
excellent
;
For
as
a
Diamond
fairely
set
in
Gold
,
it
giues
luster
to
all
the
rest
,
and
makes
me
stile
you
Philonida
or
Philonis
,
a
bande
of
friends
,
or
true
friendship
,
or
indeed
the
Holy
band
.
Plutarch
telleth
of
an
holy
band
errected
by
one
Gorgidas
,
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Pelopidas
.
which
did
consist
of
three
Hundred
chosen
men
,
entertayned
by
the
state
,
&
kept
within
the
Castle
of
Cadmea
,
called
the
Townes
band
,
(
as
you
the
Kinges
band
:
)
This
band
was
neuer
broken
nor
ouerthrowne
before
the
battaile
of
Chaeronea
,
where
they
were
all
slaine
,
found
lincked
together
with
cordes
of
silke
arme
in
arme
,
Pikes
sticking
in
their
brests
.
Philip
King
of
Macedon
.
Father
to
Alexander
the
great
.
King
Philip
their
enemie
shedding
teares
for
them
,
and
causing
them
to
bee
buried
together
,
who
in
death
would
not
be
parted
.
Thus
the
louing
Holy
Band
,
Fell
by
the
Macedonians
hand
.
Each
one
dying
for
his
Frend
,
Keeping
Friendship
to
the
end
.
From
whose
ashes
doth
arise
,
You
that
them
doth
Sympathize
.
Neuer
to
dissolue
together
,
Nor
like
God
to
liue
for
euer
,
For
one
by
one
,
be
sure
to
die
,
Time
takes
away
,
time
will
supply
.
And
as
he
brought
you
to
the
Wombe
,
So
backe
hee
leads
you
to
your
Tombe
.
Yours
in
life
and
death
,
Edward
Cooke
.
To
his
Brother
in
Law
Thomas
Chamberlaine
,
a
louer
of
Armes
,
and
an
expert
Souldier
.
WHen
I
first
made
entrance
into
this
worke
(
you
know
worthy
Brother
)
that
there
was
no
speech
made
in
the
Citty
or
Subburbes
,
of
Plague
or
Pestilenc
:
But
when
I
had
almost
finished
it
,
the
Plague
began
amongest
vs
.
Then
was
both
speech
&
complaint
too
in
an
vncessant
manner
?
So
I
least
of
.
In●ited
by
you
in
the
heate
thereof
to
finish
it
,
(
least
dying
and
leauing
it
an
abhortiue
,
it
should
vtterly
fayle
and
come
to
ruine
.
)
But
what
auailed
it
mee
to
write
of
warlike
●tratagemes
and
Policies
,
to
oppose
,
opugne
,
repell
an
humaine
Enemie
in
the
field
?
when
tht
Lord
God
of
Hosts
great
in
pow●r
,
(
whom
none
could
resist
)
was
entred
the
field
,
destroying
Thousands
on
his
right
hand
,
Ten
Thousand
on
his
left
hand
,
and
all
the
Kingdome
in
generall
,
had
not
his
mercy
exceeded
his
Ivstice
.
Then
it
was
for
mee
not
to
write
,
but
to
pray
:
not
to
forcast
where
to
flie
from
the
sword
of
the
Lord
,
but
how
to
submit
my selfe
to
the
sword
of
the
Lord
,
which
when
the
Lord
saw
,
he
manifested
his
power
to
me
,
preseruing
me
,
that
I
might
hereafter
trust
in
him
,
and
declare
his
goodnesse
to
the
Sonnes
of
men
.
Thus
the
Presse
of
the
Lord
went
forth
,
it
tooke
away
whole
families
;
it
contynued
many
Moneths
together
in
the
Subburb
in
be
Citty
.
The
Citty
was
almost
desolate
(
yet
not
desolate
)
because
she
had
a
gracious
God
with
a
fla●ming
sword
,
purging
,
not
consuming
her
?
A
blessed
Sauiour
interceding
for
mercy
not
Iustice
:
A
King
on
earth
(
as
Hezekiah
)
weeping
and
praying
in
secret
for
her
;
calling
vpon
his
Lord●●pirituall
and
Temporall
,
on
all
the
Moyseses
,
and
Arons
in
the
Kingd●me
to
ioyne
with
him
in
Prayer
(
as
they
had
in
fasting
)
&
to
crye
mightily
vnto
the
Lord
,
to
spare
this
Citty
,
the
holy
Citty
,
the
Citty
where
his
name
was
called
vpon
.
Nay
shee
had
a
carefull
Magistrate
in
her
,
whom
diuine
prouidence
did
preordayne
to
that
place
to
do
h●r
good
,
S●r
John
Gore
was
then
Lord
Mayor
of
London
.
And
Alderman
Heylyne
,
and
Alderman
Parkebust
,
were
Shriefes
.
who
went
in
person
to
visite
her
,
releining
her
relinquished
members
readie
to
starue
for
want
of
foode
:
Sending
his
two
worshipfull
Brothers
the
Shrieues
to
doe
it
for
him
,
if
his
Lordship
was
otherwaies
imployed
.
These
two
good
Samaritans
came
into
the
Suburbes
among
the
poore
Trinobantes
of
Saint
Sepulchers
,
inquiring
their
number
,
their
estate
,
their
wants
,
their
greiuances
,
finding
them
great
(
past
their
expectation
)
they
returned
with
melting
hearts
,
condoling
their
miserie
,
and
informing
the
Lord
Mayor
of
it
,
who
by
them
(
&
through
their
meanes
)
sent
instantly
a
supply
of
Fourteene
Poundes
for
their
reliefe
:
commanding
information
weekely
to
be
giuen
of
their
wants
,
&
they
should
be
relieued
.
Which
was
done
by
me
,
and
performed
by
them
,
euen
till
the
sicknesse
was
mightily
decreased
,
&
our
Gentlemen
returned
home
,
so
they
left
off
:
being
seconded
by
M.
George
Allington
Esquier
,
(
and
one
of
the
Maisters
of
the
Pipe
office
)
who
sent
them
Fortie
shillinges
,
as
formerly
he
had
done
at
other
times
weekely
.
This
money
was
truly
distributed
,
though
it
came
not
to
my
hands
:
The
money
that
came
to
my
handes
(
from
the
Lord
Mayor
,
Sheriffes
,
and
Churchwardens
)
was
Twenty
Fiue
Poundes
Ten
shillinges
.
So
when
all
this
was
discharged
,
and
the
plague
quite
ceased
,
and
thankes
rendered
to
Almighty
God
for
our
deliuerance
:
I
betooke
my selfe
to
Penn
and
Paper
againe
,
to
fininsh
what
before
I
vndertooke
;
which
by
Gods
helpe
I
haue
effected
;
and
would
not
haue
published
it
to
the
world
,
had
not
some
Low
Country-like
forced
,
You
brotherlike
perswaded
;
Now
if
any
good
come
thereby
,
let
such
as
reape
it
thanke
you
,
who
would
not
let
me
rest
till
I
had
finished
,
then
printed
it
:
If
none
at
all
,
then
let
them
blame
me
,
not
you
,
if
not
,
excuse
me
thus
:
he
had
a
good
intention
,
but
hee
failed
of
the
execution
,
in
this
I
rest
:
and
resting
rest
Your
louing
Brother
,
Edward
Cooke
.
❧
The
Index
or
Table
,
briefely
poynting
out
the
seuerall
Contents
of
euery
perticular
Chapter
.
-
Of
Armes
and
Men
:
And
of
the
choise
of
Men
for
Souldiers
Chap.
1.
-
Out
of
what
Clymate
or
place
Souldiers
may
be
most
Conuenyently
taken
:
Chap:
2.
-
Of
what
Age
Souldiers
should
be
allowed
,
either
for
present
seruice
or
Muster
.
Chap:
3
-
How
they
must
be
armed
.
Chap:
4.
-
What
Exercises
they
must
vse
when
they
want
Imployment
.
Chap.
5
:
viz.
Running
,
Leaping
,
Vaulting
,
and
Swymminge
.
-
Why
Souldiers
must
vse
Runninge
.
Chap:
6.
-
Why
Souldiers
must
vse
Leapinge
.
Chap.
7.
-
Why
Souldiers
must
vse
Vaultinge
.
Chap.
8.
-
Why
Souldiers
must
vse
Swimminge
.
Chap.
9.
-
Vnto
what
younge
Souldiers
must
be
disciplyned
and
how
often
trayned
in
a
Moneth
.
Chap:
10
-
When
Souldiers
must
be
brought
into
the
fieild
for
Battell
.
Chap.
11.
-
What
the
beats
of
the
drumme
are
,
which
Souldiers
must
Know
.
Chap.
12
-
What
the
distances
in
fiiles
and
Rankes
are
which
Souldiers
must
know
.
Chap.
13.
-
How
a
fiile
and
a
Ranke
is
distinguished
for
a
Souldier
to
know
.
Chap.
14
-
What
the
fiights
are
which
Souldiers
must
be
expert
in
.
Chap.
15
-
What
the
qualities
are
which
befitt
Martiall
Men.
Chapter
.
16.
-
Of
wisdome
and
pollicie
:
The
vse
of
it
:
how
it
may
be
attained
:
with
a
breife
Summary
of
Stratagems
and
pollicyes
pertynent
for
these
tymes
.
Chap.
17
-
Of
the
vse
of
Faceinge
.
Chap.
18
-
The
words
of
Command
for
it
.
Chap.
19
-
Of
the
vse
of
wheeling
.
Chap:
20
-
The
words
of
Commande
for
it
.
Chap
21.
-
Of
the
vse
of
Countermarch
and
the
words
of
Commande
for
it
.
Chap.
22
-
Of
the
vse
of
doublinge
.
Chap.
23.
-
Of
the
distances
to
be
obserued
in
Battaile
,
Of
their
vse
,
and
how
to
be
Commanded
.
Chap
24.
-
The
words
of
Commande
by
which
the
length
or
depth
of
a
Battaile
,
may
be
doubled
in
place
or
number
.
Chap.
25.
-
A
platforme
of
Exercising
for
those
that
would
;
but
are
not
exquisite
.
Chap.
26.
-
The
Postures
of
the
Musket
in
that
forme
,
as
it
was
prescribed
vnto
vs
by
his
Maiestie
,
and
his
most
honorable
privie
Counsell
.
Chap.
27
-
The
seuerall
Postures
of
the
Pike
,
abstracted
from
that
Booke
which
the
Prince
of
Orange
his
Excellencie
did
allowe
of
.
Chap.
28.
Chapter
the
first
.
OF
ARMES
AND
MEN.
WARRE
is
my
Subiect
,
and
therefore
my
first
discourse
shall
be
of
Armes
and
Men
;
because
in
them
consisteth
whatsoeuer
belongeth
or
appertayneth
to
Warre
,
that
is
vnto
Land
seruice
As
Cato
(
the
singuler
and
notable
Author
amongst
the
Latines
)
doth
testifie
.
Marcus
Cato
.
I
am
not
ignorant
of
Vegetius
definition
:
Vegetius
Lib.
2.
Chop
.
1.
saying
,
that
whatsoeuer
appertayneth
to
Warre
,
is
diuided
into
three
parts
:
Horsemen
,
Footmen
,
and
Navies
.
Horsemen
to
keepe
the
playnes
,
Footmen
to
keepe
the
Hilles
,
Citties
,
Champion
ground
,
and
also
steepe
places
:
Navies
to
keepe
the
Seas
and
waters
:
But
Vegetius
implyes
herein
both
Land
and
Sea
seruice
;
I
onely
(
here
)
but
Land
seruice
.
With
Sea
seruice
I
will
not
intermedle
,
with
Land
seruice
(
by
Gods
helpe
I
will
)
and
so
I
begin
with
Armes
.
Armes
doth
vphold
Kingdomes
,
States
,
and
Lawes
;
Of
Ames
.
The
first
thought
therefore
of
a
Prince
or
State
,
that
is
resolued
to
put
an
Army
into
the
field
,
ought
to
prouide
Armes
.
Armes
are
the
security
of
their
owne
Soldiers
,
the
terror
of
the
Enemie
,
the
assured
and
ordinary
meanes
of
Victory
.
The
antiquitie
of
Armes
is
all
one
with
the
beginnig
of
Warre
.
For
when
of
ancient
times
mighty
men
puffed
with
Pride
,
and
led
by
Ambition
,
Captaine
Bing
ham
in
his
notes
vpon
Aelia●
.
sought
to
bring
vnder
subiection
their
bordering
Neighbours
,
they
were
forced
to
fly
to
the
inuention
of
Armes
,
without
which
no
victorie
could
be
obtayned
.
Since
Armes
haue
been
taken
vp
for
defence
also
,
Necessity
the
mother
of
Arts
,
inuenting
away
to
withstand
Ambition
.
Now
Armes
are
Implicitly
taken
for
Headpeeces
,
Gorgets
,
Curaces
,
Vambraces
,
Gauntlets
,
Taces
,
Swords
,
Pikes
,
Muskets
,
Hargabuses
,
Petronells
,
Pistolls
,
Frontlets
,
and
Pectoralls
for
horses
;
with
many
other
necessaries
appertayning
and
going
vnder
the
name
of
defensiue
and
offenciue
Armes
.
Of
these
a
Prince
or
State
ought
to
haue
store
.
For
warlike
Nations
and
victorius
haue
euer
sought
to
haue
aduantage
of
their
enemies
by
aduantage
of
Armes
.
This
our
Nation
knowes
to
be
true
,
and
therefore
by
continuall
suply
of
of
Armes
they
make
way
for
new
victories
.
The
next
care
of
a
Prince
or
State
,
is
to
prouide
Men.
All
men
are
not
fit
for
warre
,
therefore
there
must
be
a
choyse
of
Men.
This
is
likewise
premeditated
vpon
in
the
thoughts
of
a
Prince
or
State
before
they
vndertake
Warre
:
As
is
apparant
by
the
ancient
Romanes
,
who
had
their
Muster
Masters
for
the
choyse
of
their
men
,
&
their
Tribunes
&
Centurions
to
make
them
Souldiers
.
These
taught
their
young
soldiers
the
vse
of
all
their
Armes
,
and
were
present
at
their
exercises
;
Making
them
runne
,
leape
,
vault
,
shoot
,
cast
darts
,
fling
stones
of
a
pound
weight
,
foyne
and
thrust
with
the
sword
,
&
not
to
strike
downe
wright
:
Such
as
were
expert
,
they
rewarded
,
preferring
them
to
places
of
desert
,
giuing
them
wheaten
bread
,
(
the
vnexpert
)
barly
bread
,
keeping
them
from
preferment
vntill
they
could
do
some
thing
as
well
as
the
best
:
Then
they
were
preferred
as
Souldiers
for
a
Legion
.
This
did
the
Romanes
.
Care
then
ought
to
be
had
(
you
see
)
in
the
choyse
of
men
and
Armes
.
The
burthen
of
which
care
doth
rest
on
the
discreet
and
honest
Muster-maister
,
whom
the
Prince
or
State
for
some
good
cause
doth
repose
their
trust
in
.
And
therefore
all
his
wits
must
bee
set
on
worke
for
this
seruice
.
Question
.
But
there
may
a
question
arise
,
whether
a
Muster
master
should
chuse
more
for
stature
or
strength
.
To
this
I
answer
,
staturo
and
strength
are
both
seruiceable
,
but
curage
ioyned
to
them
is
more
auailable
:
Therefore
currage
is
more
to
be
regarded
then
stature
.
Vegetius
Lib.
1.
Chap.
5.
Marius
(
I
confesse
)
being
Consull
of
Rome
alwaies
chose
yong
Souldiers
of
tall
stature
,
so
that
he
would
allow
none
for
horsemen
in
the
wings
or
front
of
his
Battaile
,
but
such
as
were
Sixe
foot
high
,
or
fiue
and
tenne
inches
at
the
least
.
But
then
there
was
(
saith
Vegetius
)
mor
plenty
of
people
,
and
more
that
followed
the
Warres
.
And
now
the
Philosepher
(
with
his
saying
)
is
iustified
:
The
longer
the
world
doth
continue
,
the
lesser
bodies
it
will
produce
.
Therefore
let
Muster-maisters
doe
as
they
may
,
and
rather
chuse
for
strength
then
stature
.
And
that
they
are
not
herein
deceiued
,
they
haue
Homer
for
witnesse
,
who
declareth
that
Tideus
was
but
small
of
stature
,
but
yet
of
good
courage
and
stomach
.
Then
more
requisite
it
is
that
Souldiers
should
be
strong
and
valient
then
huge
and
great
.
If
that
all
our
Muster-maisters
would
chuse
thus
,
what
strong
,
valiant
Souldiers
should
our
State
haue
.
But
either
through
negligence
,
or
to
curry
fauour
,
or
for
want
of
knowledge
,
they
doe
that
as
they
may
be
ashamed
of
:
But
to
take
away
all
excuses
of
want
of
knowledge
,
I
will
out
of
Vegetius
shew
them
how
they
should
chuse
them
.
Let
the
young
man
therefore
that
shall
bee
a
Souldier
not
looke
drowsely
,
let
him
be
straight
necked
,
broad
breasted
,
Vegetius
.
lib.
1
Chap.
6.
let
his
shoulders
bewell
fleshed
,
let
him
haue
strong
fingers
,
long
armes
,
a
gaunt
bellie
,
slender
legges
,
the
calfe
and
the
feet
not
to
full
of
flesh
,
but
knit
fast
with
hard
and
strong
sinewes
:
Finding
these
tokens
in
a
Souldier
he
may
proue
good
.
For
Pirhus
would
often
say
to
his
Muster-maisters
,
chuse
you
good
bodies
,
and
I
will
make
them
good
Souldiers
.
But
well
,
say
he
haue
all
these
?
and
yet
be
of
no
occupation
or
science
,
shall
wee
chuse
him
(
may
they
say
)
why
not
?
Vegetius
(
I
confesse
)
would
haue
none
to
bee
called
to
the
warres
but
Smithes
,
Carpenters
,
Butchers
,
Hunters
of
the
Hart
and
the
wild
Boares
:
excluding
from
the
Campe
,
all
Fishers
,
Fowlers
,
Pasturers
,
Lynnen
weauers
,
and
whosoeuer
that
dealeth
with
any
thing
that
belongeth
to
womanish
nicenesse
.
But
what
is
Trade
to
man-hood
;
yet
Vegetius
Iudgement
is
sound
:
For
what
men
are
more
beneficial
to
a
Campe
,
then
Smithes
,
Carpenters
and
the
like
.
A
Romane
Legion
being
as
a
well
furnished
Citty
stored
with
all
kindes
of
Artificers
:
The
strength
of
that
Realme
(
and
to
say
truth
)
the
name
of
the
Romans
laie
in
this
choyse
.
Their
many
discomfeictures
&
damages
by
the
enemie
(
Vegetius
imputes
)
to
their
carelesse
neglect
of
those
men
,
and
is
bold
to
tell
the
Emperour
Valentinian
in
playne
words
,
That
neuer
sped
that
Army
well
in
battell
,
whereof
hee
that
tooke
the
muster
was
any
whit
negligent
in
allowing
the
Souldiers
.
I
forbeare
to
speake
more
for
feare
of
giuing
offence
,
and
I
proceede
forward
to
the
next
Chapter
,
to
shew
out
of
what
Clymate
,
Place
,
Citty
,
or
Country
,
young
Souldiers
should
be
chosen
,
or
taken
most
conueniently
.
CHAP.
II.
Out
of
what
Clymate
,
Place
,
Citty
or
Country
,
young
souldiers
should
be
chosen
or
taken
most
conueniently
.
As
Vegetius
notes
Lib.
1.
Chap.
2.
THe
temperatnes
of
the
Clymate
(
sayth
the
learned
)
doth
very
much
auaile
,
not
onely
to
strengthen
the
body
,
but
also
the
mind
:
and
therefore
they
are
of
oppinion
that
those
people
that
are
farthest
off
from
the
parching
power
of
the
Sunne
are
for
their
temperature
the
best
of
all
to
make
Souldiers
:
for
say
they
,
those
Nations
which
bee
nigh
to
the
Sunne
,
parched
and
dried
with
ouer
much
heate
,
haue
more
wit
indeede
,
but
yet
lesse
blood
within
them
.
And
for
this
cause
they
dare
not
manfully
and
boldly
stand
vnto
it
when
they
fight
,
well
knowing
how
little
blood
they
haue
,
and
feare
much
therefore
wounding
:
Contrariwise
,
the
people
of
the
North
whom
the
Sunne
burneth
not
so
neere
,
being
more
rash
and
vnaduised
,
yet
a
great
deale
better
blouded
,
are
most
readie
of
all
and
desirous
of
warre
:
What
these
men
haue
approued
I
will
not
altogether
contradict
,
though
I
leaue
it
to
iudgement
.
Now
it
remaines
that
you
know
out
of
what
place
,
namely
,
whether
out
of
the
Citty
,
or
out
of
the
Country
you
may
most
conueniently
chuse
them
.
Vegetius
would
haue
you
to
take
them
out
of
the
Country
,
vnlesse
necessity
doth
otherwise
constrayne
you
:
and
his
reason
is
,
that
none
euer
douted
but
that
these
common
rude
sort
of
people
,
were
alwaies
fittest
for
the
warre
,
being
brought
vp
abroad
,
vsing
to
take
paynes
,
abiding
Sun-burning
,
passing
not
for
the
shade
,
knowing
neuer
what
Bathes
meant
,
Vegetius
.
Lib
1.
Chap.
3.
ignorant
of
dilicatnes
,
symple
of
mind
,
content
with
a
little
,
hardned
in
euery
part
to
abide
&
beare
labour
,
least
fearing
death
hauing
least
tasted
of
pleasure
.
This
is
Vegetius
iudgement
,
which
may
hold
in
some
,
but
not
in
all
;
I
passe
it
ouer
.
True
it
is
and
must
bee
graunted
that
they
of
the
Country
who
are
farthest
off
from
the
Citty
haue
likely
the
ablest
bodies
to
make
Souldiers
,
and
therefore
are
fittest
for
the
warres
.
But
whether
they
haue
the
best
capacities
to
conceiue
of
Souldierie
,
is
to
be
doubted
?
surely
they
haue
not
,
rather
it
is
to
bee
expected
from
than
of
the
Citty
,
or
adioyning
to
the
Citty
,
who
haue
commonly
the
ripest
wittes
to
apprehend
,
and
to
increase
in
Souldierie
:
But
bee
it
as
it
wil
,
neither
of
them
are
naturally
borne
Souldiers
:
the
one
may
incline
to
warre
more
then
the
other
,
but
the
skill
cometh
not
without
industery
and
paynes
.
Plutarch
sayth
,
that
it
is
neither
Eurotus
,
Plutarch
in
the
●ise
of
Pelopidas
nor
the
place
betwixt
Babix
and
Gnacion
that
bringeth
forth
valiant
and
warlike
men
,
but
they
are
to
be
found
in
all
places
where
youth
is
brought
vp
in
the
shame
of
vice
and
boldnesse
to
vndergoe
perills
for
vertues
sake
;
Vegetius
himselfe
sayth
,
Vegetius
.
Lib.
3.
Chap.
26.
that
nature
bringeth
foorth
few
valliant
men
,
but
diligence
doth
make
many
by
good
instruction
and
discipline
,
that
in
all
places
both
cowards
and
hardy
men
are
bred
:
And
that
some
Nations
yeelds
better
Soldiers
then
other
.
Vegetius
.
Lib.
1.
Chap.
3.
Hence
I
inferre
,
that
Citty
and
Country
may
yeeld
both
good
and
bad
Souldiers
,
yet
the
one
may
as
farre
excell
the
other
in
feats
of
warre
,
as
the
other
excells
in
strength
of
body
;
Chuse
then
your
Souldiers
out
of
Cittie
and
Countrie
,
Often
exercise
the
one
,
for
the
is
dull
&
hard
to
learne
,
make
the
other
strong
,
for
he
is
actiue
&
may
get
strength
:
Let
him
learne
to
toyle
and
trauell
,
☜
to
runne
too
and
fro
,
to
carry
burthens
,
to
abide
the
Sunne
and
dust
:
Vegetius
.
Lib.
1.
Chap.
3.
let
him
fare
hardly
and
homely
,
bee
kept
farre
off
from
the
allurements
of
the
Citty
:
and
by
this
meanes
,
both
the
strength
of
his
body
&
mind
shall
be
increased
.
The
next
chapter
shall
shew
of
what
conuenient
age
he
should
be
,
either
for
present
seruice
or
Muster
.
CHAP.
III.
Of
what
age
Soldiers
should
bee
of
for
present
seruice
:
ond
about
what
age
young
Souldiers
should
appeare
for
Muster
.
IF
vpon
a
sudden
you
are
to
raise
an
Army
for
expedition
,
my
counsell
is
,
that
you
will
make
choice
of
such
as
are
of
mature
age
,
about
Eighteene
,
Twenty
,
Thirty
,
Forty
,
and
more
,
strong
and
lusty
,
able
to
abide
heate
and
cold
,
&
to
performe
the
duty
of
Souldiers
.
Vegetius
.
1.
Lib.
But
if
after
the
Romane
manner
you
will
haue
young
men
to
muster
the
time
that
they
must
appeare
at
muster
must
be
so
soone
as
they
grow
any
thing
to
mans
estate
:
this
will
be
when
they
are
about
the
age
of
14.
15.
or
16.
yeares
:
Then
not
onely
more
speedily
,
but
also
more
perfectly
all
thinges
are
learned
,
the
sooner
the
better
.
For
Vegetius
sayth
truly
,
that
it
is
better
that
a
young
man
exercised
should
alleage
that
his
age
to
fight
is
not
yet
come
,
then
that
hee
should
truly
lament
that
the
same
were
allready
past
.
Let
young
men
then
be
exercised
betimes
,
for
it
is
readinesse
gotten
by
former
practise
that
maketh
a
Souldier
.
☞
Hauing
in
the
three
former
Chapters
discussed
at
large
of
Armes
and
men
,
and
selected
them
forth
to
be
made
Soldiers
:
I
will
in
the
other
12.
Chapters
following
fit
them
with
Armes
,
and
times
of
exercise
and
discipline
,
that
so
they
may
be
desirous
of
the
face
of
the
enemie
and
be
brought
forth
to
battell
.
CHAP.
IIII.
How
Souldiers
must
bee
Armed
.
Souldiers
must
be
Armed
in
euery
kind
according
as
they
are
diuided
.
The
Dragons
are
light
horse
men
,
otherwise
called
Harqnebusiers
Armes
of
a
Pikeman
.
Souldiers
are
deuided
into
two
kinds
:
Foot
,
and
Horse
.
The
foot
,
againe
are
of
two
kindes
;
Pikemen
,
and
Musketeirs
.
The
Horse
men
,
againe
into
two
kindes
;
Curassiers
,
and
Dragones
.
The
Armes
of
Pickemen
are
a
Gorget
,
Curace
,
Headpeece
,
Pike
,
Sword
,
G
rdle
and
hangers
.
Armes
of
a
Muskateire
.
The
Armes
of
Muskateirs
,
are
a
Musket
,
a
Rest
,
Bandeleires
,
Headpeece
,
Sword
,
Girdle
and
hangers
.
Armes
of
a
Horseman
Curassier
.
The
Armes
of
a
Horseman
Curassier
,
are
a
Gorget
,
Curace
,
Cutases
,
Pondrons
,
Vambraces
,
a
Left-hand
Gauntlet
,
Taces
,
Cushes
,
a
Caske
,
a
Sword
,
girdle
and
hangers
,
a
case
of
Pistolles
firelockes
,
Saddle
,
Bridle
,
Bitt
,
Petrell
,
Crooper
,
with
the
leathers
belonging
to
fasten
his
Pistolles
,
and
his
necessarie
sacke
of
carriage
,
and
a
good
Horse
to
munt
on
.
The
Armes
of
a
Dragone
(
which
hath
succeeded
in
the
place
of
alight
Horseman
)
are
a
good
Harquebus
or
Dragone
,
The
Armes
of
a
Dragon
fitted
with
an
yron
worke
to
be
carried
in
a
belt
,
a
Belt
with
a
flaske
priming
boxe
,
Key
,
and
Bullet
bagge
,
an
open
headpeece
with
cheekes
,
a
Buffe
coate
with
deepe
skirts
,
Sword
girdle
and
hangers
,
a
Sadle
,
Bridle
,
Bitt
,
Petrell
,
Crooper
,
with
straps
for
his
Sacke
of
necessaries
,
and
a
horse
of
lesse
force
,
and
lesse
price
then
the
Curassiers
.
As
Souldiers
were
diuided
into
two
kindes
,
so
are
their
Armes
into
two
forts
:
Defensiue
,
and
offensiue
.
Offensiue
Armes
are
such
as
they
indeauor
to
wound
and
kill
,
Offenciue
Armes
.
withall
as
Muskets
,
Hargabuses
,
or
Dragones
,
Pistolls
,
Pikes
,
Swords
,
and
Rapiers
,
&c.
Defensiue
Armes
,
Defensiue
Armes
.
are
such
as
they
weare
to
resist
the
force
and
charge
of
the
enemie
;
of
this
sort
are
the
Headpeece
,
Gorget
,
Curace
,
Vambraces
,
Gauntlet
,
and
Taces
,
&c.
Defensiue
Armes
are
preferred
before
the
Offenciue
,
Captaine
Bingham
in
Aelian
.
in
that
they
bring
safety
to
him
that
beareth
them
,
whereas
the
other
are
imployed
in
anoying
the
enemie
onely
.
These
Defensiue
Armes
should
be
made
strong
,
fit
,
and
with
all
comely
:
Strong
to
protect
or
anoye
,
fitte
,
to
sit
close
to
the
body
,
and
be
manageable
,
comelie
to
grace
such
as
weare
them
.
When
Souldiers
are
thus
prouided
of
Armes
,
let
them
be
carefull
to
weare
them
,
for
by
often
wearing
them
,
their
bodies
will
bee
strong
,
and
their
Armour
will
be
no
more
cumbersome
vnto
them
,
then
the
cloathes
on
their
backe
.
The
Romans
did
so
inure
their
bodies
to
beare
Armes
,
Example
.
Vegetivs
.
lib.
1.
Chap.
20.
(
that
as
Vegetius
doth
report
of
them
)
they
would
both
wrastle
and
run
races
in
their
Armour
,
and
were
so
strong
of
body
by
continuall
vse
thereof
that
they
made
nothing
of
it
.
But
when
field
exercises
through
negligence
and
sloth
was
giuen
ouer
,
Armour
began
to
grow
heauie
,
because
it
was
seldome
put
on
.
Their
bodies
being
weakened
by
idlenesse
,
they
made
suite
to
the
Emperour
that
they
might
weare
no
more
Cataphracts
,
nor
Corslets
:
Afterwards
that
they
might
lay
away
their
Helmets
,
and
so
when
they
should
goe
to
fight
against
the
Goathes
,
being
naked
on
their
breasts
,
&
hauing
nothing
for
their
heads
,
they
were
oftentimes
by
the
multitude
of
Archers
vanquished
and
ouercome
:
Therefore
let
Souldiers
still
accustome
themselues
to
weare
their
Armour
,
and
when
want
of
Imployments
bids
them
cast
them
off
,
let
them
not
forget
to
vse
exercise
at
home
,
to
keepe
their
bodies
still
in
strength
:
so
when
they
shall
reasume
their
Armes
againe
,
their
bodies
will
be
strong
and
able
to
beare
them
.
The
next
Chapter
shewes
what
exercises
they
should
vse
;
when
they
want
imployment
.
CHAP.
V.
What
exercises
Souldiers
should
vse
at
idle
Times
,
when
they
want
imployment
.
BEcause
Souldiers
may
want
imployment
,
and
want
of
imployment
may
breede
idlenesse
,
and
idlenesse
procure
a
stiffenesse
in
the
ioynts
:
therefore
they
must
vse
at
idle
times
such
exercises
as
may
put
life
into
them
,
which
may
make
them
strong
and
healthfull
,
Vegetius
.
Lib.
3.
Chap.
2.
for
exercise
is
more
auaileable
then
Physitions
.
The
bodie
by
idlenesse
ingendereth
many
grose
and
cold
humors
which
will
be
very
painefull
to
lazie
Souldiers
,
but
moderate
exercise
taken
in
time
,
will
not
onely
preuent
it
,
but
when
they
are
come
,
expelle
them
soone
and
giue
them
ease
.
Therefore
let
Souldiers
vse
exercise
,
and
such
exercises
as
haue
in
them
the
tokens
of
courage
,
and
feates
of
actiuity
.
As
Running
,
Leaping
,
Valting
,
and
Swiming
.
The
vse
of
them
followeth
in
the
6.
7.
8.
and
9.
Chapters
.
CHAP.
VI.
Why
Souldiers
must
vse
running
THe
ancient
Romans
did
exercise
their
young
Souldiers
to
running
,
that
so
with
greater
violence
they
might
set
vpon
their
enemies
,
gayne
the
commodious
places
from
the
enemie
,
or
preuent
them
if
they
would
doe
the
like
.
Vegetius
.
Lib.
1.
Chap.
9.
For
this
cause
(
saith
Vegetius
)
they
were
often
exercised
to
runne
,
that
so
being
set
out
for
Scouts
,
they
might
more
chearefully
goe
forward
,
more
readily
returne
,
and
more
easily
ouertake
their
Enemies
when
they
fled
.
We
that
doe
imitate
the
Romans
in
those
thinges
which
be
vsefull
,
doe
louingly
incite
our
Souldiers
at
vacant
times
to
vse
running
,
that
so
they
may
be
the
better
breathed
,
and
the
more
able
to
helpe
vs
when
we
call
for
it
.
The
enemie
being
too
strong
in
shot
for
vs
,
we
command
them
to
runne
,
☜
that
so
we
may
ioyne
with
him
sooner
;
Thereby
auoyding
the
inconuenience
of
playing
vpon
our
battaile
,
hee
hauing
libertie
to
dispose
of
his
shot
as
he
list
himselfe
.
The
enemie
seeking
to
gayne
some
hill
,
or
strong
place
by
vs
,
☜
we
command
them
to
runne
,
that
so
he
may
be
preuented
.
The
enemie
flying
,
we
command
them
to
pursue
him
running
,
not
in
disorder
;
but
in
good
order
,
for
their
safety
.
Thus
must
of
running
,
now
of
Leaping
and
the
vse
.
CHAP.
VII
.
Why
Souldiers
must
vse
Leaping
.
SOuldiers
must
vse
Leaping
,
for
passing
of
deepe
places
,
that
when
such
kind
of
dificulties
happen
,
they
may
goe
ouer
without
all
manner
of
trouble
.
Pompey
the
great
excelled
herein
,
touching
whom
Salust
in
this
wise
seemeth
to
make
mention
.
With
the
lightest
in
Leaping
,
with
the
swiftest
in
running
,
with
the
strongest
he
stroue
in
casting
the
Barre
.
Our
gratious
Soueraigne
(
King
Charles
)
as
a
second
Pompey
excelleth
in
this
.
Thus
much
of
Running
,
and
Leaping
,
now
of
Valting
and
the
vse
.
CHAP.
VIII
.
Why
Souldiers
must
vse
Vaulting
.
SOuldiers
must
vse
Vaulting
to
make
them
ready
,
nimble
,
and
quicke
on
horsebacke
.
The
ancient
Romans
(
sayth
Vegetius
)
had
horses
of
wood
,
Vegetius
.
Lib.
1.
which
in
winter
was
set
in
a
house
,
in
somer
in
the
open
field
:
Vpon
these
the
young
Souldiers
were
compelled
to
mount
,
at
the
first
without
Armour
,
afterwards
with
Armour
;
when
being
perfect
,
they
could
with
swords
and
long
poles
in
their
hands
get
vp
vpon
any
side
.
Let
Souldiers
then
vse
vaulting
to
make
them
ready
,
nymble
and
quicke
on
horsebacke
,
that
if
it
should
so
chance
that
they
were
vnhorsed
in
battell
,
they
might
with
ease
mount
themselues
vp
againe
and
renew
the
fight
.
Thus
much
of
Running
,
Leaping
,
and
Vaulting
:
Now
of
Swymming
,
and
the
vse
.
CHAP.
IX
.
Why
Souldiers
must
vse
Swimming
.
SOuldiers
must
vse
Swymming
to
passe
ouer
Riuers
,
for
Bridges
are
not
euer
ready
.
Likewise
in
retyring
,
or
chasing
,
an
Army
,
may
be
often
times
compelled
or
constrayned
thereunto
.
Vegetius
.
Lib.
1.
Sudden
showers
or
great
snowes
(
sayth
Vegetius
)
makes
the
waters
breake
out
,
and
by
ignorance
herein
Souldiers
are
subiect
to
danger
,
not
onely
on
the
behalfe
of
the
Enemy
,
but
also
for
drowning
and
perishing
themselues
:
for
this
cause
they
must
be
expert
in
swimming
.
The
auncient
Romans
which
by
so
many
warres
and
contynuall
perilles
came
to
be
excellent
in
al
warre
matters
chose
the
field
Campus
Martius
(
sayth
Vegetius
)
hard
by
the
Riuer
Tiber
,
that
in
the
same
when
they
had
left
exerciseing
their
weapons
,
they
might
wash
off
all
the
sweat
and
dust
:
and
when
they
were
wearie
with
running
,
refresh
themselues
with
swimming
.
Thus
much
of
the
vse
of
Running
,
Leaping
,
Vaulting
,
Swymming
;
The
next
Chapter
shewes
vnto
what
,
young
Souldiers
must
be
disciplined
,
and
how
often
trayned
in
a
Moneth
.
CHAP.
X.
Vnto
what
young
Souldiers
must
bee
disciplined
,
and
how
often
trayned
in
a
Moneth
.
YOung
Souldiers
must
be
disciplined
in
the
right
vse
of
their
Armes
,
in
all
the
beates
of
the
Drumme
,
in
all
militarie
motions
;
To
march
well
,
to
Face
,
to
Wheele
,
to
Countermarch
,
to
double
Rankes
and
Files
,
to
doe
all
these
either
by
word
of
mouth
,
by
motion
of
hand
,
or
by
any
other
mute
signe
.
Therfore
if
you
would
confirme
their
knowledge
in
these
things
,
it
is
requisite
that
they
should
be
trayned
either
once
a
weeke
,
(
or
at
the
least
thrice
a
quarter
)
for
continuall
vse
of
the
thing
bringeth
perfectnesse
.
The
Latines
haue
giuen
vs
two
words
for
an
Army
,
Acies
and
Exercitus
.
Acies
is
latine
for
an
Army
set
in
Battell
Array
.
Exercitus
,
is
latine
for
an
Army
which
is
in
exercise
.
This
name
denotes
vnto
vs
,
that
it
should
be
euer
in
labour
,
and
neuer
out
of
practise
.
An
Army
therefore
that
is
out
of
Exercise
doth
loose
a
Name
.
Therefore
wee
must
trayne
the
oftner
,
and
in
our
traynings
at
home
,
practize
that
which
may
befall
vs
in
battell
abroad
.
This
wee
learne
from
the
Romans
.
The
auncient
Romans
did
vse
to
trayne
their
yong
Souldiers
twice
a
day
,
their
old
once
,
Vegetius
.
Lib.
2.
Chap.
24.
and
this
they
neuer
mist
what
weather
soeuer
came
.
In
faire
weather
they
exercised
abroad
,
in
foule
,
vnder
couerts
erected
for
that
purpose
:
Thrice
a
moneth
the
whole
Army
was
brought
forth
to
march
;
Their
march
was
ten
myles
from
the
Campe
:
The
footmen
Armed
&
furnished
with
all
manner
of
weapons
,
the
Horsemen
deuided
by
troopes
,
&
in
compleat
Armes
:
In
which
march
they
made
semblance
of
batel
,
the
horsemen
began
first
.
Sometimes
they
followed
,
sometimes
they
gaue
backe
,
and
forsing
their
horses
ranne
them
vpon
the
spurre
,
not
onely
in
plaine
fields
,
but
in
strange
dificult
places
,
in
breaches
,
&
gapes
of
ditches
:
sometimes
the
foot
rescued
the
horse
,
sometimes
the
horse
rescued
the
foot
,
and
both
horse
and
foot
did
ascend
and
run
downe
high
and
steepe
places
.
Thus
were
they
practised
at
home
,
in
that
which
might
befall
them
abroad
:
so
that
happe
what
could
happe
to
them
in
fight
,
these
practized
Souldiers
had
very
well
forelearned
.
No
maruile
then
,
though
they
were
the
conquerors
of
so
many
Nations
.
And
when
they
neglected
this
,
that
they
were
so
foyled
by
Haniball
and
his
Carthaginians
,
foure
&
20.
yeares
they
lay
idle
&
were
weakened
by
pleasure
and
difuse
of
Armes
:
That
in
the
second
warre
of
Carthage
(
as
Vegetius
reporteth
)
they
were
by
no
meanes
comparable
Hanniball
.
But
after
so
many
consuls
lost
,
so
many
Captaines
slaine
,
so
many
Armies
cast
away
:
falling
to
their
former
exercise
,
they
came
at
length
to
bee
Conquerours
againe
.
Oh
England
,
England
remember
this
?
By
a
presumption
of
long
securitie
thou
didst
bring
these
things
out
of
vse
.
But
follow
what
thou
hast
begun
,
and
the
the
end
will
be
Glory
:
practize
Warre
in
Peace
&
Peace
shall
be
thy
reward
:
August
:
de
Ciuit.
Dei
.
Lib
19.
Chap.
12
for
Warres
end
is
peace
.
Be
diligent
in
Trayning
&
instructing
thy
Souldiers
according
as
his
Maiesty
hath
directed
(
euery
weeke
)
for
three
monethes
together
,
and
euery
holiday
after
in
euery
yeare
;
So
thou
shalt
abate
the
pride
of
thy
Soueraignes
Enemie
,
making
him
vnwillng
to
come
to
handy
blowes
,
seeing
thee
so
expert
:
And
withall
,
thou
shalt
incourage
the
friends
of
thy
Soueraigne
,
and
retayne
still
the
name
of
a
valiant
victorious
Nation
.
Therefore
coueting
to
be
victorious
,
still
practize
Armes
,
and
desiring
Peace
,
prepare
for
Warre
,
and
so
both
will
be
effected
.
The
next
chapter
shewes
when
young
Souldiers
must
be
brought
forth
into
the
field
for
battell
.
CHAP.
XI
.
When
young
Souldiers
must
be
brought
into
the
field
for
Battell
.
WHen
they
know
the
beates
of
the
Drumme
,
the
Distances
in
Rankes
and
Files
,
a
Ranke
from
a
File
,
and
a
File
from
a
Ranke
,
being
expert
in
all
fights
,
and
hauing
such
qualities
as
befit
Martiall
Men
:
then
let
them
bee
brought
forth
into
the
field
for
Battell
.
For
the
knowledge
of
Warre
will
make
them
the
more
bold
to
fight
:
And
when
they
are
perfect
in
it
,
they
will
not
be
afraid
,
but
take
pleasure
to
meet
the
Enemie
in
the
field
;
For
wee
see
by
experience
,
that
no
man
feareth
at
any
time
to
doe
that
which
hee
perswadeth
himselfe
he
hath
throughly
learned
.
And
this
may
be
concluded
as
a
well
grounded
proposition
,
viz.
That
as
the
well
tryed
and
exercised
Souldier
desires
the
battell
,
euen
so
the
vnexpert
and
ignorant
will
feare
the
same
.
Then
take
with
you
Vegetius
counsell
:
Neuer
bring
your
Souldiers
into
the
field
,
till
you
haue
tried
and
proued
what
they
can
doe
.
The
next
Chapter
shewes
what
the
beates
of
the
Drumme
are
,
which
Souldiers
must
know
.
CHAP.
XII
.
What
the
beates
of
the
Drumme
are
Which
Souldiers
must
know
.
THe
Drumme
hath
beene
of
long
vse
,
and
is
now
for
great
seruice
:
The
beating
of
which
,
each
Souldier
ought
truly
to
vnderstand
in
the
right
name
.
The
wisedome
of
the
Romans
was
such
,
that
when
they
would
change
their
pace
in
March
,
or
inflame
their
Souldiers
in
fight
,
Reade
Garrads
Art
of
Warre
.
they
did
vse
a
contrary
sound
:
And
as
the
sounds
did
vary
,
so
likewise
vsed
they
varietie
of
names
to
them
:
Some
they
called
the
Doricke
&
the
Phrigian
sound
,
the
one
did
inflame
the
Souldiers
hearts
;
The
other
did
make
meeke
and
appease
them
.
They
had
also
the
Aeolian
,
Iasan
,
and
Lidian
,
and
diuers
others
which
did
serue
to
incite
or
coole
the
courage
of
Men.
Which
diuersities
of
sounds
not
onely
wee
,
but
most
Nations
doe
retayne
vnto
this
day
.
The
Drumme
was
first
inuented
by
Bacchus
,
The
antiquitie
of
the
Drum
.
from
him
it
came
into
India
,
from
India
into
Asia
,
from
Asia
into
Aeurope
,
&
now
is
vsed
of
all
European
Nations
:
(
As
the
learned
Captayne
Bingham
reporteth
)
in
his
notes
vpon
Aelians
Tactticks
.
chap.
9.
The
Souldier
then
ought
to
know
by
the
Drumme
,
-
1.
A
Call
.
-
2.
A
March
.
-
3.
A
Troope
.
-
4.
A
Charge
.
-
5.
A
Retreate
.
-
6.
A
Battalia
.
-
7.
A
Batterie
.
-
8.
A
Reliefe
.
For
when
the
commanders
voyce
cannot
extend
to
the
hearing
of
the
company
,
the
Drumme
denounceth
&
expresseth
the
same
.
The
next
Chapter
shewes
what
the
distances
of
Files
and
Rankes
are
,
which
Souldiers
must
know
.
CHAP.
XIII
.
What
the
distances
in
Files
and
Rankes
are
Which
Souldiers
must
know
.
THere
bee
Fiue
sorts
of
distances
in
Files
(
say
somme
,
)
and
they
be
these
that
followeth
:
-
Distances
in
Fi●es
.
The
first
is
closest
.
-
The
second
is
close
.
-
The
third
is
order
.
-
The
forth
is
open
order
.
-
The
fift
double
distance
.
which
is
,
-
Pouldron
to
pouldron
-
A
foote
and
a
halfe
.
-
Three
foote
.
-
Sixe
foote
.
-
Twelue
foote
.
There
is
fiue
sorts
of
distances
in
Rankes
say
they
:
-
Distances
in
Rankes
.
The
first
is
closest
.
-
The
second
is
close
.
-
The
third
is
order
.
-
The
fourth
is
open
order
.
-
The
fift
double
distance
.
which
is
-
To
the
sword
poynt
.
-
Three
foote
.
-
Sixe
foote
.
-
Twelue
foote
.
-
Fower
&
twenty
foote
.
Although
they
be
thus
set
downe
to
be
fiue
in
number
,
yet
most
Commanders
obserue
and
teach
,
as
most
proper
,
onely
three
.
viz.
Close
:
Order
:
and
Open
order
:
Antiquitie
had
no
more
,
yet
the
rest
must
not
be
cashered
or
slighted
,
for
some
times
a
commander
must
doe
that
in
a
double
distance
,
which
cannot
be
done
in
a
single
.
Therefore
Souldiers
are
bound
to
know
all
distances
in
Files
and
Rankes
,
that
they
may
the
better
execute
what
their
Captayne
commaunds
.
The
next
Chapter
shewes
how
a
File
and
a
Ranke
is
distinguished
for
a
Souldier
to
know
.
CHAP.
XIIII
.
How
a
File
and
a
Ranke
is
distinguished
for
a
Souldier
to
know
.
A
File
,
is
a
number
of
men
beginning
at
one
leader
and
contynuing
in
order
of
followers
to
the
last
man
.
A
distinction
of
a
Fi●e
.
Aelian
.
chap.
4.
Or
thus
.
A
File
is
a
sequence
of
men
standing
one
behind
another
backe
to
bellie
,
and
consisteth
commonly
of
Ten
or
Eight
in
depth
.
Suidas
.
The
depth
is
no
other
then
a
File
,
for
Rankes
stretch
forth
in
length
,
Files
in
depth
.
A
Ranke
is
a
number
of
men
side
to
side
,
in
a
right
line
,
stretching
out
in
length
from
one
end
of
the
body
vnto
the
other
,
and
is
termed
the
length
because
it
runneth
along
the
Front
vnto
each
wing
Aelian
.
Chap.
7.
A
distinction
of
a
Ranke
.
Or
thus
,
A
Ranke
is
a
row
of
men
standing
one
by
another
Pouldron
to
pouldron
,
or
shoulder
to
shoulder
,
their
faces
being
directed
all
one
way
.
This
distinction
of
Files
and
Rankes
a
Souldier
must
know
,
that
when
he
is
bid
to
double
Files
,
he
may
not
Rankes
,
and
when
he
is
bid
to
double
Rankes
he
may
not
Files
.
The
next
Chapter
shewes
what
the
fightes
are
which
Souldiers
must
bee
expertin
.
CHAP.
XV.
What
fights
they
are
which
Souldiers
must
be
expert
in
.
THe
fights
necessary
for
all
Souldiers
to
be
expert
in
are
Sixe
.
First
,
to
fight
aduancing
vpon
an
Enemie
.
This
is
when
the
Enemie
appeares
in
the
vantgard
,
To
fight
aduancing
vpon
an
Enemy
.
and
they
by
two
rankes
a
peece
march
from
the
body
ten
paces
,
and
giue
fire
at
the
place
appoynted
.
Or
when
the
first
ranke
giues
fire
(
marching
still
on
with
the
body
,
)
and
the
nex
ranke
passes
through
by
their
right
hand
,
giues
fire
standing
still
before
them
:
And
so
still
successiuely
all
the
rest
in
order
.
This
is
like
the
Lacedemonian
Countermarch
to
gaine
ground
.
Secondly
,
To
fight
retyring
from
an
Enemie
.
This
is
when
the
last
Ranke
faces
about
to
the
right
,
giues
fire
,
To
fight
vpon
a
march
,
retiring
from
an
enemy
.
marches
vp
to
the
Front
and
places
themselues
before
their
File
leaders
.
But
if
you
will
maintayne
a
set
fight
with
the
Enemie
(
to
gayne
a
better
ground
)
then
it
is
requisite
you
teach
them
the
Macedonian
Countermarch
,
making
your
File
leaders
to
face
about
and
stand
,
the
rest
to
passe
through
by
the
right
hand
,
placing
themselues
behind
their
leaders
,
and
so
meeting
your
Enemy
in
the
Reare
with
your
best
men
.
Thirdly
,
To
fight
Front
and
Reare
with
the
Enemy
.
This
is
when
the
middle
men
face
about
to
the
right
,
To
sight
Front
&
Reare
with
an
Enemy
.
and
all
the
Muskettiers
fall
in
the
diuision
betweene
both
.
Fourthly
,
To
fight
with
both
Flankes
against
an
enemy
standing
.
This
is
when
the
outward
File
of
each
Flanke
is
commanded
to
face
,
hauing
giuen
fire
:
To
fight
standing
both
Plankes
against
an
Enemie
.
each
File
deuideth
it selfe
into
two
parts
,
one
halfe
marches
vp
to
the
Front
and
places
it selfe
in
a
right
line
before
the
first
File
of
Pikes
.
The
other
halfe
marches
to
the
Reare
,
and
places
it selfe
in
a
right
line
behind
the
bringer
vp
of
the
same
File
of
Pikes
:
the
like
doth
all
the
rest
on
the
contrary
Flanke
,
Captaine
Bingham
,
his
exercise
.
so
continuing
,
halfe
the
shot
will
bee
in
the
front
,
the
other
halfe
in
the
Reare
.
Then
doe
but
face
them
to
the
right
and
left
by
deuision
,
and
each
Flanke
will
be
a
battell
for
the
Enemy
.
Fiftly
,
To
giue
fire
by
Flankes
vpon
the
Enemy
marching
.
This
is
when
both
their
outward
Files
next
to
the
Enemie
makes
readie
,
To
fight
marching
both
flankes
against
an
en●mie
.
faces
to
either
hand
,
giues
fire
at
command
,
stayes
till
the
rest
of
all
the
Files
bee
cleare
of
them
;
Then
marches
vp
by
the
Pikes
,
till
all
the
rest
doing
the
like
,
bringes
them
againe
to
their
first
place
.
Or
when
they
giue
fire
and
stand
,
and
being
(
as
it
were
in
two
Files
)
the
body
of
Pickes
marching
,
an
officer
comes
,
and
gathers
vp
the
winges
&
ioynes
them
againe
in
equall
front
with
the
Pikes
.
To
fight
against
horse
in
a
set
battell
for
the
purpose
against
an
enemy
.
Sixtly
,
To
fight
against
horse
in
a
set
battell
for
that
purpose
.
This
is
when
they
countermarch
their
winges
into
the
midst
of
the
battell
,
and
are
impaled
round
with
Pikes
,
and
so
drawne
forth
on
either
side
vnder
the
shelter
of
them
.
In
these
sixe
fights
your
Souldiers
must
bee
very
expert
,
that
they
may
auoyd
all
confusion
.
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
for
the
Twelue
Chapters
before
mentioned
.
☞
The
next
two
Chapters
declare
what
qualities
they
are
which
befit
Martiall
men
,
and
how
requisite
it
is
for
them
to
bee
wise
and
politicke
to
preserue
the
liues
of
their
men
,
and
how
politicke
wisedome
may
be
attayned
,
with
a
briefe
Summarie
thereof
.
CHAP.
XVI
.
What
qualities
they
are
which
befitt
Martiall
Men.
THe
qualities
which
befit
Martiall
men
are
many
,
but
I
will
at
this
time
treate
but
of
Eight
,
and
they
be
these
,
viz.
Silence
.
Obedience
.
Secrecie
.
Sobriety
.
Valour
.
Loyalty
.
Freedome
from
Bribes
.
Moderation
in
expence
.
I
begin
with
the
first
:
Silence
.
SIlence
Silence
.
was
of
such
veneration
amongst
the
Aegyptians
,
that
they
made
thereof
a
God
,
which
with
them
was
called
Harpocrates
:
and
according
to
the
Greekes
Sigaleon
:
him
they
portratured
in
the
likenesse
of
a
young
childe
,
August
.
de
ciuit
.
Dei
,
li.
18.
cap.
5.
who
close
to
his
lips
held
one
of
his
fingers
:
sometimes
they
pictured
him
without
any
face
at
all
,
all
couered
ouer
with
the
skin
of
a
Wolfe
,
on
which
were
depainted
as
many
eyes
and
eares
as
could
be
inserted
thereon
,
signifying
thereby
that
it
was
needfull
to
see
and
heare
much
,
and
to
speake
little
,
in
that
he
that
speaketh
not
,
offendeth
not
.
All
this
is
to
denote
vnto
vs
the
excellencie
of
Silence
,
which
is
commendable
in
all
men
,
but
especially
in
Souldiers
,
who
must
rule
their
tongues
and
be
silent
,
or
else
they
will
soone
perish
and
come
to
nought
.
Plutarch
saith
that
there
is
no
danger
in
silence
.
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Seneca
.
Homer
highly
commendeth
it
in
the
Grecians
,
in
his
descriptions
of
their
fights
with
the
Troians
.
His
words
be
these
:
The
Captaines
marshall
out
their
troopes
,
ranged
in
goodly
guise
,
And
forth
the
Troians
pace
like
birds
,
which
lade
the
aire
with
cries
.
Not
so
the
Greekes
,
whose
silence
breathed
flames
of
high
desire
,
Feruent
in
zeale
to
backe
their
friends
,
on
foes
to
wreake
their
ire
.
And
in
another
place
speaking
of
the
Grecians
;
You
surely
would
haue
deem'd
each
one
,
of
all
that
mighty
throng
Had
beene
bereft
of
speech
,
so
bridled
he
his
tongue
.
Thus
much
of
Silence
.
The
next
qualitie
for
a
Souldier
is
Obedience
.
Obedience
Obedience
.
is
the
Queene
of
vertues
,
and
crownes
her
followers
with
the
wreathes
of
honour
.
It
effecteth
much
with
few
,
and
gaines
the
victory
ouer
multitudes
.
Therefore
let
Souldiers
obey
their
Commanders
,
for
without
Obedience
nothing
can
be
done
.
Paulus
Aemylius
being
to
obserue
the
custome
of
the
Romans
,
☞
and
to
make
an
Oration
of
thanks
vnto
the
people
for
chusing
him
Consull
,
in
his
Oration
told
them
,
That
if
they
had
any
trust
or
confidence
in
him
,
or
thought
him
a
man
sufficient
to
discharge
his
place
,
that
then
they
should
not
speake
nor
meddle
in
any
matter
that
concerned
his
dutie
and
the
office
of
a
Generall
,
sauing
only
that
they
would
be
diligent
without
any
words
to
doe
whatsoeuer
he
commanded
,
that
should
be
necessary
for
the
warres
and
seruice
they
tooke
in
hand
.
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Aemylius
250.
All
which
(
saith
Plutarch
)
the
Romans
obeyed
,
and
by
yeelding
vnto
reason
and
vertue
,
came
to
command
all
other
,
and
to
make
themselues
the
mightiest
people
of
the
world
.
And
indeed
they
were
the
most
obedient
to
their
Commanders
of
any
;
insomuch
as
a
certaine
Numidian
asking
young
Scipio
how
he
would
conquer
Carthage
,
Scipio
vpon
a
hill
pointing
with
his
finger
to
his
Souldiers
below
,
answered
him
thus
:
With
these
I
will
conquer
Carthage
;
for
if
I
should
bid
them
from
hence
cast
themselues
downe
headlong
,
know
they
will
doe
it
.
How
seuerely
the
Consuls
did
punish
disobedience
in
the
campe
,
Examples
of
rigorous
punishment
for
disobedience
.
may
appeare
by
the
rigorous
punishment
which
Manlius
Torquatus
did
execute
vpon
his
sonne
Titus
Manlius
,
commanding
his
head
to
be
stricken
off
in
his
owne
presence
,
for
hauing
passed
his
command
in
sallying
forth
to
fight
with
Genutius
M●tius
Captaine
of
the
Tuseulans
,
who
gaue
him
the
defie
and
challenge
.
Nothing
auailing
the
poore
Gentleman
in
hauing
ouercome
and
slaine
his
enemie
,
nor
the
whole
Armies
supplications
and
intreaties
.
The
like
rigour
vsed
Posthumus
Tiburtus
against
his
sonne
Aulus
Posthumus
,
at
his
returne
from
his
conquered
enemie
.
All
this
to
shew
the
excellencie
of
obedience
,
1
Sam.
15.22
.
which
the
Prophet
prefers
above
s●c●ifice
.
Thus
much
of
Obedience
.
The
next
qualitie
for
a
Souldier
is
Secrecie
.
Secrecie
Secrecie
.
is
a
quali●ie
appropriated
to
none
but
wise
men
;
for
a
foole
hauing
heard
a
secret
,
trauelleth
as
a
woman
with
childe
vntill
he
haue
d●sclosed
i
;
but
a
wise
man
keepeth
it
close
in
his
breast
,
and
when
any
goes
about
to
commit
a
secret
vnto
him
,
he
will
seeke
all
meanes
to
auoid
it
.
King
Lysimachus
as
he
aduised
and
talked
vpon
a
time
with
Philippedes
(
the
Comicall
Poet
)
a
friend
and
familiar
of
his
,
he
said
vnto
him
,
What
wouldest
thou
haue
me
to
impart
vnto
thee
of
all
that
mine
is
?
Euen
what
it
shall
please
you
Sir
(
answered
the
Poet
)
so
it
be
none
of
your
secrets
.
Anacharsis
,
being
inuited
one
day
and
feasted
by
Solon
,
was
reputed
wise
,
Plutarch
in
his
Morals
.
for
that
being
asleepe
,
he
was
found
and
seene
holding
his
right
hand
to
his
mouth
,
and
his
left
vpon
his
priuities
and
naturall
parts
.
Hence
Plutarch
inferres
this
,
That
he
had
good
reason
so
to
think
,
because
the
Tongue
required
and
needed
the
stronger
bridle
to
restraine
it
,
being
a
hard
matter
to
reckon
so
many
persons
vndone
and
ouerthrowne
by
their
vntemperate
and
loofe
life
,
as
there
haue
beene
Cities
and
mightie
States
ruinated
and
subuerted
vtterly
,
by
the
reuealing
and
opening
of
some
secrets
.
Therefore
let
all
men
striue
to
attaine
this
vertue
of
secrecie
;
☞
especially
Souldiers
,
for
by
their
ouer-much
babling
,
they
may
be
an
occasion
of
the
ouerthrow
of
themselues
and
others
.
A
strange
accident
did
happen
to
the
City
of
Athens
,
(
which
Sylla
did
beleager
)
through
the
lauishnesse
of
certaine
vnbrideled
tongues
.
☜
Plutarch
.
Certaine
old
fellowes
being
met
in
a
Barbers
shop
within
the
City
of
Athens
(
being
blabs
of
their
tongues
)
chatted
it
out
in
their
talke
together
,
that
a
certaine
quarter
of
the
Citie
,
named
Heptacaleon
,
was
not
sufficiently
guarded
,
&
therefore
the
Towne
in
danger
to
be
surprised
,
by
that
part
;
which
talke
of
theirs
was
ouer-heard
by
certaine
Espies
,
who
aduertised
Sylla
so
much
,
whereupon
immediately
he
brought
all
his
Forces
to
that
side
,
and
about
midnight
gaue
an
assault
,
made
entrie
,
and
went
within
a
very
little
of
forcing
the
City
,
and
being
Master
of
it
all
;
for
he
filled
the
whole
street
,
called
Ceranicum
,
with
slaughter
and
dead
carkasses
,
in
so
much
that
the
channels
ran
downe
with
bloud
.
A
fearefull
example
.
Plutarch
saith
,
That
words
haue
wings
,
and
when
they
flie
out
they
cannot
be
recalled
backe
againe
.
Symonides
saith
,
A
man
may
repent
many
times
for
words
spoken
,
but
neuer
for
a
word
kept
in
.
The
Kings
of
Persia
did
punish
with
death
the
lauishnesse
of
the
tongue
.
This
made
the
Persians
famous
for
secrecie
.
Quintus
Curtius
reports
thus
of
them
,
Alexander
the
Great
,
saith
he
,
wrought
all
the
wayes
he
could
,
to
obtaine
knowledge
where
Darius
was
become
,
and
into
what
Countrey
he
was
gone
,
and
yet
could
not
get
the
intelligence
;
by
reason
of
a
custome
among
the
Persians
,
which
were
wont
with
a
maruellous
fidelity
to
keepe
close
their
Princes
secrets
,
in
the
vttering
whereof
,
neither
death
nor
hope
of
reward
could
cause
them
to
bring
forth
a
word
,
there
being
(
in
those
parts
)
not
any
goodnesse
looked
for
at
any
mans
hands
,
that
hath
not
the
gift
of
secretnesse
,
whereof
Nature
hath
giuen
a
facillity
in
man
.
Thus
much
of
Secrecie
.
The
next
vertue
required
in
a
Souldier
,
is
Sobriety
or
Temperance
.
Sobriety
is
a
great
vertue
,
and
greatly
to
be
accounted
of
all
men
,
Sobrietie
.
for
it
extinguisheth
Vice
in
the
cradle
,
and
st●fle●h
it
in
the
●eed
.
It
is
the
mother
of
health
,
&
an
assured
medicine
against
all
maladies
,
and
that
which
lengtheneth
a
mans
life
.
Socrates
by
Sobrietie
had
alwaies
a
strong
body
,
and
liued
euer
in
health
;
whereas
Alexander
,
by
his
drunkennesse
,
dyed
in
the
flower
of
his
age
,
though
he
were
better
borne
,
and
of
a
sounder
constitution
than
Socrates
.
All
the
greatest
Personages
of
the
world
haue
beene
Sober
.
So
was
Cyrus
the
elder
,
so
was
Caesar
,
so
was
Iulian
the
Emperor
.
Therefore
let
all
Souldiers
be
sober
,
and
embrace
Sobriety
,
for
it
will
make
them
as
Kings
and
Princes
to
gouerne
their
passions
,
and
to
bridle
their
insatiate
appetite
.
To
Sobrietie
let
them
adde
Temperance
.
Temperance
Temperance
.
is
a
rule
that
sweetly
accommodateth
al
things
vnto
Nature
,
Necessity
,
Simplicity
,
Facility
,
Health
,
Constancie
.
Temperance
will
weane
their
soules
from
the
sweet
milke
of
the
pleasures
of
this
world
,
and
make
them
capable
of
a
more
solide
and
soueraigne
nourishment
.
These
two
will
highly
aduance
them
in
the
fauour
of
their
Generall
,
and
raise
them
in
time
to
great
preferment
,
whereas
drunkards
and
vntemperate
persons
are
contemned
of
all
men
,
and
no
matter
of
importancie
to
be
committed
vnto
them
.
Reade
Garrards
Art
of
War●e
.
The
Turkes
are
famous
for
their
Sobriety
.
A
certaine
Gentleman
,
at
his
returne
from
Constantinople
,
did
declare
vnto
the
Earle
of
Salma
,
that
he
had
seene
foure
miracles
in
the
Turkish
Dominions
;
which
was
,
first
an
infinite
Armie
almost
without
number
,
consisting
of
more
than
foure
hundred
thousand
men
:
Secondly
,
that
amongst
so
many
men
bee
saw
not
one
woman
:
Thirdly
,
that
there
was
no
mention
made
of
wine
:
Lastly
,
at
night
when
they
had
cried
with
a
high
voice
,
Alla
,
which
is
God
,
there
continued
so
great
a
silence
thorow
the
whole
Campe
,
that
euen
in
the
Pauilions
they
did
not
speake
but
in
a
low
voice
.
A
thing
worthy
to
be
admired
and
imitated
,
though
from
Turkes
.
The
next
Qualitie
required
in
a
Souldier
is
Valour
.
Valour
Valour
.
is
the
greatest
,
the
most
generous
and
heroycallest
vertue
for
a
Souldier
of
all
other
,
it
consisteth
in
the
stoutnesse
of
his
heart
,
in
the
resolution
and
stayednesse
of
his
minde
,
grounded
vpon
the
dutie
,
the
honesty
,
and
iustice
of
the
enterprise
,
which
resolution
neuer
slacketh
whatsoeuer
hapneth
,
vntill
he
haue
valiantly
ended
the
enterprise
,
or
his
life
.
Here
is
Valour
,
let
Souldiers
striue
to
be
thus
valiant
:
some
doe
seeke
this
vertue
in
the
body
,
and
in
the
power
and
strength
of
the
limmes
.
But
they
are
mistaken
,
for
it
is
not
a
qualitie
of
the
body
,
but
of
the
minde
,
a
setled
strength
,
not
of
the
armes
and
legs
,
They
terme
it
.
but
of
the
courage
.
This
Valour
is
Philosophicall
,
not
altogether
humane
,
being
an
impregnable
bulwarke
,
a
compleat
armour
to
incounter
all
accidents
,
arming
a
man
against
his
owne
aduerse
fortune
,
Peter
Charron
of
Wisdome
,
lib.
3.
pag.
499.
and
making
him
to
brooke
the
constancy
and
vertue
of
his
enemy
,
containing
Magnanimity
,
Patience
,
and
other
chiefe
heroicall
vertues
:
All
other
helps
are
strange
and
borrowed
:
strength
of
armes
&
legs
is
the
quality
of
a
Porter
;
to
make
an
enemy
to
stoope
,
to
dasle
his
eyes
at
the
light
of
the
Sunne
,
is
an
accident
of
Fortune
.
He
whose
courage
faileth
not
for
feare
of
death
,
quelleth
not
in
his
constancy
and
resolution
,
and
though
he
fall
is
not
vanquished
of
his
Aduersary
(
who
perhaps
may
in
effect
,
be
but
a
base
fellow
,
)
but
of
Fortune
:
and
therefore
he
is
to
accuse
his
owne
vnhappinesse
,
and
not
his
negligence
;
☞
The
most
valiant
are
oftentimes
the
most
vnfortunate
.
Seeing
it
is
so
;
Let
no
man
be
disheartned
,
especially
a
Souldier
,
seeing
he
must
be
brought
vnto
some
honourable
enterprise
,
and
therefore
not
to
aduenture
,
is
cowardnesse
,
to
aduenture
on
,
valour
,
be
the
euent
what
it
will
.
Many
are
accounted
valiant
,
who
haue
no
sparke
of
true
Valour
in
them
;
such
are
all
our
Thrasonicall
Braggadoshes
,
Ragamuffin
Rorers
,
who
will
quarrell
with
any
man
they
meet
with
for
the
Wall
,
and
send
their
challenges
abroad
as
oftentations
of
their
Valour
.
But
such
are
not
to
be
dealt
withall
,
being
but
rash
men
,
bastardly
Valorous
,
Peter
Charron
of
Wisdome
,
lib.
3.
pag.
500.
as
they
call
it
.
True
Valour
,
though
it
be
Humane
,
is
a
wise
Cowardlinesse
;
a
Feare
accompanied
with
foresight
to
auoid
one
euill
by
another
:
and
such
men
as
are
thus
valorous
,
will
not
venture
their
life
vpon
any
sleight
occasion
.
These
are
wise
and
are
to
be
commended
;
the
other
vnwise
,
and
are
to
bee
discommended
.
Cato
the
elder
,
hearing
many
to
commend
a
hare-braind
fellow
for
his
Valour
,
wittily
taunted
the
applausers
thus
:
My
friends
(
quoth
he
)
I
wonder
why
you
should
esteeme
Valour
so
much
,
and
Life
so
little
.
Plutarch
against
heady
Rashnesse
speaketh
to
this
effect
,
and
saith
;
That
when
King
Pyrrhus
sent
his
Herald
vnto
King
Antigonus
;
to
challenge
him
to
fight
,
Antigonus
made
him
this
answer
,
That
he
made
Warres
as
much
with
Time
as
with
Weapons
;
and
if
Pyrrhus
were
weary
of
his
Life
,
there
was
enough
open
to
put
himselfe
to
death
.
Thus
you
see
how
heady
Rashnesse
is
to
be
contemned
and
auoided
.
But
this
doth
no
whit
impeach
Valour
,
for
Valour
executed
in
fit
time
and
place
,
hath
produced
wonderfull
effects
.
Quintus
Curtius
saith
of
Alexander
,
that
hee
got
the
Victory
at
Arbella
,
more
by
his
owne
Vertue
than
by
any
Fortune
;
and
that
with
Valour
and
hardnesse
more
then
through
any
aduantage
of
ground
.
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Cor●olanus
.
Plutarch
saith
of
Cains
Martius
;
That
by
his
meere
Valour
and
manhood
,
he
tooke
the
City
of
Corioles
;
and
after
was
the
cause
of
the
Consul
Cominius
victory
against
them
,
which
came
to
the
rescue
of
it
.
For
the
Volfes
(
fearing
the
taking
of
the
City
)
came
from
all
parts
of
the
Countrey
to
saue
it
,
and
had
diuided
themselues
into
two
parts
,
to
hold
the
Romanes
play
in
two
seuerall
places
.
)
Therefore
Martius
hauing
taken
their
City
,
left
the
spoile
thereof
to
his
obstinate
Souldiers
which
stayed
behind
,
and
with
a
few
that
willingly
offered
themselues
to
goe
,
he
went
to
aide
the
Consul
Cominius
against
the
rest
.
When
he
came
he
asked
him
how
the
Order
of
the
Enemies
Battell
was
,
and
on
which
side
they
had
placed
the
best
fighting
men
.
The
Consul
made
him
answer
,
that
he
thought
the
Bands
which
were
in
the
Vaward
of
their
Battell
,
were
those
of
the
Antiates
,
whom
they
esteemed
the
warlikest
men
,
and
which
for
courage
would
giue
no
place
to
any
of
the
Hoast
of
their
Enemies
.
Then
prayed
Martius
to
bee
set
directly
against
them
;
the
Consul
granted
him
,
greatly
praising
his
courage
.
Then
Martius
,
when
both
the
Armies
came
almost
to
ioyne
,
aduanced
himselfe
a
good
space
before
his
Company
,
and
went
so
fiercely
to
giue
charge
on
the
Vaward
that
came
right
against
him
,
that
they
could
stand
no
longer
in
his
hands
,
he
made
such
a
lane
through
them
,
and
opened
a
passage
into
the
Battell
of
the
Enemies
.
The
Romanes
preuailing
against
their
foes
,
besought
Martius
that
he
would
returne
to
the
Campe
,
because
they
saw
he
was
able
to
doe
no
more
,
hee
was
already
so
wearied
with
the
great
paine
he
had
taken
,
and
so
faint
with
the
great
wounds
he
had
vpon
him
.
But
Martius
answered
them
,
that
it
was
not
for
Conquerors
to
yeeld
,
nor
to
bee
faint-hearted
;
and
thereupon
began
afresh
to
chase
them
that
fled
,
vntill
such
time
as
the
Army
of
the
Enemies
was
vtterly
ouerthrowne
,
and
numbers
of
them
slaine
and
taken
prisoners
.
The
next
morning
betimes
,
Martius
went
to
the
Consul
Cominius
,
who
highly
commended
him
for
his
Valour
,
and
proffered
him
many
gi●ts
,
but
M●rtius
refused
all
.
Therefore
the
Consul
did
order
and
decree
,
that
he
should
henceforth
be
called
Coriolanus
,
in
lieu
of
the
noble
seruice
he
had
done
,
&
for
his
Lion-like
courage
.
T●u●
much
of
Valour
.
The
next
Vertue
required
in
a
Souldier
is
Loyalty
.
Loyalty
.
Loyalty
is
a
transcendent
Vertue
,
and
passeth
my
power
to
expresse
.
It
consisteth
in
the
faithfulnes
of
Subiects
to
their
Prince
,
of
Souldiers
to
their
General
,
of
one
friend
to
another
.
For
without
faith
no
friendship
.
Faith
is
the
band
of
all
humane
society
,
the
foundation
of
all
Iustice
,
&
aboue
all
things
ought
to
be
religiously
obserued
.
The
Romanes
were
wont
to
exact
it
from
their
Souldiers
by
an
oath
,
the
fo●me
whereof
(
in
Vegetius
time
)
did
run
thus
:
Vegeti●●●●b
.
2.
cap.
5.
We
sweare
by
God
the
Father
,
by
Christ
his
Sonne
,
and
by
the
Holy
Ghost
,
to
do
all
thing
:
valiantly
which
the
Emperour
or
Prince
doth
command
vs
;
we
will
neuer
forsake
the
warre
,
neither
refuse
death
for
the
Romane
Common-wealth
.
This
shewes
what
manner
of
man
a
Souldier
should
be
,
loyall
and
faithfull
,
such
a
one
by
nature
,
not
by
Arte
or
obligation
;
therefore
let
all
Souldiers
striue
to
attaine
this
excellent
vertue
of
Loyalty
,
which
will
so
arme
them
against
all
the
temptations
of
the
Enemy
,
as
he
shall
neuer
be
able
to
make
them
Traitors
.
☜
What
Souldier
would
become
a
Traitor
to
betray
his
Generall
or
Captaine
into
the
hands
of
his
Enemy
,
if
he
did
consider
the
penalty
of
the
same
;
it
may
bee
from
him
that
sets
him
on
worke
?
I
will
instance
it
in
the
Argyraspides
.
They
loue
the
Treason
but
they
hate
the
Traitor
.
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Eumenes
.
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Pausanias
.
The
Argyraspides
were
old
Souldiers
of
Macedon
,
who
did
deliuer
their
good
Captaine
Eumones
aliue
into
the
hands
of
Antigonus
,
his
deadly
enemy
.
But
Antigonus
,
who
set
them
a
worke
,
commanded
euery
mothers
sonne
of
them
to
be
slaine
in
recompence
of
their
Treason
,
(
saith
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Eumenes
.
)
Treason
is
a
horrid
fact
,
and
the
iustice
of
God
will
not
let
it
passe
vnpunished
,
be
the
committer
neuer
so
great
:
I
will
instance
it
in
Pausanias
.
This
Pausanias
was
Generall
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
when
the
Persians
ouer-ran
Greece
,
and
wasted
all
the
Country
before
them
,
he
receiued
of
Xerxes
,
King
of
Persia
,
fiue
hundred
Talents
of
gold
,
promising
him
to
betray
Sparta
:
but
his
Treason
being
discouered
,
Agesilaus
his
father
pursued
him
into
the
Temple
of
Minerua
,
called
Chalciaecos
,
where
he
fled
for
Sanctuary
,
where
he
caused
the
doores
of
the
Temple
to
be
mured
vp
with
bricke
,
and
famished
him
to
death
:
his
mother
tooke
his
corps
,
and
cast
it
forth
to
the
dogs
,
not
suffering
it
to
bee
buried
,
saith
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Pausanias
.
These
examples
being
set
before
their
eyes
,
will
not
only
make
them
to
detest
Treason
,
but
to
become
more
faithfull
vnto
their
Commanders
.
Of
all
Souldiers
none
euer
were
more
faithfull
to
their
Commanders
than
the
Romans
,
ye
shall
not
read
in
any
History
of
any
faithfuller
Souldiers
than
they
haue
beene
.
When
their
Consull
Crassus
was
endangered
by
the
Parthian
Arrowes
,
which
flew
thicke
about
his
eares
,
they
did
compasse
him
about
,
and
brought
him
into
the
middest
of
them
,
then
covering
him
round
with
their
Targets
,
they
told
him
,
That
neuer
Arrow
of
the
Parthians
should
touch
his
body
,
before
they
were
all
slaine
,
one
after
another
,
fighting
it
out
to
the
last
man
in
his
defence
.
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Otho
the
Emperour
.
Plutarch
reports
a
more
admirable
act
of
theirs
than
this
.
The
Emperour
Otho
(
saith
he
)
was
forsaken
of
all
his
Captaines
,
who
had
yeelded
themselues
to
Vitellus
,
the
new
Emperour
,
his
Souldiers
notwithstanding
forsooke
him
nor
,
neither
went
they
to
submit
themselues
to
their
enemies
the
Conquerours
,
neither
tooke
they
any
regard
of
themselues
to
see
their
Emperor
in
that
despaire
,
but
all
ioyntly
together
went
vnto
his
lodging
and
called
for
their
Emperour
;
when
hee
came
out
,
they
fell
downe
at
his
feet
;
prostrated
thus
on
the
ground
,
they
did
kisse
his
hands
,
with
the
teares
running
downe
their
cheekes
,
and
besought
him
,
not
to
forsake
and
leaue
them
to
their
enemies
,
but
to
command
their
persons
,
whilest
they
had
one
drop
of
blood
left
in
their
bodies
to
doe
him
seruice
:
☞
Then
one
of
the
poore
Souldiers
,
drawing
out
his
sword
,
said
vnto
him
,
Know
,
O
Caesar
,
that
all
my
Companions
are
determined
to
dye
in
this
sort
for
thee
;
and
so
slew
himselfe
.
These
were
faithfull
and
loyall
Souldiers
,
worthy
to
bee
remembred
to
all
posterities
:
They
were
constant
to
their
friends
,
faithfull
to
one
another
;
not
refusing
death
for
the
Romane
Common-wealth
.
Let
all
Souldiers
imitate
them
in
faithfulnesse
.
Faithfull
Souldiers
are
a
Captaines
bulwarke
.
Caesar
was
safer
in
the
Campe
then
in
the
Senate
.
Thus
much
of
loyalty
.
The
next
quality
required
from
a
Souldier
,
is
freedome
from
bribes
.
It
is
a
dishonourable
thing
for
a
Souldier
to
receiue
a
Bribe
;
and
it
is
the
more
dishonourable
,
because
the
law
of
Armes
doth
forbid
it
:
wherefore
doth
the
law
of
Armes
strictly
forbid
it
with
a
penalty
to
the
same
,
but
because
those
men
,
whose
nature
is
most
prone
to
take
bribes
,
are
the
most
fittest
to
be
made
Traytors
?
On
them
the
enemy
will
lay
golden
bookes
,
to
draw
them
to
his
purpose
,
vpon
any
occasion
.
Thus
Xerxes
dealt
with
Arthmius
,
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Themisticles
.
borne
at
Zelb●a
,
who
by
gold
was
to
corrupt
the
Graecians
,
to
make
him
way
into
Greece
.
But
Arthmius
was
thereupon
noted
of
infamy
,
not
alone
,
but
his
children
,
with
their
posterity
after
.
Thus
he
dealt
with
Pausanius
,
Generall
of
the
Lacedemonians
,
Xerxes
corrupted
Pausanius
with
500
talents
of
gold
to
betray
Sparta
.
Plutarch
in
his
Morals
,
and
in
the
life
of
Pausanius
.
to
whom
he
gaue
fiue
hundred
Talents
of
gold
,
to
betray
Sparta
into
his
hands
:
but
Pausanius
,
being
too
much
gorged
with
gold
,
was
mured
vp
in
a
Temple
,
and
famished
to
death
,
as
I
haue
already
declared
.
Good
reason
therefore
it
is
,
that
the
law
of
Armes
should
so
strictly
forbid
the
taking
of
b●ibes
,
seeing
the
whole
Army
may
be
endangered
thereby
.
And
the
law
of
Armes
doth
likewise
include
all
acceptance
of
gifts
,
as
vnlawfull
for
any
to
receiue
of
a
professed
enemy
,
that
is
,
or
hath
beene
,
or
may
be
guessed
at
to
bee
hereafter
,
whether
they
be
giuen
him
in
lieu
of
his
desert
,
or
to
recompence
him
for
his
Ambassage
;
he
must
not
,
I
say
,
accept
them
of
him
,
forfeare
of
bringing
himselfe
into
danger
.
Haue
not
many
bin
brought
into
suspition
by
it
?
Haue
not
some
lost
their
liues
for
it
?
Read
Histories
,
peruse
this
example
.
The
Athenians
sent
their
Ambassadors
(
who
were
Souldiers
)
to
Artaxerxes
,
King
of
Persia
,
to
fulfill
the
desire
of
the
King
,
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Pelopidas
pag.
302.
and
to
grant
him
peace
:
The
King
was
so
pleased
therewith
,
that
he
entertained
them
royally
,
and
sent
them
backe
againe
with
many
gifts
;
but
when
they
were
returned
home
,
they
were
deseruedly
checked
by
their
State
and
Communalty
,
who
had
them
all
in
suspition
;
and
some
had
much
adoe
to
cleare
themselues
.
Among
them
was
one
Timagoras
,
who
had
receiued
of
the
King
of
Persia
,
fourescore
milch
Kine
,
for
the
peale
,
and
other
presents
,
with
a
great
deale
of
gold
and
siluer
,
him
the
Athenians
condemned
to
dye
,
and
neither
wealth
nor
friends
could
saue
his
life
.
This
should
make
a
Souldier
to
beware
how
he
takes
gifts
or
presents
from
an
enemy
,
lest
he
lose
his
life
,
or
incurre
the
ill
will
of
his
Prince
,
or
be
of
no
repute
among
men
.
What
made
Pelopidas
to
be
so
well
reputed
of
among
the
Thebans
?
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Pelopidas
pag.
303.
but
because
he
refused
the
gifts
and
presents
which
the
King
of
Persia
offered
him
?
What
made
Plutarch
so
highly
to
commend
Manius
Curius
?
but
because
he
refused
the
gifts
which
the
Samnites
sent
vnto
him
by
their
Ambassadors
?
This
Manius
Curius
was
a
Romane
and
had
triumphed
thrice
,
being
the
greatest
man
of
Rome
in
his
time
,
hauing
subdued
the
mightiest
nations
and
people
of
Italy
;
and
driuen
King
Pyrrhus
also
out
of
the
same
;
yet
himselfe
dwelt
in
a
little
farme
,
hauing
a
small
patch
of
ground
belonging
thereunto
,
being
therewith
contented
,
and
manuring
the
same
with
his
owne
hands
:
thither
notwithstanding
,
after
his
three
triumphs
,
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Marcus
Cato
.
the
Samnits
sent
their
Ambassadors
to
visit
him
,
who
found
him
by
the
fire
side
,
seething
of
Parsnips
,
and
presented
him
a
maruellous
deale
of
gold
from
their
State
and
Communalty
;
but
Curius
returned
them
againe
with
their
gold
,
and
told
them
,
That
such
as
were
contented
with
that
Supper
,
had
no
need
of
gold
or
siluer
;
and
that
for
his
part
,
he
thought
it
greater
honour
to
command
them
that
had
gold
,
then
to
haue
it
himselfe
.
They
who
will
immitate
this
man
,
shall
inherite
his
commendations
:
I
conclude
with
this
admonition
to
all
Souldiers
.
S.
Trussell
,
in
his
Souldiers
plea.
Let
them
not
receiue
any
thing
from
the
enemy
,
either
gift
or
letter
,
or
any
such
thing
;
no
,
though
it
be
from
their
owne
fathers
,
without
the
license
of
their
Generall
or
Captaines
;
if
they
doe
,
they
will
bee
wonderfully
suspected
,
and
in
danger
,
not
onely
of
their
credits
,
but
also
of
their
liues
.
The
next
quality
required
in
a
Souldier
,
is
Moderation
in
Expence
.
Moderation
in
expence
Moderate
in
expence
.
is
not
onely
profitable
,
but
commendable
.
Therefore
let
Souldiers
be
moderate
in
expence
,
rather
sparing
than
wasting
.
The
ancient
Romans
were
commendable
for
this
,
the
halfe
of
that
which
was
giuen
them
in
the
warres
,
they
set
apart
by
their
Standards
,
there
to
be
kept
,
lest
through
excesse
and
ryot
,
or
the
getting
of
vaine
things
,
it
might
bee
wasted
by
themselues
or
others
;
but
being
by
their
Standards
they
knew
it
safe
.
This
made
them
neuer
to
forsake
their
Standards
,
but
rather
sticke
to
them
:
so
when
they
came
home
from
the
warres
,
they
brought
that
with
them
that
was
able
to
maintaine
them
.
The
next
Chapter
sheweth
what
the
wisdome
and
policy
is
which
ought
to
bee
in
euery
Commander
.
CHAP.
XVII
.
Of
Wisdome
and
Policy
;
the
vse
of
it
;
how
it
may
be
attained
:
with
a
briefe
Summary
of
stratagems
and
policies
,
pertinent
for
these
times
,
divulged
for
such
as
haue
the
command
ouer
thousands
:
I
meane
,
for
young
Commanders
,
not
old
Soldiers
.
WIsdome
and
Policie
is
fit
for
euery
Souldier
,
Of
wisdome
&
policy
,
the
vse
of
it
,
and
how
it
may
be
attained
.
&c.
but
more
proper
for
those
Commanders
before
mentioned
;
therefore
they
must
studie
to
get
wisdome
and
policy
,
for
it
is
the
onely
meanes
,
next
vnder
God
,
whereby
they
may
preserue
their
owne
liues
,
and
the
liues
of
their
Souldiers
.
If
a
Captaine
bee
void
of
wisdome
and
learning
,
Martial
discipline
wanteth
her
greatest
stay
;
courage
proueth
rashnesse
,
and
policy
will
be
but
weakely
supported
.
Learning
in
a
Souldier
(
saith
Vegetius
)
is
an
Armour
of
neuer
tainted
proofe
,
and
a
wounding
Dart
vnresistable
:
Therefore
let
Soldiers
,
if
it
be
possible
,
study
to
attaine
to
learning
:
learning
is
obtained
by
industry
and
instruction
,
as
policy
and
wisdome
by
experience
.
The
way
to
attaine
wisdome
and
Policy
,
Read
Xenophons
Historie
of
Cyrus
Warres
.
Read
Frontines
booke
of
Stratagems
,
now
extant
,
and
commonly
ioyned
in
one
volume
with
Vegetius
.
Read
Plutarchs
liues
,
the
Turkish
History
,
and
many
others
;
especially
the
Chronicles
of
euery
Nation
now
extant
in
Engish
.
is
to
be
frequent
in
the
reading
of
Histories
;
especially
of
such
Histories
as
are
stored
with
worthy
stratagems
,
and
the
braue
exploits
of
worthy
Generals
:
There
young
Commanders
shall
finde
store
of
examples
,
and
be
taught
to
obserue
euery
one
of
these
particulars
;
1
When
they
are
to
take
a
iourney
,
and
to
make
warre
with
an
enemie
in
his
owne
Countrey
,
they
must
by
all
meanes
get
aduertisement
,
by
intelligencers
,
of
all
the
difficult
passages
of
the
same
,
the
shortnesse
of
the
waies
,
the
turnings
,
the
mountaines
,
and
all
the
riuers
that
are
therein
,
lest
in
going
they
suffer
inuasion
of
the
enemie
,
to
their
detriment
,
or
finall
destruction
:
but
being
preadmonished
,
they
are
halfe
armed
,
and
preuent
the
danger
with
little
losse
.
2
When
they
are
prepared
,
and
setting
forth
to
march
,
there
must
be
this
warinesse
and
heed
taken
that
it
be
not
knowne
or
divulged
abroad
vnto
what
places
they
goe
,
nor
by
what
waies
they
meane
to
passe
,
for
that
iourney
is
taken
in
hand
without
feare
,
which
the
enemy
doth
not
so
much
as
once
suspect
.
The
two
famous
Souldiers
of
Rome
and
Greece
,
which
shot
like
two
thunder
bolts
into
the
West
and
East
,
and
filled
the
whole
world
with
the
fame
of
their
Victories
,
are
renowned
for
nothing
more
then
their
celerity
in
doing
and
preuenting
the
very
report
of
their
comming
.
☞
They
who
would
arriue
at
the
Port
of
Victory
,
and
by
her
gates
enter
the
Tower
of
Fame
,
must
keepe
their
intentions
secret
.
Old
Metellus
being
importunated
by
an
insinuating
friend
of
his
touching
the
army
,
and
setting
forward
of
some
expedition
,
answered
him
thus
:
If
I
will
(
quoth
hee
)
that
my
shirt
which
i●
ne●●
my
skin
knew
this
my
inward
intent
and
secret
purpose
,
I
would
put
it
off
and
fling
it
into
the
fire
Vegetius
lib.
3.
The
old
men
of
warre
(
saith
Vegetius
)
had
in
then
Legions
the
badge
and
signe
of
the
Minotaure
,
that
as
he
was
said
to
be
hid
in
the
innermost
and
most
secret
place
of
the
Labyrinth
,
euen
so
the
intent
of
the
Captaine
should
be
kept
secret
and
hid
,
therefore
it
must
be
kept
close
,
vnto
what
places
and
by
what
wayes
they
meane
to
passe
forth
.
But
because
Spies
sent
out
on
the
other
party
doe
either
see
or
suspect
which
way
they
are
intended
to
goe
,
and
many
times
there
wanteth
not
Runnagates
or
Traitors
.
In
the
next
place
it
shall
be
declared
how
these
things
at
hand
may
be
preuented
and
resisted
.
3.
When
they
are
vpon
their
march
,
they
must
send
most
trustie
and
fine
witted
men
,
with
the
best
tried
horse
,
which
must
search
the
places
thorow
which
they
must
take
their
iourney
,
before
and
behinde
,
on
the
right
hand
and
on
the
left
hand
,
lest
the
enemie
goe
about
to
set
an
ambushment
,
and
lie
in
wait
to
deceiue
them
.
4.
When
they
haue
discried
an
Ambush
,
they
must
compasse
the
same
about
politikely
;
so
it
shall
suffer
more
perill
and
danger
than
it
went
about
to
doe
.
5.
When
they
approach
nigh
vnto
the
enemie
,
they
must
be
inquisitiue
to
know
what
manner
of
man
their
aduersarie
is
,
what
his
Companions
are
and
Leaders
,
whether
they
be
rash
and
hastie
,
or
warie
and
circumspect
,
whether
they
be
hardy
,
or
fearefull
,
cunning
in
the
feats
of
warre
,
or
such
as
are
wont
to
fight
at
all
aduenture
;
whether
they
excell
or
exceed
them
in
number
of
men
,
or
munition
and
fence
of
armour
;
whether
they
can
doe
more
with
footmen
,
or
horsemen
;
with
Pi●emen
,
or
Musquetiers
;
whether
by
night
,
or
in
the
dawning
of
the
day
,
or
in
the
〈◊〉
of
repast
,
their
custome
be
to
assaile
their
wearied
enemies
.
Then
to
debate
and
treat
of
their
owne
power
,
what
may
be
done
in
this
case
;
whether
it
be
more
profitable
to
prolong
the
vrgent
necessitie
of
battell
,
or
to
fight
it
out
of
hand
.
If
they
know
themselues
to
haue
the
better
Horsemen
,
the
better
Footmen
,
the
better
Souldiers
,
the
better
furnished
in
many
things
,
let
them
not
deferre
the
conuenient
and
fit
occasion
of
figh●ing
.
But
if
they
perceiue
their
enemies
to
be
the
better
,
let
them
auoid
the
open
and
set
battell
,
for
a
few
in
number
and
weake
in
strength
,
oftentimes
vnder
good
Captaines
haue
obtained
the
victory
,
by
sudden
inuasions
and
lying
priuily
in
wai●
,
which
they
may
doe
,
taking
time
.
6.
When
they
are
resolued
to
aduenture
a
set
battell
with
the
enemie
,
they
are
first
to
sound
the
mindes
and
dispositions
of
their
Souldiers
,
whether
they
stand
affected
to
fight
or
no
,
(
it
being
as
they
would
haue
it
)
they
must
begin
to
forecast
how
to
get
the
Sunne
,
the
Wind
and
Dust
,
in
the
face
of
the
enemie
.
The
higher
ground
likewise
,
to
the
intent
the
enemie
may
fight
both
against
them
and
the
place
;
for
these
are
not
the
least
meanes
of
obtaining
the
victorie
.
7.
When
they
hope
for
victory
through
Footmen
,
against
the
Horsemen
of
their
enemies
,
they
must
chuse
ruffe
places
,
vneuen
,
and
full
of
hils
.
But
if
they
looke
to
gaine
the
victory
through
Horsemen
,
against
the
Footmen
of
their
enemies
,
they
must
chuse
such
places
as
be
indeed
somewhat
higher
,
but
plaine
and
open
,
encumbred
neither
with
woods
nor
sennes
.
8
When
they
haue
cunningly
incompast
the
battels
of
their
enemies
,
they
must
leaue
them
some
way
whereby
they
may
flie
,
for
if
a
passage
to
depart
away
be
once
opened
,
as
soon
as
the
minds
of
all
doe
agree
to
runne
away
;
they
are
slaine
and
murdered
like
beasts
.
Neither
is
there
any
danger
to
pursue
them
,
when
they
haue
flung
downe
their
weapons
and
will
fight
no
longer
but
being
so
inclosed
,
that
they
haue
no
way
to
flie
,
they
fight
stoutly
,
and
become
desperately
desperate
,
because
they
looke
for
no
safetie
or
life
;
so
you
haue
no
oddes
at
all
,
but
are
both
indifferent
alike
.
For
they
are
as
couragious
and
as
desperate
to
fight
as
you
,
rather
more
,
by
the
occasion
.
Therefore
young
Scipio's
counsell
is
to
be
followed
:
☜
The
way
whereby
the
enemie
may
flie
must
not
bee
fortified
.
9
When
they
are
not
resolued
to
fight
,
but
to
depart
away
from
the
enemie
,
the
Souldiers
must
not
know
that
they
doe
it
to
shunne
battell
,
but
they
must
bee
brought
in
beliefe
that
they
are
called
back
for
this
policie
:
That
the
enemie
may
be
allured
vnto
a
more
conuenient
place
,
that
he
may
be
the
more
easily
vanquished
and
intrapped
by
them
.
Vegetius
lib.
3.
cap.
21.
This
they
must
not
faile
to
doe
,
(
for
Vegetius
saith
)
they
will
be
readie
to
flie
,
if
they
perceiue
their
owne
Capaines
to
despaire
.
10
When
their
enemies
doth
perceiue
their
flight
,
then
their
care
must
be
to
send
some
before
to
possesse
the
places
of
greatest
aduantage
which
the
enemie
doth
couet
,
that
the
rest
may
the
better
passe
in
safety
,
and
the
enemy
be
frustrated
of
his
purpose
.
Others
behind
must
lie
in
ambush
to
intrap
the
enemy
who
comes
on
with
boldnesse
,
no
whit
suspecting
this
policy
.
The
rest
must
be
preadmonished
to
be
euer
in
readinesse
,
lest
the
sudden
comming
of
their
enemies
make
them
fearefull
:
11
When
they
are
in
feare
to
bee
inclosed
by
the
number
of
their
enemies
,
they
must
either
seeke
some
place
of
naturall
defence
,
or
make
the
place
so
by
art
.
I
will
explaine
both
by
examples
.
How
to
choose
a
ground
to
fight
with
an
enemie
,
when
you
feare
to
come
into
the
champion
to
be
inclosed
by
his
number
.
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
King
Ageslaus
.
Agesilau●
being
in
Aegypt
,
and
hauing
to
do
with
a
great
multitude
of
Aegyptians
,
of
whom
he
stood
in
feare
of
,
to
abide
them
battell
in
the
champion
,
by
reason
of
their
multitude
,
did
thus
:
He
brought
his
men
into
the
field
.
One
while
hee
made
as
though
hee
fled
,
and
inticed
them
to
follow
him
;
suddenly
againe
he
would
turne
this
way
,
and
that
way
,
in
fine
he
brought
all
this
multitude
into
a
strait
sluce
walled
about
on
either
side
,
with
great
broad
ditches
full
of
running
water
,
so
that
euen
when
they
were
in
the
middest
of
it
,
he
suddenly
stopped
their
passage
with
the
front
of
his
battaile
,
which
he
cast
to
the
breadth
of
the
sluce
,
and
thus
made
the
number
of
his
fighting
men
equal
with
the
number
of
his
enemies
,
who
could
neuer
compasse
him
in
behinde
,
nor
flanke
him
on
the
sides
.
☞
This
he
did
by
choosing
a
place
fit
for
his
purpose
.
How
to
fortifie
a
pl
ce
by
art
.
The
place
may
be
helped
by
art
,
in
case
it
be
otherwise
too
open
,
and
fit
for
the
enemy
,
that
abounds
in
number
,
to
incompasse
them
on
euery
side
.
So
Caesar
[
](A19255-e19520-b)a
a
Caesar
●e
bello
Gall.
lib.
2.
36.
&
lib.
3.
323.
being
to
fight
against
multitudes
of
Gaules
,
drew
a
deepe
Trench
on
both
the
Flankes
of
his
army
,
to
secure
it
from
the
charge
of
the
enemie
.
The
like
did
Sylla
[
](A19255-e19570-b)b
b
Plutarch
.
in
Syla
,
&
A●i●n
.
in
bello
Mitbridates
.
against
Archelaus
,
the
Generall
of
Mithridates
,
in
the
battell
of
Orchomene
,
and
both
of
them
so
securing
their
armies
from
circumuention
,
became
Masters
of
the
Field
,
and
Conquerours
of
their
enemies
.
Of
latter
times
Iohn
Huniades
the
Hungarian
[
](A19255-e19630-b)c
c
Turkish
.
Hist.
297.
§.
2.
King
,
being
to
fight
against
the
huge
armie
of
the
Turke
,
gained
a
noble
battell
against
them
,
by
placing
his
armie
on
the
one
side
against
a
Fenne
,
and
inclosing
it
on
the
other
side
with
his
Waggons
.
12.
When
they
cannot
preuaile
against
the
Enemy
by
strength
,
then
let
them
minister
and
breed
causes
of
discord
amongst
their
Souldiers
;
for
no
Army
,
though
it
be
very
little
,
can
quickly
be
destroyed
of
the
Enemies
,
except
it
be
consumed
with
priuate
dissentions
and
hatred
within
it selfe
.
This
is
practised
to
this
day
,
and
is
tollerated
by
our
chiefes
of
Warre
,
who
prefer
policy
before
strength
,
therefore
let
it
be
followed
.
The
old
Spartan
that
had
conquered
by
policie
,
offered
an
Oxe
;
but
he
that
preuailed
by
force
,
offered
only
a
Cocke
;
because
the
greater
sacrifice
of
thankfulnesse
,
was
due
to
the
gods
from
him
,
for
the
one
;
and
the
greater
praise
and
reward
was
due
vnto
him
,
from
the
State
for
the
other
.
But
this
is
the
greatest
glory
of
all
to
driue
out
the
naile
of
their
Enemies
practise
,
with
a
stronger
of
their
owne
,
and
to
blow
him
vp
in
his
owne
Mine
.
Policie
against
force
deserueth
much
,
and
preuaileth
often
;
but
by
Stratagem
to
preuaile
against
Policy
is
euer
excellent
.
Behold
it
in
this
.
The
Souldiers
of
Ferdinand
,
plotted
with
some
of
the
French
Garrison
in
Gifon-Castle
,
neere
San-Seuerino
,
to
betray
the
place
vnto
them
:
the
French
entertained
the
motion
,
and
assigned
an
houre
,
and
the
manner
,
for
the
execution
:
In
the
meane
while
,
they
acquainted
the
Gouernour
.
The
Arragoneses
came
at
the
time
appointed
;
found
a
Port
open
,
and
enter
;
they
were
taken
in
the
trap
;
seuen
hundred
,
part
horse
,
and
part
foot
,
were
slaine
on
the
place
;
the
rest
were
taken
prisoners
.
Thus
Stratagem
did
preuaile
against
Policy
:
Stratagem
and
Policie
are
of
great
force
,
and
in
Warre
may
be
lawfully
vsed
.
It
is
vsuall
and
allowable
by
the
Law
of
Armes
(
saith
Sir
Robert
Dallington
)
for
a
publique
and
professed
enemy
to
attempt
that
by
stratagem
,
fraud
,
or
suborned
treachery
,
Sir
Rob.
Dall
.
in
his
A●horisme
,
chap.
37.
which
cannot
be
got
by
fine
force
without
long
time
,
vttermost
danger
,
and
extreame
charge
,
for
this
way
the
purchase
is
sooner
made
and
at
lesse
rate
.
Therefore
let
them
vse
all
stratagems
and
policies
that
may
be
to
circumuent
and
ouerthrow
an
enemy
;
let
them
vpon
fit
occasion
corrupt
the
enemies
men
with
money
;
let
them
by
cunning
meanes
and
fained
letters
cause
the
enemies
Captaines
to
be
suspected
;
Let
them
bring
the
Generall
himselfe
into
more
dislike
,
if
hee
bee
disliked
of
his
Souldiers
:
So
they
may
bee
rid
of
him
by
policie
,
whom
they
could
not
be
rid
of
by
force
.
I
will
shew
you
the
euents
of
all
these
by
presidents
.
The
first
example
of
presiden●
,
shewing
how
to
corrupt
the
Enemies
men
with
money
.
Monsieur
Trimouille
,
Monsieur
de
Ligny
,
and
Iohn
Iaques
Triultio
,
being
to
warre
with
Lodowick
Sforza
Duke
of
Milan
in
the
behalfe
of
Lewis
the
twelfth
the
French
King
,
thought
with
themselues
there
was
no
quicker
way
to
end
the
Warre
than
to
corrupt
Lodowicks
Souldiers
with
money
.
He
had
entertained
many
Swissers
into
pay
,
and
these
Swissers
were
valiant
men
of
their
hands
,
but
very
couetous
,
and
easie
to
be
corrupted
with
gold
:
therefore
they
sent
priuily
to
the
Colonels
of
the
Swissers
,
profering
them
great
summes
of
money
to
forsake
Lodowicke
,
or
to
betray
him
into
their
hands
.
They
being
tickled
with
these
proffers
,
stirred
all
the
rest
to
mutiny
,
taking
their
occasions
that
their
payes
were
not
performed
at
the
iust
dayes
that
were
promised
.
The
Duke
ran
to
the
stirre
in
person
,
bringing
forth
vnto
them
all
his
siluer
,
plate
and
vessels
,
desiring
them
to
rest
contented
but
till
the
money
came
from
Milan
,
yet
they
would
not
yeeld
,
but
said
they
would
depart
suddenly
into
their
Countrey
.
The
Duke
not
being
able
neither
with
prayers
,
nor
with
teares
,
nor
by
infinite
promises
to
pacifie
any
whit
their
barbarous
disloyalty
,
recommended
himselfe
wholly
vnto
them
,
to
the
end
that
at
the
least
they
would
lead
him
to
a
place
of
safety
.
But
because
they
had
contracted
with
the
French
Captaines
,
Guichiardin
.
lib.
3.
pag
108.
to
goe
their
wayes
,
and
not
to
lead
him
with
them
,
being
not
willing
to
grant
vnto
his
full
demand
,
yet
they
consented
that
he
should
march
away
amongst
them
,
taking
the
habit
of
one
of
their
footmen
;
and
so
,
if
he
were
not
knowne
,
to
saue
himselfe
by
the
helpe
of
his
fortune
.
The
which
conditions
being
accepted
of
him
,
for
a
last
necessitie
,
was
not
sufficient
for
his
safety
:
for
that
marching
by
direction
,
through
the
midst
of
the
French
Armie
,
he
was
knowne
by
the
diligent
espiall
of
such
as
were
assigned
to
that
charge
;
or
rather
disclosed
by
the
Swissers
themselues
,
as
he
marched
in
a
Squadron
of
Foot
,
attired
and
armed
in
all
points
as
a
Swisser
,
and
was
by
that
meanes
made
prisoner
.
Guichiardin
.
lib.
3.
pag.
108.
Here
you
see
the
French
Pistolets
could
doe
more
than
their
men
at
Armes
;
ouercomming
him
who
stiled
himselfe
the
sonne
of
Fortune
.
From
these
acute
and
politique
French
,
we
take
our
next
president
or
example
by
fained
letters
to
cause
our
enemies
Captaines
to
be
suspected
.
Burbon
and
Triuultio
the
King
of
France
his
Generals
,
The
second
example
or
president
,
shewing
how
by
cunning
meanes
and
fained
Letters
,
wee
shall
cause
our
enemies
Captaines
to
be
suspected
.
being
besieged
and
very
hardly
distressed
within
Milan
by
the
Emperor
Maximilian
,
deuised
this
policie
to
free
themselues
:
They
sent
a
seruant
of
Triuultio's
(
who
spake
the
Swissers
tongue
perfectly
well
)
with
fained
letters
vnto
the
Captaines
of
that
Nation
,
then
seruing
in
Maximilians
Campe
,
thereby
to
make
them
to
be
suspected
and
doubted
;
the
which
fained
messenger
being
taken
by
the
Sentinels
and
Watches
,
cunningly
(
like
Sinon
of
Troy
)
humbly
beseeched
them
his
life
and
pardon
,
and
that
he
would
deliuer
them
certaine
things
,
which
he
had
to
deliuer
to
the
Colonels
and
Captaines
of
the
Swissers
:
the
which
being
granted
him
,
hee
drew
out
of
his
shooe
the
deuised
letters
,
which
hee
carried
to
cause
a
suspition
to
grow
vpon
these
Captaines
:
the
which
being
seene
and
read
by
the
Emperor
,
holding
for
certaine
their
contents
to
be
true
,
and
mistrusting
some
treason
,
as
they
had
before
vsed
vnto
Lodowicke
Sforza
,
raised
presently
his
Campe
,
and
withdrew
himselfe
with
lesse
constancie
and
credit
,
then
to
his
honour
and
reputation
was
conuenient
.
Here
was
a
way
made
without
a
golden
bridge
:
Here
was
a
fetch
fit
for
a
Carthaginian
Haniball
:
from
whom
we
take
the
last
president
or
example
,
how
to
bring
our
enemies
Generall
into
further
dislike
,
by
adding
fuell
to
the
former
fire
.
Haniball
being
in
Italy
did
such
hurt
to
the
Romanes
,
The
third
example
or
president
,
shewing
how
to
bring
a
Generall
into
further
dislike
then
he
was
in
before
.
as
they
were
almost
at
their
wits
end
,
not
knowing
what
to
doe
,
nor
what
Consull
to
choose
:
at
length
they
sent
against
him
Quintus
Fabius
Maximus
,
who
was
both
their
Dictator
and
Generall
;
one
both
skilfull
and
politique
,
and
by
delay
meant
to
prolong
the
Warre
,
so
to
haue
wearied
Hanibals
strength
and
power
out
(
for
hauing
increased
his
pouerty
by
his
long
stay
,
spending
his
owne
stocke
,
he
should
at
last
haue
beene
forced
of
his
owne
accord
to
haue
forsaken
Italy
,
to
the
great
glory
of
this
man
,
)
who
by
policy
and
wisdome
,
might
haue
beene
said
to
haue
ouerthrowne
Haniball
;
for
this
he
was
despised
of
the
Romanes
,
and
counted
a
coward
,
and
confronted
by
them
:
But
Haniball
most
of
all
feared
him
,
and
therefore
craftily
put
this
tricke
vpon
him
.
●anibals
crafti●esse
against
●abius
.
Hee
commanded
his
Souldiers
,
when
they
came
neere
any
of
Fabi●s
lands
,
that
they
should
burne
and
destroy
all
round
about
them
,
but
gaue
them
charge
in
no
wise
to
meddle
with
Fabius
lands
,
nor
any
thing
of
his
,
and
did
purposely
appoint
a
Garrison
to
see
that
nothing
of
Fabius
should
miscarry
nor
take
hurt
.
This
was
streight
carried
to
Rome
,
which
did
wonderfully
incense
the
people
against
him
,
by
the
meanes
of
Metellus
their
Tribune
,
who
made
them
an
Oration
,
in
which
he
taxed
him
no
more
of
Cowardlinesse
,
but
of
flat
Treason
,
accusing
the
Nobility
and
greatest
men
of
Rome
,
saying
,
that
from
the
first
beginning
,
they
had
laid
a
plot
to
draw
these
Warres
out
at
length
,
only
to
destroy
the
Peoples
power
and
authority
,
hauing
brought
the
whole
Common-weale
into
the
state
of
a
Monarchy
,
and
into
the
hands
of
a
priuate
person
,
who
by
his
remisnesse
and
delayes
,
would
giue
Haniball
leisure
to
plant
himselfe
in
Italy
,
and
in
time
giue
open
passage
to
the
Carthaginians
,
at
their
pleasure
,
to
send
Haniball
a
second
aide
and
Armie
,
and
to
make
a
full
conquest
of
all
Italy
:
perswading
the
people
therefore
to
take
the
Tyrannicall
power
of
Dictatorship
from
him
,
and
to
put
their
affaires
into
the
hands
of
Minutius
Generall
of
their
Horsemen
,
who
would
and
could
tell
how
to
bring
them
safely
to
passe
:
The
people
were
tickled
maruellously
with
these
seditious
words
,
but
yet
they
durst
not
force
Fabius
to
resigne
his
Dictatorship
,
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Fabius
the
Dictator
.
though
they
bare
him
a
great
grudge
,
and
were
angry
with
him
in
their
hearts
:
Howbeit
they
ordained
,
that
Minutius
should
thenceforth
haue
equall
power
and
authority
with
the
Dictator
in
the
Warres
;
a
thing
that
was
neuer
seene
nor
heard
of
before
.
Now
say
;
Was
not
this
a
braue
policie
of
Haniball
to
bring
Fabius
into
such
dislike
at
Rome
?
and
Rome
it selfe
into
such
an
vprore
vpon
it
?
Surely
it
was
:
and
it
had
as
good
successe
as
might
be
.
Therefore
hauing
sufficient
presidents
for
these
things
,
feare
not
to
put
them
in
execution
,
when
you
see
fit
time
.
I
conclude
now
as
I
began
,
that
all
these
policies
and
more
,
are
to
be
attained
with
learning
,
and
often
reading
of
Histories
,
as
by
all
braue
Commanders
which
euer
were
yet
,
may
well
be
vnderstood
.
And
therefore
let
no
man
thinke
but
a
Souldier
ought
to
be
learned
and
read
,
the
which
ioyned
with
experience
,
makes
him
a
perfect
man
of
Warre
,
and
without
this
learning
and
reading
,
a
Souldier
may
haunt
the
Warres
many
yeeres
,
and
neuer
attaine
to
the
deepe
points
of
Souldiery
;
In
Barrets
art
of
Warre
lib.
8.
pag.
173.
the
which
by
much
reading
and
few
yeeres
of
experience
,
may
be
farre
better
perfected
,
as
may
be
seene
by
Lucullus
the
Romane
Commander
,
and
many
others
of
other
Nations
.
Thus
much
of
Policie
,
and
of
the
qualities
which
befits
Martiall
men
.
The
next
eight
Chapters
following
declares
the
vse
of
Facing
,
the
vse
of
Wheeling
,
the
vse
of
Counter-marching
,
the
vse
of
Doubling
,
the
vse
of
those
Distances
which
are
to
be
obserued
in
Battell
,
(
naturally
arising
out
of
Doubling
)
with
the
words
of
command
for
either
.
CHAP.
XVIII
.
Of
the
vse
of
Facing
.
IN
exercise
we
commonly
prefix
vnto
our selues
this
method
or
order
.
First
to
face
and
stand
:
Secondly
,
to
face
and
march
.
When
we
face
and
stand
,
☜
Of
facing
and
standing
.
it
is
to
shew
our
Souldiers
how
they
should
defend
themselues
,
if
they
should
be
set
vpon
,
in
Front
,
in
Reare
,
in
Flankes
:
by
transferring
their
faces
that
way
to
receiue
them
closing
,
or
sering
themselues
together
at
a
conuenient
distance
,
and
bearing
out
a
[
](A19255-e20720-b)a
a
This
is
liuely
expressed
in
the
Hollow
battell
called
Plaesium
,
wher●
the
Musketier
are
in
the
middest
,
the
Pikes
outwardly
Fronted
euery
way
and
chargin●
ouer-hand
to
shelter
the
Musketiers
.
Apian
in
the
Warres
of
Siria
,
and
Capt.
Bingham
.
multitude
of
Pikes
euery
way
vpon
them
:
(
as
that
Phalange
of
Antiochus
the
Great
did
)
when
Domitius
,
Scipio's
Lieutenant
encompassed
it
round
with
horse-men
and
light
armed
.
I
cannot
doe
amisse
in
relating
the
manner
of
it
vnto
you
,
it
being
so
pertinent
for
my
purpose
,
and
so
fit
for
the
vnderstanding
of
the
motion
:
Therefore
out
of
Apian
I
will
dilate
it
thus
.
As
soone
as
the
horse
and
chariots
,
of
Antiochus
,
were
put
to
flight
by
the
Romane
Horse-men
,
and
by
Eumenes
his
Phalange
of
foot
being
destitute
of
horse
,
first
opened
and
receiued
the
light
armed
(
that
had
all
the
while
fought
in
the
Front
)
into
the
middest
of
it
.
Then
afterwards
againe
closed
:
And
when
Domitius
,
Scipio's
Lieutenant
incompassed
it
about
with
horse
and
light
armed
,
which
he
might
easily
doe
,
by
reason
it
was
thrust
vp
in
a
thicke
[
](A19255-e20850-b)*
*
This
Plinth●um
was
a
grea●
square
battell
full
of
men
,
and
not
the
hollow
Plinthium
spoken
of
in
X●nophon
.
The
depth
o●
this
Plinthium
was
32.
in
depth
.
The
light
armed
in
the
middest
.
Plinthium
,
it
was
driuen
to
great
distresse
:
being
neither
able
to
charge
the
enemie
,
nor
yet
to
countermarch
in
so
great
a
depth
as
it
carried
:
It
grieued
them
much
that
their
long
experience
nothing
auailed
them
to
annoy
the
enemy
,
and
that
notwithstanding
,
they
were
subiect
to
Arrowes
and
Darts
at
all
hands
.
Yet
bearing
out
a
multitude
of
Pikes
on
euery
side
of
their
square
,
they
called
the
Romans
to
come
to
handle
blowes
,
and
still
made
a
countenance
,
as
though
they
meant
to
charge
,
keeping
themselues
for
all
that
within
their
Rankes
,
as
being
foot-men
and
heauy
armed
,
and
the
rather
because
they
had
to
doe
with
an
Enemy
on
horse-backe
.
Besides
,
they
were
loath
to
breake
the
thicknesse
of
their
battell
;
which
forme
they
could
not
now
alter
.
The
Romanes
also
Durst
not
approach
them
,
and
come
to
sword
,
fearing
their
experience
in
War
,
and
closenesse
of
Aray
,
and
desperation
.
But
running
about
here
and
there
,
plyed
them
with
Arrowes
and
Darts
,
whereof
none
was
throwne
in
vaine
,
falling
amongst
a
troupe
so
closely
put
together
,
that
they
could
neither
auoid
,
and
decline
any
thing
throwne
,
nor
giue
a
way
,
albeit
they
saw
it
comming
.
At
last
being
weary
and
irresolute
what
to
doe
,
they
retired
easily
,
with
a
threatning
countenance
notwithstanding
and
in
good
order
,
and
not
deliuering
the
Romanes
of
feare
,
who
durst
not
yet
come
neare
,
but
sought
to
annoy
them
aloofe
;
till
the
Elephants
placed
in
the
Macedonian
Phalange
,
being
affrighted
,
and
not
to
be
ruled
by
their
gouernours
,
troubled
all
,
and
gaue
occasion
of
flight
.
Hitherto
Appian
.
Whereby
you
may
see
how
suddenly
they
did
face
,
maintaining
a
Charge
(
as
it
were
)
vpon
a
stand
;
and
when
the
Romanes
would
not
come
to
handy
strokes
with
them
,
they
angerly
,
yet
leasurely
retreated
:
and
when
they
were
distressed
,
made
as
though
they
would
charge
,
holding
out
a
multitude
of
Pikes
euery
way
;
to
the
amazement
of
the
Romanes
,
who
durst
not
approach
them
.
The
like
may
be
done
by
our
[
](A19255-e20990-b)c
c
That
is
the
Hollow
square
whe●e
the
Pikes
are
without
,
and
the
Musketiers
within
.
Battell
,
if
it
should
be
charged
as
that
was
.
Thus
much
to
face
ane
stand
.
Now
to
face
and
march
.
☞
Off
facing
and
Marching
.
When
we
face
and
march
,
it
is
to
shew
our
Souldiers
how
we
can
vpon
deliberation
(
as
occasion
serues
)
preuent
the
enemie
from
Falling
on
our
right
or
left
Wing
,
by
bringing
it
to
some
Riuer
,
or
such
like
place
of
strength
for
succour
,
wherby
the
enemy
can
haue
no
way
to
encompasse
it
:
which
we
do
by
bidding
them
first
to
face
,
then
to
march
to
the
place
,
afterwards
to
face
againe
.
And
so
they
are
reduced
to
the
first
posture
,
and
the
Front
is
,
as
it
was
at
the
first
.
This
we
continually
vse
in
our
Trainings
at
home
,
to
make
ou●
men
fit
for
it
in
the
face
of
the
Enemie
.
Howsoeuer
some
may
be
ignorant
in
the
vse
of
the
motion
,
yet
they
cannot
bee
vnskilfull
in
the
motion
it selfe
,
by
reason
of
the
practise
.
No
Battell
can
well
be
without
this
motion
,
especially
in
the
field
,
where
the
enemy
doth
seeke
aduantage
.
Let
me
therefore
shew
you
some
other
excellent
vses
thereof
,
that
it
may
bee
the
beter
esteemed
,
and
the
oftner
practised
.
This
motion
,
as
it
is
performed
marching
,
The
vse
of
Facing
,
as
it
is
performed
marching
.
is
of
this
singular
vse
,
not
onely
to
giue
an
assault
vpon
the
aduerse
wing
of
the
enemy
,
but
to
fail
any
way
off
from
the
enemy
,
and
suddenly
againe
to
turne
vpon
him
with
an
euen
front
to
his
front
;
that
is
,
Pikes
to
his
Pikes
,
Shot
to
his
Shot
,
whereby
he
is
preuented
from
falling
,
either
on
the
Flankes
,
or
on
the
Reare
,
comming
on
with
one
maine
Bodie
.
Manie
other
vses
it
hath
,
as
partly
this
;
To
Captaine
Bingh●m
in
his
notes
vpon
Aelian
cha●
.
25.
shunne
a
dangerous
ground
on
which
an
enemie
hath
strewed
,
Calthrops
,
or
laid
a
secret
trap
,
this
was
found
practised
by
Alexand.
the
great
,
when
he
fought
with
Darius
at
Arbela
;
Arrian
describes
it
thus
[
](A19255-e21120-b)*
*
Arrian
lib.
4.
&
Alexand.
17.
(
saith
he
)
Alexander
hauing
imbattelled
his
Army
,
to
fight
with
Darius
,
had
intelligence
,
that
Darius
had
strewed
the
ground
betwixt
the
two
Armies
with
Calthrops
;
hee
commanded
therefore
the
right
Wing
,
which
himselfe
led
,
to
turne
faces
to
the
right
hand
,
and
to
follow
him
,
to
the
end
to
goe
round
about
,
and
avoid
the
places
that
were
strewed
with
Calthropes
:
Darius
marching
against
him
to
the
left
hand
,
disioyned
his
troopes
of
horse
,
and
Alexander
taking
the
aduantage
,
and
g●uing
in
quickly
betwixt
the
spaces
,
put
Darius
to
flight
.
Here
you
see
the
euent
of
it
,
and
what
a
victory
Alexander
gained
thereby
.
If
he
had
faced
and
stood
still
,
what
would
it
auailed
him
?
Had
hee
marched
fore-right
,
hee
had
falne
vpon
the
Calthropes
,
but
by
facing
and
then
marching
vpon
it
,
hee
effected
all
.
First
he
auoided
the
ground
where
the
Calthropes
lay
(
by
facing
and
marching
forth
)
then
hee
reduced
them
againe
to
their
first
posture
,
by
facing
them
to
the
left
hand
.
Afterwards
(
taking
his
aduantage
)
hee
went
on
to
the
charge
,
and
so
defeated
the
enemie
.
Why
Alexander
made
choice
(
onely
)
of
this
motion
,
is
not
to
be
wondred
at
,
because
necessity
made
him
to
make
vse
of
this
motion
when
no
other
would
serue
.
Countermarch
had
bin
ridiculous
,
so
had
doubling
;
wheeling
had
bin
in
vaine
:
nay
,
it
was
impossible
for
him
to
haue
wheeled
,
the
ground
being
so
scantie
,
(
betweene
him
and
the
Calthropes
)
his
Phalange
of
so
great
a
bredth
,
and
the
enemie
so
nigh
.
Yet
say
he
had
wheeled
(
hauing
had
ground
sufficient
)
hee
must
haue
beene
forced
(
hauing
wheeled
)
to
haue
faced
withall
,
and
marched
further
out
,
then
wheeled
againe
,
or
else
to
no
purpose
;
so
haue
failed
of
his
expedition
.
Thus
you
see
how
fit
this
motion
serued
Alexanders
turne
,
and
by
it
may
learne
to
make
like
vse
of
it
,
vpon
like
occasion
.
Another
singular
vse
of
this
motion
is
,
to
get
the
vpper
ground
from
the
enemie
.
This
was
found
practized
by
Philopaemen
,
the
Achaean
Generall
.
When
Machanidas
,
the
Lacedemonian
Tirant
,
had
put
his
left
wing
to
flight
,
yet
he
by
this
meanes
restored
the
battell
,
and
withall
obtained
the
victory
.
Polibius
lib.
11.
634
Polibius
describes
the
manner
of
it
thus
;
The
fight
being
begunne
betweene
Machanidas
,
the
Lacedemonian
Tirant
,
and
Philopaemen
,
the
Achaean
Generall
,
it
happened
that
Machanidas
had
the
better
,
for
he
hauing
put
the
left
Wing
of
the
Achaean
Mercenaries
to
flight
,
followed
hard
the
chase
;
Philopaemen
,
as
long
as
there
was
any
hope
,
endeauored
to
stay
his
men
:
when
he
saw
them
vtterly
defeated
,
hee
hasted
to
the
right
Wing
,
and
perceiuing
the
enemy
busie
in
the
chase
,
and
the
place
voide
where
the
fight
had
bin
,
commanding
the
first
[
](A19255-e21440-b)*
*
A
Merarchy
consisteth
of
2048
men
.
Merarchies
to
turn
their
faces
to
the
right
●●and
,
he
led
them
on
with
high
speed
,
not
yet
breaking
the
order
of
their
imbattelling
,
and
quickly
seizing
vpon
the
forsaken
ground
,
hee
both
cut
betwixt
them
that
gaue
chase
,
and
home
,
and
withall
got
the
aduantage
of
the
vpper
ground
against
the
left
wing
of
the
armed
,
whereby
hee
obtained
the
victorie
.
Captain
Bingham
vpon
the
same
motion
,
Aelian
chap.
●5
.
If
Philopaemen
had
in
this
action
vsed
wheeling
of
his
Battell
,
which
onely
was
the
other
motion
which
would
haue
serued
his
turne
,
besides
the
troublesomnesse
of
the
winding
about
,
he
should
haue
bin
forced
to
haue
vsed
two
wheelings
,
and
so
failed
of
the
celeritie
,
which
was
at
time
requisite
,
faces
were
turned
in
a
trice
,
and
he
made
himselfe
master
of
the
ground
hee
desired
,
before
hee
could
haue
wheeled
once
his
Battell
.
Besides
to
haue
Fac'd
and
stood
still
,
had
beene
to
no
purpose
,
but
Facing
and
Marching
on
was
to
some
purpose
,
as
you
haue
heard
.
Thus
you
see
what
Facing
is
;
Of
the
vse
of
Facing
in
generall
.
How
it
is
the
easiest
of
all
Motions
,
but
of
no
lesse
importance
or
necessitie
:
How
it
may
be
done
in
a
trice
,
though
the
Enemy
come
very
suddenly
vpon
vs
:
Though
he
encompasse
both
our
Wings
:
Though
hee
enuiron
vs
round
with
Foot
and
Horse
,
yet
we
may
Face
vpon
him
,
and
make
him
resistance
:
How
that
there
is
no
Battell
but
hath
need
of
this
Motion
:
So
that
when
we
finde
our
Enemies
to
encompasse
our
right
Wing
,
wee
turne
our
Faces
and
Weapons
that
way
to
receiue
them
.
To
the
left
,
when
they
come
to
charge
vs
on
that
side
:
If
on
both
sides
,
then
wee
turne
Faces
halfe
to
the
right
,
and
halfe
to
the
left
hand
.
But
being
to
remoue
the
Battell
from
any
of
the
Flanks
,
we
cause
Faces
to
be
turned
to
that
Flanke
;
so
we
lead
on
vpon
the
Enemy
,
either
to
assault
him
,
or
to
preuent
him
where
he
would
assault
.
Which
if
we
cannot
doe
,
we
make
a
stand
,
and
so
receiue
him
.
All
this
I
haue
expressed
fully
both
by
precept
and
example
.
Now
it
remaines
that
I
shew
you
foure
other
things
.
First
,
by
what
words
of
Command
it
may
be
done
.
Secondly
,
in
what
order
.
Thirdly
,
with
which
Legge
comming
forward
.
Fourthly
,
how
to
reduce
all
this
(
by
way
of
document
or
obseruation
)
shall
be
declared
in
the
next
Chapter
following
.
CHAP.
XIX
.
Obseruations
for
Facing
;
shewing
the
manner
how
to
performe
the
action
;
with
many
other
Circumstances
appertaining
to
the
precedent
Chapter
.
IN
the
precedent
Chapter
,
mention
was
made
of
Facing
.
In
this
Chapter
are
certaine
Obseruations
positiuely
set
downe
for
the
exact
performance
thereof
.
They
are
in
number
foure
.
The
first
obseruation
is
,
for
the
motion
of
the
Legge
.
The
second
for
reducement
to
its
first
Posture
.
The
third
for
distance
to
grace
the
Action
.
The
fourth
for
words
of
Command
,
either
to
Face
and
March
;
or
to
Face
and
Stand
;
expressing
their
vse
.
Of
these
in
order
.
The
first
Obseruation
.
First
then
obserue
that
in
Facing
vpon
a
stand
,
the
Motion
,
must
and
ought
to
be
performed
with
the
right
Legge
;
that
is
,
the
left
Legge
must
stand
firme
:
The
right
must
either
remoue
forward
,
or
backward
:
Forward
,
when
you
Face
to
the
left
hand
;
Backward
,
when
you
face
to
the
right
hand
.
Be
it
to
the
right
about
,
or
to
the
left
about
,
the
left
Leg
stands
firme
;
only
you
moue
the
foot
vpon
the
heele
or
toe
:
But
in
the
March
it
is
to
be
done
,
How
to
Face
Marching
.
sometimes
with
the
right
Legge
,
sometimes
with
the
left
Legge
:
With
the
right
Legge
,
when
it
is
to
the
left
hand
:
With
the
left
Legge
,
when
it
is
to
the
right
hand
;
for
you
must
gaine
ground
,
and
not
lose
.
The
second
Obseruation
.
In
the
second
place
,
obserue
or
take
notice
,
how
to
reduce
vnto
the
first
Posture
.
This
must
be
thus
performed
:
When
you
Face
to
the
right
,
returne
backe
to
the
left
hand
.
How
to
reduce
vnto
your
first
Posture
.
When
you
Face
to
the
left
,
returne
backe
to
the
right
hand
.
Hauing
Fac'd
about
to
the
right
,
returne
about
to
the
left
.
Hauing
Fac'd
about
to
the
left
,
returne
about
to
the
right
.
For
still
the
contrary
must
be
done
.
Obserue
it
and
forget
it
not
.
The
third
Obseruation
.
In
the
third
place
obserue
,
or
take
notice
,
of
the
Distances
appropriated
to
Facing
.
These
Distances
are
of
three
sorts
:
to
wit
,
-
Open
Order
.
-
Order
.
-
Close
Order
.
The
first
for
Exercise
:
The
two
last
for
Seruice
.
No
Captaine
must
be
so
absurd
,
as
to
Face
vpon
an
Enemy
(
in
open
Order
)
the
Enemy
comming
to
push
of
Pike
.
The
Grecians
would
neuer
Face
to
receiue
the
Charge
of
an
Enemy
,
but
in
their
close
Order
.
Their
close
Order
,
was
a
foot
and
a
halfe
from
file
to
file
,
and
three
foot
from
ranke
to
ranke
.
This
we
commonly
vse
with
Pikes
.
But
our
Musketiers
are
neuer
to
be
closer
then
the
second
Distance
of
three
foot
in
square
,
because
they
are
to
haue
a
free
vse
of
their
Armes
.
If
then
they
be
at
a
closer
Distance
,
they
will
much
throng
and
trouble
one
another
,
and
are
subiect
to
firing
.
In
the
last
place
,
obserue
how
to
giue
the
words
of
Command
,
The
fourth
Obseruation
.
either
to
Face
and
March
,
or
to
Face
and
stand
.
That
you
may
doe
it
orderly
,
and
properly
,
I
haue
fitted
them
to
your
mouth
thus
:
Face
to
the
right
hand
,
March
.
Words
of
Command
to
Face
and
March
.
Face
to
the
left
hand
,
March
.
Face
to
the
right
hand
about
,
March
.
Face
to
the
left
hand
about
,
March
.
Thus
you
may
set
vpon
your
Enemy
as
you
see
aduantage
,
or
preuent
him
where
he
would
charge
you
to
your
disaduantage
,
or
shun
a
dangerous
ground
prepared
for
you
,
as
Alexander
did
,
when
Darius
would
haue
intrapped
him
.
Thus
much
to
Face
&
March
,
and
of
the
words
of
Command
for
it
.
Now
to
face
and
stand
,
with
the
words
of
Command
for
that
Motion
.
The
words
of
proper
direction
for
it
are
these
.
Words
of
Command
to
Face
&
stand
.
Face
to
the
right
hand
.
[
](A19255-e22130-b)*
*
If
you
restore
to
the
first
Posture
,
you
are
to
say
,
As
you
were
.
Thus
if
the
Enemy
haue
encompassed
your
right
Flanke
,
you
are
ready
for
him
.
Face
to
the
left
hand
.
Thus
if
the
Enemy
haue
encompassed
your
left
Flanke
,
you
are
ready
for
him
.
Face
to
the
right
and
left
hand
,
by
diuision
.
Thus
if
the
Enemy
hath
encompassed
both
the
Wings
of
your
Battell
,
(
being
vnable
to
auoide
it
[
](A19255-e22200-b)*
*
They
face
to
the
right
and
left
,
by
diuision
.
)
you
Face
thus
to
resist
him
.
Face
to
the
right
and
about
.
Thus
if
the
Enemy
haue
suddenly
made
his
Approach
vpon
your
Reare
,
you
are
ready
for
him
,
and
resist
him
in
an
instant
.
Middle
men
to
the
right
hand
about
.
This
forme
is
called
Phalange
Amphistomus
,
described
by
Aelian
chap.
38.
And
is
of
excellent
vse
to
resist
the
charge
of
the
Enemy
,
assaulting
vs
in
Front
and
Reare
.
Obserue
the
forme
of
this
Face
,
being
ten
in
depth
.
This
is
the
P●inthium
full
of
men
.
The
three
last
Rankes
face
about
to
the
Right
.
The
three
first
Rankes
in
the
Front
stand
as
you
doe
.
The
Rest
in
the
midst
to
the
Right
and
Left
,
by
diuision
.
Thus
if
the
Enemy
haue
enuironed
you
about
on
all
sides
:
On
all
sides
you
are
ready
to
resist
him
.
Plutarch
in
the
life
of
Paulus
Aemilius
.
This
was
the
last
remedy
of
the
Macedonian
Phalange
opposed
against
Paulus
Aemylius
in
his
Battell
with
Perseus
,
which
distressed
the
Romanes
,
and
had
gained
the
victory
,
had
it
not
beene
broken
for
want
of
ground
.
Thus
much
for
Facing
.
Now
if
in
stead
of
Facing
,
you
would
command
Charging
,
giue
the
words
thus
:
Charge
to
the
right
hand
.
Charge
to
the
left
hand
.
Charge
both
to
the
right
and
left
hand
.
Charge
to
the
Front
.
Charge
to
the
Reare
.
Charge
both
Front
and
Reare
.
Charge
euery
way
.
A
Caution
.
When
you
charge
vpon
a
stand
,
fall
backe
with
the
right
Legg
.
When
you
charge
to
goe
on
,
come
forward
with
the
left
Legg
.
This
is
to
charge
Marching
.
Thus
much
for
this
Chapter
.
CHAP.
XX.
Of
the
vse
of
Wheeling
.
WHeeling
is
of
the
same
vse
with
Facing
,
both
may
be
done
vpon
the
sudden
approach
of
the
Enemy
,
whether
hee
shew
himselfe
on
the
right
or
left
Flanke
,
or
in
the
Reare
of
your
Battell
.
The
excellency
of
Wheeling
.
If
he
shew
himselfe
in
the
right
or
left
Flanke
,
Wheeling
will
haue
the
preheminence
of
Facing
,
for
it
will
oppose
him
with
thy
front
,
which
are
thy
best
men
.
If
he
shew
himselfe
in
the
Reare
,
Wheeling
will
yet
haue
the
preheminence
,
and
oppose
him
there
with
thy
fileleaders
(
or
best
men
)
as
it
did
before
in
the
Flanke
But
[
](A19255-e22680-b)*
*
Of
the
prehemincie
of
Facing
ouer
Wheeling
.
if
the
enemie
shew
himselfe
in
Front
and
Reare
,
or
in
more
then
these
places
at
once
(
suddenly
to
charge
thee
)
Facing
will
then
haue
the
preheminence
,
and
Wheeling
will
doe
more
harme
then
good
.
Therefore
being
in
this
straight
,
the
best
remedie
is
to
turne
faces
and
so
receiue
him
.
But
hauing
sufficient
place
,
and
fit
occasion
to
wheele
,
Captaine
Bingham
in
his
notes
vpon
Aelian
,
Chapt.
25.
omit
not
this
oportunitie
,
but
meet
him
with
thy
best
men
.
For
example
whereof
I
bring
the
Graetians
:
They
coveting
alwaies
to
bring
their
best
men
,
that
is
,
the
fileleaders
to
fight
;
did
thus
,
In
open
order
they
chose
to
countermarch
?
In
close
order
hauing
place
to
wheele
their
battell
about
,
they
did
turne
the
face
of
it
against
the
enemie
.
If
they
could
doe
neither
of
these
,
they
came
to
the
last
remedie
which
was
turning
of
faces
of
euery
particular
man
in
the
battell
.
This
was
the
Grecians
order
,
which
shewes
the
excellencie
of
their
discipline
:
And
therefore
we
are
willing
to
follow
them
,
being
the
Mirrours
of
Arts
and
Armes
.
They
were
so
perfect
in
these
motions
by
their
continuall
practise
and
exercise
,
that
few
or
none
were
euer
comparable
vnto
them
.
In
wheeling
they
would
moue
as
a
ship
(
or
some
other
body
)
caried
about
wholly
and
ioyntly
together
,
remaining
vndisolued
.
When
they
were
to
wheele
to
the
right
,
they
did
first
warne
the
right
corner
file
leader
to
stand
still
(
as
it
were
the
hooke
of
a
doore-hinge
)
and
the
rest
they
commanded
altogether
to
proceed
forward
,
and
to
turne
about
the
same
fileleader
like
the
doore
.
[
](A19255-e22790-b)*
*
They
will
not
wheele
,
vnlesse
they
be
at
an
vnfitting
order
Pouldion
to
Houldion
and
then
Rankes
to
the
swords
point
a
distance
not
fit
for
that
motion
.
Thus
was
the
battell
wholy
turned
by
them
(
as
the
body
of
a
man
)
to
the
right
,
to
the
left
,
or
about
to
either
,
being
caried
about
the
corner
fileleader
,
as
about
a
Center
.
This
was
a
comely
sight
to
looke
vpon
?
would
to
God
all
would
doe
it
as
exactly
as
they
But
wishes
are
in
vaine
,
men
will
doe
as
they
list
,
not
as
they
should
:
ᵃ
Some
will
neither
obserue
the
distance
vsed
by
the
Grecians
,
no
the
distance
appointed
by
our
Tacticks
,
for
the
comely
grace
thereof
.
This
distance
is
three
foot
from
file
to
file
,
and
three
foot
from
ranke
to
ranke
?
If
this
be
not
obserued
,
the
motion
will
want
grace
,
the
vse
of
it
will
be
frustrated
?
the
enemie
will
preuaile
against
them
:
For
how
can
those
men
fight
whose
hands
are
tyed
,
being
thronged
and
pestred
together
,
they
are
as
it
were
bound
and
tyed
,
and
can
neither
assault
the
enemie
,
nor
defend
themselues
,
but
are
subiect
to
be
killed
one
of
another
.
Therefore
true
distances
,
must
be
obserued
.
But
of
distances
more
hereafter
.
Faceing
and
wheeling
are
the
subiects
on
which
I
treat
.
Now
faceing
and
wheeling
being
ioyned
together
are
of
singular
vse
?
To
preuent
the
enemie
where
he
would
assault
you
:
To
giue
the
assault
on
him
,
and
to
circumuent
him
in
taking
of
aduantage
of
ground
,
Wind
and
Sunne
,
it
likewise
serues
to
strengthen
the
middest
of
your
battell
with
the
best
men
.
By
Wheeling
the
Wings
into
the
middest
of
the
battell
.
In
doing
whereof
you
curtall
the
depth
,
and
extend
the
length
,
bringing
more
men
to
fight
then
you
had
before
Thus
much
of
Wheeleing
.
The
words
of
Command
followes
in
the
next
chapter
.
CHAP.
XXI
.
Of
the
words
of
command
for
Wheeling
.
THe
words
of
command
for
Wheeling
may
be
thus
giuen
.
Viz.
Wheele
the
body
to
the
right
hand
.
The
Vse
.
Thus
if
the
enemie
appeare
to
the
right
Flanke
,
you
bring
your
best
men
to
fight
against
him
:
Wheele
the
body
to
the
left
hand
.
The
Vse
.
Thus
if
the
enemy
come
to
charge
your
left
Flanke
,
you
bring
your
best
men
against
him
:
Wheele
the
body
about
to
the
right
hand
.
The
Vse
.
Thus
if
the
enemie
appeare
in
the
Reare
,
you
bring
your
File-leaders
,
that
is
,
your
best
men
to
fight
.
Wheele
the
body
about
to
the
left
hand
.
Thus
you
are
reduced
to
your
first
Posture
.
The
Vse
But
it
may
be
you
would
Face
,
then
march
;
after
Face
againe
,
then
wheele
.
If
you
would
,
it
may
be
commanded
thus
:
Face
to
the
right
hand
.
Face
&
March.
and
march
twenty
paces
.
Face
to
the
left
hand
.
and
march
twenty
paces
.
Then
wheele
to
the
left
,
and
charge
ouer-hand
.
Thus
you
may
gaine
the
aduantage
of
ground
vpon
the
right
Flanke
:
The
Vse
.
you
may
assault
your
enemy
on
the
left
Wing
with
your
File-leaders
or
Front
,
you
may
gaine
the
aduantage
of
Wind
and
Sunne
,
from
the
enemie
:
And
presently
fall
vpon
a
charge
.
It
may
be
you
would
extend
the
length
of
your
Battell
by
wheeling
(
by
bringing
the
Wings
into
the
midst
.
)
Then
you
may
command
thus
.
Wheele
the
Wings
into
the
middest
of
the
Battell
.
Face
to
your
Commander
.
Thus
the
strength
of
your
Battell
lies
in
the
middest
;
The
Vse
.
it
may
be
you
would
reduce
.
Then
command
thus
:
To
the
right
hand
about
.
Then
begin
with
the
Bringers
vp
,
and
say
:
Wheele
your
Wings
againe
into
the
middest
of
the
Battell
.
Then
bid
them
Face
to
their
Commander
:
after
that
.
Face
to
the
left
hand
about
.
And
so
they
are
fully
reduced
as
they
were
.
It
may
bee
you
would
know
the
way
how
to
performe
this
Wheeling
,
for
as
yet
you
are
Ignorant
.
Then
obserue
how
to
do
it
by
this
Instance
which
will
somewhat
explaine
it
vnto
you
.
There
be
ten
File-leaders
in
Front
,
The
Instance
.
fiue
of
them
on
the
right
Wing
wheeles
forward
to
the
left
,
transferring
their
faces
to
the
contrary
Wing
,
their
Followers
mouing
with
them
,
and
standing
behinde
them
as
they
did
at
the
first
,
only
they
change
their
former
ground
,
as
did
the
File-leaders
.
The
other
fiue
on
the
left
Wing
wheeles
forward
to
the
right
,
meeting
them
in
the
midst
,
face
to
face
,
hauing
all
their
Followers
(
behind
them
)
as
the
other
fiue
.
Then
the
Commander
bids
them
Face
to
him
:
And
so
the
countenances
of
all
the
Souldiers
are
directed
(
or
transferred
)
all
one
way
.
Thus
you
may
performe
this
wheeling
;
but
action
doth
better
performe
it
than
words
.
This
wheeling
of
the
Wings
into
the
midst
of
the
Battalia
,
was
vsed
by
the
Ancient
Grecians
,
to
make
their
Diphalange
Antistomus
,
their
Diphalange
Peristomus
,
their
Hollow-wedge
.
The
Figure
of
which
is
to
be
seene
in
Aelian
,
with
the
description
of
them
,
Chap.
36.
40.
and
41.
What
Victories
haue
beene
gained
by
this
kinde
of
Imbattalling
,
I
haue
seen
,
and
read
in
a
written
Copie
of
Captain
Binghams
composing
,
to
be
diuulged
(
shortly
)
for
a
publike
good
,
that
is
now
but
for
a
priuate
vse
.
This
worthy
Captaine
was
the
man
that
did
first
shew
the
Gentlemen
of
the
Artillery
Garden
how
they
should
performe
this
kinde
of
wheeling
,
which
now
they
doe
most
exactly
:
And
he
will
proue
the
vse
of
it
to
be
as
profitable
for
Seruice
now
,
as
heretofore
with
the
Grecians
,
if
we
will
but
doe
what
he
shall
aduise
.
Thus
much
of
this
Kinde
of
Wheeling
,
and
of
the
other
Wheeling
,
which
must
not
be
vsed
when
the
enemy
is
vpon
you
,
but
when
he
is
aloofe
off
.
Now
of
Counter-march
.
CHAP.
XXII
.
Of
Counter-marches
,
and
the
diuers
kindes
thereof
:
with
the
manner
how
they
are
to
be
made
,
and
of
their
vse
.
COunter-marches
are
two-fold
:
for
either
we
Counter-march
the
Files
or
the
Rankes
.
And
these
either
by
changing
of
ground
,
or
keeping
still
the
same
ground
.
If
we
Counter
march
by
Files
,
it
is
to
oppose
the
enemie
appearing
in
the
Reare
with
our
best
men
.
If
by
Rankes
,
it
is
to
bring
one
Wing
into
the
place
of
the
other
;
or
all
our
best
men
into
the
middest
of
the
Battell
.
If
we
Counter-march
by
Files
or
Rankes
,
to
change
our
ground
,
we
do
it
either
by
the
Macedonian
,
the
Lacedemonian
,
o●
the
[
](A19255-e23420-b)a
a
The
modern
Counter-march
standing
,
is
thus
performed
;
The
Fyle-leaders
counter-march
to
the
right
,
the
next
Ranke
stands
til
they
be
past
,
then
they
follow
:
the
like
do
all
the
rest
,
transferring
themselues
to
a
new
ground
.
moderne
Counter-march
which
was
inuented
for
that
purpose
,
and
to
be
performed
standing
.
If
to
maintaine
ground
,
then
we
doe
it
by
the
Choraean
Counter-march
,
which
makes
the
File-leaders
to
take
the
ground
of
the
Bringers
vp
,
and
the
Bringers
vp
the
same
ground
,
in
the
which
the
File-leaders
stood
.
The
like
in
the
Wings
.
These
Counter-marches
,
namely
,
the
Macedonian
,
the
Lacedemonian
,
and
the
Choraean
,
are
described
by
Aelian
thus
.
The
Macedonian
Counter-march
[
](A19255-e23510-b)b
b
Aelian
chap.
20
of
the
Macedonian
Crunter-march
by
Fyle
.
by
File
,
is
said
to
be
,
when
the
File-leader
turneth
about
his
face
,
&
all
the
rest
with
the
Bringer-vp
goeth
against
him
on
the
right
or
left
hand
,
and
passing
on
to
the
ground
before
the
Front
of
the
Battell
;
place
themselues
in
order
one
after
another
,
according
as
the
File-leader
himselfe
hath
turned
his
face
.
This
Counter-march
you
see
transferreth
the
whole
File
to
another
place
equall
to
the
first
,
by
taking
the
ground
that
lyeth
before
the
Front
,
in
lieu
of
that
it
lost
behinde
.
It
likewise
maketh
Shew
to
the
enemy
appearing
in
the
Reare
of
running
away
,
but
it
is
of
excellent
vse
.
Say
that
before
thy
Battell
lay
a
Riuer
,
The
vse
of
the
Macedonian
Counter-march
by
Fyle
.
and
betweene
the
Riuer
and
thee
a
faire
plot
of
ground
,
higher
than
that
thou
standest
vpon
(
the
enemy
appearing
in
the
Reare
,
and
compelling
thee
to
fight
)
the
only
way
to
oppose
him
with
the
best
men
,
and
to
got
this
ground
for
thy
aduantage
,
is
this
Macedonian
Counter-march
.
This
Counter-march
was
first
Inuented
by
Philip
King
of
Macedon
,
Father
of
Alexander
the
Great
.
The
Lacedemonian
Counter-march
by
Fyle
is
,
Of
the
Lacedemonian
Counter-march
by
Fyle
,
described
by
Aelian
,
chap.
28.
when
the
Bringer
vp
turneth
his
face
about
,
and
all
the
rest
turning
also
their
faces
,
and
proceeding
forward
together
with
their
Fyle-leader
,
order
themselues
proportionably
in
the
ground
which
was
behind
the
reare
of
the
Battell
.
Or
else
,
when
the
Bringer-vp
turneth
his
face
about
,
and
hee
that
stood
next
before
him
passiing
by
on
the
right
or
left
hand
,
is
placed
againe
next
before
him
,
and
the
rest
following
,
are
placed
one
before
another
in
their
former
order
,
till
the
Fyle-leader
bee
first
.
In
this
Counter-march
you
see
,
the
proceeding
is
contrary
to
the
former
that
tooke
the
ground
before
the
Phalange
,
or
Battell
,
this
takes
the
ground
after
.
In
that
the
moouing
was
from
the
reare
to
the
front
;
in
this
from
the
front
to
the
reare
.
[
](A19255-e23690-b)*
*
Captaine
Bingham
in
his
notes
vpon
Aelian
chap.
28.
Aelian
preferreth
the
Lacedemonian
Counter-march
before
the
Macedoman
,
because
in
it
the
Soldiers
seeme
to
fall
on
and
charge
,
wherin
the
Macedonian
they
seeme
to
flie
.
There
is
notwithstanding
,
times
(
as
Captaine
Bingham
notes
)
when
it
is
better
to
vse
the
Macedonian
;
As
when
you
seeke
to
gaine
some
ground
of
aduantage
:
or
in
case
you
mean
to
march
on
and
not
to
fight
with
the
Enemy
,
vnlesse
you
be
compelled
,
for
the
Macedonian
continueth
still
the
march
,
and
staieth
not
:
the
Lacedemonian
returneth
vpon
the
Enemie
,
and
so
looseth
ground
in
marching
.
There
is
likewise
times
(
say
I
)
when
it
is
more
requisite
to
vse
this
Lacedemonian
Counter-march
,
than
any
other
.
As
in
case
you
haue
passed
the
ground
which
the
enemy
following
seekes
to
gaine
,
and
to
charge
you
suddenly
,
the
onely
way
to
possesse
it
againe
,
and
to
fight
with
him
with
your
best
men
,
is
thus
to
Counter-march
;
the
Macedonian
here
will
doe
no
good
.
Ae●ian
chap.
28.
The
Lacedemonians
haue
another
Counter-march
,
which
bears
the
name
,
and
that
is
this
;
the
Fyle-leaders
begin
the
Countermarch
,
and
euery
one
in
their
Files
follow
them
orderly
.
This
is
no
other
then
our
modern
Counter-march
now
in
vse
.
The
[
](A19255-e23890-b)*
*
Of
the
Choraean
Counter-march
by
Fyle
,
otherwise
called
Persian
or
Cretan
.
Choraean
Counter-march
by
Fyle
,
is
said
to
be
,
when
the
Fyle-leader
turning
about
to
the
right
hand
,
precedeth
the
Fyle
,
and
all
the
rest
follow
,
till
the
Fyle-leader
haue
the
place
of
the
Bringer-vp
,
and
the
Bringer-vp
the
place
of
the
Fyle-leader
.
This
Counter-march
(
saith
Aelian
)
is
called
likewise
Persian
&
Cretan
:
Persian
and
C●etan
(
saith
Captaine
Bingham
)
because
it
was
vsed
among
the
Persians
and
Cretans
.
Captaine
Bingham
in
his
notes
vpon
Aelian
chap.
28.
Choraean
also
,
for
the
similitude
it
had
with
the
solelmne
Grecian
daunces
vpon
Stages
,
the
company
that
shewed
themselues
in
such
daunces
being
called
Chorus
,
who
in
their
daunces
ordered
themselues
into
syles
and
rankes
,
as
Souldiers
doe
in
battell
,
and
moouing
themselues
to
the
brinke
of
the
Stage
,
when
being
straightned
by
the
place
,
they
could
passe
no
further
,
they
retired
one
through
the
rankes
of
the
other
,
exceeding
not
the
bounds
of
the
place
,
as
is
done
in
this
Counter-march
:
The
words
of
command
for
the
Choraean
Cuunter-march
by
Fyle
.
It
may
be
commanded
thus
;
Fyle-leaders
,
Counter-march
to
the
place
of
the
Bringers-vp
,
and
stand
,
and
let
your
Files
follow
you
,
keeping
your
distance
.
Or
thus
;
Fyles
,
Counter-march
,
and
maintaine
ground
.
The
Lacedemonian
may
be
commanded
thus
;
[
](A19255-e24160-b)*
*
The
words
of
command
for
the
Lacedemonian
Counter-march
by
File
deliuered
in
Captaine
Binghams
owne
words
.
Bringers-vp
,
turne
your
faces
about
to
the
right
hand
:
the
rest
,
turne
your
faces
about
,
and
beginning
at
them
that
are
next
the
Bringers-vp
,
Counter-march
,
and
place
your selues
in
your
distances
,
before
the
Bringers-vp
,
and
one
before
another
,
till
the
Fyle-leader
be
first
.
Or
thus
;
Face
all
to
the
Reare
:
Bringers-vp
stand
;
the
next
Ranke
,
passe
through
by
their
right
hand
,
and
place
your selues
before
them
,
keeping
your
distances
;
all
the
rest
moue
with
them
,
placing
your selues
one
before
another
till
the
Fyle-leader
be
first
.
When
your
men
are
perfects
you
need
but
say
,
The
Lacedemonian
Counter-march
,
and
it
is
enough
.
This
gaines
the
ground
lying
after
the
Reare
,
as
the
Macedonian
the
groundlying
before
the
Front
:
Now
the
Macedonian
may
be
thus
commanded
;
File-leaders
,
turne
your
faces
about
to
the
right
hand
;
Words
of
command
for
the
Macedonian
Counter-march
by
File
,
Aelian
.
chap.
28.
the
rest
of
euery
Fyle
passe
through
in
order
,
one
after
another
,
and
place
your selues
at
your
distances
,
after
your
Leaders
,
turning
your
faces
about
,
and
so
stand
.
Looke
what
these
Counter-marches
doe
by
Fyle
,
the
very
same
they
doe
by
Ranke
for
like
aduantage
.
The
Macedonian
Counter-march
by
Ranke
,
taketh
the
ground
that
lyeth
on
the
side
of
the
contrarie
Wing
,
beginning
to
moue
at
the
corner
of
the
Wing
which
is
nearest
the
enemie
,
seeming
therfore
to
him
to
runne
away
,
because
it
dismarcheth
from
him
,
as
that
of
the
Fyle
did
before
.
The
words
of
command
for
it
may
be
these
;
The
right
hand
corner
File
face
to
the
left
;
Words
of
command
for
the
Macedonian
Counter-march
by
Rank
the
rest
of
each
File
passe
through
to
the
left
,
and
place
your selues
orderly
behind
your
side-men
,
keeping
your
distance
.
The
vse
.
This
gaineth
the
ground
lying
on
the
side
of
the
right
Wing
,
farthest
of
from
the
Enemy
.
The
Enemy
appeared
to
the
left
Wing
B●●his
Counter
march
you
may
set
the
strongest
part
of
your
Battell
against
the
Enemy
,
and
apply
the
weakest
vnto
some
Riuer
L●ke
,
Hill
,
or
such
like
place
,
so
that
the
Enemy
cannot
come
to
encomp●sse
it
.
Of
the
Lacedemonian
countermarch
by
ranke
.
The
Lacedemonian
Counter-march
by
Ranke
,
taketh
the
ground
that
lieth
on
the
side
of
that
Wing
which
is
towards
the
Enemy
,
and
bringeth
the
best
Wing
to
be
formost
against
the
Enemy
,
comming
still
on
vpon
him
,
without
any
shew
of
running
away
;
and
by
these
words
of
command
may
be
effected
;
Words
of
command
for
the
Lacedemonian
Counter-march
by
ranke
.
The
vse
.
Left
hand
corner
File
,
where
the
Enemy
appeareth
,
turne
your
faces
to
the
left
hand
;
the
rest
of
each
Ranke
,
turne
your
faces
,
and
passe
thorow
to
the
left
hand
,
and
place
your selues
before
your
side-men
,
keeping
your
distances
.
Thus
when
our
forces
are
able
to
encounter
the
enemy
,
and
we
desire
to
bring
our
best
wings
to
fight
;
then
we
proceed
after
this
manner
to
oppose
him
.
Of
the
Choraean
Countermarch
by
ranke
.
The
Choraean
Countermarch
by
ranke
keepeth
the
same
ground
the
battell
had
at
first
,
and
bringeth
one
Wing
,
into
the
place
of
the
other
,
or
else
the
Sections
to
possesse
the
place
of
the
Wings
,
thereby
to
strengthen
the
midst
of
the
battell
.
These
two
may
be
effected
,
as
the
other
,
by
seuerall
words
of
Command
:
The
first
by
this
word
of
command
,
Words
of
command
for
the
Choraean
Countermarch
by
ranke
.
Rankes
to
the
right
hand
Countermarch
and
maintaine
ground
.
The
second
by
this
word
of
command
,
Countermarch
the
Wings
into
the
midst
of
the
battell
.
The
way
to
doe
it
is
this
,
First
they
are
to
face
to
the
right
and
left
hand
by
diuision
:
Then
to
Countermarch
into
the
midst
of
the
battell
;
After
they
are
to
face
to
their
Commander
,
and
so
the
Countermarch
is
effected
.
The
vse
.
Thus
we
strengthen
the
midst
of
our
battell
with
our
best
men
;
bringing
them
to
fight
with
the
enemie
,
which
is
the
end
of
Countermarch
.
Wherein
notwithstanding
there
is
a
Caution
to
bee
held
,
that
if
the
enemie
be
very
neare
,
that
we
cannot
conueniently
Countermarch
,
before
he
come
vpon
vs
,
we
forbeare
,
lest
we
fall
into
disorder
,
and
in
disorder
be
easily
defeated
.
In
which
case
the
best
remedie
is
to
turne
faces
and
so
receiue
him
.
As
Countermarches
are
not
to
be
done
,
vnlesse
the
enemie
be
aloofe
off
,
so
neither
can
they
well
be
done
but
at
open
order
.
When
then
your
files
and
rankes
are
at
six
foot
,
which
is
(
your
first
distance
)
Then
you
haue
sufficient
roome
to
Countermarch
any
way
.
But
in
Countermarch
obserue
this
.
If
the
word
be
for
the
right
hand
,
then
step
forth
with
the
right
legge
,
and
bring
the
left
legge
ouer
.
If
to
the
left
,
then
step
forth
with
the
left
legge
,
and
bring
the
right
ouer
.
But
if
the
Word
be
to
the
right
,
and
maintaine
ground
,
then
stand
fast
with
the
right
legge
,
and
bring
the
left
ouer
.
Thus
much
of
Countermarching
.
Now
of
Doubling
.
CHAP.
XXIII
.
Of
the
vse
of
Doubling
.
THere
is
two
kinde
of
Doubling
,
the
one
of
Rankes
,
the
other
of
fi●es
.
The
first
doth
double
the
[
](A19255-e24690-b)a
a
The
length
of
the
batell
is
the
Ranke
,
the
depth
is
the
File
Rankes
stretch
forth
in
length
,
Files
in
depth
(
saith
Suidas
.
)
Length
,
the
second
the
Depth
of
your
battell
.
The
Length
of
your
battell
may
bee
doubled
in
Place
or
Number
.
In
[
](A19255-e24730-b)b
b
Doubling
of
the
length
of
a
battell
in
place
.
place
,
when
euery
file
doth
open
,
from
three
foot
to
six
foot
,
which
is
your
open
order
in
files
.
By
this
meanes
the
Front
possesseth
double
ground
to
that
it
had
before
.
There
is
another
way
to
double
the
Front
in
place
,
as
you
shall
heare
anon
.
The
Length
of
your
battell
is
[
](A19255-e24750-b)c
c
Doubling
of
the
length
of
a
battell
in
Number
.
doubled
in
Number
,
when
of
twentie
in
a
ranke
,
it
is
made
fortie
,
and
of
fortie
fourescore
.
So
that
you
haue
twice
as
many
men
in
the
Front
as
you
had
before
.
This
doubling
of
the
Length
of
your
battell
by
number
,
may
be
done
vpon
fit
occasion
,
either
in
open
order
,
or
in
order
In
open
order
,
by
doubling
of
Rankes
,
by
middle
men
doing
the
same
.
By
bringers
vp
doubling
the
front
either
to
the
right
or
left
hand
at
discretion
.
In
order
by
middle
men
doubling
of
the
Front
,
either
to
the
right
or
left
hand
intire
,
or
by
deuission
to
both
.
Which
doth
likewise
double
the
length
of
a
Battell
,
not
onely
in
number
but
in
place
also
,
as
Captaine
Bingham
doth
obserue
in
his
notes
upon
Aelian
chap.
29.
Chap.
29.
Two
Causes
are
assigned
for
the
doubling
of
the
length
of
your
Battell
both
in
number
and
place
.
The
one
to
ouerwing
the
enemie
.
The
other
to
auoid
ouerwinging
.
Two
wayes
you
may
auoid
ouerwinging
.
One
is
by
making
choise
of
such
a
ground
,
as
may
giue
you
this
aduantage
of
the
enemie
;
That
he
can
neuer
compasse
you
in
behinde
,
P●●tar●●
in
the
liues
of
A●es●laus
and
S
lla
,
pag.
630.
&
478.
nor
flanke
you
on
the
sides
.
Now
if
you
cannot
finde
such
a
ground
,
vse
art
.
Cast
a
trench
vpon
each
flanke
;
or
Waggons
on
either
Wing
.
As
Syila
and
Huniades
did
,
fearing
to
be
encompassed
by
the
multitude
of
their
enemies
.
The
second
way
to
auoid
ouerwinging
is
,
by
placing
of
Aides
in
the
Reare
of
your
Battell
;
or
by
laying
them
in
Ambush
aloofe
off
,
that
so
vpon
a
word
giuen
they
may
suddenly
start
out
vpon
the
Enemy
,
as
Caesar
made
his
to
doe
at
the
Battell
of
Pharsalia
,
where
he
put
Pompey
the
Great
to
flight
.
These
Aides
must
be
of
the
most
chiefest
Souldiers
you
haue
,
with
Officers
appointed
for
their
conduct
,
as
was
vsed
by
the
auntient
Romanes
before
and
in
Vegetius
time
,
Vegetius
lib.
3.
cap.
17.
who
did
alwaies
res
rue
many
of
these
Aides
,
when
their
number
was
inferior
to
their
Enemies
,
their
Battell
lesse
pitched
,
and
they
in
danger
to
be
ouerwinged
.
But
when
they
had
plenty
of
fighting
men
,
they
by
Doubling
would
make
their
Battell
equall
in
length
and
depth
to
their
Enemies
.
So
that
they
could
not
breake
through
or
ouerwinge
them
.
Thus
much
to
a●oid
ouerwinging
.
And
for
the
doubling
of
the
length
of
a
Battell
in
pl●ce
and
number
.
Doubling
the
depth
of
a
Battell
in
place
.
The
depth
of
your
Battell
is
doubled
in
place
,
when
euery
Ranke
from
the
swords
point
opens
to
three
foot
,
from
three
foot
to
six
foot
,
from
six
foot
to
twelue
foot
,
which
is
your
double
distance
.
The
vse
of
this
is
twofold
.
First
to
imploy
a
great
deale
of
ground
for
your
owne
aduantage
,
making
your
number
seeme
more
then
it
is
.
Secondly
,
to
make
way
for
the
Canon
shot
,
by
which
the
enemy
afar
of
would
annoy
your
flanks
.
Therefore
you
march
at
a
double
distance
.
The
depth
of
your
Battell
is
doubled
by
number
,
Doubling
th●
depth
of
a
Battell
by
number
when
of
ten
in
File
,
it
is
made
twenty
,
of
twenty
forty
,
and
of
sorry
fourescore
.
The
doubling
of
the
depth
of
your
Battell
may
be
done
vpon
fit
occasion
,
either
in
open
order
or
in
close
order
.
In
open
order
,
by
doubling
of
Files
:
When
Files
double
by
Countermarch
,
either
to
the
right
or
left
hand
:
Or
when
halfe
the
Rankes
double
the
right
or
left
flanke
:
When
Ranks
file
by
conuersion
,
either
to
the
right
or
left
hand
,
which
is
vsually
done
at
a
double
distance
.
In
order
(
or
close
order
)
by
aduancing
of
Files
to
the
right
or
left
hand
:
By
File-leaders
drawing
forth
their
Files
(
into
one
)
or
if
you
will
both
to
the
right
and
left
hand
by
diuision
.
Then
both
right
and
left
hand
File
leads
forth
together
:
so
the
body
is
drawne
into
two
Files
.
All
these
waies
and
more
,
may
the
depth
of
your
Battell
be
doubled
in
place
and
number
,
not
to
change
the
forme
thereof
,
or
(
if
it
be
)
to
alter
the
fashion
,
whereby
your
Battell
may
bee
made
suteable
to
the
ground
vpon
any
occasion
:
which
is
not
the
least
thing
to
be
taken
notice
of
.
Obserue
.
A
large
fronted
Battell
is
vnfit
for
a
narrow
place
.
A
deepe
narrow
Battell
for
a
Champion
,
is
not
so
suteable
.
This
the
Romanes
and
Grecians
knew
full
well
,
and
therefore
they
would
order
themselues
accordingly
,
making
a
politicke
vse
of
either
,
as
they
saw
occasion
.
It
is
reported
of
Manius
Acilius
the
Romane
Consul
,
that
being
to
fight
with
Antiochus
the
Great
in
the
Straits
of
Thermopyles
,
because
therein
he
could
march
with
his
men
no
more
then
fiue
in
Front
.
He
ordered
all
his
Legions
into
an
[
](A19255-e25200-b)*
*
Orthiophala●
is
a
deepe
P●lange
commo●ly
called
a
Heirs
,
hauing
the
Depth
much
exceedi●●
the
Length
.
Ae●●an
.
chap.
30.
Appian
in
the
war●es
of
the
Rom●nes
with
S●●ians
.
Orthiophalanx
,
wich
was
a
kinde
of
Battell
in
forme
of
a
Heirse
,
of
far
greater
depth
than
length
.
Thus
being
extended
in
depth
(
and
but
fiue
in
Ranke
)
he
proceeded
on
,
appointing
Marcus
Cato
(
one
of
his
Tribunes
)
with
a
selected
band
of
men
to
fetch
a
compasse
about
to
seeke
some
other
passage
:
If
not
,
to
scale
the
Rocks
,
and
then
to
seize
vpon
Antiochus
Campe.
And
likewise
hee
sent
Lucius
Valerius
(
another
of
his
Tribunes
)
wi●h
a
like
band
of
men
,
to
force
the
Aet●lians
from
the
Rocks
on
the
other
side
,
(
he
being
to
passe
vnder
them
)
that
so
hauing
gained
the
Rocks
,
they
might
further
his
passage
,
and
annoy
Antiochus
from
thence
wi●h
missiue
weapons
.
He
himselfe
led
his
Army
in
Front
against
Antiochus
in
the
manner
before
said
.
Now
Antiochus
hauing
fortified
the
Straits
with
a
wall
(
where
it
was
broad
)
stood
there
ready
to
receiue
him
with
his
Battell
of
Macedonians
,
farre
broader
in
Front
than
Acilius
Armie
was
.
But
when
Marcus
Cato
had
gained
the
Hills
,
Antiochus
was
instantly
strucke
into
amazement
,
and
Acilius
taking
courage
thereby
,
came
brauely
on
,
and
forced
Antiochus
to
flight
.
Thus
suting
his
Battell
to
the
nature
of
the
place
,
(
and
yet
making
vse
of
his
men
for
his
best
aduantage
)
he
obtained
a
glorious
victory
.
One
example
more
out
of
Xenophons
Historie
,
and
so
I
will
conclude
.
●●nophon
.
lib.
4.
The
Grecians
which
Cherisophus
and
Xenophon
conducted
out
of
Persia
,
were
in
the
Champaigne
ordered
into
a
square
hollow
Battell
,
euery
part
of
like
strength
,
with
their
baggage
and
loose
multitude
in
the
midst
.
These
Grecians
when
they
came
into
the
Country
of
the
Carduchans
and
Colchans
,
were
otherwise
ordered
.
There
was
high
Hilles
,
huge
steepe
Mountaines
,
and
but
narrow
passage
.
They
must
now
be
Imbattelled
(
not
in
a
hollow
[
](A19255-e25560-b)*
*
The
P●aesium
a
square
bat●l
of
men
●ollow
in
the
●ddest
.
Plaesium
)
but
in
seuerall
Companies
,
and
euery
Company
into
a
single
File
,
euery
file
hauing
an
hundred
men
a
peece
,
ascending
those
steepe
Mountaines
,
and
beating
the
enemie
from
thence
,
which
stood
thereon
in
battell
aray
,
doing
more
with
ten
thousand
men
,
than
a
King
of
Persia
could
doe
with
twelue
Myriades
,
that
is
,
twelue
hundred
thousand
.
Thus
the
Grecians
and
Romanes
(
Mirrours
of
Armes
and
learning
)
did
alwaies
shape
their
battell
according
to
the
proportion
of
ground
,
and
being
perfect
in
the
art
of
Imbattelling
,
did
all
things
proper
as
they
saw
occasion
.
The
like
must
we
.
And
thus
much
shall
suffice
for
the
doubling
of
the
Length
and
Depth
of
a
Phalange
or
Battell
.
Now
followes
the
Distances
to
be
obserued
in
them
.
So
the
words
of
command
shall
follow
for
all
in
the
fiue
and
twentieth
Chapter
.
CHAP.
XXIIII
.
Of
the
Distances
to
be
obserued
in
Battell
.
And
of
their
vse
.
DIsorder
is
the
confusion
of
a
Battell
,
but
good
Order
p●eu●nts
●●is
confusion
.
Therefore
all
Commanders
,
as
much
as
in
them
lies
,
must
studie
to
preuent
this
in
time
.
And
this
may
be
done
by
obseruing
of
Distance
,
for
Distance
is
the
rule
that
squares
all
.
Distance
is
to
the
battell
,
as
the
soule
to
the
body
.
The
Battell
may
be
called
a
body
.
Now
take
away
Distance
from
this
body
,
and
it
falls
to
ruine
for
want
of
a
soule
.
Iphicrates
the
Athenian
said
,
That
in
an
Armie
of
men
,
the
light
horse-men
resembled
the
hands
,
the
men
at
Armes
the
feet
,
the
battell
of
foot-men
,
the
stomacke
and
brest
,
and
the
Captaine
the
head
of
the
body
.
See
here
a
Millitary
body
proportioned
to
the
body
of
a
man
:
See
how
it
receiues
motion
and
life
,
Distance
being
the
soule
that
makes
it
moue
.
Care
then
ought
to
be
had
in
mouing
:
now
this
care
is
effected
by
the
obseruing
of
Distances
.
Three
kinds
of
distances
are
mentioned
by
Aelian
,
Ae●●a●
chap.
●●
.
for
the
opening
and
shutting
of
a
Phalange
or
Battell
.
The
first
are
large
distances
of
foure
Cubits
,
which
amount
to
six
foot
.
The
second
are
lesse
,
but
of
two
Cubits
,
which
amount
to
three
foot
.
The
third
are
of
a
lesser
kinde
,
but
of
a
Cubit
,
which
amounteth
at
the
most
but
to
a
foot
and
a
halfe
.
These
are
all
one
and
the
same
,
with
open
Order
,
Order
,
and
close
Order
.
Open
Order
,
is
when
euery
Souldier
in
the
battell
taketh
six
foot
both
in
File
and
Ranke
,
and
marcheth
with
their
Pikes
shouldered
.
It
is
for
ease
in
marching
,
being
likewise
of
great
vse
going
against
a
Fort
or
strong
place
of
the
enemies
,
for
it
giues
way
to
the
Cannon
shot
,
and
is
of
singular
vse
to
saue
your
men
.
We
vse
to
march
thus
when
the
enemy
keepes
aloofe
off
.
Order
is
when
euery
souldier
in
battell
taketh
three
foot
both
in
File
and
Ranke
,
and
marcheth
with
their
Pikes
either
aduanced
or
Ported
.
This
is
to
prepare
for
skirmish
when
the
enemie
is
neare
.
Close
Order
,
is
when
euery
Souldier
in
the
battell
taketh
a
foot
and
a
halfe
in
File
,
and
a
foot
a
foot
and
a
halfe
from
the
swords
point
,
which
is
three
foot
in
Ranke
.
And
this
is
to
endure
the
brunt
of
a
Charge
.
The
first
was
vsed
in
Ancient
times
for
march
,
Solemne
pompes
and
shewes
.
The
second
for
their
fights
only
before
they
did
Ioyne
.
Noted
●y
Capt.
B●ngham
〈◊〉
Aelian
ch.
11.
The
third
was
the
Sinaspisme
of
the
Macedonians
,
so
called
,
because
therein
they
Ioyned
Target
to
Target
,
which
they
neuer
vsed
but
when
either
they
gaue
vpon
,
or
receiued
the
charge
of
the
enemie
.
The
Targets
so
knit
together
,
serued
for
a
wall
,
as
it
were
,
to
the
whole
Phalange
;
and
by
them
the
souldier
was
defended
from
the
Missiue
weapons
of
the
Enemie
,
and
his
body
couered
euen
from
the
piercing
of
the
sword
.
This
was
formerly
vsed
by
the
Ancient
Heroes
at
Troy
,
and
reviued
againe
to
new
life
,
by
Philip
,
King
of
Macedon
,
who
first
constituted
the
Macedonian
Phalange
,
and
inuented
the
distances
of
opening
and
shutting
the
same
.
From
his
discipline
(
as
the
learned
Captaine
Bingham
obserues
)
sprung
these
distances
in
Aelian
,
Aelian
chap.
11.
of
which
I
haue
spoke
.
And
thus
I
haue
briefly
declared
the
vse
of
those
distances
which
are
to
be
obserued
in
Battell
.
The
words
of
command
for
them
may
be
these
,
viz.
Eiles
and
Rankes
,
open
to
six
foot
.
Now
they
are
at
open
order
.
Rankes
and
Files
,
close
to
three
foot
.
Now
they
are
at
order
.
Files
,
close
to
a
foot
and
a
halfe
.
Now
they
are
at
close
order
.
Rankes
and
Flles
,
to
your
open
order
.
That
is
,
six
foot
euery
way
.
Thus
if
your
Battell
bee
disioyned
by
too
large
distances
,
you
may
reduce
it
to
good
order
by
closing
.
If
it
be
thronged
vp
,
or
pestered
too
close
together
,
you
may
amend
all
by
conuenient
opening
.
Too
much
thronging
bindeth
the
Souldiers
hands
,
and
taketh
away
the
vse
of
their
weapons
;
and
too
farre
standing
asunder
breaketh
the
Battell
,
and
maketh
a
passage
for
the
Enemy
,
whereby
he
may
enter
.
Therefore
these
three
sorts
of
distances
,
to
wit
,
open
Order
,
Order
,
and
close
Order
,
haue
beene
inuented
as
the
onely
meanes
betweene
both
,
to
amend
all
,
and
to
fit
our
turne
as
wee
see
occasion
.
Thus
much
for
Distances
,
of
their
vse
,
and
the
words
of
command
giuen
for
them
.
The
words
of
command
for
doubling
of
the
length
and
depth
of
a
Battell
next
followeth
.
CHAP.
XXV
.
This
Chapter
sheweth
what
the
words
of
Command
are
,
by
which
the
length
and
depth
of
a
Battell
is
doubled
,
either
in
place
or
number
;
and
teacheth
a
young
Soldier
how
to
performe
the
Motion
.
IN
the
three
and
twentieth
Chapter
of
this
booke
,
mention
was
made
of
the
doubling
of
the
length
and
depth
of
a
Battell
,
both
in
place
and
number
,
but
the
words
of
command
were
referred
vnto
this
Chapter
.
If
then
you
would
double
the
length
of
your
Battell
in
place
,
the
proper
words
of
direction
for
it
may
bee
this
,
(
viz.
)
Open
your
Files
from
your
close
order
to
your
open
order
,
six
foot
.
The
manner
of
the
Action
is
thus
performed
:
The
middle
Leaders
presse
vpon
their
Flankers
,
first
,
taking
their
distance
commanded
,
hauing
opened
both
waies
,
the
rest
of
the
companie
on
both
Flankes
,
takes
their
distance
from
them
:
now
sixteene
men
are
so
extended
,
as
they
hold
as
much
ground
in
breadth
as
would
serue
thirty
two
men
.
It
may
be
commanded
some
other
way
,
peculiar
and
distinctly
from
the
other
:
as
,
The
word
of
command
for
doubling
the
length
of
a
Battell
in
place
Files
,
open
to
the
right
hand
to
your
open
order
,
six
foot
.
Or
,
Files
open
to
the
left
hand
to
your
open
order
.
Files
open
to
the
right
hand
The
word
being
giuen
to
the
right
hand
,
the
left
hand
File
is
not
to
mooue
,
but
standeth
fast
,
the
next
to
the
left
hand
Fyle
,
first
taketh
the
distance
,
pressing
vpon
the
right
hand
,
still
opening
by
the
right
hand
,
till
they
haue
taken
the
distance
of
six
foot
.
Files
open
to
the
left
Hand
.
The
word
being
giuen
to
the
left
hand
,
the
right
hand
Fyle
must
stand
fast
,
the
rest
must
open
to
the
left
hand
,
still
pressing
vpon
the
left
hand
Files
,
till
they
are
all
in
the
distance
and
order
commanded
.
Thus
by
three
distinct
peculiar
words
of
command
,
may
the
length
of
your
Battell
be
doubled
in
place
,
each
of
which
you
may
make
choise
of
as
occasion
serues
.
But
if
your
Battell
beare
too
great
a
bredth
,
by
possessing
too
much
ground
,
then
you
may
amend
it
by
this
word
of
command
,
(
viz.
)
The
two
middle
Files
close
first
,
the
rest
mouer
with
them
,
both
to
the
right
and
left
hand
,
to
the
distance
named
Files
,
close
to
your
order
.
Or
,
Files
,
close
to
the
right
hand
,
to
your
order
.
Or
,
Files
,
close
to
the
left
hand
,
to
your
order
.
Files
close
,
If
the
words
be
,
Piles
close
,
without
naming
to
any
hand
,
then
it
must
be
performed
thus
;
The
two
middle
Leaders
must
close
,
the
one
to
the
left
hand
,
the
other
to
the
right
hand
,
till
they
are
in
the
distance
commanded
;
then
the
rest
of
the
companie
must
take
their
distance
from
them
on
either
Flanke
,
closing
to
the
middle
Leaders
.
Files
close
to
the
right
hand
.
If
the
word
be
,
To
the
right
hand
,
the
right
hand
File
moues
not
,
but
standeth
fast
;
all
the
rest
close
to
the
right
hand
File
,
taking
their
distance
one
by
another
from
the
right
hand
.
Files
close
to
the
left
hand
.
If
the
word
be
,
To
the
left
hand
,
obserue
like
forme
;
then
the
left
hand
File
stands
fast
,
the
rest
of
the
Files
close
,
and
take
their
distance
from
the
left
hand
.
Thus
much
of
the
words
of
command
,
by
which
the
Battell
is
lessened
or
doubled
in
place
,
The
words
of
command
for
the
doubling
of
the
depth
of
a
Battell
in
place
thereby
imploying
a
greater
or
lesser
bredth
,
as
the
word
is
giuen
.
If
you
would
double
the
depth
of
your
Battell
in
place
,
the
proper
word
of
direction
for
it
may
be
this
,
viz.
Open
your
Rankes
from
the
Front
to
the
Reare
,
to
your
open
order
,
six
foot
.
The
manner
of
the
Action
is
thus
to
be
performed
;
The
first
Ranke
must
stand
firme
:
the
second
Ranke
takes
their
distance
first
;
all
the
rest
must
doe
the
like
distinctly
in
order
.
Now
you
take
as
much
ground
in
depth
for
ten
,
as
would
serue
very
well
for
twenty
men
.
If
you
would
double
the
length
of
your
Battell
in
number
,
The
words
of
command
for
the
doubling
of
the
length
of
a
Battell
in
number
.
that
is
,
to
make
the
front
haue
twice
as
many
Files
,
or
persons
in
it
as
it
had
before
,
then
you
may
effect
it
by
this
word
of
command
;
Rankes
to
the
right
hand
,
double
.
Or
thus
,
Rankes
to
the
left
hand
double
.
It
is
thus
performed
:
Euery
second
Ranke
cometh
between
the
distance
of
the
Ranke
before
it
,
and
that
either
to
the
right
or
left
hand
,
Rankes
to
the
rig●●
hand
double
.
as
the
word
is
giuen
,
so
that
of
ten
in
Ranke
,
they
become
twenty
in
Ranke
,
and
but
fiue
in
depth
,
who
before
were
ten
in
depth
,
because
the
Front
is
doubled
.
Or
if
you
are
minded
to
effect
it
by
middle
men
,
then
the
last
fiue
Rankes
must
march
vp
through
the
distances
betweene
the
Files
,
till
they
come
to
be
euen
in
Front
,
with
the
File-leaders
,
then
they
stand
,
hauing
euerie
one
their
followers
following
them
,
as
they
had
before
,
onely
now
they
are
fiue
in
depth
,
when
they
were
before
tenne
.
The
word
of
command
for
it
is
;
Middle
men
,
to
the
right
hand
double
your
Front
.
Or
,
being
minded
to
diuide
your
middle
men
,
and
so
to
double
.
Doubling
of
the
length
of
a
Battell
by
middle
men
.
Then
the
last
fiue
rankes
must
turne
their
faces
,
the
one
halfe
in
their
files
to
the
right
hand
,
and
the
other
halfe
to
the
left
hand
,
and
so
march
forth
from
both
the
Flankes
,
till
they
haue
gotten
such
a
proportion
of
ground
,
or
distance
,
as
is
answerable
to
the
order
,
the
first
fiue
Rankes
doe
stand
in
:
and
then
presently
without
attending
any
further
commandement
,
they
must
turne
their
faces
againe
towards
the
front
,
and
march
vpon
both
flankes
till
they
come
euen
with
the
front
.
The
word
of
direction
is
,
Middle
men
double
your
front
to
the
right
and
left
hand
by
diuision
.
Or
,
being
minded
not
to
diuide
your
middle
men
,
but
to
bring
them
vp
to
the
front
,
entire
to
one
particular
hand
.
Then
the
fiue
last
rankes
must
face
,
then
march
forth
altogether
beyond
the
skirts
of
the
body
,
then
face
to
the
front
,
and
march
vp
to
ioyne
themselues
in
euen
front
with
the
file
leaders
.
The
word
of
Command
to
effect
it
maybe
this
,
Middle
men
to
the
right
hand
Intire
double
your
front
.
Or
if
you
are
minded
after
all
this
,
to
make
vse
of
your
bringers
vp
in
the
front
of
your
battle
,
then
you
may
performe
it
,
by
this
word
of
Command
,
Bringers
vp
to
the
right
hand
double
your
front
.
The
last
ranke
you
know
are
the
bringers
vp
:
These
being
in
the
reare
doe
aduance
through
the
distances
betweene
the
files
:
The
length
of
a
battell
doubled
by
the
bringers
vp
And
next
after
them
the
next
ranke
:
and
so
the
rest
successiuely
till
the
bringers
vp
be
in
ranke
with
the
Leaders
,
and
their
middle
men
with
the
Leaders
middle
men
.
Thus
your
front
is
doubled
with
your
best
men
,
being
now
but
fiue
in
depth
,
who
were
before
tenne
in
depth
.
Doubl●ng
of
the
battell
in
Depth
by
number
.
If
you
would
double
the
depth
of
your
battell
in
number
,
that
is
,
make
some
files
haue
twice
as
many
men
in
them
as
they
had
before
,
you
may
effect
it
by
this
word
of
Command
,
The
word
of
Command
for
it
.
Files
to
the
right
hand
double
.
Files
to
the
right
hand
double
.
It
is
thus
to
be
performed
.
The
right
hand
file
(
which
is
the
outermost
file
,
on
the
right
hand
moues
nor
,
but
stands
fast
,
the
next
file
to
the
right
hand
file
,
moues
into
the
right
hand
file
,
so
that
of
tenne
in
depth
,
it
is
now
become
twentie
.
Accordingly
euery
second
File
moueth
into
their
next
file
on
the
right
hand
.
Files
to
the
left
hand
double
.
The
like
order
must
be
obserued
,
if
the
word
be
to
the
left
hand
,
the
left
hand
file
must
stand
fast
,
and
euery
second
file
is
to
moue
into
the
next
file
on
their
left
hand
.
Thus
the
depth
is
doubled
by
number
.
But
it
may
be
,
you
would
execute
it
by
Countermarch
as
did
the
Macedonians
.
Then
the
word
of
Command
is
,
Double
your
files
by
Countermarch
,
to
the
right
hand
.
Aelian
chap.
2●
This
is
performed
when
the
next
side
files
in
seuerall
(
as
in
the
former
example
the
second
,
The
first
,
thir●
fift
,
seuenth
,
ninth
,
are
odd
files
,
the
second
fourth
,
sixth
,
eigth
,
an●
tenth
,
are
euen
files
.
and
the
fourth
and
the
rest
of
the
euen
files
)
Countermarch
to
the
Reare
placing
themselues
behinde
the
bringers
vp
of
the
odde
files
,
Aelian
chap.
29.
It
may
be
you
would
double
the
right
flanke
with
the
left
flanke
,
to
make
the
Orthiophalanx
,
or
heirse
[
](A19255-e26970-b)*
*
Aelian
chap.
30.
battell
,
which
proceedeth
by
Wing
,
hauing
the
depth
much
exceeding
the
length
.
The
way
to
doe
it
is
by
this
word
of
Command
,
Halfe
Rankes
double
to
the
right
hand
.
Or
,
Rankes
double
the
right
flanke
.
It
is
thus
performed
.
Halfe
the
Rankes
(
for
they
are
diuided
as
it
were
into
two
parts
)
turnes
their
faces
to
the
right
hand
,
and
marches
into
the
spaces
,
betwixt
the
other
Rankes
,
and
being
within
,
they
face
as
the
rest
:
Thus
the
battell
is
brought
into
a
Wing
.
It
may
be
you
would
bring
it
into
a
file
.
Then
the
word
of
Command
may
be
this
,
Rankes
file
to
the
right
hand
.
Or
,
Rankes
file
by
Conuersion
to
the
right
hand
.
It
may
be
you
would
bring
it
into
two
files
.
Then
you
may
giue
the
word
of
direction
thus
,
Rankes
file
to
the
right
hand
.
Or
,
Rankes
file
by
Conuersion
to
the
right
〈◊〉
left
hand
.
It
is
thus
performed
.
Halfe
the
rankes
falls
backe
into
the
spaces
behinde
the
right
hand
men
of
the
right
[
](A19255-e27170-b)a
a
The
right
hand
file
precedes
the
right
flanke
.
flanke
,
[
](A19255-e27180-b)b
b
The
left
hand
file
precedes
the
left
flanke
.
and
the
other
halfe
into
the
spaces
behinde
the
left
hand
men
of
the
left
Flanke
,
doing
that
by
diuision
,
which
the
former
did
intire
by
this
word
of
Command
,
(
Rankes
file
to
the
right
)
but
you
must
obserue
a
double
distance
betweene
Ranke
and
Ranke
,
to
doe
it
,
or
it
cannot
be
well
done
.
We
haue
another
way
to
doe
the
former
(
which
is
)
by
drawing
or
leading
forth
of
Rankes
,
this
is
(
as
the
other
)
new
and
vpstart
.
We
haue
another
way
(
by
leading
forth
of
files
)
pristine
or
ancient
,
commonly
vsed
in
former
times
both
of
Grecians
and
Persians
.
Xenophon
Cyrop
.
l.
2.
56.
You
shall
reade
of
Cyrus
the
elder
,
how
he
commanded
thirtie
thousand
men
to
be
drawne
forth
(
out
of
[
](A19255-e27260-b)a
a
A
Phalange
is
a
grosse
body
of
men
brought
into
a
battell
.
Xenophon
in
his
4.
booke
of
the
ascent
of
Cyrus
the
younger
.
a
Phalange
)
into
a
single
file
.
And
it
was
his
custome
when
euer
his
souldiers
went
to
dinner
,
to
bring
them
forth
file
by
file
,
and
into
a
Phalange
or
body
againe
at
the
sound
of
a
horne
or
a
word
giuen
.
You
shall
reade
of
the
Grecians
,
that
when
they
were
to
ascend
the
Colchian
Mountaines
,
they
put
themselues
into
seuerall
companies
,
and
euery
company
into
a
single
file
,
euery
file
hauing
an
hundred
men
a
peece
,
reducing
againe
into
a
body
when
they
came
to
the
top
of
them
,
where
was
roome
enough
.
This
the
Grecians
at
that
time
did
doe
.
Which
we
Command
thus
.
Right
hand
file
leade
forth
,
the
rest
follow
in
sequence
one
behinde
another
.
Thus
many
wayes
,
may
the
Depth
be
doubled
by
Number
,
to
alter
or
change
the
forme
of
a
battell
.
I
am
not
ignorant
that
there
are
many
more
waies
to
doe
it
.
For
in
the
Artillery
garden
,
this
word
of
Command
is
frequent
.
(
Aduance
your
files
to
the
right
hand
)
which
is
the
doubling
of
the
Depth
.
One
file
aduances
to
stand
before
another
,
the
second
before
the
first
,
the
fourth
before
the
third
,
or
the
contrary
as
the
word
is
giuen
.
This
is
the
way
to
doe
it
,
and
I
will
name
no
more
.
All
this
variety
of
waies
helpes
such
as
would
be
exquisite
in
exercising
.
I
say
would
;
are
not
already
.
I
presume
not
to
teach
any
that
knowes
more
then
my selfe
;
Nor
such
as
knowes
lesse
then
my selfe
,
yet
scornes
to
be
taught
:
but
such
as
knowes
little
(
it
may
be
nothing
)
yet
haue
a
a
desire
to
learne
;
To
such
,
I
that
know
some
thing
,
(
to
others
but
little
)
doe
impart
that
little
which
I
haue
.
And
in
the
next
chapter
will
teach
them
how
to
exercise
a
company
as
I
my selfe
haue
beene
taught
in
the
Artilery
Garden
,
or
elsewhere
,
for
I
haue
attained
nothing
but
by
paines
taking
,
much
cost
,
and
reading
.
But
first
obserue
my
Method
in
Exercising
.
My
Method
in
Exercising
,
is
not
at
this
time
to
Intermeddle
with
new
formes
of
battells
,
various
fights
,
sundry
kindes
of
Inductions
,
and
the
like
;
But
to
apply
my selfe
somewhat
to
that
which
hath
been
deliuered
,
practized
in
former
times
,
agreeing
with
our
moderne
discipline
,
and
at
this
time
in
vse
,
beginning
at
the
first
principle
of
all
,
to
order
a
company
of
men
into
a
battell
that
are
at
first
confused
one
among
another
,
and
to
doe
it
by
distinct
words
of
Command
,
whereby
they
may
order
themselues
into
a
body
,
without
helpe
of
a
Sergeant
,
taking
their
first
distance
of
six
foot
in
square
both
in
file
and
ranke
,
in
which
we
commonly
vse
at
the
first
to
exercise
our
Motions
in
.
All
this
I
meane
to
doe
,
and
the
Chapter
following
will
shew
it
.
CHAP.
XXVI
.
This
Chapter
sheweth
a
young
Commander
how
he
should
begin
to
order
his
Company
:
How
to
command
the
same
properly
by
seuerall
distinct
words
of
Command
:
And
to
obserue
true
Distance
in
euery
Motion
:
Whether
it
be
to
Face
,
to
Wheele
,
to
Charge
,
to
Counter-march
,
or
double
.
THus
then
he
may
Command
(
when
the
Company
is
vnordered
,
intermingled
one
with
another
,
parted
from
their
Armes
,
and
lying
in
sundry
places
.
)
-
Separate
your selues
.
-
To
your
Armes
.
-
File
and
Ranke
your selues
.
-
Euery
File-leader
,
know
his
place
.
-
Aduance
your
Pikes
.
-
Shoulder
your
Muskets
.
-
Fall
into
a
body
,
and
flanke
your
Pikes
with
Muskets
.
-
Take
your
first
distance
six
foot
both
in
File
and
Ranke
.
-
Order
your
Pikes
.
-
Rest
your
Muskets
.
-
Stand
Right
in
your
Files
.
-
Stand
right
in
your
Rankes
.
-
Marke
your
Directions
.
Silence
.
-
Face
to
the
right
hand
.
as
you
were
.
-
Face
to
the
left
hand
.
as
you
were
.
-
Face
to
the
right
hand
about
.
as
you
were
.
-
Face
to
the
left
hand
about
.
as
you
were
.
-
Rankes
to
the
right
hand
double
.
as
you
were
.
-
Rankes
to
the
left
hand
double
.
as
you
were
.
-
Files
to
the
right
hand
double
.
as
you
were
.
-
Files
to
the
left
hand
double
.
as
you
were
.
-
Middle
men
to
the
right
hand
,
Double
your
Front
.
Middle
men
as
you
were
.
-
Middle
men
to
the
left
hand
,
Double
your
Front
.
Middle
men
as
you
were
.
-
Middle
men
to
the
right
hand
Intire
,
Double
your
Front
.
Middle
men
as
you
were
.
-
Middle
men
to
the
left
hand
Intire
,
Double
your
Front
.
Middle
men
as
you
were
.
-
Middle
men
double
your
Front
to
the
right
and
left
hand
by
diuision
.
-
Middle
men
as
you
were
.
-
Bringers
vp
to
the
right
hand
,
Double
your
Front
.
Bringers
vp
as
you
were
.
-
Bringers
vp
to
the
left
hand
,
Double
your
Front
.
Bringers
vp
as
you
were
.
-
Now
they
must
aduance
their
Pikes
,
and
so
Counter-march
.
Rankes
to
the
right
hand
Counter-march
.
-
Rankes
to
the
left
hand
Counter-march
.
-
Files
to
the
right
hand
Counter-march
.
-
Files
to
the
left
hand
Counter-march
.
-
[
](A19255-e27840-b)a
a
The
second
Distance
is
for
Wheeling
and
charging
.
Files
close
to
your
Order
.
Three
foot
in
File
and
Ranke
.
-
Rankes
close
to
your
Order
.
Three
foot
in
File
and
Ranke
.
-
Wheele
to
the
right
hand
.
-
Wheele
to
the
left
hand
.
-
Charging
vpon
a
stand
,
when
their
Pikes
are
aduanced
.
Wheele
to
the
right
hand
about
.
-
Wheele
to
the
left
hand
about
.
-
Charge
to
the
right
hand
.
As
you
were
.
-
Charge
to
the
left
hand
.
As
you
were
.
-
Charge
to
both
by
diuision
,
As
you
were
.
-
Charge
to
the
Front
,
As
you
were
.
-
Charge
to
the
Reare
,
As
you
were
.
-
Charge
to
both
by
diuision
,
As
you
were
.
-
Charge
,
Front
,
Reare
,
and
Flankes
,
As
you
were
.
-
Open
y●ur
Files
to
your
open
Order
.
Six
foot
.
-
Open
your
Rankes
to
your
open
Order
.
Six
foot
.
-
Order
your
Pikes
.
March
.
-
Shoulder
your
Pikes
.
March
.
-
Charge
to
the
right
hand
.
Marching
and
charging
from
the
shoulder
,
at
o●●n
then
open
O●de●
Do
all
this
by
the
beat
of
the
Drumme
.
-
As
you
were
.
March
.
Do
all
this
by
the
beat
of
the
Drumme
.
-
Charge
to
the
left
hand
.
Do
all
this
by
the
beat
of
the
Drumme
.
-
As
you
were
.
March
.
Do
all
this
by
the
beat
of
the
Drumme
.
-
Charge
to
the
Reare
.
Do
all
this
by
the
beat
of
the
Drumme
.
-
As
you
were
.
March
.
Do
all
this
by
the
beat
of
the
Drumme
.
-
Beare-vp
your
Pikes
and
Counter-march
to
the
right
hand
.
This
was
done
by
Captaine
Bingham
in
the
Artillery
Garden
.
-
Beare-vp
your
Pikes
,
and
Counter-march
to
the
left
hand
.
-
Aduance
your
Pikes
marching
.
Keepe
your
first
Distance
six
foot
in
File
&
Ranke
.
-
Port
your
Pikes
marching
.
Keepe
your
first
Distance
six
foot
in
File
&
Ranke
.
-
Traile
your
Pikes
marching
.
Keepe
your
first
Distance
six
foot
in
File
&
Ranke
.
-
Cheeke
your
Pikes
from
the
traile
.
Keepe
your
first
Distance
six
foot
in
File
&
Ranke
.
-
Make
a
stand
:
Marke
your
Directions
.
The
right
hand
file
lead
forth
,
the
rest
follow
in
sequence
one
after
another
.
-
Lay
your
Pikes
on
the
outside
one
of
another
.
-
Recouer
(
Marching
)
and
aduance
your
Pikes
.
Stand.
-
File-leaders
bring
vp
your
Files
into
a
body
.
-
Files
open
to
the
right
hand
Open
order
.
Six
foot
.
-
Files
close
to
the
left
hand
to
your
Order
.
Three
foot
.
-
To
the
〈…〉
-
A
foot
and
a
halfe
.
In
F●le
.
-
R●nkes
open
backward
to
your
double
Distance
.
Twelue
foot
.
-
Rankes
File
to
the
right
hand
.
Rankes
as
you
were
.
-
Rankes
File
to
the
left
hand
.
Rankes
as
you
were
.
-
Rankes
File
to
the
right
and
left
hand
.
-
Close
your
Rankes
to
six
foot
.
-
Open
your
Files
to
six
foot
.
Being
reduced
to
your
first
Distance
.
-
Order
your
Pikes
.
-
Lay
downe
your
Pikes
.
-
Take
vp
your
Pikes
,
and
order
.
Thus
much
for
Exercising
,
and
of
the
Postures
of
the
Pike
therein
vsed
.
The
seuerall
Postures
of
the
Musket
followeth
in
the
next
Chapter
.
CHAP.
XXVII
.
Of
the
Postures
of
the
Musket
.
THe
Postures
of
the
Musket
are
sundry
and
many
.
Some
make
32.
some
40.
some
43.
some
more
,
some
lesse
.
All
which
are
for
Military
instruction
in
the
time
of
Trayning
,
and
to
make
the
Souldier
most
exquisite
and
perfect
:
But
in
time
of
present
seruice
before
the
face
of
the
enemy
,
or
in
fight
,
then
all
this
great
number
of
Postures
they
reduce
into
three
only
and
no
more
,
viz.
-
1.
Make
ready
.
-
2.
Present
.
-
3.
Giue
fire
.
All
the
other
,
they
wittily
and
properly
sort
into
foure
kindes
,
or
orders
:
To
be
performed
,
Standing
,
Marching
,
Charging
,
and
Discharging
;
(
as
is
to
be
seene
in
Captaine
Pantons
Table
,
)
all
which
must
be
obserued
.
Thus
much
of
them
.
The
Postures
or
words
of
Command
which
we
must
vse
in
ordinary
Training
,
or
daily
exercising
of
Souldiers
,
agreeing
to
the
Prince
of
Orange
forme
,
(
and
by
order
from
his
Maiesties
most
Honourable
Priuy
Councell
)
are
these
:
-
March
with
your
Musket
shouldred
,
and
the
Rest
in
your
right
hand
.
-
March
,
and
with
the
Musket
carry
the
Rest
.
-
Sinke
your
Rest
,
and
vnshoulder
your
Musket
.
-
Poyse
it
in
your
right
hand
,
and
let
it
sinke
into
the
left
.
-
In
your
left
hand
hold
your
Musket
,
and
carry
your
Rest
with
it
.
-
Take
your
Match
in
the
right
hand
betweene
the
second
finger
and
thombe
.
-
Hold
your
Match
fast
and
blow
your
coale
:
-
Cocke
your
Match
.
-
Try
your
Match
.
-
Guard
your
pan
and
blow
your
match
.
-
Open
your
pan
.
-
Present
.
-
Giue
fire
.
-
Dismount
your
Musket
and
carry
it
with
your
Rest
.
-
Vncocke
your
match
,
and
returne
it
betweene
your
fingers
.
-
Cleare
your
pan
.
-
Prime
your
pan
.
-
Shut
your
pan
.
-
Cast
off
your
loose
powder
.
-
Blow
your
pan
.
-
Cast
about
your
Musket
.
-
Traile
your
Rest
.
-
Open
your
charge
.
-
Charge
with
powder
.
-
Draw
out
your
scowring
sticke
.
-
Shorten
your
sticke
.
-
Ramme
in
your
powder
.
-
Draw
out
your
sticke
.
-
Charge
with
Bullet
.
-
Ramme
in
your
Bullet
.
-
Draw
out
your
sticke
.
-
Shorten
your
sticke
and
put
it
vp
.
-
Bring
your
Musket
forward
with
your
left
hand
.
-
Poyse
it
in
your
right
hand
and
recouer
your
Rest
.
-
Shoulder
your
Musket
.
-
March
and
carry
your
Rest
with
your
Musket
.
-
Vnshoulder
your
Musket
.
-
Lay
your
Musket
in
the
Rest
.
-
Stand
Rested
.
-
Your
saluting
Posture
,
]
as
you
were
.
-
In
the
right
hand
take
your
Match
betweene
the
second
finger
and
the
thumbe
.
-
Blow
your
Match
.
-
Cocke
your
Match
.
-
Try
your
Match
.
-
Guard
your
pan
and
be
ready
.
This
last
is
the
Sentinell
Posture
.
Th●s
I
haue
run
ouer
the
Postures
of
the
Musket
,
after
the
Low
Cou●t●y
fo●me
,
first
marching
,
then
discharging
,
then
c●a●ging
,
after
standing
.
Adding
three
more
vn●o
them
,
(
because
th●
charging
with
the
bullet
was
left
out
:
)
which
I
hope
will
giue
oftence
to
none
.
As
for
the
gesture
of
the
body
,
hand
and
foot
,
to
grace
the
Posture
,
I
referre
you
to
the
booke
expressing
it
by
Figures
;
Or
to
●●e
A●tillery
Ga●den
,
or
Military
Y●rd
,
where
it
is
done
by
some
●x●●●●●y
:
bu●
neuer
to
be
obtained
without
practise
.
You
may
likew●●●●egin
whe●e
you
please
,
for
this
forme
is
not
so
strictly
ob
er●●●
〈◊〉
the
Artillery
Garden
.
B
ca●●●ou
had
the
Postures
of
the
P●ke
implicite
,
and
not
disti●●●
but
mixt
with
other
kindes
of
Motions
different
from
th●m
;
I
will
in
the
next
Chapter
shew
them
seuerall
,
and
concl●d●
.
CHAP.
XXVIII
.
Of
the
seuerall
Postures
of
the
Pike
.
THe
seuerall
Postures
of
the
Pike
(
saith
Sargeant
Trussell
)
are
in
number
twelue
.
Three
are
to
be
done
standing
,
six
marching
,
●●d
three
charging
.
The
three
which
are
to
be
done
standing
he
expresseth
thus
:
-
Lay
d●w●●
y●ur
Pi●●
.
-
T●k●
vp
y●ur
Pike
.
-
●●der
your
Pik●
.
The
si●
which
are
to
be
done
Marching
he
expresseth
thus
-
A●●ance
your
Pike
.
-
Shoulder
your
Pike
.
-
Leuell
your
Pike
.
-
Slope
your
Pike
.
-
Cheeke
your
Pike
.
-
Traile
your
Pike
.
The
three
which
are
to
be
done
charging
he
expresseth
thus
:
-
Po●t
.
-
Charge
ouer
hand
.
-
Charge
at
the
right
foot
for
Horse
.
This
is
the
briefe
Epitome
of
the
Postures
which
that
Gentleman
tooke
from
Captaine
Pantons
Table
:
Captaine
Panton
from
the
Booke
published
by
the
most
Excellent
Prince
,
the
Count
Maurice
of
Nassau
,
and
I
from
both
.
So
I
end
my
Booke
.
Let
God
haue
the
glory
.
Amen
.
Exodus
15
3.
The
LORD
is
a
man
of
Warre
:
His
name
is
IEHOVAH
.
FINIS
.