This word Logick

Hath divers significations : For first is meant by it the 1 Naturall Logick . power or faculty of the understanding and reasoning , which is innate , and floweth from mans Essence or Nature .

2 It may be taken for a frame or constitution of Logical precepts , by this or that man written , called a systeme ; which frame may be also taken for an Art , by a Metonomy of the Cause for the Effect , accepting Art not for an habit ingenerated in the mind by precepts and use , but for a collection of universal precepts , to operate in a determinate latitude and limit of End .

3 It may be accepted for a certain part of this whole frame or constitution , namely that which is of a Syllogism Contingent or Commune .

4 It may signifie an Act or Habit , begotten by precepts and use in the mind of the Artist ; as when we say Peter is a good Logician : and this is the most proper signification of the word Logick , according to which we define it : So therefore

Logick is an Art of ordering and directing of mans † † The thoughts of mans mind is nothing else but his reason or understanding wholly occupate about things . understanding The first Definition of Logick . The second . in the knowledge things : Or secondly ,

Logick is an Art that teacheth how to think and judge distinctly of all things .

In this Definition are contained , 1 The Genus . 2 The Object . 3 The End .

The Genus of Logick is an Art ; for 1 1 Genus The five principall Habits of Aristotle . It cannot be Wisdom which teacheth and treateth of the highest causes and things .

2 It s not Understanding which containeth and consisteth of the habit of principles .

3 Nor is it Science , which is made up only of such things Reasons drawn from the properties . as are real and universal .

4 Nor can it be Prudence , which teacheth things that are particular to be done and practised . It remains therefore that it be an Art : For ,

First it imitates and perfecteth Nature . Reasons why Logick is an Art .

2 It presupposeth a certain end whereunto it directeth all the means .

3 It is to be known , not for its own , but for the sake of some other ; the profit thereof being in use , not speculation .

4 It adviseth nothing of the means , it consults not whether to use these or those means to obtain the end , for that they all are predetermined , and in a certain disposition ordinated to their end .

5 It operates without any contrariety , or repugnancy of the appetite and affections , as not engaging or disengaging them .

6 It is not commendable for the intent or purpose , but for the thing done , the work it self .

7 It is not to be dispraised when it errs of set purpose and industry ( for it could have done otherwise ) but when it errs of ignorance and unwillingly .

8 It is delivered by an Analytical and Resolutive method , proceeding from the object and end foreknown , unto the means which are to be ordinated .

Ergo , Logick is an Art .

Of the Object of Logick .

2 Object of Logick . The object of Logick is two-fold . 1 That which it directeth . Also the primary object of Logick is Reason , the secondary , Speech , the manifestation and utterance of Reason . 2 That whereto the understanding is directed .

1 The object which Logick directeth , is the Understanding , Reason , Mind or thought of man : wherein two things are to be foreknown . 1 The properties of the understanding . 2 The parts and degrees thereof .

1 The properties of the understanding to the preknowledg 9 Properperties of the understanding . of Logical precepts necessary , are 1 That those perceived of sense , be first and best known of the understanding ; let

By sin there are three defections in mans Reason . 1 Aberration from the apprebending of things . 2 Obscurity and difficulty , either not being able to comprehend the natures of things , or to discern them with their notes and properties , as in a glasse . 3 Distraction and confusion in the apprehension of them .

Logick now hath a medicine to cure these , which it doth , 1 By the explanation of things . 2 By the Probation . 3 By Ordination .

the understanding deduce thence its original knowledge . 2 That since the defection of our first parents in Paradise , our understanding cannot faithfully and certainly determine to comprehend the natures of things with distinctnesse and order , and by its own acies and strength to discern the truth , unlesse by artificiall and outward rules , directed and governed , unto which the understanding looks , as the Mariner to the Compasse ; In which respect and sense , it is in worse case than the sense● , which have conserved themselves sound & entire since the first apostacie , of their own force and vigour being still able to determine themselves faithfully to know their own objects . 3 That the understanding of it self , is rather carried to the cogitation of things universal ( and such objects as are not determined either by will , place , time , &c. circumstances ) then unto determinate things and singular , the effects and products of sense . 4 That the understanding acts not in a moment , but successively , in time , and by order . 5 It understands not the same independently , and of it self , but goeth from one thing to another ; and hence it is that the distinct knowledge of God is paramount the reach of the understanding , there being nothing in God diverse from God , or what is not God himself : in man there are many things more obvious to knowledge than man himself , but in God there 's no such thing , who is conceivable only ( & that but most imperfectly ) by himself . 6 That at one and the same time it is occupied about , and understandeth but one thing . 7 That the object must be proportionate to it self , and finite ; it cannot understand God who is infinite . 8. That it may assent certainly to conclusions proved , even Testimony ( if authentique ) yet so as no distinct knowledge can be begotten in the understanding , except there be a mean from the nature of the Predicate or Subject ; for that to know , is by the Cause . 9 That the instruments of its operation need be pure and composed , should be spirits void of affectuous humours , as Anger , Fear , Malice , Revenge , &c.

Degrees are three ,

1 The first degree of the understanding is simple , viz. 2 The Degrees of the understanding . the apprehension of a single Term or Theme , as Peter , Paul , a living Creature .

2 Is the conception of two Terms by way of composition , as when we think , A man is a living Creature : or , A man is a reasonable Creature .

3 Is when in order we think of more than two Terms passing the thought from one to the other , till you come to a third . This is discourse .

Discourse now is two-fold . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Illative . Ordinative .

Illative is such a moving of our Thoughts , as when by the repeating the co-ordination of things , that is , the third Term with the two former , we judge the co-ordination of these two Terms to be true or false : This discourse is that which is called Syllogistical .

2 Ordinative is a moving of our thoughts from one part of the doctrine to another , that so we may judge how they consist and hang together . This discourse is called Methodical .

The Object to which the understanding is directed and ordered , is every thing in Nature ; for the understanding and comprehending of which in our thoughts , the Understanding needeth and seeketh rules of Logick .

1 Of this object there is a three-fold partition of things . Things to be known , threefold . 1 Some are infinite , as God , and hereunto the serv'ce of Logical Instruments is not sufficient for the eliciting of a perfect conception or knowledge : Others are finite , and create ; and of them some be spiritual and imperceptible by sense , and with much ado can the understanding conceive them : Some also be corporall , and to know them and their instruments , Logical instruments chiefly serve .

2 Things in nature are considerable two wayes . 1 Indeterminately without respect or restraint to Term , Place , or other circumstances , as a Man . 2 Determinately unto circumstances , as Peter Paul , &c. About the first ( as about things universal ) are Logical instruments and directions primarily and principally used About the latter ( as about singular ) they are used but secondarily .

3 Things are considered absolutely and in themselves , and so are called simple beings , or entia , or things , as a Man . Sometime as co-ordinate , and one with another , as a Man , a living creature : now they are called compounded . About the first , the first part of Logick is used ; about the latter , the second and third parts .

The proper end of Logick , is , the ordering and directing 3 End of Logick . of mans cogitations ( or the acts of mans understanding ) in the knowledge of things ; this is the true and proper end of Mark , other Disciplines do not so much direct the mind ( Physicks , Mathematicks ) as teach and minister the knowledge of things ; whereas Logick of it self is but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Logick . 1 Because every essential end must be equall to its thing ended , ( nor streighter nor larger ) because the end constituteth the essence . 2 Every end must be one , for the unity of an Art depends of the unity of the end ; as the unity of knowledge depends of the unity of the subject . 3 An End in Arts not conjecturall , such is Logick , must be put when the means are put ; and these three Criteria , or rules , exactly do agree in the direction of the understanding : and hitherto having minded the nature and essence of Logick , le ts now consider the properties and effects that followeth the essence .

Properties of Logick .

1 No discipline more helpeth the wit , or contemplative Proper acdents , and the effects of Logick . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sharpness , i. e. the inclination of the temperature to contemplate distinctly and accurately . 2 Unto the wit belongs , 1 , The judgement , or judging faculty , i. e. a disposition soundly to think and perceive what s true , and what s false in 2 things . 2 A facility of learning . 3 Discipline . 4 A witty 3 faculty quickly to find out the mean to prove the truth , and 4 refute the falshood , all which Logick helpeth , ordereth , directeth .

3 Logick is the directory of the thoughts , making them regular , that whatsoever is conceiveable of a thing , may be drawn to a right sum , for an orderly processe in them , and to avoid confusion .

4 When a man hath soundly and well thought on a thing , it enableth him exactly and in order to reach and write it .

5 It causeth a man well to learn that which is well taught .

6 It giveth a reflexive knowledge to a man , that is , it makes a man not onely know ( directly ) but makes him know that he knoweth a thing .

7 It enableth a man to resolve what is compositively handled by others .

8 It much avails and profits to conference and collations , whether occasional or other .

9 By it , is a man enabled to an apt and regular placing and acquiring of intellectuall vertues , as on which depends the disposition and order of all disciplines , as to their frames and constitution .

10 It is the rule of those habits a man hath acquired , instructing him to work aright ; yet I mean but the rules of ingenious and intellectuall operations .

11 In respect of man ( that is to learn ) it is the rule of all other disciplines whatsoever , but especially for Divinity . I say not , it is essentiall to the simple knowledge of things substantiall to salvation ( for this may be by infusion from heaven , without any humane artifice ) but I mean , the ordinary way of erudition and skill to handle places in Theologie , depends on Logick .

Now unto Logick ( as unto every habit ) are required three things , ( as it were efficient causes of it ) Nature , Method , Exercise .

1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Nature , that is , a naturall faculty , which consists 1 Nature required unto Logick , as the ( as it were ) efficient cause . of the humours , disposition and temperament of the body , whereby a man is inclinable to this , more then to that Discipline .

2 Method ( 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Greek ) is a Collection and frame of all Logicall precepts , needful to the acquisition or getting the habit of the Art .

About this frame two things are considerable . 1 Invention . m 2 Conformation . n

The principal Inventor of this Art ( as of all other ) is the m Spirit of God , viz. the holy Ghost ; then , men his Instruments in all Ages .

Now the Causes motive of men to invent this Art , were 1 The defect of mans nature , who out of a perception 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that the thoughts of men could not wel determinate themselves to the understanding of things without the help of second thoughts , were forced to frame and devise such , and they call them Logicall notions . a

2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : Admiration of natural effects , arising out of abstruseness of the Causes , causing grief to ingenuous spirits ( for , wonder speaks ignorance ) by which they were irritated to a serious enquiry after the Causes , which without Logical determinations was not feasable .

3 A puritation and itch after knowledge ( innate to every man ) Now he that desireth an end , adviseth of , and desireth the means conducent thereunto , and such in speciall is Logick .

The means men used at first ( I mean since the Fall ) for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . the expoliting and adorning of the Art of Logick , is , first , Outward Sense , principally those of Seeing and Hearing . 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Observation ; and this ever presupposeth † † For nothing comes into the understanding but that was some manner of way first in the sense . remembrance , which is nothing but a reflexion upon something formerly taken notice of . 3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Experience , that is , the collection of many Observations and Examples , and retaining them in memory . 3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Induction ( the third 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is , effect of the understanding , is invention ) which from the judgement of the senses , and experience of observations , formeth in the understanding a common and universal notion , which as it were is a rule by which the knowledge and vertue of working are directed in the operation to come .

In the Conformation of this whole Logical Constitution , n two things are very observable . 1 The Formal . q 2 The Material .

1 The formal , &c. consists , 1 In the determinate distribution of the parts . a 2 In the co-ordination of the q parts so determined , unto the end of the whole : b

1 In the distribution of the parts , these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or rules a are observeable . 1 Every good distribution should be made with words fit and significative unto the minde , of the parts of the whole distributible , but not of any thing not therein contained . 2 Division should be of the whole , not of the parts of the whole . 3 If it be a good division , the parts ( divided ) will be equal to the whole , and neither more nor less . 4 It should consist of such parts onely as are in the whole , retaining the same order , and agreeing with it . 5 In a good partition there should be a disjunction & segregation of the parts one from another , neither presupposing or including one the other . 6 And this disjunction of parts must be such a disjoyner which mensurates the whole , and whereby the whole is constituted . 7 A division should distinguish the whole , not confound or perplex it . 8 The parts ( integral ) should be amongst themselves of the same order and nature with the whole , that the whole might the better measure them . 9 Lastly , A good division should be commodious , and apt to notificate the whole .

The second ( as it were ) efficient cause of Logick , is Method , 2 Method requisite to Logick . the division whereof ( or the generall way to learn it ) is into three parts .

1 The first is of the generall precepts to be foreknown ( which precepts are as the Porch of a building ) as of the signification of the word or name , the acception of it ▪ the genus , or generall title of it , the end , the object , and the parts .

2 Is the Method or frame of the precepts constitutive of

Three parts of Logick precepts . 1 Directrix 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 2 Directrix 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3 Directrix 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉

the Art ; these are the chief rooms of the house .

3 The Exemplar or pattern of this Art of Logick to be used and practised , which servs as the Postick and hinder part of this Edifice .

Again , the second of these is tripartite , or admits of a threefold division . The first is , which shews the cogitation to co-ordinate two terms one toward another . The second and third , which direct the discoursive cogitations ▪ when they are first Illative , & go by way of inference and consequence ; Or 2 When they are ordinative , methodicall , and by conclusion , as is premonstrate ; And so much as to the determinate distribution of the parts .

2 Now come we to the Co-ordination of the parts , concerning b which , note these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or Rules . 1 That every constitution or frame , is a mean to some determinate & certain end , therefore it ought to be proportioned and ordered to this end , with a certain proportion , adornment and method , and adapted to the happy acquisition thereof . 2 Whatsoever is in the end or use , must be put into the constitution and frame , not more or lesse . 3 Let no precept go into the frame , that maketh not for the end or use . 4 The use should easily and plainly be understood by the precepts , it being a thing unfit that the instrument should be more hardly understood than the use of it . 5 That we may attain without precepts , there should be no precepts delivered of the same . And thus much of the Formall , of the frame of Logick , now come we to the Material .

2 The Material then of the frame of Logick , consists in The Material of the frame of Logick . that wherein the partition and conformation before handled is , and it is two-fold . 1 Primary . 2 Representative and Secondary .

The primary Material also is two-fold . Simple . a Compound . b

1 The simple material , be the Logical terms , † † 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . words a made to represent the sense of the cogitations , so that the understanding is as it were limited and confined within it self in cogitating and thinking ; they are called Second Notions .

The first Notions are the conceptions we have of things , as they are things .

Now these second Notions do not directly and by themselves shadow out unto us the things themselves , nor any thing accidental or appendant unto them , but point unto certain intellectual Rules , whereby we do with all distinctnesse and regularity form things , that is , the conceits of things : As the Sailors Compasse doth not give direction to the Mariners by subjecting to the sight the very winds themselves really , but the North-wind , South-wind , &c. as they may be specificated , or the Regions wherein they range . Those that primarily imposed names , intended to name first the things themselves , & then secondly they added second Notions , which we call Mental and Logical : As the word Man , is to expresse primarily the conceit which we form of Humane Nature , and is as the image thereof , and immediately founded therein ; for mans nature is the immediate object , and this is a word of the first intention ; but when we say , a man is a Species , or a Genus , or Difference , &c. these are words of the second intention , not desumed immediately from the thing , which is humane nature , but from the manner of understanding , whereby we understand such Terms to agree unto Peter , John , and every man .

2 The compound Materiall be the precepts in Logick , b framed of and from those Notions of second ●ntention , explicitely & plainly exhibiting to our minds and understandings , those things which the second Notions themselves do but implicitely and darkly ; these therefore are necessary unto the learning of this Art of Logick , and ought to be formed according to these subsequent Rules .

1 The precepts of Logick should be made regularly and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For the constituting of Logical precepts . fully to obtain the End . 2 Both as to the words of them and number , they should be conceived and set down determinately . 3 They should be Homogeneal , that is , of the same kinde , mensurated and adapted only to this Art and End . 4 They should be framed plain and with perspicuity . 5 They should be apposite and fit to the teaching and learning of this Art .

And so much for the primary Material of Logick . The secondary Material of Dogick . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of the secondary Material .

The secondary Material , or representative , are Examples added to the Precepts , which is only a particular experiment of this or that precept , either upon our selves or others ; wherein are observable these following Rules .

1 Examples ought to be agreeable and fitting to the nature and end of the Art , deducing carefully the experiments from those had arrived unto the end of the Art , and that accordingly operated 2 Examples , as accommodate to the precepts , so they should be very intelligible , fit to be made use of , and proportionate to the truth and verity of the precepts . And thus much of the first and second efficient causes , by which the habit of Logick is acquirable ( viz. ) the Nature , and Method . We come briefly to the third Efficient , which is , Exercise of Logick .

The Exercise then of Logick consisteth in this , that we frequently 3 Efficient cause of Logick . think on , & diligently meditate things conformable to the prescriptions and rules of Logick , that is , orderly and distinctly : This indeed is the chief , most principal , and the nearest Efficient Cause of this habit in us of this Art of Logick , and immediately engenerates and expresseth Logick in us , whereas Wit and Precepts are Causes but remote .

The means and parts of this Exercitation are two . Representative . Operative .

1 Representative are such as are superadded to the The means and parts of Exercise two . Rules of Logick , as Experiments and manifest Testimonies , Forms of Disputation , Resolution , &c.

2 Operative is the very Art it self of this Exercitation and Use , which should be by an assiduous imitation of the most eminent wits , and by the agitation of our own . And thus much of the Prolegomena's , and things necessary to the foreknowledge of Logick .