The first booke .

WHen the Romaines first conquered Italy , It was 500. yeares before the Romaines could conquere Italy . This manner of inhabitants they called Colonies , which were taken by lot , as the Greeke worde expresseth , which is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . whych they did by little & little , they toke part of the land , and buylded new Cities , or sent of their owne people to inhabite the old , that by this meane , they might be sure of the countrey . The grounde that was tilled , eyther they distributed , or sold it , or let it to ferme to the inhabitants . The wast , which by reason of the warre was very much , not hauing euer leysure to make diuision of it , they proclaymed in this sort , to them that would manure it .

For the yearely increase of séede grounde , they required the The Romaines order for inhabiting the ground tenth part .

For the places planted with trées and woode , they would haue a fifth part .

For Cattel eyther great or small , they appointed a tribute accordingly .

Thys they did , for the maintenaunce of the Italian nation , The Romaines make account of the Italian nation . whom they accounted to be men of best seruice , that they might always , in the wars , haue the vse of that were their owne : but it came soone otherwise to passe , for the rich men , hauing got the greater part of the vndeuided lande , prosumed vpon long prescription of time , that no man would molest them , and the poore mens small portions , lying nygh them , either they boughte for a little by persuasion , or they encroched to them by very violence , and oppression , so as now , in steade of Manour places , they had as it were whole countries : & bycause they would not haue their husbandemen called anye time awaye to the warres , they bought theyr Hynes and Herdes , to laboure the grounds , and would not sette their countrymen to any worke at all : by reason whereof , theyr gaine was incredible , as well for the yearely profit of their possessions , as for the multitude of encrease of those slaues , whyche Increase of slaues . Decay of Italians . were neuer called to the warre . Thus the great men grew excéeding riche , and euery place was ful of ●crutle generation : but the Italians fel into decaye and wante of men , and were also oppressed with pouerty , by occasion of their continuall pressing to the war , and dayly exactions put vpon them . And if at any time they were eased of these , they felt a further inconuenience , for where they had no land of their owne , the rich men being Lords of al , and they vsing the labour of bondmen in steade of frée men , the Italians were vtterly corrupted with rest & ydlenes . The people of Rome was much offended herewith , bicause they could not haue such seruice of the Italians , as they had before , and whensoeuer they made any expedition abroade , they were not without daunger , for the great multitude of bondemen at home : they could not tel how to remedy this matter , for it was not easy , nor altogither equal , to thrust them out of possession , that had had so long continuance in their landes and houses , which they had so wel planted and prouided . At length wyth much adoe , the Tribunes toke the matter This was called Lex Licini● . in hand and ordeyned ,

That no man should kéepe aboue fiue hundred Acres of lande . An Acre was so much ground as a payre of O●en could arie in a day , the measure whereof 240. foote in length & a 120. in breadth . The measure of a foote was 4. handes , and one hand was foure fingers , and the measure of a singer , according to Geometry , three barely cornes . This is added 〈◊〉 the Italian translation .

That no man shoulde féede aboue one hundered greate cattel .

That no man should féede aboue fiue hundred little cattel .

And for the better obseruation hereof , they appointed a number of fréemen , to marke what was done , and to make declaration of the same from time to time .

The law was allowed , the penaltie assigned , and the commissioners were sworne , supposing that by this meane , some lande would be lefte , that for a small price , might be awarded to the poore . But regarde was there none , neyther of Lawe nor of the othe , and if some did séeme for manners sake , to obey the lawe , and make a counterfeyte deuision to them neyghboures , the moste parte dyd vtterly contemne the lawe , tyll Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus a goodlye noble man , honourable and eloquente , Thys Gracchus was sent Pretor to Numantia , where the Consul Mancinus was ouerthrowne , and seking for peace the Numantines would graunt none , excepte Gracchus were sent to them , whiche being done , a peace was made , the whiche the Senate did not approue , though xx . M. Citizens were saued thereby , beside the slaues and rascals , in so much as the consul was sent thither againe naked & bounde , but Gracchus , the people praysed that had saued so many Citizens vpon which occasion he became an enemye to the Senate , and a friend to the people . whereby he was more notable than al the other Tribunes , made a solemne oration , in the prayse of the Italian people , lamentyng that so warlike a nation , and of the Romaines alliaunce , shoulde shortly be dispeopled and brought to penurie without all hope of remedy . He inu●yed againste the ra●e of Slaues , as vnfitte for the warre , and vntrustye to their Lordes : he called to remembraunce , a fresh affliction in Cicelie , by slauish seruauntes against their maisters , the which had their increase also , by being vsed in countrie businesse , whom the Romaines could not subdue , without long and sharpe warre , full of variable and daungerous successe : and hauing spoken to this effecte , hee renewed the law .

That no manne shoulde haue more than fiue hundered Acres .

That their children should haue halfe so muche : which he added to the old lawe .

That thrée men chosen and changeable euerye yeare , shoulde make diuision to the poore .

The riche men toke this matter verye grieuouslye . For nowe they coulde not illude the Lawe , as they dyd before , bycause of them that were appointed for the deuision , nor purchase theyr Landes , that hadde theyr partes assigned , for Gracchus hadde prouided for that , forbydding all manner of sale . They assembled togyther in seuerall companies , fyndyng faulte wyth the Lawe . They were in a marueylous disdaine and griefe , that the poore shoulde possesse theyr auntient inheritaunce , their plantings & buildings , and that they shold forgot the purchase of the lands that they had payd for to some of their neyghbours . Others repyned at the losse of their forefathers * * A Syrian slaue in Sicelie after a mad sorte raging with a desire to make rebellion , pretended a religion of doing honor to the goddesse of Syria , and called bondemen to libertie and armes , and that he might seeme to do that by the wil of God , he held a nutte in his mouth stuffed wyth Sulphure , and fire , the which when he spake , did cast forth flames . * * The olde Romaines did bury in their possessions and it was long after Christ , ere men were buried in sacred places . Sepultures , conteyned within their groundes , and the p●rtitions of theyr portions , lefte of theyr parentes .

Some obiected theyr wyues marriage money , and consumed vppon the same , or the lande of inheritaunce to theyr children : and some declared what debt they were fallen into , by reason of interest , so as there was great disorder , quarelling , and indignation among them .

The poore men on the contrary side , complaine that they were The poore offended . brought from good wealth , to extreme want , and thereby to decay of continuaunce , not being able to bring vp their children . They shewed how many tymes they had bin a warfare to winne thys land , and myght not beare to be be●est their publike portion . They rayled on the riche , that in the steade of frée men , Citizens , and souldiers , they had chosen bonde seruauntes , a generation euer vnfaithfull and stubborne , therfore not fitte for the warre . Thus the one reuiling and vpbrayding the other , the multitude , that either were of the Romaine foundation , or of their owne gouernement , and al other , that any wayes were partakers of the lande , fearing the losse therof , resorted togither , and were deuided wyth the one or the other , and so being enbolded by number , they waxed fierce , stirring rebellion , and abiding til the law should be discussed : the one by no mean to suffer it to preuaile : the other , that it might take place to the vttermost . Both sides were ambitiouslye bent for the sequele of it , and against the appointed day prepared The Latin translation of P. Candidus and the Italian differeth from the Greeke . themselues . Gracchus minde stoode vppon a resolution , not to further aboundance of riches , but the encrease of men , in procuryng of the which commoditie , he muche magnifyed himselfe , as in a trauell that to Italie could not be of more honor nor importance , the difficultye wherof he did not conceiue . When the day of making Lawes was come , he made a long plausible Preface , and asked of them , If it wer right that publike things shold be deuided in Gracchus talke . common : and if a citizen were to be preferred before a seruant : and if a souldier were more profitable , than he that was vnapt for the war , and a partaker of publike profit more wel willing ? Not tarying long in this comparison , as néedlesse , he streight turned his tale to vtter the hopes and feares of his countrey , that where they had by the warre wonne so muche lande of their enemies , and had good hope to get the rest of the earth , they woulde nowe put aim hazarde , whether to conquer al that remayned , by increase of fytte men , or to lose this through want of their owne , and enuie of their enimies . He set forth the glory and wealth of the one , and the daunger and doubt of the other . He exhorted the rich to regard , if it were not more for their profite to gratifie the people with land to bring vp their children , in hope of the wealth to come , than to striue for trifling matters , and to neglect the greater things , they hauing sufficient recompence of their charges bestowed , by possession of fiue hundred acres of choyce , frée and certen land , and to euery of their children ( if they had anye ) halfe so much . After this sort Gracchus speaking much , kindling the pore , and other to , that stoode vpon reason , rather than desire of possession , he commaunded the Clearke to pronounce the law . But Marcus Octauius the other Tribune , whome the possessioners M. Octauius re●isteth the lawe . had made to resist , and with the Romaines being euer more able to forbidde , commaunded the Clearke to silence . Then Gracchus greatly blaming him , deferred the Court till the next day , when , hauing prepared a sufficient force to compell Octauius , commaunded the Clearke with threates to propound the lawe to the people : but Octauius forbadde him againe , and put him to silence . Then the Tribunes fell to chafing one with an other , so as the lawe could take no place for the tumult , wherefore the great men required to committe their difference to the Senate . Gracchus toke Gracchus to the Senate . holde of that offer , thinking euery reasonable man to be wylling with the lawe , & ranne into the Senate house , where being reproued of the rich , as among the few chiefe men in * * The word signifyeth the great men , or ● streight . a straight , hée ranne agayne into the common place , and sayd he woulde deferre the tryall , till this next dayes assemblie , both for the law , and for the authoritie of Octauius , and whether by order , a Tribune resisting the law , mighte reteyne his office : and so he did , at whyche time Octauius nothing abashed , made resistance againe . Wherefore Gracchus put the matter firste to the vayces , and when one company had giuen against Octauius , Gracchus turned to him , and prayed him to leaue his purpose , but he cared not for it , and so they procéeded . There was fiue and thirtie companies , whereof Fiue and thirtie companies ●● Rome . seauentéene had giuen against him with greate furie , and where the eyghtenth should haue determined the matter , Gracchus againe in the sighte of the people , lamentably desired him , that being in that daunger , he woulde not hynder so profitable and honorable an acte to all Italy : nor to withstande so greate desire of the people Gracchus excuseth himselfe of the depriuation of his fellow . whyche he ought to further , béeyng a Tribune : nor to suffer the disgrace of losing hys office . Thus hée spake , and called God to witnesse , that agaynste hys wyll hys fellowe was deposed . But when no persuasion woulde serue , hée made the decrée : Octauius béeyng depriued , he secretely conueyed hymselfe away , Octauius depri●ed . Q. Mummius chosen . Law of landes . Officers for the law . Appius Claudius ▪ Quintus Mummius was chosen Tribune in his place . The lawe of landes was pronounced , and the firste officers appoynted to sée it executed , was Gracchus hymselfe the lawmaker , and a brother of hys name , and Appius Claudius hys father in lawe . So muche dyd the people feare , that all the laboure of the lawe shoulde bée lost , vnlesse Gracchus and all hys familie hadde the execution of it . Gracchus was maruellously magnifyed for thys lawe , and accompanyed of the people to his house as a preseruer , not of one Citie or Countrey , but of all the nations of Italy . Thys béeyng done , they that had the day , returned to the landes in the Countrey from whence they came for that purpose , but they that lost the day , remayned discontented , and talked that Gracchus shoulde not escape blame when he shoulde bée out of office , that durst violate a Magistrate of so greate authoritie , and gyue occasion of so manifest sedition in Italy . Nowe was it Sommer , and the tyme of choosing Tribunes at hande . It séemed that the ryche woulde so laboure , as the office should bée gyuen to some of Gracchus greatest enimies . The tryall béeyng at hande , and hée afrayde that hée shoulde not bée elected Tribune for the yeare to come , called people out of the Countrey , to gyue voyce in the election , but they béeyng occupyed in Sommer businesse , and the daye drawyng nygh , hée was Gracchus labours the people . compelled to make the people of the Citie hys refuge , and wente aboute to euery one aparte , to desire them to make hym Tribune agayne , béeyng in daunger for theyr sakes . When the daye was come , the two firste companyes chose Gracchus , but the ryche men cryed , that it was not lawfull for one to bée Tribune twyce togyther . Rubrio a Tribune , to whose turne it came to bée chiefe of the election , doubted of the matter . Mummius Doubt in them election . successor to Octauius , prayed hys fellowe to committe the order of the election to hym , whyche hée dyd , but the other Tribunes affyrmed , that thys must be tryed by lotte , for where Rubrio hadde hys turne , the appoyntmente dyd apperteyne to them all .

The contention béeyng greate , and Gracchus hauyng the worse , he deferred the discussing tyll the nexte daye , and béeyng vtterlye discouraged , although yet in office , he remayned the rest of the whole daye in the common place , beséechyng euerye man to bée hys helpe , as though he shoulde streyghte haue bin destroyed of hys enimies . The poore men were moued wyth compassion , and consideryng that they were not vsed indifferently as Citizens , but rather as slaues to the lust of the ryche , and fearyng for Gracchus state , who suffered for theyr sake with lamentation , they all broughte hym to hys house at nyghte , and bade hym bée of good chéere agaynste the nexte daye . Gracchus béeyng thus encouraged , assembled hys parte in the nyghte , and gaue them a watchworde to fyghte it out if néede required . Then hée went to the Temple of the Capitoll , where the election shoulde bée , and when the assemblie was come togyther , and hée in the myddest of them , some of the Tribunes and the ryche men woulde not suffer the election to procéede for hym : wherefore hée gaue hys watche worde , they that were priuie to it made a greate shoute , and beganne the fray , some stoode aboute Gracchus Tumult b● Gracchus . to guarde hys person , some tore the seates , some wrang the roddes and maces out of the Sergeantes handes , some rente asunder euerye thyng , and bet the ryche menne out of the place , wyth suche a tumulte and terroure , as all the Tribunes ranne awaye , and the Priestes shutte the Temple dores . The flying and running was confused , and the spéeche not well vnderstanded . Some thoughte that Gracchus hadde deposed an other Tribune , for spying none of them there , it was lyke to bée so . Some thoughte hée hadde made hym selfe Tribune agayne wythoute anye Election . In the meane time the Senate assembled in the Temple of Faith. Surely I maruell , that where the office of one ruler had Temple of Fayth . many times before preserued the state in like troubles , that now they dyd not choose a Dictator . In former times it was founde Dictator . most necessarie , but nowe neyther in memorie , nor after cared for . When the Senate , as wel as they could had resolued what was to be done , they went vp to the Capitoll , and Cornelius Scipio Nasica , by the name of chiefe Bishop led the way , and spake with Chiefe Bishop . P. Scipio Nafica . a loude voice that they should follow him that would haue their Countrey safe . Then he pulled the skirte of his gowne ouer hys head , eyther to giue a token by his garment , that the more might followe hint , or for a signe to them that sawe it , that he woulde fight , or for that he would as it were hide from the Gods what Superstition . he meant to do . Being come to the Temple , and thrusting in among Gracchus route , they gaue place vnto him , as to a most worthy man , whome they sawe all the Senate follow : then dyd his company wring the weapons out of the others handes , and The fray . gathered the péeces of the broken seates , with any other things that they could get in the place , and bet Gracchus part so violently , as they droue them to the brinke of the hill , in the whyche tumulte Gracchus was slayne , and many with him at the Temple Gracchus slayne , who was a gentle curteous man , sober and eloquent , with modestie . dores , before the Images of the Kings . Thus Gracchus , béeyng some of that Gracchus that had bin twice Consull , whose mother was Cornelia daughter to Scipio that conquered Affrica , meaning well to his Countrey , but going aboute it vndiscretely , was slayne in the Capitoll , being yet Tribune . First Sedition . 〈…〉 was a base sonne to Lumenes , by a wench of Ephesus , that was a Minstre●s daughter , A●●●●●s sonne to Lu●enes , made his Testament after this so●e , Populus Romanus honorum m●orum haeres esto . The Romaines stayed the prouince of Pergamo . Aristonicus as heyre to his father inuaded it , and killed Licinius Gracchus that was sent against him . Then M. Perpenna ouerthrew him at Str●●onic● , and was killed in prison by the Senates commaundement .

As this was the firste mischiefe that was done in the place of election , so did it not ceasse till many more were done from tyme to time . The Citie was deuided into wo and ioy for Gracchus death ; some lamented for themselues as well as for him , that the present state was no more a common wealth , but rather a Conquest and crueltie . Other reioyced at that was done , whereby they had obteyned their purpose . This was done , when . Aristonicus contended with the Romaines for the Lordship of Asia . Gracchus being thus slayne , and Appius Claudius dead , straight way Fuluius Flaccus , Paperius Carbo , and Gracchus the yonger , tooke vppon ● . Flaccus P. Carbo . them the defence of the law , and where the possessioners denyed their lands to be surueyed , they made Proclamation , that the ouerseers Proclamation . should acuse them , of the whiche grewe a multitude of difficult matter , for all the lande adioyning togither , whither it was solde or deuided to their companions in warre , came to bée examined how it was sold , and how it was diuided . Euery man had not his conueyance , nor the portions appoynted them , and they that had , were found doubtfull . And where lande should bée diuided agayne according to the order , some of the owners must be put from their groundes and manors , to barren séede , and from frutefull and well planted places , to Fennes and marrish groundes . And where at the béginning of the lands conquered , there was no great certentie kept , & now that by decrée all land diuisible must be laboured , many had entred vpon their neighbors boundes , whereby the forme of the places were confounded , and time hadde so altered the rest , as it was hard to find the wrong that the rich had done , although it were great : so was there nothing but confusion , euery one changing & chopping into others right . The Italians were very much gréeued at this sharpe dealing The Italians sueth to Scipio . of the commissioners , and made sute to Cornelius Scipio that ouercame Carthage , to be their defence againste those iniuries , who for that he had had there good seruice in the warres , was Scipio . much gréeued they shoulde be misused , wherefore he came into the Senate house , where he did not directlye speake agaynste Gracchus lawe , but shewed the difficultie of the matter , and wished it should not be determined of them that had the dealing of it , bycause of suspition , but of some other that might be thought indifferent , the which he quickly obteined as a thing reasonable . Tuditanus the Consull was appointed to be the iudge , but he entring Tuditanus . into the cause , and finding it so intricate , toke in hande a voyage againste the Illirians , séeking that occasion to be ridde of The Illirians now Sla●onian● ▪ this . They that were first appointed for the diuision , bycause no man required iustice of them , did nothing in the same . Héere of an hatred and grudge of the people did growe againste Scipio , that he woulde haue more care of the nations of Italie , than of the people of Rome , whyche for hys sake had dyuers tymes gotten the displeasure of the greate men , and twice made him Consull The people of Rome against Scipio . before he might so be by the lawe . This beyng knowen , his enimies spake manifestly agaynst hym , affyrming that he went aboute vtterlye to breake Gracchus lawe by force and violence , whyche when the people hearde , they were afrayde , tyll Scipio in an euening , takyng a payre of Tables to note what hée woulde say the next day , was founde dead without any wound , eyther by the practise of Cornelia mother to Gracchus , that hys lawe shoulde not be fordone , and by the helpe of Sempronia hyr Sempronia and Cornelia suspected of Scipios death . This was Scipio Iunior Africanus , nephew to Scipio Affricanus that ouerthrew Anniball . Seruauntes confession . daughter , who was married vnto Scipio , whome she loued not , nor he hir , for that she was foule and barren , or rather ( as some thynke ) that hée kylled hymselfe , bycause he could not fulfill hys promise . Some saye , that hys seruauntes béeyng racked , confessed , that certayne straunge men vnknowen to them , were lette in at the backe dore , and that they did choke their maister , and bycause they sawe the people angry with him , and to bée glad of his deathe , they durst not bewray it . Thus dyed Scipio , and was not thoughte worthy a publike funerall , although he had done so great seruice to his Countrey . So muche could presente Ingratitude . displeasure preuayle ouer benefytes passed . This happe gaue courage to Gracchus faction , although the diuision of landes was diuerslie deferred by the possessioners , wherof some thought good that all companions in warre shoulde be called to the fréedome of the Citie , to make the benefyte the more common , and Freedome of the Citie . so leaue the contention for land . The Italians accepted this very gladly , and preferred the fréedome of the Citie , before the lande in the Countrey . Fuluius Flaccus being Consull , and a diuider of Fuluius Flaccus . land , was a great doer in this matter , but the Senate did not allowe , that they that were their inferiours , shoulde now become their fellowes : so this deuice tooke no place , and the people that was in hope of the diuision , was vtterly discouraged , till Caius Caius Gracchus the seconde Tribune . Gracchus , brother to him that made the lawe of landes , was thoughte the most méete man to be a Tribune , who since hys brothers deathe had liued in rest : and though many of the Senate enuyed hym , yet he stoode for the office , and obteyned it with great glory . He deuised to deceyue the Senate , by makyng Distribution . a lawe that the people should haue a distribution of a monethes Corne of the common store , whiche thing was neuer séene before , whereby streight he wanne the peoples heartes , and Fuluius beyng his friende , he was declared Tribune for the yeare to come : for now there was a lawe made , that if a Tribune hadde A law for the Tribunes benefite . néede of furtherance to performe his promise , the people afore all other should make choyce of hym , and so Caius Gracchus was chosen Tribune the second time . Hauing thus allured the people by his largesse , he wanne also the Gentlemen by an other deuice . They being in dignitie next the Senatours , in the middest Gentlemen , Equites , The next degree to the Senators after the order of the Ath●nians , when they were able to find an horse ▪ Iudgements of corruption . Cornelius Cotta . Salinator made the toll of salt . Manius Acilius ouercame Antiochus . Corruption . Translation of Iudgements . betwéene them and the people , he turned the iudgementes diffamed by corruption from the Senatoures to the Gentlemen , obiecting against them things lately committed , that Cornelius Cotta , Salinator , and Manius Acilius , who subdued Asia , being openly condemned of bribery , were releassed by the Judges , when the Embassadours were present , goyng about , and crying out vpon them with great slaunder , wherof the Senate béeyng ashamed , gaue place to the lawe , the people proclaymed it . Thus were these iudgements translated from the Senatoures to the Gentlemen . When this law was made , Gracchus ( as they report ) sayd , he would dispatch the Senate quickly , which saying was found true by that followed thereof , for where the Gentlemen had the iudgements of corruption , banishment and diffamation , whyche they vsed extreamely ouer the Romaines and the Italians , yea the Senatours themselues , all the Gentlemen were like Princes extolled , and the Senatoures like slaues deiected , beside forth the Gentlemen ioyning with the Tribunes in elections , to gratifye them againe in euery thing they would . The Senatours were Crueltie of the Gentlemen . fallen into so great a feare , as though the state should streyghte haue bin changed , they only hauing the name , and the Gentlemen the authoritie , who in processe of time , did not only ouerrule the Senatours , but did them open spight against all lawe . They dealte with matters of corruption , and felte so of continuall gayne , as they vsed theyr authoritie more rigorouslye and moderately . They brought in priuie accusours against the rich , and by their faction and force ouerthrew the lawes of corruption , so as the custome of triall of iudgementes was vtterly ouerthrowne , and a new disturbance concerning lawes of Judges stirred vp , as like so long to continue as the former . Nowe was Graccus making of long high wayes in Itah , séeking thereby Gracchus maketh ●●w wayes . to help the multitudes of the labouring men , to haue them ready in any enterprise at his commaundement . He also placed diuers newe in habitances , and furthermore stirred the Latine nation to require the fréedome of the Romaines , as a thing to procure hate to the Senate , if they should denie it to that nation that was so nigh allied vnto them . He also gaue authoritie to other confederates of Rome , to giue voyces in elections , whiche might Gracchus giueth voyce in elections . not so do by auntient manner , that he might haue the more helpe to procure lawes at his pleasure , for the which the Senate was much troubled , and commaunded the Consuls to make proclamation , that no man , vnlesse he had a right in elections , should resort into the Citie , or approch within fiue miles of the same , during the time of assemble for the lawes . They perswaded Liuius Drusus the other Tribune , to resist Gracchus lawes , not makyng Liuius Drusus . the people acquainted with it , and it was graunted , that who so The Senates deuice to ouerthrow the lawes . would resist , should not néede to shew cause thereof . And to win the commons heartes , they decréed twelue new inhabitancies to be made , wherewith the people was so wonne , as they cared not for the lawes . Gracchus being thus deceyued of the peoples fauour , sayled into Afrike with Fuluius Flaccus , who was Tribune Gracchus sayleth into Afrike . with Gracchus after he had bin Consull , where an inhabitance was appoynted , bycause of the plentie of the soyle , whych Colonie . was done of purpose , that by the absence of the people , the Senate might haue some rest from these sturres . Thys inhabitance was appoynted where Carthage was , little regarding that An inhabitance where Carthage was . Scipio the winner of it , did vowe it for euer to be a place of pastime . Sixe thousand was assigned , which by law ought to haue bin lesse , that they might the rather please the people . They returned to Rome , and gathered the sixe thousand out of al Italie , but when it was written out of Africa , that the Wolues had destroyed the plat of the citie , which Gracchus and Fuluius had layd , the Southsayers affirmed , that the inhabitantes should be vnlucky , wherefore the Senate called a counsell , that the lawe of Inhabitance reuoked . inhabitance might be reuoked . Gracchus and Fuluius being deceyued of this hope also , like mad men , sayd the Senate did lye , touching the token of the Wolues . The vuruly sorte of the commons fauouring them , came with their weapons to the Capitoll , where the assemblie shoulde be for this inhabitance . When the people was assembled , and Fuluius beganne to speake , Gracchus came vp to the Capitoll , garded with them that were priuie of his purpose , but being resisted of them that vnderstoode he woulde make new businesse , he lefte the way to the Capitell , and tooke a lowe Gallerie , there wayting to deceyue his aduersaries . One Attilius , Attilius . a man of the common sort , séeyng him in these turmoyles , and making sacrifice in that gallerie , came and tooke hym by the hand , eyther to persuade him , or suspecting him , or otherwise to talke with him , prayed him he woulde spare his Countrey : hée was the more troubled , as fearing to be apprehended , & looked angerly vpon him , whereat one of his people , without any commandement or token giuen , but only by coniecture of Gracchus grimme looke , thought it now to be time to please his Captayne , if he began the fray , drew his sword , & ranne Attilius through . A greate Attilius killed . shoute being made , and the head body séene among them , euery man fledde out of the Temple with feare of lyke displeasure ▪ Gracchus wente to the common place , minding to say somewhat to the people touching this facte , but no man woulde harken to Gracchus acte detested . him , euery man detesting it as a wicked fact . Gracchus and Flacchus were out of hope hauing lost this occasion , which they thoughte to haue preuented , and ranne home to their houses , accompanyed with their companions . The rest of the people , as in time of daunger , about midnight tooke the common place , and by breake of day , Opimius the Consull had appoynted men in armoure to L. Opimius . kéepe the Capitoll and called the Senate togither by publike officers , himselfe in the meane time abiding in the Temple of Iupiters children , to prouide for the necessitie . This being thus ordeyned , the Senate sent for Gracchus and Fuluius to aunswere for themselues in the Counsell house , but they in armoure wente to the hill called Auentine , hoping by the strength of the place to Auentine was one of the seauen h●ls of Rome . bring the Senate to some composition , and offered libertie to bondmen that would repayre vnto them : but no man made anye accompt of them , wherefore they tooke the Temple of Diana , and fortifyed it . Then they sent Quintus , sonne to Flaccus vnto the Senate , Second sedition . requesting a pause with a truce of concord . The Senate willed them to leaue their armoure , and come to say what they could for themselues , or else to sende no more : neuerthelesse hée came agayne , and Opimius the Consull not taking him for a messenger bycause of their disobedience , caused him to be deteyned , and sent souldiours against Gracchus , and he sledde ouer the woodden bridge , vnto the other side of the floude into a groue , wyth The woodden bridge was at that part of Tiber that goeth to the hill Ianiculo . one man , to whome when he saw he shoulde be taken , he offered his throte to be cutte . Flaccus fledde into a shoppe of one of hys acquaintance . They that followed him , threatned to burne the whole stréete , vnlesse they deliuered him . His friend being ashamed to betray him in his calamitie , bade an other do it , and so was Flaccus taken and killed , and both their heads were brought Gracchus and Fuluius slayne . This Gracchus was very eloquent , but so vehement , as he would moue vp and downe , and cast his Gowne off hys shoulders . Purgation of the Citie . Temple of Concorde . Law to sell lande . Diuision by money . Sp. Borius . to the Consull Opimius , who gaue the waight of gold for reward , and the people spoyled their houses . The Consull tooke their companions , & committed them , till they were executed . To Quintus he granted to choose what maner of death he would : then he purged the Citie of bloudshed , & by the Senates sentence , erected the Temple of concord in the common place . This was the ende of Gracchus the second his sedition . Not long after a lawe was made that anye man might sel the land that was in controuersie , the which the former Gracchus had forhidden , whereby the riche men agayne dyd buy the poore mens parts , or thrust them out by violence , til Spurius Borius the Tribune did deuise a law , that land shuld be no more deuided , but remaine with the owners , & a tribute to be raysed of it for the people , the money whereof should be distributed , wherby the poore had some reliefe , but to the increase of men it was no help at al. Thus was Gracchus law abrogated by a sleight , which might haue bin very good and profitable , if it had bin vsed accordingly . Not long after , by an other Tribune , the distribution also was taken away , so as the people was vtterly destitute of al help , whereof followed wante of Citizens and souldyers , reuenewe of lande , of stipende , and of lawes , the space of fiftéene yeares after Gracchus lawe , with a more quietnesse . In this meane tyme A Theatre was a place of Playes to bee seene of the people , and it was round sauing in one place . An Amp●●theatre was round euerye where . Sometime the Theatres serued for the people to learne Orations . Q. Metellus Censor . This Nonius , of other is called Memmius and Mumius . Nonius killed . In this matter this Author sees meth to varie from other . Scipio the Consull threw downe a Theatre that Lucius Cassius had begun and almost ended , eyther as an occasion of new sedition , or for that he woulde not haue the Romaine people acquainted with the Greekes pastimes . Q. Metellus a maister of maners , minded to haue remoued Glaucias that had bin Consul , and Apuleius hauing bin Tribune , from their dignitie , for their euill life , but he coulde not do it , bycause his fellowe was againste it . A little while after to be reuenged of Metellus , Apuleius laboured to bée Tribune againe , bycause Glaucias was Pretor , & should be chiefe in the election : but Nonius a noble man , vsing frée spéech agaynste him , & reprouing Glaucias , was chosen Tribune . They fearyng that he being in authoritie , would punish them , sent a band of busie fellowes as he went from the election , and killed him , entring into a shoppe to saue himselfe . This murther being committed , they of Glaucias faction , before the people could assemble agayne , ●hose Apuleius Tribune earely in the morning , & by this meane was the deathe of Nonius not followed , men being afraide of the Tribune . Metellus was banished by the help of C. Marius now sixe Metellus . C. Marius was an enimie to the nobilitie , and a laborers sonne , voyde of learning , and rude in manners , yet so good a Souldiour , as when Scipio vnder whome he serued in Spayne , was asked whome hee thought meete to be generall after him , hee clapped Marius on the shoulder and sayd , peraduenture this ●●● . times Consull , who bearing secrete hate againste him , conspired with his enimies . Apuleius did make a lawe to deuide certayne landes of the Frenche , wonne by the Cymbrianes , whome Marius hadde driuen away , as nowe no longer of the Frenche , but belongyng to the Romaines , and therefore might be deuided . It was promised that if the people woulde allow the lawe , the Senate should confirme it the fifth day by an oth , and he that refused to sweare to it , should be remoued from the Senate , and be condemned to the people in twenty Talents . This was a deuice to be reuenged of Metellus , who for his grauitie woulde not sweare vnto it . The law being in this forwardnesse . Apuleius appointed that day , and in the meane time sent into the Countrey for such as had serued Marius in the warres , to haue their help , but bycause the Italian's shoulde be more aduaunced by this lawe than the Romaines , the people was not content with it . So discord arose in the time of the meeting . Apuleius did put backe from the higher place all Obiection against the law . that were against the law . The people of the Citie cryed that it th●ndered , which when it hapned , it was not lawfull for the Romaines Thunder stoppeth any proceeding in elections and assemblies . The Citizens against the Countreymen . The lawe wonne by force . Marius dissembleth . to conclude any thing in their consultations . Neuerthelesse Apuleius bande vsed violence still , wherefore the Citizens girded their gownes , and tooke such weapons of woode as they coulde get , and resisted the Countreymen . They agayne being encouraged by Apuleius , stucke to it , and with their staues and battes beate the Citizens so , as the lawe was wonne . Marius the Consull forthwith propounded the oth , and bycause he knew Metellus a constant and sound man in his purposes , he firste shewed his owne opinion , affirming he would not sweare , and all to deceyue Metellus who sayd the same , wherefore both of them beyng commended of others , Marius brake vp the house . The fifth daye after , which was the time appoynted for the oth , the Consull assembled the Senate on a suddaine about tenne of the clocke , and sayde , he was afrayd of the people that fauored the lawe so feruently , A deuice of Marius to illude the lawe . The words be ▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 commentum & subtil●●●● . yet he had deuised a shift and a subtiltie for it , and that was this , that a man might sweare to the words of the lawe so farre forthe as it was lawfull , and so for the time the Countrey people mighte be sente home , and after it might be well proued that it was no law , which by violence and by the thundering of Iupiter was made contrary to the order of the Countrey . When he had sayd thus , euery man was silent for feare of entrapping , and the suddaynesse of the time : wherefore he arose and went to the Temple of Saturne , where the common treasourers shoulde sweare . Himselfe sware first , & so did his friends : other Senators did the like for feare . Only Metellus would not sweare , continuing Metellus refuseth the oth . in his former sentence without dread . Apuleius the nexte day sent a Sergeant to pull him out of the Courte , but the Tribunes defended him . Then Apuleius and Claudius ranne to the Countrey multitude , affirming that they neither could haue land , nor law take place , vnlesse Metellus were banished : wherefore a decrée of his banishmente was made , and a Proclamation from the Consull , that no man should succoure Metellus , neyther wyth fyre nor water : and one only day was giuen him for deliberation of the matter . The people of the Citie were offended , and The moderation of Metellus . wente aboute Metellus with their weapons : he thanked them for their good will , but said , his Countrey should not be brought into trouble for him . So Apuleius pronounced the decrée of his exile , Metellus banished . and Marius confirmed it . Thus was the most worthy man of the Citie banished , after the which Apuleius was Tribune the third time , and for his fellow , one Gracchus a runnagate was appoynted , Gracchus the runnagate , who was aduanced by Marius . reporting that he was sonne to olde Gracchus , the people fauouring him for the names sake . The election of the Consuls being at hand , Marcus Antonius was chosen for the one , without any sticking : for the other , Glaucias and Memmius contended . Memmius was of more estimation in the Citie . Glaucias and Apuleius feared themselues , and sente certayne men with wasters into the assemblie , whiche layde vpon Memmius , and kylled Memmius killed . him . Thus was the solemne assemblie disturbed , no regarde being had now of law or iustice , nor reuerence of God or man . The people was gréeued at it , and the nexte day gathered togither to dispatche Apuleius , but he got the company of his new multitude of Countreymen , with Glaucias and C. Sapheius a treasourer , and tooke the Capitoll . The Senate commaunded they shoulde be taken and dispatched , but Marius vnwilling to it , did for a shew arme men very slowly . Some there were that did cutte away the water that wente into the Temple , wherefore Sapheius that could not abide the lacke of water , persuaded them to set the Temple a fyre , but Glaucias and Apuleius yéelded themselues first , and after so did Sapheius . And where euery man called vpon their execution , Marius shutte them in the Senate house , as to deale with them more according to lawe . But the people perceiuing this to be a delay , pulled the staues of the roofe of the Temple , and neuer left throwing vpon them , till they had killed all thrée , Sapheius , Glauclas and Apuleius killed . whereof one was a Questor , an other a Tribune , and the third a Pretor , and all at that time clad with the robes of their office . With them also was slayne a greate number of the people , entangled with their sedition , and in it the other Tribune , that was thought to be sonne to Gracchus , the first day of the entring into his Tribuneship , for now neyther libertie nor dignitie , neyther law nor office was able to reéeue any man , when as the Tribunes office , created for the repressing of wrongs , and defence of the people , as a sanctuary and holy thing , was waxen a worker of iniuries , and had iniurie done against it selfe . After Apuleius and the rest were killed , the Senate and the people decréede to call home Metellus , but P. Furius Tribune , not borne of a frée man Furius . to his father , but made frée of a bond man , boldly did resist them , and reiected his sonne Metellus , beséeching him with teares vpon his knées in the sight of all the people , which yong man for that pitifull acte , was euer after called Metellus the dutifull . Caius Canuleius Metellus the dutifull . Tribune the next yeare , did accuse Furius and the people that would not tarrie to haue him tried by iudgement , did teare Furius torne in peeces . him in péeces . Thus euer one mischiefe or other was committed in the common place . Metellus was called home , and ( as they say ) a daye did not suffice for them that came to welcome hym Metellus reuoked . home at the gates of the Citie . Thus the thirde sedition , after the two former , made of the two Gracc●● , begunne by Apulesus , The thirde sedition . and working muche trouble to the Romaynes , was ended . In the meane tyme kyndled a stirre called the fellowes warre , whiche as it was sodayne , so it shortlye grewe verye great , and caused dissention to ceasse at home , for feare of trouble abrode , and when it was ended , it raysed newe turmoyles and workers of discorde , not for makyng of Cities , or creating of officers among the people , but wyth myghtye armyes séekyng one anothers destruction , the whyche I thought good to ioyne with thys Hystorie , bycause it procéeded of ciuill dissention , and increased to a farre greater tumulte , the begynnyng whereof was thys . Fuluiu● Flaccus béeyng Consull , was the fyrste that openly encouraged Fellowes wa● , and the cause of it . the Italians to aske the fréedome of Rome , that of subiectes they myghte bée coequall in authoritie . And bycause hée was so earnest in the cause , the Senatoures sente hym to a forrayne warre , where hée laboured to bée Tribune . When Flaccus se●● into ●●beria . hys office shoulde ende , and broughte to passe that hée was chosen Tribune wyth Gracchus the yonger , both the whyche going aboute to make lawes in the fauoure of the Italians , were slayne ( as yée haue hearde , ) whereby the Italians were the more sharplyesette , takyng it gréeuouslye , that they were rather vsed lyke vnderlyngs than fellowes , and that Fuluius and Gracchus for theyr sakes were so destroyed , after whome , Liuius Drusus a Liuius Drusus . noble man and Tribune , hadde promised the Italians to make a lawe in theyr fauoure , touchyng the freedome of the Citie , whereof they were verye desirous , as the onely meane , of Seruauntes to bée made Superioures . To gratifye the people of Rome , the Tribune ledde newe inhabitances , as well into Italie as Sicelie , determined before , but tyll that tyme deferred . Hée also tooke in hande to make pacification betwéene the Senatoures and the Gentlemen whyche were fallen out for authoritie of iudiciall matters , and when hée sawe hée coulde not directlye restore the Senate to theyr former iurisdiction , he vsed a policie wyth them both , for where the Senate by reason of sedition , were scarcely the number of thrée hundred , hée deuised that so many more shoulde bée chosen of the Gentlemen , and of them all , Judges to bee chosen in tyme to Encrease of Senators . come , to heare matters of corruption , whyche was nowe no more regarded , for men were waxen so shamelesse , as it was thoughte no faulte : but thys policie hadde contrarie successe , for the Senate was gréeued that so many Gentlemen shoulde so suddaynely bée made theyr fellowes , béeyng vnlyke that they in lyke authoritie would agrée with them . The Gentlemen were afrayde that the whole order of iudgementes should be in the Senate , the which thing , now hauing tasted of great gaine , with much authoritie they began , ( not without cause ) to suspect : besideforth an emulation grew among themselues , which of them shoulde be thought worthier than other , to be chosen to the thrée C. and he that was , was sure to be enuied : but nothing did more trouble them , than that the triall of corruption shoulde be called agayne to the ordinary court , the which was now out of vse , and in this , the Senate and the Gentlemen , though they agréed not Drusus said there was nothing now left to be deuided , but earth or ayre● among themselues , yet they both conspired agaynste Drusus . The people was pleased wyth theyr newe habitations . But the Italians , for whose sakes the Tribune hadde begunne all these things , could not away with the placing of newe habitacions , It should seeme by some that he would haue reuoked certayne inl●●b●tancies . Tus anes . Vmbrianes be now D●●ato d● Spoleto . for if the diuision of common land should ceasse , the rich men , some by force and some by fraude woulde winne it , and streight get it from them , and be euill neyghbours to them that would with-holde them . The Tuscanes and the Vmbrians hauing the like affection , were brought of the Consull inpretence to dispatche Drusus , but in very déde to resist the lawe , againste the which they openly cryed and expected the day of determination . When the Tribune hearde of this , he came not abroade , but gaue audience at home in a darke gallerie , and in an euening dismissing the people , it hapned so that he cryed , I am hurt , and with the word he fell downe dead , & it was found that he was stricken with a Shomakers knife in the flanke . Thus Drusus the Tribune Drusus flayne . was slayne . The Gentlemen of this determination tooke occasion to picke quarels against their enimies , and induced Q. Valerius Q Valerius . the Tribune to take vppon him to accuse all them that eyther priuily or apertly had furthered the Italians in the publique matters , hoping thereby the great men should haue bin brought into slaunders and diffamation , and they be their Judges , whych being ridde away , they shoulde yet haue greater power in the common wealth . And whereas other Tribunes did refuse to propound the lawe , the Gentlemen with swords in hand , did compasse the place , and caused the law to be made , which as soone as they had obteyned , they brought in accusers againste the Senatours , whereof one Bestius woulde not obey , but wente into voluntarie ● . Bestius exiles himselfe . Cotta willingly exiled . banishment , as he that would not giue himselfe into the hands of his enimies . Cotta appeared in iudgement , and when hée had very boldly declared his seruice for the common wealth , and reprehended the Gentlemen , before he shoulde be cast out by decrée , he wente away willingly . Mummius that euercame Greece , being promised of the Gentlemen to be released , was deceyued , Mummius exiled who ouers threw Cornelius and thereof was called . Ac●●icus , bycause it stoode in Achaia . and forced with shame to flée iudgement , and to leade his lyfe in the Ile of Delos . The people began to be gréeued at this disorder increasing dayly against the best men , lamenting that so many and so good Citizens should be so suddainely taken from them . The Italians hearing of Drusus death , and the cause of so many mens exile , thinking no longer to be suffered , that such a sort of their chiefe patrones should be thus vsed , and not hoping any other way to obteyne the fréedome of the Citie , determined to leaue the Romaines , and to make warre vpon them . At the beginning of this confederacie , they secretely gaue hostages for assurance of their faith , which thing was long hidde to the Romaines , bycause of their dissention and iudiciall causes , but when it was perceyued , they sente diuers abroade to vnderstand the thyng closely , one of the whiche , marking that a yong man of the Citie of * * Ascolo , Thys Citie is in that part that is called . Abruzzo , neere to the territorie of 〈◊〉 , apperteyning to the Pope . There is another of thys name in Apulia , called Ascolidi Sairiano for a difference . Presidents . Hadriane the Emperoure . Proconsulles . Seruilius killed at Asculi . ●onteius killed . Marsians in Campania di Roma . Malinians in Campania felici . Vestinians in Abruzzo . Marusians A● bruzzo . Picentines Campanites di Lauoro . Ferentines in Cati● . Hirsians Abruzzo . Pompeyans in terrad : Lauoro . Venusians in Apulia . lapigianes otrant● ▪ Samnites Abruzzo . All these nations be beyond Rome . Asculi was deliuered to an other citie as pledge , he did vtter it to Seruilius the President of that prouince : for at that time , it should séeme , that the Romaines had presidents in diuers partes of Italy , whiche manner Hadriane when he was Emperoure desired to renue , but it continued not long after his time . Seruilius came in great anger to Asculi at a feast , and sharply rebuked them , wherevpon they killed him , bycause they were discouered by hym . They killed also Fonteius that was his legate . They had the name of Legates among the Romaines , that were sent in commission to the Presidents of the Countrey . After these two were slayne , there was as little courtesie shewed to the rest of the Romaines , for they were al killed , and their goodes set to spoyle . The conspiracie being now opened , all the neighboures about Asculi wente to armes . The Marsians , the Malinians , the Vestinians , the Marucians , and beside them the Picentines , the Ferentines , the Husians , the Pompeyans , the Venusians , the lapigianes , and the Samnites , whiche people before had euer bin enimies , and hurtfull to the Ramaines . All other nations from the floud * * The floud I●ri● Lario , now Clariano in Campania . Lario , which floweth , as I take it at * * Linterno was a Citie in Campania , where Scipio chose to ende his life , after he had found the people of Rome vnthankefull . Linterno , to the Gulfe of Ionia , did send theyr Embassadors to the Romaines , complayning , that where the Senate had vsed their seruice and trauell , alwayes in getting theyr great Empire , they made no regard of it , nor for all their paines thought them worthy to be partaker of their Citie . To whome the Senate sharply answered , that if they repented theyr former doings , they shoulde send Embassadors , if not they shoulde sende none . They as men desperate , prepared for the warre , and made a common army of all the Cities , one of footemen , and an other of Horsemen , to the number of one hundred thousande . The Romaines made power as greate againste them , partly of their The army of the Italians . owne , and partlye of the Confederate Cities that yet remayned in league . Sextus Iulius Caesar , and Publius Rutilius Sex. Iulius Caesar . P. Rutilius Consulles . Lupus , then Consulles , were leaders both , as in a warre at hande , and daungerous . The rest remayned at home to defende the gates and the walles , and bycause mens mindes were en●ang●ed thys waye and that waye , by reason of the newe lawe , they appoynted assistantes to the Consulles , Assistantes to the Consulles . whome they called Legates , menne of the best ●orte . To Rutilius , was ioyned Cneus Pompeyus , father to Pompey that was surnamed Greate● , Quintus Capi● , Ca●●s Perpenna , and Valerius Messala . To Sextus Caesar P. Lentulus , brother of the sayde Caesar , Titus Didius , Licinius Crassus , and Cornelius Sylla . And beside these , Marcus Marcellus . These many appoynted to the Consuls , serued as Lieutenantes in seuerall places , and the Consuls wente ouer all , to whome and to the other the Romaines sente euer newe supplyes , as in a trouble of greate danger .

The Italians hadde theyr Captaynes out of euerye Citie , besyde the whyche , as in a generall cause , these were the Generalles , T. Afranius , C. Pon●ilius , Marius Ignatius , Genera●es of the Italians . Quintus Pompedius , C. Papius , M. Lampronius , C. Iudacilius , Hirius Asinius , and Vetius Cato . These deuidyng theyr armyes togyther , wente agaynste the Romayne Captaynes many tymes with the aduantage , and many tymes wyth the losse , the chiefe of both the whyche brieflie to declare , were these : Vetius Cato putte to flighte , Sextus Iulius kylied two thousande of hys menne , and droue him to As●rni● , a Citie Sextus Iulius ouerthrowne . of the Romayne deuotion , where standyng to theyr defence , L. Scipio and L. Acilius in slaues apparell fledde awaye , and the enimies wyth tyme and hunger consumed them . Marius Ignatius tooke Venafro by treason , and kylled two companies Venafro lost . It is neere the 〈◊〉 Vultu●●● . Perp●●●● ouerthrowne and discharged . of the Romaines .

P. Presenteius dyd ouerthrowe Perpenna a leader of tenne thousande , kylled foure thousande , and tooke the armoure from the moste parte of the rest . Wherefore Ratilius the Consull discharged Perpenna of hys leading , and commytted the remnaunte of the Armye to C. Marius . M. Lamponius slewe eyghte hundred of them that were with Licinius Crassus , and chased the other Grument● . Li. Crassus lost● 〈◊〉 wo●●e , ● Citie not ●ar●e from Naples . to the Citie of Grument● . C. Papius g●t● Nola by treacherie , and made Proclamation to two thousande Romaines that were there , to come and serue , whyche they dyd , and hée accepted them : but the Captaynes that refused to obey hys Proclamation , hée tooke , and famished them to deathe . He wa●●e also Castabuli , Minturnio , and Salerno , that were habitations of Castabuli in Campania , Mint●●● in Campania , when Mari●● hidde himselfe . Salerno beyonde Naples . Nuceria bes●eged , thirtie miles from Naples . Acerre a Citie in Campania , whiche Anniball burned , the people beeyng escaped . Oxintha sonne to Iugurth . Venusio in Apulia . Numidians . Rome , and caused all the prisoners and Captyues to serue in hys Campe . He burned all aboute the compasse of Nuceria , whyche caused the nexte Cities to yéelde for feare . Hée requyryng an armye of them , they sente hym tenne thousande menne , and one thousande Horse , wyth the whyche hée beséeged Acerre ▪ Sextus Caesar wyth tenne thousande Frenche footemen , and manye Numidian Horsemenne , approched to Acerre .

Papius broughte out of Venusio , Oxintha , sonne to Iugurthe sometyme Kyng of Numidia , where hée was kepte of the Romaines , and claddyng hym wyth Purple , shewed hym manye tymes to the Numidianes that were wyth Caesar , of the whyche manye fledde thycke vnto hym as to theyr kyng . Wherefore Caesar sente awaye the rest as suspected into theyr Countrey , after the whiche , Papius came vppon hym wyth contempte , and bette downe parte of hys trenche , Hée sente hys Horsemenne aboute , whyche kylled syxe thousande of Papius Papius lose●●● Souldyoures , whiche done , Caesar remoued the Campe from Acerre .

To Iudacilius in Iapigia , the Canusians , Venusians , and manye other Cyties dyd yeelde , some that woulde not hée ouerc●me , and as manye noble menne of the Romaynes as he founde , hée slewe , the Commons and the slaues hée vsed in hys 〈◊〉 .

Rutilius the Consull , and C. Marius made Brydges , not farre asunder , to passe ouer the Riuer of Liris . Vetius Cato camped nigh the bridge of Marius and layde an ambushe ouer agaynste the Consuls bridge . In the morning he suffered him to passe ouer , and set vpon him with that sleyght , and many of his people he killed on the lande , many also he drowned in the flaud . The Consull in this conflict was hurt in the head , and dyed shortlye The Consull killed . Marius . after . Marius being at the other bridge , and perceyuing the chance by the bodyes that were brought by the streame , passed the floud with great speede , and set vppon Catos Camp , kept off a few , and made him lodge the nighte where he had wonne the day , from whence for lacke of victuall he was compelled to depart . Futilius corpse , and many other Gentlemen , being sent to Rome to be burned , Heauinesse at Rome for the death of the Consull . it was an heauie sight to sée the Consull and so many other destroyed , and cause of many daies mourning : wherefore the Senate decréede , that they that dyed in the warre should be buryed there , least the other by the sight should be made afraide to goe to the fielde . No successor was made to Rutilius that yeare , bycause Sextus Caesar had no leysure to goe to the election , but hys host , the Senate appointed Caius Marius and Q. Caepio to rule . Q. Pompedius lying against Caepio , fledde as a runnagate , and brought Pompedius deceyueth Caepio . two slaues as pledges , cladde in purple as his sonnes : and to haue the more credite , he broughte certayne wedges of leade , layde ouer with siluer and golde . He exhorted him to set vpon his men being without a Captayne easie to be ouerthrowen . Caepio was so light of beliefe , as he wente with him . When Pompedius was nigh the place of embushment , he ranne vp to an hill as to ospie the enimie , to whome when he had giuen his token , they appeared , and ouerthrew Caepio , and many moe with him . The Caepio flay●● . Senate committed the rest of his army to Marius . Sextus Caesar Sextus Caesar fleeth . marching with thirtie thousand footemen , and fiue thousand horses , among hilles and rocky streyghtes , Marius Ignatiue fell suddaynely vpon him , and compassed him in the same . He fledde away in a litter ( bycause he was sicke ) to a riuer , where was but one bridge to passe , there he lost the greater part of his armye , the other threw away their armoure , with whome he hardly escaped to Theano , them he armed agayne as well as he could , and Theano in the end of Apulia . with an other multitude that came vnto him hand ouer head , he approched to Acherre , which Papio had beséeged . Their Campes lay hard togither , yet for feare durst not prouoke one the other . Cornelius Sylla , and C. Marius did followe valiantly the Marsians that lay against them , vnto the hedges of the Uineyardes . The Marsians with much adoe gote through the hedges , in the whiche Marius and Sylla thought not good to pursue them , but Sylla wayting with his Camp on the other side of the Uineyards , encountred them as they would haue escaped out , and killed manye of them , so as the slaughter of that day was aboue sixe thousande , and the harnesse that the Romaines tooke , was a great deale more . By this chaunce the Marsians like madde men were the more fierce , and armed themselues againe , and went on to prouoke the Marsi a valiant people in Latio , now Campania . Romaines , who durst not come to hand with them , nor begin the fight , for they be a nation most warlike , and through this chance this only triumph was made of them , where before ( as the saying is ) neyther was there triumph of them , nor without them . Falerio in Camepania where the good wine is praysed . Firmo a towne in the march of Ancona . About the mount of Ealerno , Iudacilius , Titus Afranius , and P. Ventidius togither , did ouerthrowe C. Pompeyus , and droue him to the Citie of Firmo . They wente their way , and lefte Afranius to beséege Pompey , who armed his men spéedely , but woulde not come to fighte , yet by the comming of an other army , he sente Sulpitius about to be on the backe of Afranius , and he came forthe on the face . The fight being doubtfull on both sides , Sulpitius set the enimies Camp on fire , which when they sawe , they fledde to Ascoli without order or obedience , where Afranius was killed continuing Afranius killed . in the fight . Pompeyus procéeded to the winning of Ascoli . Indacilius was borne at Ascoli , and fearing the losse thereof , hée Iudacilius . tooke eyght compantes and went toward it , sending to the Asculians before , that as soone as they saw him a farre off , they should yssue vppon the enimies , that they mighte be assayled on both sides : but they would none of it . Notwithstanding Iudacilius entred through the Camp with as many as he could , and reprooued his Countreymen for vnfaithfulnesse , and cowardlinesse , but hauing Crueltie o● Iudacilius . no hope to saue the Citie , firste he killed all his auntient enimies , then those that of late had caused the multitude to disobey him at this instant . That done , he prepared a fyre in the Temple , and sette a bedde vppon it , then he did banquet with hys friendes , and after he hadde made merrie with them , he dranke off hys poyson , and layde hym downe on the strawe , Iudacilius death . and bade them sette it on fyre . Thus Iudacilius desyrous to dye honourablie for hys Countrey , made hys ende . Sextus Caesar , the tyme of hys office beyng expyred , was made Uiceconsull of the Senate . He sette vppon twentie thousande as they remoued theyr Campe , and kylled eyghte thousande of S. Caesar dyeth . them , and vnarmed many more , lying long at the séege at Ascoli , he dyed of a disease , and appoynted C. Bebius to serue in his place . These were the things done in Italy , aboute the Ionian sea .

The Hetrurians and Vmbrianes on the other syde of Rome hearyng of this , they and other Countreys theyr neyghboures were disposed to rebell . The Senate béeing afrayde , least the enimie being rounde aboute them , they shoulde bée vndefended , sente garrisons of frée mace menne to all the coast betweene the Citie and Cuma . This was the Cuma in Campania felici . Freemade men sent to warre . firste tyme that they were admytted to serue in Warre for wante of frée menne . Those Italians that remayned in good faith , they made frée of the Citie , of the whyche all were desirous . Thys benefyte they sente also to the Hetrurianes , who receyued that fréedome verye friendelye . The Hetrurians now Tuscanes . Senate by thys curtesie made theyr welwyllers the more wyllyng , putte them oute of doubte that were in feare , and caused the enimie ( for hope of the lyke ) to bée the more remisse . The Romaines dyd not receyue these newe Citizens into the fuye and thirtie companyes ( for so manye The Italians made Citizens of Rome . they were ) least that they béeyng more than the olde , shoulde preuayle in elections , but broughte them into newe companyes , deuided by tennes , whereby they were last in the elections , and manye tymes theyr voyces were in vayne , bycause the olde fuye and thirtie were firste called , and more than halfe . Whether thys was not knowen at the firste , or that the Italians were contente wyth it , afterward● it was cause of newe contention . They aboute the Ienian Sea , not hearyng of the Hetrurianes repentaunce , sente fifteene thousande menne in ayde to Hetruria , with long and laborious iourneys . C. Pompeius nowe Consull , mette wyth them , and kylled fyue thousande of them , the rest returnyng home by waylesse places , sharpe season of Wynter , and by eatyng of Acornes , were the halfe destroyed .

That same Wynter , Cato , Pompeius fellowe , made warre Cato slayne . vppon the Marsianes , and was slayne . Sylla laye in Campe at Mount Pompey . L. Ignatius wyth greate despyghte , encamped wythin halfe a myle of hym . Sylla coulde not abyde thys Sylla fleeth . contumelie , but sette vppon hym , not tarrying for hys forragiers , and was dryuen to flée , but when hys forragiers were come , he sette vppon hym agayne and putte hym to Sylla putteth to flight . flyghte . Hée then Camped farther off , hauing a supplye of Frenchmen . He agayne placed hys Campe neere to Sylla . The armyes beeyng thus nygh togither , a Frenchman of mightye stature came forthe alone , and challenged anye of the Romaynes A Combate . A Numidian . to fyghte wyth hym : a little Marusian aunswered hym , and kylled hym , wyth the whyche , the Frenehmenne were so discouraged , as they fledde theyr way , whereby the Campe béeyng troubled , no companye of Cluentuis woulde tarrie , but wyth confusion fledde to Nola. Sylla pursued , and kylled thirtie thousande in the chase . And whereas the Nolanes receyued them but at one gate , for feare the enimie shoulde also enter , he slewe aboute the walles twentye thousande , among whome Cluentius mansullye fyghting , was also Cluentius slayne . slayne .

Sylla wente agaynste the Hirpinianes , and beséeged A Equilan● . Hirpini in the ●rutians . Iucanes be they that now be of Pasibcata . They looking for the Lucanes ayde that daye , desired respite to consider : hee perceyuing theyr crafte , gaue them one houre , and in the meane tyme sette Ladders to the walles , whyche were made of woodde , and at the Aquilano taken . Citie in Brut●● . ende of the houre sette them on fyre . They béeyng afrayde yéelded , yet he spoyled it , bycause they yéelded not of good will , but of necessitie . Other that yéelded he receyued , till he had subdued all the Hirpian nation . Then he wente againste the Samnites , not that way which Mut●lu● their Captaine kepte , but 〈◊〉 ouerthrowen . an other vnknowen by a compasse , and came vppon them suddainely , and killed many of them , and the other ranne hither and thither , and Mutilus was hurt , and with a few fledde to Asernia . Asernia in 〈◊〉 . Sylla went against the Brianes , where the common counsell of the factions were kept . This Citie had thrée fortresses , and whyles Brianes nowe 〈◊〉 in Abruzzo . the Brianes came wholly against Sylla , he sente aboute certayne , whome he willed to take any of the fortresses that they coulde , and to signifye it by a smoke , whiche being done , he gaue a hote assault on the front thrée houres togither , and gote the Towne . These things that Sommer were happily done of Sylla , and toward winter he went to Rome to stand for the Consulship . C. Pompeius Salapia a Citie of Apulia , where 〈◊〉 was caught in loue . Canue nowe Berletta . Canutui a citie in Apulia , where is the best woll in Italy , now Ca●ossa . The floud Anfido . Trebatius is discomfited by Cossonius . subdued the Marsians , Marusians , and the Venusians . C. Cossonius a Lieutenant did burne Salapia , and tooke Canue . By the comming of the Samnites , with whome he fought valiantly , till many dyed on both sides . He was fayne to leaue the séege of Canuti● , and goe to Canue . Trebatius the Captayne of the Samnites , sente vnto Cossonius , that eyther he should come ouer the riuer that deuided their armies , to fight , or goe backe , that he might come to him : he went backe , and when Trebatius was comming ouer , Cossonius set vppon him , and had the better in the fight , and as he woulde haue fledde ouer againe , he killed fiftéene thousande of Trebatius men , who with them that were left , fledde to Canusio . Cossonius hauing spoyled Larinates &c. people of Apulia . Pediculi in Calabria . the landes of the Larineans , Venutians , and Asculans , inuaded the Podiceans , whome he wanne in two dayes . Cecilius Metellus became his successor to his army , who went against the Iapigians , and ouerthrew them by battayle , in the which Pompedius one Pompedius killed . of the Generalles of the reuolted people was killed , the rest fled by heapes to Caecilius . This was the sharpe contention in Italy , called the fellowes warre , till all the same were receyued into the ciuilitie of Rome . Except the Lucanes and Samnites , the whyche Italians receiued to the freedome of Rome . ( as it should séeme ) were after receyued also , and were appointed to their seuerall companies as the former , least beyng ioyned with the olde , they should , being more in number , haue the vpper hand in elections .

Now beganne the Usurers to contende one against an other Vsurie . in the Citie , bycause some had bought debtes with the interest , beyng forbidden to take vsurie vpon vsuries by an olde law , and a payne appoynted to him that so woulde vse his vsuries . It should seeme that the olde Romaines detested vsurie as muche as Romaines , Grecians , and Persians , hate Vsurie . the Greekes , as a matter intollerable to the poore , and cause of debate and euill will . The Persians also by like reason did accompte it full of fraude and leasing , but vsurie being confirmed by custome and time , they required it accordingly . The other alleadged cause of delay through war and sedition , and some threatned the vsurers with the statute . Asellio a Judge , to whome that iurisdiction Asellio . belonged , sought to agrée them , but coulde not , wherefore he gaue them leaue to trie the controuersie by lawe , putting the Judges in remembrance , as well of the custome , as of the law , as a thing doubtfull . When the Usurers hearde Asellius make mention of the olde law , they were gréeued , and kylled him after this manner : It was his turne to make oblation in the Sacrifice to Iupiters children . common place to Iupiters children , the multitude standing about the sacrifice , one of the former threw a stone at him , and hit him , wherefore he flong downe the vessell of sacrifice , and ranne toward Vesta the Goddesse of Virginitie . the Temple of Vesta , where being preuented and excluded , be fledde into a shoppe , and there they slew him . Many that went after him thinking he had bin fledde among the Virgines , ranne Disorder . into places where it was not lawfull for men to come . Thus Asellio a Judge , sacrificing and cladde with an holy vesture of Aselius killed . golde , as in such solemnities is wont , was killed the second houre among the Temples in the miost of the common place . The Senate made Proclamation , that who so euer woulde bewray the killer , if he were a fréeman , he should haue siluer : if he were bond , he shoulde haue fréedome : if he were priuie to it , he shoulde haue pardon : but no man would do it , for the Usurers kept it secrete . These murthers and ciuill dissentions hapned yet now and then , but afterward Captaynes of sedition with great armies contended togither by law of warre , their Countrey standing as a pray to them that could catch it , the beginning & procéeding whereof after the followes warre was this .

When Mithridates King of Pontus , and other nations hadde inuaded Bithinia , Ph●●gia , and Asia , confining to the same Beginning of Ciuill warres . ( as I haue shewed in my Booke of that matter , ) it was by lotte assigned to Sylla the Consull , béeyng yet in Rome , to gouerne the armye in Asia , in that warre of Mithridates . But Marius , who thoughte thys warre woulde be easie to dispatch , Marius . and very muche worth , desirous also of the Generalles roome , attempted P. Sulpitius Tribune of the people , with manye promises , to be hys friende . And he putte the newe Citizens of Italy in good hope , that were inferioure in elections , to be distributed thorough all the Companies , not shewing that hée wente aboute any matter of his owne , that hée myghte vse them as faithfull ministers in all assayes . Sulpitius straightway Sulpitius . propounded a law for it , which if it had taken place , Marius and Sulpitius should haue had their willes in all , bycause the new Citizens did so farre excéede the olde , which thing the auntients perceiuing , did stoutely resist the new , and both sides vsed stones and staues in their defence . This euill growing still greater , and the Consuls fearing the passing of the law that was at hand , did proclayme a vacation for many dayes , as in festiuall tymes Vacation . was wont to be done , that some intermission mighte be hadde of this lawe and inconuenience . Sulpitius coulde not abyde thys vacation , and therefore willed hys faction to come to the common place with weapons hidde , and do as should fall out , not sparing the very Consuls if néede were . Thys done , he spake agaynste the vacation , as a thing contrarye to the lawe , and bad the Consulles , Sulpitius against the vacation . Sylla , and Q. Pompey forthwyth to reuoke it , that he mighte procéede to the approbation of the lawe . A tumulte began , and they béeyng prepared , drewe their daggers , and threatned to kyll the Consulles if they spake agaynste them : wherefore Pompey secretely fledde , and Sylla went asyde , as to take aduice : But Pompeys sonne , béeyng sonne in lawe to Sylla , was kylled of Sulpitius faction , bycause hée spake somewhat liberally agaynste them . Then Sylla returned , and reuoked the vacation , and wente Vacation reuoked . to Capua , to the army which was to passe into Asia , for the war of Mithridates , not knowing any thing yet what was meante agaynste hym . The vacation béeyng dissolued , and Sylla gone Capua the chiefe Citie of Campania . The warre of Mithridates appoynted to Marius . Sylla to hys Souldyers . out of the Citie , Sulpitius propounded the lawe , and to C. Marius for whome he had done all this , he assigned the rule of the warre agaynste Mithridates in Sylla hys place . Sylla hearing of 〈◊〉 , and determining to trye it by fight , called hys Souldyoures togyther , whyche were desirous to goe thys iourney for the gayne thereof , and knewe that Marius woulde vse other Souldyoures in it , and declared vnto them what spyghte Sulpitius and Marius hadde done hym , not shewyng playnely hys meaning , for hée durst not yet make mention of any suche warre , but only exhorted them to bée readye , as occasion shoulde requyre . They vnderstanding hys intente , and afrayde to be preuented of thys warfare , opened Syllas cogitation , and badde hym boldly leade Sylla re●ur●●e●●● to Rome in Armes . them to Rome . Hée beyng gladde thereof , marched wyth syxe Legions . All the officers of hys Campe , but one Tresourer , posted to Rome , and coulde not abyde to goe agaynste theyr Officers of good conscience . Countrey .

Embassadoures came to hym by the way , and asked hym why wyth armes hée dyd inuade hys Countrey : he aunswered , Aunswere of Sylla . to delyuer it from Tyrauntes . Hée made thys aunswere twice or thrice to seuerall Embassadors , and wythall required , that the Senate wyth Marius and Sulpitius myghte méete hym in the flelde of Mars , and there hée woulde doe , as by counsell should séeme good .

When hée was come nygh , Pompeyus hys fellowe resorted to hym , allowing and praysing hys doyngs , and ioynyng wyth hym in all thynges . Marius and Sulpitius not prepared for so shorte a distaunce , sente other Embassadoures , as directed from the Senate , wyllyng hym not to come nygher than fyue myles to the Citie , tyll they hadde consulted of the presente state . Sylla and Pompey well vnderstandyng theyr meaning , promised so to doe , yet followed as soone as they were gone . Then Sylla tooke the gate called Celimontana , and the wall nexte it● , with one Legion , and Pompey Celimontana Gate . Collina Gate . tooke Collina Gate wyth an other . The thyrde hée placed at the bridge of wodde , the fourth he left as a warde vnder the walles , with the rest he entred the Citie with enunies mind and déede : wherefore the dwellers aboute did stoppe him , by castyng 〈…〉 entreth the Citie with armes . vpon him from aboue . He threatned to burne their houses , and then they ceassed ▪ Marius and Sulpitius came against him in the AFs●●●lie was the hill in Rome , vppon the which T●llus Host●●●us kept his Souldioures . First fight of the armes in Rome . The boldnesse of Syl●● . playne of Esquily , with as manye , as of the suddayne they coulde bring armed . This was the first fight that euer was in Rome of suche enimies , not nowe for anye pretence of dissention , but by playne force , with Trumpet and ensignes , as in lawe of warre . To such inconueniences were they now come by nourishing or dissentious . Sylla hys souldyoures gaue backe , wherefore he tooke the standerd , and stoode to it with daunger , so as the reuerenc● of their Generall , and the feare of dishonor that come to them that forsake their ensigne , did stay them straighte from fléeyng . Sylla called freshe Souldyers from the Campe without , and sente others Saburra , in the old writing Succurra , a streete in Rome , where Souldyers were placed , to releeue them of Esquilia . to the streete called Saburra , to compasse the enimies on the backehalfe . Marius company made but faint resistance against these new men , and fearing to be compassed on euery side , called to the Citizens that fought yet in their houses , and proclaymed libertie to seruauntes if they would come to help : but none comming forthe , and they in vtter despayre , fledde out of the Citie , and so did euery noble man that was of their faction ▪ Sylla passed Marius fleeth . to the way called Holy , and such as made any spoyle , he punished Holy way in Rome so named of the peace that Romulus made with 〈…〉 . in the sight of all men . He also set garrisons in the Citie , and both he and Pompey watched , going aboute euery where , that no hurt should be done , eyther of them that had lost , or of them that had wonne . Day being come , they called the people to a counsel , they lamented that the state was betrayed of certayne troublesome men , and that they were constreyned by necessitie to doe that they had done . Further thoy affirmed , that nothing of importance should be propounded to the people , but that were before debated of the Senate , renuing an auntient lawe , nowe of Sylla renueth olde lawes . Comicia Centuriata where the best men gaue voyces . King Tullus . long time out of vse , and that the elections shoulde not be of the ordinarie companies of wardes , but of the generall assemblie by the rate of substance , according to the institution of Kyng Tullus , supposing by these two things , that if no lawe were propounded to the people before the Senate , and that elections should not con●st in the poore and bolde sorte , in stéede of the wise and substantiall men , there shoulde not be suche occasion of sedition . Many other things they spake of the Tribunes , in writing againste that power as Tyrannicall , whereby the Senate was growen into contempt by so vnfyt men : therefore they chose togither ▪ three hundred of the vest sorte , and whatsoeuer had bin done by Sulpitius after the vacation of the Consuls , they reuoked it as vnlawfull . Thus sedition from strife and contention , dyd growe to murther , and from murthers to very warre , and thys was the first army of Citizens that inuaded the Countrey as enimies . Yet sedition ceassed not by this trial of armes , for continuall inuasions were made against Rome , the walles were beaten downe , and all other extremities of warre done , no reuerence eyther of lawe , common wealthe , or Countrey , being able to refrayne the violent mindes . Then was banished Sulpitius the Marius &c. proclaymed Traytors . Tribune , and with him Marius , sixe times Consul , and his sonne P. Cethegus , ●umus Brutus , C. & Q ▪ Granius , P. Albinouanus , M. Lectorius , and other , to the number of twelue Senators , as stirrers of tumult , rebellious to the Consuls , prouokers of slaues to reuolt , by offering them libertie , for the whiche they were proclaymed enimies to the Romaine state , and that it should be lawfull to kil them without punishment , or bring th●● to the Consuls . Their goodes were confiscate , and serchers ranne aboute to catch them , who founde Sulpitius , and slew him . Marius alone without Sulpitius slayne . seruant or fellow fledde to Minturna , the rulers of that Citie for feare of the Proclamation , kéeping him in a close house , that Mynturna in Campania betwene Formiae and Sinness● . Marius fleeth to Minturna . hadde bin sixe times Consull , and done so many notable feates , would not be authours of his death , but sente a Frenchman that was there by chance , with a sword to kill him . The Frenchman ( as they say ) wente in to him lying on the strawe in the darke A Frenchman appointed to ●●● Marius , can not do it . house , and was afrayde , for he thoughte that his eyes dyd cast forthe beames and flames of fire , and that he did rise from hys couch , and cryed with a loude voyce , darest thou kil C●●●s Marius . The Frenchman fledde as fast as he could out of the house like Marius escapeth . a madde man , crying , I can not kyl Marius , whereby the Rulers that doubtfully hadde determined this , were stricken with a diuine feare , and a fame spoken from his childhoode , that the man shoulde be seauen times Consull , for they say , when he was a childe , seuen yong Eagles fell into his lappe , whiche the Southsayers Token of Marius honor . did shewe , that he shoulde seauen times haue the greatest honor . The Magistrates of Minturna remembring this , and thinking the Frenchman was feared by Gods operation , they conueyd Marius out of their Citie , to saue himselfe as well as he could . He knowing that he was sought for of Sylla , and followed of the Horsemen , went toward the Sea by vnbeaten wayes , and chansing vpon a Cotage , stayed there , and couered hys body with leaues , he hearde a noyse , and lay still couered wyth hys leaues , but hearing it more and more , he lept into an old Fishermans bote , and tooke it away spight of his téeth : a tempest arose , Hard happe of Marius in escaping . and he cutte the Cable , and hoysted the saile , and committed himselfe to fortune , and so he came to an Iland , where he founde a Shippe of his friendes , with whome he sayled into Lybia , but béeing reiected from thence by Sextus the Presidente , as an enimie , he liued all that Winter in the Sea , vnder the Mountaynes of Numidia . Being thus againe a seaborde and knowen , of hys friends , there sayled to him C●●●egus , Granius , Alben●uanus , Lectorius , and others , and his sonne , all the whiche being valiant men , fledde from Rome ▪ to a Numidian Prince , and being afrayde of Treason , departed from thence . These had good will to set vpon Sylla , whome they thought violently to vse their Countrey , but lacking army , they tarried till occasion might serue . Sylla béeyng the first that euer entred the Citie with armes , and able to haue made himselfe in Rome equall with a Monarch , after he was a●enged of his enimie , he did willingly refrayne from violence . He sent his army to Capua , and ruled agayne as a Consull . The faction of the banished , chiefly the riche menne and women that were full of money , being deliuered of feare of the army , were earnest for the returne of their men , and omitted neyther care nor cost , laying wayte for the Consulles bodyes , bycause if they were well , their matter were dashed . Nowe when Sylla ▪ shoulde ●eaue his office , the army that was appoynted him against Mithridates should be his defence . Pompey the other Consull , the people pitying his case , appoynted him the gouernemente of Italy , with the army that was vnder C. Pompeius ▪ When Cneus heard of this , he tooke it euill , yet he receyued Quintus into the Campe , Pompey the Consull killed . who the next day doing his office , Cneus wente aside as a priuate man , till a number pretending to heare the Consull , enclosed him and killed him , other fleeing away . Cneus returned as though he had bin maruellous angry that the Consul should be so vnlawfully slayne , but angry as he was , he straight tooke the rule vppon him agayne . When the newes of the Consuls deathe was brought to the Citie , Sylla was afrayd of himselfe , and strayght carried his friendes with him wheresoeuer he wente , and in the night had them about him also , and so not tarrying long , he went to Capua to his army , and from thence sayled into Asia . The friends of the fledde men had great confidence in Cinna that was Consul C●●●● . after Sylla , and stirred the new Citizens to the deuises of Marius , and thought it méete that they shoulde be mixt with the olde companies , least being last of all , their roomes shoulde be lost . This was the plat , for Marius and his friends returne . The olde Citizens stoode stiffely against it . Cinna stoode with the newe Citizens , corrupted ( as it is thought ) with thrée hundred Talentes . Octauius the other Consull defended the olde . Cinna his companie , Octauius . closely armed , tooke the common place , & cryed to be mixed with the companies . The other inultitude better minded , resorted to Octauius with their weapons also , to whome tarrying at home to take aduisement , w●●●e was brought , that the most part of the Tribunes did resist these doings , & that there was a tumult of the new Citizens , with weapons drawne in the way againste the Tribunes of the contrary side , rushing into the common place . When Octanius heard of this , he went the way called Holy , with a great company , & Way Holy. thronging through the middest of the contrary side , gote the commonplace & stayed them . When he had thus afraide them , he went into the Temple of Iupiters children to auoide Cinna , but they that were with him , Tu●●●● in the which the nev● Citizens are killed . without any commaundement , ranne vppon the newe Citizens , and killed manye of them , and chaced the other fléeyng to the Gates . Cinna hauyng hys trust in the newe Citizens , and thinking to haue done all by force , and now contrarie to his opinion , séeing the boldnesse of a few to haue ouercome , he went aboute the Citie , and called slaues to libertie , but when none came , he ranne to the nexte Cities , whiche not long before were made frée of Rome , that is , ●ibur , Preneste , and other as farre as ●●●ur nowe T●●●●● sixteene miles from Rome . Preneste nowe P●lastr●●● in Champa●ne of Rome . Nola nine miles from Naples . Cinna deposed . Nola , and stirred them to sedition , and gathered money for the warre . Cinna being thus occupyed and deuising , some Senators of his minde fledde vnto him , as C. Melonius , Quintus Sertorius , and the other C. Marius . The Senate did decrée , that Cinna should no more be taken as Consull nor Citizen , bycause being Consull , he left the Citie in tumulte , and called bondmen to libertie , and in his place they appoynted Lucius Merula , Iupiters Prieste . They saye that this holye Prieste only mighte euer weare the The thing was called . Apex , which was a wand wound about with wooll in the heigth of his hatte . Iupiters Priest . C●●●● to the Souldiers . wand of his hatte alway , where as other might not do it , but in sacrifices only . Cinna went to Capua , where was an other armye of the Romaines . He did make sute to the Rulers of it , and to as many Senators as were there . He went in the middest as Consull . He threwe away his maces , and like a priuate man wepte and sayde . Of you ( O Citizens ) receyued I this dignitie , the people gaue it me , and the Senate haue taken it from me without you , and as I suffer in mine owne cause , so am I gréeued for your sakes : why should we now desire fauoure at the companies in our elections ? What néede haue we of you ? how shal you be any longer Lords of elections , of assemblies , or of chiefe officers , if you can not mainteyne that you haue giuen , and take away when you sée cause ? When he had spoken thus to stirre them , and lamenting muche his owne cause , he rente his garment , and ranne from the Chaire , and fell flatte among them , and still lay downe , till they for pities sake tooke him vp , and set him againe in his Chaire , and tooke him the bundelles of authoritie , Cinna restored to his dignitie . and bade him hope well , as became a Consull , and to vse them as occasion should require . The officers of the Campe by this meane did relent , and sware to Cinna the oth of a Souldiour , and so did all the rest . This done , he wente boldly to the confederate ▪ Cities , and stirred them , as for whose sakes he suffered this calamitie . They reléeued him with money , & many of the other great men of the Citie came vnto him , whiche did not like the quiet state of the common wealth . Thus Cinna did . Octauius and Merula the Consuls , fortifyed the Citie with rampiers , and preparation The Con●●●● prepare for defence . of engines of warre . They sente for Souldyers to the Cities that remayned obediente , and into Fraunce their next neyghboure . They also called home Cneus Pompeius the Proconsull , leading an armye at the coast of the Ionian Sea , to come with all spéede to serue hys Countrey . He so dyd , and planted Collina a gate in Rome , nowe Salaria . hys host at the Gate called Collina . Cinna came also , and encamped by him .

Caius Marius hearing of thys , passed the Sea to Hetruria with Marius returneth . his fellowes banished , and Seruauntes , and there came to him aboute fyue hundred of hys friendes of Rome : he with vile apparell and long heare to moue pitie wente to the Cities , shewing his victories and honoures agaynste the Germanes , and The Germanes were cal'ed Cimbrianes , now thought to be D●●es . hys syxe tymes Consulshippe , and ( that whyche pleased them best ) promised to doe for them in the lawe of elections : and so hée gathered syxe thousande Toscanes , and came wyth them to Cinna , who gladly receyued hym into the societie of his doyngs . Ostia spoyled , being at the mouth of Tiber , about twelue miles from Rome . Arimino is in that part that now is called Romania , next ●● ●omberdie , and was ●●● diuision of o●de Italy at the floud Rubicon . Cee●lius Metellus is too precise , and giueth occasion of aduantage to his enimie . Marius entreth Rome . Appius Claudius ●eceyueth Marius into the Citie .

Beyng mette togyther , they ordered theyr army at the floude Tiber , and deuided it into thrée partes , Cinna and Carbo ouer agaynste the Citie , Sertorius aboue it , and Marius towarde the Sea.

They made Bridges ouer the Riuer , that they myghte kéepe victuals from the Citie . Marius tooke Ostia and spoyled it . Cinna sente to take Arimeno , that no army shoulde come out of nyghe Fraunce . The Consuls were afrayde , hauyng néede of an other army , and bycause they coulde not call home Sylla béeyng entred into Asia , they commaunded Cecilius Metellus that was aboute the remnaunt of the fellowes warre againste the Samnites , that he shoulde dispatche it as honestly as he coulde , and come to helpe hys Countrey that was inuaded . He stoode too muche vpon termes wyth the Samnites , whyche when Marius hearde , he graunted them all theyr demaundes , and so the Samnites ioyned with Marius . Appius Claudius a Captayne , and kéeper of the hyll Ianiculo , and the walles there , hauing receyued a good turne , and myndfull of the benefyte , opened the gate by breake of day , and so Marius entred , and Cinna followed , but they were soone repulsed by Octauius and Pompey , that came agaynste Marius repulsed . them .

It chaunced so , that there was greate lyghtnings that Pompey destroyed by lightning . fell vpon Pompeys armye , whereby he and manye noble menne were destroyed . Marius kepte all victuals from the Citie that came from the Sea , or aboue from the freshe water , and hée rode to the nigh Cities , where anye Corne was layde for the Antium , now 〈◊〉 . Aritia tenn● mile from Rome . Lanuuis●m now Indouina . Marius keepeth victuals from Rome . The way called Appia went from Porta Capena to Br●●●dase , paued with fouresquare stone . Mount Albano nigh Rome , with a lake , of the which a propliecie went of the ●●m●unes victorie . Romayne store , and by suddayne comming to Antio , Aritia , and Lanuuio , hée tooke them all , and some other Cities by Treason . And thus kéeping awaye victuals by lande also , hée approched towarde Rome boldly , by the way called Appia , before any victualles coulde bée broughte from anye other place , and wyth Cinna , Carbo , and Sertorius , Camped twelue myles from Rome , Octauius , Crassus , and Metellus dyd lye agaynste them at Mount Albano , and considering for the tyme to come , although they were superioure in strength and number , yet hadde they a compassion to putte theyr Countrey in hazarde by one battayle .

Cinna sente Trumpettes aboute the Citie , proclayming libertie to Seruauntes , whereby a multitude of fugitiues came vnto hym . The Senate was afrayde thereby , and doubtyng of the people , bycause of the want of thyngs in the Citie , chaunged theyr mynde , and sente Embassadoures to Cinna for reconciliation . Hée asked them firste , whether they came to hym as a Consull , or as a priuate person . They doubted what to answere , and returned to Rome .

Nowe many of the fréemen came vnto him , some for faction , and some for feare of famine , and to sée the sequeale of it : and Resort● to 〈◊〉 . nowe proudely he approched the walles , and Camped within an arrowe shotte . They that were with Octauius were in feare and doubte , and slowe to fighte , bycause of the runnawayes , and ofte sendyng betwéene , the Senate was greately amazed .

They thoughte it vniust to depose Lucius Merula , Iupiters Prieste , that was chosen in Cinnas place , and hadde not offended , but béeyng oppressed wyth the greate myseries , they sente to Cinna as Consull , and as they looked for no greate The Senate sendeth to Cinna as Consull . Doubriull aunswere . good thereby , so they requyred Cinna to sweare , that hée woulde commytte no murther . Hée refused to sweare , but promised that willinglye hée woulde bee no cause of manslaughter . Hée wylled also , that Octauius that came in at the other gates , shoulde gette hym away , least some displeasure mighte be done hym agaynste hys wyll . Thys he aunswered from an hygh Throne as Consull , to the Embassadoures of the Citie . Marius Marius . standyng nexte the Senate , was silente , but by hys cruell countenaunce , it was perceyued that he was bente to murther .

The Senate accepted thys , and willed Cinna and Marius to enter , well knowyng that Marius dyd all , and Cinna assented to it . Marius spake in iestyng wyse , that it was not Marius scorne●● lawfull for a banished manne to enter , wherefore the Tribunes dyd reuoke the banishmente , and dissolue the decrée The banishment of Marius reuoked . Marius and Cinna giue their oth for Octauius . He is counselled to flee . made againste hym by Sylla . Then they entred the Citie wyth the feare of all that receyued them . They made spoyle of the contrarye parte , wythoute stoppe . Cinna and Marius sente theyr othes to Octauius , but the Southsayers and Diuiners badde hym not trust them , and hys friendes counselled hym to flée , but hée protesting neuer to leaue the Citie , whyles hée The constancie of Octauius . was Consull , wente among them to Ianiculo , with the noble men , and parte of the armye , where hée remayned , and sate downe in the seate , cladde with his robe of rule , being wayted vpon wyth the roddes and axes , as Consulles were wont . Censorinus Censorinus commet● to kill Octauius contrary to the oth . came agaynste hym with certayne Horsemenne , hys friendes perswadyng hym to flée with hys armye , and bringing hym an Horse , he woulde not allowe of it , nor once ryse , but abode the deathe . Censorinus cutte off hys heade , and Octauius Consull headed . broughte it to Cinna , and was the fyrste Consulles head that was sette vppe in the common place : but after him , the heads of the other that were slayne were set vp also , and this mischiefe beginning with Octauius , continued still in such murthers of them that were counted enimies . Searchers ranne straighte aboute for to fynde their foes , and there was no regarde of Senator or Gentleman , nor no difference made . All the heads of the Senators were put vp in the common place . There was neyther reuerence of the Gods , nor respect of men , or anye matter made of 〈…〉 . murther , but all bent to cruell actes , and from actes to horible fightes , killing , crueltie , and cuttyng off the heads of them that were kylled , to the feare & astonishment of the beholders , making thereof most miserable shewe . C. & Lucius , Iulius , Bréethren , Atilius , Eranius , P. Lentulus , G. Numitorius , and M. Bebius were Noble men killed . Crassus killed . slayne , béeyng mette in the way . Crassus fledde wyth his sonne , and preuented them in killing him , then himselfe was killed of the pursuers . Marcus Antonius an orator fledde into a Forme M. Antonius Orator , bewrayd by a Vintner . house , the kéeper whereof receyued him gentlye , and hydde hym , and sendyng a Seruaunte for Wyne to a Tauerne oftner than hée was wonte , the Tauerner asked hym why hée boughte Wyne so ofte , he tolde hym secretely in his eare , then the Vintner sente one straighte to Marius , and opened the matter , whereof hée was so glad , as he mynded to haue gone and Marius glad to haue Antonius killed . kylled hym hymselfe , but béeyng stayed of his friendes , a Captayne of a bande was appoynted to it , who sente hys Souldyoures into the house , whome Antonius , béeyng so singulare an Orator , dyd deteyne wyth swéete spéeches , dyuers wayes mouyng Eloquence . them to pitie . The Captayne maruellyng at the matter , wente into the house , and founde them attentiuely hearkenyng to hys tale , wherefore hymselfe kylled hym , as he was yet eloquente in speakyng , and sente hys head to Marius . Cornutus lying hydde in a Cotage , hys menne carefullye kepte Cornutus saued by his Seruauntes . hym . They founde a dead bodye , whyche they threwe into a fyre that they hadde made , and when the searchers came , they sayde it was theyr maisters bodye , whome they hadde fyrste strangled . Thus was hée saued by hys Seruauntes .

Q. Ancharius wayted when Marius shoulde make Sacrifice in the Capitoll , trustyng in the tyme of Sacrifice to fynde hym the more mercifull . When he hadde begunne the Sacrifice , and sawe Ancharius commyng vnto him , he commaunded hym to be killed there , so hys head , Antonius , and other Ancharius killed in the Temple . Consulles and Senatours were sette vp in the common place . None of theyr bodies thus slayne , were thoughte worthye to bée buried , but the carcasses of so many noble men , were throwne downe to be deuoured of Dogges and Foule . Many other horrible actes were done vpon them , expulsion from their possessions , publication of their goodes , depriuation of their dignities , & reuocation of all things that Sylla had done , whose friends and kinsfolke were killed , his house pulled downe , his goods conflscate , and he proclaymed enemie to his countrie , his wife and Sylla proclaymed rebell . his daughter with great daunger escayed : finally , there was all sortes of mi●eries and mischiefe that could be inuented , and for a shewe of law and authoritie , after so many murders without law , accusings were broughte in againste Merula Iupiters priest , Accusers . Merula . for anger of his office , whiche he tooke without any displeasure to Cinna , and against Catulus Luctatius who was felow with Marius , Catulus Luctatius . in the warre agaynst the Gimbrians , and once saued by Marius , but now thought vnthankfull , for that he was sore agaynst him after he was banished . They were kept in close pryson till the court day , and then called to iudgement , & where they must be foure times cited by certen distaunce of houres , Merula in the meane time cut hys vaynes , and by a wryting made by him , did testifie , that he had layde of his priestly attyre when he cut his Merula dieth . vaynes , for it was not lawfull for a Priest to die with that vpon him . Catulus choked himself in a chamber new made and moysty Catulus dieth . with a smoke , and thus they two died . The bondmen that came to Cinna by proclamation were al made frée , and seruyng him as Soldiours they did not onely runne aboute and spoyle euery house , but also slew whome soeuer they mette , not sparyng their olde maysters . Cinna many times did monishe them , but they were Cinna killeth the free made . neuer the better , wherefore in the night when they were at rest , he sent the French bandes , and killed them euery one . Thus these slaues receyued worthy punishment , for theyr vnfaithfulnesse agaynst their maysters . The yeare folowyng . Cinna , the seconde tyme , and Marius the vij . tyme were chosen Consuls , to whom after his banishment , and proclamation that any man might kill him , the token of seuen Egles appeared agayne vnto him . He being bent to all extremitie agaynst Sylla , died the firste ikoneth Marius dyeth . of his seuenth Consulship . Cinna tooke Valerius Flaccus in hys place , and sente him into Asia , who beyng dead also , he chose Carbo to 〈◊〉 in Marius place , dyeth in Asia . be his felow in office .

Sylla thynkyng long to returne agaynst hys enimies , made shorte ende with Mithridates , and , as wée haue sayde before , in Actes of Sylla in Asia . thrée yeares , and them not complete , he destroyed one hundred and thréescore thousande menne . He restored to the Romaine Empyre , Graecia , Macedonia , Asia and Ionia , with other nations that Mithridates had oppressed . Hée tooke from hym hys nauie , & shutte hym within the compasse of his Fathers kyngdome : hée returned with an arinie mightie , obedient , experte , and coragi●us in theyr doyngs paste , he brought also a multitude of shippes , money and furniture of all thyngs fitte , whereby hée was feared of hys enimies . Cinna and Carbo beyng perplexed , sente diuerse ouer all Ital●● to prouide money , menne and victuall , the ryche menus with theyr substaunce they made sure , the Citties they styrred , especially the newe made Citizens , as for whose sake they were now in daunger . They prepared a nauy with great spéede , they called home the shippes of Cicelie , they kepte the coaste sure , & omitted nothing that might be done , with spéedy care and diligence . Sylla with haughty harte wrote to the Senate of himselfe , shewyng what hée had done in Lybia , when he was Treasourer , agaynst Iugurth kyng of Numidia , what agaynst the Cimbrians , what in Cicelie , when he was Admirall , and what in the felowes warre , when he was Consull : but the late affayres done agaynst Mithridates , he chiefly extolled , rehearsing at large the infinite sorte of nations that he had taken from hym and made subiecte to the Romaynes , notwithstandyng Sylla wrighteth to the Senate . all the whiche , bycause hée had receyued certayne afficted Gentlemen of Rome banished by Cinna , and comforted them in calamitie , hée was of hys enimies proclaymed rebell to hys countrey , hys house was pulled downe , hys friendes were slayne , his wyfe and chyldren coulde scarcely saue themselues and flée vnto hym . But nowe he woulde come and be au●nged of them and the whole Cittie for theyr doyngs , as for the other Citizens , and them that were newe made he woulde not blame any of them . These letters being redde , euery man was afrayd , they sent Embassadours , to treate of attenement with his aduersaries , and if he requyred any assuraunce , that the Senate woulde fulfill it , and commaunded Cinnas his officers to leaue gathering of men , till Syllas aunswere were heard . They promised so to do , but when the Embassadors were gone , they made themselues Consuls for the nexte yeare , bycause they woulde not returne of the suddayne , for the elections , and wente aboute Italy , gathering men , whiche they sente into Lyburnia , as they were ready , there intending to sette vpon Sylla . The firste that wente Dalmatis is now part of Slauonia . had prosperous iourney , the nexte were beaten with tempest , so as when they came to lande , they returned euery man to theyr Countrey , as though they woulde not willingly serue agaynste The Souldyers refused to goe against their Countreymen . the Citizens . The other hearing of thys , refused to sayle into Lyburnia . Cinna was displeased , and warned them to assemble , mynding to compell them : they with anger wente , thynking to be reuenged . One of the Sergeantes makyng way for Cinna , and hitting one of the Souldyers ouer the legges , an other of the army stroke the Sergeant agayne . Cinna commaunding him to be taken , they all made a great shoute , and fell to throwing of stones . They that were next him drew their swordes , and kylled him . Thus Cinna being Consul , was murthered . Carbo called from Cinna killed . Carbo afrayde to goe to Rome . Lyburnia them that sayled thither , and being afraid of these doings , woulde not returne to Rome , albeit the Tribunes did earnestly require him to come to the election of a new fellow in office , at length threatning him that they would make him priuate , he came & propounded the election of a new Consul . The day being vnlucky , hée appointed an other . That daye also lightnings falling vpon the Temple of the Mone , & Goddesse of Corne , the maisters of Ceremonies Lightnings vpon the Temple of the Moone and Ceres . did differre the election , till after the standing high of the Sommer Sunne , & so Carbo was Consul alone . In the meane tune Sylla made this answere to them that came to him from the Senate , that The aunswere of Sylla . he could not be friend to them , that had dealte so outragiously by him , but with the Citie , that desired his preseruation , he had no quarrell : yet he said they should be most sure , that would trust to him , whome to defend , he had a welwilling armye . By thys wo●de it was chiefly vnderstanded , that he woulde not dissolue his army , but intended to play the Tyrante . He requyred hys dignitie , hys substance , his Priesthode , and anye other office he had , to be restored vnto him without exception , and with the Embassadoures he sente certayne of his , to require the same , ●he whiche hearing that Cinna was slayne , and the Citie troubled , returned from Brunduse to Sylla , doing nothing : then Sylla with fiue Legiones of Italyans , syxe thousand Horse , and certaine other of Pelop●neso and Macedonia , marched , hauing in the whole Pelop●neso now M●●●● . Pireo was the porte of Athens now Porto ●●ne . Para in Achaia . Sylla giueth priuileges to Brunduse . fortie thousande , from Pireo to Patra , and from Patra to Brunduse , with xvj . hundreth Shippes . The Brundusianes receyued him willingly , wherfore he gaue them priuiledges which they yet holde . From thence he remoued his army and went forward . Mesellus surnamed the duetifull , that was lefte to finishe the fellowes warre , and for Cinna and Marius came not into the citie , but remayned in Liguria to sée what would happe , came vnto him ●ncalled , as fellow in the warre , and he accepted his societie as yet Metellus the duetifull c●●uneth to Sylla . Procon●ull , for they that be once chosen , do continue till they returne to Rome . After Metellus , C● . Pompeius , that not long after Pompeius com●ieth . was called greate , sonne to him that was killed with the lightnyng , as we sayde before , came vnto him with a legion of the Picenes , who for the glory of his father , mighte doe muche with that people , and to auoyde suspition ▪ not thought to be Syllas friende , and shortly after brought twoo legions more , and was the moste forwarde man in the a●auncement of Sylla , wherfore Pompey honored of Sylla . Sylla had him in greate honour , and as they say , would onely rise to him when he came , though he was but very yong : and this warre ceasing , he sente him into Lybia to breake Carbos friendes there , and to restore Hiempsall , whome the Numidians had expulsed , Hiempsall restored by Pompey . for the whiche Sylla graunted him to triumph of the Numidians beyng yet yong , and but a gentleman . By this meane , Pompey growyng greate , he was sente into Spayne agaynste Sertorius , and after into P●ntus agaynst Methridates . Cethegus also came to Sylla , that was his most earnest enimie , with Cinna and Marius , and with them put out of the Citie . He humbled himselfe vnto him , and promised to do what seruice he woulde haue hym . Thus hauing a very greate army , and many noble friendes , hée vsed them as Lieutenants , but he and Metellus were yet Proconsuls , and had the highest place : for it was thought that Sylla being Proconsul in the warre against Mithridates , was not yet discharged of it , though he were iudged a Rebell of Marius . The ha●e he bare to his enimies , was gréeuous and close , who being in the Citie , and well coniecturing of his nature by his last inuasion thereof , hauing the taking of the same yet in their eyes , and their decrées made against him still in memorie , his house ouerthrowen in their sight , his goodes con●●●cated , his friends killed , and his familie The preparation of Syllas enemies . hardly escaped , were in maruellous feare , and thinking no meane to be betwéene victorie and vtter destruction , did with feare conspire with the Consuls against him . They sente aboute Italy , they gathered men and money , leauing off nothing in thys extremitie , eyther of fore●ight or diligence . Caius Norbanus , Lucius C. Norbanus . L. Scipio . Carbo . Scipio , both Consuls , and with them Carbo , who the yeare before was in authoritie , hauing all like hate againste Sylla with feare & conscience of that they had done , against him more than other , gathered in the Citie as great an army as they could , and an other out of Italy , and went seuerally againste Sylla with two hundred The Consuss against Sylla . Twenty thousand men . bands of fiftie men at the firste , but after with more than these , for the fauor of most men enclyned towarde the Consuls : for the doings of Sylla comming againste his countrey , had the shewe of an enimie , but that the Consuls and their friends dyd , had a pretence Sylla seemeth as an enimie to his Countrey . Consuls cary authoritie . of the state . The common sorte knowing their former offences , ioyned with them , as partakers of their dread , for they perceiued certainly that Sylla did not minde the correction , afraying , or punishment of a fewe , but the destruction , slaughter , and vtter vndoing generally of all , whiche opinion was not vayne , for this warre consumed all in the which , tenne thousand , & twentie thousand did many times fall in one fight , and about the Citie fiftie thousande of both sides was slayne , and to the rest Sylla lefte no kinde of crueltie vndone , neyther to priuate men , nor to whole Cities , till he had made himselfe a Monarke of the Romaine Empire , and brought all to his will and pleasure . All this was ( as it were ) by inspiration shewed before vnto them , for fearefull things againste reason did vexe all men priuately and publikely ouer all Italy , and the olde prophestes most fearefull Prophecies . were called to memorie , and menye Monsters were dayly séene . A M●le did bring forthe . A Woman deliuered a Uiper for a Monstrons tokens . child . God with earthquakes shaked the Citie , and ouerthrewe many Temples : and that that most gréeued the Romaines , the Capitoll Capitoll turned . that before from the Kings had continued foure hundred yeares , was sette a fyre , and no man coulde tell the cause , all the which did foreshew the multitude of men to be killed , the ouerthrowe of Italy , the Captiuitie of Rome and hir Citizens , and the change of the common wealth . This warre beganne when Sylla arriued at Brunduse the CLXXIIII . Olympiad . The length of it The sharpnesse of this warre . is not so great , as the sharpnesse of the extremities , euerye man his priuate meanes was followed , bycause the vehemencie of their affections caused in short time the more and sharper effects to followe . Thrée yeares it continued in Italy , till Sylla gote the Three yeares lasted this warre . principalitie . In Spayne it continued longer , but the battayles , the skirmishes , the expugation of fortes , the séeges , and all the formes of warres in Italy , both of the whole armies , and of part of them , by their seuerall Captaynes were many , and al notable . The greatest and most worthy of the whiche to speake brieflie were these . The first was at Canutium by the Proconsuls against The battayle at Ca●●sio . This is the place called C●●●● , where A 〈…〉 l gaue the Romaines their great ouerthrowe . Another of that name Ca●●ssa . Th●●●● in Ap●●●● . Norbanum , where Norbanus lost vj. M. men , and Sylla lxx . but many moe were wounded . Norbanus fledde to Capua . Sylla and Metellus being at Theano , Lucius Scipio came with an other armye verye faintly , and desired peace might be made . They that were wyth Sylla sent to Scipio to agrée vpon articles , not so much hoping so to do any good , as bycause they thought his army woulde rather reuolt , by reason of their discouragement : yet they met , & Scipio tooke hostages for the agréements , & went , & came into the field . Thrée of eyther side did conferre , so as it was not knowen what they dyd . Scipio thought good to send Sertorius to Norbanus his felow , to signifie what was spoken of , both armies remaining in quiet loking for answere . Sertorius in his iourney tooke Swessa , that was a towne S●●●ssa taken in the time of treatie by Sertorius , a Citie in Campania nigh Mon● Massico . of Syllas . Sylla sent a messenger to complaine with Scipio . He either priuie to the fact , or doubting of the answere , as a thing not fitte for Sertorius , sent the hostages againe to Sylla . His army being offended at this déede of Sertorius in a time of treaty , and at the sending againe of the hostages , not being required , layde al the blame Scipio the Con●ull betrayd of his army . vpon the Consuls , & priuily compacted to reuolt to Sylla if he would draw néere , which he doing , they al went vnto him , leauing Scipio the Consull , & Lucius his sonne in the tente , & were taken of Sylla . Me thinke it is a strange thing , farre vnfitte for a Captayne , to be ignorant of such a practise of his whole army . When Sylla could not persuade Scipio , he did let him & his sonne goe without hurte , & sent other men to Norbanus to treate of conditions , eyther bycause he was afraid of the force of Italy that conspired with the Consuls , or that he went about to deceiue him as he had done Scipio , but no man comming with answer ( bycause it séemeth Norbanus feared the like blame of his army ) Sylla marched toward him , wasting al things as an enimie . Norbanus did the like , but toke other wayes . Carbo made hast to the Citie , & proclaimed Metellus , & other that were gone to Sylla , Rebels . At this time the Capitoll was on fire , & some Iupiters Temple in the Capitoll on fire . say it was Carboes worke or the Consuls , some say Sylla sente to do it , but the certentie is vnknowen , & I could neuer learne which way it came . Sertorius being before chosen Pretor of Iberia , after he Sertorius fleeth into Spayno . had deteined Swess● , he fled into his prouince , and the former Prefors not receiuing him , it caused the Romaines to haue much to do . The army of the Consuls encreased euery day from the more part of Italy , & from the hither side of France , aboute Eridanus the Riuer . Riuer of Po● . Sylla was not idle , but sente some of his into euery place of Italy . He gote many for loue , some for feare , some for money , and some for hope , and thus was the rest of that Sommer consumed . The yeare folowing , Paptrius , Carbo agayne , and Marius , nephew to the AEsis nowe Fiemesino betweene Spoleto and Ancons . The fight betwene Metellus and Carinna . mighty Marius , being xxvij . yeares old , were chosen Consuls , the Winter & the cold continuing long , did deuide them asunder . At the beginning of the Spring , about the floud Aesis , from morning tyl midday , was a greate battaile fought , betwixt Metellus and Carinna , one of Carbos Pretors , at the which Carinna losing manye , fled away , all the Countrey yéelded to Metellus , & forse●ke the Consuls . Carbo came vpon Metellus & beseged him , til he heard that Marius the other Consull had a great ouerthrow at Preneste . Then he remoued his Camp toward Arimino , the rereward wherof was set on ●●●neste not farre from Rome . 〈◊〉 now in Roman ● . Se●● not farre from 〈◊〉 . The battayle betweene Sylla and yong Marius . of Pompeius , and greately distressed . Sylla tooke Sett● , & Marius who was lodged nigh him , withdrew by little & little , til he was come to the place called Holy Port , there he set his men in order , and gaue Sylla a battel , in the which he fought very fearcely , til his left wing began to giue backe , of the which fiue bands of footemen , & two of Horsemen , not loking for any other turne , threw downe their ensignes , & fled to Sylla , & this was the cause of Marius ruine , for after many were slayne , the rest fled to Preneste , whom Sylla followed in chace . The Prenestines did receyue them that came first , but when Part of yong Marius Souldiers reuolt to Sylla . Sa●●●ites killed . they saw Sylla at hand , they shut the gates , & tooke in Marius with ropes . The other about the walles were al slayne & taken , wherof many being Samnites , Sylla commanded to be killed , as antient enimies to the Romaines . At this time also , the residue of Carbes army was ouercome of Metellus fiue bands , whiles they fought , reuolting vnto him . Pompeius ouerthrewe Marcius at Sena , & sacked the Sena a Citie in Tuscane , an hundreth miles on this side Rome . Citie . Sylla hauing Marius shut in Preneste , made a trench about the Citie , & a great wall a good way off , appointing Lucretius Offella to the charge , not otherwise meaning to deale with Marius , but with famine . Marius not loking for any help , would néedes kill his priuate enimies , and sent to Brutus , the Pretor of the Citie to assemble them for another purpose , & to kil Pub. Ant stius , & the other Papirius Crueltie of yong Marius agai●●● some Citizens . P. Anti●●●●● , Pap. Carbo , I. Domitius , and I. Sccuol● slayne . Carbo , Lucius Domitius , & Lucius Sceuola , the great Bishop of the Romaines . These two were slayne in counsell , as Marius commanded , Domitius fléeing , was stricken at his going out , & Sceuola was slaine a little before the Senate house . Their bodies were cast into the Riuer , for now it was out of vse to burie them that were killed . Sylla sent his army seuerally by diuers wayes to Rome , & willed them to take the gates of the Citie , & if they were repulsed , to retyre to Ostia . The Cities receiued them as they came , with great feare , and opened their Gates when they would come in , and when they came to the Citie it selfe , they opened the Gates , for being pined wyth hunger , and oppressed with desperation of presente euils , they were in vre to suffer the mightier power , whiche Sylla when hée knew , came forward with his Camp , and planted it in the fielde Sylla entreth Rome . of Mars before the gates , and entred . All the contrarye faction fléeing out of the Citie , their goodes he made common , or caused them to be sold by Trumpet . He called the people to a Counsell , and lamenting the present time , badde them be of a good chéere , Sylla to the people . for he woulde set all in quiet , and bring the common wealthe to better estate , and whatsoeuer he should ordeyne , all should be for Clusio is vnder the dominion of Sena , where Porsena the king of Tuscane helde his Court. Spanish Horsemen . Clani● , Clanius not farre from Naples , at the Citie of Acerra . the best . Hauing thus disposed his matters , leauing certayne of his friends to garde the Citie , he went to Clusio , where the remnant of the warre was . In the meane time , certayne Spanishe Horsemen sente from the Captaynes of Iberia , came to the Consuls , with whome Sylla making a fight on Horsebacke , he kylled fiftie of them at the floud Clan●● , and two hundred and 70. fledde vnto him , the residue Carbo destroyed , eyther hating the suddaine reuolting of that nation , or fearing the like losse by them . At that time with the other part of his armyes , Sylla ouercame his enimies Saturnia in Campania . Vritanes not farre from Otranto , but farre from Rauenna . Naples . The battell betweene Carbo and Sylla . Fight at Clusio . Fight at Spoleto an auntient Citie , the whiche valiantly droue away Anniball after his victorie at the lake of Perugia , and stucke continually to the Ro●maines . Carinna fleeth . Martius goeth to rel●●u● Marius . about Saturnia , and Metellus comming to Rauenna by shippe , did winne the region of the Vritanes , abundante with grasse and Corne . Certayne other of Syllas people entring Naples by treason in the nighte , slewe all that were there , sauing a few that fledde , and tooke away the Gallies of the Citie . Betwéene Carbo & Sylla was a sore fight at Clusium , till the Sunne wente downe , & when they had fought with like courage on both sides , nighte did ende the fight . In the field of Spoleto , Pompeius and Crassas , both Lieutenants to Sylla , did kil thrée thousand of Carbos Souldiers , and beséeged Carinna that was Camped ouer against them . Carbo minded to reléeue Carinna with his other host , which Sylla vnderstanding , placed an embushment , and as they were passing , destroyed two thousand of them . Carinna in the darke nighte , full of rayne and showers , although his enimies perceyued , but cared not for it , for the foule tempest he fiedde away . Carbo vnderstanding that Marius his fellowe was distressed with hunger at Preneste , commaunded Martius to goe thither with eyght Legions , agaynste whome Pompeius lying in awayte in a straighte , put them from their iourney , and hauing killed many , held the other as beséeged vpon an hill , where vppon Martius without any companion , the fiers being still kept , fledde away . The army laying the blame of the deceyte vpon him , fell to diuision , and one whole legion vnder The ●my re●olte li from Martius . their ensignes without anye commaundement , marched to Ariminum , the other wente euery man to his Countrey , so as there remayned but seauen bandes with the Capsayne . Martius with this infelicitie came to Carbo , Marcus Lamponius from Lucania , M. Lamponius , Pom. Telisius , Gutta Capu mus come to relceue Marius . Pontius Tilisius from the Samnites , and Capuanus Gutta leading seauenty thousande men , came to deliuer Marius from the séege . Sylla vnderstanding of it , kepte them backe at a streight where they must néedes passe . Marius being vtterly voyde of all helpe withoute , made a forte in the playne that was large betwéene Marius issueth vpon Lucretius . both hostes , into the which he brought his army and ensignes to force Lucretius , with the whiche attempting manye warres in vayne , he retyred againe into Preneste . At this time , Carbo and Norbanus in Placentia came on the suddayne in the euening to the Placentia is in Lombardy , wher Auniball ouerthrew the Romaines . A fight of Carbo and Norbanus against Metellus . place where Metellus lay , and being within one houre of the night among the Uineyards , fondly and furiously set vpon him , thinking by their suddaine assault to ouerthrow Metellus , but being ouercome by the iniquitie of the time and place , entangled among the vines , tenne thousand were slayne , vj. thousand yéelded to the enim●e , the rest ranne away , and but one thousande departed in order to Arretio . Another Legion of Lucanes , led by Albinouanus , Airetio one of the twelue Cities of Tuseme , about thirtie miles from Florence . Albinouanus . hearing of this losse , fledde to Metellus for aughte he coulde doe . Albinouanus in greate rage came to Norbanus , but shortlye after making a secret compact with Sylla to be assured as he should do a notable seruice , he inuited Norbanus and his chiefe Captaynes to a banquet , as Gaius Antipestris , Flauius Fimbria his brother that in Fimbria killed himselfe in Asia , not to be taken of Sylla . Albinouanus killeth his friends , and fleeth to Sylla . Asia had killed himself , & al other his officers present of y● Camp. All the whiche being come ( except Norbanus ) who onely was absent , he slew them in his tent , and fledde to Sylla . Norbanus hearing of the losse at Arimi●● , and that diuers of their armyes were fledde to Sylla , supposing nowe no more trust to be in friendship ( as in aduersitie it hapneth ) tooke a priuate little boate , and sayled The ende of Norbinus at Ebodes . to the Rhodes , in the which place , being required after of Sylla , and the Rhodianes doubting what to do , he killed himselfe in the middest of their common place . Carbo commauuded Damasippo at Preneste to take two Legions , and to deliuer Marius from the seege , but the could not do it , bycause the streyghtes were kepte of Sylla . France on this side the Alpes . Iucullus . Placentia nowe Pazenca in Lombardy . All the Frenchmen that from Rauenna ●welte to the Alpes , dyd reuolte to Metellus . Lucullus did ouercome another part of Carbo his host at Placentia , whiche when Carbo heard , hauing yet thirtie thousande Souldyers at Clusie , two Legions of Damasippus , and many other with Carinna , and Martio , and a greate number of Samnites , who refused no payne in passing the streightes , béeyng Carbo quayleth . out of al hope , cowardly sayled into Lybia with his friends , being yet in opinion to turne Lybia against Italy . They that remayned at Clusie , came to a fighte with Pompey before that Citie , and lost The battayle at Clusio . aboute twenty thousand of their men , whiche losse had , the rest returned to their owne Countreys .

Carinna , Martius , and Damasippus , with the Samnites , met at the streightes , to passe by very force , which when they could not do , they marched toward Rome , thinking ( as voide of men & strength , and for lacke of victual ) to take it . They encamped at Albano , tenne m●les off . Sylla , fearing that their comming myghte molest the Citie , sente his Horsemenne with all diligence to encounter them by the way , and himselfe with his mighty army came at midday , and lay at Porte Collina , a little from Venus Temple .

The enimies encamping also at the Gates of the Citie , a great fight beganne a little before the Sunne set . In the ryght wing Sylla had the better , the left wing hauing the worse , fledde A fight before Nome . Part of Syllas army fleeth . The Portculice let downe , cause of slaughter . to the Gates . The olde men that were there , séeing the enimie also comming among the other , let downe the Portculice , and killed many , whereof some were Senatoures , and some Gentlemen . The other of force and necessitie turned to their enimyes , and fought all night with a great slaughter .

In this battell was slayne Telesinus and Albinus , both Pretors , and theyr Campes taken , Lamponius , Lucanus , Martius , Carinna , and other Captaynes of Carbos faction fledde . Greate Fiftie thousande slayne before the gates of Rome . was the slaughter at this fighte , for it is saide , there was slayne about fiftie thousand , and aboue eyght thousand , taken prisoners , and bycause the greater part of them were Samnites , Sylla caused them all to be shotte to death . The next day Martius and Carinna were brought captiue vnto him , whome he did not pardon after 〈…〉 cr●eitie againste the ●●●●ites . Martius and Ca●●●n : put to death . the Romaine manner , but put them to death , and sent their heads to Lucretio , to nayle them on the wall at Preneste , which when the Prenestines saw , and hearing that al Carbos armies were destroyd , and Norbanus fledde out of Italy , and that the rest of Italy with the Citie of Rome , were for Sylla , they did yéelde the Citie to Lucreti● . Marius hidde himselfe in a Caue , and shortly after killed hymselfe . Marius killeth himselfe . Lucretius cutte off his head , and sente it to Sylla , who hanged it vp in the common place , giuing him this taunt for his yong yeares to be a Consull , A man must firste be a Mariner before he Sylla taunteth . can be a Maister . When Lucretius had receyued Preneste , he kylled part of the Senatoures that were for Marius , and part he putte in prison , all the which , Sylla at his comming put to deathe , and The taking of Preneste , and cruell handling of it . commaunding all the Prenestines to come without armour into his Campe , he chose of them suche as he thoughte had done hym seruice , whiche were but few . The other he deuided into thrée partes , Romaines , Samnites , and Prenestines . He pardoned the Remaines , Prenestines plaged . although as he tolde them , they had deserued death . Both the other he commaunded to be done to death with dartes . The women and the children he suffered to goe away frée . The Citie he sacked , whiche was very riche , and thus was Preneste taken . Norba an other Citie did still stoutely resist him , till A Emilius Norba . Lepidus gote into the Citie by policie in the night , whiche thyng the Citizens perceyuing , and being in desperation , part killed one an other , part killed themselues , part hung themselues , part The miserable end of the Citizens of Norba . There is another Citi● of this name in Spayne called Norba Augusta , now Alcan ara . shut their dores , and part set their houses a fire , whiche by the winde grew so great , as the Citie was burned , and no man had the spoyle . Thus they manfully died .

Italy béeyng thus afflicted with fire , famine , and slaughter , the Captaynes of Sylla went to euery place , setting garrisons where suspect was , and Pompeius went into Lybia and Sicilia against Norbanus and his partakers . Sylla called the Romaines to a Counsell , speaking verye magnifically of himselfe , and verye horribly for Sylla to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . them , making this conclusion , that he would reduce the Romaine people to better state if they obeyed him , but he purposed not to Sylla to the 〈…〉 . spare one of his enimies , but extreamely to punishe them , were they Pretors , Questors , Tribunes , or any other that had conspired with his foes , since the daye that Scipio brake promise wyth him : which being sayd , he proscribed to death fortie Senatoures , Proscoption is condemnation of death without Iudgement . and a thousand sixe hundred Gentlemen of the Romaines : he is the first that we finde , did proscribe men to dye . He appointed rewards for the killers , and the bewrayers of the offendoures , and Horrible crueltie of Sylla . penalties for them that did hide any of them . Shortly after he added more Senators to the first , which suddaynely were kylled where they were founde : some in the stréetes : some in their houses , and some in the Temples : some were brought vnto him on high , & throwen before his féete : some were dragged , & some were beaten , no man daring speake one word at the pitiful sight héereof , for feare of the smart : some were banished , and their goodes gyuen to other : some were sought for that were fledde , who being scourged euery where , were miserably done to death . Against the Itlians also were many murthers , many banishments , & many publicaties of their goodes , that had any way obeyed Carbo , Norbanus , or Marius , or any of their officers , for the which , sharp iudgement was giuen ouer all Italy . Many and diuers accusations also were made vpon Captaines and armyes , and them that lente any money , or shewed other seruice or counsell against Sylla . Hospitality also and curtesie done by the way in iourneys , or any other lyke friendship , as lending or borrowing of money , or kéeping company , Extremiti● . was punished . The rich men were most sharply handled in all these things , & when accusations failed in particular men , Sylla turned to whole Cities , some he punished by pulling downe their forts , some their walles he made equal with the ground , to some , he put a publike payne , or else a yearely taxe , some he gaue in habitation to them that had serued him , among whome also he de●ided the houses and landes of the Citizens , whiche thing made them sure to him all his life , and as men that were certen of nothing but by his weale and safetie , they mainteyned his quarell after he was dead . This was now the state of Italy . Pompey had intercepted Carbo , and such noble men as were with him , flying from Lybia to Sicilia , and from Sicilia to Cosyra , commaunding all Cosyra an Hand in the coast of 〈…〉 . Car●● put to death . to be killed , before they come in his sight , except Carbo , who was brought bound vnto him , and layde before his féete , hauing bin thesce Consull . After a long rebuke , he condemned hym to death , and sente his head to Sylla , who hauing all thinges as he would against his enimies , sauing Sertorius , who was farre off , and the only enimie remaining . He sente Metellus to ouerthrowe him in Iberia . All ciuill matters he vsed as he listed , lawes , creations by voyces , elections by lottes , was no more spoken of , euery man fearing , eyther hiding themselues , or holding their peace , or confirming by decrée , as sure and irreuocable , whatsoeuer he had done , eyther as Consull , or Proconsull . They set vp his Image of golde on Horsebacke , in the common Palace with this Title ,

Cornelius Sylla the happy Captayne .

For so did Flatterers vse to call him in his fortunate fightes againste his foes , whiche name beginning of flattery , remayned firme and stable . I haue séene in some writings , that he was called by decrée Sylla the gratious , whiche thing is not incredible t● 〈…〉 . Faustus . me , bycause he was after named the Fortunate , which be names very nigh to lucky and gratious . There is also an Oracle of Oracle . continuance when he searched for things to come :

Credite me ( O Romaine ) Venus hath giuen great power , When he wrote to the Grecianes he named himselfe Epaphroditus , that is , acceptable to Venus . Vnto Aeneas lasting line But thou , honour Each of the Gods yearely , and do them not forget . Thy giftes to Delphos send , and one , the Mount so great , Of cloudy Taure , shall climbe , where Venus auntient race At Cares Citie dwell , and doth surname the place , And offering there thine axe , shalt take the royall mace .

The Romaines wrote the same vpon his image , whiche as I thinke , they did to taunt him , or to mollifie him : he sent a crowne of golde , and an are with this inscription .

To thee ( Venus ) : these giftes the Monarch Sylla sends , According to his dreame that all to battell tends , To Mar , and martiall se●tes , his whole intente he bends .

Being nowe a King or Tirante , not chosen but by force and violence , wanting an apparance to séeme to be chosen , he inuented this craft . In old time , kings for their vertue did rule Rome , & A 〈…〉 Dictator . when any of them did die , one Senator after an other did rule fiue dayes , til the people had chosen an other to be kyng , & him that ruled those fiue days , they called a king betwene , for in that meane time , he was a king . The elections of the Consuls was euer done by Interr●g●●● . them that ended their office , but if by chace there was no Consul present , them was there also a king betwéene made , til the Consuls were A King for the meane time . elected . Sylla following this custome , no man being Consull after the death of Carbo in Sicilia , & Marius in Preneste , he went out of the Citie , Interea . & commanded the Senate the a King betwéene should be chosen , & so by them Valerius Flaccus was chosen , thinking he woulde haue Valerius Flaccus procéeded to the Consuls election : but Sylla seuerally by his letters , willed Flaccus that he should propound to the people , that Sylla thought it expedient that one should be created the ruler in she Citie , that was named Dictator , now not vsed four C. yeares since , & whomesoeuer Dictator . they chose , they should perswade him not to giue it ouer at a time , but to continue it , til he had appesed Rome , Italy , & other kingdomes , now afflicted with sedition . Euery man in his mind thought this was meant of Sylla , & he did not much dissemble it , for in the end of his letters , he signified that he it was , if it should so seeme to them , that should be so profitable to the common wealth . Thus he wrote . The Rumaines that now could do nothing in lawful elections , nor had now any authoritie , embracing a shew of election , as an Image & pretence of a libertie , in wante of al things did create Sylla a Tyrant to rule as he woulde . The office of Dictator hauing some similitude of a Tirant , in old time , was sone ended , but now that first time , The office of a Dictator did ende in two monethes . Kings . Cons●ls . Kings . Olimpias a kinde of shewes vsed in Greece euery fyue yea●●● according to the which they made the●r accomptes of yeare● . without any limitation , it was made very tyrannie in déede . Only for the names sake of election , they chose him Dictator to make lawes , & vse the common wealth as he thought good . Thus the Remaines hauing kings first , in the hundred Olimpias , & after being a populare state , with yearely Consuls , another hundred Gréeke Olimps being passed , they had kings agayne , after the Clxx. Olimp● . In Greece , ther was now no more actiuitie vsed in the Olimps , but renning of the race , for the Champions & other sightes , Sylla had remoued to Rome , as some recreation to the people after the warre with Mithridates , & the troubles of Italy , for he pretended that he would refresh and confort the people after their long laboures , & to shew a figure of a common wealth , he willed them to choose Consuls , so first were chosen Marcus Silius , & Oratilius Dolabella , and he lyke Some 〈…〉 a King ouerlooked them . Being Dictator , foure and twents ares were borne before him , as was wont before she old kings . He had also a great gard aboute his body . Some lawes he made , and some he reuoked . He woulde haue none to be Pretor before he were Questor , nor none Consull , before he were Pretor , and forbadde any man to haue that office twice , before tenne yeares ●●●●●tion of 〈…〉 . distance . The Tribune ship of the people he so defaced and deminished , that no man cared greatly for it , for he ordeyned that hée 〈…〉 . that was once Tribune , should haue none other authority : wherfore all they that were renoumed or noble , vtterly refused that office , and I can not affirme whether Sylla did translate it to the Senate , as it nowe is , or no : and bycause the Senate was consumed by warre and ciuill discord , he chose thrée hundred of the order of Gentlemen to be Senatoures , and haue voyce by companies ●●cre●●e of Senatoures . in elections . The Seruants of them that were slayne , being yong and lustie , he made frée , to the number of tenne thousande , and declared them Citizens of Rome , and named them of himselfe , Cornelians : and by this meane he had of the commons tenne thousand Servants made free , and named Cornelians . to do his commaundemente . He prouided the same throughout Italy , and to the xxiii . Legions that serued vnder him , he gaue much lands in diuers Cities ( as I haue said ) whereof parte was Lands giuen . neuer deuided , and part was forfeyte by penaltie . He was to bée feared in al things , and so ready to anger , as he slew in the midst of the Pallace , Lucretius Offell● , by whome he beséeged Marius in Lucretius killed . Preneste , and wonne that Citie , and obteyned his great victorie , bycause he desired to be Consull before he hadde bin Questor or Pretor , being of the Gentlemens order . And after he had denyed him , he not leauing his sute , bycause he trusted in the greate seruice he had done , but made request to the Citizens , he called the people to a Counsel , and thus said . Friends , know you , and giue care to me , I haue killed Lucretius , bycause he was disobediente vnto me , so then he shewed a reason , A certaine Ploughman was 〈…〉 to the 〈…〉 . bitten with Lyce , and stayed his Plough twice to picke them out of his cote , but when they bit him the third time , he threw his cote in the fire . So doc I aduise all , as subdued , that they doe not proue the fire at the third time . Thus he astonished all men , vsing his authoritie at his pleasure , & triumphed of the warre against Mithridates . Some in a test , called his rule , a negatiue Denied Kingdome . kingdome , bycause only the name of a King was denied : out other , turning it to the contrary in déedes , named it a playne Tyrannie . To so great inconuenience had this warre brought both the Romaines , Italians , and all other nations , partly with Pirates , partly with Mithridates , and partly Sylla his inuasions , partly with consuming their treasure in sedition , and oppression of extreame exactions : all the nations and Kingdomes , all confederates and Cities , as wel tributaries as other , that by league and All nations plaged by Sylla . oth had ioyned themselues to the Romaine Empire , & for theyr societie in warre , and other seruice , liued with their owne lawes and were frée : he caused all to pay and to obey him , and from some , portes & prouinces granted by league , were taken away . Sylla receiued to his protection Alexander sonne of Alexander Kyng of King of Egipt . Thus Alexander w●s left in Coo of his Grandmother Cl●o●atra with great riches . Aegipt , brought vp in the Ile of Coo , and of them deliuered to Mithridates , and from him sledde to Sylla , and by decrée made hym king of Alexandria , being now destitute of a man King , bycause the women that were of the royall bloud , wanted a man of their kinne , thinking to get great gayne of this rich Countrey , but the Alexandrines when he had raigned ninetéene dayes , sharply bearing himselfe of Silla , brought him from the Court into the common Alexandrianes kill their king . schole , and there killed him . So they for the greatnes of their proper kingdome , and not féeling the smart that other had done , cared not for others power . The yeare following , Silla vsing stil Sylla being Dictator , is chosen Consull . Metellus Piu● . The Emperoures were Consuls . Sylla refuseth the Consulship ▪ Scruilius called Isauricus , for Isauria a countrey in little Asia . the authoritie of Dictator , yet to shewe it a forme of populare state , was chosen Consull , and with him Metellus , surnamed dutifull , and by this example peraduenture , they that be now kyngs of Rome , do admit Consuls , & they them selues be Consuls sometime also , thinking it no dishonor to haue that office with a greter authoritie . The yeare following , the people desired Silla to be Consul againe , but he refused it , & appointed Seruilius Isauricus , & Claudius Pulcher to that office , and he withoute any compulsion , gaue ouer the office of Dictatorship fréely , being the highest dignitie 〈…〉eth 〈…〉 e. of all other , and surely I maruell , that he , who was nowe chiefe of all other , and alone in authoritie , woulde giue ouer so noble a dignitie , not to his children , as Ptolomeus in Aegipt , Ariob●rzanes 〈…〉 us , 〈…〉 s , 〈…〉 - 〈…〉 s in Cappadocia , and Seleucus in Syria , but to them that had suffered by his tirannic . It séemeth beyond reason , that he , who by violence , passing so many perils , hadde made himselfe a Prince , The rare 〈◊〉 of Sillas 〈◊〉 . should so freely leaue it , & beyond al mens opinions , haue no feare of the alteration . After he had killed more than a hundred M. men in warre , slaine so many ciuill enimies , aboue nine C. Senators , xv . Consuls , and 2600. Gentlemen , and banished a great number more , some of the whiche he spoyled of their goodes , some their liues , not suffering them to be buryed , that he was neither afraid of them at home nor abroade , nor of the Cities , of some of the which , he had bet downe their forts and walles , from some , taken away their goodes and landes , and put tributes vpon them , but would néedes become a priuate man . So great a confidence and Confidence of Sylla . fortune had this man , that in the middest of the common place he burst say , that therefore he gaue ouer his authoritie , that he mighte render an accompt of it if he were required . The roddes and the axes he layd away . The gard of his person he remoued , and went alone with his friends in the middest of the people , the multitude beholding and amazed at the thing . Only once as he went home , Sylla suffereth a yong man to 〈◊〉 him . a yong man reuiled him , and bycause no man did forbid him , hée tooke courage to giue him euill language , til he came to his house , so as he that before was so furious against the greatest men and Cities , could now patiently suffer this yong man : only thus hée said , entring his house , either by natural reason , or by a diuination of things to come : This yong man will be the let that an other The aunswere of Sylla . man hauing such authoritie , wil not so giue it ouer , which thing shortly after happened to that Romaines , for Caius Caesar would not so leaue his power . Surely Sylla appeareth to be in al things vehement , C●sar followeth not the example of Sylla . Cuma is a pleasant place , not farre from 〈◊〉 . from a priuate man to make himselfe a Tyrant , and from that to be a priuate man againe . This done , he gaue himselfe to quietnesse of the Countrey , & went to Cuma , a Citie of Italy , to hys owne lands , leading a quiet life at the sea side , and sometime hunting in the field , not for any misliking of the priuate life in the citie , nor for want of power to enterprise any thing that he would , for , for his age , he was in good strength , and of body very ●ound . About Italy he had an hundred and twenty thousande men , that lately warred vnder him , which had receiued great gifts , & much The power of Sylla . land of him , and in the citie there were tenne thousand of Cornelians , and other multitudes of his factions , al friends faithful to him , and feareful to other , all the which had their whole trust in him , of that they had done , & in him reposed the suretie of all they had . Notwithstanding all this ( as I thinke ) he was wéery of war , wéery of dominion , & wéery of the Citie , & therfore sought a vacation as it were , and quietnesse in the Countrey . After this , the Romaines being deliuered of tirannie , fel again to sedition : for when they had created Caius Catulus one of Syllas faction , and Lepidus Emilius , of the contrary , Consuls , enimies one to another , and readie New occasion of sedition by the Consuls , C ▪ Catulus , and Lapid . 〈◊〉 . Vision of Sylla . to contend by and by , it was certaine that a new inconuenience would take beginning of these ▪ They saye , that whiles Sylla lay in the Countrey , he had a vision that a God called him , the which in the morning he told to his friends , & with greate spéede made his testament , which being signed that day , in the euening a fitte tooke him , and in the night he dyed , of the age of lx. yeares , Death of Sylla . Age of Sylla . Happy . a man , in all things most happy to his end , & as he was surnamed , so was he fortunate in déede , if he be happy that can do what hée li●t . And there was a contention in Rome about him , some would Contention for the buriall of Sylla . haue his body brought with great pomp through Italy to Rome , & ther in the common place to be honored with publike funeral . Lepidus and his friendes were against it , but Catulus and other of Syllas side preuailed . So his body was brought through Italy in a litter of gold in royal maner , numbers of musitians , horsemen , and Syllas corpse in a ●●tter of gold . other armed multitude followed . Al his Captaines & Lieutenants that had serued vnder him , came to this po●p , from euery place in armour , and as they came , so were they set in order . Other multitudes also repaired , as neuer had bin seene at any businesse . The Funerall of Sylla . ensignes and axes that he vsed in his dignitie , were borne before , and when he was broughte into the Citie , greate honor , and excéeding shewe didde encrease . Two thousande Crownes of Golde and more , were of purpose made , and presented . The gifts of Cities , of Legions that had serued him , and of euery priuate friend , were deliuered , other ornaments were added to his funeral , the sumptuousnesse whereof , no man can expresse . His body being brought in with the army , the religious people , The receiuing of his body . both holy men , and sacred Virgines , did receyue and beare by course : the Senate and Magistrates , with all their tokens of office , did the like : the troupes of Horsemen , the bands of footemen , deuided in order , did attende : seuerall beneuolence was shewed , bringing banners of golde , wearing harnesse of siluer , which yet be vsed in triumphes . There was a great number of Trumpets , Prayses of Sylla . which in order did sound an heauie noyse . The Senate praysed him first , then the Gentlemen , after the army , and all the people , whereof some desired his life , some that feared him and his army , did now no lesse maruell about his dead body : for remembring Affections of men . in their minds the noble ●●ates he had done , and the maner of his death , they could not but be astonished , confessing him to be of al other , though their enimie , the most happie man , so as being dead , he was dreadfull vnto them . Being brought into the common place before the Tribunall , where Orations were wonte to be made , the most eloquente man that then was aliue , made the funerall Oration , bycause Faustus his sonne was yet vnder Funerall Oration . Faustus his sonne vnder age . In the field of Mars ▪ none buryed but kings . age . The noblest of the Senate did take the litter , and beare it into the fielde of Mars , where none was wonte to be buryed but Kings . The Horsemen and the army marched aboute the fyre whiles his body was consumed . This was the end of Silla .

The Consuls going from the funerall , did contende wyth wordes and spitefull spéeche , intending betwéene them to make diuision of the rule that belonged to the Citie .

Lepidus to flatter the Italians , required they might be restored Contention . to the lands that Silla had taken from them . The Senate fearing The Consuls bound by oth . this falling out , did bind them both by oth , that they shoulde not contende by armes . Lepidus being appointed by lotte to the prouince of France beyond the Alpes , did not returne to the election , Lepidus refuseth to returne to the election . bycause he intended the next yeare to make warre vpon Sillas faction , without respect of his oth , for it séemed he had fulfilled hys promise , in kéeping of it during his office .

This his purpose not being secreate , the Senate sent for him : Lepidus maketh warre . He , not ignorant why he was called , came with al hys army as though he would haue entred Rome therewith , but beyng forbidden , he proclaymed warre by a Trumpet .

Catulus of the other side did the like : Not long after making a A Battel betwene the Consuls . Lepidus ouercome and dyeth in Sardinia in the sea of Libya , called Sanda liotis , bycause it is like the ●ole of a foote . Sertorius . battel in the field of Mars , Lepidus was ouercome , and without any great chace he fled into Sardinia , where beeyng vexed wyth a consuming disease , he dyed . Hys armye disturbed in sundry partes , was dissolued the greatest part of it , Perpenna led into Spaine to Sertorius .

The laste worke left to Sylla was thys warre of Sertorius , continuyng eyght yeares with difficultie , not as Romaines agaynste Spaniardes , but as one with another againste Sertorius , who ruled Sertorius occasion of new warre . in Iberia . He , when Carbo and Sylla were at warre , tooke the Citie of Suessa by composition , as we haue said , and fled from thence to his office , leading wyth hym an armye of Italians , and gathered more of the Celtiberians , wyth whome hee expulsed the officers that were there for Sylla , who woulde not admit hym , and fought very valiantly with Metellus , that was sent against hym of Sylla , and being couragious to anye feate , elected a Senate of thrée hundred of his present friends , which he called the Romaine Sertorius maketh a Senate in Spayne . Senate , in dispight whereof hee named it , the Choice Counsell . Sylla being dead , and after hym Lepidus . Sertorius hauing another army of Italians , which Perpenna brought vnto him as a Pretor of Perpenna . Lepidus , he had an opinion to be able to make warre vppon Italy : which the Senate fearing , sente another armye and another Pretor , whiche was Pompey , to the army that was before in Iberia , Pompey into Spayne . who being but a yong Gentleman , was renowmed for the seruice he had done vnder Sylla in Libya and in Italy . He passed the Alpes very boldly , not that way that Anniball did so notablye , Rodanus Rosne in Fraunce . Eridanus Poo in Italy . but brake another way by the fountaines of Rodanus and Eridanus , both the whiche floudes , haue theyr springs not far asunder from the high Alpes . Rodanus runneth by the Frenchemen that he beyond the Alpes , into the Tirr●ne sea : the other within the Alpes flowing to Ionia and in stéede of Eridanus is called Padus . Being come into Iberia , Sertorius straight did ouerthrowe one legion goyng a foraging with their baggage and slaues . The Citie Iustice . A w●●●●●t 〈…〉 . of Lau●one in Pompeius sighte he spoiled and ouerthrew .

At this siege a woman being missused of a souldior , with courage beyonde nature of hir kinde , pulled out hys eies . Sertorius A whole bande put to deathe . hauing vnderstanding of the chaunce , putte to death the whole band , being counted corrupted in like things , though it were al of the Romaines : then winter comming on , they rested . The Spring Pirenei mountaines diuide Spaine from Irāce ▪ Lusitania , Portugall . Battel at Sura nowe Sucrone . approching , they came forth , Metellus and Pompey from the mount Pirinei , and Sertorius with Perpenna from Lusitania . They met at a Citie called Sura , where giuing battell , though an horrible thunder , in the clere aire , which is maruellous , & lightnings out of reason did flash vpon them , yet they as expert souldiors without fear● kept the fight , & made great murder one of another , til Metellus had Metellus ouerthroweth Perpenna . Sertorius ouercommeth Pompey . ouerthrown Perpenna , and scattered his men , & Sertorius ouercome Pompey , who was hurt in the thigh with a darte , and escaped wyth much danger This was the end of the first battel . Sertorius had a white Harte tame , & to him very louing , the which being loste , A white Harte . Some thinke this battel was fought at Segobrida a towne in that part of Spaine also . Segunti● nowe called Muruidero he tooke it for an euill token , & woulde not come forth for griefe , thinking his Hart had bin taken of his enimies , who scorned him for it : but when the Hart was séene again , & came running to him , by & by , as by y● prouoked , he set vpon his enimies , & made diuers light fightes . Shortly after they fought a great battel about Saguntia , from noone till night , in the which he ouercame Pompey in the battel of horsmen , & flew .vj. M. of his enimies , & lost halfe so many of his own . Metellus of that other side , killed .v. M. of Perpennas camp .

The nexte day Sertorius with an huge number of Barbarians , a little Pompey looseth , Metellus gayneth . before night set vpon Metellus , & had broken his campe , if Pompey had not approched , & made him leaue his bold enterprise . These thinges being done in sommer , they retired to their winter harborow . The yere folowing , being y● . Clxvj. Olimp. 2. of the confedered ●●thy●ia is the ●●●te Region ●o Troy , ouer ▪ against Thracia . Two regions fell to the Romaines by Testament . nations did fal to the Romaines . Bythinia giuen by Nicomedes , & Cyrene by Tolomeus Lagus , called Appion , leauing it to them by Testament . On the other side , great enimies discouered against them , Sertorius in Spain , Mithridates in the East , rouers ouer al that sea , a stir in Creta , & a tumult of the Fēce-players of Italy , very sodain and sharp . The Romains diuiding their power for this purpose , set .ij. Trouble . legions into Iberia , which being come , Metellus & Pompey remoued from their wintrings at the mount Pirenei into Iberia . Sertorius & Perpenna came from Lu●itania , at the which time , many fled from Sertorius to Metellus , with the which Sertorius being grieued , he handled many Sertorius remoueth the Romains from the guard of his person . Sertorius cruell . cruelly & barbarously , wherby he grew into hate of the army & the rather for that he remoued the Romains from the custody of hys body , & put the Celtiberians in their place . They could not abide to be reproued of vnfaithfulnesse , though they serued an ennimy to Rome , but this thing chiefly grieued them , that they were counted Griefe of the Romains . rebels to their country , for his sake , & yet suspected of him , & that with him ther was no difference betwene a fugitiue & a faithful . The Celtiberians also vsed them dispitefully , & taunted them as vnfaithful : notwithstanding the Romains did not vtterly forsake him , Aragon . bycause of their commodities : for there was not a more valiant nor fortunate captaine than hee , in somuche as the Celtiberians woulde call hym Anniball for hys promptnesse , who was the moste politicke and forwarde Capitayne that they coulde rehearse . Sertorius compared to Anniball . After this sort stoode the army with Sertorius . Metellus people did daily molest the Cities , & compell many to yéelde vnto them .

Pompeius besieged Palantia , and wyth tymber had made waye to scale the wall . Sertorius came to the reliefe , and remoued the siege ▪ Pompey burned hys timber worke , destroyed the walles , and retyred to Metellus . Sertorius repaired the Citie , and spéedilye went toward Calagyrus , where , encountring with them that lay there , he killed . 3000. of them . And these were the doings in Iberia this yere .

The yere following , the Romaine capitaines with greater courage set vpon the Cities that held with Sertorius , & tooke some of them , & other they sought to get by pollicie , as they did , not vsing theyr whole force at euery attempt . But the yere folowing came stronger to the field , & did their things with more confidence . Nowe Sertorius Sertorius decayeth . began to decay , God being against hym , and hee omitting the laws & trauailes of a captain , gaue himselfe to delicatenesse , and women , feasting & drinking : for these causes he was many times ouercome , falling into furies & rages for euery trifle , & suspected euery man . Wherefore Perpenna , y● from the faction of Aemilius , Perpe●●a , Conspiracie . came vnto him with a gret army , began to doubt of him , & conspired against him wyth tenne other , the which béeyng discouered , some were hanged , and some escaped , but Perpenna not beeyng named , as was his maruellous good hap , perseuered the rather in hys Death of Sertorius . purpose , he desired Sertorius to a banquet , and although he neuer wente withoute hys Guarde , yet at the seaste , little respect being had , and hee and all they ouerladen with Wine , Perpenna cut off his heade in the place where he feasted . The armye wyth great ire and tumulte rose againste Perpenna , chaunging theyr hate into loue of the Capitaine , for though before they hadde us greate lykyng of hym , now that hee was deade , remembraunce of his vertue tourned their mindes to pitie . And in thys present Miserie causeth pitie . case , they contemned Perpenna as a priuate man : and thinking their only weale did consist in Sertorius , they could not abide Portugales . Perpenna , & not only they , but the Lusitanes and other Barbarians thought as much , whome Sertorius chiefly vsed in the warre , and when the tables of his Testament were vnsealed , and Perpenna founde to be his heyre , euerye man hated hym the more , bicause hee was not onely a Traytour to hys Capitayne , but to hys friende and benefactour , and then hadde they not helde theyr handes , but that Perpenna hydde hymselfe , and pleased some with Perpenna founde to be heyre to Sertorius . gifts , and some with promise , some he made afrayde with feare , and some he sharpely vsed with the terror of other . To the common sorte he humbled himselfe , and suche as were in pryson by Sertorius he deliuered , and to the Lusitanes restored their pledges , Perpenna cruel . wherfore they were content to take him as their Captain . This honor had he after Sertorius , yet not without great difficultie , for being cruell , he soone fel to sharpe punishing , and of the Romaines that came with hym , he killed thrée of the noblest sorte , and hys own Nephew . Now was Metellus gone to the other side of Iberia , thinkyng Pompey to be sufficient to ouerthrowe Perpenna , who a while spent the tyme in makyng skirmishes , not bringing for the Fight betwene Pompey and Perpenna . their whole power . The tenth day , with all their battailes they came into the field , thinking with that one worke , to make an end , Pompey passed little of Perpennas experience . Perpenna distrustfull of his armies continuance in obedience , was the rather willing to try all at once . Pompey giuing the onset the more ●●ercely , & Perpenna Ouerthrow of Perpenna . not abiding as a Captain , and the army voide of goodwil , was soone ouercome , & euery man flying , Perpenna hid him vnder a tuffte of bushes , fearing more his own , than his enimies , & béeing taken of certaine horsemen , they dragged him to Pompey , & of his owne people hee was euil spoken of , for his offence againste Sertorius : he made great ado to be brought aliue to Pompey , to reueale vnto him gret matter of the Romaine faction , eyther to tel the Death of Perpenna . truth or to saue himselfe , but Pompey sent to haue hym kylled before he came in his sight , fearing leaste hee might haue vttered some strange matter , that might haue bin the beginning of a new stir Wisedome of Pompey . in Rome , wherin Pompey séemed to do very well & wisely , & wan a great opinion therby . This was the end of the war in Iberia , and of Sertorius life , which if he had not bin dead , would not haue bin finished , neyther so soone , nor so easyly .

The warre of Spartaco .

In this time in Italy , a Sword-player that kepte in Capua for Spartacus . shews , called Spartacus a Thracian borne , had serued in war wyth the Romaines , & now was as a slaue in custodie for to shew his cunning in plaies : he persuaded .lxx. more of his fellows , to aduenture for their libertie rather than to be slaues for shews , & with them forcing the kéepers , he ran away , & arming such as hemet with staues Mount de Soma . & swordes he fled to the Mount Vesuuius , whither many slaues , & some fréemen , flying to him from the Countries , he receiued them , Aenomaus , Crissus , o● & robbed the plaines adioyning , he appointed two officers , Aenomaus and Crissus other two Sword-players , & making equall diuision Varinius Glaber ▪ P. Valerius were ouercome of Spartacus . of his pray among them , in short tyme great multitudes came vnto hym . Whom to ouercome Varinius Glabrius was first sent , & after hym Publius Valerius , not with an army of any regard , but such as for hast they could gather by the way . For the Romaines did not think it shold néed any other , nor looked for such effect at a Firste the battel betwene Spartacus and the Romaines . Sword-players hand . But when it came to the battell , the Romaines were ouercome : Spartacus killed Varinius horse , & it lacked but little , that the Romaine Captain was not taken of a vile Sword player , after this fight , more & more resorted to Spartacus , and he had now an army of .lxx. M. for whom , he made armor & al other prouision . The Romaines sent the Consuls with twoo legions , against Mount Gargano in Appulia nowe called Mount S. Angelo . whome Crissus came wyth .xxx. M. and was ouercome at Mount Garinus , loosing two partes of his army and his life also .

Spartacus passed ouer mount Apennine to go into France beyond the Alpes : but one of the Consuls laye in the waye and Spartacus ouercometh the Consuls . stopped his passage , and the other followed him : he fought with them both and ouercame them in seuerall fightes : so as the Consuls retyred with tumuit . Spartacus did sacrifice thrée hundered Romaines to his felowe Cressus , and with twentie thousand Remaine Sacrifice of men footemen , he wente to Rome , burning all vnprofitable birdes , and killed all Captiues and the beastes of cariage , to march the faster . Many fugitiues comming vnto him , he would admitte none .

The Consuls encountred him at Picene , where was a notable fight , and many of the Romaines slayne , and loste the day . Yet durst he not go directly to Rome , bycause he did not thinke hymselfe equai with the Citizens in feates of warre , nor had an army throughly instructed , for neuer a Citie toke his part , but only slaues and fugitiues , and a confused multitude folowing him : Th●r●s in Apulia which the Romaines made a colonie and called it Copia . he turned to the mountaines at Thurus , & besieged the towne : hée forhad any merchant to bring gold or siluer into his campe , or to be vsed : but brasse & yron he admitted , paying wel for it , & did not hurt them that brought it . Wherby hauing matter abeundant , hée made verye fayre armour , and vsed to séeke pray in the countrey , and fought with the Romaines againe , and had the victorie & went away with a great spoyle . Now were thrée yeares past , Three yeares warre . and this warre remayned horrible to the Romaines , which at the first they contemned , as a play of Fence . The election of the new Consuls being come , such a terror was of him , as no man desired the office ▪ till Licinius Crassus , notable in Rome for his house and Zicin us Crassus . riches , toke it vpon him , and with sixe other legions wente against Spartacus : and being come nigh , he receyued the armies of Crassus doth execution . the two Consuls , of the which he put to death euery tenth man , as bapt by lot , bycause they had bin so oft ouercome . Some thinke Crassus ouercom●c●● otherwise , that they al fought and were ouercome , and then he so punished them by the tenth , & kylled foure thousande , hauing no doubt of the multitude . But whither so euer he dyd , it auayled much to the ouerthrow of his enemies , for by and by he set vpon them ten thousand of Spartacus men that camped by them , wherof he killed two partes , and then with like courage so fiercely encountryng with Spartacus , he ouercame him with a notable fight , The thu●●●ttel . Spartacus ● yet● toward 〈…〉 . and chased him to the sea , wher he thought to escape by ship into Sicilie , but he ouertoke him , and enclosed him in a trench , and when he had forced him to ●lee to the Samnites , Crasses killed sixe thousand of them at the sunne rise , and as manye at the sunne The fourth battel . Samnites , now Abr●●zo . set , thrée only of the Romaines beyng killed , and seauen hurt , so great an alteration was there of victorie , after the execution of that punishmente . Spartacus loking for horsemen to come vnto him , did not nowe come forth with all his men , but by tymes Spartacus holden in . did much annoy the besiegers , sodaynely issuing vppon them & throwing firebrandes into their campe , burned their wall , and put them to much difficulties and trouble . A Romaine Captiue he hung vp in the middest of his campe , shewing to his souldiours what they should suffer if they did not ouercome . The Romaines in the Citie seing of this siege , and thinking it a dishonor to be so long holden with a sword-player , appointed Pompey , who was returned from Iberia with his army , ( waying the difficultie of the thing ) to take the charge therof . Crassus séeing the glory of Pompey appointed to this wa● . this war shold be taken from him by Pompey , made hast to trie it with Spartacus , and Spartacus thinking to preuent Pompey , would haue made agréement with Crassus , but being reiected he thought to proue the vttermost , and with his horsemen that were come , he issued out of the campe , with al his bands , and fled as fast as he coulde to Brunduse , Crassus following him : but when he heard that Lucullus was come to Brunduse with his army from the warre of Mithridates , then in desperation of all things he encountred with Crassus . The fight being long and difficulte , as among so many souldiours driuen by desperation , Spartacus was hurte The last battel wherin Spartacus was ●●aint . in the thygh with a dart , by the which wounde falling on his knée , he defended himselfe with his shield , & foughte with them that came vpon him , many of the which he ouerthrew , till he & the companies about him were discomfited , the other multitude without order fled , and were killed wythout number : of the Romaines a thousand were slayne .

Spartacus being dead was neuer founde , a great multitude from the battaile went to the Mountaines , agaynste whome Crassus followed . They diuiding themselues into fortye partes , fought it oute , till they were all slaine , saue sixe thousande , which being taken , were hanged in the way betwéene Rome and Capua . 〈…〉 the ch●e●● Citie of C●ip●●●● . Contention betwene Crassus and Pompey . Crassus seketh to be Consul ▪ after Syllas appoyntment . Pompey , after the auntient maner . Both chosen Consels .

Thys dyd Crassus in sixe moneths , contending with Pompey for glorie , and would not leaue his armye , bycause Pompey woulde not leaue his , and both of them sought to be Consull .

Crassus hauing bene Pretor according to Syllas law , Pompey neither hauing bin Questor nor Pretor , being yet xxxiij . yeares of age , promised the Tribunes to reduce their office to the antient aucthoritie : and being both chosen Consuls , neyther of them would leaue their army . Pompey sayde he would stay for Metellus to make his triumph of Iberia .

Crassus affirmed that Pompey ought first to giue ouer .

The people peceyuing that discorde was readye to ryse , and The people require reconciliation . two armies at hand , requested the Consuls sitting in their places to come to reconcilation , which at the first they both denyed : but the southsayers declaring great and grieuous calamites to follow , vnlesse they were agréede , the people agayne with lamentation did desire them , recording the miserable time of Sylla and Crassus relenteth first . Marius : with the which things , Crassus beyng moued , rose firste from his seate , and came to take Pompey by the hand and to be reconciled . Pompey rose also in hast and came fast to hym , and one embraced another , gret thankes with showtes , was gyuen vnto them , and the people would not let them depart , til they had determined the dissolution of their armies .

This contention , that by al mens opinions seemed , woulde haue grown very great , was happily ended : the lx. yeare of the Ciuil warre from the death of Tiberius Gracchus .

The end of the first booke of Ciuil dissentions .