The art of warre, or Militarie discourses of leavying, marching, encamping; and embattailing an armie. Of building, defending, and expugning forts and fortified cities. Of ordinance, petards, and fireworks. Of the severall duties of officers, and souldiers. Of the Grecian, and Romane militia, and forming of battaillons; &c. By the Lord of Praissac. Englished by I.C.

THE ART OF WARRE , OR Militarie discourses ¶ Of leavying , marching , encamping ; and embattailing an armie . ¶ Of building , defending , and expugning forts and fortified cities . ¶ Of ordinance , petards , and fireworks . ¶ Of the severall duties of officers , and souldiers . ¶ Of the Grecian , and Romane Militia , and forming of battaillons ; &c.

BY The Lord of PRAISSAC .

Englished by I. C.

CAMBRIDGE : Printed by ROGER DANIEL , Printer to that famous UNIVERSITIE . And are to be sold by John Williams at the Crane in Pauls churchyard in London . 1639.

This translation ( intituled The Art of Warre , or Militarie discourses by the Lord of Praissac ) may be imprinted .

ARUNDEL and SURREY .

Imprimatur

Cantabrigiae . Ra. Brownrigg Procan . Sa. Collins . L. Chaderton . Tho. Bachcroft .

Vpon the accurate translation of the Lord Du Praissac his Militarie discourses , done by his esteemed friend Captain JOHN CRUSO . TImes have their Genii : yea ; and Places too . For contemplation some are ; some to do . That Laurell , which ha's crown'd Astraea's head , May to Bellona's front be altered . Arts have their times too . In that season sing The Muses nine about their dancing spring : Another while much fitter Musick are Those sterner arts , that teach us how to warre : ( Happie that age , that can so much foresee , To study warre in her tranquillitie . ) That Amazonian offspring , which doth sit Near Pallas strength , and near Minerva's wit . These teach the needfull use of Armes to know ; To march by their field-musick quick , or slow ; To sit down 'fore a town ; T'encamp in field ; How to embattail ; And how forts to build ; T' assault ; defend ; To famine ; force ; surprize ; How to releeve besieg'd ; void treacheries ; And ( that which makes commanders worths grow high ) How stratagems to make ; and how t' apply : Of these the Lord Praissac the skill hath shown : ( So Greatnesse by her vertues best is known ) To fortifie ; To make a Canonier ; To contrive fireworks are directed here ; And , lest th' unpractick off'cer of a Band Should know his title , but not understand His place , and dutie , he hath tane some pain To teach . 'T were hard , his labour should prove vain ; And most industrious Cruso loose his end , That to the state did so much oyl intend . He , that hath but the language , boldly may Seek to translate , yet is but half the way . Who renders Sence for Sence , and Words of Art Does properly expound , does act the Part. Praissac is well-come into England . We May joy in him : But yeeld our thanks to Thee . W. DENNY Esq . Serg. Ma.

To his very worthie friend Captain JOHN CRUSO . COuld I command an Armie forth , & train Inventions Forces , had I a Martiall vein : I would lay siege to Censure , and surprise The strongest Fortresse Envie could devise To raise against thee , Momus force to yeeld , And leave thy judgement Master of the field . Hadst thou vouchsafed onely to impart The Centaures skill , and the Thessalian Art ; Had I but known thee in thy Cavallrie What dim-ey'd A●lian spi'd not to descrie , And , where Walhausen faild , to bring to light What Basta wanted and the Luys Melzo . Malta Knight : An oath had gone for 't , Cruso to beget Mars with Minerva incest did commit . But when I further see the Infantrie Commanded by thee , and th' Artillerie ; Pike , halbert , partizan , musket , carbine , The faulcon , minion , canon , culverine : Forts rais'd , by siege cities environed , Encamped Armies , and embattailed : Me thinks that God of warre which heretofore ( How e're Great Greece and Rome did him adore ) But an Apprentice was , at length by thee Is Master of his trade , and now made free , Nor is 't sufficient to set Praissac's name Before thy book as authour to the same . I know thou can'st not like a cipher be , Unlesse anothers worth to decuply . And this thou hast done . For it will be said , 'T was writ by Praissac , but by Cruso made . Nay , Poets Prophets are . In time to come They 'l say , Thou stol'st France's Palladium . Till then I 'le stile thee ( and not think I erre ) The warlike Hermes , Mars's Interpreter . Ri. Watson Col. Gon. & Cai. soc .

Ad dignissimum virum & de re militari optimè meritum Johannem Cruso , hujus operis Interpretem , factâ primùm ad Galliam Apostrophe . GAllia , quid nostras armato milite comples Oras , belligeri prodiga terra Dei ? Non ità dividuam concors alit Anglia pacem , Non est , ut vires ambiat illa tuas . Non ita de proprio diffidit Marte , triumphat Vnica praesidiis imperiosa suis . Vestra vel adversas si vis juvet invida partes , Sentiet emeritam lis rediviva manum . Interea non culpo tuos Crusoe labores : Id dubito , ars major sit tua sitve fides . Illa , vel extremi recoletur limite mundi , Haec intr● patriae limina nota tuae . Quae , cum per multos tranquilla quieverit annos , Sera capit Scoticae pignora perfidiae . At ne fort● manu infaeli agitata rebelli Concidat , externi militis addis opem . Quin age , siqua latet Germano sanguine parta Ars , sit & huc genii flumine ducta tui . Imò & ab Hispanis referat tua dextera bellis , Militiae jactant quae bene gesta suae . Sic olim , Angliacâ meritos referente triumphos , Singula gens proprio Marte vel Arte cadat . Guil. Sigiswicke soc . Caio-Gon .

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE HENRIE Lord MATRAVERS , Lord Lieutenant of his Majesties forces in Norfolk and Norwich . RIGHT HONOURABLE ,

IT was the opinion of Cato , Vel otii nostri reddendam esse rationem ; In conformitie whereunto I have lately spent some idle houres in bringing noble du Praissac to speak English . An excellent principall , as your Lordship ( who are no stranger to the forrain tongues ) will doubtlesse judge it , ●●ough but meanly coppied . Such as it is ●our Lordships many and continued fa●ours , do embolden me ( in all humble sub●ission ) to present it to your Lordship , and ●ith it the bounden and dutifull service of

your Honours devoted and obliged servant JO. CRUSO .

TO THE GENTLEMEN OF the Artillerie and Militarie companies in this kingdome , and particularly of that in Norwich . GENTLEMEN ,

I Here present you with the excellencies of the Lord of Praissac , together with mine own imperfections .

For the exercising of a Companie in their postures and motions , and to dispose that ( or perhaps a regiment ) into various forms of battalia , as there are divers helps extant ( besides your commendable practice ) so doubtlesse most of you have attained to very good perfection therein : yet I assure my self , your vertuous emulations will not suffer you to stick there , but will kindle a plus oultre in your heroick breasts ; especially when you shall here see that you have much more to do , and that a souldiers Gammaut goes farre beyond E-la .

These are times of action , and require every true hearted subject to imploy his talent for his Majesties service and the publick safety ; If these my poore endeavours may afford but the least furtherance thereunto , and my good intentions receive but a courteous acceptance at your hands , I have my desires ; and rest

Your servant I. C.

The subject of the book .

The subject of this book is the Art of Warre , which hath two parts , Preparation and action .

Preparation there must be of men , money , instruments , and victuall .

The action is performed in the field or in fortresses .

That which is performed in the field , considereth the marching , encamping , and embattailing of the armie .

And that of fortresses considereth their fabrick , guard , expugning , defence , and releef .

The generall heads have their particular dependences , being the common practices which are daily observed ; as the examples , the figures , and the chapters following do shew .

A table of the chapters . Chap. 1 HOw a Prince is to prepare himself to make warre , to raise an armie , and the manner of marching . pag. 1 Chap. 2 Of encamping the armie . pag. 15 Chap. 3 Of embattailing the armie . pag. 26 Chap. 4 Of the building of forts . pag. 31 Chap. 5 Of the defence of fortresses . pag. 48 Chap. 6 Of the taking of fortresses by petard , or any other surprise , or by treacherie . pag. 50 Chap. 7 How to besiege and expugne cities . pag. 61 Chap. 8 Of taking fortresses by famine . pag. 82 Chap. 9 Of the defence of fortresses against the petard , and other surprises and treacheries . pag. 85 Chap. 10 Of the defence of fortresses against sieges . pag. 91 Chap. 11 Of the defence of fortresses against famine . pag. 102 Chap. 12 Of releeving places besieged . pag. 103 Chap. 13 Of Artillerie , the foundings , mixtures , an● measures of ordinance . pag. 104 Chap. 14 Of the offices of militarie men . pag. 12● Chap. 15 Of fireworks . pag. 150 Chap. 16 Of the militia of the Grecians . pag. 158 Chap. 17 Of the Roman militia . pag. 185 Chap. 18 Of the forming of battaillons . pag. 196

How a Prince is to prepare himself to make warre , to raise an armie , and the manner of marching . CHAP. I.

A Prince being resolved to make warre ( be it offensive or defensive ) ought to make such provision of men , instruments , money , and victuall , as he shall know to be necessary for his enterprise .

In making his provision of men , he is to choose such as are fit for counsell , for command , and for souldierie .

For his counsels , such whose age , prudence , experience and study renders capable of such imployments .

For commanders in his armies , he is to choose men of authoritie , respect , prudence , experience , and good fortune . Each of them having made such proof of their courage , sufficiencie , and good successe in their severall charges , as it be apparently known to all men ; chiefly choosing such as are born courageous , and are habituated in all the exercises of warre : as , to handle all sorts of armes , to know all manner of militarie motions , to form all sorts of battaillons , to range armies in battalia , to make them march , encamp , embattaile , to erect fortifications , to assault places of strength , and to defend them , to make the trenches , and place the batteries ; briefly , that they know all the functions of warre .

For souldiers ( whether they be Infanterie or Cavallrie ) they ought to be elected , such as are strong , stout , and of fitting yeares , giving them such armes as are most fitting for them ; and disciplining them .

For the politick part , that they be sober and continent in their sustenance , abstemious from play and women , modest in their speeches , apparell , and all other actions .

Concerning the militarie part , they are to be instructed in the use and exercise of the sword , musket , and pike ; and to be taught how to encamp , entrench , and make their huts , how to keep themselves in order , and to be expert in all motions requisite for the forming and ready dividing of such forms as shall be desired . To this end the Captains , Lieutenants , and Ensignes ought to be very carefull to instruct and discipline their souldiers .

The militarie discipline for the foot is this ; The musketiers ought to be exact in the use of their musket and rest together , to shoulder properly , to make ready , and present all after one and the same manner , whether it be upon entring into the guard , to passe a muster , or to go to the charge ; To give fire , either by themselves , by files , by ranks , or in a volly . The pikes to shoulder ( asloap and levell ) advance , trail , charge to front and rear ; And both pikes and muskets , how to wear their swords , how to keep their ranks and files , to take their distances , both for muster and fight ; To use their motions , to the right , left , and rear ; To double , open , close , and to reduce both files and ranks ; to countermarch , and wheel .

A. A calliver shouldred . The French continued the calliver longer then other nations . B. A calliber firing . C. A musketier shouldred . D. A musketier firing . E. A pike ordered . F. Advanced . G. Shouldred levell . H. Sloaped . I. Charged . K. Trailed . L. Charged at foot . M. Charged to the rear .

musketeer in various poses

woodcut panel of musketeer

musketeer in various poses

woodcut panel

Concerning the horse , they ought to be instructed how to manage their horses and armes . Their horses to the right and left , to advance , stop , retreat .

Their armes , how properly to put on and wear their defensive ones ; and to make good use of the offensive , as how to charge and present their carbines and pistols , and to finde out the unarmed parts with their swords .

A troop of horse being to be mustered , marcheth three in rank ; but to be embattailed , it ought to be so disposed , that for every three in rank there be one in file , so that a troop of 108 horse shall have 18 files and 6 ranks .

The distance of ranks ought to be ( both for the length of the horse , as for the spaces between them ) of six a a Paces here are to be understood steps , and not geometricall paces of 5 foot . paces , and of files one pace .

To make one grosse of many battaillons , the troops ought to be ordered into so many ranks as the flank of the battaillon shall be intended to contain horses , and then to draw up the troops flank to flank .

The provision of instruments of warre is principally of armes and horses ; Of armes both offensive and defensive .

Of offensive , as Artillerie , muskets , carbines , pistols , pikes , halberts , partisans , half-pikes .

Of defensive , as head-pieces , casques , gorgets , cuirasses , pouldrons , vanbraces , corslets , taces , targets , &c. And of draught horses in abundance for the train of the Artillerie , munitions , and victuall .

The provision of money is to be made by a gathering of it together long before hand in the most abundant measure that may be ; by the preserving of it diligently without imploying of it upon vain and unprofitable things ; and by distributing of it where it shall be found necessarie ; and in needfull things not to be niggardly .

The provision of victuall consisteth in the collection and duration of it , the conservation and distribution .

Having made all these preparations , and filled the magazines , there must be choice made of some citie , there to make the staple of amunition , to put the train of Artillerie in equippage , and there to take the muster of the armie , as well of the Infanterie and Cavallrie , as of the Artillerie ; there also to put the armie into form of battaile , even as if they were that day to fight with the enemie .

The manner of ordering the armie for combat , is according to that which the Generall shall intend to execute ; as to go and conquer a countrey , to releeve a place besieged , to give battaile , to march crosse through an enemies countrey , or to make a retreat .

If he purpose to conquer a countrey , he ought to know the estate of the same , as whether it be well peopled or not ; whether he might be opposed by one or more armies , and what manner of ones ; to know their alliances , and the means how to break them , or at least to hinder them from joyning together , if it be possible ; to know the passages , their places of entrance and issuings out , the woods , mountains , straits , ports , keyes , bridges , havens ; the situation of their cities and places of strength , their garrisons and munitions . He ought to be informed of the fertilitie of the countrey , to cause victuall to be carried thither if it be barren , or to discharge his armie of that train if it abound .

He is to have the plat of the countrey in a generall map , and also in many particular ones , to know the situation and distance of places , and whether the countrey be plain and even , or the contrary , and to judge by the capacity of the place what front he may give to his armie .

If his designe be to releeve some besieged place , and to convey supplies within it , and ( to effect that ) desireth to force a quarter , he ought not to spread out the wings of his armie , but to keep himself serried close , as did Prince Maurice when he releeved Coevorden against the King of Spains army conducted by Verdugo ; and the Marquis Spinola , when he went to releeve Groll .

woodcut of the army of Marquis Spinola

The armie of the Marquis Spinola when he marched to releeve Groll .

Front .

If he intend to deliver battaile to his enemie ( the occasion offering it self , and the countrey being fit for it ) he ought to extend the front of his armie as much as may be ( yet not so much that it be not strong enough in the depth to sustain the enemies charge , but to have the van-guard , battaile , and rear-guard of sufficient thicknesse ) to hinder his being surprised on the flanks , and to the end that every man may fight ( which is one of the most important considerations ) and to attempt to enclose the enemie within a crescent , so to charge him on the front , flanks , and rear , if it may be , as did Gaston de Fois at Ravenna against Raimond de Cardonne , and the Prince Maurice at Newport ; and also when he traversed the plains of Gulick .

The armie of Prince Maurice when he went to besiege Gulick , ranged into two forms of battaile , the one when the pikes and muskets were joyned , and the other when they were divided .

The black squares represent the squadrous of horse , and the white ones the battaillons of foot .

diagram of the formation of Prince Maurice's army at Gulick Front of the Battaile . You may see this figure more largely and more exactly in my book of Cavallry , in figure 16.

If he desire to cause his Army to traverse or march through an enemies countrey , he ought alwayes to cause them to be quartered together in one body , without disuniting of any part , and to march in Battalia , making choice of open places ( free from woods ) and such as are plain and even , securing his quarters , and carrying munitions with him , requisite for the time of his passing through : for it is a very hard matter to lead an armie through an enemies countrey , especially if it be divided by rivers , covered with woods , and mountainous , and if there be in it places of strength , and a mean armie to defend it self ; for it alwayes molests you , cuts off the passage of victuall , hindreth your armie in their march , alwayes troubleth them on the Hanks or Reare , waites upon advantag●s , seeks occasions of surprising , and continually layeth ambushes .

But after what manner soever your Army be embattailed , a care you must have that all hands may be brought to fight , and that your Army may deliver combat at least three times , which it shall doe if it be divided into Van , Battaile , and Reare . Let the horse be so disposed as they may alwayes second the foot , and that in such sort , as finding themselves disordered , they may finde place to rally themselves under their shelter ; having no Battaillon behinde them so near , whereby they might be again routed after such a disorder . The Artillerie ought to be so placed , that it hinder not the passage of the Battaillons , & that it may easily discover those of the enemie . For the most part the Infanterie is within the body of the Armie , in severall Battaillons , disposed checquer wise : the Cavallrie on their Wings and Reare in severall Squadrons , and the Artillerie according to the convenience of the place , on the Front of the Armie , or on the Flanks of the Battaillons .

The Armie having been mustered at the place of rendez-vous , it doth usually march away in Battalia , to the place of their encamping that night ( if the countrey will permit it ) that so they may be taught how to march in order of Battaile ; which if it cannot do by reason of the unevennesse of the countrie , the Pioners must be caused to make many severall wayes , filling the ditches , breaking down hedges , and laying bridges of boats or otherwise over rivers and brooks .

In the middle-way the Artillerie , Munition , and Baggage shall march ; on the wings of these one part of the Infanterie is to march in their long order , either three or five in Ranke ; on the Flank of these Foot some Carabines ; the two third parts of Cuirassiers shall be in two Squadrons at the head of the Armie , and the other one third part in the like disposition on the Reare ; the Harquebusiers shall march before the Cuirassiers in the Front of all the Armie with the Carabines and Dragons , saving some few which shall be on the Reare ; the Infanterie o●● t to march in the middle , in the forme of double Battaillons as much as may be , divided into Van , Battaile , and Reare : all which will be more cleare by the forme which the Marquis Spinola observed when he marched through Freeseland to besiege Lingen , whereof the figure followeth .

woodcut of army Front .

If the enemie be neare to the place where the armie is to arive , the Marshall of the Field ( having chosen a fit place for the field of combat ) gives order for the placing of the Artillerie , disparteth the quarters and places of the Regiments and Munitions , causeth all the camp to be entrenched round about according to the art of fortification . To this end he must endeavour to lodge at a seasonable houre , that so he may have time to make his retrenchments , to divide the quarters , to place the guards , to send out to forrage , to cause the huts to be made , to discover the actions of the enemie ; and to prevent a thousand inconveniences which the night produceth ; disposing all things according to the place and time .

Of encamping the Armie . CHAP. II.

AN Army is quartered in the field or in some village : in the field when the enemie is at hand , then must it be quartered in Battaillons , as if every houre there were occasion of cambat . Also , the lodging in the field is when you lay any siege , or when the infection compells you to flee the places of shelter , or when the countrey is wasted and without houses .

The quartering in villages is when the enemie is farre off , so as you may have time to put the Armie into form of Battaile in the place of Alarm , before he can be upon your jack .

Whether the encamping be in the field or in the villages , it must be commodious and assured .

It will be commodious if there be abundance of water , wood , forrage , and capacitie of roome convenient to lodge the whole armie , and to make the Alarme-place .

It will be assured ( being in the field ) by fortifying the camp round about , by causing it to be well guarded by good Corps-du-guards , and Sentinels within , and Sentinell-perdues without , having Redouts round about , if the enemie be to be feared , or that he be near . See the Leaguer of Prince Maurice before Sluys , and before Grave , Fol. 87 , 88.

It will be assured in the villages when the Alarme-place shall front the enemy , being eminent and commanding the ground round about it , capable to range the whole armie into order o● battaile , fortified by art and nature , commodiou● for the advenues and sallies without confusion o● the troops ; That it be not assaultable withou● great disadvantage to the enemie , being near t● the quarters , well defended by Artillerie and well secured by Corps-du-guards , aswell o● Infanterie as Cavallrie .

Concerning the quarters , they must be difficult to force and to assault ( at lest unawares ) f●cile to be releeved , and therefore near together fortified , retrenched , and well guarded .

So then , all that is to be considered about th● lodging of an Armie which is to be encampe● for a long time ( for , for one night it is onel● re●uisite to make choice of places advantagiou● and such as are strong by nature , or to defen● them by waggons or other meanes of enclosin● the camp ) consisteth in the commoditie of 〈◊〉 things , namely , victuall , water , forrage , wood , ●●tuation , and enclosures of the field .

Having regard to the certaintie of victuall and munitions by not adventuring too farre of ; and leaving none of the enemies towns on the Flanks which might intercept or cut off your way ; seeking out the commoditie of rivers , to be served of water to drink , for conveyance , or to impale with waggons , and to secure the one Flank of the Armie ; it being impossible to be without them , and chiefly good ones .

For these reasons mountainous places are to be avoided , and also valleys ; the one for the barrennesse , the other for the badnesse and discommoditie of the filthy pooles , and for the bad aire which they cause , being crude and foggie .

Regard must be had of the abundance , commoditie , and certaintie of forrage ; for the horse make an incredible waste , besides that much is required for the Souldiers to lie upon and to cover their huts with .

Good store of wood must be had for sires in the Corps-du-guards , and to build huts .

A care must be had that the place where you intend to encamp be smooth , plain , and sandy ( if it may be ) farre from any place that commandeth it , or if there be any , it must be seased upon and taken in within the retrenchment , to discover and command the champain .

If there be any wood near , you ought to make use of it and guard it , somewhat enlarging the retrenchment , and leaving roome between both , to meet with ambushes which the enemie might lay within it .

The forme of a retrenchment of an Armie is usually square , and the sides thereof ought to be fortified by Tenailles , to defend the one by the other , and so to be disposed of , as in giving fire by night those of the Armie may not hurt each other ; making them more or lesse strong , as the enemie is more or lesse to be feared .

Touching the particular things which concern the disparting of the lodgings within the enclosure of the camp , these things are to be observed ;

The retrenchement ought to be in breadth and depth two fadomes , and the paraper one fadom in height . Round about the inside of the retrenchement there must be a space left of a a The proportion generally observed is 200 foot . 40 or 45 fadomes broad , which is called the Alarm-place , which must be spacious enough to contain the whole Armie in Battalia .

Then follow the quarters of 300 foot b b The Authour saith 300 foot broad , but that is a mistake . deep , which must be divided ( for the making of the lodgings ) after this manner ;

For a Companie of 200 footmen there must be 56 foot in Front , and 200 in depth , to make 4 rowes of huts , 25 in each row : between which there must be 3 streets of 8 foot broad . Every hut hath 8 foot square to lodge 2 souldiers . All the doores of them open upon 2 streets , and answer just over against each other .

The quartering of a Foot-companie . A.B. The Front of a Companie , is of foure huts . A.C. The depth , is of 25 huts . D. The streets between the huts .

diagram of quartering an infantry company Before the Companies are the Captaines lodgings , every of them at the head of his own Companie , possessing in breadth the whole Front of the Companie , and in depth 25 foot . These lodgings are divided from the Companies by a street of 35 foot broad , where the Armes are placed , as also the Corps-du-guards , and Colours . Behinde the Companies are the Sutlers huts , containing 20 foot in depth , and these are separated from the Companies by a street of 20 foot broad . The Companies are divided from each other by a street of 8 foot breadth .

In the middle of the Regiment , there must be a place of 80 foot breadth , in Front of which the Colonell is to be lodged , and more inward , the Sergeant Major , Provost , and all the Off●cers of the Regiment . The space between each Regiment must be 200 or 300 foot .

The quartering of a Regiment of six Companies of foot .

diagram of quartering six infantry companies.

I. The retrenchment of the camp . K. The Alarme-place . A.B. The depth of the quarter . A. The Captains lodgings . D. A street between them and their Companies , where the Pikes are placed . C. The Companies . B. The Suttlers . E. The street between the Companies and Sutlers . G. A void place in the middle of the Regiment . F. The Colonels lodging . H. A space between the Regiments . The placing of the Captaines tents at the head of their Companies , is now left off . And they are now in the Reare of them in E. and before the Sutlers : partly for that by this means the Captains can better take notice of , and so remedy the disorders which happen in the Sutlers huts : and that so the accesse to the Alarme-place may be the freer , for that the Captaines tents ( taking up the ground before ) hindred it .

When the Infanterie is quartered alone without Cavallrie , it is disposed as the figure following sheweth .

The Infanterie quartered on the side of a river .

diagram of quartering infantry beside a river

A. The field of battaile . B. The Alarme-place . C. The huts of the quarters . D. The Sutlers . E. The guards of the Generall . F. The Generals lodgings . G. The quarter for the powder and train of Artillerie . H. The waggons for victuall . I. A bridge of boats . K. A fort to guard the bridge .

If the horse be quartered amongst the foot , it is to be done after this manner . To a troop of 100 horse must be allowed 70 foot in Front , and 200 in depth . To two horsemen 8 foot of length a a Others allow but 10 foot . 12 in breadth , to make one hut . Every horse occupieth 4 foot in breadth and 10 in depth . All the men are lodged in 2 Files , and so are the horses . Between the huts and the stables there is a street of b b Some allow but 5 foot . 8 foot broad . The horses stand with their heads towards their riders huts . The street between the stables is c c 13 foot , as some say . For this you may see my book of Cavallrie in figure 4. 10 foot broad , for the passage of the horses .

The quartering of a troop of 100 horse . A. B. The Front of the troop . A. C. The depth . A. C. and B.D. The souldiers huts , 25 in each file . E.F. and G.H. The 2 rowes of stables , each of them for 50 horses . K. Is the street between the stables . I. I. Are the streets between the huts and the stables .

diagram of the quartering of the cavalry The Captains lodgings are at the head of the troops , every one before his own troop , taking up in Front the whole breadth of the troops , and in depth 40 foot . Betweene these lodgings and the troops there is a street of 20 foot breadth . Behinde the troops are the Sutlers huts , of 20 foot deep , separated from the troops , by a street of 20 foot broad .

The distance between each troop is 20 foot .

The quartering of a Regiment of five troops of horse .

diagram of quartering a regiment of cavalry Q. The retrenchment of the campe . R. The Alarme-place . L.M. The depth of the quarter . L. The Captains lodgings . N. The street between the Captains lodgings , and their troops . O. The lodgings of the trocps . P. The street between the troops and the Sutlers . M. The Sutlers huts . S. The streets between the troops . T. The space between the Regiments .

When the horse and foot encamp together , they are disposed of as the figure following demonstrateth .

It seldome happeneth that they are quartered together , by reason of the great annoyance which the Cavallrie bringeth to the Infanterie .

A quarter of Infanterie and Cavallrie , fronting every way .

diagram of quartering of infantry and cavalry together

B. The Alarme-place . C. The quarters . D. The streets between the quarters . E , The Regiments of foot . F. The Regiments of horse . F. F. The Generall of horse . G. The Generall of the Armie . H. The quarter for the Artillery , and the Generall thereof . I. The quarter for the Commissarie Generall of the victuall , and his train . K. Lodgings for Strangers . L. The Market and Shambles .

Of embattailing the Armie . CHAP. III.

THere be two kindes of occasions of giving battaile ; the one is particular , hapning between small troops , as encounters which ( for the most part ) are given by accident , and sometimes upon deliberation ; also such skirmishes as are ordinarily used to draw out , entertain , or discover the enemie .

The other is generall , as when one Armie coming to encounter the other , they give Battaile ; wherein for the diversities of times before the combat , during it , and after it , there must be had divers considerations . Before the combat , you must know the enemies forces , both horse and foot , as also his Artillerie and Munitions ; you must also know whereunto he chiefly trusteth , in what order he useth to fight , also the situation and passages of the countrey . You must make diligent discoverie of his designes and actions by your own spies , or the enemies , being corrupted with money or promises .

You must attempt to divide his forces , to raise jealousies and diffidences between his chiefs , or between them and their officers , to incite his souldiers to mutinie .

You must strive to seize upon the most advantageous ground to range the Armie into Battalia , having regard to the winde to avoid the dust and smoak , and to drive it into their eyes ; and to the sunne , that you be not dazled : directing your self according to the place , and the number of your own and the enemies forces .

The souldiers must be deprived of all hope of saving themselves by flight , and must be brought to a disposition to fight courageously ; propounding to them the glorie , the bootie , the recompense , and the necessitie .

The order which must be observed in ranging the Armie for a a In my book of Cavallrie ( before mentioned ) you may see divers formes of battaile in figure 8 , 9 , 10 , &c. combat hath been shewed in the first chapter , being the same as the march in battalia .

The Artillerie must play so soon as they begin to discover the battaillons of the enemie , making the batterie fitly and speedily , to disorder and scatter them before they come to give battaile .

Whilest the Armie stands ranged in battalia , expecting the signall for combat , the Marshalls of the field ought to ride before the Van , to cause them to advance when the fight shall begin , according to the Generalls order , and to command the battaillons to joyne and charge the enemie , or to receive his charge according to occurrences .

The Generall of the Armie by his diligence ought to be as the soul in the body throughout all the members ; alwayes observing the countenance of the enemie , to make his men fight to purpose ; assisting the broken battaillons by fresh ones , or by squadrons , and ordering those which ( having been disbanded ) shall rally again , to send them to the combat to releeve their fellows . And because such as have been beaten will hardly return to fight again , you must not trust too much to them .

As soon as you be within reach of the Canon , you must go on directly upon the enemie , ( unlesse you be sheltered from his Artillerie ) by this means your souldiers are encouraged , you avoid the danger of the enemies Canon , and you leave behinde you the place where your Armie stood ranged , which ground will serve to rally and order the Battaillons which shall happen to be routed . You must not give on so hastily , as that thereby the Battaillons be disordered ; and on the other-side you are to use a marching pace untill you come within distance of a Pistoll-shot , but then to double your pace and to charge furiously , the Pikes being close serried , and the Muskets continually playing on the Flanks , having certain Targetteers in Front which may shelter the Battaillon , and disorder the enemies Pikes .

You must give a sufficient Front to the Battaillons , that so they may overwing the enemie , and charge him in Front and Flank , observing on which part the enemie giveth the most violent assault , and thither to send the troops of Reserve ; as also , where he is weakest , that there he may be the more easily routed ; dissembling and concealing all sinister accidents ; and whatsoever proves prosperous , to cause that to be published aloud , for the raising of their spirits which happily might be become heartlesse , either by overmuch labour , or by the rumour of some disaster ; propounding to them the faintnesse of the enemie , the death of his Commanders , the slight of his troops , the spoil , the honour of the victorie , and the great bootie ; Sending the orders and commands by Officers and persons known , and not from hand to hand by passe parolle .

After the combat , either you are vanquisher or vanquished : If you be vanquisher , and have no cause to feare the enemie any more , as being not able to rally himself , either you content your self with the victorie , or you attempt farther to conquer .

If you rest content with this victorie , God is solemnly to be praised , the souldiers are to be reduced , commended , and recompenced , principally the Chiefs and such as have performed any signall acts , sharing out the spoil amongst them according to their merits , giving order that the prisoners be trustily kept and courteously used , causing the hurt to be carefully cured and the dead buried .

If you attempt to conquer the enemies countrey , you are to publish the victorie , for that will cause his confederates to shrink from their alliance , it will affright your enemie , and will make the Neuters to declare themselves for the victour ; it will keep your confederates faithfull and constant , your subjects obedient , and will procure favour from all men . Then the Armie must be supplied with men and munitions , the enemies garrisons must be summoned , recompensing such as shall yeeld the places within their custody , dealing rigorously with such as shall be headstrong , gaining the great ones of the countrey by money , estates , and honour , attempting to seize upon the advenues and passages , and to leave nothing at your back which might hinder the passage of your munitions and victuall . If you be vanquished , either the enemie gives you time to retreat , or else he pursues you with all his forces . If he give you time , you must gather together all what possibly you can of your broken and scattered men , making your retreat resolutely and honourably , and shewing your self in the field again so soon as may be with the greatest number of souldiers that can be gotten , to make head again against the enemie , to oppose his designes , to disquiet and molest his actions , to work his confederates to oppose him , to divert and divide his forces , to fortifie the passages , to provide and furnish your frontier places with victuall , munition , and garrisons .

If you be pursued with extremitie , you must retreat in the best order you shall be able , making it appear you are not vanquished in your courage , though you be so in your fortunes ; causing all your countrey to take armes , and that such as shall be in armes do present themselves at the passage to hinder the enemies entrance , breaking down the bridges and landing-places of rivers , cutting of the high-wayes , and felling of trees to lay a crosse the high-wayes , breaking down the sluces , and drowning the countrey , if it be possible , assuring your self of the fidelitie of your cities and subjects , the one by forts , cittadels and garrisons ; the other by hostages , offices and benefits .

Of the building of forts . CHAP. IIII.

BEfore the fortifying of any place , consideration must be had of the situation : for if it be on a mountain which is all a rock , and that the place comprehendeth all the top , it will be difficult to approach , the flanks will be secured , it will be free from mines and command , it will easily discover round about , it will do horrible execution , and will be wholesome both for the inhabitants and for the munitions . But such a place hath usually these discommodities , want of water and earth , hard to be retrenched , easie to be quickly blocked up , and the passages and advenues for the releeving of it , easie to be cut off

If it be on a mountain which is not a rock , it will be subject to mining , the trenches of approach will be easily undermined , and it will have almost all the discommodities of the place above said ; but it will also have the advantage of store of earth , and by that means it may easily be retrenched .

If the place be seated on a mountain which hath one or more advenues which command it , such place will be easie to be assailed and battered from those advenues .

If the place be moorish , the approaches are difficult , but the discommodities are great for them within it ; for they are soon shut up , their sallies are difficult and dangerous , the place is unwholesome for the inhabitants , the munitions are soon corrupted , and it is hard to be releeved .

If the place be on a plain , but commanded by one or more hills , it will have an infinite number of discommodities , and almost no conveniences .

If it be in a plain which is sandy , the works which there shall be made will hardly be worth any thing .

But if it be on a plain champain , and levell on all sides , the earth being fat and strong , it will be easie there to fortifie , and to prevent the discommodities , having very advantageous conveniences .

But whatsoever the situation be , if you intend there to fortifie , you must first calculate whether your means be sufficient , whether the season be fitting , whether you have a sufficient number of workmen and tooles , time enough to finish it before the season change , or the enemie can come upon you ; whether you have souldiers enough to guard it , sufficient Artillerie to defend it , munition enough for the souldiers and Artillerie , victuall sufficient for the men , and fodder for the horses , succours so near as that they may arrive within such time as it may be conceived the fort may be maintained against the violence of the enemie .

If all these things do favour you , you may boldly fall to work , having regard first to the matter , and secondly to the forme .

Concerning the matter , if you have the commoditie of stone , brick , and chaulk , you must line all the works of the curtains , bullworks , and counterscarps with good and strong sloapings , after this manner ; those of the curtain and counterscarp have a fourth part of the height for their sloap , and those of the faces of the Bullworks a third .

The faces of the Bullworks must have spurres , ten foot distant from each other , of three foot thick and 25 foot long , the said spurres being strongly bound in with the wall , which must be built in arches underpropped 6 foot without the foundations onely on the spurres .

If you have onely earth , there must be such a sloap given to the works , according as they are strong or sandy , ordinarily of 5 foot one . Such works must be well furnished with pallisadoes , and environed with water , for they are subject to surprises , because the showers of rain and frosts make them moulder away .

Touching the forme , if it be regular ( which is when it hath the sides equall ) such as the fortification of one face is , such are all the rest . But if it be irregular ( which is when the sides be unequall , as all cities are which are repaired ) the fortification on all parts must be disagreeing . But what forme soever it hath you must observe the rules following as much as may be , and labour to make it equally strong on all sides .

Rules of Fortification .

That the angles or points of the Bullworks ( which are called angles flanked ) be made as great and blunt as may be ; for the more obtuse the flanked angles be , the better ; and the angles flanking are the more sharp .

A. B. C. The angle flanked . B. C. D. The angle flanking .

That the shoulders of the Bullworks be made massie enough to resist the violence of the enemie , and to hinder him from ruining the flanks which they cover ; and long enough to cover ( in sight ) at least half of the flank of the casemat , when you behold it from the point of the counterscarp of the opposite Bullwork . The casemat must have of breadth the moytie of the thicknesse of the shoulder , and the plain of it of 2 foot high above the plain of the drie moat , or of the surface of the water . The line of the thicknesse of the shoulder , and of the breadth of the casemat , is called the line of the flank , and the longer it is , the better : provided that it bring no discommoditie to the other parts .

F. G. The thicknesse of the shoulder . F. E The breadth of the casemat . E G The line of the flank .

That every face of a fortresse must have two flanks , that so it may defend it self both on the front and on the sides , and the one by the other .

O. Is the center of the Bullwork . O.P. A face of the fort . H. Is one flank . I. Is the other flank .

That the lines of defence be not so long , that they be without the reach of your shot ; nor so short that the enemie ( being lodged on the counterscarp ) be able with his musket shot to beat yours out of your casemats .

I. B. and H. D. are the lines of defence .

That the Bullworks be large and hollow , capable of divers retrenchements , that there may be formed large flanks , and that they may contain good store of souldiers : for the hollow room is the place appointed to fight in , and to bear retrenchements .

O. and P. represent the places of the Bullworks .

The sallie-ports ought to be placed between the shoulders of the Bullworks , and the casemats .

F. The sally-port . A. B. H.B. I.D. and D.G. the faces of the Bullworks .

diagram of bulwarks

That the faces of the Bullworks and the curtains be sunk within the moat to the upper line , and that upon this line there be a parapet of 8 foot height and a a Three foot for the thicknesse of the parapet is ( surely ) farre too little . Maroloys and others say 20 foot . And the Authour himself sayes from 15 to 20 foot , in the words following . 3 foot thicknesse . Then let the way for the rounds be 2 fathom broad ( therein being comprehended the 2 foot-banks of the parapet ) aswell of the Bullworks as the curtains .

S. The upper line or superficies . T. The parapet of the curtain . V. The way for the rounds . X. The foot-banks .

That the rampart of the Bullworks be 15 foot high on the plain of the citie , and that of the curtain twenty five , without reckoning the parapet : briefly that it be so high , as it may keep the houses from being battered and ruined . L●t their parapets be from 15 to 20 foot thick , and 8 foot high .

Y. Z. The height of the rampart of the Bullworks . Z. θ. The thicknesse of the parapet .

The ditches must be from 12 to 16 fathome broad , and from 5 to 6 deep , beneath the covert way ( being drie ) if it may be , having a small ditch in the middle of 20 foot broad , and as much or more in depth . If the moat be full of water , it must be 20 fathome broad , and from 4 to 5 fathome deep , and divided by a dam of earth of 30 foot thick . The town wall must be high enough , because the depth of the drie ditch which giveth height to the wall , is here filled with water .

M. S. The breadth of the ditch . M. N. The depth .

The covert way must be from 3 to 4 fathome broad , having a parapet of 10 or 12 foot high , the moytie of it being sunk into the plain .

L. M. The breadth of the covert way . K. L The height of the parapet of the counterscarp .

The parapets must be of earth , or of unburnt brick , except the outward row , which must be of burnt brick , to resist the injurie of weather .

If the curtains be long , there must be a cavallero set on every point ; but if they be short there will need but one , which shall be on the middle of them . They must be so high as they may command all the works , and the hillocks without , if there be any , and if it may be . They are commonly raised 10 foot above the rampart . Their length is taken from the number and qualitie of the Artillerie which you would plant thereon ; and their breadth dependeth on the length and reversing of the pieces of Artillerie and of a parapet of three fathomes and a half thick .

♃ . ♂ The height of the cavallero upon the rampart .

The pieces of ordinance nearer to the center of the fort must command those which are farther off ; raising the one above the other from 8 to 10 foot .

cross sectional diagram of moat and bulwark

That all the walls of the Bullworks and curtains turn their Front from the opposite places which command them , leading them bias-wise , that so the batterie be not raised perpendicularly upon it , and that the bullet may glance by means of the bias and sloap , and that they be not commanded nor seen from farre off .

The market place of the citie ( or such places where the grand watches are kept ) must be covered in the middle , to shelter the battaillons from the rain , and there must be pent-hous●s along the streets , which lead to the rampart , to the same end .

The streets ought to be 6 fathom broad at the least , that so the waggons and Artillerie may passe the freelier .

The stairs to passe to the covert way of the counterscarp , must be just in the middle of the curtain , between the two flanks of the Bullworks .

♄ Stairs of the counterscarp .

There must be half moons made on the forepart of the curtains , right over against the angles , flanking on the counterscarps ; having their faces defended by Bullworks open behinde , that so they may be defended by the curtain , being 12 foot high from the plain ; having a ditch of 25 foot broad and 15 foot deep , beneath its covert-way .

♉ A half moon .

Before the half moons you must advance tenailles or hornworks , and at the head of them half Bullworks , and before them redouts , casting the earth on that side towards the citie , which will serve for a parapet . These works must be 10 foot deep and 15 foot broad , and must be desended from the citie and from the counterscarp .

☉ Trenches , half bullworks or counterpoints .

diagram of counterscarp, half moon, trenches

The French and Spanish draw the lines of defence from the flanks of the Bullworks ; and the Hollanders and Venetians draw them from the middle of the curtain ; and this last manner seemeth to be best , even in great places , by reason of the abundance of firings , which ought to be preferred before the form of flanked angles .

The inconvenience of such places as overtop or command you , may be remedied , either by casting them down , sheltring your self from them , or possessing and fortifying them by a hornwork or tenaile , or by two half Bullworks , or by one Bullwork and two half ones , thereafter as they be in greatnesse : at least you must be sheltred from them by good and strong traverses .

These that follow are foure severall wayes of fortifying , according to the French , Spanish , Low-countrey , and Italian fashions .

The manner of fortifying places according to the French . diagram of French fortifications

A. B. C. and A. I. H. Are each of them 2 half right angles , that so you may have L. B. F. and G. I. N. right . B. D. and I. E. divide the half-right angles , into two equall parts . In the figures which have lesse then nine sides : but in those figures which have above eight , they are perpendicular upon D. E As M. D. and O. E. D. F. is perpendicular upon B. C. E. G. is perpendicular upon I. H. B. F. and G. I. are the faces of the Bullworks . D. F and G. E. are the flanks . D. E. is the curtain . B. E. and I. D. are the lines of defence , from 100 to 120 fathome long .

The Spanish fortifications .

When the Bullworks are made with eares or orillons . diagram of Spanish fortifications

A. B. Must be divided into 8 equall parts . A. C. and B. F. have each of them two . C. D. and F. G. have each of them one . E. F. and H. C. must be from 850 to 900 foot long .

The Spanish fortification .

When the Bullworks are made without orillons . diagram of Spanish fortifications

A. B. is divided into 6 equall parts . A. C. and B. F. have each of them one . C. D. and F. G. have also each one . E. F. and H. C. must be from 850 to 900 foot long .

Low-Countrey fortification . In this table you may finde the quantitie of the angles flanking and flanked , in this manner .

To finde them in a figure of 6 angles , look in the columne A. B. the number of the angles 6. and just over against it in the columne C D. you shall finde for the moytie of its angle flanking 67 degrees , 30 min. And in the columne E. F. you shall finde for the angle flanked 75 deg. 0 min.

The angles of the figures . The moitie of angles flanking . Angles flanked or Bullworks . The best approved Authours ( for Low-countrey fortification ) as Samuel Marolois , Freitag , and others , dissent much from this table . A C E 4 75 0 60 0 5 70 30 69 0 6 67 30 75 0 7 65 21 79 17 8 63 45 82 30 9 62 30 85 0 10 61 30 87 0 11 60 41 88 38 12 60 0 90 0 13 59 25 91 25 14 58 55 92 9 15 58 30 93 0 16 58 7 93 45 17 57 47 ●4 25 18 57 50 ●5 0 19 57 14 ●5 32 20 57 ● ●6 0 B D F

To designe a fortification of 6 Bullworks , draw the line H. I. set the compasses in O. and make the semi-circle G. L. M. then mark L. G. and L. M. each of them of 67 degrees 30 min. then draw the streight lines O. G. and O. M. you shall have the angle flanking G. O. M of 135. deg.

After that , make the streight line R. A. which cuts with right angles the line H. I. ( it matters not whether it be near or farther off from O. ) divide it into 5 equall parts , and give foure to each of the lines R. F. and A. C. which will make the faces of the Bullworks . Then divide one face into 5 equall parts , and give two to each of the flanks A. N. and R. P. which must be perpendicular upon the line R. A. then draw the line P. N. which will make the curtain .

diagram of low-country fortification

Place the compasses on the point C. make the semi-circle A. Q. of 75 deg. ( as is marked in the table ) then draw the line C. Q. and you shall have the angle of the Bullwork A. C. Q. which being divided into 2 equall parts , by the right line C. I. will make in I. the center of the place .

It is a generall rule , that the faces of the Bullworks are the foure fift parts of the curtains , and the flanks the two fift parts of the faces of the Bullwork .

The faces of the Bullworks , in great figures , must have 400 foot ; in mean figures 350 , and in small ones 300. You may forbear the precedent table , observing ( for a generall rule ) to give to the angle flanked three fift parts of the angle of circumference of the figure which you intend to fortifie .

The Venetian fortification .

The distance of the one Center of a Bullwork to the other A. B. is never longer then 200 Venetian paces , of 5 foot a pace : nor shorter then 150 , that so the line of defence be neither too short nor too long .

diagram of Venetian fortification

A. B. must be divided into 6 equall parts . A. C. is the sixth part of A. B. C. E. is equall to A. C. H. G. is drawn from the third part of the curtain , in the figures of lesse then 8 sides : and from the middle of them in the figures of more then 7. M. N. divideth it self into 3 equall parts , two for the shoulder , and one for the casemat .

Of the defence of fortresses . CHAP. V.

THe defence of fortresses dependeth on the good order which the Governour observeth , as well within as without the place , be it for matters politick or militarie .

The politick order within the place containeth all things belonging to a civill life , as livelyhood , conservation , and justice , both towards the townsmen and souldiers : alwayes having an eye to their manners , life and condition , being assured of their fidelitie ( but principally of the souldiers ) before they be brought into the place . And being there , to have subtile and secret spies among them , who must observe how they live , what practises they have , whether they be discontented at the Governour , and what they say in publick and in private : finally to have an eye to all their actions .

Touching his care without , he must take notice of such as enter , which are either countreymen , who ( under pretext either of bringing something to sell , or of coming to buy ) are let into the towne : or else merchants , who by occasion of commerce do come in and go out at their pleasure . Of these there must be regard had whether they deal with persons suspected , or that themselves be such , or whether they come from some suspected place ; and not to suffer any to enter , but persons of good assurance , and well known .

The militarie care hath respect either to the gates or the walls . Of the gates , either at the opening or shutting of them .

Concerning the opening of them , he must ( before the setting of them open ) send out an officer with some souldiers , to discover whether there be any ambushes in the suburbs , churches , fields , decayed buildings , hollow wayes , valleys , ditches , inclosed gardens or woods : and at the shutting of them , the Sergeant Major must be there assisting as often as may be , and to search and feel the lockes with his own hands .

Touching the walls , he ought to have regard whether they be low , ill flanked , decayed , the moat drie ; and to use the remedies ; as also to the places where the water entreth , or issueth out .

The gates and walls must be secured with good corps-du-guards , and sentinells near each other . He must never slight the danger , but must alwayes suspect and fear surprises and treasons , being vigilant and active : often visiting his guards , and coming upon them at unawares : that so they may fear asmuch to be surprised by the Governour as by the enemie ; which course will hold them to their duties .

Of the taking of fortresses by petard or any other surprise , or by treacherie . CHAP. VI.

THey which have an enterprise upon any place , will surprise it either by petard , or by scalado , or by some other defect which is in the gates or walls , or else by intelligence and treacherie .

If you would surprise it by petard , you must first well know the gates , tails , barres , pallisadoes , draw-bridges , bridges , pitfalls , portcullices , and grates : and the places of the flanks , whether they be on the sides , above , or before ; whether the ditch be drie or filled with water ; whether it be broad or deep ; whether there be loop holes over the gate , corps-du-guards , and in what place ; whether the entrance into the gate be right on or winding ; and in all these things you must observe how many paces there may be of length , breadth , height , and distance between piece and piece , as near as may be .

The place being discovered , you must make use of stratagems to cloak your intentions , and to divert your enemy to some other place .

When there be any suburbs , decayed houses or any woods near the place which you intend to surprise , you may make use of them to facilitate your approaches , and to lay your ambushes , also the easier to discover what is done about the gates of the town , so to lay hold on the occasion at the instant when you see it fair for you ; and to receive advertisements by those persons which you shall have sent to discover the place .

Being thus near , you may to good purpose releeve those which give the first onset , and dispatch the readier ; yet you must not approach so near , as that you be under command of their canon , for fear ( if you be put to the retreat ) you be had by the breech .

The time well taken doth much facilitate enterprises , which is usually a little before day , by reason that the sentinels ( being wearie and saint ) do sleep , and darknesse favoureth the approaches , and serves for cover of those which put the plot in practice , prepare the engines , and plant the petards , and thence gives terrour to the assailed .

The petards must be made of fine or red copper , with a tenth part of brasse . That for the bridge must be 11 inches long , and at the breech 7 inches and a half about , and 5 inches wide within . The metall at the breech must be one inch and one fourth part thick , and a half inch thick at the neck , without reckoning the muzzel ring . The mouth must be 10 inches wide , and it must have three handles , and a pipe over the touchhole joyning to the breech . It must weigh from 60 to 70 pound of metall .

That for gates with overthwart barres , must be 9 inches long , five twelve parts of an inch thick at the neck , and one inch at the breech . The mouth 7 inches wide , 6 on the outside of the breech , and 4 within . It must weigh near upon 40 pound .

diagram of petard

That for gates with plain bolts , or for pallisadoes , must be 7 inches long , one third part of an inch thick at the neck , and three fourth parts of an inch at the breech , the mouth 4 inches wide , 3 inches and a half at the outside of the breech , and 2 within . It must weigh near upon 15 pound .

diagram of petard

Between the petard and the bridge , there must be a madrier or wooden planchier placed , 1 foot and a half broad , 2 foot long , and 3 inches thick . If the wood be not very strong , it must be strengthened with plates of iron , being set on athwart on the outside of the planchier , and lengthwise on the other side .

diagram of madrier

The charge of the petard for the bridge is from 5 to 6 pound of poWder ; of those for strong gates from 3 to 4 pound . And for pallisadoes from one pound and a half to two pound . They must be charged with the finest powder that can be had , beating it hard into the petard ( but not so that you bruise the grain ) which must be stopped with a wooden trencher or plug of an inch thick , very justly fitted , and some molten wax to be powred on it to close the rifts , and to keep the water from getting in , if perchance it should fall into the water . The petard must not be charged up to the mouth , but there must be 3 fingers breadth left , which room must be filled up with towe or such like , which must be pressed down very hard , and then there must be a linnen cloth to cover the mouth of the petard , close bound with a cord about the neck , to keep it in . Over the touchhole there must be applied a stopple of cork , and over it a plaister of wax or pitch , for fear of water .

Before the petard be hung on , you must have a priming iron to stirre the priming powder , which must be of a slow mixture ( that so the petardier may have leisure to retire , before the reverse of the petard surprise him ) and it must be fit to resist water . It is compounded thus ; take 3 parts of fine powder , 6 of sulphur , and 9 of saltpeter , pound each of them apart very small , then mix them together in a dish with a stick ; then poure oyle of peter into it by little and little ( that so it may not become as a paste ) and let it drie throughly in the shadow , then lade your pipe with it .

The easiest way to hang the petard at the barres or gates is by a fork , as this figure sheweth .

drawing of petard

But the petard for the bridge must be applied by a carriage , made as followeth .

It must have a counterpoise at the taile mountted on 2 wheels of three foot and a half high , and two inches and a half thick , mounted on a square iron axletree , one inch and a half thick . The point of the carriage A. B. must be broad enough to contain the petard , namely one foot ; C. D. 3 foot , A. E. 20 foot , E. C. 6 foot . The carriage is composed of 3 long planks C. A. G. H. D. B. each of which are made of 4 pieces , bound about with rings of iron , as is shewed in H. I. K. L. and are to be taken asunder , to make them portable , as is seen in M. N. And are then fastned together with the pin O as is shewed by ♉ . These 3 planks are fastned together by barres 2 inches broad , and 1 inch thick , one foot distant from each other , as in F. The breadth of the planks is P. Q. 5 inches . Q. R. 2 inches , T. V. 8 inches , T S. 3 inches . Along the plank of the middle of the carriage G. H there must be a range made to lay a train to give fire to the petard .

diagram of a carriage

The rowling briage must be made even as the carriage , saving that it is as broad at the end X as at the other Y. and is covered with planks , as is shewed in Z.

diagram of a rolling bridge

Two men may easily thrust forward the carriage , and apply the petard to the bridge .

woodcut of two men using a petard

When there is a gate between the bridge and the draw bridge , the petard must be hung just at the middle of the bridge ; but when there is no gate , the petard must be placed just against the drawbridge , that so meeting with the violence thereof , it may raise it on high , and by that means beat down the drawbridge .

If the bridge joyn not close aloft ( as often it hapneth ) the petard must be placed as high as may be ; for the violence of the blow which it will give against the stone-work of the gate , will fell it down .

To fell down a drawbridge which joyneth not well to the wall , it may be done without petard , by a tortois of brasse placed between the wall and the bridge , which will fell it down with the crack of it .

This tortois is made thus ; Take 2 dishes of brasse which are made hollow 5 inches , 1 foot broad , and 2 inches thick ; joyn them one against the other , and fill them with powder .

Ordinarily the good order , and good provision of all things necessarie , causeth the execution to succeed well : so the least disorder hindreth it . Therefore every thing must be commodiously ordered , distributing to severall commanders the diversitie of things which must be executed ; as to arrive at the place 2 houres before day , to send out to discover , to know whether the enemie be not advertised , and whether he keeps himself on his guards ( which would give you cause of changing your purpose ) to cause your carriages and rowling bridges to be joyned together farre enough from the gate , that so they of the town may not hear the mule go which carrieth them , and the noise of them which are to unloade them : to cause the petardiers to advance , each of them carrying his fork and planchier , and on his side a man carrying his petard , which shall make overture of the barres , pallisadoes , and gates , so that the carriage of the petard for the bridge may passe , that so they may fell down the bridge . If the bridge be in severall pieces , they must be drawn together with hooks . If one shaft keep up aloft , a petard must be applied to it . If the bridge fall into the moat , you must make use of a rowling-bridge . After that , there must be 2 crutches , shoats , or tressels set under the portcullice to hinder it from being let down : but if it be let down down before , it must be overthrown by the violence of petards with great planchiers ( if it be of wood ) but if it be of iron , you must have a petard with strong handles , to fasten one or more bowts of iron chains about them , having hooks at each end to grasp good store of barres .

The gate being opened , you must readily succour the first which seized on it , charging furiously upon those which shall oppose and make head against you , casting granadoes and fire-pots amongst them to disorder them , attempting to gain their barricadoes by musketiers and pikes , making all possible speed ( for in this businesse diligence doeth all ) hindring the assailed from gaining time to joyn or rally themselves together , and to form a body to drive you out . You must place sure guards at the gate , and seize upon the corps-du-guard ( which is upon the walls and ramparts ) also on the market-place , the churches , the town-house , and all places where the inhabitants might assemble , fortifie , and render combat . You must also succour those of your men which shall meet with resistance , keeping them from pillaging , commanding every man to stand firm in his appointed place ; untill the guards be placed , all the streets and parts of the town be secured , and the quarters and lodgings for every one be laid out . But if you would surprise a gate of a town without petard , you must by discoverie or intelligence know whether it be ill guarded , whether there be few souldiers , whether they wander farre from their armes , whether the corps-du-guard be placed in a fit place to be surprised , whether the souldiers keep within it or about it ; whether they leave the gate at any certain houre , ( as for their meals , their devotions , their sports , or gathering of corn or grapes . ) To know whether their commanders know their severall charges , or whether they be negligent or ill obeyed , and that therefore the guards be disordered , whether there be any place near , fit to favour your embuscadoes ( as ditches , garden walls , hemp , corn , hollow wayes ) to give on upon the gate at the opening of it , amongst the throng of those that issue out , or a little after ; for the guards ( having quitted their armes , and put out their matches ) may be surprised , before they can have means to recover themselves .

You may cause the gates to be surprised by souldiers disguised , in the habit of countrey fellows , women , or merchants , bringing or conducting of wares , wood , or hay , on their backs , by cart , waggon , or boat , ( if there be a river , lake , or sea ) which may seize upon the gate , and hold it so long till they which are in ambush come to releeve them .

If you would surprise a place by scalado , you must first ( by discoverie ) know the advenues , the counterscarp , and the moat ; to know whether you may come at it undiscovered , go in and out without difficultie , and that over against the place where you mean to give the scalado , without being compelled to take any great compasse about the same , otherwise you are in danger to be knockt , and taken in a trap . You must know whether the moat be drie or frozen , or the water shallow , without mud , and easie to wade through ; whether the wall be low , so that it may be scaled , whether the place ( where you mean to give on ) be farre off from the corps-du-guard or sentinell , that you may not be discovered , whether the place be large enough to raise good store of ladders , and consequently for many men to enter at once ; or strait , where you must enter one by one ; and to see , whether ( after some of the first be entred ) you could make a greater overture on the place , or at least to have time to be all entred before day , or being discovered , to discover the place of the corps-du-guards , the nearest place to be ranged in battalia , the market-places and churches , and to cause them to be seized upon by bataillons , sending them at one and the same time towards the right and left hand , and right forward , the grosse remaining firm in battalia to send succours where need shall require , keeping neare some gate to gaine and open it , to let in the Cavallrie .

A place may be surprised ( at the walls ) without scalado , by some defect in them ; as when they are old , decayed , weak , of little thicknesse , of brick , stone , and clay , and without rampart , for they may easily be pierced by some engine or instrument : or if there be any lowe windows along the curtain , or any sallie-ports , or any sink-holes or drains for filth , or places for water to passe in and out , being ill guarded and weak .

Intelligences and treacheries may take effect , when some occasion shall give you means to corrupt the fidelitie of those of the place , which are able to give you entrance and deliver you the same . These occasions will be when you shall discover a possibilitie to convey some desire of change into their mindes , which often hapneth amongst high-minded souldiers which desire to make a fortune ; or amongst those which are revengefull , when they be discontented at the Governour or some other officer . Besides , most of them think themselves ill dealt with , when they be not advanced to offices , having a higher estimation of themselves then they deserve ; and others be so covetous , as there is nothing which they will not undertake for money . These and the like things may accompanie intelligences and treacheries .

How to besiege and expugne cities . CHAP. VII .

A Citie is said to be taken by force , when it is carried with an Armie by batterie ; whereunto there belong three considerations : The first before the enterprise ; The second , during the time of the siege ; and the third , after the taking of the citie .

Before the enterprise , you must consider , whether you ought and whether you be able to do it .

You ought , when by this means you recover your own , weaken your enemie , you secure and fortifie your self on that part , you encrease your revenue , and you get good store of bootie . But you ought not to do it , if the charges of the siege will surmount your profit , or that it will be difficult to hold the place after you have gained it , or when it is so strong , so well provided of all necessaries , or so near to places of releef , that there is greater likelihood of dammage , then hope of good successe .

You are able , when you have all manner of provision necessarie for the enterprise , and that in sufficient measure . The most necessarie things are money , souldiers , artillerie , munitions for the armes , as powder , bullets , morters , granadoes , muskets , pikes , &c. And for the instruments , as shovels , pickaxes , hand-barrows , wheel-barrows , sacks , baskets , &c. And for wood to make platforms for the artillerie , gabions , sauceidges , blindes , boats , &c. And victuall in abundance . The quantitie of all these must be measured by that which shall be requisite for the souldiers , the canon , and the time that the siege may be like to continue , which may be computed by the proportion of your forces compared to those of your enemie ; by the qualities of the works of the place , with the number of your munitions and artillerie ; by the garrison , with your number of souldiers ; by the situation of the place , and the releef which might be brought to it , with the means which you shall have to stop and hinder it , and to facilitate the bringing of victuall into your camp ; by the distance , with the meanes to lead your armie thither ; by the qualitie of the ground , with the conveniences which you have to make your approaches .

And because that oftentimes accidents do befall which were not foreseen , as by unexpected releef , an inundation or overflowing of waters , a change of weather , a mutinie amongst your own men , or a contagion .

There must be a provident care taken for a retreat , so as ( being constrained to it ) it may be made commodiously and easily without disorder , if it may be : for thereon dependeth the honour or dishonour , the profit or dammage of the assailant .

During the siege , you must observe many things with good order , and principally these ; First , you must environ and shut up the place , entrenching your self round about , fortifying your self as well against those which might come to releeve them , as against the sallies of the town , in such sort as not any person may be able to go in nor out ; choosing a fit place for the Armie to set down , to make the field of battaile , to make your quarters and their alarm-places . Taking care that the quarters be secured by good retrenchments and forts , well flanked and guarded , within against the sallies , and without against such as might come to releeve the place , or disturb your Armie : that they be commodious to receive and conserve the munitions for actions and executions . You must dispose the approaches , run your trenches , make your way to arrive in safetie to the place where you intend to raise your batterie , observing that it be as short as may be , sheltered and faithfully guarded by a good number of men , having room enough between piece and piece , and for their reverse , and that they command the place which you intend to batter ; that the trenches be ample , large , deep , not straitned , well slanked and defended by forts more or fewer , according to the strength of the garrison which is within the place , and to the time in which the releef might arrive .

During the time whilest you are making the trenches of approach , you must take away all the high flanks with the canon , then having run your trenches to the counterscarp , you must raise platforms with beds for the Artillerie , near the points of the counterscarp , to take away all the low flanks , by this means to render the passage of the moat secure . And whilest this batterie is a making , you must pierce the counterscarp , and advance your galleries , untill you joyn them to the Bullwork ; at the same time beginning the sap and the mine . But if you be put to force it by Artillerie , dispose your batterie so that it may commodiously discover the place which you intend to batter ; that there be room and libertie for the pieces , loop-holes , munitions , guards and officers ; that it be not exposed to the Artillerie of the enemie , or being so , that it be sheltered by traverses and gabions , making it hollow underneath if you fear mines , and retrenching it round about to meet with the sallies of those of the town ; furnishing it with planks and pent-houses against their granadoes and stone-pieces ; also not approaching too near , to prevent their fire-works and granadoes . Make your batterie furiously and in good order , battering within a fathome of the foundation of the wall , piercing it in divers places ; then batter it acrosse to make the wall to totter . The breach being made , you must cause it to be viewed by men chosen to that purpose , each having a head-piece on his head musket proof , and a target with a long rift , and another rift acrosse that . The breach must be accessible and not too right on , capable of many assailants , having all the flanks broken both high and low . The souldiers which are to give the assault must ascend in good order , assail furiously , fight obstinately , and they must either be repulsed by those of the garrison , or remain masters of the place . If they be repulsed by the sole valour of the enemie , in this case ( without delay or suffering the enemie to gather breath ) you must charge them again with fresh men and in greater number , so often , untill you enter by force ; for fighting onely against men , it were a shame that a greater number of fresh men should not force them .

If some retrenchment and new fortification made by the garrison hath held the assailants from passing further ; in this case , if that fortification be weak , it must be forced by the sap and mine , scaling ladders , fireworks and granadoes ; but if it be strong , you must lodge upon the breach , and presently again begin the sap and mine and approach , and draw up some piece of ordinance on the breach .

Whilest these things above said be in the executing you must molest the besieged by all possible means you can , as by attempting them by treacherie , making them consume their munitions in short time and unprofitably , breaking the conveyances of their waters , making feigned batteries , confounding their signalls by making the like , stirring up causes of suspicion amongst themselves , often making false alarmes , taking heed that you be not affronted by spies , causing it to be made known that you want nothing to bring the siege to an end , galling them with fireworks , granadoes , and artillerie , in their magazines , corps-du-guards , and alarm-places ; finally giving no rest to the assailed untill you have either forced them , or be constrained to retreat .

If you carrie the town by force , and remain master of the place , the bootie is to be given to the souldiers ( principally to those which made the assault ) which are the prisoners and spoils of the enemie , alwayes having regard to the women and children to deal fairly with them .

If it be commodious and advantageous to the vanquisher to preserve the fortresse , he must repair it presently , emptying the moat where it was filled up , laying plain the trenches , throwing down the cavalleroes and batteries without , repairing and making up the breaches , returning the waters into their naturall course if they were turned our , fortifying the place better then formerly it was , if it may be , providing it of a sufficient garrison , of good , valiant , and prudent Governours and Captains , of victuall , armes , manufactures , mechanicall instruments , and Apothecaries drugs .

If it be not advantageous to maintain the fortresse , he must cause it to be demantled , and all the fortification of it to be rased ; leaving the houses entire , provided that afterward they may not again fortifie there , nor endammage him .

The usuall practices to assail fortresses .

First you must labour to get a map or plat of the fortresse , and of the champain round about it , and to be informed of their munitions ; to know the bignesse and capacitie of the fortresse , the amplitude and commoditie of the market-places and streets , the situations of the magazines , town-house , Governours lodging , the rampart and walls , their height , thicknesse , matter , and form , the capacitie , height and situation of their cavalleroes . What Bullworks there be , and whether they be great or small , sunk into the moat , or very high mounted , commanded or commanding , blunt or sharp , having eares ( or orillons ) and casemats , or not ; full or emptie , of a large gorge , or strait ; made of earth , or lined with stone or brick ; mineable or not .

Whether the casemats be seen from the champain , whether they be high or low , single or double one upon the other , whether you can batter them in a straight line , or glancing , and whether they have ditches before them to receive the ruines of the batterie or not .

The breadth and depth of the moat , whether the bottom be of stone or earth ; whether it be drie or with water in it , either all or in part ; whether there be sallie-ports , whereabout they be , and from whence they can be discovered .

Whether the counterscarp be of meer earth , or with a wall of drie stone , or with lime and sand .

Whether the covert way of the counterscarp be broad or narrow , well or ill sheltred and flanked : whether the parapet be raised above the plain , or sunk low ; whether it be of transported earth , and mingled with old ruines , or meer earth , and whether it be easie or hard to be cut , sapped , or pierced .

If there be suburbs belonging to the place , whether you can become master of them at first onset , or whether you must be put to batter them with Artillerie .

Whether there be other works on the outside of the counterscarp , what they be , and how they be made .

Whether the ground round about the town do command it , or whether it be levell champain ; or if it be commanded , whether it be moorish or drie , whether it be rockie or sandie , and whether you must approach it by traverses or trenches , and whether they be easie or hard to make ; whether thereabout be wood to serve you for the making of gabions , sauceidges , and other things : whether there be convenient place to encamp the Armie safe from the Artillerie of the town , or whether you may encamp near the town by reason of some advantage , or by sheltring your self with traverses , or whether you shall be constrained to keep aloof off : Whether there be a river , and what manner of one ; whether you can divert it from them or not ; whether you may make benefit of it , or are to fear an inundation by it ; whether it be wadeable or navigable , at sometimes , or at all times .

Whether the situation of the place be near or farre off from other places on that side , whether it be able to get succours or munitions , whether quickly or late , and whether you can hinder it or not , and how . Knowing all these things , you must be informed of the munitions of the town , the number of the garrison , how many horse , what commanders , what souldiers , what number of Artillerie , as well great as small ; what powder , and how much , what Enginiers , what makers of fire-works , and what Canoniers ; whether they be at unitie within the town , or whether there be divisions .

The Generall being well informed of all these things , being resolved to force the place , because he shall judge it faiseable , he must send his troops of light horsemen to overrun and wast the countrey round about , and to take prisoners , thereby to be informed more certainly of the estate of the place .

He must lead his Armie near to the town , that they may see it in battalia , causing those to be furiously charged which shall sallie out of the town to skirmish , and by this means he shall discover the place , the Bullworks , the moat , the counterscarp , and the other works .

He must make his quarters in such place as is most secured from the canon shot of the town , in the best aire , where he may best have the commoditie of water ( and wood if it may be ) and the fairest situation to make the alarm-place .

He is to ordain the quarters of his Armie , and shall cause the line of circumvallation to be well retrenched and guarded , both against releefs , and against those of the town .

He ought not to have so much regard of assaulting the town in that part where it is weakest , as of the commoditie and securitie of his camp and his quarters : and commonly the approaches are made from those places .

The trenches must not begin nearer to the place then harquebus a crock shot , or at least musket shot , running them so that they be not seen straight along by those of the town ; that they be broad and deep , well flanked and furnished with forts , covering those approaches with hurdles , which are subject to granadoes and stone-pieces .

The place of the Artillerie intended to batter the high flanks and parapets , must be raised so high , that it may command them ; but that which should make the breach and beat down the walls , must be sunk into the counterscarp , battering the wall between winde and water ( if there be any ) or at a fathom height above the superficies of the ditch , if it be drie . The first is placed when you begin your trenches of approach , to favour them ; the other , when you lay your gallerie to pierce the counterscarp , this batterie makes the breach , and beats down the low flanks . Whilest this batterie is a making , you are to pierce the counterscarp , and to have the boats or the wood for the galleries in readinesse , to bring them to the face of the Bullwork , and to go to the assault so soon as you have shot a breach , or to sap and mine the face of the Bullwork , and there to lodge in case you cannot advance further , and to carrie it by force .

You must lodge your musketiers within the trenches , and especially in those which run along by the counterscarp , that so they may beat away all those of the town that might appear , as well on the curtains as casemats .

You must alwayes make the breach on the faces of the Bullworks near their points , unlesse some advantage do incite you to do otherwise .

The entrances to the galleries on the moat must be as farre distant from the flanks as may be , but in such sort as they be not seen but of one flank . The more galleries there be , the better . Cause your granadoes to play into the middle of the Bullworks so continually , that you may hinder the enemie from working there , or there placing their guard .

If the moat be full of water , you must emptie it , or passe over it by floating bridges ( which is dangerous ) or by galleries , which is not so hazardable .

You may emptie it , when there is near hand some place lower then the ditch , by piercing the counterscarp , and giving the water a course towards the place ; or else you may make a ditch , and pierce the counterscarp to cause the water to run into it , which is drawn out by pumps . Or else you are to make floating bridges of barrels or bundles of cork . But if the moat be shallow , you may make galleries with sauceidges . These sauceidges are made of faggots of brush wood , from 15 to 20 foot long , and one foot thick in diameter ( all stuffed with rubbish to keep them from floating on the water ) then upon these sauceidges you are to lay hurdles or planks .

If the moat be drie and of earth , you must make trenches : usually to that which is drie ( if a breach be made ) you make neither trench nor gallerie , but you take away all the flanks to passe it securely , and you shelter your self on the sides by hurdles , brush wood , or gabions .

If you force the place by little and little , and that the ditch be of a rock , you must make a traverse within the ditch with sauceidges , or with gabions , or with linnen sacks full of earth .

Having passed the moat , you are to give the assault ( if the breach be sufficient or ill retrenched ) or else you are to lodge at the foot of the Bullwork , and to go to the sap and mine ; and according to their effect you must give the assault , advance , or lodge .

If the retrenchment of the assailed be great , firm , and strong , having gained the Bullwork , you must there draw up and plant your ordnance , and make your batterie the most speedy and violen● that may be .

Nothing so much affrighteth the assailed as a furious and expedited batterie , for he hath not leisure to retrench himself , and knows not where to range himself to be under shelter .

That doth much wearie and molest the besieged , when they are assaulted at 3 or 4 severall Bullworks , at 3 or 4 corners of the town ; they are in continuall suspicion , they have their forces disunited , they cannot prevent false alarms , their labours are very great , and their guards much more toilsome and insupportable . Besides that , every man is diffident of the other guards , breaches , retrenchments , and of their endeavour to make good defence .

It also much discommodateth the besiegers , for their forces are disunited , their quarters are farre from each other , they are in danger to be hard put to it by sallies or by succours , being so scattered .

The figures following will facilitate the understanding of this chapter .

diagram of a city's defenses

A. The town . B. The Bullworks . C. The cavalleroes . D. The rampart . E. The ditch . F. The counterscarp . G. The Galleries of the ditch . H. The Artillerie sunk lowe to beat down the lowe flank . I. The trenches . L. The cavalleroes . N. The alarm-place . O. The trenches against succours .

The description of the King of Spains Armie encamped before Ostend , on the quarter of the fort Albert , with the trenches as farre as the Downes . 1601. The works of the town . 1. The town . 2. The haven . 3. The kowes for t . 4. The great poulder , guarded by the English . 5. The small poulders . 6. A redout . The forts which kept the town shut up . 7. The fort Albert. 8. The fort S. Elizabeth . 9. The fort S. Marie . 10. and 11. The forts of Count Frederick . 12. The fort of S. Anne . The quartering of the camp . 13. The quarter of the court . 14. The port of brush faggots and sauceidges . 15. The Magazine . 16. The Spaniards come out of Guant , and in the Rear of them followed the Regiments of Simon Antonio , Lowys de Vilar , Rivas , of Burgundians , of Wallons , of Catrice and la Borlotte . 17. Irish men . 18. Spaniards come from Cambray . 19. Wallons of Count Fresin . 20. The Regiment of the Baron of Achicourt . 21. The Regiment of Don Alfonso d' Alvolas . 22. The Regiment of Count Trivulsio . 23. The guards of Cavallrie . 24. The batterie before the alarm-place . 25. The trenches of S Anne . 26. The forts of Catrice .

diagram of the Siege of Ostend, 1601

The trenches made before Ostend , from the Downes on that side of the fort Albert , to the platform .

diagram of trenches at Ostend

A. The town . B. The counterscarp . C. The channell before the counterscarp . D. The platform . E. The trenches leading to the poulders . F. The fort of the alarm-place . G. The great trench which sheltereth the alarm-place . H. The galleries which were made at the beginning of the siege with sauceidges along the Downes , to seize upon them ; which were to be put forward by little and little , as farre as the haven .

The trenches made before Ostend , from the platform to the town .

diagram of trenches at Ostend

A. The new town . B. The old town . C. The old haven . D. The dam. E. The Bullwork of Sandhill . E. The Bullwork of Helmont . F. The west Bullwork . G. The Bullwork of the poulder . H. The sluce to keep the water within the moat . I. The moat . K. The counterscarp . L. The chanell before the counterscarp , which comes out of the haven . M. The great platform . N. The approaches of the Spaniards , drawing to the point of the counterscarp called Porcupine . O. The approaches of the Italians . P. The approaches of the Burgundians and Wallons . R. The kowes for t . S. S. Martin's redout . T. S. Augustines redout . V. S. James his redout .

The siege of Rhynberg , by Marquis Spinola . anno 1606.

diagram of the Siege of Rheinberg, 1606

A. The town . B. The river Rhyne . C. D. The French quarter . E. The English quarter . F. The Frisons quarter . G. The quagmire . K. The castle of the town .

¶ The lines shew the works of the town , and the pricks demonstrate the approaches of the Spaniards .

The siege of Gulick . 1610.

diagram of the siege of Gulick, 1610

A. The town . B. The Castle . C. The trenches of the Prince of Anhalt . D. The French trenches . E. Prince Maurice his trenches .

Of taking fortresses by famine . CHAP. VIII .

THat is called taking fortresses by famine , when through want of victuall , they are constrained to yeeld themselves to the power of the besieger . You must therefore before you besiege it , be well informed ( by means of your intelligencers and spies ) of the munitions which be within the place , as well of victuall as drink . You must also know what townsmen and what garrison there be , and by that you are to judge how long their provision will last them , and what means you have to hinder their revictualling . You are to begin the siege a little before harvest , because their provisions will be almost spent , and that they shall have no means to have new ; making waste of that about the town which might stand them in stead , and hindring them from water if it be possible . You are to batter down their gates and bridges with your Artillerie , and also you must attempt to break down their mills and magazines , firing them by fire-balls . When you intend to besiege them , you must surprise them on the sudden , least they send out their unprofitable eaters , and attempt to provide themselves . You must have good store of Cavallrie , to be master of the field , and alwayes to send out upon discoverie . The town must be shut up with trenches round about , fortified with many good forts , that so you may hinder their revictualling , and withstand the force of a releef , if it be to be expected : as the Prince Maurice did before Grave , anno 1602. and before Sluce anno 1604.

Grave besieged by Prince Maurice . diagram of the Siege of Grave

A. The town . B. The trenches which shut it up . C. The trenches against releefs , with redouts round about . G. The trenches of approach ▪ E. Prince Maurice his quarter ; and on the otherside of the river Count Ernests quarter . D. Count William his quarter . F. Colonell Vere his quarter . H. The trenches of the Spanish releevers .

Sluce besieged by Prince Maurice . diagram of the siege of Sluice

A. The town . B. The outworks . C. The castle . D. The Isle of Cassant , with the trenches of the Hollanders , marked with pricks in all this figure . E. Prince Maurice his quarter . F. Count William his quarter . G. Count Ernest his quarter . H. The quarters of Colonell Dort , and Colonell van der Noot .

Of the defence of fortresses against the petard , and other surprises and treacheries . CHAP. IX .

THey which would prevent being surprised must have two considerations ; the one concerning the attemptours , the other touching the fortresse .

Concerning the attemptours , you must ( if possibly you can ) have spies amongst them ; at least you must keep sentinels as farre distant from the fortresse as may be , that so the Enemie arrive not and be on your jack at unawares and without being discovered .

Touching the fortresse , you must not unfurnish it to supply other places , so as that which remaineth be not sufficient to keep and serve it . You must appoint the place of rendez-vous for the souldiers and citizens in fitting parts of the town , and that they stirre not from their severall places without command from the Governour , or Sergeant Major , whatsoever pretence the enemie may make to charge the town in divers parts .

The lodgings of the Governour or Sergeant Major should be about the middle of the town , near some spacious place , which must be the alarm-place of the town .

There must be iron chains at the corners of the crosse streets which are before the gates of the town : and you must batter down the fronts of the houses which are just over against the gates , with canon shot : and place one corps-du-guard in the alarm-place , another about the middle of the moat before the bridge , in the manner of a dovehouse , into which the entrance is by a little draw-bridge ; another on every gate of the town , into which none may enter but by a moving plank ; and others round about the walls , near enough each to other : and these furnished with souldiers more or lesse , according to the capacitie of the place , and the danger .

The corps-du-guard of the alarm-place hath the charge to make the rounds , counter-rounds , and grand-round , and to place the sentinels ; which must be at so near a distance , as they may heare and understand each others speech , and specially at the corners and the chanell holes , or drains of water .

You must place sentinell-perdues without the town , which is the charge of the corps-du-guard which is without before the bridge . If there be a dam of earth between two moats round about the town , there must be guards placed in the night , for that is a most secure remedy against surprises . This dam of earth may be apprehended by the figure following :

The fort S. Andrew which the King of Spain caused to be built in the Low-countreys , in the Isle of Bommell . anno 1599. diagram of Fort St. Andrew

A. The fort . B. One of the moats . C. The dam between the moats , fortified with corps-du-guards on the angles . D. The other moat . E. The river Wael . F. The river Mase . G. A pallisado in the middle of the second moat . H. Two ravelines , wherein they kept watch in the night .

The building of the gates of strong rampierd towns should be after this manner . diagram of gates and fortifications

A. The pallisado and the barres . B. The bridge dormant . C. The trap-bridge . D. The turning-bridge . It were better to place it within the two towers G. without any other stay or prop save onely the tampin within the wall E. The corps-du-guard built within the moat . F. The draw-bridge . G. The portcullice . If the moat be drie , you must there make the two pallisadoes H. and sink the small ditch I. so low as the water , or very near it . K.L. The breadth of the moat .

The gates and bridges must be flanked on both sides , and on the upper part with loop-holes , which must be large enough to cast water out at them , also pieces of timber , stones , granadoes , to quench the fire of a petard , to beat it down , and to kill the petardiers . But not so wide that surprises may be made by them , and there to give the scalado . Some place a portcullice there , hung by a rope , which is very fit to beat down the petards .

If you make half moons before the gates of the town , they will be the stronger , and the better sheltred from the champain .

You must keep a light piece of Artillerie ( but having a great calibre ) at the corps-du-guard of the gate , which must be charged with cartouches and rubbish or stones , to turn it towards the place where the enemie shall give on .

The moats must be deep , having a pallisado in the middle ; such as have water need not be full , for that facilitateth the boats for the surprise .

The curtains and faces of the Bullworks must be seen and discovered by the flanks of the town , even by the low flanks , that so the canon may ruine all the ladders which might be attempted to be there raised .

The curtains must be high and out of danger of scalado , if it may be .

The holes by which the water comes in , or drains of filth passe out , ought to be very strait ; built of lime and stone , oblique within the wall , bound with strong grates of iron , having a corps-du-guard or a sentinell on the wall just over against the said grate .

To be well assured of the gates and walls , the way is to appoint good guards , and those diligent , strong , and well placed : those on the walls must be set presently after the shutting of the gates before night ; and they must not be dismissed untill day , and untill the sentinell on the steeple hath given the signall by the bell ; and that no man knoweth the place where he shall be placed untill the very instant that he entreth the guard .

You may prevent treacheries knowing the cause ; for either it proceedeth from the Governour who hath evill entreated , disgraced , or offended the souldier in his reputation , person , or means , and provoked him to an evill disposition ; or it proceedeth from the souldier who is ambitious of honour and degrees , or covetous of greater means ; or else from the citizens who are tyrannised over by the garrison .

This matter is so ticklish , that the very suspicion is punishable ; but the better way is to dissemble it , and to cause the matter to be further attempted ; mean time doubling your rounds , and making extraordinarie counter-rounds .

Of the defence of fortresses against sieges . CHAP. X.

A Fortresse is said to have resisted the enemies forces , when ( having well defended it self ) it remaineth in its former libertie . To do this , you must draw into the fortresse whatsoever will be usefull for you , and ruine all without which might endammage you ; laying flat houses , woods , barns , mills , hollow wayes , gardens , fountains , and whatsoever might batter you and command your defences .

Take good heed that the fortresse be well disposed to resist the assault of the enemie : which is , that the flanks ( whether they be high or lowe ) may discover , and not be discovered but by imbocking , that is , the canons mouth : that the countermines be well disposed and convenient ; that the counterscarp ( which is the buckler of the fortresse ) be flanked , sheltred , and spacious ; that the casemats be secured and well sheltred , spacious , and fit to discover the plain of the opposite bull-work , and within the moat ; that the sally-ports be secured , sheltred , lowe , and commodious that the parapets be of earth or unburnt brick , and that the platforms for the ordinance be made handsomely and even , that so the pieces may ea●●ly be moved and removed into their places , spacious for the motions , pioners , and canoniers , and to contain the munitions .

The number of the souldiers of your garrison you are to proportion according to the bignesse of the place , to the outworks which you would hold , to the labour of the retrenchments which you shall think fit to make , and to the sallies which shall be requisite .

The Governour must be courageous and expert by long practice in assaulting and defending , having been beaten to such services .

The souldiers should be men of choice , resolute , strong , obedient , and faithfull .

The quantitie of provisions as well for victuall and medicines as armes , must be measured by the time which you shall conjecture that the siege may continue .

And their qualitie must be for the victuall all sorts of grain , principally pulse , powdred flesh , salt-fish , cheese , butter , suet , oyl , salt , fresh water , wine , beer or cider , vineger , candles , torches , ship-pitch , good store of coals , and plenty of wood for the ovens , for the corps-du-guard , and for houshold uses .

To tend them which are hurt and sick there must be physicians , chirurgeons , & medicaments , as well for contageous diseases as those which are ordinarie , and for wounds ; and good store of old linen .

A good quantitie of defensive weapons , as corslets , tasses , morions , headpieces of proof , cuirasses , targets both proof and ordinarie : store of armes offensive , as well sharp , as pikes , a a When they were in use . lances , halberts ; as fire-weapons , as great and small Artillerie , morters great and small , muskets , harquebuses a crock , callivers , cartouches , crossebard shot , bullets of iron and lead , lanterns , cresset-lights , match , powder of a great , mean , and small grain .

For the fires as well simple as compound ; for the simple , powder , saltpeter or salnitre , coal of willow or sallow , campher , sulphure , refine , peter-oyl , linseed-oyl , spike-oyl , tarre , Venice-turpentine , colofonie of Spain , black pitch , Greek pitch , Spanish pitch , wax , tallow , varnish in the seed , mastick , sal armoniack , common salt , quicksilver , vitrioll , aqua vitae , vineger , frankincense , wood in abundance , of vine-trees , fir-trees , pines , osiers , hemp-stalks , of laurell , olive , and other fat and drie woods : for compounded fires which are used at an assault , pitcht ropes , fire-balls , granadoes , fire-wreathes , and fire-trunks .

Good store of master founders , armorers , carpenters , masons , forgers , miners , saltpeter-men , powdermakers , millers , cartwrights .

Instruments or tools to make carriages for the Artillerie and musket stocks ; some to cut , as hatchets , hooks , sawes , axes , adzes ; to knock , as beetles , hammers , mallets , crows of iron , and handspikes of wood ; to quench the fire , as ladders , buckets of wood and of leather , portable soaes or tubs , squirts , iron hooks or cromes ; to manage the earth , as cutting spades , hand-barrows , pickaxes , shovels , ladles , mattocks , wheel-barrows , tumbrels , scuttle-baskets , maunds .

Wood for the carriages , beds for the ordinance , pallisadoes , barricadoes , bridges , barques , sauceidges , hurdles , gabions , piles , summers , joysts and small joysts .

Metals ; as copper , tin , lead , iron .

Materials for building ; as stone , brick , lime , clay .

Good store of linen cloth ; cordage , tow , needles and thred .

You must agree with your friends without o● some means to give them advertisements ordinarily when you shall be so straitly shut up , as you must have recourse to signes .

When the enemie shews himself to begin his enterprise and to besiege you , his Armie being to move divided by reason of the diversitie of occasions , you must labour to discommodate him as much as may be .

During the time that he shall be busied in shutting up the town , in taking and cutting off the passages , it might happen that ( in distributing of his troops ) some one may fall into your hands , then lay hold on the time and occasion , of the situation , of the commoditie and favour of your outworks , never abandoning them but upon great constraint .

Then in ordering of his quarters you must have an eye , that even upon this occasion you might molest him ; neverthelesse if you conceive that by suffering him to go on securely , you should have means afterward to offend him to greater effect , you may defer it untill then : for those discommodities which succeed with losse of that which one possesseth , bring double dammage . Neverthelesse you must take great heed not to stay so long as that he be fortified , whether it be in his trenches , quarters , or lodging of his munitions and Artillerie .

When he shall begin his trenches , and make platformes to plant his ordinance to batter you , hinder him and molest him with all your power ( which you shall hardly do if he hath earth and wood ) observe the imperfections of his works , whether they be straitned or scant , imbocked , not well sheltred , ill flanked , ill conducted , ill guarded , and endeavour to make benefite thereof .

Draw him on by false appearances to assault you where you are strongest , he taking you to be there weakest , and this by means of assured spies , under the name of fugitives or such as come to him for refuge , or letters artificially written and suffered to be intercepted .

Compell your enemie to begin his batteries and trenches the furthest off from the town that possibly you can , by some retrenchments made without , defended by your half moons , counterscarps and ramparts , made in such manner as ( the enemie taking them ) they may not stand him in any stead against you ; therefore all the trenches which you make without the counterscarp must ly open all along to the view of the flanks of the ravelines , or of the town , as you may see in the figures following .

The plat of Geneva . 1611. diagram of the plat of Geneva, 1611

A. The town . B. S. Gervase . C. The lake . D. The river Rhosne . E. The Isle and the bridges ,

The lines represent the fortifications made , 〈◊〉 the pricks shew the designes of those which are to b● made .

The plat of Gulick , fortified by Prince Maurice after the taking of it . diagram of the plat of Gulick

A. The castle . B. The town . C. The retrenchment made about the town .

For your sallies , take good heed to the time , whether it be fitting or contrarie ; to the occasion , as when the enemie is wet , stiff with cold , sleepy , tired with labour , or when the guard is not in such number , qualitie , and order as it ought . Keep your self under the favour of your rampart and Artillerie , go on in good order and at unawares , by means of your sally ports and counterscarps , place your pikes and halberts to sustain a charge , your muskets and callivers to give the charge , your fireworks and granadoes to break and dissipate those which are in the corps-du-guards and forts of the trenches , favouring the Infanterie by the Cavallrie , principally at the retreat , which must be well secured , being sustained by those which you have left as a reserve on the counterscarp . Be not so prodigall of your souldiers and munitions , that you shall not have sufficient to guard the town and to sustain the assaults . When the assailant shall begin to play his canon to batter your high and lowe defences , ply him on all sides with your Artillerie from your Bullworks , ramparts , and cavalleroes ; repair the shoulders of your flanks and parapets the best you can . Make new places of retreat and new flanks , principally concealed ones .

When he shall pierce your counterscarp or open your moat , he will at the same time batter your walls ; if he have forgotten nothing of that diligence which is requisite , you shall hardly hinder nor offend him . But if he do mistake , seize you on the occasion , and have a watchfull eye , as if his Artillerie be discovered , you shall endeavour to dismount his pieces , to kill his canoniers , to spoil his munitions ; if it be ill fortified , make a furious sally upon it , to dismount and nail it up , making use of your Artillerie and muskets .

If the assailant be well experienced , whilest he is battering you to make a breach , he will batter all the low flanks which flank the place where he intendeth to give the assault ( the high flanks being already taken off before the Artillerie was brought on the counterscarp ) but not before he become master of the moat , if it be drie , or of the counterscarp if the moat be full of water ; making the platform for the Artillerie upon the gallerie which pierceth the counterscarp to enter the moat , keeping the boats and galleries to passe over the moat ready to lay suddenly when the time and occasion shall be fit to give the assault ; or else to plant them during the batterie under favour of the Artillerie and musket shot . Now , against all this , an expert Governour will keep his flanks hidden , which being opened unawares will much endammage the assailant , who ( having made a breach ) will cause it to be viewed by armed men ( on which you must not spare your faulconet shot , nor that of the harquebus a crock ) and ordinarily they are of the most able and valiant men .

The breach being viewed , he will come to the assault , ●or which you must order your self to give combat and resist him , either by handblows or retrenching your self , or both ; by handblows , so soon as he shall begin to shew himself and become a mark for you , beginning to mount up to the breach , repulsing him by armed men , which you shall have s●lected before the assault , being resolute and hardy , which must headstrongly withstand the first furie ; which will either cause the enemie to retreat , or at least you shall notably mischief him . You are to make use of engines and instruments fitting to hinder the enemie from climbing up to the breach , as calthrops strewed upon the place , rowling I●ists , beset with nails and squibbes , morters , stone-pieces , and engines to cast granadoes , fireballs , cartouches , &c. Mines must not be forgotten , nor fire-works , as fire-trunks , pots , moveable mines , fire-garlands , &c. having carefull regard how , when , where , and from whence you cast them , doing it to good purpose .

If the enemie assault you by degrees , or that he make his batterie so leisurely that he give you time to retrench your self , make your retrenchment well flanked and commodious , in such sort that by it you may resist him . To effect this , it ought to be difficult to be expugned , so flanked as it may be defended on the front and flanks , facile for sallies , having before it a broad and deep moat with a counterscarp and covert way , having the rampart strengthened by pallisadoes which go along the outside of the line , enclosures of the camp , and gabions : And by this means you shall draw the businesse to a great length : for he must draw up his Artillerie upon the breach , after that he be lodged upon it , he must make a new batterie , a new overture , new saps , mines , and chambers , which will give you leisure to make new retrenchments , and to gain and prolong the time , as the Hollanders did at Ostend , and in many other places .

The Plat of Ostend , with the retrenchments . 1604. diagram of the plat of Ostend, 1604

The lines represent the fortresses of the town , and the pricks the retrenchments .

Of the defence of fortresses against famine . CHAP. XI .

THis defence may be reduced to three heads , the provision , the conservation , the distribution . For the provisions , you must have regard to the quantitie and qualitie . The quantitie is judged by the persons ordinarie and extraordinarie , which may be shut up within the fortresses during the siege , the time that the siege may continue , and the portion which every one must have ; besides that which wasteth by time , and by the imperfection of naturall things . The qualitie is for nourishment ( as meat and drink ) for diseases , and for wounds . To conserve the provisions , regard must be had to the inconveniences which may happen to the magazines , by means of those without by their Artillerie , by fire , by some inundation or corruption , or least some traitour set it on fire , or poison it , or that some vermine consume it not , or that the officers steal it not , nor spoil it , nor give it away .

For the distribution , regard must be had to the time , to the persons , and to the quantitie . To the time , when you should begin to open the publick provisions , which is , when the private are consumed , knowing the persons and munitions of every family . To the persons , who for the difference of their condition must be diversly dealt with , according to their estate and qualitie . To the quantitie , which must be measured by that which every day one person shall necessarily require for nourishment ; having regard to their sex , age , exercise , and disposition .

Of releeving places besieged . CHAP. XII .

IN the releeving of fortresses , you must consider the means to effect it , or to hinder it .

To effect it , either openly or secretly , having regard to the place , to the enemies retrenchments , and to the releef .

To the situation of the place , which may be commodious and facile by reason of the open champains and freedome from impeachments ; or discommodious and difficult , by reason of bogs , rivers , woods , and mountains .

To the enemies forts which are about it , as defences by pallisadoes , gabions , moats , trenches , and redouts ; who may either remain within his trenches , or go forth into the champain to beat off the releef .

For the releef , it must be guarded by a good convoy , because otherwise the enemie might charge and rout it , pillaging the munitions , hindring the return , cutting off their way , being the stronger . You must know the means , the time , the stratagems , and the passages by which the releef may be conducted and introducted into the place , carrying with you sufficient provision of things necessarie , for the victuall , for the armes , and for all that concerneth the furtherance and execution of the releef , as pioners , boats , barks , and other engines , to passe rivers and marshes .

You must make good choice of the troop and grosse of souldiers which should execute the releef , as , that the souldiers be well selected out of the ancientest , and that the officers be able and willing courageouslly to perform all that is to be done , to execute the enterprise infallibly , or to retreat honourably , or there to sell their lives at a dear rate .

A releef may be hindred , either by attending it within the trenches , or else by advancing towards them to give them battaile , and to oppose their passage , abandoning the siege to go with all the forces , or with part of the Armie , leaving ( in the mean time ) the siege maintained , and the trenches manned .

Of French Artillerie . Of foundings , mixtures , and measures of ordinance . CHAP. XIII .

IN the founding of ordinance , to 100 pound of fine copper , you are to adde 20 pound of bell-metall ; or for want of bell-metall , adde 10 pound of soft tin .

Or else , to 100 pound of copper , adde 10 pound of latin , and 8 pound of soft tin .

In the founding of ordinance , in regard of the waste , in every 6 pound of metall you are to adde 1 pound over weight .

A singular care must be taken of the melting and mixing of metals , for the inward neatnesse of the pieces ▪ To this end the materials must be good , so must the earth for the moules ; being well beaten and through wrought with hair and flocks . The moules , models and cilinders well nointed and greased with good tallow , and bound with hoops of iron , well and throughly nealed , well placed and set . The trunions must be so justly placed , as the piece may be as in ballance on them , weighing almost equally forwards to her muzzel , as backwards towards her breech , that so a canonier may without trouble mount or imbase her .

The piece must be strong about the trunions , for thereabout she suffereth the greatest force , and first moving .

The touchhole must be of steel , that so the piece be not made unusefull so soon as if it were of metall , and must be close to the breech .

The pieces must be well repaired , cleared , and tried , having regard that there be not any chink , hole , hony-comb , crack , rift , flaw , or crany within them ; which usually hapneth when the metall is run too cold , or that the moule be not well nealed , or that the tin was put in before the copper was well melted , or that it was not throughly mixed or incorporated .

The pieces ought to be tried before they be mounted on their carriages , the muzzels of them mounted , for so they bear the greatest stresse . When they be so repaired , cleared , and tried , they are to be weighed , and their weight to be cut on their breech .

There be six calibres of Artillerie , which are the canon , the culvering , the bastard culvering , the minion , the faulcon , and the faulconet .

The names of the parts of a canon . diagram of cannon A. B. The diameter of the muzzel , concave , or bore of the piece . C. D. The neck . G. I. The thicknesse of the metall at the touch-hole or chamber . G. B. The length of the concave or cilinder of the piece . R. S The diameter or thicknesse of the truni●on . K. The muzzel ring or freese . N. A. The vacant cilinder from the charge , for the guide of the shot . N. X. The chamber . L. The base ring , and the sight upon it . G. X. The breech . X. The cascabell or pummell . T. The astragall or coronice ring . Q. The reinforced ring . I The touch-hole .

Of weights . The pound ( mark weight ) consisteth of two marks , the mark of eight ounces , the ounce of eight drams , the dram three penie weight , This weight cannot be Troy weight , for that hath but 20 penie weight in the ounce , and this hath 24. the penie weight foure and twenty grains .

Of measure . The fathom containeth 6 foot , But the custome in England is to divide the inch into eight equall parts , which I follow . the foot 12 inches , the inch 12. lines .

The measures of the parts of a canon , and the use thereof . The diameter of the bore of the canon is six inches and one sixt part of an inch . Our English founding of ordinance differeth from the French proportions , as appeareth in Mr Nortons Gunner , page 53.

The diameter of the bullet six inches .

The vent or aire for the bullet to play one sixt part .

The bullet weigheth 33 pound and one third part , which is called the Calibre of the canon .

The metall is two inches thick at the neck , and six at the breech .

The cilinder or concave is nine foot long , and equally wide in each part of it .

The whole canon is somewhat longer then ten foot .

The diameter of the trunion is six inches .

The vacant cilinder or guide is five foot and an half .

The reinforced ring is distant from the muzzell ring foure foot and a half .

The thicknesse or height of the muzzell ring is five inches .

The coronice ring is within half a foot of the muzzell ring .

The sight of iron is placed on the flat base ring .

The metall of the piece weigheth about 5600 pound .

Her carriage for the field is fourteen foot long , and the axletree seven .

The canon mounted on her field carriage is almost nineteen foot long .

The powder for her charge weigheth eighteen or twenty pound .

The ordinarie observation for all pieces is , That the charge of powder be at least the moytie of the weight of the bullet , and so to two third parts , which is rather better .

The canon may be laden ten times in an houre , and 120 times a day .

She shoots point blank almost six hundred a a Observe that paces are here understood to be onely steps : otherwise i● were impossible . paces .

Her platform must be fifteen foot broad , and 20 foot long , for her reverse . The formost ten foot are to be of plank , and the rest of hurdles , if plank be wanting .

There must be twenty horses to draw a canon . A waggon drawn by foure horses carrieth a thousand or twelve hundred pound weight ; it is about ten or twelve foot long in the body , and the waggon with the horses about fifty foot ; and their breadth about the axletree is b b The breadth of the carriages , and of the waggons ought to be alike at the axletree , because they are to go in one and the same rut . six foot .

One waggon carrieth three and thirty canon bullets .

There must be six waggons , and foure and twenty horses to carrie the munitions sufficient for a canon to play one whole day , namely , one hundred and twenty bullets , and two thousand and foure hundred pound of powder .

For the service of a canon imployed for batterie , there must be two canoniers , three chargers , and thirty pioners .

The cordage of the canon must be a c c This cable is not used in all countreys . cable fifteen fathom long , foure inches and a half about : which will weigh about seventy pound .

diagram of carriages and wheels for artillery

The names of the parts of the carriages and wheels for the Artillerie .

A. A plank for the cheeks or side of the carriage 14 foot and an half long , one foot and an half thick , and one foot eight inches broad for the canon . B. The outside of the cheek . C. The inside of the cheek . D. The carriage being a a Note that the canon , a little before , is said to be 6 inches thick of metall at her breech , and the diameter of her bore six inches and one sixt part : so then , the carriage ought to be somewhat above 18 inches wide for the breech , bed and coins ; and so the tail must be so much the wider of course . 13 inches broad within the work at the head , and 18 at the tail . L. The axletree 7 foot long . K. A spoke 14 inches long between nave and felloes , 4 inches and an half thick in diameter . E. The nave of 20 inches long from E. to I. and as much in diameter over against G. in F. 17. and in I. 14. F. G. H. I. Foure hoops of iron .

diagram of cannon

In the figure S.

A. The cheeks . B. ●ransomes . C. Bolts . D. The axletree . E. Vpper plates . F. Hooks for draught . G. The clowt . H. The hole in the arm of the axletree for the lintspin . I. The end of the axletree . K. The shafts . L. The shaft-bolts . M. The thill-bolt . O. The thill . Q. The rest . N. The forelock of the thill bolt .

In figure T.

1 Holes for the trunions , 21 inches distant from the head of the carriage to the center . 2 The capsquire , or plate over the trunnion . 3 A hook for draught . 4 Nails with smooth heads . 6 Forelocks for the bolts that pin down the capsquire . 7 The nether plate . 8 Mortais for the axletree . 9 Bolts . 10 The upper plate . 11 The hole for the bolt . 12 The thill . 13 A hook to fasten the rudstay , which goeth upon the horseback . 14 The hole for the forelock key . 15 The thill plate . 16 The forelock , pinnes , and chain . 17 The cramp-iron of the chain . 18 The tail-plate of the carriage . 19 The bolt-hole .

diagram of cannon wheels

The wheels are five foot high being shod .

A. Spokes . B. Felloes . C. The nave . D. Nails . E. The plates for the shoing or tire of the wheels . F. The barres over the felloes to strengthen them . G. The stirrops . H. Leavers or handspikes . I. Crow leavers . K. The axletree . L. The distance between the wheels . M. The rut of the wheel . N. The end of the axletree . O. The lintspin . P. The great and small hoops . R. The bosse of iron for the nave . S. The great and little coins . T. The dowledge of the wheel . V. The sight rule , to be placed upon the base-ring . X. An handscrue . Y. A bar , to be placed over the felloes . Z. A stirrop .

diagram of cannon and casks A. A canon mounted . B. The cable . C. The head of the ladle and spunge . D. Thongs to tie the leavers , ladle , and spunge . E. The staffe of the spunge . F. The staff of the ladle . G. The spunge . H. The ladle of brasse . I. The ladle of brasse . K. The budge-barrell . L. A casque of corn-powder . M. A casque of fine powder . N. A barrell of priming-powder .

Of the great culvering .

The diameter of her bore is foure inches and five sixt parts .

The diameter of her bullet , foure inches , and two third parts .

The bullet weigheth 15 pound and a quarter .

Her metall at her neck is one inch thick and three fourth parts , and at her chamber foure inches and five sixt parts .

Her cilinder is nine foot & foure inches long .

From the center of the trunions to the touch-hole is three foot ten inches .

The vent or aire for the bullet to play is one sixt part .

Her charge of powder is ten pound weight .

She shoots point blank a a Understand paces as hath been observed before for the canon . 800 paces .

She may be laden ten times in an houre , and 120 times in a day .

Her metall weighs about 4000 pound weight .

She requireth 17 horses to draw her .

A waggon carrieth 66 of her bullets .

She must have 120 bullets a day , and 1200 pound of powder ; and for the carriage of her munitions for a day , three waggons and twelve horses , 24 pioners , two ordinarie canoniers , and two extraordinarie .

The cordage of a great culvering is a cable of twelve fathom long , and foure inches about , weighing about 55 pound .

Of the bastard culvering . The diameter of her bore is three inches and three fourth parts .

The diameter of her bullet three inches and two third parts .

The vent or aire for the bullet to play one twelfth part .

The metall at her neck is one inch and one fourth part thick , and at her chamber three inches and three fourth parts .

Her cilinder is eight foot seaven inches in length .

From the centre of her trunions to her touch-hole is three foot six inches .

Her bullet weighs seaven pound and a quarter , and her powder five pound .

She shoots point blanck b b Observe as before . 1000 paces .

She may be laden 140 times in a day , which is about twelve bullets in an houre .

Her metall weigheth about 2500 pound .

She must have thirteen horses to draw her .

A waggon carrieth 140 of her bullets .

Her munitions for her to play one whole day , are 140 bullets , 700 pound of powder .

She must have two waggons and eight horses to carrie her munitions for one day , twelve pioners , and two canoniers .

The cordage of the bastard culvering is a cable of c c Here must be a mistake : for if the cable for the great culvering of 12 fathom long , and 4 inches thick , weigh but 55 pound , how can this , being but 6 fathom long , and 3 inches and a half thick , weigh 45 pound ? I conceive the mistake to be in the length of the cable , which should be longer , rather 9 then 6 fathom . six fathom long , and three inches and an half thick , weighing about 45 pound .

Of the minion . The diameter of her bore is two inches and three fourth parts .

The diameter of her bullet is two inches and two third parts .

The vent for the bullet to play is one twelfth part .

Her metall is one inch thick at her neck .

At her breech two inches and three fourth parts .

Her cilinder is eight foot long .

From the center of her trunions to her touch-hole is three foot five inches .

Her bullet weighs three pound and an half , and her charge of powder two pound and an half .

She shoots point blanck 1400 paces .

She shoots 160 bullets a day , which is about thirteen each houre .

Her metall weighs about 1350 pound .

She must have nine horses to draw her .

A waggon carrieth 226 of her bullets .

She must have 160 bullets , and 400 pound of powder for a dayes batterie .

One waggon carrieth her munitions for one day .

She is served with six pioners , and two canoniers .

Of the faulcon . The faulcon may be laden fifteen times in an houre , which is 180 times a day .

Her bullet weighs one pound and an half , the charge of her powder one pound , and her metall eight hundred pound .

She must have five horses to draw her .

One waggon carrieth her munitions for two dayes .

She is served with foure pioners , and one canonier .

Of the faulconet . The faulconet may be laden about 250 times a day , which is about twenty times each houre .

Her bullet weigheth three quarters of a pound , and her charge of powder an half pound , her metall five hundred pound .

One waggon carrieth her munitions for 3 dayes .

a a If the faulcon which weigheth eight hundred pound , requireth five horses to draw her , the faulconet weighing five hundred pound , will require three horses . One horse draweth her .

She is served with 4 pioners and one canonier .

Of the harquebus a croc . The harquebus a croc may be laden 300 times a day , which is 25 times each houre .

Her bullet weigheth 3 ounces , and her charge of powder 2 ounces .

One waggon carrieth 14 hurdles of 10 foot long and 6 foot broad . It may carrie 12 dosen of pikes , which are usually about 18 foot long . It carrieth 300 shovels , pick axes , or spades .

These waggons are made with boards on the sides and bottome , like tumbrels , to pack up those instruments within them , and also many other smaller ones , as sawes , chopping-hooks , hatchets , hammers , chizzels , crows of iron .

It may carry 10 pieces of a bridge of bul-rushes .

These pieces are made after this manner , every piece hath 10 bundles of cane-reeds bound together with cords as much as is possible , and then well sewed within a course cloath ; so as they become 10 sacks full of reeds ; being a foot in diameter , and 6 foot in length . They are fastned with good cords upon a hurdle of 10 foot long , and 6 foot broad .

How the Artillerie is to march . Before the Artillerie do march , certain commissaries , canoniers , the waggon master , and certain pioners must go before to accommodate the wayes .

The small pieces must march before , then all the greater ones , then three wagons ; whereof the first is to carrie a barrell of grease , and all the smiths tools in a chest . The second , all the wheel-wrights and carpenters tools , the gins the leavers and handscrue to raise the pieces . The third is to carrie the anvile , the bellows , and other smiths tools . Then follow the conductours and canoniers to guard them .

Then the waggons laden with bullets , powder , and other munitions .

All the canoniers must accompanie the ordinance , every one near his own piece .

The Artillerie and munitions must be quartered in a place sufficiently spacious , which must alwayes have the front towards the enemie .

Round about the Artillerie and munitions there must be a place large enough to contain the guards .

Of the offices of militarie men . CHAP. XIIII . Of the souldier .

HE must be armed with such armes as his captain shall appoint him ; for he knoweth better then himself what armes are most fit for him .

He must shew himself desirous to make manifestation of his courage , but must not therefore at any time go out on any action without the expresse command of his chiefs , making it appear that he is discreet as well as valorous .

His eating and sleeping must be regulated according to his leisure , not according to his will .

He must not be a mutinier , neither must he change his companie without great reason , nor depart without leave obtained and authenticall certificate of his faithfull service . Good spirits are not known but upon occasions , which offer not themselves every day : besides that , a private souldier which desireth to attain to some place of command , hath need of a long time , to gain experience sufficient to render him worthie , and to make his abilities known to such as can advance him .

He must study to know the use and managing of his armes , the duties of a souldier , the motions of companies , his marching , his quartering in the field , to make his guards , and place his sentinels , to understand the beats of the drum , to make a guard for his superiours .

The souldier should not enroll himself under a captain of mean reputation , or one that is covetous , lest he loose his labour and time , to prevent changing . So also a Captain ought not to receive a souldier without knowing him , lest he happen on some mutinier , coward , feeble or diseased person .

Of the dutie of the Lanspassadoes and Appointees .

They are to ease the Corporals , and to be as their Lieutenants and aides in time of danger : they are also rounders and sentinell-perdues , in cases of necessitie , but not otherwise .

Of the Corporall .

He hath the command of his squadron , and is to teach them whatsoever is necessarie for a souldier to know and do . He is to lodge them by cameradoes , to prevent quarrels and disorders by admonishing them , or acquainting the Captain therewith ; for to chastise them he hath no power , unlesse it be by vexing them with standing sentinell . He must have a list of his souldiers , and must give notice to his Sergeant when a souldiers name is crossed out . He is to distribute the victuall , bullets , match , and powder to the souldiers of his squadron ; to know which are the most experienced of them , that so they may be imployed in the watches and actions of greatest importance ; to have an eye to their lives and manners , to take care of the baggage and money of such as are hurt and sick , causing every man to husband his pay taken at musters . Being on the guard , he must be vigilant and suspicious ; he must place the sentinels where the Sergeant major or his Captain shall have directed him : he must releeve them himself , and must send a Lanspassado , or one whom his Captain shall appoint , whereof he is alwayes to have two , to visit them . He must attend his rounds and counter-rounds before his corps-du-guard , which must give him the word : and were it the Generall of the Armie himself , the sentinels ought not to suffer him nor any person to approach them , without charging their pike or presenting their musket , the match cocked ; and if it be the grand-watch or other troop , to stay them untill the Corporall come ; who must never go alone out of his corps-du-guard , but with three or foure to accompanie him . He must advertise the sentinels how to demean themselves upon the discoverie of the enemie , either to give an alarm , or else to give notice without making any noise . The sentinels must never remove themselves , untill the Corporall releeve them , or that they be constrained by the enemie ; and in such case they are to retreat to the corps-du-guard , as the corps-du-guard ( being forced ) are to retreat to the quarters , according to the Captains or Sergeant majors instruction .

He is to visit the souldiers entring the guard , to know whether they be sufficiently provided of powder , bullets , and match , viz. one pound of powder , two pound of bullets , and five fathom of match .

He must cause respect to be given to the corps-du-guard , and silence to be kept , whether it be about the gates or the walls , that so the noise may not hinder the hearing of the advertisements of the sentinels . He is to walk before his corps-du-guard , or to cause a Lanspassado to do it . He must keep fire day and night , to light the matches , and must take care to see the corps-du-guard provided of wood , coals , and candles .

Of the Sergeant of a companie .

He ought to be able to read , write , and cast account , if it may be ; to keep accounts of his souldiers , how many be pikes , and how many muskets ; the best armed and most courageous of them he is to place in the first rank . It is his dutie to cause the souldiers of his companie to observe discipline both politick and militarie , and all kindes of commands given by the superiours , whereof he is to give them knowledge .

He is to instruct them in the managing of armes , in the keeping of rank and file , and that in such order as the Sergeant major shall appoint .

He must take care of the armes and munitions , to distribute the powder and match to the Corporals , to place his corps-du-guards and sentinels with his corporals , in such places as his Captain or Sergeant major shall have appointed ; often visiting them , to see whether they perform their duties , imploying none thereunto but such as are capable , for otherwise an alarm might be often given without cause ; he must make frequent rounds ; and if he finde a sentinell a sleep in the field , he is to commit him into the hands of justice .

When the companie marcheth , if a souldier step out of his rank , he is to compell him to his place with the staff of his halbert .

Whether he be in the field or in garrison , he must take care there be no want of victuall , and if there be want , to demand it of the commissarie or his deputies , then he is to distribute it to his Corporals , and they to the souldiers .

He must every evening fetch the word at the Sergeant majors lodging , and carrie it to his Captain , Lieutenant , Ensigne , and Corporals .

He must order his companie both for their marching , embattailing , as also for their watch ; but for their encamping , that belongeth to the Quartermaster .

He must place his guard at the houre appointed , and having shewed his Corporals the places for the corps-du-guards and sentinells , and there placed them , he is to give the word secretly to the Corporals , according as he shall have received it from the Sergeant major .

Of the Ensigne .

It is the Ensignes dutie to carrie his colours wheresoever his Captain , or ( in his absence ) the Lieutenant shall command him , whether it be in assault or in battaile , having no regard to the danger , but to the means to attain it .

Entring the guard , lodging , in fight , or making alto , he is to bear his colours on his shoulder , advanced ; but when he marcheth in champain , he may cause them to be born by one of the bravest souldiers , to which end he is alwayes to have two of them near him .

The company marching in their order , the Ensigne is to be in the middle ; but in assault , scalado , or disbanded fights , he must be at the head .

In battaile the Sergeant major appointeth him his place of march , and he ought rather to die then to quit or abandon his colours , for by loosing them , he dishonoureth both himself and his companie .

He must get the love of his souldiers , that so they may follow him with the better courage .

If the Colonell command him to plant his colours in the field , he is to do it ; but he ought rather to acquaint his Captain therewith . And in case of alarm , without expecting any command , he must repair to the place of armes .

The place of armes of a Companie is before the Ensignes lodging , where all the souldiers must assemble in armes ; and of a regiment , it is before the Colonels lodging .

Marching in battalia , he is to march courageously without bowing himself to any , unlesse it be to his chief commanders , before whom he is to encline the head of the colours , more or lesse , according to their degree , without making a shew of raising his hand to his hat , or bowing his knee .

Of the Lieutenant .

All the Lieutenants ought to be as able as the Captains , whom they represent , seeing that in their absence they have the same charge and authoritie : and ofttimes the Captains are young Gentlemen , descended from illustrious and valorous persons , which have courage sufficient , but want strength and skill He must keep the Ensigne , drum , and all the officers and appointees near him , to make use of them as occasion shall serve

He must neither take on , cashier , nor punish any man in the presence of his Captain , for at that time he hath no authoritie , and all that he doeth is by permission and commission ; but in his absence he is to be obeyed as the Captain .

His companie being ordered for combat , if his Captain be absent , he is to lead them ; but if he be present , he must keep on the rear , and place his two Sergeants on the flanks , that so every man may keep his rank , and fight resolutely .

At an assault he must assist the Ensigne , and lead him to the place of combat , which he must have viewed beforehand .

It is his charge to observe the actions of the Corporals and Sergeants , to hold them to their duties , and to cause them to provide what is necessarie for the companie , and to assist them where he shall see cause .

Of the Commissarie .

The office of a Commissarie of souldiers is to cause the musters to be taken and moneys to be payd , to receive the oath , and to give the quarters for the lodgings .

Of the Captain .

A Captain ought to be expert , diligent , and courageous ; he must know the duties of all that are under him , but principally his own .

His office is to lead his companie wheresoever his Generall or Colonell shall command him .

His functions are , to give the orders to his Lieutenant and Sergeants for the marching of his companie , be it three or five in rank , placing his muskets in the front and rear , and the pikes in the middle . Or in battaillon , placing the muskets on the flanks of the pikes .

He must teach them how to fight , be it in surprise of an embuscado , in approach of cities , in assaults , encounters , skirmishes , or battailes . To lead them on prudently , labouring to bring them off with as much glorie , as he shall have courageously brought them on .

The Captain must alwayes be at the head of his companie , certain paces advanced before them , unlesse it be to joyn in battaile , for his sole person were not able to sustain the shock of the enemies pikes , but then he is to place himself in the first rank of his companie .

He must cause his souldiers to be taught the use of their swords , pikes and muskets , teaching them how to order themselves in battalia , and to rally themselves being disbanded , either by occasion of an alto , a narrow way , or a defeat . Also to make their huts , and all other exercises of warre .

At every dislodging he must cause his company to be put into battalia , and then to cause them to march according as the ground will permit , and at their lodging to lead them in a long order of march , either 3 or 5 in rank .

Marching with his companie alone , he cannot punish a souldier with death , unlesse he rebell , for then he ought to kill him , but for any other matter he can but disarm him , take away his accoutrements of liverie , degrade and cashier him ; or commit him to the censure of the Colonell of that regiment .

He must take care for the payment of his souldiers , of their armes , victuall , and munitions , to cause the hurt to be healed , and to compose quarrels . He must make choice of an expert Lieutenant , a courageous Ensigne , two diligent Sergeants , suspecting Corporals , a faithfull clerk , a carefull harbinger , a bold chirurgeon , and a pious Chaplain .

The Captain appointeth his own Sergeants , harbinger , drum , fyfe , and chirurgeon : but for his Lieutenant , Ensigne , Corporals , and Appointees , he must present them to his Colonell , and to have his leave to place them in their offices .

The companie entring the guard , the Captain is to march at the head , with a pike in his hand , and compleatly armed . If it be in the field , they are to be russet ; but rich ones , if it be in a citie , having a fair plume on his head-piece , which he shall cause to be carried before him .

He must cause his souldiers to know how to fight single , how in a body .

He must know the advantages of places , armes , times and occasions , and how to make use of them .

To understand fortifications , the manner of defending and assailing of places of strength ; how , and in what manner the works are to be made ; that so when it shall come to his turn to direct or guard a work , he shew not himself a novice or fresh water souldier .

Of the drum .

In every companie there must be one or two drums , and over them all a drum major .

The dutie of every drum is to beat all manner of beats , as the match , the alarm , the troop , the chamadoes and answers thereunto , reveills , and proclamations .

They must know how to observe what they see , to take good notice thereof , and to make true report of it .

The drum major must be lodged near the Sergeant major , or in his own lodgings ; it being his part to give instructions to the rest , and to observe and take into his custodie the enemies drums which enter the camp .

He may with his staff correct the drums which fail of their duties .

All the drums are to attend him morning and evening to the Sergeant major , to know the orders .

Of the harbinger .

He must have a list of the souldiers of his companie , and make the divisions for the lodgings .

At the muster he giveth a muster roll of the souldiers to the commissarie , controller , or clerk , and keeps account of the payes received and due , also of the armes of the companie belonging to his Captain .

He is to take his quarter from the Quartermaster , then to mark out the Captains lodging , the Lieutenants , Ensignes , Sergeants , his own , the drums and fyfes , and to put the rest into billets or lots , and to cause the Corporalls to draw them by turn , who shall distribute them among the souldiers : this is to be done before the Ensignes lodging . He ought to keep a register of all the lodgings of his quarter .

Of the barber chirurgeon .

In every companie there must be a chirurgeon , to trim the souldiers , to attend them which are sick , to dresse the wounds of such as are hurt ( being as an assistant to the chirurgeon of the regiment ) having proper remedies to stench the bloud , to hinder inflammations , and to asswage the pain .

Of the Provost .

It is the Provosts charge to pursue fugitives , to apprehend delinquents , and to imprison them .

He hath under him a Lieutenant , a clerk , six Marshals , and an executioner . His Lieutenant must be skilled in the lawes ; if he be not , he is to procure some graduate in the lawes to assist him .

He sets the prises on all the victuall of his quarter , and no man can sell any unlesse it be taxed by him . He appointeth the butchers shambles , and is to take care that the quarters be kept clean . He maketh out processes , heareth and examineth witnesses , searcheth out the truth , &c. And having fitted the cause for triall , the Colonell , Sergeant major , and Captains judge of it , and passe sentence in the name of the Generall .

Before a souldier be delivered to the executioner to be punished for any infamous delict , he must be publikely disarmed and degraded by the Sergeant major .

In marching , it is his charge to conduct the ●aggage , and to see it kept in good order .

Of the Quartermaster of a regiment .

The office of the Quartermaster is to quarter the regiment , and to distribute the quarters to the harbingers of each companie .

He must ordinarily be near the Colonell , and must every evening go to the Quartermaster Generall to receive the orders for the divisions and the rendez-vous of the troops , and to give knowledge thereof to his Colonell .

When the Marshall of the field removeth , the Quartermaster Generall , and all the Quartermasters of the regiments , with all the harbingers of companies are to accompanie him .

The distributions of lodgings being made by the Marshall of the field , his assistants , and Quartermasters Generall , and delivered to the Quartermasters of regiments , they are presently to advertise their Colonels of the place , and to conduct them thereunto , either by themselves or some others .

During the time that the Quartermaster is about visiting the distributions of the lodgings , all the troops are to keep watch round about the place , and to send out to discover .

First he appointeth the Colonels lodging and the Sergeant majors , then his own , in the middle of the regiment if it may be , then he makes as many quarters as there be ensignes , and the harbingers of every companie choose the best lodgings for the Captains , Lieutenants , and Ensignes .

The Quartermasters of regiments must cause the harbingers to draw the billets for their quarters , every one in his order .

They must be informed of the lodgings of the whole Armie , to know to whom to give or from whom to receive supplies in case of necessitie .

If the quarter be in the open field , the Quartermaster Generall shall appoint to each Quartermaster the place and ground which he shall take , and the Quartermaster shall dispart the ground to the harbingers .

Of the Sergeant major .

His office gives him accesse to the Generall of the Armie at all houres , who speaking with him , knows from him when , where , and how his regiment shall march , whether alone or with others ; whether in one battaillon or many , and in what form .

It is his office to give order how the companies shall march , so that his place gives him authoritie and command over all the Captains of his regiment .

He must be exceeding well experienced and exercised in his office , principally in embattailing his men ; and to rally them being routed , and that in such form as he shall be commanded .

He must know of the Generall whether his regiment shall march in the vanguard , battaile , or rear .

He is to know the countrey , whether it be large or strait , and thereby to judge how he is to march , and what order to observe , that he may not be disturbed by the horse , artillerie , nor baggage : being ready to march away , he shall cause the drum major to beat , and he the rest .

He must advertise the Captains , cause the Ensignes to march out of their quarters , form his battaillon , and give to every Captain the place which he shall hold for that day .

Having brought his troops into the field , he must see them march away , and observe whether they march in good order . The Colonell is to lead at the head of the regiment .

Then the Sergeant major is to go to the Generall , and to keep near him as much as may be during the march , to see whether there will be any new order for him to receive .

If there be any difficult passage , the Sergeant major ought to be there present , to prevent the disorder which might happen in his regiment , and to put them in order again if they were disordered . Before the regiment enter their quarters , the Sergeant major ought to go and take a view of them , or cause them to be viewed ; then , at his return to the regiment , to give licence to the Ensignes to lodge , except those whose turn it is to have the guard , which must enter the corps-du-guard , and place their sentinels , untill it come to the turn of others .

Now the regiment is to be lodged either in the field or under shelter . If it lodge in the field , either the regiment is alone , or accompanied with others . If it be alone , the Sergeant major must cause it to be barricadoed , or retrenched , or enclosed by waggons or other defences of the field .

After that he is to place his corps-du-guards round about the quarters ; and the sentinels at so near a distance that they may hear each other speak , being about eighty or an hundred paces off from the corps-du-guard : they are to be double , that is , of two men , namely , a musket and a pike ; and 500 paces from them , other single sentinels are to be placed , which are called perdues . In case of alarm , the sentinell-perdue shall retreat to the double sentinell ; and in case of necessitie altogether ( having given fire ) are to retreat to the corps-du-guard .

The Sergeant major must often , and at divers houres of the night , visit the corps-du-guards .

If there be more regiments , they shall fortifie themselves with waggons , or entrench themselves , and each regiment shall take their quarter , and shall make their guard as abovesaid .

If an alarm be given in the field , the Sergeant major is to betake himself to the alarm-place of the regiment , and there to form his battaillon , and send men to double the guards on that part where the alarm was given , and to give notice to his Colonell and the Generall of foot ( if he be present ) of what passeth . The Ensignes must not retreat , unlesse the Generall , or their Colonell , or Sergeant major give them leave .

No Ensigne must remove from his place , nor enter into the same , without leave of the Sergeant major or his assistant . No order ought at any time to be altered but by him , for he giveth not any orders but by appointment of the Generall or Colonell .

All sorts of munitions which are to be distributed amongst the regiment , ought to be delivered to the Sergeant major , who is to divide them amongst the companies . He hath the charge to provide all things necessarie for his regiment , to send away the sick men to hospitals , commanding the Provost to provide waggons .

The Captains are to receive the advises of the Sergeant majors assistant , as from himself ; the Quartermasters do usually perform this office .

The Sergeant major ought to take the word from the Generall , or the Marshall of the field , or from his Colonell ; In absence of these he giveth it himself .

In the day of battaile he ought not to be on foot amongst the Captains , but must be on horseback , now on the front , then on the rear , to put in order those which might happen to be disordered .

If the regiment lodge under shelter , the Sergeant major is to view the place within and without , the moats , the gates , and the walls , appointing the places for the corps-du-guards and sentinels , and the way of the rounders , that it may be free .

He must choose a place to make the alarm-place for the regiment , and there the companies are to have their rendez-vous , in case of alarm .

After that , he must lead his regiment in order into the alarm-place , placing his guards at the gates , and on the walls ; that done , he shall give leave to the Captains to go to their lodgings in their severall quarters in the town , giving them order ( under his hand ) concerning the place whither they shall resort in case of alarm ; which order he may change so often as he shall think good ; for the companies ought never to be assured of the place of their station , unlesse it be for the rendez-vous within the town , but not for the quarter on the walls : for the Sergeant major must ( at every turn ) cause the companies to cast lots , to know what part of the walls will fall to their turns .

He ought to take care to cause the bridges , corps-du-guards and watch-houses to be repaired , if need be , and to have wood , torches , lanterns , and cresset-lights for the guards .

He is to cause the companies to enter the guards about ten or eleven a clock in the morning . He is to open and shut the town gates at the rising and setting of the sunne ; and to place the watches for the walles presently upon shutting the gates , and to releeve them at the opening of them .

The Serg ants which have the guard must be present at the opening and shutting of the gates , and carrie the keyes of the gates to the Sergeant major , and he to the Governour ; but it is better that the Sergeant major be there assisting , and be present at the placing of the guards , so often as may be .

He must have a list of all the souldiers of every companie as they passed at the muster , signed by the Commissarie or Treasurer which took the muster ; and in case he finde not so many souldiers at his guard , the officers of the companies are to give him an account thereof , because it belongeth to him to give account to the Generall concerning his regiment .

Of the Sergeant major Generall .

The Sergeant major Generall receiveth from the Generall a plat of the form which he will give to his Armie , the disposition and placing of the members of it , Cavallrie , Infanterie , Artillerie ; the order which they should observe in fight , with commission signed by the Generall to dispose it in that manner .

To this commission the whole Armie must yeeld obedience , and the Sergeant major Generall with the Marshals of the field shall dispose thereof , according to the form and place which the Generall shall have prescribed .

Of the Quartermaster Generall .

He hath the same charge of the whole Army , which the Quartermaster of a regiment hath of his regiment .

Of the Colonell .

The Colonell ought to be a man of authority and respect , to have absolute command over his Captains , from which he must procure love and reverence , which he is to gain by his valour and modestie .

The regiments being together , must march according as the King hath given them preheminence , and in that place which the Generall shall appoint them , in the van , battaile , or rear .

His principall charge is to lead his regiment to the combat , on the head thereof .

He ought to visit his troops , cause his guards to be well ordered , changed , and releeved , and to see that each officer do his duty , and that the works be well ordered .

He ought to see how his Companies be furnished , what armes they have , and what exercises they perform , and to command the officers what they ought to do .

In the armie the Colonell cannot give leave to a souldier to depart from his regiment , but to change his Companie ; the first appertaining onely to the Generall .

The Colonell ought to be called to councell by the Generall , when matters are to be agitated which belong to his charge ; where he shall heare the opinion of others , and freely speak his own . And if it be about a matter of importance , and that he knoweth his opinion to be good , though the contrarie opinions ( being stronger in number ) do carrie it , he ought to commit his opinion to writing , to purge himself before his Soveraigne , in case the execution of the councell prove ill . Mean time , he must give way to the pluralitie of voices , and entirely obey his Generall , and appear in all places where he shall be commanded , making it appear that the contrarie opinion which he held at the councell was not for want either of courage , or of good affection .

The Colonell must render all manner of obedience to the Generall of the armie , and to the Generall of Infanterie , ( for they have power to command him ) and to the Marshall of the field , as having the charge from the Generall to give the orders , the quarter , the alarm-place , the field for the battaile ; to cause the forces to march , lodge , dislodge , enter into guard , convoy , &c.

The assistants to the Marshall of the field , or the Sergeant major Generall cannot command him any thing as of themselves , but by order signed by the Generall , or the Marshall of the field for the armie , with the plats and designes of the ground of the stations and places for combat , giving command by vertue thereof .

Of the Marshall of the field .

He ought to be valorous , judicious , and expert , to remedy many casuall accidents .

He ought to come first to the rendez-vous of the armie , to receive his troops there , to dispose of the disparting of the lodgings , as well for the Cavallrie and Infanterie , as for the Artillerie , victuall , and pioners .

He is to inform the Generall of the whole estate of the field , and then the Generall will give him the order and disposition of his armie , whereof he is to give notice to all the commanders of horse and foot , sending them the direction .

He is to set down the order of the guards of the field , and of the convoyes , and to cause the laws and ordinances to be published and observed .

He is to view the passages by which the Armie is to march , to know what order they must observe . To do this , he is to take three or foure troops of light horsemen , of such as are to have the guard the night following , which are warned over night to be in readinesse against the morning following , and to be at the rendez-vous which shall be appointed them , rangeing themselves under the cornet of the said Marshall of the field with the Quartermasters , Commissaries of the victuall and artillerie , engineers , harbingers , and pioners .

In marching he is to send a troop before , and one on either hand , who shall send out before them five or six scouts to discover the champain , as perdues .

If an alarm happen , he ought to be well informed of the cause , and not to mistake it ; so ought he not to stay so long that he be put to flight , but shall send word to the Generall for supplies , that so the Armie may have leisure to embattaile .

If he arrive safely at the rendez-vous of the Armie , he is to send his troops half a mile or more beyond , to discover the countrey , and to g●t intelligence concerning the enemie ; mean while he is to observe the ground and place for the camp , and having traced it out in the generall , the Quartermaster Generall shall make the divisions , and deliver them to the Quartermasters of regiments .

Finally the Marshals of the field ought to order the quartering of the whole Armie ; to be the first on horseback , and to alight last , being alwayes present at all the motions of the Armie .

He must take the word from the Lieutenant Generall of the Armie , to give it to all the officers of the field , which must come to him for it .

The Generall and Lieutenant Generall of horse , the Generall of foot , and the Generall of the Artillerie take the word from the Generall of the Armie , if they will not take it from the Marshall of the field .

Of the Commissarie Generall of the victuall .

The Commissarie Generall of the victuall ought to know the number of men which are to be fed , the place whither the munitions are to be brought , when they must begin to be distributed , and how long to continue , that so he may make provision of corn , and cause the bread to be baked .

The measure of wheat at Paris is this , What these make of our English measures , see it in Cotgrave , and others . the muyd hath twelve septiers , the septier twelve boysseaux . The septier of wheat weigheth about 240 pound , and of meslin 220 pound .

The munition meslin is two third parts of wheat , and one third part of rye : the boysseaux of this messin weigheth about eighteen pound . There is drawn out of it three pound of bran , and fifteen pound of meal , which is kneaded with ten pound of water , whereof the paste weigheth 25 pound , of 16 ounces in the pound , and makes about 20 pound of baked bread .

To every souldier is usually given two loaves a day of ten ounces weight a piece , and one pinte of wine Paris measure , such as there is 290 in a muyd , and three muyds make a tun .

The Cavallrie is not fed with amunition-bread , because they are usually quartered under shelter in towns and villages . The waggons to carrie munition-bread are made after the manner of tumbrels or chests , each of them is drawn by foure horses , and carrieth 1500 loaves , and a mule with wicker paniers carrieth 300.

There must be three times as much carriage as is needfull to carrie victuall for one day ; as to feed five thousand mouths , there must be ten thousand loaves , and five and thirty mules or horses to carrie them ; being tripled they will be one hundred & five mules , which must be had , namely , one third part to go to fetch the bread , one third part which is coming with it , and one third part which is unlading . There useth ordinarily to be added to the munitions one quarter of bread and wine more then needeth .

Of the Master or Generall of the Artillerie .

He is absolute over all the Artillerie and the officers thereof , and is subject to none but the King , and in the armie to the Lieutenant Generall .

He must keep account or inventorie of the pieces , powder , bullets , and equipage of the pieces , and of all the officers of the Artillerie in the whole kingdome , to inform his Majestie when he shall have a desire to execute some designe , as to besiege some place , to fight a battaile in the field , or at sea , or to strengthen his holds .

He ought to know what provisions and preparations he is to make , how and where the ordinance are to be planted , at what distance they should be levelled , of what qualitie the wall is which is to be battered , and what the power is of his Artillerie .

If a souldier of the armie hath committed any offence , and can convey himself among the Artillerie , he is there as in a priviledged place , and cannot there be apprehended , unlesse it be by the Provost of the Artillerie , who shall deliver him into the hands of his Captain , after that he be informed of his delict by a legall triall .

In the situation of the ordinance he is to regard that the place be commodious , that it be easie to be defended by the souldiers , that they may skirmish with facilitie , that in case of necessitie the ordinance may speedily retreat , that they may discover , command , and batter point blank , and that their distance be not excessive .

The souldiers appointed to guard the Artillerie , ought not to come nearer it then fifty paces .

The Generall of the Artillerie ought every yeare to present a list of the officers of the Artillerie to the King , filling the vacant places with the names of such persons as he shall think most fitting ; then the King either confirmeth the same , or altereth it at his pleasure , then signeth it , and causeth it also to be signed by a secretarie of state . This list is delivered to the treasurer Generall of the Artillerie , who prosecutes the assignations , and payeth the officers named in that list , taking their acquittances .

His officers are , a Lieutenant Generall , a Guard Generall , two Controllers Generall , a Treasurer Generall ( who payeth according to the Generall of the Artillerie his order ) a Quartermaster , a Provost ; and each of them hath two Commissaries in all the storehouses and armories of France .

He causeth the ordinance to be founded , tryed , and mounted , he buyeth the metall , wood , bullets , iron work , pikes , muskets , and all sorts of armes , shovels , pickaxes , hatchets , hammers , ladders , &c. horses , waggons , cordage , &c. causeth the powders and fireworks to be compounded , and that in all the magazines of France .

Of the Generall of horse .

He commandeth all the light horse and carabines , and in his absence the Colonell doth it .

He lodgeth and leads them , and sends them to the conflict , and gives them the order of combat .

He is lodged with his Cavallrie at the head of the Armie , sends out every day to discover the enemie , renders an account dayly of the same and their actions to the Lieutenant Generall of the Armie .

The chiefs of the forces are the King , the Kings sonnes , the Princes of the bloud , the Generall , and the Colonells , &c.

For all the troops there is a Quartermaster , and one or two harbingers Generall .

And over every troop , a Captain , a Lieutenant , a Cornet , a Quartermaster , an harbinger , and a trumpet .

The dutie of the troops is , alwayes to scoure and discover the high wayes and advenues by which the enemie might come , and to be ever hovering about the enemies Armie ; for this cause they are to make great and long dayes-journeys , but are excused of watch in the night , except in their own quarters , and for them onely .

At the siege of towns they are sent before to make waste , to seize on the passages , to invest the towns , to skirmish , and to take prisoners , thereby to be informed of the estate of the town .

It is no disgrace for the light horse to retreat on the gallop , for their dutie is to fight as well retreating as advancing , ten against fifty , thirty against an hundred ; therefore they must be well practised to make a good retreat , and to single themselves out of a greater troop then their own , and to charge them again in opportune time , according as their courage and judgement shall give them resolution , and experience shall direct them .

Of cuirassiers .

The Constable or Generall of the armie commandeth the cuirassiers , and in his absence the Lieutenant Generall of the armie .

They are divided into troops of an hundred men , at least those which belong to the King , the Princes , the Constables and Marshals of France ; the rest are not so strong .

The officers of every troop are a Captaine , a Lieutenant , ( in the Princes troops there be Sub-lieutenants ) a Cornet ( which is square for the cuirassiers ) or a Guidon ( which is long and split for the harquebusiers ) a Quartermaster , a harbinger , and a trumpet .

They may fitly march , lodge , or sight in the van , battaile , or rear , according to the order prescribed by the Constable or Generall of the armie .

The Captains choose and dispose of places amongst all their members at their pleasure , but they cannot cashier any unlesse he hath been wanting in the Kings service .

Their dutie is to keep close united , to march soft and fair , and never to turn their backs , and for this reason they must be heavie armed .

Of the Generall of Infanterie .

The charge of the Generall of the Infanterie extendeth it self over all the foot , much more absolutely then the Colonels of his regiment .

In all the regiments he maketh the Sergeant Majors , Provosts , Quartermasters , Chirurgeons , and Almoners .

All administrations of justice over all the foot , passe in his name .

He hath the nomination and presenting of the Captains to the King , he is also to give him information of the sufficiencie or insufficiencie of the Colonels , seeing that the King bestoweth their offices upon them , that so he may know all those of his kingdome which are capable , as having learned their profession amongst the foot .

Of the Constable or Generall of the Armie .

He hath the command of the whole armie .

He ought to know all the duties and charges of the officers thereof , and should be of great experience , that so amongst many differing opinions , which are usually in councels , he may be able to choose the best .

He ought to be of great authoritie in his commands , of great courage in combats , constant and resolute in crosse accidents , successefull in his enterprises ; and that he may be such , he ought to invoke God to be propitious to him , who will give him judgement to dispose his armie after the best manner , and ( by his good discipline , disposition , and order ) to render it not onely able to overcome ( which is all that a Generall can do ) but will also make it victorious , if it depend on the power and favour of the Lord of hosts .

Good successes or bad should not make him change countenance , but to receive both modestly , without discovering the passions of his soul by his countenance .

Impatience , sluggishnesse , choler , crueltie , or envie towards those which acquire glorie under him , should not be harboured in his soul .

He must be resolute , and well weigh the occasion of giving battaile , rather then hazard all his troops in fight ; labouring to overcome his enemie as much by industrie as by force : as , in surprising him being disordered , his troops being scattered , wearie , wet , or surprised with hunger , thirst , cold , or some other accident .

He is not to suffer skirmishes , unlesse he see much advantage ; for by overcoming in these small occasions , the souldier becomes more courageous , assures himself of the good fortune and good leading of his commanders , and easily perswades himself of the victorie .

He ought to consult with many , but never to tell his resolution to any man , or at least to very few : by this means he shall render himself so practised as he shall be able wisely to lay hold on fit opportunities and the instant of occasions , to prevail thereby .

He ought to acquire the love of all men , principally of the commanders , and not to wearie or tire his army too much , for fear of diseases , yet to cause his battaillons to be throughly exercised in all exercises of warre . He ought to be rigorous towards evil men , and to cause justice to be readily executed .

Of fireworks . CHAP. XV.

IN the tenth chapter hath been shewed what materials were to be provided for fireworks ; here shall be taught how they are to be compounded .

To make garlands or pitcht ropes for cressets . Take of black pitch twelve pound , of tallow six pound , linseed oyle six pound , hard resin six pound , turpentine six pound , melt these altogether , and lay match therein , untill it suck up all the composition and be well incorporated ; then make your garlands therewith .

To make torches against rain and winde . Take cords of fine hemp , very open twisted , about the thicknesse of ones little finger , beat them with a mallet till they be very soft ; dissolve saltpeter , and boil the said cords therein , then let them be dried . Make a paste of sulphure and gunpowder beaten together , soaked in linseed oyle untill it be liquid ; steep your cords in this liquour , and let them drie again . Then take three parts of wax , two of resin , one of sulphure , one of black pitch , half of turpentine , a quarter of campher ; melt and mix all that well together , then cover your cords after the manner of a wax candle , and joyn foure of them together , and in the middle of them a staff of sallow about the thicknesse of a finger , prepared as the cords or matches above said .

To dissolve saltpeter . Put to one pound of saltpeter two ounces of water , then set it a melting over the fire in a kettle . It will also dissolve alone , but not so easily .

To bring saltpeter to flower . Dissolve the saltpeter over the fire , then stirre it with a stick untill it come to be like meal .

To make roch petre . You must melt it alone in a kettle , then let it grow cold .

To make flowers of sulphure . Melt sulphure in a limbeck , and the flowers will gather together about the helm .

To better the flowers of sulphure , melt them and lay them into strong vineger .

To make an excellent sulphure , take one part of flowers of sulphure , melt it : put into it half a part of quicksilver , and stirre it softly over a small fire , untill all be mixed , then slake it with strong vineger .

To make excellent coal . Take young twigs of hasle or sallow , or the stock of a vine , put them in small pieces into an earthen pot close covered , then set the pot on the fire untill the twigs be burnt ; their coal is very good .

To make good powder for muskets and pistols . Take seven parts of saltpeter , one part of sulphure , and one part and a quarter of charcoal ; or rather eight parts of saltpeter , one part of sulphure , and one part and one fift part of coal : beat it altogether very throughly , and sprinkle it over with good vineger , then grain it .

To make roch fire . Take one part of common sulphure , melt it in an earthen pot , being melted put into it half a part of course grained powder well dried , salt-peter one third part , beaten charcoal half a part ; put these things together by little and little , being well mingled , poure them on the flore , and you have the roch fire .

To make burning brush-faggots to cast into the moat , to shew light in the night . Take roch fire and melt it , then anoint the faggots with it , or joyners chips , or else anoint them with turpentine .

To make fireballs to set places on fire . Take roch fire one part , saltpeter one part , campher one eighth part , fine powder one eighth part , beat each of them severally , then mix them together with your hand , and put them into an hollow ball , having holes in divers places , with hards amongst it .

Otherwise . Take one part of campher , one part of salt-peter , half a part of sulphure , one third part of coal , all beaten to very fine powder , then mixed with petroll untill the matter be set in clods , then set it a drying ; the older it be the better it is : then you must load the hollow balls , having holes of sufficient bignesse , and give fire to them by a match or week .

To make the match or week Take half a quarter of powder , a quarter of saltpeter , two ounces of aqua vitae , half a septier of vineger , and one pinte of urin , let all this be melted together ; being dissolved , put into it course-spun-cotten , untill it have sucked it all up being warm , and you shall have a violent week . Take it out while it is moist , and by pieces of two , three , or foure foot long , rowl it with your hand on a table strewed with well beaten powder , and being so powdred , hang them in the shadow to drie , then lock them up in some drie place .

To make a fire trunk . Take a piece of light wood of three foot and an half , or foure foot long , bore it through from the one end to the other with a hole of an inch in diameter , make the wood very smooth within and without , which must be an inch thick , and of a like bignesse every where ; place at the one end an half pike , which may enter half a foot in at the hole , and nail it sure ; whip the trunk with strong packthred , then anoint and knutle it with resin and wax melted together , to keep it from water . The mixture of the powders are twelve parts of saltpeter , six of sulphure , six of canon powder , six of fine powder , two of glasse meanly beaten , two of quicksilver , and of sal armoniack ; beat all these severally , then mix them together , and make a paste of them with oyle of peter , more hard then soft , then take hards and make little balls with the mixture above said , of the bignesse of the caliver of the trunk , and let them drie , and binde them with small wyer . To charge the trunk , put a charge of beaten powder in the bottome of the trunk without ramming of it , put a ball upon that , and then a little of your mixture , continue thus untill it be filled , augmenting the charges of powder , so that the last be of two charges . You are to give fire to this trunk by the mouth of it with a match or week .

woodcut of instruments for casting fireworks Divers instruments to cast fireworks .

To make rockets . All the parts following must be understood in weight and in measure .

The matter of rockets . Take a part of beaten sulphure , one part and an half of ashes of ivie or vinetree , twelve parts of common gun-powder , well beaten and sifted ; put these three sorts of powders together into a bason or other vessell , and mingle them with both hands till they be well mixed together ; and in doing so , you shall besprinkle them with a brush with common water , to keep the dust from flying away , and that the powders may concorporate together , when you shall presse them within the concave of the rocket , you must take heed of powring on too much water , lest it come to a paste .

The concave cilinder of the rocket must be made of strong royall paper , which must be rolled and mouled on a moul .

I will not here speak of the manipulation , leaving that to the makers of them , as being common and vulgar , onely I will say that you cannot beat the matter for rockets too much with an iron hammer into the cilinders , and that the longest osier switch is the best , so as it weigh not more then the rocket .

These sorts of rockets , the older they be , the better : and if they be well whipped about , they will never burst . The coursest powder is best , because it is the easier beaten , or else take the dust of powder , that is , that which hath not yet been grained .

folio 156 diagram of rocket To make a rocket , you must have a mould to mould your paper on , as you see in figure . H. A rammer or drift . I. The mould to charge the rocket . A , F , G , O. The breech of the rocket . L. The needle of iron fastned in the breech . S. The bignesse of the starres . T.

¶ This leaf is to be placed betwixt folio's 156 and 157 , in the Art of Warre or Militarie discourses .

To make cornet-rockets , which draw fire after them untill they burst . Take a part of beaten sulphure , a part of ashes of ivie or vine , half a part of osier coals beaten , and twelve parts of gun-powder beaten and sifted , and mix it as hath been said before .

To make the composition of serpents which are added to rockets . Take ashes of vine one part , and of gun-powder beaten and sifted twelve parts , and load the concaves of the quills therewith ; and if you would have the serpents to crack , you must make them of paper as the rockets , and they must have a petard of grained powder at one end .

To make the composition to charge starres . Take one part of beaten sulphure , one part of powder , two parts of saltpeter , and half a part of coal of osiers ; all being well beaten .

Of this composition take the bignesse of a musket bullet , cover it with hards , and tie it about with thred .

You must pierce through these starres with an iron bodkin of sufficient bignesse to thred them , as a string of beads or a string of match to give fire to them .

Of the militia of the Grecians . CHAP. XVI .

THeir foot were divided into two kinds , pikes , and such as used flying weapons .

The pikes bore a target , or a corslet and greves , a pike from 20 to 24 foot long , and a sword .

The strongest of them covered themselves with a Macedonian target of brasse , being foure foot in diameter .

All the pikes were called heavie armed .

They which used flying weapons ( which were called the light armed ) carried wicker targets , bows , darts , and slings .

The heavie armed souldiers were thus disposed of , 16 men made a file : the first man being the file-leader , commanded the whole file ; the eighth man was the bringet-up of the front-half-file ; the ninth man was the half-file-leader , and the sixteenth man was the bringer-up of the file .

The whole file was divided into foure equall parts , the first souldier of every fourth part was called Enomotarcba , and had command over the other three .

Afile. File-leader . ☉ First Enomotarch . ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ Second Enomotarch . ∘ ∘ Bringer-up of the ½ file . ∘ Half-file-leader . ○ Third Enomotarch . ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ Fourth Enomotarch . ∘ ∘ ∘ Bringer-up of the file . ○

A companie had 16 files , which made 256 men .

The officers of a companie were , a Captain A. two Centurions B. foure Tetrarchs C. eight Dilochites D. 16 file-leaders I , E. 16 bringers-up of the front-half-files H. 16 half-file-leaders G. and 16 bringers-up of the files F.

Besides these they had an Ensigne , a Sergeant , a Trumpet , a Rear-commander , and a Cryer .

The figure of a companie . diagram of company hierarchy

The dutie of the officers was to instruct their souldiers in all the militarie motions ; these motions were , to stand right in ranks and files , to face to the right , left , and rear ; to double files and ranks ; to perform their countermarches and wheelings .

To render this more intelligible , I will describe each of them apart . First , the companie is drawn up into a body ( as hath been shewed before ) then the ranks and files are made straight and even , and they take their distances ; E. F. is the first file , E. I. is the first rank .

There be three kindes of distances , one for exercise , which is for every souldier foure cubits of ground ( which is six foot . ) The second , to be ready for battaile expecting an enemie , which is two cubits ( three foot ) that so the pikes may face every way . The third for combat , which is one cubit , that being so serried they may the more strongly charge the enemie , or sustain his charge .

The figure following sheweth in what order the souldiers ought to be to perform their motions , and how they are to reduce themselves when they are commanded as they were .

This figure is represented in all the following battaillons by these marks o , ∘ , the white ones signifie the file-leaders , or the front of the battaillon in the first standing before the command given , and the black ones the ordinarie souldiers . The small pricks shew the way by which every souldier moved , the figures of men shew in what form the battaillon standeth after the motion according to the command given them , and the cypher figures placed in the ranks and files shew which are to stand and which to move , or which are leaders , and which are followers .

The standing of souldiers which have made even their ranks and files , attending the word of command to perform the exercise . diagram of a battalion

To cause all the battaillon to face to the right , every souldier must turn his face to the place where his right hand was .

A battaillon faced to the right hand . diagram of a battalion

To cause all the battaillon to face to the left , every souldier must turn his face to the place where his left hand was .

A battaillon faced to the left hand . diagram of a battalion

To cause the battaillon to face to the rear , every souldier must turn his face by the right hand untill it be where his back was .

A battaillon faced to the rear . diagram of a battalion

To double files or ranks , is to put two into one . Doubling of files is called doubling the flanks , or doubling the depth ; doubling of ranks is called doubling the front .

Files are doubled after three wayes , either in inplacing the one within the other , which is called doubling of files sidewayes . In this doubling the even numbers of files mix themselves within the odde numbers , and the file-leaders which are to move , place themselves behinde them which are to stand fast , and every souldier behinde his right hand man .

A battaillon which hath doubled their files side-wayes . diagram of a battalion

Files are also doubled when one is placed before the other , which is called doubling of files advancing , when the odde numbers place themselves before the even numbers , as the following figure sheweth .

A battaillon which hath doubled files advancing . diagram of a battalion

Files are also doubled , when the left flank , or half ranks , of the battaillon stands fast ; and the right flank advanceth untill it be before the other , then causing it to face to the left , and to march untill they stand right before them , then to reduce their facing .

Ranks are also doubled by three wayes , either by mixing them one within the other , which is called doubling by ranks , and here the even numbers of ranks place themselves within the odde numbers .

A battaillon which hath doubled ranks by ranks . diagram of a battalion

Ranks are also doubled , by causing the half files to advance , untill the half-file leaders come up to the front of the battaillon .

A battaillon which hath doubled ranks by the half files . diagram of a battalion

Ranks are also doubled , when the battaillon divides it self at the half files , or rear division . The rear division again divideth it self into two equall parts at their half ranks , the one part to the right , the other to the left , and each of these parts advanceth untill the half-file-leaders stand even with the front of the battaillon .

A battaillon which hath doubled ranks on the flanks . diagram of a battalion

Countermarching is , when every souldier turning his face to the rear , doth also change his place , so to exchange the souldiers of the one part of the battaillon , to another part .

It is performed by files and ranks , and each of these is done three wayes , the Macedonian , Laconian , and Persian or Cretan .

The countermarch by files is to turn the face to the rear , and so to bring the file-leaders again to be foremost .

The Macedonian countermarch by files is , when the file-leaders face to the rear and stand fast , then all the rest of each file passe through and stand behinde their own leaders , by which means the battaillon leaves before it , for the field of combat , the ground where it self stood , as appeareth by the figure following .

A battaillon which hath performed the Macedonian countermarch . diagram of a battalion

The Laconian countermarch by files is when the file-leaders facing to the rear , cause all the rest of their file to follow after them , and lead them to another ground , leaving that ground behinde them where they formerly stood ; or rather the bringers-up face about , and every man of the file placeth himself before his bringer-up , in their due places , untill the file-leader come up to the front .

A battaillon which hath performed the Laconian countermarch . diagram of a battalion

The Persian or Cretan countermarch , is when the file-leaders face about , and draw their files after them , and come into the place of the bringers-up ; and the bringers-up come into the file-leaders places ; the battaillon possessing the same ground it had before .

A battaillon which hath performed the Persian or Cretan countermarch . diagram of a battalion

Countermarches by ranks are performed by the same rules and wayes , as hath been shewed in those of files .

Wheeling is when the whole body of the battaillon turneth , which is done upon the angles of the battaillon ( upon the right or left hand file-leader ) or on the middle of the front ( the middle file-leaders being as the center ) or on the center of the battaillon .

When the battaillon wheeleth upon the right hand file-leader , it wheeleth to the right hand . When it is upon the left hand file-leader , it wheeleth to the left . A quarter turn is called the first wheeling , as when the battaillon A. comes to possesse the place B. turning upon the center E. An half turn is called the second wheeling , which will be when the battaillon is come to possesse the ground C. Three quarter turn is called the third wheeling , which will bring the battaillon into D.

A battaillon wheeling upon the right hand file-leader . diagram of a battalion

The words of command are , Make ready your armes , Put your selves in battalia , Make even your files and ranks , Take your distances , Advance your pikes . Faces to the right , As you were ; Faces to the left , As you were ; Faces to the rear , As you were ; Files to the right double , As you were ; Double your files advancing , As you were ; Double your files by the half ranks , As you were ; Ranks double by ranks , As you were ; Ranks double by the half files , As you were ; Ranks double on both flanks , As you were . Countermarch , &c. As you were . Wheel , &c. As you were .

diagram of the hierarchy of a regiment

Foure regiments made the battaile of heavie armed foot ; the two on the right hand were called the right wing , and the two on the left , the left wing .

The officers of these foure regiments were , the Generall of foot , N. The Lieutenants Generall , O. The regiments are , P.

The front of the battaile of heavie armed foot . diagram of the front of battle

So much concerning the heavie armed foot , which differed not from the light armed concerning their order , but onely in their number , for the light armed had their files but of 8 deep , in all the rest they were alike . For they had as many files , as many companies , as many regiments , as many officers , disposed in the same order

Foure regiments made the front of their battaile , and two made a wing : their commanders were , The Lieutenant Generall , Q. The Lieutenant Colonels assistants , R. The regiments , S.

The front of the battaile of light armed foot . diagram of the front of battle

Sometimes the light armed foot marched before the heavie armed , sometimes they marched on their flanks , sometimes between them , and sometimes in their rear .

The form of battaile of the foot , when the heavie armed marched before the light armed . diagram of the front of battle

T. is the left wing . V. is the right wing . X. the heavie armed regiments . Y. the light armed regiments .

The horse were sometimes placed round about the armie by squadrons , sometimes on the wings , and also on the rear , sometimes amongst the armie on the wings of the battaillons , and sometimes onely on the wings of the armie , which they did most usually , dividing them into two equall parts , placing the one half on the right wing , and the other half on the left wing .

The form of the armie ranged in battaile , as well Infanterie as Cavalerie . diagram of the front of battle

X. are the heavie armed foot . Y. the light armed foot . Z. the horse , the one half on the right wing , and the other half on the left .

As they which use flying weapons were but half the number of the pikes , so the horse were but half the number of those which used flying weapons , that is , a fourth part of the foot .

The Persians and Sicilians disposed their troops of horse in square bodies , as the French do now adayes , but the Scythians , Thracians , and Macedonians put them into a triangular form , or wedge ; and the Thessalians into a rhomb or diamond .

They ordered their horse in these wedges and rhombs , sometimes by files , and sometimes by ranks , as in these figures .

diagram of triangular formation

Captain .

Lieutenant .

Ilarchos .

Plagiophylarchos .

diagram of diamond formation

Captain .

Lieutenant .

Corporall .

Ilarchos .

Plagiophylarchos .

Vragos .

The Grecians disposed their armies into fundrie forms , which was very easie for them to do , they being able to lengthen , thicken , open , close it , change the figure , or turn the front as pleased them ; by reason their souldiers were practised in all the motions aforesaid ; and at the sound of the trumpet both horse and foot knew what they were to do .

Sometime their armie marched with an even front , according to the form shewed before , when their enemie was before them ; sometimes in two bodies , when the enemie was on their flanks ; sometimes in foure , when they were in danger on all sides : sometimes in sithes , checquers , crescents , and manches .

In the figure following are represented six dispositions of battaile . A. Double fronted . B. Foure fronts . C. The sithe , or open fronted wedge . D. The checquer . E. The crescent . F The manches . ♂ . The horse . ♒ . The light armed . ♊ . The heavie armed .

diagram of dispostions of battle

diagram of double fronted

diagram of four fronts

diagram of open fronted wedge

diagram of the checker

diagram of the crescent

diagram of the manches

A battaillon which had a greater depth then front , they called Orthion .

That which had the front exceeding the depth , Plagion .

That battaillon is called oblique which fighteth by the wings , one wing serving for the vanguard .

When the battaile was begun to be ranged by the wings , and was ended at the middle , it was called Parembole .

When they began to range their battaile by the midst , and finished it on the wings , it was called Prostaxis .

When ( the heavy armed foot being first placed ) the light armed were placed at their front , it was called Protaxis .

When ( after that the heavie armed were ranged ) the light armed foot were placed in their rear , it was called Epitaxis .

When the light armed foot were ranged in the intervalls between the pikes , it was called Entaxis .

When the light armed were placed on the wings of the whole armie , they called it Hypotaxis .

Oftheheaviearmedfoot,calledHoplites. Number of men . Files . Greek names of the troops . The names interpreted . Greek names of officers . Officers names interpreted . 4. Enomotia . A quartain . Enomotarcha . A quartainer . 8. Dimoeria . An half file . Dimoerites . An half file-leader . 16. 1. Lochia . A file . Lochagos . A file-leader . 32. 2. Dilochia . Two files . Dilochites . A Lanspassado . 64. 4. Tetrarchia . A squadron . Te●rarcha . A Corporall . 128. 8. Taxiarchia . A centurie . Taxiarcha . A Centurion . 256. 16. Syntagma . A companie . Syntagmatarcha . A Captain . 512. 32. Pentacosiarchia . A double companie . Pentacosiarcha . A Colonels assistant . 1024. 64. Chiliarchia . A brigado . Chiliarcha . A Commander of a brigado , or Sergeant major . 2048. 128. Merarchia . A double brigado . Merarcha . A Lieutenant Colonell . 4096. 256. Phalangia . A regiment . Phalangarchos . A Colonell . 8192. 512. Diphalangia . One wing of the regiment . Diphalangarchos . Lieutenant Generall of foot . 16384. 1024. Tetraphalangia . The battaile of the heavie armed foot . Tetraphalangarchos . The Generall of foot .

Of the light armed foot , called Psyllagi . Number of men . Files . The Greek names of the troops . The names interpreted . The Greek names of the officers . The officers names interpreted . 4. Dimoeria . Half a file . Dimoerites . Half file-leader . 8. 1. Lochia . A file . Lochites . A file-leader . 16. 2. Dilochia . Two files . Dilochites . A Lanspassado . 32. 4. Systasis . A squadron . Systasiarchos . A Corporall . 64. 8. Pentecontarchia . A centurie . Pentecontarchos . A Centurion . 128. 16. Hecatontarchia . A companie . Hecatontarchos . A Captain . 256. 32. Psyllagia . A double companie . Psyllagiarchos . A Colonels assistant . 512. 64. Xenagia . A brigado . Xenagiarchos . A Sergeant major . 1024. 128. Systema . A double brigado . Systemarchos . A Lieutenant Colonell . 2048. 256. Epixenagia . A regiment . Epixenagiarchos . A Colonell . 4096. 512. Stiphos . One wing of the battaile . Stipharchos . The Sergeant major Generall of foot . 8192. 1024. Epitagma . The battaile of light armed foot . Epitagmarchos . The Lieutenant Generall of foot .

Ofthehorse. Number of men . The Greek names of the troops . The names interpreted . The Greek names of officers . Officers names interpreted . 36 Embolos . Half a troop . Embolarchos . A Lieutenant . 64 Archia . A troop . Archos . A Captain . 128 Epilarchia . A double troop . Epilarchos . Sergeant major . 256 Tarentinarchia . Foure troops . Tarentinarchos . Lieutenant Colonell . 512 Hipparchia . A regiment . Hipparchos . Colonell . 1024 Ephipparchia . A double regiment . Ephipparchos . Sergeant major Generall . 2048 Telarchia . One wing of the horse . Telarchos . Lieutenant Generall . 4096 Epitagma . The grosse of Cavallrie . Epitagmarchos . Generall of horse .

Of the Romane Militia , in the time of Polybius . CHAP. XVII .

THe Romanes managed their martiall affairs after this manner : They chose out of all the people such as were most fit to bear armes , as well for the Infanterie as for the Cavallrie .

Concerning the Infanterie , the poorest and youngest of them were appointed to be Velites ; the next above these , to be Hastati ; they which were in the flower of their age , to be Principes ; and the ancientest to be Triarii .

The armes of these foure sorts of souldiers were these : The Velites bore a sword , a javelin or dart three foot long , and an inch thick , with an iron at the end one foot long , a target of three foot in diameter , and an head-piece of leather ; some bore slings , and some bows .

The Hastati and Principes bore each of them a target ( two foot and an half broad , and foure foot long , or foure foot and an handfull ) a sharp-pointed sword , and cutting on both sides , and very stiff , an head-piece of brasse with crests and plumes , two piles of wood , the one slender as a dart , three cubits long , with an iron at the end ; and one thick one , an handfull in thicknesse , three cubits also in length , at the end whereof there was an iron of the length of the pile , half whereof was driven into the wood , which was fastened strongly thereunto , the other half extended , with a sharp point , being furnished with hooks . This iron , next to the wood , was one finger and an half thick , the finger being accounted at foure barly kernels , and the handfull at foure fingers breadth .

The Triarii bore the same armes which the Principes did , saving the piles , for in steed of them they bore pikes .

The Hastati used to bear them in former time , and had their name from thence , but they quitted them to take piles .

The Hastati , Principes , and Triarii bore a breast-plate of brasse or iron , a foot square ; and the richer sort armed themselves with scales or mails , fastned together with hooks .

In a legion there were 4200 men of the foure sorts of souldiers aforesaid , Velites , Hastati , Principes , and Triarii ; divided after this manner : There were 600 Triarii , 1200 Principes , 1200 Histatï , and as many Velites .

As well the Hastati , Principes , as Triarii , were divided each into ten parts , called Maniples ; so that in a legion there were 30 Maniples , without reckoning the Velites ; for they were equally distributed amongst each Maniple . The Hastati being 1200 , divided into ten Maniples , each contained 120 men ; so much were those of the Principes , and 60 those of the Triarii ; and dividing the 1200 Velites by 30 , to serve for such as used flying weapons to the Maniples aforesaid , it will appear that every Maniple of Velites contained 40 men .

One Maniple of Hastati , one Maniple of Principes , and one of the Triarii with the Velites , made a Cohort : for there were ten Cohorts in a Legion , and six Maniples in a Cohort ; namely , one of the Hastati , one of the Principes , one of the Triarii , and three of the Velites .

The Velites fought disbanded , keeping neither rank nor order , and it was their dutie to begin the skirmish and battaile ; but the Hastati , Principes , and Triarii , were ranged into Maniples . All the Maniples of the Hastati stood in one front , so did those of the Principes , in the rear of them , and those of the Triarii in like manner in the rear of the Principes .

The distance of the Maniples was such , that one Maniple might stand betwixt two of them , because that if the Hastati were repulsed , they might retreat into the intervalls or spaces which were between the Maniples of the Principes , and so fight together . And if both Hastati and Principes were defeated , they might retreat between the Maniples of Triarii , and so fight again all together , as well Hastati , and Principes , as Triarii .

The form of a Legion embattailed . diagram of a legion

B. B. are the Maniples of Hastati . C. C. those of the Principes . D. D. those of the Triarii . The pricks which are about the Maniples , represent the Velites .

Over every Maniple were two commanders , called Centurions , a first , and a second ; when both of them were present with their Maniple , the first commanded the right flank , and the second the left : and if one of them were absent , he which was present commanded the whole Maniple . In every Maniple were two Ensignes , one under each Centurion , and two Sergeants . Every ten men had also a commander , called a Decurion , and over all the Legion there were six Tribunes or commanders in chief .

Every Legion had 300 horse , divided into ten troops called Turmes , every one of which had 30 souldiers , three whereof were Decurions or file-leaders , and three bringers-up . The first file-leader , called the Prefect , commanded the troop , in his absence the second , and in eithers absence the third did it . In every troop there was a Cornet .

Three Turmes in a companie . diagram of turmes in a company B. The file-leaders . C. The three Cornets .

The Romanes made use of their Allies in their warres , and had a like number of foot of their Allies as they had of citizens of Rome , and the Legions were alike in form , armes , and number of men : but concerning the Cavallrie , the Allies were double the number of the Romanes . It is true that of the foot they took the fifth part , and of the horse the third part for extraordinarie , and the rest of the foot they divided into two equall parts , which they placed on the flanks of the armie , and called those on the right hand , The right wing , and those on the left hand , The left wing , so that when the Roman Legions consisted of 4200 men , the wings of the Allies were 3360 , and the Maniples of the Hastati and Principes , each of them were 92 ; of the Triarii 60 ; and of the Velites 30. And the troop of extraordinarie foot in every wing was 840 men . The Cavallrie of the Allies for every of their Legions was 600 horse ( double the number of the Romanes ) of these they took a third part ( namely 200 ) for extraordinarie , and divided the remaining 400 into ten Turmes , each of them of 40 horse , over which there were a Cornet , a Prefect , three Decurions or file-leaders , and three bringers-up , as amongst the Romanes . These extraordinaries were imployed for guards for the Consuls , and for troops of reserve in combats .

When foure Legions were ranged in battaile , all the Roman Cavallrie was on the right hand , that of the Allies on the left hand , and the extraordinarie Cavallrie of the Allies was placed on the right hand of the Roman horse , and the extraordinarie Infanterie of the Allies was ranged between the Legions and the wings , over against the Triarii .

Foure Legions ranged in Battalia by Maniples . diagram of four legions A. The Cavallrie of the two wings of Allies . H. I. K. The Hastati , Principes , and Triarii of the first Roman Legion . E. F. G. The Hastati , Principes , and Triarii of the second Roman Legion . L. M. N. The Hastati , Principes , and Triarii of the right wing of the Allies . B. C. D. The Hastati , Principes , and Triarii of the left wing of the Allies . Q. The two extraordinarie Cohorts of the left wing of the Allies . R. The 2 extraordinary Cohorts of the right wing of the Allies . T. The Imperator or Generall . N. The Legate of the right wing . D. The Legate of the left wing . O The Cavallrie of the two Roman Legions . P. The extraordinarie Cavallrie of the Allies .

When the Legion consisted of 4000 men , more or lesse , it was divided according to the aforesaid proportion ; as when the Legion contained 5100 men , the Velites , Hastati , and Principes , were each of them 1500 , and the Maniples of the Hastati and Principes 150. Concerning the Triarii , they never increased nor diminished their number of 600 , nor their Maniples of 60 , and the Maniples of the Velites were of 50 men a piece .

The Legions have oft-times been augmented ; for in Romulus his time they contained 3000 foot and 300 horse .

In the time of Camillus , they were 4000 foot and 300 horse .

In Caesars time , 5000 foot and 600 horse .

And in the time when the Sabines joyned themselves with the Romanes , it consisted of 6000 foot and 600 horse .

When the armie was thus strong , the Legions were ranged in battalia by Cohorts , and not by Maniples . As when Caesar fought against Afranius , he placed in every Legion , foure Cohorts of Hastati , three of Principes , three of Triarii . The Velites were about the middle of the armie , and the horse on the flanks .

Five Legions ranged in battalia by Cohorts . diagram of five legions A. B. C. Ten Cohorts of a Legion . D. E. F. Ten Cohorts of another Legion . G. H. I. K. L. M. N. O. P. are three other legions , each of them being divided into ten Cohorts . R. The Cavallrie of Allies . Q. The Roman Cavallrie . S. The extraordinary Cavallrie of the Allies . T. V. The extraordinarie Cohorts of the Allies .

Concerning their manner of encamping , it was also such as is here shewed by a quartering of two Roman Legions . And if the armie were greater , they lengthened the camp on the right and left hand . If there were two armies together , they made two equall quarters , which they joyned on that side of the Pretorian gate .

The quartering of foure Roman Legions . diagram of quartering four legions A. The Pretorie , which contained 200 foot square . B. The treasurie , 200 foot long , and 100 foot in depth . C. D. The two Legates tents , the ground for each of which contained 50 foot in depth and 100 in length . E. The Prefects over the Allies , whose lodgings were square ; each side having 150 foot ; their tents were 12 in all . T. The Tribunes of two Roman Legions : their lodgings were square , of 150 foot aside , and 12 tents F. The lodgings of the Cavallrie of the Evocati amongst the Allies , having 80 foot to 125 in breadth . G. The Ablecti amongst the Allies , having 120 foot to 112 in breadth . H. The quarter of the foot of the Evocati amongst the Allies , having 80 foot to 238 in breadth . I. That of the foot of the Ablecti amongst the Allies , containing 120 foot , upon 252 in breadth . K. The extraordinarie Cavallrie , every lodging containing 80 foot in depth , for 167 in length . L. The extraordinarie Infanterie , having 70 foot , for 200 in breadth , every quarter . N. The quarter of 20 turmes of the Roman Cavallrie , each having 100 foot square . O. The Triarii of the Roman Legions ; the quarter of each Maniple had 100 foot in front and 50 in depth . P. The Principes of the Roman Legions ; the quarter for every Maniple was 100 square . Q. The Hastati of the Roman Legions , each Maniples quarter was 100 foot square . R. The Cavallrie of the Allies ; the quarter for their turmes was 34 foot in length and 100 broad . S. All the Infanterie of the Legions of the Allies , every Cohort having 100 foot in front and 200 a a Observe that from the Decumane gate there runneth a street , which divideth the two Legions , which have all their quarters , facing outward , and their backs meeting at that street , both fronting to their alarm-places X. in depth . V. The streets , being 50 foot broad . X. The alarm-place , being 200 foot broad . Y. Z. Two streets , each of them being 100 foot broad . ♉ . The Pretorian gate . ♀ . The right hand gate . ♂ . The left hand gate . ♊ . The Decumane gate . ♎ . Void places reserved to lodge strangers .

The manner of forming all sorts of battaillons . CHAP. XVIII .

The authour followeth other writers in this chapter , which some ( since ) have also retained ; but are ( in my opinion ) of little use , and savour of curious impertinencie . FIve sorts of battaillons are ordinarily made , namely , square of men , square of ground , doubled , when the front is to the depth according to a proportion given , and the broad fronted battaillon .

The space which every souldier requireth , marching in battalia , is three foot in front and seven in depth .

To make a battaillon square of men . Suppose the number of men be 100 , take the square root of 100 , which is ten which is the number of men which must be placed in front , and also in flank ; As in the figure following .

diagram of a battalion

To make a battaillon square of ground . Suppose the number be 105 men , multiply it by three ( which is the space which every man occupieth in front ) it will produce 315 : divide this number by 7 ( which is the space which a man requireth in depth ) it will produce 45. Take the nearest square root to this number , which is 7 , and that is the number of men which must serve for your files . After this divide your 105 men by 7 , it will produce 15 , which is the number for the front : so that this battaillon for every 7 men in front , hath 3 in flank .

A battaillon square of ground . diagram of a battalion

To make a doubled battaillon , that is , which hath twice as many men in front as in depth . Suppose the number be 98 men , double this number , then will be 196. take the square root of this number , which is fourteen , and that is the number of men which must be in front , and the half of that , which is seven , must be placed in the depth .

A doubled battaillon . diagram of a battalion

To make a battaillon whereof the front shall be to the depth , according to any proportion propounded . Suppose the number be 135 men , to be ranged in battalia in such manner , that for every 5 which shall be in front , there be three in depth , that is , that there be a proportion between that and the flanks , as between three and five .

Divide 135 by 5 , and multiply the product by three , and of the number which it will produce , take the square root , which will be nine , for the depth of the battaillon . And to finde the front , divide 135 by 3 , and multiply the product by 5 , and of the product take the square root , which is fifteen , as in the figure following .

diagram of a battalion

To make a broad fronted battaillon . Suppose the number to be two hundred and ten men , whereof you would make a battaillon which shall have thirty men in front ; to know how many there will be in depth , divide two hundred and ten by thirty , it will make seven . To finde the front by the depth , you must divide two hundred and ten by seven .

A broad-fronted battaillon . diagram of a battalion

The square battaillons ( of men or ground ) are weak of front , and those of broad front are weak in depth . The Spaniards often use doubled battaillons . And the Hollanders broad fronted ones , for they make their files no deeper then a a Seeing that not onely the Hollanders , but all others , make not their files to exceed the number of ten ( some be but eight , and the Swedes use but six ) to what purpose should the square root serve , especially in a great body ? ten men .

To finde the square root , to the number of 4096.

To finde the square root of a number , as if you were to make a square battaillon of 1600 men , looke in the table following in the column of squares 1600 , and you shall finde over against it in the column of roots 40 , for the root or number of men which must be placed on all sides of the battaillon .

Atabletofindethesquareroottothenumberof4096. Squares . Roots . Squares . Roots . Squares . Roots . 4 2. 529 23. 1939 44. 9 3. 576 24. 2025 45. 16 4. 625 25. 2116 46. 25 5. 676 26. 2209 47. 36 6. 729 27. 2304 48. 49 7. 784 28. 2401 49 64 8. 841 29. 2500 50. 81 9. 900 30. 2601 51. 100 10. 961 31. 2704 52. 121 11. 1024 32. 2809 53. 144 12. 1084 33. 2916 54. 169 13. 1156 34. 3025 55. 196 14. 1225 35. 3136 56. 225 15. 1296 36. 3249 57. 256 16. 1369 37. 3364 58. 289 17. 1444 38. 3481 59. 324 18. 1521 39. 3600 60. 261 19. 1600 40. 3721 61. 400 20. 1681 41. 3844 62. 441 21. 1764 42. 3969 63. 484 22. 1849 43. 4096 64.

FINIS .

A short METHOD FOR THE EASIE RESOLVING OF ANY Militarie Question propounded .

By The Lord of PRAISSAC .

Englished by I. C.

CAMBRIDGE : Printed by ROGER DANIEL , Printer to that famous UNIVERSITIE . 1639.

To the worshipfull , my worthily honoured friend PHILIP SKIPPON Esquire , Captain of a Companie of foot , in service of the States of the united Provinces . SIR ,

IT pleased you to put me upon the translation of the Lord of Praissac's discourses , and ( afterwards ) of this last piece of his ; which I conceive he intended , as a Corollarium to conclude with ; or as an Epitome of his other tractes , to put his readers to trie what they had profited by them , by setting these wheels awork . These are no speculations for every Tyro to meddle with ; but rather for such as had followed your Worthie self in your foure and twentie years Militia ( in Denmark , Germanie , the Low Countries and elsewhere ) to exercise their thoughts in ; and to recollect those things which might ( perhaps ) be slipped out of memorie . I cannot compare this piece to any thing better ( for so much matter in so small a room ) then to that admired artificiall Flie , made by that famous German Joan. De monte regio , ( celebrated by divine du Bartas ) which ( not exceeding a naturall fly in bignesse ) contained such wheels , springs , and other engines , as made it fly from the artists hand round about a table , and so to his hand again . As little as this piece is , ( and my pains in it the least that may be ) yet I am confident ( having so much experience of your true candor and sweet disposition ) you will dain to accept of it , from

your humble servant I. C.

A SHORT METHOD , for the easie resolving of any Militarie question propounded .

EVery militarie question may be resolved by , Whether or no , with whom , where , when , how , and how much . Deliberating to make warre , peace , truce , parly , alliance , league ; Considering the diversitie of persons , as compatriots , allies , confederates , mercenaries , neuters , and enemies ; directing your self in the action propounded , either to advance , abide , retreat fight , lodge , refresh ; according to the occasion which men , means , munitions , time , works , and the countrey do afford ; doing all things according to reason , which proceedeth from honour , profite , obedience , obligation , necessitie and facilitie ; using the help of instruments fitting for execution , as waggons , ladders , bridges , pickaxes , shovels , and boats ; meeting with accidents which might befall by noise , sun , water , cold , dust , and smoak ; by the fashion of order , commoditie , assurance , surprise , diligence , and foresight . So that you may make an encycle of nine moveable circles ( as the figure sheweth ) namely of questions , deliberations , persons , actions , occasions , reasons , instruments , accidents , and fashions . Every circle containeth six common places , the greatest is called the first , and the least the ninth . If you turn the second circle with a whole revolution , upon each common place of the first , you shall finde 36 questions , as , Whether you ought to make warre , whether you ought to make peace , whether you ought to make truce , whether you ought to parly , whether you ought to make alliance , whether you ought to make league . With whom you should make warre , with whom you should make peace , with whom you should make truce , with whom you should parly , with whom you should make alliance , with whom you should make league . Where you should make warre , where you should make peace , where you should make truce , where you should parly , where you should make alliance , where you should make league . When you should make warre , when you should make peace , when you should make truce , when you should parly , when you should make alliance , when you should make league . How you should make warre , how you should make peace , how you should make truce , how you should parly , how you should make alliance , how you should make league . How much you should make warre , how much you should make peace , how much you should make truce , how much you should parly , how much you should make alliance , how much you should make league . And if you turn the third circle even as the second , you shall finde that the said 36 questions being joyned to the six common places of the said circle , will produce 216. Namely , Whether you should make warre with your compatriots , whether you should make peace with your compatriots , whether you should make truce with your compatriots , &c. These 216 questions are resolved by the common places of the fifth , sixth and ninth circles .

If you have concluded to make warre , the questions to be propounded about the actions thereof , are to be taken out of the first and fourth circles , which will produce 36 propositions ( as was said of the first and second ) namely , Whether you ought to advance forward , whether you ought to abide still , whether you ought to retreat , whether you ought to fight , whether you ought to lodge , whether you ought to refresh . With whom you should advance , with whom you should abide , with whom you should retreat , with whom you should fight , with whom you should lodge , with whom you should refresh . Where you should advance , &c.

The affirmation of the 36 last propositions is taken from the common places of the fifth , sixth , seventh , eighth , and ninth circles . Now , that these common places may be sufficient to afford reasons for the confirmation of these propositions , the following example will testifie , and will give instruction for the order which must be observed , for the resolving of other questions propounded .

The first question is , Whether you should make warre ? whereupon you must consider of the reason which you have so to do ; whether it be honour , as to conserve your own , to maintain another , to settle justice , to punish evill doers . Whether it be profit , as to raise your state , to augment your dignities , to gather wealth , to advance your friends . Whether it be obedience due to the Soveraigne , or to those which himself or the laws have set over us . Whether it be obligation , being bound thereunto either by equitie , or oath , or consanguinitie , or alliance . Whether it be facilitie , as to resist the assaults of the enemie , to usurpe his dominions , and to bring him under subjection in short time , and with little charge .

Having considered of the reason you must come to the occasion , which may be either in respect of men , which are either plebeians or militarie . Concerning the plebeians ( if it be in a free state , and not a monarchie ) to know whether they will consent and approve of the action , furnish men for the warre , deliver places for securitie , money to bear all the charges , and submit themselves to your judgement and discretion . Concerning the militarie men , whether they be willing to obey you , deliver you hostages , and put their fortunes , goods , and honours into your hands .

Now for the regard of means , as whether you have good store of money beforehand , or means to get it , by favour of friends , or to take it from your enemies , making warre at his charge , or having good store of auxiliaries from your allies , and means to pay them .

And in respect of munitions , whether you have abundance of victuall , as well for the provision of cities , as for the feeding of the armies , magazines well stored , great store of draught horses for the ready drawing of the train where it shall be needfull .

Or in regard of the time , whether it be when there is a dissention , fomenting one of the parties ; in the minoritie of the Soveraigne , insinuating with his officers ; in the midst of a profound peace , when there is no doubt of combinations , when a great mortalitie rageth amongst the enemies , and famine weakneth them ; or when you conceive that the fear of warre will constrain them to give you more then you could get by it .

Or in respect of the works , whether you possesse strong cities , assured havens , and well fortified cittadels .

Or in regard of the countrey , whether you possesse the straits , the key sides , bridges , that so you may facilitate the entrance of your releefs , and easily to joyn your self to them , and by that means be master of the field , possessing so much of the countrey as you are able to guard , and abandoning that which you could not be able to maintain , and whereof the cost would surpasse the profit .

Concerning the fashion of proceeding , it is taken from the order which you must observe before you execute any thing ; as whether you ought to begin , or to give occasion to the enemie to do it , in what place you should give the first assault , in what staple towns ; and if it should be so , how you shall march thither , with what quantitie of Infanterie , Cavallrie , and Artillerie you should execute the enterprise ; whether you be able to do it alone , or whether you must call your friends to help you ; who ( amongst all ) shall begin , who shall do the exploit , who shall conserve that which shall be gotten .

Then what commoditie you shall reap thereby , whether you shall be in peace afterwards , or the nobilitie be better pleased , the church more flourishing , justice better administred , the people lesse burthened , the King better served , the state better secured ; what commoditie will facilitate the enterprise , will it be vicinitie , will it be the weaknesse of the enemie , of his countrey , of his people , of his towns , of his bad councell , of his disorder in his actions , or that you have no want of any thing .

What Assurance have you that the execution will succeed according to your desire ; and if that be wanting , how shall you assure your affairs ; will you hazard all your fortune at a time , will you play at double or quit , or will not that which you undertake be able to hurt you but in part , or but little , or nothing at all , neither to your self nor your friends .

Shall you surprise your enem●e at unawares , keeping ill guard in his cities , or being weakly followed in the field , at a time when he is solacing himself either with courting or hunting , and without being able to be advertised of your designe , untill he be fallen into your hands ?

Can you by your diligence prevent his knowledge , and so your own obstacles and his remedies ?

Have you foreseen whatsoever may befall you , as well in your designe , in the action , and after the execution thereof , to prevent the mischief , and to advantage your self by the good thereof ? will your confederates be faithfull to you ? If false , shall they be able to hinder the enterprise in the whole or onely in part , or in your very person , by seizing thereon and delivering you into the enemies hands ? and if they can , by what device shall you be able to escape them ? If the things abovesaid be so advantageous as you ought to conclude for warre , you must then come to the other question , with whom you ought to make it , whether with your compatriots , or with your allies , or confederates , &c. and to see the reason , the occasion , and fashion by which you should proceed , passing through all these common places .

That done , you must handle the questions which concern the action , which are , whether or no , with whom , where , when , how , and how much you shall do that which you have concluded ( as hath been shewed in the first question : ) as if a generall had caused his armie to be mustered , he shall deliberate wherein to imploy it , as whether he should cause it to advance , or abide , or fight , &c. Suppose if be ought to cause his armie to march , he ought to do it when it is to fight with the enemie , to hinder him from passing a champain , a river , a strait , to cut off his releef ; or for his own effecting of these things , or to besiege some place , to releeve it , to cut off a convoy , or to conserve , or pillage the open countrey .

You must advance , when your abiding or retreat would be dishonourable , when the hope of the profit is great , when superiours command it , when alliance oblige you to it , when necessitie constrains you thereunto , and when the thing is so facile as nothing can oppose you .

That which will occasion your moving , will be the advantage of men , be it on foot or horseback ; of means , as money , waggons , artillerie ; of munitions both for the mouth and for warre ; the commodiousnesse of time , fair , cold , or rain . Of the works , as forts , trenches , redouts . Of the countrey , as large , spacious , and even , to range your battaillons and squadrons ; or close and mountainous , to passe undiscovered and sheltred . The instruments which may facilitate the designe , are waggons to carrie the munitions ; ladders to serve for surprises ; bridges to passe over moats and rivers , pickaxes and shovels to make the trenches and other works , and boats to passe rivers . The accidents which you ought to foresee , are the noise which hindreth the souldiers from hearing the orders , and affrighteth them ; the sunne , which may dazle them ; the water of pools , moors or rain , which may discommode you ; the cold , which may put your souldiers out of case to fight ; the dust raised in the field by the footing ; and the smoak of firings , which hinders you from seeing the battaillons , and the actions of the enemie . After that , you must consider the fas●ion of your march , what order your Infanterie shall observe , what your Cavallrie , and what your Artillerie ; what commoditie this marching will afford you , whether it will advantage you , and whether you shall be the better for it in the whole or in part . Wherein your assurance will be , whether in your enemies being farre off , or in the strength of your site , or of the territorie , or vicinitie of friends ; whether you must march upon surprise in the night , to pillage ; with such diligence as you may be farre before you be discovered ; foreseeing for all things necessarie , as to be able to make resistance , being charged ; to arrive timely , before the danger ; to be strongly and commodiously encamped , in such sort as you may not fear neither the surprises of the enemie , nor the violence of his assaults .

These common places may be applied as well to divers other actions as to that of warre , provided that you know which to choose , and how many .

FINIS .